THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

PRESENTED BY

PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND
MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID

\

Just published) price 1 5s.

A FLORA OF BERWICK-UPON-TWEED.

BY GEORGE JOHNSTON, M. D.

FELLOW OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OP EDINBURGH, &C.

In 2 Vols. 12mo.

This Work contains a description of all the Plants which grow
wild in North Durham and in Berwickshire.

We would strongly recommend every one who is interested in Botanical Science
to possess and peruse this work." — Edin. Evening Post.

" One of the best local Floras that has passed through our hands.~~~~~.lt is
composed more in the spirit of the Flora Lapponica, that model for all similar
undertakings, than any other which occurs to our recollection."— London's Mag.
of Natural History.

" It is interesting and amusing, and cannot fail to prove acceptable, not only to
collectors of plants, but also to the general reader, who will find in it curious and
useful information in regard to the history and uses of the plants enumerated and
described." — Jameson's Edin. New Phil. Journ.

" We conclude with again declaring our satisfaction at the appearance of this
Flora," &c. — Edin. Literary Journal.

" We can safely assert, that we know of no similar botanical work in which the
necessary dryness and formality of technological description is so agreeably enlivened
by the most appropriate quotations from our classical poets, and by interesting ob-
servations relative to the uses and history of plants, and the phenomena of vege-
table life." — Brewster's Journal of Science.

%* The 2d Volume, price 7s. 6d. may be had separately.

Sold by REID, WILSON*, andMELRosE, Berwick; E. CHARNLEY,
Newcastle; CARFRAE, Edinburgh; and LONGMAN and Co.
London.

: r A I-' n, i K i

FLORA

>
OF

BERWICK-UPON-TWEED.

BY

GEORGE JOHNSTON, M. D.

FELLOW OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS ; EXTRAORDINARY MEMBER
OF THE ROYAL MEDICAL, AND CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE MEDICO-
CHIRURGICAL SOCIETIES OF EDINBURGH ; AND CORRESPONDING MEMBER
OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

VOL. I.
PH^INOGAMOUS PLANTS.

J. CARFRAE & SON, EDINBURGH ; AND

LONGMAN, REES, ORME, BROWN, & GREEN,

LONDON.

MDCCCXXIX.

P. NEILL, PRINTER.

L

NATHANIEL J. WINCH, ESQ.

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF LONDON, &c.

THIS WORK IS DEDICATED,

AS A

MARK OF THE RESPECT AND GRATITUDE
OF THE

AUTHOR.

— " Si delectamur cum scribimus, quis est tarn invidus, qui
ab eo nos abducat ? sin laboramus, quis est, qui aliense modum
statuat industrise." CICERO.

PREFACE.

IT will be obvious, on a cursory examination, that this Work
has been the amusement of its Author. Having, on his en-
trance into business, much unoccupied time, a portion of it
could not, he thought, be better employed, than in enlarging
that knowledge of Natural History, which, when a student, it
had been his duty to acquire, and which has always, and never
more so than at the present time, been deemed a necessary
part of the education of a physician. For this purpose he began
to examine, with some care, the indigenous plants of the neigh-
bourhood, and the catalogue made of his discoveries gradually
assumed a form which, he perhaps too fondly believes, may
without presumption be submitted to the friends of Botany.

The chief object of the book is to give such a description of
the plants growing wild in the vicinity of Berwick, as may
enable any one acquainted with the elements of the science, to
ascertain the names by which they are known ; and it will like-
wise serve as a guide to conduct the inquirer to the places
where the rarer species are to be found. The utility of a work
of this kind, consists in its facilitating the investigation of species
to those resident within the limits of which it treats, by les-
sening the objects of comparison ; while others may find in it
some facts illustrative of the geographical distribution of our

VI PREFACE.

native plants, and of the influence which particular situations
exert in producing changes in their appearances.

To relieve, however, the dryness of mere descriptive de-
tail, and to point out the manner in which this study may
be made most conducive to our amusement, if not to our
instruction, various particulars have been added relative to the
uses of our plants in agriculture, in the arts, and in medicine.
And, in the Flora of a river, so celebrated as the Tweed in pas-
toral poetry, and c< where flowers of fairy blow," it seemed al-
lowable to notice, at greater length than is usual in works of
science, the purposes to which superstition has applied them in
former times ; and the illustrations which they have afforded
to the poets of our own day. A few facts relative to the phy»
Biology of vegetable life have been also given; but of what I
had collected* by far the greater portion has been cancelled,
lest our work should have exceeded its proper limits. I can-
not, however* but strongly recommend to the young botanist
the attentive observation of such phenomena ; — it will add
greatly to the pleasure of the walks which he must take in
search of the objects of his study, and will remove from him
the reproach which has sometimes been cast upon us, of being
mere collectors of vegetable curiosities, of which we seemed
anxious to know nothing beyond the barbarous name that
some dull systematist may have given them. I indeed cannot
praise the botanist, who has no other object in his excursions
than to add a specimen to his herbarium, and who confines his
examination of it to those characters by which he ascertains its
name in the system. I know well that such investigations are
not void of interest,— 4t is akin to that which the mathemati-
cian feels in the solution of a problem,— but Botany has other

PREFACE. Vll

pleasures. There is not a floxver which blows but has some
beauty only unveiled to the minute inquirer, *-some peculiarity
in structure fitting it for its destined place and purpose, and
yet not patent to a casual glance. Many are full of remem-
brances and associations, in which it is good for us to indulge.
To the student " a yellow primrose on the brim" should be
something more than a yellow primrose. He should, to bor-
row the words of the author of the " Sketch Book," be conti-
nually coming upon some little document of poetry in the blos-
somed hawthorn, the daisy, the cowslip, the primrose, or some
other simple object that has received a supernatural value from
the muse. And, as his pursuit leads him into the most wild
and beautiful scenes of nature, so his knowledge enables him
to enjoy them with a higher relish than others. They are full
of his " familiar friends," with whom he holds a kind of intel-
lectual communion ; he can analyse the landscape, and assign
to every individual its share in the general effect.

The district, whose native vegetable productions I "have
attempted to describe, is bounded on the south by a ridge of
basaltic rocks, which take their rise at Buddie, and run in a
westerly direction to Belford. From this we suppose a line
drawn across the elevated moor, until it reaches the river Till,
which forms the western boundary, until it joins the Tweed.
To the north of this river the political bounds of Berwickshire*
are considered those of this Flora; and the sea bounds the
whole district on the east.

* It is necessary, however, to remark, that I have had few opportunities of
botanizing in the west of Berwickshire. The plants of the Fem Islands, Bam-
borough Castle, and Cheviot, though a little beyond our limits, are included,
as these places are often visited from curiosity.

Vlll PREFACE.

Within these limits we find soils of every kind and quality*
The sea-shore to the south of the river is flat and sandy, inter-
rupted in some places by elevated banks of sandstone, in others
by a muddy soil, deposited by the rivulets which terminate
there. It is bounded by a narrow stripe of links, formed of
sand-knolls, fixed by means of the bent and other plants with
creeping roots ; and, though barren and waste in an agricultu-
ral view, it is rich to the botanist in flowers of great beauty>
and not of such commonness as to render them uninteresting.
External to this stripe the country is flat, highly cultivated,
and, in general, of a productive soil, until we reach, at the dis-
tance of three miles or more, the elevated moors which occupy
such a large space in the heart of the district. Beyond these
the ground rapidly declines, to form the fertile and beautiful
vale, through which the Till winds its sluggish course. No
part rises to an elevation exceeding 400 feet ; nor is it inter-
sected by any river, but a few burns run in the ravines, which
are numerous and rich in plants. The largest, and indeed the
only sheet of water, is the Lough on Holy Island, a place than
which no one will more amply gratify the naturalist.

This, the southern half of our district, abounds in coal and
lime, which are indeed the prevailing minerals. There is, com-
paratively speaking, little sandstone ; and the chain of rocks
which take their rise near Bamborough, and terminate at Ky-
loe, are trap-rocks, at some places covered with a shallow ver-
dant soil, at others bare, and forming " lofty picturesque cliff's,
in their struture approaching the columnar," with more or less
of debris at their base*. Such a ridge, as we might anticipate

* For an account of the Geology of Northumberland, I refer to Mr WINCH'S
Essay on that subject, and to a paper by Mr TREVELYAN, on the Geognosy of
the Coast near Bamborough, in Wernerian Memoirs, vol. iv. p. 253.

PREFACE. IX

.affords much interesting scenery, and is favourable to the
growth of plants which love a rocky and somewhat alpine si-
twation. There, in particular, we find the Dwarf Cist us evolv-
ing its brilliant blossoms in the utmost profusion ; — it is the
only station in Northumberland for the not less beautiful
Spring Cinquefoil, — the Sea Campion, far from its shore, ocea*-
sionally reappears here, — and, to omit many enumerated in the
subsequent pages, the Ivy and Honeysuckle climb up the co-
lumnar rocks, decorating them with verdure and beauty, in re-
turn for the shelter and support they receive.

Let us now turn to Berwickshire ;— -and of it I feel happy in
being able to lay before my readers a very interesting and va-
luable geological outline, the essay of a much esteemed friend,
and the first attempt which has been made to sketch the struc-
ture of this county *.

* As an Introduction to this Essay, my friend has remarked, that " the
geographical distribution of plants, their characters, habits, appearances, &c. at
different elevations, and the general relation which these bear to the soil, the
mineral substances, and general rock formations of the county, or district
where they grow, are undoubtedly to be regarded as among the most in-
teresting, as well as important, researches connected with the study of Botany.
But until lately, these are views which have been but little attended to ; bo-
tanists having been, and still being, too apt to have their thoughts entirely
confined to an acquaintance with the plant itself, to the exclusion of any in-
formation connected with it, — to content themselves with merely knowing
names, number of species, the place these hold in the system, &c — and to flat-
ter themselves, that if they have succeeded thus far, this is all that is neces-
sary to form a botanist. Whereas, did they view the matter rightly, they
would find, that so fat from these summing up all that is necessary to be
known in botany, they form, in fact, by far the least interesting and import-
ant parts of it, — they are little better than the mere elements of the science, —
the mere stepping-stones by which to arrive at its real usefulness and import-
ance,—the rude materials (very necessary, indeed, to possess), but which, un-

X PEEFACE.

" Berwickshire is naturally divided into two great districts,
well marked by their difference of external character and sur-
face,— the High and the Low ;— - the former comprehending the
subalpine districts of Lammerrauir and Lauderdale, the latter,
which, in an economical point of view at least, is by far the
most valuable, as well as beautiful, being named the Merse.
The former division forms part of that great hilly range, ex-
tending in a S. W. direction from St Abb's Head to the Solway
Frith, — a range which, in different parts of its course, is known
under different names, but every where marked by the same
great features,— the round-backed shape of the hills, their
smooth and unbroken outline, and the thick covering of ver-
dure, which in general reaches to their summits. The latter
division again extends from the base of this hilly tract to the
banks of the Tweed, which forms the southern boundary,
being generally a level, smooth, unvarying extent of country,
without any very marked or striking features, save those pecu-
liar to a fertile and well cultivated district.

u Conformably to this great natural division into high and
low country, the geology of Berwickshire, in a general point of
view, may, in like manner, be regarded as possessed of only two
grand features, and as consisting (principally at least) of only
two great rock formations, of very different eras, however, and
characters. These are the transition and secondary classes of
rocks, the former being those which predominate in the districts
of Lauderdale and Lammermuir ; the latter, under the form
of the second, or new red sandstone formation, being those of
which by far the greater part of the Merse is composed. We

less made proper use of, will never lead to any results, either generally inte-
resting, or generally valuable."

PREFACE. XI

have said that these are the principal rocks which we meet with
in Berwickshire, for we may now remark, that they are not the
only ones, — another distinct formation making its appearance
in several different places. This, the first, or old red sandstone
formation, forming the usual connecting link between the tran-
sition and secondary rocks, we meet with in the south-west
corner of the county, as at Dryburgh, Merton, &c. There
it succeeds immediately to transition-rocks on the west, and is
again succeeded in its turn by the second or new red sand-
stone in the vicinity of Kelso. This formation, however, oc-
curring in small quantity, and so much out of the range of the
following Flora, we shall not again refer to it particularly, but
proceed, without farther remark, to give a very general descrip-
tion of the two others, noticing, as we go along, as many names
of interest as possible, that, by glancing at the habitats assigned
to the plants, in another part of these pages, we may at once
be able to recognize these spots again, whether as belonging to
the one or to the other class of rocks, and at the same time
know what are the particular mineral substances which there
predominate.

44 Of those parishes within which habitats most frequently oc-
cur, we remark the following as belonging to the oldest of the
two formations, the transition class, viz. : The northern divi-
sion of the parish of Dunse, the parishes of Abbey St Bathan's,
Buncle, Cockburnspath, Coldingham, Eyemouth, the greater
part of Ay ton, and part of Mordington. To the latter division,
again, belongs the mouth of the Tweed, and neighbourhood of
Berwick, the remaining parts of the parishes of Dunse, Ay ton,
and Mordington, nearly the whole of Foulden, and the whole of
Hutton, Ladykirk, Chirnside, Whitsome, Swinton, Coldstream
and Eccles.

Xll PREFACE.

u I shall begin with the first of these, and proceed nearly in
the order now mentioned. The northern part of the parish of
Dunse extends into the outskirts of tfee Lammermuirs. These
hills, as already mentioned, belong to the transition series, the
characterizing rocks of which are greywacke, and greywacke
slate *. It is difficult to ascertain whether or not the old red
sandstone forms the connecting link between these rocks and the
new red sandstone of the Merse ; but it is probable, that with
minute attention it may be observable f. In this part of our
survey, the most striking and important feature of the scenery
is Cockburn Law, a beautiful hill about 900 feet above the le-
vel of the sea, and equally interesting in an antiquarian, geolo-
gical, arid botanical point of view. The Whiteadder washes
the base of this hill, on the northern bank of which, em-
bowered in wood, lies the Retreat, a summer residence ot
much sweetness and beauty. The fundamental rocks here, as
seen on the banks, and in the bed of the Whiteadder. are the
greywacke and greywacke slate, but the greater part of the hill
itself consists of transition granite, trap, and porphyry. The
whole of Abbey St Bathan's, the adjacent parish towards the
north, we believe to consist of the ordinary greywacke, and its
accompanying slate, as also the parish of B uncle, towards the
east, where copper has been wrought to a considerable extent,
although, we believe, with very little profit to those engaged
in the concern. In this part of our course the most interesting

* Greywacke has a basis of clay-slate, and in it imbedded portions of clay-
slate, grey quartz, and felspar. Generally, too, there is a good deal of mica
in it, especially in the neighbourhood of that part of these hills now noticed.
The slate is the same rock, only smaller grained, and having more clayslate.

| The old red sandstone occurs in this manner farther towards the west at
Longformacus, and in the neighbourhood of Greenlaw. At the former of these
places, it forms the bed of the small river Dye.

PREFACE. Xlll

botanical habitat is Buncle wood, a tract of ground about 100
acres in extent, and finely varied for the Botanist by smooth
green turf, wild moor, and marsh.

" Proceeding still towards the east by Edincraw and Reston
we arrive, after a mile or two, at the beautiful valley, extend-
ing, in a northerly direction, from Houndwood to Cockburns-
path. The greater part of this valley is watered by the small
river Eye ; the whole bed of which, from its rise to its fall, ap-
pears to consist of grey wacke, and its accompanying grey wacke
slate, with subordinate rocks of trap. Beds of peat, too, of con-
siderable thickness, occur in the bottom of this hollow, and ex-
tend for several miles beyond Houndwood and Renton Inns-
The sides of the valley now noticed are lofty, and beautifully
adorned, especially on its eastern side, by natural woods and
extensive plantations. The rocks are all transition. Towards
the northern end we come to the Pease or Peath's Burn, along
whose steep banks, and underneath the magnificent arch of
whose bridge we pass, till we arrive, in a short time, at its
mouth, and the shores of the German Ocean.

" From this our course is naturally directed eastward along
the coast, the whole line of which, for many miles, is very lofty,
naked, and precipitous. Not having examined the whole of it with
any thing like minute attention, it may be simply sufficient to
mention, that, throughout the greater part of its extent, from
this point to the promontory of St Abb's, the rocks appear to
be still grey wacke and greywacke slate, the former being fre-
que^itly broken in pyramids and insulated masses by the vio-
lence of the waves, and often exhibiting very curious and sin-
gular distortions in position and in stratification. The most
interesting and striking object between the two points now al-

PREFACE.

luded to, is the ruin of Fast Castle, built on a magnificent clift
overhanging the waves. A little eastward from this, we reach
the mouth of a naked, deep, and savage glen, equally interest-
ing to the botanist and geologist ; and, after a few additional
miles, arrive at the magnificent mountain promontory of St
Ebba.

" Few parts of the kingdom can exhibit a finer and more
splendid piece of coast scenery than St Abb's, to him especially
who surveys it from the sea beneath, whether it be in the sum-
mer season, when in calmness and security he sails over the
peaceful and pellucid waters, amid gloomy caverns, rocky arch-
ways, and majestic cliffs, half shattered by the storm or light-
ning, and shooting up aloft their giant greatness to the skies ;
or whether he visit it when the myriads of sea-fowl are clothing
the lofty cliffs, or darkening with their multitudes the noon-day
sun, or filling all the surrounding echoes with their dissonant
voices ; or whether, when the elements of sea and sky are min-
gled together, and the waves are lashed up to foam, he sits se-
curely on its mountain-top, and eyes the maddening strife*

" But it is not for its mere natural scenery that St Abb's is so
interesting— it is, if possible, still more so, in a geological point
of view. In a sketch of this description, it may be sufficient
to describe St Abb's as a huge insulated mass of trap rocks, of
which the principal are, trap-tuffa, amygdaloid, and felspar por*
pkyry. In the first of these rocks there is generally a basis
of clay, with imbedded portions of basalt, amygdaloid and por-
phyry. In the second rock there is also a distinct basis or ground,
generally of a greenish coloured clay, containing amygdaloidal
shaped cavities filled with calcareous spar, zeolite, quartz no-
dules and agates. In the last rock the basis is generally fel-

PREFACE. XV

spar, with imbedded crystals of the same. When these rocks
occur in the manner, and with the characters now described,
it is usual to consider them as subordinate to the old red
sandstone ; but where no formation of this kind is observable,
and where the rocks within a few yards are evidently grey-
wacke, as they are in the situation now before us, there seems
no other way of describing the trap rocks of St Abb's but as
subordinate to the transition greywacke and greywacke-slate.
We have described St Abb's as an insulated mountain mass, it
being completely cut off from the wide extent of high ground
towards the west by a deep valley, in the centre of which is a
marsh of considerable botanical interest.

" There are probably few places where the contrast, both in
external aspect and in botanical phenomena, as well as in
structure, is so remarkable, as it is between the two sides of
this valley, especially at the little inlet termed Petty cur wick.
Standing by the sea-side at this small creek, and looking west-
ward, we perceive, for many miles along the lofty coast, the
most splendid displays of stratification, the strata being of all
forms, and in all positions, curved, zigzag, vertical, horizontal,
&c. ; but the outline both of the summits and the slope of the
precipices, we observe, in general, to be smooth and unbroken,
and more like a vast sloping wall or mural defence, than a na-
tural piece of rock-scenery. Looking towards the east again,
which consists of the high ground of St Abb's, the outline is
rugged, broken, and highly picturesque, the sea in that direc-
tion being ranged with beetling crags and overhanging cliffs,
in one place hollowed out into magnificent caves and natural
arches, and, in another, broken into wild and insulated pin-
nacles. In the botany of the two sides of the valley, we have

XVI PREFACE.

also mentioned that there is a difference, and this sufficient to
attract the notice even of the most superficial observer. For
instance, the Arenaria verna grows among the unstratified trap
rocks of " the head " in the most beautiful luxuriance, while,
on the opposite side of the valley, though the distance in one
place be n»t more than a few yards, not a specimen is to be
seen. The Hypericum humifusum, again, we observe in con-
siderable abundance on the stratified side, while, on the other,
we do not meet with it, — and the same remark I have made in
similar situations elsewhere. It may be curious also to ob-
serve, that the Primula elatior* as well as the common Cow-
slip, although abundant among the rocks on the greywacke
side, are not met with among those of the opposite side, — a re-
mark which holds good in other parts of the district compre-
hended in the following Flora.

" Two additional remarks shall conclude our notice .of St
Abb's. To the most trivial observer, it must be evident that
originally St Abb's Head has been an island of the sea, similar
to the Bass in the Frith of Forth, or to the rock of Ailsa in
the Frith of Clyde ; it being quite clear, that the sea, at one
time, has flowed through the narrow valley, but has gradually
been excluded by the debris falling from each side, which has
thus elevated its bottom at either end, and united at length
St Abb's to the mainland.

" The other remark relates to the probable origin of that
great mass of trap rocks which forms this lofty promontory.
It is impossible, we conceive, for any man who knows any
thing about rocks at all, to remark the singular position of the
greywacke at the little inlet already mentioned, where the two

* Rather a variety of Primula vulgaris. See p. 54.

PREFACE. XVII

sides of the valley approach nearest (and almost without tak-
ing into account any of the other appearances equally conclu-
sive, although not quite so evident), without coming at once
to the conclusion, that some prodigious violence must have
been necessary to cause the present very singular and distort-
ed aspect of these strata — that this violence must have pro-
ceeded from beneath — that these rocks in this manner must
have been projected in a liquid form, as lavas— and that thus
St Abb's is neither more nor less than an extinct volcano.

" About a mile and a half south from St Abb's lies the vil-
lage of Coldingham, — northward and westward from which ex-
tends the wide moor of the same name, consisting still of grey -
wacke, as far at least as can be determined from its loose rocks
and general outline, for few or no fixed rocks make their ap-
pearance. It is a wide and desolate region, but far from being
uninteresting, especially in cryptogamous botany. The most
striking object in this tract is Coldinghara Loch, a very curi-
ous and beautiful piece of water, about a mile and a half in
circumference, and occupying a very deep hollow in the hills.
Coldingham is about a mile distant from the sea, to whose
banks we shall again proceed, as it is there that the geology of
Berwickshire is both the most interesting and the most appa-
rent. Here, and for several miles, the coast appears to consist
of alternations of trap rocks, trap-tuff being the most abun-
dant, and the outline of the coast we find accordingly to be
considerably broken and rugged. This rock, very similar to
that forming the great central mass of Arthur's Seat, is parti-
cularly abundant a little to the north of Eyemouth. Very
near this, and forming the bold and projecting point named
the Fort, is a very singular and immense bed of conglomerate-

XV111 PREFACE,

It rests on a rock, which, from its decayed surface, and from
being almost always covered with the sea, it is difficult to
name, but which has all the appearance of a porphyry, or, at
all events, of a trap rock. This conglomerate is composed of
rolled masses, generally of a considerable size, and from the
neighbouring rocks, cemented by calcareous spar. From the
appearances at one or two parts of this headland, it would
seem that this immense bed is to be considered as the rudi*
ments of the old red sandstone formation, there being in
these parts several rude, but distinct, attempts at stratifica-
tion, the rock being there of a much smaller texture ; and we
believe that a coarse conglomerate of this nature is almost al-
ways found accompanying the first formation of old red sand-
stone.

" This projecting mass forms one side of the small Bay of
Eyemouth, which has evidently been formed by the river Eye,
which here empties itself into the sea. On the opposite or
eastern side of this bay, the greywacke and greywacke slate
again commence, and continue several miles, till we reach the
fishing-station of Burnmouth. The greywacke, we may re-
mark, is here very fine grained, being almost entirely felspar.
Trap, we may also remark, is here rare, never occurring in
greater abundance than as an occasional vein, or thin dike, in-
tersecting the strata ; and wherever this takes place, we almost
invariably behold either a distortion or dislocation of these
strata.

" From Burnmouth to Berwick, the sea-banks exhibit a
very different set of rocks from any we have hitherto ex-
amined. These are the rocks which form the Second or New
Bed Sandstone Formation, which here present themselves very

PREFACE. XIX

unexpectedly, and resting apparently without any link or con-
nection whatever, immediately on the greywacke. Of these
rocks we shall give a very rapid sketch ; but previously to do-
ing so, it may perhaps be as well to diverge for a few moments
a very little towards the interior, to notice the Hill and Moor
of Lamberton, which commence less than half a mile from
Burnmouth, and which we remark as the last tract of any
consequence, in this direction, appertaining to the Transition
series. The high ground now noticed rises almost immediately
from the shore to the height of about 300 feet above the sea's
level. Generally speaking, it presents a smooth, green outline,
with very few projecting rocks. Several small streams produce
a variation on its surface, in some places forming narrow ra*
vines, in others marshes.* As far as a very moderate examina-
tion has gone, it seems fundamentally to be greywacke, with
subordinate beds of porphyry and transition granite or sienite ;
but from the thick verdure, and the want of naked rocks, it
would be very difficult, without most minute inspection, to
give any thing like a satisfactory account of the geology of this
hill. Looking from the slope of these heights, which overlooks
the ocean, we observe far below a broad flat terrace, or table-
land, presenting a very abrupt face to the sea. This is part of
the New Red Sandstone Formation, which, as we have already
said, extends along the whole coast from Burnmouth to Ber-
wick,— a narrow- stripe at first, but gradually increasing in

* RAY seems to have found Tofieldia palustris by the side of that stream
which rises on this hill, and runs by the Shields. The ravine above Burn-
mouth is one of the most interesting botanical resorts in the neighbourhood.
The hill itself is rich in plants ; and the vast profusion of Funaria hygrome-
trica and Didymodon purpureum in particular places, is worth remarking.

XX PREFACE.

breadth as we approach the mouth of the Tweed. The princi-
pal rocks of this Formation (as it occurs in Berwickshire at
least) are sandstone and sandstone slate, indurated marl, a
coarse kind of limestone, and thick beds of conglomerate. In
general appearance, it bears some resemblance, at first sight,
to the Coal Formation; but is evidently more recent in its
date, and more mechanical in its structure. The predominat
ing and characterizing rock is the sandstone, which is soft,
friable, and variegated in its colour. The town of Berwick is
built on this formation, and, we believe, what are called the
Liberties of Berwick, are all included in it. At the mouth of
the Tweed, near Berwick Pier, we have an excellent opportu-
nity of noticing the characters of this formation, the succession
of its rocks, and the disposition of its strata. The principal
rock there is still the sandstone, containing numerous impres-
sions, principally of tropical plants.* This formation is con-
tinued southward under the bed of the Tweed : at a short dis-
tance from which, it is succeeded by the Coal Formation of

Northumberland. Ascending the course of the Tweed, we

behold, for many miles, on each side of the river, a display of
nearly the same rocks as those observed at its mouth, sand-
stone still being the predominating substance. The sandstone
almost always is found forming the bed of the river, the rest
of the banks being generally alternations of sandstone slate,
indurated marl and conglomerate, the last being of a very re-
cent and mechanical aspect (consisting of the same substances
which still compose the channel of the river), and usually oc-

* The coarse limestone, however, consists almost entirely of bivalve shells.,
echini, and corallines.

PREFACE. XXI

curring highest, although frequently this situation is held by
the sandstone. In this sandstone numerous vegetable remains
occur, and these occasionally of a great size. In quarrying it,
the workmen often come to a harder variety, which they term
Bastard Whin ; and numerous circular masses of this descrip-
tion every where present themselves, which seem very like
rolled masses of an older date, which have become accidentally
imbedded in their present situation, when the sandstone was
forming. Calc sinter is the only other substance worth men-
tioning as accompanying this formation, and that both of an
ancient and of a modern date.

w At the distance of a mile or two from Berwick, we notice
the mouth of the Whiteadder, a tributary of the Tweed, the
banks of which, for nearly half its course, by Edrington, Foul-
den, Hutton, Allanton, and Chirnside, exhibit a succession of
the self same rocks, except on the banks at Hutton Hall,
where we meet with a mineral different from any now noticed,
but which, in other parts of the world, sometimes occurs in
great abundance in this formation. This is the fibrous gyp.
sum, both the red and white varieties of which occur in the
form of numerous thin beds, alternating with the sandstone
and marl. Still ascending the Tweed, we pass the fine domain
of Paxton, the well-known Chain-bridge a little above it, Nor-
ham Castle, Ladykirk, mouth of the Till, and Coldstream—
regarding all which places it is unnecessary, in an outline of
this description, to say more, than that the self-same rocks,
with almost the same characters, and nearly in the same suc-
cession, still continue to present themselves.

" Leaving such details, we conclude the present outline
with one or two general remarks. The first regards the situa-

XX11 PREFACE.

tion which this formation holds, and the relation which it beara
to those by which it is bounded. On the N. and NE., as al-
ready mentioned, it is bounded by the rocks of the transition
series; and on the S., a short way beyond the Tweed, by
those of the coal formation. It thus occupies a great hollow
or basin between these two formations, lying above coal on the
south, and apparently resting immediately on greywacke on
the north. On the west it is bounded by rocks belonging to
the Old Red Sandstone.

" The second remark regards the probable date or era of
this formation. Lying above the coal formation, it is natural
to suppose that it must have been formed at a period subse-
quent to that formation, and this conclusion will be strength,
ened by an examination of the rocks themselves— their more
simple, rude and mechanical aspect — their greater softness and
looseness— the similarity of many of them to deposits still
forming, together with the difference of contained organic re-
mains— all tending to show that they are newer than the coal
formation— that they have been formed more rapidly than
the rocks of that series, and when the energies of nature do
not appear to have been so high.

" Our last remark regards the probability of coal being
found in Berwickshire. Various attempts have been made in
different parts of the county to discover this important mine-
ral, but hitherto without success, although the bores in several
places, we believe, have exceeded sixty fathoms. Nor is this
surprising. Coal, or at least coal fit for use, is not a member
of the New Red Sandstone Formation ; and although it is a
fact, that, in many parts of England, coal is apparently wrought
to a great extent in this formation, yet it is not in any part of

PREFACE. XXiii

it, but in the real coal formation, which lies under, that the
coal is found. We do not say, therefore, that coal is not to be
found in Berwickshire, as long as we know that it rests to.
wards the south on the coal formation of Northumberland ;
but the facts now mentioned, should convince those interested
in its discovery, that it is in vain to look for it in any part of
that formation which covers the low part of Berwickshire —
that this formation must previously be completely dug through
— that then it must be ascertained whether the next rock be, or
be not, an undoubted member of the coal formation; and
that until all this be done, the occurrence of coal in Berwick-
shire must be considered, as of all uncertain things, the most
uncertain, and the most problematical."

The Nomenclature which I have adopted, unless when the
contrary is specified, is the same as that of the «6 English
Flora" of Sir J. E. SMITH, — a work which stands unrivalled
in this country for the purity and accuracy of its descriptions,
and for the interest of its botanical discussions. The Arrange-
ment of British Plants by Dr WITHERING, the Flora Scotica of
LIGHTFOOT and! of Professor HOOKER, the Flora Lapponica,
the Flora Edinensis of Dr GREVILLE, the Botanist's Guide
through Northumberland and Durham* and the Catalogue of
Plants growing in the vicinity of Berwick by Mr THOMPSON,
have been regularly consulted, and whatever information they
contained suitable to my purpose, has been borrowed without
reserve. A considerable number of extracts has been made

XXIV PREFACE.

from GERARDE'S Historic of Plants, a book in which the bota-
nical student will find much matter of amusement, and some-
times an excellence of description rare even in modern works,
though expressed in a quaint manner and antiquated style.
Various other works have been resorted to, and if riot particu-
larly quoted, the circumstance of their being in common use
would rebut the charge of any intentional plagiarism.

To Mr WINCH of Newcastle I am greatly indebted for his
communications, and for the liberal manner in which he per-
mitted me to submit to his inspection every species concerning
which I could entertain a doubt. I was thus enabled to cor-
rect several errors into which I had fallen. In common with
all who have attempted to illustrate the natural history of
Scotland, I have experienced the kindness of Mr NEILL, of
whose remarks I have had frequent occasion to avail myself.
To my friends Dr JAMES THOMPSON, now of Jamaica, and
WILLIAM BAIRD, Esq. surgeon, my grateful acknowledgments
are due for their communications ; but in a particular manner
they are due to the Rev. A. BAIRD, whose contributions have
been numerous and interesting, and with whose company I
was favoured in several excursions made from " the love of
Nature's works," and in quest of them, — and which, when I
see them spread out in the Herbarium, what are they but
proofs,

" That man, immur'd in cities, still retains
His inborn inextinguishable thirst
Of rural scenes, compensating his loss
By supplemental shifts, the best he may**

CLASS I.
MONANDRIA.

" Thy desire, which tends to know

The works of God, thereby to glorify
The great Workmaster, leads to no excess
That reaches blame, but rather merits praise
The more it seems excess ; * * *

For wonderful indeed are all His works,
Pleasant to know, and worthiest to be all
Had in remembrance always with delight."
MILTON.

I. MONOGYNIA.

1. SALICORNIA. Calyx tumid, undivided ; corolla none ; stamens

1 or 2 ; seed single, invested with the calyx. (Plant leaf-
less, much branched and jointed.)

2. ZOSTERA. Flowers aggregate; spadix flat, many .flowered;

drupa; nut with one kernel ; stigmas 2. (Grass-like; the
flowers all on one side of the spadix, which is contained in
the sheaths of the leaves.)

3. CHAR A. Berry with many seeds ; style none. (No calyx no

corolla. Aquatic herbs with whorled branches ; no leaves.)

II. DIGYNIA.

4. CALLITRICHE. Calyx none; petals 2, inferior; seeds 4, na-

ked, compressed ; some flowers separated. (Inundated or
floating herbs, with minute axillary white flowers.)

A

MONANDRIA— MONOGYNIA.

L MONOGYNIA,

1. SAL1CORNIA.

1. S. herlacea, stem herbaceous, erect ; joints compressed,
notched ; interstices inversely conical ; spikes tapering upward.
Common Jointed-glasswort*

Hob. Muddy sea-shores. Between Goswick Links and Fen-

ham, Thomp. Holy Island. Aug. Sept. 0
Makes a good pickle, and for this purpose a small quantity is
annually sold in our market.

2. ZOSTERA.

1. Z. marina, leaves entire, obscurely three-ribbed, grass-like ;
stems lightly compressed. Common Grass-wrack.

Hob. Salt water ditches. Between Goswick Links and the
Old Law, Thomp. On the road from Goswick to Holy
Island. Aug. I/..

Said to be excellent for packing glass -bottles and other
brittle ware. In some northern parts of Europe, as in
Iceland, used for bedding ; and of late has been imported
in large quantities from the Continent, and is now pre-
pared in this country, for stuffing mattresses, and for the
other purposes to which horse-hair is in general applied.

3. CHARA.

1. C. vulgaris, striated, without prickles; whorled branches
tapering, with internal partitions ; bracteas four together. Com-
mon Chara.

Hob. Muddy stagnant ditches, common. July. Q

Plant nauseously fetid, and incrusted more or less with calca-
reous earth, which is not accidental, as many have supposed,
but an essential and integral part of its constitution. Dr
BREWSTER has ascertained that each group or mass of the
calcareous matter is held to the stem of the plant by a very
fine transparent membrane ; and that the minute particles
of which each group consists, possess double refraction,
and have regular neutral and depolarizing axes. He also
found that the plants were phosphorescent when laid upon
heated iron, so as to display their entire outlines in the
dark.

MONANDRIA— DIGYNIA. 3

2. C. hispida, furrowed ; whorled branches tapering, with in-
ternal partitions ; bracteas whorled ; prickles on the stem bristly,
de flexed. Prickly Char a.

Hab. Lough in Holy Island. July, Aug. 0

Mr THOMPSON says, that the Chara flexilis grows abundantly
at the '« mouth of the rivulet at Goswick," but we could
never find there any other than C. vulgaris less incrusted
than usual.

II. DIGYNIA.

4. CALLITRICHE.

1. C, vema, leaves triple-ribbed, the uppermost crowded, ob-
ovate ; margin of the seeds obtuse. Vernal Water -starwort.

Hab. Ditches and ponds common. May. Q

The upper leaves are crowded into a star-like form, and float
on the surface; but sometimes all the leaves are linear,
distant and immersed, a state in which it approaches C. au-
tumnalis. It produces seed most profusely when left dry.

2. C. autumnalis, leaves linear, abrupt, single-ribbed, uniform ;
margin of the seeds membranous. Autumnal Water-starwort.

Hab. Pools of water in the Vale below Langleyford, with
the preceding. June — October. Q

Grows in a very bushy or cespitose manner. Stems slender,
branched. Leaves very narrow, perfectly linear, emargi-
nate at the point, cellular. The upper ones become crowd-
ed as they rise to the surface, and somewhat ovate, but,
even under a high magnifier, they are all single-ribbed, and
notched at the apex.

( 4 )

CLASS II.
DIANDRIA.

" With wise intent

The hand of Nature on peculiar minds
Imprints a different bias, and to each
Decrees its province in the common toil.

**-**#*• some by the hand
She led o'er vales and mountains to explore
\Vhat healing virtue swells the tender veins
Of herbs and flowers." AIKENSIDE.

I. MONOGYNIA.

* Flowers inferior, monopetalous, regular.

5. LIGUSTRUM. Corolla four cleft; berry with 4 seeds.

6. FRAXINUS. Corolla none, or deeply four-cleft; capsule com-

pressed, with 1 or 2 seeds ; some flowers without stamens.

* * Flowers inferior, monopetalous, irregular, with seed-vessels.

8. VERONICA. Corolla wheel-shaped, deeply four-cleft ; capsule

of 2 cells. (Herbaceous ; leaves opposite ; flowers alter-
nate, mostly blue.)

9. PINGUICULA. Corolla ringent, spurred ; capsule of 1 cell ;

calyx five-cleft. (Marsh herbs. Leaves and flower-stalks
radical, simple.)

10. UTRICULARIA. Corolla ringent, spurred; capsule of I cell;
calyx of 2 leaves. (Aquatic herbs. Leaves finely divided,
bearin ^bladders.)

DIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. 5

* * * Flowers inferior, monopetalous, irregular, with naked seeds.

12. SAL VIA. Corolla ringent ; stamens with a lateral stalk. (Stem

square ; flowers in whorled spikes.)

* * * * Flowers superior (racemose.)

7- CIRC^EA. Corolla of 2 petals ; calyx in 2 segments ; capsule
of 2 cells ; seeds solitary.

***** Flowers apetalous.

11. LEMNA. Corolla none ; calyx of 1 leaf; capsule with 1 seed.
(A simple frond floating on water, with a central root of
one or more fibres, each tipped with a cylindrical cap.)

II. DIGYNIA.

13. ANTHOXANTHUM. Calyx glume of 2 valves, one-flowered;

corolla glume of 2 valves, awned; seed 1. (A grass.)

I. MONOGYNIA.
5. LTGUSTRUM.

1. L. vulgare, leaves elliptic -lanceolate, obtuse, with a small
point ; flowers in dense panicles, white ; berries black. Privet.

Hab. Hedges occasionally, and, according to Mr WINCH,
indigenous on the magnesian limestone in the county of
Durham. July.

Makes a neat hedge in gardens, for which this shrub is peculiar-
ly well fitted ; since, as HAY observes, " inter omnes frutice?,
arbores et herbas nihil est quod in tot iiguras et elegantias,
effingi, flecti, aut formari tondendo queat ac Ligustrum."

6. FRAXINUS.

1. F. excelsior, leaves pinnate, leaflets serrated; flowers with-
out calyx or corolla. Common Ash.
Hab. Woods and hedges. May.

A fine tree " far stretching his umbrageous arm," and re-
markable for the manner in which the lower branches curve
up at their extremities. When growing near water, it
sometimes hangs down its boughs like the weeping-willow,
No tree is so often met with in ruins and upon ancient

O DIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA.

walls, probably on account of the readiness with which its
winged seeds (the culverkeys of our pastoral poets) are borne
by the wind. It insinuates its roots far into the crevices
of these old buildings, and thereby becomes an instrument
of the destruction of what affords it support. In like man-
ner it fastens upon loose slaty rocks, and decorates them
with its verdure. It is one of the latest trees in coming
into leaf, and loses its leaves early in autumn. These are
greedily eaten by cattle ; and it ought not to be planted in
parks or lawns intended for the pasture of milch cows, for
they communicate a disagreeable taste to the butter. • The
wood is tough and valuable, being applicable to a great va-
riety of purposes ; and it possesses the very singular pro-
perty of being in perfection even in infancy, — a pole three
inches in diameter being as valuable and durable, for any
purpose to which it can be applied, as the timber of the
largest tree.

7. CIRC^EA.

1. C. lutetiana, stem erect; leaves ovate, slightly toothed,
opaque and downy ; clusters one or more, of many small white
or reddish flowers. Common Enchanters-nightshade*

ffab. Moist shady woods or hedges. Near the Carding-mill
at Wooler, Dr J. Thompson. Wooded banks below Lang-
leyford. July. #

8. VERONICA.

* Spikes terminal Root perennial.

1. V. serpyllifolia, cluster terminal, somewhat spiked ; flowers
pale blue or white, with dark streaks ; leaves ovate, slightly cre-
nate, three-ribbed, smooth ; capsule inversely heart- shaped,
shorter than the style. Smooth Speedwell

Hob. Pastures and road sides, particularly on a clay soil,
common. May, June.

* * Clusters or spikes lateral. Root perennial*

2. V. Beccabunga^ leaves elliptical, flat, obtuse ; stem creeping,
smooth ; flowers blue. Brooklime.

Hob. Ditches and water -courses, common. June July.

3. V. AnagattiS) clusters opposite, flowers light blue ; leaves
lanceolate, serrated, acute; stem erect, smooth. Water Speed-,
well

Hab. Ditches, frequent. July.

DI ANDRI A— MONOG Y NI A. 7

We have gathered specimens upwards of two feet in height,
with leaves five inches long and an inch in breadth ; while
others do not exceed two inches, and have leaves propor-
tionally short and narrow.

4. F. scutettata, clusters alternate, flowers pale flesh-colour,
streaked ; fruit-stalks reflexed ; leaves linear, slightly indented ;
stem slender. Marsh Speedwell.

Hab. Bogs and sides of ditches, rare, " Below Calf-hill
plentiful," Thomp. Near Mains, Berwickshire, Rev. A.
Baird. July, August.

5. V. officinalis, flowers light blue, streaked, their stalks shorter
than the bracteas; stigma capitate; leaves elliptical, serrated;
stem procumbent ; plant rough with short hairs. Common Speed-
welL

Hab. Dry banks, heaths and pastures, common. May, June.

In Sweden, an infusion of the leaves is much used in place of
tea ; but it is a sorry substitute, notwithstanding that an
old Danish botanist has contended for its being the identi-
cal tea of China.

6. V. Chamcedrys, stem diffuse, with a hairy line at each side ;
leaves ovate, sessile, rugged, deeply serrated ; calyx four-cleft,
lanceolate ; flowers large, bright blue, very beautiful. Germander
Speedwell.

Hab. Meadows, pastures and hedges, common. May, June.

* * * Flowers axillary , solitary. Root annual.

7- V. agrestis, stem spreading, branched ; leaves ovate, deeply
serrated, shorter than the flower-stalks ; segments of the calyx
ovate; flowers small, bright blue; seeds cupped. Field Speed-
well.

Hab. Cultivated fields, very common. May — Sept.

8. V. arvensis, stem erect ; leaves ovate, deeply serrated, the
floral ones sessile, lanceolate, entire, longer than the flower-
stalks ; flowers small, light blue ; seeds flat. Watt Speedwell.

Hab. On dikes capped with earth, and in dry fields, com-
mon. May.

9. F. hederifolia, stem procumbent ; leaves heart-shaped, flat,
five-lobed ; segments of the calyx heart-shaped, acute ; flowers

S DIANDRI A— MONOG Y NIA.

pale blue, streaked; seeds cupped, wrinkled. Ivy-leaved Speed'-
well.

Hob. Cultivated fields, very common. May.

The " Mother-of-Wheat " of our husbandmen, a name ex-
pressive of a prevalent opinion that this weed will grow
freely only on soils well fitted for the cultivation of that
grain.

9. PINGUICULA.

1. P. vulgaris, nectary cylindrical, acute, as long as the very
irregular petal ; segments of the calyx oblong ; capsule ovate.
(Leaves ovate, with involute margins ; flowers drooping, purple,
palate hairy.) Butterwort.

Hob. Marshy places, particularly on moors, common.
June. If.

" The husbandmen's wives of Yorkshire," saith GERARDE,
" do vse to anoint the dugs of their kine with the fat and
oilous iuyce of the herbe Butterwort, when they are bit-
ten with any venomous worme, or chapped, rifted, and
hurt by any other meanes." The Laplanders use the
leaves to make their TcBtmioelk^ a preparation of milk in
common use amongst them. Some fresh leaves are laid
upon a filter, and milk, yet warm from the rein-deer, is
poured over them. After passing quickly through the
filter, this is allowed to rest for one or two days, until it.
becomes ascescent, when it is found not to have separated
from the whey, and yet to have attained much greater
tenacity and consistence than otherwise it would have
done.

10. UTRICULARIA.

1. U. vulgaris, spur conical, upper lip of the corolla the length
of the palate, reflexed at the sides ; flowers somewhat corymbose,
G or 8, large, yellow. Greater Bladderwort.

Hob. Ditches ; in the pond-field above Spindlestone. June.
July. 7/

A very curious and interesting plant. The stems, about a
foot long, lie prostrate in the water, and are beset, at re-
gular intervals, with divided capillary leaves of a vascular
structure, and armed with distant minute spines. At-
tached to the leaves are numerous crested vesicles of a
green purple or pink colour, with an aperture closed by a
valve, and having its margin armed with a few long spines.
These vesicles are filled with water till it is necessary the

DIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. 9

plant should rise to the surface, and expand its blossoms
in the air. They are then found to contain only air,
which again gives place to water when the plant descends
to ripen its seeds at the bottom.

11. LEMNA.

1. L. trisulca, fronds stalked, proliferous, elliptic-lanceolate,
thin, serrate towards the point; roots solitary. Ivy-leaved Duck~
weed.

Hdb. Clear still waters, as in the pond at the Grieve's House.
June. 0

2. L. minor, fronds obovate, flattish above and beneath ; roots
solitary. Lesser Duckweed.

Hal. Ponds and ditches, common. June. 0

12. SALVIA.

1. S. verbenaca, leaves serrated, sinuated, rugose, the lower
ones stalked ; bracteas heart-shaped ; corrolla narrower than the
calyx, violet blue. Wild Clary.

Hob. Grassy banks. Castle-banks, plentiful, Thomp. The
same species, and not S. pratensis, as stated by WALLIS,
grows sparingly near the ruin of the Abbey in Holy
Island, and at Norham Castle. June. ©

It is remarkable that when the ripe seeds are immersed in
water, they speedily swell out to the size of peas or frog-
spawn.

II. DIGYNIA.

13. ANTHOXANTHUM.

1. A. odoratum, panicle spiked, ovate-oblong, (yellow in age) ;
flowers longer than their awns, on short partial stalks. Sweet
Vernal Grass.

Hab. Meadows and pastures, very common. May, June. If.

In drying, this grass exhales the odour of Woodruff, and is

one of the chief causes of the fragrance of new

hay.

A 3

( io )

CLASS III.
TRIANDRIA.

— -" The penetrative Sun,
His force deep-darting to the dark retreat
Of vegetation, sets the steaming power
At large, to wander o'er the vemant earth,
In various hues ; but chiefly thee, gay Green r
Thou smiling Nature's universal robe !
United light and shade! where the sight dwells
With growing strength, and ever-new delight."
THOMSON.

I. MONOGYNIA.

* Flowers superior,

14. VALERIAN A. Corolla 5-cleft, protuberant at the base; seed-

1, with a feathery radiating crown.

15. FEDIA. Corolla 5-cleft, protuberant at the base ; capsule

crowned with the toothed calyx, without valves, of 1-3
fertile cells ; seeds solitary.

16. IRIS. Corolla in six deep unequal segments, alternately re-

flexed ; stigmas two-lipped, like petals. (Leaves sheathing,
sword-shaped.)

* * Flowers inferior ', chaffy. Seed 1. (Rush or grass like plants.)

-17. SCHCENUS. Corolla none; spike of very few flowers ; glumes
2-ranked, with many smaller empty external ones ; style
simple at the base, deciduous.

TRIANDRIA. 11

18. SCIRPUS. Corolla none ; glumes imbricated all round, uni-

form, concave, expanded; style simple at the base, deci-
duous.

19. ELEOCHARIS. Corolla none; glumes imbricated all round,

uniform, expanded; seed crowned and articulated with
the dilated hardened base of the style.

20. ERIOPHORUM. Coro//anone; glumes imbricated all round,

uniform, expanded; seed subtended by numerous very
long hairs.

21. NARDUS. Corolla of 2 valves ; calyx none.

II. DIGYNIA.

(TRUE GRASSES.)

* Flowers dispersed. Calyx of 2 or 3 valves, with a solitary floret.

24. ALOPECURUS. Calyx of 2 valves ; corolla of 1 valve, simple

at the summit, awned at the base ; styles combined.

23. PHLEUM. Calyx of 2 close parallel pointed valves, conceal-
ing the corolla of 2 awnless valves ; seed loose.

22. PHALARIS. Calyx of 2 close parallel valves, concealing the

double corolla of 3 or 4 valves, 2 innermost downy, sub-
sequently hardened, investing the seed.

25. AGROSTIS. Calyx of 2 acute valves shorter than the corolla,

which is membranous, tufted with hairs at the base, un-
changed ; seed loose.

* * Flowers dispersed. Calyx of 2 valves containing 2 or 3 florets.

2G. AIRA. Florets 2, without any intermediate rudiment ; seed
loose ; corolla unchanged.

28. MEL ic A. Florets 1 or 2, with the rudiments of 1 or 2 inter-
mediate ones ; seed coated with the hardened corolla*

27. HOLCUS. One floret barren ; corolla awned ; seed coated with
the hardened corolla ; calyx keeled.

12 TKIANDRIA.

* * * Flowers dispersed. Calyx containing many florets.

32. BRIZA. Corolla awnless, tumid, expanded, concave, without

a keel ; seed depressed, united to the corolla.

30. POA. Corolla awnless, compressed, keeled, ovate, acute ;

seed loose, elliptic- oblong.

29. GLYCERIA. Corolla awnless, cylindrical, furrowed, ribbed,
abrupt, not keeled ; seed loose, cylindric-oblong.

31. TRIODIA. Corolla orbicular, expanded, e-bscurely ribbed,

deeply cloven with an intermediate point ; both valves
concave ; seed loose, depressed.

33. DACTYL is. Corolla, awned at the summit, lanceolate, keeled,

compressed, inner valve folded, 2-ribbed ; seed loose, ob-
long ; calyx compressedj taper-pointed, unequal.

35. FJESTUCA. Corolla awned at the summit, or pointed, keeled,

nearly cylindrical, concave, inner valve flat, 2-ribbed,
downy at the ribs; seed loose, oblong^ calyx concave^
acute, very unequal.

34. CYNOSURUS. Corolla awned at the summit, lanceolate^

keeled, concave, inner valve flat, 2-ribbed ; seed loose, el-
liptic-oblong ; calyx awned, equal ; spikelels in pairs, 1 en-
tirely neuter.

36. BROMUS. Corolla awned at the back, cloven, concave, inner

valve flat, 2-ribbed, bristly at the ribs; seed elliptic-ob-
long, united to the inner valve.

37- A VENA. Corolla awned at the back, cloven, nearly cylindri-
cal, inner valve flat, ovate ; seed elliptic -oblong, united to
the hard outer valve.

38. ARUNDO. Corolla surrounded with long permanent hairs ;

florets 1 or many.

* * * * Flowers aggregate, on a jointed or toothed common stalk with
lateral excavations.

39. LOLIUM. Calyx of 1 principal valve opposite to the stalk,

fixed, many-flowered.

TRIANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. IS

41. TRITICUM. Calyx of 2 transverse opposite valves, solitary,

many -flowered.

40. HORDEUM. Calyx of 2 parallel valves, aggregate, ternate,
with 1 floret ; central flower only perfect.

IIT. TRIGYNIA.

42. MONTIA. Calyx of 2 leaves ; corolla monopetalous ; capsule

with 3 valves and 3 seeds.

I. MONOGYNIA.

14. VALERIANA.

1. V. dioica, radical leaves ovate ; stem a span high, its leaves
pinnatifid ; flowers dioecious, flesh-coloured. Marsh Valerian.

Hob. Marshy meadows, frequent. June. I/.

2. V. officinalis, stem 3 or 4 feet high ; leaves all pinnate, leaf-
lets lanceolate, nearly uniform, serrated; flowers blush-coloured,
in large corymbose panicles. Wild Valerian.

Hob. Sides of water-courses and marshy places, frequent.

July. If

The root, particularly when the plant grows in dry places,
has a very peculiar disagreeable odour, and affords a medi-
cine of considerable value. Cats are so fond of it as to be
almost intoxicated by it into outrageous playfulness.

15. FEDIA.

1. F. olitoria, stems a span high, dichotomous; leaves linear-
tongue-shaped^ blunt; flowers capitate, pale blue; capsule in-
flated, two-lobed. Lamtfs Lettuce.

Hal. Light rather sandy soils. Castle-hills, llavine at
Burnmouth ; but most abundant below the Union
Bridge, and about Warren. May. 0

Has been long known and used as a salad herb, and lately
as an excellent vegetable dish for the table, dressed in the
manner of spinage. A small bed of rich garden-earth
sown with the seeds in August, or in the end of July,
will supply an excellent portion of salad throughout the
winter until April, the season when other salads are not
to be had.

14 TfilANDRIA— MONOGYNIA.

16. IRIS.

1. /. pseudacorus, corolla beardless, inner segments smaller
than the stigmas ; seeds angular. Yellow Iris.

Hob. Sides of ponds and marshes, common. July. If.

The roots, in Arran, are used to dye black ; in Jura, boiled
with copperas to make ink. They are strongly purgative,
and said to be particularly useful in dropsical complaints.
Formerly recommended as a cure for toothache. " But
above all," says ETTMULLER, " which I have hitherto
known, the juice of the root of the Iris lutea rubbed upon
the tooth that is painful, or the root itself chewed in the
mouth, in an instant, as if by a charm, drives away the
pain of the teeth arising from what cause soever. He
that communicated it to me, affirms that he had tried it
forty times at least, with like success: I myself also have
various times tried it, and a great many others have done
the same by my persuasion, and I hardly ever knew it
fail." — The seeds roasted make excellent coffee, superior
to any other substitute.

17. SCHCENUS.

1. S. nigricans, stem a foot high, round, naked; head roundish,
abrupt, overtopped by one of the two floral leaves. Black Bog-
rush.

Hal. Moors and boggy places, frequent. Field west of the
Steps-of-Grace farm-house, Thomp. Below the Old Lam-
berton toll. Lamberton Moor, &c. June. If.

18. SCIRPUS.

* Spikes solitary, terminal.

1. S. c&spitos-us, stems tufted, 6 inches high, round, striated,
:• heat bed and invested with numerous scales at the base; spike
small, brown ; outer glumes as long as the spike, pointed. Scaly-
stalked Club-rush.

Hob. Abundant on all our moors, and in spring a principal
food of Highland sheep. July. If.

2. S. pauciflorus^ stem round, with a tight leafless sheath at

: spike ovate, naked; glumes obtuse, with membranous

TRIANDEIA— MONOGYNIA. 15

edges, the two outer the largest, but shorter than the spike.
Chocolate-headed Club-rush.

Hal. In a bog in the field adjoining Spring Gardens. Aug.

v

3. S. fluitans, stem branched, leafy, pliant and floating ; flower-
stalks alternate, naked ; spikes of few flowers, with obtuse green-
ish glumes ; stigmas 2. Floating Club-rush.

Hob. Pools and ditches. " Moor west of Belford plentiful,"
Thomp. July. ?/

* * Stem round, with several spikes.

4. S. lacustris, stem 4 to 6 feet high, naked ; pannicle cymose,
twice compound, terminal ; spikes ovate ; bracteas generally
much shorter than the panicle. Bull-rush.

Hob. Sides of rivers and ponds. Whiteadder, particularly
near its junction with the Tweed, Thomp. July. If.

The stems are much used for making mats, chair-bottoms,
and for thatching.

5. S. setaceus, stems tufted, 3 inches high, bristle-shaped, leafv
at the base ; spikes about 2, sessile, surmounted by a leafy brae-
tea ; seed furrowed, without bristles. Bristle-stalked Club-rush.

Hob. Wet gravelly places, frequent on moors. Bog below
Shoreswood-hall. Haidendean, Dr Thompson. Lamber-
ton Moor, &c. July, August. 0

ti. S. caricimis, stem roundish, leafy at the bottom ; spikes ag-
gregate, two -ranked, many-flowered; leaves flat, with rough
edges and keel ; seed with six bristles at the base. Compressed
Club-rush.

Hob. Boggy meadows. " Links near Bamburgh," Winch.
Near the style below Gallowshill, Thomp. Above the
Coves in Holy Island. July. If.

Hoot creeping. Stems from 4 inches to upwards of a foot in
height, simple, smooth, rounded until within an inch or
two of the spikes, when it becomes suddenly triangular.
Leaves grass-green, shorter than the stem, sheathing,
channelled, the upper frequently plane, smooth and un-
keeled on their lower part, becoming keeled and triangu-
lar upwards ; the keel and edges rough. Lower bracteas
foliaceous, shorter or longer than the spikes, which are
2-ranked, of a brown colour. The seed is triangular, with
a long slender beak, and several long hairs at the base.

1 6 TRIANDRI A— MONOGYNIA.

* * * Stem triangular. Panicle leafy.

7- S. maritimus, stem 1 to 3 feet high ; panicle terminal ; spikes
conglomerate ; glumes torn, with an intermediate point ; stig-
mas 3. Marsh Club-rush.

Hob. Salt marshes. Mouth of the Whiteadder ; Yarrow
Haugh ; below Brock's Mill ; " Coast near Beal/'
Thomp. July, Aug. I/.

8. S. sylvaticus, stem about 3 feet high, leafy throughout ; pa-
nicle terminal, cymose, repeatedly compound ; flower-stalks
sheathed at the base ; spikes aggregate, small. Wood Club-rush.

Hob. River sides above the Union Bridge, plentiful.
July. If

19. ELEOCHARIS,

1. E. palustris, root creeping ; stems round, leafless, sheathed
at the base, a span high ; spike oblong, naked ; stigmas 2 ; seed
lenticular, most convex at one side. Creeping Spike-rush.

Ilab. Marshy places, and at the sides of rivers and
ponds, common. June, July. If

20. ERIOPHORUM.

* Spike solitary.

1. E. vagina-turn, stem triangular above, round below with a
swelling sheath ; spike ovate; glumes membranous. Hare's- tail
Cotton-grass.

Hob. Turfy boggy heaths. Below Shoreswood Hall, Dr
Thompson. Murton Craigs ; and common on our more
elevated moors. April. I/.

* * Spikes several.

2. E. polystachion, stem round ; leaves flat, lanceolate, with a
triangular point ; stalks of the spikes smooth ; hairs thrice the
length of the spike. Broad-leaved Cotton-grass.

Hob. Boggy meadows, not common. Below Allerton
Mill, plentiful ; in a field east of Easington House, be-
low Belford, now ploughed out. April. If

Root fibrous. Stem 2 feet high, soft, smooth, leafy, round,
obtusely triangular upwards, sometimes much compressed.

TRI ANDRI A— MONOG YNI A. 1 7

Hadical leaves numerous, longer than the stem when in
flower, and very little shorter even when in seed, broad,
with a long triangular roughish point. Stem leaves se-
veral, very long, with smooth sheaths. Spikes numerous,
on long flattened smooth stalks, drooping, overtopped by
a long foliaceous bractea. — The stem may be said to be of-
ten branched, that is, in many specimens 1 or 2 long stalks
arise out of the sheaths of the leaves, and bear each a
spike of flowers.

3. E. pubescens, stems angular ; leaves flat, lanceolate, with a
triangular point ; stalks of the spikes downy ; hairs twice the
length of the spike. Downy-stalked Cotton-grass. (E. polystachion^
Winch. Guide, i. 6 ; Greville, Flor. Edin. 13.)

Hab. Bogs and marshes, frequent ; Castle-hills ; field be-
low the Old Lamberton Toll ; Lamberton Moor, &c.
June. If.

Root fibrous. Stem 12-18 inches high, smooth, striate, hol-
low, obtusely triangular at the base, more acute upwards.
Leaves all short, broad, rough on the edges and keel, with
a short triangular point ; the radical ones tufted, decaying
soon ; the cauline from 2 to 4, alternate, 2 or S inches
long, with smooth sheaths as long as themselves. Stipula
very minute, rounded, entire. Lower bractea shorter
than the spikes when in seed, blackish at the base, many-
ribbed, with a brown triangular point. Spikes 5 or 6, the
central one largest and sessile, the others on furrowed
stalks, covered with a short rough down. Glumes black-
ish, greenish-yellow at the base, ovate-lanceolate, 1 or 3-
ribbed, membranous at the margins. Seed obovate, trian-
gular, brown. Hairs very white and silky.

4. E. anffustifolium, stem nearly round ; leaves linear, triangu-
lar, channelled towards the base ; stalks of the spikes smooth ;
hairs four times the length of the spike. Common Cotton-grass.

Hab. Bogs, particularly on moors, very common. April.

There has existed much confusion relative to these three
species, and yet no plants can be more distinct. The lat-
ter may always be known by its numerous very narrow
leaves, as long as the flowering stem, which in fruit, how-
ever, rises considerably above them ; and the stem-leaves
are few and short. In the E. polystachion they are much
broader, those of the stem much longer, and the plant it-
self more succulent, robust, and leafy; while its more nu-
merous spikes are pendant on longer, sometimes branched,

J 8 TllIANDRIA— DIGYNIA.

stalks. As for E. pubescens^ it can never be mistaken, if
we attend to the short rather broad leaves, and to the fur-
rowed downy flower-stalks.

21. NAIIDUS.

1. N. stricla, spike bristle-shaped, straight, the florets all point-
ing one way. (A rigid wiry grass growing in tufts.) Com-
mon Mat-grass.
Hob. Moors and heaths abundant. July. If.

II. DIGYNIA.
22. PHALAPvIS.

1. P. canariensisy panicle ovate, resembling a spike ; calyx
glumes boat-shaped, entire at the summit ; outer corolla of two
naked valves. Canary-grass.

Hob. Cultivated and waste grounds, certainly not indige-
nous, and in no fixed station. July. Q

One to 2 feet high, glaucous ; spike variegated with green
and white, — a beautiful grass, often cultivated in gardens
for the sake of the seeds, which are given to Canary birds.

2. P. arundinacea, panicle upright with spreading branches ;
flowers crowded, unilateral; outer corolla of two bearded valves.
Reed Canary-<jrass.

Ildb. Margins of rivulets and ponds frequent. July, Aug.

Stem 4- feet high, reed-like. Common in gardens, with va-
riegated leaves, and known by the popular name of Gar-
deners' Garters.

23. PHLEUM.

1. P. pratense, cluster spiked, cylindrical ; calyx abrupt, frin-
ged at the keel, longer than its awns. (1 to 2 feet high ; spike
l-o inches long, compact.) Common Cafs-tail-grass.

Hab. Moist meadows and pastures, common, June-Oct.

v

Hares are remarkably fond of this grass, and it is eaten with-
out reserve by cattle in general. It produces early in

TRIANDIIIA— DIGYNIA. 19

spring an abundance of fine foliage; but, though once ce-
lebrated for its agricultural merits, under the name of
Timothy-grass, is now comparatively neglected.

2. P. arenarium, spike slightly panicled, ovate-lanceolate, ob-
tuse ; calyx-glumes lanceolate, fringed, thrice the length of the
abrupt notched corolla. Stems several, 3-6 inches high. Sea
Cafs-tail-grass.

Hab. Common on the sandy sea coast, Winch. Holy Island.
May. 0

24. ALOPECUEUS.

1. A. pratensis, stem erect, smooth, 1| to 2^ feet high ; spike
somewhat panicled, 2 inches long, thick, soft ; calyx-glumes
acute, hairy, combined at the base, shorter than the awn of the
corolla. Meadow Fox-tail-grass.

Hab. Meadows and pastures common. May. If.

An early and very productive grass. It grows naturally in
a moist soil, and is hence best adapted to improve very
wet ground, that may be drained of superfluous moisture,
or to form or ameliorate meadows that have a moist bot-
tom, and are not apt to be burnt up in dry summers.
CURTIS.

2. A. geniculatus, stem ascending, bent at the joints ; spike cy-
lindrical, slightly panicled ; calyx-glumes combined at the base,
abrupt, fringed ; corolla notched, its awn twice the length of the
calyx. Floating Fox-tail-grass.

Hab. Wet meadows and marshy places. July, Aug. If.

25. AGROSTIS.

1. A. vulgaris, stem erect, 12-18 inches high ; stipula abrupt,
very short ; panicle purplish, spreading, with divaricated capil-
lary branches ; corolla with or without a dorsal awn ; calyx-
valves nearly equal. Fine Bent-grass.

Hab. Meadows and pastures. July, Aug. If.

Forms the turf of Murton Moor, and similar sheep-walks.
For grass. plats and lawns considered by CURTIS the best
of our English species, being of ready growth, bearing the
scythe well, producing fine foliage, and resisting drought
better than most.

20 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA.

2. A. alba, stem spreading, creeping ; stipula oblong, ribbed ;
panicle condensed at the base of the main divisions, stalks rough ;
calyx-valves lanceolate, bristly at the keel ; corolla rarely with
a short awn. Marsh Bent-grass.

Hab. Moist meadows and road sides. At the side of the ca-
nal below New-water Haugh, and in other inland situa-
tions, the specimens answer exactly to the description of
the A. alba in Flor. Brit. ; but along our shores, where it
grows abundantly in wet clayey spots, the panicle is more
dense, the branches being not at all spread out, a variety
which constitutes the A. stolonifera of the same work.
July, Aug. If.

This is the Fiorin-grass of Dr RICHARDSON, and the Irish
agriculturists, but has never been cultivated to any extent
in this country. To be in perfection, it requires a moist
climate or a wet soil, and it grows luxuriantly in cold
clays unfitted for other grasses. In light sands, and in
dry situations, the produce is much inferior both as to
quantity and quality.

26. AIRA.

* Corolla awnless.

1. A. cristata, panicle spiked, lanceolate ; calyx longer than its
flower-stalk, 'shorter than the florets ; glumes all pointed. (A
span high.) Crested Hair-grass.

Hab. Dry elevated pastures not uncommon. About Gene-
sis Gull-hole, Thomp. Links at Holy Island, Winch,
Banks beyond Spittal, and opposite Spring Gardens, &c.
July. If.

2. A. aquatica, panicle spreading ; florets even, obtuse, longer
than the calyx ; leaves flat, stipula oblong ; stems floating.
Water Hair-grass.

Hab. Ditches and watery places not uncommon. In a ditch
below Calf-Hill, Thomp. Common about Ord ; Tweed-
mouth Fields ; Banks beyond Spittal. June. 1L

* * Corolla awned.

3. A. ccespitosa, panicle spreading, very large ; florets about the
length of the calyx, abrupt, hairy at the base, one of them on a

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. 21

hairy stalk ; awn short, from the base of the outer valve ; leaves
fiat ; stems 3 feet high. Turfy Hair-grass.

Hob. Rough bogs and moist shady places, common. July.

4. A. Jtexuosa, panicle spreading, triple-forked, with wavy
branches ; florets about the length of the calyx, acute ; awn from
the middle of the outer valve, longer than the calyx, twisted ;
leaves bristle-shaped; stems 12-18 inches high. Waved Hair-
grass.

Hob. Heaths and hilly places common. July. If

5. A. prcecox, panicle close, erect ; florets the length of the
calyx, both sessile ; awn nearly twice as long, from the base of
the valve ; leaves bristle-shaped, with angular sheaths ; stems 2
or 3 inches high. Early Hair-grass.

Hob. Dikes capped with earth, and barren heaths, com-
mon. May, June. 0

6. A. caryopliyttea, panicle spreading, triple-forked, silvery
grey ; florets not longer than the calyx, both sessile ; awn twice
as long, from above the middle of the valve ; leaves bristle-sha-
ped with ribbed close sheaths ; stems a span high. Silver Hair-
grass.

Hal. Gravelly hills and pastures frequent. June, July.

None of the Aires are cultivated, and they contribute but
little to the verdure of meadows or pastures. Some of
them (2, 3, 4,) possess a considerable degree of elegance,
and are often gathered for the purpose of ornamenting
fire-places during the summer.

27. HOLCUS.

1. H. lanatus^ root fibrous ; stem about 2 feet high ; leaves
downy on both sides ; calyx wooly ; lower floret perfect, awn.
less ; upper with an arched awn. Meadow Soft-grass.

Hob. Meadows and pastures abundant, but apparentlv
not agreeable to cattle. June, July. 1J.

2. H. molliS) root creeping ; stem 2 feet high ; leaves slightly
downy ; calyx partly naked ; lower floret perfect, awnless ; up-
per with a sharply bent prominent awn. Creeping Soft-grass.

22 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA.

Ifab* Hedges and shady places ; occasionally amongst
corn. Redpath Fields, Dodd's Well, &c. Thomp. Julv.
Aug. I/.

3. H. avenaceus, root knotty ; stem 3 feet high ; leaves rather
harsh ; calyx smooth ; barren floret lowest, with a sharply bent
prominent awn ; fertile one slightly elevated, scarcely awned,
Oat-like Soft-grass.

Hob. Sides of ditches, and in moist corn-fields : a trouble-
some weed in manv farms in this neighbourhood. July.

V

28. MELICA.

1. M. uniflora^ petals beardless ; panicles branched, drooping
toward one side ; flowers erect ; spikelet with only one perfect
floret. Stem 18 inches high. Wood Melic-grass.

Hab. u Ash-wood, Belford." Thomp. June. 7/

2. M. ccerulea, petals beardless, acute ; panicle close, erect,
compound ; flowers upright, cylindrical. Purple Melic-grass.

Hab. Bogs, and on moors, common. Aug. 7/

A hard coarse reedy grass, 1 to 2 feet high, remarkable from
its purple panicle. In some parts of England brooms are
made of the stems ; and the fishermen in Skye make ropes
of them, which they find, by experience, will bear the wa-
ter well, without rotting.

29. GLYCERIA.

1. G. Jlwtans, panicle oblong, branched, divaricating; spikelets
close-pressed ; florets numerous, obtuse, seven -ribbed, with short
intermediate ribs at the base ; nectary obtuse, tumid. Floating
Sweet-grass.

Hab. Ditches and stagnant waters, common. July, Aug.

v

A large thick and succulent grass, with long leaves ; when
not in flower, floating on the surface of the water, but the
flowering stems are erect. The seeds, under the name of
Manna croup, are sold in our shops, and employed occa-
sionally as a nourishing mild diet. They are said to be
very sweet, especially before arriving at maturity.

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. 23

2. G. maritima, panicle branched, rather close, erect after flow-
ering ; florets about 5, somewhat pointed, slightly 5-ribbed ; root
creeping. Sea Sweet-grass.

Hob. (1.) Sides of the Tweed above the Bridge ; shores
of Holy Island, abundant. (2.) St Abb's Head, and on
the sea-shore from that to Redheugh. July. 7/

It appears to me that there are two very distinct varieties
of this plant. When it grows in wet situations, (1.) The
root is fibrous, and the foliage is large, soft, straight, and
only slightly glaucous. This is well described in HAY'S
Syn. 409-10, No. 6. ; and is the state of it which may
have induced LIGHTFOOT to believe it a variety of the
G*jluitans, for, like that species, the stems, in autumn, of-
ten extend to upwards of a foot in length, and float upon
the water. When, on the contrary, it grows on dry stony
situations, (2.) The root becomes creeping, the leaves are
rigid, generally curved, and very glaucous. HOOKER'S
description is very characteristic of this state, Fl. Scot,
i. 23, which is clearly the " gramen caninum maritimum
paniculatum" of RAY, Syn. 410. No. 7. The species has
cost me some trouble, and had it not been for the guid-
ance of Mr WINCH, I would have considered the first as
G. procumbens, and the second as the true maritime

3. G. procumbens, panicle lanceolate, unilateral, 2-ranked, close,
with rough stalks, the main one cylindrical; florets about 5,
bluntish, 5-ribbed ; (root fibrous, plant glaucous and rigid.)
Procumbent Sweet-grass.

Hob* " Some of the larger islets (Farn Islands) are co-
vered with vegetable mould, producing a plentiful crop
of Poa (Glyceria) maritima and procumbens" P. J. SELBY,
Esq. Zool. Journ. ii. 454. July, Aug. Q

4. G. rigida, panicle lanceolate, unilateral, two-ranked, close,
with smooth stalks, the main one bordered ; florets about seven,
acute, scarcely ribbed. Hard Sweet-grass.

Hob. " Heugh, Holy Island, plentiful," Thomp. June.

Stems several, 3-5 inches high, peculiarly rigid and wiry, as
is also the not inelegant panicle.

24 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA.

30. POA.

1. P. trivialis, panicle spreading ; spikelets 3-flowered ; florets
lanceolate, 5-ribbed, connected by a web ; stipula oblong ; stem
and leaves roughish ; root fibrous. Roughish Meadow-grass.

Hab. Meadows and pastures. June-Oct. If

In moist rich soils one of the most valuable grasses, whether
for pasturage or hay ; its produce and nutritive powers
being both very great.

2. P. joraterms, 'panicle spreading ; spikelets 4-flowered ; florets
lanceolate, 5-ribbed, connected by a web ; stipula short and ob-
tuse ; stem and leaves smooth ; root creeping. Smooth Meadow-
grass.

Hob. Meadows and pastures. The P. subccerulea of Eng,
Botany, a variety of the present species remarkable for
the glaucous hue of its whol^ herbage, grows abund-
antly in Yarrow Haugh, and on the Farn "isles, accord-
ing to my friend Dr THOMPSON. June, July. 7/

As an object of agriculture this is not less valuable than the
preceding. It is earlier in leaf, and will thrive with less
moisture, but is said to exhaust the soil in a much greater
degree. The roots are numerous and creeping, and be-
come in two or three years, especially in a dry soil, so
matted together, that the ingress of nourishment is hin-
dered, and the produce gradually diminished.

3. P. annua^ panicle widely spreading ; spikelets ovate, 5-flow-
ered ; florets a little remote, 5-ribbed, without a web ; stems
oblique, compressed ; root fibrous. Annual Meadow-grass.

Hab. Meadows and pastures, waste and cultivated ground,
very common. April-Nov.

31. TIUODIA.

1. T. decumbens, panicle nearly simple, close, erect ; florets 4,
their middle tooth shortest ; calyx smooth ; stipula hairy. (One
foot long, procumbent, flowering stem only erect ; leaves linear,
rigid, acuminate, hairy as well as the sheaths.) Decumbent Heath-
grass.

Hab. Dry mountain pastures, frequent. Sea-banks from the
Burgesses' Cove northward ; banks beyond Spittal ; Mur-
ton Craigs, Thomp. July. If

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. 25

32. BRIZA.

1. B. media, spikelets ovate, about 7-flowered; calyx shorter
than the florets ; stipula very short and blunt. Common Quaking-
grass.

Hob. Barren fields, heaths and bogs, common. June. 7/

33. DACTYLIS.

1. D. glomerata, panicle distantly branched ; flowers in dense
globular tufts, unilateral; corolla somewhat awned, 5-ribbed,
taper-pointed. Rough Cock's-foot-grass.

Hab. Meadows and shady places, common. June, Aug. I/.

A coarse grass growing in tufts, yet has been recommended
as a substitute for rye-grass, and tried, apparently with
great success, by Mr COKE of Holkham. To reap the
benefit of its merits, it must be sown on dry open land,
and kept closely cropped either with the scythe or by
means of cattle.

34. CYNOSCJRUS.

1. C. cristatus, spike simple, linear, unilateral, about 2 inches
long, with a wavy rough stalk ; neuter spikelets without awns ;
stems slender, 12-18 inches high. Crested Doy^s-tail-grass.

Hal. Dry pastures very common, and valuable. June, July.

35. FESTUCA.

1. F. ovina, stem square, 6 to 12 inches high ; leaves folded,
bristle-shaped, with a short obtuse stipula ; panicle unilateral,
rather close ; florets cylindrical, pointed or awned, smooth at the
base and at the edges of the inner valve. Sheep's Fescue*grass.

Hab. Forms the finest turf of our dry hilly pastures, and
is seldom or never found intimately mixed with other
grasses. June. If.

2. F. vivipara, stem square ; leaves folded, bristle-shaped,
smooth ; panicle unilateral, rather close ; florets compressed,
keeled, awnless, somewhat downy, as well as the edges of their
inner valve and the calyx. Viviparous Fescue-grass.

Ilab. Summit of Cheviot. Dr Thompson. July. I/.

B

26 TRIANDRIA-DIGYNIA,

Considered by many a mere variety of the preceding, and,
if so, it affords a good example of the provident economy
of Nature in modifying her productions, so as to fit them
to their peculiarities of situation. For when the Sheep's
Fescue-grass grows in a vale, or upon a plain, its seeds
ripen, fall and vegetate in the manner of other plants ;
but when it grows upon the tops of mountains, where it
finds a difficulty in ripening its seeds, it becomes a vivi-
parous plant. The germ shoots into blade in the cup, falls
to the ground, takes root, and becomes the mother of
others, having the same remarkable property.

3. F. duriuscula, root fibrous ; stem round, 1 to 2 feet high :
upper leaves flat ; panicle unilateral, spreading ; florets longer
than their awns. Hard Fescue-grass.

Hab. Common in waste grounds, in pastures and dry mea-
dows, where it yields a good and early crop, acceptable to
all kinds of cattle. June, July. I/.

4. F. rubrcti root extensively creeping; leaves downy on the
upper side, more or less involute ; panicle unilateral, spreading
(compact when in flower) ; florets longer than their awns. (Whole
plant glaucous green, and more or less tinged with brown.)

Hab. On the coasts of Holy Island, Winch. Spittal Sands,
Thomp. July, If.

5. F bromoides, panicle nearly erect, racemose ; florets taper-
ing, shorter than their awns, rough at the top ; leaves tapering,
shorter than their sheaths ; upper half of the stem naked, 4 to 8
inches high. Barren Fescue-grass*

Hab. Walls and dry pastures, not uncommon. On the dike
near Ramsay's ba^rn ; about Ord Moor, and in many other
similar places. June. Q

6. F. loliacea, spike 2-ranked, drooping ; spikelets nearly ses-
sile, linear-oblong ; florets cylindrical, awnless, pointed, with five
slight ribs at the top ; stem 2 feet high. Spiked Fescue-grass.

Hab. Moist meadows, rare. Side of the Tweed a little above
Yarrowhaugh. June, July. If.

Bears a great resemblance to the Rye-grass; but it has ex-
cellencies, says Mr SINCLAIR, which make it greatly su-
perior to that grass for the purposes of either hay or per-
manent pasture. It seems to improve in produce in pro-

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. 27

portion to its age, which is directly the reverse of the
Rye-grass.

7. F. pratensis, panicle nearly upright, branched, spreading,
turned to one side ; spikelets linear, compressed ; florets nume-
rous, cylindrical, obscurely ribbed ; nectary 4-cleft ; root fibrous ;
stem 2 feet high ; leaves linear. Meadow Fescue-grass.

Hab. Meadows and pastures. June, July. If.

Mr CURTIS recommends this as in many respects superior
to Rye-grass, at least for the purpose of forming or im-
proving meadows. It is larger and more productive of
foliage ; it is strictly perennial, is very hardy, and will
thrive not only in very wet, but also in dry ground. Its
seeds are very abundant, easily gathered, and grow rea-
dily.

8. F. elatior, panicle somewhat drooping, much branched,
spreading loosely every way ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate ; florets
numerous, cylindrical, somewhat awned, obscurely ribbed ; nec-
tary four-cleft ; root creeping i stem about 4 feet high ; leaves
linear-lanceolate. Tall Fescue-grass.

Hob. Moist meadows, and the banks of rivers, not uncom-
mon. Dodd's Well, and other places on our seabanks,
Thomp. River side above Yarrowhaugh. July. 7/

9. F. sylvatica, spike simple, drooping ; spikelets nearly cylin-
drical, turned to one side ; awns longer than their glumes ;
leaves hairy; stems 2 feet high, slender; root fibrous. Wood
Fescue-grass.

Hab. Woods and moist meadows, frequent. July, Aug. I/.

36. BROMUS.

1. B. mollis, panicle erect, rather close, compound ; spikelets
ovate, downy; florets imbricated, depressed, ribbed; awns as
long as the glumes ; leaves and sheaths very soft and downy ;
stems 1 to 2 feet high. Soft Brome-grass.

Hab. Fields and road-sides, common. June. <J

2. B. asper, panicle drooping, branched ; spikelets linear-ob-
lorig, compressed; florets about 8, rather distant, lanceolate,
compressed, downy, longer than the straight awn; leaves uni-

B 2

28 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA.

form, broad, the lower ones hairy ; stem 4 to 6 feet high. Hairy
Brome-grass.

Hal. Moist woods. Wooded banks above the Union Bridge,
plentiful. July, Aug.

3. B. sterilis, panicle drooping, mostly simple ; spikelets linear
lanceolate ; florets about 7, lanceolate, compressed, 7-ribbed, fur-
rowed, shorter than the straight awn ; leaves downy, narrow :
stem about 2 feet high. Barren Brome-grass.

Hob. In hedges and by road sides. June, July. 0

37. AVENA.

1. A. fatua, panicle erect, compound; spikelets pendulous:
florets about 3, shorter than the calyx, bristly at the base, with
an oblique scar, all awned. Wild Oat.

Hal. Corn fields—

" A detested weed

That wildly grows in them, but yields a crop
As if it had been sow'd."

June, July. ©

The Wild Oat is seldom found but on clays and stiff gra-
vels ; on all loose soils, on dryish turnip land, on sandy
soils, and on fen and marsh land it is seldom seen. It is
very difficult to eradicate, since, in spring, it cannot be
sufficiently distinguished from the plants of other corn, to
be selected and weeded out ; and it has ripened and scat-
tered its seeds before the corn has arrived at maturity.—
The twisted awn makes an excellent hygrometer.

2. A. pulescens, panicle erect, nearly simple ; florets about 3,
longer than the calyx ; partial stalk-bearded ; leaves flat, downy ;
stem 14- or 2 feet high ; root somewhat creeping. Downy Oat.
grass.

Hal. Dry limestone pastures, not uncommon in this neigh-
bourhood. Sea and river banks. June. I/.

3. A. pratenriS) panicle erect, with very short simple branches ;
florets about 5, longer than the calyx ; partial stalk all over
hairy ; leaves involute, finely serrated, naked, with smooch
sheaths ; stem 12 or 18 inches high. Narrow-leaved Oat-grass.

Hal. By pastures. Over the Burgesses' Cove : near Spit-
tal Gull-hole, Thomp. River banks. July. 11

TRI ANDRI A— DIG Y NI A. 29

4. A. flavescens, panicle much branched, spreading, erect ; flo-
rets about 3, longer than the very unequal calyx ; leaves flat, a
little downy ; stem 1 foot high ; ri>ot somewhat creeping. Yellow
Oat-grass.

Hab. Meadows and pastures, common. July. Ij.
The straw of this grass, according to Mr COBBETT, affords
the finest plat of any for making bonnets. He has tried
for this purpose the greater number of our common kinds,
and besides this recommends the Sweet-scented Vernal-
grass, the Rye-grass, and the Crested Dog's-tail-grass, as
most worthy of attention,

38. AKUNDO.

1. A. pliragmiteS) florets about 5, awnless, longer than the ca-
lyx ; panicle loose. Common Reed.

Hab. Banks of rivers, and in ponds and ditches, frequent.
July. I/.

The Reed is much used for fences and thatching, for which
purpose it is superior to common straw ; and in several of
the fenny counties in England, not only cottages, but
houses of a better description, are covered with it. In
most parts of the kingdom it is annually cut ; and in the
fenny parts of Lincolnshire forms a valuable harvest.
PENNANT says, he saw a stock of reeds, the property of a
single farmer, which was worth L. 200 or L, 300. In
Holland, the panicles of flowers are extensively used for
making hearth-besoms ; and in Lapland, for dyeing coarse
cloths of a yellowish green colour. The internal mem-
brane of the stem, according to Mr ADIE, makes a hygro-
meter exceeding, in point of sensibility, every other sub-
stance that he has met with.

2. A. arenaria, calyx single flowered, longer than the corolla ;
panicle spiked; flowers erect, slightly awned; leaves involute,
sharp-pointed. Sea-Reed, or Bent.

Ilab. Sandy sea-coast from Spittal southward. July. 7/

This is one of the most valuable grasses for binding the sand
of the sea-shore, and raising those banks which, in Nor-
folk, on our own coast, and especially in Holland, are the
chief defence of the country against the encroachments of
the ocean. For some interesting illustrations of its uti-
lity in this respect, the reader is referred to CUVIER'S
Es'say on the Theory of the Earth. At Aberdeen and at

30 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA.

Anglesey it is manufactured into door-mats. It also
makes excellent floor-brushes. In the Outer Hebrides it
serves many purposes in rural and domestic economy,
being made into ropes for various uses, mats for pack-
saddles, bags, mats, and vessels for preparing and keeping
grain and meal ; and, lastly, into hats.— Edin. Phil. Journ.
vi. 155.

39. LOLIUM.

1. L. perenne, corolla very slightly awned ; spikelets longer
than the calyx ; florets lanceolate. (Smooth ;* stem 1 foot high,
bent at the base.) Rye-grass,

Hab. Meadows and pastures. June. 1J.

Generally sown with clovers, and the chief grass which en-
ters into the composition of hay. It is not very lasting,
except on a rich soil ; and many intelligent cultivators
consider it a very severe crop, and allege that wheat does
not succeed well after the herbage with which it is inter-
mixed in any considerable quantity.

2. L. temulentum^ awns longer than the corolla; spikelets
shorter than the calyx; florets elliptical; stem rough in the
upper part, 2 feet high, erect. Bearded Darnel.

Hal. Corn fields, very rare. Near Shoreswood Hall, Dr
Thompson. July. Q

The seeds of this species possess deleterious properties when
mixed with bread, corn or malt ; and malignant epidemic
fevers have been attributed to their operation. In this
country it is so rare that it can seldom be productive of
any mischief, but it is asserted to have been cultivated
in the vicinity of London for the use of the brewer, who
communicates to the beer an intoxicating quality by its
means. It is the " infelix lolium " of VIRGIL :

— -" interque nitentia culta
Infelix lolium et steriles dominantur avenae.

3. L. arvense^ corolla slightly awned ; spikelets as long as the
calyx ; florets elliptical ; stem very smooth. Short-awned Darnel .

Hab. Corn fields at Easington, rare. July. 0

TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. 31

40. HOEDEUM.

1. H. murinum, lateral flowers barren ; calyx valves of the
intermediate one lanceolate, fringed ; stem a foot high, decum-
bent at the base. Wall Barley.

Hab. Road sides and waste grounds. July. 0

2. H. pratense, lateral flowers imperfect, with shorter awns ;
all the calyx valves bristle-shaped and rough ; stem 1J or 2 feet
high, erect, slender. Meadow Barley.

Hab. Moist pastures, rare. Yarrow-haugh ; and side of
the river below the mouth of the Whiteadder, Dr
Thompson. July. If.

Mr THOMPSON seems to have found H. maritimwn on Holy
Island opposite St Cuthbert's ; but our specimens from
that station belong to H. murinum.

41. TBITICUM.

1. T. junceum, calyx-valves blunt, many -ribbed; florets about
5, awnless ; main stalk smooth ; leaves involute, sharp-pointed ;
stem 12 or 18 inches high, tinged with violet below ; root creep-
ing. Whole plant glaucous, rigid, smooth. Sea Wheat-grass.

Hab. Sandy sea-coast from Spittal southward, not very
common. Holy Island. July. I/.

2. T. repens, calyx valves pointed or awned, lanceolate, many-
ribbed ; flowers about 5, sharp-pointed or awned ; leaves flat ;
root creeping ; stem 2 feet high. Couch-grass.

Hab. Cultivated fields. July. 7/

The Quicken of the farmer, and too well known as the most
troublesome weed that infests his fields. At Naples, and
in some parts of France, the roots are collected for feed-'
ing horses. " Upon the banks of the Garonne I met wo-
men," says Mr A. YOUN&, "loaded with the roots of this
plant, going to sell it at market ; arid they informed me
it was bought to feed horses with." — " As," says Mr
GRAY, " it is very saccharine, and may be had at the
cheapest rate, if not for nothing, it is recommended to be
brewed for a table-beer."

32 TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA.

3. T. caninum, calyx-valves somewhat awned, with 3 or 5 ribs ;
florets 4, awned ; leaves flat ; root fibrous. Fibrous-rooted Wlieat-
grass.

Hab. « Ashwood, Belford," Thomp. July. If

III. TRIGYN1A.

42. MONTIA.

1. M.fontanct) herb smooth, succulent; leaves opposite, small,
spathulate ; flowers small, white, on curved stalks. Water Blinks.

Hab. By springs and streams, particularly on heathy
ground, frequent ; very luxuriant and plentiful on
Cheviot, not far from the summit. June, July. 0

In general, this plant is low, diffused, and much branched ;
sometimes, however, the stems rise to a height of 6 inches,
and are only distantly branched, while a few radicle fibres
spring from beneath each joint.

( 33 )

CLASS IV.
TETRANDRIA.

f Can it be believed, that Nature bestowed beauty on the foliage of a flower
but with a view to please ? The fruit might be produced, in the same
process, without any richness and diversity of colour. No other animals
are sensible of their grace but the human ; and yet the austere man of
business, or the vain man of pleasure, will arraign another with a face
of importance for his admiration of a flower. He calls the taste trifling
and useless. But is not a refusal to be pleased with such appearances,
like the malignant unthankfulness of a sullen guest, who refuses to taste
the most delicious dainties prepared for his entertainment ?"--— Dr V.
Kxox.

I. MONOGYNIA.

* Flowers monopetalous, superior, single-seeded.

43. DIP SAC us. Common calyx of many leaves ; proper calyx

single, superior, of 1 leaf, cup-shaped, crowning the seed.
(Flowers capitate.)

44. SCABIOSA. Common calyx of many leaves ; proper calyx

double, superior, crowning the seed. (Flowers capitate.)

* * Flowers monopetalous, superior, 2-seeded.

47. GALIUM. Corolla flat; fruit dry. (Flowers corymbose or
panicled, lateral or terminal.)

tG. ASPERULA. Corolla tubular ; fruit without a crown. (Flowers
terminal? panicled.)

34 TETRANDIIIA.

45. SHERARDIA. Corolla tubular ; fruit crowned with the calyx,
each seed with 3 teeth. (Flowers umbellate.)

* * * Flowers monopetalous, inferior.

48. PLANTAGO. Corolla reflexed; stamens very long; capsule

bursting all round, of 2 or 4 cells. (Flowers in simple
dense spikes.)

* * * * Petals 4.

49. CORNUS. Nectary 0 ; drupa inferior ; nut of 2 cells. (Flowers

cymose or umbellate.)

***** Petals wanting*

50. PARIETARIA. Calyx 4-cleft, inferior ; stamens elastic ; seed

invested with the elongated calyx ; some flowers without
stamens, their calyx remaining unaltered.

51. ALCHEMILLA. Calyx 8-cleft, inferior ; seed 1 or 2, naked.

II. TETRAGYNIA.

52. ILEX. Corolla wheel-shaped, of 1 or 4 petals ; berry with 4

seeds ; styles 0 ; some flowers barren.

54. SAGINA. Petals 4 ; capsule of 1 cell and 4 valves : calyx 4.

leaved.

55. RADIOLA. Petals 4 ; capsule of 8 cells and 8 valves ; calyx

of 1 leaf, in 12 segments.

53. POTAMOGETON. Petals 4 ; calyx 0; seeds 4, naked, sessile.

(Aquatic. Flowers spiked, greenish, raised above the
water.)

TETEANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. 35

I. MONOGYNIA.

43. DIPSACUS.

1. D. sylvestris, leaves opposite, serrated ; scales of the recep-
tacle straight ; common calyx inflexed, longer than the head.
Wild Teasel

Hob. Road sides very rare. Near Shoreswood, Dr Thomp.
son. July. $

44. SCAB1OSA.

-

1. S. succisa, corolla in 4 equal segments ; heads of dark pur-
plish blue flowers nearly globular ; stem-leaves distantly toothed.
DeviFs-bit Scabious.

Hab. Moist meadows and pastures, common. August —
October. 7/

At one time the root (which is as it were bitten off) is sup-
posed to have possessed an almost specific virtue against
every kind of scaly eruptions, whence the generic name ;
but as " the superstitious people hold opinion," afraid of
being deprived by its means of this method of tormenting
poor mortal man, " the divel did bite it for envie, be-
cause it is an herbe that hath so many good vertues, and
is so beneficial to mankinde." And in very verity the
malice of the devil, as SMITH observes, " has unhappily
been so successful, that no virtues can now be found in
the remainder of the root or herb."

2. S. arvensis, corolla in 4 segments, the marginal flowers ra-
diant ; heads large, convex, pale purple ; leaves pinnatifid, cut ;
stem bristly. Field Scabious.

Hab. Corn fields and pastures, common. July. If.

3. S. columbaria, corolla in 5 unequal segments ; flowers pale
purple; radical leaves ovate or lyrate, notched, the rest pinna-
tifid with linear segments. Small Scabious.

Hab. Dry pastures, frequent in this neighbourhood.
Banks of the Tweed below West Ordhouse, Dr Thomp-
son. Castle hills. Sides of the ravine above Newfarm.
Spindlestone Hills. July, August. I/.

36 TETRANDRIA— MONOGYNIA.

45. SHEUARDIA.

1. S. arvensis, stems spreading, branched; leaves 6 in a whorl;
flowers terminal, pale blue. Slue Sherardia.

Hal. Dry corn fields and waste places, common. 0

46. ASPEHULA.

1. A. odorata^ stems erect, simple ; leaves 8 in a whorl, lanceo-
late ; panicles stalked, of few white flowers. Sweet Woodruff.

Hob. Woods and shady places. Ashwood, Belford, Thomp.
Fen wick Wood, and hedge sides between it and Detchirit.
June. If.

47. GALIUM.
* Fruit smooth ; flowers yellow.

1. G. verum, leaves 8 in a whorl, linear, channelled, entire,
rough ; flowers in dense panicles. Yellow Bed-straw.

Hob. Dry banks, and edges of corn fields. July, Aug. 7/

GERARDE tells us that " the people in Cheshire, especially
about Namptwich, where the best cheese is made, do vse
, "it in their rennet, esteeming greatly of that cheese aboue
other made without it." The Highlanders also use a
strong decoction of the herb as a rennet to curdle milk ;
and of the roots to dye red, boiling them with the yarn,
and adding alum to fix the colour, which, according to Mr
CURTIS, is superior to that of madder. The whole plant
dies a good yellow.

2. G. cruciatum, leaves ovate, hairy, 4 in a whorl ; stem hairy,
simple above ; flowers polygamous, clustered, lateral, with 2
leaves on their stalks. Crossivort.

Hal. Thickets and hedges, common. May, June. I/.

* * Fruit smooth ; flowers white.

3. G. palustre, leaves obovate, obtuse, the upper ones 4 in a
whorl, unequal in size ; stem weak, branched in the upper part,
branches patent. Water Bed-straw.

Hal. Boggy places and ditches. July. If.
SMITH says the stems are smooth, but we have never seen
them otherwise than rough with deflexed prickles.

TETRANDJIIA— MONOGYNIA. 37

4. G. Witheringii, leaves about 5 in a whorl, widely spreading,
lanceolate, fringed with bristles ; stem upright, slightly branch
ed, rough with reversed hooks.

Hob. In moist spots in the vale below Langley»Ford,
plentiful. July. I/.

There are only 4 nearly equal leaves on the branches, rough
on the keel and margins, with reverted prickles, and gan-
grened at the apex, which is not pointed either with a
bristle or hair. Flower-buds pink — Our specimens were
verified by Mr WINCH, and they appear to me more
nearly allied to G. uliginosum than tathe palustre, yet dis-
tinct from both.

5. G. uliginosum, leaves 6 in a whorl, obovate-lanceolate? rigid,
bristle-pointed, their edges rough^ like the stem, with recurved
prickles ; fruit smooth, smaller than the corolla. Marsh Bed-
straw.

Hob. Watery places, not uncommon. CastleJiills. Boggy
field west of the Steps-of-Grace Farm-house, Thomp.
Aug. If.

6. G. saxatile, leaves 6 in a whorl, obovate, obtuse with a small
point ; stem much branched, prostrate, smooth ; fruit granula-
ted. Heath Bed-straw.

Hal. Dry heaths and hilly ground, common. June-Aug.

* * * Fruit bristly.

7. G. Aparine, leaves 6 or 8 in a whorl, lanceolate, keeled,
rough, fringed with reflexed prickles ; stem weak ; fruit a double
globe. Goose-grass, or Robin-run-the-Hedge, a name very expres-
sive of its habits, and by which it is best known in this neigh-
bourhood.

Hab. Hedges very common. July, Aug. 0

" The roasted seeds are said to be no bad substitute for cof-
fee, to which they are botanically related ; and, if raised
for a crop, they might, perhaps, have the additional re-
commendation, to some people, of being very much dear-
er."— SM.

48. PLANTAGO.

1. P. major, leaves ovate, smoothish, somewhat toothed, on
longish footstalks ; flower-stalks round ; spike tapering, long ;
seeds numerous. Greater Plantain.

38 TETRANDRIA— MONOGYN1A.

Hob. Meadows, pastures, and road-sides. June, July. 7/

The seeds are eaten by small birds, and are frequently given
to those kept in cages. An important plant in the phar-
macopoeia of the village doctress,

- well skill'd

In every virtuous plant, and healing herb,

That spreads her verdant leaf to the morning ray."

3. P. media, leaves ovate, downy, with very short footstalks ;
llowerstalks round ; spike cylindrical, thick, and rather short ;
seeds solitary. Hoary Plantain.

Hal. Dry pastures common. June-Aug. If.

3. P. lanceolata, leaves lanceolate, entire, tapering at each end,
Avooly at the base ; flower-stalks angular ; spike ovate. Ribwort
Plantain.

Hab. Meadows and pastures. June, July. 2/

The " Wabret-leaf" of Teviotdale. See LEYDEN'S Scenes
of Infancy. The Rib-grass of the farmer, and cultivated
to a considerable extent on light moorish land. We have
a specimen in which the stalk bears several spikes, some
sessile, others pendent on partial stalks, and the whole
intermixed with leaves disposed in a rose-like manner ;
and my friend Dr THOMPSON found in Haiden Dean the
rarer monstrosity of several perfect heads on the summit
of one stalk.

4. P. maritima^ leaves linear, channelled, nearly entire ; flower-
stalks round, longer than the leaves ; spike cylindrical. Sea
Plantain.

Hab. Sea and river banks. Lamberton Moor. Aug. If.

5. P. coronopus, leaves in many pinnate linear segments ;
flower-stalks round. Euctfs-horn Plantain.

Hab. Sea and river banks, common. June-Aug. 0

The spikes of this and the preceding droop before the flowers
are evolved, when they become erect. The variety /3 of
the English Flora, with leaves scarcely divided, and a
small round head, may be found about the Needle-Eye,
and on the Farn Isles.

TETRANDRIA— TETRAGYNIA. 39

49. CORNUS.

1. C. suecica, stem herbaceous, 4 to 6 inches high ; leaves op-
posite, ovate, smooth, ribbed ; flowers few, umbellate, surround-
ed by a 4-leaved involucre, and springing from the axil of the
forked extremity of the stem. Dwarf Cornel.

Hob, " In Northumbriae montibus Chevioticis dictis, in
latere occidentali septentrionalis partis mentis altissimi
copiosissime," RAY. It remained unobserved in this
station, until I rediscovered it in the summer of 1828.
It grows close to the spring, where those ascending ge-
nerally rest themselves ; and though limited to a small
space, is still abundant. July, Aug. 7/

50. PARIETARIA.

1. P. officinaliS) stem ascending, reddish ; leaves lanceolate,
ovate, without lateral ribs at the base ; involucrum 3-flowered,
with 7 ovate segments. Pellitory>of-the-Wall.

Hob. Old walls. Ramparts. Old Castle, Thomp. Dike
below the Chain Bridge. June. If.

51. ALCHEMILLA.

1. A. vulgar^ leaves lobed, plaited, uniform, serrated, flowers
yellowish-green, in terminal corymbose clusters. Common Lady's-
mantle.

Hob. Pastures and road-sides common. Near the top of
Cheviot with little variation in character. June, Julv.

v

2. A. arvensis, leaves flat, 3-lobed, cut, pubescent ; flowers
green, sessile, axillary. Field Lady's-mantle.

Hab. Sandy or gravelly fields, and on dikes capped with
earth, common. May, &c. 1J.

II. TETRAGYNIA.
52. ILEX.

1. /. Aquifolium, leaves ovate, acute, spinous and wavy ; flowers
axillary, somewhat cymose. Common HoUy.

40 TETRANDRIA— TETRAGYNIA.

Hab. Hedges and woods; apparently quite wild on the
basaltic rocks above Kyloe. June.

The holly, when full grown, is one of the most ornamental
trees, and late in autumn or in winter, when its scarlet
berries contrast well with the lively evergreen foliage, it
never fails to attract attention and to please. It makes
good hedges. u Is there," says EVELYN, " under heaven
a more glorious and refreshing object of the kind, than an
impregnable hedge of about 400 feet in length, 9 feet high,
and 5 in diameter, which I can now shew in my now ruin-
ed gardens at Say's Court, at any time of the year, glit-
tering with its armed and varnished leaves ; the taller
standards, orderly distances, blushing with their natural
coral." The lower leaves are very spinous, while the up-
per ones are entire, a fact which has not escaped the no-
tice of our poet SOUTHEY :

" O Reader ! hast thou ever stood to see

The Holly Tree ?
The eye that contemplates it well perceives

Its glossy leaves,

Order'd by an Intelligence so wise,
As might confound the Atheist's sophistries.

Below, a circling fence, its leaves are seen

Wrinkled and keen ;
No grazing cattle through their prickly round

Can reach to wound ;

But as they grow where nothing is to fear,
Smooth and unarm'd the pointless leaves appear.

I love to view these things with curious eyes,

And moralize :
And in this wisdom of the Holly tree

Can emblems see,

Wherewith perchance to make a pleasant rhyme,
One which may profit in the after-time.

Thus, though abroad perchance I might appear

Harsh and austere,
To those who on my leisure would intrude

Reserved and rude,

Gentle at home amid my friends I'd be
Like the high leaves upon the Holly tree."

Bird-lime is made from the mucilaginous bark ; and the
wood, white, hard, and close-grained, is used in inlaying
and veneering, and by turners. Houses and churches are
adorned at Christmas with the leaves and berries, a
relic probably of Druidism, during the prevalence of which,

TETKANDBI A— TETR AG YNI A. 4 1

according to Dr CHANDLER, " houses were decked with
them, that the sylvan spirits might repair to them unnip-
ped by frost and cold winds, until a milder season had re-
newed the foliage of their darling abodes."

53, POTAMOGETON.

1. P. natans, upper leaves oblong-ovate, stalked, floating, co-
riaceous; lower ones linear, membranous, sessile. Broad-leaved
Pond-weed.

Hab. Ponds and rivulets, common. July. If.

2. P. perfoliatum, leaves heart-shaped, clasping the stem, uni-
form, all submersed. Perfoliate Pond-weed. ; -

Hab. Tn the Tweed and Whiteadder, and in large ponds,
common. July. 11

3. P. heterophyllum, upper leaves elliptical, stalked, floating,
slightly coriaceous ; lower ones lanceolate, membranous, sessile ;
flower-stalks swelling upward. Various-leaved Pond-weed.

Hab. Coldingham Lough. July-Sept. If.

Our specimens were imperfect, but the species was deter-
mined by Mr WINCH. The stems are long, slender,
round, sparingly and distantly branched. Lower leaves
alternate, distant, pointed, with spinous serrated edges.
They are beautifully ribbed, the ribs being connected by
regular parallel side-branches.

4. P. lucens, leaves elliptic-lanceolate, very large, pointed,
membranous, stalked, repeatedly triple-ribbed, all submersed ;
spike dense, many.flowered. Shining Pond-weed.

Hab. In the Tweed, above the Union Bridge, plentiful.
June, July, %

5. P. crispum, leaves lanceolate, waved, serrated, alternate, the
upper ones opposite ; flowers in loose spikes. Curled Pond-weed.

Hab. Ponds, common. J uly. If.

6. P. pusillum, leaves linear, pointed, opposite or alternate,
3-ribbed ; stem compressed on one side ; flower- stalks axillary,
mostly lateral, many times longer than their spikes. Small Pond-
weed'.

Hab. Ponds and slow streams, frequent. In the Tweed
and Whiteadder. Loch in Holy Island, and at Colding-
ham. July. If.

42 TETBANDRIA—TETRAGYNIA.

Stems a foot long, slender, wavy, smooth, striated, compress-
ed on one side, more rounded on the other. Leaves alter-
nate or opposite, 1^ inch long, about 1-1 6th of an inch
broad, grass-like, pointed, often dilated at the base, with
slightly revolute margins. Each leaf has 3 ribs, the late-
ral half-way between the mid-rib and margin, distinct
and joining the mid-rib at some distance below the point,
and rarely opposite to one another. Stipulas long, mem-
branous, linear, pointed, many-nerved, beautifully cellu-
lar. Flower-stalks terminal and lateral, from between
2 broader and shorter stipulas, much longer than the loose
spike. Flowers brown, few. Seeds large, oblique, beaked.

Influenced by the character of the stem (always evidently
compressed), I at first considered our plant the P. compres-
sum of SMITH ; but the specimens submitted to Mr
WINCH were referred by him to P. pusillum^ and in this
opinion I concur, after a re-examination of the subject.
There is indeed some discrepancy in our descriptions,
which I do not pretend to reconcile. The fig. of Petiver,
Hort. Brit. t. 5. f. 11, quoted by SMITH, is a good repre-
sentation of our species ; while fig. 10, usually considered
as representative of P. compressum, is not so, being much
too large. I have had no opportunity of consulting his
other references. It is singular that so common a plant
should not have occurred either to Dr GREVILLE (see
Fl. Edin.\ or^ HOOKER (Fl. Scot.) May it not be the P.
compression of the latter very eminent botanist ?

7. P. pectinatum, leaves bristle-shaped, single -ribbed, parallel,
thickly set in two ranks, sheathing at the base; spikes interrupt,
ed. Fennel-leaved Pond-weed.

Hob. Plentiful in the Tweed and Whiteadder. Holy
Island Loch. Coldingham Loch. July. If.

54. SAGINA.

1. S. procumbens, stems procumbent, smooth ; leaves minutely
pointed ; petals half as long as the calyx. Procumbent Pearl*
wort.

Hob. Sandy and gravelly soils, and sides of shady walls,
very common. May-Aug. 7/

2. S. maritima, stems nearly upright, divaricated, smooth ;
leaves obtuse, without bristles ; petals none. Sea Pearl-wort.

Hab. By the side of the canal below New- water Haugh.
On rocks in Holy Island, between the Heugh and the
Castle. June, July. Q

TETRANDRIA— TETRAGYNIA. 43

3. S. apetala, stems nearly upright, hairy ; leaves bristle-
pointed, fringed ; petals very small, or wanting. Annual Pearl-
wort.

Hab. Dry barren places, rare. On the parapet of the
Walls at Fisher's Fort, plentiful. May, June.

55. RADIOLA.

1. R. millegrana, 1-2 inches high, repeatedly dichotomous,
bushy ; leaves sessile, opposite, ovate, smooth ; flowers axillary,
solitary, stalked, numerous, white. All-seed.

Hab. Wet sandy ground rare. Ancroft Moor. July,
Aug. 0

( 44 )

CLASS V.
PENTANDRIA.

'—• •" In the train of Spring, arrive
Sweet flowers ; — what living eye hath viewed
Their myriads ? — endlessly renewed,
Wherever strikes the sun's glad ray ;
Where'er the joyous waters stray ;
Wherever sportive zephyrs bend
Their course, or genial showers descend !"

WORDSWORTH.

I. MONOGYNIA.

* Flowers monopetalous, inferior, with 2 or 4 naked seeds*. Asperi-
folise.

64. ECHIUM. Throat of the corolla dilated, naked ; limb irregu-
lar ; stigma deeply cloven.

57. LITHOSPERMUM. Corolla naked in the throat, funnel-
shaped ; calyx in 5 deep segments.

60. SYMPHYTUM. Corolla closed with awl-shaped converging
valves ; limb bell-shaped.

6L BOHAGO. Corolla closed with awl-shaped or notched valves;
limb wheel-shaped.

63. LYCOPSIS. Corolla closed with concave obtuse valves, fun-
nel-shaped, with a doubly bent tube ; seeds concave at the
base.

PENTAKDRIA— MONOGYNIA. 45

58. ANCHUSA. Corolla closed with concave obtuse valves, fun-

nel-shaped ; tube straight, tumid below ; seeds concave at
the base.

62. ASPERUGO. Corolla closed with concave obtuse valves, sal-
ver-shaped ; calyx of the fruit compressed, with jagged
parallel lobes.

56. MYOSOTIS. Corolla half closed with rounded valves, salver-
shaped, lobes obtuse ; seeds perforated at the base, borne
by the calyx.

59. CYNOGLOSSUM. Corolla half closed with rounded valves,

funnel-shaped ; seeds depressed, imperforate, borne by a
central column.

* * Flowers monopetalous, inferior, with numerous covered seeds.

08. ANAGALLIS. Capsule of 1 cell bursting all round; corolla

wheel-shaped ; stamens hairy.

07. LYSIMACHIA. Capsule of 1 cell with 10 valves ; corolla
wheel-shaped.

65. PRIMULA. Capsule of 1 cell opening with 10 teeth ; corolla

salver-shaped, tube cylindrical, throat open ; stigma glo-
bular.

66. MENYANTHES. Capsule of 1 cell; corolla hairy; stigma di-

vided.

76. ERYTHRJBA. Capsule of 2 incomplete cells ; corolla salver-
shaped ; anthers finally spiral.

73. HYOSCYAMUS. Capsule of 2 cells with a lid ; corolla funnel-
shaped ; stigma capitate.

72. VERBASCUM. Capsule of 2 cells ; corolla wheel-shaped, ir-
regular ; stigma obtuse ; stamens declining.

09. CONVOLVULUS. Capsule of 2 or 3 cells, with 2 seeds in each ;

corolla bell-shaped, plaited ; stigmas 2.

75. SOLANUM. Berry of 2 cells ; corolla wheel-shaped ; anthers
with 2 pores.

46 PENTANDRIA—DIGYNIA.

74. ATROPA. Berry of 2 cells ; corolla bell-shaped ; stamens dis-
tant, incurved ; anthers heart-shaped.

* * * Flowers monopetalous, superior.

77. SAMOLUS. Capsule of 1 cell with 5 recurved valves ; corolla

funnel-shaped, 5-cleft, with intermediate scales.

70. CAMPANULA. Capsule of 2 or 3 cells, with torn fissures at

the base ; corolla bell-shaped ; stigma 2 or 3 cleft, revo-
lute.

78. LONICERA. Berry of 1 or more cells, with many seeds ; co-

rolla irregular.

* « * * Ffowers of 5 or 4 petals, inferior.

79. EUONYMUS. Capsule of 4 or 5 cells ; seeds with a fleshy tu-

nic ; calyx flat.

71. VIOLA. Capsule of 1 cell and 3 valves ; calyx of 5 leaves ex-

tended at the base ; corolla irregular, spurred.

***** Flowers of 5 petals, superior.

80. RIBES. Berry with many seeds ; calyx bearing the petals ;

style divided.

81. HEDETIA. Berry with 3-5 seeds ; calyx surrounding the

germen ; style simple ; petals broadish at the base.

****** Petals wanting.

8t. GLAUX. Capsule superior with 5 seeds ; calyx coloured, of 1
leaf.

II. DIGYNIA.

* Flowers monopetalous, inferior.

86. GENT i AN A. Capsule of 1 cell ; corolla tubular at the base,
destitute of nectariferous pores.

PENTANDRIA— DIGYNIA. 47

* * Petals wanting ; seed solitary/.

83. CHENOPODIUM. Seed lenticular, tunicated, superior.

84. SALSOLA. Capsule closed, imbedded in the fleshy calyx ; seed

with a spiral embryo.

85. ULMUS. Capsule closed, membranous, compressed, border-

ed, superior.

* * * Flowers of 5 petals^ superior ; seeds 2.

(UMBELLIFEROUS PLANTS.)

A. Fruit beaked.

91. SCANDIX. Beak much longer than the seeds; fruit some-

what bristly ; calyx none ; petals unequal, undivided : flo-
ral receptacle 5-lobed, coloured.

90. ANTHRISCUS. Beak shorter than the seeds, even ; fruit
rough, with scattered prominent bristles ; calyx none ; pe-
tals equal, inversely heart-shaped ; fl. recept. slightly bor-
dered.

92. CH^EROPHYLLUM. Beak shorter than the seeds, angular :

fruit smooth, without ribs ; calyx none ; petals inversely
heart-shaped, rather unequal ; fl. recept. wavy.

B. Fruit solid, prickly, without a beak.

87- SANICULA. Fruit ovate, clothed with hooked bristles ; calyx
acute ; petals lanceolate, inflexed, nearly equal ; flowers
separated, dissimilar.

88, DAUCUS. Fruit elliptic-oblong, compressed transversely ;
seeds with 4 rows of flat prickles, and rough intermediate
ribs; calyx obsolete; petals inversely heart-shaped, une-
qual ; flowers separated.

«9. TORILIS. Fruit ovate, slightly compressed laterally ; seeds
ribless, rough, with scattered prominent ascending rigid

48 PENTANDRIA— DIGYNIA.

prickles ; calyx short, broad, acute, nearly equal ; petals
inversely heart-shaped, nearly equal ; flowers united.

C. Fruit solid, nearly round, unarmed, without wings.

93. MYRRHIS. Fruit deeply furrowed ; calyx none ; petals in-

versely heart-shaped, rather unequal; fl. recept. none;
flowers imperfectly separated.

94. BUNIUM. Fruit slightly ribbed; calyx small, acute, un-

equal ; petals inversely heart-shaped, equal ; fl. recept.
none ; flowers imperfectly separated.

98. (ENANTHE. Fruit ribbed, somewhat spongy; calyx large,

lanceolate, acute, spreading, unequal; petals inversely
heart-shaped, radiant, very unequal ; fl. recept. dilated,
depressed ; flowers separated.

103. PIMPINELLA. Fruit ovate, ribbed, with convex interstices ;
styles capillary, as long as the fruit ; calyx none ; petals
inversely heart-shaped, nearly equal ; fl. recept. none ;
flowers either united or dioecious.

D. Fruit solid, unarmed, without wings, compressed laterally, its
transverse diameter being at least twice the breadth of the
juncture.

95. SIUM. Fruit ovate or orbicular, ribbed, furrowed; calyx

small, acute, unequal or obsolete ; petals inversely heart-
shaped or obovate, equal ; styles cylindrical, shorter than
the petals ; fl. recept. none ; flowers uniform, united.

97. CONIUM. Fruit ovate, with 10 acute ribs, wavy in an un-
ripe state ; calyx obsolete ; petals inversely heart-shaped,
slightly unequal ; styles a little tumid at the base ; fl. re-
cept. dilated, depressed, wavy, permanent ; flowers slightly
irregular, united.

99. SMYRNIUM. Fruit broader than long, concave at each side,

with 6 acute dorsal ribs, interstices convex ; calyx very
small, acute; petals equal, lanceolate, incurved, or in-

PENTANDRIA. 49

versely heart-shaped; styles tumid and depressed at the
base ; fl. recept, none ; flowers nearly regular, partly bar-
ren or abortive.

100. ^EGOPODIUM. Fruit elliptic-oblong, with equidistant ribs,
interstices flattish; calyx none; petals inversely heart-
shaped, broad, a little unequal ; styles ovate at the base ;
fl. recept. none ; flowers united, all perfect, slightly radiant.

104. CNIDIUM. Fruit ovate, acute, with equidistant very sharp

ribs, interstices deep, concave, juncture contracted ; calyx
none ; petals equal, obovate or inversely heart-shaped ;
styles hemispherical at the base, subsequently elongated,
spreading, cylindrical ; fl. recept. annular, thin, undulated,
erect, afterwards depressed ; flowers imperfectly separated,
nearly regular.

105. HYDROCOTYLE. Fruit nearly orbicular, rather broader

than long, angular, much compressed, juncture very nar-
row ; calyx none ; petals equal, ovate, spreading, undivid-
ed ; styles cylindrical, shorter than the stamens, tumid at
the base ; fl. recept. none ; flowers all perfect and regular.

E. Fruit solid, unarmed, compressed transversely, the juncture
being broader than the transverse diameter.

96. ^E THUS A. Seeds ovate, convex, with 5 tumid rounded
acutely keeled ribs, interstices deep, acute-angular, border
none ; calyx pointed, very minute ; petals inversely heart-
shaped, rather irregular ; fl. recept. none ; flowers all per-
fect, slightly radiant.

101. ANGELICA. Seeds elliptic-oblong, convex, with 3 dorsal

wings, and a narrow flat even border ; calyx none ; petals
lanceolate, flattish, undivided, contracted at each end,
equal ; fl. recept. thin, wavy, narrow, permanent ; flowers
all perfect, regular.

102. LIGUSTICUM. Seeds oblong, convex, with 3 dorsal and 2

marginal equal wings ; calyx small, pointed, erect, broad
at the base ; petals elliptical, flattish, undivided, contract-
ed at each end, equal ; fl. recept. none ; flowers all perfect,
regular.

C

50 PENTANDR1A.

F. Fruit thin and almost flat, compressed transversely, without
dorsal wings.

106. HERACLEUM. Seeds inversely heart-shaped, with a notch
at the summit, very nearly flat, with 3 slender dorsal ribs,
2 distant marginal ones, and 4 intermediate coloured de-
pressed abrupt lines from the top ; border narrow, slight-
ly tumid, smooth, even and entire ; calyx of 5 small acute
evanescent teeth ; petals inversely heart-shaped, radiant ;
fl. recept. wavy, crenate, obtuse ; flowers separated.

III. TRIGYNIA.

* Flower superior.
107- VIBURNUM. Corolla 5-cleft; lerry with 1 seed.

108. SAMBUCUS. Corolla 5-cleft ; berry with 3 seeds.

IV. TETRAGYNIA.

109. PARNASSIA. Nectaries fringed with bristles bearing globes;

capsule of 4 valves.

V. PENTAGYNIA.

111. LIKUM. Petals 5 ; capsule of 10 cells.

110. STATICE. Petals 5; seed 1, clothed with the base of the

funnel-shaped calyx.

VI. HEXAGYNIA.

112. DROSERA. Petals 5; capsule of 3 valves with many seeds.

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. 51

I. MONOGYNIA.

5G. MYOSOTIS.

* Roots perennial, or perhaps biennial.

1. M. palustris, root creeping; leaves oblong-lanceolate, rough-
ish, with close bristles ; clusters leafless ; flowers large, on di-
vergent stalks twice as long as the 5-toothed patent calyx ; limb
of the corolla horizontal, longer than the tube ; seeds smooth.
Forget-me-not.

Hob. Sides of ponds and rivulets, frequent. June — Aug.

This very beautiful flower is considered as the emblem of
friendship in almost every country in civilized Europe.
The following tale of the origin of the name is given in
MILL'S History of Chivalry, vol. i. p. 315, to whom it
was communicated by Dr A. T. THOMSON. " Two lovers
were loitering on the margin of a lake, on a fine summer's
evening, when the maiden espied some of the flowers of
Myosotis growing on the water, close to the bank of an
island, at some distance from the shore. She expressed a
desire to possess them, when the knight, in the true spirit
of chivalry, plunged into the water, and swimming to the
spot, cropped the wished-for plant, but his strength was
unable to fulfil the object of his achievement, and feeling
that he could not regain the shore, although very near it,
he threw the flowers upon the bank, and casting a last af-
fectionate look upon his lady-love, he cried, t Forget-me-
not,' and was buried in the waters."

2. M. caspitosa, root fibrous, or slightly creeping ; herb covered
with closely appressed bristles ; leaves oblong-lanceolate; clusters
leafy at the base ; flowers small ; calyx funnel-shaped, with broad
spreading teeth ; limb of the corolla the length of the tube ; seeds
smooth.

Hal. Watery places not uncommon. In the lane below
Unthank Colliery. June, July.

Our plant, Mr WINCH informs me, agrees with specimens
from Mr FORSTER. It appears to be a good species. It
is, as SMITH remarks, u of a weaker, paler, more lax habit
than the foregoing, having always a leaf or two at the

52 FENTANDRIA— • MONOGYNIA.

base of each cluster." The flowers are not larger than
those of M. arvensis ; while the bristles on the calyx, and
on the herb in general, are more widely set. The specific
name is a bad one, and calculated to mislead — for, though
the plant does often grow in a very crowded manner, it is
certainly never cespitose or tufted. It is perhaps the
M. repens of DON. See HOOKER, Fl. Scot. i. 67-

3. M. sylvatica, root fibrous; stems erect, hairy; leaves ob-
long, lanceolate, with soft hairs ; clusters with a leaf at the base ;
flowers large ; tube of the calyx clothed with hooked bristles,
segments with straight upright hairs. Wood Scorpion- grass.

Hal. Woods. Horncliff-dean. June, July.

* * Roots annual.

4. M. arvensis, root fibrous ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, hairy :
flowers small, their stalks (in fruit) patent, twice the length of
the closed hairy calyx, the hairs of the tube hooked; seeds
smooth. Field Scorpion-grass.

Hob. Dry sandy fields, &c. common. June — Aug.

5. M. versicolor, root fibrous ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, hairy ;
flowers very small, yellow and blue ; their stalks erect-patent,
shorter than the closed calyx, the hairs of the tube hooked :
seeds smooth. Yellow and Blue Scorpion-grass.

Hab. Heaths, sandy fields, on earth-capt dikes, and some-
times in moist meadows. April — June.

57. LITHOSPERMUM.

1. L. arvense, stem erect, branched ; leaves lanceolate, acute,
hairy ; corolla white, not much longer than the calyx ; seeds
wrinkled. Corn Gromwell.

Hab. Corn fields frequent. May, June. 0

The L. maritimum grew, in the time of RAY, " at Scram-
inerston Mill, between the Salt-pans and Berwick on the
sea-beach, about a mile and a half from Berwick," but, we
believe, it will now be sought for in vain.

PENT ANDRI A— MONOG Y NI A. 53

58. ANCHUSA.

1. A. sempervirens, leaves ovate, nearly entire, the lower ones
upon long footstalks; flower-stalks axillary, each bearing two
dense spikes, with an intermediate flower, and two principal
ovate brae teas ; flowers bright sky-blue. Evergreen Alkanet.

Hob. Waste ground, probably an outcast from the garden.
In a hedge behind Ramsay's Barn, Dr Thompson.
Bank in front of Netherbyres House, Mr Baird, Near
the Grieve's House. June. I/.

59. CYNOGLOSSUM.

1. C. vjfainale, stem-leaves lanceolate, sessile, the radical ones
stalked ; herb downy ; stamens shorter than the corolla ; flowers
without bracteas, dull crimson. Common Hounds-tongue.

Hob. Waste grounds. Wind-mill-hole, and Castle banks.
Links from Scrammerston southward, Thomp. Holy
Island. July. $

60. SYMPHYTUM.

1. S. tuberosum, stem simple; leaves ovate-oblong, slightly de-
current, rather harsh, upper ones opposite; flowers drooping,
yellowish white. Tuberous-rooted Comfrey.

Hal. Side of the Whiteadder, half-way between its mouth
and the bridge, rare. May, June. 2/

61. BORAGO.

1. B. ojficinalis, plant bristly ; leaves alternate, the lower ones
obovate, stalked, the upper sessile ; segments of the large bril-
liant blue corolla ovate, acute, spreading. Common Borage.

Hob. Waste grounds. Fields at Halidown, Mr A. Baird.
About Lamberton House. July. $

" Ego Borago gaudia semper ago." — " Those of our time,"
says GERARDE, " do vse the flowres in sallads, to exhila-
rate and make the mind glad. There be also many things
made of them, vsed euery where for the comfort of the
heart, for the driuing away of sorrow, and encreasing the
ioy of the minde." It undoubtedly answered these pur-
poses best when put, as was customary, into wine.

.54 PENTANDltIA— MONOGYNIA.

G2. ASPERUGO.

1. A. procumbens, stems prostrate, square, rough ; leaves ellip-
tic-lanceolate, rough ; flowers small, blue, axillary, solitary, on
short stalks; calyx when in fruit deflexed, much enlarged,
German Madicort.

Hob. " In the Holy Island," Ray. " On Bamburgh -Castle,
confined to a small spot," Miss Nivison. June, July. (•)

G3. LYCOPSIS.

1. L. arvensis, herb bristly ; leaves lanceolate, wavy, somewhat
toothed, very bristly ; stalks of the bright blue flowers and fruit
erect ; limb of the corolla slightly unequal. Small Buyloss.
Ilab. Corn fields frequent. June, July. Q

G4. ECHIUM.

1. E. vulgare, stem bristly and warty ; stem-leaves lanceolate,
bristly, single ribbed ; spikes lateral, deflexed, hairy ; flowers
most beautiful, at first reddish purple, then brilliant blue. Ft-
per's Bugloss*

Ilab. Waste grounds, and occasionally in dry corn fields.
Banks of the Whiteadder, from its mouth to Edring-
ton ; Holy Island Links ; Wooler, Thomp. North side
of the Tweed above the Union Bridge, &c. July. $

65. PRIMULA.

1. P. vulgaris, leaves obovate-oblong, toothed, wrinkled; stalks
single-flowered ; limb of the corolla flat. Common Primrose.

Hab. Grassy banks towards the sea, and in deans, com-
mon. April, May. If.

We have gathered a variety with purplish flowers in Long,
ridge Dean ; and the variety with the flowers in an um-
bel is abundant in the ravine above Burnmouth, and, ac-
cording to my friend Mr BAIRD, on the banks of the Eye,
&c. The latter is a very remarkable monstrosity, distin-
guished for its size and beauty. The common stalk is
strong, 4 or 6 inches long, bearing an umbel of about 9
flowers, each supported on a partial stalk with lanceolate
brae teas at their bases. The flowers are rather less than
the single ones, but the limb is equally expanded. In

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. 55

one of our specimens there are two umbels on one stalk,
the first placed half-way up, the second on the top ; but
the partial stalks of the lower one are sufficiently long to
elevate the flowers to a level with the upper ones. This
variety is the P. elatior of Dr HOOKER'S Fl. Xond., ac-
cording to SMITH ; and probably also of Dr GREVILLE,
Fl. Edin. 48, though, the description is somewhat con-
fused.

The root of this favourite flower is said to be a safe and
effectual emetic ; but the poet has made more use of the
plant than the physician. We present our readers with a
sonnet of CLARE,

" How sweet thy modest unaffected pride
Glows on the sunny bank and woods' warm side !

And where thy fairy flowers in groups are found,
The school-boy roams enchantedly along,

Plucking the fairest with a rude delight :
While the meek shepherd stops his simple song,

To gaze a moment on the pleasing sight ;
O'erjoyed to see the flowers that truly bring
The welcome news of sweet returning Spring."

2. P. veris, leaves toothed, wrinkled, contracted towards the
middle; stalk many flowered; limb of the corolla concave.
Cowslip.

Halt. Meadows and deans, common. April, May. Ij.

A beautiful and well known plant, in whose bells the fancy
of SHAKSPEARE has found ; a fitting bower ' for the Fairy
Queen, and which she has ornamented as a favourite re-
sidence.

" The Cowslips tall her pensioners be;

In their gold coats spots you see;

Those be rubies, fairy favours.

In those freckles live then- savours.
I must go seek some dew-drops here,
And hang a pearl in every cowslip's ear."

66. MENYANTHES.

1. M. trifoliate leaves ternate ; flowers spiked, white dashed
with pink, the disk of the corolla densely shaggy. Buckbean.
Huh. Marshes and bogs, frequent. June, July. If.

56 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA.

This is perhaps the most beautiful of our native plants,
equal, in the opinion of Mr CURTIS, to the Kalmias, the
Rhododendrons, and the Ericas of foreign climates,
" which are purchased at an extravagant price, and kept
up with much pains and expense, while this delicate na-
tive, which might be procured without any expense, and
cultivated without any trouble, blossoms unseen, and
wastes its beauty in the desert air." — An infusion of the
root and leaves is much used by the common people in
this neighbourhood in dyspeptic complaints. Formerly
its virtues were highly extolled by many medical practi-
tioners, and though now little used, it is apparently fully
equal in strength to other bitters, and may hereafter les-
sen our dependence on foreign drugs. In West Bothland,
in times of scarcity, the roots are ground and mixed with
the corn to make bread, " qui admodum amarus est et
detestabilis ;" while, in other districts of Lapland and in
Norway, they are given to domestic cattle, which devour
them fresh, notwithstanding their bitterness.

67. LYSIMACHIA.

* Stalks many -flowered.

1. L. vulgaris, stem erect, 3 or 4 feet high; leaves ovate-Ian,
ceolate, opposite, 2-4 together; clusters panicled, terminal;
flowers yellow. Yellow Loose-strife.

Hob. Sow -mire near Swinton, Berwickshire, MrW. Baird.
July, Aug. If

* * Stalks single flowered.

2. L. nemorum^ stem creeping; leaves ovate, acute; flowers
solitary, yellow ; stamens smooth. Wood Loose-strife.

Hob. Moist woods and watery places. Haidendean, Dr
Thompson. Common in the wooded banks below Lang-
ley Ford, and in the bogs at the base of the Cheviot
mils. June—Sept. 7f

68. ANAGALLIS.

1. A. arvensis, stem procumbent; leaves ovate, sessile, dotted
beneath ; corolla minutely notched, scarlet. Scarlet Pimpernel.
Hab. Corn fields, not common in the immediate vicinity ;
but it seems to have selected Holy Island as a favourite

PENTANDKIA— MONOGYNIA. 57

residence, for there it grows in a profusion and beauty
not to be surpassed, and elsewhere rarely equalled.
July—Sept. 0

Lord BACON, who calls this plant the " Wincopipe," says,
that the country people believe, if its flowers open in the
morning, a fair day is sure to follow ; and as the belief
still continues, it seems reasonable to conclude that it is
founded on fact. They open at 8 A. M. and close about
noon ; but so sensible are they to the approach of rain,
that they close even if a shower passes over.

tf Such is the science to the peasant dear,
Which guides his labour through the varied year :
While he, ambitious 'mid his brother swains,
To shine, the pride and wonder of the plains,
Can in the Pimpernel's red-tinted flowers,
As close their petals, read the measured hours." LEYDJEN.

2. A. tenella, stem creeping ; leaves roundish, somewhat point-
ed, stalked ; stigma acute ; flowers rose-coloured. Bog Pimpernel.

Hob. Mossy bogs rare. " Point near Bamborough," Thomp.
Haidendean, Dr Thompson. July, Aug. I/.

69. CONVOLVULUS.

1. C. arvensis, stem climbing; leaves arrow-shaped, acute at
each end; stalks mostly single -flowered; bracteas minute, re-
mote from the flower, which is rose-coloured. Small Bindweed.

Hob. Dry banks and fields. Ramparts ; near the Shore
Lime-kiln ; fields opposite Spring Gardens, Thomp.
Plentiful about Bamborough. June, July. ?/

2. C. sepium, stem climbing ; leaves arrow-shaped, abrupt at
the posterior lobes; stalks square, single-flowered; bracteas
heart-shaped, close to the white flower. Great Bindweed.

Hab. In hedges west of Ladykirk House, but said to have
been planted there as an ornamental flower. July,
Aug. I}

The roots of this elegant climber afford a good purgative
extract.

C3

58 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA.

70. CAMPANULA.

1. C. rotundifolia, radical leaves heart or kidney shaped, cre-
mate ; stem-leaves linear, entire ; flowers blue, sometimes white,
drooping. Blue Bells.

Hab. Dry banks and heaths. July, Aug. 7/

71. VIOLA.

1. V. hirta, stem none ; leaves heart-shaped, rough with hairs
as well as their foot-stalks ; calyx-leaves obtuse ; lateral petals
with a hairy central line. Hairy Violet.

Hab. Grassy banks. New-mill banks, Thomp. Ravine
above Burnmouth. April. I/.

% V. palustris, root creeping; stem none; leaves kidney-
shaped, smooth ; lateral petals with a hairy central line ; flowers
very pale, with a very short spur. Marsh Violet.

Hab. Mossy bogs. Near Murton Craigs, Thomp. Below
Shoreswood Hall, Dr Thompson, Allerton Mill-dean.
May, June. I/.

3. V. canina, stem at length ascending, channelled; leaves
oblong-heart-shaped ; stipulas serrated ; bracteas awl-shaped, en-
tire ; calyx acute. Dog's Violet.

Hab. Woods and by hedges common. April, May. 7/

4. V. tricolor, stem angular, diffuse, divided ; leaves oblong,
deeply crenate; stipulas lyrate, pirmatifid; bracteas obsolete.
Pansy Violet.

Hab. Hedges and cultivated fields. The V. arvensis oi
some botanists, now generally considered a variety of
the tricolor, is common in gravelly corn fields. May —
Sept. 0

This well-known flower has many synonyms in the English
language, such as Hearts-ease, from its being imagined to
possess the medicinal virtue of raising the spirits and
comforting the heart ; Pansy, from being, in the symboli-
cal representation of flowers, expressive of the thoughts,
— " There 's Pansies, that 's for thoughts," says poor
Ophelia: Love-in-idleness y a very poetic account of the

PENTANDIIIA— MONOGYNIA. 59

origin of which we have in the following complimentary
lines of SHAKSPEARE to our good Queen BESS.

" I saw

Flying between the cold moon and the earth

Cupid all armed : a certain aim he took

At a fair vestal, throned by the west ;

And loosed his love-shaft smartly from his bow,

As it would pierce a hundred thousand hearts :

But I might see young Cupid's fiery shaft

Quench'd in the chaste beams of the wat'ry moon ;

And the imperial votress passed on,

In maiden meditation, fancy-free.

Yet marked I where the bolt of Cupid fell :

It fell upon a little western flower, —

Before milk-white ; now purple with love's wound,—

And maidens call it Love-in-idleness.

Fetch me that flower; the herb I shew'd thee once;

The juice of it on sleeping eye-lids laid,

Will make or man or v/oman madly doat

Upon the next live creature that it sees."

5. V. lutea^ stem triangular, unbranched ; leaves ovate-oblong,
erenate, fringed; stipulas lobed, palmate; bracteas minute,
scarcely toothed ; spur the length of the calyx. Yellow Pansy.

Hab. " About two miles south of Fastcastle," Lightfoot.
Plentiful on the banks just above Fastcastle. May —
Sept. 7/

72. VERBASCUM.

1. V. Thapsus, stem simple; leaves decurrent, erenate, woolly
on both sides ; flowers in a dense cylindrical cluster, almost ses-
sile, golden yellow. Great Mullein.

Hab. " On the bed of Till, near Wooler," Winch. July,
Aug. <J

2. V. nigrum-) leaves oblong-heart-shaped, stalked, waved and
erenate, slightly downy ; flowers in a long mostly solitary clus-
ter, bright yellow, the filaments densely clothed with violet-
coloured hairs. Black Mullein.

Hab. Waste ground at Ord, probably an outcast of the
garden, but observed there for many successive years.
July, Aug, 11

60 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA.

73. HYOSCYAMUS.

1. H. niger, herb downy and viscid; leaves sinuated, clasping
the stem ; flowers sessile, of a straw-colour, pencilled with dark-
purple veins. Henbane.

Hob. Waste grounds surrounding the town, plentiful,
Thomp. Holy Island. July. 0

The roots strung in the form of beads are the anodyne
necklaces tied round the necks of children to facilitate
the growth of their teeth. The leaves afford a very va-
luable medicine, in its general action approaching nearer
to opium than any other known article. The smoke from
its seeds, when applied by a funnel to a carious tooth, is
recommended in severe fits of toothache. The whole herb
is poisonous, but there is no danger of its being eaten. If
it is the "hebenon" of SHAKSPEARE, as the commentators
assert, the effects he attributes to its operation are alto-
gether fictitious. Hamlet, Act i. sc. 5.

74. ATROPA.

1. A. belladonna, stem herbaceous; leaves ovate, undivided;
flowers solitary, drooping, lurid purple ; berries black. Deadly
Nightshade*

Hob. " On the banks of Wooler Water, near Wooler,"
Winch. June. 7/

The root is presumed to be " the insane root " of SHAK-
SPEARE, which seems to have taken " prisoner " the rea-
son of many of his commentators. An extract prepared
from the leaves is occasionally used in medicine, and,
when applied near the eye, has the remarkable property
of dilating the pupils ; and the still more remarkable pro-
perty, if we are to credit some German physicians, of
rendering those who take it insusceptible of the contagion
of scarlet fever. Every part of the plant is poisonous ;
and numerous instances have occurred \vhere children,
arid the ignorant, allured by the tempting appearance of
the berries, have fallen victims to their deadly power.
BUCHANAN relates that the Scots, in the reign of DUN-
CAN I., during an amnesty, sent to STJENO and his army
a great quantity of bread, together with wine and ale, into
which had been infused the juice of this herb, which then
grew abundantly in Scotland. The Danes, suspecting no
guile, partook liberally of the gift, and when intoxicated
by the noxious juice, easily fell a prey to those they had
invaded.

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. 61

75. SOLANUM.

1. S. dulcamara, stem climbing, shrubby, zigzag, without
thorns ; lower leaves heart-shaped, upper ones hastate ; clusters
cymose, opposite the leaves or terminal, drooping ; flowers
purple, with two green spots at the base of each segment ; ber-
ries oval, scarlet. Woody Nightshade.

Hal. Moist hedges and thickets not uncommon. Near
the mouth of the Whiteadder ; turnpike at Haggerston,
and beyond Lowlin, Thomp. Allerton Milldean, &c.
June, July. If.

The berries are tempting to children and poisonous, though
not so powerful as those of Atropa. A decoction of the
leaves and twigs is one of the most effectual remedies for
leprosy.

76. ERYTHEMA.

1 . E. centaurium, stem nearly simple ; leaves ovate-lanceolate ;
dowers rose-coloured, nearly sessile, in a forked corymbose pa-
nicle ; calyx half the length of the tube, its segments partly
combined by a membrane. Common Centaury.

Hal. Dry pastures not uncommon. Sea-banks from Dodd's
Well to Lamberton Shields ; Newmill banks, Thomp.
July, Aug. 0

Once celebrated for its medicinal virtues, and thus, through
JOANNES POSTIUS, it speaketh —

«' Flos mihi suave rubet, sed inest quoque succus amarus,
Qui juvat obscssum bile, aperitque jecur."

A distich which, with not inferior elegance, GERARDE
thus englishes —

" My floure is sweet in smell, bitter ray iuyce in taste,
Which purge choler, and helps liver, that else would waste."

GERARDE tells us somewhere he was " no graduate, but
a countrey scholler," and we acquit the honest man of
leasing !

2. E. Uttoralis, stem simple or much branched, 2 or 3 inches
high ; leaves linear- obovate, obscurely three-ribbed ; flowers

62 PENTANDRIA— MONOGFNIA.

de nsely corymbose, nearly sessile ; calyx as long as the tube, its
segments combined below. Sea Centaury.

Hab. On the Links south of Bamborough Castle, and on
Holy Island plentiful, Winch. June", July. 0

77- SAMOLUS.

1. S* Valerandi, stem 8 or 10 inches high, smooth ; leaves ob-
ovate, obtuse ; clusters corymbose, many-flowered ; flowers small,
white ; bracteas solitary, in the middle of each partial stalk.
Common Brook-weed.

Hab. Marshy places. " On the coast at Bamborough,"
Winch. Low moist spots on Holy Island Links,
Thomp. " Wet rocks on the sea banks near Guns-
green," Mr A. Baird. July. 11

78. LONICERA.

1. L. Periclymenum, leaves all separate, deciduous; heads of
flowers ovate, imbricated, terminal ; flowers ringent. Common
Honeysuckle.

Hab. Hedges and thickets, common, intertwining with
other shrubs, and

" Recompensing well
The strength it borrows with the grace it lends."

July. If.

Tli€ woodbine of the poets, though likewise the " twisted
eglantine" of MILTON. The phenomena observed in its
growth have been adduced in favour of the existence of a
kt perceptive power" in vegetables. They are certainly
curious. The branches shoot out longitudinally, till they
become unable to bear their own weight ; and then
strengthen themselves by changing their form into a spi-
ral. When they meet with other living branches of the
same kind, they coalesce for mutual support, and one spi-
ral turns to the right, and the other to the left, thus seek-
ing, by an instinctive impulse, some body on which to
climb, and increasing the probability of finding one by the
diversity of their course : for, if the auxiliary branch be
dead, the other uniformly winds itself round from the
right to the left." — Dr PERCIVAL.

PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. 63

70. EUONYMUS.

1. E. europaus, branches smooth and even ; leaves ovate-lan-
ceolate, on short stalks ; peduncles compressed} many-flowered ;
flowers mostly 4-cleft and tetrandrous. Spindle-tree.

Hob. " Ash-wood, Belford," Thomp. May. \\

80. RIBES.

1. R. grossularia, branches prickly ; leaves rounded and lobed ;
stalks single-flowered ; bracteas close together ; segments of the
calyx reflexed, shorter than the tube. Gooseberry.

Hab. Frequent in woods and hedges, where it may have
been planted. In a deep glen about one mile south of
Fastcastle, Rev. A. Baird. Banks of the Tweed at
Hcrncliffe. April. }}

81. HEDEIIA.

1. H. helix, leaves some ovate, some lobed. Ivy.
Hab. In deans on rocks and trees. Oct.

It is generally believed that the ivy is extremely injurious
to those trees which it entwines and clothes with a ver-
dure more beautiful than their own. Hence Prospero, in
the " Tempest," says of his brother,

" He was

The Ivy, which had hid my princely trunk
An ' suck'd my verdure out on't."

But there is reason to think that the evil effects have
been exaggerated, for in general it seldom invests the tree
closely until, from age or disease, its vigour has begun to
languish. No plant has been a more fertile source to the
poet of beautiful imagery or of illustrative similes, but
these we need not particularize, since they must be fami-
liar to every reader of English poetry. We may, however,
transfer to our page the following verses addressed by B.
BARTON to Mrs HEMANS, who also has an excellent Ode
to the Ivy, since they are correct and descriptive :

" And can those flowers, that bloom to fade,

For thee a fitting wreath appear ?
No ! wear thou, then, the ivy-braid,
Whose leaves are never sere I

6 4 PENT ANDRIA— MONOGYNI A .

It is not gloomy ; brightly play
The sunbeams on its glossy green ;

And softly on it sleeps the ray
Of moonlight, all serene.

It changes not, as seasons flow

In changeful, silent course along ;
Spring finds it verdant, leaves it so ;

It outlives summer's song ;
Autumn no wan, or russet stain

Upon its fadeless glory flings ;
And winter o'er it sweeps in vain,

"With tempest on his wings."

' Hast thou seen in winter's stormiest day

The trunk of a blighted oak,
Not dead, but sinking in slow decay

Beneath time's resistless stroke,
Round which a luxuriant Ivy had grown,
And wreathed it with verdure no longer its own ?

Perchance thou hast seen this sight, and then,

As I at thy years might do,
Passed carelessly by, nor turned again

That scathed wreck to view.
But now I can draw from that perishing tree
Thoughts which are soothing and dear to me.

O smile not ! nor think it a worthless thing

If it be with instruction fraught ;
That which will closest and longest cling

Is alone worth a serious thought !
Should aught be unlovely which thus can shed
Grace on the dying, and leaves on the dead ?"

82. GLAUX.

1. G. maritima. Sea Milkwort.

Hob. Muddy places on the sea-coast to the southward ;
and sides of the Tweed above the Bridge. June, July.

Root long, jointed, with fibres proceeding from the articula-
tions. Herb smooth, succulent. Stems decumbent at
the base, then erect, round, green, generally coloured be-
low, from 2 to 6 inches high. Leaves opposite, sometimes
becoming alternate, sessile, ovate, marked with impressed
punctures on the upper surface. Flowers axillary, sub-
sessile, prettily speckled with reddish spots.

PENT ANDEI A— DIG Y NIA. 65

II. DIGYNIA.

83. CHENOPODIUM.

1 . Ch. Sonus Henricus, leaves triangular arrow-shaped, entire ;
spikes compound, terminal and axillary, erect, leafless. Mercury
Goosefoot-

Hab. Waste grounds about villages. Aug. Ij.

While young and tender, the leaves are used as a substitute
for spinage, for which purpose, CURTIS observes, it is cul-
tivated in Lincolnshire, in preference to the garden sort.
WITHERING observes, that the young shoots, peeled and
boiled, may be eaten as asparagus, which they resemble in
flavour.

2. Ch. rubrum, leaves triangular, somewhat rhomboid, deeply
toothed and sinuated ; spikes erect, compound, leafy ; seed very
minute. Red Goosefoot.

Hab. Waste grounds frequent. Aug. Sept. Q

3. Ch. murale, leaves ovate, acute, many-toothed, shining ;
spikes aggregate, panicled, cymose, leafless. Nettle-leaved Goose-
foot.

Hab. Waste ground. " Holy Island, between the town
and castle," Thomp. Aug. Sept. 0

4. Ch. album, leaves rhomboid-ovate, jagged, mealy, entire to-
wards the base, upper ones oblong, entire ; seed quite smooth $
spikes interrupted, partly leafy, not much branched. White
Goosefoot.

Hab. Cultivated fields, common. Aug. 0

o. Ch. maritimum, leaves entire, awl-shaped, semi-cylindrical,
fleshy ; flowers axillary, sessile. Sea Goosefoot.

Hab Sea-shore. " Coast beyond Beal," Thomp. Holy
Island. July, Aug.

66 PENTANDRIA—DIGYNIA.

84. SALSOLA.

1. S. Kali, herbaceous, decumbent, and very bushy ; leaves
awl-shaped, spirious-pointed, rough ; calyx with a dilated mar-
gin. Prickly Saltwwt.

Hob. Sandy sea-shores frequent. July. Q

One of the plants from which, in Spain, barilla is manufac-
tured.

85. ULMUS.

1. £7. montanci) leaves broadly elliptical, pointed, rough, doubly
serrated ; flowers stalked, loosely tufted, 5 or 6-cleft ; capsule
somewhat orbicular, slightly cloven, naked ; branches drooping,
their bark even. Broad-leaved Elm.

Hob. Woods and hedges. April.

8G. GENTIANA.

1. G. Amarella, stem flowering from top to bottom, with short
axillary branches ; corolla purplish, salver-shaped, 5-cleft, beard,
ed in the throat ; segments of the calyx nearly equal. Autumnal
Gentian.

Hal). " Links below Scrammerston, and on Holy Island ;
Links south of Bamborough," Thomp. Ancroft Moor,
Aug. 0

2. G. campestriS) stem somewhat corymbose ; corolla purplish,
salver-shaped, 4-cleft, bearded in the throat ; two outer segments
of the calyx ovate, very large. Field Gentian.

Hob. Green pastures. Near Genesis Gull-hole; banks
beyond Spittal; Links at Goswick, and " below Budle,"
Thomp. Ancroft Moor, and very plentiful on Cheviot
and the adjacent hills. Aug. Q

87. SANICULA.

1. S. Europcea, radical leaves simple, deeply lobed ; flowers all
nearly sessile, cream-coloured, in little capitate umbels. Wood
Sanicle.

Hob. Woods frequent. Longridge Dean. Fenwick Wood,
and hedges between it and Detchant. June. If.

PENTANDRIA— DIGYNIA. 6?

83. DAUCUS.

1. D. carota, stem hispid ; leaves 2 or 3 pinnate, leaflets pin-
natifid with linear-lanceolate acute segments ; fruit-bearing um-
bel concave; bristles of the seeds slender. Wild Carrot.
Hab. Borders of fields and roads. July. $

The root is frequently eaten by the Highlanders, who con-
sider it wholesome and nutritious. A comparison of it in
the wild and cultivated state is a good illustration of the
powers of cultivation, in rendering a useless weed one of
our most esteemed culinary vegetables, for the garden car-
rot is merely a variety of the wild.

89. TORILIS.

1. T. Anthriscus, stem erect, with nearly upright branches ;
leaves bipinnate, leaflets pinnatifiu ; umbels of many close rays,
with numerous general bracteas. Upright Hedge -parsley.

Hab. Hedges and borders of fields. Aug. 0

2. T. nodosa, stem prostrate, rough ; umbels lateral, simple,
nearly sessile ; fruit partly granulated. Knotted Hedge-parsley.

Hab. Gravelly fields near Oxford, plentiful. Holy Island,
on the Heugh and Castle rock. June. ©

90. ANTHRISCUS.

1. A. vulgaris, stem smooth, swelled under each joint; leaves
triply pinnate, pinnatifid, light green, hairy ; fruit ovate, twice
the length of its beak. Common Eeaked^parsley.
Hab* Road sides common. June. Q

91. SCANDIX.

1. S. pecten-veneris, leaves triply pinnatifid, with linear acute
smooth segments ; umbels small, simple, solitary, or in pairs ;
bracteas jagged ; petals inflexed at the point ; fruit nearly
smooth, with a very long bristly-edged beak. Shepherd? s-needle.
Hab. Corn-fields, common. June-Sept. Q

68 PENTANDRIA— DIGYNIA.

92. CH^EROPHYLLUM.

1. C. sylvestre, stem striated, smooth, 3 feet high, somewhat
swelled below the joints ; leaves triply pinnate, leaflets pinnati-
fid ; umbels terminal, stalked ; bracteas ovate, membranous.
Smooth Cow-parsley.

Hab. Under hedges and woods. May, June. 7/

93. MYRRHIS.

1. M. temulenta, stem rough, spotted, swelled under each joint;
leaves bipinnate, leaflets pinnatifid, hairy ; umbels drooping be-
fore flowering, the rays hairy ; seeds furrowed, nearly smooth.
Rough Cicely.

Hab. Hedges common. June, July. If.

94. BUNIUM.

1. Ajfovofeftim, stem tapering and zigzag at the base, smooth ;
leaves tri pinnate, smooth, with linear entire segments ; general
bracteas scarcely 3 ; fruit somewhat beaked. Earth-nut.
Hab. Pastures and corn-fields. June. 7/

The roots are bulbous, and taste like a chesnut. Many
persons are fond of them, and in some parts of England,
says LIGHTFOOT, they boil them in broth, and serve them
up to table. Children only eat them in this neighbour-
hood, though perhaps they are not inferior to the chesnut.
In Sweden they are an article of commerce.

95. SIUM,

(Acrid and dangerous herbs, smooth in every part, aquatic and peren-
nial)

1. S. angustifolium, stem erect, striated ; leaves pinnate, leaf-
lets unequally lobed and serrated ; umbels stalked, opposite to
the leaves. Narrow -leaved Water~parsnip.

Hab. Ditches and rivulets, rare. In a small bog near
Netherbyres, Rev. A. Baird. Near the Carding-Mill
at Wooler. July, Aug.

PENTANDRIA— DIGYNIA. 69

2. S. nodi/lorum, stem procumbent ; leaves pinnate, leaflets
ovate, equally serrated ; umbels nearly sessile, opposite to the
leaves. Procumbent Water-parsnip.

Hob. Ditches and rivulets, frequent. Aug.

3. S. inundatum, stem procumbent or floating ; leaves pinnate,
cut, the lowermost in many compound capillary segments ; um-
bels 5-flowered, in pairs. Least Water-parsnip.

Hob. Ponds. Below Calf-hill, plentiful, Thomp. On St.
Abb's Head ; and in small ponds on Coldingham Moor.
June, July.

96. .ETHUSA.

1. JE. cynapium^ smooth, erect, branched ; leaves uniform,
leaflets wedge-shaped, decurrent, with lanceolate segments.
Poors-parsley.

Hab. Corn fields and meadows. July, Aug. Q

This is easily distinguished from all its tribe by the few
long pendulous bracteas under each partial umbel ; and it
is of consequence to distinguish it from parsley, as it is of
a ;t naughty smell," and considered poisonous.

97- CONIUM.

1. C. maculatum, stem polished and spotted, much branched.
Common Hemlock.

Hab. Hedges and waste grounds. July. (J.

A valuable medicinal plant, but frequently rendered inert
from want of attention to the proper period of collecting
it, or from errors in its preparation. GERARDE hath a
horror of it, positively forbidding its use, " for it is one of
the deadly poysons which killeth by his cold qualitie."
The poison which SOCRATES was condemned to drink is
generally said to have been the juice of the hemlock, but
this is very doubtful.

98. (ENANTHE.

1. CE. crocata, herb smooth ; stem branched, furrowed, 2 to 5
feet high ; leaves doubly pinnate, leaflets all wedge-shaped,
many-cleft, nearly uniform ; umbels rather large, terminal ; fruit

70 PENT ANDRIA— DIG YNIA.

linear-oblong, with slender intermediate ribs. Hemlock Water -
dwpwQrt.

Hab. Watery places, frequent. July. If.

One of the most virulent poisons we possess in our fields ;
and many instances are recorded of fatal effects having fol-
lowed the eating of its roots. " Beware and take good
heed of this, and such like simples; for there is no physi-
tian that will give it, because there be many other excel-
lent good simples which GOD hath bestowed vpon vs, for
the preventing and curing of diseases." Despite this ad-
vice of the pious GERARDE, modern physicians have given
an infusion of the leaves, or the juice of the roots, in le-
prosy, with benefit. Goats eat the plant with impunity.

99. SMYRNIUM.

1. S. olusatrum, smooth ; stem 2 or 3 feet high, furrowed ;
stem-leaves ternate, stalked, serrated ; flowers yellow-green, in
dense numerous rounded umbels. Alexanders.

Hab. " In Scotise littoreis rupibus nori procul Bervico,"
Ray. " Upon the sea-coast at Dungkss, on the edge
of Berwickshire," Dr Parsons. May, June. <J

100. ^EGOPODIUM.

1. JE. podograria, root creeping ; stem 1-2 feet high, smooth,
furrowed ; lower leaves twice ternate, upper simply ternate ;
leaflets ovate, large, serrated. Gout-weed.

Hab. Under hedges in moist situations ; frequent in this
neighbourhood. June. I/.

101. ANGELICA.

1. A. sylvestriS) stem smooth, purplish ; leaves doubly pinnate ;
leaflets ovate, equal, serrated ; rays of the umbels downy. Wild
Angelica.

Hab. Moist meadows and bogs, common. July. 11

102. LIGUSTICUM.

1. L. Scoticum, stem 1 foot high, smooth, striated ; lower leaves
twice ternate, uppermost simply ternate ; leaflets broadly ovate.
3

PENTANDRIA— DIGYNIA. 71

serrated ; umbels terminal, smooth, not very large. Scottish Lo~
vage.

Hob. " Sea-shore at Lamberton Shields," Thomp. Shore at
Eyemouth. Mr A. Baird. On rocks between Fastcas-
tle and lledheugh. July. If.

The leaves when bruised have the smell of parsley. "The
herb is eaten, either crude or boiled, by the natives of
Shetland and its isles. The flavour is highly acrid, and
though aromatic, and perhaps not unwholesome, very
nauseous to those who are unaccustomed to such food."
Sm. The root is considered a good carminative, and is
said to have proved very beneficial in abdominal swellings.

103. PIMPINELLA.

1. P. saxifraga, stems a foot high, striated; leaves pinnate,
leaflets of the radical ones roundish, of the uppermost in various
linear segments ; umbels drooping when young. Common Bur-
net' saxifrage.

Hob. Dry pastures, common. July, Aug. If.

A variety with the radical leaves doubly pinnatifid, is com-
mon in shaded places.

104. CNIDIUM.

1. C. silauS) smooth, dark-green ; stem erect, branched ; leaves
doubly pinnate ; leaflets deeply pinnatifid, their segments oppo-
site, decurrent ; general bracteas 1 or 2 ; umbellules small, dis-
tant ; flowers yellowish. Meadow Pepper-saxifrage.

Hob. Sides of roads and borders of fields, in rather moist
places, common in Berwickshire ; and not rare in the
north of Durham. Aug. Sept. If.

105. HYDROCOTYL.E.

1. H. vulgarisy stems creeping ; leaves orbicular, peltate,
smooth, cloven at the base ; umbels very small, somewhat aggre-
gate ; flowers nearly sessile. Common White-rot.

Hal. Bogs and marshy places., frequent. Murton Craigs,
Thomp. Below Shoreswood Hall; Haiden Dean, Dr
Thompson. Holy Island Loch, &c. June, July. If.

72 PENTANDRIA— TRIGYNIA.

106. HERACLEUM.

1. H. sphondylium, rough, hairy ; stem 3 or 4 feet high, fur-
rowed ; leaves large, pinnate ; leaflets pinnatifid, cut, and serra-
ted. Common Cow-parsnip.

Hab. Borders of fields and moist meadows. July. $

" I have fed," says Mr COBBETT, " working-horses, six or
eight in number, upon this plant for weeks together.
Hogs, cows, and horses, are equally fond of it. Many
a half-starved pig h. ve I seen within a few yards of cart-
loads of this pig-meat ! This arises from want of the early
habit of attention to such matters."

III. TRIGYNIA.

107. VIBURNUM.

1, V. opulus, leaves smooth, 3-lobed, unequally serrated foot-
stalks beset with glands ; flowers white in terminal cymes. Com-
mon Guelder-rose.

Hab. Moist woods and hedges. Fenwick Wood. On the
road to Norham, about five miles from Berwick. June.

h

The Snow-ball tree is a cultivated variety, commonly planted
in shrubberies, along with the Lilac and Laburnum,
grouping elegantly with the various purple hues of the
former, and the " golden chain" of the latter ; but they
are all mere summer beauties, nor does any thing profit-
able or ornamental follow. Sm.

108. SAMBUCUS.

1. S. nigra, stem arboreous ; leaflets ovate ; stipulas obsolete ;
cymes with 5 main branches. Common Elder.
Hab. Hedges and woods. June. ?j

BOERHAAVE asserts, that the expressed juice of the Com-
mon Elder, from a drachm to half an ounce at a dose, is
the most valuable of all hydrogogue medicines, where the
viscera are sound. GERARDE had said the same thing

PENTANDEIA— PENTAGYNIA. 73

before, and the assertion is, in a great measure, confirmed
by SYDENHAM. It has fallen into disuse. Elder flowers
make an agreeable light wine, and they are peculiarly ex-
cellent for giving flavour to white currant wine, being
added at the time of a slight fermentation, which takes
place in April of the year following that of the manufac-
ture.—-NEILL. The berries are esteemed by the good
housewives of the south for making elder-rob, good for
qninzies, colds, and so forth ; and the village quack still
works wonders with his elder salve. The cluster of
flower-buds is said to make a delicious pickle to eat with
boiled mutton.

IV. TETRAGYNIA.
109. PARNASSIA.

1. P. palustris, stem 1 -flowered; leaves heart-shaped; flowers
white, with pellucid veins ; bristles of each nectary numerous.
Grass of Parnassus.

Hob. " Mr William Broad observed it to grow plentifully
in the Castle-fields of Berwicke-vpon-Tweed," Ge-
rarde ; and there it still grows. Holy Island Links,
Winch. Common in this neighbourhood, particularly
on moors, making glad the desert and the waste. Aug.
Sept. I/.

V. PENTAGYNIA.

110. STATICE.

1. S. Armeria, leaves linear; stalks simple, bearing a round
head of flowers ; awns of the calyx minute. Thrift.
Hab. The sea-shore, common. July, Aug. I/.

The flowers are usually rose-coloured, but a white variety
grows in abundance at the Needle-Eye. We have founcl
a specimen in which the stalk was terminated with two
bunches of leaves similar to those of the root, but shorter.
Mr NEILL says that the thick tuberous roots, sliced and

74 PENTANDRIA— HEXAGYNIA.

boiled with milk, were formerly highly prized in Orkney,
as a remedy in pulmonary consumption.

2. S. limonium, stalks panicled, round; spikes level-topped;
flowers fine blue ; leaves elliptic-oblong* single-ribbed, smooth,
with a small point. Sea Lavender.

Hab. St Cuthbert's, Holy Island, plentiful, Thomp.
Aug. If

111. LINUM.

1. L. catharticum, leaves opposite, obovate-lariceolate ; stem
slender, dichotomous above ; flowers gracefully drooping before
expansion, white, small ; the petals acute. Purgmg-flax.
Hab. Dry pastures, common. June, July. ©

" Two ounces of this plant, infused in a pint of water, forms
an infusion, which we frequently administer to delicate
subjects as a valuable indigenous tonic purgative. A
wine-glassful, taken twice a-day, generally succeeds in
keeping the bowels in a soluble condition." — Medical Bo-
tarvy.

VI. HEXAGYNIA.
112. DROSERA.

1. D. rotundi/olia, leaves depressed, nearly orbicular, covered
with red glandular hairs, on hairy footstalks ; flower-stalks radi-
cal, racemose ; flowers white, unilateral. Round-leaved Sun-dew,

Hab. Turfy bogs on moors. Lamberton Moor, Haiden
Dean, &c. July, Aug. If

The leaves, when irritated on the upper surface by an in-
sect settling on them, or any similar cause, immediately
fold themselves up, and entrap their prey. I have not
witnessed this curious phenomenon ; but the facts detailed
by Dr WITHERING satisfactorily prove its existence,
though probably the plant may possess the capability of
doing so only at particular hours, or in the height of its
vigour.

( 75 )

CLASS VI.
HEXANDRIA.

' He, when young Spring protrudes the bursting gems,
Marks the first bud, and sucks the healthful gale
Into his freshen'd soul ; her genial hours
He full enjoys ; and not a beauty blows,
And not an opening blossom breathes in vain."

THOMSON.

" Abundant and diversified above
All number, were the sources of delight ;

One made acquaintanceship with plants and flowers,
And happy grew in telling all their names."

POLLOCK.

I.< MONOGYNIA.

* Flower with both calyx and corolla.

119. BERBERIS. Corolla of 6 petals ; calyx of 6 leaves, inferior ;
berry with 2 seeds.

* * Flower without a calyx^ inferior.

116. CONVALLARIA. Corolla inferior, deciduous, the limb in 6
segments ; berry of 3 cells ; stigma triangular.

113, ALLIUM. Corolla inferior, of 6 ovate petals; stamens awl-
shaped, flattened ; stigma acute 5 seeds angular.

D2

76 HEXANDRIA— MONOGYNIA.

115. NARTHECIUM. Corolla inferior, of 6 linear-lanceolate pe-
tals, spreading ; stamens wooly 5 seeds tunicated, tapering
at each end.

1 1 4. SCILLA. Corolla inferior, of 6 ovate oblong petals, spread-
ing, deciduous ; stamens all thread-shaped.

• • » Flower without petals.

117. JUNCUS. Calyx of 6 leaves ; capsule of 3 cells and 3 valves ;

seeds numerous, horizontal.

118. LUCIOLA. Calyx of 6 leaves ; capsule of 1 cell and 3 valves ;

seeds 3, erect.

II. TRIGYNIA.

121. TRIGLOCHIN. Calyx of 3 leaves ; petals 3 ; capsule opening

at the base, with 3 valves. (Marsh herbs, with copious
radical linear leaves, and a stalked oblong cluster of nu-
merous small green flowers.)

120. RUMEX. Calyx of 3 leaves; petals 3 ; seed 1, naked, trian-
gular. (Flowers numerous, green, in whorled clusters.)

III. POLYGYNIA.

122. ALISMA. Calyx of 3 leaves ; petals 3 ; capsules 6, or more,

aggregate ; seeds 1 or 2.

I. MONOGYNIA.
113. ALLIUM.

* Stem leafy ; leaves fiat.

1. A. arenarium, stem 2 or 3 feet high ; leaves with cylindrical
sheaths ; bracteas obtuse ; flowers deep red, in a globose bulbi-
ferous umbel ; keel of the petals roughish ; 3 alternate stamens
dilated, 3-cleft. Sand GarlicJc.

. Mouth of the Whiteadder? plentiful, July. I/.

HEXANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. 77

* * Stem leafy ; leaves somewhat cylindrical.

2. A. oleracium, stem 2 feet high, slender; leaves semi-cylin-
drical, tubular, rough, channelled above, ribbed beneath ; brae-
teas pointed, longer than the lax bulbiferous umbel; stamens
simple, awl-shaped. Field Garlick.

Hab. On the Heugh, Holy Island, Winch. On the rocks
at Spindlestone. July. 7/

3. A. vineale, stem slender, 1 or 2 feet high ; leaves cylindri-
cal, smooth ; umbel spherical, bearing bulbs ; 3 alternate sta«
rnens deeply 3-cleft. Crow Garlick.

Hab. Dry pastures. Wind-mill Bastion, and other parts
of the Ramparts, Thomp. Castle-hills. Dikes in the
Magdalen Fields. July. If.

* » * Stalk radical, naked.

4. A. ursinum, stalk semicylindrical ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate,
stalked : flowers pure-white, in a level-topped umbel ; stamens
simple. Broad-leaved Garlick.

Hab. Moist woods. Banks of the Whiteadder between
Edrington and Mackay's Mill, Dr Thompson. Fen-
wick Wood. June. If.

5. A. schcenoprasum, stalk round, the height of the foliage ;
leaves cylindrical, somewhat tapering at the point ; flowers pur-
plish, in a dense umbel ; stamens simple. Chive Garlick.

Hab. " By Fastcastle," Dr Parsons. June. If.

A rare plant in a wild state, but common in gardens. Used
in sallads, but, says GERARDE, " they cause troublesome
dreames."

114. SCILLA.

1. S. verna, bulb coated; leaves linear, channelled; coromb
hemispherical, of few deep blue flowers ; bracteas lanceolate,
obtuse. Vernal Squill.

Hab. Sea banks at Gunsgreen, plentiful, an interesting
discovery of my friend Mr A. Baird. April. If.

78 HEXANDRIA— MONOGYNIA.

2. S. nutans, leaves linear; cluster drooping; flowers blue,
pendulous, cylindrical-bell-shaped, the points of their petals re-
flexed ; bracteas in pairs. Wild Hyacinth.

Hab. In woods and deans, common. May. I/.

115. NARTHECIUM.

1. N. ossifragum, stem simple, leafy ; leaves sword-shaped ;
cluster terminal, erect, many-flowered ; flowers yellow. Bog-
asphodel.

Hob. Turfy bogs on moors, frequent. Murton Craigs ;
Moors west of Belford, Thomp. Haiden Dean, &c.
July, Aug. 7/

116. CONV ALL ARIA.

1. C. potygonatuni) leaves alternate, clasping the angular stem ;
stalks axillary, mostly single-flowered ; flowers pendulous, green
and white, sweet-scented, the segments bearded ; stamens
smooth. Angular Solomon's Seal.

Hal. " On Kyloe Rocks, a few miles south of Berwick,"
Mr A. Bruce. May, June. TJ.

117- JUNCCJS.

* Leaves none.

1. J. glaucus^ stem straight, glaucous, rigid, striated ; panicle
much branched, lax, erect, far below the summit ; capsule ellip-
tical, pointed, rather shorter than the calyx. Hard Rush.

Hab. Wet pastures, and by road-sides. July. I/.

2. J. conglomeratus, stem straight, faintly striated, soft; pa-
nicle much branched, dense, globular, far below the summit;
capsule abrupt ; stamens 3. Common Rush.

Hab. "Wet pastures, meadows, and by ditches, July. 11

3. J. effusuS) stem straight, faintly striated, soft ; panicle
loose, repeatedly compound, very far below the summit ; capsule
obtuse. Soft Rush.

Hab. Wet pastures, by road-sides and rivulets. July. 11

HEXANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. 79

In the olden time, it was customary, at ceremonial enter-
tainments, to strew the floor with rushes. Chambers, in
the houses of the great, were formerly strewed in this
manner. As our ancestors rarely washed their floors,
disguises of uncleanness became necessary things. They
were, in subsequent times, formed into mats and chair-
bottoms ; but their use has been superseded by the know-
ledge of better materials. Our fishermen and labourers,
in many parts of the country, carefully peel the stalk, and
use the pith as a wick for their candles, or for the lamp.
Mr WHITE, in his Natural History of Selborne, has given
a long account of the manner of preparing them in Hamp-
shire ; and he recommends that two ribs of the rind should
be left to support the pith instead of one, as is the case
with those prepared for rush-lights. Made, as he directs,
these rushes give a good clear light, while watch-ligl '
only render " darkness visible."

* * Herb leafy.

4. J. squarrosus, stem naked ; leaves numerous, radical, rigid,
linear, channelled ; panicle terminal, compound, with cymose
branches. Moss Rush.

Hal. Moorish heathy ground, common. July. 7/

5. J. ccenosus, stem simple, leafy ; leaves linear, channelled ;
panicle cymose, terminal, longer than the bractea ; capsule obo-
vate, the length of the rather obtuse calyx. Mud Rush.

Hob. Muddy places towards the sea. River sides from
the bridge upwards ; mouth of the rivulet at Goswick ;
coast beyond Goswick, Thomp. July, Aug. If.

In our specimens, neither the calyx nor capsule are of the
dark-brown colour mentioned by SMITH ; and the cap-
sule, in the same plant, is sometimes as long as the calyx,
but more often rather longer. In these characters, then,
they approximate nearer to the J. compressus ; but the stem
inclines to triangular on the upper part, the leaves are
striated externally, and the panicle is longer than, and
not overtopped by the bractea, while the peculiar habitat
leaves no doubt concerning the species to which they
ovight to be referred. Dr HOOKER is surely right in con-
sidering J. compressus and canosus as varieties.

6. J: bufonius, stem leafy ; leaves linear, angular, channelled
panicle forked, racemose, longer than the bracteas ; flowers soli-

80 MEXANDItIA— MONOGYNIA.

tary, unilateral, mostly sessile ; calyx-leaves lanceolate, taper-
pointed, membranous, 2-ribbed, longer than the oblong capsule.
Toad Rush.

Hal. Abundant on all moist gravelly places, covered with
water during winter, and at the sides of ponds, July,
Aug. 0

7. J. uliginosus, stem leafy, bulbous at the base ; leaves bristle-
shaped, channelled ; flowers usually 3 together, in small lateral
or terminal heads, with leafy bracteas ; capsule obtuse, rather
longer than the calyx. Little Bulbous Rush.

Hab. Boggy places in moors, common. Lamberton Moor.
Bog below Shoreswood-Hall. Haiden and Allerton-
Mill Deans, &c. June, July. 7/

Almost uniformly viviparous, whether the stems be erect or
decumbent. A very distinct species.

8. J. acutifloruS) leaves slightly compressed, divided internally
by numerous transverse partitions ; panicle repeatedly compound.,
forked ; calyx-leaves all bristle-pointed, shorter than the taper
beak of the capsule. Sharp-lowered Rush.

Hab. Watery places, common. July. I/.

9. J. lampocarpus, leaves compressed, with numerous internal
partitions ; panicle erect, compound, forked ; inner calyx-leaves
bordered ; capsule ovate, of a dark chocolate colour, highly po-
lished, longer than the calyx. Shining -fruited Rush.

Hab. Boggy meadows, frequent* In the field below the
Old Lamberton Toll. Lamberton Moor.J Ancroft Moor,
&c. July, Aug. I/.

118. LUCIOLA.

1. L. pilosa, stem a span high, leafy ; leaves hairy ; panicle
cymose, widely spreading and reflexed ; flowers solitary ; cap-
sule pointless ; crest of the seeds hooked. Hairy Wood-rusk.

Hab. Deans, on grassy banks, common. Banks beyond
Hudshead. Longridge Dean, &c. April. 7/

2. L. sylvatica, stems 12 or 18 inches high, leafy ; leaves hairy ;
panicle cymose, doubly compound ; flowers and bracteag aggre-

HEXANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. 81

gate ; capsule pointed : crest of the seeds obsolete. Great Wood-
rush,

Hob. Woods, deans, and heaths, common. May, June.

v

3. L. campestris, stem 3-10 inches high, leafy ; leaves hairy ;
panicle of 3 or 4 ovate, dense, partly stalked clusters ; capsule
obovate, obtuse, with a small point, shorter than the calyx ;
seeds stalked, without a crest. Field Wood-rush.

Hob. Dry barren pastures. April, May. 11

In pastures, this species does not exceed three or four inches
in height ; but in bogs it rises a foot or more. Sometimes
the heads of flowers are collected into a dense head ; in
other specimens two or more of them are elevated on
short stalks ; but, in all, the segments of the calyx are much
longer than the capsule, and less mucronate than in the
following: —

4. L. sudetica^ leaves smooth, with hairy sheaths ; clusters
stalked, umbellate, the middle one sessile ; segments of the calyx
mucronate, as long as the capsule. " Juncus sudeticus, Willde-
now, Sp. PL ii. 221." J. liniger, Purton Mid. Fl. iii. 352, t. 9.

Hab. Rough bogs. In the field below the Old Lamberton
Toll. June. I/.

Stem a foot high, slender, leafy, smooth ; leafs flat, smooth,
the margins^near the base loosely fringed with long white
hairs, of which there is also a dense tuft at the top of the
sheaths, which are otherwise smooth. Clusters 7, oblong,
spreading ; one on a stalk two inches long, and equal to
the foliaceous bractea, the rest on stalks about an inch
long, except the centre one which is sessile. Segments of
the calyx ovate- lanceolate, pointed, dark-brown, with mem-
branous edges. Capsules obtuse, glossy -brown, as long as
the calyx.

Mr WINCH, to whom I am indebted for the character and
synonym of WILLDENOW, says, my specimen is similar to
specimens purchased of SCHLEICHER, for L. sudetica. He
has gathered it in various places in the north of England
and in Scotland. It is certainly the L. congesta of SMITH,
Eng. Fl. ii. 181, who quotes with merited approbation the
figure of PURTON.

119. BERBERIS.

i. B. vulgaris, leaves obovate-oblong, with bristly serratures ;
thorns 3-cleft; clusters pendulous, flowers yellow; petals en-
tire. Common Barberry,

D 3

82 HEXANDRIA— TRIGYNIA.

Hal. Hedges occasionally. Between Bichardson's-stead
and Scrammerston. Near Gainslaw. June, fy

The leaves are in general more or less covered with a small
orange-coloured fungus, whence seems to have originated
an opinion, entertained by many practical farmers, that
the barberry is injurious to corn, by infecting it with the
mildew. To determine the accuracy of this opinion, it
should first be proved that the mildew of the barberry
and of corn is owing to the same species of fungus.

The flowers are worthy the attention of the student.
The inner part of each filament, near the bottom, is so ir-
ritable, that, when touched by any extraneous body, it im-
mediately contracts, and strikes its anther, full of pollen,
against the stigma. A fuller account of this curious cir-
cumstance the student will find in SMITH'S Introduction,
p. 248 ; and the reflections which it is calculated to raise
would be misplaced here.

II. TRIGYNIA.
120. RUMEX.

* Flowers all perfect.

1. R. sangwneW) leaves lanceolate, acute, (veined with red),
the radical ones heart-shaped at the base ; permanent petals en-
tire, oblong, one of them at least tuberculated. Bloody-veined
Dock.

Hob. Woods at Netherbyres, Berwickshire, plentiful,
Rev. A. Baird. July. I/.

2. R. crispus, leaves lanceolate, acute, undulated and crisped
at the edges ; permanent petals ovate, entire, all tuberculated.
Curled Dock.

Hob. Waste ground and road sides. July. I/.

3. R. acutus, leaves oblong -heart -shaped, pointed; clusters
leafy ; permanent petals oblong, obscurely toothed, all tubercu-
lated. Sharp Dock.

Hab. Watery places. Sides of the pond below Calf-hill ;
and of the footpath above the Old Castle. July. If

HEXANDBIA-TRIGYNIA.

4. R. obtusifolius, stem roughish ; radical leaves heart-shaped,
obtuse ; permanent petals toothed, one principally tuberculated.
Common Dock.

Hob. Waste ground and pastures. July, Aug. 11

* * Flowers separated.

3. R. acetosa, leaves oblong, arrow-shaped; flowers dioecious ;
permanent petals tuberculated. Common Sorrel.
Hob. Meadows and pastures. June. If.

The leaves are an agreeable acid ; and in France the plant
is commonly cultivated for use at the table. The Lap-
landers mix a strong decoction of the leaves with their
rein-deer milk, which is then capable of being preserved
for use from autumn till the ensuing summer, and es-
teemed as an agreeable and wholesome food.

6. R. acetosella, leaves lanceolate, hastate; flowers dioecious;
permanent petals without tubercles. Sheep's Sorrel.

Hob. Barren pastures and on heaths. June, July. If.

TOFIELDIA palustris was found by BAY " juxta rivulum non
procul Bervwo in Scotia." Syn. 375. We have sought for it
in vain, and, perhaps, by the " Bervico in Scotia," North-
Berwick may be intended.

121. TBIGLOCHIN,

1. T. palustre, capsule nearly linear, of 3 cells, tapering at the
base ; root fibrous. Marsh Arrow-grass.

Hob. Bogs and marshy places. July, Aug. If.

2. T. maritimum, capsule ovate, of 6 cells. Sea Arrow-grass.

Hab. Abundant on marshy spots on all our coasts, and at
the sides of the river within the influence of the tide.
May, August. If.

Cattle and sheep are fond of the herbage of these plants,
which are probably very salutary to them from the salt
they contain.

84? HEX ANDRI A— POLYGYNIA.

III. POLYGYNIA.

122. ALISMA.

1. A. plantagO) leaves ovate, acute; capsules obtusely triangu-
lar ; flower-stalk naked, 2 or 3 feet high, panicled with whorled
compound bracteated branches ; flowers pale purple. Great
Water -plain tain .

Hob* Ponds and ditches common. July. I/.

Of established reputation in America as a specific for the
bite of the rattlesnake. In the north of Europe has for
some ages been a popular remedy for hydrophobia ; and
we are told, that it still retains its popular sway and
reputation over a great part of the Russian empire ; and
that, in the government of Isola, it has never failed of ef-
fecting a cure for the last twenty -five years. The pre-
paration is simple : the root is reduced to a powder, and
the powder is to be eaten by being spread over bread and
butter. Two or three doses are said to be sufficient in
the worst cases; and will be found to cure mad dogs
themselves. Dr GOOD. — This also is vanity !

2. A. ranunculoides, leaves linear. lanceolate ; capsules angular,
acute, numerous, in a globular head ; stem none ; flower-stalks
from 3 to 10 inches high, bearing 1 or 2 whorls of light purple
flowers. Lesser Water-plaintain*

Hob. Bogs and ditches. In the ditch at the foot of St
Abb's Head, Rev. A. Baird. Holy Island Lough ; and
in the pond above Spindlestone. Aug. I/.

CLASS VIII
OCTANDRIA.

" Vet happier, in my judgment,
The wandering Herbalist, who, clear alike
From vain, and, that worse evil, vexing thoughts,
Casts on these uncouth forms a slight regard
Of transitory interest, and peeps round
For some rare floweret of the hills, or plant
Of craggy fountain ; what he hopes for wins,
Or learns, at least, that 'tis not to be won :
Then, keen and eager, as a fine nos'd hound
By soul-engrossing instinct driven along
Through wood or open field, the harmless man
Departs, intent upon his onward quest !
No floweret blooms

Throughout the lofty range of these rough hills,
Or in the woods, that could from him conceal
Its birth-place." WORDSWORTH.

I. MONOGYNIA.

* Flowers complete.

123. EPILOBIUM. Petals 4; calyx 4-cleft? superior ; capsule of 4

cells ; seeds bearded.

124. VACCINIUM. Corolla of 1 petal; calyx 4-cleft: lerry infe-

rior.

126. ERICA. Corolla of 1 petal; calyx of 4 leaves; capsule supe-
rior, partitions simple, from the centre of each valve.

86 OCTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA.

125. CALLUNA. Corolla of 1 petal; ealyx double, each of 4
leaves; capsule superior, partitions from the column al-
ternate with the valves.

* * Flowers apetalous.

127. DAPHNE. Calyx coloured, 4- cleft, inferior; berry with 1
seed.

II. TRIGYNIA.

128. POLYGONUM. Calyx coloured, in several deep segments,
inferior; corolla 0; seed 1, naked.

I. MONOGYNIA.
123. EPILOBIUM.

* Flowers irregular.

1. E. angustifolium, leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, veiny,
smooth ; flowers crimson, in long terminal clusters ; stamens de-
clining. French Willow.

Hob. " By a rocky rivulet above Langley-ford, near Che-
viot," Winch. " In a very deep and savage glen about
one mile south of Fastcastle," Rev. A. Baird. Com-
mon in gardens. July, Aug. I/.

* * Flowers regular ; stigma deeply deleft.

2. E. hirsutum, root creeping ; stem copiously branched, downy;
leaves half-clasping the stem, ovate-lanceolate, hairy; flowers
corymbose, large, rose-coloured. Great Hairy Willow-herb.

Hab. Ditches, sides of ponds and rivers common. July. I/.

3. E. parviflorum, root fibrous; stem nearly simple, woolly;
leaves sessile, lanceolate, downy ; flowers in long leafy clusters,
small. Small-Jlowered Willow-herb.

Hab. Watery places frequent. July. H

OCTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. 87

4. E. mmtanum, stem round, smooth or minutely downy;
leaves stalked,x ovate, toothed, broad and smooth. Broad-leaved
Willow-herb.

Hab. In stony places, and under hedges frequent. July.

* * Flowers regular ; stigma undivided.

5. E, tetragonum, stem erect, roundish with 4 angular ribs ;
leaves lanceolate, sessile, minutely toothed ; herb nearly or quite
smooth. Square stalked Willow-herb.

Hab. Watery marshy places. In the vale below Langley-
ford. July. V

6. E. palustre, stem erect, round ; leaves sessile, linear-lanceo-
late, slightly toothed; herb nearly or quite smooth. Marsh
Willow-herb.

Hab. Bogs frequent. July. 7/

7. E. alsinefolium^ root creeping; stem decumbent, obtusely
quadrangular ; leaves stalked, ovate, acute, toothed. Chickweed-
leaved Willow-herb.

Hab. In rivulets on the sides of the Cheviot Hills, as
mentioned by Ray ; Winch. July. 11

" In winter it is not deciduous, but forms widely spreading
matted tufts of small leaves, among which fibrous roots
shoot out, as in proliferous plants. The flower-stems are
partially decumbent, cylindrical, at first simple, after-
wards much branched, and furnished with numerous el-
liptical, slightly toothed soft leaves. The flowers are few,
and the style undivided." WINCH, Guide ii. pref. v.

124. VACCINIUM.

1. V. myrtillus, stem acutely angular ; leaves ovate, serrated,
membranous, smooth, deciduous ; stalks solitary, single-flowered ;
flowers drooping, reddish ; calyx wavy, nearly entire. Blaeberry.
Hab. Heaths and woods. May. ?7

The bluish-black berries are said by SMITH to be neither
agreeable nor wholesome, an opinion contradicted by our
own experience and that of others. They are good
plucked from the bush, better when eaten with cream in

88 OCTANDRIA-MONOGYNIA,

the manner of strawberries; and they make tolerable
tarts and jellies.

2. V. vitis idaa, clusters terminal, drooping, with ovate con-
cave bracteas longer than the flower-stalks ; leaves obovate, dot-
ted beneath, revolute, minutely toothed; corolla bell-shaped,
flesh-coloured. Cow-berry.

Hob. Higher parts of Cheviot, Winch. Jifne. \^

The berries are deep red, astringent and acid, with much
bitterness, which they lose by immersion, for some hours,
in water before they are made into pies, rob or jelly. In
the latter state this fruit is excellent for colds and sore
throats ; as well as for eating with venison, or other roast
meat, as is practised generally in Sweden. — SM.

3. V. oxycoccus, stems creeping, thread-shaped, smooth ; leaves
ovate, entire, smooth, revolute, acute ; flowers terminal, bright
rose-colour, drooping ; corolla deeply 4-cleft. Cranberry.

Hob. Peat-bogs amongst moss. " Moors between Belford
and Wooler plentiful," Thomp. Haiden Dean ; bog be-
low Shoreswoopl Hall, Dr Thompson. June. ?j

The berries are spotted in an early state, but become deep
red in maturity. At Longtown, on the borders of Cumber-
land, they are made so considerable an article of com-
merce, that, at the season when they are ripe, not less
than L. 20 or L. 30 worth are sold by the poor people,
each market day, for five or six weeks together, which are
afterwards dispersed over different parts of the kingdom,
for making the well-known cranberry tarts. LIGHTFOOT.

125. CALL UN A.

1. C. vulgaris, stems bushy ; leaves small, opposite, imbricat-
ed, ever-green ; flowers drooping, in longish unilateral clusters.
Common Ling.

Hab. The principal covering of our moors, and not un-
common on the sea-coast. The flowers are commonly
rose-coloured, but a variety with them white is not
rare. July, Aug. ?j

Ling, or Heather, is extensively used for thatching cottages
and making besoms; and the Highlanders frequently
make their beds with it, laying the roots downwards, and

OCTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. 89

the top upwards. " In this manner," says BUCHANAN,
" they form a bed so pleasant, that it may vie in softness
with the finest down, while in salubrity it far exceeds it ;
for heath, naturally possessing the power of absorption,
drinks up the superfluous moisture, and restores strength
to the fatigued nerves, so that those who lie down languid
and weary in the evening, arise in the morning vigorous
and sprightly."

126. ERICA.

J. E. tetralix, leaves fringed, four in a whorl; flowers in round
tufis ; corolla ovate ; style nearly concealed ; anthers horned.
Cross-leaved Heath.

Hab. Boggy places air moors. July, Aug. Fj

2. E. cinerea, leaves three in a whorl, smooth ; flowers in ra-
ther long whorled clusters ; corolla ovate ; style a little promi-
nent ; anthers crested ; stigma capitate. Fine-leaved Heath.

Hab. Dry heaths abundant. July, Aug. Fj

" In the deserts and moors of this realm," says BOETHIUS,
t; grows an herb named Heather, very nutritive to beasts,
birds, and especially to bees. In the month of June it
produces a flower of purple hue, as sweet as honey. Of
this flower the Picts made a delicious and wholesome li-
quor. The manner of making it has perished with the
extermination of the Picts, as they never showed the
craft of making it, except to their own blood."

" Sweet, modest flower, in lonely deserts dun,
Retiring still for converse with the sun,
Whose sweets invite the soaring lark to stoop ,
And from thy cells the honied dew-bells scoop !
Though unobtrusive all thy beauties shine,
Yet boast, thou rival of the purpling vine !
For once thy mantling juice was seen to laugh
In pearly cups, which monarchs loved to quaff;
And frequent wake the wild inspired lay,
On Teviot's hills, beneath the Pictish sway."

LBYDEN.

90 OCTANDRIA— TRIGYNIA.

127. DAPHNE.

1. D. laureola, clusters axillary, simple, each of about 5 yel-
lowish-green drooping flowers, shorter than the smooth, obovate-
lanceolate, evergreen leaves ; calyx obtuse. Spurge-laurel.

Hob. Banks of the Eye above Netherbyres, quite wild,
Rev. A. Baird. Common in shrubberies. March. \\

II. TRIGYNIA.

128. POLYGONUM.
* Styles usually but 2.

1. P. amphibium, leaves stalked, ovate - lanceolate, slightly
heart-shaped at the base ; flowers rose-coloured, in ovate dense
terminal spikes ; stamens 5 ; styles united half way up. Amphi-
bious Persicaria.

(1) aquaticum, leaves floating, broadly lanceolate, smooth.

(2) terrestre, nearly erect ; leaves narrow lanceolate, rough
with short rigid appressed hairs.

Hab. (I) Ponds, ditches and slow streams. (2) Sides of
ditches, and in moist corn fields. July, Aug. I/.

2. P. persicaria^ stem erect ; leaves lanceolate, often spotted ;
stipulas fringed; flowers rose-coloured, in dense ovate-oblong
erect spikes, on smooth stalks; stamens 6; styles united half
way up. Spotted Persicaria.

Hab. Moist ground and waste places, common. Aug. 0

3. P. lapathifolium, stem spreading; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
sprinkled at the back with glandular dots; stipulas beardless;
flowers greenish- white, in oblong erect spikes on rough stalks ;
stamens 6 ; styles distinct. Pale-flowered Persicaria.

Hab. Road sides and cultivated grounds, rather rare.
Aug. 0

OCTANDRIA— TRIGYNIA. 91

4. P. hydropiper, stem erect ; leaves lanceolate, wavy, without
spots; clusters lax, interrupted, drooping; stamens 6; styles
united half way up. Biting Persicaria.

Hab. Ditches and watery places, frequent. Sept. 0

* * Styles 3.

5. P. avwulare, stem procumbent, herbaceous ; leaves elliptic-
lanceolate, rough-edged ; ribs of the stipulas distant ; flowers
axillary, 2 or 3 together, small. Commm Knot-grass.

Hab. Cultivated fields, &c. very common. April — Oct.

0

6. P. convolvulus, stem twining, angular ; leaves heart-arrow-
shaped ; segments of the calyx bluntly keeled. Climbing Buck-
wheat.

Hab. Cultivated fields common. June— Sept. 0

CLASS X.
DECANDRIA.

Those who think nothing useful which does not yield some palpable and di-
rect advantage, have> indeed, scornfully rejected such inquiries as frivolous
and useless. But this disdain has not repressed such discussions ; and it is
fortunate that it has not. Amusement is itself an advantage. The vigour
which the understanding derives from exercise on every subject, is a great
advantage."— EDIN. REVIEW.

I. MONOGYNIA.

129. PYROLA. Petals 5 ; anthers of 2 cells, with 2 pores.

II. DIGYNIA.

132. SCLERANTHUS. Corolla 0 ; calyx vf 1 leaf; seeds 2.

130. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. CorollaO; calyx coloured ; capsule with

2 beaks ; seeds numerous.

131. SAXIFRAGA. Petals 5 ; calyx in 5 deep segments ; capsule

with 2 beaks ; seeds numerous.

133, DIANTHUS. Petals 5; calyx tubular, of 1 leaf, with scales

at the base ; capsule oblong.

DECANDBJA— MONOGYKIA. 93

III. TRIGYNIA.

136. ARENARIA. Capsule of 1 cell; petals undivided, spreading.

135. STELLARIA. Capsule of 1 cell ; petals deeply cloven, spread,
ing.

134. SILENE. Capsule of 3 incomplete cells ; petals with claws,
limb cloven ; calyx of 1 leaf.

IV. PENTAGYNIA.

137. SEDUM. Capsules 5, each with a scale at the base ; corolla

of 5 petals.

138. OXALIS. Capsule of 5 cells, angular ; seeds 2, tunicated ;

petals connected at the base.

139. LYCHNIS. Capsule of 5 cells, or of 1, with many seeds ;

calyx tubular, membranous.

140. AGROSTEMMA. Capsule of 1 cell ; calyx tubular, coriaceous.

141. CERASTIUM. Capsule of 1 cell; calyx of 5 leaves; petals

cloven.

142. SPERGULA. Capsule of 1 cell ; calyx of 5 leaves ; petals un-

divided.

I. MONOGYNIA.
129. PYROLA.

1. P. rotundifolia, cluster many-flowered ; calyx as long as
the stamens ; stamens ascending ; style twice as long, declining
and recurved. Round-leaved Winter-green.

Hab. In the Dean below Allerton Mill, plentiful, about
midway between the mill and the lime road. July,
Aug. If

94 DECANDRJA— DIGYNIA.

Root creeping. Leaves roundish, smooth, the margins set
round with callous points at the termination of 'the veins,
on long triangular stalks, which are slightly bordered.
Flower stalk a foot high, smooth, triangular, twisted,
bearing 2 or 3 brown membranous scales. Flowers white,
drooping, very beautiful, on short recurved stalks, each
with a membranous bractea, sometimes shorter, and some-
times as long as itself. Stamens all turned upwards, and
crowded together, with tubular anthers, at first white, but
soon becoming of an uniform orange-yellow. Style twice
as long as the stamens, curved like letter/, pink, tipped
with darker red.

2. P. media, stamens regularly inflexed ; style twice as long,
deflexed ; cluster of many pendulous flowers ; calyx shorter than
the stamens. Intermediate Winter-green.

Hal. Deans. Ancroft Dean, Mr J. Mariners. Haiden-
Dean ; Longridge Dean, sparingly. July, Aug. 11

Ilather less than the preceding, from which the student will
readily distinguish it by attention to the specific charac-
ters.

II. DIGYNIA.

130. CHRYSOSPLENIUM.

1. C. oppositifolium, stem angular, succulent ; leaves opposite,
roundish-heart-shaped ; flowers small, yellow, corymbose, termi-
nal. Common Golden-saxifrage.

Hal. Watery shady places frequent. Sea-banks beyond
the Sandy Beds, Thomp. Ord Mill, &c. May. 7/

131. SAXIFRAGA.

1. S. stellaris, leaves elliptic-wedge-shaped, coarsely serrated,
tapering and entire at the base; panicle corymbose, of few
flowers, white with 2 yellow spots at the base of each petal ; ca-
lyx reflexed, inferior. Starry Saxifrage.

Hab. In bogs, and by the sides of rivulets on and about
Cheviot, plentiful. June, July. I/.

DECANDRIA— DIGYNIA. 95

2. S. granulate, root granulated ; stem panicled, erect, leafy ;
leaves kidney-shaped, lobed ; flowers large, white ; calyx spread-
ing ; germen half-inferior ; stigmas downy. Meadow Saxifrage.

Hab* Banks on a gravelly or sandy soil, not uncommon.
Wooler-Haughhead, Winch. Alderson's Dean, and sea-
banks near Marshall-meadows ; Tweed banks between
Yarrowhaugh and Ord Mill; Heugh, Holy Island;
Chapel-hill, Belford, Thomp. In the wood above the
Union Bridge. May. If.

In conformity to the doctrine of Signatures, which attri-
butes to any substance having a semblance to any organ
of the body, sovereign virtues in removing the diseases of
that organ, this plant was pronounced very useful in cal-
culous complaints, because the roots somewhat resemble
small gravel-stones. And because it is " governed by the
moon," its credit remained undiminished with the astro-
logers, or those herbalists who imagined that the stars

st shed down

Their stellar virtue on all plants that grow
On earth, made hereby apter to receive
Perfection from the sun's more potent ray."

132. SCLEBANTHUS.

1. S. animus, stems spreading, branched dichotomously ; leaves
linear, opposite ; flowers small, green, in axillary and terminal
nearly sessile clusters ; calyx of the ftuit with spreading taper-
acute segments. Annual Knawel.

Hah. Dry sandy fields, and on walls, July. 0

133. DIANTHUS.

1. D. deltoideS) leaves linear - lanceolate, somewhat downy;
flowers solitary, rose-coloured with a deeper circle in the middle ;
scales of the calyx ovate-lanceolate, acute, seldom more than 2 ;
petals notched, smooth. Maiden Pink.

Hab. Dry gravelly banks. Hedge banks between Wooler
and Earl, Winch. Chapel-hill, Belford ; and craigs by
Craig-mill, Thomp. Frequent in the vicinity of Wooler,
July— Oct. V

96 BECANDRIA-TKIGYNIA

III. TRIGYNIA.

134. SILENE.

1. S. infiata, stem erect, forked ; leaves ovate, acute ; flowers
copiously panicled, drooping, white; petals cloven half way
down, mostly without scales ; calyx smooth, inflated, reticulated.
Bladder Campion.

Hab. Corn fields, by hedges and road sides. July. 7/

The plant is in general very smooth ; but a variety, densely
covered with short hairs, is occasionally to be found in
this neighbourhood. The leaves boiled have something of
the flavour of pease, and proved of great use to the inha-
bitants of the Island of Minorca, in the year 1 685, when a
swarm of locusts had destroyed the harvest. WITHERING.
It has been recommended for cultivation by BRYANT,
who observes, that our kitchen-gardens scarcely afford a
better flavoured vegetable than the young shoots when
boiled. They ought to be gathered when not above two
inches long.

2. S. maritima, stem recumbent; leaves lanceolate; flowers
slightly panicled or solitary, terminal, white ; petals cloven, each
with a cloven acute scale; calyx smooth, inflated, reticulated.
Sea Campiwi*

Hab. Sea coast common. Aug., Sept. 7/

No observation of our own leads us to believe this to be a
variety of the preceding.

135. STELLARIA.

1 . S. media, stems procumbent with a hairy alternate line on
one side; leaves ovate, single-ribbed; stamens from 5 to 10.
Common Chickweed.

Hab. Waste and cultivated grounds. March — Nov. Q

2. S. holostea, stem nearly erect, rigid ; leaves lanceolate, fine-
ly serrated ; flowers large, white ; petals inversely heart-shaped,
twice as long as the ribless calyx. Greater Stitchwort.

Hob. Woods, deans and hedge banks common. May, 2/

DECANDRIA— TRIGYNIA. 97

3. S. graminea, stem nearly erect ; leaves linear-lanceolate, en-
tire ; flowers, small, white, in a terminal spreading panicle,
their petals nearly as long as the 3-ribbed calyx. Lesser Stitch,
wort.

Hab. Heathy pastures and bushy places, common. May. If.

3. S. glauca, stems nearly erect, smooth ; leaves linear-lanceo-
late, entire, glaucous ; flowers white, on erect partly scattered
stalks, their petals much longer than the 3-ribbed calyx. Glau-
cous Stitchwort.

Hab. "Wet marshy places, rare. Side of the pond above
Spindlestone. June, July. ^

5. S. uliginosa, stem weak ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, entire,
with a callous tip; flowers small, white, irregularly panicled,
lateral or terminal, their petals shorter than the calyx. Bog
Stitchwort.

Hab. Ditches and watery spots frequent. June. 0

136. ARENARIA.

* Stipulas none.

1. A. peploides, herb smooth, succulent; stem much branched ;
leaves ovate, acute, fleshy ; flowers in the axils of the upper
leaves, nearly sessile, small, white ; calyx obtuse, without ribs.
Saiidwort.

Hab. Sandy sea-coast. Lamberton Shields ; Spittal sands
and coast to the southward, Thomp. June, July. 7/

2. A. trinervis; stems weak, branching, downy ; leaves ovate,
acute, stalked, 3, or rarely 5-ribbed ; flowers small, white ; ca-
lyx obscurely 3-ribbed, with a rough keel. Plantain-leaved Sand-
wort.

Hab. Shady bushy places. On the wooded part of Spindle-
stone Hills. May, June. 0

It is surely an error to describe this plant as having no
bracteas. See SMITH'S Eng. Fl. ii. 307.

98 DECANDRIA— PENTAGYNIA.

3. A. serpyllifolia^ stem much branched, rough, spreading;
leaves small, ovate, nearly sessile, rough ; flowers small, white ;
calyx hairy, three outermost of its leaves 5-ribbed. Thyme-leaved
Sandtiort.

Hob. On walls and sandy ground, common. July. 0

4. A. verna, tufted ; stem panicled ; leaves awl-shaped, blunt-
ish, smooth ; flowers white, the petals longer than the 3-ribbed
calyx. Vernal Sandwort.

Hal. On St Abb's-head plentiful; and in a deep glen
about a mile south of Fastcastle, Rev. A. Baird. May
-Aug. 11

* * Stipulas membranous.

5. A. rubra, stems prostrate ; leaves linear, plane, somewhat
fleshy, tipped with a minute bristle ; stipulas sheathing ; flowers
purplish red ; seeds compressed, angular, roughish. Purple
Sandwort.

Hal. Sandy fields, frequent. July, Aug. 0

6. A. marina, stems prostrate ; leaves semicylindrical, fleshy^
pointless ; stipulas sheathing ; flowers purplish-red ; seeds com-
pressed, bordered, smooth. Sea Sandwort.

Hob. Sea-coast in marshy places. Sides of the Tweed above
the bridge, plentiful, Thomp. July. 0

IV. PENTAGYNIA.
137. SEDUM.

" Leaves flat.

1. S. TelepUum, stem erect; leaves flattish, serrated ; flowers
purple, in a terminal leafy corymb. Orpine.

Hob. Borders of fields near the sea, a mile north of Eye*
mouth, sparingly, Rev. A. Baird. Aug. Sept. ^

DECANDRIA— PENTAGYNIA. 99

* * Leaves tumid or somewhat cylindrical.

2. S. angUcum^ stems tufted, much branched) 2 or 3 inches
high ; leaves ovate, thick, mostly alternate, spurred at the base ;
cyme of 2 smooth branches ; flowers white, speckled with red.
English Stonecrap.

Hob. Heugh, Holy Island, and about the Castle, Thomp.
July. O

This species is said to be annual, but Mr NEILL finds it
will endure for two years, though no more, in a flower-pot.

3. S. acre, stems tufted, branched ; leaves alternate, nearly
ovate, thick, tumid, spurred at the base; cyme of 3 smooth
branches, leafy ; flowers golden yellow. Biting Stonecrop.

Hob. On walls and rocks, common, June. If.

4. S. villosum, pubescent, viscid ; stem erect, spotted with red ;
leaves alternate, linear, flattened ; flowers corymbose, rose-
coloured. Hairy Stonecrop.

Hab. Bogs and moist rocks. By rivulets (and in bogs) at
the foot of Cheviot, Winch. Basaltic heights between
Belford and Bamborough, Thomp. June. ^

5. S. reflexuifo) leaves awl-shaped, scattered, spurred at the
base, the lowermost recurved ; flowers cymose, yellow ; segments
of the calyx ovate. Yellow Stonecrop.

Hab. On walls rare. On a dike near Kyloe Manse ; and
at Easington- July. If.

The tenacity with which this species retains life is illustrat-
ed by the following fact, t pressed strongly between dry
papers a specimen without radicles, and the flowers of
which were not in the least expanded. The papers were
changed every three or four days ; but at the end of as
many weeks, so far was life from being extinct, that it
had protruded many white radicle fibres from one to two
inches long, and the flowers had fully expanded them-
selves.

138. OXALIS.

1. O. Acetosella, root of many scaly joints; leaves ternate, in-
versely heart-shaped, hairy; stalks radical, single-flowered;

E2

100 DECANDIIIA— PENTAGYNIA.

flower white, streaked; stamens all simple. Common Wood*
sorrel*

Hab. Woods and deans, common. April, May. I/.

The leaves of this pretty unobtrusive flower droop at night,
and close against rain. They are powerfully and most
agreeably acid, making a refreshing and wholesome con-
serve with fine sugar, its flavour resembling green tea.
Boiled with milk they make an agreeable whey, which
may be used in inflammatory diseases, in which vegetable
acids are beneficial. They also afford the *' essential salt
of lemons," used to take iron-moulds out of linen.

139. LYCHNIS.

1. L. Flos-Cuculi, stem quandrangular, rough with deflexed
bristles; leaves lanceolate; flowers rose-coloured, loosely pa-
nicled ; petals in four linear segments ; capsule roundish, of one
cell. Meadow Lychnis.

Hab. Moist meadows, frequent. June. 2/

2. L. diurna, stem round, pubescent; leaves ovate, acute;
flowers in a terminal many-forked panicle, rose-coloured, dice-
cious ; the petals cloven, crowned with four teeth ; capsule one-
celled, roundish. Red Campion. — (L. dioica, «. SMITH.)

Hab. Very abundant on our sea-banks, and frequent in
bushy deans, where it proves highly ornamental. May,
June. 7/

3. L. vespertina, stem round, pubescent ; leaves ovate-lanceo-
late ; flowers in a terminal forked panicle, white ; capsule one-
celled, conical. White Campion. — (L. dioica, /3. SMITH.)

Hab. Hedge sides and cultivated fields, common. July
—Oct. %

It may be difficult, or impossible, to find a technical specific-
character between this and the preceding ; but I would
rather consider this a proof of the occasional non-existence
of such distinctive characters, than believe the plants to be
merely varieties. The one flowers from four to six weeks
earlier than the other ; they affect different localities, and
are never found intermixed ; they are riot altered by
cultivation ; and their general habit is not alike, the red
being a stouter and fuller flowered plant, its blossoms ex-

DECANDRIA— PENTAGYNIA. 101

pan ding during the day, and at all times scentless, —
while the white opens freely in the evening only, and is
then sweet-scented.

140. AGROSTEMMA.

1. A. Githago, hairy; stem erect; leaves linear-lanceolate;
calyx-teeth rising above the purple corolla; petals undivided,
without teeth. Corn Cockle.

Hab. Corn-fields. June, July. 0

" What hurt it doth among come, the spoyle vnto bread,
as well in colour, taste, and vnwholesomnes, is better
known than desired."

141. CERASTIUM.

1. C. vulgatum, hairy, viscid, tufted; leaves ovate; petals as
long as the calyx ; flowers longer than their stalks, subcapitate,
white. Broad-leaved Mouse-ear Chickweed.

Hab. Road-sides and waste ground. " Bed of Wooler
Water; dikes about Earl," Thomp. Road-sides be-
tween Blackhouse and Buncle, Berwickshire, plentiful.
Sides of the road leading through the plantations near
Blackadder. It seems a rare plant in this neighbour-
hood. May — Sept. 0

2. C. viscosum, hairy, viscid, recumbent ; leaves lanceolate-ob-
long; flowers white, somewhat panicled, shorter than their
stalks. Narrow-leaved Mouse-ear Chickweed.

Hab. Fields and road-sides very common. May, Sept. I/.

3. C. semidecandrum, hairy and viscid, suberect ; leaves ovate-
oblong ; flowers somewhat panicled, shorter than their stalks ;
stamens 5 ; petals slightly cloven. Little Mouse-ear Chickweed.

Hab. On walls and waste ground, very common. March,
April. 0

4. C. tetrandrum, hairy and somewhat viscid ; flowers 4-cleft,
with 4 stamens ; petals inversely heart-shaped, shorter than the
taper-pointed calyx, which is nearly as long as the capsule.
Four-cleft Mouse-ear Chickweed.

Hab. Sandy sea-coast. On the Links " at Bamborough,"
and Holy Island, Winch. Spittal Links, and south,
ward. May. 0

102 DECANDRIA— PENTAG^NIA.

5. C. arvense, stems recumbent and matted at the base ; leaves
linear-lanceolate, bluntish, fringed at the base; flowers large,,
white ; petals twice the length of the calyx ; capsule shorter.
Field CUckweed.

Hob. Dry gravelly banks, borders of fields, and road-sides,
frequent. Near King's Mount Bastion ; Castle-banks,
Thomp. Spittal and Scrammerston Links, &c. Mav,
Aug. If

This species is common on all the Border between this and
Kelso, though it appears to be rare in other districts of
Scotland.

142. SPERGULA.

1. S. arvensis, leaves whorled, linear ; flowers white, in a loase
panicle, their stalks reflexed when in fruit. Corn Spurrey.

Hob. Sandy corn-fields, common. June, July. (•)

GERABDE mentions that the Spurrey is sown in Brabant,
Holland and Flanders, " of purpose to fatten cattel, and to
cause them to give much milke ;" and it would seem the
practice is still continued. In Nor v, ay, in times of scar-
city, the seeds are ground and baked along with a small
proportion of corn. The bread is blackish, but not bad.

The flowers are very sensible to atmospheric changes.
We have seen a field, whitened with its numerous blos-
soms, have its appearance quite changed by the petals
closing on a black cloud passing over, and discharging a
few drops of rain. — The variety with five stamens is not

2. S. nodosa^ stems numerous, slender, spreading, 3—6 inches
long, beset with numerous pairs of short, smooth, awl-shaped
leaves, accompanied by axillary tufts of smaller ones ; flowers
large, white, few together, on simple stalks towards the top of
each stem. Knotted Spurrey.

Hab. Moist sandy or turfy ground, common in this neigh ->
bourhood. Links at Bamborough and Holy Island,
Winch. Boggy field west of the Steps-of-Grace Farm-
house ; Goswick Links, Thomp. Yarrowhaugh ; and
abundant on all our moors. July, Aug. H

DECANDRIA— PENTAGYNIA. 103

3. S. subulata, leaves opposite, awl-shaped, bristle-pointed,
fringed ; flower-stalks solitary, very long^ each bearing a small
flower, the white petals as long as the calyx. Awl-shaped Spurrey.

Hob. Dry pastures and barren heaths. Amongst the craigs
at Easington, and at Spindlestone, plentiful. Colding-
ham Moor. July, Aug. I/.

This species very much resembles Sagina procumbens, of
which LINNJETJS eonsidered it a variety; and we have
gathered specimens of the Sagina in which some of the
flowers had a calyx of five segments, and a capsule of five
cells. SMITH says he never found the marginal hairs on
the leaves of S. subulata wanting, and that the flower-
stalks are always more or less glandular and viscid ; but
we have gathered wild plants perfectly smooth in every
part. See also HOOKER'S FL Scot, i. 145*

( 104 )

CLASS XI.
DODECANDRIA.

" Lucy loved all that grew upon the ground,
And loveliness in all things living found;
The gilded fly, the fern upon the wall,
Were Nature's works, and admirable all ;
Pleased with indulgence of so cheap a kind,
Its cheapness never discomposed her mind.'*
CRABBE.

I. MONOGYNIA.

143. LYTHRUM. Petals 6; calyx 12. cleft, inferior.

II. DIGYNIA.

144. AGRIMONIA. Petals 5, borne by the calyx; seeds in the

bottom of the hardened calyx.

III. TRIGYNIA.

145. RESEDA. Petals in many segments; capsule of 1 cell, gap.

ing.

IV. DODECAGYNIA.

146. SEMPERVIVUM. Petals 12; calyx in 12 deep segments;

capsules 12.

DODECANDRIA. 105

I. MONOGYNIA.

143. LYTHRUM.

I. L. salicaria, stem square, 2 or 3 feet high ; leaves opposite,
lanceolate, heart-shaped at the base; flowers in whorled leafy-
spikes, purple ; stamens 12. Purple Loosestrife.

Hab. Rough bogs and marshy places. Haiden and Aller-
ton Mill deans; Tweed banks above Norham, &c.
July, Aug. I/.

II. DIGYNIA.

144. AGRIMONIA.

1. A. eupatoria, hairy, 2 feet high ; stem-leaves pinnate, leaf-
lets elliptic-oblong, terminal one stalked ; calyx encompassed
with bristles ; flowers numerous, yellow, in an elongated taper-
ing spike. Common Agrimony.

Hab. Borders of fields, and on dry banks, frequent. June,
July. H

The astringent and bitter qualities of this plant render it
mildly tonic and stimulant; but it is rather a popular
than a classical medicine, and makes the principal and
most efficacious part of some empirical herb-teas — Eng.
Bot.

III. TRIGYNIA.

145. RESEDA.

1. R. luteola^ leaves lanceolate, undivided ; calyx in four seg-
ments ; flowers yellowish, numerous, in long terminal clusters.
Dyer's Rocket.

Hab. Waste grounds, and dry gravelly pastures, common.
July. 0

The dried stems yield, by decoction, a yellow colour, and
are much used in dyeing wool, silk, and cotton.

E3

106 DODECANDRIA.

IV. DODECAGYNIA,

146. SEMPERVIVUM.

1. S. tectorum, leaves fringed ; offsets spreading ; edges of the
petals hairy, entire. Common flmiseleek.

Hal. Cottage roofs, frequent. July. 11

" It is common in the North to plant the herb Houseleek
upon the tops of cottage-houses. The learned author of
the ' Vulgar Errors ' informs us, that it was an ancient
superstition, and the herb was planted on the tops of
houses as a defensative against lightning and thunder,"--;
BRANDE'S Pop. Antiq. p. 241.

( 107 )

CLASS XII.
ICOSANDRIA.

" He that enlarges his curiosity after the works of Nature, demonstrably

multiplies the inlets to happiness ; and, therefore, the younger part of my
readers, to whom I dedicate this vernal speculation, must excuse me for call-,
ing upon them, to make use at once of the spring of the year, and the spring
of life, to acquire, while their minds may be yet impressed with new images,
a love of innocent pleasures, and an ardour for useful knowledge ; and to re-
member, that a blighted spring makes a barren year, and that the vernal
flowers, however beautiful and gay, are only intended by Nature as prepara-
tives to autumnal fruits." — Dr JOHNSON.

I. MONOGYNIA.

147. PRUNUS. Calyx inferior, 5-cleft ; petals 5 ; nut of the drupa
with slightly prominent seams.

II. PENTAGYNIA.

J48. MESPILUS. Calyx superior, 5-cleft; petals 5; apple with
2-5 bony single- valved capsules ; seeds 2.

149. PYRUS. Calyx superior, 5-cleft; petals 5; apple with 2-5

membranous 2 .valved capsules ; seeds 2.

150. SPIRAEA. Calyx inferior, 5-eleft; petah 5; capmks of 2

membranous valves ; seeds numerous.

108 ICOSANDRIA— MONOGYNIA.

III. POLYGYNIA.

151. ROSA. Calyx 5-cleft ; tube finally pulpy, lined with hairs,

and with numerous bristly seeds.

152. RUBUS. Calyx 5-cleft ; berry superior, compound, decidu-

ous ; receptacle spongy, permanent.

155. TORMENTILLA. Calyx 6-cleft ; petals 4 ; seeds naked, beard-

less; receptacle dry, obsolete.

156. GEUM. Calyx 10-cleft; petals 5; seeds each with a bent

hooked tail ; receptacle columnar.

153. FRAGARIA. Calyx 10-cleft; seeds naked, even, on the sur-

face of a pulpy deciduous receptacle.

157. COMARUM. Calyx 10-cleft; seeds naked, even, on the sur-

face of a spongy, hairy, permanent receptacle.

154. POTENTILLA. Calyx 10-cleft; seeds naked, rugged, beard*

less ; receptacle dry, obsolete.

I. MONOGYNIA.
147. PRUNUS.

1. P. Padus, flowers white, in cylindrical pendulous clusters;
leaves deciduous, smooth, with 2 glands on the under side at the
base. Bird Cherry.

Hob. Woods about Houndwood and Renton Inns. In a
dean about a mile south of Fastcastle. May. \\

The leaves of this shrub, when bruised, have a disagreeable
scent, resembling Rue. Birds of several kinds soon de-
vour the black, austere and bitter fruit, which is nause-
ous, and probably dangerous to mankind, though LIGHT-
FOOT asserts that an infusion of them in brandy is drank
in Scotland.

ICOSANDRIA— PENTAGYNIA. • 109

2. P. Cerasus, flowers white, in nearly sessile umbels ; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, folded flat in the bud, somewhat downy beneath.
Wild Cherry.

Hab. Hedges. Near Flemington. May. ?j

3. P. spinosa, flower-stalks solitary ; leaves lanceolate, smooth ;
branches thorny at the end. Sloe.

Hal. Hedges and deans. April. J-j

The flowers appear earlier than the leaves, and are evolved
in such profusion, that it would seem

" As if a flaky shower the leafless sprays
Had hung."

The leaves are reckoned among the adulterations of tea
in England ; and the inspissated juice of the fruit serves
to adulterate, or to make fictitious port-wine.

II. PENTAGYNIA.

148. MESPILUS.

1. M. Oxyacantha* thorny ; leaves obtuse, variously 3-lobed,
serrated, smooth ; styles about 2. Hawthorn.
Hab. Woods. June. }j

" Few of our native plants can present a more beautiful
sight than a well-grown bush of Hawthorn, with its dense
masses of white flowers backed by the shining dark-green
leaves. Nor is it less desirable on account of its scent ;
though there are many individual plants perfectly desti-
tute of it. It is excellent for fences, and bears clipping
admirably. The fruit affords a supply of food to innu-
merable birds in a season when scarcely any thing else is
to be obtained." HOOKER — When old, it is much infest-
ed with the grey lichen, a state in which it is very poeti-
cally described by BURNS :

" The hawthorn I will pu', wV its locks o* siller grey,
Where, like an aged man, it stands at break o* day,
But the songster's nest within the bush I winna tak away;
And a' to be a posie to my ain dear May."

110 ICOSANDRIA— PENTAGYNIA.

149. PYRUS.

1. P. MaluS) leaves simple, serrated, more or less elliptical
flowers in a simple sessile umbel. Crab-tree.

Hob. Hedges, common. May. \\

2. P. Aucupaiia, leaves pinnate, leaflets uniform, serrated,
smooth; flowers corymbose; styles about 3; fruit globular.
Hoan-tree.

Hob. Woods. At the base of Cheviot. May. ?j

" It is probable that this tree was in high esteem with the
Druids ; for it may to this day be observed to grow more
frequently than any other in the neighbourhood of those
Druidical circles of stones, so often seen in North Britain ;
and the superstitious still continue to retain a great vene-
ration for it, which was undoubtedly handed down to them
from early antiquity. They believe that any small part
of this tree carried about them, will prove a sovereign
charm against all the dire effects of jenchantment or
witchcraft. Their cattle also, as well as themselves, are
supposed to be preserved by it from evil ; for the dairy,
maid will not forget to drive them to the shealings or
summer pastures with a rod of the Rowan-tree, which she
carefully lays up over the door of the sheal-boothy, or
summer-house, and drives them home again with the
same." This superstitious belief prevailed also in Nor-
thumberland, but is now probably extinct. — In the Island
of Jura they use the juice of the berries as an acid for
punch ; and, in some places, the Highlanders distil a very
good spirit from them. LIGHTFOOT — " Ale and beer
brewed with these berries, being ripe, is an incomparable
drink, familiar in Wales, where this tree is reputed so sa-
cred, that there is not a churchyard without one of them
planted in it." EVELYN.

150. SPIRJEA.

1. S. ulmaria, stem herbaceous; leaves interruptedly pinnate,
•lawny beneath, the terminal leaflet largest and lobed; flowers
rymose, with many styles, cream-coloured. Meadow-sweet.

Hob. Moist meadows and banks of rivulets. July. 7/

ICQSANDRIA— POLYGYNIA. Ill

III. POLYGYNIA,
151. ROSA.

* Branches bristly. Prickles mostly slender, nearly straight.

1. R. spinosissima, flower-stalks without bracteas, mostly
smooth, as well as the simple calyx ; fruit globose, abrupt, some,
what depressed ; prickles of the stem straight, unequal, nume-
rous, intermixed with glandular bristles; leaflets roundish,
smooth, with simple serratures, Burnet Rose.

Hob. Sandy sea-banks, deans, and hedges, common. The
only species found wild in Holy Island. June, July.

A small bushy very prickly shrub, of a dark colour, with
small leaves. The flowers are white or cream-coloured ;
the fruit at first reddish brown, black when ripe. It is
the Cat-hip of school-boys.

* * Brandies without bristles. Prickles nearly straight..

2. R. tomentosa, fruit broadly elliptical, bristly ; calyx copious-
ly pinnate ; prickles slightly curved ; leaflets ovate, acute, more
or less downy. Downy-leaved Dog»Rose.

Hah. Deans and hedges, common. June, July.

A branching bushy shrub. Branches round, often coloured
on one side, prickly, but otherwise smooth. Prickles irre-
gularly placed, more or less dilated at the base. Leaflets
doubly serrated, glandular on the margins ; the footstalks
downy, glandular and prickly. FloweVs red, paler at the
base, usually two or three together, on stalks thickly be-
set with glandular bristles. Fruit red, bristly, capped
with the permanent calyx,

3. R. scabriuscula, fruit roundish-ovate, bristly as well as the
flowerstalks ; prickles awl-shaped ; leaflets doubly serrated, el-
liptical, hairy on both sides ; divisions of the calyx permanent.
Rougholeaved Dog-Rose. Winch, Geogr. Dist. p. 45.

Hob. Banks of the Tweed above the Union Bridge, plen-
tiful ; and occasionally in hedges. June, July.

112 ICOSANDRIA— POL YGYNI A .

" The buds are peculiarly handsome when sufficiently ex-
panded to shew the bright red tints with which the outer
edge of the snow-white petals are marked." Sometimes
the flowers are entirely white ; and a variety with them
scarcely one-half their usual size, grows abundantly at
the sides of the road between Ancroft and Barmoor. —
Probably a variety of R. tomentosa.

* * * Branches without bristles. Prickles hooked, compressed. Styles
distinct.

4. R. rubiginosa^ fruit obovate, bristly towards the base ; calyx
pinnate ; prickles hooked, compressed, with smaller, straighter
ones interspersed ; leaflets elliptical, doubly serrated, hairy,
clothed beneath with rusty-coloured glands. Sweet Briar.

Hob. Hedges about Scremmerston and Broomhouse, but
not certainly wild. July.

5. R. sarmentacea, fruit broadly elliptical, naked ; flower-stalks
aggregate, smooth or minutely bristly ; calyx strongly pinnate ;
prickles hooked; leaflets ovate, doubly serrated, very smooth.
Trailing Rose*

Hab. Hedges and deans, frequent. June, July.

It will, I think, depend upon the value which may be at-
tached to the character afforded by the doubly serrated
leaves, whether we will consider this species distinct from
R. canina, or not. I cannot perceive any other difference
between them. Flowers pale pink.

6. R. dumetorum, fruit elliptical, smooth, as tall as the brae-
teas ; flower-stalks aggregate, smooth ; calyx copiously pinnate,
somewhat cut ; prickles numerously scattered, hooked ; leaflets
simply serrated, hairy on both sides. Thicket Rose. (Eng. Fl.
ii. 392.)

Hab. "Deans and hedges not rare in this neighbourhood.
Side of the road between New Farm and the Old Lam-
berton Toll. Below Lamberton Shields. On banks
between Middleton and Langley Ford. June, July.

A branching shrub, 3 or 4 feet high. Branches brownish,
smooth, or blistered, round, with equal hooked prickles.
Two of these are generally placed at the base of each leaf,
one a little below the other, and there is often a third ;
the base is much dilated. Leaflets 5 or 7, ovate, acute,
4

ICOSANDKIA— POLYGYNIA. 113

irregularly serrated, hairy, particularly beneath on the
ribs, more sparingly on the upper surface, which is
greener. The serratures are often tipt with a gland, more
commonly only gangrened. Footstalks downy, with a
few brownish glands intermixed, and 1 or 2 prickles on
the inferior surface. Stipulas linear, pointed, smooth,
fringed with hairs and numerous glands. Bracteas smooth,
ovate-lanceolate, fringed like the stipulas, the outer one
generally as long as the fruit, sometimes with a leaf-like
point, which rises much above it. Flower-stalks smooth,
rather short, generally 3 together. Tube of the calyx
smooth, nearly globular, sometimes elliptical ; segments
of the limb spreading, downy, and glandular, 2 of them
copiously pinnate. Petals light red, white at the base,
obcordate, emarginate. Styles prominent, hairy. Stig-
mas forming a round hairy head. Fruit red, smooth, el-
liptical. Calyx deciduous. This seems a very distinct
species, whose identity with the R. dumetorum of SMITH,
I have been enabled to ascertain through the kindness of
Mr WINCH. The R. dumetorum of Eng. Botany is quite
a different plant.

7. R> Forsteri, fruit elliptical, smooth., like the aggregate flower-
stalks ; calyx copiously, and somewhat doubly pinnate ; prickles
scattered, conical, hooked ; leaflets simply serrated, smooth
above, ribs hairy beneath.

Hob. Ancroft dean. June, July.

Mr WINCH informs me, our plant agrees with a specimen
he has from FORSTER; and it corresponds with SMITH'S
description. After an attentive examination of it in a
growing state, I am satisfied that it cannot be kept dis-
tinct from R. canina.

8. R. caning fruit ovate, smooth or somewhat bristly, like
the aggregate flower-stalks ; calyx pinnate, deciduous ; prickles
strongly hooked ; leaflets simply serrated, pointed, quite smooth.
Common Dog -Rose.

Hob. Hedges and thickets. June, July.

Flowers pale pink, clustered, soon out-topped by the lead-
ing shoots of the shrub. " It were to small purpose to
vse many words in the description thereof; for even chil-
dren with great delight eat the berries thereof when they
be ripe, make chaines and other pretty gewgawes of the
fruit : cookes and gentlewomen make tarts, and such like

1 1 4 ICOSANDRIA— POLYGYNIA.

dishes for pleasure thereof, and therefore this shall suffice
for the description."

152. RUBUS.

1. R. fruticosuS) stems angular, furrowed, barren ones arched
and elongated ; prickles hooked ; leaves pedate, of 5 stalked
ovate-oblong leaflets, white and downy beneath ; panicle cylin-
drical, twice compound ; calyx reflexed, unarmed ; petals deli-
cate pink. Common Bramble.

Hab. Hedges and deans. July, Aug.

2. R. glandulosw, stems angular ; branches and footstalks
hairy, with glandular bristles interspersed ; prickles deflexed,
partly hooked ; leaflets 5 or 3, downy beneath ; panicle and calyx
very prickly and hairy, with copious glandular bristles,; petals
white. Grandular Bramble.

Hab. Hedges not rare. July, Aug.

3. R. idauS) stems round, erect, smooth, with downy branches,
their prickles straight and slender; leaves pinnate, of 5 or 3
ovate rather angular leaflets, very downy beneath ; clusters
prickly, somewhat compound ; flowers pendulous, white. Rasp-
berry.

Hab. Woods and deans, frequent. June.

4. R. corylifottus, stems round, spreading, barren ones some-
what angular ; prickles scattered, straight, deflexed ; leaflets 5 or
3, roundish-heart-shaped, finely hairy beneath ; panicle minutely
glandular, as well as the reflexed calyx ; petals white. Hazel-
leaved Bramble.

Hab. Side of the Whiteadder, between its mouth and the
bridge. Sea-banks below Lamberton Shields. Also in
hedges, frequent. July, Aug.

5. 7?. casius, stems prostrate, round, glaucous, prickly and
bristly ; prickles deflexed ; leaflets 3, hairy beneath, lateral ones
lobed externally ; calyx embracing the glaucous fruit ; flowers
white or blush-coloured. Dew-berry.

Hab. Bushy places not common. Tweed banks beyond
Ord-Mill, Thomp. July.

ICOSANDRIA— POLYGYNIA. 116

6. R. Chamcemorus, stem herbaceous, without prickles, simple,
single-flowered ; leaves simple, plaited, lobed ; segments of the
calyx ovate ; flowers white. Cloud-berry.

Hob. On Cheviot, plentiful, Winch. June. 2/

The fruit, bruised and eaten with reindeer milk, is a favou-
rite Lapland dish. They also make a jelly of it, by boil-
ing it with fish. Immense quantities are sent in autumn
from all the north of the Guiph of Bothnia to Stockholm,
where it is used for sauces, and in making vinegar. Its
medicinal properties, says the celebrated Dr CLARKE,
have certainly been overlooked, owing, perhaps, to its ra-
rity in Britain, or to its not attaining the same degree of
perfection as in Lapland. He was cured of a " most ob-
stinate obstruction of the biliary duct," by eating freely
of the fruit. " When eaten with sugar and cream, it is
cooling and delicious, and tastes like the large American
hautboy strawberries. Little did the author dream of the
blessed effects he was to experience by tasting of the of-
fering brought by these little children, who, proud of
having their gifts accepted, would gladly run and gather
daily a fresh supply ; which was as often blended with
cream and sugar, by the hands of their mother ; until at
last he perceived that his fever rapidly abated, his spirits
and his appetite were restored ; — and, when sinking under
a disorder so obstinate, that it seemed to be incurable, the
blessings of health were restored to him, where he had
reason to believe he should have found his grave."

153. FRAGARIA.

1 . F. vesca, calyx of the fruit reflexed ; hairs of the footstalks
widely spreading, those of the partial flower-stalks close-pressed,
.silky. Wood Strawberry.

Hob. Woods and hedge-banks. May, June. 11

154. POTENTILLA.

1. P. anserine stem creeping; leaves interruptedly pinnate,
serrated, silky ; stalks axillary, solitary, single-flowered ; flower
yellow. Silver-weed. Moss-crops.

Hab. Moist fields and road-sides, July. 7/

The roots taste like parsnips, and are frequently eaten by the
common people in Scotland, either roasted or boiled. In
the islands of Tirey and Col they are much esteemed, as

116 ICOSANDRIA— POLYGYNIA.

answering, in some measure, the purposes of bread, they
having been known to support the inhabitants for months
together, during a scarcity of other provisions.— LIGHT-
FOOT.

2. P. verna^ stems procumbent ; radical leaves of 5 or 7 obo-
vate-wedge-shaped, partly serrated, furrowed leaflets, hairy at the
margins and ribs beneath ; upper stipulas dilated ; flowers yel-
low. Spring Cinquefoil.

Hab. Spindlestone Hills, Northumberland, plentiful. May.

3. P. reptans, stem creeping; leaflets 5, obovate, serrated;
stalks axillary, single flowered ; flower yellow. Creeping Cinque-
foil.

Hob. Road-sides and borders of fields. June-Aug. I/.

4. P. fragariastrum, stems prostrate; leaves ternate, leaflets
roundish-obovate, serrated, hairy ; flowers small, white ; seeds
corrugated, hairy at the scar. Strawberry -leaved Cinquefoil.

Hab. Dry gravelly banks, frequent. April. 14

155. TORMENTILLA.

1. T. officinalis, stem ascending, branched ; leaves almost ses-
sile, ternate ; leaflets oblong acute, deeply serrated ; stipulas
cut ; flowers small, yellow. Common Tormentil.

Hab. Barren pastures and heaths. June, July. I/.

The root is very astringent ; and, in several northern coun-
tries, is gathered for the purpose of tanning. Indeed it
is asserted that it contains a larger proportion of the tan-
ning principle than any other wood or bark, a pound and
a half of tormentil being equal to seven pounds of oak-
bark. It is used medicinally.

2. T. reptans, stem prostrate, scarcely branched ; leaves stalk-
ed, ternate ; leaflets obovate, toothed ; stipulas undivided ;
flowers rather large, yellow. Trailing Tormentil.

Hab. " Heathy ground, a mile north of Coldingham ;
Little Swinton Bogs, Berwickshire," Rev. A. Baird.
June, July. 1].

ICOSANDRIA— POLYGYNIA. 117

156. GEUM.

1. G. urbanum, leaves ternate, radical ones somewhat lyrate ;
stipulas rounded, cut; flowers nearly upright, small, yellow;
styles naked. Common Avens.

Hab. Woods and hedges, frequent. May-Aug. 7/

Formerly in high repute for all relaxations of the bowels ;
and, from its astringent and tonic power, deserves to be
revived. Its taste is aromatic and austere — Dr GOOD.

2. G. rivale, radical leaves interruptedly pinnate, somewhat ly-
rate ; stipulas ovate, acute, cut ; flowers drooping, large, with a
purplish-brown calyx and tawny brown petals ; styles ' hairy
above the curvature. Water Avens.

Hab. Sides of rivulets and ditches, and in boggy woods,
common. June, July. 11.

The variety /3, considered a hybrid plant by some, but erro-
neously, is found in the woods at Netherbyres, according
to Mr BAIRD, and has occurred to us in the immediate
neighbourhood. In it the stalk supports a showy rose-like
flower, consisting of numerous red striated petals, with-
out any calyx, the segments of which have been converted
into leaf-like bracteas. From the centre of this another
flower, generally of the usual conformation, arises, and its
stalk bears near the base 3 lacineated bracteas, very much
resembling in colour and texture the true petals; but
monstrosities are never constant in character, and two
specimens will seldom be found to correspond precisely.

157. COMARUM.

1. C. palustre, downy ; leaves pinnate, the lower with 7 or 5
elliptical serrated leaflets, the upper with 3 ; flowers dark pur-
plish red, the petals much smaller than the calyx. Marsh Cinque"
foil

Hab. Spongy bogs and marshy places, frequent. Below
Murton Craigs, Thomp. Haiden dean ; below Shores-
wood-hall, Dr Thompson. Longridge dean, &c. July.

( 118 )

GLASS XIII.
POLYANDRIA.

1 At early morn

Court the fresh air, explore the heaths and woods>

And, leaving it to others to foretell,

By calculations sage, the ebb and flow

Of tides ; and, when the moon will be eclipsed,

Do you, for your own benefit, construct

A calendar of flowers, plucked as they blow

Where health abides, and cheerfulness and peace."

I. MONOGYNIA.

* Petals 4.

160. PAP AVER. Calyx of 2 leaves; capsule of 1 cell, opening by
pores under the stigma.

158. CHELIDONIUM. Calyx of 2 leaves ; pod of 1 cell ; seeds

crested.

159. GLAUCIUM. Calyx of 2 leaves; pod of 2 or 3 cells ; seeds

dotted.

* • Petals 5.

162. CKTUS. Capsule of several valves ; seeds numerous ; calyx
of 5 permanent leaves, 2 of them smaller.

POLYANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. 119

* * * Petals numerous.

161. NUPHAR. Berry coated, of many cells ; petals from the re-
ceptacle, furrowed and honey-bearing at the back.

II. POLYGYNIA.

164. THALICTRUM. Calyx 0 ; petals 4 or 5, imbricated ; seeds

without any appendage,

163. ANEMONE. Calyx 0; petals 5-15, imbricated; seeds nume-
rous.

167. CALTHA. Calyx 0( petals 5, or more; nectary 0; follicles
5-10.

166. TROLLIUS. Calyx 0; petals 5-15, deciduous ; nectaries flat-
tened ; follicles numerous.

165. RANUNCULUS. Calyx of 5 leaves ; petals 5, or more, with

nectaries in their claws ; seeds numerous, naked.

I. MONOGYNIA.

158. CHELIDONIUM.

1. C. majus, stem smooth, branched, with orange-coloured
juice ; leaves deeply pinnatifid ; flowers umbellate, yellow. Com*
mon Celandine.

Hab. " Dike north of the Magdalen Field farm-house,
sparingly," Thomp. Occasionally to be seen in cot-
tage gardens. May, June. If.

159. GLAUCIUM.

1. G. luteum, stem smooth ; radical leaves lyrate, those of the
stem clasping, wavy ; flowers large, yellow ; pod roughish with
minute tubercles, a foot long. Yellow Horned-poppy.

120 POLYANDRIA— MONOGYNIA.

Hob. Sandy sea-coast at Coldingham, Rev. A. Baird.
July, Aug. $

160. PAPAVER.

1. P. argemone, stem leafy, many-flowered ; leaves doubly pin-
natifid; calyx slightly hairy; capsule club-shaped, ribbed, brist-
ly. Lmg rough-headed Poppy.

Hal. Corn fields. June, July. Q

2. P. dubium, stem many-flowered, hairy ; leaves doubly pin-
watifid ; bristles, on the flower-stalks close-pressed ; capsule
smooth, oblong, angular. Long smooth-headed Poppy.

Hob. Cultivated grounds, occasionally. July. 0

3. P. Rhceas, stem many-flowered, rough (like the flower-stalks)
with spreading bristles ; leaves pinnatifid, cut ; capsule smooth,
nearly globular ; stigma many-rayed. Common Red Poppy.

Hal. Corn fields. Abundant on Holy Island. July. 0

161. NUPHAR.

1, N. lutea, calyx of 5 leaves; border of the stigma entire;
footstalks two-edged; lobes of the leaves meeting each other.
Yellow Water Lily.

Hab. Coldingham Lough, Rev. A. Baird. July. I/.

" Flowers about 2 inches wide, cupped, all over of a golden
yellow, with the scent of brandy or ratifia, whence they
are called Brandy-bottles in Norfolk. They perhaps com-
municate this flavour by infusion to the cooling liquors,
or sherbets, so much used in the Levant." — SM.

162. CISTUS.

1. C. Helianthemum, shrubby, procumbent, with fringed stipu-
las ; leaves elliptic-oblong, white, and downy beneath ; calyx-
ribs bristly, its outer leaves lanceolate, fringed. Dwarf Cistus.

Hab. Heugh, Holy Island, Thomp. On the rocky ridge
extending from Kyloe to Bamborough, most abundant.
Sea-banks beyond Hudshead. Longridge dean. Banks
of the Whiteadder above Edrington Mill, &c. June-
Aug. TI

POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA. 121

An elegant little shrub with yellow blossoms, which expand
in sunshine only, and are of ephemeral existence. The
stamens, when rudely touched, retire from the style, and
lie down in a spreading form upon the petals, — an interest-
ing example of vegetable irritability.

Mr WINCH found a single specimen of Delphinium consolida,
in fields near the Loch on Holy Island ; but, as he in-
forms me, it may have been imported with corn, and can
scarcely claim a place in our Flora.

II. POLYGYNIA.

163. ANEMONE.

1. A. nemorosa, stem single-flowered ; leaves and involucre
stalked, ternate, lobed and cut ; petals 6, elliptical, white, tinged
with purple on the outside ; seeds pointed, without tails. Wood
Anemone.

Hob. Woods, deans, and elevated moors, abundant. April.

164. THALICTRUM.

1. T. minus, leaves doubly pinnate, leaflets ternate, 3-cleft,
glaucous on both sides ; flowers panicled, pendulous ; stem zig-
zag ; stipulas rounded. Lesser Meadow-rue.

Hob. Dry pastures. Tweed banks opposite Spring Gar-
dens ; Spittal Links, and banks beyond Hudshead,
Thomp. Common on our coast. June, July. If

2. T. majus, leaves triply pinnate, leaflets ternate, lobed, glau-
cous beneath ; branches of the panicle aggregate, somewhat um-
vellate ; flowers drooping ; stipulas crescent-shaped, notched.
Greater Meadow-rue.

Hal. " Rocky and woody banks of the Eye at Nether-
byres," Rev. A. Baird. June, July. If

t 3. T. flavum, stem erect, furrowed, leafy ; leaves doubly pin-

122 POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA.

nate, partly 3-lobed ; panicle compound, close, corymbose ;
flowers and stamens erect. Common Meadow-rue.

flab. Wet meadows, rare. " Porterhaugh," Thonip.
Woods at Netherbyres, Rev. A. BaircL June, July. 7/

165. RANUNCULUS.

* Leaves simple. Flowers yellow.

1. R. Flammula, root fibrous; stem reclining; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, bluntish, stalked ; seeds smooth. Lesser Spear-wort.

Hob. Marshy places, common. June-Sept. ?/

The distilled water of this plant acts instantaneously as a
vomit, u and, from the experience I have had of it," says
Dr WITHERING, " I feel myself authorised to assert,
that, in the case of poison being swallowed, or other cir-
cumstances occurring, in which it is desirable to make a
patient vomit instantaneously, it is preferable to any other
medicine yet known, and does not excite those painful
conti'actions in the upper part of the stomach, which the
white vitriol sometimes does, thereby defeating the inten-
tion for which it was given." Notwithstanding this re-
commendation from a physician, distinguished for his
learning and practical skill, the remedy is altogether ne-
glected. There be " phantasticall physitions, who, when
they have found an approved medicine and perfect reme-
die neere home against any disease 5 yet, not content
therewith, they wil seeke for a new farther off, and by
that meanes many times hurt more than they helpe."

2. R. lingua, root fibrous ; stem erect, many-flowered ; leaves
lanceolate, pointed, nearly sessile, somewhat serrated ; seeds
smooth ; flowers large. Great Spear-wort.

Hob. In the pond above Spindlestone. July. 11

3. R. Ficaria, leaves heart-shaped, angular, stalked, smooth ; pe-
tals numerous, elliptic-oblong. Pilewort.

Hob. Moist meadows and hedge-banks. April. 7/

* * Leaves lobed or cut. Flowers yellow.

4. R. sceleratuS) stem erect, hollow, much branched ; leaves

POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA. 123

smooth, lower ones palmate, upper fingered ; flowers small ;
fruit oblong ; seeds very. numerous, minute. Water Crowfoot.
Hal. Watery places, common. June-Aug. Q

The bruised herb is said to raise a blister, leaving a sore,
which is not easily healed. " Cunning beggers do vse to
stampe the leaves, and lay it vnto their legs and arms,
which causeth such filthy ulcers, as we daily see (among
such wicked vagabonds), "to move the people the more to
pitie."

5. R. bulbosus, root bulbous ; stem upright, many-flowered ;
leaves cut into 3 stalked leaflets, which are deeply 3-cleft and
cut ; flower-stalks furrowed ; calyx reflexed ; seeds smooth.
Butter-cups.

Hub. Meadows and pastures. May. I/.

(5. R. repens, root slightly tuberous, with creeping scions ;
leaves compound, cut, the uppermost entire ; flower-stalks fur-
rowed ; calyx spreading. Creeping Crowfoot.

Hab, Moist meadows and pastures. June-Aug. 11

7. R' acriS) stem erect, covered with close hairs ; leaves in 3
deep lobed arid cut segments, those of the uppermost linear and
entire : flower- stalks round and even ; calyx spreading. Mea-
dow Crowfoot.

Hob. Meadows and pastures. June, July. I/.

8. R. arvensis, stem erect, much branched, many-flowered,
smooth ; leaves once or twice deeply 3-cleft, with linear-lanceo-
late segments ; flowers small, pale ; seeds very prickly at the
sides. Corn Crowfoot.

Hab. Corn fields, rare in the immediate neighbourhood,
but common about Paxton, Swinton, &c. and in the vi-
cinity of Bamborough. June. Q

The prickly seeds render this species troublesome to the
reaper. It is said to be very dangerous to cattle, and
they eat it greedily.

* * * Petals white with a yellow claw.

9. R* hederaceus, stem creeping; leaves roundish-kidney-sha-

3

124 POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA.

ped, with 3 or 5 lobes, entire, smooth; petals small, scarcely
longer than the calyx ; seeds wrinkled. Ivy Crowfoot.

Hob. Ditches and watery places, frequent. May-Aug.

10. R. aquatilis, stem floating, submersed; leaves in capillary
segments under water, above somewhat peltate, lobed, bluntly
notched ; petals obovate, twice as long as the calyx. Water
Crowfoot.

(1) aquatilis, all the leaves divided into long capillary seg-
ments.

(2) circinatus, all the leaves divided into capillary diverg-
ing segments, forming a small orbicular outline.

Hob. Ponds and still running waters. (1) In rapid
streams. (2) Holy Island Loch. May, June. 7/

The properties of this seem to be very different from those
of the Corn Crowfoot ; for we are told by Dr PULTENEY,
that, in the neighbourhood of Ringwood, on the borders of
the Avon, some cottagers sustain their cows and horses
almost wholly by it. The cows relished it so highly, that
it was unsafe to allow them more than a certain quantity,
between 25 and 30 pounds each daily, but with variation,
according to circumstances. The cows were not in a mean
condition, and gave a sufficient quantity of good milk.
Hogs also are fed with the same plant, on which they im-
prove so well, that it is not necessary to allow them other
substances, till it is proper to put them up to fatten. —
Lin. Trans.

166. TROLLIUS.

1. T. europ&us, petals about 15, converging into a globe ; nec-
taries from 5 to 10, the length of the stamens. Globe-flower.

Hob. Moist meadows, not uncommon. Haidendean, abun-
dant. Felkington Bog, sparingly, Dr Thompson. " Bun-
cle Wood. Banks of the Leet at Swinton. In the
marshy field near Edington Moor," Rev. A. Baird.
Lamberton Moor. June. 7/

The flowers are large, handsome, yellow, giving the plant a
good title to its place in the garden. The country people
of Westmoreland, Scotland, and Sweden, consider it a
sort of festival flower, going in parties to gather it, for

POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA. 125

the decoration of their doors and apartments, as well as
their persons. — SM. It is the Lucken-gowan of ALLAN
RAMSAY,—-

" We'll pou the daisies on the green,

The lucken-gowans frae the bog;
Between hands now and then we'll leen,

And sport upon the velvet fog."

167. CALTHA.

1. C. palustris, smooth ; stem erect ; leaves heart-shaped,
rounded, crenate ; flowers large, yellow. Marsh Marigold.
Hab. Marshes and boggy places. May, June. "2/

The flower-buds preserved in salted vinegar, are a good sub-
stitute for capers.

( 126 )

CLASS XIV.
DIDYNAMIA.

< ' We content ourselves with the knowledge of the tongues, and a little skill in
philology, or history, perhaps, and antiquity, and neglect that which to
me seems more material, I mean natural history, and the works of the
creation. I do not discommend, or derogate from those other studies. I
should betray mine own ignorance and weakness should I do so ; I only
wish they might not altogether justle out, and exclude this. I wish that
this might be brought in fashion among us ; I wish men would be so
equal and civil, as not to disparage, deride, and vilify those studies,
which themselves skill not of, or are not conversant in; no knowledge
can be more pleasant than this, none that doth so satisfy and feed the soul :
in comparison whereto that of words and phrases seems to me insipid
and jejune."— RAY.

I. GYMNOSPERMIA.

* Calyx in 5 segments^ nearly regular.

171. GLECHOMA. Upper lip of the corolla cloven, the lower in 3
segments, middle segment broadest, emarginate ; anthers
converging crosswise in pairs.

170. MEN T HA. Corolla nearly equal, 4-lobed, the broadest
slightly notched ; filaments spreading widely, straight.

169. TEUCRIUM. Upper lip of the corolla in 2 very deep remote
lateral lobes, the stamens projecting through the cleft ;
lower lip 3-lobed, central lobe largest.

DIDYNAMIA. 127

168. AJUGA. Upper lip minute, abrupt, notched; lower one 3-
lobed, the central largest, inversely heart-shaped ; stamens
exserted.

174. BETONICA. Calyx teeth spinous-tipped ; upper lip of the

corolla nearly flat, ascending, the lower 3-cleft ; tube cylin-
drical, incurved ; stamens not longer than the throat.

172. L.AMIUM. Calyx teeth spinous, spreading; upper lip of the

corolla vaulted, entire, lower 2-lobed, toothed at each side
of the throat ; anthers hairy.

173. GALEOPSIS. Calyx teeth spinous-tipped ; upper Up of the

corolla vaulted, serrated, lower in 3 unequal lobes, with a
pair of hollow prominences at the base in front.

175. STACK vs. Calyx teeth spinous-pointed ; upper lip of the

corolla vaulted, lower one 3-lobed, the lateral lobes reflex-
ed ; stamens finally spreading outwards at each side.

176. BALLOT A. Calyx with 10 ribs and 5 teeth; upper lip of
*the corolla concave, notched : lower 3-lobed, obtuse, the

central lobe largest, cloven.

177- MARRUBIUM. Calyx with 10 ribs and 10 spreading teeth ;
upper lip of the corolla straight, linear, cloven : lower in 3
deep lobes, the middle one largest and cloven.

* * Calyx two-lipped.

181. SCUTELLARIA. Calyx, when in fruit, closed by a dorsal
lid.

180. THYMUS. Calyx closed with dense converging hairs.

178. CLINOPODIUM. Calyx many-ribbed; involucrum of nume-

rous taper leaves under the flowers.

179. ORIGANUM. Calyx without ribs ; involucrum of numerous

dilated flat leaves, 1 to each flower, collected into a spu-
rious catkin.

128 DIDYNAMIA.

182. PRUNELLA. Upper lip of the calyx with 3 very short acute
teeth ; filaments forked, 1 of the points bearing the anther;

II. ANGIOSPERMIA.

* Calyx four -cleft.

183. BARTSIA. Calyx coloured ; corolla ringent, with a con-

tracted orifice ; upper lip longest, concave, entire ; lower
in 3 equal reflexed lobes ; capsule ovate, compressed, of 2
cells ; seeds angular.

184. RHINANTHUS. Calyx inflated, 4-toothed ; upper lip of the

corolla compressed, lower one plane, 3-lobed ; capsule of 2
cells, obtuse, compressed ; seeds compressed, imbricated.

186. MELAMPYRUM. Upper lip of the corolla compressed, with a
narrow reflexed border at each side ; lower lip in 3 nearly
equal segments ; capsule oblong, 2 -celled, oblique, opening
on one side ; seeds in pairs, tumid, smooth.

185. EUPHRASIA. Calyx tubular, 4-toothed; upper lip of the

corolla divided ; lower one spreading, of 3 notched lobes ;
anthers spinous ; capsule of 2 cells ; seeds striated.

* • Calyx five-cleft.

1 89. SCROPHULARIA, Corolla subglobose ; limb contracted, short-

ly 2-lipped, upper lip 2-lobed (with a small interior lobe
frequently within), lower 3-lobed. Capsule of 2 cells.

1 90. DIGITALIS. Calyx in 5 segments ; corolla bell-shaped, in-

flated beneath ; stamens bent ; capsule of 2 cells.

188. ANTIRRHINUM. Calyx in 5 segments; corolla closed with
a palate, prominent or spurred at the base behind ; cap-
sule of 2 cells, bursting unequally at the summit.

187« PEDICULARIS, Calyx inflated; corolla ringent; upper lip
compressed, arched, the lower plane, 3-lobed ; capsule ob-
lique, compressed, 2-celled ; seeds pointed.

DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA. 133

Hob. Deans and dry banks. A little beyond Dodd's
Well ; Edrington Craigs ; Chapel-hill, Belford, Thomp.
Haidendean, &c. July, Aug. 7/

175. STACHYS.

1. S. sylvatica, hairy, fetid ; stem solid; leaves heart-shaped,
stalked ; flowers dull red, 6 in a whorl. Hedge Woundwort.

Hab. Woods, and under hedges. July, Aug. If

2. S. palustris, root tuberous ; leaves linear -lanceolate, half-
embracing the hairy stem ; flowers light purple, variegated, 6 to
10 in a whorl. Marsh Woundwort.

Hab. Moist fields and banks of ditches, common. Aug. I/.

'3. S. arvensis, stem weak ; leaves heart-shaped, obtuse, cre-
nate, slightly hairy ; flowers £ in a whorl, small, light purple,
with a white and spotted palate. Corn Woundwort.

Hab. Sandy fields. " Below Lamberton, plentiful ; about
Doddington," Thomp. July, Aug. ©

176. BALLOTA.

1. B. nigra^ leaves ovate, undivided, serrated ; calyx funnel-
shaped, abrupt, with short spreading teeth ; flowers in whorls,
purple. Black Horehound.

Hab. Waste grounds, common near towns and villages.
Aug. V '

177- MARRUBIUM.

1. M. vulgare, hoary, pubescent ; stem erect ; leaves roundish,
ovate, unequally serrated ; calyx-teeth 10, bristle-shaped, hooked
backwards ; flowers white, in dense convex whorls. White
Horehound.

Hab. " On the rocks and links at Bamborough Castle,"
Winch. July. If.

The plant has been much employed in medicines for the
asthma, though, we may remark, it does not enter into
the composition of the genuine medicines sold in its name.

1 34 DID YNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.

178. CLINOPODIUM.

1. C. vulgare, leaves ovate, obscurely serrated ; irivolucral
leaves awl-shaped ; flower-stalks branched ; flowers in bristly
crowded whorls, large, purple. Wild Basil.

Hab. Bushy places, and about hedges. " Ash-wood, Bel-
ford," Thomp. Road-side within a mile of Belford.
Aug. 11

179. ORIGANUM.

1. O. vulgar -e, leaves ovate, entire ; heads of flowers roundish,
panicled, crowded, erect ; involucral leaves ovate, smooth, longer
than the calyx ; flowers light purple or white. Common Mar-
joram.

Hab. Deans and bushy places, frequent. Aug. If

180. THYMUS.

1. T. serpyllum, stems recumbent ; leaves flat, ovate, obtuse,
entire, fringed at their base ; flowers in small heads, purple.
Wild Thyme.

Hab. Dry banks and heaths. July, Aug. 1J.

181. SCUTELLARIA.

l. S. galericulata, leaves lanceolate, crenate, rugged, heart-
shaped at the base ; flowers axillary, in pairs, blue, pubescent.
Common Skull-cap.

Hab. Wet marshy places. Allerton-mill dean, plentiful.
July, Aug. If.

182. PRUNELLA.

1. P. vulgaris^ stems a span high ; leaves ovate-oblong, stalk-
ed ; teeth of the upper lip of the calyx scarcely discernible ;
iiowers deep purplish blue, in dense solitary erect whorled spikes ;
bracteas broad, heart-shaped. Self-heal.

Hab. Meadows, pastures, and road-sides. July, Aug. If.

DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA. 135

II. ANGIOSPERMIA.
183. BARTSIA.

1 . B. Odontites, root fibrous ; stem square, branched ; leaves
lanceolate, serrated, the upper ones alternate ; flowers forming
unilateral clusters, rose-coloured. Red Bartsia.

Hob. Meadows and pastures, on a cold and wet clay soil,
common. July, Aug. Q

184. RHINANTHUS.

1. R. Crista-Galli, stem slightly branched ; leaves lanceolate, ser-
rated ; calyx smooth ; style concealed by the upper lip ; seeds
with a dilated membranous border. Common Yellow Rattle.

Hah. Barren meadows and pastures. June. 0

Stem a foot high, smooth, often spotted. leaves somewhat
crisp and fleshy, curiously marked on the under surface
with characters of a paler green. Flowers axillary, but
somewhat crowded and spiked, yellow, with a blue upper
lip.

2. R. major, stem much branched ; leaves linear-lanceolate,
serrated ; bracteas taper-pointed ; calyx smooth ; style promi-
nent ; seeds slightly bordered. Large Yellow Rattle.

Hal. Corn fields in the north of England. " I also ob-
served it this year, 1723, amongst the corn nigh West-
newton, in Northumberland, upon the borders of Scot-
land," Dr RICHARDSON-. Though I have not observed
it, yet others may probably find it in this neighbour-
hood. Mr WINCH remarks, it ought to be looked for
in newly inclosed grounds. July. Q

Larger than the preceding, with narrower leaves, and smaller
flowers with a purple upper lip.

185. EUPHRASIA.

1. E. oflwinalis, stem 1-4 inches high, square; leaves ovate,
sessile, furrowed, toothed ; flowers white, with purple streaks
and a yellowish palate. Eye-bright*

136 DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.

Hab. Heaths and barren pastures. July. Q

" On the mountains of Scotland," says Sir J. E. SMITH,
" there is a more slender variety, with smaller but more
richly tinted blossoms." This we have found on our
moors. The flowers are very pretty, purplish ; and the
crenatures of the leaves, in our specimens, are so obtuse,
that they might with propriety be described as 5-lobed.

They who are " well seene in herbes" do much commend the
E. as a precious medicine " to comfort the sight," — hence,
in MILTON, we have

Then purg'd with euphrasy and rue

The visual nerve, for he had much to see."

And its fame rests not on any real efficacy, but because
it has a spot on the corolla something like a pupil, a charac-
ter which, according to the doctrine of Signatures, is cer-
tainly indicative of marvellous virtues.

186. MELAMPYKUM.

1. M. prateme, leaves lanceolate, floral ones toothed at the
base; flowers axillary, in partly distant pairs, turned to one
side ; corolla fbur times as long as the calyx, closed, lower lip di-
rect. Common Cow-wheat.

Hab. Deans, no common. Ancroft dean, Mr J. Man-
ners. July. 0

Stem 12—18 inches high, brancned, smooth, as well as the
bright green leaves. " Corolla pale at the base, deep yel-
low towards the summit, with a purple spot at each side
of the mouth, which is closed, not gaping, the lower lip
prominent and straight, not deflexed, palate elevated,
orange-coloured." — SM.

2. M . montanum, leaves linear, floral ones quite entire ; flowers
axillary, in partly distant pairs, turned to one side ; corolla about
twice as long as the calyx, closed, lip direct. (Nova species.)

Hab. On the south-east side of Cheviot, plentiful. June,
July. 0

Stem 3 or 4 inches high, square, pubescent, branched ;
branches opposite, simple. Cotyledon-leaves linear- obo-
vate, entire. Leaves narrow, long, linear, often twisted,
hairy all over, brownish-green. The floral leaves do not
differ from the others. Flowers in pairs, turned to one
side, on short stalks, pale yellow, with a white tube.

DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA. 129

I. GYMNOSPERMIA.

168. AJUGA.

1. A. reptans, almost smooth ; stem solitary, with creeping
scions ; leaves obovate, crenate ; flowers blue, in whorls in the
axils of the upper leaves ; lower lip 4-cleft. Common Bugle.

Hob. Woods and moist meadows. In dry mountainous
situations, as on Lamberton Moor, the plant becomes
hairy. May, June. I/.

169. TEUCRIUM.

1. T. Scorodonia, stem erect ; leaves heart-shaped, hairy, serra-
ted, stalked ; flowers in lateral and terminal clusters, unilateral,
pale yellow, with purple stamens. Wood Sage.

Hob. Woods and heathy bushy places, common. July.

" The whole plant is glutinous and bitter, with an agree-
able aromatic scent, much resembling that of hops, for
which it is said to be no bad substitute for making beer."
— SM.

170. MENTHA.

1. M. Piperita, leaves stalked, ovate-lanceolate, smoothish ;
spikes elongated, interrupted below ; flower-stalks and calyx
smooth, purple, dotted ; calyx-teeth fringed with hairs. Pep-
permint.

Hab. Sides of the rivulet below Lamberton Shields, Ber-
wickshire, plentiful. Aug. Sept. I/.

Our plant is the variety a of SMITH. There is only one
other station where this species has been ascertained to
grow wild in Scotland. It is extensively cultivated for
medicinal purposes.

2. M. hirsuta, hairy ; flowers capitate or whorled ; eaves
stalked, ovate ; calyx clothed with erect hairs ; flower-stalks
with recurved ones. Hairy Mint.

130 DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.

(1) flowers in whorls so close together as to resemble a
spike.

(2) flowers in axillary clusters from many of the upper-
most leaves.

Hab. Watery places, very common. Aug. Sept. 7/

Mr MACDONALD of Scalpa, in the Hebrides, having some
years ago suffered considerably by mice, put at the bot-
tom, near the centre, and the top of each stalk, as it was
raised, 3 or 4 stalks of wild mint, with the leaves on, ga-
thered near a brook in a neighbouring field, and never af-
ter had any of his grain consumed. He then tried the
same experiment with his cheese, and other articles kept
in store, and often injured by mice, and with equal effect,
by laying a few leaves, green or dry, on the Articles to be
preserved.

3. M. rubra, flowers whorled ; leaves ovate ; stem upright,
zigzag (4f or 5 feet high) ; flower-stalks, and lower part of the
calyx, very smooth ; teeth hairy. Red Mint.

Hab. Reedy banks of rivers. " About Whiteadder
Island," Thomp. I think I have observed it at the side
of the Blackadder, below Mungo's Wells, Berwick-
shire. Sept. If

4. M. gentilis, flowers whorled ; leaves ovate ; stem much
branched, spreading; flower- stalks, and base of the bell-shaped
calyx, nearly smooth. Bushy Red Mint.

(1) leaves of an uniform green colour.

(2) leaves variegated with yellow.

Hab. (1) Sides of Wooler Water, near the Haugh-head,
sparingly. (2) Side of the water course above the card-
ing-mill at Wooler, apparently wild. Aug. I/.

5. M. arvensis, flowers whorled ; leaves ovate ; stem much
branched, diffuse ; calyx bell-shaped, covered all over with hori-
zontal hairs. Corn Mint.

Hab. Moist sandy corn fields. " About New Water
Haugh," Thomp. Plentiful on the fields about Stoney-
muir Rig. June-Sept. If

DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA. 131

171. GLECHOMA.

1. G. hederacea, creeping, downy ; leaves kidney-heart-shaped,
crenate ; flowers blue, axillary. Ground Ivy.

Hab. Road-sides and hedge-banks. Dikes and hedges be-
yond the Magdalen Field farm-house; Tweed Banks
beyond Gainslaw Ford, &c. Thomp. New-Water-
Haugh Wood. At Richardson's Stead and Mountholy,
&c. April, May. If.

Was generally used for the purpose of clarifying ale, and
giving it a flavour, till the reign of Henry VIII. about
which period hops were substituted. — WITH.

172. LAMIUM.

1. L. album, leaves heart-shaped, pointed, strongly serrated,
hairy ; flowers white, about 20 in a whorl ; tube of the calyx
shorter than its teeth ; upper lip of the corolla notched, lateral
teeth solitary, lanceolate. White Dead-nettle.

Hab. Waste grounds. May, June, — also Sept. If.

2. L. purpureum, stem leaflets in the middle; leaves heart-
shaped, bluntish, unequally crenate, stalked, the upper ones
crowded ; calyx- teeth lanceolate ; tube of the purplish-red co-
rolla closed, near the bottom, with hairs. Red Dead-nettle.

Hab. Waste and cultivated grounds. May. Q

3. L. indsuniy stem leafless in the middle ; leaves heart-shaped,
dilated, stalked, irregularly cut, the upper ones crowded ; tube
of the red corolla internally naked, marginal teeth dilated, com-
bined. Cut Dead-nettle.

Hab. Road-sides and in fields, frequent in this neighbour-
hood. May. 0

4. L. amplexlcaule, floral leaves sessile, kidney-shaped, obtuse,
deeply crenate, partly lobed, clasping the stem ; teeth of the
calyx linear-awl-shaped, as long as its tube ; flowers deep rose-
colour. Henbit Dead-nettle.

Hab. Sandy fields and gardens, common. March-June.
0

132 DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.

173. GALEOPSIS.

1. G. Tetrahit, bristly ; stem swelled below the joints ; leaves
ovate, serrated ; corolla twice the length of the calyx, upper lip
nearly straight. Common Hemp-nettle.

Hal. Cultivated fields, common. July, Aug. ©

The flowers are reddish, cream-coloured, or white, with a
spot on the lower lip variegated with purple and yellow.
Labourers in harvest are sometimes affected with a se-
vere inflammation of the hand, or of a finger, which they
uniformly attribute to the sting of a Day-nettle, the name
by which this plant is known amongst them. On exa-
mining its bristles, we perceive they consist of 3 or 4 tu-
bular joints, and arise from a swollen base or vesicle *.
On the upper part of the branches, on the calyx and flower,
they are intermixed with others tipped with a gland.
Now the former seem fitted, by their structure, for con-
taining and emitting a fluid ; and, though in general too
soft to wound, yet by chance, when rudely pressed, they
may perforate the skin and lodge their contents, which
must be virulently poisonous, if the opinion of the cause
of the disease be correct.

2. G. versicolor, bristly; stem swelled below the joints ; leaves
ovate, serrated ; corolla thrice the length of the calyx, upper lip
tumid, middle lobe of the lower heart-shaped. See-Nettle.

Hob. Corn-fields. " Near Burnhouses and Whitchester,"
Berwickshire, Rev. A. Baird. About Wooler, Mrs M.
T. Johnston. Abundant in a field below Langleyford.
In the west of Berwickshire. We observed it in gi*eat
plenty between Huntly-wood and Ledgerwood, some-
times varying with a white lower lip. Aug. Sept. 0

The flowers are large, yellow, the lateral lobes whitish, the
lower one fine purple, bordered with white, and streaked
in the throat. A very beautiful plant.

174. BETON1CA.

1. J3. officinalis, stem naked in the middle ; lower leaves on
long stalks, upper sessile ; flowers crimson, in a dense spike, the
lowest whorl a little remote. Wood Betony.

* This structure of the bristles is common to many plants of this natural
order.

DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA. 137

Calyx striped with green and reddish-brown ; the segments
setaceous, rough, shorter than the tube. Upper lip of the
corolla villose internally ; lower lip straight, in 3 acute
short segments, slightly projecting ; the palate raised,
orange. Anthers green and brown, pubescent, on smooth
filaments. The flower is generally unspotted, but some-
times there are 4 small obscure spots on the lower lip,
placed distantly, and not on the mouth.
It is not without hesitation that I give this as a species dis-
tinct from the preceding, since the differences may be
attributed to situation, for we know that an alpine station
does alter the aspect of plants to a considerable extent.
In estimating the force of this objection, we can only rea-
son from what we observe to be the effect of a similar si-
tuation on plants of the same natural order. Now, the
Rhinanthus Crista-Galli is a plant of this kind, and we find
it growing with this Melampyrwn undiminished in height,
and unaltered in appearance. And, were the objection
valid, we might expect the plant at the base of the hill to
be much in its usual state, and gradually diverging from
it as it attained higher limits ; but this was not the case,
for it was very uniform in character over a surface of
many acres.

187. PEDICULARIS.

1. P. palustris, stem solitary, branched, I foot high ; leaves all
doubly pinnatifid ; calyx ovate, hairy, ribbed, in 2 unequally
notched lobes ; flowers crimson. Marsh Louse-wort.

Hob* Marshes and boggy meadows, common. July. If. ?

2. P. sylvatica, stem several, spreading, simple ; radical leaves
ovate ; calyx oblong, angular, smooth, in five unequal notched
segments ; flowers rose-coloured. Dwarf Lousewort.

Hob. Heaths, common. Longridge dean. Lamberton
Moor, &c. A white flowered variety has repeatedly
occurred to us. July. If.

188. ANTIRRHINUM.

1. A. Linaria, stem erect ; leaves linear-lanceolate, crowded ;
spikes terminal ; flowers imbricated, yellow with an orange-
coloured palate ; calyx smooth, shorter than the spur. Yellow
Toadflax.

flab. Borders of fields, and gravelly banks, frequent.
July, Aug. V

138 DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.

2. A. minus, stem much branched, spreading ; leaves lanceo-
late, obtuse, downy, mostly alternate ; calyx longer than the
spur ; flowers small, purplish, the lower lip yellow. Least Snap-
dragon.

Hab. Sandy fields, very rare. Bank above the Union
Bridge, Durham, Dr Thompson. July. I/.

189. SCROPHULARIA,

1. S. nodosa, smooth ; root tuberous ; stem sharp-edged ; leaves
heart-shaped, acute, serrated, 3-ribbed at the base ; flowers dull
green with a livid purple lip. Knotty-rooted Figwort.

Hab. "Woods and hedges, frequent. About the mouth of
the Whiteadder, Thomp. July. If

190. DIGITALIS.

1. D. purpurea, downy ; leaves ovate, crenate ; flowers large,
purple ; segments of the calyx ovate, acute ; corolla obtuse, its
upper lobe scarcely cloven. Foxglove.

Hab. Gravelly or sandy pastures. Edrington Craigs,
Thomp. Rare in the immediate vicinity, but very
common about Houndwood and Renton Inns ; and near
Wooler. .July. <J

The history of this plant might afford a practical answer to
such as sneer at the pursuits of the botanist, and are con-
tinually asking Cui bono $ For it grew neglected, until
Dr WITHERING, a botanist, made known its virtues,
and gave to medicine one of its most valuable auxiliaries.
It is most beneficial in dropsical and inflammatory com-
plaints, and in diseases of the heart and of the lungs ; but
great caution is required in its ii'se.

CLASS XV.
TETRAD YNAMIA,

" The spleen is seldom felt where Flora reigns."

COWPER.

" I have cured weak stomachs by engaging the persons in the study of

Botany, and particularly in the investigation of our native plants." Dr

CULLEN.

I. SILICULOSA.

* Cotyledons accumbent.

191. DRABA. Pouch entire, laterally compressed, valves nearly
flat ; seeds numerous.

198. CIIAHBE. Pouch globose, stalked, coriaceous, of 1 cell,
without valves, deciduous ; seed solitary.

197. CAKILE. Pouch angular, of 2 joints, each of 1 cell, with-
out valves, the uppermost deciduous ; seed solitary.

195. COCHLEARIA. Pouch nearly entire, turgid, rugged, of 2
valves ; seeds numerous.

194. THLASPI. Pouch cloven, inversely heart-shaped, the valves
with a bordered keel ; seeds numerous.

140 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

Sow. Fung. t. 317. S. complanata, MOUG. and NEST., No. 82.
Eustegia ilicis, Hot. Gall. ii. 7 1 7-

Hob. On dead holly leaves.

At first the spots are level with the surface of the leaf, but
the upper part separates, and they then become exca-
vated.

4. X. Gerantiy spots small, black, roundish, even with the surface
or slightly raised, rough or granulated ; interior black — GREV.
Fl. Edin. 368.

Hab. On the leaves of the wood crane's-bill.

5. X. populinum, spots small, thickened, clustered, roundish
or angular and subconfluent, reddish-brown, becoming black. —
Bot. Gall. ii. 875. Sclerotium populneum^ GREV. Fl. Edin. 463.

Hab. On decaying leaves of poplars, common.
Xyloma populinum of GREVILLE is a different plant.

6. X. salicinum, spots thickened, scattered or clustered, round-
ish or angular, rugose, at first orange-coloured, becoming brown,
and ultimately dark brown — Bot. Gall. ii. 875. Sclerotium salici-
num, GREV. Fl. Edin. 462.

Hab. On the leaves of Salijc caprea, frequent.

Very distinct from X. salignum, and more evidently a dis-
eased and thickened state of the leaf.

7. X. Rosas, on branches, clustered, often confluent, compact,
orbiculate, convex, greyish-black, covered by the epidermis, which
is at last irregularly ruptured — Bot. Gall. ii. 876.

Hab. On branches of the wild roses, the part affected
heing swollen and uneven.

8. X. Spirea, spots irregular, effused, Mack, nearly smooth,
slightly raised — MOUG. and NEST., No. 760. Leptostroma Spirea,
Bot. Gall. ii. 726.

Hab. Generally on the dead stalks of the meadow-sweet,
but my specimens are on one of the lesser wnfettifera*

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 141

In July and August, the upper surface of the leaves of the
coltsfoot are often marked with large irregular spots of a
reddish-brown colour, mapped with black excavated lines,
which are irregularly branched and dilated at intervals.
The spots are even with the surface, — a discoloration ra-
ther than a disease ; but the lines have extended into the
substance of the leaf, and are apparently of a parasitic na-
ture. They are too regular in their appearance, and too
curiously ramified, to be produced by mere decay or mor-
tification ; nor are they the work of insects, but as I can-
not discover any decided traces of organization, I would
not raise the thing to the rank of a vegetable, nor give it

73. CEUTHOSPORA.

1 . C. phacidioides, subcircular, plane, or slightly convex, glossy
black, smooth, the apex bursting at length by 3-5 short pale seg-
ments ; interior brown — GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 253. Phascidium
multivalve, MOUG. and NEST., No. 560. Sphceria bifrons, Sow.
Fung. i. 316. Cryptospli<Bria bifrons, GREV. FL Edin. 361.

Hab. On leaves of the holly, the spots visible on both
sides at opposite points.

74. ERYSIPHE.

OBS.— The Erysiphe grow upon living leaves. They form dif-
fused pulverulent or cobweb-like spots on the surface by a tissue
of fine appressed filaments, amid which a careful eye discovers
minute sessile globules scattered in profusion. The filaments are
of two kinds: the one, termed by Dr GREVILLE the radicular,
are short, rigid, generally of a darker colour, and perhaps organi-
cally attached to the globules ; the other are longer, white, and
interwoven, and because thay are produced previous to the ap-
pearance of the globules, are named the primary. The globules
themselves are always at first of a yellowish-colour, becoming
brown and ultimately black. They are filled with oval grains,
which appear to be capsules, and each of which is said by DE-
CANDOLLE to contain two seeds, but the number is frequently
greater.

1. E. communis, base effused, areneous, whitish ; radicular fila-
ments simple, white, affixed to the base ; globules spherical, scat-

142 TETRAD YNAMI A— SILICULOSA.

195. COCHLEARIA.

1. C. officinalis, smooth ; radical leaves roundish, those on the
stem oblong and somewhat sinuated ; flowers white ; pouch glo-
bose. Common Scurvy ~gr ass.

Hob. Plentiful on our sea-coast ; also on dikes near the
Magdalen -field farm-house. May. ©

A useful plant in the sea-scurvy*

2. C. danwa, stems prostrate; leaves all triangular and
stalked ; pouch elliptical, reticulated with veins. Danish Scurvy-
grass.

Hab. On the Pinnacles, one of the Fern Islands, Dr
Thompson. May, June. 0

Stems numerous, spreading, about 2 inches long, smooth.
Leaves all stalked, lobed near the base. Flowers small,
white. Pouches numerous, large, oval, tipped with a short
style, reticulated with prominent veins. Seeds from 6 to
9 in each cell, brown, rough.

190. SENEBIERA.

1. S. coronopus, stem spreading, much branched; leaves pinna-
tirid, subdivided; flowers very small, white, opposite to the
leaves, densely corymbose ; pouch undivided, crested with little
sharp points; style pi eminent. Swne's-cress.

Hal. Waste ground and road-sides, very common in the
immediate vicinity ; and on Holy Island. June — Aue.
0

197. CAKILE.

1. C. maritima, herb smooth, branched ; leaves fleshy, pimia-
tifid, obtuse; flowers rather large, purplish ; joints of the pouch
two-edged, the upper one arrow-shaped. Sea Rocket.

Hob. Frequent on our sand}' sea-coast. June, Sept. ©

TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA. 143

193. CRAMBE.

1. C. maritima, longer filaments toothed; leaves roundish,
sinuated, wavy, toothed, glaucous, very smooth as well as the
stem ; fl owers white, in clustered panicles. Sea Kale.

Hab. " On the shore by Fastcastle, in Berwickshire,"
Dr Parsons. June. If.

Sea Kale is now common in gardens. The young shoots come
early, and are much esteemed. " The precise period of its
introduction to the garden is unknown. PARKINSON and
BRYANT state, that the radical leaves are cut by the in-
habitants where the plant grows wild, and boiled as cab-
bage; and JONES, of Chelsea, assured the late CURTIS,
that he saw bundles of it, in a cultivated state, exposed
for sale in Chichester market in 1753. MAHER states,
that the C. maritima was known, and sent from this king-
dom to the Continent, more than 200 years ago, by
LOBEL and TURNER; but MILLER, in 1731, was the
first who wrote upon it professionally. About the year
1767, it was cultivated by Dr LETTSOM at Grove Hill,
and by him brought into general notice in the neighbour-
hood of London." — LOUDON.

II. SILIQUOSA.

199. CARDAMINE.

1 . C. hirsuta, more or less hairy ; leaves pinnate, without sti-
pulas, leaflets stalked, roundish- oblong, notched; flowers small,
white. Hairy Ladies' -smock.

Hab. Shady places. " Near St Abb's Head," Rev. A. Baird.
On a rough stone-wall below the Union Bridge, spar-
. ingly. Frequent in the gravelly bed of Wooler Water,
May, June. Q

In the last station the stem of the plant is erect, flexuose,
nearly smooth and simple. C.flexuosa, WITHERING, 715.

2. C. pratensis, leaves pinnate, without stipulas, leaflets of the
radical ones roundish and toothed, those of the stem leaves lan-
ceolate, entire ; flowers large, light purple ; petals with a tooth
upon the claw. Meadow Ladies'- smock.

Hab. Meadows and moist pastures. May. I/.

144 TETRAD YNAMI A— SILIQUOSA.

The flowers were at one time supposed to be useful in spas-
modic diseases, as epilepsy, for the cure of which they are
recommended by RAY and Sir G. BAKER, but they have
fallen into neglect. They come with the cuckoo, whence,
in some parts, the people call it the Cuckoo-flower ; and
they cover the meadows as with linen bleaching, which is
supposed to be the origin of the name we have adopted,
as being more classical. Thus SHAKSPEARE,

" When daisies pied, and violets blue,
And Lady-smocks all silver -white,
And Cuckoo-buds of yellow hue,
Do paint the meadows with delight."

3. C. amara, stem creeping at the base ; leaves pinnate, with-
out stipulas, leaflets of the lowermost roundish, of the rest
toothed or angular ; flowers white with violet anthers ; style
obliquely elongated. Bitter Ladies'' -smock.

Hal. Watery places, rare. Banks of the Eye about Ne-
therbyres, Rev. A. Baird. May. 11

More likely to be passed by as a Water-cress, than mistaken
for any variety of the preceding. Dr HOOKER says, the
flowers are larger than those of the pratensis, and SMITH
describes them as of the same size ; but in our specimens
they are not more than half as large.

200. NASTURTIUM.

1. N. officinale, leaves pinnate, leaflets roundish-heart-shaped,
wavy ; flowers white. Common Water-cress.

Hal. Ditches and water-courses. June, July. 'U

Near London the Water-cress is regularly cultivated, and
it is perhaps the best and most wholesome of our sallad
herbs.

2. N. sylvestre, leaves pinnate, leaflets lanceolate, deeply ser-
rated or cut ; root creeping ; flowers yellow, the petals much
longer than the calyx. Creeping Yellow-cress.

Hob. Wet gravelly places. River-side a little above West
Ord, Dr Thompson. About the Union Bridge. Aug. 7/

TETRAD YNAMIA— SILIQUOSA. 145

3. N. terrestre, leaves pinnatifid, unequally toothed ; root ta-
pering ; flowers yellow, the petals scarcely so long as the calyx 5
pod curved. Annual Yellow Cress.

Hob. Watery places. About Ladykirk and Norham, Mr
W. Baird. Sides of the Tweed from West Ord to Nor-
ham, plentiful. In the pond below Calf-hill ; and at the
Cow-port. June, July. 0

The root is simple and spindle-shaped ; but in a specimen,
which measured upwards of two feet in height, we found
it a dense bunch of fibres. The stem is frequently pur-
plish, as are also the leaves, which are occasionally some-
what bristly on the margins. Pods short, cylindrical,
thick, on patent curved stalks longer than themselves,
tipped with a short style crowned with a peltate stigma.
The plant rarely exceeds a foot in height, and is often
much less.

201. SISYMB11IUM.

1. S. offieinale, stem rough with reflexed bristles ; leaves run-
cinate, hairy ; flowers small, pale yellow ; pods pressed close to
the main stalk, awl-shaped, downy. Common Hedge-mustard.

Hob. Wastes and road-sides. June, July. 0

2. S. IriO) leaves runcinate, toothed, smooth as well as the
stem ; flowers yellow ; pods erect, long, slender. London Rocket.

Hab. On the walls of Berwick-upon-Tweed, Ray. Most
abundant at the Pier-gate. July, Aug. 0

3. S. Sophia^ leaves doubly pinnatifid, a little hairy ; flowers
small, greenish-yellow, the petals smaller than the calyx. Flix-
weed.

Hob. Waste ground near villages. About East-Ord, Etall,
and Bamborough, Thomp. July — Sept. 0

202. BARBAREA.

1. B. vulganS) smooth ; lower leaves lyrate, the terminal lobe
roundish ; upper obovate, toothed ; flowers yellow ; pods an inch
long. Yellow Rocket.

Hab. Sides of the Tweed and Whiteadder ; also at hedge
bottoms in moist situations, frequent. A double flowered
variety is common in gardens. May— Aug. 11

G

146 TETRAD YNAMIA— SILIQUOS A.

2. B. prcecox, smooth ; lower leaves lyrate ; upper deeply pin-
natifid, with linear-oblong entire segments ; flowers small, yel-
low ; pods about three inches long. Early Winter -cress.

Hab. Hedge-side between Wooler and Earl. April— Oct.

o

Cultivated in many gardens as a salad-herb, under the name
of American Cress.

203. ERYSIMUM.

I. E. Alliaria, smooth ; leaves heart-shaped, broadly toothed,
stalked ; flowers white. Garlick mustard, or Jadk»by-the-hedge.

Hab. Hedge-sides and shady lanes. Near Lint-hill, Ber-
wickshire, Rev. A. Baird. Near Haggerston. North
side of the Tweed above the Union Bridge. May,
June. 0

The whole plant scents strongly of garlic. It is occasionally
used as a sallad. " When gathered, as it approaches the
flowering state, boiled separately, and then eaten to
boiled mutton, it certainly forms a most desirable pot-
herb ; and to any kind of salted meat, an excellent green."
NEILL.

204. CHEIRANTHUS.

I. Ch. fruticulosus, stem shrubby; branches angular; leaves
lanceolate, acute, most hoary beneath, with simple close hairs ;
style prominent ; flowers yellow. Wild Wallflower.

Hah. On the ruins of all the old castles in the neighbour-
hood ; also on Spindlestone rocks. June. 1J.

205. ARABIS.

1. A. Thaliana, stem branched; leaves hairy, more or less
toothed, radical ones stalked, oblong ; flowers small, white ; sta-
mens not much shorter than the petals ; pods pointing upwards,
slender, smooth. Common Wall-cress.

Hab. Walls and dry banks, not common. In the ravine
above Burnmouth. Amongst the debris of Kyloe Rocks.
Abundant on walls below the Chain Bridge, and about
Warren. April, May. 0

TETRAD YNAMIA— SILIQUOSA. 1 47

206. BRASSICA.

1. B. Napus, root spindle-shaped ; leaves smooth, upper ones
lanceolate, heart-shaped at their base, clasping the stem, lower
ones lyrate, toothed ; flowers yellow. Rape-seed,

Hat). Corn-fields and road-sides occasionally, but not any
where truly wild. May. $

64 Cultivated for the oil produced by the seeds ; and the
seeds, by pressure, are formed into cakes, which, after the
extraction of the oil, are useful for manure, as well as for
fattening cattle."

2. B. Rapa, root stem-like, fleshy, orbicular, depressed ; radi-
cal leaves lyrate, rough, those of the stem smooth, the upper-
most entire ; flowers yellow. Common Turnip.

Hab. Cultivated fields and their borders, but not wild.
April. $

As an object of agriculture, the Turnip was introduced into
this country by Lord TOWNSEND, in the reign 0f GEO. 1.

207. SINAPIS.

1. S. arvensis, rough; leaves toothed, partly lyrate or hastate;
flowers yellow ; pods with many angles, rugged, longer than
their own awl-shaped beak. Wild Mustard.

Hab. Corn-fields, too common. May. Q

2. S. alba, rough ; leaves lyrate ; flowers yellow ; pods bristly,
rugged, spreading, shorter than their own flat two-edged beak.
White Mustard.

Hab. Corn-fields, common. June. Q

Cultivated for the sake of the young herbs, which are used
in sallads ; and for the seeds, which have long been a po-

Eular remedy in rheumatism, and of late have become
ishionable in dyspeptic complaints.

3. S. nigra, lower leaves lyrate, upper linear-lanceolate, en-
tice, smooth, more or less pendulous ; flowers yellow, small ;
pods quadrangular, smooth, slightly beaked, close-pressed to the
stalk. Common Mustard.

Hab. Fields and waste grounds. "North side of the

G2

148 TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.

Whiteadder from the boundary to Edrington Craigs,
plentiful," Thomp. Ord Fields sparingly, Dr Thomp-
son. June. ©

Table-mustard is prepared from the seeds of this species.

4. S. tenuifolia^ stem smooth ; leaves once or twice pinnatifid,
the uppermost undivided ; flowers large, pale yellow ; pods erect,
on spreading stalks, linear, compressed, slightly beaked; seeds
2-ranked. Watt Mustard.

Hob. On the walls of Berwick, Ray ; where it still grows.
June— Oct. 1J.

208. RAPHANUS.

1. R. Raphanistruni) leaves lyrate, rough ; flowers large, pale
yellow, veined ; pods jointed, striated, of one cell. Charlock.
Hab. Corn-fields. June, July. 0

" A noisome weed, that without profit sucks
The soil's fertility from wholesome flowers."

The seeds, mixed with bread, are said, by LINNAEUS and
others, to produce a severe spasmodic disease, which, in
wet seasons, is common in Sweden.

( 149 )

CLASS XVI.
MONADELPHIA.

— .«' Not a flower

But shows some touch in freckle, streak, or stain,
Of HIS unrivalled pencil. He inspires
Their balmy odours, and imparts their hues,
And bathes their eyes with nectar, and includes,
In grains as countless as the sea-side sands,
The forms, with which He sprinkles all the earth.
Happy who walks with Him ! whom what he finds
Of flavour, or of scent in fruit or flower,
Or what he views of beautiful or grand
In Nature, from the broad majestic oak
To the green blade, that twinkles in the sun,
Prompts with remembrance of a present GOD.
His presence, who made all so fair, perceived,
Makes all still fairer." COWPER.

I. PENTANDRIA.

209. ERODIUM. Style 1 ; fruit beaked, of 5 aggregate capsules^

each tipped with a spiral awn^ bearded on the inside.

II. DECANDRIA.

210. GERANIUM. Style 1; fruit beaked, of 5 aggregate capsttles,

each tipped with a recurved naked awn.

150 MONADELPHIA— PENTANDRIA.

III. POLY AND RIA.

211. MALVA. Styles numerous ; outer calyx of 3 leaves; capsules
whorled, single-seeded.

I. PENTANtiRIA.
209. ERODIUM.

1. E. aicutarium, stems procumbent, hairy ; stalks many-flower-
ed ; leaves pinnate, leaflets sessile, pinnatifid, cut ; stamens sim-
ple. Hemlock Stores-bill.

Hdb. Dry sandy pastures and waste grounds, common.
On the Links from Spittal southward, the variety with
white flowers is the most common ; but remote from the
sea, the flowers are invariably rose-coloured. June —
Aug. 0

Among the numberless instances of obvious design in the
structure of the seeds and seed-vessels of plants, few are,
perhaps, more remarkable, or more strikingly display
themselves as the workmanship of an intelligent Artificer,
than that which we meet with in the seeds of E. cicuta-
rium. The seeds surround the pistil at its base; each
seed is covered with a coat peculiar to itself; which, af-
ter having inclosed the seed, runs out, in the form of a
narrow appendage, to the extremity of the style, to
which it is slightly connected along its whole length, and
which has five grooves to receive the five seeds with their
appendages. Each of these appendages has the property
of contracting itself into a spiral form when dry, and of
again extending itself into a right line when moist. In
short, it is a spiral spring, which lengthens or contracts
itself as it happens to become wet or dry. This power
first exerts itself when the seed and its appendage become
dry by maturity, when it gradually separates the seed
from its parent plant. The seed, thus disengaged, is con-
tinually contracting and dilating itself, as the weather
changes from wet to dry, and from dry to wet ; and by
this means is kept in motion, till it is either destroyed by
the vicissitudes of the seasons, or meets with some crevice
in the earth, or some light porous spot, into which it can
easily insinuate itself, and from thence, in due time, pro-
duce a new plant. — See WITHERING, iii. 753.

MONADELPHIA— DEC ANDRI A. 151

II. DECANDRIA.

210. GERANIUM.

1. G. sylvaticum, stem erect; leaves about 7-lobed, cut and
serrated; stalks 2 -flowered, somewhat corymbose; flowers large,
light purple, veined ; stamens awl-shaped, fringed ; capsules
hairy all over. Wood Crane's-bill.

Hab. Woods about Houndwood and Renton, Berwick-
shire. Banks of Wooler Water above and below Lang-
ley -ford. June, July. If

2. G. pratense, leaves in about 7 deep segments, sharply pin*
natifid and serrated; stalks 2-flowered; flowers larger, blue;
stamens smooth, much dilated at the base ; capsules hairy all
over. Meadow Crane's-bill.

Hob. Road-sides, and banks of rivers and ditches, frequent.
June, July. 11

3. G. Robertianum, stem spreading, red ; leaves somewhat pe-
date, pinnatifid, 5-angled ; stalks 2-flowered ; flowers purple ;
calyx with 10 angles ; capsules wrinkled, simply keeled. Stink-
ing Crane's-bill, or Herb-Robert.

Hab. Woods, and rough stony places frequent. May —
Oct. ©

This herb has a strong disagreeably pungent smell, especial-
ly after rain. In autumn it assumes a deep red hue.

4. G. Itwidum, shining, smooth ; leaves 5 - lobed, rounded ;
stalks 2-flowered ; flowers small, rose-coloured ; calyx pyramidal,
transversely wrinkled ; capsules wrinkled, triply keeled. Shin-
ing C ranees-bill.

Hab. Rocky banks of the Eye opposite Netherbyres, Rev.
A. Baird. May — Aug. 0

5. G. molle, stems spreading, downy ; stalks 2-flowered, alter-
nate, opposite to the leaves, which are rounded, many-lobed,
notched and downy ; flowers small, purple, with cloven petals ;

1 52 MONADELPHI A— POL YANDRI A.

capsules numerously wrinkled, smooth ; seeds without dots.
Downy Crane's-bill.

Hob. Cultivated and waste grounds, very common. April
—Aug. 0

6. G. pusillum, stalks 2-flowered ; flowers bluish -purple, the
petals notched, and scarcely extending beyond the calyx ; leaves
kidney-shaped, palmate, cut, downy ; capsules keeled, even,
clothed with erect hairs; seeds without dots; anthers only 5.
Small-flowered Crane's-bill.

Hal. Gravelly fields and waste grounds. " Hedges near
Paxton," Thomp. June — Sept. Q

7. G. dissectum, stalks 2-flowered ; flowers small, purplish, the
petals cloven, rather shorter than the much awned calyx ; leaves
in 5 deep laciniated segments ; capsules hairy ; seeds reticulated.
Jagged-leaved Crane's-bill.

Hob. Road-sides and pastures, particularly in new pas-
tures on a gravelly soil, common. May, June. Q

8. G. sanguineum, stalks single-flowered ; flowers large, crim-
son ; leaves roundish, in 5 or 7 deeply separated, 3-cleft lobes ;
capsules even, bristly at the summit ; seeds minutely wrinkled.
Bloody Crane's-bill.

Hob. On the Links of Holy Island, Winch. Sea-banks
at Hudshead ; and on the Links from Scrammerston
southwards, abundant, and highly ornamental. July —
Sept. If

III. POLYANDRIA.
211. MALVA.

1. M. sylvestrls, stem upright, herbaceous, much branched;
leaves with 7 acute lobes; footstalks and flowerstalks hairy;
flowers large, purple, veiny. Common Mallow.

Hob. Waste places and road-sides. June — Aug. 11

The leaves boiled are in common use amongst the poor as a
poultice, to which they ascribe many opposite virtues.
It is as good and cheaper than one of bread and milk.

MONADELPHIA— POLYANDRIA. 153

2. M. rotundifolia, stems prostrate, scarcely branched ; leaves
roundish heart-shaped, bluntly 5-lobed ; stalks when in fruit
bent downwards ; flowers small, pale lilac. Dwarf Mallow.

Hob. Waste ground near villages. June— Sept ©

3. M. moschata, stem erect ; radical leaves kidney-shaped, cut,
the rest in 5 deep pinnatifid jagged segments ; calyx hairy, its
outer leaves linear-lanceolate ; flowers large, rose-coloured. Musk
Mallow.

Hob. Meadows rare. Fishwick Mains on the Tweed;
foot of Foxburnheugh, Berwickshire, Mr W. Baird.
On the plain between Edrington Mill and the White-
adder, sparingly. Aug. 7/

GS

( 154 )

CLASS XVII.
DIADELPHIA.

' Then names are good, for how, without their aid
Is knowledge gained by man, to man conveyed ?
But from that source, shall all our pleasure flow ?
Shall all our knowledge be, these names to know ?
Then he with memory blest, shall bear away
The palm from GREW, and MIDDLETON, and RAY :
No ! let us rather seek in grove and field,
What food for wonder, what for use they yield ;
Some just remark, from Nature's people bring,
And some new source of homage for her King."
CRABBE.

I. HEXANDRIA.

212. Fu MARIA. Calyx of 2 leaves; corolla ringent, prominent,

and bearing honey at the base ; each filament with 3 an-
thers.

II. OCTANDRIA.

213. POLYGALA. Two segments of the calyx like wings ; stan-

dard of the corolla cylindrical ; capsule of 2 cells and 2
valves ; seeds solitary, crested.

DIADELPHIA. 155

III. DECANDRIA.

* Stamens all connected at the base, the tube mostly split along its
upper side*

214. SPARTIUM. Filaments all forming a simple tube; stigma

lateral, linear, hairy ; legume flat.

215. GENISTA. Filaments upwards in 2 sets; stigma terminal,

somewhat capitate ; legume turgid ; pistil depressing the
keel ; standard reflexed.

216. ULEX. Calyx of 2 leaves, nearly as long as the legume.

218. ANTHYLLIS. Calyx inflated, including the legume. (Flowers

capitate.)

217- ONONIS. Calyx in 5 deep segments; standard striated;
legume rhomboid, sessile.

* * Stigma or style downy ; without the cJmracter of the former
section.

219. OROBUS. Style linear, nearly cylindrical ; stigma along the

upper side downy.

220. LATHYRUS. Style flattened vertically; stigma along the

dilated upper half of the style downy.

221. VICIA. Style bearded in front below the stigma,

222. ERVUM. Stigma capitate, all over downy.

* * Legume more or less perfectly 2-celled ; without the former
characters.

223. ASTRAGALUS. Legume tumid, of 2 longitudinal cells.

* * * * Legume with scarcely more than 1 seed ; without the former
characters.

224. TRIFOLIUM. Legume hardly longer than the calyx, with 1

seed, rarely more, deciduous, not bursting.

1 56 DI A DELPHI A— HEX ANDRI A.

***** Legume either jointed or spiral ,• without the former cha-
racters.

226. MED ic AGO. Legume spiral, compressed, somewhat mem-
branous ; pistil pressing the keel downwards.

****** Legume of 1 cell with numerous seeds ; without the for-
mer characters,

225. LOTUS. Legume cylindrical, spongy within; wings con-
verging at their upper edges ; filaments partly dilated.

I. HEXANDRIA.
212. FUMARIA.

1. F. claviculata, stem climbing, slender; leaves pinnate, then
pedate or ternate, with elliptical entire leaflets and branched
tendrils; flowers yellowish-white; pods lanceolate, undulated,
with 3 or 4 seeds. Climbing Fumitory.

Hab. Amongst the rocks in Longridge Dean, plentiful.
July— Oct. ©

2. F. officinalis, stem spreading, branched; leaves twice or
thrice pinnate, leaflets wedge-shaped, with flat lanceolate seg-
ments ; flowers rose-coloured, with a dark apex, in a rather lax
cluster ; pods single- seeded, globose, abrupt, on upright stalks,
twice as long as the bracteas. Common Fumitory.

Hab. Cultivated fields, common. May — Aug. Q

Dr CULLEN recommends the expressed juice of this herb,
in a dose of two ounces twice a-day, to cleanse the skin
from leprous disorders ; and for the same purpose it had
been long previously recommended by the older herbal-
ists. An infusion of the leaves is used as a cosmetic to
remove freckles and clean the skin.

DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. 157

II. OCTANDRIA.

213, POLYGALA.

1. P. vulgariS) stems ascending, simple, herbaceous; leaves
linear-lanceolate ; bracteas 3, at the base of each flower-stalk,
deciduous ; wings about equal to the corolla ; flowers crested,
blue, pink or white. Milkwort.

Hob. Dry hilly pastures, common. June, July. If

III. DECANDRIA.
214. SPARTIUM.

1. S. Scoparium, leaves ternate or solitary ; branches angular,
without thorns ; filaments all in one set at the base ; legume
fringed. Common Broom.

Hal. Dry gravelly fields, and in deans. June. ?j

The most celebrated station for the Broom in Berwickshire,
or perhaps in the United Kingdom, is Cowdenknows, an
undulatory rising ground, of great beauty, in the west of
the county. The broom extended over the whole hill,
and is said to have been so tall and luxuriant, that a man
on horseback, riding through it, could not be seen.

'« More pleasant far to me the broom

So fair on Cowdenknowes,
For sure so sweet, so soft a bloom,
Elsewhere there never grows."

But there it grows no longer, having been eradicated, to
give place to corn and turnips, and the other useful vul-
garities of the farm. — It is still plentiful, however, in the
vicinity, and a relic of the " bonnie broom " from the
Knowes themselves, may still be gathered in the pleasure
grounds surrounding the mansion of the proprietor.

A decoction of the young tops is a good remedy in
dropsies. " That worthy prince of famous memorie,
HENIIY VIII., King of England, was wont to drinke the
distilled water of Brome floures, against surfets and dis-
eases thereof arising." In the neighbourhood of Ghent,
Broom is sown with the view of improving poor sandy

158 DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.

soils ; and the young flower-buds, gathered in the spring,
are often used as a pickle, and as a substitute for capers.
— Mr NEILL.

215. GENISTA.

1. G. tinctoria, stems depressed, with round, striated, erect,
thornless branches ; leaves lanceolate, smooth ; flowers yellow,
nearly sessile. Dyer's Greenweed.

Hab. Gravelly banks. Haiden dean. July, Aug. h

The whole plant affords the dyer a good yellow colour, and
with woad a good green.

216. ULEX.

1. U. europauS) teeth of the calyx obsolete, converging ; brae-
teas ovate, lax ; branches erect. Whin or Gorse.
Hab. Moors, &c. common. May. ?j

" Rough

With prickly Gorse, that, shapeless and deformed,
And dangerous to the touch, has yet its bloom,
And decks itself with ornaments of gold."
....... " there the turf

Smells fresh, and, rich in odoriferous herbs
And fungous fruits of earth, regales the sense
With luxury of unexpected sweets."

Will make fences upon the bleaker mountains, and close to
the sea-side, where the spray of the sea kills almost
every other shrub. In Cornwall, where fuel is scarce, it
is cultivated to advantage, and is generally cut to make
faggots for heating ovens, which it does very soon, burn-
ing rapidly, and with a great degree of heat. In Ireland,
when hay is dear, the lower order of country people
sometimes make a livelihood by selling chopped whins to
the inhabitants of towns, for their cattle, by the bushel.
u I have," says Dr RICHARDSON, " great experience of
this food, being obliged to recur to it every third or
fourth year, during the twenty-six I have been a farmer ;
it is strong and nutritive ; considered by many as the best
substitute for oats, when that more nourishing food can-
not be procured." — See Pamphleteer, vol. viii. p. 178, and
EVELYN'S Sylva, p. 410 — The Irish Whin, Mr NEILL
informs me, is much softer than ours, and a different spe-
cies, U* stricta.

DIADELPHIA—DECANDRIA. 159

217. ONONIS.

1. O. arvensis, stem hairy ; branches at length spinous ; flowers
mostly solitary, rose-coloured; leaves generally simple, entire
towards their base. Rest-harrow.

Hob. Sandy sea-coast, as on Spittal Links ; and borders
of fields, common. June— Aug. If.

218. ANTHYLLIS.

1. A. vulneraria, herbaceous; leaves pinnate, unequal; flowers
yellow, in a pair of crowded terminal heads. Ladies' -finger.

Hob. Dry pastures. Sea and river banks, plentiful,
Thomp. June — Aug. I/.

219. OROBUS.

1. O. tulerosus, stem simple, erect; leaves pinnate, elliptic-
lanceolate ; stipulas half-arrow-shaped, toothed at the base ;
flowers in axillary loose clusters, purple, veined* Heath Pea.

Hob. Heaths and deans. May, June. If

" But among the useful plants, the Corr or Cor-Meitte must not
be omitted, whose roots dried are the support of the High-
landers in long journeys, amidst the barren hills destitute
of the supports of life ; and a small quantity, like the ali-
mentary powders, will, for a long time, repel the attacks of
hunger. Infused in liquor, it is an agreeable beverage,
and, like the Nepenthe of the Greeks, exhilarates the
mind. From the similitude of sound in the name, it
seems to be the same with Chara^ the root discovered by
the soldiers of Caesar, at the siege of Dyrrachium, which,
steeped in milk, was such a relief to the famished army.
Or we may reasonably believe it to have been the Caledo-
nian food described by Dio, of which the quantity of a
bean would prevent both hunger and thirst; and this,
says the historian, they have ready for all occasions." —
PENNANT.

2. O. sylvaticus, stems recumbent, hairy, branched ; leaves pin,
nate, hairy, leaflets numerous, ovate-lanceolate ; flowers white,
striated with purple. Wood Bitter-vetch.

Hab. " Observed also by Dr Burgess in great plenty on
a bank facing the Tweed, on the north side, about a

160 DIADELPHIA-DECANDRIA.

quarter of a mile below the public house at the Beild,"
Lightfoot. " Near Longformacus," Berwickshire, Rev.
A. Baird. July. If

220. LATHYRUS.

1. L. pratensis, smooth ; stalks many.flowered ; flowers yel-
low ; tendrils mostly simple, each bearing a pair of lanceolate
leaflets. Meadow Vetchling.

Hal. Moist meadows and pastures, common. Cattle are
fond of it. July, Aug. If.

221. VICIA.

1. V. sylvatica.) smooth ; leaflets elliptical ; stipulas crescent -
shaped, deeply toothed ; flowers white, streaked with bluish
veins. Wood Vetch.

Hob. Woods and bushy places. Banks beyond the Needle-
eye; Tweed banks beyond Ord Mill, Thomp. July,
Aug. 11

One of our most elegant wild plants ; well worthy to deco-
rate shrubberies, or to be trained over a treillis or bower ;
SMITH, — and so Sir WALTER SCOTT seems also to think,

" And where profuse the Wood Vetch clings
Round Ash and Elm in verdant rings,
Its pale and azure-pencilled flower
Should canopy Titania's bower."

2. V. Cracca, downy ; flowers imbricated ; bluish-purple ; leaf-
lets lanceolate, silky ; stipulas half-arrow-shaped, mostly entire.
Tufted Vetch.

Hob. Rough boggy fields, and in hedges, where it is very
ornamental. July, Aug. If

* * Flowers axillary ^ nearly sessile.

3. V. sativa, flowers mostly in pairs, purplish ; leaflets elliptic-
oblong, lower ones abrupt ; stipulas with a blackish depression
beneath ; seeds orbicular, smooth. Common Vetch.

Hob. Corn fields, and dry short pastures. Banks below

DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. l6l

Marshall-meadows. Amongst the whins to the north
of Kyloe rocks. June. 0

Our plant is the variety £ of the English Flora, and the
specimens from the latter station approach, in some cha-
racters, to the V. augustifolia of the same work. The
flowers are always solitary, very conspicuous and beauti-
ful, but bluish-purple, not crimson. The root is furnished
with a few fleshy, rather large tubercles ; the stems are
procumbent, but branched and downy, not simple and
smooth ; and the mark of the stipulas is generally pale,
but sometimes brown. Readily distinguished from the
following by the seeds.

4. V. lathyroideS) flowers solitary, bluish-purple ; leaflets ellip-
tic-oblong, lower ones inversely heart-shaped; tendrils simple,
shorter than the leaflets ; seeds cubic, warty. Spring Vetch.

Hab. Gravelly fields. " Heugh, Holy Island ;" Chapel-
hill, Belford, and other basaltic heights between it and
Bamborough, Thomp. May. Q

5. V. septum^ flowers about 4 together, in short axillary clus-
ters, bluish-purple ; legumes upright, smooth ; leaflets ovate,
obtuse, the upper ones gradually smaller. Bush Vetch.

Hab. Hedges, common. "We have observed it with white
flowers. June. If.

222. ERVUM.

1. E. hirsutum, clusters many- flowered ; flowers very small,
pale blue ; legumes hairy, with 2 seeds ; stems weak, straggling ;
leaflets linear-oblong, abrupt. Hairy Tare.

Hab. Corn fields and cultivated ground. June — Aug. 0

223. ASTRAGALUS.

1. A. glycyphyllos, stem prostrate, 2 or 3 feet long; leaves
longer than the flower-stalks ; leaflets oval ; flowers pale sulphur-
colour ; legumes obscurely triangular, incurved. Wild Liquorice.

Hab. " Brow of Cockle-hill at Learmonth ; banks of
Tweed by the road to Carham ; Hilly pastures at Mo-
ney-Laws," Wallis. June. I/.

2. A. hypoglottiS) stem prostrate, 2 to 5 inches long ; flowers in

1 62 DIADELPHI A— DEC ANDRI A.

round heads, bluish-purple ; legumes ovate, deeply channelled
along the back, compressed, hairy, hooked at the point ; leaflets
blunt. Purple Milk-vetch.

Hab. Links of Holy Island, Winch. Spittal Links, and
the links beyond Scrammerston, Thomp. Sea banks
below Redheugh, Berwickshire. June, July. ?/

224. TRIFOLIUM.

* Flowers in clusters. Seeds 1 or more.

1. T. cfficinale, stem erect ; leaflets obovate, oblong, toothed ;
stipulas awl-shaped ; flowers unilateral, drooping ; legume pro-
minent, acute, transversely wrinkled, hairy, with 2 seeds. Com-
mon Melilot.

Hab. Bushy places and way sides. a Old limestone
quarry at Saterpath Haven," Thomp. Sea-banks in se-
veral places. New-water Haugh Wood. July, 0

The flowers are commonly yellow, but in this neighbour-
hood, more frequently of a greenish-white colour, and
smaller than usual. The herb is very palatable food to
all sorts of cattle, and has a grateful odour when cut
down and dried. Its seed is of all others the most per-
nicious in wheat, a few communicating a very strong
smell to the flour.-— SINCLAIR. It is fortunately rare
in this district.

* * Flowers capitate. Seeds several.

•2. T. repens, stems creeping, solid ; flowers somewhat stalked,
white, in a globose head ; legume within the calyx. 4-seeded.
White Clover, or Shamrock.

Hab. Meadows and pastures. May — Sept. 11

It is a curious fact, and one not easily explained, that when-
ever a moor or barren heath is manured or turned up with
the spade or plough, instead of producing next season its
former coarse grass or heath, the white clover uniformly
appears in their place, although previously it was at least
not visible to the eye.

In dry soils the flowers sometimes become leafy. This we
have observed on Holy Island. The flowers are support-
ed on rather long stalks ; the calyx has 6 leaflike cut seg-
ments, while the style is dilated into a large ovate leaf,

DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. 163

toothed on the margins. In other respects the plant is
not altered, and cannot deceive the student under this
disguise, however it may interest him.

* * * Flowers capitate. Seeds single.

3. T. pratense^ spikes dense ; stems ascending ; petals unequal ;
calyx hairy, 4 of its teeth equal ; stipulas ovate, bristle, pointed-
Common Purple Clover.

Hab. Meadows and pastures. May — Sept. 11

The " Cow-grass'* of farmers, who seem very unwilling to
admit that their " Purple Clover" can be a variety pro-
duced by cultivation, as is generally supposed by bota-
nists, seeing that the former is perennial, while the latter
is biennial only, and their agricultural properties are very
different. This, however, is very good for cattle, and
very noisome to witches. And, in the days when there
were witches in the land, the leaf was worn by knight and
by peasant, as a potent charm against their wiles ; and we
can even yet trace this belief of its magic virtue in some
not unobserved customs. Hast thou never sought, and
deemed thyself fortunate in finding a four-leaved clover ?

" But woe to the wight who meets the green knight

Except on his faulchion arm
Spell proof he bear, like the brave St Clair,
The holy Trefoil's charm ;

For then shall fly his gifted eye

Delusions false and dim ;
And each unbless'd shade shall stand pourtray'd

In ghostly form and limb."

4. T. medium, spikes lax ; stems zigzag and branching ; petals
nearly equal ; calyx smooth, 2 upper teeth rather the shortest ;
stipulas tapering, converging. Zigzag Trefoil

Hab. In deans. Longridge dean. July. If.

The characters which best distinguish this from the preced-
ing, seem to be the shape of the stipulas, and the smooth
calyx. The heads of flowers are also somewhat globular,
concave on the top, and of a finer purple. The character
afforded by the comparative length of the lower tooth of
the calyx, and of the tube of the corolla, adopted by WILL-
DENOW, and borrowed by HOOKER and GREVILLE, is not
to be depended upon, since in this we find the tooth some-
times much shorter than the tube, while in the cultivated
clover it is often equal to it in length.

1 64 DI ADELPHI A— DEC ANDRI A .

5. T. arvense, spikes cylindrical, very hairy ; stipulas lanceo-
late, bristle-pointed; calyx-teeth longer than the corolla, per-
manently bristle-pointed ; leaflets linear-obovate ; stem erect,
much branched. Hare's-foot Trefoil.

Hob. Sandy barren fields. Heugh, Holy Island. Cha-
pel-hill, Belford, and heights between it and Bambo-
rough. Bed of Wooler Water, Thomp. " Banks of
the eye opposite Netherbyres," Rev. A. Baird. July,
Aug. 0

6. T. scabrum, heads sessile, axillary, ovate ; calyx-teeth un-
lequal, lanceolate, rigid, finally recurved ; stems procumbent,
rigid. Rough Trefoil.

Hal. Rocks in Holy Island, Winch. June. 0

7. T. striatum, heads sessile, axillary and terminal, ovate ;
calyx elliptical, furrowed, hairy, with straight bristle-shaped
teeth ; stems procumbent, pubescent. Soft-knotted Trefoil.

Hob. Dry pastures. On rocks at Holy Island. Heights
from Kyloe to Bamborough. June. 0

* * * * Standards persistent, dry and membranous. Flowers yellow.

3. T. procumbens, heads oval, many-flowered ; standard finally
deflexed, furrowed ; stems spreading or procumbent ; common
footstalk longest at the base. Hop Trefoil.

Hab. Dry gravelly fields. June, July. 0

9. T. minus, heads hemispherical, with 12-15 flowers; flower-
stalks straight, rigid ; standard nearly even ; stems prostrate ;
common footstalk very short. Lesser Trefoil.

Hab. Dry gravelly fields. June, July. 0

225. LOTUS.

1 . L. corniculatuS) stems recumbent, pithy ; heads depressed,
of 2-5 yellow flowers ; claw of the standard obovate ; filaments
all dilated ; legumes spreading, nearly cylindrical. Common
Bird's-foot Trefoil.

Hab. Grassy pastures, common. June— Sept. If.

DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. 165

2. L. major, stems erect, tubular ; heads depressed, many-
flowered, duller yellow ; claw of the standard linear ; shorter
filaments not dilated; legumes drooping, cylindrical. Greater
BircTs-foot Trefoil.

Hab. Bushy places at the sides of ditches, frequent.
July, Aug. I/

226. MEDICAGO.

1. M. sativa, stem erect, smooth ; leaflets long, serrated to-
wards the end; clusters upright, of many bluish-purple flowers ;
legumes spiral. Lucerne.

Hab. Field above the quarry on Sunnyside, Dr Thomp-
son. " Corn-field near Gunsgreen«hill," Rev. A. Baird.
Aug. Sept. I/.

Lucerne has often been recommended for fodder, but is not
cultivated in this neighbourhood. At Portobello, near
Edinburgh, it is cultivated with great success ; and the
appearance of the field is always particularly fresh and
luxuriant.

2. M. lupulma, stem procumbent ; leaflets obovate ; spikes
ovate, erect, of numerous small yellow flowers; legumes kidney-
shaped, rugged and veiny, single-seeded. Black Medick.

Hab. Meadows and pastures. May — Aug. ©

The Yellow Clover of the farmer, and often sown with rye-
grass.

( 166 )

CLASS XVIII.
POLYADELPHIA.

' The young maid stole thro' the cottage door,
And blush'd as she sought the plant of pow'r ; —
" Thou silver glow-worm, O, lend me thy light,
I must gather the mystic St John's-wort to-night,
The wonderful herb whose leaf will decide
If the coming year shall make me a bride."

And the glow-worm came

With its silvery flame,

And sparkled and shone

Thro' the night of St John,
And soon has the young maid her love-knot tied.

With noiseless tread

To her chamber she sped,

Where the spectral moon her white beams shed : —
" Bloom here — bloom here, thou plant of pow'r
To deck the young bride in her bridal hour !"
But it droop'd its head that plant of pow'r,
And died the mute death of the voiceless flow'r ;
And a wither'd wreath on the ground it lay,
More meet for a burial than bridal day.

And when a year was past away,

All pale in her bier the young maid lay !

And the glow-worm came

With its silvery flame,

And sparkl'd and shone

Thro' the night of St John
As they closed the cold grave o'er the maid's cold clay.'

POLYADELPHIA— POLYANDRIA. 167

I. POLYANDRIA.

227- HYPERICUM. Calyx inferior, in 5 deep divisions; petals 6 ;
filaments united at the base, into 3 or 5 parcels ; capsule
with many seeds.

In former times the Hypericum, or St John's-wort, was
looked upon as a " plant of power" in the expulsion of de-
mons, in hindering witches of their will, and in prognos-
ticating the good or bad fortune of young men and mai-
dens, as to their obtaining partners for life. In Lower
Saxony the young girls, to this day, gather sprigs of it on
Midsummer night, and fasten them to the walls of their
bed-chamber. If, on the ensuing morning, the sprig re-
mains fresh, a suitor maybe expected ; if it drop or wither,
the maid is destined to an early grave. This superstition
gave origin to the beautiful lines we have selected for our
motto, and which are taken from Blackwood's Magazine for
January 1821 — The H. perfwatum is the species which
was used in this country ; and the belief in its virtues is
said still to linger amongst the people of North Wales.

227. HYPEEICUM.

1. H. quadrangulum, stem herbaceous, with 4 sharp angles ;
leaves ovate, with copious pellucid dots ; segments of the calyx
lanceolate ; flowers lemon-coloured, panicled ; styles 3. Square
St Johri*s-wort.

Hab. Moist meadows, and banks of rivulets. July. 11

2. H. perforatum, stem two-edged; leaves elliptical, obtuse,
with copious pellucid dots ; segments of the calyx lanceolate ;
flowers bright yellow, streaked ; styles 3. Perforated St John's-
wort.

Hab. Thickets and hedges, frequent. July, Aug. If.

3. H. humifusum, stem compressed, prostrate ; leaves ellipti-
cal, smooth ; segments of the calyx ovate, leafy ; flowers some-
what cymose, yellow ; styles 3. Trailing St John's-wort.

1 68 POL YADELPHIA— POL YANDKIA.

Hob. Gravelly pastures. Hilly pastures above Lamber-
ton Shields ; " Fields about Netherbyres," Kev. A.
Baird. In fields above Ayton, on the Eye ; and near
St Abb's Head. July. #

Far diffus'd

And lowly creeping, modest and yet fair,
Like virtue, thriving most where little seen.'

4. H. hirsutum, downy ; stem erect, round ; leaves ovate ; calyx
lanceolate with glandular serratures ; flowers yellow ; styles 3.
Hairy St John's-wort.

Hob. Woods not common. Sea banks at Lamberton
Shields ; Tweed banks beyond Ord-Mill, Thomp.
July. If.

5. H. pukhrum^ smooth ; stem erect, round ; leaves clasping
the stem, heart-shaped ; calyx ovate, with glandular serratures ;
flowers yellow, tipped with scarlet ; styles 3. Pretty St John's-
wort.

Hab. Deans and bushy places, common. July. 11

169 )

CLASS XIX.
SYNGENESIA.

Many of the Sciences are evidently pursued, and considered as proper ob-
jects of study for all refined minds, merely on \ccount of the intellectual
pleasure they afford ; merely because they enlarge our views of nature,
and enable us to think more correctly with regard to the beings and ob-
jects surrounding us."— Sir H. DAVY.

I. POLYGAMIA ^EQUALIS.

* Corolla of each floret ligulate.

236. HYPOCH/ERIS. Receptacle chaffy ; seed down feathery ; calyx
somewhat imbricated.

238. CICHORIUM. Receptacle slightly chaffy ; down chaffy, shorter
than the seed ; calyx double.

235. CHE PIS. Receptacle roughish ; down simple, partly stalked ;
calyx double, outermost lax, tumid, deciduous.

234. HIERACIUM. Receptacle almost naked, dotted ; down sim-
ple, sessile ; calyx imbricated, ovate-

233. APARGIA. Receptacle naked, dotted ; down feathery, sessile,
unequal and various ; calyx double, innermost imbricated.

a

170 SYNGENESIS.

229. PICRIS. Receptacle naked ; down feathery ; seeds furrowed

transversely ; calyx double, innermost equal, outer lax.

228. TRAGOPOGON. Receptacle naked ; down stalked, feathery ;
calyx simple, of several equal scales, in 2 rows,

232. L»EONTODON. Receptacle naked ; down stalked, simple ;
mlyx imbricated, double, scales of the outermost lax.

231, LACTUCA. Receptacle naked; down stalked, simple; calyx
imbricated, simple, cylindrical, scales membranous at the
margin.

230. SONCHUS. Receptacle naked ; down sessile, simple ; calyx

simple, imbricated, swelling at the base.

237. LAPSANA. Receptacle naked ; down none ; calyx double, in-
nermost of equal channelled scales.

* * Florets all tubular, lax, and spreading in the limb. Capitate*

243. CARLINA. Calyx swelling, outer scales spinous, inner co-

loured, polished, radiant ; receptacle chaffy ; down feathery-

239. ARCTIUM. Calyx globose, scales spinous, hooked, in-

flexed.

240. CARDUUS. Calyx tumid, imbricated, scales spinous; recep-

tacle hairy ; down deciduous, capillary, roughish.

241. CNICUS. Calyx tumid, imbricated, scales spinous; recep-

tacle hairy ; down deciduous, feathery.

242. ONOPORDUM. Calyx tumid, scales spinous, spreading ; re-

ceptacle cellular, somewhat chaffy.

* * » Florets all tubular, parallel, crowded, nearly on a level at the

top. Discoid.

244, EVPATORIUM. Receptacle naked ; down rough ; calyx im-

bricated, oblong ; style cloven half. way down, prominent.

SYNGENESIA. 171

II. POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA.

* Corolla of the marginal florets obsolete, or wanting. Discoid.

245. TANACETUM. Receptacle naked ; seed with a membranous

crown ; calyx imbricated, hemispherical ; florets of the cir-
cumference 3-cleft, obsolete, sometimes wanting.

247- GNAPHALIUM. Receptacle naked ; down rough, or feathery ;
calyx imbricated, scales filmy, coloured ; florets of the cir-
cumference awl- shaped.

246. ARTEMISIA. Receptacle either naked or hairy ; down none ;

calyx imbricated, scales rounded, converging ; florets of the
circumference awl shaped, entire.

* * Corolla of the marginal florets ligulate. Radiant.

254. BELLIS. Receptacle naked, conical ; down none ; calyx he-

mispherical, scales equal ; seed obovate.

255. CHRYSANTHEMUM. Receptacle naked, rather convex ;

down none : calyx hemispherical, imbricated, scales with a
dilated membranous border.

256. PYRETHRUM. Receptacle naked ; seed crowned with a bor-

der ; calyx hemispherical, imbricated, scales rather acute,
membranous at the edges.

253. INULA. Receptacle naked ; down simple; calyx imbricated ;
florets of the radius very numerous, linear ; anthers with
2 bristles at the base.

248. ERIGERON. Receptacle naked ; down simple ; calyx imbri-
cated ; florets of the radius numerous, linear, very nar-
row ; anthers simple.

252. SOLIDAGO. Receptacle naked, pitted ; down simple ; calyx
imbricated, with close scales ; florets of the radius about 5.

172 SYNGENESIA— P. ^QUALIS.

251. ASTER. Receptacle naked ; down simple ; calyx imbricated,
lowermost scales spreading ; florets of the radius more
than 10.

250. SENECIO. Receptacle naked ; down simple : calyx double,
the innermost cylindrical, of numerous equal scales, outer
of several minute ones, scales all withered at the extre-
mity.

249. TUSSILAGO. Receptacle naked ; down simple ; calyx simple,
tumid at the base, scales numerous, equal, somewhat
membranous ; seed obovate, compressed.

257. ANTHEMIS. Receptacle chaffy ; seed crowned with a slight

border ; calyx hemispherical, scales nearly equal ; florets
of the radius numerous, oblong.

258. ACHILLEA. Receptacle chaffy ; down none ; calyx ovate,

scales imbricated, unequal ; florets of the radius 5-10,
roundish, somewhat heart-shaped.

III. POLYGAMIA FRUSTRANEA.

259. CENTAUREA. Receptacle bristly ; down simple or feathery,
rarely wanting; florets of the radius funnel-shaped, dila-
ted, irregular, without stamens or style.

I. POLYGAMIA ^EQUALIS.

228. TRAGOPOGON.

1. T. pratemis, smooth, milky ; leaves keeled, tapering, dila-
ted, and somewhat undulated at the base ; flower-stalk cylindri-
cal ; calyx about equal to the corolla. Yellow Goafs-beard.
Hal. Meadows and pastures, frequent. June. $

We find the segments of the calyx uniformly much longer
than the corolla. If the weather be fair, the large yellow

SYNGENESIA— P. JEQUALIS. 173

lowers open at the rising of the sun, and close again be-
tween nine and ten o'clock in the morning, so that they
are seldom seen expanded. The roots " boyled in water
until they be tender, and buttered as parseneps and carrots,
are a most pleasant and wholesome meate, in delicate
taste farre surpassing either parsenep or carrot ; which
meate procures appetite, war met h the stomacke, prevail-
eth greatly in consumptions, and strengthneth those that
have been sicke of a long lingring disease."— -GERARD E.

229. PICRIS.

1. P. echioides, herb very bristly ; leaves wavy ; outer calyx of
5 broad heart-shaped scales ; flowers golden yellow ; down stalk,
ed. Bristly Ox-tonyue.

Hab. By the Pier-road near the Limekiln, Thomp. — Pro.
bably its most northern station, as it has not yet found
a place in the Scottish Flora. July. 0

230. SONCHUS.

1 . S. arvensis, root creeping ; stem 3 or 4 feet high ; leaves
runcinate, finely toothed, heart-shaped at the base ; flower-stalks
and catyx bristly, somewhat umbellate; flowers large, yellow.
Corn Sow-thistle.

Hab. Corn fields, common. Aug. 7/

.5. S. oleraceus, leaves runcinate, toothed ; flower-stalks cot-
tony ; calyx smooth ; flowers pale yellow, rather small. Com-
mon Sow -thistle.

Hab. Waste grounds. July — Sept. 0

231. LACTUCA.

1 . L. virosa, leaves horizontal, finely toothed, the ke el prickly
Strong-scented Lettuce.

Hab. Near Twizel Castle ; lane west of Old Ladykirk,
Mr W. Baird. Banks of the Tweed from the Chain,
bridge to Norham, most abundant. Ayton road, near
the six-mile stone. Twizel Toll. Aug. Sept. <J

Root tapering. Stem from 4 to 8 feet high, round, reddish-
purple, prickly before flowering, but afterwards nearly

174 SYNGENESIA— P. ^EQUALIS.

smooth. Leaves all cauline, large, alternate, obovate, ob-
tuse, tapered towards the base, sinuated and spinous on
the margin, with red midrib and veins, which are prickly
on the iftferior surface. The upper leaves become gra-
dually smaller, more decidedly clasp the stem, are some-
times pinnatifid, and prickly only on the midrib and mar-
gins. The upper surface of the leaves is dull green,
smooth, but the under is often purplish, and the midrib
and veins always so. Flowers in a large erect panicle, ra-
ther small, yellow. Calyx-scales more or less tinged with
purple, the upper ones downy at the tip, indistinctly
keeled. This description differs something from that of
other authors ; and the fig. of GERARDE, No. 3. were the
leaves less sinuated, would better express our plant than
the fig. No. 1. usually quoted.

The whole herb abounds in a milky juice, which has the
smell of opium, and possesses narcotic and diuretic pro-
perties.

232. LEONTODON.

1. L. Taraxacum, outer scales of the calyx reflexed; leaves
runcinate, toothed, smooth. Common Dandelion.

Hab. Pastures, &c. April — July. ?/

Early in spring the leaves, before they are fully expanded,
might be used in sallads, especially if they were blanched.
When a swarm of locusts had destroyed the harvest in
the island of Minorca, many of the inhabitants subsisted
upon this plant ; and at Gottingen the roots are roasted,
and used by the poor for coffee. It has been much re-
commended by BOERHAAVE and others, in diseases pro-
ceeding from obstructions in the liver ; and is still held in
estimation by some physicians of respectability. On their
recommendation, we have occasionally prescribed both the
extract, and a decoction of the recent herb, with much
benefit.

2. L. palustre, outer scales of the calyx erect, shorter, imbrica-
ted, ovate ; leaves sinuated and toothed, not quite smooth.
Marsh Dandelion.

Hab. Boggy meadows, rare. " In a small marshy planta-
tion on the farm of Gunsgreen," Rev. A. Baird. June,
July. If.

SYNGENESIA— P. ^EQUALIS. 175

233. APARGIA.

1. A. hispida, stalks naked, single-flowered; leaves runcinate,
rough ; flowers yellow ; florets hairy at their orifice, glandular at
the tip; seeds scarcely beaked, all with feathery down. Rough
Hawkbit.

Hab. Meadows and pastures. July. I/.

2. A. autumnalis, common stalk branched ; partial ones scaly ;
leaves lanceolate, toothed or pinnatifid, nearly smooth ; flowers
yellow. Autumnal Hawkbit.

Hab. Meadows and pastures. Aug. If.

234. HIERACIUM.

* Stalk radical, naked^ single-flowered,

1. H. Piksella, leaves elliptical, entire, cottony beneath ; scions
creeping ; stalks naked ; flowers pale yellow, beautiful. Mouse-
ear Hawkweed.

Hab. Dry banks and pastures. May — July. If.

2. H. murorum^ stem corymbose with a solitary leaf; leaves
ovate-heartshaped, wavy, with radiating teeth chiefly at the
base ; flowers rather large, yellow. Watt Hawkweed.

Hab. On the steep naked "banks of the Tweed and White-
adder, plentiful. On Kyloe rocks. June. 7/

3. H. sylvaticum, stem simply racemose, many-leaved, solid ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, toothed chiefly about the base, teeth
pointing forward ; flowers yellow. Wood Hawkweed.

Hab. Old walls and dry banks. On the Old Castle.
Banks between the Foundry and Spittal. July. If.

4. H. paludosum, stem angular, tubular, leafy, smooth, corym-
bose ; leaves smooth, toothed, elliptic-oblong, clasping the stem
with their heart-shaped base ; calyx hairy ; flowers yellow.
Marsh Hawkweed.

176 SYNGENESIA—P. ^EQUALIS.

Hab. Marshy places. Castle hills. Boggy ravine east of
West Ord, &c. July. If

5. H. sabaudum^ stem erect, copiously leafy, many-flowered ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, sharply toothed, rough-edged, somewhat
clasping, hairy beneath ; flowers yellow. Shrubby Hawkweed.

Hab. Bushy deans. Longridge dean. Sea banks between
Marshall Meadows and Lamberton Shields. Aug.
Sept, If

6. H. umbellatum, stem erect, leafy, almost solid, imperfectly
umbellate ; leaves scattered, linear, slightly toothed, nearly
smooth as well as the calyx. Narrow-leaved Hawkweed.

Hab. Bushy rocky places. Haiden dean, on the site of an
old Roman station. Aug. Sept. If

It is curious that in the greater number of the plants of this
species, some insect deposits its egg near the summit, by
which an oval or globular tumour is produced, and a more
complete umbellate appearance given to the yellow flowers.

235. CREPIS.

1. C. tectorum, stem smooth, branched ; radical leaves runci-
nate, the rest clasping, lanceolate and toothed ; calyx rough ;
flowers small, yellow ; seed-down sessile. Smooth Hawk's-beard.
Hab. Dry pastures, old walls and road-sides. July, Aug.
O

236. HYPOCH^RIS.

1. H. radicata, stems branched, naked, smooth ; leaves runci-
nate, bluntish, rough ; flower- stalks scaly ; flowers large, yeU
low; down of all the seeds stalked. Long-rooted Cafs- ear.
Hab. Pastures and waste ground. July. If

237. LAPSANA.

1. L. communis, stem branched, panicled, leafy; leaves ovate,
stalked, toothed ; flower-stalks cylindrical, even ; flowers very
small, yellow ; calyx of the fruit angular. Common Nipple-wort.
Waste and cultivated grounds. July, Aug« Q

SYNGENESIA— P. ^EQUALIS. 177

238. CICHOKIUM.

1. C. Intylus, stem 2 or 3 feet high, rough, very tough ; leaves
runcinate ; flowers large, bright blue, in pairs, both sessile.
Wild Succory.

Hal. " Fields by the Tweed opposite Spring Gardens,"
Thorap., not now to be found there. Holywell-haugh
at New Ladykirk, Mr W. Baird. (It was in this field
that Edward I. met the Scottish nobility, to settle the
dispute betwixt Baliol and Bruce, relative to the crown
of Scotland.) July, Aug. I/.

In France the young leaves are used in salads; and the
shoots from the root, blanched by being forced in a dark
cellar, are much relished as a winter salad, under the
name of Barbe de Capucin. The dried roots afford a pow-
der, which Dr HOWISON thinks preferable to that of cof-
fee ; and Dr DUNCAN is of opinion, that the plant might
be cultivated with great national advantages, as a substi-
tute for that exotic berry. On the continent, Succory is
cultivated to some extent for the use of milch cows, which,
when fed on it, are said to yield generally about a third
more milk than when on ordinary fodder ; and it is also
accounted excellent for promoting the production of but-
ter— See NEILL'S Hort. Tour.

239. ARCTIUM.

1. A. Lappa, leaves stalked, heart-shaped, wavy, without
prickles ; calyx, when in seed, nearly smooth. Common Burdock.

Hab. Waste grounds. July, Aug. $

2. A. Bardana, leaves stalked, heart-shaped, nearly entire and
even, without prickles ; calyx, when in seed, cottony. Wooly-
headed Burdock.

Hab. Waste grounds, more common, I think, than the
preceding. July, Aug. $

The common people occasionally take a decoction of the
roots of Burdock, in herpetic eruptions, and with success.
It might be employed as a substitute for sarsaparilla. Sir
R. WALPOLE has praised it much as a remedy in gout.

H2

178 SYNGENESIA— P. JEQUALIS.

240. CARDUUS.

* Leaves decurrent.

1. C. nutans, 2 or 3 feet high, cottony; leaves interruptedly
decurrent, spinous; flowers solitary, drooping, large, crimson,
musky ; calyx-scales lanceolate, their upper part spreading.
Musk Thistle.

Hob. Waste grounds. " Shore near the Four-gun Bat-
tery&" Thomp. July, Aug. Q

2. C. acanthoides, 3 feet high, green ; leaves decurrent, sinua-
ted, very spinous ; flowers aggregate, somewhat stalked, purple ;
calyx globose, scales linear, partly recurved. Welted Thistle.

Hob. Hedges and dry waste ground, not uncommon.
July. 0

3. C. tenuiflorus, 3 or 4 feet high, cottony ; leaves decurrent,
sinuated, spinous ; flowers aggregate, sessile, pale purple ; calyx
nearly cylindrical, scales ovate at the base, somewhat recurved
at the point. Slender -flowered Thistle.

Hab. Waste places and road-sides, common in this neigh-
bourhood. June, July. 0

4. C. marianus, leaves wavy, spinous, clasping the stem, radi-
cal ones pinnatifid, all painted with broad white veins ; calyx-
scales leafy, recurved, channelled, spinous at the margin ; flowers
solitary, large, purple. Milk Thistle.

Hob. Waste grounds, frequent. Bankhill, and other parts
of the Ramparts. Castle banks. Holy Island, opposite
St Cuthbert's, Thomp. July. 0

" Proud Thistle! emblem dear to Scotland's sons!
Begirt with threatening points, strong in defence,
Unwilling to assault ! By thee the arm
Of England was repelled ; the rash attempt
Oft did the wounded arm of England rue.
But fraud prevailed, where force had tried in vain :
Fraud undermined thy root, and laid thy head,
Thy crested head low sullied in the dust."

GRAHAME.

SYNGENESIA— P. ^QUALIS. 179

241. CNICUS.

* Leaves decurrent. Stem winged.

1. C. lanceolate stem furrowed, hairy ; leaves decurrent, pin-
natifid, hispid, with variously spreading spinous lobes ; calyx
ovate, shaggy ; flowers erect, large, crimson. Spear Thistle.

Hob. Way-sides frequent. July, Aug. $

3. C. palustris, very prickly, green, 3 or 4 feet high ; leaves de-
current, pinnatifid, toothed, spinous, rough ; flowers aggregate,
sessile, purple or white, rather small ; calyx ovate, minutely
spinous, nearly smooth. Marsh Thistle.

Hab. Moist meadows and shady places. July. <J

* * Leaves sessile, or partially decurrent Stem not winged.

3. C. arvensis, stem panicled, solid ; leaves sessile, pinnatifid,
spinous, nearly smooth ; calyx ovate, outer scales spinous ;
flowers stalked, pale purple ; root creeping, tuberous. Creeping
Thistle.

Hab. Cultivated fields and way-sides. July. I/.

A very bad weed, which it seems quite impossible wholly to
destroy by any exertions of tillage which are consistent
with due attention to profit.

4. C. heterophyllus, stem downy, almost single-flowered ; leaves
clasping the stem, fringed, undivided or pinnatifid, very smooth
above, densely cottony beneath ; flower large, fine purple. Me-
lancholy Thistle.

Hab. Moist mountainous pastures. " At the foot of Che-
viot," Winch. July, Aug. 7/

242. ONOPOKDUM.

1. O. Acanthium, cottony, 4 or 5 feet high ; leaves ovate-ob-
long, sinuated, woolly on both sides ; calyx-scales awl-shaped,
spreading in every direction ; flowers solitary, large, bluish rose-
colour. Common Cotton-thistle.

2

180 SYNGENESIA— P. SUPEEFLUA.

Hob. Waste grounds. " Wastes near the Scotch-gate,^
Thomp. Frequent in gardens and shrubberies. July.
c?

243. CARLINA.

I. C. vidgariS) a foot high ; stem corymbose, many -flowered ;
flowers terminal, purplish ; outer calyx-scales pinnatifid, inner
whitish. Carline Thistle.

Hob. Dry barren fields. Sea banks below Lambert on
Shields, Thomp., and between them and Burnmouth.
Holy Island, Mr NeilL June, July. $

" This genus was named after the Emperor CHARLE-
MAGNE, because, according to report, one of its species,
C. acaulis, was pointed out to him by an angel, to cure his
army of the plague. Its root is pungent, bitter, and to-
nic; but the large white everlasting flower is perhaps
most useful, when nailed upon cottage doors, in Germany,
France, or Italy, by way of a hygrometer, as it closes be-
fore rain.*'— SM.

244. EUPATORIUM.

1. E. cannabinum, stems 2 or 3 feet high, leafy, downy ; leaves
in 3 or 5 deep lanceolate segments, the middle one longest;
flowers in dense, pale purplish, corymbose tufts. Hemp-agri-
mony.

Hob. Watery boggy places, frequent. Dodses' Well, and
other parts of the sea-banks, Thomp. Horncliff dean,
&c. Aug. If

II. P. SUPERFLUA.

245. TANACETUM.

1. T. vulgare, leaves doubly pinnatifid, deeply serrated, naked ;•
flowers densely corymbose, yellow. Common Tansy.

Hob. Banks of the Whiteadder, Tweed and Till, plenti.
ful, Thomp. July, Aug. 7/

<c In the spring time are made with the leaues hereof newly
sprung up, and with egs, cakes or tansies, which be plea-
sant in taste, and good for the stomacke. For if any bad.

SYNGENESIA— P. SUPERFLUA. 181

humours cleaue thereunto, it doth perfectly concoct them,
and scowre them downewards. The root, preserued with
hony or sugar, is an especial thing against the gout, if
euery day, for a certaine space, a reasonable quantitie
thereof be eaten fasting." GERARDE. — Tansy cakes and
pudding, notwithstanding all this, are now much out of
fashion.

24G. ARTEMISIA.

1. A. maritima, herb hoary ; leaves downy, pinnatifid, upper-
most undivided; flowers drooping, oblong, downy, sessile; re-
ceptacle naked. Sea Wormwood.

Hab. Sea-shore in a muddy soil. Coast beyond Goswick ;
•6 on the Emblestones," Thomp. Aug. I/.

A decoction of this plant is occasionally used by the people
here as an anthelmintic.

2. A. gallica, leaves downy, pinnatifid, radical ones capillary,
uppermost undivided ; flowers erect, oblong, downy, partly
stalked, of few florets; receptacle naked.

Hab. On St Cuthberts, Holy Island, sparingly. August,
Sept. 7/

3. A. Absinthium, herb hoary ; leaves in many deep segments,
clothed with close silky down ; flowers drooping, hemispherical ;
receptacle hairy. Common Wormwood.

Hab. Waste ground about villages. Aug. If.

This and the following are in much use amongst the poor
as bitter stomachic and deobstruent medicines ; and they
are frequently very useful. What our publicans sell un-
der the name of Purl, is said to be ale seasoned with the
tops of Wormwood — BRANDE ; and, according to Mr
NEILL, the distillers in Scotland sometimes employ it in
place of hops. " The plant is thought to drive away in-
sects from clothes and furniture, for which purpose it is
often laid into drawers and chests in the country."

' ' While Wormwood hath seed, get a handful or twaine,
To save against March, to make flea to refraine.
Where chamber is sweeped, and wormwood is strown,
No flea for his life dare abide to be knowne."

182 SYNGENESIA— P. SUPERFLUA.

4. A. vulgaris, leaves pirmatifid, flat, cut, downy beneath, dark
green above ; clusters simple ; flowers ovate ; receptacle naked.
Mugwort.

Hob. Under hedges, and in waste places. Aug. 7/

247. GNAPHALIUM.

* Calyx white or reddish.

1. G. dioicum, shoots procumbent ; stem unbranched, 3 or 4
inches high ; radical leaves obovate ; flowers dioecious, in a
simple terminal corymb ; seed -down feathery, various. Moun-
tain Cudweed.

Hob. Moors. " Etal Moor, by the road to the Coalworks,"
Wallis. Lamberton Moor. Moors above Kyloe. June,
July. V

* * Calyx brown,) and less ornamental.

2. G. rectum, stem simple, nearly erect, downy ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, naked on the upper side, silky beneath ; flowers axil-
lary, forming a distant leafy spike. Upright Cudweed.

Hab. Thickets and pastures on a sandy soil. Lamberton
Moor. Quarry on Sunnyside, Thomp. Moor at Ord
Hill. Road-side above Fenham, £c. Aug. If.

3. G. uliginosum, stem much branched, spreading, woolly;
leaves linear-lanceolate, cottony on both sides ; flowers in dense
terminal tufts. Marsh Cudweed.

Hab. Sandy watery places, particularly where water has
stood during winter, common. Aug. 0

4. G. minimum, stem erect, branched ; leaves lanceolate, acute,
flat ; flowers conical, in lateral and terminal tufts ; herb some-
what cottony. Least Cudweed.

Hab. Sandy heaths and barren ground, common. July,
Aug. ©

5. G. germanicum, stem erect, proliferous ; leaves lanceolate ;
heads globose, many-flowered, lateral as well as terminal ; calyx-
scales bristle-pointed. Common Cudweed.

Hab. Dry fields and pastures, common. July, Aug. 0

SYNGENESIA— P. SUPERFLUA. 183

248. ERIGERON.

1. E. acris, stem racemose; stalks mostly single-flowered;
leaves lanceolate or tongue-shaped, sessile; radius erect, scarcely
taller than the seed-down. Blue Flea-bane.

Hab. " Links at Holy Island in a direction north from
the Castle, plentiful," Thomp. July, Aug. <J

249. TUSSILAGO.

1. T. Farfara, stalks single-flowered, clothed with scaly brae-
teas ; flowers radiant, yellow ; leaves heart-shaped, angular and
toothed, cottony beneath. Coifs-foot.

Hab. Moist clay -soils common, one of the most injurious
of weeds. March, April. 7/

The flowers come before the leaves. In the bud they are
pendulous, erect when expanded and in vigour; when
they begin to fade, they contract their petals together,
and again hang their heads, lamenting, as it were, their
departed beauty ; but before long, the seeds being ma-
tured and ready to be dispersed, they rise again erect,
that the breeze may waft them more certainly to a soil
fitted for their germination in a future spring* I know
not a more interesting proof that the actions of plants are
not explicable on mechanical principles.

The downy substance, on the 'under surface of the
leaves, impregnated with saltpetre, makes excellent tin-
der. A decoction of them in milk is a popular remedy in
pectoral complaints.

2. T, Petasites, flowers flosculous, flesh-coloured, in a dense
ovate-oblong panicle; leaves heart-shaped, unequally toothed,
3-ribbed at the base, larger than those of any other native plant.
Butter-bur.

Hab. Moist meadows, and the banks of rivers. April*
May. V

250. SENECIO.
* Flowers without rays.

1. S. vulgaris, leaves pinnatifid, toothed, obtuse, smoothish,
clasping at the base ; flowers dispersed, small, yellow. Common
Groundsel.

184 SYNGENESIA— P. SUPERFLUA.

Hob. Waste and cultivated grounds. Flowers at all sea-
sons. 0

Birds kept in cages are fed with the young buds and leaves,
which have a saltish herbaceous flavour. Beat down into
a coarse pulp, and applied to the pit of the stomach, they
cause strong vomiting some hours after; and thus em-
ployed, have been found- to cure the ague. Edin. Med.
Essays and Obs. vol. ii. p. 42. — A poultice of the whole
herb forms a good application to boils, and sprained
joints.

* * Flowers with speedily revolute rays.

2. S. viscosus, stem with many spreading branches, downy ;
leaves pinnatifid, viscid ; flowers yellow with revolute rays ;
outer calyx lax, almost as long as the inner. Stinking Groundsel.

Hab. Waste ground, rare. About the riding-stable at
Easington plentiful. July — Oct. Q

3. S. sylvaticus, stem erect, straight, corymbose ; leaves sessile,
pinnatifid, lobed and toothed ; flowers yellow with revolute
rays ; outer calyx short, with bluntish discoloured tips. Moun-
tain Groundsel.

Hab. Dry soils, banks and mounds of earth, common.
July. 0

* * * Flowers with spreading rays.

4. S. tenuifolius, stem erect, loosely cottony, straight ; leaves
pinnatifid, somewhat revolute, paler and shaggy beneath ; flowers
yellow with spreading oblong rays. Hoary Ragwort.

Hab, Woods, and by road-sides, rare. " Plantation on the.
banks of the Tweed near Ord-mill, sparingly," Thomp.
Iload-sides between Swinton and Swinton-mill, Ber-
wickshire, Messrs A. and W. Baird, by whom it was
first added to the Scottish Flora. July, Aug. 7f

5. S. Jacobcea, stem erect, branched ; leaves doubly pinnatifid,
somewhat lyrate, with spreading toothed smooth segments ;
flowers yellow, with spreading, oblong, toothed rays; seeds of
the disk silky. Common Ragwort.

Hab. Pastures and road-sides. July, Aug. If.

SYNGENESIA— P. SUPERFLUA. 185

6. S. aquations, leaves lyrate, serrated, the lowermost obovate
and undivided; flowers yellow, with spreading elliptic oblong
rays ; seeds all smooth. Marsh Ragwort.

Hab. Wet meadows and sides of ponds. July, Aug. 7/

251. ASTER.

1. A. Tripolium, herbaceous, corymbose; leaves lanceolate, en-
tire, fleshy, smooth, obscurely 3-ribbed ; calyx-scales obtuse,
somewhat membranous; flowers with a yellow disk and blue
rays. Sea Starwort.

Ilab. Salt marshes. Sides of the Tweed above the bridge ;
and coast beyond Goswick Links, plentiful. August,
Sept. If

252. SOLIDAGO,

1. S. virgaurea, stem slightly zigzag, angular, erect ; lower
leaves stalked, elliptic-oblong, those of the stem sessile, lanceo-
late, all partly serrated ; clusters downy, panicled, crowded,
erect ; flowers yellow. Common Golden-rod.

Hab. Deans frequent. New-mill banks. Murton Craigs,
"Thomp. Longridge and Haiden deans, &c. July —
Sept. 11

253. INULA.

1. /. dysenlerica, stem woolly, panieled, a foot high ; leaves
oblong, downy, clasping the stem with their heart-shaped base ;
calyx-scales bristle-shaped, hairy; flowers yellow, rather large.
Common Flea-bane.

Hab. Watery places, rather rare. Dodses' Well ; "Porter-
haugh ;" Castle-hill banks, Thomp. In the latter sta-
tion it was abundant in 1822, and flowered freely: in
1823 it did not flower, and it has since entirely disap-
peared, though no change has been made in the field.
" Holy well -haugh, near Ladykirk," Mr W. Baird.
Aug. If

The Doronicum Pardalianches, GEBARDE says, "hath beene
found and gathered in the cold mountaines of Northumber-
land, by Dr PENNY, lately of London, deceased, a man of
much experience and knowledge in simples;" but we aYe
not aware of its having been seen by any one since.

186 SYNGENESIA— P. SUPERFLUA.

254. BELLIS.

1. B. perennis, root creeping; flower-stalks radical, naked.
Common Daisy.

Hab. " 'Tis Flora's page: — in every place,
In every season fresh and fair,
It opens with perennial grace,
And blossoms every where.

On waste and woodland, rock, and plain,

Its humble buds unheeded rise;
The Rose has but a summer reign,

The Daisy never dies."

This little flower has ever been the favourite of poets, a
distinction which it seems to merit by the beauty and
purity of its blossoms, which, in May particularly, are
evolved in such profusion as to whiten the fields, and
render the landscape doubly cheerful. In the days of
chivalry it was the emblem of fidelity in love, and was
frequently borne at tournaments both by ladies and by
knights. Thus DRYDEN, from CHAUCER, in the Vision
of the " Flower and the Leaf:"

" A tuft of Daisies on a flowery lay
They saw, and thitherward they bent their way ;
To this both knights and dames their homage made,
And due obeisance to the Daisy paid.
And then the band of flutes began to play,
To which a lady sung a virelay :
And still at every close she would repeat
The burden of the song, * The Daisy is so sweet.'
' The Daisy is so sweet,' when she begun,
The troop of knights and dames continued on."

And thus LEYDEN, in a passage of exquisite beauty :

" Star of the mead! sweet daughter of the day,
Whose opening flower invites the morning ray,
From thy moist cheek, and bosom's chilly fold,
To kiss the tears of eve, the dew-drops cold !
Sweet Daisy, flower of love ! when birds are paired,
'Tis sweet to see thee, with thy bosom bared,

SYNGENESIA— P. SUPERF.LUA. 187

Smiling, in virgin innocence, serene,
Thy pearly crown above thy vest of green.*
The lark, with sparkling eye, and rustling wing,
Rejoins his widowed mate in early spring,
And as she prunes his plumes, of russet hue,
Swears, on thy maiden blossom, to be true.

" Oft have I watched thy closing buds at eve,
Which for the parting sun-beams seemed to grieve,
And, when gay morning gilt the dew-bright plain,
Seen them unclasp their folded leaves again:
Nor he who sung—-' the Daisy is so sweet,'—
More dearly loved thy pearly form to greet;
When on his scarf the knight the Daisy bound,
And dames at tourneys shone, with daisies crown'd,
And fays forsook the purer fields above,
To hail the Daisy, flower of faithful love."

255. CHRYSANTHEMUM.

1. C. Leucanthemum, stem erect, 1 or 2 feet high ; leaves clasp-
ing the stem, oblong, obtuse, cut, pinnatifid at the base, radical
ones obovate stalked ; flowers large, solitary, with a yellow disk
and white rays. White Ox-eye.

Hob. Dry pastures and way-sides. Some of the fields in
the vicinity of Barmoor Castle are white with it.
June, July. ?/

2. C. segetum, smooth, glaucous ; leaves clasping the stem,
jagged upwards, toothed at the base ; flowers large, yellow.

Yellow Ox-eye.

Hob. Corn-fields, a " splendid weed," but very rare in this
neighbourhood. " Fields below Lamberton," Thomp.
Near Gunsgreen House, Rev. A. Baird. Fields near
St Abb\s-head. June — Aug. Q

* I question whether any but a botanist will fully appreciate the beauty
of this line ; and the same remark might with propriety have been made on
some other passages which we have quoted, particularly on that very beau-
tiful one from SHAKSPEARE, under Primula veris. MICHAELIS has re-
marked, that " the frequent recurrence for metaphorical expressions to na-
tural objects, and particularly to plants and to trees, is so characteristic of
the Hebrew poetry, that it might be almost called the botanical poetry." A
similar designation might not unaptly characterize the poetry of the present
day; — we have at least found the pleasure of reading it much enhanced by
an acquaintance with natural history.

188 SYNGENESIA— P. SUPERFLUA.

256. PYRETHRUM.

1. P. Parthenium, stem erect, 2 feet high; leaves stalked,
compound, flat ; leaflets ovate, cut, the uppermost confluent ;
flower-stalks corymbose ; rays white, shorter than the diameter
of the yellow disk. Common Fever-few.

Hob. Waste ground, and about hedges. " About New-
water - haugh," Thomp. Old walls near Eyemouth,
Rev. A. Baird. Near Twizel Toll. July. $

2. P. inodorum, stem branched, spreading ; leaves sessile, pin-
nate, in numerous capillary pointed segments ; flowers large, so-
litary, white ; crown of the seeds entire. Horse-gowan.

Hob. Fields and road-sides very common. Aug — Oct. Q

3. P. maritimum, stems diffuse ; leaves sessile, doubly pinnate,
fleshy, pointless, convex above, keeled beneath; flowers large,
white ; crown of the seeds lobed. Sea Feverfew.

Hob. Sea-banks about the Needle-eye, Thomp., but in
almost inaccessible places. July, Aug. Ij.

257- ANTHEMIS.

1. A. aroensis, stem much branched, hairy ; leaves doubly pin-
natifid, hairy, segments parallel ; flowers white ; receptacle coni-
cal, scales lanceolate, acute, keeled, prominent ; seeds crowned
with a quadrangular border. Corn Chamomile.

Hob. Road-sides in various places, but nowhere plentiful.
" By the old tower near the Magdalen-field Farm-
house," Thomp. Near Che swick Buildings; and near
the Inn on Doddington Moor. July. $

The A. Cotula is mentioned as a common weed by Messrs
BAILLEY and CULLEY in their Agricultural Survey
of Northumberland ; and, from the Botanist's Guide, it
would appear to be far from rare either in that county or in
Durham, — but we have not seen it within the limits we
have assigned to ou selves.

S YNGENESIA— FRUSTRANE A. 1 89

258. ACHILLEA.

1. A. Ptarmica, leaves linear, pointed, equally and sharply ser-
rated, smooth ; flowers white, corymbose. Sneeze-wort.

Hab. Moist meadows and pastures, most common on a
moorish soil. July, Aug. I/.

2. A. Millefolium, stem furrowed; leaves doubly pinnatifid,
hairy, segments linear, toothed, pointed ; flowers small, white or
rose colour, in a dense flattish corymb. Common Yarrow.

Hab. Pastures and way-sides. June — Aug. If.

A useful plant in pastures, but too common to require to be
sown. The root is warm and agreeably pungent, partak-
ing of the flavour and salivating quality of the Pellitory
of Spain. An infusion of the flowering tops was once a
celebrated stomachic, but is now neglected, except by the
good women of Orkney, who use it as tea, and hold it in
estimation for its virtue in dispelling melancholy.

III. FRUSTRANEA.
259. CENTAUREA.

1. C. mgra, lower leaves somewhat lyrate, with angular lobes,
upper ones ovate ; calyx black, its scales oval, fringed with up-
right capillary teeth ; flowers discoid, crimson ; seed-down very
short, tufted. Black Knapweed.

Hab. Pastures and road-sides. July, Aug, I/.

2. C. Cyanus^ leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, lower ones
toothed towards their base ; calyx-scales serrated ; flowers sky-
blue. Corn Blue-bottle, or Blawort.

Hab. Corn-fields not uncommon. July, Aug. 0
" The wild flowers afford a blue for painting in water-
colours, the expressed juice requiring only to be mixed
with cold alum-water." — SM. " As blue as a Slaver,"
was once a familiar comparison in the Merse, now intel-
ligible to few.

( 190 )

CLASS XX.
GYNANDRIA.

. " For him, the Spring

Distils her dews, and from the silken gem
Its lucid leaves unfolds : for him, the hand
Of Autumn tinges every fertile branch
With blooming gold, and blushes like the morn.
Each passing hour sheds tribute from her wings ;
And still new beauties meet his lonely walk,
And loves unfelt attract him.'

— — Nor thence partakes
Fresh pleasure only : for the attentive mind,
By this harmonious action on her powers,
Becomes herself harmonious : wont so oft
In outward things to meditate the charm
Of sacred order, soon she seeks at home
To find a kindred order, to exert
Within herself this elegance of love,
This fair inspir'd delight : her temper'd powers
Refine at length, and every passion wears
A chaster, milder, more attractive mein."

AKENSIDK,

I. MONANDRIA.

* Anther of 2 distinct vertical cells, fixed to the summit of the
column,

260, ORCHIS. Nectary with a spur behind.

GYNANDRIA— MONANDItfA. 191

* * Anther parallel to the stigma, of 2 cells close together, permanent.

261. LISTERA. Calyx spreading ; nectary without a spur, nearly

flat ; petals spreading ; column without wings,

* * • Anther terminal, fixed.

262. EPIPACTIS. Nectary without a spur, tumid underneath at

the base, contracted in the middle, undivided at the end.

I. MONANDRIA.
260. ORCHIS.

* Knobs of the root roundish, undivided.

1. O. Ufolia, leaves usually 2, elliptical; knobs of the roof
oval, taper-pointed ; lip of the nectary lanceolate, entire, about
half the length of its very long spur ; lateral calyx-leaves spread-
ing downwards. Butterfly Orchis.

Hob. Marshy places, and also on heaths. Bogs below
Shores wood, and on Ancroft Moor, sparingly, Dr Thomp-
son. Doddington Moor, at the 13 mile-stone, plentiful.
Coldingham Moor. June. If

The flowers are in a long loose spike, yellowish-white, and
in the evening exhale the scent of the sweetest honey-
suckle. I have gathered a curious specimen, in which the
nectary had 2 spurs and 2 lips of the usual size and length,
4 calyx leaves, and petals unusually elongated, while the
germen contained 4 capsules.

2, O. mascula, knobs of the root oval; lip of the nectary 4-
cleft, crenate, spur obtuse ; calyx-leaves 3-ribbed, 2 lateral ones
reflexed upwards. Early Purple Orchis.

Hab. Pastures frequent. Very abundant on our sea-
banks. May. if

Salep is prepared principally from the roots of this species.
For the manner of its culture and preparation, I must
refer to Dr HUNTER'S Georgical Essays, York, 1777? and

192 G Y NANDRI A— MONANDRI A .

to WITHERING'S Botany. The leaves are generally spot*
ted with black, but we have frequently observed them en-
tirely green. The flowers are purple, and are believed to
be the " Long-purples" of SHAKSPEARE, with which poor
OPHELIA formed her fantastic garlands.

'« There is a willow grows ascaunt the brook,
That shows his hoar leaves in the glassy stream ;
Therewith fantastick garlands did she make
Of crow-flowers, nettles, daisies, and Long-purples,
That liberal shepherds give a grosser name,
But our cold maids do Deadmen's fingers call them."

* * Knobs of the root palmate.

3. O. latifolia, stem hollow ; leaves unspotted ; knobs imper-
fectly palmate ; lip of the nectary convex, crenate, slightly 3-
cleft, spur conical ; bracteas longer than the flowers. Marsh
Orchis.

Hal. Marshes and moist meadows, common. June. If.

4. O. maculata, knobs palmate, spreading ; lip of the nectary
flat, crenate, 3-lobed, spur cylindrical, rather shorter than the
germen ; bracteas shorter than the flowers. Spotted Orchis.

Hab. Meadows and pastures, common. July. If.

Leaves spotted with black. Flowers pale purple or white,
streaked with dark lines. We have examined numerous
specimens, and uniformly find the bracteas longer than
the germens, green with crimson edges. The anthers are
yellowish, as well as the pollen, and, when touched at the
base of the filaments, readily separate, and adhere to the
needle, as much, perhaps, from their irritability, as from
their glutinous quality.

5. O. conopsea, knobs palmate ; lip of the nectary in 3 entire
equal lobes, spur very slender, twice as long as the germen ;
calyx widely spreading. Aromatic Orchis.

Hab. Moist meadows and pastures, not uncommon. " In
a marshy field near Edington Moor, Berwickshire,"
llev. A. Baird. Castle hills, in the field adjoining
Spring-gardens. Sea-banks at Hudshead. Longridge
dean, &c. July. If.

The flowers are rather small, of an uniform crimson colour,
and exhale a delicious odour, resembling that of a Clove
Pink. We have observed the spikes sometimes entirely
without flowers, bearing bracteas only.

GYNANDUIA—MONANDRIA. 193

261. LISTERA.

1. L. ovata, stem with only a pair of elliptical opposite leaves ;
flowers yellowish-green, numerous ; nectary with 2 linear-oblong
nearly parallel lobes ; column with a posterior hood. Common
Twayblade.

Hob. Moist pastures, not uncommon. Haiden dean.
Woods below Claribed Mill, Dr Thompson. Boggy
ground at the four mile-stone on the Ayton road. June,
July. 7/

2. L. cordata, stem with only 2 heart-shaped opposite leaves ;
flowers greenish-brown, small, scarcely more than 10 ; nectary
with 4 lobes. Heart-leaved Twayblade*

Hob. " Bunele Wood,'* Berwickshire, Rev. A. Baird.
July, Aug. If.

3. L. Nidus -avis, leaves none ; stem clothed with sheathing
scales ; flowers pale brown, in a many-flowered cylindrical clus-
ter ; nectary with 2 spreading lobes. Bird's-Nest Listera.

Hob. Woods at Netherbyres, Berwickshire, Rev. A.
Baird. May, June. 7/

2G2. EPIPACTIS.

1. E, palustris, leaves lanceolate, clasping the stem ; flowers
drooping, large, white tinged with purple ; lip rounded, obtuse,
crenate, as long as the petals, with a notched protuberance on
the disk. Marsh Helleborine.

Hab. Rough boggy places. Haiden dean. Field below
the Old Lamberton Toll. In the Pond field above Spin*
dlestone. July. I/.

( 194 )

CLASS XXI.
MONGECIA.

' He looks abroad into the varied field
Of Nature, and, though poor, perhaps, compared
With those whose mansions glitter in his sight,
Calls the delightful scenery all his own.
His are the mountains, and the valleys his,
And the resplendent rivers."

COWPER.

I. MONANDRIA.

263. EUPHORBIA. Involucrum with numerous barren flowery

and 1 fertile. BAHREN FLOWER — calyx none ; corolla
none. FERTILE FLOWER — calyx none; corolla none ; cop.
sule 3-lobed ; styles 3, cloven.

264. ZANNICHELLIA. Involucrum none. BARREN FLOWER

calyx none ; corolla none. FERTILE FLOWER— co/## of 1
leaf; corolla none ; germens 4, or more ; seeds 4, stalked ;
stigmas peltate. (Aquatic.)

II, TRIANDRIA.

266, SPARGANIUM. BARREN FLOWER— calyx 3-leaved; corolla
none. FERTILE FLOWER— calyx 3-leaved ; corolla none ;
drupe dry. (Flowers in round balls.)

2

MONCECIA. 195

267- CAREX. BARREN FLOWER — catkin imbricated ; calyx a
scale; corolla none. FERTILE FLOWER— catkin imbrica-
ted ; calyx a scale ; corolla a hollow permanent glume, in-
vesting the loose seed. (Grass-like.)

265. TYPHA. BARREN FLOWER — catkin hairy ; calyx none ; co-
rolla none ; anthers about 3 on each filament. FERTILE
FLOWER — catkin hairy ; seed \3 on a hairy stalk. (Reed-
like.)

III. TETRANDRIA.

268. LITTORELLA. BARREN FLOWER — calyx 4-leaved ; corolla

4-cleft ; stamens capillary > very long. FERTILE FLOWER
— calyx none ; corolla unequally 3 or 4-cleft ; style very
long ; nut of 1 cell.

270, URTICA. BARREN FLOWER— calyx 4-leaved ; petals none ;
nectary central, cup-shaped ; stamens the length of the
calyx. FERTILE FLOWER — calyx 2-leaved ; corolla none;
seed I, superior, polished.

269. ALNUS. BARREN FLOWER — calyx scale of a catkin, perma-

nent, 3-flowered ; corolla deeply 4-cleft. FERTILE FLOWER
— calyx scale of a catkin^ permanent, 2-flowered; corolla
none ; styles 2 ; nut compressed, without wings.

IV. POLYANDRIA.

271' MYRIOPHYLLUM. BARREN FLOWER-— calyx 4-leaved ; pe-
tals 4 ; stamens 8. FERTILE FLOWER — calyx 4-leaved ;
petals 4 ; stigmas 4, sessile ; drupas 4. (Aquatic.)

273. POTERIUM. BARREN FLOWER — calyx 3-leaved ; corolla
deeply 4-cleft ; stamens 30-50. FERTILE FLOWER— calyx
3-leaved ; corolla deeply 4-cleft ; pistils 1 or 2 ; nut coated,
of 1 or 2 cells.

2T5. FAGUS. BARREN FLOWER in a catkin ; calyx in several
segments ; corolla none ; stamens 5-20. FERTILE FLOWER
—calyx double, outer inferior, prickly, in several deep seg-

12

196 MONCECIA— MONANDEIA.

ments, 2 or 3-flowered, inner superior, 5 or 6. cleft; corolla
none ; styles 5 or 6 • nuts 2 or 3, loosely invested with the
spreading outer calyx.

274. QUERCUS. BARREN FLOWER in a catkin; calyx in several
segments ; corolla none ; stamens 8, or more. FERTILE
FLOWER— calyx double, outer inferior, scaly, undivided,
inner superior, in 6 deep segments ; corolla none ; style 1 ;
nut solitary, closely invested at its base with the hemis-
pherical outer calyx.

277. CORYLUS. BARREN FLOWER in a catkin; calyx a 3-cleft
scale ; corolla none ; stamens 8, or more. FERTILE
FLOWER — calyx double, outer inferior, divided, inner supe-
rior, obsolete ; corolla none ; styles 2 ; nut solitary, bony,
invested with the enlarged coriaceous jagged outer calyx.

276. BETULA. BARREN FLOWER in a catkin; calyx a ternate
scale; corolla none; stamens 10-12. FERTILE FLOWER
in a catkin ; calyx a peltate, 3-lobed, 3-flowered scale ; co-
rolla none ; styles 2 ; nut winged, deciduous.

272. ARUM. Common calyx a sheathing leaf inclosing a common
stalk naked above ; corolla none. BARREN FLOWER— sta-
mens numerous, in a dense ring, surmounted by another
ring of abortive filaments. FERTILE FLOWER — germenn
numerous, in a dense ring below the stamens, sessile;
styles none ; stigmas downy ; berry with several seeds.

I. MONANDRIA.
263. EUPHORBIA.

1. E. Peplus, umbel 3-branched, forked ; bracteas ovate ; leaves
obovate, stalked, entire ; nectaries crescent-shaped ; seeds dot-
ted. Petty Spurge.

Hob. Cultivated grounds. July, Aug. Q

MONCECIA—TItlANDRIA. 197

2. E. exigua, umbel 3-branched, forked ; bracteas lanceolate ;
leaves linear ; nectaries horned ; seeds wrinkled. Dwarf Spurge.

Hab. Gravelly or sandy places, rare. Road-side at the
Inn below Mountholy, plentiful. Aug. ©

3. E. helioscopia, umbel of 5 three-cleft, then forked branches ;
bracteas and leaves obovate, serrated ; nectaries 4, undivided ;
capsule smooth. Sun Spurge.

Hab. Cultivated grounds. July, Aug. ©

The Euphorbiae are full of a milky juice, which is commonly
used to remove warts. It is very acrid, and there is on re-
cord the case of a boy, who was poisoned by eating some
of the fresh herb.

2G4. ZANNICHELLIA.

1. Z. palustiiS) stem filiform, branched ; leaves linear, entire,
grass-like ; flowers axillary, in pairs; anther of 4 cells ; stigmas
entire ; capsules tubercular at the outer edge. Horned-pond-
weed.

Hab. Ditches at the mouth of the Whiteadder. Pond at
Scremmerston lime-kilns. Ditches near Windmill-hill.
Aug. Q

II. TRIANDRIA.
265. TYPHA.

1. T. latifolia, leaves linear, somewhat convex beneath; cat-
kin continuous ; receptacle hairy. Great Reed-mace, or Cafs-tail.
Hab. Ponds and ditches, rare. Grange Burn (in the mill-
pond) ; North Fluve, near Goswick, plentiful, Thorn p.
Near Eddencraw, Berwickshire. July. 1J.

The stems rise about 6 feet high, and are terminated by a
long cylindrical club, of a dark-brown colour, and velvety
feel ;~and this semblance of a mace is, on some festival
occasions, in Italy put into the hand of statues of Christ,
being considered as the reed with which the soldiers
handed him the sponge of vinegar.

198 MONCECIA— TRIANDRIA.

266. SPARGANIUM.

1. $• ramosum, leaves triangular at the base, with concave
sides ; common flower-stalk branched ; stigma linear. (Stem 2
or 3 feet high ; leaves sword-shaped.) Branched Bur-reed.

Hob. Ditches and ponds. July, Aug. If

2. S. simplex, leaves triangular at the base with flat sides ;
common flower-stalk simple ; stigma linear. (Less than the pre-
ceding.) Unbranched Bur-reed.

Hob. Sides of the Lough on Holy Island, sparingly ; more
plentiful in the pond above Spindlestone. July, Aug. "?/

267. CAREX.

* Catkin solitary, simple.

1. C. dioica, catkins simple, dioecious; fruit ovate, ribbed, as-
cending, finely serrated at the edges ; root^creeping. (Stem a
span high, smoothish.)

Hab. Spongy bogs, common. Castle hills, &c. May,
June, if

2. C. pulicaris, catkin simple, florets in the upper half barren,
in the lower fertile ; fruit spreading, deflexed, polished, tapering
at each end ; stigmas 2. (Stem a span high, smooth.)

Hab. Bogs frequent. Castle hills. Boggy field below
the Old Lamberton Toll. Lamberton Moor. Long-
ridge dean, &c. June. If

* * Catkins or spikelets aggregate, each composed of barren and fertile
florets* Stigmas 2.

3. C. stellulata, spikelets 3 or 4, roundish, slightly distant ; bar-
ren florets inferior ; fruit spreading, with a tapering undivided
beak. (Stem 6-12 inches high, triangular.)

Hab. Marshes in heathy places, common. May, June. 11

4. C. curta, spikelets about 6, elliptical, slightly distant, scarce-
ly bracteated ; scales ovate, membranous, about as long as the

MONCECIA-TRIANDRIA. 199

ovate, tumid, smooth fruit. (Stem a foot high ; spikelets sil-
very-white.)

Hal. Bogs, common in this neighbourhood. Lambertori

Moor. Bog below Shoreswood. Felkington Bog, &c.

June. If.

5. C. avails, spikelets about 6, oval, crowded, alternate, with a
bractea under the lowermost ; fruit lanceolate, rough-edged, stria-
ted, nearly entire, the length of the lanceolate acute scales.
(Stem 12-18 inches high. Spikelets greenish-brown.)

Hab. Marshy places. Yarrow-haugh ; Doddington Moor.
&c. June. 11

6. C. remota, spikelets several, solitary, simple, remote, nearly
sessile ; bracteas very long, overtopping the stem ; fruit ovate,
with a slightly cloven beak. (A foot high, slender.)

Hab. Moist shady places on the banks of Wooler Water,
below Langley-ford. June. 7/

7. C. arenaria, spikelets numerous, crowded into an oblong
spike, upper ones chiefly of barren, lower of fertile florets; brac-
teas membranous, lower ones leafy ; stem triangular ; leaves
flat ; fruit winged. (8-12 inches high.)

Hab. Sandy sea-shore abundant, by its long spreading
roots binding the sand together, which would other-
wise be gradually, but certainly, carried towards the
interior, covering up the fertile plains with its ste-
rile particles, and rendering them unfit for the habita-
tion of mankind. June. 7/

8. C. intermedia, spikelets numerous, crowded into an oblong
dense spike, the lowermost and terminal ones fertile, interme-
diate ones barren ; stem upright, triangular (12-18 inches high.)

Hab. Marshy watery meadows, frequent. Castle hills,
&c. June. 11

9. C. vulpina, spike thrice compound, dense, obtuse ? fruit
spreading, with a notched rough-edged beak; scales pointed:
angles of the stem compressed, very sharp. (1-2 feet, firm ;
spike large, greenish.)

Hab. Watery places. Sides of the river from the Old
Castle to New- water Haugh, sparingly. Plentiful at
the sides of the pond at Goswick, &c. June. ?/

200 MQNCECIA—TRIANDRIA.

10, C. paniculata, spike thrice compound, loosely panicled, in-
terrupted, acute ; fruit spreading, with an abrupt serrated beak ;
stem sharply triangular, with flat interstices (2 or 3 feet high.)

Hob. Spongy bogs, forming large dense tufts. Haiden
and Allerton-mill deans. June. I/.

* * * Barren and fertile florets in separate catkins ; the barren cat-
kin solitary, very rarely more than one. Bracteas leafy,) often
sheathing.

11. C.pendula, sheaths nearly as long as the flower- stalks; fer-
tile catkins very long, cylindrical, drooping ; fruit densely
crowded, ovate, beaked. (Stem 4 feet high, triangular ; leaves
large and harsh.)

I-Iab. " Sea-banks below Lamberton Shields, plentiful,"
Thomp. June. If.

1 2. C. sylvatica, sheaths not half the length of the flower-stalks ;
catkins slender, rather loose, drooping ; fruit ovate, triangular,
beaked, without ribs. (Bright green ; stem 12-18 inches high,
slender, smooth, triangular.)

Hab. Wooded banks of Woojer Water, below LangleyfonJ.
June. 1L

LINNAEUS, when speaking of the m^ans adopted by the Lap-
landers to protect themselves from arctic cold, says,
l' Calceis indunt gramen hocce, tempore seslivo dissectum,
exsiccatum, brevi ante pectine ferreo vel corneo divi-
sum, conquassatum inter manus, ita ut non modo tibias,
sed et plantas pedum undique superius et inferius tegat,
quo gramme velati liberi omnino sunt ab omni frigoris sse-
vitia : Hocce etiam gramine chirothecas suas hirsutas re-
plent, ne manus laedantur, sicque perdurat gens hsec gelu
indurata. Uti gramen hoc hyeme frigus abigit, sic etiam
restate sudorem pedum areet, simulque ne pedes laedantur
allisi ad lapides, &c. (calcei enim tenuissimi, non e corio
8ed pellibus conficiuntur) in itinere vetat."

13. C. limosa^ sheaths scarcely any ; fertile catkins ovate,
dense, drooping, many-flowered ; fruit elliptical, compressed, rib-
bed, smooth-edged, without a beak ; root creeping. (Stem 8-10
inches high. Leaves linear, narrow.)

Ilab. Bogs very rare. Haiden dean, sparingly. July. l£

MONCECIA— TRIANDRIA. 201

14. C. pallescenS) sheaths very short ; fertile catkins cylindri-
cal, stalked, at length pendulous ; fruit obovate, triangular, in-
flated, smooth, obtuse, with a minute abrupt beak. (Stem 1 foot
high, rather slender. Leaves narrow, hairy on the inferior sur-
face and sheaths.)

Hob. Wooded banks of Wooler Water below Langley-ford.
June. If.

15. C. flava, sheaths short, nearly equal to the flower-stalks ;
fertile catkins roundish-ovate ; fruit triangular, smooth, with a
cloven beak curved downward ; stem nearly smooth, (9 to 12
inches high, triangular.)

Hab. Boggy meadows, frequent. June. 7/

16. C. binervis, sheaths tubular, elongated, shorter than the
flower-stalks ; fertile catkins cylindrical, distant, partly com-
pound ; scales pointed ; stem smooth ; fruit with 2 principal
ribs. (Stem 12-18 inches high, bluntly triangular.)

Hab. Plentiful on all our moors. June. 1{

17. C. prcecox, sheaths about equal to the very short flower-
stalks ; catkins all elliptical, rather crowded ; scales of the fertile
ones pointed ; fruit pear-shaped, downy, with an abrupt entire
point. (Stem a span high, smooth.)

Hab* Dry pastures and heaths. April, May. 7/

1 8. C. pilulifera, sheaths none ; fertile catkins 2 or 3, sessile,
crowded, almost globular, with pointed scales ; fruit triangular,
roundish, downy, with a short cloven beak. (Stems from 6 to
1 2 inches long, slender, often curved.)

Hab. Moorish ground not common. Lamberton Moor;
Murton Craigs. May. If.

19. C. panicea, sheaths elongated, about half the length of the
flower-stalks; fertile catkins 1 or 2, distant, lower one rather lax ;
fruit tumid, smooth, cloven at the summit ; stem smooth, ob-
tusely triangular (about a foot high ; leaves glaucous.)

Hab. Meadows and moist pastures, common, Mav,

T ")/ *

June. Lf.

13

MONu;r;jA-'j JUANUKIA.

ft recurs, sheath* ihort ; fertile catkins 2 or 3, cylindri.
cal, dense, drooping, on very long recurved stalks ; fruit ellipti-
cal, triangular, rougtosk, obtuse, slightly notched. (Stem from
8 to 1 8 inches bigfa, smooth.)

Moist meadowy and wet heathy ground, common.
and conspicuous from the glaucous green of its herbage,
which, as ttr J. Smith well observ tnblef

.liage of pink* or earnatio

21. C.'riyida, stigmas 2; sheaths none; fertile catkins ovate,
the lowermost stalked ; bracteas lanceolate, recurved, as well as
the leaves ; fruit triangular, somewhat compressed, with a short
abrupt beak.

Summit of Cheviot, plentiful, Winch. June, July.

2£ f . stigmas 2 ; sheaths none; fertile catkins cy-

Ause, erect, the lowermost rarely stalked ; leaves and
aurick :jnent, elliptical, fiat.

many-ribbed, with a very short abrupt beak.
Jl'iij. Marches eovnuon. June. '4

Steins from G to 12 inches high, triangular. Catkins scarce.
ly an inch long. — Our specimens were submitted to Mr
NVjjs'CH, and they certainly belong to this species, yet in
one IffftffMf only have we seen it growing in a distinct
'jespitov.- MfJUier. J n jMrneral, it has as little of that cha-
racter as any other species, so that the name is apt to oc-
casion doubt in the mind of the student. SMJ'JJ
the fertile catkins are almost invariably 3, but in many of
• are 2 only, sometimes 1 ; and thei e
are fcaquently 2 barren catkins, which, according to
SMJ v :,re occurr< I .en, besides

the 2 barren catkins, there is another composed of both
fertile and barren flowers.

• « • • jtofron 0nd fertile florets in sejjarate within*. Barren catkins
2 or

•&. ( ••:gmas2; catkins cylindrical, slender, drooping

in flower, afterwards erect ; fruit elliptical, with a blunt undi-
'_ high, triangular, rough ; bracteas
without sheaths, leafy, long; catkins H or 2 inches long.)

lint,. Si''es of the Tweed from West Ord to the Chain-

MOXOECIA— TRIANDRIA. 203

bridge plentiful, and in some places not more than 2 or
3 inches high. May. 11

24. C. paludosa, stigmas 3; catkins cylindrical, bluntish, erect,
the fertile ones with taper-pointed scales ; fruit ovate, triangu-
lar, compressed, with a notched beak. (Stem 2 feet high, acute-
ly triangular, rough ; leaves broad : bracteas very long, foliace-
ous. without sheaths.)

Hob. Boggy meadows and banks of ditches frequent.

May.

25. C. l<jsvigat^ catkins cylindrical, barren one solitary, fertile
ones stalked ; scales all pointed ; sheaths very long ; fruit trian-
gular, with a cloven beak. (Bright green, smooth, 2 feet high.)

Hab. Wooded banks of Wooler Water below Langley-

ford. June. ^

( . amputtacea, fertile catkins cylindrical, elongated, nearly
sessile: scales all lanceolate, acute; sheaths none ; fruit inflat-
ed, globose, with a linear cloven beak. (1 or 2 feet high, some-
what glaucous.)

JIab. Bogs, common in this neighbourhood. Grangebuni
mill-pond. Sides of the Whiteadder below theBridge.
Boggy field below the Old Lamberton toll. I^amberton
Moor. Haiden dean, \c. June. 11

•J7- C. hirta, herbage hairy; fertile catkins ovate-cylindrical,
remote; scales awned : sheaths ne:. g as the flower-

stalks; fruit hairy, tumid, with a deeply-cloven beak; stem
rough-edged. (2 feet high.)

Hab. Wet meadows and watery places frequent. June* ?/

304 MONGECIA— TETRANDR1A.

III. TETRANDRIA.

2648. LITTORELLA.

1. L. lacustris, stemless; leaves linear, fleshy, semicylindrical.
about 2 inches long; barren flowers on simple stalks, 2 or 3
inches high, with very long filaments; fertile flowers sessile.
Plantain Shore-weed.

Hal. Margins of the Lough on Holy Island abundant.
Coldingham Lough ? June. 7/

269. ALNUS.

1. A. glutinosa, leaves roundish-wedge-shaped, wavy, serrated,
glutinous, rather abrupt, downy at the branching of the veins
fceneath. Common Alder.

Hal. Wet and boggy grounds. May. fj

The bark and leaves of this common and unattractive tree
are employed in dyeing, in tanning leather, and for stain-
ing fishermen's nets, their astringent quality adapting
them for these uses. The value of the bark is also well
known to our calico-printers; and it might be used to
great advantage as an excellent substitute for many
woods used in dyeing, which we have from abroad, and
on which we expend considerable sums. The wood is
chiefly valuable from its property of remaining long
sound under water; whence it is used for water-pipes,
and for piles to be driven into the ground in order to
support buildings in boggy situations. Clogs and pattens
are also principally made of it ; and with it the High-
landers are said to make chairs, which are very handsome,
and have the colour of mahogany.

270. URTICA.

1. U. urens, leaves opposite, elliptical, with about 5 longitudi-
nal ribs ; clusters nearly simple. Small Nettle.

Hal. Waste places. June — Oct. 0

MONCECIA— POLYANDRIA. 205

2. U. dioica, leaves opposite, heart-shaped; clusters much
branched, in pairs, mostly dioecious; roots creeping. Great
Fettle.

Hal. Waste grounds. Aug. If

The roots boiled with alum will dye yarn of a yellow colour ;
and with the juice of the herb woollen stuffs have been
dyed a beautiful and permanent green. The fibres of the
stem have been manufactured into cloth ; and it appears,
from some experiments made in Ireland, that the thread,
in colour, strength, and fineness, is equal to that obtained
from flax. In Scotland, the young tops are gathered in Fe-
bruary, by the common people, as a pot-herb for soups, and
their peculiar flavour is by many much esteemed. Of late
it has been recommended for forcing. A strong decoction of
nettles, with the addition of salt, will coagulate milk, as,
says Mr LIGHTFOOT, we saw and experienced ; but I
have tried the experiment with no other result than the
loss of my milk.

,The Nettle is always found near the abodes of man.
Wherever he has sojourned, it is said to have accompanied
him ; and it remains to take possession of his deserted
dwellings, so that its presence has become associated with
the ideas of ruin and desolation. " I went b^ the field of
the slothful, and by the vineyard of the man void of
understanding ; and, lo, it was all grown over with thorns,
and nettles had covered the face thereof, and the stone
vail thereof was broken down.*'

IV. POLYANDRIA.
271. MYRIOPHYLLUM.

1. M. spicatum, stem round, branched, with numerous whorls
of finely pectinated leaves, 4 in a whorl ; flowers in whorled in-
terrupted leafless spikes. Spiked Water-Milfoil

Hob. In the Tweed and Whiteadder ; in ponds and slow-
streams, common. July, Aug. If

272. ARUM.

1. A. maculatum, stem none; leaves halbert-shaped, entire,
spotted with black; common stalk of the flowers club-shaped,
obtuse ; berries scarlet. Woke Robin.

2(}6 MONCECIA— POLYANDR1A.

Hob. Shady places rare. Near Netherbyres, llev. A. Baird.
May. If.

The tuberous roots, when fresh, are acrid and dangerous ;
but, when dried, they afford a wholesome nutritious flour
fit for making bread, and sold for that purpose in great
abundance at Weymouth and in the Portland Island.
This flour is sometimes called " Portland Sago;" and Dr
WITHERING says, it forms also the " Cypress Powder,"
sold at a high price, and undoubtedly a good and an inno-
cent cosmetic.

273. POTERIUM.

1. P. Sangmsorba, stem somewhat angular, thornless ; leaves
pinnate, leaflets rounded, serrated ; flowers in round heads of a
dull purplish colour. Salad Burnet.

Hob. Dry hilly pastures. On Spindlestone hills. July. I/.

The leaves taste and smell like Cucumber, and give that
flavour to salads, for which purpose this plant is very ge-
nerally cultivated ; and did it now possess those virtues
which were once attributed to it, no vegetable more de-
served to be so; for, says GERARDE, u it is thought to
make the heart merry and glad, as also being put into
wine, to which it yeeldeth a certaine grace in the drink-
ing."

274. QUERCUS.

1. Q. Robur, leaves deciduous, oblong, wider towards the ex-
tremity, their sinuses rather acute, lobes obtuse ; fruit-stalks
elongated. British Oak.

Hob. Woods and hedges. April.

The bark is extensively used in tanning leather ; the wood
is very hard and durable, fitted for many purposes, and
invaluable as the material of which our ships of war are
built ; the saw-dust is the principal material used in dye-
ing fustians ; the leaves]are astringent ; and on the acorns
squirrels and other small quadrupeds subsist, and swine
are fattened.

In this neighbourhood, though unquestionably a native
of it, we have no trees which can give any idea of the
size and beauty which the Oak frequently attains, and
when it claims, as its undisputed right, to be the " Mon.
arch of the wood." It has ever been a favourite with
Britons. Under its shade, the Druids, the priests of his

MONGECIA— POLYANDRIA. 207

ancestors, held their solemn festivals : in after centuries
its timber supported and beautified the venerable cathe-
drals raised for a purer worship ; the palaces of his princes
rose on pilasters of oak, and it was the board of their fes-
tivities ; but, above all, it is dear to him as the material
of the " wooden walls " of his native isle. Semper flor eat !

2. Q. sessiliflora, leaves on elongated stalks, deciduous, oblong,
with opposite acute sinuses ; fruit sessile. Sessile-fruited Oak.

Hab. In hedges; near West Fishwick, Berwickshire.
April, May.

275. FAGUS.

1. F. sylvatica, leaves ovate, obsoletely serrated; prickles of
the outer calyx simple ; stigmas 3. Common Beech.

Hab. Woods, considered by Mr WINCH truly native ;
yet CAESAR asserts there was, at the time of his inva-
sion, no beech- timber in Britain. May.

A handsome tree, occasionally attaining the height of 90
feet, and having a stem 12 feet or more in girth. " Its
leaves are of a pleasant green, and many of them remain
on the trees during winter, after turning brown. No
verdure, however, will thrive beneath its shade. The
smoothness of its bark has from ancient times tempted
the rural lover to carve the favourite name upon it, a
custom recorded in various passages of the poets ; and
the opening of VIRGIL'S first eclogue represents the
musing shepherd as reclining under the shade of a spread-
ing beech."

The wood is much used by the turner and cabinet-
maker, and for various economical purposes. " The poets,
who celebrate the simplicity and frugality of the early
ages, speak much of the beechen cups and bowls, some of
which received an extraordinary value from the hand of
the carver." The leaves, gathered in autumn, and some-
what before they are much frost-bitten, " afford the best
and easiest mattresses in the world, to lay under our
quilts, instead of straw ; because, besides their tenderness
and loose lying together, they continue sweet for seven or
eight years long, before which straw becomes musty and
hard. They are thus used by diveis persons of quality in
Dauphine ; and, in Switzerland, I have sometimes lain
on them to my great refreshment : so as, of this tree, it
may properly be said, u Silva domus, cubilia frondes." —
EVELYN.

208 MONCECIA— POLYANDRIA.

276. BETULA.

1. B. alba, leaves ovate, acute, somewhat deltoid, unequally
serrated, nearly smooth. Common Birch.
Uab» Woods and deans. May.

The Birch is a graceful airy tree, with a delicate and fra-
grant foliage ;"and the variety with pendulous branches is
extremely pleasing and ornamental. " Birch may be said
to be the universal wood of the Scots Highlanders. They
make every thing of it ; they build their houses of it,
make their beds, chairs, tables, dishes, and spoons of it ;
construct their mills of it; make their carts, ploughs>
harrows, gates and fences, of it ; and even manufacture
ropes of it ! * Birch is also used in many other parts of
the country in machinery, turnery, wheel-work, and for
lasts, pattens, wooden shoes, and such purposes. It is
likewise much used in collieries for props, and waggon-
road sleepers. It is an excellent fuel, burning very clear,
and emitting less smoke than most other woods. In the
smoking of herrings, in particular, Birch is preferred to

all other kinds of wood." NICHOLS The bark affords a

tan inferior only to that of the oak : of the twigs besoms
and rods are made ; " the one for the cleanly housewife
to sweep down the cobwebs, and the other for the magis-
terial pedagogue to drive the colt out of the man :" and
the sap, in spring, is fermented into a kind of wine.

" Even afflictive Birch,

Cursed by unlettered, idle youth, distils
A limpid current from her wounded bark,
Profuse of nursing sap."

277- CORYLUS.

1. C. Avellana, stipulas ovate, obtuse ; leaves roundish, heart-
shaped, pointed, serrated ; young branches hairy ; calyx shorter
than the niit. Hazel-Nut.

Hal. Woods and deans. March, April.

* Its economical uses in Russia, and in other northern countries, are not
less numerous and important. It is to their inhabitants what the Beech is said
to have been to the people of the silver age :

" Hinc olim juvenis mundi melioribus annis,
Fortunatarum domuum non magna supellex
Tota petebatur ; sellas, armaria, lectos,
Et mensas dabat, et lances, et pocula Fagus."

MONCECIA— POLYANDIIIA. 209

The charcoal of Hazel is preferred by painters and engra-
vers, for the freedom with which it draws, and the readi-
ness with which its marks can be rubbed out. The rods
are cut to form walking-sticks, stakes, hurdles and bas-
kets; and the "divining rod" of DOUSTERSWIVEL was al-
ways a hazel. Attracted by the effluvia from the metals
concealed beneath the soil, it turned in obedience, and
indicated their presence to the sage ! Even within these
few years it has been very positively affirmed that the
rod, when held in the hands of certain persons, will dis-
cover the presence of water ; and it is remarked as extra-
ordinary, that no effect is produced at a well or ditch, or
where earth does not interpose between the twig and the
water. See Quarterly Review, vol. xxii. p. 373-4.— The
Highlander's belief in the efficacy of two nuts naturally
conjoined as a charm against witchcraft, ought not to be
laughed at.

Our Scotch Fir (Pinus sylvestris) is not a native, but was
brought from Canada not more than half a century ago. It
is very inferior, in every respect, to the real Highland Fir,
which may be found in the north of Scotland in immense
natural forests, equally distinguished for their romantic
beauty and national importance. This last is a noble tree,
growing with huge contorted arms, not altogether unlike
the Oak, and forming therein a strong contrast to the for-
mality of the common fir. — Sir W. SCOTT in Quart. Review,
vol. xxxvi. p. 580.

ST PIERRE has an observation somewhat connected
with our subject, and so curious, and, we believe, correct,
that we shall here introduce it. He says, he never saw
the Ivy on the trunks of Pines, Firs, or of other trees
whose foliage lasts the whole year round. It invests
those only which are stripped by the hand of Winter ;
and when its protector has fallen a prey to death, it re-
stores to him again the honours of the forest, where he
lives no longer.

( 210 )

CLASS XXII.
DKECIA.

" To name the uses of the Willow tribes
Were endless task. The basket's various forms
For various purposes of household thrift ;
The wicker-chair of size and shape antique ;
The rocking couch of sleeping infancy ;
These, with unnumbered other forms and kinds,
Give bread to hands unfit for other work."

GRAHAME.

I. DIANDRIA.

278. SALIX. BARREN FLOWER— catkin imbricated ; calyx a

scale ; petals none ; nectary 1 or more glands at the base ;
stamens 1-5. FERTILE FLOWER— catkin imbricated; ca-
lyx a scale ; petals none ; nectary as in the barren flower ;
stigmas 2 ; capsule superior, of 1 cell and 2 valves ; seeds
tufted.

II. TRIANDRIA.

279. EMPETRUM. BARREN FLOWER — calyx in 3 deep seg-

ments ; petals 3 ; stamens capillary, 3-9. FERTILE FLOWER
— calyx in 3 deep segments; petals 3; stigmas 9; berry
superior, with 9 seeds.

DKECIA. 211

III. TETRANDRIA.

280. MVRICA. BARREN FLOWERS in a catkin ; calyx a concave

scale; corolla none. FERTILE FLOWERS in a catkin;
calyx a concave scale ; corolla none ; styles 2 ; berry supe-
rior, with 1 globular seed.

IV. OCTANDRIA.

RHODIOLA. BARREN FLOWER — calyx in 4 deep segments ;
petals 4; nectaries 4, notched. FERTILE FLOWER — calyx,
petals and nectaries the same ; pistils 4 ; capsules 4«, with
many seeds.

281. POPULUS. BARREN FLOWER — catkin imbricated; calyx a

torn scale; corolla turbinate, oblique, undivided. FER-
TILE FLOWER — catkin, calyx and corolla the same; stigmas
4 or 8; capsule superior, of 1 cell and 2 valves; seeds
tufted.

V. ENNEANDRIA.

283. MERCURIALIS. BARREN FLOWER — calyx in 3 deep seg-

ments; corolla none; stamens 9-12; anther of 2 globose
cells. FERTILE FLOWER— calyx the same ; corolla none ;
styles 2 ; capsule of 2 lobes and 2 cells ; seeds solitary.

VI. MONADELPHIA.

284. JUNIPERUS. BARREN FLOWER— calyx scales of a. catkin;

corolla none ; stamens 3. FERTILE FLOWER— -ca/## scales
of a catkin, fewer, finally pulpy, united into a berry with
3 seeds.

285. TAXUS. BARREN FLOWER — calyx none; corona none; an-

thers peltate, lobed. FERTILE FLOWER— calyx cup-shaped,
entire; corolla none; style 1 ; seed 1, enclosed in the en-
larged pulpy unconnected calyx.

BICECIA.

I. DIANDRIA.
278. SAL1X.

* Adult leaves serrated, smooth, or nearly so.

1. S. pentandra, leaves ovate, pointed, crenate, glandular,
smooth ; footstalks glandular at the summit ; stamens 5 or more,
hairy at the base ; germen ovate, tapering, smooth, nearly ses-
sile. Bay-leaved Willow.

Hob. Boggy ground not uncommon. In the field below
the Old Lamberton Toll. Allerton Mill dean. Haiden
dean, &c. June, July.

In the dean below Allerton Mill there are some fine trees
of this species, but commonly it is merely a bushy shrub,
readily distinguished by the large broad shining green
leaves, which exhale a fragrant bay-like scent from their
resinous notches.

2. S. decipiens, leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrated, very smooth,
floral ones partly obovate and recurved; footstalks somewhat
glandular ; germen tapering, stalked, smooth ; style longer than
the cloven stigmas; branches smooth, highly polished. Var-
nished Willow.

Hob. Sides of Grange-burn where it passes the road be-
low Fairney-flat. May.

With us this is a bushy shrub, distinguished by its smooth
varnished simple or slightly branched twigs, which are
more or less coloured with brown. The leaves are narrow,
tapered at each end, numerous, opposite or alternate, of
a pleasant green. The barren catkins are upwards of an
inch long, protruded before the leaves, and very beauti.
fill. Stamens 2, at first united half-way up, but separat-
ing after shedding their pollen.

3. S. Russelliana, leaves lanceolate, tapering at each end, ser-
rated throughout, very smooth ; footstalks glandular or leafy ;
germen tapering, stalked, longer than the scales ; style as long
as the stigmas. Bedford Willow.

Hob. Woods and hedges, common in this neighbourhood.

DICECIA— DIANDRIA. 213

New-water-haugh plantation, where there is a barren
tree. Mouth of the Whiteadder, &c. April, May.

A large tree with smooth branches, and alternate leaves,
which, when full grown, are about 5 inches long, and 1
broad in the middle, tapered at each end, and coarsely
serrated throughout. The barren tree is very rare, and,
if we are correct in our determination of it, the figure in
WITHERING is not good. Its catkins are 2 inches long,
cylindrical, yello\v, diandrous, the filaments not much
longer than the pointed, more or less villose, scales.
They stand on short leafy branchlets ; and these young
leaves are entire, from 1 to 2 inches in length, but not
otherwise different from the adult ones. Fertile catkins
rather longer, lax, with smooth lanceolate germens.

This is " found the most profitable for cultivation of
any species of the genus, for the value of its timber as
well as bark, the rapidity of its growth, and the handsome
aspect of the tree." The bark contains more of the tan-
ning principle than any other tree in this country, except
the Oak; and if contradictory accounts have been given
of its value in tanning and in medicine, as a substitute
for the Cinchona, these are probably to be attributed to
the bark of different species having been indiscriminately
employed.

The celebrated Willow near Lichfield, which goes by
the name of the Johnson Willow (not that it was planted
by the Doctor, but that his delight was to repose under
its shade), proves to be S. Russettiana. The magnitude of
this tree is truly surprising ; the trunk, at six feet above
the ground, measures 21 feet in girth, and extends 20
feet in height of that vast size before dividing into enor-
mous ramifications. The whole trunk, thus comprising
about 130 solid feet of timber, continues perfectly sound,

and the very extensive head shews unimpaired vigour.

Rev. S. DICKENSON, 1812.

4. S. Helix, branches erect ; leaves partly opposite, oblong,
lanceolate, pointed, slightly serrated, very smooth, linear to-
wards the base ; stamen 1 ; style nearly as long as the linear di-
vided stigmas. Rose Willow.

Hab. "Banks of rivulets. Sides of the Whiteadder between
its mouth and the bridge. April.

" Branches upright, smooth and polished, of a pale yellow-
ish or purplish ash-colour, tough and pliable." A bushy
shrub, or tree, which withstands storms better than any
other.

DICECIA-DIANJDRIA.

5. & Forbiana, branches erect ; leaves alternate, with small
stipulas, lanceolate-oblong, with shallow serratures, smooth,
rounded at the base, glaucous beneath ; stamen 1 ; style nearly
as long as the linear divided stigmas. Basket Osier*

Hob. Banks of Wooler Water, above Wooler. April.

A bushy shrub, a with upright, slender, smooth twigs, very
flexible and tough, of a greyish yellow hue, highly es-
teemed, and much cultivated for the finer kinds of basket-
work."

* * Leaves all shaggy, woolly or silky.

6. S. argentea^ stem upright ; leaves elliptical, entire, some-
what revolute, with a recurved point, rather downy above, silky
and shining beneath, as well as the branches ; germen ovate-
lanceolate, silky, its silky stalk nearly equal to the linear- oblong
scale ; style not longer than the stigmas. Silky Sand Willow.

Hob. The sea-shoie in loose sand. I have a specimen col-
lected in this neighbourhood, but I have omitted to
mark the station. May. ©

The leaves are alternate, about an inch long, and half as
much in breadth, covered underneath with close satin-like
silky hairs, which give them a remarkably brilliant silvery
appearance.

7. S.prostrata, stem prostrate, with elongated straight branches ;
leaves elliptic-oblong, convex, somewhat toothed, with a curved
point, glaucous, silky and veiny beneath ; stipulas minute ; ger-
men stalked, ovate, silky ; style shorter than the stigmas. Pros-
trate Willow.

Hab. On heaths frequent. Murton craigs. Coldingham
moor. In the bog at Mountfair, Berwickshire. April.

8. S. repens, stem depressed, with short upright branches ;
leaves elliptic-lanceolate, straight, somewhat pointed, nearly en-
tire, almost naked above, glaucous and silky beneath ; stipulas
none ; germen stalked, ovate, downy ; capsules smooth. Dwarf
Willow.

Hab. Bogs on heaths. Longridge dean, plentiful. May.

This and the preceding have been confidently pronounced
varieties of the same species, by some botanists of de-

DIQECIA— DIANDRIA. 215

served eminence, while others not less eminent con*
sider them " totally distinct." Both plants are familiar
to me, and I cannot hesitate to rank myself with those
who are of the latter opinion. S. prostrata is the larger
species, sending up from its prostrate stem straight simple
branches, a foot or more in length, which are clothed with
alternate leaves, rather more than an inch long, and one-
half as broad. S. repens, on the contrary, is a much
branched creeping shrub, whose numerous branches scarce-
ly rise above the grass. The leaves are more closely set,
of a lighter green, and rarely one half so large. A gene-
ral dissimilarity in habit should surely keep plants sepa-
rate, though they may agree in some minute characters.

9. S. dnerea, stem erect ; lower leaves entire, upper serrated,
obovate-lanceolate, glaucous, downy, and reticulated with veins
beneath ; stipulas half heart-shaped, serrated ; germen silky, its
stalk half as long as the lanceolate scales Grey Sallow.

Hab. Moist woods and hedges. Road-side below Letham-
shank, about two miles from Berwick. Allerton-mill
dean. April.

A large shrub very much branched, the branches short,
crooked, smooth, or downy. When cut over, it throws
up straight shoots, with larger leaves and fewer catkins.
These in general are very numerous, an inch long, coming
before the leaves.

10. S. aurita9 branches trailing ; leaves somewhat serrated,
convex, obovate, obtuse, with a small hooked point, hairy, and
reticulated with veins on both sides ; stipulas roundish, convex,
toothed ; germen silky, stalked ; stigmas nearly sessile. Round"
eared Sallow.

Hab. Deans frequent. JLongridge dean, plentiful. Coast
of Berwickshire in several places. April, May.

A bushy shrub usually 3 or 4 feet high, of a greyish colour,
with short crooked branches. It is a very distinct species,
well characterised by the form of the leaves, which,
though sometimes very small, vary little in their shape.
The dwarf variety, with small leaves, is frequent on moors
in this neighbourhood.

11. S. aquatica, stem and branches erect ; leaves slightly ser-
rated, obovate-elliptical, minutely downy, flat, rather glaucous

216 DKECIA— DIANDRIA.

beneath ; stipulas rounded, toothed ; germen silky, stalked ;
stigmas nearly sessile. Water Sallow.

Hal. Wet hedge-rows and woods. April.

A small tree or shrub, with a dull grey bark. The branches
are very numerous, short and entangled, bearing a copi-
ous rough greenish-grey foliage, and in spring a profusion
of catkins, which appear rather earlier than the leaves.
Dr HOOKER makes it a variety of S. cinerea, from which
it differs only in the size and form of the leaves ; for
though SMITH describes the stigmas as entire, yet, ac-
cording to the observation of Mr WINCH, they 'become
divided after maturity, and agree in this respect also witli
the cinerea.

12. S. oleifolia, stem erect ; branches straight, spreading ;
leaves obovate-lanceolate, flat, rather rigid, minutely toothed,
acute, glaucous, reticulated and finely hairy beneath ; stipulas
small, notched, rounded ; catkins oval, nearly half as broad as
long. Olive-leaved Sallow.

Hab. In the boggy field below the Old Lamberton Toll.
March, April.

Dr HOOKER and Mr WINCH are of opinion, that this also is
a variety of S. cinerea. In the most characteristic speci-
mens, the leaves are broader in proportion to the length
than those of S. cinerea^ and the fertile catkins are^re-
markable for their size, measuring sometimes not less
than 3 inches ; but the leaves and catkins, even of the
same specimen or shrub, differ much in their proportions
and size, and its general habit is certainly similar to that
of the cinerea. Fertile catkins from 1 to 3 inches long,
cylindrical, straight, or curved, with a few minute scale-
like bracteas, evolved before the leaves. Scales obovate,
blackish-brown, hairy, rather longer than the downy stalk
of the germen. Germen tapered \ inch long, downy,
green. Stigmas deeply divided, on a stalk equal to their
own length.

13. S. Andersoniana, stem upright ; leaves elliptical, acute,
finely notched, slightly downy, paler beneath ; stipulas half-
ovate, nearly smooth ; branches minutely downy ; germen
smooth, its stalk almost equal to the scale ; style cloven, longer
than the cloven stigmas. Green Sallow.

Hab. In a hedge near Mount-Pleasant, Durham. April,
May.

DICECIA— DIANDIUA. 217

The leaves of this Willow are of a bright green on the upper
surface, paler beneath, and only slightly downy.

14>. S. caprea, stem erect ; leaves roundish-ovate, pointed, ser-
rated, waved, pale and downy beneath ; stipulas somewhat cres-
cent-shaped ; catkins oval; germen stalked, ovate, silky; stig-
mas nearly sessile, undivided ; capsules swelling. Great Round-
leaved Sallow.

Hob. Woods and hedges. April.

This species is distinguished, in spring, by its numerous
large oval yellow catkins, which appear before the leaves ;
and afterwards by its very la'rge rounded leaves, deep-
green above, but underneath densely clothed with soft
white cottony down, which gives them a considerable
thickness. The flowering branches are called Palms, and
are gathered by children about the time of Easter, the re-
lics of a ceremony once performed in commemoration of
our Saviour's entry into Jerusalem.

15. S. acuminata, stem erect ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, point-
ed, wavy, finely toothed, glaucous, and downy beneath ; stipulas
half-ovate, then kidney-shaped ; catkins cylindrical ; germen
stalked, ovate, hairy; style as long as the undivided stigmas.
Long-leaved Sallow.

Hal. Moist hedges. April.

I have given the specific character of this species unaltered,
from SMITH, but it is proper to remark that our specimen
was referred to it with a mark of doubt by Mr WINCH,
and that does not altogether agree with the description.

16. S. viminalis, leaves linear, inclining to lanceolate, elongated,
taper-pointfcv entire, wavy, snow-white and silky beneath ;
branches straight and slender ; germen sessile ; style as long as
the linear undivided stigmas. Common Osier.

Hab. Wet places and banks of rivers. April, May.

17« S. Smithiana, leaves lanceolate, pointed, slightly wavy, mi-
nutely toothed, soft and scarce visibly downy above, whitish
and silky beneath ; stipulas crescent-shaped, minute ; catkins
ovate ; germen stalked ; style shorter than the linear deeply di-
vided stigmas.

Hab. Hedges occasionally. In the garden at the Hope,
and at Lethemshank. April, May.

K

218 DICECIA— TRIANDRIA.

From the remarks of Dr HOOKER, it would appear, that he
is inclined to consider this a variety of the preceding, but
the shrub we intend (and our specimen was named by Mr
WINCH), is altogether different, and more nearly related
to S, caprea, though very distinct from it. It is a small
tree or shrub, with lanceolate leaves 3 inches long, fully
one broad near the base, which, when the leaf has attain-
ed maturity, is rounded. The fertile catkins are small,
numerous, greyish, and silky ; the stigmas long and deep-
ly divided, elevated on a style rather shorter than them-
selves.

18. S. alba, leaves elliptic-lanceolate, pointed, serrated, silky
on both sides, the lowest serratures glandular ; stamens hairy ;
gernien smooth, almost sessile ; stigmas deeply cloven ; scales
rounded. Common White Willow,

Hal. Woods frequent. May.

A large tree with a coarse rugged bark, and a copious fo-
liage of a beautiful grey silvery appearance, which must
have made it familiar to the most inattentive observers.
The properties of the bark and wood are similar, but per-
haps inferior to those of S. Russelliana ; and the two trees
have much the same general appearance. We have not
observed a fertile tree in this neighbourhood.

II. TRIANDRIA.
279. EMPETRUM.

1 . E. nigrurri) stem and branches procumbent ; leaves linear-
oblong, revolute, evergreen ; flowers axillary, bracteated, red-
dish ; berry black. Crow-berry.

Hob. Moors very common ; also on our sea-banks. May,

h

Mr NEILL saw at Deerness, in Orkney, very strong ropes,
calculated for different purposes in husbandry, made of
the shoots of this plant.

DICECIA— OCTANDRIA. 219

III. TETRANDRIA.

280. MYRICA.

I. M. Gale, stem shrubby, 3 or 4 feel high ; leaves lanceolate,
serrated, tapering and entire at the base, besprinkled with resi-
nous dots ; catkins axillary, with pointed scales. Sweet Gale.

Hal. Bogs and moorish ground, rare. I have omitted to
mark the habitat of my specimen. Haiden dean ? May,

h

In Isla and Jura, and in Wales, the people lay branches ot
this shrub in their beds, and between their linen, to give
them a fine scent, and drive away moths, for the leaves
and berries, when bruised, exhale a fragrance from their
resinous dots, delightful to our senses, but apparently
very noisome to insects. In northern countries it was
formerly used instead of hops ; and the cones boiled in
water will yield a scum like bees wax, capable of being
made into candles, similar to those which the Americans
make of the berries of M. cerifera, or candle-berry myrtle.
LTGHTFOOT.

IV. OCTANDRIA,
281. POPULUS.

1, P. alba, leaves lobed and toothed, somewhat heart-shaped at
the base, snow-white and densely downy beneath ; fertile catkins
ovate ; stigmas 4. White Poplar.

Hab. In plantations frequent. March. ?£

2. P. tremula, leaves nearly orbicular, toothed, smooth on
both sides, their stalks compressed ; young branches hairy ; stig-v
mas 4, erect, auricled at the base. Aspen.

Hab. In woods frequent. March, April. ?}
The leaves are of a fine smooth dark green, with a narrow

220 DICECI A— OCT ANDRIA .

yellowish edge more or less fringed with soft hairs, sus-
pended on flattened stalks, so that

" when zephyrs wake,

The Aspen's trembling leaves must shake;"

and by their friction on one another they make a constant
rustling noise, hence uncourteously feigned by some, be-
sides poets, to be " the matter whereof women's tongues
were made, which seldom cease wagging."

3. P. nigra, leaves deltoid, pointed, serrated, smooth on both
sides ; catkins all lax and cylindrical ; stigmas 4, simple, spread-
ing. Black Poplar.

Hal. In plantations. March. \\

282. RHODIOLA.

1 . R. rosea, root thick, fleshy ; stem simple, a spawn high ;
leaves numerous, glaucous, fleshy, obovate, bluntly toothed ;
flowers yellow with orange-coloured nectaries, in a terminal
cyme. Hose-root.

Hob. Coast of Berwickshire. I first observed this plant
growing on Fastcastle in the spring of 1827, and in the
autumn of the same year on rocks between Lamberton
and Burnmouth, with the Ilev. A. Baird, who, in the
following summer, found it in great profusion and
luxuriance at the foot of a deep glen about a mile south
of Fastcastle. The locality is interesting and unex-
pected, as the plant, in general, affects alpine rocks.
May, June. 7/

When recently dried, the root has an agreeable scent, re-
sembling rose-water. The plant has the habit of a
and is not uncommon in gardens.

DICECIA— MONADELPHIA. 221

V. ENNEANDRIA.
283. MERCURIALIS.

1. M. perennis, root creeping; stem simple, 1 foot high ; leaves
rough, ovate, serrated ; flowers in axillary short lax spikes.
Perennial Mercury.

Hob. Shady places frequent. Banks of the Whiteadder
above Edrington, Dr Thompson. Banks of the Eye,
Rev. A. Baird. About Warren, &c. April, May. ?/

This plant, in drying, becomes of a blue green colour, and
to water it yields a fine deep blue, but no means have
been discovered by which it can be fixed. The herb is
poisonous.

VI. MONADELPHIA.

284. JUNIPERUS.

1. J. communist leaves 3 in each whorl, tipped with a spine,
spreading, longer than the ripe fruit ; stem erect. Common Ju~
niper.

Hab. Heaths common ; also on our sea-banks. May. ?j

The wood is of a reddish colour, very hard and durable,
used in veneering, and in making cups, cabinets, &c«
The berries are used in medicine ; and they form an im.
portant article of commerce in Holland, where they are
employed in the distillation of geneva ; and they give
that singular flavour which our distillers try to imitate
fcy oil of turpentine.— HOOKER.

285. TAXUS.

1. T. baccata, leaves two-ranked, crowded, linear, flat ; recep-
tacle of the barren flowers globular. Common Yew.
Hab* Woods. March, April.

Tke Yew is not a common tree in Berwickshire, and now
only to be found in plantations; but as it is certainly in-

DICECIA— MONADELPHIA.

digenous to Britain, and was in common use among the
Borderers before exotics were introduced, it seems not
unreasonable to conclude that the present trees are no
aliens, but lineal descendants of the native stock. It was
generally planted in churchyards, — not, however, on ac-
count of the " melancholy*" of its shade, nor from its
" funereal hue," — but w for the convenience and ready
use of the several parishioners," to whom it afforded the
favourite material for the long bow, a weapon in the use
of which our ancestors were famous. At a very early
period the Yew was considered pre-eminently of a " ve-
nomous qualitie, and against man's nature," and even to
exhale effluvia fatal to those who chanced to repose
under its shade; but this, though repeated by numerous
authors, is altogether untrue. The fresh leaves, however,
are poisonous. Dr PERCIVAL mentions an instance of
three children being killed by a spoonful of them admi-
nistered as a remedy against worms; and they prove
speedily fatal to cattle accidentally tasting them when
young and tender. The berries are harmless.

' Now more I love thee, melancholy Yew,

Whose still green leaves in solemn silence wave
Above the peasant's red unhonoured grave,

Which oft thou moisteneth with the morning dew

To thee the sad, to thee the weary fly ;

They rest in peace beneath thy sacred gloom
Thou sole companion of the lowly tomb !

No leaves but thine in pity o'er them sigh.

Lo ! now, to fancy's gaze, thou seem'st to spread
Thy shadowy boughs to shroud me with the dead
LEYDRN

( 223 )

\

CLASS XXIII.
POLYGAMIA.

— — " Juvat integros accedere fontes

Atque haurire, juvatque novos decerpere flores."

LUCRETIUS.

I. MONGECIA.

285. ATRIPLEX. UNITED FLOWER— calyx inferior, in 5 deep
segments ; corolla none ; stamens 5 ; style deeply cloven ;
seed 1, depressed. FERTILE FLOWER — calyx inferior, in 2
deep segments ; corolla none ; style deeply cloven ; seed 1,
compressed.

I. MONGECIA.
286. ATRIPLEX.

1. A. paMa, stem herbaceous, spreading ; leaves triangular-
lanceolate, somewhat halbert-shaped ; calyx of the fruit tuber -
culated at the sides ; seeds finely dotted. Spreading Orache.

Hob. Waste and cultivated grounds, and on the sandy
sea-shore, very common. July, Aug. Q

224 POLYGAMIA— MON^ECIA.

2. A. angitstifolia, stem herbaceous, spreading ; leaves lanceo-
late, entire, the lower ones partly 3-lobed ; calyx of the fruit
halbert-shaped, slightly warty at the sides ; seeds scarcely dot-
ted. Narrovj-leaved Orache.

Hob. Waste grounds frequent. July, Aug. 0

3. A. littoraliS) stem herbaceous, erect ; leaves all linear, en-
tire, variously toothed or sinuated ; calyx of the fruit sinuated,
its disk armed with prominent tubercles. Sea Orache.

Hab. Muddy salt marshes. " Coast beyond Beal, plenti-
ful," Thomp. Aug. Sept. ©

( 225 )

ADDITIONAL SPECIES.

8. VERONICA.

V. filiformiS) stem spreading, hairy ; leaves all alternate, heart-
shaped, deeply serrate ; flowerstalks very long, always straight ;
limb of the corolla longer than the calyx ; seeds cupped. Tab.

nost.

V. filiformis, Lam. and Decand. Fl. Fr. v. 388. (ex-

eluding Sm. in Lin. Tr. i. 195.) On the authority of

Arnott, Meyer, and Schleicher.
V. agrestis /3, Sm. Fl. Grsec. t. 8. Prod. i. 9.
V. Buxbaumii, Tenore, Fl. Neap. i. 7» t. 10. (Settled

by specimens from Tenore), Linn. Syst. Veg. by

Sprengel, i. 75.

Hob. Cultivated grounds. In the shrubbery in front of
the house at Whiterig, Berwickshire. August— Oct. ©

Stems spreading, one or two feet long, branched at the base
or simple, round, more or less coloured, and clothed with
soft white hairs. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite at the
base, ovate-heart-shaped, deeply serrate, rough with short
bristles, which also fringe the margins. Flowerstalks
axillary, straight, filiform, hairy, 1 or l\ inch long, some-
times slightly curved at the insertion of the capsule.
The stem flowers from the very base. Segments of the
calyx ovate -lanceolate, hairy, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves
small. Flowers large, light blue, beautifully streaked
with darker lines ; segments broadly ovate, entire ; tube
white, hairy within. Anthers large, blue, on white curved
thick filaments. Capsule inversely heart-shaped, bristly.
Seeds white, rough, concave beneath, four or five in each
cell.

SMITH considered this a variety of V. agrestis^ to which
it is certainly nearly allied. But V. agrestis is a smaller
and smoother plant, with the lower leaves always oppo-
site, on longer stalks, and less decidedly heart-shaped.
The flowerstalks also are generally curved, never longer
than the leaves ; and the segments of the small corolla
do not exceed, but are rather shorter than the segments

226 VERONICA FILIFORMIS.

of the calyx; while in V. filiformis the flowers equal
those of V. Chamcedrys in size, and are little inferior in
beauty. It is necessary to substitute the following cha-
racter of V. agrestis for that at page 7 :— " Stem spread-
ing, hairy ; leaves ovate, deeply serrate, the lower ones
opposite ; flowerstalks about equal to the leaves in length,
curved when in fruit; corolla shorter than the calyx;
seeds cupped."

For the above synonyma I am indebted to Mr WINCH.
It may be considered a very valuable addition to the
history of the species, since it is founded on specimens
received from TENORE, MEYER, SCHLEICHER, and
ARNOTT, who gave him the Montpellier plant, which
must be DECANDOLLE'S. Mr WINCH has also British
specimens from BORRER and E. FORSTER. The former
botanist found it several years ago near Henley in Sus-
sex, and communicated specimens to Sir J. E. SMITH
and others ; but it is singular that no notice is taken of it
in the English Flora, nor, so far as we know, in any work
on the botany of this island.

END OF VOL. I.

INDEX.

INDEX.

The Synonyms, and the English and Provincial Names, are printed

in Italics.

Page Page

ACHILLEA

172 All-seed .

43

Millefolium

189 Allium .

75

Ptarmica

189 arenarium

76

/Egopodium .

49 oleracium

77

podagraria

70 schoenoprasum

77

JEthusa .

49 ursinum .

77

cynapium

69 vineale .

77

Agrimonia

104 Alnus

195

eupatoria

105 glutinosa

204

Agrimony

105 Alopecurus

11

Agrostemma .

93 geniculatus

19

Githago .

101 pratensis

19

Agrostis .

11 American-cress

146

alba

20 Anagallis

45

stolonifera

20 arvensis .

56

vulgaris .

19 tenella .

57

Aira

11 Anchusa

45

aquatica .

20 sempervirens .

53

caryophyllea

21 Anemone

119

caespitosa

20 nemorosa

121

cristata .

20 Anemone wood

121

flexuosa .

21 Angelica

49

prsecox .

21 sylvestris

70

Ajuga .

127 wild

70

reptans

129 Anthemis

172

Alchemilla

34 arvensis .

188

arvensis .

39 Cotula .

188

vulgaris .

39 Anthoxanthum

5

Alder

204 odoratum

9

Alexanders

70 Anthriscus

47

Alisma .

76 vulgaris .

67

plantago .

84 Anthyllis

155

ranunculoides

84 vulneraria

159

Alkanet .

53 Antirrhinum .

128

230

INDEX.

Antirrhinum Linaria

. 137

pratensis

minus

. 138

pubescens

Apargia .

. 169

Avens

autumnalis

. 175

hispida

. 175

Ballota .

Arabis

. 140

nigra

Thaliana .

. 146

Barbarea

Arctium

. 170

praecox .

Bardana .

. 177

vulgaris .

Lappa

• 177

Barberry

Arenaria

. 93

Barley, wall, .

marina

. 98

meadow

peploides

. 97

Bartsia .

rubra

98

Odontites

serpyllifolia

. 98

red .

trinervis .

• 97

Basil, wild,

verna

. 98

Beaked parsley

Arrow- grass

. 83

Bed-straw

Artemisia

. 171

Beech

Absinthium

. 181

Bee-nettle

gallica

. 181

Bellis .

maritima .

. 181

perennis .

vulgaris .

. 182

Bent

Arum

. 196

Bent-grass

maculatum

205

Berberis

Arundo .

. 12

vulgaris .

arenaria .

. 29

Betonica .

phragmites

. 29

officinalis

Ash

5

Betony

Aspen

. 219

Betula .

Asperugo

. 45

alba

procumbens

. 54

Bindweed

Asperula

. 33

Birch

odorata .

. 36

Bitter-vetch

Aster

. 172

Bladder-wort .

Tripolium

. 185

Blaeberry

Astragalus

. 155

Blaewort

glycyphyllos

. 161

Blinks, water, .

hypoglottis

. 161

Blue-bells

Atriplex

. 223

Blue-bottle

angustifolia

. 224,

Bog-asphodel .

littoralis .

. 224

Bog-rush

patula

. 223

Borage

Atropa

46

Borago .

Belladonna

60

officinalis

Avena .

12

Bramble .

Avena fatua .

28

Brassica

flavescens

29

Napus

28

28

117

INDEX.

231

Brassica Rapa

• 147

Carduus

Briar, sweet, .

. 112

acanthoides

Briza

. 12

marianus

media

. 25

nutans

Brome-grass

. 27-8

tenuiflorus

Bromus .

. 12

Carex

asper

. 27

acuta

mollis

. 27

ampullacea

sterilis

. 28

arenaria .

Brooklime

6

binervis .

Brook-weed

. 62

csespitosa

Broom

. 157

curta

Buckbean

. 55

dioica

Buck-wheat, climbing,

. 91

flava

Bugle, common,

. 129

hirta

Bugloss, small, .

. 54

intermedia

Bugloss, Viper's,

. 54

limosa

Bull.rush,
Bunium

. 15

. 48

laevigata
ovalis

flexuosum

. 68

pallescens

Burdock,

. 177

paludosa .

Burnet-salad .

. 206

panicea .

Burnet-saxifrage

. 71

paniculata

198

pendula •

Butter-bur

. 183

pilulifera

Butter-cups

. 123

praecox .

Butterwort

. 8

pulicaris .

recurva .

Cakile .

. 139

remota

maritima

. 142

rigida

Callitriche

1

stellulata

autumnalis

3

sylvatica .

verna

3

vulpina .

Calluna .

. 86

Carlina .

vulgaris . .

. 88

vulgaris .

Caltha .

. 119

Carrot, wild,

palustris .

. 125

Oafs-ear

Campanula

. 46

Oafs-toil .

rotundifolia

. 58

Cafs-tail-grass

Campion, Bladder, .

. 96

Celandine

red, . - .

. 100

Centaurea

sea, .

96

Cyanus

white,

. 100

nigra

Canary-grass .

. 18

Centaur y »

Cardamine

. 140

Cerastium

a mar a

. 144

arvense .

hirsuta

. 143

semidecandrum

pratensis .

. 143

tetrandrum

L2

232

INDEX.

Cerastium viscosum

. 101 Cnicus lanceolatus .

. 179

vulgatum

. 101 palustris .

. 179

Chamomile, corn

. 188 Cnidium

. 49

Chara .

1 silaus

• 71

hispida .

3 Cochlearia

. 139

vulgar is .

2 danica

. 142

Charlock .

. 148 officinalis

. 142

Chserophyllum

47 Cock's-foot-grass

. 25

sylvestre

68 Coifs-foot

. 183

Cheiranthus .

. 140 Comarum

. 108

fruticulosus

. 146 palustre .

. 119

Chelidonium .

. 118 Comfrey .

; 53

majus

. 119 Conium .

. 48

Chenopodium

47 maculatum

. 69

album

65 Convallaria .

. 75

Bonus Henricus

65 polygonatuni .

. 78

maritimum

65 Convolvulus .

. 45

murale

65 arvensis .

. 57

rubrum .

65 sepium

. 57

Cherry, Bird, .

. 108 Corn-Cockle .

. 101

Cherry, Wild,

109 Cornel, dwarf, .

. 39

Chickweed,

96 Cornus,

. 34

mouse-ear.

. 101 suecica

. 39

field,

. 102 Corylus .

. 396

Chrysanthemum

. 171 avellana .

. 208

Leucanthemum

187 Cotton-grass

. 16-7

segetum .

187 Couch-gra&s

. 31

Grysosplenium

92 Cow-berry

. 88

oppositifolium

94 Cow-parsley

. 68

Cicely, .

68 Cow-parsnip

. 72

Cichorium

. 169 Cowslip .

. 55

Iritybus .

. 177 Cow-wheat

. 136

Cinque-foil

. 116 Crab-apple

. 110

marsh,

. 117 Crambe .

. 139

Circsea .

5 maritirna .

. 143

lutetiana .

6 Cranberry

. 88

Cistus . . .

. 118 Crane's-bill

151-2

Helianthemum

. 120 Crepis .

. 169

Clary, wild,

9 tectorum

. 176

Clinopodium .

. 127 'Cross-wort

. 36

vulgare .

. 134 Crow.berry

. 218

Cloudberry

. 115 Crow-foot .

123-4

Clover

162-3 Cudweed

. 182

yellow.

. 165 Cynoglossum .

. 45

Club-rush

14-16 officinale .

. 53

Cnicus .

. 170 Cynosurus

. 12

arvensis .

. 179 cristatus .

. 25

helerophyllus .

. 179

INDEX.

233

Daetylis

12

Erica

glomerata

25

cinerea

Daisy ....

186

tetralix .

Dandelion

174

Erigeron

Daphne ....

86

acre

Laureola

90

Eriophorum .

Darnel ....

30

angustifolium

Daucus ....

47

polystachion

Carota

67

pubescens

Day-nettle

132

vaginatum

Dead-nettle

131

Erodium

Delphinium consolida

121

cicutarium

Dew -berry

114

Ervum .

Dianthus

92

hirsutum

deltoides .

95

Erysimum

Digitalis

128

Alliaria .

purpurea

138

Erythrsea

Dipsacus

33

Centaurium

sylvestris

35

littoralis .

Dock ....

82-3

Euonymus

Dog's-tail-grass

25

Europseus

Doronicum pardalianches

185

Eupatorium .

Draba ....

139

cannabinunr

verna

141

Euphorbia

Drosera

50

exigua

rotundifolia

74

helioscopia

Duckweed

9

Peplus

Dyer's Greenweed

158

Euphrasia

officinalis

Earth-nut

68

Eye-bright

Echium ....

44

vulgare

54

Elder .

72

Fagus

Eleocharis

11

sylvatica .

palustris .

16

Fedia

Elm . - .

66

olitoria .

Empetrum

210

Fescue-grass

nigrum .

218

Festuca .

Enchanter's night-shade

6

bromoides

Epilobium . .

85

duriuscula

alsinifolium

87

elatior

angustifolium .

86

loliacea .

hirsutum

86

ovina

montanum

87

pratensis

palustfe .

87

rubra

parviflorum

86

sylvatica .

tetragonum
Epipactis

87

191

vivipara .
Feverfew

palustris .

193

Fig-wort .

85

89

89

171

183

11

17

16

17

16

149

150

155

161

140

146

45

61

61

46

63

170

180

194

197

197

196

128

135

135

193

207

10

13

25-7
12
26
26
27
26
25
27
26
27
25
188
138

234

INDEX.

Fiorin-grass

20 Geum rivale .

. 117

Fir, Scotch,

. 209 urbanum

. 117

Flea-bane, Hue,

. 182 Glaucium

. 118

common

. 185 luteum .

. 119

Flix-weed

. 145 Glaux .

. 46

FooVs-parsley .

69 maritima

. 64

Forget-me-not .

51 Gylchoma

. 126

Foxglove .

. 138 hederacea

. 131

Fox-tail grass .

19 Globe-flower .

. 124

Fragaria

. 108 Glyceria

. 12

vesca

. 115 fluitans .

. 22

Fraxinus

4 maritima

. 23

excelsior

5 procumbens

. 23

Fumaria

. 154 rigida

. 23

claviculata

. 156 Gnaphalium .

• 171

officinalis

. 156 dioicum .

. 182

Fumitory .

. 156 germanicum .

. 182

minimum

. 182

Gale, sweet,

. 219 rectum .

. 182

Galeopsis
Tetrahit

. 127 uliginosum
. 132 GoafsJeard .

. 182
. 172

versicolor

. 132 Golden-rod

. 185

Galium .

33 Golden- saxifrage

. 94

Aparine .

37 Gooseberry

. 63

cruciatum

36 Goose-foot Mercury .

. 65

palustre .

36 Goose grass

. 37

saxatile .

. 37 Gorse

• 158

uliginosum

37 Gout-weed

. 70

verum

36 Grass of Parnassus

- 73

Withering!!

37 Grass-wrack

2

Garlick ,

. 76-7 Gromwell

. 52

Garlick-mustard

146 Groundsel

183-4

Genista .

155 Guelder-rose . •

- 72

tinctoria »

. 158

Gentian .

66 Hair-grass

. 20-1

Gentiana ,

46 Hawtfs-beard .

. 176

Amarella

66 Hawk-bit

. 175

campestris

66 Hawk-weed

175-6

Geranium

. 149 Mouse-ear

. 175

dissectum

. 152 Hawthorn

. 109

lucidum .

. 151 Hazel .

. 208

molle

. 151 Hearts-ease

. 58

pratense .

. 151 Heath . .

. 89

pusillum .

. 152 Heath-grass

, 24

Robertianum

. 151 Heather •

. 89

sanguineum

. 152 Hedera

46

sylvaticum

. 151 Helix

. 63

Geum .

. 108 Hedge-Mustard

. 145

INDEX.

235

Hedge-parsley

67

Ilex Aquifolium

. 39

Helleborine

193

Inula

. 171

Hemlock

69

dysenterica

. 185

Hemp-agrimony

180

Iris "...

. 10

Hemp-nettle

132

Pseudacorus .

. 14

Henbane

60

Ivy

. 63

Heracleum

50

Ivy-ground

. 131

sphondylium .

72

Herb-Robert

151

Jack-by the-hedge

. 146

Hieracium

169

Jointed-glasswort

2

murorum

175

Juncus

. 76

paludosum

175

acutiflorus

. 80

Pilosella

175

bufonius .

. 79

sabaudum

176

cseriosus .

. 79

sylvaticum

175

conglomerates .

. 78

umbellatum

17C

effusus

. 78

Holcus .

11

glaucus

. 78

avenaceus

22

lairpocarpus

. 80

lanatus

21

liniger

. 81

mollis

21

squarrosus

. 79

Holly .

39

uliginosus

. 80

Honeysuckle

61

Juniper .

. 221

Hordeum

13

Juniperus

. 211

maritimum

31

communis

. 221

murinum

31

pratense

31

Kale, sea

. 143

Horehound, black,

133

Knapweed

. 189

white.

133

Knawel .

. 95

Horned-pondweed

197

Knot-grass

. 91

poppy

119

Horse-gowan

188

Lactuca

. 170

Hounds-tongue

53

virosa

. 173

House-leek

106

Ladies* -finger .

. 159

Hyacinth

78

Ladies'* -smock .

. 143

Hydrocotyle

49

Ladies' -mantle

. 39

vulgaris .

71

Lamb's lettuce .

13

Hyoscyamus .

45

Lamium

. 127

niger

60

album

. 131

Hypericum
hirsutum

167
168

amplexicaule .
incisum .

. 131
. 131

humifusum

167

purpureurn

. 131

perforatum

167

Lapsana

. 170

pulchrum

168

communis

. 176

quadrangulum

167

Lathyrus

. 155

Hypochseris .

169

pratensis

. 160

radicata

176

Lavender, Sea,

. 74

Lemna

5

Ilex

34

minor

9

236

INDEX.

Lemna triscula

j

9 Lythrum .

Leontodon

,

170 Lythrum salicaria

palustre .

.

174

Taraxacum

.

174 Madwort, German

Lepidium

.

140 Mallow .

campestre

.

141 Malva .

Lettuce .

.

173 moschata .

Ligusticum

.

49 rotundifolia

Scoticum .

.

7 sylvestris .

Ligustrum

.

4 Marigold, marsh

vulgare .

.

& Marjoram .

Ling

.

88 Marrubium

Linum .
catharticum
Liquorice, wild,

•

vulgare
' ** Mat-grass •
161 Meadow-grass •

Listera .

•

19' Meadow-rue

cordata

.

' Meadow-sweet .

Nidus-avis

.

193 Medic, black

ovata
Lithospermum

•

193 Medicago .
lupulina

arvense .

.

sativa

Littorella
lacustris .

•

195 Melampyrum .
montanum

Lolium

pratense .

arvense

30 Melica

perenne

coerulea

temulentum

uniflora

Long-purples
Loose-strife

192 Melic-grass
56 Melilot

purple

105 Mentha .

Lotus

arvensis

corniculatus

gentilis

major

hirsuta

Louse-wort

137 Piperita .

Lovage

70 rubra

Love-in-idleness .
Lucerne

59 Menyanthes
165 trifoliata .

Luciola .

76 Mercurialis

campestris .

perennis

congesta

81 Mercury, Dog's .

pilosa
sudetica
sylvatica .

80 Mespilus .
' Oxyacantha
80 Milk-wort .

Lucken-gowan .

125 Milk-vetch.

Lychnis .

93 Mint

dioica .

100 Montia .

diurna

100 fontana

Floscuculi

100 Moss-crops

vespertina .

100 Mugwort - »

104
105

INDEX.

237

Mullein, black .

. 59

Orpina

Mustard .

147-8

Osier

Myosotis .

. 45

Oxalis

arvensis

. 52

Acetosella .

caespitosa .

. 51

Ox-eye

palustris .

. 51

Ox-tongue .

sylvatica .

. 52

versicolor .

. 52

Pansy

Myrica .

. 211

yellow

Gale .

. 219

Papaver .

Myriophyllum .

. 195

argemone .

spicatum .

. 205

dubium

Myrrhis .

. 48

Rhoeas

temulenta .

. 68

Parietaria .

officinalis .

Nardus

. 11

Parnassia .

stricta

. 18

palustris .

Narthecium

• 76

Pea, heath .

ossifragum

. 78

Pearl-wort .

Nasturtium

. 140

Pedicularis

officinale .

. 144

palustris .

sylvestre .

. 144

sylvatica .

terrestre .

. 145

Pellitory-of-the-wall

Nettle

204-5

Penny-cress

Nightshadey deadly

. 60

Peppermint

woody

. 61

Pepper ^saxifrage

Nipplewort

. 176

Pepper-wort

Nuphar .

. 119

Persicaria .

lutea .

. 120

Phalaris .

arundinacea

Oak .

. 206

canariensis

Oat-grass .

. 28

Phleum .

Oat, wild . . .

. 28

arenarium .

(Enanthe .

. 48

pratense .

crocata

. 69

Picris

Ononis . . .

. 155

echioides .

arvensis

. 159

Pile-wort .

Onopordum

. 170

Pimpernel .

Acanthium

. 179

Pimpinella

Orache

223-4

saxifraga .

Orchis

. 190

Pinguicula

bifolia

. 191

vulgaris .

conopsea .

. 192

Pink, maiden

latifolia .

. 192

Pirius sylvestris

maculata .

. 192

Plantago ,

mascula

. 191

coronopus .

Origanum

. 127

lanceolata .

vulgare

. 134

major

238

INDEX.

Plantago maritima »

. 38

Prunus spinosa

media

. 38

Purging-flax

Plantain .

37-8

Pyrethrum

Poa ....

12

inodorum .

annua

. 24

maritimum

pratensis .

. 24

Parthenium

trivialis

. 24

Pyrola

Polygala .

. 154

media

vulgaris

. 157

rotundifolia

Polygonum

. 86

Pyrus

amphibium

. 90

Aucuparia .

aviculare .

. 91

Malus

convolvulus

. 91

hydropiper
lapathifolium

. 91

. 90

Quaking-grass .
Quercus .

persicaria .

. 90

Robur

Pond-weed

. 41

sessiliflora .

Poplar

. 219

Quicken

Poppy

. 120

Populus

. 211

Radiola .

alba

. 219

millegrana .

nigra

. 220

Ragwort .

tremula

. 219

Ranunculus

Potamogeton .

. 34

acris .

crispum

. 41

aquatilis .

heterophyllum .

. 41

arvensis

lucens

. 41

bulbosus .

natans

. 41

circinatus .

pectinatum

. 42

Ficaria

perfoliatum

. 41

Flammula .

pusillum .

. 41

hederaceus

Potentilla

. 108

lingua

anserina

. 115

repens

fragariastrum .

. 116

sceleratus .

rep tans

. 116

Rape-seed .

verna

. 116

Raphanus .

Poterium .

, 195

Raphanistrum

Sanguisorba

. 206

Raspberry

Primrose .

. 54

Rattle^ yellow

Primula .

. 45

Reed.

veris .

. 55

Reed-mace .

vulgaris

. 54

Reseda

Privet

5

luteola

Prunella .

. 128

Rest-harrow

vulgaris

. 134

Rhinanthus

Prunus

. 107

crista-galli

Cerasus

. 109

Rhodiola .

Padus

. 108

rosea .

INDEX.

239

Rib grass .

. 38

Salix aqualica .

. 215

Ribes

. 46

argentea •

. 214

grossularia

. 63

aurita

. 215

Roan-tree .

. 110

caprea

. 217

Robin-run-the-hedge .
Rocket, Dyer's .

• 37
. 105

cinerea
decipiens .

. 215
. 212

London

. 145

Forbiana .

. 214

Sea .

. 142

Helix

. 213

Yellow

. 145

oleifolia

. 216

Rosa

. 108

pentandra .

. 212

canina

. 113

prostrata .

. 214

dumetorum

. 112

repens

. 214

Forsteri .

. 113

Russelliana

. 212

rubiginosa .

. 112

Smithiana .

. 217

sarmentacea

. 112

viminalis .

. 217

scabriuscula

. Ill

Sallow

216-7

spinosissima

. Ill

Salsola

. 47

tomentosa .

. Ill

Kali .

. 66

Rose ....

111-13

Salt-wort ,

. 66

Roseroot .

. 220

Salvia

5

Rubus

. 108

verbenaca .

. 9

csesius

. 114

Sambucus

. 50

Chameemorus .

. 115

nigra

. 72

corylifolius

. 114

Samolus .

. 46

fruticosus .

. 114

Valerandi .

. 62

glandulosus
idseus •

. 114
. 114

Sandwort
Sanicula .

97-8
. 47

Rumex .

• 76

europoea

. 66

acetosa

. 83

Samcle, wood

. 66

acetosella .

. 83

Saxifraga .

. 92

acutus

. 82

granulata .

. 95

crispus

. 82

stellaris

. 94

obtusifolius

. 83

Scabiosa .

. 33

sanguineus

. 82

arvensis

. 35

Rush

78-80

columbaria

. 35

Rye-grass .

. 30

succisa

. 35

Scandix .

. 47

Sage-wood .

. 129

pecten veneris .

. 67

Sagina

. 34

Schoenus .

. 10

apetala

. 43

nigricans .

. 14

maritima .

. 42

Scilla

. 76

procumbens

. 42

nutans

• 77

Salicornia .

1

verna

• 77

herbacea .

. 2

Scirpus

. 11

Salix

. 210

caricinus :•

. 15

acuminata .

. 217

caespitosus .

. 14

alba .

. 218

fluitans

. 15

Andersoniana .

. 216

lacustris

. 15

S10

IKDEX.

Scirpus maritimus

pauciflorus

setaceus

sylvalicus .
Scleranthus

annuus

Scorpion-grass .
Scrophularia

nodosa
Scurvy-grass
Scutellaria

galericulata
Sea-milkwort
Sedum

anglicum .

acre .

reflexum .

Telephium

villosum .
Self-heal .
Sempervivum .

tectorura .
Senebiera .

coronopus .
Senecio

aquaticus .

Jacobsea .

sylvaticus .

viscosus

vulgaris
Shamrock .
Shepherd's needle

purse
Sherardia

arvensis
Shore-weed
Silene

inflata

maritima .
Silver-weed
Sinapis

alba .

arvensis

nigra

tenuifolia .
Sisyuibrium

Irio .

officinale .

16
14

Sisymbrium Sophia.

. 445
4'}

15
16

1)2
95
52

angustifoliuni ,
inundatum
nodiflorum
Skull-cap .
Sloe ....

. <;«
. 09
. 69
. 134
. 10')

128

Smyrnium

. 48

138

" olusatrum .

• 70

142

Snap-dragon

. 138

127

Sneeze-wort

. 189

134

Soft-grass .

. 21

C4

Solanum .

. 45

93

dulcamara .

. 61

99

Solidago .

• 171

99

virgaurea .

. 185

99

Solomon's seal •

• 78

98

Sonchus .

. 1TO

99

arvensis

. 173

134

oleraceus .

. 173

104

Sorrel

. 83

106

Sow-thistle

. 173

HO

Sparganium

. 194

142

ramosum -

. 198

172

simplex

. 198

185

Spartium .

. 155

184

scoparium .

. 157

184

Spear-wort

. 122

184

Speedwell .

. 6-7

183

Spergula .

. 93

162

arvensis

. 102

67

nodosa

. 102

141

subulata .

. 103

34

Spike-rush

. 16

36

Spindle-tree

. 63

204

Spiraea

. 107

93

ulmaria

. 110

96

Spurge

196-7

96

Spurge-laurel .

. 90

115

Spurrey .

. 102

141

Squill, vernal

• 77

147

St John's-wort .

167-8

14T

Stachys .

. 127

147

arvensis .

. 133

148

palustris .

. 133

140

sylvatica .

. 133

145

Starwort, Sea

. 185

145

Statice .

. 50

INDEX.

241

Staiioc aviyieria

• 73

Tovmentilla

. 108

limonium .

. 74

officinalis .

. 116

'33

rep tans •

. 116

glauca

. 97

Tragopogon

. 170

graminea .
holostea

. 07
. 96

pratensis .
Trefoil

. 172
163-4

media

. 90

Triglochin

. 76

uliginosa . '•

• 97

maritimum

. 83

Stltch-u'ort

. 97

palustre

. 83

Stone-crop .

. 99

Trifolium

. 155

Stores-bill

. 150

arvense

. 164

Strawberry

. 115

medium

. 163

Succory

- 177

minus

. 164

Sun-dew .

. 7*

officinale .

. 162

Sweet-grass

. 22

pratense .

. 163

Swine^s -cress

. 142

procumbens

. 164

Symphytum

. 44

repens

. 162

tuberosum

. 53

scabrum

. 164

stratum .

.164

Tanacetum

. 171

Triodia .

. 12

vulgar e

. 180

decumbens

. 24

Tansy

. 180

Triticum .

. 13

Tare

. 161

caninum .

. 32

Taxus

. 211

junceum .

. 31

baccata

. 221

repens

. 31

Teasel

. 35

Trollius .

. 119

Teasdalia .

. 140

europaeus .

. 124

nudicaulis .

. 141

Turnip

. 147

Teucrium

. 126

Tussilago .

. 172

Scorodonia .

. 129

Farfara

. 183

Thalictrum

. 119

Twayblade

. 193

flavum

. 121

Typha

. 195

major

. 121

latifolia

. 197

minus

. 121

Thistle

178-9

Ulex

. 155

Thlaspi .

. 139

europseus .

. 158

arvense

. 141

Ulmus

• 47

Bursa Pastoris .

. 141

montana .

. 66

Thrift

. 73

Urtica .

. 105

Thyme

. 134

dioica

. 205

Thymus .

. 127

urens

. 204

serpyllum .

. 134

Utricularia

. 4

Timothy-grass .

. 19

vulgaris .

. 8

Toad-flax .

. 137

Tofieldia palustris .
Torilis .

. 83

• 47

Vaccinium
myrtillus .

• 85
. 87

Anthriscus

• 67

oxycoccus .

. 88

nodosa

. 67

vitis idsea .

. 88

INDEX.

Valeriana

dioica

officinalis .
Verbascum

nigrum

Thapsus .
Vernal-grass
Veronica .

Anagallis .

agrestis

arvensis

Beccabunga

Chamsedrys

filiformis .

hederifolia,

officinalis .

scutellata .

serpyllifolia
Vetch

Vetchling .
Viburnum

opulus
Vicia

Cracca

lathyroides

satlva

sepium

sylvatica .
Viola

arvensis

canina

hirta

lutea

palustris .

tricolor
Violet

. 10

Walret-leaf

. 13

Wake-Robin

. 13

Wall -cress

. 45

Wall-flower

. 59

Water-cress

. 50

Water -dropw or t

. 9

Water-Lily

4

Water-milfoil

. 6

Water-parsnip . . (

. 7

Water-plantain

. 7

Water -starwort

. 6

Wheat-grass

7

Whin .

. 225

White-rot .

. 7

Whitlow-grass .

. 7

Willow . . .21!

. 7

Willow, French .

. 6

Willow-herb . . i

160-1

Winter-cress

. 160

Winter-green . . !

. 50

Woodruff.

• 72

Wood-rush . . \

. 155

Wood- sorrel

. 160

Woundwort

. 161

Wormwood

. 160

. 161

. 160

Yarrow ....

. 46

Yellow-cress

. 58

Yew. t

. 58

. 58

. 59

JZannichellia

. 58

palustris .

. 58

Zostera .

. 58

marina

FLORA

OF

BERWICK-UPON-TWEED.

BY

GEORGE JOHNSTON, M. D.

FELLOW OP THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS; EXTRAORDINARY MEMBER
OF THE ROYAL MEDICAL, AND CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE MEDICO-
CHIRURG1CAL SOCIETIES OF EDINBURGH; AND CORRESPONDING MEMBER
OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETIES OF LONDON.

VOL. II.
CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS.

J. CARFBAE & SON, EDINBURGH; AND

LONGMAN, REES, ORME, BROWN, & GREEN,

LONDON.

MDCCCXXXI.

XEII.T. & CO. PRINTERS.

CLASS XXIV.

CRYPTOGAMIA.

" Then spring the living herbs, profusely wild,
O'er all the deep-green earth, beyond the power
Of botanists to number up their tribes :
Whether he steals along the lonely dale,
In silent search ; or through the forest, rank
With what the dull incurious weeds account,
Bursts his blind way ; or climbs the mountain-rock,
Fir'd by the nodding verdure of its brow :
With such a liberal hand has Nature flung
Their seeds abroad, blown them about in winds,
Innumerous mix'd them with the nursing mould,
The moistening current, and prolific rain."

THOMSON.

CRYPTOGAMIA.

CRYPTOGAMOUS plants bear no flowers visible to the naked
eye ; and they likewise differ from the Phsenogamous in their ha-
bit or general form, which is peculiar, but exceedingly varied and
dissimikr in the different tribes. In their parts of fructifica-
tion, some naturalists have endeavoured to trace out, by the aid
of the microscope, organs analogous to the stamens and styles ol
true flowers ; but the analogies seem more fanciful than real, and
are at present generally discredited. It may, at all events, be
safely asserted, that nothing is certainly known relative to the
manner in which the seeds of the Cryptogamia are fertilized.
Some indeed have gone so far as to call them asexual plants,
denying that they possess either flowers or true seeds, but are
propagated merely by buds, or, as it is now the fashion to speak,
by means of sporules ; and this opinion gains support from all the
recent observations which have been made on the structure and
germination of these corpuscles. They are destitute of an essen-
tial part of a true seed — the embryo ; and their growth is not a
mere development of parts already existing, as is the case in the
seeds of Phaenogamous plants, but parts entirely new are pro-
duced. Farther, it depends entirely on the situation in which
these grains have been deposited, what is to be the root and what
the future frond. The root and plumule of true seeds pullulate
always from fixed points determined by their structure, whatever
be the position in which they are placed ; but in the grains of the
Cryptogamia the root sprouts from that part which happens to
be next the earth, while the opposite point is developed into a
frond. These are important differences, but still there seems to

VOL. II. A

2 CRYPTOGAMIA.

he no impropriety in denominating the latter seeds, for the word
literally means the organized particles produced by plants in a
peculiar receptacle from which new plants of the same species are
generated, and has no reference to structure. And I the more
willingly use the term in the following pages, because the analogy
between buds and Cryptogamous seeds is somewhat doubtful.
The former are produced in no peculiar or appropriate organs,
nor are they the parts designed more particularly by nature to
continue the species ; but the latter are certainly thus designed,
they are lodged and matured in appropriate vessels, formed often
on a complex and always on a determinate plan.

The class has been said to be a u truly natural" one ; but the
word natural must here be used in a peculiar sense, for the ma-
terials of which it is composed are of the most heterogeneous
character. The Mushroom surely has no relation with the Fern,
nor the Sea-weeds with the Moss, yet they are all Cryptogamous.
Even of the orders into which the class has been divided, it is,
perhaps, too much to say that they are natural. The Dorsiferous
Ferns and the Mosses are natural orders in the judgment of the
vulgar as well as of the botanist ; but if the latter will maintain
that the Fungi and Algae are natural groups, it is, I should think,
at the expense of common sense, which revolts from the decision.
These orders have no one character common to all their consti-
tuents ; and plants which differ both in their structure, appear-
ance, and mode of propagation, may be bound together by the
fancy of botanists, and for their convenience, but they are not the
less unnatural on that account. We are apt to deceive ourselves
in this. Practice has made us familiar with a certain classifica-
tion, and at last we find so little difficulty in referring any plant
to its order and place, that we persuade ourselves we do so from
some real resemblances between the plants, and consequently
that there must be something natural in our systems. But were
our first attempts remembered, — how often they were abortive
and erroneous, or grounded on guess rather than on induction, I
am confident it would be admitted that our present facility is
solely the result of tutorage and practice, by which our associa-
tions have been made to run in an artificial channel. The prac-
tised botanist at once refers the moulds and the parasitical blights
of corn to the Mushroom tribe ; but do any others perceive any
.semblance between mushrooms and mould, or is there really any

CRYPTOGAMIA. 3

thing in their structure to warrant such a collocation ? So far is
this from being the case, that, were the latter to grow habitually
under water, they would probably be considered as the members
of another order, viz. that of the Algae ; yet all Algae are not
aquatic, nor, were it so, has the habitat ever professedly been al-
lowed to influence our decision relative to affinities. Nor will
the uninitiated believe that arrangement a natural one, which
unites under one head the sea-tangle with its woody stem and
fibrous frond, and the green scum which floats on the surface of
stagnant fresh water, rootless, stemless, leafless, and scarcely
organized.

I offer these remarks, not because I disapprove of our present
systems — that would be presumptuous in one who has none bet-
ter to propose, — but because they are invented and adopted by
authors who avowedly disdain the aid of artificial methods, and
sneer contemptuously at their followers as the bigoted idolaters
of LINNAEUS, and less than wise ! The local florist is too humble
a character to be the object of these sneers ; and regardless of a
censure which there is no danger of encountering, I would gladly
avail myself of any method in arranging this work, had it the sole
recommendation of conducting the student easily to the names of
the objects sought after, and that in preference to any natural
system, if the latter were the more difficult of the two. No one
will ever study with success or zeal the relations of objects until
he knows something of their structure and qualities ; and that
method which communicates most easily the competent degree
of knowledge for the purpose, is, in my opinion, the most proper
for the beginner.

The Cryptogamous plants described in this volume may be
arranged in the following orders.

A. NON-AQUATIC.

* Structure vascular.

(A transverse section of the stem exhibits longitudinal tubes or vessels
collected into bundles: in habit, the plants somewhat resemble
Phanogamous /lowers: after being dried they will not revive by
immersion in water. )

I. EQUISETACE^E. Stem jointed, tubular; joints sheathed;
branches whorled, leafless.

A 2

4 CRYPTOGAMIA.

II. FILICES. Stem continuous, solid, with a furrow on one side ;

leaves large, plane, nerved, bifarious or simple.

III. LYCOPODINEJE. Stem continuous, solid, leafy ; leaves im-

bricated, small, simple, rigid ; fruit in the axils of the up-
per leaves, or (apparently) in catkins.

* * Structure cellular.

( The cells communicate freely with one another, so that, when a dried
specimen is immersed in water, it is freely imbibed, and the plant
resumes the appearance of life.)

•j* Plants with leaves or leaf-like : colour always green.

IV. Musci. Stem clothed with small simple leaves ; fruit in a

stalked capsule covered with a lid and deciduous calyptra.

V. HEPATIC^E. Plants leafy or frondose; fruit in nearly globu-

lar distinct capsules, destitute of lid and calyptra.

•f- -f Plants leafless nor leaf -like : colour rarely green.

VI. LICHENES. Perennial plants, with a distinct frond resem-

bling a crust, or a rosaceous lobed expansion, or a coria-
ceous membrane, or a branched coral ; the fructification
saucer-like receptacles, or tubercles, or black lines, either
scattered over the surface or placed on the tips of the
branches.

VII. FUNGI. Polymorphous plants, generally of short duration,

and always without a crust, fleshy, corky, filamentous, or
pulverulent; the seeds dispersed over the external sur-
face, or contained within peculiar membranes or organs.

B. AQUATIC.

VIII. ALGJE. Leafless, flowerless plants, with no distinct axis
of vegetation, consisting either of simple vesicles lying in
mucus, or of articulated filaments, or of lobed fronds,
formed of uniform cellular tissue. Fruit very various in
structure and position.

{•* )

ORDER I.
EQUISETACE.E.

* Laborum dulce lenimen."

HOR.

1. EQUISETUM. Catkins terminal; seeds separately embraced by
4 spiral filaments, presumed to bear pollen.

1. EQUISETUM.

1. E. sylvaticum, stem rough, furrowed, the furrows about 12;
sheaths light brown, with about 12 darker teeth; branches about
12 in a whorl, compound, curved downwards, smooth, square, the
branchlets triangular.

Hob. Moist woods and deans, frequent. Longridge Dean.
Woods about Houndwood, &c. April, May. 2/

From 12 to 18 inches high, with several whorls of compound
branches, which are arched in the most graceful manner,
and readily distinguish the species. The fertile plants are
at first naked, but they begin to acquire branches before
the catkin has withered.

2. E. fluviatile, stem smooth, even; sheaths with numerous se-
taceous teeth ; branches numerous, simple, or with very few
branchlets, rough, quadrangular, the angles furrowed ; fertile
stems unbranched, with numerous crowded deeply-toothed
sheaths.

Hob. Watery places, frequent. April. 7/

The fertile stems, about a span in height, appear very early
in spring, when they are conspicuous from their large yel-

CUYPTOGAMIA— EQUISETACE^E.

lowish cone-shaped catkins. These are succeeded by the
sterile plants, which rise to the height of 2 or 3 feet ; and
the crowded patches which they form, bear much resem-
blance to a plantation of firs in miniature.
The structure of the Equiseta is very beautiful. Fig. a. Tab.
V. is a view of a section of the stem of the species before
us, and Fig. b of the same plate is a similar view of the E.
arvense. Around the hollow centre there is a circle of
small canals, and external to that another circle of much
larger ones placed in an alternating order. The number
and relative size of these canals vary in each species ; but
the number in both circles of any specimen is always the
same, and they correspond pretty exactly to the number
of branches in a whorl. They are separated from one ano-
ther by a cellular tissue or web, each circle, however, being
in distinct layers, for although there is apparently no line
of distinction, they can be separated with ease. The ca-
nals run through the stem in a straight line, neither giving
off branches, nor communicating by anastomosis ; nor is
the continuity of the tubes interrupted by the septa which
divide the centre of the stem into regular compartments.
That this is the case may be proved by an easy experiment.
If after the root and top is cut away, we insert one end in
water, and suck through it, as boys do when they drink
through a straw, the fluid will rapidly ascend to the mouth.
In this experiment, the fluid ascends probably by the ca-
nals of the outer circle ; but a careful dissection will shew
the canals of the inner circle to be equally uninterrupted.
The outer canals communicate also with the branches, for,
with a fine syringe, I have succeeded in forcing water
through one of them into the adjoining branch. The ex-
periment does not always succeed, because the water finds
an easier escape from the opposite end of the stem. The
epidermis of some species (E. sylvaticum) is marked with
the oblong apertures of pores arranged in parallel lines, but
in E.flumatile these are not visible. The external canals
contain only air ; the inner probably convey the fluid ne-
cessary to the growth and nourishment of the plant. The
whole structure is very analogous to that of monocotyle-
donous plants, of the grasses or canes in particular ; and it
seems very obvious that the Equiseta must grow in the
same manner. De Candolle, however, is almost the only
author who has associated them with this family ; and in
common with others, he places them next to Ferns, which,
in a natural system, is perhaps a questionable arrangement.
In the true Ferns the stem is solid, and there is no ap-
pearance of open canals disposed in circles. On the con-

CRYTOGAMIA— EQUISETACE^. 7

trary, their longitudinal vessels of small 'calibre are collect-
ed into fascicles placed in the midst of a cellular tissue uni-
form throughout. In the Pteris aquilina the tubes form
several winding and unequal fasciae, distinguished by their
lighter colour and irregular distribution, PL V. Fig. c ; in
the common Aspidia they are collected into circular bun-
dles, the two towards the groove of the stalk being much
larger than the others, which are placed near the outer
edge (Fig. d) ; and each bundle is separated from the cellu-
lar tissue by a dark brown corneous sheath, loosely connect-
^d both with the tubes and the cellular parenchyma*. Ferns,
then, in their structure resemble the stalks of the herba-
cious Dicotyledones ; and the grooved stem, and the man-
ner in which the vessels ramify through the leaf, support
the analogy, brought still closer by the observations of Da
YULE on the germination and evolution of their seeds.
— Edin. Encydop. ix. 327.

3. E. arvense, stem smooth, furrowed; furrows about 10; sheaths
about 10, cleft; branches 8-10 in a whorl, rough, long, simple or
branched, square : fertile stem unbranched, with distant deeply-
toothed sheaths.

Hal. Moist cultivated fields, too common. May. If.

" It is a troublesome plant in pastures, and disagreeable to
cows, never touched by them unless compelled by hunger,
and then bringing upon them an incurable diarrhoea. It
does not seem to affect horses or sheep ;" LIGHT FOOT — yet
said to be especially unwholesome to swine.

4. E. palustre, stem deeply furrowed ; furrows about 8 ; sheaths
with about 8 lanceolate teeth ; branches 4-8 in a whorl, simple,
erect, roughish, pentangular.

Hob. Spongy watery places, frequent. June, July. 2/

Every seedW an Equisetum is encompassed with 4 spiral fila-
ments attached to its base, which curl and twist about,
from their hygrometric property, in a very curious man^
ner, and move the seed along with them in various direc-
tions. If a spike, when ripe in spring, be shaken over a
piece of white paper, the seeds will fall out in form of a
fine brown powder; and if they be damped a little by

* The figures referred to— the first attempts of the artist in engraving— give but
a faint idea of the beauty of the structure describe^ or of the drawings frora which
they were copied.

8 CRYPTOGAMIA— EQUISETACE.E.

gently breathing on them, and be then examined with a
magnifier, they will be seen crawling about on the paper,
like so many little spiders. — DRUMMOND'S First Steps,
p. 34 L

5. E. limosum, stem smooth, green, striate, fistular ; branches in
imperfect whorls, often wanting, short, smooth, square ; sheaths
remote, with about 16 black teeth; catkin small. Paddock-pipe.

Hab. Ponds and mill-dams, common. June, July. If

The striated appearance of the stem is produced by the pel-
lucidity of the part opposite to the longitudinal canals.

6. E. hyemale, stem glaucous green, naked, rough, striated,
mostly branching at the base ; sheaths distant, black at the top
and bottom, with very small deciduous teeth ; catkin terminal,
small.

Hab. Rough boggy places, rare. On Lambert on Moor,
plentiful. July, Aug. 11

SIR H. DAVY first ascertained that the cuticle of this species
contains a large quantity of silex, or flinty earth, so dispo-
sed as to make a natural file, which renders it useful in
polishing wood, ivory and brass. For this purpose the
stems are imported from Holland under the name of Dutch
rushes. — All the Equiseta contain this silex in greater or
less quantity, and thus offer another remarkable analogy
between them and the cereal grasses and bamboo. WAL-
LIS tells us that the dairy -women in the neighbourhood of
Nunwick and Chipchase, where the plant is plentiful, use
it for smoothing their milk -vessels, a purpose for which it
is well fitted ; but it is too rare in Northumberland to be
generally so applied, as the words of LIGHTFOOT seem to
imply.

f{ The various species of the Equisetum have been recommend-
ed by Professor LENHOSSJJK of Vienna as a very powerful
and specific diuretic, which neither oppresses the digestive
organs, nor induces any bad consequences in the vascular
or nervous systems, and is therefore preferable to squill,
digitalis, colchicum, and other diuretic remedies, whose
unpleasant consequences are too well known." Some par-
ticulars relative to the mode of administering this remedy,
which, so far as I know, has not been tried in this country,
may be found in the Edin. Med, and Surg. Journal, vol.
xxvii. p. 218.

ORDER II.
FILICES.

< But on St John's mysterious night,

Sacred to many a wizard spell,
The time when first to human sight
Confest the mystic fern-seed fell ;
Beside the sloe's black knotted thorn,
What hour the Baptist stern was born —
That hour when heaven's breath is still, —
I'll seek the shaggy fern-clad hill,
Where time has delved a dreary dell,
Befitting best a hermit's cell ;
And watch, 'mid murmurs muttering stern,
The seed departing from the Fern,
Ere wakeful demons can convey
The wonder-working charm away,
And tempt the blows from arm unseen,
Should thoughts unholy intervene."

LEYDBN.

* Capsules aggregate, on the back of a leaf y frond.

"2. POLYPODIUM. Capsules in roundish scattered masses. Cover
none.

3. ASPIDIUM. Capsules in roundish scattered masses. Cover near-

ly orbicular, fixed by the centre, separating all round.

4. CYSTEA. Capsules in roundish scattered masses. Cover orbi-

cular, concave, fixed by a lateral point underneath, finally
reflexed and jagged.

A3

10 CRYPTOGAMIA-FILICES.

5. ASPLENIUM. Capsules in linear scattered masses. Cover linear,
separating at the side towards a midrib or vein.

(>. SCOLOPENDRITJM. Capsules in nearly linear twin scattered
masses, between 2 parallel veins. Covers 2, linear, opposite,
folding over each other.

7. BLECHNU&* Capsules in linear solitary masses, close to the

midrib. Cover linear, fiat, separating towards the rib.

8. PTERIS. Capsules in linear nearly marginal masses. Cover

from the inflexed margin of the frond, wavy, continuous,
separating at its inner edge.

* * Capsules on a branched terminal stalk.

9. BOTRYCHIUM. Common stalk compound, flattened. Capsules

sessile, naked, globular, simple.

2. POLYPODIUM.

1. P. vulgar e, root creeping, scaly ; frond lanceolate, deeply pin-
natifid, the lobes semi-alternate, linear-oblong, obtuse, crenulate ;
masses rather large, biserial. Common Polypody.

Hal. In crevices of rocks, at the base of old trees in woods,
and on old walls, very common. 7/

This Fern has, in common with most of our native herbs,
been blotted from the list of medicinal plants, w here it long
retained a place as a mild purgative, or as an ingredient of
vulnerary salves.

" Here finds he on an oak rheum-purging Polypode."

DRAYTON.

2. P. Phegopteris, frond triangular, hairy, pinnate, on a slender
smooth stalk ; leaves lanceolate, united at the base, semi-alternate,
the lower pair deflexed, pinnatifid, the segments obtuse, entire f
masses of capsules small, towards the margin of each segment.

Cll YPTOGAMIA— FILICES. 1 1

Hob. On rocks at the foot of Cheviot above Langley-ford,
Winch. July. If

3. P. Dryopteris, stalk slender, 3-branched at top; branches
spreading, somewhat pendent, pinnate ; leaves linear-lanceolate,
pinnatifid, the segments obtuse ; masses of capsules in rows near
the margins*

Hab. On wooded rocky banks. Rocks at the foot of Che-
viot above Langley-ford, Winch. On a wooded bank
of Ale-water above Ale-mill ; and on the banks of the
Dye above Longformacus, Rev. A. Baird. Wooded
banks of the Whiteadder between the Retreat and Elm-
cottage. July. If.

3. ASPIDIUM.

1. A. OreoptertSj frond pinnate; leaves lanceolate, the lower
pairs opposite, the rest alternate, deeply pinnatifid, besprinkled
underneath with resinous globules ; masses of capsules small, re-
gularly and beautifully arranged along the inflexed margins of the
lobes.

Hob. At the foot of Cheviot above Langley-ford, Winch.
Banks of the Whiteadder between the Retreat and Elm-
cottage; and of the Dye at Longformacus, abundant.
July. If

2. A. Fitix-mas, stalk scaly, bipinnate ; leaves lanceolate, alter-
nate, with oblong obtuse serrated leaflets ; masses biserial near
the midrib, the cover orbicular. Male Fern.

Var. 1.' Frond a span high, simply pinnate, with undivided oblong
crenated leaves.

Var. 2. Pinnate, the leaves deeply pinnatifid, with short lobes,
serrated only at the apex.

Var. 3. Bipinnate, the leaflets elongate, serrated throughout*

Hob. Woods, deans, and hedge sides. Varieties 2 and 3
are common, but of var. 1., which is very remarkable, I
have seen only Irish specimens, gathered by the Rev. J.
Baird. June — Aug. 21

In the last century, the root of this Fern was retailed as a
secret nostrum by Madame NOUFLEUK, a French empi-

1 2 CilYPTOG AMIA— FILICES.

ric, for the cure of tape-worm. The secret was purchased
for a considerable sum of money by Louis XV. ; and the
physicians then discovered that the same remedy had been
administered for the same purpose by Galen. Its reputa-
tion has been very variable, but it is now seldom prescri-
bed, and it is certain we possess more efficacious and equal-
ly safe remedies.

3. A aculeatum^ stalk chaffy, bipinnate ; leaves linear-lanceo-
late, chaffy, leaflets shortly stalked, equal on both sides of the ra-
chis, ovate, serrated, the serratures tipped with a bristle ; masses
biserial, with a circular cover.

Far. 1. Leaflets longer, rather acute, scarcely lobed at the base,
slightly inclined. A. aculeatum^ SMITH. (PL iii. f. 1.)

Var. 2. Leaflets short, obtuse, erect, distinctly lobed. A. an-
gulare, SMITH. (PI. iii. f. 2.)

Hob. In the fine wooded dean above and below the Pease
Bridge ; both varieties plentiful. July. If.

Fronds from 1 to nearly 3 feet in height, lanceolate, disposed
in circular tufts, generally of a very dark green colour, bi-
pinnate. Stalk very chaffy, as well as the ribs of the leaves
and leaflets. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elegantly and regu-
larly alternate, the lower pairs narrow and deflexed. Leaf-
lets close, equal on both halves, stalked, ovate, bluntish,
more or less distinctly lobed at the base, which is parallel
with the rachis, serrated, the serratures tipped with a
bristle. Clusters of capsules biserial, sometimes crowded and
confluent ; sometimes distinct and distant ; with a circular
deeply umbilicate cover. This appears to be the Asp. loba-
tum of Dr HOOKER in Flor. Scot. ii. 154, and Brit. Flora, i.
4-13. Although admitted into the Flora Scotica, and also
into the Flora Edinensis of Dr GREVILLE, there is* reason
to believe that, previous to its discovery in the above
station, there was no certainty of its being a native of Scot-
land ; nor as yet has any other Scottish habitat been dis-
covered.

4 A. lobatum, stalk chaffy, bipinnate ; leaves linear-lanceolate,
chaffy ; leaflets decurrent, ovate-acute, oblique, equal on both
sides, the lower pair erect and disproportionably large, serrated,
the serratures bristly : masses biserial, distinct or confluent, with
a circular cover, f PL iii. f. 3.)

\

CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. 13

Hob. On rocks in wooded deans, not uncommon. Banks
of the Eye, Rev. A. Baird. Banks of the Whiteadder
opposite Edrington Castle ; Dulaw Dean, &c. July. 7/

A more common and less beautiful Fern than the last, of
which some good botanists have considered it a variety.
After a careful examination of numerous specimens gather-
ed by myself, with some which I owe to the liberality of
Mr Arnott, I cannot but consider them distinct, and the
annexed outline figures of the leaves give a correct idea of
their differences, and may enable the student to determine
the plants with comparative facility. No dependence is to
be placed on the relative differences in the colour, rigidity
or breadth of the fronds, for these characters vary equal,
ly in both species. The chief, and indeed only distinc?
tion, lies in the leaflets, — stalked, erect, and more or less
lobed, in the one, — decurrent, oblique, and not lobed, in the
other. The latter is certainly the Asp. aculeatum of HOOK-
ER, in Flor. Scot. ii. 154 ; and likewise of the foreign bo-
tanists, if the specimen given in MOUGEOT and NESTLER'S
Slirpes Cryptogamce, No. 206, be a genuine representative of
their plant. This name in fact is much preferable, seeing
that what SMITH calls lobatum is not lobed, while his acu-
leatum is. The figure of the former in Eng. Bot. is a fair
representation of our plant, which is the Polypodium aculea-
tum of BOLT ON, excellently delineated in tab. 26 of his use-
ful work, and erroneously referred to by SMITH as Aspi-
dlum aculeatum.

Such are our Berwickshire plants, which are surely identical
with the English Ferns bearing the same names. Dr
HOOKER, however, says that his Scotch specimens appear
to him (and where is there a more competent judge ?) u de-
cidedly distinct" from his English ones ; and yet curiously
enough, he describes the latter in a Flora Scotica, and passes
over in silence the true and distinct natives of the country,
equally neglected in his subsequent British Flora. " Nisi
omnem geographicam cognitionem plantarum perire volu-
mus, pernecessarium est ut talia errata corrigamus," says
the excellent WAHLENBERG ; and Dr HOOKER, we doubt
not, will admit the justice of the remark. Dr GREVILLE,
in his Flora Edinensis, has likewise followed a plan, in rela-
tion to these species, which leads to not less confusion. He
has apparently copied the specific characters from HOOKER,
and has appended to them the detailed descriptions of
SMITH, descriptions which, as we have seen, do not in fact
belong to the plants characterized I I make these remarks
not in the spirit of captious criticism, but because I think

U CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES.

they may be useful to the young botanist, for by him the
Flora Scotica and Flora Edinensis will ever be resorted to
for information relative to the plants of Scotland, and the
works are therefore deserving of commentary.

5. A. dilatatum, stalk chaffy, bipinnate ; leaves lanceolate, the
leaflets deeply pinnatifid, with nearly opposite serrated segments,
the serratures pointed with a short bristle ; masses biserial near
the midrib ; cover kidney-shaped, tumid, finally orbicular, with a
lateral notch.

Var. 1. Frond triangular ; leaves rather distant, nearly opposite
with the lower range of leaflets more elongated than the upper.

Var. %. Frond contracted below ; leaves rather close ; regularly
alternate, with the upper and lower range of leaflets nearly equal.

Hab. Moist woods, deans, and under shelving rocks, com-
mon. July, Aug. y.

A very variable species in regard to size and form, but in
general the outline of the frond is triangular, and the
height between one and two feet. The var. 1, is most
common.

6. A. Filix-fcemma^ stalk smooth or chaffy, bipinnate ; leaves al-
ternate, linear-lanceolate, the leaflets narrow, linear-oblong, pin-
natifid, the segments with 2-4 pointless serratures; masses
biserial ; cover oblong, finally somewhat kidney-shaped, jagged.
Lady 'Fern.

Hab. Shaded woods and deans, common. July, Aug. If

" Where the copsewood is the greenest,
Where the fountain glistens sheenest.
Where the morning dew lies longest,
There the Lady-fern grows strongest."

The stalk is commonly described as smooth, but it is as often
chaffy all the way up, sometimes greatly so, and always
more or less so near the root. The cover of the masses of
seeds is oblong, and separated from one side only, whence
the plant is by many considered as a species of Asplenium.

The seeds of Ferns are exceedingly numerous and minute,
contained in capsules collected into clusters, which, in ge-
neral, are beautifully arranged on the lower surface of the
leaf. Each capsule is encircled by an elastic crenulated

CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. 15

ring, which at maturity suddenly bursts, tearing up the
membrane and scattering the seeds. These, in former
times, it was imagined, could be seen only on St John's
night, at the hour when the Baptist was born ; and who-
ever became possessed of them was thereby rendered in-
visible. u We have the receipt of fern-seed, we walk in-
visible." The gathering of such a convenient receipt was,
as might be presumed, not a little hazardous, and the chas-
tisement to which the adventurer exposed himself, is de-
scribed in the lines selected for a motto.
All our species of Aspidia are common, but so far as the ani-
mal part of creation is concerned, they are of little or no
value. Man applies them to no economical purpose ; no
cattle will brouse on them ; birds find them sterile of food;
nor do even insects seem to feed upon them. Yet their
great numbers and very general diffusion, are proofs that
they grow not in vain : — perhaps to the earth and to the
atmosphere they principally minister, affording to the one,
by their decay, an annual addition of soil rich in alkaline
salts ; and effecting changes on the other conservative of
its purity. But in these purposes there is nothing special,
and I love best to look upon Ferns as ornamental herbs,
designed, perhaps chiefly, to vary the mantle with which
the Author of all has covered the surface of our globe : —

" For not to use alone did Providence
Abound, but large example gave to man
Of grace, and ornament, and splendour rich,
Suited abundantly to every taste,
In bird, beast, fish, winged and creeping thing,
In herb, and flower."——

They are, it is true, sombre in colour, and put forth no gaudy
flowers to captivate the vulgar ; but in elegance and har-
mony of form, and in picturesque effect, they excel most
native plants. Unless checked by injury or mechanical
restraints, all the Aspidia grow in circular tufts, the plume-
like fronds bending outwards with a graceful curve.
Even the most unobservant must have noticed this, and
the curious circinate manner in which the young shoot up,
for there is scarce a situation in which they do not prove
ornamental : but mostly so when they grow from the clefts
of rocky and woody precipices, or by the margins of the
little rivulets which take their murmuring course through
the deep deans of our retired heathy districts, or — best of
all, when pendent over the sides of their linns or little cas-
cades.

16 CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES.

4. CYSTEA.

1. C. fragitts, frond a span high, oblong, lanceolate, bipinnate ;
leaves lanceolate, pinnatifid, the segments ovate, cut or serrated ;
midribs bordered ; masses crowded ; cover irregularly torn.

Hob. On wet shady rocks and old walls, rare. u In the
Pigeon's Cove, near the Needle-eye/' Thomp. Near
Mains, Berwickshire, llev. A. Baird. July. 7/

5. ASPLENIUM.

1. A. Trichomanes, frond linear, pinnate, with a dark brown
polished stalk, keeled underneath ; leaves small, roundish, ovate,
obtuse, crenate.

Hah. In the crevices of shaded rocks, frequent, growing in
tufts generally about a span high. Banks of the Eye
near Netherbyres ; and in the ravine above Burnmouth,
llev. A. Baird. Rocks above Kyloe, N. D. On rocks
by the water below the Pease Bridge, &c. May —
Dec. If.

2. A. marinum, frond lanceolate, pinnate, with a smooth stalk
dark brown towards the root ; leaves ovate-oblong, serrated, un-
equal, and wedge-shaped at the base.

Hab. In crevices of rocks by the sea-side, not common.
Rocky cliffs from the sandy -beds northwards, most abun-
dant in the Pigeon's Cove, Thomp. Near Eyemouth,
Rev. A. Baird. June- Oct. If.

3. A. Adiantum nigrum, frond somewhat triangular, bipinnate ;
with a smooth stalk, dark towards the base ; leaves stalked, trian-
gular, with obtuse cut and serrated leaflets or segments.

Hab. In crevices of rocks and about the roots of trees in
deans, frequent. June— Oct. I/.

4. A* Ruta muraria, frond alternately twice compound, the
leaves rhomboid wedge-shaped, notched at the extremity,

Hab. Fissures of rocks in tufts about 3 inches high. Spin-
dlestone Crags, N. Mr R, Embleton. Has not been

CRYPTOG AMI A— FILICES. 1 T

found in Berwickshire. (On Melrose Abbey, abundant.)
June — Oct. 7/

6. SCOLOPENDRIUM.

1 . S. vulgare, frond simple, broadly lanceolate, smooth, heart-
shaped at the base ; stalk shaggy. Common Hart's tongue.

Hab. On shaded rocks. In Dunglas-Den, Dr Parsons.
" Pigeon's Cove near the Needle-eye," Thomp. On
an old garden-wall at Netherbyres, Rev. A. Baird. Near
Chillingham, James Mitchell, Esq. R. N. On a cave
between Fast-Castle and Redheugh by the sea shore ;
and on rocks by the water-side below the Pease Bridge.
July. 1J.

" In the moat at Kenilworth Castle," says Dr HOOKER, " I
have gathered this handsome fern more than 2 feet long ;"
a size not superior to that of specimens which I have seen
from the neighbourhood of Fast- Castle. These large spe-
cimens were the hangings of a cave never illumined by the
sun's rays ; and indeed the freedom and vigour with which
this, and some other Ferns, grow in these gloomy places, is
a remarkable fact in their history.

T. BLECHNUM.

1. B. boreale, smooth; fronds lanceolate, pinnate, pectinate;
the leaves of tne sterile ones linear-lanceolate, entire, opposite
towards the base, becoming semi-alternate ; those of the fertile
frond all very narrow, pointed and alternate.

Hab. In deans and on heaths, in spreading dark green cir-
cular tufts, common. July. I/.

This very elegant fern has received the name of Rough Spleen-
wort for its reputed virtues in diseases of the spleen, con-
cerning which GERARDE speaks in a tone of scepticism most
unusual with him. " There be Empiricks or blinde prac-
titioners of this age, who teach, that with this herbe not
onely the hardnesse and swelling of the Spleene, but all
infirmities of the liuer also may be effectually, and in very
short time remooued, insomuch that the sodden liuer of a
beast is restored to his former constitution againe, that is,
made like unto a raw liuer, if it bee boyled againe with this
herbe. But this is to be reckoned among the old wiues
fables, and that also which DIOSCORIDES telleth of, touch-
ing the gathering of Spleenewort in the night, and other

18 CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES.

most vaine things, which are found here and there scattered
in old books, from which "most of the later writers do not
abstaine, who many times fill up their pages with lies and
frivolous stories, and by so doing do not a little deceive
young students."

8. PTERIS.

1. P. aquilina, stalk repeatedly 3-branched ; branches bipinnate ;
leaflets linear-lanceolate, alternate and opposite, the lowermost
pinnatifid, with opposite regular segments, the upper undivided.
Common Brakes.

Hab. Heaths, deans, and hedge bottoms, very common.
July. 11

This is in general a vulgar unornamental species, growing,
not in tufts, but in extensive patches on heathy pastures.
It is hence a troublesome weed, and in many places is an-
nually cut down with the scythe. In wooded deans, how-
ever, it frequently attains a great size, assumes a graceful
port, and a darker green, so as to contribute its full share
to the picturesque beauty of the scene. When the main
stalk is cut across, the pith has " the figure of a cross, or,
as some have fancied, the imperial or spreading eagle, which
induced Linnaeus to apply to it the trivial name of aqui-
lina." Dried fern is occasionally used as litter for cattle ;
and in some parts of Scotland the people thatch their houses
with the stalks, fastening them down with ropes made
either of birch, bark, or heath. Mr NEILL informs me
it has been lately applied to pack apples for winter keep,
ing. Apples preserved in straw, in saw-dust, &c. uniform-
• ly contract a taint or flavour from the straw, the paper, or
the wood ; but a layer of bracken and a layer of apples may
be four or five times alternated, without the least risk of
taint, for three months. The boxes so packed, and covered
with a lid, were placed on a dry bank close by a wall, and
covered up with straw and earth. . The apples kept plump
and quite untainted. In many of the western isles the peo-
ple gain, or did gain, a very considerable profit from the sale
of the ashes of Ferri to soap and glass-makers. The ver-
mifuge properties of the powdered root are not now va-
lued ; nor do the country people now look upon a bed of
the green plant as a sovereign cure for the rickets in chil-
dren, though I do believe it will be found a more effica-
cious remedy than the hard procrustein beds of some mo-
dern surgeons.

CRYPTOGAMI A— FILICES. 1 9

2. P- crispa, frond twice or thrice pinnate; barren leaflets wedge-
shaped, cut ; fertile ones elliptic-oblong, obtuse, convex.

Hob. Among loose stones on our higher hills, rare, in tufts of
a bright pea-green hue. " On rocks at the foot of Cheviot
above Langley-ford," Winch. On Cheviot near the
summit, sparingly. On the south bank of the White-
adder, about half a mile above Abbey St Bathans,
sparingly, Mr Thomas Brown. (On the most eastern
of the Eildon hills, Roxburghshire, abundant.) July. If

Sou THEY describes this as " the stone-fern or mountain-pars-
ley, the most beautiful of all our wild plants, resembling
the richest point lace in its fine filaments and exquisite in-
dentations."

9. BOTRYCHIUM.

1. B. lunaria, leaf solitary, pinnate ; leaflets fan-shaped, notched :
herb smooth, scarcely a span high. Common Moonwort.

Hob. Hilly pastures, rare. On Bemerside hill in the west
of Berwickshire, Mr W. Baird. Coldingham Moor above
Lumsden. Near Langley-ford. June. If.

This curious plant could not fail to attract the attention of
the astrologists. The leaflets are like unto a half-moon,
and a herb impressed with the semblance of the planet to
which this lower sphere is a vassal, cannot but contain its
virtues in essence, and verily

" have power

O'er sprites in planetary hour."

Hence " it hath beene vsed among the Alchymistes *, and
witches to doe wonders withall, who say, that it will loose
lockes, and make them to fall from the feet of horses that
graze where it doth grow, and hath beene called Martagon,
whereas they are all but drowsie dreames and illusions.' ' —
Yet even the incredulous GERARDE, Master in Chirvrge-
rie, affirms that moonwort is singular to heale greene and
fresh wounds ; and Dr NEEDHAM maintains that it is to be
nnmbered " inter certissima dysenterise remedia," when ap -
plied by way of ointment to the region of the kidneys, — a
direction in which the Doctor's faith in the doctrine of
signatures appears, and hence these panegyrics.

* CHAUCER mentions it as part of the Alchymists' furniture,—
*' And herbes coude I tell eke many on,
" As egremonie, valerian, and Lnnarie" '

( 20 )

ORDER III.
LYCOPODINE^:.

' Oh ! there is sweetness in the mountain air,
And life, that bloated ease can never hope to share !"

BYROMV

10. LYCOPODIUM. Capsules axillary, solitary, sessile, roundish,
slightly compressed, of 2 equal valves, and 1 cell, bursting
vertically. Seeds numeious? chaffy, very minute.

10. LYCOPODIUM.

1. L. clavatum, stem creeping, irregularly branched ; branches
ascending, incurved at the points ; leaves scattered, incurved, su-
bulate, serrated, with long diaphanous points ; spikes 2 or 3, cylin-
drical, stalked, with dilated membranous scales. Fox?s Tail.

flab. Plentiful on all our moors. July — Aug. 1J.

The stem attains such a length that the " herd callants" in
our upland moors, are wont to twine it round their hats,
counting it no small ornament.

" Or with that plant which in our dale
We call stag-horn, or Fox's- Tail,
Their rusty hats they trim :
And thus, as happy as the day,
Those Shepherds wear the time away."

WORDSWORTH.

CRYPTOGAMIA— LYCOPODINE^E. 21

A similar custom prevails among the young Laplanders.
" Vidi aliquando," says LINN^TJS, " grato spectaculo,
pueros Lapponum ex hoc musco serta confecisse capitique
suo eadem imposuisse, horrentibus undique spicis distichis,
hirsutie Faunis et Satyris similes." The seeds are used
in Germany for producing artificial lightning on the stage,
for when dispersed in the air they may be ignited in the
same manner as powdered rosin ; an experiment which we
have sometimes made with perfect success.

A section of the stem (Tab. v. Fig. a) shows it to have the fol-
lowing structure. First, the outer green or epidermoid
circle, within which is a rather broad white one, analogous
in position to the wood, and minutely cellular. This is sue-
ceeded by another green circle also cellular, and which sur-
rounds the pith, divided by some imperfect septa into an-
gular compartments loosely cellular, or rather perforated
with longitudinal canals opened by the cut. The root ex-
hibits the same appearances, but the circles are not
coloured, and the epidermis being membranous, separates
easily from the wood beneath, which is here more compact
and solid. The roots are strong tough fibres pullulating
from the under surface at irregular intervals ; and when
just pulled, I have found them surrounded with a copious
transparent glairy fluid.

According to M. VAST RING, the Lycopodia are likely to be-
come of importance in dyeing. He asserts that woollen
cloth boiled with them, especially with L. clavatum, acquire
the property of becoming blue when passed through a bath
of Brazil wood. — LINDLEY.

2. L. Selaginoides, stems recumbent, branched, shorter than the
solitary ascending tumid spikes ; leaves scattered, lanceolate,
fringed, the floral ones larger and more spreading. (2 or 3 inches
high, slender.)

Hab, Boggy places on moors. " Fields west of the Steps
of Grace farm-house," Thomp. Lamberton Moor, and on
the Lammermuirs, frequent. Aug. 7/

3. L. Selago, stems upright, forked, level-topped ; leaves in 8
rows, uniform, lanceolate, pointless, entire, slightly spreading.
(4 inches high, robust and rigid.)

Hob. Mountainous heaths. Moors west of Belford : Che-
viot, Thomp. Lamberton moor, Dirrington-Law.
June — Aug. If

22 CRYPTOGAMIA— LYCOPODINE^.

In the Island of Raasay, near Sky, and some other places,
the inhabitants make use of this plant instead of alum, to
fix the colours in dyeing. The Highlanders and Swedes
sometimes take an ijrfosion of it as an emetic and cathartic,
but it operates violently, and, unless in a small dose, brings
on giddiness and convulsions. LIGHT FOOT. " Solent rus-
tici, boves vel sues phthiriasi laborantes decocto hujus
musci lavare, quo facto intra aliquot dies a molestis hisce
insectis liberantur." — LIN.

The Selago is mentioned by PLINY as a plant which the
Druids gathered with much ceremony, and with various
superstitious observances, to employ it in the cure of dis-
eases of the eyes, or as a charm to avert misfortune.
Some commentators are of opinion that this is the plant.

4. L. alpinum, stems prostrate ; branches erect, clustered, forked,
level-topped ; leaves acute, keeled, imbricated in 4 rows ; scales
of the spikes ovate-lanceolate, flat.

Hob. On heaths. Frequent in Cheviot,Wallis. Lamberton
Moor, and not uncommon in the Lammermuirs. Aug.

The leaves are of a glaucous-green colour ; and those of the
flowering stalks are closely imbricated all round.

Note. — In this and the preceding Orders I have as usual ad-
hered to the nomenclature of Sir J. E. SMITH'S English Flora ;
and it is not without a feeling of great regret that I now part
with this admirable guide, for the work was left incomplete by its
author, whom SPRENGEL has with much propriety designated as
the "Jdignissimus Linnaei hseres." Though a follower of the Lin-
nean system, which no one understood so well, or more candidly
appreciated, and which I trust may still find some other place in
science " than among the records of things whose fame has passed
away," — he never depreciated a rival system, but on the contrary
estimated it at its proper value, and gladly applauded in it what-
ever was worthy of applause ;— .unlike in this respect some who
vainly affect to consider themselves his superiors. There is no
individual to whom the British botanist ought to be more grate-
ful— none whose memory he ought to cherish more dearly — than
that of Sir J. E. SMITH.

ORDER IV.
MUSCI.

*' Cum omnia circa nos torpescunt et languescunt, cum flumina rigent, nemora
silent, campi latent nivibus obtecti, ubique luctus, rerum fades decolor et tristis
mortis imago ; MUSCI inter vegetationis ruinas emergentis et sericeo colore fulgentes,
mpes et lapides obducunt."

LINNAEUS.

Mouth of the capsule furnished with a fringe.
•f Fringe double : Fruit-stalks lateral.

11. HYPNTJM. Outer fringe of 16 teeth; inner one of a membrane
cut into 16 equal segments, with filiform processes fre-
quently placed between them. Calyptra dimidiate.

If. ANOMODON. Fringe consisting of 16 teeth, and a ciliary pro-
cess arising from each tooth. Calyptra dimidiate.

13. HOOKERIA. Outer fringe of 16 teeth ; inner one of a membrane

divided into 1 6 entire segments. Calyptra mitral.

14. FONTINALIS. Outer fringe of 16 teeth ; the inner of 16 ciliary

processes connected by transverse bars, and forming a re-
ticulated cone. Calyptra mitral. Capsule oblong, en-
closed in a scaly perichcetium.

24 CRYPTOGAMIA— MUSCI.

•j"f Fringe double : Fruit-stalks terminal

15. BART KAMI A. Capsule subglobose. Outer fringe of 16 teeth;

the inner of a membrane divided into 16 bifid segments.
Calyptra dimidiate.

16. BRYUM. Capsule ovate-oblong, drooping, Outer fringe of 16

teeth ; the inner of a membrane cut into 16 equal seg-
ments, with filiform processes frequently placed between
them. Calyptra dimidiate.

17. FUNARIA. Capsule pear-shaped. Outer fringe Q£ 16 teeth ; the

inner also of 1 6 opposite to those of the outer. Calyptra
mitral, pointed.

18. ORTHOTRICHUM. Capsule cylindraceous, erect. Outer fringe

of 16 teeth approaching in pairs ; inner one of 8 or 16 ci-
liary processes, sometimes wanting. Calyptra mitral,
grooved, more or less pilose.

19. POLYTRICHUM. Outer fringe of 32 or 64 equidistant incurved

teeth ; inner one of a dense horizontal membrane connected
with the outer teeth. Calyptra dimidiate, commonly
double, the external one pilose.

*|"f--|- Fringe single : Calyptra dimidiate,

20. TORTULA. Fruitstalks terminal. Fringe of 32 filiform twisted

teeth, more or less united at the base by a tube-like mem-
brane.

21. DIDYMODON. Fruitstalks terminal. Fringe of 16 or 32 teeth

approaching in pairs, or united at the base.

22. DICRANUM. Fruitstalks terminal, or rarely lateral. Fringe

of 1 6 bifid equidistant teeth.

23. WEISSIA Fruitstalks terminal. Fringe of 16 entire equidis-

tant teeth.

•j-f--j-|- Fringe single : Calyptra mitral.

24. CitfcLiDOTUs. Fruitstalks terminal, on short lateral branches

CRYPTOGAMIA—MUSCI. 25

fringe of 32 filiform twisted teeth anastomosing at their
base.

25. TRICHOSTOMUM. Fruitstalks terminal, sometimes on lateral

branches. Fringe of 16 equal teeth divided to the base, or
32 placed together in pairs.

26. GRIMMIA. Fruitstalks terminal. Fringe of 16 entire or per-

forated, rarely cleft, equidistant teeth. Calyptra covering
little more than the lid.

27. ENCALYPTA. Fruitstalks terminal. Fringe of 16 teeth.

Calyptra campanulate, smooth, entirely covering the ma-
ture capsule.

28. SPLACHNUM. Fruitstalks terminal, fringe of 8 double teeth.

Capsule with an evident apophysis. Calyptra smooth.

29. TETRAPHIS. Fruitstalks terminal. Fringe of 4 equidistant

erect teeth.

* * Mouth of the Capsule naked.

30. ANICTANGIUM. Capsule on a terminal stalk ; lid deciduous.

Calyptra mitral,

31. GYMNOSTOMUM. Capsule on a terminal stalk ; lid deciduous.

Calyptra dimidiate.

32. SPHAGNUM. Capsule entire, raised on a receptacle resem-

bling a fruitstalk ; lid deciduous. Calyptra irregularly torn.

33. PHASCUM. Capsule entire, on a terminal stalk ; lid persistent.

Calyptra dimidiate,

34. ANDRJEA. Capsule 4-valved, the valves cohering at the ex-

tremity by means of the persistent lid. Calyptra irregu-
larly torn.

VOL. II. B

CRYJ?TOGAMIA-- MUSCI*

11. HYPNUM.

OBS. In Plate IV. there is given a figure in outline of the leaves of the Hypna
here described ; and as the same terms will, as far as possible, be used throughout
to designate the same forms, the figures maybe useful in ascertaining the species of
the other genera of mosses. The number of the figures in the plate corresponds to
the number of the species in the text.

• Leaves imbricated all round) erect, and straight.
•f Leaves entire.

1. H. serpens, stems creeping, matted, with short slender bran-
ches ; leaves small, patent, ovate-acuminate, the nerve evanes-
cent ; fruitstalks not 1 inch ; capsule curved, cylindraceous ; lid
conical, short.

Hob. On trunks of trees, and decaying wood, common.
Spring,

2. H. plumosum, stems creeping, matted, irregularly branched ;
branches numerous, short, erect; leaves ovate-acute, thickish,
the nerve reaching half way ; fruitstalks smooth, ^ inch ; capsule
urceolate, subcernuous ; lid conical.

Hob. On rocks at the sides of rivers and rivulets, liable to
be overflowed, common. Spring.

The specific name is unsuitable, for the moss has nothing
plumy about it, and is one of the least beautiful of the
genus. The leaf is liable to considerable variation in its
figure ; and I have seen it with the margin distinctly ser-
rated*

3. H. populeum, stem creeping, matted : branches numerous,
erect ; leaves lanceolate-acuminate, nerved throughout, obscurely
serrulate at the points, the margins slightly reflexed ; fruitstalks
scarcely 1 inch, smooth ; capsule ovate, cernuous ; lid conical.

Hob. On trees and stone walls, not rare* Spring,

CRYPTOGAMIA— MUSCI. 37

The description which SMITH gives of his H. implexum agrees
in every respect with our plant, which corresponds also
with the specimens in MOUGEOT and NESTLER'S Stirpes
!No. 519.

4. H. luteszens, stems matted, much branched ; leaves lanceo-
late, acuminate, striated, the nerve disappearing below the point ;
fruitstalks about 1 inch, roughish ; capsule ovate, cernuous ; lid
conical, acute.

Hab. On trees and walls near the ground, not uncommon.
Spring.

5. H. sericeum, stems creeping, matted ; branches numerous,
short ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, striate, the nerve disappear-
ing below the point ; fruitstalks not I inch ; capsules erect, ellipti-
cal ; lid conical.

Hab. On walls and trees. Spring.

Remarkable for the silky glossiness of the leaves, which are
marked with two plaits or striae on each side of the nerve.

6. H. polyanthos, stems creeping, matted : branches numerous.
short, erect ; leaves erect, lanceolate, much acuminated, with two
short and very faint nerves at the base ; fruitstalks £ inch ; cap-
sule erect, elliptical, with a conical point. Leskea polyantha^ GRE-
VILLE, Crypt, fl t. 151.

Hab. Trunks of trees, rare. In the Dean above Twizel
Bridge, liev. A. Baird. Oct.

More slender than the following, from which it is very dis-
tinct.

//. polyanthos, stems matted, much branched : leaves ovate-lan-
ceolate, acuminate, nerveless, concave ; fruitstalks 1 inch ; capsule
nearly erect, somewhat curved, cylindraceous ; lid conical, acute.
SMITH, Fl. Brit. 1278.

Hab. Trunks of trees, very common. Spring.

It is now admitted that this is merely a variety of H. cupres-
siforme described below ; but as its characters bring it evi-
dently under this section, we have thought to facilitate the
student's inquiries by enumerating them here.

B 2

28 CRYPTOGAMIA— MUSCI.

7. H. albicanS) stems ascending, irregularly branched; bran-
ches erect ; leaves glossy, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, striate, the
nerve disappearing above the middle ; fruitstalks about 1 inch ;
capsule ovate, cernuous ; lid conical.

Hob. In sand on Spittal and Scrammerston Links. In the
bog in Haiden Dean ; and on Lamberton Moor. Nov.

8. H* nitens, stems erect, irregularly pinnate ; branches rather
short, patent, simple ; leaves lanceolate-acuminate, strongly stria-
ted, the nerve faint ; " fruitstalks 2 inches ; capsule oblong, cer-
nuous ; lid conical."

Hob. Bogs. Haiden Dean ; not in fruit.

9. H. Schreberi, stems pinnate, somewhat compressed ; leaves
elliptical, apiculate, concave, nerveless ; fruitstalks 1 inch ; cap-
sule ovate, cernuous ; lid conical.

Hob. Plentiful on moors at the sides of whin and juni-
per bushes. Spring.

There are two very minute nerves at the base of each leaf,
which, however, it requires a good magnifier to discover.

10. H. purum, stems pinnate, robust ; branches simple, tapered,
spreading ; leaves broadly elliptical, apiculate, concave, the nerve
scarcely reaching half-way up ; fruitstalks 1| inch ; capsule ovate,
cernuous ; lid conical

Hob. Banks, &c. very common. Spring.

According to DILLENIUS this is used by the anglers in Lan-
cashire to scour their worms, whence the specifick name.
Our anglers employ it for the same purpose, but indiscri-
minately with other mosses.

11. H. cuspidatum^ stem erect, pinnate; branches spreading,
cuspidate ; leaves ovate-lanceokte, concave, nerveless ; fruitstalks
2 inches ; capsule oblong, curved, cernuous ; lid conical.

Hob. Bogs, common. Winter.

•]• •)• Leaves serrated.

12. H. splendens, stems bipinnate, somewhat compressed, gene-

CRYPTOGAMIA— MUSCI. 29

rally proliferous ; leaves appressed, ovate, concave, with an acu-
minated serrated point, and two short nerves at the base ; fruit-
stalks often aggregate, 1| inch; capsule ovate, cernuous; lid
subulate, recurved.

Hob. In deans and on moors, producing fruit freely in win-
ter and early spring.

The leaves on the branches are small, ovate-acute, and quite
entire.

13. H. proliferum, stem tripinnate, very elegant, proliferous;
leaves small, appressed, heart-shaped, acute, the nerve running
nearly to the point, the back papillose ; fruitstalks more than an
inch ; capsule large, curved and arched ; lid with a subulate point.

Hab. Banks in heathy and shaded places, common, but ra-
ther rare in fruit. Spring.

14. H. pralongum, stems slender, trailing, matted, sub-bipinnate;
leaves patent, those of the stem heart-shaped, of the branches lan-
ceolate-acute, the nerve not reaching the point; fruitstalks 1
inch ; capsule ovate, cernuous ; lid with a long subulate curved
point.

Hab. Moist shaded banks, and on trunks of trees, especially
such as are in a state of decay, common. Winter.

15. H. striatum, stems irregularly branched, robust; leaves pa-
tent, heart-shaped, acuminate, striate, the nerve disappearing be-
yond the middle ; fruitstalks smooth ; capsule oblong, curved, cer-
nuous ; lid with a long subulate point.

Hab. Woods and mossy banks, common. Spring.

16. H. rutabulum, stems variously branched, matted; leaves
patent, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sub-serrulate, the nerve reach-
ing half-way; fruitstalks rough; capsule ovate? cernuous; lid
conical, short.

Hab. On walls and banks, very common. Winter.

17. Hm velutinum, stems variously branched, matted; leaves
erect, lanceolate-acuminate, subserrulate ; nerve reaching half
way ; fruitstalks roughish ; capsule ovate, cernuous ; lid conical.

Hab. At the foot of walls and trees. Winter.

30 CRYPTOGAMIA— MUSCI.

18. H. confertum, matted; branches numerous, short; leaves
erecto-patent, lanceolate, acute, nerved more than hall' way up ;
fruitstalks smooth ; capsule ovate, cernuous ; lid rostrate.

Hob. On the trunks of old trees in deans. Winter.

19. //. ruscifolium, matted, variously branched ; leaves patent,
heart-shaped, acute, concave, the nerve reaching nearly to the
point; fruitstalks smooth; capsule ovate, cernuous; lid with a
subulate curved point.

Hdb. In rivers and rivulets abundant, covering stones and
the front of little cascades with a dark green matting.
Winter.

20. H. curvatum, stems irregularly branched ; branches nume-
rous, curved ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, concave, serrated only at the
points, the nerve disappearing beyond the middle ; fruitstalks
about 1 inch ; capsule ovate, erect ; lid subulate.

Hab. Woods and mossy banks, frequent. Winter.

The curvature of the branches is a character of this and the
following species, in general little obvious, and sometimes
not to be observed.

21. H. myosuroides, stems irregularly branched ; branches fasci-
cled, curved ; leaves lanceokte, acute, the nerve disappearing near
the middle ; capsule ovate, erect ; lid conical, mucronulate.

Hab. Trunks of trees and rocks in woods. Winter.

A small and neat species, growing in compact tufts. The
stems are erect ; the branches crowded, numerous, and
slender. The fruitstalks arise from the upper side, and are
rather more than ^ inch in height. The capsule is gene-
rally inclined, but not cernuous.

22. H. alopecurum, stem bare below, dendroidal ; leaves rather
patent, ovate, acute, serrated towards the point, 1 -nerved; " fruit-
stalks not an inch ; capsule ovate, cernuous ; lid rostrate."

Hab. Woods and shaded banks, not in fruit.

23. H. dendroides, stem bare below, dendroidal ; leaves lanceo-
late, concave, serrated at the point, 1 -nerved, and striate ; fruit-
stalks 1 £ inch ; capsule erect, elliptical ; lid conical, acuminate.

Hab. Mossy banks on a turfy soil, common, but very rare
in fruit.

CRYPTOGAMIA— MTTSCI. 31

* * Leaves imbricated all round, their points recurved.

24. H. stellatum, stem erect, branched ; leaves loosely set, lan-
ceolate, much acuminated, entire, nerveless, straight ; fruitstalks
2 inches ; capsule oblong-ovate, curved, cernuous ; lid conical,

Hob. In bogs on moors. Spring.

25. H. loreum, stem pinnate ; branches spreading, attenuated at
the ends ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, concave, serrated, faintly
2-nerved at the base ; fruitstalks 1 inch; capsule ovate, cernuous;
lid conical.

Hal. In deans and on heaths, not uncommon. Summer.

26. H. triquetrum, stem robust, irregularly pinnate; leaves heart-
shaped, acuminate, serrated, faintly striated, 2-nerved at the base ;
fruitstalks upwards of 1 inch ; capsule ovate, short, cernuous ; lid
conical.

Hob. In woods and deans, and on heaths, common. Winter.

This large species is one of the most useful for packing, being,
whether in a dry or wet state, peculiarly light and elastic.
The stalk, when deprived of its leaves, is red.

27. H. squarrosum, stem slender, irregularly pinnate ; branches
patent ; leaves ovate, curved, very much acuminated, serrated,
faintly 2-nerved at the base ; fruitstalks 1 inch ; capsule ovate,
cernuous ; lid conical.

Hob. Mossy banks in woods and on heaths, common. Win-
ter.

" * * Leaves with their points all directed to one side.
•j- Leaves nerveless, or with only 2 short nerves at the base.

28. H. scorpioides, stem irregularly pinnate; branches erect,
thick, soft and watery ; leaves imbricate, broadly ovate, ventri-
cose, entire ; " fruitstalks 2 inches ; capsule oblong-ovate, curved,
cernuous ; lid conical."

Hab. Bogs. Lamberton and Coldingham moors, but not
in fruit.

29. H. cupressiforme, stems irregularly pinnate, compressed, the
branches with incurved tips; leaves closely imbricated, lanceo-

32 CRYPTOGAMIA-MUSCI.

late, acuminate, entire, concave, curved ; fruit stalks 1 inch ; cap-
sule cylindraceous, sub-erect ; lid conical, with a point.

Hal. On banks, and at the roots of trees, common. Spring.

30. H. molluscum, stems pectinate ; leaves sickle-shaped, lanceo-
late, acuminated, serrated, faintly 2-nerved at the base ; fruit-
stalks 1 inch ; capsule ovate, cernuous ; lid conical.

Hab. Mossy banks and on rocks in woods, common. Winter.

An elegant species, with repeatedly-divided stems, lying over
each other in loose elastic tufts. Branches beautifully pec-
tinated, their extremities curled like ostrich plumes in mi-
niature. SMITH says that it perfects its fruit in May and
June, and is rare in that state ; but in this neighbourhood
it bears fruit abundantly every year at the commencement
of winter.

•j- -J- Leaves with a mesial nerve.

31. H. JiZicinum, stem pinnate; branches simple; leaves broadly
ovate, acuminate, almost straight, nerved to the point, serrulate ;
" fruitstalks 2 inches ; capsules oblong-ovate, curved, cernuous ;
lid conical."

Hab. Bogs, not common. Haiden Dean.

Mr ARNOTT is of opinion that there are no certain limits be-
tween this and the following species. The length of the
nerve and shape of the leaf vary on the same specimens ;
and, even under a high magnifying power? they are often
quite entire or very slightly toothed. (In Litt.) Our own
specimens support this opinion, being just intermediate be-
tween the best marked examples of both species.

32. H. commutatum, stems pinnate, plume-like; leaves small,
sickle-shaped, ovate-acuminated, the nerve evanescent ; fruitstalks
1 1 inch ; capsule oblong-ovate, curved, cernuous ; lid conical.

Hab. "Wet places, particularly on dripping rocks in a cal-
careous soil, frequent. It is rare in fruit, but Mr BAIRD
has gathered it in that state in different parts of Ber-
wickshire.

In the Muscologia Britannica, the leaves are described and
delineated as rather strongly serrated. They appear to
me to be entire or nearly so, as SMITH says they are. It

CRYPTOGAMIA— MUSCI. 33

is a beautiful species, and grows in large matted tufts, of
a very dark green on the surface, but always stained un-
derneath with an ochrey yellow. The petrified moss, so
abundant in this neighbourhood, is a tuft of H. commuta-
tum, encrusted and solidified by a deposition of the lime
from the water in which it grows. It delights to hang
over the precipitous front of dripping rocks, or of small
cascades, whose waters strain themselves through the dense
and plumy foliage as through a sponge. LEYDEN must
have had it in view when he wrote of the " listless shep-
herd"—

" His is the lulling music of the rills,
Where, drop by drop, the scanty current spills
Its waters o'er the shelves that wind across,
Or filters through the yellow, hairy moss."

33. H. aduncum, stems erect, irregularly pinnate ; leaves lan-
ceolate, much acuminated, sickle-shaped, entire, the nerve dis-
appearing beyond the middle ; fruitstalks 2 inches ; capsule ob-
long-ovate, curved ; lid conical.

Hob. Bogs and wet places, common. Winter.

34. H. flwtans, stems slender, elongate, somewhat pinnate ;
branches very short ; leaves rather distant, long and flexuose
when dry, lanceolate-subulate, sickle-shaped, nerved, entire ;
" capsule ovate-oblong, curved, cernuous ; lid conical."

Hob. In moss pools on the Lammermuirs, not common,
nor in fruit.

35. H. palustre, stems creeping, matted; branches numerous
erect, with curved tips ; leaves ovate-acute, entire, slightly curved,
the nerve variable in length, and sometimes wanting ; capsule
oblong-ovate, sub-erect ; lid conical.

Hob. On wet, stony, and gravelly places on moors, and by
the sides of rivulets, common. Winter.

36. H. uncinatum,f stems creeping, matted, pinnate; leaves
sickle-shaped, lanceolate-subulate, very obscurely serrated, striate,
the nerve disappearing below the point ; fruitstalks an inch ; cap-
sule cylindraceous, arched, cernuous ; lid conical.

Hab. On moist walls, not common. At the road-side above
Greenlaw, plentiful. Winter,

B3

34 CRYPTOGAMIA— MUSCI.

* * * * Leaves two-ranked ; stem flattened.

37. H. denticulatum, stems matted ; leaves ovate, pointed, en-
tire, 2 short nerves at the base ; capsule cylindrical, inclined ; lid
short, conical.

Hob. On stones, and at the roots of trees in moist woods.

38. H. complanatum, stems pinnate ; leaves oblong, obtuse, api-
culate, entire, nerveless ; " capsule ovate, erect ; lid rostrate."

Hob. Trunks of trees, common, but not in fruit.

39. H. undulatum, whitish ; stem procumbent ; loosely branch-
ed; leaves ovate-acute, entire, transversely undulate, 2 faint
nerves at the base ; capsule oblong, furrowed, arched, cernuous ;
lid rostrate ; fruitstalks 2 inches.

Hal. In woods and on moors, but very rarely in fruit.
In plantations about Blackadder, Rev. A. Baird. On
Cheviot and the adjoining hills ; and on the Lammer-
muirs, plentiful.

The Hypna are so very abundant, and so generally dispersed,
that it would, perhaps, be no exaggeration to say that they
form a fourth part of the vegetable clothing of this island.
They are met with every where : in many old pastures
they usurp the place of the more useful grasses ; they
form a large proportion of the vegetation of moors ; they
flourish at hedge bottoms, in woods and deans, on rocks,
and even on sand links ; and they grow in profusion in
every marsh, and bog, and stream. The share they thus
contribute to the green covering of the earth is considera-
ble, especially in winter, when they are in their greatest
beauty and perfection. In this season of cold and vicissi-
tude, they foster the roots of other plants ; and they pre-
serve amid their dense tufts myriads of insects which
might otherwise perish. In summer, birds make much
use of them in building their nests, for which they are
very suitable by their lightness, warmth, and elasticity.
If we except their occasional use in packing brittle wares,
they are of no direct utility to man,— unless, with the ex-
cellent LIGHTFOOT, we admit amongst the utilities that
entertainment and agreeable instruction which they afford
to the contemplative mind of the naturalist, at a season
when few other plants offer themselves to his view.

CRYPTOGAMIA— MUSCL &i

12. ANOMODON.

1. A. viticulosum^ stem creeping; branches erect, cylindrical,
long, and generally simple ; leaves patent, ovate-lanceolate, en-
tire, nerved, crisped when dry ; " fruitstalks 1 inch ; capsule cy-
lindrical, erect." — Hypnum viticulosum, LIGHTF. Fl> Scot. 7^4.
Neckera viticulosa, SMITH, FL JBrit. 1275.

Hab. At the roots of trees in dry woods. Banks of the
Eye, between Ayton-house and Netherbyres, Rev. A.
Baird.

13. HOOKERIA.

1. H. lucens, stems procumbent, slightly branched, plane;
leaves bifarious, large, ovate, obtuse, entire, nerveless, reticu-
lated ; fruitstalks 1 inch ; capsule ovate, cernuous ; lid with a
subulate point — Hypnum lucens, SM. FL Brit. 1295.

Hab. On moist rocks in deans, and under shaded banks,
not common. Longridge-dean, Rev. A. Baird. On
shelving rocks at Hudshead, Winter.

This fine genus was, with great propriety, named, by Sir J.
E. SMITH, in honour of Dr HOOKER, Professor of Botany
in the University of Glasgow, who has done more to facili-
tate the study of the order to which it belongs than any
other naturalist.

14. FONT INALIS.

1. F. antipyretic^ stems floating, branched, triangular ; leaves
lanceolate, entire, nerveless, folded, and acutely keeled ; capsules
on short bud-like branches, imbricated with oval scales, elliptical ;
lid conical, acute.

Hab. In ponds and still running waters abundant, but not
common in fruit. Summer.

" The specific name was given to this plant in allusion to its
being employed by the Swedes to fill up the spaces be-
tween the chimney and the walls, and thus, by excluding
the air, prevent the action of the fire."

15. BARTRAMIA.

1. B. pomiformisy stems csespitose; leaves long, subulate, ser-

36 CRYPTOGAMIA— MUSCI.

rate, crisped when dry ; fruitstalks erect, 1 inch ; capsule sub-
erect, furrowed.

Hal. In fissures of rocks by rivers, and in deans, forming
tufts of a bright pleasant green, surmounted, in April
and May, by its elegant globular fruit, not uncommon.
The variety with the stems much lengthened out, I
have gathered at the base of Cheviot.

2. B. fontana, stems csespitose, branched ; branches straight,
erect, fastigiate ; leaves short, closely imbricated, ovate, acumi-
nate, serrulate ; fruitstalks 2£ inches, erect ; capsule oblique, fur-
rowed.

Hal. Wet spongy places in our moors, common. June.

" Besides the branches which produce capsules, there are
others terminated with a radiated calyx, consisting of 5
or 6 leaves, surrounding a dusty orange-coloured disk,
which HALLER affirms to be the origin of the future
branches, into which the stalk will be divided." — LIGHT -
FOOT.

3. B. arcuata, stems elongate, irregularly branched ; branches
spreading ; leaves patent, lanceolate, acuminate, striate, serrated ;
" fruitstalks very short, curved, at length lateral ; capsule smooth,
globose."

Hal. In bogs on elevated moors. Coldingham Moor,
Rev. A. Baird. Lamberton Moor ; but not in fruit in
either place.

This, and many other mosses which grow in bogs, have their
stems densely clothed with a brown woolly substance, the
nature of which seems still imperfectly understood. Some
consider it a distinct plant; others believe it to be merely
the radicle fibres of the moss. Its entangled mode of
growth ; its situation, for it creeps up the whole stem, and
is not confined to the base ; the uniformity of its appear-
ance in the different species ; and the fact that mosses in
general have no roots of the kind, militate against the lat-
ter opinion, which rests merely on the observation that
there is an organic connection between the fibres in ques-
tion and the moss, a circumstance which perhaps is to be
expected in a parasitical plant. The filaments, whatever
be their nature, are wiry, and very much branched, the
branches diverging and spreading, without any appearance
of joints.

CRYPTOGAMIA— MUSCI. 37

16. BRYUM.

• Margins of the leaf entire, or only obscurely serrate at the point.

1. B. carneurriy stems short, simple, or branched with innova-
tions; leaves rather distant, ovate-lanceolate, reticulated, ob-
scurely serrulate at the point ; fruitstalks £ inch ; capsule turbi-
nate, pendulous.

Hal. Ditch banks, not common. Spring.

2. B. argenteum, stems short, branched at the base; leaves
closely imbricate, broadly ovate, acuminated, concave, nerve dis-
appearing below the point ; fruitstalks less than an inch ; capsule
oblong, pendulous.

Hab. On walls, thatched roofs, and gravel walks, very
common, and conspicuous from its remarkable silvery
appearance. Spring.

3. B. caspititium, stems short, branched ; leaves ovate, acumi-
nate, the nerve excurrent ; fruitstalks 1 inch ; capsule obovate,
pendulous.

Hab. On walls in cushion-like tufts, common. Spring.

The small variety which SMITH describes as B. bicolor, Fl.
Brit. 1355, occurs occasionally in moist clay spots on our
sea-banks, where it is conspicuous in spring by its large
dark red capsules.

4. B. capillare, stems branched ; leaves obovate, twisted when
dry, the nerve produced into a hair-like point ; fruitstalks up-
wards of 1 inch ; capsule oblong, pendulous.

Hab. On trunks of old trees in woods, in large dense even
patches ; also on turfy banks in moors.

5. B. turbinatum, stems short, branched with innovations;
leaves ovate-acuminate, the nerve excurrent; fruitstalks 1| inch;
capsule elongate, pyriform, pendulous.

Hab. In sandy moist places on moors. Spring. A va-
riety of this species, I presume, with the leaves of a
rose-red colour, is of frequent occurrence on stones and
rocks by the sides of rivulets, but it does not bear cap-
sules. Distinguished from B. ccespititium more by its

38 CRYPTOGAMIA— MUSCI.

less compact habit and greater size, than by its specific
characters.

6. B. ventricosum, stems elongated, branched with innovations ;
leaves lanceolate, erect, obscurely serrulate near the points, nerved
throughout; fruitstalks 2 or 2| inches; capsule oblong-ovate,
pendulous. — B. ventricosum et bimum, SMITH.

Hab. Marshy ground. In the boggy field below the old
Lamberton Toll, &c. Autumn.

7. B. palustre, stems elongate, branched ; branches erect, cus-
pidate ; leaves lanceolate, 1 -nerved, the superior inclined to one
side and curved; fruitstalks 2 inches ; capsule furrowed, sub-cer-
nuous, ovate, bulging; lid conical — Minum palustre, SM. Fl.
Brit. 1346.

Hab. Bogs, in dense yellowish-green conspicuous masses.
Summer.

" The branches of many of the older plants are terminated
with a wide stellated crown of leaves, in the centre of
which is a cluster of minute reddish dust-like scales. Some
of these stellated crowns are found proliferous, producing
often two or three short new pale stalks, about £th of an
inch high, naked towards the top, and terminated each
with a minute scaly head." — LIGHTFOOT.

8. B. punctatum, stems elongated, nearly simple ; leaves large,
alternate, obovate, very obtuse, reticulated, margin thickened,
the nerve disappearing below the point ; fruitstalks 1 inch ; cap-
sule ovate, pendulous ; lid conical, subulate.

Hab. In bogs, amongst alders and other brush wood, fre-
quent. Spring.

* * Leaves distinctly serrated,

9. B. rostratum, stem simple ; leaves alternate, broadly ovate,
reticulated, the margin thickened and toothed, the nerve excur-
rent ; fruitstalks more than 1 inch, 1 to 5 from the same stem ;
capsule ovate, pendulous ; lid long, subulate.

Hab. In bogs with the preceding. Spring.

10. B. cuspidatum, stems elongated, simple, or nearly so ; leaves
large, alternate, broadly ovate-lanceolate, reticulated, the nerve

CRYPTOGAMIA— MUSCI. 39

excurrent, margin thickened and toothed above, crisped when
dry ; " capsule ovate, pendulous ; lid conico-hemispheric, obtuse."

Hob. In the bog in Haiden-dean, amongst Hypna, but not
in fruit.

1L B. liffulatum, stems dendroidal, branched ; leaves long, un-
dulate, linear-oblong, obtuse, the nerve excurrent, the margins
thickened and toothed ; fruitstalks often aggregate ; capsule ovate,
pendulous ; lid conical.

Hob. Woods and shaded banks, plentiful, but rare in fruit,
a state in which Mr Baird has gathered it near Swinton.

" The herbs in the meadows," says St Pierre, " often imitate
the figure of the trees in the forests ;" and fancy may
readily trace in this diminutive moss of our woods, the
form of the princely palms of tropical climes.

12. J?. roseum, stem simple, bare below ; leaves crowded above,
rosaceous, obovate, acute, serrated towards the point, the nerve
excurrent ; " capsule oblong-ovate, pendulous ; lid conical, short."

Hab. On banks and heaths. Near Hudshead, &c. but
never found in fructification.

13. B. hornum, stems simple, elongate, clavate ; leaves erect,
lanceolate, with a thickened strongly toothed margin, the nerve
reaching the point ; fruitstalks 1 1 inch ; capsule oblong-ovate,
pendulous ; lid hemispherical, mucronulate.

Hab. Under moist shelving rocks, and on the stumps of
old trees, in dense tufts, common. Spring.

14. B. nutansj stems branched with innovations ; leaves erect,
narrow-lanceolate, strongly nerved, serrated towards the point ;
fruitstalks 2 inches ; capsule obovate, pendulous.

Hab. On moors, in pits where water has stood during part
of the year, not uncommon. Spring.

17. FUNARIA.

1. F. hygrometrica, stems very short, tufted ; leaves ovate, api-
culate, concave, entire, cellular ; fruitstalks wavy ; capsule pear-

40 CRYPTOGAMIA— MUSCL

shaped, pendulous ; calyptra swollen and angled at the base, with
a long beak tipped with a bristle.

Hab. On walls, banks, and heaths. Spring.

DILLENIUS remarks that this moss " prse aliis gaudet locis
carbonariis et ubi praecedentibus annis ignes fuerunt."
Thus it springs up, in company with Didymodon purpu-
reum, wherever the whins and heath have been burnt
down on our moors ; and its luxuriance and vast profusion
in these places is very remarkable.

18. ORTHOTRICHUM.

* Fringe of the capsule without ciliary processes.

1 . 0. anomalum, stems erect, branched ; leaves spreading, Ian.
ceolate, erect when dry ; fruitstalks exserted ; capsule ribbed ;
fringe of 8 double teeth ; calyptra slightly pilose.

Hab» On rocks and stones.

2. O. cupulatuin, stems erect, branched ; leaves spreading, lan-
ceolate, erect when dry ; fruitstalks not raised above the leaves ;
capsule ribbed ; fringe of 16 double teeth ; calyptra slightly pilose
or naked,

Hab. On stones at the sides of waters and rivulets, frequent.

3. O. Drummondii, stems creeping ; leaves lanceolate, crisped
when dry ; fruitstalks exserted ; capsule long, clavate, contracted
at the aperture, furrowed when mature ; lid with a long beak ;
fringe of 16 reflexed teeth; calyptra very pilose — GREVILLE,
Crypt. Fl tab. 115.

Hab. On trees. On the trunks of alder below Langlev-
ford, Northumberland.

This is very distinct from either of the preceding, but much
resembles Or. crispum described below. The leaves are
soft, and yellowish-green. The specific name comme-
morates the zealous botanist who accompanied Captain
FRANKLIN on his second journey to the shores of the Po-
lar Sea, and who has again departed on an exploratory
botanical excursion to the north-west coast of America.
His account of a journey made into the Rocky Moun-
tains, the critic has remarked, " is extremely interest-
ing, as shewing the hardships to which these * cullers of

CRYPTOGAMIA— MUSCI. 41

simples' voluntarily expose themselves, for the sake of
adding one or two new specimens of plants to the 30,000 or
40,000 species already known. Thus, in the midst of snow,
and without a tent, sheltered only from the inclemency of
the weather by a hut built of the branches of trees, and
depending for subsistence from day to day on a solitary
Indian hunter, ( I obtained,' says the amiable and enthu-
siastic Mr DRUMMOND, ( a few mosses; and, on Christmas
day, I had the pleasure of finding a very minute Gymnos-
tomum, hitherto undescribed.' We shall not, we hope, be
classed with those who see nothing but food for merriment
in such devotion— in the true heroism of science." — Quart.
Rev. xxxviii. 352.

* * Fringe with ciliary processes.

4. O. crispum, stems erect, branched ; leaves narrow-lanceolate,
crisped when dry ; fruitstalks much exserted, thickened upwards ;
capsule furrowed when mature ; ciliary processes 8 ; calyptra very
pilose.

Hob. On trees in deans, common.

Orth. Bruchii and crispulum of some foreign botanists are com-
mon varieties of this species.

5. O. pulchettum, stems erect, short ; leaves spreading, narrow-
lanceolate, somewhat crisped when dry ; fruitstalks exserted ;
capsule furrowed ; ciliary processes 1 6 ; calyptra scarcely pilose.
— WINCH, Guide, ii. 23.

Hob. On trees, in neat tufts. On hazels in Longridge-
dean. Wooded banks of the Tweed above Lady-kirk.

This, the most elegant of the genus, is generally said to have
been discovered by Mr BRUNTON ; but his specimens were
communicated by Mr WINCH, who, at the time, was aware
of their belonging to an undescribed species.

6. O. affine, stems erect, branched ; leaves spreading, lanceolate,
erect and close when dry ; fruitstalks not raised from amongst the
leaves ; capsule cylindrical, furrowed ; ciliary processes 8 ; fringe
reflected ; calyptra sub-pilose ; lid tapered gradually into the beak.

Hob. On trees and on stones, common.

7» O. rupinicola, stems erect, branched ; leaves broadly lanceo-
late, somewhat spreading, erect when dry ; fruitstalks not raised

42 CRYPTOGAMIA-MUSCI.

from amongst the leaves ; capsule ovate, ribbed half-way down ;
ciliary processes 8 ; fringe spreading ; lid flattened with a straight
central beak ; calyptra very pilose — GREV. Fl. Edin. 248. ; et
Fl Crypt, tab. 105.

Hob. On rocks. On the craigs above Easington-house be-
low Belford. At Ord-wheel, Berwickshire, plentiful.
I have specimens also from Mr BAIRD, who probably
collected them near Netherbyres.

8. O. striatum, stems erect, branched ; leaves patent, lanceolate,
slightly twisted when dry ; capsule sessile, ovate, smooth ; ciliary
processes 16 ; calyptra furrowed, somewhat pilose.

Hob. On trees in woods, less frequent than Or. affine,
which it much resembles.

The Orthotricha are peculiar in their habit, and have much
mutual resemblance. They grow in little perennial tufts,
which are of a dark green when placed on stones, but when
on trees more commonly of a yellow -green colour. Their
leaves are very minutely cellular, lanceolate, entire, and
somewhat revolute at the margins. Their capsules are
erect, cylindrical, very copiously produced, and to be found
at all seasons of the year, the old in general being inter-
mixed with those which are advancing towards maturity.

19. POLYTKICHUM.

* Calyptra pilose.

1. P. cwnmune, stem simple ; leaves spreading, rigid, subulate,
serrated ; capsule erect, square, with an evident apophysis ; lid
with a short curved point.

Hob. On moors, common. June.

The stems of this fine moss vary from 2 to 12 inches in height,
according to the greater or less moisture of the station in
which it grows ; and in the smaller specimens the margins
of the leaves are often pellucid, and the apophysis of the
capsule indistinct. These constitute the P. attenuatum of
many botanists.

In this country, matresses, superior to those of straw, are
sometimes made with this Polytrichum ; and we have seen
door-mats, and very neat brushes made of the luxuriant

CRYPTOGAMIA— MUSCI. 43

stems collected from bogs. When well combed and dressed,
says Mr WHITE, in his Natural History of Selborne,
" and divested of its outer skin, it becomes of a beautiful
bright chesnut colour ; and, being soft and pliant, is very
proper for the dusting of beds, curtains, carpets, hangings,
&c. If these besoms were known to the brush-makers in
town, it is probable they might come much in use for the
purpose above mentioned." To the Laplanders its services
are greater, for it affords them " bed and bedding." They
choose the starry -headed plants, out of the tufts of which
they cut a surface as large as they please for a bed or bol-
ster, separating it from the earth beneath ; and although
the shoots are scarcely branched, they are nevertheless so
entangled at the roots as not to be separable from each
other. This mossy cushion is very soft and elastic, not
growing hard by pressure ; and if a similar portion of it be
made to serve as a coverlet, nothing can be more warm
and comfortable. ' Mollissimus est hie lectus cujus stra-
gula undique ambiunt corpus et ad illud sese ubique appli-
cant ; calidissimus deinde est, ut virentis vegetabilis grati
odoris, nee pediculos, pulices, cimices, scabiem, luem, auud-
que contagium innocenti corpori adfert, nee plumulis un-
dique obvolitantibus irresolubilibusque, cum inspiratione,
pulmones infarcit phthisinque generat, sed lassum corpus
molli grataque requie reficit.' I have often, continues
LINNAEUS, made use of it with admiration; and if any
writer had published a description of the simple contrivance,
which necessity has taught the Laplanders, I could almost
imagine that our counterpanes were but an imitation of it.
They fold this bed together, tying it up into a roll that
may be grasped by a man's arms, which if necessary, they
carry with them to the place where they mean to sleep
the night following. If it becomes too dry and compressed,
its former elasticity is restored by a little moisture.*'

2. P. piliferum, stem simple, short ; leaves rigid, awl-shaped, en-
tire, pointed with a pellucid hair ; capsule obtusely quadrangular,
with an apophysis ; lid with a curved point.

Hob. On earth-capt dikes and heaths, frequent. April.

3. P. juniperinum, stem simple ; leaves rigid, awl-shaped, with
entire involute margins, apex slightly serrate ; capsule quadran-
gular, with a depressed apophysis: lid with a short conical point.

Hab. On dry heaths. Near Ord- Wheel, Berwickshire, &c*
Spring.

44 CRYPTOGAMIA— MUSCL

4. P. alpinum, stem branched ; leaves rigid, lanceolate-subulate,
with serrated nearly plane margins ; capsule ovate, with an indis-
tinct apophysis ; lid with a subulate point.

flab. On Cheviot, Winch. June.

5. P. urnigerum, stem branched, fastigiate; leaves erecto-pa-
tent, lanceolate, serrated, upper ones glaucous-green ; fruitstalks
1 4 inch ; capsule erect, cylindraceous, without an apophysis ; lid
with a short incurved point.

Hab. Roadside between Foulden and Hutton-Mill, plenti-
ful, Rev. A. Baird. Dec.

This moss rarely occurs in a station so little elevated, the
above being not more than 100 feet above the level of the
sea.

6. P. aloides, stem short, simple ; leaves rigid, linear-lanceolate,
with plane serrated margins ; capsule cylindraceous, nearly erect,
without an apophysis : lid with a curved subulate point.

Hab. Moist gravel banks on heaths, not uncommon. On
a bank near Renton Inn in great plenty and perfection.
"Winter.

The banks on which this species grows are often partially
covered with a green velvet-like layer of vegetation, which
the magnifier discovers to consist of irregularly branched
filaments, obscurely jointed like a Conferva. It is in fact
the Conferva velutina of some botanists, (Dillw. Conf. tab.
770? but proved, by Dr DRUMMOND, to be nothing more
than P. aloides in its earliest stage. The Conferva velutina
of SMITH in Eng. Botany may be different, and possibly a
perfect plant.

7. P. nanum, stem very short, simple ; leaves rigid, linear-lanceo-
late, rather obtuse, serrated towards the end ; capsule subglobose,
nearly erect, without an apophysis.

Hab. Moist gravel banks, frequent. Summer.

* * Calyptra naked.

8. P. undulatum, stem nearly simple ; leaves membranous, lan-
ceolate, undulate, plane, serrated, crisped when dry ; capsule cer-
nuous, cylindrical ; lid subulate. >

Hab. Woods and hedge banks, very common, producing
fruit copiously in winter and early spring.

CRYPTOGAMIA— MtJSCI. 45

20. TORTULA.

* Leaves with hair-like points.

1. T. muralis, stems short, simple; leaves linear-oblong, patent,
pointed with a smooth hair ; capsule cylindraceous ; lid conical,
acuminate.

Hob. On walls and stones in roundish tufts. Winter.

2. T. ruraliS) stems elongated, branched ; leaves ovate, oblong,
keeled, recurved, pointed with a serrulate hair, upper ones stel-
late ; capsule ovate-cylindraceous ; lid subulate ; teeth of the
fringe united below into a tube.

Hob. On old thatched roofs, and on the sandy sea-shore
from Spittal southwards* Spring.

When on roofs, this moss grows in large cushion-like tufts,
but in extensive even patches of a bright yellowish-green
colour on our links, where, however, it never produces
any fruit.

* * Leaves without hair-like points.

3. T. subulata, stems very short ; leaves large, oblong-lanceo-
late, apiculate ; capsule cylindrical, long, slightly curved ; lid
subulate.

Hob. On banks and earthen dikes, in bright green patches
or tufts, common. Spring.

4. T. unguiculata, stems branched ; leaves lanceolate, obtuse,
mucronate, the margins nearly plane ; capsule oblong ; lid ros-
trate, nearly as long as the capsule.

Hob. On stone and earth walls, in brownish tufts, com-
mon. Spring.

5. T. fallaX) stems elongated, branched ; leaves lanceolate-sub-
ulate, patent or recurved, their margins reflexed; capsule oblong;
lid rostrate, nearly as long as the capsule.

Hob. On moist clay banks.

6. T. revoluta, stems diffusely branched ; leaves straight, lan-
ceolate, acuminate, with revolute margins, perichsetial ones nerve-
less, convolute ; capsule ovate, with a short conical lid — T. ner-

SM. Comp. 171-
Hob. On banks, rare. Banks above Newmills* Spring*

46 CRYPTOGAMIA— MtlSCI.

7. T. convoluta, stems short ; leaves lanceolate, rather obtuse,
non-apiculate, perichsetial ones nerveless, acute, convolute and
sheathing ; capsule oblong ; lid inclined, subulate, nearly as long
as the capsule.

Hab. On banks, rare, in conspicuous soft even yellow-
green patches. On a gravelly bank on Lamberton
Moor, by the road side, abundant. Spring.

Very distinct from the preceding. Stems slender, branched
with innovations. Fruitstalks long, slender, pale yellow,
arising from amongst the new and barren branches.

21. DIDYMODON.

1. Z). purpureum, stems erect, scarcely branched ; leaves lan-
ceolate, acute, keeled, with entire recurved margins; capsule
elliptical, slightly curved, furrowed when dry ; lid short, conical.
• — Dicranum purpureum^ SM. Fl. Brit. 1217.

Hab. On walls, and more abundantly on dry heathy bare
places in moors, in wide brownish tufts. Spring.

2. D. trifarium, stems erect, simple, or branched with innova-
tions ; leaves rather distant, somewhat trifarious, concave, Ian-
ceolate, entire ; capsule erect, oblong- ovate ; lid subulate, rather

long.

Hab. Moist clay banks, frequent in this neighbourhood on
the coast north of the Tweed. On a wet part of the
wall between the Old Castle and Spring-gardens.
Spring.

On our sea banks between Spittal and Scrammerston, there
occurs in abundance a very small moss, which at first ex-
amination I considered to be a variety of D. trifarium.
It resembles the small specimens sent from Ireland by Dr
DHUMMOND to the authors of the Muscologia Britannica,
and delineated in tab. xx. f. 1. of that work ; but Mr AR-
NOTT could not discover more than 16 teeth in the fringe
on the specimens I sent him ; nor can I, after a careful
re-examination of that part, observe more. The moss ap-
pears, therefore, to be a species of Weissia, but not re-
terrible to any described in any work on British botany to
which I have access.

C&Y PTOGAMIA— MUSCL 47

22. DICRANUM.

* Leaves inserted on all sides of the stem.

1. D. scoparium, stems elongated ; leaves sickle-shaped and in-
clined to one side, subulate, canaliculate ; capsule cylindraceous,
arched ; lid with a long beak.

Hab. In deans and on moors, common. If.

This fine moss is very generally found on rocks, or large
stones, which it covers partially with a thick soft elastic
cushion. It produces fruit in winter, and though the
stalks are in general single, yet specimens with 3 or more
from the same sheath are not rare. These constitute the
Die. ma jus of SMITH, Fl Brit. 1202.

2. D. undulatum, stems elongated ; leaves straight, nearly plane,
long, lanceolate-acuminate, serrated at the points, transversely
undulate when dry ; " capsule cylindraceous, cernuous ; lid with
a long beak."

Hab. Lamberton Moor, plentiful. Spring. If

3. D. glaucum, stems branched, fastigiate ; leaves ovate-lanceo-
late, straight, somewhat convolute, nerveless, entire, reticular $
capsule ovate, Cernuous ; lid beaked.

Hab. On moors in moist places, in dense masses of a straw
colour, similar to that of the Sphagna. 7j[

4. D. crispum, stems very short, simple ; leaves setaceous, di-
lated at the base, spreading, flexuose, entire ; capsule ovate, sub-
erect ; lid with a long beak.

Hab. On the sides of drains cut through turfy bogs, not
common. Below Shoreswood Hall, Dr Thompson. In
the dean below Allerton Mill. July. I/.

5. D. varium, stems short ; leaves narrow, lanceolate, entire,
rigid, inclined to a side ; capsules ovate, subcernuous ; lid conical,
acuminate.

Hab. Moist clay banks, in grass-green patches, not uncom-
mon. Spring. 0

6. D. heteromallum, stems slightly branched ; leaves subulate,
nearly entire, sickle-shaped, and inclined to one side; capsule
ovate, subcernuous ; lid with a long beak.

48 CRYPTOGAMIA— MUSCI.

Hab. On moist banks in deans, and turf dikes, frequent.
Spring.

7. D. squarrosum, stems elongated, slightly branched ; branches
erect, often fascicled ; leaves from a broad sheathing base, broadly
lanceolate, acute, concave, much recurved, and directed to every
side, crisped when dry; "capsule ovate, subcernuous; lid rostrate."

Hab. Wet bogs, in even matted patches. Haiden Dean,
plentiful, but not in fruit. I/.

The short regularly revolute leaves with which the slender
stem is clothed, give to this species an appearance of con-
siderable elegance. The leaves are described as entire by
SMITH, and are so represented in the Muscol. Brit., but to
us they appear serrulate towards the point.

8. D. pellucidum, stems branched, tufted; leaves spreading,
lanceolate, somewhat undulate, nerved throughout, the upper
half toothed ; fruitstalks not 1 inch ; capsule ovate, subcernuous ;
lid rostrate.

Hab. On stones at the sides of burns, in shaded sandy
places, plentiful. Spring. 7/

9. D. polycarpum, stems tufted, rather short ; leaves linear-lan-
ceolate, concave, entire, crisped when dry ; fruitstalks i ; capsule
ovate, erect, or slightly inclined ; lid half as long as the capsule,
pointed, inclined.

Hab. On rocks, in light green tufts. Humbledon Dean,
above Wooler. Spring.

* * Leaves distichous compressed.

10. D. bryoides, stem simple; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, entire,
bifarious, the parichaetial ones like those of the stem ; fruitstalks
terminal ; capsule erect ; lid conical, acuminate.

Hab. Moist hedge banks, and in woods, frequent. Spring.

MUNGO PARK found this pretty little species in the interior
of Africa, and it appears to be the moss alluded to in the
following passage, which, though often quoted, is too much
to my purpose to be here omitted. " Whichever way I
turned," says the traveller, " I saw myself in the midst of
a vast wilderness, in the depth of the rainy season, naked
and alone ; surrounded by savage animals, and by men

CEYPTOGAMIA— MUSCL 49

still more savage. I was 500 miles from any European
settlement. All these circumstances crowded at once on
my recollection, and I confess that my spirits began to fail
me. I considered my fate as certain, and that I had no
alternative but to lie down and perish. The influence of
religion, however, aided and supported me. I reflected
that no human prudence or foresight could possibly have
averted my present sufferings. I was indeed a stranger
in a strange land, yet I was still under the protecting eye
of that Providence who has condescended to call himself
the stranger's friend. At this moment, painful as my re-
flections were, the extraordinary beauty of a small moss,
in fructification, irresistibly caught my eye. I mention
this, to show from what trifling circumstances the mind
will sometimes derive consolation ; for, though the whole
plant was not larger than the top of one of my fingers, I
could not contemplate the delicate conformation of its
roots, leaves, and capsule, without admiration. Can that
Being, thought I, who planted, watered, and brought to
perfection, in this obscure part of the world, a thing which
appears of so small importance, look with unconcern upon
the situation and sufferings of creatures formed after his
own image ? Surely not ! Reflections like these would
not allow me to despair. I started up, and, disregarding
both hunger and fatigue, travelled forwards, assured that
relief was at hand ; and I was not disappointed."

•*• " To apprehend thus,

Draws us a profit from all things we see."

11. D. adiantoides, stems branched ; leaves lanceolate, serrulate
at the point, those of the perichsetium ovate, slightly convolute,
pointed ; fruitstalks from near the middle of the stem, flexuose ;
capsule erect ; lid long, subulate.

Hob. In wet bogs amongst moss. Lamberton Moor, &c.
Spring. ^

12. D. taxifolium, stems simple, tufted; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
entire; periehaetial ones ovate, sheathing, involute, pointed;
fruitstalks inserted at the very base of the stem ; capsules droop-
ing ; lid long, subulate.

Hob. Moist clay banks in woods. Near Netherbyres,
Rev. A. Baird. New-water-haugh plantation. Spring.

VOL. II. C

50 CRYPTOGAMIA— MUSCI.

23. WEISSIA.

1. W. controversy small ; stems nearly simple ; leaves linear-
subulate, straight, crisped when dry, their margins incurved ;
capsule elliptical; lid subulate, curved — Grimmia controversy
SM. Fl. Brit. 1187-

Hab. Banks and cultivated fields, in irregular patches,
common. Early spring. I/.

2. W. verticillata, stems branched; leaves narrow-lanceolate,
straight, nearly flat, rather flaccid ; capsule ovate, erect ; lid sub-
ulate, curved — Grimmia verticillata, SM. Fl. Brit. 1191.

Hob. On rocks over which water trickles. On wet rocks
at Eyemouth and Coldingham shores, Rev. A. Baird.
In the dean at Twizel Bridge, N. D«

Grows in very compact masses of a grass green on the sur-
face, but the lower parts of the stems are matted together
with a white calcareous incrustation. It does not produce
fruit in the above stations, but I have had the pleasure of
gathering it in a very perfect state in the romantic dean
at Twizel-house, the seat of P. J. SELBY, Esq. which is
only a short distance beyond our limits.

3. W. recurvirostra, stems simple or branched ; leaves patent,
linear-subulate, carinate, entire, strongly nerved ; fruitstalks f ths
of an inch high ; capsule cylindraceous, slender, erect, with a co-
nical slightly inclined lid. — Grimmia recurvirostra, SM. FL Brit.
1190.

Hab. On sandy banks. On a moss-grown wall at the road-
side, a little west of East Ord, abundant. Winter.

In habit resembles the Tortulce, and is altogether very much
like some of the varieties of Tortula fallax.

24. CINCLIDOTUS.

l.C. fontinaloides, dark-green ; stem much branched ; leaves
lanceolate, entire, strongly nerved, crisped when dry ; capsules
oblong, subsessile, on short lateral branches — Trichostomum fon~
tinaloides, SM. Fl. Brit. 1248.

Hab. On stones and wood, in streams, not rare.

CRYPTOGAMIA— MUSCI. 5i

25. TRICHOSTOMUM.

* Leaves with diaphanous points.

1. T. lanuginosum, stems elongated, somewhat pinnate; branches
short ; leaves lanceolate- subulate, their long diaphanous points
toothed ; fruitstalks short, on lateral branches ; capsule ovate ; lid
subulate.

Hal, Abundant on all our higher moors, where it is con-
spicuous from its hoary foliage.

2. T. canescens, stems erect, irregularly branched ; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, recurved, channelled, the diaphanous points obscurely
serrate ; fruitstalks 1 inch, flexuose ; capsule ovate ; lid long,
subulate.

Var. 1. Branches erect, longer. — T. canescens, SMITH.
Var. 2. Branches very short, patent — T. ericoides, SMITH.

Hob. On all the Lammermuirs, plentiful ; also on Lam-
berton Moor. Var. 2. is the least common.

3. T. heterostichon, stem csespitose, irregularly branched ; leaves
lanceolate-acuminate, concave, entire ; capsule cylindraceous, with
a short fringe ; lid long, subulate.

Hal. On whinstones in moors, frequent : also on sand-
stone rocks in Longridge Dean.

* * Leaves never diaphanous at their points*

4. T. aciculare, stems somewhat erect, branched ; leaves broad-
ly-lanceolate, obtuse, with revolute margins, the apex obscurely
serrate ; capsule ovate-oblong ; lid subulate — Dicranum aciculare,
SM. Fl. Brit. 1212.

Hab. On large stones in rivers and burns, not rare in our
moor and upland districts. Spring.

5. T. polyphyllum, stems branched, tufted ; leaves lanceolate-
subulate, their margins recurved, coarsely serrated above, much
crisped when dry; capsule elliptical; lid rostrate — Dicranum
polyphyllum, SM. Fl. Brit. 1226.

Hab, On rocks in the lower parts of Lumsden Dean, a
station less remarkable for its many fine plants, than
for the rugged grandeur of its scenery. June.

C2

32 CRYPTOGAMIA— MUSCI.

Grows in cushion-like tufts of a dark but pleasant greens
Stems simple or branched, about an inch high, densely
clothed with the long leaves, which are black on the under
part, and green only towards the top. Fruitstalks in our
specimens i-inch long, pale coloured, as is likewise the
neat elliptical capsule, which has a pretty crimson fringe
to its contracted aperture.

26. GRIMMIA.

1. G. apocarpa, stems tufted, much branched ; leaves patent,
ovate-lanceolate, their margins revolute, entire ; capsules ovate,
immersed ; lid with a short beak.

Hab. On trees and rocks, common. Spring.

A species subject to considerable variation in size and habit.
The capsules sit amongst the leaves, but are rendered con-
spicuous by their bright scarlet fringe.

2. G. maritima, stems short, pulvinate ; leaves lanceolate, en-
tire, crisped when dry, the nerve of the perichaetial ones excur-
rent ; capsules urceolate, immersed ; lid with a short beak.

Hab. On rocks on the coast of Berwickshire, in several
places. Plentiful at Hudshead, N. D., and on the Farn
Islands. October.

3. G. pulvinata, stems short, pulvinate ; leaves lanceolate, with
a white hair-like point ; fruitstalks curved ; capsule ovate, stria,
ted ; lid conical, acuminate. — Dicranum jwlvinatum, SM. FL Brit.
1214.

Hob. On stones and dikes, very common, in cushion-like
tufts of a silvery green colour.

The G. ovata grows on loose stones near the summit of the
most eastern of the Eildon hills, and will probably be found
in the west of Berwickshire.

27. ENCALYPTA.

1. E. vulgaris, stem short, simple ; leaves broadly lanceolate,
entire, strongly nerved, somewhat crisped when dry ; capsule cy-
lindrical, smooth ; calyptra entire at the base.

Hab. On earth-capt dikes, not uncommon. Dikes on the
Etal-road above Prior-house, Dr Thompson. Frequent

CRYPTOGAMIA— MUSCI. 53

near Eyemouth, Rev. A. Baird. Near Mordington-
house, abundant, &c. Spring.

28. SPLACHNUM.

1. S. spharicum, leaves obovate, with a suddenly narrowed ra-
ther long point, slightly serrated ; apophysis ovate-globose, wider
than the capsule. — S. gracile, SM. Fl. Brit. 1174.

Hob. On Cheviot, Dr Thompson. August.

Stems about £-inch long. Leaves straw-coloured, loosely
reticulate, with a strong nerve running beyond their
rounded apex, and forming a narrow point. Fruitstalks
about 2 inches long, slender, flexuose, yellowish or reddish-
brown; apophysis dark-brown, with a lighter coloured
capsule.

29. TETRAPHIS.

1. T. pellucida, stems slender; leaves alternate, ovate-acute,
entire, the nerve disappearing below the point, " those of the
perichaetium lanceolate ; capsule cylindrical."

Hal. Dry banks in woods, and about the trunks of old
trees, not common. Murton Craigs, plentiful.

Grows in irregular patches of a pale and pleasant green co-
lour. Our specimens have no capsules, but are all " ter-
minated by cup-shaped receptacles, consisting of broadly
obcordate leaves, in the centre of which are fixed, by a
short footstalk, small spherical bodies, bearing an exact
analogy to the anthers of Jungermmnia"

30. ANICTANGIUM.

1. A. ciliatum, stem much branched, diffuse; leaves ovate,
nerveless, with diaphanous serrulate points ; capsules subsessile,
tampan ulate. — Gymnostomum ciliatum, SM. Fl. Brit. 1168.

Hcib. On rocks hi subalpine districts. Plentiful on Lam-
berton Moor and the Lammermuirs, growing on whin-
stones in hoary tufts.

31. GYMNOSTOMUM.

1. G. truncatutumj small ; stem simple ; leaves obovate, apicu-

54 CRYPTOGAMIA-MUSCI.

late, entire, nearly plane ; capsule oval, truncated, with a wide
orifice : lid obliquely rostrate.

Hab. On banks and earth-capt dikes, in irregular even
patches, common. Winter.

HASSELQTJIST having observed this plant growing in great
abundance upon the walls of Jerusalem, conjectures it may
be the hyssop of the Scriptures ; — Solomon " spake of
trees, from the cedar tree that is in Lebanon even unto
the hyssop that springeth out of the wall."

In stubble-fields in autumn, I have gathered a little moss
very nearly allied to Gym. truncatulum, but perhaps dis-
tinct from it. The stem is simple, very short, with longer
barren shoots intermixed ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, con-
cave, obscurely toothed at the point, the nerve non-excur-
rent. My specimens are not sufficiently mature, but Mr
ARNOTT, who did me the favour of examining them, is in-
clined to refer them to Gym. rufescens.

2. G. ovatum, small ; stem short, simple ; leaves ovate, erect,
concave, piliferous, their nerve furnished with a granuliferous
membrane; capsule ovate ; lid rostrate.

Hab. On earth-capt dikes, frequent in this neighbourhood.
Winter.

It is curious to notice how gay these little mosses are on
every wall top during the winter months and in early
spring, almost or perhaps the only things which seem to
enjoy the clouds and storms of the season. They choose
the most exposed stations, spread out their leaves, and
push up their glossy capsules amid rains, frost, and snow ;
and yet there is nothing in their tender and loose struc-
ture, from which we could a priori infer their capability
of resisting influences so generally destructive to vegeta-
tion. But so it is : the more simple the organization of
plants, the stronger is their tenacity of life ; and its phe-
nomena are exhibited and called into play by stimulants
not only very feeble, but apparently the very reverse of
those necessary to excite plants of a higher order. Thus
mosses and lichens, overstimulated by heat and dryness,
wither away in summer, but vegetate freely at a season
when there is no other vegetation, and when their humble
fronds cannot be overshadowed by a ranker growth.

3. G. pyriforme, stem simple, very short; leaves grass-green,
ovate, acuminate, concave, serrated at the top ; fruitstalk stout ;
capsule roundish-obovate, large ; lid convex, shortly rostrate.

Hab. Wet sides of ditches, frequent. Spring.

CRYPTOGAMIA— MUSCI. 55

4. G. tenue, slender ; stem scarcely any ; leaves entire, outer
ones very short, ovate-lanceolate, inner ones linear-lanceolate,
obtuse ; fruitstalk rather long ; capsule oblong ; lid with a short
straight beak. — Dicranum cyUndricutn, SM. Fl. Brit. 1221. Gym-
iwstomum paucifolium, SM. Comp. 161.

Hob. Sandstone rocks, rare. On a rock at the side of the
footpath leading through the plantation above Ord-mill.
July.

32. SPHAGNUM.

1. S» obtusifolium, branches tumid, deflexed ; leaves ovate, ob-
tuse, concave. — S. latifolium^ SM. Fl. Brit. 1145.

Hob. Bogs in moors, common. July, August.

2. S. acutifolium, branches slender, tapered, weeping; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, crowded.—*?, capillifolium, SM. Fl. Brit. 1146.

Hob. Bogs with the preceding, and equally common.
The leaves are very often of a reddish-pink colour.
July.

3. S. cuspidatum, branches attenuated; leaves lanceolate-sub-
ulate, lax.

Hob. Peat bogs, generally growing in water. In peat pits
on Cheviot, and on Coldingham Moor, abundant, but
not in fruit.

The Sphagna grow in compact elastic knolls, and by their
decomposition contribute greatly to the formation of peat.
Their stems are about a span in length, branched, and
densely clothed with soft nerveless beautifully reticulated
leaves, of a straw-yellow colour, and which distinguish the
genus from almost all other mosses. The Laplanders, Ice-
landers, and the North American Indians, use the Sphagna,
for lining their neat and curious cradles. The moss forms
a soft elastic bed, which absorbs moisture very readily,
and affords such a protection from the cold of a rigorous
winter, that its place would be ill supplied by cloth. Mr
W. CURTIS obtained the reward of the Society of Arts for
his valuable application of these mosses to the packing of
young trees for exportation.

56 CRYPTOGAMIA— MUSCI.

33. PHASCUM.

1. P. cuspidatum, minute; stem simple; leaves ovate-acumi-
nate, the nerve reaching to or beyond the point, the upper ones
connivent, concealing the broadly elliptical nearly sessile capsule.

Hob. On sandy banks and earth dikes, in even patches, not
uncommon. Spring.

2. P. subulatum, leaves erect, subulate, dilated at the base,
entire.

Hob. On sandy banks, in dense tufts. OrdwheeL Spring.

Stem simple, tufted, 3 or 4 lines high ; leaves erect, the up-
per ones long, and overtopping the capsule, yellowish-
green ; capsule shortly stalked, ovate-globose, covered with
a glossy golden sort of network ; lid curved, short ; seeds
very numerous, small, round.

3. P. serratum, very minute, stemless ; leaves lanceolate, nerve-
less, reticulated, serrated, overtopping the globular reddish-brown
capsule.

Hal. Corn fields of a light peat soil, intermixed with
Gymnostomum truncatulum, not common. Autumn.

So minute is this curious moss, that it will probably only at«
tract the notice of the cryptogamist while examining, with
attention, the more conspicuous plants amongst which it
grows. It is furnished at the base with branched conferva-
like shoots, the use and nature of which seem somewhat
doubtful.

34. ANDREA.

1. A. rupestris, stems branched ; leaves ovate, gradually acu-
minated, entire, nerveless. — HOOKER, Lin. Trans, x. 391, t. 31,
f. 2.

Hob. On rocks, growing in short rigid tufts of a dark-
brown colour. At Ordwheel, Berwickshire. Near the
summit of Hedge-hope, Northumberland.

OBS.— In this Order I have followed the nomenclature of Drs.
HOOKER and TAYLOR'S Muscologia Britannica, 8vo, Lond. 1818,
— a work indispensably necessary to the student of British
mosses.

ORDER V.
HEPATIC^.

" Do not depreciate any pursuit which leads men to contemplate the works of
their Creator ! The Linnean traveller who, when you look over the pages of his
journal, seems to you a mere botanist, has in his pursuit, as you have in yours, an
object that occupies his time, and fills his mind, and satisfies his heart. It is as in-
nocent as yours, and as disinterested,— perhaps more so, because it is not so ambi-
tious. Nor is the pleasure which he partakes in investigating the structure of
a plant less pure, or less worthy, than what you derive from perusing the noblest
productions of human genius." — SOUTHBY.

35. JUNGERMANNJA. Capsule solitary, raised on a stalk, globu-

lar, bursting into 4 valves.

36. ANTHOCEROS. Capsule solitary, raised on a stalk, long and

linear, 2-valved, with a central column to which the seeds
are attached.

37- MARCH ANT i A. Capsules several, attached to the inferior
surface of an umbrella-like capitulum or receptacle raised
on a stalk.

38. RICCIA. Capsule sessile, globular, not splitting into valves,
surmounted by a short tube.

35. JUNGERMANNIA.

As I find it impracticable to give, by words, an accurate idea
of the forms of the leaves of Jungermannia, on which the deter-

C3

58 CRYPTOGAMIA— HEPATIC^.

mination of the species principally depends, I have accompanied
my descriptions with outline figures, taken, in every instance,
from specimens collected in Berwickshire. They will enable the
student, with facility, to determine the species, which are less
numerous than I had anticipated ; and the more experienced
botanist to judge of the accuracy of my synonymy. The figures
in English Botany, so far as I remember, are of little value ; and
Dr HOOKER'S Monograph of the genus, so celebrated for its com-
pleteness, accuracy, and beauty, I have never seen.

* Leafy and stipulate.
•\- Leaves imbricated.

1. J. Tamarisci, stem decumbent, bipinnate ; leaves brown,
unequally 2-lobed, superior lobes roundish, the inferior minute,
obovate, saccate ; stipules ovate, emarginate. (Tab. v. Fig. 1.)
LIGHTF. Fl. Scot. 782. HOOK. Scot. ii. 118. J. tamariscina,
Eng. Bot. t. 2481 — Dill. Muse. t. 72. f. 31,

Hob. On rocks and heaths, common; and sometimes on
trunks of trees in woods, in tufts of a dark brown co-
lour.

The stem is slender, branched in a pinnated manner, de-
cumbent or often nearly erect, but scarcely ever creeping.
It appears never to produce fruit in this neighbourhood.
It is probably the J. tamariscifolia of WITHERING, who,
however, has mixed up its description with that of the fol-
lowing species.

2. J. dilatata, stem creeping, matted, irregularly branched ;
leaves alternate, unequally 2-lobed, lobes entire, roundish; sti-
pules rounded, plane, emarginate ; fruit terminal ; calyx com-
pressed, minutely tuberculate, and puckered at the mouth. (Tab. v.
Fig. 2.) WITH. iii. 1074. LIGHTF. Scot. 781. HOOK. Scot. ii.
118. J. tamariscifolia, Eng. Bot. t. 1086. Dill. Muse. t. 72, f. 27.
Loud. Encyclop. No. 14998.

Hal. On trees, in circular dense patches of a reddish or
purplish-brown colour, common. Spring.

The stems are slender, and the specific name has reference

CRYPTOGAMIA— HEPATIC^. 59

to a slight dilatation of the extremities of the branches,
which is scarcely obvious even to a practised eye.

3. J. platyphylla, stem appressed, flattened, pinnate; leaves
imbricate, distichous, unequally 2-lobed, entire, superior lobe large,
roundish, inferior ones and the stipules ligulate ; fruit lateral. (Tab.
v. f. 3.) LIGHTF. Scot. 784. WITH. iii. 1075. HOOK. Scot. ii.
117. Eng. Bot. t. 798. Loud. Encyclop. No. 14987. Dill. Muse.
t. 72, f. 3?, 33.

Hab. At the roots of trees, and on rocks in woods, in im-
bricate patches of a dull deep-green colour.

The leaves are minutely areolar, and of a soft thickish tex-
ture. Their true form is detected with difficulty.

•j- -j- Leaves bifarious ; stem plane.

4. J. trilobata, stem creeping, ascending, more or less branched ;
leaves bifarious, imbricated above and convex, ovate, the apex 3-
toothed ; stipules large, subquadrate, coarsely crenate. HOOK.
Scot. ii. 116. (Tab. v. f. 21.)

Hab. Shaded woods. In the woods at Murton Craigs.

One of the largest species, approaching J. asplenioides in size
and habit. The stem throws out, from the under side,
numerous long filiform threads, which, besides the radicle
fibres, are clothed with minute and distant leaves, much
like those of J. bicuspidata, except that they are 3-toothed.
The structure of the proper leaves is pre-eminently beau-
tiful. Their cellular tissue forms a fine lace-work, the mi-
niature meshes of which are somewhat circular, and each
ornamented with a few spots or beads in their centre.

5. J. bidentata^ stem creeping, sparingly branched; leaves 2-
rowed, adnate, subquadrangular, the apex widely bifid ; stipules
laciniate ; fruit terminal : calyx oblong. (Tab. v. fig. 4.) L.IGHTF.
Scot. 774. WITH. iii. 1065. Eng. Bot. t. 606. HOOK. Scot, ii,
116. GREV. Fl. Edin. 277- t. 1, f. 34. Dill. Muse. t. 70, f. 11.
and 12.

Hab. Mossy banks, woods, &c., very common. Spring.

This species may often be observed creeping over the fronds
of Peltidea canina. It is, in exposed situations, of a pale

60 CRYPTOGAMIA— HEPATIC^.

yellow or straw colour, but in shaded woods, often of a
grass-green : — the effect of shade in this instance, and on
cryptogamous plants in general, being the reverse of that
produced in phanogamous plants.

6. J. Trichomanis, stem creeping, simple or sparingly branched ;
leaves 2-rowed, adnate, semi-ovate, entire or slightly emarginate ;
stipules semilunate ; fruit lateral. (Tab. v. Fig. 5.) LIGHTF. Scot.
769. HOOK. Scot. ii. 116. J. scalaris, WITH. iii. 1065. Dill.
Muse. t. 31, f. 5. and 6.

Hob. On mossy rocks, and in tufts of Sphagna, frequent.

Depressed, grass-green, with obtuse leaves overlapping at
their edges ; but the variety found in tufts of Sphagna
and other bog-mosses, resembles the preceding in the straw
colour of its leaves, which are more widely set, more acute,
and of a looser texture. Our figure is taken from this va-
riety, which, in Berwickshire, is by much the commonest.
The apex of the stem is sometimes lengthened out, and
terminated with a cluster of pulverulent buds.

7. J. heterophylla, stem creeping, branched ; leaves 2-rowed, ad-
nate, subquadrangular, entire, or obtusely emarginate ; stipules
divided in 2-4 segments ; fruit terminal ; calyx ovate. (Tab. v. f.
6.) SPRENG. Syst. Veg. iv. 224. Loud. Encyclop. No. 14980.

Hob. On the decayed stumps of trees. Our specimens
were gathered by the Rev. A. Baird in the woods about
Twizel. Winter.

Closely allied to J. Udentata, of which some have considered
it a variety. The stipules are small, and not shewn in our
figure, which is taken from a front view. The habitat
above given is, perhaps, the most northern in which it has
been found in this country, for J. heterophylla has not as
vet been introduced into the Flora Scotica.

•f- f -f- Leaves clasping the stem.

8. T. barbata, stem creeping or erect, simple or branched near
the top ; leaves 2-rowed, vertical, inclining to one side, subqua-
drate, waved, and three or four lobed ; stipules laciniate, some of
the segments toothed. (Tab. v. f. 7.) HOOK. Scot. ii. 116. SPRENG.
Syst. Veg. iv. 223. Loud. Encycl. No. 14983.
3

CRYPTOGAMIA—HEPATICJE. 61

Hob. In bogs on moors, sometimes growing in level-topped
tufts, and sometimes intermixed with Sphagna and Di-
cranum glaucum : or in deans intermixed with Dicranum
scoparium. Winter.

The stems are often 1| inch long, filiform, and generally
branched near the top, the branches spreading and few in
number. The leaves vary from a brownish colour to a
deep grass-green, and, in the specimens examined by us,
were always cut at the end into 3 equal acute segments.
A variety more slender, and of a deeper brown colour, is
sometimes met with, in depressed patches, on heath-co-
vered rocks. Fig. b.

9. J. scalaris, stem ascending, simple ; leaves patent, alternate,
round, concave, entire ; " stipules broadly subulate ; fruit termi-
nal : calyx immersed in the leaves." (Tab. v. fig. 8.) HOOK.
Scot.il 115.

Hob. On heaths, very common. Nov.

When growing in bogs, I have seen the stems rather more
than an inch high, but in a drier situation they are much
less. The species is very common on moors, growing in
patches, or intermixed with other mosses.

* * Leafy and exstipulate.
•f- Leaves %-lobed, the segments unequal, conduplicate.

10. J. nemorosa, stem erect, dichotomous or simple ; leaves 2-
rowed, patent, convex, toothed, the lobes unequal, the larger
ovate, the smaller somewhat heart-shaped ; fruit terminal ; calyx
oblong, incurved, compressed, (Tab. v. f. 9.) HOOK. Scot. iii. 114.
S. purpurea, LIGIITF. Scot. 778. Eng. Bot. t. 1023, and J. resu-
pinata, t. 2437.

Hob. On banks and in woods, often intermixed with Dicra-
num scoparium, in tufts of a brownish green. Winter.

The lobes of the leaves are sometimes tipped with pulveru-
lent clusters of buds.

1 1. J. undulata, stem erect, simple or sub-dichotomous, rigid ;
leaves 2-rowed, patent, convex, the lobes unequal, roundish, some-
what waved, entire or nearly so ; calyx oblong ; fruit terminal.

62 CRYPTOGAMIA— HEPATIC^.

(Tab. v. f. 10.) HOOK. Scot. ii. 114. WITH. iii. 1069. LIGHTF.
Scot. 776. Eng. Sot. t. 2251.

Hob. On moist rocks, by the sides of streams, and in bogs
on moors.

Stem nearly 2 inches high, woody, purplish-brown, almost
always simple. Leaves alternate, unilateral, brownish, the
concave side looking downwards, small at the base of the
stalk, and increasing in size towards the top. Some of the
leaves, those near the top in particular, are occasionally
serrated.

12. J. albicanS) stems ascending, somewhat branched ; leaves 2-
rowed, the lobes very unequal, marked with a pellucid mesial
line ; the larger oblong, toothed near the apex, the smaller oval ;
fruit terminal ; calyx cyHndraceous, with a contracted pellucid
aperture. (Tab. v. f. 11.) WITH. iii. 1070. LIGHTF. Scot. 777.
HOOK. Scot. ii. 114. Eng. Bot. t. 2240. Loud. Encyclop. No.
14965. Dill. Muse. t. 71, f. 20.

Hab. Shaded banks in woods, and on heaths, common.
Winter.

The leaves are of a rather thick and close texture, and in ge-
neral of a dark grass-green, or brownish colour, so that the
specific name appears inapplicable, unless it has some re-
ference to some change induced by decay, or to the whitish
line which runs through each leaf, an appearance produced
by a greater laxity of the cellular texture of the part.

13. J. complanata, stems creeping, matted, branched ; leaves
biserial, imbricate, unequally 2 lobed, entire, superior lobe round-
ed, the lower ovate, appressed ; fruit terminal ; calyx oblong, with
a truncate, entire aperture, (Tab. v. f. 12.) WITH. iii. 1073.
LIGHTF. Scot. 780 HOOK. Scot. ii. 115. Eng. Bot. t. 2499. Dill
Muse. t. 72, f. 26.

Hab. On trees in pale or yellow green patches, common.

-|- -f- Leaves simple^ undivided.

14. J. asplenioides, stem ascending, simple or sparingly branched ;
leaves large, alternate, bifarious, adnate, broadly ovate, obtuse,
toothed ; fruit terminal and lateral : calyx oblong, with a trun-

CRYPTOGAMIA— HEPATIC^. 63

cate, subciliate mouth. (Tab. v. f. 13.) WITH. iii. 1064. LIGHTF.
Scot. 771. HOOK. Scot. ii. 112. Dill. Muse. t. 69 f. 5 and 6.
Hob. On shaded banks, and in deans, common.

The largest and finest of our species. The leaves are often
only partially toothed, and not rarely quite entire.

15. J". lanceolata^ stem creeping, prostrate, plane; leaves 2-
rowed, semi-amplexicaul, ovate, entire ; fruit terminal ; calyx ob-
long-pearshaped, cut. (tab. v. f. 14.) LIGHTF. Scot. 773. HOOK.
Scot. ii. 112. Dill. Muse. t. 70, f. 10.

Hob. On shaded banks, amongst Jungermannia epiphylla and
Marchantia polymorpha, producing fruit in winter.

This, in habit, comes near J. trichomanes, but the leaves are
greener, more dense in structure, and exstipulate.

•f- -j- -J- Leaves simple, the apex more or less cleft.

16. J. emarginata, stem erect, slender, simple; leaves 2-rowed,
loosely imbricate, patent, obcordate, concave, emarginate. (Tab.
v. Fig. 15.)— HOOK. Scot. ii. 112.

Hob. Heathy deans, on moist rocks, in tufts of a dark red-
dish-brown colour. Longridge Dean. Rocks at Ord-
wheel.

The stems are scarcely an inch in height ; the leaves brown,
and minutely areolar. The specimens of J. emarginata, /3.
preserved in MOUGEOT and NESTLER'S Stirpes Cryptogamce,
are larger in every way than ours, and of a lighter brown
colour; while those of J. Funckii are smaller, and the leaves,
perhaps, more deeply divided at the apex. In other re-
spects, the lattef" very closely resemble our specimens, but
the species is not a native of Britain.

17. J. ventricosa, stem creeping, prostrate, somewhat branched ;
leaves 2-rowed, patent, square, concave, obtusely and broadly
emarginated ; fruit terminal ; calyx oblong, the mouth contract-
ed, plicated, toothed. (Tab. v. Fig. 16.) — HOOK. Scot. ii. 1 13. ;
Loud. Encyclop. No. 14950.

Hob. On heaths intermixed with lichens.

The horns of the leaves are often tipt with a cluster of little
4

64 CRYPTOGAMIA— HEPATIC^.

globular bodies, which, I presume, are analogous to the
buds of phanogamous plants.

18. J. excisa, stem nearly simple, slender; leaves distant, pa-
tent, subquadrate, deeply emarginated; fruit terminal; calyx
oblong, the mouth plicate, toothed. (Tab. v. Fig. 17.) — HOOK.
Scot. ii. 113.

Hob. In marshes on heaths, intermixed with other Junger-
manniae, plentiful. Winter.

Approaches the following species, but is a stouter plant, and
much closer in its texture.

19. J. bicuspidata, stems procumbent, very slender, branched;
leaves small, distant, alternate, patent, concave, the apex deeply
divided into 2 equal acute segments ; fruit terminal. (Tab. v. Fig.
18.)— LIGHTF. Scot. 775; WITH. iii. 1068; HOOK. Scot. ii. 113;
Lond. Encyclop. No. 14952.

Hob. On shaded banks, either in patches or straggling
amongst other mosses, common.

Whole plant very loosely cellular.

20. J. connivens, stem slender, creeping, radicant, irregularly
branched ; leaves 2-rowed, small, loosely cellular, deeply lunated,
the points converging ; fruit on short branches near the base ;
calyx oblong-ovate, the mouth ciliated.— HOOK. Scot. ii. 113. ;
GREV. Fl. Edin. 274.

Hab. Marshes and moist heathy rocks. Murton Craigs. Nov.

There is no figure given of this species, for the plate was
engraved before the plant came under our notice. It much
resembles J. bicuspidata.

21. J. pusilla, stem creeping, radicular, branched; leaves 2-
rowed, horizontal, square, undulate, very obtusely toothed : fruit
terminal ; calyx campanulate ; capsule spherical, bursting irregu-
larly. (Tab. v. Fig. 19.)— HOOK. Scot. ii. 114; Loud. Encyclop.
No. 14,958.

Hab. Moist clayey banks and fields, flowering late in au-
tumn.

Grows in patches of a pleasant green colour. The fruitstalk

CRYPTOGAMIA— HEPATIC^. 65

is very short, and seems to arise out of little branches
which bud from the main stalk.

22. J. byssacea, stems very slender, filiform, depressed ; leaves
2-rowed, very small, alternate, erecto-patent, the apex divided into
two equal segments ; fruit terminal. (Tab. v. Fig. 20.)— HOOK.
Scot. ii. 113.

Hob. Elevated heaths in exposed situations, in brown
patches. Dirrington Law, Berwickshire.

Our specimens have smaller leaves than those preserved in
MOUGEOT and NESTLER'S useful collection; and they lie
so close to the stem, that only a few of them can be seen
to be bifid. It approaches very near to J. oicuspidata.

•J- Frond broad.

23. J. epiphylla, fronds procumbent, imbricate, obsoletely ribbed,
smooth above, tomentose beneath, the margin waved and often
sinuated ; fruit arising from the superior part of the frond near
the apex; calyptra exserted — LIGHTF. Scot. 788; WITH. iii.
1061 ; HOOK. Scot. ii. 118; DILL. Muse. t. 74. f. 41.

Hob. On wet dripping rocks, and moist shady banks by the
sides of rivulets, common, and generally intermixed with
Marchantia polymorpha. Spring.

" This plant has the habit of a MarcTiantia, but of a more
tender substance, pellucid, and tesselated. The leaves are
about half an inch broad, and lie flat upon the ground, are
smooth, and of a light green colour on the upper side, di-
vided in the middle by a black line or nerve ; which, on the
under side, emits numerous downy radicles, by which the
plant adheres closely to the ground. Each leaf is divided
into two or three obtuse or round segments, a little sinua-
ted and crisped on the edges. From the centre of the
leaves, out of a red (purple) calyx, arises a short, cylindrU
cal sheath, with a quadrifid rim, out of which grows a pel-
lucid, tubular, silvery, tender peduncle, about 2 inches
high, bearing at the top a globular capsule, of a blackish-
green colour, which bursts into 4 roundish-oval, smooth
segments, in the centre of which are black, elastic hairs,
exploding a yellowish brown powder."— Such is LIGHT-

IW CRYPTOGAMIA— HEPATICdS.

FOOT'S happy description, copied, as was his custom, in part
from DILLENIUS. It is to be regretted that the original
descriptions of the former botanist are so few, for, in that
department, he was only inferior to LINNAEUS, and has not,
I think, been equalled by any of his successors.

24. J. pinguis, frond oblong, irregularly branched or nearly
simple, nerveless, smooth, thickish, crisp, dark- green ; fruit arising
from the underside near the margin ; calyx very short, the mouth
dilated, fimbriated ; calyptra exserted, oblong-cylindrical, smooth.
— LIGHTF. Scot. 789; HOOK. Scot. ii. 118; DILL. Muse. t. 74.
f. 42.

Hah. In bogs on moors, intermixed with mosses, frequent.

•f- •}• Frond narrow.

25. J. multifida, frond decumbent, pinnatifid, nerveless, plane,
succulent ; fruit marginal, calyx very short, the mouth dilated,
fimbriate — WITH. iii. 1063; HOOK. Scot. ii. 118; DILL. Muse.
t. 74, f. 43.

Hob. Moist clay banks, on decayed stumps of trees, in
patches of a dark green. Dodd's-well. New-water-haugh
wood. Spring.

26. J. furcata, frond prostrate, linear, obtuse, dichotomous, mem-
branous, ribbed, smooth above, more or less hairy beneath ; fruit
arising from the lower surface of the nerve ; calyx 2-lobed, con-
duplicate, ciliated at the margin; calyptra obovate, hispid —
LIGHTF. Scot. 791 ; WITH. iii. 1062 ; HOOK. Scot. ii. 118; DILL.
Muse. t. 74, f. 45.

Hab. Trunks of trees and rocks, and sometimes on stone
walls in shaded places, in green matted patches. Spring.

Thin and reticulated ; the margins entire, somewhat waved.

27. «7. pubesccns, frond prostrate, linear, obtuse, dichotomous,
membranaceous, ribbed, pubescent in every part.— HOOK. Scot.
ii. 119.

Hab. On shaded rocks, rare. In Dulaw Dean.
Very like the preceding, from which, however, it is distin-

CRYPTOGAMIA—HEPATIC.E. ill

guished, even at a distance, by the grey shade of its
patches.

36. ANTHOCEROS.

1. A. punctatus, leaves frondose, appressed, crisped and crenate,
forming circular patches ; fruitstalks with a tubular entire sheath
at the base, smooth, green, awlshaped — WITH. iii. 10$6 ; SPRENG.
Syst. Veg. iv. 236; DILL. Muse. 476. t. 68. f. 1.

Hob. Corn fields with a peat soil, about Gavington, Ber-
wickshire, Mr Thomas Brown. Autumn.

The leaves form depressed circles about the size of a shilling,
and of a fine pellucid grass-green colour, adhering to the
soil by radical fibres which pullulate from the whole lower
surface. The frond is thickish, fleshy, and gummy when
cut or torn. The fruitstalk, in our specimens, is about an
inch in length, several arising from the same plant. —
Sprengel says it is to be found " per omnem terrarum or-
bem ;" a remark which may be true, but scarcely warrant-
ed by what was known at the period of the publication of
his laborious and excellent work. It is now, for the first
time, described as a native of Scotland, and the merit of
its discovery is due to my young and zealous friend Mr
THOMAS BROWN, son of the Rev. Dr BROWN of Langton.

37. MARCHANTIA.

1. M. polymorpha, " receptacle of the capsules deeply cut in a
stellated manner into about 10 narrow segments, that of the an-
thers pedunculated." — LIGHTF. Scot. 793; WITH. iii. 1081;
HOOK. Scot. ii. 119; Eng. Bot. t. 210; DILL. Muse. t. 76, f. 6.

and t.f 77, £ 7-

Hab. On shady moist rocks, " where the sunbeams seldom
come, and where no traveller frequenteth," common ;
and sometimes in bogs.

Frond adherent, forked, plane, ribbed, coriaceous and opaque,
margin entire, apex obtuse, under surface downy, upper
surface of a grass-green colour, reticulated with minute
rhomboidal or lozenge-like scales. SPRENGEL says of this
singular moss also, that it is found " per omnem terrarum
orbem."

68 CRYPTOGAMIA— HEPATIC^).

38. RICCIA.

1. R. glauca, frond depressed, linear, dichotomous, siskin-green,
fleshy, obsoletely furrowed in the middle — LIGHTF. Scot. 779 ;
WITH. iii. 1085; HOOK. Scot. ii. 110; PURT. Mid. FL ii. 573, t.
5 ; DILL. Muse. t. 78, f. 10.

Hob. Stubble fields, on a peat soil, in circular patches about
the size of a sixpence, adhering by numerous fibres from
the under surface. About Gavington, Mr Thomas
Brown. Autumn.

ORDER VI.
LICHENES.

" But ere you enter, yon bold Tower survey,
Tall and entire, and venerably grey,
For Time has soften'd what was harsh when new,
And now the stains are all of sober hue ;
The living stains, which Nature's hand alone,
Profuse of life, pours forth upon the stone;
For ever growing ; where the common eye
Can but the bare and rocky bed descry :
There Science loves to trace her tribes minute,
The juiceless foliage, and the tasteless fruit;
There she perceives them round the surface creep,
And while they meet, their due distinctions keep ;
kix'd but not blended ; each its name retains,
And these are Nature's ever-during stains."

CRABBK.

OBS.— Lichens have no distinct roots, nor stem, nor leaves, pro-
perly so called ; and the fructification proceeds immediately from
the //OTIC/,— a term by which is designated the entire body of every
individual plant. They grow on the ground, on rocks or on
trees, in thin leprous or warted crusts, or in lobed, leaf-like, ro-
saceous patches, or in shrubby or coralloid tufts. They are peren-
nial, coriacious, rarely somewhat gelatinous, variously coloured,
densely cellular, and, when dried, revive slowly on exposure to
moisture. They vegetate chiefly in the winter months, and, dry-
ing up during summer, become less conspicuous and of little
beauty. If a lichen be smartly stricken so as to rupture its
cells, the white internal substance or parenchyma becomes green.

70 CRYPTOGAMIA— LICHENES.

This phenomenon is peculiar to the family, and appears to be
owing, according to the observations of RAMOND, to the extrava-
sation of a peculiar juice contained in the little cells. The fruc-
tification consists of tubercles, or raised letter-like lines bursting
through a crust, or of round saucer-shaped or shield-like disks,
with or without an adventitious border, and in the substance of
which disks the seeds are probably lodged. The fructification,
whatever may be its form, is termed Apothecia.

LINNAEUS included the Lichens in a single genus ; and the
first attempt to introduce, to English botanists, a better arrange,
ment, was made by the authors of the Botanist's Guide through
the counties of Northumberland and Durham, published in 1807-
They, however, gave definitions neither of the genera nor species
of the Acharian method which they adopted, — a deficiency which, so
far as the former were concerned, was well supplied in the article
Lichen, written for Dr BREWSTER'S Edinburgh Encyclopaedia by
PATRICK NEILL, Esq. — an article of much interest, and of which
I have freely availed myself. Since that time the arrangement
of ACHARIUS has been followed by all British naturalists, with
perhaps some injustice to authors of not less reputation than the
Swede, who too little regarded the labours of some of his prede-
cessors. WAHLENBERG complains of this openly (Fl. Lap. p. 400.),
and HOFFMAN and DE CANDOLLE had not less reason of com-
plaint. The French and Germans still, I believe, decline to
adopt the method of ACHARIUS, but, in a local Flora of this kind,
it would be injudicious to depart from established custom, al-
though the names of others have the claim of priority, and al-
though 1 feel persuaded that the genera might with propriety be
reduced in their numbers.

Apothecia saucer-shaped or peltate, with a raised border, (In age
the disk sometimes becomes convex, so that the apothecice resemble a
tubercle, but the border is permanent, and always distinguishable. )

•\ Frond foliaceous or crustaceous, oppressed or adnate.

9. PEL TIDE A. Frond foliaceous, spreading, lobed, with woolly
veins beneath. Apothecia roundish, terminating the lobes,
superior, the border thin, and formed from the frond.

CRYPTOGAMIA— LICHENES. 71

40. NEPHROMA. Frond foliaceous, spreading, lobed, naked or

villous beneath. Apothecia roundish, terminating the lobes,
inferior, surrounded by an elevated inflexed margin.

41. STICTA. Frond foliaceous, spreading, lobed, pubescent be-

neath, and marked with white round naked spots. Apothecia
scattered, shield-like, fixed by a central point, the border
formed from the frond.

42. CETRARIA. Frond foliaceous, ascending or spreading, lobed,

naked on both sides. Apothecia obliquely adnate with the
margin, shield-like, the border inflexed, derived from the
frond.

43. COLLEMA, Frond foliaceous, lobed, depressed, subgelatinous,

coriaceous when dry. Apothecia scattered, shield-like, form-
ed from the substance of the frond.

44. BORRERA. Frond depressed, laciniate, the segments free,

channelled beneath, and ciliate at the margin. Apothecia
saucerlike, scattered, the border formed from the frond.

45. PARMELIA. Frond foliaceous, lobed, appressed, spreading

circularly, fibrous beneath. Apothecia saucer-like, subses-
sile, scattered, the border formed from the frond.

46. LECAXORA. Frond crustaceous, spreading circularly, adnate,

plane. Apothecia saucer-like, sessile, with a thickish bor-
der formed from the crust.

47. LECIDEA. Frond crustaceous, spreading, adnate and uniform.

Apothecia saucer-like or tubercle-like, sessile, with a raised
border of the same nature and colour as the disk.

•j* •}• Frond divided into branch-like segments, plane.

48. EVERNIA. Frond suberect or pendulous, with a central fila-

ment within. Apothecia shield-like, sessile, the disk con-
cave, coloured, the border formed from the frond.

40. HAMALIXA. Frond erect or pendulous, fibrous, and nearly
solid within. Apothecia shield-like, subpedicellate, plane,
wholly formed from the substance of the frond.

72 CRYPTOGAMIA— LICHENES.

•(• 1 1" Shrubby, the branches cylindrical or filiform.

50. CORNICULARIA. Frond erect, branched, fibrous, and nearly

solid within. Apothecia terminal, obliquely peltate, at
length convex, somewhat inflated, the border toothed.

51. ALECTORIA. Frond pendulous or prostrate, much branched,

the branches filiform, fibrous and somewhat fistulose with-
in. Apothecia shield-like, thick, sessile, wholly formed
from the frond.

52. USNEA. Frond mostly pendulous, much branched, furnished

within with a bundle of elastic fibres. Apothecia terminal,
peltate, often ciliate at the border, wholly formed from the
frond.

* * Apothecia coloured tubercles terminating the branches, or raised on
a stalk.

53. CENOMYCE. Frond either branched, shrubby, and fistular, or

depressed, foliaceous, and lobed, with erect, somewhat hol-
low stalks, cupped at the top. Apothecia — coloured tuber-
cles on the tips of the branches, or clustered on the mar-
gins of the cups.

54. SPH^EROPHORON. Frond shrubby, branched, solid. Apothecia

covered with the substance of the frond, bursting irregu-
larly, and containing a black pulverulent mass.

55. BCEOMYCES. Frond crustaceous, spreading, adnate. Apothecia

solid tubercles terminating a short, solid, simple stalk.

56. ISIDIUM. Frond crustaceous, plane, spreading, adnate. Apo-

thecia on very short solid stalks, the disk somewhat im-
mersed, having a border formed from the substance of the
stalk.

* * * Apothecia in the form of waved orflexuose lines.

57. GTROPHORA. Frond foliaceous, peltate, mostly monophyl-

lous, free beneath. Apothecia subscuteliform, sessile or ad*
nate, covered with a black cartilaginous membrane, the
disk warty, or plaited in circles, and bordered,

CRYPTOGAMIA— LICHENES. 77*

.M>. OPEGRAPHA. Frond crustaceous, thin, adnate. Apotheciu
linear, black, sessile or somewhat immersed, having a lon-
gitudinal and mesial cleft.

r>D. ARTHONIA. Frond crustaceous, thin, adnate. Apothecia ses^
sile or somewhat immersed, of an irregular roundish figure,
without a border.

* * * * Apothecia, tubercular or granular p, sessile , sometimes perforated
on the apex.

(H. SPILOMA. Frond crustaceous, thin, adnate, uniform. Apo-
thccia composed of minute bodies collected into a compact
granular coloured mass.

(>L VARIOLARIA. Frond crustaceous, plane, spreading, adnate,
uniform. Apothecia wart-like, formed from the crust, gra-
nular, submarginate, white, including a naked nucleus.

(>"2, \TERRUCARIA. Frond crustaceous, thin, adnate. Apothecin,
hemispherical, somewhat immersed, furnished with a mi-
nute prominent orifice.

C"$. PORIXA. Frond crustaceous, tuberculated, adnate, Apothe-
cia imbedded in the tubercles, and opening by an obvious
pore.

(') L I^XDOCARPOX. Frond crustaceous, adnate, of some determi-
nate form ; or foliaceous and peltate. Apothecia globose,
concealed in the substance of the plant, surrounded by a
thin membrane, furnished with a slightly prominent ori-
fice, and containing a nucleus.

* * * * * Lichens destitute of Apothecia^ and whose fructification is
unknown.

<)">. LEPRARIA. Frond a pulverulent and fibrous crust, spread-
ing, adnate, uniform.

39. PELTIDEA.

1. jP» canine, frond broad, irregularly lobed, bluish-grey, wrink-
led, beneath white, with prominent woolly veins, fibrous ; apothecia

74 CRYPTOGAMIA— LICHENES.

roundish, deep orange-brown with a buff border, ascending, and
often revolute. HOOK. Scot. ii. 60. Lichen caninus, WITH. iv.
74. LIGHTF. Scot. 845. E-ng. Sot. t. 2299. Peltigera canina,
xSpRENG. Syst. Veg. iv. 305. DILL. Muse. t. 27- f. 102.

Hab. On grassy banks, heaths, and about the roots of old
trees, common.

The frond is a large leather-like irregularly lobed leaf, wrin-
kled, and generally furfuraceous on the upper surface,
loosely adherent to the ground by the long subulate pro-
cesses which proceed from the veins beneath. The shields
are large, plane or revolute, " shaped like the human nail."
The powder of the dried plant was celebrated by Dr MEAD
as a certain cure for canine madness. The history and
receipt may be seen at length in the wtirk of DILLENITJS.

2. P. rufescens, frond even, reddish-brown, irregularly lobed,
beneath fawn-coloured, downy, scarcely reticulate ; lobes rounded,
with reverted edges ; apothecia deep reddish-brown, plane, thin,
revolute, with a buff entire border. WINCH Guide, ii. 61. P. ca-
nina,) var. rufescens, HOOK. Scot. ii. 60. Lichen rufescens, WITH.
iv. 76. Eng. Bot. t. 2300.

Hab. On earth-capt dikes, banks, &c., not uncommon.

The under surface of this species is almost equally covered
with a buff-coloured short down, without any subulate pro-
cesses. The shields are on short lobes, and numerous.

3. P' spuria, glaucous-green, smooth, beneath white, with
brownish inosculating veins ; apothecia on narrow elongate lobes,
revolute, umber-brown. Loud. Encyclop. No. 15611. MOUG. and
NEST. 837. DILL. Muse. t. 28. f. 108.

Hab. On heathy ground, not common. Sea banks near
Berwick.

Our specimens agree precisely with those in the work of
MOUGEOT and NESTLER, and with specimens from ACHA-
mus, in the herbarium of Mr WINCH. It is a small spe-
cies, pushing forth numerous narrow oblong lobes, each
terminated with the involute shield. The under surface
is scarcely pubescent, white, reticulated with slightly raised
brownish veins. This and the preceding are probably
merely different states of the first species*

CRYPTOGAMIA— LICHENES. 75

40. NEPHROMA.

1. A. resupinata, " coriaceous, creeping, lobed, brown ; shields
marginal, on the under side of the frond." HOOK. Scot. ii. 61.
Lichen resupinatus, LIGHTF. Scot. 813. WITH. iv. JT. Eng. Bot.
t. 305. Peltigera resupmata^ SPRENG. Syst. Veg. iv. 305. DILL.
Muse. t. 28. f. 105.

JIab. On trees in woods. Penmanshiel-wood. Wood above
the Retreat, in which it may also be found on loose
stones.

The lobes are imbricated, rounded, depressed, smooth ; fawn-
coloured, and uneven beneath. Shields subcircular, saucer-
like, brownish-orange. The figure in Eng. Bot. is too
green.

41. STICTA.

1. S. scrobiculata, suborbicular, leafy, deeply lobed; lobes round-
ed, crenate, pitted, greenish-grey, with mealy warts; beneath
buff-orange, downy, spotted with white ; " shields small, scatter-
ed, tawny." HOOK. Scot. ii. 59. Lichen scrobiculatus, WITH. iv.
64. LIGHTF. Scot. 850. Eng. Bot. t. 497. DILL. Muse. t. 29.
f. 114.

Hab. On mossy rocks in moors, not uncommon, and iii
woods on trees. Rawse Castle, N. Penmanshiel-wood.
Wooded banks of the Dye above Longformacus, &c.

Is. RAUD is commemorated by DILLENIUS as having first
found this fine lichen in England. It is a subcircular
deeply lobed coriaceous leaf, oiten as large as a man's hand,
fixed near the centre, but free and somewhat raised at the
edges. When moist, as WAHLENBERG remarks, it is of a
remarkable leaden colour, but becomes paler when dried.
The upper surface is studded more or less with farina-
ceous tubercles, which often run into waved or circular
lines ; and the under one is curiously spotted with bare
white elevations. The shields are very rarely found.

2. .V. pulmonaria, broad, irregularly and deeply lobed, greenish-
grey, deeply pitted, reticulated, more or less roughened with fa-
rinaceous lines, beneath pubescent, tawny, spotted. HOOK. Scot.

D2

70 t'KYPTOGAMIA— LICHENES.

ii. 58. Lichen pulmonarius, LIGHTF. Scot. 831. WITH. iv. 59.
DILL. Musc.t. 29. f. 113.

flab. On the trunks of moss-grown trees. On the ash, at
Lorigformacus, with the preceding.

Has no tendency to grow, like the scrobiculata, in a circular
manner, and readily distinguished from it by the remark-
able character of the upper surface, — reticulated with large
inosculating wrinkles, which form the boundaries of deep
intermediate pits. The ancients used it to cure coughs,
asthmas, and other disorders of the lungs, probably from
some fancied resemblance between it and the marbled co-
lour of those organs.

42. CETRARIA.

1. C. islandica, vipper surface chestnut-brown, paler beneath.
HOOK. Scot. ii. 58. Lichen islandicus, LIN. Fl. Lap. 354. LIGHTF.
Scot. 829. WITH. iv. 58. Eng. Bot. t. 1330. Parmelia islandica,
SPRENG. Syst. Veg. iv. 280. DILL. Muse. t. 28. f. 111.

Hab. Upland moors. Lamberton moor, plentiful.

Frond 2-3 inches high, suberect, plane, irregularly branched
and lobed, smooth, and somewhat glossy, pitted, chestnut or
yellowish -brown, paler beneath ; margin ciliate, with short
spinous processes. The little circular pits are coated,
more or less, with a white granular powder.

A decoction of this lichen has been much recommended in
pectoral and consumptive complaints ; and in the northern
parts of Europe, it is extensively used as an article of diet.
In Iceland, immense quantities are annually gathered, part-
ly for exportation to this and other countries, and partly
for home consumption. The natives extract the bitter ami
purging principles of the lichen by steeping it in water ;
then they dry and reduce it to powder, which they eat
made into cakes, or boiled with milk. HENDERSON, in his
Tour through Iceland, tells us, that a porridge made of it,
is, to a foreigner, not only the most wholesome, but the
most palatable of all the articles of Icelandic diet. The
Saxon Government have published a report, in which they
recommend it to be used in making bread in those districts
where flour is scarce. "• In this report, we are informed,
that 6 pounds and 22 loths of lichen meal boiled with four-
teen times its quantity of water, and baked in this state
with 59£lb. of flour, produced 11 H Ib. of good household

CRYPTOGAMIA— LICHENES. 77

bread. Without this addition, the flour would not have
produced more than 78f Ib. of bread; consequently, this
addition of 6 Ib. and 22 loths of lichen meal has occasion-
ed an increase of 32 f of good bread. It is known, that
3 Ib. of flour yield 4 Ib. of household bread. One Ib. of
lichen meal, added in the form of paste, gives an addition
of nearly 6 Ib., and therefore is equivalent in this view
to about 3 1 Ib. of flour, because it affords above 3-J times
more bread than this. But at present nearly all the Ice-
land moss collected in Germany is sent thiough Ham-
burgh to England, where it is used in brewing, and in the
composition of ship-biscuit, as it is said biscuit which con-
tains it as a constituent part is not attacked by worms,
and suffers little from the action of sea-water. This li-
chen, when deprived of its bitter principle, forms an ex-
cellent soup, and when coagulated, a good jelly ; and it
has been recommended in this prepared state as an excel-
lent substitute for sago, salop, and even for chocolate." —
Edin. Phil. Journ. iii. 414. See also Mr NEILI/S paper on
Lichens, p. 737, .for some interesting particulars.

2. C. glauca, depressed, membranous, thin, irregularly lobed,
greyish-white, beneath black and glossy. HOOK. Scot. ii. 57- Li-
chcn glaucns, LIGHTF. Scot. 838. WITH. iv. 57. Eng. Bot. t. 160t>.
Parmclia glauca, SPREXG. Syst. Veg. iv. 283.

Hab. On stones in moors and on heather. Lamberton

moor.

The fronds form loose ' straggling <tufts, are thin and mem-
branous, irregularly lobed, the lobes ascending, laciniate
and curled, greyish-white, smooth, and somewhat glossy
above, but beneath very glossy black, wrinkled, the ends
of the lobes chestnut-brown.

43. COLLEMA.

1. C. crispum, blackish-green, circular, the disk granular or
warted, lobes of the circumference rounded, radiating, foliaceous,
cut and irregularly raised. GREV. Fl. Edin. 350.

Hab. On rocks at Hudshead, at a part where the water
trickles down in wet weather.

^ The different size of the central and external lobes is the
most obvious character." — GREVILLE. The diameter of

7« CRYPTOGAMIA— LICHENES.

each patch is about an inch, but two or three often grow1
in contact. Our specimens have no apothecia.

2. C. melcenum,) " orbicular, substellate, imbricated ; lobes torn
and laciniate, with raised, waved, crisped and crenulate margins ;
fructification marginal, plane, similar in colour to the frond, with
the border granulated." HOOK. Scot. ii. 71. GREV. Fl. Edin. 350.
Lichen marginalis, Eng. Bot. t. 1924.

Hob. On shaded walls near Berwick, growing with mosses,
plentiful.

Grows in subcircular thick patches of a blackish-green colour,
very conspicuous and somewhat gelatinous in moist wea-
ther. The apothecia are rather large, and, in all the spe-
cimens we have seen, of a brown colour.

3. C. nigrum, " frond crustaceous, roundish, brown-black, lobes
of the circumference cut and crenate, the central granular ; apo-
thecia becoming convex, black-edged.*9 — Loud. Encyclop. No.
15668.

Hab. On the ground in firm gravelly places, and on shaded
walls with the preceding. Sandstone quarry at Huds-
head. Footpath near the Old-Castle.

Our specimen precisely resembles that of C. nigrum preser-
ved in MOUGEOT and NESTLER'S collection. The patches
which it forms are thinner than those of the preceding ;
and the apothecia are much smaller and much more nu-
merous, convex, and of a dull brown colour.

44. BORRERA.

1. B.furfuracea, upper surface ash-grey, farinaceous ; the under
very black. HOOK. Scot. ii. 56. Lichen furfuraceus, LIGHTF.
Scot. 832. WITH. iv. 60. Eng. Bot. t. 984. Parmelia furfur acea>
SPRENG. Syst. Veg. iv. 281. DILL. Muse. t. 21. f. 52.

Hab. On the wall of Chillingham Park at Rawse Castle,
plentiful.

The fronds grow loosely, spreading or decumbent," in large
roundish tufts, and are much branched ; the branches li-
near, dichotomous, convex above, and of a nearly ash-grey
colour, beneath channelled, wrinkled and black, the apices
being reddish-orange ; the apothecia were not observed,

CRYPTOGAMIA— LICHENES. 7?>

2. B. ciliaris, upper surface greenish-glaucous-grey ; the under
snow-white. HOOK. Scot. ii. 56. Lichen ciliaris, LIGHT F. Scot.
828. WITH. iv. 60. Eng. Bot. t. 1352. DILL. Muse. t. 20. f. 45.

Hob. On rocks slightly covered with earth, and trunks of
trees. Lamberton-Moor.

Frond somewhat depressed, dirty brown when dry, roughish,
branched, segments linear, pinnatifid, ciliate at the margins,
beneath channelled, wrinkled and white.

3. B. tenella, greyish-white on both sides, somewhat furfura-
ceous. HOOK. Scot* ii. 56. Lichen tenellus, WITH. iv. 61. Eng.
Bot. t. 1351. L. ciliaris ft, LIGHTF. Scot. 828. DILL. Muse. t. 20.
f. 46.

Hab» On trees, shrubs, and stone-walls, very common.

Frond depressed, circular, substellate, greyish-white; seg-
ments pinnatifid, narrow, ascending, ciliate, slightly dilated
and vaulted at the ends, or tubular. Apothecia scattered,
generally towards the centre, black, often covered with a
grey bloom, cupped, becoming plane or slightly convex,
the border white. SPRENGEL considers this a variety of
Parmella stellaris, an opinion which, whether correct or not,
shows how very closely the genera Borrera and Parmelia
are related. Their distinctive characters, indeed, appear
so trivial, that many authors discard the former genus, a cir-
cumstance which, in one view, and in one only, is to be re-
gretted, since the name was intended to commemorate a
very eminent botanist of our own country, — a tribute of
respect from a foreigner to native worth and talent.

45. PARMELIA.

* Under surface paler coloured than the upper.

1. P. olivacea, closely appressed, greenish-brown, shining ; lobes
plane, irregularly cut, rounded, tawny beneath ; " shields dark-
chestnut-olive, with an inflexed unequal margin." HOOK. Scot. ii.
52. Lichen olivaceus, LIGHTF. Scot. 819. WITH. iv. 37- Eng. Bot.
t. 2180. DILL. Muse. t. 24, f. 77, 78.

Hab. On the smooth bark of trees, common, but without
fructification.

i;<> CRYPTOGAMIA-LICHENES.

Grows in circular closely adherent patches ; the lobes plane,
broad, rather glossy, smooth, or much granulated and rug-
ged in the central parts ; under surface blackish -brown,
tawny at the edges ; tear white. A variety is occasionally
found in shaded woods of a pistachio. green colour.

2- P. parietina, imbricated, saffron-yellow ; the lobes crisped,
obtuse, paler beneath; shields reddish-orange. HOOK. Scot. ii.
32. Lichen parietinus, LIGHTF. Scot. 822. WITH. iv. 36. Enp.
Bot. t. 194. DILL. Muse. t. 24, f. 76.

Hob. On stone walls, on trees, and in hedges, where

" The yellow moss in scaly rings
Creeps round the hawthorn's prickly bough."

Very common and very conspicuous from its bright colour.
On walls the patches are always circular, but small branch,
es it encrusts in an irregular manner ; and if in the shade,
the frond acquires a tinge of green, when it becomes the
Lichen juniperinus of LIGHTFOOT. The shields are cup-
ped or saucer-like. " It is affirmed," says LIGHTFOOT, " to
dye a good yellow or orange-colour, if fixed with alum.*'
Children, in our younger days, used to dye their eggs of a
yellow colour with it at the time of Easter.

3. P. aquila, imbricated, somewhat cartilaginous, greenish -
brown; segments narrow, many-cleft, convex, those of the cir-
cumference appressed, paler beneath ; shields blackish brown.
HOOK. Scot. ii. 54. Lichen pulhts, LIGHTF. Scot. 825. L. obscu-
rus, WITH. iv. 30. L. aquilus, Eng. Bot. t. 982. DILL. Muse.
t. 24, f. 69.

Hob. On rocks at the sea-side, plentiful on many parts of
the Berwickshire coast. Hudshead, and on the Fern
Islands, N. Durham.

Grows in rather thick circular patches, adherent everywhere
to the rock, of a dull brownish-green colour when recent
and moist, but tawny-brown when dry. The segments are
narrow, paler beneath, with black fibres ; those of the cir-
cumference radiating and closely appressed. The shields
are in general very numerous, placed in and towards the
centre, saucer-like with a thickened border. In old age
the central portion frequently disappears. The figure in
Eng. Botany must have been coloured from a dry cabinet
specimen.

CRYPTOGAMIA— LICHENES. 81

4. P. stellaris) stellated, ash-grey, beneath whitish with black
fibres ; segments linear, smooth, rather convex, multifid ; shields
hoary, black, with a grey inflexed border. HOOK. Scot. ii. 55.
Lichen stellaris, LIGHTF. Scot. 824. WITH. iv. 32. Eng. Rot.
t. 1697. DILL. Muse. t. 24. f. 70.

Hob. On the trunks of trees, not uncommon.

"It forms roundish patches conspicuous for their neat radia-
ting figure, and their bright silver-grey hue, which is near-
ly the same whether wet or dry, and never assumes any
tinge of green." The figure in Eng. Bot. is very faulty in
respect of colouring : and that of DILLENIUS is scarcely
worth quoting.

* * Under surface darker coloured than the upper.

5. P. pulverulenta, imbricated, stellated, deep glaucous green,
ash-grey when dry ; segments lobed, plane, obtuse, beneath black
and fibrilose ; shields black, hoary, with a thick inflexed border.
'HooK. Scot. ii. 55. L. stellaris /S. LIGHTF. Scot. 824. Lichen
f/ubterubntnt) Eng. Bot- 1. 2003.

Ilab. On the trunks of old ash-trees in large circular patch-
es, often becoming irregular.

The frond is more or less uneven. The shields are nume-
rous and pressed against one another, at first hoary, but
this disappears, and they are then brownish-black. The
border is thick, and " as it advances in age, acquires a
scaly, and often leafy, circumference."

6. /'. sa.ratitta, imbricated, bluish-grey ; segments irregularly
t'ut and crenate, pitted, rough, beneath black, hirsute ; shields
deep reddish-brown with a granular border. HOOK. Scot.-u. 53.
Lkhrn swatiiif, LIGHTF. Scot. 816. WITH, iv, 36. Eng. Bot.
t. 603. DILL. Muse. t. 24. f. 83.

Hah. On trunks of ash-trees, and on large stones and rocks,
common.

The fronds spread circularly in a rugged imbricated manner.
Those on trees are of a bluer colour than those on stones.
The former we have not observed in fruit, the latter fre-
quently, but they are then generally rough all over with
small farinaceous tubercles. "The shields are large, cupped

D 3

82 CRYPTOGAMIA— LICHENES.

at first, becoming nearly plane, with a flexuose granular
border. The inferior edges of the segments are brown.

7. P. conspersa, imbricated, mountain-green ; segments of the
circumference radiating, cut and crenate, the centre roughened ;
under surface black ; apothecia chestnut-brown, with an even bor-
der. HOOK. Scot. ii. 55. Lichen centrifugus, LIGHTF. Scot. 814.
WITH. iv. 35. DILL. Muse. t. 24. f. 75.

Hob. Rocks, not common in Berwickshire. On rocks by
the side of the Whiteadder about the Retreat, abundant.

DILLENIUS, who gathered his specimens in Wales, was the
first to describe this lichen as a British species, in his
great work — the Historia Muscorum. The frond forms
circular patches of a considerable size, and of a pleasant
colour, variously described as whitish-green, or greenish or
greyish-yellow, but which approaches nearest to what Mr
SYME calls mountain-green. The outer segments are
closely appressed and radiating, but the centre of the
circle often consists only of minute furfuraceous leaves,
which decay first and are worn away, leaving those of
the circumference in the form of a broad circular band.
The apothecia are numerous, crowded towards the middle,
saucer-like, rather large, the margin of the same colour as
the frond, thinnish, and generally waved.

8. P. omphalodes, imbricated, purplish-brown, glazed, with white
zigzag cracks ; segments many-lobed, lobes plane, truncate, entire ;
beneath black, hirsute ; shields dark chestnut. HOOK. Scot. ii. 53.
Lichen omphalodes, LIGHTF. Scot. 818. WITH. iv. 36. WALKER'S
Essays, 191. Eng. Sot. t. 604. DILL. Muse. t. 24. f. 80.

Hab. On stones on our higher moors.

We are told by some of the older botanists, that the poor in
the counties of Derby and Lancaster, and in Wales, were
wont to dye their woollen clothes of a dull brown colour
with this lichen, but the colour was not durable. The High-
landers, and the people of the Western Islands of Scotland,
to whom it is known by the name of Crostil or Crotal,
used it much for the same purpose ; but they appear to
have obtained a better colour by steeping the lichen in
urine till it became soft and like a paste, which they form-
ed into cakes, dried them in the sun, and preserved for use.
The country people in Ireland adopted a similar custom,
which, like all other customs of the kind, has probably now

CRYPTOGAMIA— LICHENES. 83

become obsolete. To the volatile alkali P* omplmlodes im-
mediately imparts a tawny -red, and this infusion affords
one of the most indestructible of all colours. " The colour
remains after the substance that extracted it is gone ; it is
not in the least impaired by long exposure to the air ; nor
can it be either destroyed or changed by acids, alkalies, or
alcohol. A most singular property! as there is no red
dye in use that remains unaltered by these powerful li-
quors."— Dr WALKER. PENNANT tells us, that in 1772
it was an article of commerce from the west of Scotland,
exported for the use of the dyers, at the price of a shilling
or sixteen pence a stone.

9. P. physodes, imbricated, greyish-white, smooth, beneath
glossy black, naked ; ends of the lobes inflated, brown below,
HOOK. Scot. ii. 56. LicJien physodes, WITH. iv. 34. Eng. Bot. t.
126. DILL. Muse. t. 20. f. 40.

Hob. On the stems of heath in moors, and on trunks of
trees. Lamberton moor. Blackadder plantations, abun-
dant.

" This species is remarkable for being always composed
of two membranes, the undermost black, the upper white,
with a considerable cavity between them." I have not
observed it in fruit. According to Dr WESTRING this
lichen is very rich in colouring matter, affording, by means
of different re-agents, tints varying from a citron-yellow to
chestnut-brown. NEILL.

46. LECANORA.

1. L. atra, crust coarsely granulated, thickish, greyish-white;
apothecia very black, cupped, with a white elevated border. HOOK.
Scot. ii. 47. Lichen ater, LIGHTF. Scot. 813. WITH. iv. 19. Eng.
Bot. t. 949. Parmelia atra, SPRENG. Syst. Veg. iv. 295. DILL.
Muse. t. 18. f. 15.

Hab. On rocks and trunks of ash-trees, very common, in
round or oval spots.

The apothecia are numerous, and frequently so crowded as
to press on one another. In age they become plane.

2. L. mbfusca, crust granular, greyish-white, rather thin ; apo-
thecia brown with a whitish border, cupped, becoming plane or con-

84 CliYPTOGAMIA— LICH ENES.

vex. HOOK. Scot. ii. 47. Lichen subfuscus, LIGHTF. Scot. 8K».
WITH, iv. 22. Eng. Bot. t. 2109. DILL. Muse. t. 18. f. 16.

Ilab. On trees, gate posts, and on rocks, very common.

A species subject to much variety in the size of its apothecia,
and in their shade of brown. It grows in oval or unde-
fined patches, closely adherent, and thickly studded over
with the fructification.

3. L. ventosa, crust granulated, warty, thick, yellowish-grey ;
apothecia deep reddish-brown or brownish-red, plane becoming
convex, with a waved entire border — HOOK. Scot. ii. 48. Lichen
ven^is, LIGHTF. Scot. 806. WITH. iv. 16. Eng. Bot. t. 906.
Patellaria ventosa, SPIIENG. Syst. Veg. iv. 266.

Hab. Rocks on mountains. Cockburn Law.

The apothecia are but slightly elevated above the crust, or
even with it. They eventually rise above and conceal the
narrow border.

4. L. perettusj crust granulated, rather thick, white ; apothecia
of the same colour, wart-like, concave, with a thick rounded bor-
der— HOOK. Scot. ii. 48, Lichen parellus, LIGHTF. Scot. 814.
WITH. iv. 17. Eng. Bot. t. 727.

Ilab. On rocks by the sea side, on stone walls, and on ash
trees, common.

So abundant in this neighbourhood, that many of our stone
dikes are whitened with its circular crusts. On the sand-
stone rocks at Hudshead it is remarkably fine,. the circles
there attaining such a size as to measure a foot in diameter.
Crust adherent, coarsely granular, thickly studded with
wart-like apothecia of the same colour as the crust, often
granular in the disk, and surrounded with a thick raised
border. When an apothecia is cut the centre appears of a
flesh colour. The margin of the frond often assumes a
brick -red colour. From this species the finest litmus is
prepared ; slips of unsized paper stained with which, are
well known to chemists as delicate tests for ascertaining
the presence of minute portions of uncombined acids. —
NEILL.

«ru L. tartarea, crust greyish-white, thick, coarsely granular,
uneven, cracked ; apothecia saucer-like, becoming large and irre-

CRY PTOGAMIA— LICHEN KS, <«;;>

gular, buff-orange, with a thickened inflected flexuose border —
HOOK. Scot. ii. 49. Lichen tartarens, LIGHTF. Scot. 811. WITH.
iv. 25. Eng. Bot. t. 156*. DILL. Muse. t. xviii. f. 13.

Hob. On rocks, not uncommon.

DILLENIUS tells us that the Welsh use this lichen to dye
wool and other articles a brownish-red or claret colour.
It is likewise employed for the same purpose by the Scot-
tish Highlanders, who call it Corcur. At Glasgow, where
it is extensively employed by the manufacturer, it is called
Cudbear, — a denomination which it has acquired from a
corrupt pronunciation of the Christian name of the che-
mist (Or CUTHBERT GORDON) who first employed it on
a great scale. The greater part is imported from Norway,
but in the Highland districts many an industrious peasant
gets a living by scraping this lichen with an iron hoop, and
sending it to the Glasgow market. When I was, says Dr
HOOKER, in the neighbourhood of Fort-Augustus in 1807,
a person could earn 1 4s. per week at this work, selling the
material at 3s. 4d. the stone of 22 Ib. The fructified spe-
cimens are reckoned the best.

(). L. citrina, crust undefined, thin, cracked when dry, even,
pulverulent, sulphur-yellow ; apothecia semi-immersed, brownish
or orange-yellow, plane, small, scattered or crowded — Ach. Syn.
176- MOUG. and NEST., No. 742.

I fab. On stone walls, near their base, common.

The plant above described agrees precisely with the exem-
plars in MOUG EOT and NESTLER'S work ; and it is too
common to admit the supposition that it can have been
overlooked by the botanists of this country. I am there-
fore inclined to quote, as synonyms, Lee. vitellina, HOOK.
&col. ii. 49. Lichen vitellinus, Eng. Bot. t. 1792. L. Jiaci-
cans, WITH. iv. 27.

7. L. murorum, frond adnate, leafy and radiating at the circum-
ference, orange-yellow, pulverulent ; apothecia nearly of the co-
lour of the frond, becoming plane and convex. — HOOK. Scot. ii. 50.
Lichen candelarius, /3. LIGHTF. Scot. 811. L. candelarius, WITH.
iv. 29.

Hab. On rocks and walls, in circular, generally smuH
patches, frequent.

CRYPTOGAMIA— LICHENES.

Distinguished by the bright colour and neatness of its circu-
lar frond. The apothecia are numerous, small, at first
cupped, but in age assuming the form of tubercles. Their
disk is brown, of a tint, however, too light to affect the
uniformity of the colour to the eye.

According to Mr GRIFFITH, " whose extensive knowledge
of this genus (Lichen), aided by long continued observa-
tion, stamps a high authority upon his opinions," this is
merely a different state or variety of the preceding ; an
opinion to which my own observations would incline me
to assent. Mr GRIFFITH informed Dr WITHERING that
he had long observed that the lichens with farinaceous
crusts become foliaceous, and that probably the L. muro-
rum, concolor, vitellina, and Parmelia parietina, are probably
the same plant under different circumstances. These re-
marks tend to prove the spurious nature of some of the
Acharian genera, but wanting the pomp of circumstantial
detail, they have been neglected or considered erroneous.
The investigations of MEYER, however, lead to the same
conclusions, which may now, perhaps, be considered as
established ; not because the latter u have not been con-
tradicted," but because they are in accordance with the
previous observations of a native botanist, not less accu-
rate and trust-worthy than the foreigner.

47. LECIDEA.
* Apothecia black.

1. L. confluens, crust greyish-white, tessellated, spreading; apo-
thecia scattered, black, becoming convex and like tubercles ; in-
ternally black, with a thin greyish layer beneath the disk —
HOOK. Scot. ii. 37- Lichen conjluens, Eng. Bot. t. 1994. WITH.
iv. 8.

Hah. On rocks and stones, common in this neighbourhood,
principally on sandstone. Hudshead. Lamberton
Moor.

At first the apothecia are nearly even with the crust, but
latterly they rise like tubercles upon it. When on hard
stone the crust is bordered with a black line, and the stone
thus appears mapped over, but this border appears only
when two distinct patches come in contact.

2. L. sanguinaria, crust greyish-white, coarsely granular ; apo-

CRYPTOGAMIA— LICHENES. 87

thecia black, convex and tubercle-like, with a bright scarlet layer
internally — HOOK. Scot. ii. 37. WINCH, Guide, ii. 32.
Hab. On rocks, rare, Murton Craigs, plentiful.

So like Lee. confluens, as only to be distinguished by the
bright red colour of the interior of the apothecia, — a re-
markable character, yet relative to the validity of which
there is some doubt, for Mr HARRIMAN seems to have en-
tertained the opinion that it was the result of some disease
or chemical change.

3. L. petraa) crust thin, white, cracked, subpulverulent ; apo-
thecia black, prominent and tubercle-like, arranged irregularly in
concentric circles.— GREV. Fl. Edin. 324. Lichen concentricus,
E-ng. Bot. t. 246.

Ilab. On rocks, in circular patches, often of considerable
size, not uncommon in Berwickshire.

Best distinguished from the preceding and following species
by the circular arrangement of the fructification, which is
very striking at a little distance ; yet the name which ex-
presses this remarkable character has been allowed to be
superseded by a most unmeaning one.

4. L. parasema, greenish-grey, granular ; apothecia black, scat-
tered, without gloss — HOOK. Scot. ii. 37. GREV. Fl. Edin. 325.
t. 3. f. 1. Lichen parasemus, Eng. Bot. t. 1450. L. sanguinarius.,
LIGHTF. Scot. 803. DILL. Muse. t. 18. f. 3.

Hab. On trees, particularly on the ash, and on rocks, very
common.

The descriptions of DILLENIUS and LIGHTFOOT agree ex-
actly with our plant, which is undoubtedly the Lecidea
elaochroma of ACHARIUS, Syn. Lich. p. 18., and ofMouGEOT
and NESTLER'S Stirpes Cryptogamicae^ No. 746. ; but I re-
tain the name adopted by British botanists, for the L.
nisema and elceochroma of ACHARIUS appear to be mere-
ifferent states of one species. Crust thin, adherent,
granular, somewhat cracked, greenish-grey. Apothecia
tubercle-like, margined, numerous. Grows in circular or
oval patches when unconstrained, but commonly rendered
more or less irregular by coming in contact with other
lichens, or other fronds of the same species. When grow-
ing separate, the border is paler than the rest of the crust ;
and it is curious to observe, that, whenever it conies in

88 CRYPTOGAMIA— LICHENES.

contact with others, a black thread-like line marks the
bounds of each individual frond with great precision and
distinctness. Intermixed with Lee. luteola and Lecanora
nubfnsca, it will often run over, in a map-like manner, a
large portion of the trunk of the ash ; and every individual
plant, of whatever size, is bounded by this by no means
ideal line.

5. L. sulphurea, crust asparagus-green, thick, uneven, rather
smooth, cracked when dry ; apothecia immersed, scarcely mar-
gined, blackish, mealy, small. — HOOK. Scot. ii. 38. Lichen sulphu-
reus, WITH. iv. 12. Eng. Sot. t. 1186.

Hob. On sandstone rocks at Hudshead, and on stone walls,
in subcircular patches, not uncommon.

6. L. GEderij crust very thin, brownish- orange, even, cracked ;
apothecia immersed, dull black, cupped, with a thick tumid bor-
der— HOOK. Scot. ii. 38. Lichen (Ederi, WITH. iv. 11.

Hob. On loose stones of greywacke, in the west of Ber-
wickshire.

7. L. atro-alba, crust very thin, spreading, black, cracked, with
greyish-white areolse ; apothecia small, immersed, black, bordered,
convex in the centre — HOOK. Scot. ii. 36. Lichen airo-albus,
WITH. iv. 5.

Hab. On greywacke, with the preceding.

8. L. atro-virens, crust very thin, spreading, sulphur-yellow,
cracked, areolar ; apothecia black, even with the crust, or slightly
concave, numerous, roundish or confluent — HOOK. Scot. ii. 37.
Lichen geograpliicus, LIGHT r. Scot. 801. WITH. iv. 12. Eng.
Bot. t. 245. DILL. Muse. t. 18. f. 5.

Hab. On rocks of greywacke, common.

The crust of this pretty species spreads wide, and is divided
by black lines into unequal compartments, so as very ex-
actly to resemble a painted map, to which it has been often
compared. The old specific name ought to be restored.

9. /,. conspurcata, crust spreading, greyish-white, cracked into
small irregular squares by black anastomosing lines ; apothecia

CRYPTOGAMIA— LICHENES. 89

minute, immersed, black, obscurely bordered, centre depressed —
Loud. Encyclop. No. 15406, Lichen conspurcatus, Eng. Dot. t. 964.

Hab, On sandstone rocks at Hudshead.

* * Apothecia variously coloured.

10. L. luteola, crust greyish-white, granular; apothecia yellow-
ish-brown, tubercle-like — HOOK. Scot. ii. 39. Lichen vernalis,
LIGHTF. Scot. 805. WITH. iv. 15. Eng. Bot. t. 845. Patellaria
vernalis, SPRENG. Syst. Veg. iv. 265. DILL. Muse. t. 18. f. 4.

Hab. Trunks of trees, very common.

Grows in round or irregular thin patches, and almost always
intermixed with the L. parasema. The apothecia are nu-
merous ; the smaller have a margin of the same colour as
the crust, and others are covered with a greyish bloom,
but both disappear in their -progress to maturity.

1 ] . L. ctesio-rufa, " crust cracked and areolated, rugose, dark-
ish-grey ; fructification plane, brownish-red, with sometimes a
crenulate border, becoming at length convex, less bordered, dark
or blackish-red." — GREV. Fl. Edin. 327. HOOK. Scot. ii. 39.
Lichen aurantiacus, LIGHTF. Scot. 810. L. crenularius^ WITH.
iv. 23. L. ferrugineus, Eng. Bot. t. 1650.

Uab. Sandstone rocks on the coast of North Durham and
Berwickshire.

12. L. anthracincij crust spreading, cracked, roughish, darkish-
brown : apothecia cupped, buff-coloured, with a very white mealy
thick elevated border. — HOOK. Scot. ii. 39. Lichen lyssinun,
WITH. iv. 26. Eng. Bot. t. 432.

Hab. On rocks at Hudshead, sparingly.

The crust, in our specimens, is of a dull black colour, cracked
in squares, and nearly even.

48. EVERNIA.

1. E. prunastri, frond plane, branched in a dichotomous man-
ner, upper surface greenish-white, pitted, smooth or marked with
farinaceous tubercles, most numerous on the edges ; beneath
white, channelled, naked and wrinkled HOOK. Scot. ii. 61.

90 CRYPTOG AMIA-LICHENES .

Lichen prunastri, LIGHTF. Scot. 835. WITH. iv. 57. Eng. Sot.
t. 859. Parmelia prunastri, SPRENG. Syst. Veg. iv. 280. DILL.
Muse. t. 21. £ 55.

Hob. On trees, very common, in pendulous tufts, about 2
inches long, and very soft and pliable when moist.

Has a remarkable property of imbibing and retaining odours,
and hence " it is fit to be used in compositions which serve
for sweet perfumes, and that take away wearisomnesse, for
which things that is best of all which is most sweet of
smell." — " Of the very moss of the oak, that which is
white (E. prunastri) composes the choicest cypress-pow-
der, which is esteemed good for the head ; but impostors
familiarly vend other mosses under that name, as they do
the fungi, (excellent in haemorrhages and fluxes), for the
true agaric, to the great scandal of physic."— EVELYN.

49. RAMALINA.

1. R. fraxinea, plane, wrinkled, irregularly branched and laci-
niate; apothecia scattered over the frond. — HOOK. Scot. ii. 68.
Lichen fraxineus, LIGHTF. Scot. 835. WITH. iv. 61. Eng. Bot.
t. 1781. Parmalia fraxinea^ SPRENG. Syst. Veg. iv. 279. DILL.
Muse. t. 22. f. 59.

Hab. On ash trees, frequent.

Frond pendulous, a span in length, broad, greyish-white.
Apothecia buff-orange, numerous and scattered, unequal in
size, the smaller cup-shaped, the large ones plane, with an
undulate border, arid generally placed on the edges of the
frond.

2. R. scopulorum, compressed, elongate, much branched, branches
clichotomous, fastigiate, linear ; apothecia lateral, stalked. — HOOK.
Scot. ii. 68. Lichen scopulorum, WITH. iv. 62. Eng. Bot. t. 688.

Var. Csespitose, simple or sparingly branched, compressed,
taper-pointed; apothecia lateral, stalked. — Lichen siliquosus,
WITH. iv. 42. DILL. Muse, t, 17. f. 38. good.

Hab. On rocks on the sea coast. Var. 1. is abundant on
the precipitous rocks below Marshall Meadows : var. 2.
on Hudshead.

The first variety is pendulous, and grows to the length of (J

CRYPTOGAMI A—LICHENES. 9 1

inches. It is very rigid when dry, and of a greyish-white or
green colour. The branches are generally fastigiate above,
dichotomous, smooth, pitted, and glossy, or very rough
with short processes and tubercles. The second variety
grows in erect rigid tufts, rarely exceedingly 2 inches in
height ; the fronds either simple or once or twice branched,
and roughened with tubercles, which appear to be imper-
fect or blighted apothecia. It seems to be the Lichen cali-
caris of LIGHTFOOT, 834, — when he tells us that *' it will
dye a red colour, and promises, in that intention, to rival
the famous L. roccella or argol, which is brought from the
Canary Islands, and sometimes sold at the price of L. 80
Sterling per ton. It was formerly used instead of starch
to make hair powder."

3. R. fastigiata, csespitose, compressed, branched, branches
smooth, pitted, thickened upwards and fastigiate ; apothecia ter-
minal— HOOK. Scot. ii. 68. Lichen calicaris, LIGHTF. Scot. 834.
WITH. iv. 55. L. fastigiatus, Eng. Bot. t. 890. DILL. Muse.
t. 23. f. 62.

Hab. On ash, thorn, and other trees, common.

LIGHT FOOT has mixed up the descriptions of this and the
preceding under his Lichen calicaris.

4. R. farinacea, oespitose, branched, branches compressed, li-
near, dichotomous, smooth, with farinaceous tubercles on the
edges — HOOK. Scot. ii. 68. Lichen farindceus, LIGHTF. Scot. 833-
WITH. iv. 54. Eng. Bot. t. 889. DILL. Muse. t. 23. f. 63.

Hab. On trees, very common ; also on stone walls and
rocks exposed to the sea, but in the latter stations small-
er and more bushy.

This is very rarely to be found with apothecia, a state in,
deed in which I have not observed it, whereas the three
preceding species are as rarely to be found without them.
All the species are of the same uniform greyish-green or
white colour ; and all afford a mucilage or gum, which, in
an economical and medical view, may probably be equal to
that of Cetraria islandica.

50. COHNICULARIA.

1. C. aculeata, frond erect, shrubby, chestnut-brown, varnished ;
branches roundish, somewhat pitted, crowded, dichotomous, with

92 CRYPTOGAMIA— LICHENES.

fasciculate spinous tips ; apothecia reddish-brown with a spinou*
border.— HOOK. Scot. ii. 69. Lichen hispidus, LIGHTF. Scot. 88:?.
WITH. iv. 40*. Eng. Bot. t. 452. DILL. Muse. t. 17- £ 31.

Hal. Elevated moors, common. Dirrington Law, in fruit.

The side next the ground is wood-brown, without any polish.
The branches are short and intricate, spreading, sometimes
naked, and sometimes very rough with short spinous pro-
cesses.

2. C. tristisy frond deep pitchy brown, rounded or subcom-
pressed, smoothish, distichously dichotomous, branches fastigiate,
black above ; apothecia slightly convex, blackish-brown, some-
what marginated, entire and toothed — HOOK. Scot. ii. 69. Lichen
tristis, WITH. iv. 45. Eng. Bot. t. 720. L. corniculatus, LIGHTF:
Scot. 885. Parmelia tristis, SPRENG. Syst. Veg. iv. 276. DILL.
Muse. t. 17 f. 37. bona.

Hob. On rocks near the summit of Hedge-hope, in dense
rigid tufts from half an inch to 1 inch in height.

51. ALECTORIA.

1. A jubata, frond filiform, very much branched, decumbent or
pendulous, blackish-grey, smooth and rather glossy ; branches
slender, entangled, irregularly beset with mealy sessile tubercles.
— HOOK. Scot. ii. 67. Lichen jubatus, LIGIITF. Scot. 891. WITH.
iv. 49. Eng. Bot. t. 1880. DILL. Muse. t. 12. f. 7- and t. 13.
f. 10.

Hab. On trunks of old trees, in pendulous tufts, sometimes
15 inches long, not uncommon; and occasionally on
large mossy stones in moors. On trees at Longforma-
cus, Mr Thomas Brown. Hawse Castle, plentiful.
Longridge Dean, and Murton Craigs. Dirrington
Law.

The variety growing on rocks is the Lichen chalybeiformis of
WITHERING and others. There is, under this species, in
the inimitable Flora Lapponica of LIN;NVEUS, some interest-
ing observations on Lapland and its natives, written in the
terse and poetic style usual to that still unrivalled na-
turalist.

CllYPTOGAMIA— LICHENES. 93

.V2. IJSNEA.

1. U. hirla, frond pendulous, rough with granular powder,
greenish-grey, much and irregularly branched; branches intri-
cate, flexuose, the ultimate ones setaceous. — U. plicata, var. Mrfat
HOOK. Scot. ii. 70. Lichen hirlus, LIGHTF. Scot. 895. Eng. Bot.
I. 1354. DILL. Muse. t. 13, f. 12.

Jlab. On old trees, particularly on firs, common.

It is this Uatiea, the Evernia prunastri, and the Ramaliiue,
which clothe so profusely the trees of too thick or decaying
plantations. A fir plantation, on moorish ground, is in par-
ticular generally much infested with them, and they give to
the trees, by the hoary subdued colour of their motionless
frond?, an appearance of old age they are far from having
reached. They seem, as it were, to endeavour to hide the
deformities which accompany decay, or to invest that de-
cay with associations which are not displeasing. The fir,
the birch, the ash, the oak, the sloe, and the hawthorn
are, when old, always hung with this hoary livery ; but
the elm, the sycamore, the lime, and the beech wear it
not, or very sparingly ; so that, when G RAY speaks of
k* the rude and moss-grown beech," he applies to it a cha-
racter by no means appropriate, for no tree is so little or
so seldom either rude or moss-grown. They who have
wandered across moors, or in our retired deans, will often
have noticed — 'tis a common object — a thorn with few
leaves and many a withered branch, old certainly, yet firm
and unalterable for many a year, hung in profusion with
these lichens. Such a thorn WORDSWORTH has described
with his usual simplicity :

" Like rock or stone, it is o'ergrown

With lichens to the very top,
And hung with heavy tufts of moss,

A melancholy crop :
Up from the earth these mosses creep,

And this poor thorn they clasp it round
So close, you'd say that they were bent,
With plain and manifest intent,

To drag it to the ground."

53. CENOMYCE.

* Erect) branched^ and jistular.
i. C. rangiferirut) greyish-white, roughish, erect, very' much

fl4 CRYPTOGAMIA— LICHENES.

branched, branches cylindrical, tubular, the ultimate ones sub-
radiate or drooping — HOOK. Scot. ii. Co. Lichen rangiferinus,
Lix. Fl Lap. 346. LIGHTF. Scot. 877. WITH. iv. 44, Clado-
ma rangiferina, SPRENG. Syst. Veg. iv. 270. DILL. Muse. t. 1ft.
f. 29. and 30.

Hob. Moors, abundant.

Frond from 1 to 3 inches high, hoary, or greyish-white,
roughish, hollow, " much branched from bottom to top,
the branches divided and subdivided, and at last terminated
with two, three, four, or five, very fine short nodding
horns." The branches are commonly perforated in the
axils, and the ultimate ones tipped with brown. Their
drooping summits are only remarkable when the lichen is
in fruit, a state not observed by us in this neighbourhood.
A small variety, of a grey colour, is not uncommon on
earth-capt dikes in the immediate vicinity.

This lichen is very common on our moors, which, in some
places, are whitened with it, but it grows in the greatest
profusion in the Arctic Regions, and especially in Lapland,
where it covers, as with a covering of snow, plains hun-
dreds of miles in extent. And these, which a stranger or
traveller from a happier land might deem dry and barren
wastes, are yet the very fertile fields of the Laplanders, —
" hi sunt Lapponum agri, hsec prata eorum fertilissima,
adeo ut felicem se prsedicet possessor proviiicise talis steri-
lissimse, atque lichene obsitse." For when the cold of
winter has withered up every sort of herbage, and its
storms have driven man and beast to the shelter of the
valleys and of the woods, this moss becomes the principal
aliment of the herds of reindeer, in which consists all the
wealth, and on which depends the very existence, of the
natives. " Thus things," says LIGHT FOOT, " which are
often deemed the most insignificant and contemptible by
ignorant men, are, by the good providence of God, made
the means of the greatest blessings to his creatures." Ac-
cording to LINNAEUS, the Laplanders likewise collect the
C. rangiferina with rakes in the rainy season, when it is
flexible, and separates readily from the ground, lay it up
in heaps, and give it when required to their cows, to which
it affords excellent fodder. u At the limits of the arctic
circle there is a breed of cows so small as not to be larger
than sucking calves. Their milk is almost all cream ;
sweet and delicious, and so thick that it draws out in
strings. This goodness in milk arises from the plant on
which the cows feed, viz. the Lichen rangi/erinus"-—
BUCKE'S Harmonies of Nature, ii. 149.

4

CRYPTOGAMIA— LICHENES. 35

Cen. rangiferina may even be directly applied to the use of
man. Tempted by the beauty of its appearance, Br
CLARKE and his companions in travel tasted it. " To our
surprise, we found that we might eat of it with as much
ease as of the heart of a fine lettuce. It tasted like wheat
bran ; but, after swallowing it, there remained in the
throat, and upon the palate, a gentle heat, burning as if a
small quantity of pepper had been mixed with the lichen.
We had no doubt that, if we could have procured oil and
vinegar, it would have afforded a grateful salad. Cool-
ing and juicy as it was to the palate, it nevertheless warm-
ed the stomach when swallowed, and cannot fail of proving
a gratifying article of food to man or beast during the dry
winters of the frigid zone. Yet neither Laplanders nor
Swedes eat of this lichen. Finding it to be so palatable,
we persuaded our servants to taste it ; and, after expe-
riencing the same effects from it that we had done, they
began to eat it voluntarily. Upon this, we asked the
peasants why they neglected to make use of so important
an article of food, in a land so sterile as that which we were
now traversing. They told us, that, when GUSTAVUS the
Third succeeded to the throne, an edict was published and
sent all over Sweden, recommending the use of this lichen
to the peasants in time of dearth ; and they were advised
to boil it in milk. Now and then, they said, a few of the
indigent poor had made it serve as a substitute for bread ;
but being unaccustomed to such food, they generally re-
jected it." — CLARKE'S Travels, part iii. sect. 1. p. 566.
Nor is this to be wondered at, for CLARKE had tried it
only in a solid and unprepared state, and was incompetent,
therefore, to say what sort of food it might really make ;
which, from the account of DILLENIUS, is, in fact, indif-
ferent enough. " Aqua quidem decoctus hie muscus nul-
lam gela"tinam pnebet, nee substantia ejus imminuitur,
siccatus tamen fragilior, quam ante, evadit. Decoctum
inspissatum extracti acerbi et austeri parcam quantltatem
largitur."

•2. C. uncialis, yellowish-grey, smooth, erect, dichotomously
branched, fistular, perforated at the axils ; secondary branches

short, patent, tipped with brown radiating points HOOK. Scot.

ii. 64. Lichen uncialis, LIGHTF. Scot. 880. WITH. iv. 46. Eng.
Bnt. t. 174. DILL. Muse. t. 16. f. 21-2.

Hab. On moors, in small csespitose tufts, or straggling
amongst the heath, frequent.

Jltf CKYPTOGAMIA— LICHEN ES.

3. C. gracilis, greenish-brown, smooth, leafy at the base, dicho-
tomous or simple, the apices subulate, or dilated into small im-
perfect cups toothed on the margin, and tuberculated with dark-
brown apothecia — HOOK. Scot. ii. 63. Lichen gracilis, WITH. iv.
39. LIGHTF. Scot. 873. Eng. Bot. t. 1284. DILL. Muse. t. 14.
f. 13. c. D. E.

Hab. Moors, frequent.

* * Foliaceous^ with cup-bearing stalks. ( The barren stalky are same-
times subulate.}

4. C. bellidiflora, leafy, ash-grey, smooth, lobed, white and naked
beneath ; fruitstalk 1 £ inch high, thick, attenuated upwards, very
rough with foliaceous scales, and terminated with a large scarlet
conglomerate tubercle. — HOOK. Scot. ii. 64. Lichen bellidiflorus,
Eng. Bot. t. 1894.

Hab. Mountainous heaths. Cheviot, Dr James Thompson.

5. C. coccifera, leafy, lobed, lobes small, crenate, raised, ash-
grey, beneath white and naked ; stalks cylindrical or dilated,
rough, often foliaceous, cupped, the fructification scarlet clustered

tubercles HOOK. Scot. ii. 63. Lichen cocciferus, LIGHT F- Scot.

886. WITH. iv. 41. Eng. Bot. t. 2051. DILL. Muse. t. 14.
f. 7.

Hub. On the Lammermuirs7 abundant, and very conspi-
cuous by its

" cups, the darlings of the eye,

So deep is their vermilion dye."

6. C. digitata, foliaceous, segments minute, expanded, rounded,
crenate, pulverulent beneath, as well as on the cylindrical yellow-
green cup-bearing stalks ; cups narrow, small, at length large,
proliferous, the rays tipped with the bright scarlet apothecia —
HOOK. Scot. ii. 63. Lichen digitatus, LIGHTF. Scot. 874. WITH.
iv. 42. Eng. Bot. t. 2439. DILL. Muse. t. 15. f. 19.

Hab. On decayed roots of trees. In the woods about
Renton Inn.

In our specimens, the leaves are stained with a rich o range -
vellow on the under surface.

CRYPTOGAMIA— LICHENES. 97

7. C. pyxidata, foliaceous, irregularly lobed, Ibbes somewhat
imbricate, crenate, ash-grey, granular, beneath white; stalks
cyathiform, rough, the margin of the cup entire or proliferous,
with brown fructification. — HOOK. Scot. ii. 62. Lichen pyxidatus,
LIGHTF. Scot. 869. WITH. iv. 38. Eng. Bot. t. 1393. DILL.
Muse. t. xiv. f. 6.

Hab. On the ground, in heathy places, gravelly banks, and
on the sides of earthen dikes, very common.

" The powder of this lichen," says GERARDE, " given to
children in any liquor for certaine dayes together, is a
most certaine remedie against that perrillous malady called
the chincough."

8. C. fimbriata, foliacebus, irregularly lobed, lobes crenate, ash .
grey, white beneath ; stalks pulverulent, rough, cylindrical, ex-
panding into a cup, the margins of which are toothed or deeply

jagged HOOK. Scot. ii. 62. Lichen fimbriatus, LIGHTF. Scot. 870.

WITH. iv. 39. Eng. Bot. t. 2438. DILL. Muse. t. xiv. f. 8-

Hab. Gravelly banks on heathy places, frequent.

This is considered by many, as it seems to me very properly,
a variety of the preceding.

54. SPHjEROPHORON.

1. S. coralloides, stem dichotomous, smooth, branches very short,
forked, clustered ; apothecia globose, smooth — HOOK. Scot. ii. 67.
Lichen globiferus, LIGHTF. Scot. 887. WITH. iv. 43. DILL.
Muse. t. xvii. f. 35.

Hab. On moss grown rocks. Murton Craigs* Penman-
shiel Wood, &c.

2. S. fragile, coralloid, csespitose, dichotomous, greyish and
rough ; apothecia somewhat warted.-^-HooK. Scot. ii. 67. GREV.
Fl. Edin. 347- t. iii. f. 16. Lichen fragilis, LIGHTF, Scot. 888.
WITH. iv. 43.

Hab. Similar places to the preceding.

The Sph. coralloides has a distinct stem, which is branched in
a dichotomous manner, beset on all sides and at the sum-
mits with clusters of slender short patent forked branch -
VOL. IT. E

ya CRYPTOGAMIA— LICHENES.

lets. It is smooth, somewhat glossy, and of a light or
chestnut-brown, about 2 inches in height. When moist,
the stem, as WAHLENBERG remarks, is tough, so that it
tears, and will not break. Sph. fragile, on the contrary, is
a smaller plant, of a greyish colour, without any gloss, and
the stem is not distinguishable from the branches, the
whole constituting a dichotomously branched frond. It is
very fragile, and much resembles a coralline.

55. B^OMYCES.

1 . B. rufus, crust spreading, greenish-grey, uneven, granular ;
apothecia on whitish somewhat compressed short stalks, small,
reddish-brown, smooth, convex — HOOK. Scot. ii. 65. LicJien
byssoides, LIGHTF. Scot. 809. Eng. Bot. t. 373. Patellaria rufa,
SPRENG. Syst. Veg. iv. 269. DILL. Muse. t. xiv. f. 5,

Hab. On gravelly banks in heathy places. Road-side near
Houndwood Inn, with Polytrichum aloides, abundant,
producing its fruit in early spring.

56. ISIDIUM.

1. /. corallinum, " crust tartareous, at length cracking, greyish-
white ; podetia minute, varying in length, cylindrical, smooth,
simple or branched, disk of the fructification brownish-grey." —
GREV. Fl Edin. 346. t, iii. f. 15, HOOK. Scot. ii. 66. Lichen
corallinus, LIGHTF. Scot. 808. WITH. iv. 17.

Hab. Rocks in heaths. Humbleton Dean, near Wooler,
James Mitchell, Esq. R. N. Murton Craigs, plentiful.

Without a close examination this may be overlooked as the
crust merely of Lecanora tartarea. LIGHTFOOT'S descrip-
tion is excellent. " At first view this appears to be only
a white tartareous crust, about |th of an inch thick, with
an unequal surface, formed into knobs or buttons ; but
being broken and examined with a microscope, it is found
to consist of compact bundles of short, round, stony,
branched, coral-like fibres, the branches all obtuse and
even at the top, without tubercles." In this country it is
always of a grey colour ; but, according to Dr CLARKE, in
Scandinavia, the gradations of colour, from white to brown,
black, and red, are very remarkable; and sometimes all
these gradations might be observed upon the same speci-
men. The red colour was alwavs the most vivid where

CRYPTOGAMIA— LICHENES. 99

the Ye&feltspar of the granite, upon which the plant grew,
was most predominant. — Travels, part i. p. 565. WE STRING
found it extremely rich in colouring matter, and recom-
mends it to the particular attention of those who practice,
and who wish to improve, the art of dyeing. A short ab-
stract of his experiments is given by Mr NEILL in the Edin-
burgh Encyclopaedia.

57. GYROPHORA.

1. G. proboscidea, frond a circular concave leaf adherent by the
centre, of a brownish -black colour, more or less torn and plaited
at the margin ; upper surface sprinkled with small inconspicuous
tubercles, wrinkled and lighter coloured "in the middle ; beneath
brownish, smooth — Eng. BoL t. 2484. (The figures agree well
with our specimens.) HOOK. Scot. ii. 41. Lichen deustus, LIGHTF.
Scot. 861.

Hob. Rocks near the summit of Hedgehope.

2. G. cylindrica, umbilicated, irregularly lobed, dark greenish -
grey, fringed with black rigid hairs ; tubercles elevated, nearly
plane, with concentric and plaited lines.— HOOK. Scot. ii. 42. G.
proboscidea, WINCH, Guide, ii. 43. Lichen crinitus, LIGHTF. Scot.
860. L. proboscideus, Eng. Bot. t. 522. DILL. Muse. t. xxix.
f. 116.

Hal). On Cheviot, Winch. Near the summit of Hedge-
hope, plentiful.

Used as food in Iceland ; as also for dyeing woollen stuffs of
a brownish-green colour.

58. OPEGRAPHA.

1. O. Persoonii, crust thin, whitish, leprous, undefined; apothe-

oia raised, aggregate, somewhat branched, linear, black, rugose

Eng. Bot. t. 2345. HOOK. Scot. ii. 42.

Hab. On sandstone rocks at Hudshead, and on stone walls
in the vicinity, abundant.

The apothecia are generally, as it were, heaped upon one
another, and assume a star-like form.

E2

100 CRYPTOGAMIA— LICHENES.

2. O. atra, crust membranaceous, white ; apothecia sessile, li-
near, flexuose, free, channelled along the middle — SCH^ERER. O,
denigrata, SMITH in Eng. Sot. (ARNOTT in Litt.)

Hab. On the bark of various trees, particularly the hazel
and the ash, very common.

For the specific character, which is a translation of SCH^ERER'S,
I am indebted to Mr ARNOTT, who also determined my
specimens. The crust is thin, even, smooth, silvery white,
undefined, except when it comes in contact with another
frond, when the point of separation is marked by a black
line. The apothecia are black, raised, variable in length,
mostly simple, but occasionally branched, numerous, free,
or somewhat clustered, and slightly tapered at each end.
The disk is rather narrow. Notwithstanding its common-
ness, this is the first time it has been described as a native
of Scotland.

3. O. notha, crust very thin, spreading, greyish-white ; apothe-
cia scattered, black, short, oblong, with a broad disk, — GREV. Fl.
Edin. 352. Eng. Sot. t. 1890.

Hab. On the bark of the ash, not common.

4. O. scripta, crust spreading, thin, smooth, greyish-white ; apo-
thecia black, immersed, flexuose, anastomosing or somewhat stel-
late.— GREV. FL Edin. 353, t. iii. f. 3. indifferent. Graphis scripta,
HOOK. Scot, ii, 43.

Hab. Bark of trees, particularly of hazel, frequent.

The apothecia burst through the crust, leaving the margins
a little raised, and uneven or lacerate. The Lichen scrip-
tus of LIGHTFOOT obviously embraces several species now
considered distinct.

5. O. macularis, crust roughish, brownish-black ; apothecia clus-
tered, roundish-elliptical, rugose, irregular, black. — HOOK. Scot.
ii. 43. O. epiphega, Eng. Bot. t. 2282. Graphis macularis, SPRENG.
Syst. Veg. iv. 250. Lichen rugosus, L.IGHTF. Scot. 802. WITH.
iv. 4.

Ha b. On the smooth bark of trees, of young oaks in parti-
cular, common.

Forms black roughish spots or patches. The branches of
young oaks are sometimes so completely overrun with it,

CRYPTOGAMIA— LICHENES. 101

that they look as if they had been smoked, or rubbed over
with gunpowder.

59. ARTHONIA.

1. A. astroidea, crust thin, even, white or greyish-white ; apo-
thecia black, numerous, even with the crust, rounded, more or
less stellate — HOOK. Scot. ii. 36.

Hob. On the bark of the ash and elm, occasionally.

2. A. swartziana, crust thin, even, greyish-white; apothecia
black, even with the crust, numerous, short, somewhat linear, ir-
regularly branched — ACH. Syn. Lick. 5.

Hob. On the ash, near the Retreat, Berwickshire.

When I mention that the names to my specimens were at-
tached by Mr ARNOTT, I need scarcely add that no doubt
can be entertained of the correctness of their application.
I have described them without reference to the descrip-
tions of others, and to me the species appear too nearly
related.

60. SPILOMA.

1. S. tumidulum, crust very thin, even, greyish-brown; apo-
thecia tile-red, irregularly oblong, crowded, rough or granular —
HOOK. Scot. ii. 35.

Hob. On the bark of trees. On the hazel in the dean at
the Pease-bridge.

61. VARIOLARIA.

1. V. amara, crust rugose, cracked, uneven, subpulverulent,
white or greyish ; warts of the apothecia appressed, plano-concave,
margined, bearing soridia of the same colour as the crust.-—
HOOK. Scot. ii. 46. Lichen fagineus, LIGHTF. Scot. 807. WITH.
iv. 4.

Hob. On the bark of the ash, birch, and oak, not uncom-
mon.

The crust of this lichen is intensely bitter, and it imparts
this bitterness readily both to water and alcohol. BRA-

102 CRYPTOGAMIA— LICHENES.

CONNOT found in the 100 parts, 18 parts of lime, combined
with 29.4 of oxalic acid. Nearly the same quantity of
oxalate of lime was found in Porina pertusa, Isidium coral-
linum, Lecanora tartarea, and some others which do not
occur in this neighbourhood. u The oxalate of lime bears
the same relation to the Cryptogamia as carbonate of lime
to corals, and phosphate of lime to the bony structure of
the more perfect animals. The oxalate of lime diminishes
gradually in the family of lichens, in proportion as the
species lose their granular crustaceous texture, and ap-
proach more and more to the membranous or cartilaginous,
although these latter also contain a considerable quantity
of this salt. From the vast abundance of these lichens, it
is evident that they may afford a means of obtaining oxalic
acid in great quantity, and at a cheap rate." — Edin. Phil.
Journ. xiii. 194.

62. VERRUCARIA.

1. V. epigea> crust yellowish-green, thin, granular when dry ;
apothecia small, tubercle-like, dull black, with a central lighter
coloured nucleus. — ACHAR. Synop. 96. Liclien terrestris, Eng. Sot.
t. 1681.

Hab. Dry barren banks, near Berwick, rare.

ACHARITJS says the tubercles are black internally, but in our
specimen the nucleus is rather buff coloured. When wet,
the crust is soft and somewhat slimy.

2. V. epidermidis, " crust exceedingly thin, spreading, quite
white; fructification minute, roundish, sub-elliptical, tubercles
semi-immersed, the interior white." — GREV. Fl. Edin. 353.

Hab< On the bark of the birch, rather rare.

63. PORINA.

1. P. pertusa, crust bluish-grey, even, thin, spreading, tuber-
cular or warted, the warts perforated or marked with depressed
black points, internally cellular, whitish.. — HOCXK. Scot. ii. 45.
Lichen pertusus, LIGHT F. Scot. 802. WITH. iv. 16. Sphceria per-
tusa, BOLT. Fung. t. 126. DILL. Muse. t. xviii. f. 9.

Hab. Trunks of trees, most common on ash.

CllYPTOGAMIA— LICHENES. 103

The Porina leioplaca of ACHARIUS (Mou&. and NEST., No.
847.) is surely nothing but P. pertusa in an early state,
but if it is to be considered a distinct and perfect species,
it must be added to the British list of lichens, for I have
gathered it in Berwickshire on the birch, and it is probably
far from uncommon.

64. ENDOCARPON.

1. E* Weberi, frond depressed, thick and somewhat leathery,
foliaceous, lobed ; lobes crowded, the interior irregularly convo-
lute, raised, the exterior undulate with rounded sinuate margins ;
upper surface greenish-grey, smooth, beneath fawn coloured and
smooth ; orifices punctiform, black, slightly raised. — HOOK. Scot.
ii. 45, GREV. FL Edin. 329. DILL. Muse. t. 30, f. 127.

Hab. On rocks by the sides of rivulets. On the linn in
Humbledon Dean above Wooler, abundant, W. C. Tre-
velyan, Esq.

On drying, the colour of the upper surface becomes a greyish-
pink.

65. LEPRARIA.

1. L. flava, crust spreading, equal, thin, somewhat cracked,
bright yellow, composed of sub-globose granules. — HOOK. Scot. ii.
73. Eng. Sot. t. 1350. Lichen Jiavus^ WITH. iv. 3. Byssus can-
delarisj LIGHTF. Scot. 1005.

Hab. On timber long exposed to the weather ; and, with
LIGHTFOOT, " we have sometimes seen it cover old
mosses, which appear exactly as if they had been pow-
dered with flour of brimstone."

2. L. latebraram, grey, pulverulent, undefined, thick ; granules
mixed with fibres. HOOK. Scot. ii. 73. Eng. Bot. t. 2147. (too

areen.)

Hab. On rocks in caverns, and on stumps of hawthorn at
the roots of old hedges, common.

In caverns and in crevices this ambiguous thing " forms light
convex soft cushions, easily separable from the rock, their
central part being elevated by age, and in a manner vault-
ed underneath." It is thinner when growing on trees, the

104 CRYPTOGAMIA— LICHENES.

base of which, in shaded situations, it often covers with a
light grey pulverulent coat ; and in this latter situation I
have found, lying on the crust, small spherical bodies of a
shining red colour, which are a species of Sphceria.

3. L. alba, pure white, uniform, pulverulent. Eng. Bot. 1. 1349.
Lichen albus, WITH. iv. 1. Byssus lactea, LIGHT F. Scot. 1007-
Lecidea alba, HOOK. Scot. ii. 38.

Hob. On hypna and lichens in shaded situations, common,
making them appear as if they had been white-washed.

The Lepraria have but slight claims to be considered perfect
plants. They appear to be true lichens struggling for ex-
istence in places unsuited to their full development, and
altered in appearance by their situation.

Besides those partial uses which have been mentioned under
particular species, lichens play a most important part in the esta-
blishment of vegetation at the surface of the globe. " When we
remark the hardness, the dryness, and the bareness of rocks, we
should scarcely imagine that their summit might one day be
crowned with forests ; and yet this great work is carried on under
our eyes, and even in the midst of our habitations. We observe
the walls covered with greenish spots, which grow from humidity,
and which the light and heat reduce to black and tenacious spots ;
these are so many byssi which have essayed to establish vegeta-
tion there, as well as upon the most polished ^statues and marbles ;
it is they which impress the seal of age upon our old castles and
gothic edifices. Elsewhere, particularly upon rough stones, we
see spreading out into broad plats those lichens of various colours,
like the ulcerous crusts which corrode the skin of animals; they
scoop out and corrode the surface of rocks, and deposit in the va-
cuities which they have formed, the portion of earth produced by
their destruction. Although in very small quantity, this earth
suffices to administer to the development of lichens of a higher
order. Their debris, added to those of the former, furnish a
small layer of earth sufficient for the existence of mosses of an
inferior order, to which, in like manner, succeed more vigorous
species." Edin. Phil. Journ. xvi. 66. See also the Quart.
vol. xxxviii. p. 438.

CRYPTOGAMIA— XICHENES. 105

" ' Seeds, to our eye invisible, will find
On the rude rock the bed that fits their kind ;
There, in the rugged soil, they safely dwell,
Till showers and snows the subtle atoms swell,
And spread th' enduring foliage; — then we trace
The freckled flower upon the flinty base ;
These all increase, till in unnoticed years
The stony tower as grey with age appears .
With coats of vegetation, thinly spread,
Coat above coat, the living on the dead :
These then dissolve to dust, and make a way
For bolder foliage, nursed by their decay :
The long-enduring Ferns in time will all
Die and depose their dust upon the wall;
Where the wing'd seed may rest, till many a flower
Shew Flora's triumph o'er the falling tower."

€RABBE.

E 3

f ( 106 )

ORDER VII.
FUNGI.

" To sit on rocks, to muse o'er flood and fell,
To slowly trace the forest's shady scene,
Where things that own not man's dominion dwell*
And mortal foot hath ne'er or rarely been ;
To climb the trackless mountain all unseen,
With the wild-flock that never needs a fold ;
Alone o'er steeps and foaming falls to lean ;
This is not solitude j 'tis but to hold
Converse with nature's charms, and see her stores unroll'd."

BYRON.

OBS. — The Fungi are distinguished from the Lichens by their
want of a crust or frond independent of the organs of fructifica-
tion ; and from the Algae, by never vegetating under water, and
by differences in habit and structure, which a little practice ena-
bles the student to seize and appreciate without difficulty and
with tolerable certainty. The mushroom and the mould afford
the most familiar examples of the class, which includes also the
various vegetable parasites, whether solid or pulverulent, which
sprout from decaying wood, or spot the leaves of phsenogamous
plants. In habit the Fungi vary infinitely, and in general they
have little resemblance to the plants of any other order. Some
resemble an umbrella, some a piece of honeycomb; others are
cups in miniature ; others again simulate a ball, a club or a mace,
or assume the forms of the sea-corals ; while many defy compari-
son with any familiar objects, and grow in figures peculiar to
themselves. In texture they are corky or fleshy, soft and gela-

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 107

tinous, or formed merely of tubular filaments. A few of them
are of less than ephemeral existence ; others attain maturity
slowly, and remain unchanged for a very long period ; while the
greater number, although surviving the day of their birth, are
still of quick growth and short duration. Species of a green co-
lour are very rare amongst them, and in these few it is merely
superficial ; but they exhibit all the other colours in every varie-
ty of shade, and the tints are often very brilliant. " In the co-
loured drawings of the more perfect plants," says Dr FLEMING,
" the artist is sometimes too profuse in tints, and the figures ex-
hibit a gaudy aspect ; but in the colouring of figures of the fungi,
he need be under little apprehension of committing excess. Na-
ture having withheld from this portion of her plants those flowers
which form the chief beauties of the higher orders, and even the
leaves with which they are clothed, has profusely scattered her
colours over the whole surface of the mushrooms, ornamenting
the cap with one colour, the gills with a second, and the stem
with a third. Let but the lover of natural history free his mind
from prejudice, and then examine the forms and colouring of the
fungi, and he will be compelled to admit, that many of them rival
in symmetry and splendour the rose and the lily, those gaudy
ornaments of Flora."

The seeds of fungi are produced either on the external surface
or internally. They are exceedingly minute and multitudinous,
generally globular and pellucid, either naked, or more commonly
contained in capsules of various forms. They begin to vegetate
and develope themselves when our trees and herbs assume the
livery of decay — the " sere and yellow leaf;" and they appear in
almost every possible variety of situation. The manner in which
they are thus widely disseminated is one of the most curious and
perplexing inquiries in vegetable physics. I cannot think that
the doctrine of equivocal generation, entertained by the earlier
writers, and of late revived from the slumber of at least a century,
by some modern botanists, affords any admissible explanation of
the phenomena. Its advocates dwell much and long upon some
isolated experiments and facts, until, apparently, they forget that
these facts are very few indeed, when compared with those from
which has been deduced the law that every living being originates
from an organized body produced by its like. That this is the

1 08 CRYPTOGAMI A—FUNGI.

ordinary mode of dissemination of the fungi even, cannot be de-
nied ; and were the facts which oppose its extension to every
cryptogamous species more numerous than they are, yet it might
he the safer course to leave their explanation to future inquiry,
than to call in the aid of a supposititious agent. But the facts
alluded to do not, properly speaking, stand in opposition to the
usual doctrine of vegetable reproduction. Some plants, more
particularly some fungi and algce, appear under circumstances and
in situations where, it is said, the presence of seeds is improbable
or inconceivable ; but the improbability may proceed from our
inability to trace the secret operations of nature, or from limited
investigations. To find facts inexplicable by a theory acknow-
ledged to be true, is not strange or even uncommon, but it seems
surpassing strange to suppose that atoms of unorganized matter
can unite themselves with similar atoms so as to assume forms
unvaried by differences in time and place, and such an organiza-
tion as admits the play of life and its usual signs, so that even
these parentless things produce a seed, and can and do afterwards
propagate their likes ! The mushroom, for example, has been
instanced as a very genuine production of equivocal generation,
but we well know that mushrooms shed a copious seminal powder,
and are often propagated by it. When, indeed, I ask myself what
equi vocal generation is, I can form no other conception of it than
of something analogous to chemical affinity, which may build up
fabrics as beautiful as are exhibited in mould, but which no one
has ever confounded with the lowest of vegetable forms ; — so wide
is the interval which separates living from dead matter ; and this
difference the hypothesis fails to explain. Nor, perhaps, would
I be much in error, were I to place equivocal generation among
those causes which are purely figments of the mind; — which,
like " great Comus," may " inveigle and invite the unwary sense/*
and give us the possession of a fancied knowledge, to continue
only until reason shall " unlock the clasping charm" of a name,
and restore us to ignorance and truth.

But while I receive unconditionally the doctrine of Harvey —
omiiia ex ovo — I am not disposed to maintain that every thing
described in our systems as fungi are disseminated in accord-
ance with it. Many fungi appear to be merely morbid altera-
tions in the structure of vegetable textures, or diseased growths,

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 109

analogous, in some respects, to the tumours and ulcerations of
the animal system ; and we may, perhaps, form some idea of the
manner in which they may originate, by studying the various
galls and excrescences produced in plants by insects. We ob-
serve that the irritation caused by the deposition and evolution
of the egg Avill produce growths of the most curious kind ; and
differences in the irritation too slight to be traced, will occasion
very remarkable differences in the appearance of the growths.
Thus in the oak-leaf one insect irritation produces a globular
smooth ball ; another a depressed circular tumour, covered with
a hairy scarlet coat. The first is seated in the substance of the
leaf, and cannot be removed without destroying the texture of
the part ; the other seems almost placed on the leaf, and can be
detached with facility. Examples equally remarkable will occur
to every one who has paid any attention to this curious subject;
and the growths appear to be not less uniform and not less orga-
nized than many parasitical fungi. To suppose, therefore, that
the latter may be the result of irritations and obstructions in the
cellular parenchyma or in the circulating juices, seems not unrea-
sonable, although the sources of the obstruction or irritation may
be undiscoverable.

* Fungi of a hard or corky texture. With a few exceptions, they are
very small, sessile, mostly of a black colour, never white : they grow
on wood and leaves generally when in a state of decay : tJieir seeds
are internal, immersed in a soft or pulpy parenchyma.

-}- Seeds contained in slender crystalline tubes.

66. SPH^RIA. Fungi— globular or flask-shaped horny capsules,
naked or immersed in a corky or chared base, each open-
ing by a pore in the summit.

G7. DOT HIDE A. Fungi — wart or tubercle-like spots semi-im-
mersed in leaves, cellular within; cells excavated in the
mass, and without pores.

68. FHASCIDIUM. Fungi— solid roundish tubercles, opening with
a torn stellated orifice ; parasitical on leaves.

1 10 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

09. RHYTISMA. Fungi — circular swollen spots originating in the
substance of leaves ; surface obsoletely furrowed, opening
at length by transverse or irregular flexuose clefts ; inter-
nally solid, homogeneous.

70. HYSTERIUM. Fungi — solid oblong or linear sessile tuber-

cles furrowed with a mesial cleft parallel to the longest
diameter.

•J- -j- Seeds diffused in the interior, globular.

71. SCLEROTIUM. Fungi — solid globose or oblong tubercles with-

out aperture or dehiscence ; internally smooth and homo-
geneous.

72. XYLOMA. Fungi— circular plane spots or dots in leaves ver-

ging to decay, without orifice or cleft; internally solid,
homogeneous.

73. CEUTHOSPORA. Fungi — depressed spots (black) in leaves,

opening at last irregularly ; seeds collected into an internal
black nucleus.

74. ERYSIPHE. Fungi — minute spherical tubercles filled with

globular seeds, and placed on a white filamentous cobweb-
like base ; parasitical on living leaves.

•(• "M" Anomalous.

75. RHIZOMORPHA. Fungi — much branched, elongated, solid,

ligneous, resembling the roots of shrubs : growing between
the bark and wood of decayed trees.

* Fungi soft or gelatinous, homogeneous, sessile ; seeds naked, dif-
fused internally. On decayed wood and plants.

76. DACRYMYCES. Fungus sessile, rounded, gelatinous, smooth ;

internally filamentous, the filaments ascending with the
seeds interspersed. Small, gregarious. Hob. decayed wood.

77- ILLOSPORIUM. Fungus soft, subgelatinous, entirely formed

CRYPTOGAMI A—FUNGI. 1 11

of minute, globular, pellucid grains. Small, red. Hal. on
lichens.

78. TREMELLA. Fungus gelatinous, subpellucid, polymorphous,

lobed or plaited ; seeds scattered, placed near the surface.
(Large or middle-sized, variously coloured, bursting from
under the bark.)

79. PODISOMA. Fungus gelatinous, conical, composed internally

of pellucid unilocular capsules. Parasitical on the living
juniper.

80. TUBERCULARIA. Fungus wart-like, fleshy, compact, sub-

sessile ; granules very small and numerous, immersed in
the superior and cortical layer. Parasitic on the bark of
trees and shrubs.

* * * Fungi Jiesliy or coriaceous ; texture fibrous ; seeds very minute,
produced externally, generally contained in slender tubes. (Mostly
large and of short duration : colours various, but seldom black. )

•j- External surface even.

81. CENAJTGIUM. Fungus subsessile, attached by the centre be-

neath, plaited ; disk at first closed, at length more or less
open, smooth, seminiferous; the seeds in erect hyaline
tubes. (Coriaceous, small, gregarious, bursting from un-
der the bark of branches.)

82. PEZIZA. Fungus fleshy or waxy, saucer or cup-shaped, ses-

sile or stalked, affixed by the centre beneath; the disk
smooth, seminiferous ; seeds in hyaline tubes.

b. Erect.

83. TYPHULA. Fungi club-shaped, the stalk slender, filiform,

sprouting from a radical tuber. Parasitical.

84. CLAVARIA. Fungi fleshy, erect, simple or branched; the

4

1 12 CRYPTOGAMIA-FUNGI.

seminiferous tubes confined to the upper parts. Terres-
trial.

85. LEOTIA. Fungi between fleshy and gelatinous, stalked ;

stalk central, terminated with a rounded and marginated
cap, smooth on both surfaces. Terrestrial.

•f -\- External surface honeycombed or cellular.

86. MORCHELLA. Fungi fleshy, stalked, the pileus honeycombed,

confluent with the stalk either at the margin or a little
above it. Large, terrestrial.

87. PHALLUS. Fungus cellular, stalked, the stalk issuing from

a wrapper ; pileus furnished with large cells filled with a
slimy seminiferous matter. Large, terrestrial.

•f- -f- -j- One surface porozis or prickly.

88. BOLETUS. Fungi fleshy, with a convex and circular pileus

on a central stalk ; pileus porous beneath, the tubes sepa-
rable from the substance of the pileus and from each other.
Terrestrial.

89. POLYPORUS. Fungi suberose or coriaceous, sessile, or rarely

with a short lateral stalk ; under surface porous, the pores
not separable from each other, nor from the substance of
the fungus.

90. AURICULARIA. Fungi flat, expanded, coriaceous, smooth or

hairy on the upper side, fixed by the whole under surface
which is smooth or papillary, and becomes detached and
reversed in age.

91. HYDNUM. Fungi fleshy or coriaceous, stalked or sessile, the

under surface bristled with awl-shaped processes or spines.

•f* •{• •)• -j- One surface lamellated or veined.

92. AGARICUS. Fungi with a pileus or cap furnished beneath

with lamellae or gills radiating from a centre, and differing
in substance from the rest of the fungus.

3

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 1 13

93. CANTHARELLUS. Fungi fleshy or membranaceous, plaited

beneath, with raised veins of a similar substance, radiating,
subparallel, dichotomous, sometimes anastomozing.

* * * * Fungi filled with a copious seminal powder enclosed in a mem-
brane, sometimes double* (The membrane or outer coat (peridium)
is of a fibrous structure. The interior is pulpy at first, becomes gra-
dually more consistent, at last pulverulent, when it is discharged by
irregular ruptures of the coat.)

94. SCLERODERMA. Globular, sessile. Peridium coriaceous, in-

durated, mostly warty, bursting at the apex. Seeds col-
lected into little contiguous distinct globules, mixed with
filaments.

95 LYCOPERDON. Globular, sessile or obsoletely stalked. Pe-
ridium membranous, often warted, bursting irregularly at
the top, filled with a soft pulverulent and fibrous mass.

96. LYCOGOLA. Sessile, globose or subirregular. Peridium thin,

fragile, variously dehiscent, the seminal mass very pulve-
rulent and mixed with few fibres.

97. ONYGENA. Stalked with a globular head, which is covered

with a crustaceous membrane bursting irregularly ; semi-
nal mass compact, pulverulent, without fibres.

98. LEOCARPUS. Minute, somewhat stalked. Peridium crusta-

ceous, fragile, bursting, containing a black seminal mass
mixed with a few filaments.

99. CRATERIUM. Fungi minute, cyathiform, smooth, membra-

nous, truncate at the top ; and closed by a plane diaphragm ;
filled with pulverulent seeds intermixed with slender fila-
ments.

100. PHYSARUM. Minute, stalked, the head subglobose, covered

with a thin membrane, bursting and deciduous in distinct
portions. Seeds mixed with filaments.

101. TRICHIA. Minute, sessile or stalked, globular or ovate, the

outer coat membranaceous, bursting irregularly. Seeds

1 14 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

placed in a fibrous mass, the filaments involute, attached
to the base, and expanding elastically.

102. ARSCYRIA. Small, stalked, the head ovate-oblong or cylin-

drical, covered with a membranous coat which soon disap-
pears except a small portion at the base, disclosing a felted
fibrous mass, in which the seeds are intermixed.

103. STEMONITIS. Small, stalked, the stalk continued through

the cylindrical head, and having attached to it the felted
or netted filaments in which the seeds are entangled.

Fungi cup-like, containing lenticular bodies Jilted with the

104. CYATHUS. Fungus cup-shaped, while young closed by a
membrane, afterwards open. Seeds contained in lenticular
bodies attached by a pedicel to the bottom of the cup.

****** j?ungi pulverulent, parasitical, bursting from beneath the
epidermis of plants.

105. STILBOSPORA. Fungi black, compact, composed entirely of

subglobular grains or capsules. Hab. branches of trees.

106. SEPTARIA. Parasitical on leaves, the seminal mass escaping

from an immersed capsule in the form of tendrils, and
forming spots on the surface composed of cylindrical joint-
ed pellucid bodies or grains.

107. PUCCINI A. Parasitical on living plants in minute coloured

spots, and bursting through the epidermis irregularly ;
spots formed of stalked subpellucid grains divided into 2
or more cells.

108. UREDO. Parasitical on living plants, in minute coloured

spots, bursting through the epidermis irregularly ; spots
formed of subpellucid globular or oval grains undivided.

109. .flScimuM. Parasitical on living plants in minute coloured
spots ; each spot cup-like with a toothed circular border ;
grains free, minute, globular.

CRYPTOGAMI A— FUNGI. 1 1 5

«*****« j?ungi pulverulent, produced on the external surface of
leaves and plants.

110. ERINEUM. Fungi composed of subpellucid, tubular, irregu-

lar, and unjointed filaments compacted into an effused
spot. Parasitical on living leaves.

111. FUSIDIUM. Fungi— plane, effused spots, composed of slen-

der, branched, hair-like filaments, and of minute, crystal-
line, linear bodies, tapered at each end. On dead leaves.

112. SEPEDONIUM. Fungi pulverulent, produced within putrefy-

ing fungi, composed of entangled filaments and globular
pellucid grains or capsules.

******** Fungi mould-like, or formed of filaments erect or inter-
woven.

•f Filaments short, erect, rigid.

113. OLADOSPORIUM. Filaments tufted, simple, and somewhat

branched, jointed only at the apices, the joints separating
at last.

1 14. TORULA. Filaments tufted or rather felted, moniliform or

jointed; joints contiguous, opake, sometimes deciduous.

115. ACROSPORIUM. Filaments simple, tufted, pellucid, monili-

form, the joints separating and deciduous.

•f* -f- Filaments erect and decumbent, pellucid, fugitive.

116. MUCOR. Mould-like; sterile filaments decumbent, web-

bed ; fertile ones erect, jointed, simple, terminated by a
globose head covered with a thin membrane, and filled
with simple globular grains.

117- ASPERGILLUS. Mould .like ; sterile filaments decumbent,
webbed ; fertile ones erect, simple or divided at the top,
clavate, with a globular cluster of naked seeds (capsules)
on the summits.

1 16 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

118. PENICILLIUM. Mould-like; sterile filaments decumbent,

jointed, free, simple or branched ; fertile ones erect, ter-
minated with a pencil-like tuft of branches, among which
the globular pellucid seeds are clustered.

119. BOTRYTIS. Filaments simple or branched, scattered or

compacted, jointed, free ; fertile ones erect, with simple
summits ; seeds globose or oblong, collected about the
branches or the summits of the filaments.

f -f- -|- Filaments decumbent, long, interwoven.

120. RACODIUM. Filaments felted, branched, opake, scarcely

jointed, persistent ; the seeds in imperfect clusters scat-
tered amongst the filaments.

121. BYSSUS. Filaments branched, interwoven, pellucid, slen-

der, and fugitive.

122. HIMANTIA. Filaments creeping, closely appressed to the

subjacent body, branched in a radiating manner, unjointed,
persistent.

66. SPHUERIA.

OES. — The essential character of the Spharia is a globular or
flask-shaped capsule of a horny texture, filled with a pulp, in
which the slender pellucid tubes containing the seeds are im-
mersed, and which at maturity is discharged by a round aperture
in the summit of the capsule. These capsules are often sunk
and concealed in a peculiar parenchyma or base, but this is as
often entirely wanting. The species grow on dead wood and
leaves, except a few which infest leav es before they show any ap-
pearance of decay ; and they commence in general under the bark
or epidermis, which they perforate and remove, that other agents
may carry on the work of ruin they have begun. They are al-
most all of small size, and of a black, brown, or red colour,

CRYPTOG AMI A— FUNGI. 1 1 7

* Capsules immersed in a peculiar parenchyma.
"Y Fungus-like, erect.

1. S. hypoxylon, clustered, compressed, black and shaggy at the
base, the apices cleft, white and mealy when young ; black, rough,
and sterile at the points when mature — Sow. Fung. t. 55. PERS.
Syn. 5. HOOK. Scot. ii. 4. Clavaria hypoxylon, LIGHTF. Scot. 1059.
WITH. iv. 404. Xylaria hypcxylon, GREV. Fl. Edin. 355.

Hob* Around the stumps of trees, and at hedge bottoms,
common in winter.

Grows in irregular clusters 2 or 3 inches high, more or less
branched, of a corky texture, internally white. When
the powder is rubbed off, the apices become black like the
stem, and it is not until spring that the spherical capsules
can be discovered within them. These form a marginal
row on each side of a longitudinal section, and some are
likewise often, but not always, placed in the interior.
They are very obvious, both from their size, and from the
contrast afforded by their black colour to the very white
pith in which they are immersed. There is a variety
smaller and simple, with a distinct cylindrical rough head
tapered to a point. This has been called Sph&ria cupressi-
formis. It grows in the same situations, and often inter-
mixed with the other. A reduced figure of it is given in
LOUDON'S Encyclop. No. 16358.

•j- •(• Base adnate, effused, chared.

2. S. stigma, crust widely spreading, brown or black, even,
cracked, closely punctured with the minute orifices of the cells ;
cells globose, entirely immersed, the orifices very slightly pro-
minent; interior white, or ultimately black — PERS. Syn. 21.
HOOK. Scot. ii. 5. S. decorticata, Sow. Fung. t. 137. Stromatos-
phcBria stigma et decorticata, GREV. FL Edin. 357 ; Crypt. Fl.
t. 223, f. 2. •

Hob. On dead branches of trees, particularly of hawthorn
and beech, originating beneath the bark which it re-
moves, and when the part appears as if it had been
chared; very common.

* The figures in this beautiful work are, in every instance in which I have been
able to compare them with nature, so uncommonly correct and characteristic, that
I could not allow this opportunity to pass without expressing my opinion of its
great merit.

118 CRYPTOGAMIA-^FUNGI.

3. S. undulatay crust widely spreading, dull black, even or ir-
regular, thickly dotted with the rounded somewhat prominent
orifices of the cells ; cells globular, entirely immersed ; interior

white PERS. Syn. 21. HOOK. Scot. ii. 5- Slromatospharia un<*

dulata, GREV. Fl. Edin. 356 ; Crypt. Fl. t. 223, f. 1.

Hab. On dead wood from which the bark has been re-
moved, occasionally.

Principally distinguished from the preceding by the larger,
rounded, and more prominent orifices of the cells.

4. S. atro-purpurea, crust spreading irregularly, blackish .brown,
uneven, cracked ; cells entirely immersed, few and small, with-
out apparent orifices; interior brown. — Bot. Gall. ii. 681. S. vo-
gesiaca, MOUG. and NEST., No. 765.

Hab. On wood without bark, rare.

Differs from S. stigma and undulata in having fewer cells ir-
regularly arranged, and the orifices of which are either in-
visible on the surface, or sometimes just perceptible with
a magnifier.

5. S. lata, crust very thin, widely spread, black, even, conti-
nuous, dotted with the prominent obtusely conical orifices of the
cells, which are rather large, very numerous and immersed in the
wood ; interior of the cell white or yellow — HOOK. Scot. ii. 6.
GREV. Fl. Edin. 357. Bot. Gall. ii. 685.

Hab. On wood deprived of its bark.

My specimens were cut from decayed and decorticated
branches, probably of Salix aurita. The branches were
blackened, and had the appearance of being slightly burn-
ed. The crust is very thin, and the cells are merely co-
vered by it, for they are immersed in the wood, which is a
remarkable character, and distinguishes this well from any
of the preceding.

6. S. flavo-virens, crust unequal, rugose, black, pulverulent,
yellowish-green within ; cells subglobose, their orifices somewhat
prominent and rounded. — PERS. Syn. 22. S. multiceps, Sow.
Fung. t. 394. f. 8. Stromatosphceria multiceps, GREV. Fl. Edin. 356.
Strom. Jlavo-virens, GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 320.

Hab. On dead branches, frequent.

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 1 19

" So many appearances are assumed by this Sphceria^ that it
requires long practice to determine it without examining
the interior ; the yellow-green colour of the pulverulent
Stroma is always conspicuous, and is sufficient to decide
the species." — GREVILLE.

7. S. filidna, crust glossy black, smooth, thin, spreading in a
linear manner; cells very minute, without visible orifices —
SPRENG. Syst. Veg. iv. 391. S. pteridis, Sow. Fung. t. 394, f. 10.

Hob. On the dead stalks of the Braken, common.

Forms linear or irregular spots external to the epidermis,
varying from two or three lines to upwards of an inch in
length. The cells are entirely immersed, arranged in
rows, and so small as only to be seen in the fully developed
plant, but then conspicuous enough from their whitish
colour.

8. S. fframinis, crust dull black, raised, forming small oblong
spots on the leaves of grasses ; cells immersed, the orifices con-
cealed— PERS. Syn. 30. Bot. Gall ii. 695. MOUG. and NEST.,
No. 876.

Hub. On decaying but still green leaves of grasses, parti-
cularly of Dactylis glomerata and Poa annua.

9. S. juncij capsules bursting from beneath the epidermis, mi-
nute, rowed, forming small dull black raised oblong spots on the
outer surface, often confluent. — SPRENG. Syst. Veg. iv. 391.

Hob. On the dead culms of the common rushes, in early
spring.

The capsules originate beneath the bark, and penetrate it by
their minute points. They are placed in rows evidently
determined by the striae of the stem ; and the orifices are
either punctiform and free, or concealed and immersed in
a black crust, the surface of which is slightly uneven.

10. S. quercina, crust thin, spreading, brown, smooth, studded
over with tubercles ; capsules enclosed in the tubercles, arranged

circularly, with rough prominent orifices penetrating the bark.

SPREXG. Syst. Veg. iv. 389. MOUG. and NEST., No. 868.

Hob. On decayed branches of oak, abundant.
The crust spreads along the branches under the bark to a

1 20 CRYPTOGAMI A—FUNGI.

considerable extent, the rough apices of the celluliferous
tubercles bursting through it irregularly. The tubercles
are about a line in breadth and height, either separate or
touching at their base, and in the latter case they form an
interrupted line. Each encloses about a dozen of small
black cells, which appear to be arranged round a white
corky centre ; and the surface of the tubercle is roughened
by their orifices.
\

11. S* faginea, crust spreading, thin, black; cells closely clus-
tered, semi-immersed, flask-shaped, oblique, with a long neck, 4
or 5 converging and perforating the bark at the same point. —
PERS. Syn. 44. Mou&. and NEST., No. 170. S. perforata. Sow.
Fung. t. 372, f. 2. Cryptospharia faginea, GREV. Fl Edin. 359.

Hob. On dead branches of beech, abundant*

Rotten branches of beech lying in the open air, are generally
marked all over with little circular rough points protrud-
ing through the bark. These points, examined by the
magnifier, are seen to consist of 4 or 5 minute tubercles,
which are the orifices of as many cells beneath. At first the
bark is firmly adherent above them, but ultimately it be-
comes loose, and, although never detached by the fungus
itself, it is easily removed, when the structure becomes
very obvious. The capsules lie half immersed in the thin
base, and lean so obliquely that the necks of 4 or 5 of them
meet and penetrate outwards at one point by a sudden
bend of the orifices.

•f -j* •[• Base adnate, effused, fleshy.

12. S. typhina, crust cylindrical, elongated, orange-colour, dot-
ted, even, the capsules immersed, ovate — PERS. Syn. 29. HOOK.
Scot. ii. 6. S. spiculifera, Sow. Fung. t. 274. Polystigma typhinum,
GREV. Fl. Edin. 365. Stromatosphceria typhina, GREV. Crypt. Fl.
t. 204.

Hob. On the culms of living grasses, not uncommon.

The grass affected with this curious parasite mimics the
reed-mace (Typha latifolia) in its appearance. It sur-
rounds the stalks to an extent varying from half an inch
to 2 inches ; is white in its earliest state, but in a few days
acquires the orange-yellow colour of maturity.

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 181

^- -j* -f- -j- Base circumscribed^ globose or tubercle-like.
§ Cells arranged in the circumference.

13. *S. fragiformis, globose, rusty brown, the surface even or
tubercled ; interior very black, solid ; cells in a light coloured
layer beneath the surface — PERS. Syn. 9- t* 1. f. 1, 2. HOOK.
Scot. ii. 4. Lycoperdon variolosum. Sow. Fung. t. 271. Stromato-
sphceria fragiformis, GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 136.

Hob. On dead branches of the beech in Blackadder plan-
tations.

The size is in general that of a pea, but sometimes it ex-
ceeds this considerably. Our specimens belong to the va-
riety ICBVIS, figured by Dr GREVILLE.

14. S. fusca, tubercle-like, rusty brown, smooth, rather un-
even, punctured with the minute orifices of the cells, the base
broad, often confluent ; interior black ; diameter 2-3 lines.—;
PERS. Syn. 12. HOOK. Scot. ii. 5. Stromatosphceria fusca, GREV.
FL Edin. 356.

Hab. On dead branches of hazel, abundant, placed upon
the bark.

15. S. gelatinosa, soft, tubercle-like, convex, buff-orange, smooth,
the surface dotted with the orifices of the cells, which are placed
near the surface and circularly arranged ; interior whitish. —
SPRENG. Syst. Veg. iv. 385. S. pallida, PERS. Syn. 12.

Hob. On dead fir branches in damp woods, rare. In the
plantation at Murton Craigs. Nov.

Sometimes T2oths of an inch in diameter, generally less, with
a white base. The orifices of the cells are not prominent.

§ § Cells erect, interior.

16. S. oblonga, black, rough, oblong or roundish, bursting trans-
versely through the bark ; interior white ; cells ovate, inclined,
rather large — Sow. Fung. t. 347. f. 7.

Hab. Dead branches of beech.

17. S. disciformis, blackish-brown, circular, raised, flat on the
top, and dotted with raised points ; interior white ; cells oval

VOL. II. F

122 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

PERS. Syn. 24. HOOK. Scot. ii. 5. Stromatospharia disciformis,
GREV. Fl. Edin. 357. Crypt. Fl t. 314.

Hal. Dead branches of beech, abundant.

About 2 lines in breadth, gregarious, but each little fungus
distinct and always separate, sitting in a cup formed by the
bark of the tree, which is torn into 4 or 5 almost equal
segments, aptly mimicking a calyx. The prettiest of our
species.

18. S. ambiens, black, in small roundish clusters, perforating
the bark in irregular wavy subparallel lines ; orifices of the cells
arranged round a smooth central space.— PERS. Syn. 44.

Hob. On dead branches of the hawthorn, covering them to
a great extent, rare.

19. £ convergent, black, mammillary, concealed by the bark
which the necks of the cells perforate, forming a tubercled point ;
cells ovate, converging — Sow. Fung. t. 374. f. 6. PERS. Syn. 46.

Hob. Dead branches of various trees.

The mammillary tubercles are immersed in the true bark
which closely covers them, and are rather widely placed.
Each encloses several small cells, which converge together,
forming a short obtuse neck that perforates the epidermis,
where the orifices appear rough or minutely tubercled, ar-
ranged round the whitish corky centre.

20. S. leucostoma, cells collected into small circular mammillarr
pustules, distinct, closely covered by the smooth epidermis ; disk
white, truncate, perforated by 1-3 black orifices of the cells.—
Bot. Gall. ii. 687. MOUG. and NEST., No. 659.

Hob. On dead branches of hawthorn, abundant.

The pustules are about \ line in diameter, numerous, readily
distinguished by their white central dots.

21. S. stellulata, black, in round wart-like spots bursting through
the back; surface tuberculate, the little tubercles or orifices
rounded, grooved in a stellate manner ; cells oval, with a rather
long neck.— Bot. Gall. ii. 686.

Hab. On dead branches of the elm, in spots ^ th in diame-
ter, immersed in the true bark, and surrounded by the
ruptured epidermis.

CRY PTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 123

22. S. Labumi, dark brown, bursting through the bark in round-
ish wart-like spots; surface tuberculate, the tubercles rough,
obtuse, close ; internally blackish-brown ; cells oblong ; diameter
from 1 to 3-tenths — SPRENG. Syst. Veg. iv. 395.

Hob. On dead branches of laburnum, in winter, rare.

23. S. ribesia, black, bursting through the bark in roundish
spots ; surface at first even and smooth, when mature minutely
granular, the orifices obtuse — PERS. Syn. 14. HOOK. Scot. ii. 5.
Stromatospharia ribesia, GREV. Fl. Edin. 357.

Hal. On dead branches of the red currant.

The spots are about a line in diameter, surrounded by the
ruptured epidermis.

24. S. prunastri, " deep black, bursting transversely through
the bark, oblong, elevated ; orifices of the spherules (cells)
crowded, level-topped, acutely 4-sided and grooved." — PERS.
Syn. 37. HOOK. Scot. ii. 6. Stromatosphceria prunastri, GREV.
FL Edin. 358.

Hob. On dead branches of the sloe.

* * Capsules seated on a parenchymatous base.

25. S. cinnabarina, capsules crowded, globose, granulated, dark
red, clustered on a softish red base — SPRENG. Syst. Veg. iv. 395.
S. decolorans, PERS. Syn. 49. HOOK. Scot. ii. 6. Cucurbitaria de-
colorans, GREV. Fl. Edin. 359. C. cinnabarina, GREV. Crypt. Fl.
t. 1&5.

Hah. On dead branches of hawthorn, in small wart-like
tubercles, very common.

* Capsules without any parenchymatous base.
"|T Originating under or in the bark of trees. .

26. S. Berberidisj capsules clustered, black, globular, rough and
tuberculate, without any orifice; internally white. — SPRENG.
lib. cit. 396. Cucurbitaria Berberidis, GREV. Crypt. FL t. 84. ;
FL Edin. 359.

Hab. On dead branches of the barberry, bursting through
the bark longitudinally, and sometimes forming long
lines, but more commonly oblong wart-like tubercles.

124 CRYPTOGAMI A—FUNGI-

. 27. S. millepunctata, capsules numerous, distinct, globose, black,
small, immersed beneath the epidermis ; the orifice very short,
obtuse, scarcely exserted — GREV. Syn. 24. Cryptosphceria mille-
pumtata, GREV. Fl Edin. 360. Crypt. FL t. 201.

Hob. On decaying small branches of the ash, which, when
infested with it, seem to the naked eye covered with in-
numerable minute black dots.

28. S. Tilia, scattered, immersed and covered by the epidermis,
dull black, circular, depressed, the margin raised and thickened ;
orifice central, short, and thickish — PERS. Syn. 84. MOUG. and
NEST., No. 660.

Hal. On small decayed branches of Sycamore.

This fungus, about y^th of an inch in diameter, sits im-
mersed in the meshes of the old and fibrous bark, concealed
by the epidermis, which forms a discoloured and rather
depressed spot immediately above it. In the centre of
this spot the apex of the capsule is visible, but it scarcely
protrudes. On removing the epidermis, the sphceriais ex-
posed, remarkable from its situation between the meshes
of the netted bark. A closely allied species grows on the
old stalks of Epilobium angustifolium.

•j- -f Seated upon the bark or wood.

29. S. aquila, capsules seated in a byssoid cinereous base, globu-
lar, clustered, large, black, smooth, with a very minute papillary
orifice __ Bot. Gall. ii. 697. S. byssiseda, GREV. FL Edin. 363.
L,our>. Encyclop., No, 16441.

Hob. On decayed branches, rare. Winter.

The capsules of this fine species are fully as large as the
seeds of the Swedish turnip, and are placed either in close
apposition, or a little remote, covering in this manner the
branch for several inches in extent. Our specimens are
on hawthorn, and were gathered in the immediate vicinity
of Berwick by my nephew and pupil Mr R. DUNLOP.
The form of the capsules is mammillary, and it is as regular
as if it had been fashioned in the lathe of the turner. The
summit is rounded and encircled with a line, forming an
areola around the minute orifice. The byssoid or floccu-
lent base is of a dirty ash colour ; the filaments short, ri-
gid, irregularly branched and opake. Its presence is pro-

CRYPTOG AMI A— FUN G I. 1 25

bably adventitious, and the species differs from the true
S. mammiformis in no other character.

30. S. spermoides, capsules closely crowded, opake-black, globu-
lar, roughish, corneous, with a very minute papilliform orifice —
PERS. Syn. 75. HOOK. Scot. ii. 7. GREV. FL Edin. 363. Crypt.
Fl. t. 6. S. bombardica, BOLT. Fung. t. 122. f. 2. Sow. Fung.
t. 372. f. 4. Lycoperdon nigrum, LIGHTF. Scot. 1069. t, 31, lower
figure.

Hab. On decayed branches and stumps of ash, deprived of
its bark, not common.

The capsules are about the size of a common pin's head.

31. S. pulvis-pyrius, capsules closely crowded, black, minute,
globular, roughish, and more or less furrowed at the top — PERS.
Syn. 86. HOOK. Scot. ii. 8. GREV. Fl. Edin. 365. Crypt. Fl.
t. 152. f, 2.

Hab. On bare wood, especially on loped hazel, in rough
continuous irregular spots.

The capsules are one-half less than the preceding, but in
other respects the species are much alike.

32. S. sanguinea, capsules minute, scattered or clustered, ar-
terial blood-red, smooth, ovate, with a papillary apex — BOLT.
Fung. t. 121. f. 1. GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 175. f. 1.

Hab. On bare wood or bark. On stumps of fir trees in
Blackadder plantations. On dead branches of the broom
near Berwick.

Discharges its contents by the apex in the form of a worm-
like white pulp. The interior of the cell is black, and
when the upper half has fallen off, the remaining portion
resembles a pretty Pezixa.

33. S. moriformis, capsules gregarious or clustered, obovate,
deep black, rough, tuberculate — PERS. Syn. 8fi. HOOK. Scot. ii.
8. GREV. Fl. Edin. 364. S. claviformis, Sow. Fung. t. 337.

Hab. On dead fir wood, not common.

t f t On other Fungi.

34. S. verucosa, capsules clustered, subglobose, deep black, tu-

1 26 CR YPTOGAMI A— FUNGI.

berculate, and hence very rough — GREV. Crypt. Fl t. 39. S.
ruffosa, GREV. Fl. Edin. 364.

Hah. Parasitic on Potyporus abietinus, in the plantation
above the Retreat ; and in Blackadder plantations, Ber-
wickshire.

I think this is not specifically distinct from the preceding.

35. S. epispharia, capsules minute, scattered, arterial blood-red,
glossy, soft, ovate, becoming cupped — PERS. Syn. 57. GREV.
Crypt. Fl. t. 175. f. 2.

Hob. On Spharia stigma, scattered over the surface like
miniature garnets, frequent.

In the collapsed and cupped state, this minute species resem-*
bles a Peziza. Allied to S. sanguinea, yet distinct.

•j- •(• -|- -j- Parasitical in seed-vessels.

36. S. conigena, capsules very minute, black, bursting through
the epidermis. — Bot. Gall. ii. 705. S. strobilina, HOOK. Scot. ii. 8.
MOUG. and NEST., No. 572.

Hob. On dead cones of Pinus abies, common.

" Growing on the outside of the scale, and confined to that
part which is exposed when the scales are upon the cone."
HOOKER. Very often there is nothing visible except nu-
merous minute black points penetrating the epidermis, but
frequently the spots are a little larger, probably from the
confluence of two or three of the lesser ones.

The capsules of the ash and the prickles of the rose are much
infested with a Sphceria, which it would be more curious
than useful to distinguish from S. conigena.

"f" "H" "M" On stems of herbaceous plants.

37. S. patella^ capsules scattered, black, subglobose, cupped,
the margin rounded — PERS. Syn. 76. HOOK. Scot. ii. 7- GREV.
Fl. Edin. 353. Heterospharia patella, GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 103.

Hab. On dead stems of the larger Umlelliferce, common
near Berwick during the winter months.

38. S. acuta, capsules gregarious, glossy black, subglobular,
collapsing with age, pointed with a central, rather thick cylindrL

CRYPTOGAMI A— FUNGI. 1 27

«al neck, penetrating the epidermis — PERS. Syn. 62. Cryptospharia
acuta, GREV. Fl. Edin. 360 ; Crypt. FL t. 239. f. 1.

Hob. On the dead stalks of the nettle near the base, and
on thistles, common.

Like in shape to a Florence flask, or a bellied spirit bottle,
and a piece of the epidermis often encircles the neck like
a label. While the epidermis of the plant remains, the
parasite is only to be discovered by the protruding black
points of the cells, which, however, soon become entirely
exposed.

39. S. doliolum, capsules scattered, black, smooth, subglobose,
with a short obtuse papillary tip — PERS. Syn. 78. HOOK. Scot,
ii. 7» GREV. Fl. Edin. 363. Cryptosphceria doliolum, GREV. Crypt.
Fl t. 239. f. 2.

Hab. On dead stems of the wild angelica.

40. S. herbarum, capsules small, scattered but very numerous,
black, smooth, round, depressed ; orifice papilliform, piercing the
epidermis like minute dots, at length naked. — PERS. Syn. 78.
HOOK. Scot. ii. 7. Cryptospharia herbarum, GREV. FL Edin. 361.

Hab. On dead stalks of the wild angelica and cow-parsnip,
very common.

41. S. nebulosa, capsules minute, scattered, forming dark greyish
cloud-like spots on the smooth stalks of plants ; the orifice some-
what acute, penetrating the epidermis — PERS. Syn. 31. Crypto-
sphcsria nebulosa, GREV. Fl. Edin. 362.

Hab. On the stalks of the hemlock, in winter.

42. S. longissima, capsules very minute, black, so placed as to
form long parallel narrow lines on the stem. — PERS. Syn. 31.

Hab. On the dead stems of Charophyllum sylvestre, in
winter.

43. S. culmifraga, capsules very minute, immersed, scattered,
numerous, black; orifice short, conical, bursting through the
epidermis. — SPRENG. Syst. Veg. iv. 403.

Hab. On the dead culms of the sea-reed or bent, most
abundant.

128 CRYPTOGAMI A—FUNGI.

Notwithstanding its minuteness, the hyaline tubes which
contain the seeds are readily discovered in this species.

44. S. calva, capsules gregarious, small, black, hemispherical,
covered with black rigid hairs, which ultimately disappear except,
about the base PERS. Syn. 74. GREV. Fl. Edin. 364.

Hob. On the dead stalks of the common ragwort, common
in early spring.

tttttt On leaves.

45. S. setacea, capsules immersed, minute, black, scattered, tip-
ped with a long setaceous black point — PERS. Syn. 62.

Hab. On the dead leaves of the sycamore and birch, in
winter.

This species prefers the stalks and nerves of the leaf, but is
not confined to them. The bristle-like points are apt to
be rubbed off.

46. S. Coryli, black ; capsules distinct, arranged in an irregular
circle, the orifices exserted like spines, and surrounded at their
base with a white fimbriated collar. SPREXG. Syst. Veg. iv. 394.
GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 330. Cryptospharia gnomon 2 GREV. FL Edin.
360.

Hab. On the green and vigorous leaves of the hazel, not
common.

One of the neatest and most curious species in the genus.
The orifices point from the under side of the leaf, but the
base of the cells is very visible and somewhat prominent
on the opposite surface.

47. S. rubens, capsules black, distinct, clustered on a red circu-
lar spot of the leaf, prominent, the apex obtuse and rounded.

Hab. On the upper surface of the living leaves of the
roan-tree. In the wood at the Pease Bridge. July.

The leaves are marked on both sides with bright red circular
spots from 2 to 4 lines in diameter, thickly studded on the
upper surface with prominent dot-like tubercles or cells,
reddish at first, but soon becoming black. I do not per-
ceive any orifice in the apex ; and the fungus may perhaps
belong to the genus Dothidea.

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 129

48. S. JEgopodii, black, minute, somewhat prominent and round-
ish, scattered or clustered, placed in pale coloured irregular spots.
PERS. Syn. 89. HOOK. Scot. ii. 8. MOUG. and NEST. No. 281.
Cryptosphceria JEgopodii, GREV. Fl. Edin. 362.

Hab. On the green leaves of the gout-weed, in summer
and autumn, scattered over pale spots which map the
whole leaf, and seem determined in their outline by its
reticulation.

49. S. Angelica, scattered but very numerous, minute, black,
prominent, roughish, the apex obtuse or depressed. S. punctifor-
misy var. Angelicaria, DEC AND. Fl. Franc, vi. 145.

Hab. On the inferior side of the leaves of the wild ange-
lica in autumn, common.

Nearly allied to the preceding. The portions of the leaf in-
fested with it assume a pale-yellow colour, but sometimes
the whole leaf is covered, and ^without visible discoloration.
It is only found on the inferior surface.

50. S. maculiformis, minute, point-like, roundish, black, cluster-
ed on small squarish and blackish spots. PERS. Syn. 90. MOUG.
and NEST., No. 661.

Hab. On oak, chestnut, and also on birch leaves, common,
opening on the inferior surface.

On comparing my specimens with those in MOUGEOT and
NESTLER'S collection, I find them precisely similar, — a
circumstance I mention because the species, notwithstand-
ing its commonness, has not previously been introduced
into any British Flora. It infests decaying oak, chestnut,
and birch leaves in autumn and winter. The capsules have
their origin beneath the epidermis, and several are collect-
ed together into small squares, or irregular spots of a black-
ish colour, each spot dotted with the scarcely prominent
points of the cells.

51. S. sentina, cells minute, gregarious but distinct, immersed,
globular, black, white internally; orifice exserted, subglobose.
SPRENG. Syst. Veg. iv. 403. S. grossularia? Sot. Gall. ii. 709.

Hab. On the dead leaves of the blackberry and hawthorn,
previous to their fall from the bushes, scattered over the
whole inferior surface.

130 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

52. S. Hedera, scattered, black, minute, semi-immersed, promi-
nent, smooth, the centre depressed or concave and lighter colour-
ed. SPREN&. Syst. Veg. iv. 403. S. punctiformisy var. Hederce,
PERS. Syn. 90. HOOK. Scot. ii. 8.

Hab. On dead ivy and oak leaves scattered over the whole
surface, rare.

Though minute, this species is still considerably larger than
S. maculiformis or punctiformis, and readily distinguished
from both by its depressed and light centre. My speci-
mens are placed on the under surface of the ivy, and on
the upper surface of the oak leaves.

53. S. empetri, capsules immersed, minute, black, distant, few
on a leaf, hemispherical, with an obscure papillary orifice. SPRENG.
Syst. iv. 403.

Hab. On dead but still attached leaves of the crowberry.

54. S. phaecomes, capsules immersed, minute, black, white with-
in, bearded with a pencil-like tuft of black rigid hairs. SPRENG.
Syst. iv. 404. Cryptosphceria capillata, GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 69 ; Fl.
Edin. 362.

Hab. Parasite on the dead leaves of grasses in woods, fre-
quent in this neighbourhood, and readily distinguished
by the minute little tufts which it forms on the leaves.

55. S. trichella, capsules subimmersed, minute, scattered, black,
ovate, depressed, the summit covered with diverging rigid hairs
or bristles. Vermicularia trichella, GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 345.

Hab. On dead ivy leaves, occasionally.

SPRENGEL makes this a variety of the preceding. I have
seen the same or a nearly allied species on decayed leaves
of Vaccinium Myrtittus.

56. S. punctiformis, capsules scattered, punctiform, black, smooth,
globular, without a perceptible orifice. PERS. Syn. 90. HOOK.
Scot. ii. 8.

Hab. On dead oak and sycamore leaves, in whiter, abun-
dant.

The capsules are just visible with the naked eye. They are
very numerous, immersed in the cellular texture of the

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 131

decayed leaf, and confined to the under surface. On beech
leaves I find a variety not visible without a magnifier, and
apparently confined to the upper side of the leaf.

57. S. lichenoideS) capsules very minute, black, immersed, pro-
minent, clustered on dead spots of living leaves. DECAND. Fl.
Franc, ii. 299. and vi. 147- Xyloma lichenoides, Ibid. ii. 304.

Hob. On leaves of trees and herbaceous plants in summer.

The leaves of some trees and herbs, even when in. full vigour,
may be observed to be marked occasionally with dead spots
produced by an absorption of their parenchyma and colour-
ing matter. On these spots we can often detect black dot-
like Sphaeriae scattered in profusion, and to all such, I
would, in this work, extend the name of licTienoides. Whe-
ther the parasite is the cause of the death of the part, as
DECANDOLLE thinks, or whether the part, by its decay, has
merely been brought into a state favourable for its deve-
lopment, is doubtful ; but on the same tree I have found
spotted leaves, some with and some without Sphaeriae, — a
fact which tends to support the latter opinion. The fol-
lowing varieties have been observed in this neighbourhood :

a. Spots subcircular, brownish, bounded by a darker line ; sphae-
riae on the upper side. Leaves of the ash and ivy.

b. Spots subcircular or irregular, eaten, netted by the reticula-
tion of the leaf; sphgeriae on the under side. Leaves of the
mapple.

c. Spots subcircular, brown, bounded by a slight thread-like
line ; sphaeriae on the upper side. Leaves of the common avens.

d. Spots circular, pale, surrounded by a purple halo ; sphaeriae
immersed, on the upper side. On the leaves of the common docks.
(Probably a distinct species.)

e. Spots irregular, brown, limited by the reticulations of the
leaf; sphaeriae very minute, on the under side. Leaves of the
French willow.

SPRENGEL, in his Systema Vegetabilium, has described 360
species of this genus, and FRIES, a later author, is said to
have made them upwards of 500. The fact affords a very
striking illustration of that variety in his works which the

132 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

Creator of all has everywhere indulged in. All the Sphse-
rise apparently serve the same end in the economy of na-
ture, viz. of hastening the reduction of vegetable matter
to its original dust ; and that purpose, we may suppose,
might have been effected as easily by an increase in the
numbers of one, as by the creation of a multitude of spe-
cies. It has, however, seemed good that it should be other*
wise, and it is very probable that those little but perma-
nent differences which characterize the species, are accom-
panied with variations in the operation of the plants, im-
portant in their results, although to us unapparent. In the
present instance, we can scarcely look on this great variety
as auxiliary to the beauty of earth's surface, for, with
scarce an exception, the Sphserise are so diminutive as to
require the practised eye of the botanist for their detection.
He finds in the examination of their structure, a pleasing
and agreeable spectacle, and so much curious design and
constancy as are quite subversive of hypotheses implying
spontaneous generations or formative powers of nature as
necessary to account for their production. If I may judge
from my own experience, it is, in fact, in these " minims
of nature," that we are most strongly impressed with the
conviction of the existence of a First Great Intelligent
Cause ; and are most ready to admit that his works are
"wonderful, and made in wisdom.

67. DOTHIDEA.

OBS. — In Sphceria the seminiferous pulp escapes without any
laceration of the capsules, which often remain for a considerable
time after they have emptied themselves of their contents. But
in Dothidea the discharge of the pulp can only be effected by the
destruction of the cells, which appear to have no natural aperture.
The species are of a black colour, parasitic on leaves.

1. D. Ulmi, cells clustered ; clusters scattered, subcircular, rai-
sed, black, the surface dotted or granular ; interior black with
white cells. GREV. Crypt. Fl t. 200. f. 1. Sphceria ulmaria, Sow.
Fung. t. 374. f. 3. Sp. Ulmi, MOUG. and NEST. No. 766. Stro-
matospharia ulmaria, GREV. Fl. Edin. 357.

Hob. On the upper side of dead elm leaves.

2. D. Robertiani, subgregarious, hemispherical, minute, smooth,
glossy black, white within. GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 146. f. 1. Cryp-
tosphceria nitida, Fl. Edin. 363.

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 133

Hab. On the under surface of the living leaves of the
stinking crane's-bill, in autumn.

The leaves of this herb continue green until winter has at
least fairly set in, and in that season the under surface
may be observed marked with excavated dots, which have
no relation to this, or any other parasite. They are the
remains of the ruptured glands containing the essential oil
whence the plant derives its strong disagreeable odour ;
and that they are so, is easily proved by rubbing such
leaves between the fingers, when they will be found per-
fectly scentless.

3. D. alnea, small, gregarious but distinct, glossy black, sub-
-drcular, flattened, roughish. GREV. Crypt. Fl. 1. 146. f. 2. Xy-
loma alneum, PERS. Syn. 108. MOUG. and NEST. No. 78. HOOK.
Scot. ii. 9. GREV. Fl. Edin. 368.

Hab. On both surfaces of the living leaves of the alder,
generally occupying a half or a smaller portion of it, but
sometimes scattered over the whole.

4. D. Heraclei, rugose and somewhat tubercular, confluent,
Wack, opaque ; internally black with white cells. SPRENG. Syst.
Veg. iv. 417.

Hab. On the under surface of the leaves of the common
cow-parsnip, in autumn, not common.

5. D. Alchemilla, " filaments very minute, extremely fine,
branched ; at length bearing subdistinct black tubercles ; produ-
cing a pale spot on the leaf." Asteroma Alchemill^ GREV. Fl. Edin.
369.

Hab. On living leaves of the lady's-mantle, frequent.

This, when mature, consists of black minute raised points,
or very short lines, clustered on pale circular spots of the
leaf^ and external to the epidermis. The points are irre-
gularly arranged, but they are most closely set in the cen-
tre, and assume altogether an obscure star-like form.

68. PHASCIDIUM.

1. P. coronatum, black, smooth, convex, the base circular, broad,
the apex dimpled and margined : diameter 1 line. GREV. Crypt.

134 CRYPTOGAMIA-FUNGI.

Fl. t. 52. Fl Edin. 366. Peziza comitialis, Sow. Fung. t. 118.
Xylvnia pezizoides, PERS. Syn. 105.

//«5. On dead beech (and oak) leaves, in woods.

The above description is taken from the plant in a dried
state, and on beech leaves, on which, according to PER-
SOON, it is less perfect than when on the oak, and seldomer
open. In this latter state it is a fungus of considerable
beauty, and has been aptly compared to a coronet in mi-
niature. The apex splits into a number of acute triangu-
lar segments, which become elevated and slightly bent
back, so as to expose the disk, which is of a pale yellow or
yellowish-green colour.

2. P. repandum, black, minute, roundish, prominent, the disk
concave, black, with a waved or irregularly-divided margin.
SPRENG. Syst. Veg. iv. 41 1. Xyloma herbarum, DECAND. Fl. Franc.
vi. 161.

Hab. On the leaves and steins of the blue sherardia, in
June, rare.

Like a minute tubercle on the leaves, each distinct and ge-
nerally remote. When pressed between two plates of
glass, and examined by the microscope, it appears to be
entirely composed of erect straight pellucid filaments,
which are presumed to be organs containing the proper
seeds.

3. P. Vaccinii, glossy black, minute, round, convex, dimpled
when close, opening with 4 segments, the disk smoky-black.
SPRENG. Syst. Veg. iv. 411.

Hab. On decayed leaves of Vaccinium Myrtlllus.

69. 11HYTISMA.

OBS — It cannot have escaped the observation of any one, that
the leaves of the plane or sycamore become, in the autumn, mark-
ed with large circular spots of a black colour. These spots afford
the most characteristic example of this genus. There are various
other species which all infest leaves previous to their fall, but
scarcely until they have shown some symptoms of decay. rf

1. R. salicinum, black, rugose, thick, forming a large irregular

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 135

raised spot ; internally white. GREV. Syn. 1 9. Xyloma salicinum^
PERS. Syn. 103. HOOK. Scot. ii. 9. GREV. FL Edin. 368. Crypt.
FL t, 118. f. 2. X. lewocreas, MOUG. and NEST. No. 175.

Hob. On the upper side of the leaves of sallows, viz. Salix
caprea, aurita et prostrata, not uncommon.

On the latter willow the spots are glossy, bullate, and very
like Rkytisma Andromedce.

2. JR. acerinum, black, rugose, in large circular raised spots ; in-
terior white. GREV. Syn. 19. Xyloma acerinum, PERS. Syn. 104.
HOOK. Scot. ii. 9. GREV. FL Edin. 369. Crypt. FL t. 118. f. 1.

Hal. On the upper side of sycamore leaves in autumn.

The spots are often surrounded by a yellow halo. Dr GRE-
VILLE considers R. punctatum of authors as merely an ear-
lier state of this species. It is characterized by the spots
being much smaller, and placed at a little distance from one
another, thus forming an imperfect cluster.

70. HYSTERIUM.

OBS. — The Hysteria are solid, sessile, and of a black colour,
readily recognised by their linear form furrowed down the mid-
dle. They closely resemble the fructification of the genus Ope-
grapha, and seem to differ from it principally by their want of a
crust. They grow on decayed wood, bark, and leaves ; and the
differences between the species are commonly so slight, that one
is tempted to believe these may arise merely from variations in
the structure of their sites.

* On wood or baric.

1. H. quercinum, bursting through the bark, elongate, flexuose,
somewhat ventricose, greyish-brown. PERS. Syn. 100. GREV.
Fl. Edin. 366. MOUG. and NEST. No. 367.

Hab. On dead and rotted oak branches, which are much
roughened by the irregular manner in which this species
bursts the epidermis.

2. H. lineare, subimmersed, crowded, generally placed parallel,
linear, straight or flexuose; the disk linear with tumid lips. GREV.
Crypt. Fl. t. 167. f. 2.

3

136 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

Hob. On the dead portions of the wood of various trees.
Our specimens are on the stems of the dog-rose.

3. H. Fraxini, elliptical, subcortical, convex, tumid, black ; cleft
with obtuse smooth lips. PERS. Syn. 100. HOOK. Scot. ii. 8.
GREV. Crypt. FL t. 72. Fl. Edin. 367.

flab. On dead branches of the ash, produced under the
epidermis, which becomes of a pale colour, and forms a
spot generally of a circular form, and on which the Hys-
teria are arranged in a subconcentric manner.

4. //. pulicare, scattered, oblong, short, tumid, dull black, ob-
scurely striate ; cleft broad with obtuse lips. HOOK. Scot. ii. 8.
GREV. Fl. Edin. 366. Crypt. Fl. t. 167-

Hab. On dead portions of various trees.

Our specimens are on dead branches of Vaccinium Myrtillus, a
plant not heretofore enumerated amongst those liable to
be infested with this Hysterium. It offers, however, no
character which might entitle it to be considered a distinct
species.

* * On leaves.

5. H. gramineum, minute, linear-elliptical, black, mostly on the
ribs of the leaf or culm. GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 87. Fl. Edin. 367.

Hab. On the leaves and stems of grasses.

6. H. pinastri, elliptical, depressed, the margin plane, paler and
often bounded by a black line, the centre slightly raised. PERS.
Syn. xxviii. GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 60. Fl. Edin. 367. HOOK.
Scot. ii. 8.

Hab. Leaves of Scotch fir, very common.

7. H. Juniperi, elliptical, glossy black, somewhat plane, growing
longitudinally on the leaf. GREV. Fl. Edin. 367. Crypt. Fl.
t. 26.

Hab. On dead juniper leaves, not rare.

* * * On cones.

8. H. conigenum, minute, roundish or oval, black, bursting the

CIIYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 137

thin epidermis .by a slit in the centre. PERS. Syn. 102. MOUG.
and NEST. No. *]5.

Hob. On dead cones of Scotch fir, very common.

Confined to the upper and exposed part of the scales. Very
often there is nothing visible, except numerous minute
black points penetrating the epidermis ; but some of our
specimens have the character of an Hysterium more evi-
dently than those given in the work of MOUG EOT and
NESTLER. It is surely not distinct from Sphceria sirobilina.

71. SCLEROTIUM.

OBS.— Mr PURTON, in his Midland Flora, iii. 319, says that
Sclerotium durum in habit and substance does not appear to differ
from our Rhytisma salicinum, — an opinion which may provoke a
smile from the professed Mycologist, but which I am inclined to
think is not far from the truth. Sclerotium differs from Rhytis-
ma scarcely in any thing but in form, and that may depend on
differences in their place of growth.

1. S. durum, adnate, dull black, oblong or linear-oblong, promi-
nent, substriate; internally white. PERS. Syn. 121. HOOK.
Scot. ii. 10. GREV. Crypt. Fl t. 1. FL Edin. 4G2.

Hob. On the dead stalks of the potato, and of umbellife-
rous plants, in winter, common.

Originates beneath the epidermis, but soon becomes exposed.
There is sometimes the appearance of a cleft down the
middle, when the plant much resembles an Hysterium.

2. S. semen, very black, globular or nearly so, free, roughish or
corrugated; internally white. PERS. Syn. 123. GREV. Crypt. Fl.
t. 144. f. 2. S. Brassica, Sow. Fung. t. 393. f. 3.

Hob. On rotting potato stalks, and on the stalk of a thistle,
late in autumn, not common.

Our specimens were like small peas, of a darker colour than
those figured by Dr GREVILLE. The fungus, however, is
said to be pale when young, assuming in its progress a
reddish, and at length a black hue. It easily parts from
its hold, and is apt to fall off in drying.

.3. S. pustula, scattered, dull black or brown, roughish, round,

138 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

often dimpled in the centre, very hard, corneous within. SPHENG.
Syst. Veg. iv. 522. S. quercinum, GREV. Crypt F 7. t. 77. Fl. Edm.
462.

Hob. On a skeleton leaf of the balsam poplar.

I prefer the name of DECANDOLLE and SPRENGEL to that
of GREVILLE, as the latter would lead us to suppose that
the species was confined to the leaves of the oak. I have
only found it once, but there are many specimens on the
leaf, all, however, of a smaller size than those figured in
the work quoted. Diameter about a line.

4. S. clavus, dull black, elongate, cylindrical, generally a little
curved; internally white. DECAND. Fl Franc, vi. 115.

Hob. Between the glumes of grasses, occupying the place
of the grain.

Great doubts have been entertained relative to the nature of
this production, but I think, with DECANDOLLE, that if
the two preceding are allowed a place in the vegetable
kingdom, this cannot with propriety be excluded. It has
been detected in this neighbourhood on the sweet vernal-
grass, the sweet floating-grass, and on the fieri};. When it
attacks rye, which is peculiarly subject to the disease, the
corn is s?id to be spurred ; and this diseased grain is an
active poioon of a very peculiar kind. If gradually intro*
duced into the system, as when mixed with the flour of
rye-bread, it occasions a severe disease which has often pre-
vailed epidemically in different territories on the continent.
The affection produced differs much in different epidemics,
and even in different cases of the same epidemic. Two
distinct set of symptoms have been noticed; the one con-
stituting a nervous disease, characterized by violent spas-
modic convulsions; the other being a depraved state of
the constitution which ends in that remarkable disorder
known by the name of dry gangrene. The poison posses-
ses other singular properties, and the physician availing
himself of it, can produce effects in the human constitution
such as he can produce by no other medicine yet discover-
ed ; — a fact of which my own experience has afforded suf-
ficient evidence, For an interesting history of what is
known relative to the spurred rye, the medical reader is
referred to Dr CHRISTISON'S learned and useful work on
poisons.

5. S. muscorum, gregarious, spongy, rounded but very unequal

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 139

aid sometimes lobed; colour orange-yellow. PERS. Syn. 120. S.
subterraneum, GREV. FL Edin. 461. Crypt. FL t. 101.

Hob. Attached to the roots of mosses in deans. On Hyp-
num striatum, in Longridge Dean.

6. S. pteridiSj " black, very minute, roundish or oval, numerous,
depressed." GREV. FL Edin. 463. MOUG. and NEST. No. 673.

Hob. On the dead stems of ferns. On Aspidium Filix-mas.,
in shaded and moist situations.

72. XYLOMA.

1. X. rubrum, spots rather large, generally circular, even with
the surface or raised, reddish-orange, dotted with black. PERS.
Syn. 105. HOOK. Scot. ii. 9. Poly stigma rubrum, GREV. FL Edin.
365. Crypt. FL t. 120.

Hob. On the leaves of the sloe in autumn.

The claims of this to be numbered amongst vegetables are
slight, but not slighter than those of any other species in
the genus. The acidity of the sap acting on the green
parenchyma into which it has been effused, will account
for the red colour ; the dots or punctures on the surface
are probably enlarged pores of the epidermis ; and the un-
equal and irregular grains called sporules, are, by their
very inequality, proved to be any thing rather than the
seminal products of a proper vegetation.

2. X. salignum, spots small, roundish, black, almost even with
the surface, many on a leaf — PERS. Syn. 106. GREV. FL Edin.
368. MOUG. and NEST., No. 268. Phoma salignum, Hot. Gall.
ii. 726.

Hob. On decayed leaves of Salix caprea and aurita, fre-
quent.

The spots are about one-half line in diameter, and have a
tendency to follow the nerves of the leaf in their arrange-
ment.

3. X. concavum, spots numerous, small, circular or oblong, con.
cave, bordered, black — GREV. FL Edin. 368. Spharia concava.

140 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

Sow. Fung. t. 317- S. complanata, MOUG. and NEST., No. 82.
Eustegia ilicis, Bot. Gall. ii. 717-

Hob. On dead holly leaves.

At first the spots are level with the surface of the leaf, but
the upper part separates, and they then become exca
vated.

4. X. Geranii) spots small, black, roundish, even with the surface
or slightly raised, rough or granulated ; interior black — GREV.
Fl. Edin. 368.

Hob. On the leaves of the wood crane's-bill.

5. X. populinum, spots small, thickened, clustered, roundish
or angular and subconfluent, reddish-brown, becoming black. —
Bot. Gall. ii. 875. Sclerotium populneum, GREV. FL Edin. 463.

flab. On decaying leaves of poplars, common.
Xyloma populinum of GREVILLE is a different plant.

6. X. salicinum, spots thickened, scattered or clustered, round-
ish or angular, rugose, at first orange-coloured, becoming brown,
and ultimately dark brown. — Bot. Gall. ii. 875. Sclerotium salici-
num, GREV. Fl. Edin. 462.

Hob. On the leaves of Salix caprea, frequent.

Very distinct from X. salignum, and more evidently a dis-
eased and thickened state of the leaf.

7- X. Rosa, on branches, clustered, often confluent, compact,
orbiculate, convex, greyish-black, covered by the epidermis, which
is at last irregularly ruptured. — Bot. Gall. ii. 876.

Hob. On branches of the wild roses, the part affected
being swollen and uneven.

8. X. Spirea, spots irregular, effused, black, nearly smooth,
slightly raised — MOUG. and NEST., No. 760. Leptostroma Spirece,
Bot. Gall. ii. 726.

Hob. Generally on the dead stalks of the meadow-sweet,
but my specimens are on one of the lesser umbellifera:.

CRYPTOGAMI A— FUNG I. 141

In July and August, the upper surface of the leaves of the
coltsfoot are often marked with large irregular spots of a
reddish-brown colour, mapped with black excavated lines,
which are irregularly branched and dilated at intervals.
The spots are even with the surface, — a discoloration ra-
ther than a disease ; but the lines have extended into the
substance of the leaf, and are apparently of a parasitic na-
ture. They are too regular in their appearance, and too
curiously ramified, to be produced by mere decay or mor-
tification ; nor are they the work of insects, but as I can-
not discover any decided traces of organization, I would
not raise the thing to the rank of a vegetable, nor give it

73. CEUTHOSPORA.

1 . C. phacidioides, subcircular, plane, or slightly convex, glossy
black, smooth, the apex bursting at length by 3-5 short pale seg-
ments ; interior brown.— G REV. Crypt. Fl. t. 253. Phascidium
multivalve, MOUG. and NEST., No. 560. Sphceria bifrons, Sow.
Fung. t. 316. Cryptospharia bifrons, GREV. FL Edin. 361.

Hab. On leaves of the holly, the spots visible on both
sides at opposite points.

74. ERYSIPHE.

OBS. — The Erysiphe grow upon living leaves. They form dif-
fused pulverulent or cobweb-like spots on the surface by a tissue
of fine appressed filaments, amid which a careful eye discovers
minute sessile globules scattered in profusion. The filaments are
of two kinds: the one, termed by Dr GREVILLE the radicular,
are short, rigid, generally of a darker colour, and perhaps organi-
cally attached to the globules ; the other are longer, white, and
interwoven, and because thay are produced previous to the ap-
pearance of the globules, are named the primary. The globules
themselves are always at first of a yellowish-colour, becoming
brown and ultimately black. They are filled with oval grains,
which appear to be capsules, and each of which is said by DE-
CANDOLLE to contain two seeds, but the number is frequently
greater.

1. E. communis, base effused, areneous, whitish ; radicular fila-
ments simple, white, affixed to the base ; globules spherical, scat-

142 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGL

tered, very numerous, ultimately blackish-brown — Bot. Gall ii.
869. LINK in WILD. vi. i. 105. Alphitomorpha communis, SPRENG.
Syst. iv. 407.

a. Leguminosarum. E. Pisi, GREV. FL Edin. 461. ; Crypt. Fl
t. 134. E. Lathyri, Fl. Edin. 460. E. TrifoKi, ibid. 459.

h. Umbelliferarum. E. Heraclei, DEC AND. FL Franc, vi. 107-

c. Cichoracearum. Bot. Gall. ii. 869.

Hal. (a.) On the leaves of the garden pea, on wild
vetches, and on trefoils. (b.) On the leaves of the
cow-parsnip, frequent, (c.) On the dandelion.

2. E. lamprocarpa, base effused, with very short densely inter-
woven filaments ; radicular filaments very long, tortuous, fuscous ;
globules glossy, ultimately dark brown. — Bot. Gall. ii. 869. LINK
in WILD. vi. 1. 108. Alphitomorpha lamprocarpa, SPRENG. Syst.
iv. 408.

Hob. On both sides of the leaves of Plantago lanceolata.
August.

The globules are larger than those of the preceding.

3. E. compositarum, base effused, with the filaments loosely in-
terwoven ; the radicular very tender, ultimately blackish, brown ;
globules very numerous, somewhat concave, margined.— Bot. Gall.
ii. 870. E. depressa, LINK in WILD. vi. 1. 110.

a. Lappce. E. Arciii, GREV. Fl Edin. 460.

b. Artemisia. E. Artemisia, GREV. ibid. 459.

Hab. (a.) On the leaves of burdock, (b.) On the mug-
wort.

4. E. divaricata, base effused, the filaments densely interwoven,
greyish-white ; radicular filaments bent upward, twisted, forked
at the points, the branches divergent, the ultimate flocose ; glo-
bules numerous, ultimately depressed and brown — LINK in
WILD. vi. 1. 112. Bot. Gall. ii. 870. Erysiphe lonicera, GREV.
Fl. Edin. 461.

Hab. On the leaves of the honeysuckle.

5. E. penicillata, base effused, the filaments very fine, densely
interwoven, greyish-white ; radicular filaments straight, pencilled
at the apex ; globules minute, ultimately depressed and blackish*-

CRYPTOGAMIA—FUNGI. 143

brown.— LINK, ut cit. 113. Bot. Gall. ii. 871. Erysiphe Berberidisy
GREV. Fl Edin. 460.

Hal. On the leaves of the barberry.

6. E. guttata, radicular filaments straight or at length kneed,
subulate, bulbous at the base ; globules rather large, raised on a

pale irregular spot LINK, ut cit. 116. Bot. Gall. ii. 871. Er.

corylij DECAND. Fl. Franc, ii. 272. Sclerotium erysiphe, var. ft.
PERS. Syn. 124.

Hal. On the under surface of the leaves of hazel, in
autumn.

75. RHIZOMORPHA.

1. R. diver gens, " cylindrical, somewhat flexuose, reddish, the
branches always free, patent." — GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 154. ; Fl,
Edin. 354.

Hob. Between the bark and the wood of decayed stumps
of fir trees in Blackadder plantations.

2. R. subcorticalis, very long, brown, rugose ; primary branches
compressed, obscurely channelled beneath, subparallel, joined to-
gether by numerous parallel side branches — GREV. Fl. Edin. 354.
R. fragilis, Bot. Gall. ii. 867.

Hob. Between the bark and wood of much decayed trees,
forming a very extensive coarse sort of network en-
veloping the trunk, not uncommon.

3. R. setiformis, irregularly branched, very slender and filiform,
black, smooth ; branches patent, tapered, free — Bot. Gall. ii. 868.

Hab. Parasitic on dead leaves and twigs in woods.

Dr GREVILLE maintains that this is a barren and monstrous
state of Agaricus androsaceus.

76. DACRYMYCES.

1. D. deliquescens, gregarious, small, rounded, convex, smooth,
yellowish-orange — Bot. Gall. ii. 729. D. stillatus, GREV. Crypt,

144 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

Fl. t. 159. Tremella deliquesce ns, WITH. iv. 86. GREV. Fl»
Edin. 4,27.

Hal. On rotten wood, everywhere. Spring.

2. D. Urticoe, minute, oblong, rather plane, orange-coloured or
red ; filaments simple, slightly curved — Bot. Gall. ii. 729. Tre-
mella Urticce, PERS. Syn. 628. Fusarium tremelloides, GREV. Crypt.
Fl t. 10. ; Fl. Edin. 4,71.

Hob. On dead stems of the nettle, common in early spring.

77- ILLOSPORIUM.

1. /. roseum, scattered, roundish, or somewhat lobed, pinkish-
red or rose-coloured — GREV. Syn. 10. Bot. Gall.n. 876. Tuber-
cularea rosea, PERS. Syn. 114. Palmella rosea, GREV. Crypt. Fl.
t, 51. ; Fl. Edin. 323.

Hob. On Borrera tenella, frequent in autumn, and some-
times on the bark near lichens.

78. TREMELLA.

OBS Were the parenchymatous matter of Sclerotium less com-
pact and solid, or were that of Stilbospora more abundant, we should
have, I think, a Tremella. These fungi are of a soft gelatinous
consistence, having the seminal grains immersed in the outer
covering. The colour and forms of the species are Variable, and
dependent in some degree on the state of the atmosphere, for in
dry weather they shrivel up and become obscure, while in moist
weather they swell out remarkably, and assume colours generally
of a vivid hue. They either sprout from under the bark of trees,
or find a station fit for their development on rotten wood.

1. T. mesenterica, saffron-yellow, raised, much plaited, large —
WITH. iv. 86. Eng. Bot. t. 709. HOOK. Scot. ii. 32. GREV. Fl.
Edin. 426.

Hob. On dead branches of whin, broom, and hawthorn, in
spring.

Springs from under the bark, and is readily distinguished by
its fine colour and furbelowed surface.

CRYPTOGAMIA-FUNGI. H5

2. T. ullida, whitish or light vinous-brown, soft and gelatinous,
in roundish, smooth, and somewhat lobed masses.— WITH. iv. 83.
Knff. Sot. t. 2117. HOOK. Scot. ii. 31. GREV. FL Edin. 427.

Hab. On stumps of rotten and moss-grown trees in dean-s,
not uncommon.

The masses are about the size of a hazel-nut, semipellucid,
and in drying almost entirely disappear.

3. T. spiculosa, blackish-green, effuse, plane, and rather thick,
minutely papillary on both sides — PERS. Syn. 624. MOUG. and
NEST., No. 395. Exidia glandulosa, Sot. Gall. ii. 732.

Hab. On decaying branches, not common. Spring.

This originates under the bark, which it bursts through, and
then spreads over the branch for an inch or two in oval
patches, not adherent to the wood, but closely laid upon it.
It is black, thin, and firm when dry, but in a moist and
perfect state the colour is an olive-green, and the consist-
ence gelatinous although tough. The surface is even or
nearly so, covered on both sides with numerous small pa-
pillary tubercles or spiculae. The interior is transparent
and colourless. Botanists have usually quoted the Tre-
mella arborea of the Eng. Sot. as synonymous with this spe-
cies of PERSOON, but of the correctness of that I have some
doubt, for our specimens, which are precisely similar to
those in MOUGEOT and NESTLER'S collection, agree neither
with the figure nor description of the former. And, in-
deed, I am satisfied that at least -one other species has
been confounded with T. arborea, but I must leave the
task of establishing it to some better mycologist.

4. T. sarcoides, erect, reddish-purple, at first club-shaped, then
rounded, lobed, plaited or curled, finally blackish — WITH. iv. 84.
Enq. Sot. t. 2450. HOOK. Scot. ii. 32. GREV. FL Edin. 427-

Hab. On rotten wood in damp woods, in winter and
spring.

u Its substance is semipellucid, gelatinous, with a toughish
elastic skin ; the colour a vinous or flesh-like purple, turn*
ing dull, and at last black, in decay," — SMITH.

1 46 CR YPTOGAMI A— FUNGI.

79. PODISOMA.

1. P. clavariaformis, gregarious, tooth-like, cylindrical or some-
what compressed, orange-yellow, smooth ; granules elliptical,
acute at each end. — Bot. Gall. ii. 881. Tremella clavariceformis*
GREV. Fl. Edin. 427-

Hab. On the living branches of the juniper, in clusters,
studding the affected branch for 2 or 3 inches with
fungus-like spines pointing in every direction. Spring.

Simple, about fths in height, tapered, brownish at the tip,
tough when dry, soft when moist. Each fungus is com-
posed of an immense number of grains, which are large,
bilocular, acute at each end, and often terminated by what
seems to be a pellucid hair, but which is probably the ge-
latine so drawn out. Sometimes a number of the grains
are united together in a moniliform series.

80. TUBERCULARIA.

OBS. — Tubercularia seems nearly allied to Sclerolium, but in the
former, the granules, instead of being diffused through the whole
mass, are confined to a layer superimposed on a fleshy base. The
species are of a red colour, parasitical on decayed wood, which
they spot with wart-like tubercles.

1. T. vulgaris, aurora-red, smoothish, subsessile. — HOOK. Scot.
ii. 9. GREV. Fl. Edin. 463. Tremella purpurea, L.IGHTF. Scot.
901. Spliceria tremelloides, WITH. iv. 427. Clavaria coccinea,
Sow. Fung. t. 294. DILL. Muse. t. 18. £ 6.

Hab. On decaying sticks, particularly on beech, common
in autumn and winter.

Gregarious, studding the branches for a considerable space
with scattered red rather small tubercles, which are soft
but not gelatinous when moist, hard when dry. The tu-
bercles are subglobular, raised on a very short thick base
concealed by the ruptured bark, and internally of a red-
dish-brown colour.

2. T. confluens, gregarious, becoming confluent, depressed,

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. ] 47

smooth, of an aurora-red colour with a mixture of pink, subses-
sile— HOOK. Scot. ii. 9. GREV. Fl. Edin. 463.

Hob. On dead branches of the plane and ash trees, not un-
common in spring.

" Smaller than the preceding, and far more depressed ; sur-
face not rounded, but gently convex or quite plane, soft,
becoming confluent and angular, often irregular from the
union of one or more together." — GREVILLE. Yet it
is sometimes difficult to trace the limits between the spe-
cies, nor do I think it would be injudicious to unite them
under one name.

3. T. granulata, brownish -red, rough and tubercular, subsessile.
— PERS. Syn. 113. GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 187.

Hab. On dead branches of the sycamore, rare.
Diameter about a line ; blackish when old.

81. CENANGIUM.

1. C. Abietis, gregarious, coriaceous, subsessile, rugose, and
somewhat powdery? dull black, compressed ; when moist spread-
ing, the disk yellow. — Sot. Gall- ii. 736. C. ferruginosum, GREV.
Crypt. Fl. t. 197. Peziza Abietis, MOUG. and NEST., No. 399.

Hab. On dead branches of the Scotch fir, frequent.

82. PEZIZA.

OBS.— The genuine Pezizce are shaped like a cup or saucer, and
in the smooth concavity or disk the seeds are placed, whence they
are discharged in the form of a fine powder. These seeds are
contained in linear tubes, placed erect, and in close apposition,
but it requires a good magnifier and a careful dissection to unfold
this structure. It is a remarkably beautiful genus, but from the
great number described the species are difficult to ascertain.
Their consistence is in general soft and fleshy ; they exhibit all
colours, vary much in size, and while the greater number grow-
on decayed wood, some prefer the naked soil. Unable to identify-
some of the minute species, I have chosen, as I have done in
other genera, rather to omit them from my list, than expose my-

G2

143 CRYPTOG AMI A—FUNGI.

self to the risk of describing under a new name that which is pos
sibly already well known.

* Sessile and smooth.

1. P. atrata, scattered or gregarious, black, with a light colour
ed rim ; cupped at first, becoming plane, often with a waved mar
gin ; diameter |th. — PERS. Syn. 669.

Hub. On the stalks near the roots of thistles and ragweed,
common ; and on decayed branches of the whin.

2. P. immersa, scattered or gregarious, black, concave, immersed
in wood ; diameter 1 line.— Sow. Fung. t. 369. f. 9.

Hob. On decayed gate-posts, much resembling the apo-
thecia of a lichen.

3. P. cartilaginea, scattered, orange-red, fleshy ; base convex,
naked; disk concave, becoming convex, the margin circular,
smooth ; diameter sometimes |th of an inch — Sow. Fung. t. 369.
f. 2. P. scutellata, var. 2, WITH. iv. 388.

Hob. Clay banks, nidulating amongst moss. Autumn and
winter.

Like Pez. coccinea, but generally smaller, less brilliantly
coloured, becoming more uniformly convex, and always
with a naked rim.

4. P. nigra, turbinate, firm, gelatinous, externally roughish,
dull black ; disk nearly plane, black, smooth — MOUG. and NEST.,
No. 197. Bulgaria inquinans, LOUD. Encydop*, No. 16280. Sot.
''Gall. ii. 738.

Hab. On the dead trunk of an old and rugged ash near
Berwick.

In consistence this resembles a Tremella. The larger speci-
mens are little less than an inch in diameter when moist
and fully dilated.

* * Sessile, rough, downy or hispid.

5. P. scutellata, saucer-like, scarlet, edged with a fringe of black
'stiff hairs; base buff coloured, hirsute — LIGHTF. Scot. 1053.

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 149

WITH. iv. 388. BOLT. Fung. t. 108. f. 1. Sow. Fung. t. 24.
HOOK. Scot. ii. 33. GREV. FL Edin. 420. RAII, Syn. t. 24 f. 3.

Hob. On moist clay banks, but more commonly on old
cow-dung.

I have frequently found this beautiful fungus half an inch
in diameter, but it is generally smaller.

6. P. pulchella, gregarious, small, saucer-shaped; externally
white or cream coloured, tomentose ; disk saffron yellow — HOOK.
Scot. ii. 33. GREV. FL Edin. 421. P. bicolor, Sow. Fung. t. 17.

Hob. On larch twigs in Blackadder plantations, and else-
where, plentiful.

Our specimens were fully |th in diameter. At first cupped
with an involute border.

7- P- albo-violascens, scattered, cupped ; externally snow-white,
tomentose, with a thick inflexed, sometimes waved margin ; disk
glaucous black SPRENG. Syst. Veg. iv. 504.

Hab. On dead twigs of whin in autumn.

Like the preceding in shape and size ; diameter |th. On
keeping the specimens a few days in a closed box, the disk
became of a grey colour.

8. P. granuliformiS) gregarious, cupped, snow-white, tomentose,
the mouth contracted; diameter | line — PERS. Syn. 651. GREV.
FL Edin. 421. P. sessilis, Sow. Fung. t. 389. f. 1.

Hab. On decayed stalks of large herbaceous plants in
autumn, abundant.

9. P. nidulus, minute, sessile, brown, crucible-like, rough ex-
ternally ; margin of the aperture circular, plane, not contracted. —
GREV. FL Edin. 420.

Hab. On the stems of the cow-parsnip in autumn, abun-
dant ; but not to be distinguished except by the prac-
tised eye of the botanist.

* I have doubts whether this is the P. nidulus of foreign bo-
tanists.

10. P. clandestina, gregarious, minute, subsessile, turbinate,
beautifully and deeply cupped, of a uniform yellowish -brown

150 CRYPTOGAMIA--FUNGL

colour, externally very pubescent and rough ; aperture circular,
close when dry. — Bot. Gall. ii. 746.

Nab. On decayed and decorticated branches of a willow in
Longridge Dean. Spring.

This pretty species grows densely clustered, and opens only
in moist weather. When the aperture is closed, the plant
so closely resembles the Tricliia faginea hereafter de-
scribed, that it it is difficult to point out a difference.
Height \ line ; summit pale.

11. P. hydnoides, gregarious, minute, globular, externally
densely pubescent, yellowish green ; aperture circular, contract-
ed; disk black — Sow. Fung. t. 178.

Hob. On decayed stumps of trees in the dean at the Pease-
bridge. Autumn.

A minute but remarkably neat species, resembling an Echinus
in miniature.

12. P. plumbea, gregarious, minute, subglobular or cupped, ex-
ternally villose, brownish-olive; disk bluish-grey; diameter 1
line. — GREV. Crypt. Fl t. 11.

Hab. On decayed wood in moist places, rare.

* * * Stalked and smooth.

13. P. faginea, small, milk white ; stalk short ; head circular,
plane or slightly convex, with an even margin — PERS. Syn. 664.

Hab* On decayed twigs and straws in damp woods, plen-
tiful in autumn.

The stalk is scarcely a line long, rather thick ; the disk
abrupt, |th in diameter, never cupped, fleshy. Allied to
P. fructigena, but perfectly distinct.

14. P. citrina, gregarious, small, yellow; stalk very short,
thickish ; head circular, slightly cupped, becoming plane, with an
even or obscurely waved margin.— PERS. Syn* 663. Gnw.'Fl.
JEdin. 424. P. aurea, Sow. Fung. t. 150.

Hab. On the sawn stumps of trees in woods, abundant in
autumn.

CRYPTOG AMI A—FUNGI. 151

The very young plants are deeply cupped, and of a watery-
white colour. The mature plants are fleshy and thickish.

14. P. campanula, gregarious, small, of an uniform cream colour ;
pileus thin and membranous, with a plane not contracted margin.
Diameter 1 or 2 lines. — GREV. Fl. Edin. 423.

Hab. On the stalks of decaying herbaceous plants in au-
tumn.

15. P. pallescens, scattered, minute, of a uniform very pale yel-
low, fleshy ; the stalk dilated into a cupped pileus, the margin
contracted and even. — PERS. Syn. 664. P. pedicillata $ Sow. Fung.
t. 369. f. 4.

Hub. On twigs and g asses in a state of decay, common in
autumn.

About |th in height. The stalk is rather thick, and seems to
dilate gradually into a deeply cupped head ; the aperture
contracted. In this respect it differs from P. campanula,
the mouth of which is described as " widely open."

16. P. ceruginosa, " verdigris-green, turbinate, at length, spread-
ing, somewhat flexuose ; the stipes short." — GREV. Crypt. FL t. 241.

Hab. On rotten wood. Communicated from the neigh-
bourhood of Wooler, by Mr Mitchell, R. N.

" The remarkable property which this plant possesses, of
staining the wood upon which it grows to the depth of two
inches, constitutes a character by which it is distinguished
from all other Pezizse." In other respects it is very va-
riable, and the fungus rarely comes to perfection.

1 7» P> ochroleuca, " rather large, ochrey-brown, infundibuliform,
at length concavo-repand or very plane ; stipes elongated, dark at
the base." — GREV. FL Edin. 422. Sow. Fung. t. 115.

II ab. On decayed branches at Houndswood, plentiful. Aut.

A very variable species, The small plants are funnel-shaped,
or they may be compared to the cups of the acorn ; the
outside yellowish-brown, the disk of a dark or umber co-
lour. In its progress the disk becomes expanded and un-
even ; the colour is either a uniform yellowish-brown, or
it is darker above than below. The length of the stalk is
equally variable, sometimes more than half an inch, and

1 52 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

sometimes so short as almost to appear sessile. Diameter
not uncommonly f ths of an inch.

* * * * Stalked, externally rough, downy or hispid.

18. P.virginea, gregarious, snow-white; stalk thickish, short,
p ileus woolly, cupped, the margin inflexed ; disk white. GREV.
FL Edin. 421. HOOK. Scot. ii. 33. P. nivea, Sow. Fung. t. 65.

Hob. On decayed sticks in woods. Aut.

The diameter of the pileus is generally about 1 line, some-
times more ; it is always concave and at first deeply cup-
ped.

19. P. coccinea, funnel or cup shaped, tawny on the outside and
cottony, the disk a fine carmine ; margin smooth. — WITH. iv. 383.
BOLT. Fung. t. 104. GREV. FL Edin. 421. Crypt. FL t. 171-
P. cyathoides, LIGHTF. Scot. 1052. P. epidendra, Sow. Fung. t. 13.

Hob. In damp woods on decaying branches. Pease-bridge
Dean. Spring.

In general about 1 inch in height, and of the same diameter.
It excels every other fungus I have seen in brilliancy and
beauty of colouring ; and appears at a season when there
is nothing to mar the effect produced by the contrast of its
scarlet cup with the dark green of the surrounding moss,
or the blackness of the stick on which it grows. It loves
the cool recesses of the woods, arid notwithstanding its ex-
ceeding beauty, has probably passed unnoticed by aH save
by the botanist.

" The beauties of the wilderness are his,
That makes so gay the solitary place ;
Where no eye sees them."

83. TYPHULA.

1 . T. erythropus, tuber reddish-brown, smooth ; stalk filiform,
reddish-brown, slender, erect, smooth, terminated with a linear
white thickened apex or club — GREV. Syn. 25. Phacorhiza ery-
thropus, GREV. Crypt. FL t. 43. FL Edin. 415. Clavaria erythro-
pus, PERS. Syn. 606.

Hab. On sticks and straws in damp woods. Aut.

CRYPTOGAMI A— FUNGI. 1 53

The tuberous root is generally concealed under the bark or
within the straw, and so closely resembles the seed of some
plant, that one can hardly believe it otherwise than one
germinating in this peculiar situation, particularly when
the fungus is young and has not developed its clubbed
hymenium.

84. CLAVARIA.

OBS — The Clavariee are fleshy homogeneous fungi, growing
always on the ground, and coming forth principally towards the
end of autumn. They are undivided or branched, the apices ta-
pered or club-shaped, but terminated by no cap or pileus distin-
guishable from the stalk. The seminal powder is enclosed in pel-
lucid tubes, and at maturity is discharged from the whole surface,
or from the upper part of it.

* Simple.

1. C. ophioglossoides, entirely black, club-shaped, the stalk sub-
cylindrical, downy ; height 1-2 inches.— WITH. iv. 400. BOLT.
Fung. t. 111. f. 2. Sow. Fung. t. 83. Geoglossumhirsutum,J:lQOK.
Scot. ii. 30. GREV. Fl. Edin. 416. Crypt. Fl t. 185.

flab. Moorish pastures, abundant.

2. C. in&qualis, yellow, smooth, subcylindrical or compressed,
the apex tapered, bifurcate, or deformed. GREV. Fl. Edin. 414.
C. vewniculata,) LIGHTF. Scot. 1057. Sow. Fung. t. ?53. HOOK.
Scot. ii. 30.

Hab. Moorish pastures, abundant, solitary or in tufts.

\ \ or 2 inches high, solid, fibrous, rather brittle, often fur-
rowed and variously deformed. It is sometimes whitish,
except about the summits.

3. C. vermicularis, white, smooth, cylindrical or compressed, the
apex tapered, obtuse or obscurely bifid. GREV. Fl. Edin. 414.

Hob. Moorish pastures, either singly or 2 or 3 together.
Oct.

Height \\ inch. Substance fibrous, not fragile, with a
spongy fistular centre.

G 3

154 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

4. C. rugosa, white, rugose or uneven, thickened upwards, sim-
ple or somewhat divided — GREV. Fl. Edin. 413. GREV. Crypt.
Fl. t. 328. C. elegans, BOLT. Fung. t. 115. C. coralloides, Sow.
Fung. t. 278, lower figures.

Hob. Shaded woods. Blackadder plantations, abundant.

Gregarious or solitary, from 1 to 4 inches high, solid. " The
taste is agreeable, resembling that of the common mush-
room."— SOWERBY.

* * Branched.

5. C. pratensis, yellow, much branched ; branches dichotomous,
crowded, fastigiate, with obtuse simple or bifid apices : height 1
or I J inch. — GREV. Fl. Edin. 412. C. fastigiata, LIGHTF. Scot.
1061. HOOK. Scot. ii. 29. WITH. iv. 402. RAII, Syn. t. 24. f. 5.

Hab. Mossy pastures in autumn, common.

6. C. coralloides, white, erect ; stipes thick ; branches elongated,
irregular, unequal, mostly acute. — GREV. Fl. Edin. 412. Sow.
Fung. t. 278, upper fig. HOOK. Scot, ii. 29.

Hab. Thickly wooded deans in autumn, not common.

7. C. cristata, white or cinereous, tufted, branched, smooth ;
branches dilated at the summit and jagged, or shortly but acutely
laciniate : 1-2 inches high ; polymorphous — GREV. Fl. Edin. 413.
Crypt. Fl. t. 190.

Hab. Mossy pastures. On the Lammermuirs above Lang-
ton.

85. LEOTIA.

1. L. lubrica, stalk cylindrical, slightly tapered upwards, viscid,
rough, yellow, crowned with an irregularly lobed olivaceous
smooth cap. GREV. Crypt. Fl t. 56. Fl. Edin. 417. Helvella
gelatinosa, WITH. iv. 374. Sow. Fung. t. 70.

Hab. In woods, either solitary or in small tufts. Black-
adder plantations. Plantation front of Scot's-Spittal-
house. Aut.

The stalk is as thick as a goose-quill, and occasionally 3
inches in height. The outer coat is gelatinous, and can be

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 155

readily removed from the more firm and fibrous substance
beneath. The centre is pulpy, but the pulp is firm and
transparent. The cap is about an inch in diameter, covered
beneath with a continuation of the gelatinous and rough
coat of the stem ; and in this part of it the seeds appear to
be lodged.

86. MORCHELLA.

1. M. esculenta, stalk thick, hollow, dilated at the base; pileus
egg-shaped, cellular like honeycomb, its base united with the stalk.
HOOK. Scot. ii. 31. GREV. Werru Mem. iv. 378. Crypt. Fl. t. 68.
Fl. Edin. 417. Phallus esculentus, LIGHTF. Scot. 1043. WITH.
iv. 393. Helvella esculenta, Sow. Fung. t. 51, excluding the two
middle figures.

Hob. Sides of woods on a sandy soil, rare. Sides of the
Whiteadder opposite Edrington-mill.

This " is well known by the name of Morel^ and much
esteemed as an ingredient in sauces and soups, for which
purpose it may be preserved dried for many months, or
even years. The people employed in gathering morels in
Germany, having observed that they grew most plentiful-
ly where wood had been burned, proceeded to promote
their propagation by setting fire to the woods, till it was
found necessary to forbid that practice by law." — SOWER-

87. PHALLUS.

1. P. fcetidus, wrapper egg-shaped; stem white, full of small
cavities ; pileus cellular, covered with a green mucous deciduous
substance — Sow. Fung. t. 329. HOOK. Scot. ii. 18. GREV. Fl.
Edin. 418. Crypt. FL t. 213 and 214. Ph. impudicus, WITH. iv.
394. LIGHTF. Scot. 1044. BOLT. Fung. t. 92.

Hob. Sides of woods in a sandy soil. Woods at Netherbyres ;
and at Drygrange, Berwickshire, Rev. A. Baird. Aut.

At its first appearance this strange fungus resembles an egg
in shape and colour. In this state it remains a few days,
when it bursts the wrapper with violence, and " pushes up
with amazing rapidity, attaining the height of 4 or 5 inches
in a few hours." To explain this wonderfully rapid elon-
gation, it is worth while, says Dr GREVILLE, " to remark^

156 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

that, while the stipes is confined within the volva, the cel-
lules which occupy the greater part of its substance, are
so much vertically compressed as to resemble crowded ho-
rizontal short lines ; on the other hand, when it is mature,
the cellules are roundish. It is probable, therefore, that
the mere vertical dilatation of so many compressed cavi-
ties greatly facilitates this phenomenon." Previous to its
eruption from the volva, the fungus was scentless, but now
it diffuses all round a strong and peculiarly offensive smell,
proceeding from the green slimy matter which fills the
cells of the pileus. Flies are so fond of this offensive mat-
ter, that they crowd to the plant and devour it. The
smell, it is remarkable, is less offensive when the Phallus
is held near the nose than when at a distance. The white
part of the stalk may be eaten, and is rather agreeable than
otherwise.

88, BOLETUS.

1 . B. luteus, stalk solid, cylindrical, with a veil or ring ; pileus
convex, yellowish, slimy, the margin circular ; tubes yellow, with
small circular orifices. — WITH. iv. 352, BOLT. Fung. t. 84.
Sow. Fung. t. 265. HOOK. Scot. ii. 27. GREV. Fl Edin. 403.
Crypt. Fl. t. 183.

Hob. Woods and hedge bottoms, common. Aut.

I have seen a specimen of this species with a stalk thicker
than a man's wrist, and a pileus a foot in diameter ; but it
is seldom larger than the common mushroom.

2. B. subtomentosus, stalk solid, smooth, yellow, streaked with
red ; pileus convex, brown, velvetty, dry, the margin circular ;
tubes yellow with large angular pores — GREV. Fl. Edin. 404.

Hab. Woods. Blackadder plantations. Aug.

3. B. luridus, stalk bulbous, thick, reticulated, red ; pileus very
convex, olivaceous, smoothish ; flesh very thick, changing, when
cut, to blue ; tubes round, yellow, with red orifices. GREV. Fl.
Edin. 404. Crypt. Fl. t. 121. B. rubeolarius, WITH. iv. 350.
Sow. Fung. t. 250. B. bovinus, BOLT. Fung. t. 85.

Hab. Plantations. In a fir plantation near Longformacus.

4. B. scaber, stalk tapered upwards, thick, white, rough with a

CBYPTOGAMIA— FUNG I. 157

black scurfiness ; pileus convex, smooth, yellowish-brown ; tubes
reddish-white, long, with small angular orifices ; flesh white —
GREV. Fl. Edin. 405. Sow. Fung. t. 17-5, indifferent, B. auran-
tiacusy Sow. Fung. t. 110, better. WITH. iv. 346. HOOK. Scot.
ii. 26.

Hob. Woods and plantations, frequent.

B. luridus is reported to be poisonous, and its aspect favours
the report ; nor, indeed, do any of our species tempt us by
their appearance to try them as food. B. sealer -, however,
is used extensively in various countries ; and Mr SOWER-
BY was told that it was a favourite food among the Rus-
sians and Poles, who have many ways of cooking and
pickling it.

89. POLYPORUS.

OBS — Long confounded with the preceding genus, yet remark-
ably distinct and well characterised. In Polyporus the hymenium,
or porous surface, is formed of the same substance as the rest of
the pileus, and the pores are divided by a simple dissepiment from
each other, so that they are strictly perforations. In Boletus, on
the contrary, the hymenium is canable of being separated entire
from the pileus, and is moreover composed of perfect tubes, at-
tached to each other, but capable of individual separation. The
Polypori are mostly long-lived ; the Boleti decay rapidly. The
first are mostly sessile and dimidiate, and of a coriaceous sub-
stance ; the second are always furnished with a central stalk, and
-are soft and juicy. GREVILLE.

* With a more or less distinct stalk.

1. P. varius, pileus rigid, glabrous, smooth ; pores small, round-
ish, pale ; stipes short, smooth, pale, becoming suddenly black at
the base — GREV. Fl. Edin. 399. Crypt. Fl. t. 202. Boletus late-
yalis, HOOK. Scot. ii. 27. B. nummularius, WITH. iv. 350. Sow.
Fung. t. 89.

Hob. On the decaying stump of a willow in Allerton-mill
dean.

The two smallest figures in SOWERBY'S plate precisely re-
semble our specimens ; but as the plant is remarkably va-

4

158 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

liable, an attention to the specific characters is better than
a longer description.

2. P. squamosus, large ; pileus fleshy, of a somewhat ochraceous
colour, more or less scaly ; pores whitish ; stalk sublateral, thick

and swelling GREV. Fl. Edin. 399. Crypt. Fl. t. 207. Boletus

squamosus, WITH. iv. 357- Sow. Fung. t. 26'6. HOOK. Scot. ii.
27. B. cellulosus, LIGHTF. Scot. 1032.

Hab. On the stumps of the ash, common.

Stalk lateral, short, thick, solid, firm. Pileus flattened, fre-
quently 9 inches or more across, light brown with darker
scales arranged concentrically ; flesh white, tough, juicy,
the fluid colourless. Under surface white, uniform, honey-
combed with small quadrangular or pentangular cells.
Probably unwholesome. It will grow from the same stump
for many successive years, one plant occasionally piled above
another like the combs in a hive, and is in greatest perfec-
tion about midsummer. Mr HOPKIRK mentions a speci-
men which, in 1810, attained an extraordinary size, being
7 feet 5 inches in circumference, and weighing, after ha-
ving been cut four days, 34 lb. avoirdupois. It was only
four weeks in attaining the above size, gaining thus an
acquisition of weight of above one pound three ounces in
the day !

3. P. igniarius, tubes green-grey or reddish-brown, pores very
fine ; pileus hard, thick, shaped like a horse's hoof, smooth, brown,
waved. — GREV. Fl Edin. 401. Boletus igniarius, LIGHTF. Scot.
1034. WITH. iv. 367. BOLT. Fung. t. 80. Sow. Fung. t. 132.

Hab. On the trunks of old ash trees, enduring for years ;
frequent in Berwickshire.

This attains a large size, and, when old, resembles a piece of
old honeycomb attached to the tree. The pileus is often
a shapeless mass, but more commonly it is semicircular or
hoof-shaped, 2 or 3 inches thick, and from 6 to J) in itsjtang-
est diameter. If aged, the colour is a uniform dark brown,
and the texture is firm, dry, and woody, with pores an inch
long, and which are separable from one another as well as
from the pileus ; but in a young state, the hymenium is
yellowish, the tubes are short with pubescent orifices, and
the upper surface is covered with a close velvet-like shag.

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 159

The edge is always rounded and obtuse. The flesh is
fibrous, cutting with some difficulty, but tearing readily in
the direction of the fibres, — of a rich yellow, becoming
quickly brown on exposure to the air. A watery fluid
oozes from it on pressure, and this liquid (which is proba-
bly rain-water tinged by the colouring matter of the fun-
gus) often stands in large drops on the surface. Steeped
in water, the fluid acquires the colour of white wine,
which is not affected by the addition of sulphate of iron,
but rendered lighter by the diluted sulphuric acid, and
considerably darkened by the carbonate of soda.

4. P.fomentarius, dimidiate, hard; pileus subtriquetrous, obso-
letely banded, cinereous-brown ; pores at first whitish, glaucous,
afterwards subferruginous — GREV. Fl. Edin. 400. Boletus fomen-
tarius, Sow. Fung. t. 133. HOOK. Scot. ii. 28.

Ha b. On branches of trees, rare.

This is a much rarer fungus in Berwickshire than the pre-
ceding, for I have once only met with it. My specimens
are on a decayed piece of ash, and were picked up in the
plantations about the Retreat. They are, when dried, of
a yellowish-brown colour, and the substance is spongy and
rather soft, by which character it is, perhaps, best distin-
guished from the igniarius. The Amadou, celebrated as a
styptic, and once much used in the practice of surgery, is
prepared from this species, by removing the epidermis and
porous parts, and beating the rest into a soft spongy state.
Banished from surgery, the preparation now renders good
service to the housewife and smoker, for all over the con-
tinent, and likewise in the Highlands of Scotland, it is
used instead of tinder ; and no German who smokes, stirs
without his amadou, flint and steel.

5. P. medulla-panis* irregular, imbricate, above brown, uneven
and rough ; tubes straight or oblique, pure white, with small, an -
gular orifices — GREV. Fl. Edin* 402. Boletus obliquus, PURT.
^Mid. Fl. iii. 246.

Hob. At the roots of trees in woods, and in hedge bottoms,
common.

Forms hard, corky, irregular and thick masses, always grow-
ing from decayed wood, and in the progress of its growth
enveloping and fixing in its thickness, leaves, straw, and
similar bodies. The thickness is increased by a peculiar

160 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

mode of growth, — one layer of pores being added or spread
over another for perhaps three or four successive times.
It is sometimes entirely white, but commonly the pileus
is a dark brown, and the porous surface white, in drying
sometimes acquiring a yellowish-brown tinge. I have felt
considerable difficulty in assigning this fungus a name, but
that which I have fixed upon is apt and expressive of its
appearance. The figure which gives the best notion of it
is that of the Dasdalea albida in Mr PURTON'S Midland
Flora, tab. 38 : and that experienced botanist suspects his
Daedalea may be a variety of Boletus obliquus, our P. me-
dulla-panis.

6. P. versicolor, imbricate, fan-shaped, plane, the margin thin
and acute, upper surface velvetty, circularly zoned ; tubes white,
short, with small round orifices. — GREV. Fl. Edin. 402. Boletus
versicolor, WITH. iv. 362. LIGHTF. Scot. 1036. Sow. Fung. t. 229.
HOOK. Scot. ii. 27»

Hab. On decaying trunks of trees, common.

A beautiful species, ornamented on the upper side with zones
of purple, green, olive, and dull yellow or white. The
purple zones are often iridescent, and the green ones are
velvety, while the others are smooth.

7. P. abietinus, effused, at length mostly reflexed, thinish, coria-
ceous ; upper surface wrinkled, whitish ; pores purple, brownish
when old, short, lacerating. — GREV. Fl. Edin. 402. Boletus abie-
tinus, PURT. Mid. Fl. iii. 242. t. 13.

Hab. On the fallen and decaying trunks of firs, frequent.

8. P. vulgaris, u broadly effused, thin, dry, smooth, white ;
pores minute, subequal." — GREV. FL Edin. 403.

Hab. On decaying wood, frequent.

A white coriaceous fungus growing on decaying wood, in
patches of an oval or lengthened form, and sometimes se-
veral inches in extent. The margin is finely villous.

90. AURICULARIA.

OBS.— " These plants, when young, lie flat, and are closely at-
tached to the substance on which they grow, the upper surface
being smooth, but the under surface shaggy, with hairs which

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. Itfl

serve the purpose of radical fibres. After some time the attach-
ment formed by those fibres loosens, and the plant turns up more
or less, but remains still attached in some one part, either central
or lateral. The smooth upper side is now become the under one ;
and from this the seeds are discharged. The fibrous surface, no\r
uppermost, continues shaggy or woolly, often becomes streaked or
zoned in concentric stripes, and frequently assumes a variety of
colours." — WITHERING.

1. A. reflexa, coriaceous, thin, yellowish, zoned; upper surface
smooth, even ; beneath villous or shaggy, zoned — WITH. iv. 373.
Sow. Fung. t. 27. GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 256. Thelephora hirsuta,
HOOK. Scot. ii. 29. GREV. Fl. Edin. 407.

Hob. On decayed wood, very common ; either irregularly
effused or in circular pieces, and always shewing a ten-
dency to assume the circular form.

2. A. ferruginea, imbricated, hard, woody, somewhat zoned; red-
dish-brown, smooth; upper surface papillose, minutely velvetty,
rust-brown, paler at the margin. — WITH. iv. 376. Sow. Fung.
t. 26. Thelephora rubiginosa, HOOK. Scot. ii. 29. GREV. FL Edin.
408.

Tfab. On decaying trunks of trees, not common.

3. A. corylea^ effused, adnate, thickish, the margin slightly re-
flexed ; upper surface ochre-yellow, cracked in irregular squares,
smooth, unequally papillose; beneath pubescent. Thelephora
corylea, GREV. Fl. Edin. 408.

Hab. On decaying and dead hazel trees. Sent from the
neighbourhood of Wooler by James Mitchell, Esq. R. N.

4. A. corticalis, effused, adnate, thin, somewhat brittle ; upper
surface flesh-coloured, unequally papillose, at length cracking ;
beneath blackish and smooth — WITH. iv. 377. Thelephora quer-
cina, GREV. Fl. Edin. 409; Crypt. FL t. 142.

Hab. On dead branches of oak. Houndswood.

The same or a nearly allied species is very common on dead
branches of the whin and broom.

162 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

91. HYDNUM.

1. //. repandum, stalk white, scarcely central ; pileus fleshy,
smooth, waved, yellowish ; prickles unequal, pale yellow — WITH.
iv. 370. LIGHTF. Scot. 1041. Sow. Fung. t. 176. HOOK. Scot.
ii. 28. GREV. Wern. Mem. iv. 374 ; Crypt. Fl i. 44 ; FL Edin.
405.

Hob. Plantations. Blackadder plantations. Aut.

Stalk short, thick, white, solid, seldom quite central. Pileus
suborbicular, often upwards of 6 inches in diameter, flat-
tish, but waved and frequently lobed, smooth ; flesh thick,
white, not juicy. Prickles half an inch long, close, some-
what compressed, slanting, easily separated from the pi.
leus. Edible, and eaten on the Continent, but, in the words
of Gerarde, " I giue my aduice vnto those that loue such
strange and new-fangled meates, to beware of licking honey
among thornes, lest the sweetness of the one do not coun-
teruaile the sharpnesse and pricking of the other."

2. H. auriscalpium, stem erect, lateral, brown, pubescent ; pi-
leus fixed by the side, subcircular, brown, pubescent ; teeth of
the hymenium subulate, distant, whitish — LIGHTF. Scot. 1042.
WITH. iv. 369. BOLT. Fung. t. 90. Sow. Fung. t. 267. HOOK.
Scot. ii. 28. GREV. FL Edin. 406 ; Crypt. FL t. 196.

Hab. Parasitical on decaying cones in Blackadder planta-
tions.

The stalk and pileus become black in age, and the prickles of
a purplish-blue colour. The root is firmly fixed to the
scales of the cone, and springs from under the epidermis.
The whole plant is firm and tough ; and if not a beautiful,
is certainly one of the most singular productions in the
class.

92. AGARICUS.

OBS. — The mushroom is a familiar example of this genus. The
species have, in general, a stalk composed apparently of longitu-
dinal fibres placed parallel to one another, and in close apposition.
The existence of vessels in the stalk has been denied, but their
presence, according to Dr A. T. THOMSON, is demonstrable by
placing a small transverse slice under a powerful microscope.

CRYPTOGAMIA— -FUNGI. 163

" They are not," he says, " so readily distinguished in a longitu-
dinal slice, a circumstance which I am inclined to ascribe to the
transparency of their coats confounding them with the cellular
substance in which they are imbedded ; and which consists of con-
tinuous oblong cells, the membrane forming the sides of which
is of very different degrees of thickness ; but, nevertheless, they
may be made out by any one accustomed to the use of the micro-
scope." Of the nature of these vessels, Dr THOMSON could not
satisfy himself. They are neither the spiral, nor the annular,
but he suspects them to be the moniliform. The stalk supports,
or, more properly, is expanded into a circular cap or pileus, more
or less convex on the upper surface, and furnished beneath with
gills or lamellar folds radiating from the insertion of the stalk to
the circumference. These gills are formed by a duplicature of
the epidermis ; and from them the seminal powder is discharged
in great profusion. In the early state of the mushroom, the gills
are completely covered by a membrane stretched, like a curtain,
across the concave surface. It is torn by the growth of the fun-
gus, and either disappears entirely, or hangs round the stalk like
a collar, or leaves merely a stain indicative of its former exist,
ence.

* Stalk central and solid.
"I" Gills decurrent.

1. A. eburneus, white; stalk straight or somewhat curved,
slightly tapered at the root ; pileus smooth, convex, at length
plane or cupped ; gills decurrent, wide, not numerous. — WITH.
iv. 185. GREV. Wern. Mem. iv. 360; FL Edin. 371; Ag. virgi-
new, Sow. Fung. t. 32. GREV. Crypt. FL t. 166.

Hob. Old short pastures, in autumn, common.

This agaric is of a uniform ivory-white colour, " in damp
weather rather viscid, and in wet seasons semitransparent."
Stalk 1 or 1| inch, slightly thickened upwards, solid, often
curved. Pileus about an inch in diameter, convex, obtuse,
at length plane or concave ; flesh thin. Gills broad, 4 in
a set, distant, decurrent. Edible.

2. A. cyathiformis, " gills greyish-white ; pileus stone colour,
very thin, soft, smooth, and leathery, glass-shaped ; stem the

1€4 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

colour of the pileus, thickening upwards." — PURT. Mid. FL iii.
182.

Hab. Old pastures, not rare in autumn.

The stalk is tapered a little at the base, rarely so thick as a
goose-quill, and from 1 1 to 2 inches high. The pileus is
about the same in diameter, always smooth, of an uniform
greyish mouse colour, and deeply cupped or funnel-shaped,
with an even circular margin.

3. A. pratensis, stalk thickened upwards, smooth, whitish ; pi-
leus convex, umbonate, smooth, dull reddish-orange ; gills thick,
distant GREV. FL Edin^ 376. ; Crypt. FL t. 91.

Hob. Heathy pastures, in autumn, common.

Of a firm compact fleshy substance, the stalk thickish, and
rarely more than 1 \ inch high. The colour of the pileus
varies in shade, but is generally a yellowish-orange or
brown ; it is an inch or a little more in diameter, often
cracked, and subject to frequent irregularities in form, but
never becomes concave. " If two plants happen to be in
contact, they often grow into each other and become con-
fluent." The gills are coloured like the pileus, two in a
set, and decurrent.

4. A. flaccidus, stalk yellow-brown, cylindrical, curved ; pileus
flattened, brown, leathery, smooth ; gills yellow-brown, numerous,
very decurrent — Sow. Fung. t. 185.

Hab. On a turf wall near Longformacus, Berwickshire,,
abundantly. Autumn.

This fine species is dry, coriaceous, of an orange-brown or
chestnut colour. Stalk not quite central, curved, 1 or 2
inches long, scarcely | inch in diameter, solid. " The
pileus is thin, and resembles tanned leather ; it is often
prettily stained or blotched in an advanced state ;" flatten-
ed or depressed in the centre, the margin involute,, po-
lished, frequently 4 or 5 inches in diameter ; flesh very
pale yellow. Gills numerous, narrow, sometimes branched.
The Ag. adscendens of BOLTON, tab. 55., has some things
in common with our plant, and may be the same, for the
outlines and colouring of the figures in that work are al-
ways indifferent, and often very faulty.

5. A. Listeri, stalk thick, greyish, cylindrical; pileus large,
bluish-grey, smooth, depressed in the centre, becoming funnel-

CltYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 165

shaped; gills whitish, very numerous, narrow. — WITH. iv. 190.
Sow. Fung. t. 245. Ag. plumleus, GREV. Fl. Edin. 374.

Hob. Woods. Blackadder plantations. Wooded banks of
the Dye at Longformacus. Autumn.

Stalk short, thick, bluish-grey, smooth, rarely exactly cen-
tral, narrowed at the base, hollow at least when old. Pi-
leus bluish-grey, varnished, depressed in the centre, be-
coming funnel-shaped, with an even, circular, frequently
inflected margin. Gills white, very numerous, decurrent,
rather narrow, 4 in a set. Flesh white, with a milky,
acrid, and very nauseous juice. Length of the stalk 1 \ or
2 inches ; diameter \ to 1 inch. Diameter of the pileus
from 2 to 4 inches. The trivial name plumbeus is very
expressive of the colour of this agaric, but I feel unwilling
to relinquish that of Dr WITHERING, because it has the
claim of priority, and because it commemorates Dr LISTER,
physician to Queen ANNE, a man of such eminence in
science, that naturalists may be proud to reckon him in
their number.

6. A. Celicioides, " pileus tomentose, dingy pale reddish or sal-
mon colour ; lamella yellowish ; stipes robust, partly hollow."

GREV. Fl. Edin. 373.

Hab. Amongst some natural wood on the banks of the
Dye at Longformacus. Autumn.

Stalk about 3 inches high, thick, cylindrical, straight, flesh-
red, hollow when old. Pileus funnel-shaped, regular,
fawn, with a darker centre, very shaggy all over, the marl
gin circular and inflected. Gills light fawn, numerous,
not broad, 4 in a set, apparently decurrent. Flesh white^
with a scanty milky juice. I have seen no figure of this
large and fine species, but it answers very well to Dr
GREVILLE'S description. The two larger figures of Ag.
torminosus in tab. 103. of SOWERBY'S Fungi, will give a
tolerably correct idea of it, nor, indeed, do I think it dis-
tinct from that plant, which is the Ag. piperatus of WI-
THERING, iv. 205.

ft Gills fixed.

7. A. elephantimiSy " gills yellowish-white, fleshy, wide apart,
4 in a set ; pileus brown-yellow, changing to black and cracking ;
.stem white," very thick — WITH. iv. 232. Sow. Fung. t. 36.

Hab. Woods. Penmanshiel wood. Autumn.

166 CRYPTOGAM1A— FUNGI.

A large species, which in decaying gradually turns quite
black, as if burnt to charcoal, and in this state may be ob-
served in our woods tossing about for some time. " The
gills often branch, and run one into another, but are al-
ways clumsy. This fungus has a pleasant nut like taste;
when cut it changes reddish." — SOWERBY.

8. A. integer, stalk thick, cylindrical, smooth ; pileus convex,
becoming cupped, smooth, the margin even and entire; gills
white, even, numerous and close, fleshy — LIGHT F. Scot. 1009.
BOLT. Fung. t. 1. WITH. iv. 227. Sow. Fung. t. 201. HOOK.
Scot. ii. 20. Ag. emeticus, GREV. Fl. Edin. 372.

Hob. Woods, and sometimes at hedge sides. Autumn.

The pileus is general^ of a crimson colour, often spotted,
sometimes pure white, but varies much in this respect ; it
is always smooth, and does not split even when in old age
it becomes cupped. It measures 3 or 4 inches across, and
is supported on a stalk 2 inches high, white or purplish, as
thick as a man's finger, rather narrowed at the base. It is
a compact fleshy agaric, and would last a considerable time,
did not the larvae of some flies almost uniformly hasten its
decay. Slugs are likewise very fond of it ; and although
in this country suspected to be deleterious, it is said to be
frequently eaten by the Germans and Kussians.

9. A. graveolens, gills white, very numerous, irregular, 4 in a
set ; pileus white, smooth, plane ; stem white, tapering — WITH.
iv. 213. PURT. Mid. Fl. iii. 206.

Hob. At the roots of hedges amongst grass, and in old pas-
tures. May.

Stem 2-3 inches long, from \ to 1 inch in diameter, subcy-
lindrical, more or less crooked, white, solid, fibrous. Pi-
leus plane, more or less undulated, 3 or 4 inches across,
white, tinged with brown, smooth, the margin generally
inflexed. Flesh snow-white, juiceless. Gills fixed, rather
narrow, numerous and close, watery-white, 4 in a set, often
somewhat decurrent. Continues a long time, being firm
and rather dry. It appears in May, growing in small
clusters, every individual plant, however, being separate ;
and sometimes it forms fairy rings, of which we have seen
a fine example on the bank at Hudshead. It has a strong
fungous smell, and is besides well distinguished by its size,
its uniform white colour, and by the time of its appearance.

1

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 1C7

The Ag. graveolens of SOWERBY, tab. 281., is different, and
I think no other than Ag. terreus.

10. A. violaceusj gills purple, numerous, 8 in a set; pileus
purple to brown, convex, edge turned down ; stem purple, cylin-
drical— WITH. iv. 242. LIGHT F. Scot. 1018. Sow. Fung. t. 209.
HOOK. Scot. ii. 20. GREV. Wern. Mem. iv. 364. ; Fl. Edin. 386.

Hab. Amongst long grass at dike sides near woods, not un-
common. Autumn.

Stem 2 or 3 inches high, thick, solid, light purple, hoary or
somewhat cottony, bulbous at the base. Pileus slightly
convex, smooth, brown, the margin inflected except when
very old ; flesh spongy, white, with a purple taint. Gills
always purple, numerous, 4 in a set. As large or larger
than the common mushroom, and distinguished by being
always more or less of a violet colour. It is sometimes
sold at Covent-garden market, under the name of blewits,
for making ketchup. — Sow. c* This," says BRYANT, " re-
quires much boiling, but when sufficiently done and
seasoned, it is as delicious as an oyster." In SOWERBY'S
figures the stalk is represented more cottony than I have
seen it ; the gills are also too faintly coloured, and the
colouring of the pileus does not correspond to what I have
observed.

11. A. subpurpurascens, stalk bulbous, cylindrical, stained with
light-purple ; pileus smooth, brown, rounded, the edge purplish
and turned down ; gills reddish-brown, numerous, — WITH. iv.
240. Ag. glaucopus. Sow. Fung. t. 223, bene. GREV. FL Edin.
380.

Hab» Plantations, not common. New-water-haugh wood.
Autumn.

Stalk 2 or 3 inches high, thick, solid, brown, with a rich pur-
ple tint, which is finest and always present near the top.
Pileus 3 inches across, convex, flattened on the top, smooth,
chestnut -brown, with a purple tinge on the margin. Gills
numerous, broad, ventricose, fixed, but separating easily.
Flesh white, tinged with purple. Single or in small clus-
ters. It is a compact dry species, certainly distinct from
every variety of the preceding.

12. A. deliciosusj stem short and thick, orange ; gills orange,
numerous, rather close, branched ; pileus plane, depressed in the

m CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

centre, light reddish -brown, with darker concentric circles ; juice
very fine orpiment orange, mild — WITH. iv. 203. Sow. Fung.
t. 202. GREV. FL Edin. 374. ; Wern. Mem. iv. 366. PURT.
Mid. Fl. iii. 187.

Hob. Blackadder plantations ; and in a plantation between
Fish wick and West Fish wick. Sept.

The stalk is sometimes as thick as a man's finger, never
more than 2 inches high, slightly tapered at the base, solid,
but pithy in the centre. The gills are slightly decurrent,
more or less dichotomous, and rather narrow, becoming
dirty green in decay. Pileus from 3 to 6 inches in diame-
ter, inflected at the margin, but plane in old age. The
whole plant abounds with a fine yellow-orange juice, taste-
less, becoming colourless or dirty green on exposure for
some time to the air. Dr WITHERING conjectured that
this might be the mushroom in which AGRIPPINA adminis-
tered poison to her husband CLAUDIUS, but the conjecture,
according to Dr GREVILLE, is erroneous. It is much
esteemed on the Continent. When Sir J. E. SMITH vi-
sited Marseilles, he says : u The market exhibited a pro-
fusion of spring flowers, and even carnations, intermixed
with grapes, dates, pomegranates, and a prodigious quan-
tity of Agaricus deliciosus, which really deserves its name,
being the most delicious mushroom known ; though it must
be confessed nothing can be less attractive than its ap-
pearance, its colour being a dirty brown, and the juice of a
deep orange, soon turning to a livid green, wherever the
fungus is touched or bruised." Climate is known to alter
the qualities of mushrooms in some degree, but in this in-
stance this seems not to be the case. " I had one dressed,"
says Mr SOWERBY, " which was very luscious eating, full
of rich gravy, with a little of the flavour of mussels."

13. A. rutilans, pileus convex, deep-yellow, more or less cover-
ed with crimson-red squamulose fibres ; gills rounded, numerous,
yellow ; stipes solid or partly hollow, streaked with red. — GREY.
Fl. Edin. 371. Ag. xerampelinus, Sow. Fung. t. 31. PURT. Mid.
Fl iii. 210.

Hab. On stumps of fir-trees in Blackadder plantations,
sparingly. Oct.

Stem curved, thick, somewhat compressed, hollow, purple on
a yellowish ground, furfuraceous, 2* inches high, fths in
diameter. Pileus plane, 4 inches across, villose and scaly,

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 169

purplish-brown on a yellow ground, deepest in the centre,
which is slightly umbonate ; margin thin and entire. Gills
kings-yellow, numerous, broad, fixed 4 in a set ; flesh
yellowish, without a coloured juice. Probably poisonous.

14, A. stipitis, clustered, dry; stalk cylindrical, firm, fibrillose,
with a persistent collar ; pileus circular, slightly convex, scaly,
yellow-brown; gills dull white, rather distant, numerous — WITH.
iv. 224. Sow. Fung. t. 101. HOOK. Scot. ii. 20. Ag. melleus,
GIIEV. Fl Edin. 371. ; Crypt. Fl. t. 332.

Hab* About the stumps of trees in woods, not uncommon.

This attains a good size, and is distinguished by its dry rigid
texture. Its circular pileus often cracks, but never turns
up in decay. It remains long unchanged. Poisonous.
" Almost all fungi are injurious which grow in a tufted
manner, and especially those on the trunks of trees, and
similar situations." — GREVILLE.

15. A. muscarius, stalk white, ringed, with a bulbous root ; gills
white, numerous ; pileus scarlet, spotted with whitish warts. —
LIGHTF. Scot. 1010. WITH. iv. 217. Sow. Fung. t. 286. BOLT.
Fung. t. 27- ; and An. nobilis, tab. 46. Amanita muscuma, HOOK.
Scot. ii. 19. GREV. Fl. Edin. 369. ; Crypt. Fl. t. 54.

Hab. Amongst brushwood in a heathy soil. From Che-
viot, Dr Thomson. Near Longformacus, Berwickshire,
abundant. Autumn.

Stalk 3-6 inches high, thick, straight, cylindrical, bulbous
and scaly at the base, somewhat enlarged at the top, and
furnished with a large fixed collar. Pileus at first hemi-
spherical, becoming in its progress nearly plane, and ulti-
mately a little cupped. It varies in colour from a uniform
scarlet to orange-yellow, the red appearing only in the
centre ; and it is sometimes almost naked, or destitute of
those angular white or cream-coloured warts which in ge-
neral so agreeably relieve the ground colour. Gills broad,
ventricose, close. Flesh white, tinged with orange-yellow.
The most beautiful of the agarics; but let no one be
tempted by its appearance to apply it to domestic use, for
a poison lurks beneath its brilliant colours. LINNAEUS in-
forms us that in Finmark they cut it into small pieces,
mix them with milk, and place it at their windows for the
purpose of poisoning flies, to which it proves as fatal as
arsenic. In corroboration of this fact, I have observed

VOL. II. II

170 CRYPTOGAMIA-FUNGI.

that the flies which sip of the dirty yellow liquor into
which this fungus dissolves, die almost immediately.
HALLER relates that six persons of Lithuania in Poland
perished at one time by eating it. The Ostiacks in Siberia,
and the Kamtschatdales and Koriacks, however, use it for
the purpose of producing intoxication. They " sometimes
eat it dry, sometimes immersed in a fermented liquor
made with the Epilobium, which they drink notwithstand-
ing the dreadful effects. They are at first seized with
convulsions in all their limbs, then with a raving such as
attends a burning fever; a thousand phantoms, gay or
gloomy according to their constitutions, present themselves
to their imaginations ; some dance, others are seized with
unspeakable horrors. They personify this mushroom, and
if its effects urge them to suicide, or any dreadful crime,
they say they obey its commands. To fit themselves for
premeditated assassinations, they take the Moucho-more, the
Russian name of this agaric. Such is the fascination of
drunkenness in this country, that nothing can induce the
natives to forbear this dreadful potion." — PEXNANT. For
some further particulars relative to its operation, the cu-
rious reader is referred to the Wernerian Memoirs, vol. iv.
344. It has been used in medicine, but its properties, and
the principle on which they depend, seem very imperfectlv
known. See CHRIST ISON on Poisons, p. 655.

1C. A. latus, gills pale flesh colour or white, 8 in a set, but ir-
regular ; pileus brown-mouse, convex, rather bossed ; stem white,
cylindrical — WITH. iv. 267- BOLT- Fung, t 2, the description
good and the figure very bad. Sow. Fung. t. 108.

Hob. In woods amongst long grass, and in old pastures,
not common.

Stalk bulbous, cylindrical, white or greyish, fibrous, solid, 3
inches high, thickish. Pileus from 3 to 6 inches across,
plane, becoming a little concave, smooth, mouse-coloured ;
flesh white, juiceless. Gills dull white or light brown,
numerous, 8 in a set. " When young the gills are mostly

' white, changing to pink in a few hours after gathering, or
as it advances in age, till it sheds a snuff-coloured powder,
the gills then being brownish." — SOWERBY. There is an
apparent hairiness in tho pileus of SOWEREY'S figure, of
which there was nothing visible in our specimens.

17. A. terreusy clustered, hard and dry ; stem thickish, white,
generally compressed ; pileus plano-convex, with an involute

CRYPTOG AMI A— FUNGI. 1 7 1

margin, earthy-brown, often cracked ; gills numerous, firm, dull
white — WITH. iv. 220. Sow. Fung. t. 66.

Hah. Hedge bottoms, in shrubberies and in gardens, not
uncommon. Autumn.

Stalk 2 inches long, generally \ inch in diameter, sometimes
much broader, compressed, white, contracted at the base.
Gills firmly fixed, even, numerous, but not close, 4 in a
set, of a dull watery white colour ; flesh white. Pileus
obtusely conical or nearly plane, dirty yellow-brown, 2
inches or more in breadth, the margin turned in or plane.
Springs up in remarkably compact roundish clusters,
which are often little less than a man's head, and endure
for a long time. Several of these clusters may sometimes
be observed placed in a line at equal distances ; and, ac-
cording to Major VELLEY, they sometimes form great
circles 10 or 15 yards in diameter. If a cluster is de-
stroyed, another will in a short time grow up in the same
spot, and if that be crushed it will be succeeded by a third ;
a fact of which I have taken particular notice, and which
proves that all agarics do not exhaust their parent soil,
and render it unproductive of their own species. Some-
times it grows single, or in a cluster of only 2 or 3 indivi-
duals, which has been the case with the specimens figured
by SOWER BY.

18. A. fusco-flavus, "gills dark cinnamon, 4 in a set; pileus
brown-yellow, convex, bossed, edge turned down ; stem brown -
yellow, splitting." — WITH. iv. 286. Ag. hinnuleus, Sow. Fung.
t. 173. Ag. helvolus, GREV. Fl. Edin. 387.

Hob. Woods. Autumn.

Stalk 1-2 inches high, thick as a swan's quill, narrowed at
the base, round or compressed, yellowish -brown, firm, hol-
low when old. Pileus brown, smooth, convex, with the
edge turned down, becoming flat, umbonate, sometimes
cracked at the margin, which is thin. Gills cinnamon
colour, 4 in a set, distant, ventricose, adnate, but easily se-
parating- A vestige of a ring is generally to be seen to-
wards the top of the stalk, and the whole plant is dry.

19. A. cinnamomeus, stalk cylindrical, yellowish ; pileus plane
or convex, umbonate, smooth, cinnamon colour ; gills lighter cin-
namon, broad, rather distant, dry and wringled — LIGHTF. Scot.

H2

172 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

1019. WITH. iv. 293. Sow. Fung. t. 205, opt. HOOK. Scot. ii«
22. GREV. Fl. Edin. 386.

Hab. "Woods. Blackadder plantations. Autumn.

Stalk 2 inches, thick as a goose quill, smooth, solid. Pileus
about 2 inches in diameter, glossy, very thin at the mar-
gin, and generally torn. It is a light dry species, and is
readily distinguished by this and its cinnamon colour.

?0. A. aurantius, stalk yellow or bright red, splitting ; pileus
conical, yellow, orange or red, glutinous, uneven at the edge ;
gills yellow, fleshy, 8 in a set. - LIGHTF. Scot. 1025. BOLT.
Fung. t. 67- £ 2. WITH. iv. 297. Sow Fung. t. 381. HOOK.
Scot. ii. 22. Ay. conicus, GIIEV. FL Edin. 377-

Hab. Old pastures, very common. Autumn.

Stalk 2 inches high, generally compressed and twisted, split-
ting, smooth, yellow, orange, or bright red Pileus irre-
gular, with an uneven margin, gummy, smooth, as va-
riously coloured as the stalk. Gills always } ellow, broad,
ventricose, slightly adherent, and rather widely set. Flesh
thin, yellowish : tender and brittle. " It may be bleached
or lighter coloured in dry or sunny weather ; in damp
weather it becomes twisted and deformed ; occasionally the
moisture of the fungus partly going oif '. the remainder be-
comes black and like charcoal. This last change is very
common, but does not always happen." — So WERE Y.

21. A. psittacinus, viscid, green and yellow ; stalk cylindrical,
splitting ; pilaus campanulate, spreading, striate when moist ;
gills fleshy, distant, yellow. — WITH. iv. 299. Sow. Fung. t. 82.
GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 74. ; Fl. Edin. 376.

Hab. Old pastures, not rare in autumn.

This is often found in company with Ag. aurantius, which it
closely resembles, and from which " it is best distinguished
by the green tinge at the ui.per part of the stipes, which
is retained almost to the last." — SOWKRBY.

22. A. tortiliffy gills brown, distant, 4 in a set ; pileus reddish-
brown, convex, turning up with age ; stem brown, cylindrical. —
WITH. iv. 244. BOLT. Fung. t. 41. f. A.

Hab. At hedge bottoms, and in rich old pastures. ,;

CRYPTOG AMI A— FUNG I. 1 73

A small species, of a brown colour, the gills and stalk being
merely a shade lighter than the pileus. Stalk 1 inch long,
as thick as a crow or turkey quill ; pileus smooth, some-
times fully I inch across and turning up in age so as fully
to expose the gills. In habit it resembles Ag. muralis,
Sow. Fung. t. 322 , and I think can be nothing but a va-
riety of that plant, although I find it very constant in its
appearance in this neighbourhood, where it is common.

23. A. ramealis, stalk solid, curved, short ; pileus convex, cir-
cular, white, tinged with brown ; gills distant, white, 2 or 4 in a
set. — GREV. Fl. Edin. 381. Ag. horizontalis. Sow. Fung. t. 341.
Ag. candidus, BOLT. Fung. t. 39. D.

Hab. Parasitical on decaying branches of trees.

Gregarious, but never clustered, of a uniform brownish-
white colour, dry. Stalk cylindrical, minutely furfura-
ceous, as thick as a stout pin, firm. Pileus 3 or 4 Hues in
diameter, smooth.

24. A. androsaceus, stalk filiform, dark brown, paler at the top,
smooth, tough ; pileus slightly convex, dimpled, obsoletely rib-
bed, light wood brown ; gills pale brown, distant, 2 in a set, ven-
tricose, — Sow. Fung. t. 94. GREV. Fl. Edin. 381.

Hab. Parasitical on decayed branches, fir cones and leaves,
&c. in woods, abundant.

Stalk 1-2 inches high, solid. Pileus i inch in diameter, dry,
and rather leather-like, thin. " This species often pro-
duces very slender barren stems, which are much branched
and entangled, some of the branches being as fine as a
human hair. FRIES has rightly conjectured it in this
state to be Rhizomorpha setiformis of PERSOON." — GREV.

ftf Gills loose.

25. A. campestris, stalk somewhat bulbous, smooth, white, with
a veil ; pileus semi-orbicular, more or less scaly, white, tinged
with red, inflected at the margin ; gills flesh-red, changing to
liver-brown, numerous, broad, ventricose — WITH. iv 265.
LIGHTF. Scot. 1016. Sow. Fung. t. 305. HOOK. Scot. ii. 21.
GREV. Wern. Mem. iv. 354.; Fl. Edm. 390.; Crypt. F I. t. 161.
Ag. esculentus, GOOD'S Study of Medicine, i. 207.

Hab. Old pastures in autumn.

174 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

This is our common mushroom, which for long has been
esteemed an article of epicurean delicacy, and is exten-
sively used in making ketchup. When it has proved dele-
terious to those who eat it, the injury ought rather to be
attributed to some peculiar idiosyncrasy of the individual
than to any poisonous quality in the mushrooms. We, in-
deed, almost annually read of people being poisoned by
them, but other agarics .have been in these cases gathered
in place of the Ag. campestris. " I have seen," says Dr
CHRIST ISDN, " those who gather mushrooms near Edin-
burgh for the purpose of making ketchup, picking up
every fungus that came in their way."

" As there is no critical mark to determine at once between
poisonous and salutary mushrooms, we may lay it down as
a general rule, that those should be suspected and avoided
that grow in moist and marshy grounds, and especially in
the shade ; that have a dirty looking surface, and whose
gills are soft, moist, and porous."— Dr GOOD. " It ap-
pears that most fungi which have a warty cap, more espe-
cially fragments of membrane adhering to their upper
surface, are poisonous. Heavy fungi, which have an un-
pleasant odour, especially if they emerge from a vulva or
bag, are also generally hurtful. Of those which grow in
woods and shady places, a few are esculent, but most are
unwholesome; and if they are moist on the surface they
should be avoided. All those which grow in tufts or clus-
ters from the trunks or stumps of trees ought likewise to
be shunned. A sure test of a poisonous fungus is an
astringent, styptic taste, and perhaps also a disagreeable,
but certainly a pungent odour. Some fungi possessing
these properties have indeed found their way to the epi-
cure's table, but they are of very questionable quality.
Those whose substance becomes blue soon after being cut
are invariably poisonous. Agarics of an orange or rose-
red colour, and boleti which are coriaceous or corky in
texture, or which have a membranous collar round the
stem, are also unsafe: but these rules are not universally
applicable in other genera. Even the esculent mushrooms,
if they are partially devoured by insects, and have been
abandoned, should be avoided, as they have in all proba-
bility acquired injurious qualities which they do not usually
possess. These rules for knowing deleterious fungi seem
to rest on fact and experience, but they will not enable
the collector to recognise every poisonous species." — Dr
CHRISTISON.

' ' The meadow mushrooms are in kinde the best,

It is ill trusting any of the rest."

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 175

26. A. Georgii, stalk thick, cylindrical, white, with a persistent
collar ; pileus convex or almost plane, fleshy, white, smooth, dry ;
gills white, changing to pink and dark brown — Sow. Fung. t. 304.
GREV. Fl. Edin. 390. Ag. edulis, GRE^. Wern. Mem. iv. 356.

Hob. On the links near the sea, abundant. Autumn.

Nearly allied to the preceding, yet certainly distinct, and
readily distinguished by those familiar with the true mush-
room. " This," says SOWERBY, u always partakes of the
same form as the mushroom, but is generally of a firmer
texture, whiter, and smoother, sometimes stained with
blotches of yellow, more particularly if touched or bruised."
The pileus is at first egg-shaped, and the gills are cream-
coloured, but the one soon becomes almost plane, and the
other of a dark reddish-brown. It attains a large size, and
preserves a circular entire form. The people in Essex
call it white caps, and the name is peculiarly apt and ex-
pressive of its common appearance. It will make as good,
or nearly as good, ketchup as the Ag. campestris ; and for
other purposes, according to Dr GREVILLE, is as good,
but if meant to be eaten, must be gathered before the gills
have become dark. Indeed, after that time, I have always
found it eaten up with worms ; for although to the eye it
may appear sound and vigorous, yet under its untouched
skin revel a swarm of maggots, in all the luxury of plenty,
and secure from every foe.

27. A. oreades, dry, coriaceous, yellowish or dirty white ; stalk
cylindrical, tough, smooth ; pileus plane, umbonate ; gills distant,
ventricose, whitish — WITH. iv. 256. HOOK. Scot ii. 21, GREV.
Wern. Mem. iv. 353; Fl. Edin. 3/9; Crypt. FL t. 323. Ag. coria*
ceus, LIGHT r. Scot. 1020.

Hob. Old short pastures, particularly on our sea-banks and
links, common. Summer.

A well marked species, much esteemed on the continent,
being dried, and afterwards used in the form of powder, to
add a flavour to many sauces. It is not used in this
neighbourhood.

The fairy rings so common on our grassy links and old pas-
tures, and where

" of oil, the merry elves wers seen,

Pacing with printless feet the dewy grass,"

were, when this land was " ful filled of faerie," believed to
be tha result of their reels ; but now, when no man can

1 70 CRYPTOGAMI A—FUNGI.

" see non elves mo," another explanation has become ne-
cessary, and the only good one which has been ottered is
that which attributes them to the peculiar manner of
growth which this and one or two other agarics affect.
They spring up in circles. Each circle seems to exhaust
the soil of some peculiar nourishment necessary for the
growth of the fungi, and is rendered incapable of produ-
cing a second crop. Hence the circle must necessarily
enlarge, for " the defect of nutriment on one side, would
necessarily cause the new roots to extend themselves
solely in the opposite direction, and would occasion the
circles of fun^i continually to proceed by annual en-
largements from the centre outwards. An appearance of
luxuriance of the grass would follow as a natural conse-
quence, as the soil of an interior circle would always be
enriched by the decayed roots of the fungi of the pre-
ceding year's growth " Dr WITHERING was the first to
offer this explanation of a very curious phenomenon, and
it seems satisfactorily established by the subsequent obser-
vations of Dr WOLL ASTON.

28. A. peronafus, stalk cylindrical, woolly, wood-brown, tough ;
pileus convex or campanulate, obtuse, wood-brown, very thin ;
gills wood-brown, rather distant, 4 or 8 in a set, ventricose<— Sow.
Fung. t. 37. GREV. Fl. Edin. 379.

Hob. In woods, firmly attached by its woolly root to de-
cayed leaves and straws. Blackadder plantations. Sept.

Stalk as thick as a goose quill, 3 inches long Distinguished
by its uniform brownish colour, the woolliness of the stem,
the thinness of its flesh and its obtuse campanulate leather-
like pileus, which is 2 inches in diameter.

* * Stalk central and hollow.
t Gills fixed.

29. A. laccatus, gregarious, dry, coriaceous ; stalk cylindrical,
twisted, roughish ; pileus irregular, convex, dimpled in the cen-
tre, roughish ; gills distant, thick, broad, somewhat decurrent.

Var. 1. of a uniform reddish flesh colour — GREV. Fl. Edin.
377; Crypt. FL t. 249. Ag- farinaceus, WITH. iv. 272. Sow.
Fung. t. 208. HOOK. Scot. ii. 22.

Var. 2. stalk thickened upwards ; gills purple.

PL'W

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 177

Var. 3. of a uniform purple-violet colour. Ag. ametJiystinus^
Sow. Fung. t. 187 HOOK. Scot. ii. 20. GREV. Fl. Edin. 378.

Hab. In woods and at hedge bottoms, not uncommon. Aut.

Grows in small tufts or singly. It has a tough somewhat
leather-like appearance, but, with the exception of the
stalk, is rather brittle. The pileus is generally somewhat
more than an inch across, sometimes it is fully 3 inches,
and is more or less depressed in the centre. The gills are
remarkable for their breadth and thickness, and discharge
a mealy powder from their whole surface.

30. A. velutipes, clustered ; " gills pale yellow, 8 in a set ; pileus
brown orange, nearly flat ; stem yellow above, velvety and dark
brown below." — WITH. iv. 326. Sow. Fung. t. 384. f. 3. GREV.
Fl Edin 378.

Hab. On decaying stumps of trees, not uncommon. Wint.

Stalk 2-4 inches, generally curved, cylindrical, dark brown,
paler upwards, velvety, hollow, matted together at the
base. Pileus plane and circular, glutinous when moist,
2| inches across, or less; flesh brown. We have never
seen any thing like SOWERBY'S figure, tab. 2C3. but the
figure above quoted is a good representation of a single and
rather small plant.

31. A. fasciculariSj clustered ; stalk cylindrical, yellow, with a
slight evanescent collar; pileus plane, umbonate, yellowish
orange; gills close, numerous, greenish — WITH. iv. 303. BOLT.
Fung. t. 29. Sow. Fung. t. 2o5. GREV. Fl. Edin. 392; Crypt.
Fl. t. 329.

Hab. On the stumps of decaying trees in woods, common.
Aut.

32. A. lateritius, clustered ; stems unequal, cylindrical, pithy,
curved ; pileus obtusely conical, irregular, brown or reddish-
orange, paler towards the margin ; gills grey-green, numerous —
GREV. Fl. Edin. 392. Ag. fascicularti, var. 3. WITH. iv. 304.
BOLT. Fung. t. 29. (tab. nost. 6. fig. med.)

Hab. On the roots of old hawthorn in hedges. Aut.

This and the preceding are so nearly related, that they were
considered varieties of the same species by Dr WITHER-

H 3

1 78 CRYPTOGAM1A— FUNGI.

ING. The Ag. lateritius is drier and more corky, the stalk
thicker in proportion to the length, the pileus less expand-
ed, smaller and darker coloured ; but the principal distinc-
tion lies, as I think, in their mod? of growth. The va-
rious individuals composing a tuft of Ag. fascicularis rise to
nearly an equal height, and, from the flatness of the pi-
leus, it appears to be almost level-topped ; but in Ag. la-
teritius the plants are more closely clustered, and they rise
in tiers one above another, as is well expressed in our
figure, — the higher sitting upon and overshadowing those
beneath them.

33. A. semiglobatus, stalk cylindrical, slender, rather tough, yel-
lowish ; pileus semiglobular, yellow or reddish-orange, varnished ;
gills grey, mottled, very broad, and rather distant — WITH. iv.
306. Sow. Fung. t. 248. HOOK. Scot. ii. 23. GREV. Fl. Edin.
391 ; Crypt. Fl t. 344. Ag. virosus, Sow. Fung. t. 407-

Hob. In old pastures near dung, common.

Stalk in general about 3 inches long, thicker than a crow-
quill, tough, hollow, more or less waved near the base,
slightly stained with black near the top — the remains of
the collar. The gills " form an horizontal line from the
stem to the edge of the pileus," which measures about an
inch in diameter, sometimes more, commonly not so much.
It is smooth, thin, viscid and gummy in moist weather,
retains its semiglobular shape during its course, and re-
mains a long time. Mr SOWERBY mentions that a family
at Mitcham, in Essex, were poisoned by eating some of
this mushroom ; but Dr GREVILLE doubts whether this
was really the species. It is very certain that many of
SOWERBY'S figures, in his tab. 407 and 408, represent
f\mgi distinct from Ag semiglobatus, which is remarkable
for constancy to its characters. " Accidents arising from
the deadly fungi being mistaken for eatable mushrooms,
are common on the Continent, and especially in France,
They are by no means unfrequent, too, in Britain ; but
they are much less frequent than abroad, because the epi-
cure's catalogue of mushrooms in this country contains
only three species, whose characters are too distinct to be
mistaken by a person of ordinary skill; while abroad a
great variety of them have found their way to the table,
many of which are not only liable to be confounded with
poisonous species, but are even also themselves of doubtful
quality."— Dr CHRISTISON.

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 17»

34. A. semi-ovatus, " gills brown-grey to black, 2 or 4 in a set ;
pileus light brown, smooth, half egg-shaped; stem cylindrical,
white."— WITH iv. 331. Sow. Fung. t. 131. GREV. Fl. Edln.
392. Ag. ciliaris, BOLT. Fung. t. 53.

Hab. Old pastures, generally near dung.

Stalk 4 inches high, as thick as a swan-quill, cylindrical,
smooth, marked with a small ring, frosted above it ; per-
foration small. Pileus campanulate, obtuse, smooth, glos-
sy, a very light brown, larger than an egg divided in the
middle. Gills slightly fixed, broad, ventricose, black and
sooty with grey edges, not very close. They come very
fully down to the margin of the pileus, and can be readily
separated into two distinct layers.

35. A. fimiputris, gills greyish -brown, sooty, 2 or 4 in a set ;
pileus mouse-colour, smooth, half egg-shaped ; stalk cylindrical,
slender, brownish, firm. — WITH. iv. 42. PURT. Mid. FL iii. 223.

Hab. Old pastures and by road-sides, common. Aut.

Stalk 4 inches high, thick as a crow-quill, purplish-brown,
fistular, yet firm and tough. Pileus campanulate, obtuse,
about one-half the size of the preceding. Gills fixed, ra-
ther wide, broad and ventricose. Certainly distinct from
Ag. semiovatus, though nearly related to it.

36. A. varius, gills white, rather distant, 2 in a set ; pileus
campanulate, greyish-white, smooth ; stalk slender, firm, greyish,
smooth and glossy — WITH. iv. 276. PURT. Mid, Fl. iii. 216.

Hab. In damp woods amongst moss, very common. Aut.

A small and neat species, sometimes milky, but the juice
small in quantity. Stalk 3 inches high, slender, purplish-
brown, with a downy and somewhat bulbous root, which
penetrates amongst the moss. The pilous is thin and
scored. The A<j- galericulatus of SOWERBY, tab. 165, gives
a good idea of this species, and is, I presume, the same
plant. The only variety of it which I have seen is one
with the pileus of a deep black colour.

37. A. tener, wood-brown, smooth ; stalk cylindrical, slender ;

pileus conical, smooth ; gills 4 in a set ; flesh very thin WITH.

iv. 285. Sow. Fung. t. 33. HOOK. Scot. U. 22. GREV. Fl. Edin*
389.

180 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI-

Hob. Old pastures, common.

Rather a small species, of a uniform wood-brown colour, the
gills being only a little darker and richer than the pileus.
Stalk 3 inches high, fistular, hardly so thick as a crow-quill.
Pileus a blunt cone, thin and brittle, often wrinkled at the
margin. Sowerby's figures are larger than we generally
find it, and one of them has too rounded a pileus, but in
other respects they agree very well with our plant. Ag.
tener of PURTON is a different plant.

38. A. hypnorum, " minute ; pileus campanulate, striate when
moist, reddish-buff; becoming pale ; lamellae adnate, rather broad,
distant; stipes somewhat crooked, filiform." — GREV. FL Edin.
389. Ag. acicula, Sow. Fung. t. 282.

Hob. Amongst moss, common. Among Hypna in the
rocks in the plantation at Murton Craigs. Aut.

In general not more than an inch high ; but in tufts of Hyp-
num splendens we find a fine variety, of which the follow-
ing is a description. Stalk slender, 2 or 3 inches long, cy-
lindrical, fistular, pale yellow-brown, somewhat cottony.
Pileus campanulate, smooth, scored, yellow-brown, nearly
half an inch in diameter. Gills yellow-brown, broad, ven-
tricose, distant, 4 in a set, fixed.

39. A. epiphylluS) pileus nearly plane, rugose, white ; gills few,
distant, pure white ; stalk filiform, reddish-brown below, the top
white, very minutely velvety, 1 inch long — GREV. Fl. Edin. 381.
Ag. squamula, Sow. Fung. t. 93.

Hob. On dead leaves in Blackadder plantations.

40. A. clavus, minute ; pileus semiglobular, orange ; gills decur-

rent, distant, in pairs, whitish ; stalk filiform, buff-orange BOLT.

Fung. t. 39. B. GREV. Fl. Edin. 380. PURT. Mid. Fl. iii. 236.

Hab. Amongst moss in woods, attached to straws, &c.

Stalk about \ inch high, thick as a pin, minutely pubescent,
hollow. Pileus small, minutely pubescent, obsoletely fur-
rowed, sometimes dimpled in the centre, where the colour
is deeper.

41. A. Du-Boisii, snow-white, small; stalk slender, downy on
the lower half; gills in pairs, distant ; pileus obtusely campanu-
late, striate — Fungi plures juxta se nascentes, parvi, turbinati,

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNG I. 1 8 1

candidi, ubivis coloris, RAII, S-yn. I. 10. No. 54. tab. 1. f. 2.
litt. a a.

Hob. On old moss-grown trees, particularly on willows.
Aut.

A very pretty little species, of a pure white colour, and de .
licate form. Stalk an inch long, more or less curved. Pi-
leus powdery, apparently striate (not furrowed) from the
gills appearing through, for it is very thin. Gills ventri-
cose, adherent- Well described by DILLENIUS in RAY'S
Synopsis.

f f Gills loose.

42. A. arundicola, stalk filiform, dark brown, pubescent, furrow-
ed when dry ; pileus circular, nearly plane, dimpled in the centre,
light brown, thin, uneven and plaited ; gills white, rather distant,
4 in a set, ventricose. — (Tab. nost. 6. fig. inf.)

Hob. Parasitical on the stalks of sea bent. Spittal Links.
Aut.

Stalk 1 inch high, perforated, of a uniform colour. Pileus
scarcely half an inch in diameter, brown in the centre, be-
coming gradually paler towards the edge. It may be dried,
and will again revive on immersion in water. It has no
smell.

43. A. spinipes, stalk long, cylindrical, radicating, light brown,
white near the top ; pileus plane or convex, smooth, dark brown ;
gills white, numerous.— Sow. Fung. t. 206.

Hob. Parasitical on decayed fir-cones in Blackadder plan-
tations, abundant.

Stalk from 4 to 6 inches long, as thick as a crow-quill, the
lower part woolly, and penetrating deep among the decay-
ed leaves of firs, being always attached to a cone or decay-
ed branch. The pileus is neat, circular, convex, very
smooth, ^ths of an inch in diameter. Gills very white,
numerous but not close, ventricose, 8 in a set. In a very
early state the whole plant is white, Dries well.

44. A. procerus, stalk a span high, thick, cylindrical, bulbous at
the base, with a moveable collar; pileus large, circular, convex,
scaly, earthy -brown ; gills white, rather distant — WITH. iv. 307.

] 82 CRYPTOGAMI A— FUNGI.

Sow. Fung, t. 190. HOOK. Scot. ii. 23. GREV. Wern. Mem. iv.
352; Fl Edin. 370. Ag. annulatus, LIGHTF. Scot. 1025. BOLT.
Fung. t. 23.

Hab. Grassy banks and near woods. Sea banks a little
beyond Spittal quarry. .Aug.

A very large and well proportioned species, not liable to be
mistaken for any other. Edible.

45. A. aruginosus, stalk cylindrical, greenish-blue, downy ; pi-
leus obtusely conical, greenish-blue, slimy ; gills light pink-brown,
numerous but not close, ventricose — WITH. iv. 294*. Sow. Fung.
t. 264. GREV. FL Edin. 391.

Hab. Blackadder plantations. Sept.

Stalk as thick as a goose quill, 2 inches long, thicker at the
base, marked with the remains of the delicate cob- like veil,
hollow. Pileus 1 inch in diameter, often blotted with yel-
low. Allied to Ag. psitticinus.

46. A. cylindricus, stalk white, cylindrical, somewhat bulbous ;
pileus cylindraceous, white, flocculent and scaly ; gills close, even,
white changing to pink and black. — WITH. iv. 321. Sow. Fung.
t. 189. HOOK. Scot. ii. 23. Ag. fimetarius, LIGHTF. Scot. 1021.
BOLT. Fung. t. 44. Ag. comatus, GREV. Fl. Edin. 393. Crypt.
Fl.i. 119.

Hab. Meadows, grassy lanes near villages, and sometimes
in woods.

This fine species is often gregarious, but never grows in
clusters. When full grown, it is about a span high. On
its first eruption from the soil it very much resembles an
egg in shape and colour, but the pileus soon separates from
the stalk, becomes cylindrical, then campanulate, and more
or less stained with pinkish -brown and black, — the first
symptoms of its rapid decay, when it dissolves into a black
ink-like fluid. " A young plant," says Dr WITHERING,
" put into water, and covered with a glass bell, grew 3|
inches in 24 hours," — a rapidity of growth sufficiently re-
markable, yet equalled by several other species. Indeed,
the rapid growth of mushrooms in general, is so well known
as to have become proverbial, and there has been a time
when supernatural agency was deemed necessary to ex-
plain the phenomenon —

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 183

" You demy-puppets> that

By moon-shine do the green sour ringlets make,

Whereof the ewe not bites, and you, whose pastime

Is to make midnight mushrooms." TEMPEST.

47. A. ovatus, clustered ; stalk cylindrical, white ; pileus ovate,
light brown, smooth, plaited ; gills very close, even, white, chan-
ging to brown and black. — WITH. iv. 327- HOOK. Scot. ii. 24.
Ag.Jimetarius, Sow. Fung. t. 188. Ag. atramentarius^ GREV. Fl.
Edin. 394.

Hob. At the foot of hedges and gate-posts. Aut.

Stalk white, silky, cylindrical, as thick as a swan's quill, fis-
tular. Pileus ovate, obtuse, light brown or earthy, smooth,
generally plaited, and more or less unequal at the edge.
Gills so close as not to separate without tearing, even and
hoary at the edges, ventricose, at first pure white, beco-
ming in their decay purplish-brown and black. Dissolves
slowly into a black liquor.

48. A. congregatus, clustered; pileus campanulate, gall-stone-
yellow, furrowed ; gills rather distant, whitish, changing to black ;
stalk cylindrical, white, smooth, fistular. — WITH. iv. 315. Sow.
Fung. t. 261. HOOK. Scot. ii. 23. Ag. striatus, BOLT. Fung. t. 54,
bad. Ag. micaceus, GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 76 ; Fl. Edin. 394.

Hob. At the bottom of gate-posts, and about the roots of
felled trees, frequent. Aut.

The figures of SOWERBY and GREVILLE are beautiful and
characteristic delineations of this species when in its finest
state, but it will generally be found less tufted and small-
er. I have often seen it scarcely clustered, but merely
gregarious, occupying a space of 1 or 2 square yards. The
pileus is very thin, and the furrows do not reach the rounded
top, which is smooth When young it often " appears as
if spangled with minute particles of mica," whence one of
the names which has been conferred upon the plant ; and
in decay it tears and turns up, and slowly dissolves into an
inky fluid.

49. A. stercorarius, stalk tapered upwards, smooth, fistular,
white ; pileus ovate becoming expanded, revolute and torn, white,
cottony ; gills distant, black. — WITH. iv. 309. Sow. Fung. t. 262.
JIooK. Scot. ii. 23. Ag. ephemerus, GREV. Fl. Edin. 395.

Hab. On dunghills frequent in autumn.

184 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

This offspring of the dunghill has some pretension to beauty
on its first appearance, when it resembles an elliptical ball
of loose cotton. So brittle and tender that it can scarcely
be lifted without injury, and without soiling the fingers.
It rapidly rises to the height of 4 or 6 inches, dissolves
immediately into a bl ck fluid, and in a few hours returns
to the corruption whence it sprung. It has great affinity
to Ag. cylindrical and LIGHTFOOT seems to have had both
species in view when he assigned " dunghills" as a habitat
for the latter.

50. A. plicatilis, stalk cylindrical, white, smooth, fistular, tender ;
pileus mouse-grey, membranous, remarkably thin and pellucid,
furrowed ; gills in pairs, broad, distant, grey, becoming black and
sooty, loose, their ends forming a ring round the dilated head of
the stem — WITH. iv. 331. Sow. Fung. t. 364.

Hob. Old pastures and road-sides. Aut.

Stalk 3 or 4 inches high, as thick as a crow quill. Pileus
about 1^ inch in diameter, convex, as thin as silk paper,
the summit brown and smooth. The furrows are not ow-
ing to the gills appearing, and the gills themselves are
formed by a duplicature of the pileus, for the layers can
be easily separated.

* * * With a lateral stalk or sessile.

51. A. flabelliformis, stalk lateral, short, whitish, furfuraceous ;
pileus leathery, white or brown, furfuraceous ; gills yellowish-
brown — WITH. iv. 337. HOOK. Scot. ii. 24. Sow. Fung. t. 109.
Ag. semipetiolaris, LIGHTF. Scot. 1030.

Hob. On moss-grown and decaying trees in woods. Hound-
wood.

Gregarious or clustered. Stalk as thick as a crow quill,
tough, solid, downy at the base, and dilated at the top. Pi-
leus fan-shaped, fissured and concave at its insertion, thin
and leathery, scarcely 1 inch in diameter, often dashed
with rust-like stains. Gills 4 in a set, scarcely decurrent,
rather narrow, of a rich yellowish-brown, forming a fine
contrast with the colour of the stalk and pileus. When
moist, the hoary whiteness of this agaric disappears, and
it becomes nearly a uniform brown.

52. A. moltis, sessile, ovate, tender; pileus white, downy or

CRYPTOG AMI A— FUNGI. 1 85

smooth, with an involute margin ; flesh white, thin ; gills repeat-
edly dichotomous, close, rather narrow, varying from gamboge to
saffron-yellow, or brown — Sow. Fung. t. 98. (tab. nost. vii.)

Hob. In saw dust, and on small pieces of rotten wood in
the wine-cellar of Mr J. li. Dunlop.

A beautiful and very singular production. At first very cot-
tony, with a much inflected border, and of a circular form,
but when full-grown it assumes, pretty constantly, a spoon
or mussel shape, and is fixed only by one end to the object
on which it grows. I have seen it with a thick short stalk,
and occasionally one fungus may be observed to grow from
the gills of another.

This will probably be found to be a very imperfect list of the
Agarics of N Durham and Berwickshire, for in the immediate vi-
cinity of Berwick there is no place very favourable for their pro-
duction, and they cannot be easily procured from a distance in a
state fit for examination. The genus, according to SPRENGEL,
contains 646 species, and this is much below the number described
by other authors ! — another remarkable example of that variety
in which Nature delights. " If we were to make a system on the
subject, it should be, that she delights in variety, not in unifor-
mity ; in displaying the extent of her resources and means, not
their limits ; in difficulties overcome, in complexity, not in sim-
plicity. She amuses us with two or three hundred Ericce ; with
endless speci3s of a genus, differing so slightly, yet still differing,
that she compels us to wondsr how she has produced variations
so numerous, so slender, yet so marked. She even makes us
wonder why all this is. There are as many hundreds of mush-
rooms ; of a tribe, the simplicity of which would defeat our at-
tempts to vary them, were the problem given, and which yet do
not defeat our labours in distinguishing them. Nature is all va-
riety, invention wealth, profusion. She riots and wantons in her
own powers ; she daxxles us by her fertility, and astonishes us
by her resources. She scorns man and his philosophy, that would
bind her down, and measure her by his own narrow powers and
conception. This is Nature. These are the wonders of its Al-
mighty Author ." — Dr MACCULLOCH, but the quotation somewhat
altered from the original.

186 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

93. CANTHARELLUS.

1. C. cibarius, wholly yellow; stalk central, solid, thickened
upwards ; gills decurrent, dichotomous ; pileus fleshy, smooth,
waved, depressed in the centre, the margin slightly involute. —
GREV. Wern. Mem. iv. 368. ; Fl Edin. 396. ; Crypt. Fl t. 258.
Merulius cantharellus, WITH. iv. 180. HOOK. Scot. ii. 25. Agari-
cus chanterellus, LIGHTF. Scot. 1008. Ag. cantharellus, Sow. Fung.,
t. 46.

Hob. Woods. Wooded banks opposite Longformacus.

On the Continent, in general, this is much eaten, and in
some provinces the people are said to subsist upon it al-
most entirely. It appears to be used occasionally in the
south of England, but never in the north, where indeed it
is by no means common. It is rather tough, and, shortly
after being gathered, exhales a pleasant odour like that of
apricots.

2. C. lobatus, membranous, light wood-brown, roundish or ear-
shaped, tapered at the base into an imperfect stalk ; upper surface
convex, naked ; beneath veined, the veins branched, radiating. —
GREV. Fl. Edin. 397- Merulius membranaceus, PURT. Mid. Fl.
iii. 180. Helvetia membranacea, Sow. Fung. t. 348.

Hob. Parasitical on living mosses. On Tortula ruralis on
Spittal Links, late in autumn.

94 SCLERODERMA.

1. S. cepci) " globose, subdepressed, very firm, smooth or warty,
sessile, or with a very short thick stipes ; root scarcely any." —
GREV. Fl Edin. 458. ; Crypt. Fl. t. 66.

Hob. On the ground in plantations. About Netherbyres,
plentiful, Rev. A. Baird.

95. LYCOPERDON.

Oss — The Lycoperda have in general the form of a white ball,
and grow on the ground. They are at first filled with a white
spongy mass, which, in its progress to maturity, changes to a
dirty green, and becomes ultimately dark brown and pulverulent,

CRYPTOGAM! A— FUNGI. 1 37

when it is discharged by an irregular rupture in the top. They
are in this state called puff-balls, blind-man's buff, or devil's snuff-
boxes. The powder is remarkable for its property of strongly
repelling moisture. If a basin is filled with water, and a little of
the powder strewed upon the surface so as to cover it thinly, the
hand may be plunged into it, and thrust down to the bottom
without being wetted with a single drop of water.— KEITH. The
common species have been used in some places of England <f to
kill or smolder their bees, when they would drive the hives, and
bereave the poor bees of their meat, houses, and lives. They are
also used in some places, where neighbours dwell far asunder, to
carry and reserve fire from place to place, whereof it tooke the
name Lucernarum fungus." — GERARDE. For the purpose of tin-
der I have seen them used in Northumberland.

1. L. bovista, " large, obconical, soft, whitish, plicate beneath ;
scales broad, often indistinct." 3-4 inches in diameter. — GREV.
Fl. Edin. 456. HOOK. Scot. ii. 11. L. proteus. Sow. Fung. t. 332,
upper figures.

Hob. Old pastures. Autumn.

2. L. giganteum, large, globose, white ; membrane double, the
outer one smooth, cracking unequally, and falling off.— HOOK.
Scot. ii. 11. Bovista gigantea, GREV. Fl. Edin. 458. ; Crypt. Fl.
t. 336.

Hob. Old pastures. WALL is mentions it as growing on
the hilly pastures at Spindlestone, where I have seen it
as large as a man's head, a size much below what it
sometimes attains.

3. L. pratense, " white, soft, hemispherical, subsessile, some-
what smooth, warts scattered." Diameter rarely 2 inches. —
GREV. Fl. Edin. 457. HOOK. Scot. ii. 11.

Hob. Moorish pastures, common.

4. L. excipuliforme, white, stalked, somewhat pear-shaped, fur-
furaceous and spinous ; spines small, conical. — HOOK. Scot. ii. 11.
GREV. Fl. Edin. 457. L. proteus, Sow. Fung t. 332, lower figures.
BOLT. Fung. t. 117- f. 9.

flab. Woods in autumn, not uncommon.

1 88 CRYPTOGAMI A— FUNGI.

Stalk between 2 and 3 inches long, li in diameter, puckered
and downy at the base, rather suddenly dilated into a
cushion-like head. The spines are often rubbed off' in
part.

96. LYCOGOLA.

OBS. — The Lycogola are the productions of decayed wood.
They are globose and sessile ; soft and pulpy in their earliest
stage, but when perfect the seminal mass is pulverulent, enclosed
in a thin membranous coat, which bursts irregularly. This pow-
der undergoes some very curious changes in colour during its
maturation, and is very light and copious. When SOWERBY in-
forms us that the Lycoperdons afford in their ripe state different
browns, in a fine impalpable powder, fit for immediate drawing
when mixed with a little gum-arabic water, he had probably the
Lycogolce in view.

1. L. argentea, large, ovate, white or yellowish, highly var-
nished, gummy when moist, filled with a uniform brown pulve-
rulent mass.— HOOK. Scot. ii. 11. GREV. Fl. Edin. 453 ; Crypt.
Fl. t. 106. Reticularia lycoperdon, WITH. iv. 421. Sow. Fung.
t. 272.

Hob. On decaying gate-posts, &c. rare. Spring.

This is 1 or 2 inches across, adheres by a broad base, and
when entire is very like the covering of some chrysalis.
The outer coat, as SOWERBY says, resembles parchment,
with a silvery gloss, but is very tender ; on which account
care must be taken in removing it from its station. It
opens at last in a very irregular manner to discharge its
copious brown powder, which. is mixed with a few hair-like
fibres.

2. L. miniata, clustered, subglobular, bright red when young
and pulpy, in age brownish, and filled with a purplish pulveru-
lent mass — HOOK. Scot. ii. 11. GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 38 ; FL Edin.
452. Lycoperdon epidenlron, LIGHT F. Scut. 1068. BOLT. Fung.
t. 119. f. 1. WITH. iv. 420. Sow. Fung. t. 52.

Hob. On the rotten stumps of trees, not common.

In small clusters, each fungus of the size of a pea or larger*
When perfect the peridium is greyish, smooth, easily rub-

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 189

bed off when moist, and filled with a compact soft homo-
geneous mass of a purplish colour, which, in drying, be-
comes an impalpable rose-pink powder.

3. L.fuliginosa, clustered, globular; peridium dull black, rough,
minutely granular ; powder french grey, very copious.

Hub. On stumps of decayed fir-trees in Blackadder plan-
tations. Oct.

Like L. miniata in size and figure.

97- ONYGENA.

1. O. equina, small, erect, white or cream coloured, furfura-
:eous ; stalk thickish, solid ; head globular, containing a compact
pulverulent mass of extremely minute grains. — GREV. Crypt. Fl.
•,. 343. Lycoperdon equinum, WITH. iv. 413. Fungi parvi globosi,
&c. RAII, Syn. i. 13. t. 1. f. 3. DILL. Muse. t. 14. f. 5.

Hob. On the hoofs of horses which have been long ex-
posed to and softened by the weather, very rare.

The Scotch Flora owes this addition to its catalogue to my
friend the Rev. J. BAIRD of Yetholm, who found it in the
neighbourhood of that village, vegetating in profusion on
a much decayed hoof. There is nothing in the appear-
ance of the fungus to recommend it to our attention, but
the habitat it has chosen is a very singular one.

Mr BAIRD has also sent me, from the same place, the hoof
of a calf, studded over with what may prove a distinct spe-
cies- This is sessile, subglobular, dull white, furfuraceous,
as large as rape- seed, the interior white, with minute pel-
lucid granules mixed with short fibres. Is it the prece-
ding in an early stage ?

98. LEOCARPUS.

I. L. vernicosus, " obovate, shining, chestnut colour, the peri-
lium fragile ; stipes pale, dilated at the base into a membrane ;
iporules forming a black mass." — GREV. Fl. Edin. 453. ; Crypt,
FL t. 111. Lycoperdon fragile, WITH. iv. 420. Sow. Fung.
. 136.

Hob. On fallen branches, and on stems of grasses, in clus-
ters ; remarkable for its neatness and beauty. Blackadder
plantations. Autumn.

190 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

99. CRATERIUM.

1. C. leucocephalum, gregarious, glass-shaped, reddish-brown,
about 1 line high ; the lid very thin and evanescent ; filaments

and granules whitish ; stalk similar in colour to the peridium

GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 65. Arcyria leucocephala, HOOK. Scot, ii 13.

Hob. On dead straws, &c. in moist woods, but not com-
mon. Winter.

100. PHYSAUUM.

1. P. farinaceum, stalk black, erect, slightly tapered upwards ;
head globular, hoary, villose ; seminiferous mass black or dark
brown. — Bot. Gall. ii. 860.

Hab. On decayed beech leaves, and on stalks of thistles
and other herbaceous plants, not rare.

Stalk firm, a line high ; the head greyish-white, as large as a
pin's head, with a membranous peridium bursting irregu-
larly. Grains minute, globular, numerous, mixed with
branched fibres.

101. TRICH1A.

1. T. ovata, small, gregarious, sessile, ovate, smooth, honey-
yellow, the peridium bursting irregularly, filled with a bright
yellow mass of innumerable minute granules, intermixed with
long twisted thread-like filaments. — HOOK. Scot. ii. 12. GREV.
Fl. Edin. 454. Clathrus turbinatus, BOLT. Fung. t. 94. f. 3. Tri-
chia turbinata, Sow. Fung. t. 85.

Hab. On rotten wood and mosses in woods and hedges, in
clusters resembling the eggs of some insect. Autumn.

2. T. clavata, gregarious, stalked ; stalk rather long, brown,
roughish, erect, slightly tapered ; head pear-shaped, erect, glossy,
yellow, the membrane separating half way down ; seminal mass
yellow, the fibres flexuose, simple or branched ; grains very nu-
merous, minute, globular, pellucid. — Bot. Gall. ii. 859.

Hab. On decayed fir wood in Blackadder plantations.
The upper part of the stalk is yellow. The filaments are

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 191

elastic, and when moistened twist and curl themselves like
a living mass of worms, projecting the seeds to a short dis-
tance.

3. T. faginea, densely clustered, pear-shaped, passing into a
short stalk, yellowish-brown, roughish or pulverulent ; apex ob-
tuse, light coloured ; height 1 \ line.

Hob. On dead branches of beech, either on the bark or
bare wood, and collected into circular clusters, or form-
ing extensive crowded patches.

102. ARSCYRIA.

1. A. punicea, gregarious, stalked, ovate-cylindrical, fine crim-
son-red GREV. Fl. Edin. 455. ; Crypt. Fl, t. 130. Trichia denu-

datdj WITH. iv. 433. Sow. Fung. t. 49. Clathrus denudatus,
BOLT. Fung. t. 93. f. 2.

Hob. On decayed stumps of trees in woods, not common.
Autumn.

The colour at first is milk-white, passing through a purplish-
red to its proper vermilion. The granules are minute,
globular, and very numerous.

103. STEMONITIS.

1. S. fasciculata^ tufted, purplish-brown, stalked, the head cylin-
drical, elongated, penetrated by the stalk, its covering vanishing ;
erect, the height from | to 1 inch — HOOK. Scot. ii. 13. GREV.
Fl. Edin. 455; Crypt. FL t. 170. Trichia nuda, WITH. iv. 433.
Sow. Fung. t. 50.

Hob. On rotten stumps of fir trees in Blackadder planta-
tions, and in the woods about the Retreat.

104. CYATHUS.

1. C. crucibulum, " hard, woody, subcylindrical or somewhat
campanulate, ochrey-yellow, subtomentose at the base; smooth
and even within." — GREV. Fl. Edin. 495 ; Crypt. Fl. t. 34. HOOK.
Scot. ii. 18. Nidularia Icsvis, WITH. iv. 392. Sow. Fung. t. 30.
Peziza crucibuliformis, LIGHTF. Fung. 1049.

Hob. On rotten wood in fields about Eyemouth, Rev. A.
Baird.

192 CRYPTOGAMIA-FUNGI.

105. STILBOSPORA.

OBS. — The Stillbospora appear to be a mere conglomeration of
granules separating readily in water, but which we must suppose
are naturally held together by some gelatinous substance inter-
mixed. They are of a black colour, produced under the epidermis
of trees which they rupture, and the spots they form resemble a
little mass of fine gunpowder.

1. S. biloculata, black, roundish, bursting through the bark ;
granules ovate, obtuse, 2-celled — GREV. Fl. Edin. 366.

Hob. On dead branches of the whin, common.

2. S. conglomerata, spots roundish, very black, pulverulent,
bursting through the epidermis ; granules very minute, globular
or pear-shaped, undivided — Melanconium conglomeration, LINK in
WILD. vi. ii. 92. Bot. Gall. ii. 884.

Hab. On branches of a willow, in spots about a line in
diameter.

3. S. microsperma, spots small, round, convex, covered in gene-
ral by the raised epidermis; granules very numerous, oblong,
pellucid, undivided — GREV. Fl. Edin. 366. MOUG. and NEST.
No. 384.

Hab. On dead branches of beech and willow.

4. S. betulina, spots oval, convex, spreading widely at the base,
yellowish ; granules oval, 2-celled, minute — PERSOON. Didy-
mosporium betulinum, GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 273.

Hab. On branches of dead birch-trees, produced beneath
the epidermis, and bursting through in the form of little
deep black conical masses, 1 -3 lines in breadth. Sent
from the neighbourhood of Wooler, by James Mitchell,
Esq. surgeon, R. N.

106. SEPTARIA.

1. &• Ulmi, spots small, scattered, white or very light rose-co-
lour, at length effused and irregular ; grains cylindrical, curved,
tapered at one end, divided by 3 or 4 septae — GREV. Crypt. Fl.
t. 112.

1

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 193

Hab. On the inferior surface of elm leaves, not rare.

In our specimens, the spots formed by this parasite are white
and cottony-like, resembling, in some respects, the covering
of the Aphides. The matter diffuses readily in water, and
it consists entirely of minute slender filaments (sporidia),
slightly curved, and divided by some imperfect septae.
These are the seminiferous tubes which have escaped from
a capsule lying immersed in the substance of the leaf.

107. PUCCINI A.

* Capsules with more than two cells.

1. P. Rosa, capsules cylindrical, many-celled, mucronate, opake,
reddish-brown, on a rather long pellucid stalk thickened at the

base PURT. Mid. Fl. iii. 301. t. 28. GREV. Crypt. Fl t. 15;

Fl. Edin. 428. P. mucronata, «, HOOK. Scot. ii. 17.

Hab. On the under surface of the leaves of the dog and
burnet roses, frequent; more common on the garden
rose. Summer.

Scattered over the leaf in minute black tufts, often intermixed
with a yellow Uredo, as represented in the figure given by
Mr PURTOX, who did not distinguish the plants.

2. P. Rubi, capsules cylindrical, 4-celled, mucronate, opake,
blackish-brown, the stalk elongate, slender, bulbous at the base. —
PURT. Mid. FL ii. 726. iii. 507. Sow. Fung. t. 400. f. 9. GREV.
Fl. Edin. 428. P. mucronata, j3, HOOK. Scot. ii. 18.

Hab. On the under surface of the bramble, common, in
small black tufts. Autumn.

3. P. gracilis, capsules cylindrical, 7 or 8-celled, mucronate,
opake, blackish, on a slender stalk thickened at the base.— GREV.
Fl. Edin. 428. P. rubi-ida>.i, DECAND. Fl. Franc, vi. 54.

Hab. On the leaves of the wild raspberry, scattered in
small black spots. Dulaw Dean. Aut.

Often intermixed with an orange-coloured Uredo.

4. P. Potentillcs, capsules cylindrical, 4 or 5-celled, obtuse,
brown, on a hyaline filiform stalk — GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 57 ; FL
Edin. 428. P. Fragarice, PURT. Mid. FL iii. 304.

VOL. n. I

194 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

Hab. On the strawberry-leaved cinquefoil and wild straw-
berry.

5. P. UZmaria, capsules short, variable, very obtuse, 2 or 3-cell-
ed, frequently also divided perpendicularly, on a short slender
stalk— GREV. Fl Edin. 433. P. Spirea, PURT. Mid. Fl. iii. 304.

Hab. On the leaves of the meadowsweet, rare. Aut.

* * Capsules Z-celled.

6. P. Lichnidearum, clusters reddish-brown, roundish, compact
solitary or arranged concentrically, seldom confluent ; capsules on
a long stalk, subcylindrical, constricted at the septum, the upper
cell somewhat attenuated at the apex. — LINK in WILD. vi. ii. 80.
Bot. Gall. ii. 887.

Hab. On the leaves of the red campion, occasionally.

7. P. Circece, tufts compact, brown, small, collected into circular
clusters ; capsules small, cylindrical, with a rather long capillary
stalk — HOOK. Scot. ii. 17. GREV. Fl. Edin. 429.

Hab. On the leaves of enchanter's-nightshade. Dean at the
Pease Bridge. Aut.

8. P. Scorodonice, tufts minute, collected into circular, compact,
rather large thickened spots of a rusty-brown colour ; capsules on
alongish stalk, obtuse, the cells equal. — LINK in WILLD. vi. ii. ^2.
Bot. Gall. ii. 888.

Hab. On the under surface of the leaves of the wood-sage,
plentiful.

9. P. Veronicarum, tufts minute, compact, collected into brown
circular clusters; capsules hyaline, elliptical, thickened at the
base, shortly stalked. DECAND. FL Franc, ii. 594. LINK in
WILD. vi. ii. 71. Bot. Gall. ii. 889.

Hab. On the under surface of the leaves of the germander
speedwell. Dean below the Pease Bridge. Aut.

10. P. glomerata, tufts minute, circulate becoming confluent,
collected into roundish black clusters on a pale base ; capsule*
shortly stalked, ovate, — GREV. Fl. Edin. 433.

3

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 195

Hob. On the under side of the leaves of ragwort, not com.
mon.

11. P. Menthcs, capsules on a filiform stalk, ovate, very obtuse,
collected into small round dark brown spots, scattered on the leaf,
or sometimes arranged circularly. — HOOK. Scot. ii. 17» GREV. FL
Edin. 430.

Hal. On the under side of the leaves of wild mint, the
opposite surface spotted with yellow. Autumn.

12. P. Avicularia, capsules brown, ovate, short, on a long pel-
lucid slightly incurved stalk, collected into dark brown linear or
subcircular spots — GREV. Fh Edin. 429. HOOK. Scot. ii. 17-

Hob. On the stems and leaves of the common knot-grass.

The upper cell of the capsule is small, and the septum rather
obscure. The stalk is often inflated towards the base.

13. P..Graminis, capsules clavate, rather large, tapering into a
filiform stalk, collected into black linear spots margined with the
ruptured epidermis. — HOOK. Scot. ii. 17- GREV. FL Edin. 433.
LOUD. Encyclop. No. 16710. Uredo Frumenti, Sow. Fwig.
t. 140.

Hob. On the culms and sheaths of grasses, frequent.

14. P. arundinacea, capsules oblong, much contracted at the
septum, on a long filiform stalk, collected into linear-oblong com-
pact brown spots — Bot. Gall. ii. 889. P. graminis, var. arundinis,
GREV. FL Edin. 433.

Hob. On the leaves and sheaths of reeds.

15. P. Polygon^ capsules ovate, the upper cell thick, globose,
the lower one long and narrow, on a short stalk, and collected into
minute round dark brown spots. — GREV. FL Edin. 430. HOOK.
Scot. ii. 17-

Hob. On the under surface of the leaves of Polygonum am-
phibium, var. terrestre. Autumn.

" Uredo Potygonorum is very commonly found along with the
Puccinia, and the latter is then frequently arranged in a
circular manner round the former." — GREVILLE.
I 2

196 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

16. P. compositarum, capsules on a short thickish pellucid stalk,
ovate or pear-shaped, obtuse, brown, equally 2-celled, collected
into small almost black spots scattered on both surfaces of the leaf,
and encircled by the ruptured epidermis — LINK ut sup. 73. Bot.
Gall ii. 890. P. Centaurece, GREV. Fl. Edin. 430.

Hab. On the leaves of black knapweed, not common. Aut.

17. P. umbelliferarum, capsules ovate or subglobular, obtuse at
both ends, not constricted at the septum, on a very short stalk,
collected into small circular almost black spots scattered widely
on the leaf.— GREV. Fl. Edin. 430.

Hab. On the leaves of umbelliferous plants. On the hem-
lock, but rather rare.

18. P. Galii-cruciatcB, capsules shortly stalked, rather long,
pear-shaped, often constricted at the septum, collected into small
circular scattered blackish-brown spots — Bot. Gall. ii. 890. P.
Valantia, GREV. FL Edin. 432.

Hab. On leaves of the cross-wort, rare. Aut.

19. P. Calthce, capsules on a short stalk, oblong or pear-shaped,
very obtuse, contracted at the septum, collected into small scatter-
ed dark brown spots — LINK in WILLD. vi. ii. 79. Bot. Gall. ii.
891.

Hab. On the leaves of marsh marygold, rare. Coldingham
Moor.

20. P. Viola, capsules very shortly stalked, ovate, obtuse, col-
lected into small scattered blackish-brown spots.— GREV. Fl. Edin.
432.

Hab. On the leaves of the dog violet.
Resembles the uredo of the same plant, but is much rarer.

21. P. variabilis, capsules nearly sessile, ovate, obtuse, collected
into small scattered circular or oblong dark brown spots. — GREV.
Crypt. Fl. t. 75; Fl. Edin. 431.

Hab. On the leaves of dandelion. Aut.

Receives its specific name from the variableness of the cap-
sules in their shape, as is well represented in GREVILLE'S

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 197

figure. The little clusters infest both sides of the leaf,
and are seated on a pale spot, or encircled by a yellow halo.

22. P. syngenesarum, capsules very shortly stalked, ovate, col-
lected in oval blackish-brown raised spots, either covered by the
epidermis, or immersed in a circle formed by its rupture — LINK
in WILD. vi. ii. 74.

Hal. On the leaves of thistles, and of the goat's-beard.

23. P. bullaria, capsules ovate with equal cells, very shortly
stalked, collected into small oblong swollen dark brown spots,
covered by the smooth epidermis.— LINK, ut sup. 78. Bullaria
umbelliferarum, Bot. Gall. ii. 886.

Hob. On the stem of the hemlock in autumn, very com-
mon.

24. P. Fabce, capsules ovate-globose, 1 -celled, on a rather long
stalk, collected into minute circular or oblong spots, compact and
surrounded by the ruptured epidermis — GREV. Crypt. FL t. 29.
P. globosa, GREV. FL Edin. 434. Uredo appendiculata, Sot. Gall.
ii. 897.

Hab. On the leaves of the heath pea (Orobus tuberosus)^
in autumn. Dulaw Dean.

Notwithstanding the capsules are only 1 -celled, this is de-
cidedly a Puccinia in habit and other characters.

108. UREDO.
* Colour white.

1. U. Candida, in large irregular or sometimes circular chalk-
white spots ; capsules globular, pellucid — HOOK. Scot. ii. 15.
GREV. FL Edin. 442. Crypt. FL t. 251. U. Thlaspi, Sow. Fung.
t. 340.

Hab. On the leaves and stems of various Cruciform and
Syngenesious plants, which, when infested with it, ap-
pear as if they had been daubed with whitening.

I have observed this parasite to assume occasionally a very
beautiful purple colour. When on the common scurvy

198 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

grass, the spots are of a less pure white than on other
plants.

* * Colour yellow or orange.

2. U. Pyrolce, spots small, circular, depressed, orange-yellow,
closely scattered over the leaf, sometimes clustered; capsules
ovate or oblong. — GREV. FL Edin. 440.

Hob. On the inferior surface of the leaves of Pyrola minor.,
abundant.

3. U. linearis, spots oblong or linear, yellow, following the
nerves of the leaf, and sometimes forming long lines ; capsules
ovaL— HOOK. Scot. ii. 15. GREV. FL Edin. 440.

Hob. On the leaves of corn and grasses, very common, in-
festing both sides, and producing the disease called Rust.

4. U. ovata, spots small, irregular or confluent, orange-yellow,
scattered ; capsules ovate* — GREV. FL Edin. 442.

Hob. On the leaves of the birch, very common.

5. U. Senecionis, spots orange-yellow, irregular, becoming con-
fluent, scattered over the lower surface. — GREV. FL Edin. 438.

Hob. On the leaves of groundsel (Senecio vulgaris et sylva-
)) frequent.

6. U. TussilaginiSj spots bright reddish-orange, crowded, gene-
rally forming circles ; capsules subovate — GREV. FL E<fin. 437.

Hob. On the leaves of coltsfoot, principally in autumn.

7. U. Sonchi, spots scattered thickly over the leaf, small, circu-
lar or irregular, red, rich yellow or brownish yellow; capsules
ovate __ PURT. Mid. FL iii. 299. GREV. FL Edin. 441.

Hob. On sow thistles (Sonchus arvensis et oleraceus), very
common.

8. U. Petasitis, spots orange coloured, minute, irregular becom-
ing confluent ; capsules oval — GREV. FL Edin. 441.

Hob. On the under surface of the large leaves of the but-
ter bur, common.

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 199

When preserved for some time in the herbarium the colour
fades, a change which happens to many others of the yel-
low Uredines.

9. U. Rosa, spots minute, rusty yellow, thickly scattered over
the lower surface ; capsules suboval. — GREV. FL Edin. 438.

Hob. On the leaves of the wild dog rose, but more com-
mon on those of garden roses.

10. U. effttsa, spots bright reddish-orange, large, irregular, very
pulverulent ; capsules subglobose. — GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 19. ; FL
Edin. 439. U. aurea, PURT. Mid- Fl. ii. 725.

Hab. On the leaves, veins, flower-stalks, and seed-vessels
of the burnet and dog roses, and on the meadowsweet,
common.

11. U. Ruborum, spots golden-yellow, subcircular, becoming
effused ; capsules irregularly spherical — GREV. Fl. Edin. 438.

Hab. On the leaves of brambles, common.

12. U. Potentilla, spots golden-yellow, scattered, irregular, be-
^coming confluent ; capsules subspherical.— GREV. FL Edin. 438.
U. Fragaria, PTJRT. Mid. FL iii. 299.

Hab. On Potentilla fragaria, frequent ; and on Agrimonia
eupatoria.

13. U. Akhemilke, spots fine orange colour, linear. oblong, ar-
ranged in a subparallel manner, becoming confluent; capsules
spherical. — GREV. FL Edin. 439.

Hab. On the under surface of small or young leaves of
lady's-mantle, frequent.

14. U. caryophyllacearum, spots small, oblong, orange-yellow,
scattered, covered by the thin epidermis ; capsules oval — LINK,
in WILD. vi. ii. 26.

Hab. On the leaves of Stellaria graminea and Cerastium
viscosum in autumn, not common.

15. U. vacciniorum, spots minute, orange-yellow, round, scat-,
tered; capsules very small, globular or ovate, often stalked. — .
Cceoma vacciniorum, LINK, sup. cit. 1 5.

200 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

Hab. On the under side of the leaves of Vaccinium Myr-
tillus.

16. U. Campanula, spots yellowish-orange, round, depressed,
scattered, rarely confluent, surrounded by the remains of the
ruptured epidermis; capsules spherical — GREV. Fl. Edin. 440.

Hab. On the leaves of Campanula rotundifolia, not common.

17. U. rhinanthacearum, spots small, oblong, orange-yellow,
scattered or confluent ; capsules spherical — GREV. FL Edin. 439.

Hab. On the leaves and calyces of the eye-bright, red
bartsia, and yellow rattle, very common.

1 8. U. populina, orange-yellow, thickly scattered, bursting the
epidermis in roundish spots ; capsules cylindrical, long, obtuse at
each end — GREV. Fl. Edin. 442. U. longicapsula, Sot. Gall.
ii. 895.

On the under side of the leaves of the balsam poplar in
autumn, abundant.

19. U. vitellina, spots scattered over the lower surface, small,
yellow, distinct ; capsules very minute, globular, transparent. —
GREV. Fl. Edin. 437-

Hab. On the leaves of the common osier in autumn.

20. U. farinosa, ochrey-yellow, oval or roundish, soon becoming
confluent so as to cover the leaf entirely or in patches, very pul-
verulent ; capsules oval, pellucid — GREV. Fl. Edin. 437. PURT.
Mid. Fl. iii. 298.

Hab, On the leaves of sallows ( Salix caprea et aurita),
confined to the lower surface ; and on the fertile catkins
of Salix prostrata.

21. U. Gnaphalii, spots scattered, irregular, minute, pale yel-
low ; capsules minute, globular, pellucid.

Hab. On the under surface of the leaves of Gnaphalium
germanicum, almost concealed by the woolliness of the
part.

* * * Colour brown.

22. U. Epilobii, spots small, widely scattered, dark brown, sur-

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 201

rounded by the ruptured epidermis; capsules subglobular or
ovate, brownish, pellucid. — Bot. Gall. ii. 896.

Hab. On the leaves of Epilobium montanum, rare.

23. U. Cichoracearum, spots minute, dark brown, thickly scat-
tered over the inferior surface ; capsules globular, sometimes
stalked.— GREV. Fl. Edin. 435.

Hab. On the leaves of the nipple-wort and dandelion,
common.

24. U. intrusa, spots small, rich brown, pulverulent, scattered
over the inferior surface, at first encircled by the ruptured epi-
dermis ; capsules roundish or oval — GREV. Fl. Edin. 436.

Hab. On the leaves of lady's mantle in summer.

25. U. Geranii, spots dark brown, small, scattered, very pulve-
rulent ; capsules globose — GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 8 ; Fl. Edin. 434.

Hab. On the leaves of the wood and meadow crane's-bill,
common.

" It is a rich coloured plant, particularly when its dark pul-
verulent spots occur on a leaf yellow from the first stage
of decay." — GREV. I have seen what I suppose to be the
same species on the leaves of the musk mallow.

26. U. Polygonorum, spots small, circular, brown, numerous,
scattered, encircled by the ruptured epidermis ; capsules globose,
some stalked — GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 80 ; Fl. Edin. 434.

Hab. On the leaves of P. aviculare and amphibium.

27. U. bifrons, spots scattered, round, light brown, girt with the
remains of the epidermis, seated on both sides of the leaf, and op-
posite to each other ; capsules globose. — GREV. Fl. Edin. 435.

Hab. On the sorrel, rare.

28. U. Rumicum, spots circular, minute, brown, on both sur-
faces of the leaf, and often not bursting the epidermis ; capsules
ovate, sometimes with minute pedicels — PURT. Mid. Fl. iii. 297.
GREV. Fl. Edin. 436.

Hab. On the leaves of docks, frequent.

I 3

202 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

The infected leaves are often irregularly spotted with pale
yellow*

29. U. umbellatarumj spots scattered, small, subcircular or oval,
yellowish-brown ; capsules ovate, pellucid, sometimes stalked. —
Caoma umbellatarumj LINK in WILD. vi. ii. 23. Uredo Cynapii,
Bot. Gall. ii. 900.

Hab. On the under surface of hemlock leaves, abundant.

The Uredo Heraclei of GREVILLE is probably identical with
this species.

30. U. Violarumj spots small, subcircular, brown, thickly
scattered on the leaf; capsules globular, shortly pedicled. — DE-
CAND. Fl Franc, vi. 73. Bot. Gall. ii. 899.

Hab. On the dog's violet, attacking both sides of the leaf.

31. U. suaveolensj brown, the spots at first scattered, circular,
very numerous, becoming confluent and covering the whole leaf;
capsules globose. — HOOK. Scot. ii. 15. GREV. Fl. Edin. 434.
Mridium Cardui, Sow. Fung. t. 398. f. 5.

Hab. On the leaves of the creeping and marsh thistles,
common.

This species attacks both surfaces of the leaf, but principally
the under, which it covers with crowded powdery spots,
small, distinct and yellowish at first, but becoming more
or less confluent in its progress, and of a dark brown co-
lour. It exhales a strong sweet honey-like smell, percep-
tible, however, only in the first stages of the plant. The
following remark of SOWERBY is consistent with my own
observation : " Two or three sorts of flies are occasionally
found dead on this plant (creeping thistle) at the time of
the JEcidium being upon it, which is after wet weather in
the summer, or early in autumn : being apparently tempted
by its flavour, they over-eat themselves, or else are de-
stroyed by some poison."

32. U. oblongata, spots oblong, reddish brown, bursting through
the epidermis longitudinally; capsules subglobular — GREV. Crypt.
Fl,t.l2;Fl. Edin. 437.

Hab. On the leaves of the great wood-rush.
The spots are surrounded by a reddish-crimson halo. This

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 203

change of colour frequently happens when there is no evi-
dent uredo, probably the result of an imperfect evolution.
— GREVILLE.

33. Jlf, Labiatarum, spots small, circular, dark brown, scattered,
encircled by the ruptured epidermis ; capsules globular, brown,
minutely pedicled — HOOK. Scot. ii. 15. GIIEV. Fl. Edin. 436.

Hab. On the leaves of Ajuga reptans in autumn.

34. U. Ficaria, spots very dark brown, rather large, pulveru-
lent ; raised; capsules oval. — GREV. Fl. Edin. 434.

Hab. On leaves of pilewort in woods, not uncommon.

**** Colour black.

35. U. segetum, within the fruit and glumes of corn and grasses,
spreading, and in a short time filling the whole with a profuse
black scentless dust ; capsules minute, spherical.— HOOK. Scot. ii.
15. GREV. Fl. Edin. 443. U. carlo. JBot. Gall. ii. 901.

Hab. Grains of wheat, oats, and barley.

This is, I believe, the Slack-ball of farmers. The injury it
does to the crops, although estimated to be very consider-
able by botanists, is in reality very trifling ; and the dis-
ease can be almost entirely prevented by proper pickling.

LINNAEUS at one time was inclined to believe in the animal
nature of the fungi, and he seems to have been led to this
opinion by some observations on Uredo segetum. " With
regard to fungi," he writes to Ellis, u you may pick up, in
most barns or stacks of corn, spikes of wheat or barley, full
of black powder, which we call ustilago, or smut. Shake
out some of this powder, and put it into tepid water, about
the warmth of a pond in summer, for three or four days.
This water, though pellucid, when examined in a concave
glass under your own microscope, will be found to contain
thousands of little worms. These ought first to be obser-
ved, to prevent ocular deception. In mould, Mucor, you
will find the same, but not so easily as in the large fungi.
If, in the course of from 8 to 14 days, the water has been
kept up to the same temperature, you may observe how
these minute worm-like bodies become fixed, one after the
other, and acquire roots." — LIXN. Corresp. \ 767. This is
very much like the process which has been observed in the
growth of some Contervae, and which has given origin to

204 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

speculations of the vaguest kind relative to the metamor-
phosis of vegetables into animals, and of these again into
plants !

36. U. caries, always inclosed within the grain, and filling it
with a uniform, dense, foetid, blackish -brown mass composed of
minute spherical capsules. — HOOK. Scot. ii. 16. GREV. Fl. Edin.
443.

Hab. Within the grains of wheat.

The Smut of the agriculturist. Unlike the preceding, this
never appears externally, so that some farmers remain
ignorant of its existence in the corn, until it passes
through the thrashing-mill, when the fetid smell im-
mediately discloses the injury. Those who know the
fungus can discover the diseased heads by a difference in
their colour so slight that it escapes the eye of the bota-
nist. The Uredo renders the grain more swollen and tur-
gid ; and on bruising it, we find it filled with a black pow-
der, of a very disagreeable smell. In some years this dis-
ease is productive of considerable loss to the farmer, and is
less under the preventive influence of the pickle than the
Uredo segetum.

37. U. urceolarum, attacking the fruit of Carices, and forming a
black compact slightly pulverulent mass, composed of a pale solid
nucleus, surrounded by the naked capsules, which are small and
globular GIIEV. Fl Edin. 443.

Hab. The fruit of Carices (C. prcecox, stellulata et recurva),
not uncommon.

38. U. flosculorum, capsules very minute, purplish-brown, plen-
tiful, produced within the florets, and often filling them with a
pulverulent mass. — GREV. Fl. Edin. 443. Farinaria scabiosa,
Sow. Fung. t. 39fi, f. 2.

Hab. The flowers of the field-scabious, rare.

109. jECIDIUM.

1. JE. Epilobii, scattered over the whole leaf, distinct, nume-
rous, cup-like ; margin of the cover raised, white, with revolute
teeth ; disk orange-coloured — GREV. Fl. Edin. 444.

Hab. On the under side of the leaves ofEpilobium montanum.

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 205

2. M. Cichoracearum, scattered over the whole leaf, distinct,
numerous, the cover circular or oval, white, raised, with an in-
flected torn margin ; disk orange-coloured — DECAND. Fl. Franc.
ii. 239. M. Tragopogi, PERS. Syn. 211. MOUG. and NEST. No,
388.

Hab. On the stems, leaves, and involucre of the yellow
goafs-beard.

3. M. Sonchij minute, scattered, whitish or cream-coloured,
prominent ; granules ovate, rather large.

Hab. On the under surface of the leaves ofSonchus arvensis
in autumn.

The cover does not split so regularly, and is not so decidedly
cupped as is common in this genus.

4. M. Violarum, scattered or somewhat clustered ; margin of the
cover whitish, raised, with everted obtuse teeth ; disk orange-
coloured. — GREV. Fl. Edin. 444.

Hab. Grows on the leaves of dog's violet in circular
patches, and in a diffused manner on the footstalks.

5. JE. albescens, scattered on an irregular white even stain of
the leaf; cover whitish, raised, with a circular toothed aperture ;
disk orange. — GREV. FL Edin. 444.

Hab. On the leaves and stalks of Adoxa moschatellina.

6. M. confertum, clustered on a pale stain of the leaf; cover
raised, white, with a circular toothed aperture ; disk orange-yel-
low— GREV. Fl Edin. 446.

Hab. On the leaves of pilewort in woods.

7. M. Geranii, irregularly clustered on a thickened base,
orange-yellow, hemispherical, with a subdenticulate erect margin
formed by the swollen and ruptured cover ; granules minute, glo-
bular.— DECAND. Fl. Franc, vi. 93. Uredo hemisphcBrica^ SPRENG.
Syst. iv. 571.

Hab. On the nerves of the leaves of Geranium pratense, rare.

8. M. Taraxaci, spots clustered on a slightly thickened base,

206 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

scattered over the leaf; cover white, with a raised circular finely
toothed aperture; disk orange. — GREV. FL Edin. 444.

Hob. On the leaves of the dandelion, not common.

On the leaves of the Leontodon Taraxacum, the clusters are
small, and there are many on the same leaf; on L. palustre
the clusters are few, much larger, and surrounded by a
purple halo.

9. JJL. Periclymeni, spots clustered on a thickened subcircular
base ; cover prominent, whitish, with a toothed orifice ; disk fine
orange or dark red. — GREV. FL Edin. 445.

Hob. On the leaves of the honeysuckle, generally on the
under surface, but I have seen it on the upper also.

10. JE,. Prenanthes, spots in circular or irregular patches, on a
very slightly thickened base surrounded with a purplish halo ;
cover white, the margin irregularly torn; disk pale yellow —
GREV. FL Edin. 445.

Hob. On the leaves of hawkweed (Hieracium paludosum).

11. M. Urtica, spots clustered on a much thickened base;
cover campanulate, with a numerously toothed circular aperture ;
disk yellow GREV. FL Edin. 445. PURT. Mid. FL iii. 294.

Hob. On the leaves and stems of the nettle, distorting
them much, frequent.

12. JE. Grossularia, spots clustered on a much thickened red
base of a subcircular form ; cover raised, with a circular toothed
aperture ; disk orange. — GREV. FL Edin. 446 ; CrypL FL t. 62.

Hab. On the leaves and young fruit of the gooseberry,
common.

13. M. Ranunculacearum, spots collected into irregular thicken,
ed clusters ; cover whitish, with a circular toothed aperture ; disk
orange-yellow. — GREV. FL Edin. 446.

Hab. On the leaves of the crowfoots (Ranunculus acris et
repens), not common.

14. JE,. Valerianearum, spots on a thickened subcircular or ob-
long base ; cover whitish, with a circular cupped lacerate mouth ;
disk orange red ; capsules globular.— BoL Gall. ii. 908.

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 207

Hob. On the under surface of the leaves, and on the foot-
stalks of the valerians ( Vol. officincdis et dioica), not un-
common.

15. y£. Berberidis, spots collected into subcircular clusters with
a thickened red base ; cover cylindrical, elongate, with a circular
aperture ; disk orange. — GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 97 ; FL Edin. 446.
HOOK. Scot. ii. 14.

Hob. On the leaves of the barberry, frequent.

16. M. Tussilaginis, collected into round thickened clusters, the
spots arranged somewhat circularly ; cover whitish, short, with a
toothed aperture; disk reddish-orange— HOOK. Scot. ii. 14. GREV.
Fl Edin. 447.

Hob. On the under surface of leaves of colt's-foot, very
common, from spring to autumn.

17. JB. Allii, spots arranged in concentric circles on a pale spot
of the leaf, not thickened, small, with a whitish circular toothed
aperture ; disk yellowish. — GREV. Fl. Edin. 447.

Hob. On both surfaces of the leaf of broad-leaved garlick
(A. ursinum). In the dean below Dulaw, Berwickshire.

18. M. cornutum, clustered on an orange-coloured thickened
spot, the cover forming long, curved, cylindrical tubes of a pale
brown — HOOK. Scot. ii. 14, GREV. Fl. Edin. 447; Crypt. Fl.
t. 180.

Hob. On the under surface of the leaves of the roan-tree,
in autumn. Houndswood.

This curious species is often imperfectly developed, nothing
appearing on the leaf but a thickened brown spot.

19. M. laceratum, densely aggregated ; cover elongated, sub-
immersed, pale brown, irregularly torn — GREV. Fl. Edin. 447.
Crypt. Fl t. 209.

Hab. On the nerves and petiols of the leaf, and on the
fruit of the hawthorn, not common in this neighbour-
hood. My specimen is from Elmford, Berwickshire.

The circumstances which determine the choice are unknown
but while some plants are annually much infested with
jEcidia, others are invariably exempted from their attacks.

208 CRYPTOGAMIA-— FUNGI.

The gooseberry is of the former class, the red and black
currants of the latter ; and I adduce these examples be-
cause the plants belong to one genus, and are cultivated in
the same soil and situations. vEcidia, on the whole, how-
ever, seem to prefer such plants as leaf and flower in
spring or early summer. They attack them while in
health and vigour ; and if the parasites sometimes distort the
lineaments and fair proportions of their supporters, they
yet more frequently invest them with ornament and addi-
tional interest.

110. EKINEUM.

1. JE. pyrinum, scattered, subeffused, rich reddish -brown ; fila-
ments compressed, linear, somewhat lax, with the apex club-
shaped, and often truncate.— PURT. Mid. Fl. iii. 315. GREV. Fl.
Edin. 449. ; Crypt. Fl. t. 22.

Hob. On the under surface of the leaves of the crab-tree,
very rare. I have twice met with it ; once in the im-
mediate vicinity of Berwick, and once near Mountfair,
Berwickshire.

2. E. acerinum, distinct or confluent, pale bufl^ becoming red-
dish-brown ; filaments club-shaped, very rarely turbinate, flaccid,
the upper half often inclined — GREV. Fl. Edin. 449. HOOK.
Scot. ii. 34. PURT. Mid. Fl. iii. 313. t. 36.

JIab. On the leaves of the plane or sycamore, in circum-
scribed spots, or covering the whole under surface, com-

3. E. fagineum, spots somewhat immersed, dense, at first white,
at length rich brown ; filaments clavate, turbinate. — GREV.
Crypt. Fl. t. 250. f. 1.

Hal. On the under surface of the leaves of the beech, in
spots often bounded by the nerves of the leaf. Black-
adder plantations. Woods at the Pease-bridge.

4. E. betulinum, spots white, at last becoming of a dark brown,
often confluent ; filaments short, polymorphous, sometimes tur-
binate, but generally with 2 blunt horn-like patent summits. —
GREV. Edin. Fl. 451. HOOK. Scot. ii. 34.

Hab. On the leaves of the birch, frequent.
2

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 209

5. E. poputinum, immersed in deep hollows of the leaf, at first
pale, then reddish, at length dark purplish-brown ; filaments
opake, thick, irregular, somewhat divided and erose at the sum-
mit GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 250. f. 2. PURT. Mid. Fl. iii. 315.

Hob. On the leaves of poplars near Berwick.

6. E. alneum, spots effused, irregular, orange-brown ; filaments
short, pellucid, divided at the top into short, subglobose, irregular
lobes HOOK. Scot. ii. 34. GREV. Fl Edin. 451.

Hob. On the under surface of alder leaves, not common.

111. FUSIDIUM.

1. F. flavo-virens, mass irregular, thin, bright yellow or green-
ish— GREV. Fl. Edin. 464. ; Crypt. Fl. t. 102. f. 2.

Hob. On dead beech leaves. From Dunglass Dean, Rev.
A. Baird.

112. SEPEDONIUM.

1. S. mycophilum, bright orange, occupying the interior of dying
fungi; capsules exceedingly copious, globular, minute, mixed
with a few slender branched filaments — GREV. Fl. Edin. 466. ;
Crypt. Fl. t. 198. Mucor chrysospermus, Sow. Fung. t. 378.
WITH. iv. 439.

Hab. In decaying fungi, chiefly boleti. On a boletus near
Langton, pointed out to me by Mr Thomas Brown.

The powder of this production is immiscible with water, and
has properties similar to that of the Ly coper da. In a na-
tural arrangement the genus ought to stand close to Ly-
cogola.

113. CLADOSPORIUM.

1. C. herbarum, blackish-green, short, velvet-like, tufted or
effused ; filaments rigid, opake, erect, irregularly and sparingly
branched — GREV. Fl. Edin. 469. LINK in WILD. vi. 1. 39.
Bot. Gall ii. 930.

Hab. On the stems of umbelliferous plants ; on the under
surface of dead oak leaves ; and on dried agarics.

210 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

114. TORULA.

1. T. herbarum, filaments very short, densely crowded, so as to
form a broad black velvet-like crust — GREV. .FL Edin. 469.
Bot. Gall ii. 931.

Hob. On dead stems of herbaceous plants, near their base.

The filaments are very distinctly jointed under the micros-
cope, rigid, straight, and simple.

115. ACROSPORIUM.

1. A. monilioides, filaments very short and tender, erect, simple,
loosely tufted, white or yellowish ; joints oval, pellucid — GREV.
Crypt. Fl. t. 73. ; Fl. Edin. 469. Oidium monilioides, Bot. Gall.
ii. 932.

Hob. On the living leaves of grasses, especially of Hokus
lanatus, in spring, frequent.

Forms irregular pulverulent spots of a white or greyish
colour, and the microscope is necessary to discover the
filamentous structure. The joints in Dr GREVILLE'S
figure are represented more globular than they really are.

116. MUCOR.

1. M. caninusy filaments tufted, erect, simple, white, each tip-
ped with a minute amber coloured or brown globular head, —
GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 305.

Hob. On swine's and dog's dung. Early spring.

A beautiful kind of mould, covering the substances on which
it grows with a hoary beard. Filaments i inch high, pel-
lucid, unjointed, tubular; capsules when young of an am-
ber colour, but becoming darker or even brown when
mature. If wetted with a drop of water, they instantly
burst and discharge a cloud of pellucid ovate granules, so
numerous, and comparatively so large, that we wonder in
what manner they had been packed within so small a globe.
Some of the granules are likewise projected down the tube
of the stalk, as I once very distinctly witnessed. The im-
mature capsules are not affected by moisture.

•%. M. mucedoy filaments crowded, mould-like, simple, pellucid.

CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI. 211

the little heads spherical, at first whitish but at length dark grey.
— HOOK. Scot. ii. 13. M. ascophorus, Bot. Gall. ii. 914. Ascophora
mucedo, GREV. Fl. Edin. 448. ; Crypt. Fl. t. 269.

Hab. On bread, paste, melted butter, &c. when kept.

A very common sort of mould, and often productive of in-
jury to articles of daily use. It may, therefore, be useful
to know, that mouldiness may be prevented in almost any
article by the application of perfumes, such as those of the
essential oils, cloves, pepper, turpentine, &c — Dr MAC-
CULL OCH in Edin. Phil. Journ. viii. 34.

117. ASPERGILLUS.

1. A. glaucus, filaments erect, simple, terminated with a glo-
bular head of spherical granules, at first white, but when mature
af a greyish-green — GREV. FL Edin. 467.

Hab. On various putrefying and damp substances, as fruit,
bread, cheese, &c. ; also infesting plants while drying
for the herbarium if not regularly changed.

This is the plant so well known by the name of blue mould,
and there is much interest in its history. At first some
white cobweb-like filaments spread over the substance of
the infected substance, whence sprouts up a thick forest of
other filaments about |th of an inch in height, pellucid,
tubular, and obscurely marked with one or two joints.
Each filament is terminated with a globe, minute indeed
to our enlarged vision, but large and heavy when com-
pared with the slender stalk which supports it. This

least, arranged in beaded lines of perfect uniformity.

118. PENICILLIUM.

1. P. glaucum, effused, flocculent, greyish-blue; filaments pel-
lucid, decumbent and erect, the latter with a cluster of very short
Dranches at the top, loaded with minute globular capsules. —
£REV. Crypt. Fl. t. 58. f. 1. ; Fl Edin. 467.

Hab. On decaying agarics, in dense irregular mouldy spots
about 1 line high, common.

Before maturity this mould is white.

212 CRYPTOGAMIA— FUNGI.

119. BOTRYTIS.

1. B. agaricina, pure white, flocculent ; filaments erect, pellu-
cid, tubular, scarcely jointed, irregularly branched ; branches
spreading, loaded with innumerable pellucid globular capsules,
unattached by any pedicle, and without any particular arrange-
ment.— LINK in WILD. vi. 1. 54. LOUD. Encyclop. No. 16579.

Hab. Parasitical on Uredo Candida in autumn, covering it
with a snow-white wool about 1 line in height.

2. B. cinerea, tufted, flocculent, erect, smoky-grey ; filaments
tubular, jointed, sparingly and irregularly branched ; branches
spreading ; capsules subglobular, minute, chiefly attached about
the summits of the filaments — LINK in WILD. vi. 1. 60.

Hab. Parasitical on Sclerotium durum in early spring.

So much like a small tuft of stained wool, that it may be
passed by as such. It forms a tuft about | inch in height,
sprinkled over with a greyish dust, formed of the capsules.
The joints are long, irregular, and when dry many of them
are alternately collapsed.

120. RACODIUM.

1. R. cellar e, filaments areneous, oli vaceous, irregularly branch-
ed, very slender, opake, and rather rigid — HOOK. Scot. ii. 34.
GREV Fl. Edin. 470. ; Crypt. Fl t. 259. Byssus septica, LIGHTF.
Scot. 999.

Hab. On casks and timbers in wine cellars, in cobweb-like
round tufts when young, more irregular when old.

" If suffered to remain any long time upon the casks, it de-
cays the timber very much. In its last black and soft
state it is excellent to staunch blood, perhaps superior even
to the celebrated agaric," — LIGHTFOOT.

121. BYSSUS.

1. B.floccosa, tufts roundish, snow-white, very soft ; filaments
simple, close, parallel.— ^Bot. Gall. ii. 934. DILL. Muse. p. 5,
t. 1. f. 9.

Hab. Wine cellars, on casks and timbers.

CRYPTOGAMIA—FUNGI. 213

Hangs from the casks and timbers in large tufts, resembling
tufts of the finest cotton. It is glutinous, adhering to the
fingers when handled, and contains more or less water.
The filaments are closely interwoven, and are apt to ad-
here to one another ; they are tubular, and often appear
alternately contracted at irregular and remote distances.
Dr WITHERING has confounded it with Racodium cellare.

122. HIMANTIA.

1. H. Candida, filaments very fine, white, radiating, dilated at
the extremities in a plumose manner. — HOOK. Scot. ii. 35. GREV.
Fl. Edin. 470. ; Crypt. Fl. t. 228. Fibrillaria stellata, Sow. Fung.
t. 387. £ 1.

Hab. On dead leaves in woods, very common.

I may here give a description of a production, which, whether
a vegetable or not, seems to deserve notice on account of its
beauty and singularity. The upper figures on Plate VI. repre-
sent this object. It was found growing on decayed branches of
hazel, and at least twenty specimens were procured all precisely
similar. Originating under the bark, and escaping by some fissure
in it, the slender stalk rises for about half an inch, and supports
a proportionally large head, which is like a glass bead or an egg
in miniature. The stalk, when fully exposed, is about 1 1 inch in
length, filiform, smooth, hollow, more or less flexuose at the root,
and white or brownish. The head or capsule is ivory-white,
sometimes tinged with pink, cernuous, ovate, smooth and glossy,
tipped with a jet-black lid or operculum, and so hard and compact
that it almost rings when dropt on a table. It is densely cellu-
lar, and contains in the centre a green oval vesicle, which appears
to be formed by a continuation and expansion of the stalk. The
vesicle is membranous, and may be with ease entirely removed
from the white bed in which it lies. It has no connection with
the persistent lid, nor did it contain any fluid or foreign body.
It has been suggested by an eminent naturalist, that this produc-
tion may prove to be the nidus of an insect ; while another is of
opinion that it is a diseased state of Bryum capillare. The latter
conjecture is ingenious, but not unattended with difficulties.

( 214 )

ORDER VIII.

- As we strolled along,

It was our occupation to observe

Such objects as the waves had tossed ashore,

Tangle or weed of various hues and forms,

Each on the other heaped, along the line

Of the dry wreck. And, in our vacant mood,

Not seldom did we stop at some clear pool

Hewn in the rock, and, wrapt in pleasing trance,

Survey the novel forms that hung its sides,

Or floated on its surface, — too fair

Either to be divided from the place

On which they grew, or to be left alone

To their own beauty."

* Fronds olive-coloured, becoming blackish in drying, coriaceous, fi-
brous, continuous, branched. Marine.

123. LICHINA. Frond short, erect, dichotomous, blackish-green ;

the fructification capsular, terminal or nearly so.

124. Fucus. Frond dichotomously branched, compressed; air-

bladders when present innate in the frond ; receptacles
granular, turgid, terminal, simple, or sometimes bifid.

125. DESMARESTIA. Frond narrow, linear, compressed, very

much branched, the branches and branchlets narrowed at
the base, set with marginal spines ; receptacles unknown.

126. FURCELLARIA. Frond cylindrical, solid, dichotomous, with

CRY PTOGAMI A— ALG^. 215

a fibrous root ; branches swelling at the ends into pod-like
simple receptacles.

127. HIMANTHALIA. Frond plane, dichotomous, shooting from

a cup-like base ; branches linear, elongate, obtuse ; air-
bladders none ; seeds in small innate clusters scattered
throughout the frond.

* Olivaceous, coriaceous, fibrous, continuous, stalked, the stem ex-
panded into a simple or divided leaf. Marine.

128. LAMIKARIA. Frond stalked, with a fibrous root, support-

ing a coriaceous or membranous plane leaf; seeds in small
immersed clusters, scattered throughout the expanded
frond.

* * * Purple, red or rose-coloured, unchanged in drying, coriaceous or
membranous, expanded into leaves or a leaf-like frond. Marine.

129. HALYMENIA. Stalk coriaceous, simple, or more or less

branched, dilated into a leaf-like divided or simple frond,
nerveless, or obsoletely nerved at the base only ; clusters
either punctiform and immersed, or tubercular, rounded
and sessile.

130. DELESSERIA. Stalk coriaceous, branched, foliaferous, the

leaves nerved with the percurrent branches ; fructification
of two kinds,— capsules containing a globular mass of seeds,
and ternate granules forming definite clusters in the frond
or in distinct leaflets.

131. ODONTHALIA. Frond plane, between membranaceous and

cartilaginous, dark vinous red, with an obsolete midrib,
and alternately toothed at the margin ; fructification mar-
ginal, axillary, or in the teeth — 1. capsules containing
pear-shaped seeds ; 2. slender processes containing ternate
granules.

132. CHONDRUS. Frond plane, thickish, coriaceous, dichotomous-

ly branched, nerveless ; receptacles tubercular, hemisphe-
rical or oval, scattered on the dik of the frond.

216 CRYPTOGAMIA—

* * * * Variously coloured, cartilaginous, continuous,, much branched ;
branches narrow, generally cylindrical. Marine.

133. GELIDIUM. Frond linear, very narrow, plane, nerveless,

more or less regularly pinnated ; fructification — 1. cap-
sules imbedded in the substance of the branchlets contain -
ing a mass of minute roundish seeds ; 2. ternate or other-
wise compound granules in the branchlets, on distinct in-
dividuals.

134. LAURENCIA. Frond narrow, cylindrical or compressed, be-

tween cartilaginous and gelatinous, irregularly branched ;
fructification — 1. ovate capsules, containing a cluster of
pear-shaped seeds fixed by their base ; 2. ternate granules
imbedded in the branchlets.

135. PLOCAMIUM. Frond compressed, very narrow, cartilagi-

nous, much branched ; branches spreading, the external
ones pectinate ; fructification— 1. granules imbedded in the
branchlets ; 2. spherical lateral capsules.

136. LOME NT ART A. Frond tubular, subgelatinous, round or com-

pressed, and often contracted at intervals as if jointed,
much branched ; fructification — 1 . spherical, ovate, or co-
nical capsules ; 2. imbedded ternate granules.

137- POLYIDES. Frond cylindrical, cartilaginous and solid,
branched, the branches fastigiate; fructification — naked
spongy warts composed of radiating filaments, among
which the seeds are imbedded.

138. GIGARTINA. Frond cylindrical, filiform, subcartilaginous,

continuous, much branched; fructification — 1. spherical
sessile capsules ; 2. tubercles imbedded in the branch-
lets.

139. RHODOMELA. Frond cylindrical, filiform, much branched,

coriaceo-cartilaginous ; fructification — L subglobose cap-
sules, containing free pear-shaped seeds : 2. pod-like re-
ceptacles with imbedded ternate granules.

CRYPTOGAMIA— ALG^E. 217

* Red or olive-coloured, capillary, much branched, the branches
jointed with distinct and regular partitions.

•j- Plants of a red colour.

140. ASPEROCAULON. Frond much branched, the main stem

opake, hirsute, inarticulate ; branches jointed ; fructifica-
tion double — capsules and lanceolate pods containing rows
of granules.

141. POLYSIPHONIA. Filaments jointed, longitudinally striated

with internal parallel tubes ; fructification double — ovate
capsules and granules in swollen branchlets.

142. CERAMIUM. Filaments jointed, dichotomous, red ; articu-

lations veined or diaphanous ; fructification — capsules with
an involucre of short ramuli, and imbedded granules in
the summits of the branches.

143. CALLITHAMNION. Filaments jointed, rose-red, branched ;

articulations marked with one broad tube-like line, the
joints pellucid ; fructification — pedunculated capsules on
the ramuli.

144. GRIFFITHSIA. Filaments jointed, fine red, branched; fruc-

tification— granules surrounded with a gelatinous border,
and protected by a filamentous involucre.

145. TRENTEPOHLIA. Filaments jointed, flexible, orange-co-

loured or pale red, branched, bearing capsules which gene-
rally proceed from the last articulation which is inflated.
Fluviatile.

146. AMPHICONIUM. Filaments rigid, nearly solid, opake, crum-

bling into powder, torulose. On bark or rocks.

•j- -f- Olivaceous.

1 47. CLADOSTEPHUS. Plant branched, the main filaments opake,

inarticulate, the branches jointed, mostly whorled with
ramuli ; fructification — capsules.

TOL. II. K

218 CRYPTOGAMIA—

148. ECTOCARPUS. Much branched, the filaments jointed, solid,
fuscous ; fructification — lanceolate pods or ovate capsules,
solitary or racemose.

****** Dark green, capillary, solid and continuous, branched.
Fluviatile.

149. LEMANEA. Filaments straight, rigid, somewhat branched,
knotted, the knots containing very minute moniliform
tufted filaments.

Purple or olivaceous, not changing in drying, cylindrical
or filiform, fistular. Marine.

150. DICTTOSIPHON. Frond filiform, tubular, continuous,

branched; root minutely scutate, naked; fructification —
ovate scattered seeds lying beneath the epidermis.

151. Du MONT i A. Frond cylindrical, simple or branched, mem-

branaceous, tubular, gelatinous within, of a red or pur-
plish-red colour; fructification— globules of seeds attached
to the inner surface of the membrane of the frond.

152. CHORDA. Frond simple, filiform, cylindrical, with an in-

terrupted cavity ; root naked, scutate ; fructification — ex-
ternal continuous masses of pear-shaped seeds fixed by
their base.

153. ASPEROCOCCUS. Frond tubular, cylindrical, continuous,

membranaceous ; root minutely scutate, naked; fructifi-
cation— distinct spots composed of imbedded seeds mixed
with erect club-shaped filaments.

******** Green, olive-green or purple, thin, membranous, plane
or fistular, stemless.

154. PUNCTARIA. Frond simple, membranaceous, flat, with a
naked scutate root ; fructification scattered over the whole
frond in minute distinct spots, composed of roundish pro-
minent seeds intermixed with club-shaped filaments.

156, ZONARIA. Frond appressed, plane, subcircular, coriaceous ;

CRYPTOGAMIA— ALG^E. 219

the clusters of seeds arranged in concentric lines and im-
mersed.

156. ULVA. Frond fistular or plane and expanded, membranous,
thin, cellular; seeds in minute innate clusters scattered
over the frond.

********* Green? capillary, branched, unjointed ; seeds in
capsules.

157. VAUCHERIA. Fronds aggregated, tubular, continuous,
capillary, coloured by an internal green pulverulent mass ;
fructification — dark green homogeneous vesicles attached
to the frond.

Green7 capillary, filaments jointed.

158. CONFERVA. Filaments uniform, simple or branched, mem-

branaceous; sometimes coloured ; fructification — granules
scattered in the articulations.

159. ZYGNEMA. Filaments simple, elongate, membranaceous,

jointed, at length forming lateral unions by short tubes
passing from one filament to another ; fructification — mi-
nute internal granules assuming some determinate form
or arrangement.

160. BATRACHOSPERMUM. Filaments gelatinous, much branch-

ed, jointed ; branchlets short, moniliform, placed in whorls
at the articulations ; fructification — clusters of grains pla-
ced in the whorls.

161. DRAPARNALDIA. Filaments gelatinous, branched, jointed ;

branchlets jointed, in pencil-like tufts or scattered.

162. LYNGBYA. Filaments simple, elongate, not gelatinous,

marked with close transverse septa.

******** * Olive-green or purplish) capillary, continuous,
with internal granules arranged in lines.

163. BANGIA. Filaments capillary, mostly simple, flexile ; fruc.
tification— granules disposed in regular transverse series.

K2

220 CRYPTOGAMIA— ALG^l.

164. SCHIZONEMA. Filaments free, continuous, composed of
other smaller filaments longitudinally united, and contain-
ing elliptical granules.

***»***«*«** Green, rarely coloured, gelatinous, subylobular,
internally fitted with filaments simple or branched, jointed or conti-
nuous.

165. CHJETOPHORA. Fronds gelatinous, globose or branched;

the filaments jointed, branched, terminated with pellucid
ciliae.

166. LINCKIA. Frond gelatinous, subglobose, blackish-green ; the

filaments slender, continuous, radiating from a base.

167. NOSTOC. Frond gelatinous, subglobose, plicate; the fila-

ments moniliform, simple.

168. COCCOCHLORIS. Frond gelatinous, globose or undefined,

filled with round or elliptical granules.

Anomalous.

169. OSCILLATORIA. Filaments simple, very slender and hya-

line, marked with transverse septae, and immersed in a
gelatinous fluid.

170. GOMPHONEMA. Hyaline geminate cuneiform corpuscula

produced at the extremity of flexible branched filaments.

171. ECHINELLA. Hyaline rigid, sublinear corpuscula, often

united in a wedge-like form, free.

123. LICHINA.

1. L. pygmcea, frond compressed, somewhat palmate above;
capsules globose ; about half an inch high — HOOK. Scot, ii. 96.
GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 219. Alg. Brit. 22. Fucus pygm^us*, LIGHTT.
Scot. 964. t. 32. WITH. iv. 109.

CRYPTOGAMIA— ALG^E. 221

Hab. On rocks near high-water mark, in wide irregular
black patches. Very plentiful about the Needle-eye.
Aut. If.

2. L. confinis, frond cylindrical, irregularly branched, 2 or 3
lines in height ; capsules oval, terminal.— GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 221.
A Iff. Brit. 23. Lichen confinis, Eng. Bot. t. 2575.

Hab. On the black rocks at Bamborough, abundantly, Dr
Greviile. On the sandstone rocks of Hudshead, where
it can be moistened by the surf only at full tide.
Aut. 11

124. FUCUS.

* Frond with a midrib.

1. F. vesiculosus, frond plane, dichotomous, generally with vesi-
cles placed in pairs ; margin entire ; receptacles mostly elliptical,
vellowish, terminating the segments — LIGHTF. Scot. 904 WITH.
iv. 91. HOOK. Scot. ii. 94. GREV. Fl. Edin. 283 ; Crypt. FL
t. 319 ; Alg. Brit. 12. NEILL in Edin. Encycl. x. 18.

Hab. Coasts of Berwickshire and N. Durham, very com-
mon. Spring. 11

This species covers the rocks of our shores, and it also grows
plentifully at the margins of the river for the space of a
mile and a half from the mouth. The river plants, how-
ever, are thinner, darker coloured, and less loaded with
vesicles than the marine, and the ends of the branches, in
the spring season, are much enlarged and swollen with air.
In this state they are identical with the F. inflatus of some
botanists. LIGHT. Scot. 910. When the frond, as often
happens, is altogether destitute of bladders, and has be-
come twisted by the action of the waves, it is sometimes
called F. spiralis, WITH. iv. 100.

It is the sea-ware most highly prized for the manufacture of
kelp, a valuable source ' of revenue to the proprietors of
the rocky shores of Europe, particularly of Britain, and
more especially of the northern and western islands of
Scotland. Formerly a small quantity of kelp was made
near Berwick and other villages on this coast, but the
practice has been discontinued for some years. In the
Scottish islands this fucus forms a considerable part of the
winter food of horses, cattle and sheep, which seem in-

222 CRYPTOGAMIA— ALG.E.

stinctively to migrate from the hills to the shore at the
ebbing of the tide to feed upon it. LIGHTFOOT mentions
that during severe snow storms, stags have been known to
descend from the mountains for the same purpose. He
also says that in some of the islands, the inhabitants cover
their cheeses with the ashes of F. vesiculosus, and thus sup-
ply the place of salt. In Jersey it is collected and dried
in July, and housed for winter fuel ; being likewise used
in smoke-drying pork, beef, and fish.

Dr RUSSELL found the mucus of the receptacles to be a
very efficacious resolvent when applied externally to scro-
fulous swellings. He recommends the patient to rub the
tumour with these receptacles bruised in his hand, until
the mucus has thoroughly penetrated the part, and after-
wards to wash it with sea-water. The late discovery of
the existence of iodine in marine algae affords a good ar-
gument in favour of this practice. " The charcoal obtain-
ed by burning it in close vessels has in some places got the
name of Mthiops vegetabilis. It used to be considered
merely as a compound of charcoal and carbonate of soda,
and as such was neglected ; but it contains also iodine, and
since Dr COINDET'S discovery of iodine as a specific in
bronchocele and strumous affections, its effects are deser-
ving of being again studied." — Dr DUNCAN.

2. F. serratus, frond plane, dichotomous, dotted, the margin
serrated; ends of the segments when in fruit thickened, tubercu-
lar, orange. coloured — LIGHTF. Scot. 902. WITH. iv. 99. NEILL
in Edin. Encycl. x. 19. HOOK. Scot. ii. 95. GREV. Alg. Brit. 15.

TIab. On rocks, common. Spring. T/.

This scarcely enters the river, though it may be found just
at its mouth. The Dutch cover their crabs and lobsters
with it to keep them alive, preferring it to any other sort
on account of the smaller quantity of mucus which it con-
tains. Our fishermen use it indiscriminately with the
preceding.

* * Frond without a midrib.

3. F. nodosus, frond compressed, dichotomous, swollen at inter-
vals into large vesicles, the sides beset at intervals with club-
shaped processes, single or clustered, turgid and yellow when in
fruit.— LIGHTF. Scot. 9! 9, WITH. iv. 90. NEILL loc. cit. x. 18.
HOOK. Scot. ii. 94. GREV. Alg. Brit. 1G.

CRYPTOGAMIA— ALG^E. • 223

Hob. On rocks near high-water mark, common. Spring. 7/

The air-bladders, when dried, become as black as ebony, and
are sometimes polished and strung into necklaces. " Boys
amuse themselves with the air-bladders, by cutting the
larger ones transversely, near the ends, and making whistles
of them." The air in the bladders is common atmospheric
air. F. nodoms just enters the river, where, however, it
grows luxuriantly.

4. F. canallculatusj frond narrow, dichotomous, channelled, en-
tire, without vesicles; receptacles terminal, oblong, simple or
bifid.— LIGHT F. Scot. 917. WITH. iv. 108. HOOK. Scot. ii. 96.
GREV. Alg. Brit. 18.

Hab. On rocks near high-water, plentiful, in tufts 3 or 4
inches high. Summer If

5. F. siliquosus, frond narrow, compressed ; branches distichous,
alternate, the branchlets plane, linear, entire ; vesicles stalked,
oblong, nodose ; receptacles stalked, podlike, lanceolate, terminal.
1 to 2 feet long, olive, spreading — LIGHTF. Scot. 921. WITH.
iv. 95. HOOK. Scot. ii. 94. Cystoseira siliquosa, GREV. Fl. Edin.
9S3. Halidrys siliquosa, GREV. Alg. Brit. 9.

Hab. In pools among the rocks between low and high wa-
ter marks, common. If.

125. DESMARESTIA.

1. D. aculeata, frond cartilaginous, compressed, very narrow
and linear, much branched ; branches scattered, alternate, elon-
gate, acute, the extreme ones set with erect subulate spines.
Olive green, 1 or 2 feet long — GREV. Alg. Brit. 38. Fucus acu-
leatus, LIGHTF. Scot. 924. WITH. iv. 120. Sporochnus aculeatus,
HOOK. Scot. 96. GREV. Fl. Edin. 287.

Hab. Frequent on the coast in deep water. If

126. FURCELLARIA.

1. F. lumbricalis, olive-brown or reddish, a span high ; stalk as
thick as a crow-quill, thickening upwards, and at the height of 3
or 4 inches dividing into a level-topped bundle of acutely-forked
branches — HOOK. Scot. 97. F. fastigiata, GREV. Alg. Brit. 67.

224 CRYPTOGAM1A— ALG;£.

Fucus fastigiatus et furcellatus, LIGHTF. Scot. 930-2. F. fastiyia-
tus, WITH. iv. 123. F. lumbricalis, Eng. Bot. t. 824.

Hob. Coasts of N. Durham and Berwickshire, very com-
mon. Winter. 7/

127. HIMATHALIA.

1. //. lorea, compressed, dichotomous, elongate, springing from
a stalked cup-like base. (Sea thongs.) — GREV. Alg. Brit. 20. Fu-
cus loreus, LIGHTF. Scot. 920. WITH. iv. 104. NEILL in Edin.
Encycl x. 19. HOOK. Scot. ii. 96. WAHL. Fl. Lapp. 499.

Hab. On rocks at low-water mark, common on the coast of
Berwickshire. Spring. Q

" The first rudiment of this fucus exactly resembles a Pezi-
za, or a smooth, circular concave disc like a saucer, an inch
or more in diameter, of a livid colour, and tough coriaceous
substance, supported by a cylindrical footstalk, about half
an inch long." From the centre of this leather-like cup,
which WAHLENBERG and GREVILLE consider the true
frond, the receptacles shoot, reaching often a length of 6
feet, and divided in a regular dichotomous manner into
long linear segments tapered at the ends. The whole has
been aptly compared to a leather-thong. " In the north
of Scotland, a kind of sauce for fish or fowl, somewhat re-
sembling ketchup, is made from sea-weeds, frequently from
the cup-like frond or base of F. loreus." — NEILL.

128. LAMINAR! A.

* Frond ribbed throughout.

1. L. esculenta, stalk short, percurrent, winged near the base
with several plane, nerveless, linear-oblong leaflets ; frond ensi-
form, thin, pellucid, greenish-olive, entire.— HOOK. Scot. ii. 98.
Fucus esculentus,IjiGiiTF. Scot. 938. t 28. WITH. iv. 102. NEILL
lib. cit. x. 21. Alaria esculenta, GREV. Alg. Brit. 25.

Hab. Coast of Berwickshire, not uncommon. 0

" The frond varies from 6 to 20 feet in length, with a mid-
rib extending the whole way. The mid-rib, stripped of
its membrane, is the part chiefly eaten ; but in some places,
particularly in Orkney, the pinnse are also eaten, under

CRYPTOGAMIA— ALG.E. 225

the name of mirkles." — NEILL. This is the Fucus foliolo-
sus of Dr WALKER, Essays, p. 290, which the editor of his
work has erroneously referred to the F. saccharinus of

LlNN^US.

* * Frond ribless, cleft into unequal segments.

2. L. digitata, stalk round, tapered ; frond olive-brown, smooth,
broad, palmate, torn into many mostly simple segments. (Tangle.)
— HOOK. Scot. ii. 99. GREV. Alg. Brit. 27. Fucus digitatus,
LIGHTF. Scot. 935. WITH. iv. 107. NEILL in Edin. Encycl.
x. 20.

Hab. Coast of Berwickshire and N. Durham within low-
water mark, and in pools amongst the rocks, common. I/.

During storms great numbers of this large species are torn
from the rocks and cast on shore, bearing with them a rich
harvest to the naturalist In the crevices of the matted
roots, shells and worms of various kinds and singular struc-
ture find shelter, or a secure place for constructing their
furrows ; and many elegant corallines spring up between
them, to appearance trees in miniature, but in reality
cities full of living inhabitants. The more delicate and
richly coloured sea-weeds are parasitical on the stem ;
while the broad frond affords an ample field for many
pretty shell-fish to feed and course upon.

Sea-tangle, in common with the other refuse of the sea, is
extensively collected for manure. In some places of the
Western Islands of Scotland, it forms even a sort of soil
on the pebbles of the beach, in which the poor natives sow
barley ; and as the sea-weed rots, the grain drops with it
into the interstices, so that when the harvest is ready, it
is seen growing on a surface of naked and polished pebbles.
In the same islands the long stalks are dried for fuel ; and
from select pieces of them knife-handles have been made,
which are hardly to be distinguished from hartshorn. The
plant may be burned also for kelp, as the fronds yield more
alkali than any other species commonly used.

3. L. bulbosa, " stem plane, with a waved foliaceous margin,
once twisted at the base, arising from a large rough roundish hol-
low bulb ; frond roundish, oblong or reniform, deft deeply into
numerous segments." — HOOK. Scot. ii. 99. GREV. Alg. Brit. 29.
Fucus bulbosus, Eng. Bot. t. 17GO. F. polyschides, LIGHTF. Scot.

K 3

226 CRYPTOGAMIA— ALGvE.

936. WITH. iv. 106. Phasgenon Columba, WALKER'S Essays,
186.

Hab. Shores of the Holy Island, in deep water. 7/

* * * Frond ribless, undivided.

4. L. saccharina, stalk cylindrical, short, expanding into a car-
tilaginous olive-brown linear or linear-oblong frond, smooth or
puckered, with waved margins. (Sea Belts.) — HOOK. Scot. ii. 98.
GREV. Alg. Brit. 32. Fucus saccharinus, L.IGHTF. Scot. 940.
WITH. iv. 105. NEILL in Edin. Encycl. x. 20.

Hab. Coast of Berwickshire near low-water mark, com-
mon. If

" This common species, which grows to the length of 6 or 7
feet, derives its specific name from its being, after it is
steeped in fresh water and exposed to the sun, covered
with a white efflorescence resembling sugar, but nauseous
to the taste. It is not the c saccharine fucus' of the Ice-
landers, as has been generally supposed." — HOOKER.
" When dry, and suspended in an airy place, it forms an
admirable hygrometer, and preserves its qualities for
years." — STACKHOUSE.

L. saccharina and digitata have been observed to renew their
fronds in a very curious manner. A new frond proceeds
from the top of the stalk, and gradually pushes before it
the old one after this has discharged its office, a deep con-
traction marking the place of separation between the two.
The phenomenon is not of unfrequent occurrence.

5. L. phyliitis, stalk cylindrical, compressed upwards, passing
into a thin, membranaceous linear-lanceolate frond, tapered to-
wards each end, pale yellowish-brown, smooth, the margins wavy.
GREV. Alg. Brit. 34. Fucus phyllitis, WITH. iv. 109.

Hab. Coast of Berwickshire, rare.

Some excellent observers suppose this to be the young of the
preceding, or a variety produced by local causes, and they
are probably right ; yet when recent specimens of equal
size are compared, the difference in firmness, thickness,
and colour, is obvious enough.

129. HALYMENIA.
i. //. Brodiai, « stem cylindrical, filiform, somewhat dichoto-

CRYPTOGAMIA— ALG.E. 227

mous, the branches expanding into oblong mostly forked frondlets,
proliferous from their marginal extremity; capsules spherical,
sessile at the apices of the frondlets." — Bot. Gall. ii. 942. Fucus
Brodiceij Eng. Bot. t. 1966. Sphcerococcus Brodicei^ HOOK. Scot. ii.
103. Chondrus Brodicei, GREV. Alg. Brit. 133.

Hab. Amongst sea refuse, rare. Winter. I/.

2. H. membranifolia, " stem cylindrical, filiform, branched, the
branches expanding into many-cleft wedge-shaped frondlets ; cap-
sules ovate, shortly pedicellate and arising from the stem ;" about

3 inches high, red, thin and semitransparent Bot. Gall, ii, 943.

Fucus membranifoliuS) Eng. Bot. t. 1965. Sphcerococcus membrani-
folius, HOOK. Scot. ii. 102. Chondrus membranifolius, GREV. Alg.
Brit. 131.

Hab. Amongst refuse of the sea. I/.

3. H. rubensj " stem very short, expanding into a linear wedge-
shaped frond, obscurely ribbed, and repeatedly branched with
proliferous shoots resembling the primary frond ; fructification —
hemispherical, sessile, very rugose capsules, on the disk of the
frond."— .Bot. Gall. ii. 943. Fucus prolifer, LIGHTF. Scot. 949. t. 30.
Sphcerococcus rubens, HOOK. Scot. ii. 102. Phyllophora rubens,
GREV. Alg. Brit. 135.

Hab. On the sides of pools in the rocks, rare. At the
Coves.

About 5 inches long, and rather more than a quarter of an
inch broad. The authors of the Description of British
Fuci, in the 3d vol. of the Linn. Trans, p. 166., suggest
that the remarkable proliferous tendency of this plant may
be not its natural mode of growth, but the effect of some
injury. The opinion is very improbable, seeing that the
plant is invariably proliferous; and with us it grows in
places much sheltered, and as far removed from violence
as it well can be.

4. H. edulis, stalk very short, expanded into an obovate thick-
ish frond, rounded at the summit, simple or cleft by the waves,
purplish red.— SPRENG. Syst. Veg. iv. 333. Bot. Gall. ii. 944.
HOOK. Scot. ii. 107- Fucus edulisy WITH. iv. 110. NEILL in
JEdin. Encycl. x. 22. Ulva edulis, GIIEV. FL Edin. 298. Iridaa
edulis, GREV. Alg. Brit. 1 58.

228 CRYPTOGAMIA— ALG^E.

Hab. On rocks near low-water mark, not uncommon. (J

The frond is generally perforated with holes eaten through
by marine insects, with which the H. edulis appears to be
a favourite. It is eatable, but does not occur in sufficient
quantities to be commonly used. " Mr STACKHOUSE ob-
served the frond to give out a fine purple colour to the
water in which it was macerating ; and the Rev. W. GRE-
GOR obtained a fine lake from an infusion with the assist-
ance of alum." — GREVILLE.

5. //. palmata, stalk very, short, expanded into a thin membra-
naceous purplish-red palmate frond, deeply cleft, the segments
oblong, mostly simple, entire, frequently proliferous. (Dulse.) —
HOOK. Scot. ii. 107- Fucus palmatus, LIGHTF. Scot. 933. t» 27.
WITH. iv. 110. NEILL in Edin. Encycl. x. 21. Ulva _palmatay
GREV. Fl. Edin. 298. RJwdomenia palmata, GREV. Alg. Brit. 93.

Hab. On the stems ofLaminaria digitata, and on rocks near
low-water mark, abundant.

" Hunc Hiberni Scotique apud quos copiose invenitur, stu-
diose exsiccatum et convolutum assidue in ore habent et
masticant."— RAY. The less agreeable tobacco has sup-
planted this use of dulse, which, however, in a raw state,
is still occasionally eaten by the common people, from a
belief of its being a sweetener of the blood, and a remedy
for scorbutic complaints. " There is," says Mr NEILL,
" a common saying in Stronsa, that he who eats of the
dulse of Guiodin, and drinks of the wells of Kildingie, will
escape all maladies except black death." To the Iceland-
ers //. palmata is a plant of considerable importance. They
prepare it by washing it well in fresh water, and exposing
it to dry, when it gives out a white powdery substance,
which is sweet and palatable, and covers the whole plant ;
they then pack it in casks to keep it from the air, and thus
preserve it ready to be eaten either in this state, with fish
and butter, or, according to the practice of wealthier tables,
boiled in milk, and mixed with a little flour of rye. The
cattle are also very fond of this ?ea-weed, and the sheep
are said to seek it with such avidity as often to be lost by
going too far from the land at low water — Quart. Rev,
vii. 68.

6. H. lacerata, frond scarcely stalked, rose-colour, thin, trans-
parent, membranous, longitudinally veined at the base, torn into
unequal ragged segments, crisped and undulate at the edges —

4

CRYPTOGAMIA— ALG^E. 229

Bot. Gall. ii. 944. Fucus endiviafolius, LIGHTF. Scot. 948. t. 32.
F. laceratus, Eng. Hot. t. 1067. Delesseria lacerata, HOOK. Scot. ii.
101. Nitophyllum laceratum, GREV. Alg. Brit. 83.

Hob. On the stems of Laminaria digitata, not common. Q

7. //. laciniata, frond stemless, bright red, subopake, somewhat
cartilaginous, expanded, deep and irregularly cut ; segments di-
lated upwards, irregularly palmate, blunt, with even or fringed
margins. — Bot. Gall. ii. 945. Fucus laciniatus, LIGHTF. Scot. 947-
Sphcerococcus laciniatus, HOOK. Scot. ii. 103. Rhodomenia laciniata,
GREV. Alg. Brit. 86.

Hab. Coasts of Berwickshire and N. Durham, frequent.

I have a specimen of this species, in which there are scat-
tered irregularly over the frond small circular clusters of
papillary tubercles about a line in height. The papillae
contain minute oval granules, and each cluster or tuft is
composed of about 20 papillae. It is a sort of fructification
unnoticed by Dr GREVILLE, and perhaps affords a proof
that characters drawn from the parts of fructification in
the classification of the Alga, are only of subsidiary value.

8. //. cristata, " frond semicircular, membranaceous, subdicho-
tomous, the segments somewhat dilated upwards, repeatedly sub-
divided, the divisions alternate decurrent laciniate at the ends ;
capsules spherical, imbedded in the margin of the frond." — Spce-
rococcus crtetatus, GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 85. Rhodomenia cristata,
Alg. Brit. 89.

Hab. On the roots of Laminaria digitata, very rare. Q

My specimen, though small, answers in other respects very
well to the figure and description of Dr GREVILLE.

130. DELESSERIA.

1. D. sanguinea, stalk cylindrical, branched ; leaves stalked,
large, oblong -ovate, entire, undulate, transversely veined ; fructi-
fication stalked, attached to the midrib — HOOK. Scot. ii. 100.
GREV. Alg. Brit. 72. Fucus sanguineus, LIGHTF. Scot. 942.
WITH. iv. 102.

Hab. Coasts of Berwick and N. Durham, frequent. <J

230 CRYPTOGAMIA—

2. D. sinuosa, stalk cylindrical, branched; leaves oblong, sinuate
or pinnatifid, transversely veined, the margins spinous; seed-
leaflets linear HOOK. Scot. ii. 100. GREV. Alg. Brit. 73. Fucus

sinuosus, WITH. iv. 103. F. rubens, LIGHT r. Scot. 943.

Hab. Rather rare on the immediate coast, and only amongst
sea refuse, but more common to the north of Berwick-
shire, growing on the stems of Laminaria digitata.

3. D. alata, stalk linear, flattened, dichotomously branched,
much divided towards the extremities, winged throughout with a
narrow veinless membrane ; seed-leaflets lanceolate, mostly at the
apex of the segments. — HOOK. Scot. ii. 100. GREV. Alg. Brit. 74.
Fucus alatus, LIGHT. Scot. 951. WITH. iv. 104.

Hab. On the stalks of Laminaria digitata, common.

Of a dark red-rose colour, 3 or 4 inches high. The lateral
membrane is often worn away by the action of the waves.

131. ODONTHALIA.

1. O. dentata, " frond branched, spreading, the branches dis-
tichous, alternately pinnatifid, pinnulse toothed at their apex ;
capsules ovate, pedunculate, panicled, in axillary clusters." —
GREV. Alg. Brit. 101. Fucus dentatus, LIGHTF. Scot. 952. WITH.
iv. 112. Spharococcus denlatus, HOOK. Scot. ii. 102.

Hab. Coast of Berwickshire, not uncommon. 7/

132. CHONDRUS.

1 . C. mammillosus, frond dichotomous, channelled on one side ;
segments elongate, wedge-shaped, entire, covered on both sur-
faces with numerous small wart-like tubercles. — GREV. Alg. Brit.
127. Fucus mammillosus, WITH. iv. 107. F. ceranoides g, LIGHTF.
Scot. 916. Sphterococcus mammillosus, HOOK. Scot. ii. 102.

Hab. On rocks, in tufts about 3 or 4 inches high. 7f

2. C. crispus, frond dichotomous, plane, the margin entire ; seg-
ments spreading, linear, with bifid apices ; capsules subhemisphe-
ricalr imbedded in the disk of the frond — GREV. Alg. Brit. 129.

CRYPTOGAMIA— ALG^E. 231

Fucus crispus, Eng. BoL t. 2285. F. ceranoidesy LIGHTF. Scot.
913. Spharococcus crispus, HOOK. Scot. ii. 102.

Hob. On rocks very common, in tufts from 2 to 4 inches

high. -4

Very variable in form and colour. It is very plentiful in
the pools left by the recess of the tide, but our finest spe-
cimens were taken from the stems of Laminaria digitata.
The frond is often partially iridescent. In Ireland, as I
am informed by my friend W. C. TREVELYAN, Esq. a sort
of isinglass is prepared in considerable quantities from this
sea-weed. On boiling with water, it forms a strong trans-
parent jelly, which, with the admixture of lemon and
sugar, makes an agreeable medicine in ordinary coughs,
and probably more efficacious than the usual demulcents,
from the small portion of iodine which the mixture may
contain. It is sometimes sold in the apothecaries' shops as
a substitute for Iceland moss (Cetraria islandica). — NEILL.

133. GELIDIUM.

1. G. corneum, frond between cartilaginous and corneus, com-
pressed, repeatedly pinnated, pinnse and pinnulre spreading, long,
very thin, acute and irregularly divided ; capsules spherical, im-
mersed in the extremities of the ramuli. — GREV. Alg. Brit. 143.
Fucus nereideus, LIGHTF. Scot. 956. Sphcerococcus corneus, HOOK.
Scot. ii. 104.

Hao. Black rocks near Bamburgh, Dr Greville. If

134. LAWRENCIA.

1. L. pinnatifida, frond cartilaginous, compressed, branched;
branches pinnatifid, obtuse and bluntly toothed. — GREV. Alg.
Brit. 108. Fucus pinnatifidus, LIGHTF. Scot. 953. WITH. iv. 119.
NEILL in Edin. Encycl. x. 22. Chondria pinnatifida^ HOOK. Scot.
ii. 105.

Hab. On rocks, very common. Summer. 0

From 1 to 3 inches high, purplish-brown, frequently growing
on the sides of rocks in a somewhat imbricate manner. A
variety of a yellowish colour, with a cylindrical frond, the
branches simple, short and crowded towards the summit, is
likewise abundant on our coast. This grows in dense erect
tufts in shallow pools much exposed to the sun, while the

232 CRYPTOGAMIA—ALG^E.

plant, in its more characteristic form, prefers a shaded si-
tuation, and one nearer the ebb tide. " This fucus has a
hot taste in the mouth, and is therefore called pepper
dulse by the people in Scotland, who frequently eat it as a
sallad." — LIGHTFOOT. This custom has become obsolete,
nor is it likely to be revived, for both the taste and odour
of the plant are disagreeable.

135. PLOCAMIUM.

1. P. coccineum, frond narrow, compressed, much branched ;
branches spreading, irregularly dichotomous, the secondary and
ultimate ones alternately pectinated, subulate.— GREV. Alg. Brit.
98. Fucus coccineus, WITH. iv. 134. NEILL in Edin. Encycl. x.
23. F. Plocamium, LIGHTF. Scot. 957- Delesseria coccinea^ HOOK.
Scot. ii. 101.

Ilab. On the shore near Berwick plentifully, Hay. Often
parasitical on Laminaria digitata. If

A remarkably elegant sea-weed, from 3 to 6 inches in height,
and of a very beautiful red colour, hence " most admired
by the ladies who are fond of pictures and mimic land-
scapes, composed of marine vegetables," — a sort of fancy
work out of date, though once the favourite amusement of
our princesses.

2. P. plumosum, frond narrow, compressed, much branched ;
branches spreading, irregular, the branchlets opposite, patent,
close set, and beautifully pectinated with subulate processes. —
Bot. Gall. ii. 949. Fucus plumosus, LIGHTF. Scot. 955. WITH.
iv. 135. NEILL lib. cit. x. 23. Ptilota plumosa, HOOK. Scot. ii. 106.
GREV. Alg. Brit. 155.

Hab. On the stems of Laminaria digitata^ very common. I/.

A variety of this elegant fucus, with a narrow flaccid frond
and jointed ramuli, grows abundantly on the sides of rocks
in pools of sea-water; and it is remarkable that this is
never infested and disfigured with flustrce, as the parasitical
plants very commonly are.

WAHLENBERG says that the native rose-purple colour of this
species becomes violet in fresh water, then brick -red, and
lastly green if well washed. To preserve the original
colour the acid of the sea water seems necessary, but this
being removed, the plant changes to green as if an alkali

CRYPTOGAMIA— ALG.E. 233

had been poured over it. — Fl. Lap. 501. That some of the
red Ceramia undergo these changes with considerable ra-
pidity is true, but I have not observed this Plocamium to
do so. Immersed in fresh water the native dark red be-
comes perhaps brighter, but not the slightest taint is com-
municated to the water, and the plant suffers no further
change when it has been kept for several days constant-
ly steeped. When, however, it is left to bleach on the
shore, it suffers the changes mentioned by WAHLEN-

BERG.

136. LOMENTARIA.

1. L. clavellosa, frond gelatinous, pink, much and irregularly
branched ; branches distichous, repeatedly pinnate, the ultimate
ramuli more or less lanceolate, attenuated at their base ; capsules
conical — Bot. Gall. ii. 950. Fucus clavellosus, Eng. Bot. t. 1203.
Chondria clavellosa, HOOK. Scot. ii. 105. Gastridium clavellosum,
GREV. Alff. Brit. 115.

Hab. Berwick Bay, amongst sea refuse, rare. Q

2. L. articulata, frond reddish-pink, tubular, contracted and
chain-like ; branches fastigiate, dichotomous, and whorled ; cap-
sules obtusely conical — Bot. Gall. ii. 950. Fucus articulatus,
LIGHTF. Scot. 959. Chondria articulata, HOOK. Scot. ii. 106.
Gastridium articulatum, GREV. Alg. Brit. 120.

Hab. On rocks near low-water mark, abundant, but con-
cealed in general by the larger kinds. 0

137. POLYIDES.

1. P. rotundus, frond 3 to 6 inches high, dark purplish-brown,
dichotomous; branches fastigiate. — GREV. Alg. Brit. 70. Fucus
rotundus, WITH. iv. 123. Chordaria rotunda, HOOK. Scot. ii. 97-
Spongiocarpus rotundus, GREV. Fl. Edin. 286.

Hab. Coast of Berwickshire, rare. 7/

When not in fruit this Alga is with difficulty to be distin-
guished from Furcellaria fastigiata, but the root of the
former is a small solid disk, while that of the latter is
fibrous.

— ALGA

138. C;U;AKTINA.

I- i. •' ^ frond cvlindrical, filiform, ncarlv equal

throughout, more or loss branched ; branches long, straight, noar-
Iv simple, and somewhat distichous, tlioso at tho baso hori/ontal;

6 to 84 inches in length, (lark olive-gnaw

.
HOOK. Av/. ii. !»«. UHKV. .%. />'/•*/. 44.

H*b* Coast of Berwick shi iv in pools, not vuu-ommon. 0

2« G. JW4fJMir«Stv/;>, tVotu! ovliiulr'u-al. iilitonn, nuu-h hratu-lu\l ;
bram-hos \ orv bushv, oivot ; brauohU'ts irroo-ular, vorv niunorous,
attouuatoil at oaoh oxttvinitv ; oausulos sphorioal, inunorsoil in
tiie branchlets.-*Bo* GaB. ii. 'w. Pun* liiAfm/ /,..',-<>•, I ,u;irn--.
F. jwrptmuttw*, \\ i ru. i\ . 1?7. \pA0roooe9iM JNM^
HVH>K. >\v.'. 11. IH-I.
128.

In deep pools on the nx-kv ooast of r>orwi,ksliiiv,
not uiK-onuuon. Q

From 9 to li' inohos lon^, purplish. Hoot tibrous. Stalk as
tliiok as a orou ijuill, unbranohod tor an inoh or t\vo at tho
haso, oontinuoil throughout, aiul vorv bushv. Tulvivlos
in tho smallest branohos vorv ilistinot.

3. G. plicata, fn>iuls hornv, ri^iil, olimlrioal, tilitonn,
throughout and ontan^loo! ; branohos soattoroo!, vorv patont, al-
most siiuplo, most I v from ono siolo ; warts oblong, ombraoing tho
stoin — iiitKV. Alff. BriL 150. Fucita p/tcatim* l.u.urr. Scut. D'JIK
WITH. iv. 127. Spharococcus pticnin^ HOOK. >',••>/. ii. 104.

On rock* in ontan^loil blackish tutts, :> or -1 inches long. II

1. /?. /yco/HX/Jon/f-x, tVoiul cvlhulrical, olongatoo!, mostlv simplo,
ilonsolv clothed with tinolv cliviJvHl bushv ratnuli, intonnixoil
with tho sotacco\is remains of a former series at their !
I'.urv. Aui. lint. I0l\ l-'ucua li/cop^ionl^ WITH. iv. lli>. /•'«;•-
cellaria lycopoJioMt'** HOOK. $:•<>.'. ii. 1>7-
//. 289.

ri>y]>TO(,AMlA-AI/, ft

On t.h" •-t.'-ms of f.firriinfirid il'iifilnln. not uncommon.
A span high, purplish-brown, [Jack when dried*

2. It. wJifu-.r.fi. frond cylindrical, very much branched, the
branch'---. alb-mat/-, <-n-<t.o -patent, subulate at the points; branch.

14 ,-,ubulate, clustered — GREV. Alg. Brit. 103.
-//A///.C//.V, A' A///. /A//, t. 1 If; 4. Siilu&rococcu* tubfuscut, HOOK.
ii. 101. (,,y./ ///„'/ :,ui,j,i :•.<•„, GREY. F/. £Witt. 289.

On rod:,. )jot. uncommon. A span or more in length,

h. red.

no. A*

J. A. ArbiucuJii) frond deep red, bu<-hy, the stem naked at the
vrcurnnt.. not jointed ; branches compound, tufted, some-
what whorled, the ultimate branchlets alternate; articulations
about as Jong as broad. . - .( , JM. v. /'/. /•>//„.. .'iOJ. llutr.ldntAa, arbux-
rutft, HOOK. Si:nt. ii. W.t. Corijt'/rra arhn.^.uin. I)n.i,w. Cvnf. p. «0.
t. \'t~>. and (;. A'////, //o/. t. If) Jo', o/^.

//^//y. On rocks, in tufts somewhat more than an inch high,

141. POLYSIIMIOXIA.

J. I*. faxl.i.tiwln, tufted, very much branched ; branches dichoto-

the ultimiit'- mei very short; articulations

.horter than their diameter, with a dark spot in the centre; cap-

I. ovate, sessile — CJiniv. / /. /-.v/m. \W\. Conferva

jnilyriior/t/i.(t, Lie-in r. Srnt. MM. U'JTM. iv. 104. DII.I.W. Co/if.

p. 81. t. 44. //nf.r/ii,,.:-.iufi/.\tiyifita, JIOOK. Scot. ii. 87-

Unit. On J''uci, jjarticularly on /'. rtndomu, very common.

(Jrows in flense dark reddish-brown bushy tufts from 1 to 2
inches high, with a round rl top, rigid, so that when re-
moved from the water it does not collapse. The ultimate
branches are short, alternate, and very patent. The dark
spot in the centre of the articulations is randy to be dis-
tinguished except in the extreme- branches, where in ge-
neral it is very obvious, although 1 have examined speci-
mens where there was no trace of it. Scarcely adheres to
paper.

23« C R . YPTOGAMIA— ALG^E.

2. P.fucoides, blackish-brown ; stalk rigid below and bare, much
branched ; branches irregularly alternate, the ultimate ones pa-
tent, crowded and dichotomous at the top ; articulations longer
than broad or equal; tubercles ovate, subsessile. — GREV. Ft.
Kdm. 308. Conferva fiwmdrs, DILLW. Conf. p. 81. t. 75. fig. 1.
and 3. Hutchinsia fucoides, HOOK. Scot. ii. 87. Hut. ni<jrescens*
LYNG. Ilydroph. Dan. 109. t. 33.

Hab. On rocks and other Algae, very common.

From 4 to 6 inches long. The stalk is as thick as stout
thread, rigid, black, rough below with the remains of for-
mer branches, soon giving off several long compound
branches, arid becoming very bushy upwards. The supe-
rior branches are dull reddish-brown, and rather flaccid,
fasciculate, dichotomous, tapered, generally marked with
imbedded tubercles, and terminated with many pellucid
fibres- The articulations of the stem are shorter than
their diameter ; in the branches they are equal or about
one-half longer ; all are distinctly polystriate. Adheres .
imperfectly to paper. Subject to some variety, and yet
the practical botanist recognises it without difficulty by
its dark dull colour, its rigi(\ stalk, elongate flattened form,
and the bushiness of the superior branches. The descrip-
tion which LYNT.UYI: has given offftttchinsia vio/mra is by
no means applicable to our plant, which appears to be his
//. nigrescens.

3. P. nigrescens, reddish -brown ; stalk filiform, continued
throughout, very much branched ; branches irregular, compound,
spreading, fibrilose ; articulations about one-half longer than their
breadth. — GREV. in I'M. flutchinsia niy rearms, AGARDII. Conferva
itiyrcscens, DILLW. Sy-n. p. 81.

Hob. Coast near Berwick, rare.

Our specimen of this species has been compared by Dr GIIK-
VILLE with a specimen of //. nij/rrwnx from ACIARDH, with
which it agrees, so that no doubt can be entertained of the
synonym. It is nearly allied to the preceding, and h;is
often perhaps been confounded with it, for I think it pro-
bable that the middle figure (2.) of DILLW YN'S, tab. 7^-,
represents this plant rather than any variety of P. fttcoides.
Several stems aris^ from the same base, the whole forming
a tuft 3 or 4 inches in height. Each stem is continued
throughout of the thickness of sewing thread, branched on

CRYPTOGAMIA— ALG.E. 237

all sides irregularly and closely, the branches being them-
selves branched and very slender, but nowhere fascicu-
late. The articulations of the stem are equal in length to
their breadth; those of the branches somewhat longer.
The only fruit I have seen are tubercles imbedded in the
extreme branches. Adheres slightly to paper.

4. P. Brodiai, purplish -brown, soft, very bushy ; main stalk not
jointed, irregularly branched, ultimate branches fasciculate, dicho-
tomous, tapered, with articulations longer than broad — SPRENG.
Syst. Veg. iv, 349. Hutchinsia Brodicei, HOOK. Scot. ii. 88* Hut.
atro-rubescens, L.YNGB. Hydroph. Dan. 110. Conferva Brodiai,
DILLW. Con/, p. 81. t. 107.

Hab. On rocks and other Algse, not common.

On this coast P. Brodiai does not exceed 4 inches in height,
and is often much less. It is soft, dark brown, very bushy,
and on drying adheres closely to paper. The stem is oli-
vaceous, without any appearance of joints, but the branches
exhibit plainly enough the character of the genus. The
ultimate ones often contain tubercles, and are terminated
with pellucid fibres. The description which LYNGBYE
gives of his Hutchinsia atro-rubescens agrees very well with
our plant, but the figure of that species in DILLWYN, to
which he refers, corresponds neither with his own descrip-
tion nor with our specimens.

5. P. badia, reddish-brown, branched ; branches erect, straight,
elongate ; secondary branches alternate, straight, tapered, nearly
simple; articulations longer than their diameter, polystriate —
SPRENG. lib. cit. 350. Conferva badia, DILLW. Conf. p. 85. t. e.
Hutchinsia badia, HOOK. Scot. ii. 88.

Hab. Near low-water mark growing in sand.

About three inches high. The lower articulations are shorter
than their breadth, the others about twice as long, ex-
cept those of the ultimate branches which are again shorter,
and have pellucid joints. Adheres imperfectly to paper.
The figure of DILLW YN has been copied from bad specimens.

(j. P. stricta, tufted, red, branched, straight ; branches alter-
nate, erect, rather close, dichotomous at the top ; articulations of
the main filaments 5 times as long as their diameter, those of the
branchlets shorter, 2 or 3 striate. — GREV. Fl. Edin. 309. Hul-

238 CRYPTOGAMIA—

chinsia stricta, LYNGB. Bydroph. Dan. 115. t. 36. Conferva siricta,
DILLW. Conf. p. 83. t. 40.

Hab. On rocks in coves near high-water mark, abundant.

Grows in dense tufts 2 or 3 inches in height, and the com-
ponent filaments rise nearly to a level. The colour of the
whole is a dark red, but individual filaments are a fine pel-
lucid rose-red, very distinctly articulated, with 2 or 3 lon-
gitudinal tubes. These sometimes cross each other, and
are apparently interrupted in their continuity at each
joint, which is pellucid. The branches come off at an
acute angle, and are never collected into pencil-like tufts,
or even much crowded ; the ultimate ones, as LYNGB YE
correctly remarks, are very seldom fibrilose Adheres to
paper, but not very closely. The specific character given
by LYNGBYE is inapplicable, but his extended description,
as well as his figure, surely belong to this species.

7. P. urceolata, " deep red ; filaments capillary, very much
branched, bushy ; branchlets short, spreading ; joints of the main
branches long, those of the ramuli short ; tubercles subpeduncu-
late, urceolate." — GREV. FL Edin. 309. Conferva urceolata,
DILLW. Conf. p. 82. t. G. Hutchinsia urceolata, HOOK. Scot. ii. 88.

Hab. On the stems of Laminaria digitata^ rare.

8. P. allochroa, red, csespitose, much branched, strongly marked
with the longitudinal tubes ; branches dichotomous ; branchlets
subfasciculate, fibrilose ; articulations of the main filaments long,
those of the branchlets equal to their diameter.— LOUD. Encycl.,
No. 15237. Conferva fibrata, DILLW. Conf. p. 84. t. G.

Hab. On the sides of the coves along the coast.

The name to our specimens of this and the preceding was
attached by Mr ARNOTT, otherwise I would not have ven-
tured in giving them insertion in this place, for I have
not of late had an opportunity of examining recent speci-
mens, and when dried it is a very difficult matter to de-
termine the species of so intricate and yet so beautiful a
genus.

142. CERAMIUM.

1. C. elongatum, dull red, somewhat opake, dichotomously and
rather diffusely branched ; branches spreading, the ultimate ones

CRYPTOGAMIA— ALG^E. 239

often tufted; articulations shorter than their diameter, even,
areolar ; joints opake. — GREV. Fl. Edin. 310. Conferva elongata,
DILLW. Conf. p. 80. t. 33. Hutchinsia elongata, HOOK. Scot.
ii. 87.

Hab, On rocks in pools left by the tide, not common.

This is a large species, generally about 8 inches high, dif-
fused ; the main stalk and principal branches as thick as
fine whip-cord, or rather they resemble the antennae or
horns of the lobster, to which they have frequently been
compared. The extreme branches are in general termi-
nated with a tuft of short and lighter coloured ones, the
articulations of which are not areolar, but longitudinally
striate, and separated by pellucid joints, exhibiting in fact
the structure of a Polysiphonia ; and, like the species of
that genus, I have seen these extreme branchlets termi-
nated with pellucid fibres.

2. C. rubrum, red, bushy, much branched in a dichotomous
manner ; extreme branches short and forcipate ; articulations as
long or longer than broad, areolar, contracted and diaphanous in
the middle — HOOK. Scot. ii. 84. GREV. Fl. Edin. 310. Confer-
va rubra, DILLW. Conf. p. 78, t. 34. C. nodulosa, LIGHTF. Scot.
994.

Hab. On rocks and other algae, very common.

Smaller than the preceding, more delicate and more highly
coloured.

3. C. diaphanum, fine red, soft, much branched, diffuse ; branch-
es dichotomous, the ultimate ones rather tufted, forcipate ; arti-
culations subpellucid and contracted at the centre with red swol-
len joints.— HOOK. Scot. ii. 85. GREV. Fl. Edin. 310. Conferva
diaphana, LIGHTF. Scot. 996. DILLW. Conf. p. 78, t. 38. Eng.
Bot. t. 1742.

Hab. Parasitical on various algae, common.

This frequently equals C. rubrum in size, from which it is
readily distinguished by its lighter colour, greater flac-
cidity, and more particularly, as Dr GREVILLE remarks,
by its diffuse mode of growth. Young plants are of a
uniform reddish-pink colour; they assume in their pro-
gress a duller red, and ultimately become spotted and yel-
lowish, presenting to the naked eye the appearance of a

240 CRYPTOGAMIA— ALGvE.

series of small beads alternately coloured and pellucid.
The articulations of the main filaments are twice as long
as broad; but in the smaller branches the length and
breadth is about equal. The fruit, as I have observed it,
consists of imbedded tubercles, arranged in irregular circles
round the joints of the extreme branchlets.

4. C. ciliatum, tufted, much branched, fine red, pellucid ;
branches dichotomous, the ultimate ones remarkably forcipate ;
articulations longer than their diameter, areolar, the joints whorl-
ed with minute prickles.— HOOK. Scot. ii. 85. GREV. Fl. Edin.
311. Conferva ciliata, LIGHT F. Scot. 998. DILLW. Con/, p. 77,
t. 53. Eng. Bot. t. 2428.

Hab. On rocks and algce, not common.

Grows in small bushy masses, 1 or 2 inches in height. The
spinous whorls of the joints are only to be discovered with
the microscope, and their presence affords, perhaps, the
principal distinction between C. ciliatum and diaphanum.
I have, however, examined some specimens of the latter, in
which the joints, of the extreme branches in particular,
were armed on the external side with similar prickles, one
to each articulation ; and had they not been larger and
more robust than is usual with C. ciliatum, I know not to
which species these specimens could have been referred.

143. CALLITHAMNION.

1. C. purpurascens, purplish-red, tufted, excessively branched,
slender ; branches alternate, pinnate, the branchlets patent, al-
ternate, tapered ; articulations of the branches three times their
diameter, of the branchlets scarcely twice, almost moniliform;
fruit in lateral round sessile capsules on the branchlets. — Confer-
va purpurascens, Eng. Bot. t. 2465. Ceramium thuyoides, AGARDH.
Callithamnion roseum, GREV. FL Edin. 511.

Hab. On rocks and other algae, frequent.

For the name and synonyms attached to this beautiful spe-
cies, I am indebted to Mr ARNOTT. It grows in small
remarkably dense tufts of a dull reddish colour, and about
an inch in height. Each plant may be compared to a
delicate bushy shrub in miniature. The main branches
are somewhat flexuose and irregular, but the branchlets are
regularly alternate and patent. They agree almost exact-

CRYPTOGAMIA— . ALG^E. 241

ly with the magnified figure of Conferva thuioides in Eng.
Botany, but the articulation of the stem in the latter is
longer, and the habit of the plants is different. When
parasitical on Polysiphonia fucoides, as it often is, C. purpu-
rascens is less bushy, and of a fine pink colour, with pellu-
cid joints. In general, at least, it does not colour fresh
water on a short immersion, but often slightly stains the
paper on which it is dried. After having been dried and
again moistened, it exhales the odour of sweet violets,

2. C. Turnery rose-coloured, crowded ; filaments erect, pinnate
or somewhat bipinnate ; branches opposite, patent, almost simple ;
joints many times longer than broad ; capsules pedicellate, unila-
teral— AGARDH, Sp. Alg. ii. 160. fide GREVILLE in lift. Ceramium
Turneri, GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 355. Conferva Turneri, DILLW.
Conf. p. 79, t. 100. Eng. Bot. t. 2339.

Hob. Berwick Bay, parasitical on Furcellaria lumbricalis,
in tufts about fths of an inch in height.

A rare and beautiful species, discovered, in the first instance,
by DAWSON TURNER, Esq., one of the most distinguished
of British botanists. I considered myself fortunate in
finding it, in 1828, on our shore north of the Tweed, so
that it may very properly be considered as an addition to
the Scottish Flora.

:?. C. repens, red, short, creeping; filaments capillary, branched ;
branches erect, alternate, patent ; joints about thrice their dia-
meter, alternately contracted when dry; partitions pellucid.

LYNGB. Hydroph. Dan. 128. t. 40. Conferva repens, DILLW. Conf.
72, t. 18. Eng. Bot. t. 1608.

Hob. Parasitical on Furcellaria lumbricalis and Chondrus
crispus, covering the stems with a red rough velvety
coating, not common.

This is also new to the Scottish Flora, but the acquisition
has little beauty to recommend it.

4. C. Rothii, crimson, velvet-like, matted; filaments erect,
slender, branched; branches erect, alternate, elongate, rather

distant ; articulations twice as long as broad, joints pellucid.

LYNGB. Hydroph. Dan. 129. t. 41. GREV. Fl. Edin. 312. Con-
ferva Rothii, DILLW. Conf. p. 73, t. 73. Eng. Bot. t. 1702. Ce-
ramium Rothii, HOOK. Scot, ii, 85.

VOL. II. L.

242 CRYPTOGAMIA— ALG^E.

Hob. On rocks, principally on sandstone, near high- water
mark, abundant in Berwick Bay ; also on a wall by the
river side at Tweedmouth church.

" C. Rothii grows in patches of various sizes, generally, accord-
ing to Dr KOTH, affecting an oblong form. The colour is
a bright red, sometimes tending to brown, and changing,
when dried, to a beautiful shining crimson ; the filaments
are very slender, frequently not more than three lines,
and, I believe, never exceeding an inch in length ; they
.are erect, densely matted together, and much branched ;
the branches dichotomous, alternate, and most numerous
towards the apices ; the joints are cylindrical, and their
length is about equal to twice their thickness ; the inter-
stices pellucid." These remarks from DILLWYN agree
exactly with my own observations on this plant. It some-
times grows in places where it seems beyond the reach of
the sea, except in spring tides; and at our river side,
where it grows luxuriantly, it can only occasionally be
washed with brackish water.

144. GEIFFITHSIA.

1. G. setacea, bright crimson, tufted ; filaments capillary, branch-
ed; branches subdichotomous, erect-patent, long, straight, with
joints five times their diameter, GREV. FL Edin. 312. Conferva
setacea^ DILLW. Conf. p. 74, t. 82.

Hab. Amongst sea refuse, in tufts about 1 or 2 inches in
height on this coast, not uncommon.

The name of this genus is intended to commemorate Mrs
GRIFFITHS of Devonshire, a lady whose discoveries are
among the most important which have been made in ma-
rine botany.

145. TRENTEPOHLIA.

1. T. pulchella, reddish-brown, densely tufted ; filaments much
and irregularly branched ; branches erect, straight, tapered at the
ends, generally alternate, never opposite, with pellucid articu-
lations 4 times their diameter. — LOUD. Encyclop. No. 15072.
Conferva nana, Eng. Bot. t. 2585. opt.

Hab. On mosses in rapid streamlets. On Hypnum ripa-
rium, in the stream which runs through Lumsden Dean,

CRYPTOGAMIA— ALG.E. 243

Berwickshire, in round dense tufts about half an inch in
height.

2. T. chalybaa, blackish-green; filaments erect, very short, close-
ly crowded, branched ; branches erect, straight, alternate, some-
what fastigiate; articulations 3 times their breadth — Conferva
chalybaa, DILLW. Conf. p. 61, t. 91. Ectocarpus chalybaus, LYNGB.
Hydroph. Dan. 133. t. 44.

Hob. On rocks in front of little cascades, covering them in
broad irregular velvet-like patches. In the dean oppo-
site Edrington-mill. Spring.

The filaments are pellucid under the magnifier, and distinctly
jointed. The branches are alternate, most numerous towards
the top, erect and rather close. My specimens were
very exact to the figure and description of LYNGBYE, and
while I agree with him in quoting the work of DILLWYX,
I cannot consent to the opinion of those who consider this
a mere variety of the preceding. The colour of the two
is totally different ; the one is much larger and tufted, the
other is very short, and grows in patches ; the one is the
extraneous ornament of mosses and aquatic plants, the
other invests stones and rocks, to which it adds no beauty.

146. AMPHICONIUM.

1. A. aureum, orange-coloured, csespitose, short; filaments
branched, entangled, somewhat rigid ; branches spreading ; arti-
culations longer than broad. — SPRENG. Syst. Veg. iv. 344. Byssus
aurea, LIGHTF. Scot. 1002. Conferva aurea, DILLW. Conf. 54.
t. 35. and t. C sup. Eng. Bot. t. 212. Ceramium aureum, HOOK.
Scot. ii. 86. Ectocarpus aureus, GREV. Fl. Edin. 315.

Hob. On moist sandstone rocks, not rare. At the side of
the footpath leading through the plantation above Ord-
mill. Ravine below Marshall Meadows.

DILLWYN says that A. aureum is generally to be found on
calcareous rocks and in chalk-pits. In this neighbourhood
it affects no rock but sandstone, which it covers in irregu-
lar tufts or patches, which bear a striking resemblance to
a piece of orange-coloured velvet, and is a conspicuous and
rather pretty object. When dried it retains its beautiful
golden hue for some weeks, but ultimately changes to a
dull ash-colour.

L 2

244 CRYPTOGAMIA— ALG^E.

A little history of this alga, from one having authority in
these matters, might afford a useful lesson ; but our at-
tempt will probably subject us to the charge of ignorance,
or of wilful blindness to the merits of our superiors. The
plant was placed by LINNAEUS in his genus Byssus, which,
we will admit, was made up out of somewhat heterogene-
ous materials, and could not of course be permitted to re-
main unaltered, when the fashion came to have all the
members of a genus as like to one another as was Sebastian
to Viola. And firstly, then, the subject of our story be-
came a Conferva^ a change of nomenclature which, as the
consequence of some little additional acquaintance with its
structure, was perhaps not to be found fault with; but
scarcely was the name familiarized to us, until another
change was deemed necessary to fit it for its proper place
in the natural system. Could anything be more natural
than to arrange a terrestrial, slightly organized, filament-
ous production among plants which are the natives of the
sea, live constantly submerged, and possess a comparative-
ly high and complex structure ? Certainly not ; and so
our late Conferva was located amongst the Ceramia! Bo-
tany, however, has been said to be a progressive science ;
hence, in another year or so, a Ceramium this plant was
not, and it figured next as an Ectocarpus. How many
months or days it retained this appellation I do not know ;
it certainly in no long space of time was degraded to a sy-
nonym, and the very euphonical Trentepohlia usurped the
higher station, too soon alas ! to be displaced, or perhaps
it ousted — for here my learning fails me— the little less
euphonical Amphiconium. If the reader should ask a reason
for my choice of this name in preference to the others, I
might be puzzled for an answer, — a " sad choice led him
perplexed ;" and if I have erred, it may plead some pal-
liation of the error to remember, that if a new name had
been invented for the occasion, this little volume might
have had a chance of being quoted in future by great bo-
tanists and in great books ! But let not the reader sup-
pose that Amphiconium is the latest alias for this plant ;
the name was used in a celebrated system of vegetables
published in the year 1827, and botany, in its nature a
progressive science, has fully participated in that improve-
ment of all things, physical, political, and moral, which has
distinguished the intermediate years. And it is now dis-
covered, what indeed was always too obvious, that all the
above-mentioned mutations in its nomenclature have not
only not added one iota to our knowledge of the plant,
either in structure or in its relations to other plants, but

CRYPTOGAMIA-ALG.E. 245

have led to error and confusion. .For in the " natural
system1' most approved of at present, this alga finds no
place of rest among the Algae, and is said to be a sort of
mould, and figures away as an Qzonium, a genus which
stands next to, and differs little from, the Linnaean genus
Byssus ! — The preceding sketch may appear, to the gene-
ral reader, to be drawn up in the spirit of ridicule ; but I
am sorry to say that it is a true history, and only sins
through defect, for at least one other synonym (Dematium)
might have been added to the useless catalogue. HER-
SCHEL has asserted that " there is no science in which the
evils resulting from a rage for nomenclature have been felt
to such an extent as in mineralogy," but he would have
divided the censure had he bestowed a passing thought on
the labours of cryptogamic botanists.

2. A. Linncei, reddish-orange, filaments very short, sparingly
branched, erect, submoniliform. — SPRENG. Syst. Veg. iv. 345.
Chroolepus odoratus, LOUD. Encycl. No. 15066.

Hal. On the bark of ash tress, not rare in this neighbour-
hood.

Forms orange-red undefined spots on the trunk of trees.
The colour changes in the herbarium, after some time, to
a greenish-yellow, when the plant exhales the odour of the
sweet- violet.

147- CLADOSTEPHUS.

1. C. spongiosus, olive-brown, variously branched, densely beset
with very short, scattered, incurved, slender, simple filaments ;
joints about as broad as long — GREV. Fl. Edin. 313. HOOK. Scot.
ii. 89. Conferva spongiosa, LIGHTF. Scot. 983. DILLW. Syn. 76.
t. 42. Eng. JBot. t. 2427.

Hal. On rocks in tufts about 2 inches long, plentiful.

148. ECTOCARPUS.

1. E. littoralis capillary, olive-brown or green, excessively
branched, bushy ; branches either opposite or alternate with ta-
pered points ; articulations equal in length and breadth ; tuber-
cles globose, subsessile — GREV. Fl. Edin. 314. Conferva littoralis,
LIGHTF. Scot. 979. DILLW. Conf. p. 70. t. 31. Ceramium litto-
rale, HOOK. Scot. ii. 86.

246 CRYPTOGAMIA—

Hob. On rocks and algae, very common, in flaccid tufts
from 3 to 6 inches long, sometimes from the action of
the water interwoven and twisted into woolly cords.

This species ascends our river for about half a mile, and in-
creases chiefly in the summer season. Adheres to paper
in drying. It is either very variable in colour and habit,
or there are some other species confounded with it.

149. LEMANEA.

1. L. flumatiliS) dull green; filaments elongate, straight, atte-
nuated, simple or sparingly branched, knotted ; knots formed of
3 obscure tubercles.— HOOK. Scot. ii. 84. Conferva fluviatilis,
L.IGHTF. Scot. 985. DILLW. Con/, t. 29. Nodularia fluviatilis,
GREV. Fl Edin. 300.

Hab. Rapid streams. In the Whiteadder about Ord-wheel,
attached to stones, plentiful.

Grows in dense masses about 6 inches long. It is not lubri-
cous, rather rigid, and has something of the habit of a
Chara.

150. DICTYOSIPHON.

1. D. fceniculaceus, frond slender, olivaceous, much and irregu-
larly branched; branches alternate, capillary, attenuate at the
summits, spreading, covered with a fine filamentous fringe —
GREV. Alg. Brit. 56. Conferva fceniculacea^ LIGHTF. Scot. 981.
Halymenia sublilis, HOOK. Scot. ii. 108.

Hab. In rocky pools about the coves near Berwick, plenti-
ful. ©

About a foot in length. I have a variety in which all the
branches are remarkably curled ; and another in which the
frond is jointed like a Ceramium.

151. DUMONTIA.

1. D. filiformis, frond dull red or purple, gelatinous, membra-
naceous, round, irregularly branched ; branches attenuate at the
base, elongate, nearly simple, erect, obtuse, straight or flexuose. —

CRYPTOGAMIA—ALG^E. 247

GREV. Alg. Brit. 165. Ulva purpurascens, WITH. iv. 142. U.
fastigiata, WALKER'S Essays, 274.

Hob. On rocks in pools left by the tide, most abundant
near high water mark. Berwick Bay. 0

From 6 to 12 inches long, as thick as a goose-quill, of a soft
consistence, being gelatinous internally. It imparts to
fresh water a copious pink dye, and is apt to stain the pa-
per, to which it adheres very closely, of the same colour.

" Bambergae Northumbrise cum essem, narrarunt mihi (Rajo)
piscatores speciem quandam Algae tinctoriae in mari oram
alluente copiose provenire, quae piscium etiam transna-
tantium tergora colore suo inficiat. Plantam ipsam non
vidimus, sea ex eorum relatione algae tinctoriae J. B. affi-
nem esse suspicabamur." — HAII Syn. i. 51. Our fisher-
men of the present day have no such tales to tell.

152. CHORDA.

1. C. Filum, frond olive-green, cartilaginous, much elongated,
attenuated at each extremity, the transverse septa not accompa-
nied by external constriction — GREV. Alg. Brit. 47* Fucus Filum,
LIGHTF. Scot. 963. WITH. iv. 120. NEILL in Edin. Encycl. x.
19. Chordaria Filum, HOOK. Scot. ii. 98. Scytosiphon filum, GREV.
FL Edin. 288.

Hob. Common on the coast. In the bay of Holy Island
it attains a great length, 20 feet at least, waving under
the water like long strings, and generally terminated
with a tuft of parasitical confervae. Summer. 0

This cordlike sea-weed is hollow, but the cavity is interrupt-
ed at short intervals by transverse partitions, the use of
which, according to Colonel STACKHOUSE, is to confine the
air or elastic vapour to certain spaces, so as to increase the
buoyancy of a plant which extends itself to an amazing
length, and always shoots upwards to the surface. —
" The stalks skinn'd when half dry, and twisted, acquire
so considerable a degree of strength and toughness, that
we are informed the Highlanders sometimes used them
for the same intentions as Indian-grass." — LIGHTFOOT.
In Orkney it is accounted excellent for making kelp suited
to the manufacture of soap.

248 CRYPTOGAMIA—

153. ASPEROCOCCUS.

1. A. echinatus, frond tubular, membranous, olive or brownish
green, somewhat transparent, even, attenuated at the base, about
one foot in length.— GREV. Alg. Brit. 50. Ulva fistulosa, HOOK.
Scot. ii. 92. Fistularia attenuata, GREV. Fl. Edin. 300. Encoe-
lium Lyngbyanum, GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 290.

Hab. Common on our wet shores attached to rocks. 0

154. PUNCTARIA.

1. P. plantaginea, frond olive-brown, thin, lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, attenuated at the base, more or less waved, entire,
dotted — GREV. Alg. Brit. 53. Ulva plantaginea^ WITH. iv. 136.
{7. plantaginifolia, GREV. Fl. Edin. 299.

Hab. On wet rocks in the bay below the Magdalen fields.,
abundant. Spring. Q

Fronds tufted, about 6 inches long, generally roughened with
young parasitical confervae, or flocculent sordes.

155. ZONAUIA.

1. Z. deusta, dark olive-green, coriaceous, circular, entire, ob-
scurely zoned, adnate, bullate in the centre. — SPRENG. Syst. Vey.
iv. 327.

Hab. On slaty and sandstone rocks near high water mark
in Berwick Bay. If.

Adheres closely to the rock, and spreads in a circular manner,
but often rendered irregular by the inequalities of the
surface beneath. I have seen a single frond fully a span
in diameter, but generally it is much less. Upper surface
smooth, somewhat waved, tubercular or bullate in the
centre, blackish -green, and more or less distinctly zoned.
Under surface brown, naked. Texture coriaceous, firm,
opake, rather brittle. The central part often dies away
and falls out, leaving the circumference in the form of a
circular band. Dr GREVILLE in a letter to me concern-
ing this plant, says, u Zonaria deusta has a reddish colour
which yours has not, and a corrugated burnt appearance,
which yours has in a much less degree. I think that your
plant may turn out to be my Padina parvula (Zonaria par-

CRYPTOGAMIA— ALG^. 249

vula, Crypt. Fl t. 360.) in a mature state." To Dr GRE-
VILLE'S opinion much weight is due, but the differences
pointed out between our plant and Z. deusta appear to me
too slight to warrant their separation ; nor can I think Z.
parvula distinct.

156. ULVA.

* Frond tubular.

1. U. intestinalisj frond simple, round, elongate, membranaceous,
green, inflated — LIGHTF. Scot. 968. WITH, iv. 141. HOOK.
Scot. ii. 91- Fistularia intestinalis, GREV. Fl. Edin. 300. Enter o-
morpha intestinalis, GREV. Alg. Brit. 179.

Hal. In the Tweed within tide-influence, plentiful in
summer.

Varies very much in regard of size. Specimens are not un-
common nearly one yard long, which, when perfect and
filled with water, resemble the intestines of an animal,
whence the specific name ; but in general it is much less
than this. It often swims upon the surface of the water
in clusters like a scum, and looks bloated as if in a state of
fermentation.

2. U. compressa, frond green, branched, compressed, tubular ;
branches irregular, simple, attenuated at their base. — LIGHTF.
Scot. 969. HOOK. Scot. ii. 91. Fistularia compressa, GREV. FL
Edin. 300. Enteromorpha compressa, GREV. Alg. Brit. 180.

Hab. Sea shores and in the Tweed, abundant.

This and the preceding, during the summer months, fill the
bed of the lower part of the river, and by clogging his
nets, become a serious obstruction to the fisherman, who
knows them by the name of Slake.

* * Frond plane.

3. U. laciniata, frond purple, umbilicate, sessile, spreading, torn
into irregular segments and waved. — LIGHTF. Scot. 974. t. 33.
Porphyra laciniata, GREV. Alg. Brit. 16H.

Hab. On rocks, abundant. 0

This is the true Laver, a vegetable in common use at the

L 3

250 CRYPTOGAMIA— ALG.E.

tables of the great and rich in England and Ireland, but
rarely eaten in Scotland, and never used in this town. I
should suppose that the palate must be taught to acquire
a relish for its peculiar flavour and glutinous quality.
The daily use of it may be of service in scrofulous com-
plaints, on account of the portion of iodine which it con-
tains.

4. U. latissima, frond green, widely oblong or roundish, waved,
membranous, thin. — GREV. Alg. Brit. 171. U. lactuca, LIGHTF.
Scot. 970. HOOK. Scot. ii. 90. GREV. Fl Edin. 299.

Hab. On rocks in the sea, common.

This is the Green Laver or Oyster-green known at table, but
inferior to the preceding. GERARDE give us the origin of
the latter name. " It is very well knowne euen to the
poore oister-women which carry oisters to sell vp and
downe, who are greatly desirous of the said mosse for the
decking and beautifying of their oisters to make them sell
the better. This mosse they doe call oister-greene."

5. U. lactuca, frond green, at first obovate, saccate, inflated, at
length cleft down to the base, the segments plane, unequal, laci-
niated, semitransparent. — GREV. Alg. Brit. 1??. ; Crypt. Fl.t. 313.

Hab. In pools near high water mark, attached to sea-weed
and stones. Berwick Bay, plentiful.

In its first stage this ulva resembles a Florence-flask in mi-
niature, or rather the gall-bladder of quadrupeds, but it
soon bursts, and becomes cleft in a very irregular manner.
Notwithstanding the authority of Dr GREVILLE is against
it, I am of opinion that this is a variety of the preceding.

6. U. bullosa, frond green, obovate, saccate, gelatinous, at
length irregularly expanded, waved and bullate. — GREV. Alg. Brit.
174.

Hab. Fresh water ponds. Magdalen fields. Spring. Q

Very lubricous, thin, and tender. It floats on the surface,
being rendered buoyant by bubbles of air entangled in the
fronds, when they appear, to use the apt comparison of
DILLENIUS, as if in a state of fermentation.

7« U. crispa, fronds crowded, deep green, rounded, inflated,
much wrinkled and folded — GREV. Alg. Brit. 175. LIGHTF.
Scot. ii. 972. Tremella terrestris, DILL. Muse. 52. t. 10. f. 12.

CUYPTOGAMIA— ALG.E. 251

Hab. On damp ground in shady places, and on thatched
roofs, plentiful in and about Berwick. Winter and
spring.

8. U. calophylla, fronds green, minute, tufted, linear, plane,
flexuose, marked with longitudinal and parallel beaded lines of
granules — SPRENG. Syst. iv. 368. GREV. Alg. Brit. 176. Ban-
yia calophylla, GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 220.

Hab. On an old decayed piece of railing attached to a cot-
house in the Greenses, Berwick.

I detected, not without a feeling of great pleasure and sur-
prise, this remarkably beautiful alga while examining
Lynybya muralis under the microscope. The fronds vary
greatly in their breadths, and are narrowed at the base.
The figure of GREVILLE is admirable.

157- VAUCHERIA.

1. V. terrestris, matted, grass-green, the surface coarsely velve-
ty or somewhat bristly ; filaments irregularly branched, pellucid,
or filled with a green matter ; vesicles solitary, lateral, hemisphe-
rical, on a horn-shaped peduncle. — GREV. Alg. Brit. 191.

Hab. On the ground in damp shaded places, rare. Under
shelving rocks on the coast, at the Coves. Spring.

2. V. Dillwymi, fine green, hirsute, matted ; filaments rather
short, irregularly branched, pellucid or filled with a granular mat-
ter; vesicles solitary, sessile, globose or ovate, lateral. — GREV.
Alg. Brit. 191 ; Fl. Edin. 305. Conferva frigida, DILLW. Conf.
t. 16.

Hab. At moist hedge bottoms in the earliest spring.

The vesicles are produced in great profusion, and I have seen
them at least apparently supported on a very short pedicle.

3. V. caspitosa, deep green, in dense spongy masses, the surface
hirsute ; filaments irregularly dichotomous ; vesicles in terminal

pairs, the summit of the peduncle projecting beyond them

GREV. Alg. Brit. 194. HOOK. Scot. ii. 92. Conferva amphibia,
DILLW. Conf. t. 41.

252 CRYPTOGAMIA—

Hab* On the wood works of mill dams, and on banks expo-
sed lo the constant trickling of water, common.

" One of the most common species of the genus, inhabiting
places where there is a constant supply of trickling moisture,
especially upon a muddy or clayey surface. The masses
which it forms often become pendant by their own weight,
holding water like a sponge, and presenting the most beau-
tiful green surface. Immediately beneath the surface,
however, the filaments become pale, and at last colourless."
— GREVILLE.

There is a Vaucheria very abundant in our ditches in spring,
floating on the surface in large dense green or yellowish-
green masses, where it is supported by the air entangled
in its meshes. The filaments are long and coarse, simple
or branched irregularly towards their top, often radiating at
the margins, and turning whitish in decay. Not having
found it in fruit, I am uncertain of the species. It is,
however, the Conferva furcata of WITHERING, iv. 145; and
is very well represented by DILLENIUS in tab. 3. f. 10. of
the Historia Muscorum.

4. V. geminata, green, in floating entangled masses ; filaments
dichotomously branched, slender ; vesicles ovate, opposite, in
pairs, attached by little partial stalks to the side of a horn-like

common stalk GREV. Alg. Brit. 193. t. 19. f. 3. Eng. Eot.

t. 1766.

Hab. In ditches near Berwick. Autumn.

In stubble fields in autumn I find a species which agrees
with V. geminata in its fructification. The filaments are
creeping, entangled, flexuose, sparingly and irregularly
branched. The vesicles are globular, shortly pedicled,
placed on the sides of a common stalk, the point of which
rises up straight between them.

158. CONFERVA.

* Filaments simple.

1. C. confervicolci) glaucous green ; filaments unbranched, short-
ish, tufted, taper-pointed ; articulations very short — DILLW. Syn.
39. t. 8. and t. A. Eng. Eot. t. 2576.

Hab. Parasitical on Gracillaria purpurascens in numerous
little scattered tufts. Berwick Bay.
4

CRY PTOGAMI A— ALG.E. 253

2. C.fiacca, bright green, tufted ; filaments unbranched, flaccid,
•equal, flexuose ; joints nearly twice as long as broad, their parti-
tions pellucid DILLW. Syn. 53. t. 49. Eng. Bot. t. 1943.

Hob. Parasitical on fuci, particularly on Fucus siliquosus,
in pencil-like tufts, about an inch long.

3. C. flaccid^ olive-green, tufted ; filaments unbranched, flac-
cid, straight, tapering, with numerous articulations equal in
length and breadth — DILLW. Syn. 53. t. c. Eng. Bot. t. 2310.

Hob. On Fucus vesiculosus in short pencil-like tufts, fre-
quent.

4. C. fucicola, yellow-brown ; filaments short, straight, simple,
tufted ; articulations twice as long as broad — GREV. Fl. Edin.
316. DTLLW. Syn. 53. t. 66.

Hob. On Fucus vesiculosus in tufts of a dirty yellow or
ochre colour, about an inch long.

5. C. tortuosa, green ; filaments simple, capillary, even, rather
rigid, curled, twisted and entangled ; joints cylindrical, thrice as
long as broad — Eng. Bot. t. 2220. DILLW. Syn. 46. t. 46.

Hob. In pools of salt water at the highest water mark ;
and on the margins of the Tweed within the influence
of the tide.

In the water Conf. tortuosa appears like a flock of fine wool,
but it is often left dry in wide masses, and may be taken up
in large pieces. It is not lubricous, nor does it in general
adhere to paper, but I have specimens which do so very
closely ; and the latter, Mr ARNOTT informs me, agree
with his authentic English ones.

6. C. capillaris, dark green, coarse, rigid ; filaments long, irre-
gularly branched, the ultimate branchlets spreading, short, taper-
ed ; articulations 3 times their diameter, with pellucid joints. —
Eng. Bot. t. 2364. C. crispa, DILLW. Syn. 46. t. B. C. rivularls
of AGARDH, according to Mr ARNOTT.

Ilab. Small streams. In a little stream which runs through
a wooded ravine between Ladykirk and Upsetlington,
plentiful.

Grows in large masses, coarse and rigid to the touch. The
filaments are as thick as ordinary sewing thread, attain

254 CRYPTOGAMIA—

nearly a foot in length, are simple or sparingly branched ;
the branchlets spiniform, irregular, patent, tapered. Does
not adhere in the slightest degree to paper.

7. C. rivularis, darkish green ; filaments unbranched, very long,
slender, clustered and twisted ; joints even, rather longer than
broad — Eng. Bot. t. 1654. DILLW. Conf. t. 39. LIGHTF. Scot.
976. HOOK. Scot. ii. 82.

Hob, Slow streams, not uncommon.

" C. rivularis, grows in very compact, silky, slender masses,
of a dark green colour, frequently carried out to the length
of 2 or 3 feet, and twisted by the action of the stream," —

DlLLWYN.

8. C. zonata, bright shining green ; filaments unbranched, slen-
der, slippery ; joints even, rather broader than long — DILLW.
Syn. 41. Conf. lucens, Eng. Bot. t. 1655. DILLW. Conf. t. 47.

Hob. In rapid streamlets, or on the front of rocks over
which water falls, near Berwick.

9. C. sordida, yellowish-green, soft ; filaments unbranched, very
slender, entangled in dense masses ; joints rather longer than
broad, pellucid, as well as their partitions — Eng. Bot. t, 2303.
DILLW. Syn. 43. t. 60.

Hab. In ponds in spring.

The filaments are so fine, that, even when considerably mag-
nified, they do not seem thicker than common sewing
thread. They form a closely entangled mass, which at
first floats round decayed straws and leaves, but ultimate-
ly forms large floating masses of a dirty yellow-green, very
soft, but not lubricous.

* * Filaments branched'

10. C. riparia, yellowish-green, matted, not lubricous ; filaments
capillary, long, sparingly branched ; branches mostly short and
simple, very patent ; joints rather obscure, scarcely twice their
diameter in length. — DILLW. Syn. 69. t. E. Eng. Bot. t. 2100.
C. obtusangula, LYNGB. Hydroph. Dan. 159. t. 55.

Hab. On rocks, in wide patches, at the highest water mark,
abundant in this neighbourhood.

CRYPTOGAMIA— ALG.E. 255

11. C.fracta, green, much branched and entangled; branches
scattered, divaricated ; joints twice as long as broad, cylindrical.
Eng. Bot. t. 2338. DILLW. Syn. 65. t. 14. HOOK. Scot. ii. 82.

Hob. In stagnant pools not uncommon, floating in densely
entangled masses of a dull green colour.

The older authors, under the name of Conferva bullosa, united
several species, which agreed in the common property of
retaining bubbles of air within the meshes of their entan •
gled filaments. C. fracta is one of these which have been
used as wadding for stuffing garments, and wove into
coarse household linen. LIGHT FOOT says he has also seen
a coarse kind of paper made of it at Edinburgh.

1 2. C. glomerata, green, very much branched ; branches alter-
nate, clustered, pencil-shaped, the ultimate ones directed to one
side ; joints cylindrical, five times as long as broad, their partitions
pellucid HOOK. Scot. ii. 82. GREV. Fl. Edin. 318.

(a.) Fluviatilis, in running fresh water. C. glomerata, LIGHTF.
Scot. 993. DILLW. Syn. 65. t. 13. Eng. Bot. t. 2192.

(b.) Littoralis, in pools of salt water. C. late-virens, DILLW.
S-yn. 66. t. 48. Eng. Bot. t. 1854.

Hob. Rivulets, and the sea shore, abundant.

The bed of little rapid rivulets is frequently rendered green
by the abundance of this species, which floats at the bot-
tom in very dense masses from 6 to 12 inches in length.
The sea variety, on this coast, rarely exceeds 3 inches,
and it is more rigid and less deeply coloured. In drying,
the plant scarcely adheres to paper.

1 3. C. rupestris, densely tufted, deep green, much branched ;
branches erect, rigid, straight, rather obtuse ; joints 3 times as
long as broad or more, the partitions pellucid. — LIGHTF. Scot. 994.
DILLW. Syn. 65. t. 23. Eng. Bot. t. 1699. HOOK. Scot. ii. 83.

Hab. On rocks between low and high water marks, very
common.

Tufts from 2 to 4 inches long. In drying it retains its fine
colour, and scarcely adheres to paper.

159. ZYGNEMA.
1. Z. deciminum, green, soft, lubricous ; filaments long, with

*2 56 CRYPTOGAMI A—ALGyE.

two spiral lines, forming by their intersections a diamond-shaped
net-work ; articulations always more than twice their diameter in

length GREV. Fl. Edin. 320. Z. nitidum-, HOOK. Scot. ii. 80.

Conferva nitida, DILLW. Syn. 49. t. 4. C. dedmina, DILLW. Syn.
49. C.jugalis, DILLW. Conf. t. 5.

Hab. Ponds, common in summer, floating in large masses.

2. Z. quinmum, green, soft, lubricous ; filaments long, with a
single spiral line forming the letter V in its regular and close re-
volutions ; joints obscure, twice their diameter in length. — HOOK.
Scot. ii. 80. GREV. Fl. Edin. 320. Conjugata porticalis, VAUCH.
Conf. 66. t. 5. f. 1. Conferva spiralis, DILLW. Conf. t. 3. Eng.
Sot. t. 1656*

Hab. Ponds and ditches, very common in spring and sum-
mer, in very dark green masses.

The filaments in this are usually a third more slender than
those of the preceding ; and the joints are so obscure, that
they were overlooked by the accurate MULLER, who first
made the species knoAvn. Both plants make their appear-
ance early in spring, forming, in ponds and ditches, large
smooth dark-green masses of vegetation, agreeable enough
to the eye, yet giving no visible sign of the beautiful and
singular structure which the microscope proves them to
possess. 1 have now very often examined it, and the
pleasure of a re-examination continues unabated, although
unmixed with the wonder and surprise which heightened
the enjoyment of its first detection. It seems peculiar to
the works of creation, that familiarity with their appear-
ances creates no satiety. The filaments marked with their
beaded spiral lines resemble miniature necklaces of fairy
workmanship.

3. Z. bipunctatum, green, lubricous ; filaments long, with joints
two or three times longer than broad, each containing two stel-
lated clusters of granules — GREV, Fl. Edin. 320. Conferva bi-
punctata, DILLW. Syn. 50. t. 2. Eng. Bot. t. 1610.

Hab. In ditches and small ponds, common. Spring.

Floats in large masses, sometimes of a very deep green, but
more commonly of a yellowish-green colour. The spots
in the joints are at first globular or elliptical, but when
perfect they separate to a short distance, and assume the
starred character. u The space also that they occupy in

CRYPTOGAMIA— ALG^E. 257

the joints is far from certain, for sometimes they fill nearly
the whole, and at others only a small portion of them."

4. Z. gcnufiexum,) yellowish-green, soft, matted ; filaments slen-
der, brittle, here and there bent and combined by their angles ;
joints 4 times their diameter, partly filled with a green mass and
an interrupted single beaded line — GREV. FL Edin- 320. Con-
fcrva genuflexa, DILLW. Syn. 51. t. 6. and t. c. Eng. Sot. t. 1914.

Ilab. Moss pools on moors. Spring.

The beaded granules are immersed in the green matter of
the articulations, each containing from 2 to 4 in a series.
They are omitted in the figures referred to, though dis-
tinct enough under the magnifier, and well represented by
VAUCHER in his admirable work on fresh water Conferva,
tab. 8. fig. 1-9. Many of the articulations are empty and
pellucid. The filaments are straight until they form their
junctions, when they become angled or kneed at irregular
intervals.

The mode of reproduction in the Zygnemce is as curious as
their structure is interesting. In their progress towards
maturity the spiral lines become more and more widely
separate, and sometimes irregular ; and at length two fila-
ments unite themselves by means of short transverse
tubes at distant and uncertain intervals. The spiral lines
now lose their form, becoming in each joint one irregular
green mass, which in this state passes from its containing
joint into a corresponding one of the opposite filament
through the connecting tube, so that the articulation of
one filament is empty, and the other becomes filled with
the contents of two." They remain thus for some time,
when the filaments are destroyed or separate into small
portions, leaving the green matter free from its envelopes.
This matter is the seed, which, sinking to the bottom, re-
mains there until the ensuing spring recalls it into life.

160. BATRACHOSPERMUM.

1. B. moniliforme, olive-green, very lubricous, bushy ; branches
alternate, spreading, tapered, whorled at every joint with dense
tufts of dichotomous and moniliform filaments ; seeds in clusters

in the axils of the whorled filaments VAUCH. Conf. 112. t. 11.

f. 1. and t. 1. f. 5. Conferva gelatinosa, Eng. Bot. t. 689. DILLW.
Syn. 63. t. 32.

2:18 CRYPTOGAMIA—

Hah. On stones in small clear rivulets. Lamberton Moor.
Spring and summer.

In dark tufts about 2 inches long, floating with the stream,
and so lubricous that it slips through the fingers, and is
with difficulty retained. It mimics the water-milfoil in
its appearance. " Rien ne manquerait a la beaute' de
cette espece, si ses ramifications etaient assez grandes pour
etre apenjues a la vue simple, et si sa coleur etait plus
brillante. Elle flotte avec beaucoup de graces dans les
petits rulsseaux, ou sa mobilite est si grande qu'on la pren-
drait au premier coup-d'oeil pour un etre anime. J,a
durde de sa vie est d'environ une annee : comme elle se
multiplie dans tous les inois, ou la rencontre a peu pres
dans toutes les saisons." — VAUCII.

2. B. ccerulescens, gelatinous, Ijluish-green, irregularly branched;
branches spreading, whorled with numerous tufts of many simple
moniliform filaments.— Mo uo. and NEST., No. 497-

Hab. In moss holes in peat bogs on Coldingham Moor,
rare, floating on the surface.

Larger than the preceding, more diffused, and of a very
beautiful blue colour.

161. DRAPARNALDIA.

1. D. plumosa, green, very lubricous, much branched ; main
filaments beset with numerous alternate bushy branchlets, the
ultimate ones subulate, erect, irregularly alternate, crowded. —
HOOK. Scot. ii. 77. Conferva mutahilis, DILLW. Catif. 63. t. 12.
C. lubrica, Eng. BoL t. 2087, not good. Batrachospermum plumo-
swn, VAUCH. Con/. 113. t. 11. f. 2.

Hah. In the troughs for watering horses near the 6-mile
stone on the Ay ton-road, in early spring.

The joints of the main filaments are longer than their dia-
meter, pellucid, or marked with a faint green band. " II
est difficile d'imaginer un aspect plus elegant et plus gra-
cieux que celui qu'elle presente au microscope." — VAUCH.

162. LYNGBYA.

1. L. muralis, green, matted ; filaments simple, rather rigid,
flexuose and entangled, marked with numerous close and tolerably

CRYPTOGAMIA— ALG.E. 250

distinct partitions — Bot. Gall. iL 987- Oscillatoria muralis, HOOK.
Scot. ii. 79. GREV. Fl. Edin. 304. Conferva muralis, Eng. Bot.
t. 1554. DILLW. Conf. 39. t. 7.

If af>. On damp walls and old wood works in wide green
strata.

" Of all vegetable productions this is perhaps one of the most
common upon damp walls, stones, and especially neglected
shady gravel walks. The dark areas in which the inhabi-
tants of crowded cities gasp for air, become verdant in the
wet months of winter with this Conferva, whose effects on
the atmosphere may perhaps be as beneficial as those ob-
served by l)r PRIESTLEY in the species produced in cor-
rupted water." — SMITH.

163. BANGIA.

1. B. fusco-purpurea, filaments capillary, simple, straight, green-
ish-brown or purplish ; granules arranged in transverse lines. —
GRKV. F I. Edin. 301. Alg. Brit. 177. Conferva fusco-purpurea
et atro-purpurea, DILLW. Syn. 54. t. 92. and t. 103. Eng. Bot.
t. 2055.

Hub. On rocks at high-water mark, or even above it.
Near the Coves, abundant.

Grows in smooth even layers, and much resembles human
hair, a resemblance which it well preserves when dried.
The filaments are of two kinds, — one larger, soft, and of a
loose texture ; the other of a darker colour, much slen-
derer, and marked with close set granules, arranged in re-
gular transverse rows. There are two varieties on our
coast ; the first is olive or greenish-brown, with filaments
about an inch long; the other is of a beautiful purplish-
red colour when dried, and often exceeds 6 inches in length.
The latter is the Banyia otro-purpurea of AGARDH, the
Cadmus violmwt of MOUGEOT and NESTLER, No. 89.5. ;
but, according to j)r GRKVILLE, the characters which dis-
tinguish it from the first are not suilicient to constitute a
.species.

2. B. LaminaritBj olive-green ; filaments tufted, short, simple,
continuous, with minute grains disposed in transverse lines. —
GUEV. FL Edin. 302. LYNGH. Uydroph. Dan. 84. t. 24.

Hab. Parasitical on the frond of Laminaria esculenta, not
common.

260 CRYPTOGAMIA-ALG^E.

3. B. Johnstoni, " filaments entangled, green, containing a
single series of four-parted granules." — GREV. in lift.

Ilab. On slate rocks near Berwick, at high-water mark.
Forms a very thin light-green smooth stratum on the rocks.

164. SCHIZONEMA.

1. S. Smithii, tufted, olivaceous; filaments dichotomously
branched, continuous ; granules moniliform, arranged in parallel
lines GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 298. Ulvafcetida, Eng. Bot. t. 2101.

Hob. On stones and sea-weed near high-water mark, in
tufts from half an inch to upwards of an inch in height.
Abundant in Berwick Bay. Spring. Q

165. CHAETOPHORA.

* Frond simple, globose.

1. C. marina, frond irregularly globose, inflated, folded, olive-
brown, smooth — GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 53. ; Fl. Edin. 322. Rivu-
laria tuberiformis, Eng. Bot. t. 1956. HOOK. Scot. ii. 75. Tremella
flifformis, LIGHT F. Scot. 900.

Hob. On Conferva and the smaller Fuel in Berwick Bay. <

Varies considerably in size. The largest specimens are an
inch in diameter, slippery, coriaceous, hollow within. The
filaments are imbedded in the thickness of the walls, hya-
line, dichotomously branched, the apices all terminating at
the surface in dark club-shaped granules.

2. C. tuberculosa, green, globular, gelatinous, unequally tuber-
cular ; filaments very numerous, radiating, dichotomously branch-
ed ; ultimate branches shorter, fastigiate, tapered at the points—
SPRENG. Syst. Veg. iv. 371. Rivularia tuberculosa, Eng. Bot.
t. 2366, very exact to our specimens.

Hab. In springs attached to foreign bodies. Longridge
Dean.

In general about the size of a pea, but sometimes larger.
The filaments are long, slender, pellucid, marked with a
series of dark rather distant spots. The joints are scarce-

CRYPTOGAMIA— ALG^E. 261

ly visible in the main filaments, but appear to be 4 times
as long as broad ; in the extreme branches they are more
distinct and shorter.

* * Frond Irranched.

3. C. cndiviafolictj frond green, much branched, compressed ;
branches roundish, obtuse — SPRENG. iv. 371. LYNGB. Hydroph.
Dan. 191. t. 65. Rivularia incrassata, Eng. Sot. t. 967.

Hab. In a pond at Scrammerston limekilns, on pieces of
limestone and on dead shells.

Frond green, much branched, compressed, gelatinous but
firm ; branches irregular, multifid, roundish and obtuse
towards the ends. The plant consists of a transparent
firm jelly, on which the form depends, and in which are
immersed very numerous confervoid filaments, jointed,
branched and divaricate. These filaments are most crowd-
ed towards the ends of the branches, which in consequence
are greenest ; they become less numerous, and sometimes
almost entirely disappear near the base of the frond, which
is then colourless.

166. LINCKIA.

1 . L. atra, frond globose, solid, very hard, blackish-green ; fila-
ments simple, straight, radiating, acuminate and fissured at the
apex. — LYNGB. Hydrop. Dan. 195. t. 67. Tremella hcmisphcerica,
LIGHTF. Scot. 900.

Hab. Sea-shores, attached to the branches of Conferva and
of the common Coralline. Berwick Bay.

Small, nearly globular, smooth, glossy dark green, filled with
a lighter green parenchyma. It varies in size from that
of the smallest pin's head to that of a small pea, and is
with difficulty bruised under the finger, arising as much
from its lubricity and coriaceous texture as from its hard-
ness.

2. L. dura., blackish-green, smooth, lubricous, in subglobular,
firm, nearly solid masses ; filaments bundled, radiating, much
c^eft and attenuated at the ends, which are level-topped.
Hydroph. Dan. 197. t. 67. GREV. Fl Edin. 322.

262 CRYPTOGAMIA-ALG.E.

Hob. On stones in the beds of rivulets on moors ; and on
the front of dripping rocks by the sea-shore, covering
them for an inch or two in tuberculated patches.

On the shore below Gunsgreen there occurs what I consider
to be a variety of this species. It covers, to a great ex-
tent, the bottom of rocky pools of brackish water at high-
water mark, with an uneven coating of a dirty yellow
colour, composed of wart-like tubercles adhering together.
The upper surface is somewhat lubricous and smooth, the
under uneven and green. It is fully T2oths of an inch
thick, fleshy ; a section exhibits 2 or 3 strata of green and
yellowish substance. The filaments are pellucid, nume-
rous, radiating and tapered, apparently unjointed, laciniate
at the apices.

167. NOSTOC.

1. N. commune, sessile, roundish, plaited, waved, olive-green. —
TAUCH. Conf. 222. t. 16. f. 1. HOOK. Scot. ii. 74. Tremetta
Nostoc, LIGHTF. Scot. 898. Eng. Bot. t. 461.

Hob. Spittal Links, and on sandy or gravelly ground in
many places, in spring and autumn, after rainy weather.

" The ancient alchemists termed this vegetable the Flowers
of Heaven, and flattered themselves with the hopes of its
proving an universal menstruum !" " Infused in brandy,
it causes a disgust to that liquor in those who drink of it,"
says a pharmacologist; and an excellent remedy, there-
fore, for the u Potatores summi."

168. COCCOCHLORIS.

1. C. protuberans, thick, irregularly lobed, very soft, green;
the granules elliptical — SPRENG. Syst. Veg. iv. 373. Palmella
protuberans, GREV. Fl. JEdin. 323. ; Crypt. Fl t. 243. f. 1.

Hob. On rocks covered with moss and lichens in heathy
deans, not rare in this neighbourhood. Aut.

2. C. radicata, minute, globose, gelatinous, green, crowded and
in contact so as to form a crust spreading irregularly ; granules
elliptical.— SPRENG. iv. 372. Palmella botryoides, GREV. Fl. Edin.
323. ; Crypt. Fl. t. 243. f. 2.

Hob. On moist heathy banks amongst moss, frequent*
Aut.

CRYPTOGAMIA— ALG^E. 263

3. C. vulgaris, very green, widely spreading, the granules
densely crowded, rounded, adhering together by fours. — Chlorococ-
cum vulgare, GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 262. Lepraria botryoides, HOOK.
Scot. ii. 73.

Hab. Common on wood in moist places, which it covers
with a very thin green coating, easily rubbed off, and
staining the fingers.

4. C. cruenta, in diffuse irregular gelatinous purple spots, com-
posed entirely of granules compacted together. — SPRENG. iv. 373.
Tremella cruenta, Eng. Bot. t. 1800. Palmetto, cruenta, GREV.
Crypt. FL t. 205.

Hab. Common about the lower parts of walls in damp
situations in Berwick and Tweedmouth, during the
wet wintry months.

This " forms broad indeterminate patches, of a deep rich
purple, with a shining surface, as n blood or red wine had
been poured over the stone or ground." During dry
weather it contracts, grows dull, and disappears, but after
rain spreads again, resumes its sanguine colour, and be-
comes conspicuous even to vulgar gaze. Its history affords
an easy explanation of a phenomenon considered super-
natural by the monkish chroniclers. " In the plain near
Hastings, where the Norman WILLIAM, after his victory,
found King HAROLD slain, he built Battle-Abbey, which
at last (as divers other monasteries) grew to a town enough
populous. Thereabout is a place which after rain always
looks red, which some have attributed to a very bloody
sweat of the earth, as crying to heaven for revenge of so
great a slaughter." — Notes to DRAYTON'S Poly-olbion.

5. C. rupestris, irregular, thickish, gelatinous, dirty yellow, or
sometimes orange-yellow ; surface very uneven ; granules mi-
nute, globular — SPRENG. iv. 373. Palmella rupestris, LYNGE.
Hydroph. Dan. 207. t. 69.

Hab. On rocks over which water drips, frequent in this
neighbourhood. On the rocks at the calcareous spring
below Twizel-castle, Rev. A. Baird. On sandstone
rocks below Marshall meadows.

Forms wide irregular patches, varying in colour from a dull
dirty yellow to a reddish-orange, — the drier the situation
the deeper the colour. The interior is white. The gra-

264 CRYPTOGAMIA— ALG.E.

nules have often seemed to me surrounded with a pellucid
ring.

169. OSCILLATORIA.

1. O. violacea, mass gelatinous, dark purple ; filaments very
slender, straight, without perceptible transverse strize, laid on a
thin compact greenish substratum — Conferva mucosa, &c. DILL.
Hist. Muse. 15. No. 4.

Hob. Rapid streams. On stones in the bed of a burn be-
low the mansion house of Longformacus. July.

The synonym of DILLENIUS has been usually quoted as be-
longing to the Conferva, violacea or alpina of botanists, but
the quotation has been made certainly without a critical
examination of his description, which is, as is usual with
him, very complete, and as accurate as could be done with-
out the aid of a microscope. I have no doubt whatever of
his plant being identical with the one before me, and I
consider myself lucky in refinding and replacing in our
systems a species which has been so long lost and mis-
understood. It covers the stones in rivulets with thick-
smooth jelly-like patches as large as a man's hand, and of
a purple or very dark green colour, the difference in hue
depending on causes which could not be detected. The
masses are soft and gelatinous, and have some resemblance
to a piece of congealed blood. The specimens I collected
were put into a glass of water for two days previous to
their being examined ; and they communicated to the wa-
ter a deep purple tint, and gave out a strong animal pu-
trid smell. On adding some diluted sulphuric acid to this
tincture, the colour was removed, and the smell became
ammoniacal. Adheres closely to paper in drying, and
dyes it a very fine bluish- purple.

2. O. viridis, mass thin, gelatinous, verdigris-green ; filaments
short, very slender, straight, without perceptible striae, woven
into a compact thin bright-green stratum — VAUCH. Conf 195.
t. 15. f. 7. Osc. tennis, LYNGB. Hydroph. Dan. 88. Oscillaria
riridis, Bot. Gall ii. 993.

Hab. On mud in stagnant water. In the Low below
Goswick. April.

Grows in irregularly circumscribed patches of a very fine
green colour. To appearance it would dissolve into its

CRYPTOGAMIA— ALG.E. 265

constituent elements on being touched ; but, on the con-
trary, it lifts up in small pieces, for the filaments are
felted together, and form a compact though gelatinous
membrane. They are radiating, short, and so very slen-
der, that, under a considerable magnifier, they seem not
thicker than a hair, and present no appearance of striae.
They are well represented by VAUCHER. Oscillatoria
tennis of Dr GREVTLLE is a different species.

3. O. oohracea, filaments simple, very slender, lying in a thick
cloud-like ochraceous stratum — GREV. Fl. Edin. 304. Conferva
ochracea, DILLW. Syji. 59. t. 62.

Hob. In small and rather deep pools at the sides of bogs,
frequent.

This species covers the bottom of the pool with a thick light
ochre-coloured stratum, and throws up through the water
flocculent and waved masses, mimicking the heavy clouds
of our sky ; and it may be as transient, for a slight agita-
tion dissolves the brittle fabric, and diffuses it in muddy
fragments through the water.

4. O. limosa, blackish-green, soft ; filaments straight and even,
very slender, rigid, without transverse striae, radiating round the
margins, but in the centre felted into a soft mass.— HOOK. Scot.
ii. 79. Conferva limosa, DILLW. Syn. 38. t. 20.

Hab. On damp walls, near their base, in Berwick, and on
the muddy edges of ditches.

On damp walls this forms an irregular blackish-green spot,
and to discover its true form and appearance, it is neces-
sary to place a piece on a plate covered with water, where,
though apparently a shapeless mass, it will, in the space
of a night, shoot out an immense number of short filaments
radiating from the circumference, and forming a fine and
not inelegant fringe. I have seen this fringe completed
in less than an hour. The filaments are straight, pellucid,
and crystalline, but I could not discover any striae, per-
haps from the weakness of my magnifiers.

The green scum which floats on the surface of stagnant pools
and drains in spring is not a species of this genus, but is
formed by a congeries of very minute globules, cohering
together from close apposition, and not through the me-
dium of any membrane or glutinous matter.

YOL. II. M

266 CRYPTOGAMIA—

OBS. — Of the genera FragUlaria and Diatoma, I have observed
several species, both on marine and fresh-water plants, but being
unable to refer them with certainty to the species already de-
scribed, I have deemed it the best plan to omit any description
of them.

170. GOMPHONEMA.

1. O. paradoscum, filaments crowded, pellucid, branched, each
branch terminating in a wedge-shaped yellowish body, containing
several granules towards the centre. — GREV. Syn. 38. Echinetta
paradoxa, GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 25.

Hob. On various small marine Algce, very common in Ber-
wick Bay.

2. G. minutissimum, filaments slender, branched, flaccid, tipped
with two tubular bodies containing granules towards the middle.
—GREV. Crypt. FL t. 244. f. 1.

Hob. In ponds and at the sides of still water, investing
small roots, mosses, &c. with a dense wool-like covering
of an ochraceous colour, common.

3. G. geminatum^ filaments long, slender, entangled, branched,
the branches tipped with two long tubular bodies containing
granules.— GREV. Crypt. Fl. t. 244. f. 2.

Hob. In rivulets in deans. In the rivulet in Lumsden
Dean, most abundant. June.

Dr GREVILLE'S figure corresponds very exactly with our
specimens, but they did not grow in round tufts ; on the
contrary, they formed a long densely hairy brown fila-
ment, probably influenced to assume this shape by the
force of the current.

171. ECHINELLA.

1. E. fasciculata, bodies linear, rather acute at the apex, fasci-
culate, springing from a convex transparent base. — GREV. Crypt.
Fl. t. 16. f. 1-3. ; and t. 298. f. 3. a.

Hal. On Conferva in Berwick Bay. It is frequent on
ScMzonema Smithii.

CRYPTOGAMIA— ALGJE. 267

2. E. circularis^ bodies very minute, wedge-shaped, pellucid,
obscurely marked, arranged in a more or less complete circular
manner. — GREV. Crypt, Fl. t. 35.

Hob. On straws in ditches in early spring.

This forms a flocculent mass of a fawn colour on straws,
along which it often extends for several inches. The bo-
dies seem bound together by a tenacious transparent jelly,
are exceedingly numerous, often separate, but as often
placed close side by side, and so arranged as to form a por-
tion of a circle, for I have never seen the circle complete.
Our description, -when compared with that of Dr GRE*
VILLE, will be found in some respects different, but the
peculiar form and disposition of the corpuscles seem suffi-
cient to identify the species.

3. E. truncata^ bodies long, linear, truncate at both ends. —
Exillaria truncata, GREV. Syn. 37. Echinella fasciculata, var. /3.
GREV. Crypt. FL t. 16. f. 4.

Hab. On Conferva in fresh water.

Grows separately or in clusters. I have often seen the bo-
dies divided into equal halves by a longitudinal line.

4. E. acuta, bodies long, tapered at each end. — LYNGB. Hydroph.
Dan. 209. f. 69.

Hab. On the stones and mud at the bottom of still water.

Covers the surface of the body on which it grows with a
brown dense coating in wide irregular spots, easily dis-
persed or diffused through the water. The corpuscles are
very numerous, translucent, without any markings. I
observed it in great profusion during a whole spring in a
rivulet in the immediate vicinity. Its increase was very
rapid, but as the spring advanced, and the confervae began
to vegetate, it quickly disappeared. It agrees with the
plant of LYNGBYE only in the size and shape of the gra-
nules, but in these doubtful vegetables they seem to afford
the only certain characters.

5. E. lunulata, granules oblong, curved, slightly tapered at each
fend, marked in the middle with a dark line.

Ilab. In streams, attached to other plants. Lumsden
Dean. August.

M 2

CRYPTOGAMIA— ALG.fi.

The granules were woven into an irregular expanded ochre-
coloured membrane. The figure which LYNGBYE has
given of the granules of his E. olivacea, var. dilutior, tab.
70. c. fig. 4. answers to those of our species.

" Rerutn Natura tota est nusquam magis quam in minimi*."

APPENDIX.

Inest in explicatione Naturae, insatiabilis quaedam e cog-
noscendis rebus voluptas, in qua una, confectis rebus
necessariis, vacui negotiis, honeste ac liberaliter possumus
vivere." — CICERO.

APPENDIX.

No. I.

CHARACTERS OF THE ADDITIONAL
GENERA.

MONANDRLU-MONOGYNIA.

J . * HIPPUUIS. Calyx a slight border. Corollajnone. Seed infe-
rior, naked. Stiyrwj, 1. (Aquatic. Leaves whorled.)

PENTANDRIAJDIGYNIA.

95.* CICUTA. Fruit nearly orbicular, heart-shaped at the base,
with fj double ribs. Calyx broad, acute, rather unequaL
Petah ovate or slightly heart-shaped, nearly equal. Style*
scarcely tumid at the base. Floral receptacle depressed,
withering. Flower* uniform, nearly regular, united.

HEPTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA.

122.* TRIENTALIS. Calyx of 7 leaves. Corolla in 7 deep seg-
ments, equal and flat. Capsule of about 7 valves. Seeds
tunicated.

OCTANDRIA— TETRAGYNIA.

)2o'.* ADOXA, Calyi ; half inferior. Corolla in 4 or 5 segments:.
Kerry invested with the calyx. Seefl* 4, bordered.

272 ADDITIONAL SPECIES.

DECANDRIA— MONOGYNIA.

129.* ARBUTUS. Corolla ovate, transparent at the base. Berry
of 5 cells.

DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.

169.* NEPETA. Lower lip numerously notched; throat bordered
and reflexed at each side.

DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.
186.* LATHRJEA. Capsule of 1 cell. A gland under the germen.

TETRAD YNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.

204.* HESPERIS. Pod inaccurately quadrangular. Stigma nearly
sessile, of 2 converging lobes. Calyx closed, with 2 protu-
berances at the base. Seeds not bordered.

SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-yEQUALIS.

243.* BIDENS. Receptacle chaffy. Down rough with reversed
prickles. Calyx of many parallel channelled scales. Co-
rolla occasionally radiated. (Flowers discoid.)

CRYPTOGAMIA— MUSCI.

23.* PTEROGONIUM. Fruit-stalks lateral ; peristome single, of 16
entire equidistant teeth ; calyptra dimidiate-

No. II.
ADDITIONAL SPECIES.

HIPPURIS.

1. H. vulgaris, stem erect, simple, jointed ; leaves linear, about
8 in a whorl ; flowers small, axillary, sessile. — Mare's Tail.

ADDITIONAL SPECIES. 273

llab. Stagnant waters. In the Leet below Belville farm,
in the parish of Eccles, Rev. A. Baird. Lithtillum Loch
and Ferneyrig Marsh, Mr R. D. Thomson. July. If

CHARA, (p. 1.)

3. C.flexilis, smooth, transparent, without prickles; whorled
branches cylindrical, blunt, with a minute point, no internal par-
titions, some cloven ; bracteas none. Smooth Chara.

Hob. Coldingham Lough. 0

In his Scottish Cryptogamic Flora, tab. 339, Dr GREVILLE has
delineated a species of Chara, which he names C. aspera.
A plant answering to his figure and description, I gather-
ed some years ago at the sides of the Lough on Holy
Island ; but since the true C. hispida is abundant in the
middle of the pond, I can consider the former merely as
the young of that species.

VERONICA, (p. 4.)

6.* V. montana, stem weak, hairy all round ; leaves ovate-
heart-shaped, serrated, on rather long stalks ; clusters scattered,
few-flowered ; capsule much compressed, veined, broadly obcor-
date, the margin fringed ; segments of the calyx obovate, hairy.
Mountain Speedwell.

Hob. In the woods at Dunglass, near the river, Dr Par-
sons. Langton woods, abundant, Mr Thomas Brown.
June. 11

7«* V. polita, stem prostrate, hairy ; leaves stalked, heart-shaped
or ovate-heart-shaped, coarsely serrated ; flower-stalks about the
length of the leaves, curved when in fruit ; segments of the calyx
ovate, the larger often with 2 or 3 crenatures ; corolla bright blue,
veined, small; stamens blue; capsule very turgid, obsoletely
keeled, pubescent, tipped with a short style; seeds about 9 in
each cell, cupped — HOOK. Brit. FL i. 7.

Hab. Cultivated grounds. Near Gavington, plentiful, Mr
Thomas Brown. June to Oct. Q

Borders very closely upon V. agrestis, and the only good dis-
tinction between the two lies in the dark blue flower, and
the many-seeded capsule of V. polita, whereas in V. agrestis

M3

274 ADDITIONAL SPECIES.

the flower is very pale blue or almost white, and the cap-
sule has never more than 6 seeds in each cell. I cordially
assent to the opinion of those who consider them varieties.

MELICA, (p. 11.)

1.* M. nutanSy petals beardless ; panicle close, drooping, nearly
simple ; flowers pendulous ; spikelet with two perfect florets. —
Mountain Melic-grass.

Hab. Mountainous woods. " Gateheugh, Berwickshire,"
MrW. Baird. July. If

GALIUM, (p. 33.)

8. G. boreale, stem erect, somewhat downy, branched ; leaves 4
in a whorl, ovate-lanceolate, 3-ribbed, smooth ; flowers white, nu-
merous, in a large panicle ; fruit bristly.

Hab. Rocky shady places. Gateheugh, Mr W. Baird.
Bog south of Hardacres, near Eccles ; and road-side
north of Hatchetneze, Coldstream, Mr It, D. Thomson.
Road-side half-way between Fishwick and West-Fish-
wisk. July. If.

POTAMOGETON, (p. 34.)

3.* P.jftuitans, lower leaves lanceolate, pointed and membra-
nous, with distinct ribs ; upper elliptic-oblong, stalked, coriaceous,
obtuse, floating. — Floating Pond-weed.

Hab. " Ferneyrig Marsh, in the parish of Eccles, plenti-
fully," Mr R. B. Thomson. July— Aug. 7/

MYOSOTIS, (p. 45.)

1. M. repens, root fibrous ; stem clothed with patent hairs, soft ;
leaves and calyx with erect appressed bristles ; clusters leafy at
the base ; calyx-segments lanceolate, erect, rather long— M. cces-
pitosa, HOOKER in JEdin. New Phil. Journ. Oct. 1828, p. 147.

Hab. Boggy places in deans, frequent. In the vale below
Langley-ford, Northumberland. Horncliff dean, N.
Durham. In the wooded dean above the Pease-bridge,
near the burn, Berwickshire. June—July. If.

ADDITIONAL SPECIES. 275

Stem erect, 12-18 inches high, clothed with soft spreading
hairs. Bristles on the leaves, flowering stems, flower-
stalks and calyx appressed. Clusters leafy at the base,
spreading. Flower-stalks patent or recurved, more than
twice the length of the calyx, the segments of which are
long, lanceolate and erect, scarcely patent. Flowers large
and very beautiful, light azure-blue, pink in the bud.
There is very commonly a solitary flower in the axil of
the branches.

In the Journal quoted above, there is a good description of
this Myosotis by Dr MURRAY, who at first considered it as a
new species, but subsequently referred it to the ccespitosa of
SMITH on the authority of Dr HOOKER. From that species,
however, it is altogether distinct ; and, if long observation of
the living plants may warrant me to give an opinion, it is
equally distinct from M. palustris, — an opinion in which I
am supported by my friend the Rev. A. BAIRD, who has had
opportunities of studying them in different localities. M.
palustris is a succulent plant, decumbent at the base, of a
dark green, liable to become blackish in drying, and gene-
rally covered with scattered appressed hairs, and when
they are spreading, which is sometimes the case, they are
more rigid and sparing than in M. repens. The clusters
of flowers are few-branched, always leafless ; the segments
of the calyx very short and patent ; but the corolla large,
plane, and of a deep azure-blue. On the contrary, M. re-
pens is erect, rather slender, taller, and of a lighter green,
which it retains in drying, with the stem always densely
clothed with woolly hairs. The cluster is more branched,
and the flowers, although large, are smaller than those of
the palustris, and of a very beautiful light azure colour,
pink in the bud. The M* ccespitosa is well distinguished
from either by its smoothness, its excessively branched
panicle, and the smalmess of its flowers, while the divi-
sions of the calyx are as large as in M. repens. The latter
Mr DON was the first to notice, but it is still imperfectly
understood, and is often confounded with M. palustris, a
comparatively rare plant, and as I think of inferior beauty.
I have to request the reader to erase Myosotis sylvatica from
the first volume, for it is the M. repens which grows in the
station assigned to the former species, and which, so far as
I know, does not occur either in Berwickshire or N. Dur-
ham.

SYMFHYTUM, (p. 44.)
1. S« officinale, hirsute ; stem blanched, winged with the decur-

276 ADDITIONAL SPECIES.

rent ovate-lanceolate leaves; clusters in pairs, revolute, the
flowers stalked, unilateral; segments of the calyx somewhat
spreading; corolla swollen, purple or buff-coloured — Common
ey.

Hob. Banks of rivers and watery places, rare. " Lane to-
wards the sea at Bamborough," Mr W. Robertson.
Banks of the Blackadder near Kyloe, sparingly, Mr
Thomas Brown. Side of the Whiteadder, about half a
mile from its mouth, with purple flowers. June. If

The roots, which are black externally, yield a copious insipid
mucilage, and in consequence were formerly in great esti-
mation to " dense the brest from flegme, and cure the
griefes of the lungs ;" and to heal " all inward wounds and
burstings." A decoction of them is used by dyers to ex-
tract the colouring matter of gum-lac. The leaves give a
grateful flavour to cakes and panada, and the young stem
and leaves are excellent when boiled — WITHERING.

CAMPANULA, (p. 46.)

2. C. latifolia, herb hispid, milky ; stem unbranched, round, 2
or 3 feet high ; leaves coarsely serrate, lower ones heart-shaped,,
acute, the upper ovate-lanceolate ; stalks single-flowered ; flowers
large, suberect, blue or nearly white ; fruit drooping. — Giant Bell-
flower^ or Throatwort.

Hob. Wooded deans. Wood south-west of Polwarth
church, and Castle-Law woods, Mr R. D. Thomson.
Langton wood and Lees* Cleugh, plentiful, Mr Thomas
Brown. Woods above the Pease-bridge, abundant. Aug.

One of the greatest ornaments to the woods in the north of
England and in Scotland, but unnoticed by any poet, so
far as I know, except by Sir WALTER SCOTT, who, in his
Rokeby, has once mentioned it.

' He laid him down,

Where purple heath profusely strown,
And Throatwort with its azure bell,
And moss and thyme his cushion swell."

CANTO iii. 8.

VIOLA, (p. 64.)
1.* V. odorata, stem none; scions creeping; leaves heart-

ADDITIONAL SPECIES. 277

shaped, nearly smooth, as well as their footstalks ; calyx-leaves
obtuse ; lateral petals with a hairy central line. — Sweet Violet.

Hob. Banks of the Eye about half a mile above Nether-
byres'-house, and apparently as perfectly native to the
spot as F. canina, beside which it was growing, Rev. A.
Baird. Near Chillingham, Mrs Langhorne. It is some-
times to be found naturalized at the sides of hedges in
the vicinity of villages. April. Ij.

" The sun was shining through a vernal shower ;

The garden smiled, array'd in fresher green ;
With richer fragrance breathed the simple flower,

That meekly veil'd its charms and bloom'd serene ;

I stoopM, and fondly look'd the leaves between,
Resolved the bashful beauty's haunt to find ;

With slender stalk and modest humble mein,
I saw the floweret with its head reclined,

Although in robes of richest hue array'd,
The vulgar caze it seem'd to hold in scorn ;

With drooping head upon a green leaf laid,
It breathed rich odours in the breeze of morn."

The root is emetic ; the flowers and seeds are said to be mild
laxatives. The petals give their colour freely to water,
and afford a delicate and useful test of the presence of
uncombined acids or alkalies, the former changing its blue
to a red, and the latter to a green colour.

CICUTA.

1. C. virosa, smooth; stem 2 or 3 feet high, hollow, furrowed;
leaves twice ternate, the leaflets linear-lanceolate, decurrent, ser-
rated ; umbels large, stalked ; flowers white. — Water Hemlock.

Hob. Primside Loch, Berwickshire, Mr R. D. Thomson.
Aug. T/.

A very energetic poison, producing symptoms which resem-
ble considerably those produced by the hydrocyanic acid.
Many instances are recorded in which the roots, mistaken for
parsnips, have been eaten with a fatal result. The plant is
equally deadly to cattle of all kinds, except to the goat, which
is said to eat it with impunity. LINNAEUS, in his Flora
Lap. p. ^G) gives an account of a disease which every
spring, in the neighbourhood of Tornoa, carried off some-
times not less than an hundred oxen, and which he traced
to the operation of this herb.

278 ADDITIONAL SPECIES.

(ENANTHE. (p. 48.)

2. (E. Phellandrium, leaflets all uniform, with narrow wedge-
shaped, cut, divaricated segments ; fruit ovate, with 5 broad ribs,
and narrow intermediate furrows, (2 or 3 feet high; flowers white,
numerous.) — Fine-leaved Water-dropwort.

Hob. " Ferneyrig marsh, sparingly," Mr R. D. Thomson.
July. (J

VIBURNUM, (p. 50.)

2. V. Lantana, shrub ; branches mealy ; leaves heart-shaped,
serrated, veiny, downy beneath; flowers white, in large dense
cymes; berries black. — Way-faring Tree.

Hob. " At Sir John Hall's, in Dunglass-Glen," Dr Par-
sons. May.

SAMBUCUS, (p. 50.)

2. S. Ebulus, stem herbaceous ; stipules leafy ; leaflets lanceo-
late; cymes with 3 main branches; flowers purplish; berries
black Dwarf Elder.

Hob. Waste grounds, generally near church-yards. Near
Coldingham, Rev. A. Baird. At the church-yard of
Liongtbrmacus. July. If

The properties of this unattractive and foetid plant, which,
as GERARDE says, " is not a shrub, neither is it altogether
an herby plant, but, as it were, a plant participating of
both," are similar to those of the common elder, but
stronger and less manageable.

DROSERA, (p. 50.)

2. D. anglica, leaves radical, erect, linear-spathulate, obtuse, on
long smooth stalks ; seeds with a loose chaffy coat.— Great Sundew.

Hal. Turfy bogs, rare. Coldingham moor between Ren-
ton-Bell and the old post road to Edinburgh, Mr A. A.
Carr. July — Aug. If

ADDITIONAL SPECIES. 279

TRIENTALIS.

1. T. europaa, stem simple, slender, round, reddish, 4-6 inches
high ; leaves chiefly clustered at the top, obovate, pointed, taper-
ing to a stalk at the base, obscurely crenate, light green tinged
with brown, veined, the veins anastomosing at about a line from
the margin ; flowers 1 or 2, each raised from the bosom of the
leaves on a slender stalk, cernuous in the bud, white tinged with
pink, star-like, the petals 6 or 7, and the stamens and the calyx-
segments corresponding in their numbers.

Hob. On the wooded and rocky hill above Hepburn, at
Chillingham, plentiful ; and on Hedge-hope, about half-
way to the summit. June. 7/

" Inter omnes, quos vidi flores, omnium simplicissimus, sen
rectius, maxime sequalis est flos hie gratissimus : calyx
enim, corolla et stamina pari modo divisa sunt, figura gau-
dent simplicissima, et corolla, quod curiosum, omnino
plana absque notabili tubo." — " Nescio quoenam gratia
floris adeo percellat oculos, ut fere effascinare videatur
visu contemplatorem suum ; forte a symmetria, pulchritu-
dinis omnis matre !" — LINNJEUS. It was after a long walk
in company with my friend Mr WILLIAM BAIRD, that I
first saw this flower, which LINNAEUS has praised not
higher than its elegance and simplicity deserves, if I am
to judge by my own feelings on the occasion, — feelings
which may be thought childish and extravagant, and yet
which many a wandering botanist, I trust, has experienced.

' ' A little while I stood,
Breathing with such suppression of the heart
As joy delights in; and with wise restraint
Voluptuous, fearless of a rival, eyed
The banquet, — or beneath the trees I sate
Among the flowers, and with the flowers I play'd !"

ADOXA.

] . A. Moschatellina, smooth, 3 or 4 inches high ; leaves twice
ternate, unequally lobed ; flowers pale green, 5 in a head, 4 form-
ing a cube and 1 terminal, erect — Tuberous Mosclmtell.

Hab. Damp shaded places. In the wood above the Re-
treat, Berwickshire, abundant. April. I/.

" The flowers have an evident musky smell in the evening

3

280 ADDITIONAL SPECIES.

or early in the morning, while the dew is on them : the
lateral flowers have mostly their parts of fructification in
fours, the terminal one in fives." — HOOKER.

ARBUTUS.

1 . A. Uva-ursi, shrub ; stems procumbent ; leaves obovate, en-
tire, smooth, evergreen ; flowers rose-coloured, in small terminal
clusters ; berry globose, scarlet — Red Sear-berry.

I fab. Dry heathy places. On the west side of Dirrington
Law, plentiful, Mr Thomas Brown. June.

The berries of this shrub, for the knowledge of which as a
native of Berwickshire I am indebted to Mr BROWN, are
known to the common people in the west of the county by
the name of Rapperdandies, and are eaten by them. They
are dry, mealy, and austere ; left untouched by birds, ac-
cording to SMITH, but, according to LIGHTFOOT and
HOOKER, yielding excellent food for the moor-fowl. The
leaves are astringent, and have been used by the tanner ;
and they afford to the physician a medicine of some re-
pute and efficacy in calculous and phthisical disorders.

PY110LA, (p. 92.)

3. P. minor, stamens regularly inflexed; style the same length,
straight ; stigma 5-lobed, pointless, without a ring ; cluster of
many drooping flowers. — Lesser Winter-green.

flab. Wood at Orange-lane ; and plantation to the north
of Loch Lithtillum, abundant, Mr R. D. Thomson.
Langton wood, Mr Thomas Brown. Blackadder plan-
tations, abundant. Wooded banks of the Dye above
Longformacus, where a single specimen was gathered
by my friend Mr Weddell. July. 7/

Root creeping ; leaves on triangular grooved stalks, round-
ish-ovate, crenate ; flower-stalks triangular or pentangu-
lar, straight, reddish ; flowers clustered, orbicular, white,
tinged with pink, pendant on stalks shorter than the lan-
ceolate bractese ; filaments equal, inclined round the cap-
sule, white, with orange-yellow pores ; style not longer
than the anthers, straight, with a large dilated 5-lobed
apex. The seeds of the Pyrolce lie imbedded in a thick
cottony material, consisting of short erect fibres, arranged

ADDITIONAL SPECIES. 281

parallel and close to one another. When magnified, these
fibres are nearly pellucid, linear-oblong, and membranous,
not unlike the plants of the parasitical genus Erineum.

RESEDA, (p. 104.)

2. R. lutea, leaves deeply 3-lobed, lower ones pinnatifid, va-
riable ; calyx in 6 divisions ; flowers buff '-coloured ; petals 6, va-
riously lobed. — Wild Mignonette.

Hob. Waste places. Last summer I found two patches
growing on Spittal links ; and as the plant is not culti-
vated, it seems entitled to a place in our Flora. Aug.
©

SPIRAEA, (p. 107.)

2. S. salicifolia, shrub ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, unequally ser-
rated, smooth ; flowers rose-coloured, small, in elegant upright
terminal clusters. — Willow-leaved Spircea*

Hob. Marchmont woods, apparently quite wild, Mr R.
D. Thomson. A common ornament of shrubberies, and,
after all, a somewhat doubtful native. July.

ROSA, (p. 108.)

9. R. ctesia, fruit elliptical, smooth ; flower-stalks smooth ; calyx
distantly and sparingly pinnate ; prickles hooked, uniform ; leaf-
lets elliptical, somewhat doubly serrated, glaucous, hairy beneath,
without glands.

Hob. On the bank at the road-side above Whiteadder-
bridge. July.

A compact much branched shrub, about 3 feet high, remark-
able for the peculiar greyness of its foliage. Branches
smooth, more or less blistered and coloured, armed with
scattered light brown very slightly curved prickles, often
placed in pairs at the base of the young shoots. The
leaves are altogether without glands; stalk downy, fur-
nished with 2 or 3 prickles beneath ; stipules oblong, with
spreading points, smooth, veined, downy, and more or less
glandular on the margins ; leaflets 7 or 5, ovate, 1 inch
long, fths broad, rugose, simply or irregularly serrated ;
upper surface smooth, or thinly covered with appressed
hairs, the under one caesious and hairy all over. Flowers

282 ADDITIONAL SPECIES.

in threes, their stalks shorter than the bracteas, smooth,
naked or slightly setigerous, glaucous ; tube of the calyx
urceolate, naked, glaucous ; segments permanent, equal to
the petals, 3 of them copiously pinnate, and all of them
thickly covered with glands beneath. Petals white, some-
times slightly tinged with pink, obcordate. Styles hairy,
columnar, the stigmas collected into a roundish head. The
total absence of glands on the leaves distinguishes this from
every variety of R. tomentosa.

RUBUS, (p. 108.)

7. R* macrophyttus, stem somewhat angular and furrowed;
prickles uniform, few, small ; leaves digitate, of 3 or 5 stalked el-
liptical or ovate leaflets, very large, thin, soft and pliant, green
on both sides, hairy ; panicle repeatedly divided, somewhat corym-
bose ; petals white — HOOK. Brit. Fl. i. 247.

Hab. In deans, in shaded and rather moist situations.
Near Houndwood. July, August.

8. R. saxatilis, stems herbaceous, ascending, slightly prickly,
with prostrate runners ; leaflets three ; panicle with few flowers,
small, gr eenish- white ; calyx of the fruit converging, without
prickles or glands ; fruit red. — Stone Bramble.

Hob. Lees'-Cleugh, a wooded ravine near Langton Lees
farm-house, plentiful, Mr Thomas Brown. June, July,

POTENTILLA. (p. 108.)

5. P. argentea, stem ascending ; leaflets 5, wedge-shaped, jagged,
white and downy beneath ; flowers small, yellow, numerous, in a
white cottony corymbose panicle. — Hoary Cinque/oil.

Hab. Road-side west of Stitchell, not common, Mr R,
Dundas Thomson. June, July. If

NEPETA.

1. JV. cataria, whorls stalked, crowded into spikes ; flowers very
numerous, white, lower lip flesh-coloured, dotted with crimson ;
leaves finely downy, heart-shaped, stalked, with tooth-like semu
tures. — Common Cat-mint.

ADDITIONAL SPECIES. 283

Hab. " Near Gateheugb, in the west of Berwickshire,"
Mr W. Baird. July. 7/

" The later herbarists do call it Herba Cattaria, and Herba
Catti, because the cats are very much delighted herewith ;
for the smell of it is so pleasant to them, that they rub
themselves upon it, and wallow or tumble in it, and also
feed on the branches and leaves very greedily." — GERARDE.
On this account it can only be preserved in gardens by
sowing the seed, for, by the handling in the process of
transplanting, or in the languid state subsequent to it, the
peculiar scent is exhaled, and the cats are attracted to the
plant, which otherwise they are unable to discover. " If
you set it, the cats will eat it ; if you sow it, the cats will
not know it."

MENTHA, (p. 126.)

1. M. viridis, spikes interrupted: leaves sessile, lanceolate,
acute, naked ; bracteas bristle-shaped, somewhat hairy, as well as
the teeth of the calyx ; flower-stalks very smooth — Spearmint.

Hab. At the sides of the Whiteadder above Gainslaw-ford,
on the north side, in two or three large patches, and ap-
parently perfectly wild. Aug. Sept. If.

MELAMPYRUM, (p. 128.)

2. M. . sylvaticum, leaves in distant pairs, entire ; flowers axil-
lary, turned to one side ; corolla deep yellow, small, gaping, the
lip deflexed; height about 1 foot. — Wood Cow-wheat.

Hab. Banks of the Dye above Longformacus, Mr Thomas
Brown. July, Aug. 7/

My specimens from Mr BROWN agree entirely with the de-
scriptions of authors, and also with authentic specimens of
M. sylvaticum, with which they have been compared. I
mention this the more particularly, because I am tolerably
certain that, in the above station, it grows intermixed with
the more common M. pratense. The latter, in addition to
its other habitats, I may add, grows very abundantly in
the woods between Houndwood'and the Pease-bridge, and
on some wooded parts of the banks of the Whiteadder be-
tween the Retreat and Elmford ; but in no part of Ber-
wickshire have I observed it to attain the size of the plant
figured in Eng. Botany, and which I have gathered in the

284 ADDITIONAL SI'KCI KS.

woods nl, Koslin. Our plant, is rarely above 0 inches,
bushy, with narrow linc;ir leaves, and very often with en-
tire l)t;ictc;is. My /I/''/- nioHliiiitiin (vol. i. p. I.'W.), I am
riow satisfied, is only an alpine stale of this. It, may be
found in profusion on lledijehope, one of the Cheviots,
and on HepbUlll-hil] Ml. ( 'hill inn ha in, but in flic latter I ;i
tion the plant begins tO AMUDM I he appearance of the true

LATHRJBA.

I. //. sf/iui.?Hfn-i,(i, (lowering branches erect, simple; Mowers axil-
'lary, unilateral, suhpendulous; lower lip in It lobes, (tab. viii.)

Halt. Damp shaded woods, rare. In some natural wood
above the Retreat plentiful. April. I/.

Roots fibrous. Stem subterraneous, irregularly branched;
branches often clustered, short, obtusely pointed, covered
with fleshy imbricated leaves, which in shape resemble a
horse's-hoof in miniature. I'Mower-stalk or branch thick,
succulent, -I (> inches hi^h, tapered upwards, purplish,
downy, hearing :i spike of crowded Mowers of a pale pur-
plish-pink colour, arranged in I rows, and all leaning to
one side. Kracha, l.ii-.'c, inversely heart .-shaped, entire,
cream-coloured, smooth, thin. Stalk of the lower flowers
a.s lon^r as the bract ea ; of the upper shorter, compressed,
clothed with a soil • •landulous down. Calyx cream-colour-
ed, downy, cleft into 1 sube<pial segments. Upper lip of
the corolla entire or merely cmar^inate, sprinkled over
with a short ^landiilous down ; lower lip It-cleft. l('ila-
menfs purplish-pink, smooth, with downy anthers. Style
protruding, filiform, smooth, tubular, with a dilated stigma.
(iermen smooth, (.land semilunar, with an obtuse tooth,
secret i'i<^ ;if the base a sweetish fluid. Supposed to be
paiasifical, attaching it self t,o the root s of frees, but I could
not trace the connection, perhaps from my time not per-
mitting me to din- it up with sufficient care.
I have been particular in the description of this singular
plant, for there are some pai ticulars in which if differs
from the plant, of the /<,'m///.s//, h'lont. 1. The upper lip is
not cloven ; it is said in SMITH'S description lo be wl deep-
ly cloven." '^. Tin- leaves are not ovate, as SMITH says
I hey are. '.'>. The segments of the calyx are not smooth,
lor the whole calyx is covered with down. -I. The style
projects considerably beyond the under lip, while in /•-'////.
/•'/. it, is "scarcely the length of the corolla.1' .r». The
nectary is not notched, for the centre rather projects.

/y /HI

ADDITIONAL SPECIES. 285

HESPEIIIS.

1. //. matronalis, herb rough ; stem erect, branched ; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, nearly sessile, coarsely toothed ; flowers large,
purplish -pink, on patent stalks ; calyx slightly coloured, some-
what hairy, sometimes smooth ; petals obovate, with a long linear
claw; pods ascending, smooth, torulose, slender, attaining a length
of 24 inches, and tipped with the large lobes of the style. — Dame's
Violet.

Hob. In the bed of a rivulet between Burnhouses and
Reston-mill, to all appearance truly wild. July. 1{

" It is thought to be the Hesperis of PLTNY, so called, for
that it smells more, and more pleasantly in the evening or
night than at any other time." — GERARDE. During the
day the flowers have in fact no smell except in rainy
weather.

GERANIUM, (p. 149.)

9. G. phtzum, stalks two-flowered, panicled, erect ; calyx slight-
ly pointed ; capsules keeled, hairy below, wrinkled at the sum-
mit ; stamens hairy ; flowers dark chocolate-coloured. — Dusky
Crane's-bill.

Hob. Banks of the Eden near Stichell, Mr A. A. Carr.
June. If

FUMARIA, (p. 154.)

3. F. capreolata, stem climbing by me?ns of the twisting foot-
stalks ; leaflets wedge-shaped, lobed ; cluster rather lax ; pods

single-seeded, globose, on stalks not longer than the bracteas

Ramping Fumitory.

Hob. Cultivated fields in hedges, frequent. June Sept.

I had overlooked this as a large broad-leaved variety of F.
officinalis, until my attention was more particularly directed
to it by my friend Mr BAIRD. It is a much larger plant,
and creeps up the hedges to the height of 3 or 4 feet. The
flowers are large, with oval calycine leaves toothed at the
base, entire above, and twice as long as the globose fruit,
as Mr ARNOTT has correctly pointed out; and the brae-

286 ADDITIONAL SPECIES.

teas are as long or longer than the pedicels, many of
which, in our specimens, are recurved.

GENISTA, (p. 155.)

2. G. anglica, a neat thorny shrub, about a span high ; thorns
simple, none on the flowering branches ; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
small, smooth ; flowers yellow, axillary ; legume smooth.— Petty
Whin.

Hob. Heaths, frequent. Coldingham Moor, Rev. A. Baird.
Moor near Westruther, Mr J. Thomson. Occurs scat-
tered over all the Lammermuirs. Doddington Moor ;
and on the moors between Wooler and Beltbrd. June.

TRIFOLIUM, (p. 155.)

The reader is requested to substitute for T. officinale^ p. 162,
the following :—

1 . T. leucanthum, legumes 2-seeded, ovate, wrinkled ; clusters
lax, unilateral, greenish-white ; corolla twice as long as the calyx,
keel and wings shorter than the standard ; stem erect — Melilotus
leucantha, HOOKER, Brit. Fl. i. 327-

Hab. Coupland plantations near Wooler, James Mitchell,
Esq. R. N. The habitats given under T. officinale be-
long to this species. July.

Mr WINCH appears first to have noticed this plant in Britain.
u A variety bearing white blossoms has been observed by
Mr WINCH growing on Willington Ballast, Durham";
and on the Ballast-hills below Gateshead." — WITHERING,
Bot. Arrang. iii. 795, edit. 5th. It is not a rare plant in
this neighbourhood, but, like the botanist just mentioned,
I had failed to perceive the characters which separate it
from Trif. officinale. The latter, so far as I know, has not
been yet detected in Berwickshire.

TRAGOPOGON, (p. 170.)

^or T.pratensis, described at p. 172, the reader will substi-
tute —

1. T. major, " calyx more than half as long again as the corolla;
leaves tapering, straight, sometimes slightly undulated ; peduncles

ADDITIONAL SPECIES. 287

swelling upwards, especially when bearing seed, fistular." — THOM-
SON in litt. SPRENG. Syst. Veg. iii. 663.

Hob. " Frequent on the banks of the Tweed at Birgham
and Lennel, and in fields near Eccles," Mr R. D. Thom-
son. Frequent all over the east and north of Berwick-
shire and N. Durham, occurring at the sides of fields, in
waste grounds, and also in Deans. June — Oct. 7/

Herb smooth, leek-green, abounding with a bitter milky
juice. Root tapering. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branched.
Flowers, not including the involucre, about an inch in
diameter, yellow, solitary, closing before noon. The boys in
this neighbourhood chew the seeds before they have be-
come hardened and mature.

For this very interesting addition to our wild plants, the
botanist is solely indebted to Mr R. D. THOMSON, son of
the Rev. Mr THOMSON of Eccles; and I have much plea-
sure in recording the discovery, — the more so as my young
friend is a native of the county whose vegetable produc-
tions I have attempted to describe. Having satisfied him-
self that the species was distinct from T. pratensis, with
which I had confounded it, Mr THOMSON stated his opi-
nion, and carried a specimen to Dr HOOKER, who deter-
mined it to be without doubt the T. major of JACQUIN'S
Flora Austriaca, and of SMITH in REES' Cyclopedia. (Hoox.
in litt.)

BIDENS.

I. B. cernua, leaves lanceolate, serrated ; flowers drooping, yel-
low ; bracteas nearly equal, entire ; bristles of the seeds about
four, erect — Nodding Bur-marigold.

Hal. Ditches and ponds, very rare. Pond near Girtrigg
on the farm of Lady flat, Berwickshire, Mr Thomas
Brown. Aug. Sept. Q

The following remarks relative to this plant have been com-
municated to me by Mr BROWN. " Annual plants, it has
been observed, produce in general more seed than peren-
nial, and the reason is obvious. The Bidens is annual, and
we might expect it to have the benefit of this provision,
for indeed the circumstances of its growth seem to call for
greater productiveness than is common even among an-
nuals. It is found by the sides of ponds and ditches, and
its seeds are thus even in danger of being blown either to
the dry land or to the deeper parts of the pond. In either

288 ADDITIONAL SPECIES.

case they must perish. On the dry land they are useless,
for it is a water plant ; and, on the other hand, if blown to
the deeper parts, they will sink to the bottom, and never
germinate, or germinate in vain. Now, though these seeds
are exposed to so many dangers, and though the continu-
ance of the species depends on their preservation, yet is
their number by no means great. The flower-heads are
small, and never numerous ; the seeds large in proportion,
and, of course, few are produced by a single plant. This
apparent deficiency is, however, well compensated by a
peculiar provision. The seeds are four-cornered, and the
corners are furnished with sharp deflexed prickles. Each
of these corners is also prolonged into an awn still more
thickly set with prickles than the corner itself. Now, the
intention of this conformation is obvious. The seed falls
with the awns pointing upwards, — the prickles come into
action, attach themselves to the various plants which float
at or near the surface, and, becoming fixed, germinate in
a favourable situation ; for as the deflexed prickles fix to
the first objects which they meet, the seeds are kept as
near as possible to the stations of the old plants, and pre-
vented from being carried either on shore or into places
that are too deep. How well the prickles are fitted to
perform their office may be gathered from a fact men-
tioned by LIGHTFOOT, that " the seeds of the Bidens tri-
partita have been known sometimes to destroy the Cypri-
nus auratus or goldfinch, by adhering to their gills or jaws."
So closely do they attach themselves to whatever they
come in contact with ! May not this structure of theirs
also save them from the depredations of birds ?

ORCHIS, (p. 190.)

(5. O. viridis, knobs tapering, clustered, divided ; lip of the nec-
tary linear, with 3 teeth, the middle one smallest ; spur very
short, slightly cloven. (3 to 6 inches high ; flowers greenish.) —
Frog Orchis.

Hab> Heathy pastures. Amongst some natural wood op-
posite the village of Lon'gformacus, in the west of Ber-
wickshire ; and on Doddington Moor, North Durham.
July — Sept. 7J.

In both of the above stations a solitary specimen only could
be found after a very diligent search, — a fact perhaps worth
mentioning, because O. viridis in this respect differs from
all our other species, which are social or gregarious plants.

ADDITIONAL SPECIES. 289

EUPHORBIA, (p. 194.)

4. E. esula, umbel of numerous forked branches ; bracteas near-
ly heart-shaped; all the leaves uniform, oblong-lanceolate, en-
tire ; nectaries rhomboid with two horns; capsule smooth.

Hab. Birgham Haugh, Mr R. D. Thomson. July. 11

CAREX, (p. 195.)

24.* C. riparia, stigmas 3; catkins erect, cylindrical, acute,
with taper-pointed scales ; fruit ovate, smooth, tumid, with a
cloven beak. (Stem 3 feet, acutely triangular, rough on the
edges ; leaves broad, long, rough-edged ; bracteas foliaceous, very
long, without sheaths ; fertile catkins 3, stalked, large, the sterile
ones 3 or more, sessile, subtriangular, acute, with long acutely
pointed scales.)

Hab. Watery places. At the river side on Gainslaw-
haugh, plentiful, Mr John Barnes. May, June. 7/

SALIX, (p. 210.)

The reader is desired to erase S. Andersoniana, (p. 216.), and
in its place to insert the following : —

13. S. Forsteriana, stem erect; branches minutely downy;
leaves elliptic-obovate, acute, crenate, slightly downy, glaucous
beneath ; stipules vaulted ; germen stalked, awl-shaped, silky ;
style as long as the blunt notched stigmas.

Ilab. In a hedge near Mount-Pleasant, Durham. May.

POPULUS, (p. 211.)

4. P. canescens, leaves roundish, deeply waved, toothed, hoary
and downy beneath ; fertile catkins cylindrical ; stigmas 8. — Grey
Poplar.

Hab. In some natural wood on the banks of the Dye op-
posite the village of Longformacus, a small tree of this
species was noticed, in the autumn of 1830, by the Rev.
A. Baird and myself.
VOL. ii. N

290 ADDITIONAL SPECIES.

PTEROGONIUM.

1. P. gracile, stems creeping, matted ; branches short, fascicled,
somewhat curved ; leaves small, ovate-acute, concave, serrated at
the points, 2-nerved at the base, patent when moist, but when
dry close and imbricated all round.

Hob. On the porphyry rocks in the deans about Wooler,
abundant, but not in fruit.

ERINEUM, (ii. p. 208.)

7. E. aureum, saffron-yellow, in irregularly effused spots, some-
times spreading over the whole leaf, which is rendered bullate or
distorted.— GREV. Fl Edin. 449. ; Crypt. Fl. t. 33.

Hob. On the leaves of the black poplar in summer, attack-
ing both sides.

No. III.

NOTICE OF SOME SPECIES WHICH ARE ADMIT-
TED INTO THE ENGLISH FLORA, AND ARE
MORE OR LESS NATURALIZED IN BERWICK-
SHIRE AND N. DURHAM.

1. DIPSACUS FULLONUM — Fuller's Teasel. In the hedge of a

cottage garden near Netherbyres, and in the hedge of the
field adjoining, Rev. A. Baird.

2. CORNUS SANGUINE A — Wild Cornel. In shrubberies and in

adjoining hedges, occasionally.

3. PULMONARIA OFFiciNALis— .Common Lungwort. In gardens

NATURALIZED SPECIES. 291

frequent, and occasionally cast out with rubbish, to flourish
by a hedge side for a season or two. The Borago officinalu
and Anchusa sempervirens have no better claims to be con-
sidered indigenous in Berwickshire.

4. POLEMONIUM CCERULEUM — Jacob's Ladder. Sometimes escapes

from the garden in the same manner as the preceding, but
does not spread in a wild state.

5. VINCA MINOR — Lesser Periwinkle. Naturalized in the woods

about Drygrange, in the west of Berwickshire, Rev. A.
Baird.

6. RIBES RUBRUM — Red Currant. In deans, on the sites of de-

serted mills and cottages.

7. RIBES NIGRUM — Black Currant. In similar places to the pre-

ceding.

8. MYRRHIS ODORATA — Sweet Cicely. Pinnaclehill near Kelso,

Mr R. D. Thomson. Found by Mr Baird on the borders
of Coldingham Moor, yet scarce run wild.

9. LINUM USITATISSIMUM — Common Flax. Cultivated in Ber-

wickshire,—hence a stray specimen may occasionally be ga-
thered hi uncultivated places.

10. GALANTHUS NIVALIS — Snowdrop. Near Chillingham, Mrs
Langhorne. In plantations about the residences of our gen-
try, but more seldom, and in less profusion, than the florist
might desire.

11. NARCISSUS PSEUDO-NARCISSUS— Common Daffodil. Near Chil-

lingham in profusion, Mrs Langhorne.

12. TULIPA SYLVESTRIS — Wild Tulip. Naturalized in the wood

at Netherbyres, Rev. A. Baird.

13. ACER PSEUDO-PLATANUS — Sycamore or Plane-tree. From

the size which many of these trees have attained in Ber-
wickshire, it is obvious they agree well with our climate, al-
though of foreign origin.

14. ACER CAMPESTRE — Common Maple. In the hedge between

Longridge and Velvet-hall. Rare even in shrubberies and
plantations in Berwickshire.

N 2

NATTRAUZKI) SJ'KCIKS.

l.'i. (K.VO'I Mi;iCA nn.VNf - l-'.rnninn /'//m/or. J'i;,>M<(j on thf

hunks of the Tweed below Milne (iraden, — u when- many
a garden flower grows wild."

Hi. TILIAEUROPJEA — Lime-tree. In plantations and {.arks.

17. TII.IA f,j<Avm» OMA — llrod.d-lrnMd /Amc-lrcc. In the park
at Nenthorn, with the preceding.

IJJ. JlYPERJCUM AKDHOS/I MI/M — Tul.\n.'n. I5irgharn Haugh, —

where it grew sonic years ago, [jut has now disappeared, Mr

R. D. Thomsom. It has been noticed by Mr liaird and rny-

Heli' in other parts of Derwick.shire, hut in every place too

. obviously the outcast, of gardens.

10. AMTHEMIS NOBILIS — Ctutmomile. About, Chinr-.ide IJridge,
not wild.

20. FAOUH CASTANEA— Sjumvth Chestnut. In plantations, com-

mon.

21. CARP IN u 8 BETULUS — Hornbeam. In plantations, not com-
mon.

22. HUMULUS LUPULUS— Common Hop. fn herlges about Pax-
ton, naturalized.

No. JV.

MMHTJONAi. HAIUTATS FOR SflMK OF TIIK
|{.ARKH, SPIXilKS, WITH OCCASION' A I, UK-
MARKS.

A iniri.Kind, p. II. 'I'd in most of the •.haded deans

in Herwicksh.

VKKON-H A :<r.ulrllnlti, ji. /. I/>fh-I/ithtillurn, and ir ar Leitholm,
Mr It. I). Thomson. On I.angton Kdge, in a ditch by the
road-side from Dunse to Longformacus, af>undantly, Mr
Thomas ttrown.

4

ADDITIONAL HABITATS. 293

UTRICULARIA vulgaris, p. 8. Pond near Girtrigg in the parish
of Langton, plentiful, Mr Thomas Brown.

SCIRPUS sylvaticus, p. 16. Sides of the Whiteadder, halfway be-
tween its mouth and the bridge, Mr. A. Carr. In the Till

at Wooler Bridge.

MKLICA uniflvra, p. 22. About the Pease Bridge, plentiful.

TRITICUM caninum, p. 32. In the woods above Netherbyres,

plentiful.

DIPSACUS sylvestri*, p. 35. In a wood between Cornhill and New
Learmouth, N. Durham, Rev. A. Baird.

SAGINA maritima, p. 42. On the Farn Islands.

A NC H us A sempervirens, p. 53. On hills of columnar greenstone
to the north of Hume Castle, Mr R. D. Thomson.

SYMPHYTUM tuberosum, p. 53. Westruther, Mr James Thomson.

VIOLA luiea, p. 59. On the summit of Cockburn Law. (On the
hills above Yetholm, Roxburghshire, abundant, where also
I have seen the purple-flowered variety.)

VERBASCUM Thapsus, p. 50. Banks of Wooler Water, about half
a mile above Middleton, evidently wild, Mr W. Baird.
Twizel Castle, Mr R. D. Thomson.

HYOSCYAMUS niyer, p. 60. North bank of the Tweed opposite
Littledean Castle, Mr R. D. Thomson.

AT no PA lellfj.flonnf/.y p. 00. Banks of a small rivulet which enters
the Tweed above Hornclifij X. Durham, Mr A. A. Carr.

EUONYMUS europasust p» 63. Wooded banks of the Whiteadder
opposite Edrington-mill ; and in Lumsden Dean, sparingly.

AM.H;M oleraceum, p. 77. In the woods at Netherbyres, Rev.
A. Baird.

Sen. LA verna, p. 77- Flowers in June on this coast.

RUMKX sanguineus, p. 82. Near S \vinton-house, Rev. A. Baird.
Langton woods, abundant, Mr Thomas Brown.

294 ADDITIONAL HABITATS.

EPILOBIUM angustifolium, p. 86. Tweedside at Birgham, Mr R.
D. Thomsom. Lumsden Dean.

VACCINIUM Vitis-idaa, p. 88. On the wooded rocky hill above
Hepburn at Chillingham remarkably tall, but not abundant,
Messrs W. Baird and Johnston. Banks of the Whiteaddjer
above Abbey St Bathans, sparingly, Mr Thomas Brown.
(The specimens gathered in this station are very bushy, with
leaves much crowded. — See HOOKER, Brit. FL i. 178.) On
Hedge-hope, abundant. About the top of Dirrington Law,
plentiful.

PYROLA rotundifolia, p. 93. Haiden Dean, abundant.

PYROLA media, p. 94. On the wooded and heathy bank above
the school-house at Abbey St Bathans, most abundant. In
Lumsden Dean.

DIANTHUS deltoides, p. 95. Very common in the west of Ber-
wickshire, but rare on its eastern side, where, however, it oc-
curs in tolerable abundance at St Helen's church, and in
Lumsden Dean.

SILENE maritime p. 96. The period at which this plant flowers
is very erroneously given in the text, and the reader is re-
quested to insert June for Aug. Sept. when only a few late
specimens can be got in blossom. On the Farn Islands, as
Mr W. Robertson has correctly remarked, it is very large,
and assumes something of the habit of the common and much
less beautiful S. inflata.

ARE N ARIA verna, p. 98. Spindlestone Craigs, Mr R. Embleton.

SEDUM villosum, p. 99. Boggy spots between Whitchester and
Longformacus, plentiful; and on the top of a hill at the
road-side about half way between Dunse and Longformacus,
Mr Thomas Brown.

LYCHNIS diurna, p. 100. The fertile plant is, in general, much
more robust and clumsy than the barren one ; and the petals
of the former have a large tooth at the sides, which those of
the latter commonly want, their margins being entire. The
difference between them is so considerable, that the plants
can readily be distinguished at a distance ; and though I do

ADDITIONAL HABITATS. 295

not mean to say that these characters are constant, yet they
are sufficiently so to deserve remark.

SEMPERVIVUM tectorum, p. 106. " The leaves of this familiar
plant, vulgarly termed Fooz, I have seen employed by the
common people as an external application to corns, and I
have been told that very considerable relief was experienced
from their use." Mr R. D. Thomson.

ROSA ruligmosa, p. 112. On the banks of the Eden above Nen-
thorn, quite wild, and tolerably plentiful.

TORMENTILLA reptans, p. 116. Ferneyrig Bog, not common,
Mr R. D. Thomson.

GEUM urbanum, p. 117. The variety of this species, which
Erhart has considered distinct, and named G. intermedium,
grows at hedge sides about Eyemouth, and in the dean be-
low Dulaw, where it was pointed out to me by my friend the
Rev. A. Baird.

CHELIDONIUM majus, p. 119. Road-side half a mile east of Cold-
stream, Rev. A. Baird. (Melrose Abbey.)

GLAUCIUM luteum, p. 119. Shore between Dunglass dean and
the Coves, plentiful, Mr A. A. Carr.

NUPHAR lutea, p. 120. Pond at Kames, Mr R. D. Thomson.

C ALT HA palustris, p. 125. Having tried the flower-buds as a
substitute for capers, I can assert that they have no flavour
of capers whatever, but are in truth very disagreeable ; and
the use of them may be hurtful, for the plant is possessed of
acrid and poisonous properties. See CHRISTISON on Poisons,
p. 448.

STACHYS palmtris, p. 133. Mr Thomson has called my attention
to a variety of this plant which he finds in the fields at Ec-
cles, and which is common in this vicinity. It is distinguish-
ed by its leaves being supported on short stalks, and rather
more hairy than usual ; but possesses, as I think, no differ-
ential character of any importance. S. palustris has been
lately cultivated as an esculent vegetable, and for having

206 ADDITIONAL HABITATS.

suggested its use in this way, Mr Houlton received the
silver medal from the Society of Arts. "It increases rapidly
by creeping roots, and forms on these, during the summer, a
number of thick, half-tuberous buds, from which the stems of
the next year are to arise. From the end of autumn to the
close of winter, these tuberous buds abound in a mild, some-
what sweetish, farinaceous matter, and are then fit for domes-
tic use, being crisp, without fibre, and of a peculiar but
scarcely perceptible flavour."

CARDAMINE pratensis, p. 143. I have noticed this flower to pro-
pagate itself in a manner of which there is not, I believe, ano-
ther example to be found amongst native plants, but not un-
common with the succulent plants of hot-houses. In autumn
little bunches of leaves may be seen to grow from the upper
surface of the old but perfectly fresh leaves, and throwing
out a radicle fibre, it creeps along to seek apparently a soil
proper to take root in. These parasitical bunches are certain-
ly young plants, and will detach themselves either when the
root has reached and fixed itself in the soil, or when the pa-
rent leaf has decayed.

CARDAMINE amara, p. 144. In wet places about the base of
Cockburn Law, plentiful. About the head of Langton wood,
Mr Thomas Brown. In the Pease Glen, and in Dunglass
dean, Rev. A. Baird.

GERANIUM lucidum, p. 151. Near Pinnaclehill, Kelso, Mr R. D.
Thomson. On rocks by the side of the Whiteadder, on the
south side of Cockburn Law,

MALVA moschata, p. 153. Road sides near Birgham, sparingly;
and near Newton Don, plentiful, Mr R. D. Thomson. Lang-
ton woods, abundant, Mr Thomas Brown.

Fu MARIA claviculata, p. 156. In the Pease Bridge dean on stony
spots between the Forester's houses, -plentiful.

ASTRAGALUS glycyphyllos* p. 161. In the ravine above Burn-
mouth, Mr A. A. Carr. Flowers in July and August.

GENISTA tinctoria, p. 158. Longridge Dean, Mr Thos. Brown.
Near Whiterig, in the parish of Eccles, Rev. A. Baird.

ADDITIONAL HABITATS. 297

OXONIS arvensis, p. 159. " The tender fibres of the root of this
plant, called Liquors-stick by the Merse people, contain much
saccharine matter, and when boiled with sugar, are used as a
substitute for the Spanish liquorice of the shops, in coughs
and colds." Mr 11. D. Thomson.

VICIA laihyroides, p. 261. On the precipitous and dry rocky
banks of Ale water, Berwickshire.

LEONTODON palustre, p. 174. Coldingham moor, abundantly;
and not uncommon on other heaths in moist places.

CNICUS heterophyttm, p. 179. Langton Lees' Cleugh, Mr T.
Brown. Banks of the Whiteadder above Claribad mill, Mr
R. Dunlop.

SENECIO tenuifolius, p. 184. Road-side south of Orange-lane. On
Hadden-rig, and near Anton's-hill, Berwickshire, Mr R. D.
Thomson.

SENECIO viscosus, p. 184. Magdalen fields at the Cow-port, Mr
A. A. Carr. In the wood above Netherbyres, Rev. A. Baird,
Near Lumsden, and other places in Berwickshire.

CHRYSANTHEMUM segetum, p. 187. Very abundant among the
corn in some of the fields at Greenhead in the parish of
Coldingham, Mr Henderson, surgeon, Chirnside.

LISTERA cordata, p. 193. On Hedge-hope.

TYPHA latifolia, p. 197. Lithtillum Loch and Ferneyrig Bogj
plentiful, Mr R. D. Thomson. In a pool by the side of the
Whiteadder below Ewe-hole, Mr Henderson.

CAREX Icevigata, p. 203. In moist places at the base of the wooded
hill above Hepburn, N. Mr W. Baird.

QUERCUS sessiliflora, p. 207. The oak in the Pease Bridge dean
is principally of this species.

SALIX alba, p. 218. The remark terminating the account of this
tree is erroneous, for the fertile plant is not uncommon.

N 3

298 NATURAL SYSTEM.

No. V.

THE FLORA OF BERWICK-UPON-TWEED, ARRAN-
GED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM.

( The numbers affixed to the genera express the number of species in
each genus described in the work.)

I. DICOTYLEDONS^.

RANUNCULACEJE — Thalictrum, 3. Anemone, 1. Ranunculus, 10.
Trollius, 1. Caltha, 1.

BERBERIDE^E — Berberis, 1 .

NYMPHJEACE^E — Nuphar, 1.

PAPAVERACEJE — Papaver, 3. Glaucium, 1. Chelidonium, 1.

FUMARIACEJE — Fumaria, 3.

CRUCIFER^: — Cheiranthus, 1. Nasturtium, 3. Barbarea, 2.
Arabis, 1. Cardamine, 3. Draba, 1. Cochlearia, 2. Thlas-
pi, 2. Teesdalia, 1. Cakile, 1. Hesperis, 1. Sisymbrium, 3.
Erysimum, 1. Senebiera, 1. Lepidium, 1. Brassica, 2.
Sinapis, 4. Crambe, 1. Raphanus, 1.

CISTINE.E — Cistus, 1.
VIOLARIE^E — Viola, 6.
RESEDACE^E— Reseda, 2.
DROSERACE^E — Drosera, 2.
^E — Polygala, 2.

1. Silene, 2. Lychnis, 3. Agros-

NATURAL SYSTEM. 299

temma, 1. Sagina, 3. Spergula, 3. Stellaria, 5. Arena-
ria/6. Cerastium, 5.

LINE^E — Linum, 1. Radiola, 1.

MALVACEAE — Malva, 3.

HYPERICINES — Hypericum, 5. Parnassia, 1.

GERANIACES — Geranium, 9. Erodium, 1.

OXALIDES — Oxalis, 1.

CELASTRINES — Euonymus, 1. Ilex, 1.

LEGUMINOSS — Ulex, 1. Genista, 2. Spartium, 1. Ononis, 1.
Anthyllis, 1. Medicago, 2. Trifolium, 9. Lotus, 2. As-
tragalus, 2. Vicia, 6. Ervum, 1. Lathy rus, 1. Orobus, 2.

ROSACES— Primus, 3. Spiraea, 2. Geum, 2. Rubus, 8. Fra-
garia, 1. Potentilla, 5. Tormentilla, 2. Comarum, 1.
Agrimonia, 1. Alchemilla, 2. Poterium, 1. Rosa, 9. Mes-
pilus, 1. Pyrus, 2.

ONAGRARIS — Epilobium, 7- Circaea, 1.

HALORAGES— Myriophyllum, 1. Callitriche, 2.

HIPPURIDES — Hippuris, L

LYTHRARIE^E — Ly thrum, 1.

PORT UL ACE JE — Montia, 1.

PARONYCHIE^E — Scleranthus, 1.

CRASSULACE^E — Rhodiola, 1. Sedum, 5. Sempervivum, 1.

GROSSULARIE^E — Ribes, 1.

SAXIFRAGES — Saxifraga, 2. Chrysosplenium, 1. Adoxa, 1.

UMBELLIFERS— Daucus, 1. Torilis, 2. Heracleum, 1. Ange-
lica, 1. Bunium, 1. Pimpinella, 1. Sium, 3. Ligusticum,
1. Cnidium, 1. yEgopodium, 1. yEthusa, 1. (Enanthe, 2.
Cicuta, 1. Chaerophyllum, 1. Anthriscus, 1. Scandix, 1.
Myrrhis, 1. Smyrnium, 1. Conium, 1. Sanicula, 1. Hy-
drocotyle, 1.

CAPRIFOLIACE^:— Hedera, 1. Cornus, 1. Sambucus, ^. Vi-
burnum, 2. Lonicera, 1.

300 NATURAL SYSTEM.

RUBIACE^E — Galium, 8. Asperula, 1. Sherardia, 1.
VALERIANE^E — Fedia, 1. Valeriana, 2.
DIPSACE^E — Scabiosa, 3. Dipsacus, 1.

COMPOSITE — Eupatorium, 1. Tussilago, 2. Senecio, 5. Aster, I.
Erigeron, 1. Solidago, 1. Bellis, 1. Inula, 1. Gnapha-
lium, 5. Chrysanthemum, 2. Pyrethrum, 3. Anthemis, 1.
Achillea, 2. Artemisia, 4. Tanacetum, 1. Bidens, 1. Arc-
tium, 2. Onopordum, 1. Carduus, 4. Cnicus, 4. Centau-
rea, 2. Carlina, 1. Sonchus, 2. Lactuca, 1. Lapsana, 1.
Crepis, 1. Leontodon, 2. Picris, 1. Hieracium, 6. Hy-
pochaeris, 1. Tragopogon, 1. Apargia, 2. Cichorium, 1.

CAMPANULACE^E — Campanula, 2.
VACCINES— Vaccinium 3.

ERICINE^E — Empetrum, 1. Pyrola, 3. Arbutus, 1. Erica, 2.
Calluna, 1.

JASMINES — Ligustrum, 1. Fraxinus, 1.

GENTIANE^ — Menyanthes, 1. Gentiana, 2. Erythraea, 2.

CONVOLVULACE^E — Convolvulus, 2.

— Echium, 1. Lithospermum, 1. Symphytum, 2.
Lycopsis, 1. Anchusa, 1. Borago, 1. Asperugo, 1. Myo-
sotis, 5. Cynoglossum, 1.

SOLANE^E— Solanum, 1. Atropa, 1. Hyoscyamus, 1. Verbas-
cum, 2.

ANTIRRHINE^E — Digitalis, 1. Antirrhinum, 2. Scrophularia, 1.
OROBANCHE^E — Lathrsea, 1.

RHINANTHACE^E — Melampyrum, 2. Pedicularis, 2. Rhinan-
thus, 2. Bartsia, 1. Euphrasia, 1.

VERONICE^E — Veronica, 12.

LABIATE— Salvia, 1. Ajuga, 1. Teucrium, 1. Marrubium, 1.
Ballota, 1. Betonica, 1. Galeopsis, 2. Lamium, 4. Ne-
peta, 1. Stachys, 3. Glechoma, 1. Mentha, 6. Thymus, 1.
Clinopodium, 1. Origanum; 1. Prunella, 1. Scutellaria, 1.

LZNTIBULARI^E— Pinguicula, 1. Utricularia, 1.

NATURAL SYSTEM. 301

PRIMULACE^E— Lysimachia, 2. Anagallis, 2. Trientalis, 1. Pri-
mula, 2. Glaux, 1. Samolus, 1.

PLUMB A&iNEJE-Statice, 2. Littorella, 1.
PLANTAGINEJE — Plantago, 5.

CHENOPODE^E — Salicornia, 1. Salsola, 1. Chenopodium, 5. A tri-
plex, 3.

POLYGONS^ — Rumex, 6. Polygonum, 6.
THYME LE^E — Daphne, 1.

EUPHORBIACE.E — Euphorbia, 4. Mercurialis, 1.
URTICE.E — Parietaria, 1. Urtica, 2.

AMEXTACE.E — Ulmus, 1. Betula, 1. Alnus, 1. Salix, 18. Po-
pulus, 4. Fagus, 1. Quercus, 2. Corylus, 1.

MY RICE JE — Myrica, 1.

CONIFERS — Taxus, 1. Juniperus, 1, Pinus, 1.

II. MONOCOTYLEDONEJE.

ALISMACE^E — Alisma, 2. Triglochin, 2.

POTAME^: — Potamogeton, 8. Zanichellia, 1. Zostera, 1.

ORCHIDE^E — Orchis, 0. Listera, 3. Epipactis, 1.

IRIDE^E — Iris, 1.

ASPARAGEJE — Convallaria, 1.

LILIACE^: — Scilla, 2. Allium, 5.

JUNCE^E— Narthecium, 1. Juncus, 9. Luciola, 4.

AROIDE^; — Arum, 1.

TYPHACE^E — Typha, 1. Sparganium, 2.

CYPERACE^E— Schoenus, 1. Eleocharis, 1. Scirpus, 8. Eriopho-

rum, 3. Carex, 28.
GRAMINE^E — Nardus, 1. Phalaris, 2. Phleum, 2. Alopecurus, 2.

Agrostis, 2. Aira,' 6. Holcus, 3. Melica, 3. Glyceria, 4.

Poa, 3. Triodia, 1. Briza, 1. Dactylis, 1. Cynosurus, 1.

Festuca, 9. Bromus, 3. Avena, 4. Arundo, 2. Lolium, 3.

Hordeum, 2. Triticum, 3.

, 2.

302 NATURAL SYSTEM.

III. ACOTYLEDONE^:.

CHARACE^E — Chara, 3.
EQUISETACE^E — Equisetum, 6.

FILICES — Botrychium, 1. Polypodium, 3. Aspidium, 6. Cys-
tea, 1. Asplenium, 4. Scolopendrium, 1. Blechnum, 1.
Pteris, 2.

LYCOPODIACE^E — Lycopodium, 4.

Musci — Polytrichum, 8. Bart' amia, 3. Funaria, 1. Bryum,
14. Anomodon, 1. Fontinalis, 1. Hookeria, 1. Hypnum,
39. Pterogonium, 1. Tortula, 7- Didymodon, 2. Dicra-
num, 12. Weissia, 3. Encalypta, 1. Cinclidotus, 1. Tri-
chostomum, 5. Grimmia, 3. Orthotrichum, 8. Tetraphis,
1. Splachnum, 1. Anictangium, 1. Gymnostomum, 4.
Sphagnum, 3. Phascum, 3. Andrsea, 1.

HEPATIC^E— Jungermannia, 27. Marchantia, 1. Anthoceros, 1.
Riccia, 1.

LicHENES—Endocarpon, 1. Gyrophora, 2. Peltidea, 3. Ne-
phroma, 1. Sticta, 2. Parmelia, 9. Collema, 3. Evernia,
1. Borrera, 3. Cetraria, 2. Ramalina, 4. Usnea, 1. Cor-
nicularia, 2. Alectoria, ,1. Sphserophoron, 2. Cenomyce, 8.
Isidium, 1. Boeomyces? 1. Opegrapha, 5. Arthonia, 2.
Verrucaria, 2. Lecidea, 12. Lecanora, 7. Porina, 1. Va-
riolaria, 1. Spiloma, 1. Lepraria, 3.

HYPOXYLA. Sphseria, 57. Dothidea, 5. Hysterium, 8. Pha-
cidium, 3. Rhytisma, 2. Ceuthospora, 1. Xyloma, 8.

FUNGI — Dacrymyces, 2. Tremella, 4. Cenangium, 1. Peziza,
19. Morchella, 1. Leotia, 1. Typhula, 1. Clavaria, 7»
Auricularia, 4. Hydnum, 2. Boletus, 4. Polyporus, 8.
Cantharellus, 2. Agaricus, 52. Phallus, 1.

LYCOPERDACE^E — Scleroderma, 1. Lycoperdon, 4. Onygena, 1.
Arcyria, 1. Stemonitis, 1. Leocarpus, 1. Craterium, 1.
Trichia, 3. Physarum, 1. Lycogola, 3. Cyathus, 1. Rhi-
zomorpha, 3. Erysiphe, 8. Sclerotium, 6. Illosporium, 1.

UREDINE^E — Tubercularia, 3. Podisoma, 1. Stilbospora, 4.
Septaria, 1. Puccinia, 24. Uredo, 38. ^Ecidium, 19.

1

NATURAL SYSTEM. 303

: — Erineum, 7- Mucor, 2. Aspergillus, 1. Peni-
cillium, 1, Botrytis, 2. Sepedonium, 1. Fusidium, 1.
Racodium, 1. Cladosporium, 1. Torula, 1. Acrosporium,
1. Byssus, 1. Himantia, 1.

Fucacece — Fucus, 5. Desmarestia, 1. Furcellaria, 1.
LaminariecB — Himanthalea, 1. Laminaria, 5. Florida — Du-
montia, 1. Halymenia, 8. Delesseria, 3. Odonthalia, 1.
Chondrus, 2. Lichina, 2. Gelidium, 1. Plocamium, 2.
Lomentaria, 2. Laurencia, 1. Gigartina, 3. Polyides, 1.
DictyotecB — Zonaria, 1. Asperococcus, 1. Ulvacea — Dictyo-
siphon, 1. Chorda, 1. Dumontia, 1. Ulva, 8. Punctaria,

1. Chetophoroidea — Nostoc, 1. Linckia, 2. Chsetophora, 3.
Coccochloris, 5. Ceramiece - Cladosephus, 1. Rhodomela, 2.
Polysiphonia, 8. Ceramium, 4. Asperocaulon, 1. Griffith,
sia, 1. Callithamnion, 4. Ectocarpus, 1. Amphiconium, 2.
Trentepohlia, 2. VaucheriecB — Vaucheria, 4. Zygnemece —
Zygnema, 4. Confervece — Lemanea, 1. Batrachospermum,

2. Draparnaldia, 1. Conferva, 13. Bangiece — Bangia, 3.
Schizonema, 1. Lyngbyece— Lyngbya, 1. BacillariecB — Echi-
nella, 5. Gomphonema, 3. Oscillarice — Oscillatoria, 4.

304 COMPARATIVE TABLE OF

No. VI.

A COMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE PH^NOGAMOUS
PLANTS AND FERNS OF GREAT BRITAIN, .ENG-
LAND, SCOTLAND, AND BERWICK.

I. DlCOTYLEDONES.

Brit.

Eng.

Scot.

Ber.

Ranunculaeese,

36

35

28

16

Berberideae, . .

2

2

2

1

Nymphaeaceae,

3

3

3

1

Papaveraceae,

11

10

7

5

Fumariaceae, ....

6

6

4

3

Cruciferae, ....

72

68

57

32

5

5

1

1

8

8

7

6

Resedaceae, ....

3

3

2

2

Droseraceae, ....

3

3

3

2

Polygaleae, ....

1

1

1

1

Frankeniaceae,

2

2

0

0

Caryophylleae, . . .

58

50

47

29

Lineae, .....

5

5

3

2

Malvaceae, ....

6

6

5

3

Tiliaceae, ....

3

3

2

2

Hypericineae,

11

9

11

7

2

2

2

2

Geraniaceae, ....

16

16

13

10

Balsamineae, ....

1

1

1

0

Oxalideae, ....

2

2

2

1

Celastrineae,

,3

3

2

2

Rhamneae, ....

2

2

2

0

Leguminosae,

69

66

45

31

Rosaceae, ....

82

72

63

40

Cucurbitaceae,

1

1

1

0

Onagrariae, ....

13

12

11

8

Halorageae, ....

5

5

3

3

Hippurideae, ....

1

1

1

1

Ceratophylleae,

2

2

1

0

Lathrarieae, ....

3

3

2

1

Tamariscineae,

1

1

0

0

Portulaceae, ....

1

1

1

1

Paronychieae, .

7

7

2

1

Crassulaceae,

16

16

10

7

Carried over .

BRITISH PH^NOGAMOUS PLANTS.

Brit.

Eng.

Scot.

Ber.

Grossularieae,

6

6

5

3

Saxifrageae, ....

28

17

20

4

Umbelliferoe,

65

62

46

26

Caprifoliaceae,

11

11

10

7

Lorantheae, . . «.

1

1

1

0

Rubiaceae, .

21

18

17

10

Valerianeae, ....

8

7

5

3

Dipsaceae, ....

6

6

6

5

Compositae, ....

132

120

105

65

Lobeliaceae, ....

2

2

1

0

Campanulaceae,

13

12

9

2

Vaccineae, ....

4

4

4

3

Ericineae, ....

20

12

14

8

Monotropeae,

1

1

1

0

Jasmineae, ....

3

3

3

2

Apocyneae, ....

2

2

2

1

Gentianeae, ....

15

14

7

5

Polemoniaceae,

1

1

1

0

Convolvulaceae,

5

5

5

2

Boragineae, ....

24

23

22

14

Solaneae, ....

12

12

9

5

Antirrhineae,

14

14

10

4

Orobancheae, .

8

7

3

1

Rhinanthaceae,

13

13

10

8

Veroniceae, ....

19

15

16

12

Labiatae, ....

55

54

41

28

Verbenaceae,

1

1

1

0

Lentibulariae,

6

4

5

2

Primulaceae, ....

19

18

16

10

Plumbaginese,
Plantagineae,

5
5

5
5

4
5

3

5

Amaranthaceae,

1

1

0

0

Chenopodeae,

25

25

19

10

Polygoneae, ....

23

21

23

12

Thymeleae, ....

2

2

1

1

Santalaceae, ....

1

1

0

0

Elaeagnea3, ....

1

1

0

o

Aristolochieae,

2

2

1

0

Euphorbiaceae,

17

17

7

5

Urticeae, ....

5

5

4

4

Amentaceae, ....

84

61

70

31

Myriceae, ....

1

1

l

1

Coniferae, ....

4

3

4

3

1158

1048

879

526

306

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF

Brit.

Eng.

Scot.

Ber.

II. MONOCOTYLEDONES.

Hydrocharideae,

2

2

1

0

Alismaceae,

9

9

6

4

Potameae,

17

17

15

10

Orchideae,

37

34

17

10

Irideae,

7

6

1

1

Amaryllideae,

5

5

2

2

Asparageae,

8

7

6

1

Liliaceae,

19

19

11

8

Colchicaceae,

2

2

2

0

Junceae,

28

22

27

14

Hestiaceae,

1

0

1

0

Aroideae,

2

2

2

1

Typhaceae,

6

6

5

3

Cyperaceae,

92

77

80

41

Gramineae,

120

110

96

58

Lemnaceae,

4

4

4

2

359

322

276

155

III. ACOTYLEDONES.

Characeae, ....

7

7

5

3

Equisetaceae,
Filices,

8
41

7

39

8
34

6
19

Lycopodineae,

6

6

6

4

62

59

53

32

DlCOTYLEDONES, .

1158

1048

879

526

MONOCOTYLEDONES,

359

322

276

155

ACOTYLEDONES,

62

59

53

32

1579

1429

1208

713

Of the British plants, Professor HENSLOW considers 17 genera
and 45 species of Dicotyledones, and 3 genera and 6 species of the

BRITISH PH^ENOGAMOUS PLANTS. 307

Monocotyledones, as having been naturalized *. Several of those
which are native to England have emigrated into Scotland, where
they are now more or less naturalized ; but, with the exception
of the Scotch fir, it would seem that the English Flora has re-
ceived no accessions from her northern sister. Of those which
Professor HENSLOW marks as aliens, the Flora of Berwick pos-
sesses 1 0 species ; and no less than 56 of the English aborigines
have no better claim to denization in our district. Some of these
have been introduced originally for their beauty or fitness for
the garden ; some for their utility ; and some, which are worth-
less, have come uninvited, and taken possession of his fields in
spite of the best efforts of the agriculturist to eradicate them.
It is very difficult, however, to give a correct catalogue of the
plants which have been thus introduced, and it may perhaps be
thought that, from the following, not a few have been excluded
on questionable grounds.

1. ^Introduced by the Gardener.

Anchusa sempervirens. f Onopordon acanthium.

-f- Barbarea prsecox. •(• Phalaris canariensis.

Berberis vulgaris. Pyrethrum parthenium.

Borago officinalis — " venit lieseda lutea.

olim ex Aleppo." WILD. Ribes grossularia ?

Cheiranthus fruticulosus. nigrum.

Chelidonium majus. rubrum.

•j- Cichorium Intybus. Salvia verbenaca ?

Convolvulus sepium. Sempervivum tectorum.

f Dipsacus fullonum. Spiraea salicifolia.

•f- sylvestris. Tulipa sylvestris.

•j- Galanthus nivalis. -J- Verbascum nigrum.

f Hypericum androssemum. Viburnum Lantana.

Ligustrum vulgare. Yinca minor.

Mentha piperita. Allium schsenoprasum.

f Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus. Sedum reflexum ?
•f- (Enothera biennis, from America.

(The species to which the mark •)• is prefixed are so imperfectly
naturalized as to have got no permanent stations.)

* Catalogue of British Plants : Cambridge, 1829,— a little work from which I
have received great assistance in drawing up the above Table.

308 GENERAL REMARKS.

2. Introduced by the Agriculturist or Planter.

Acer campestre. Populus alba.

Pseudo-platanus. nigra.

Brassica napus. Primus cerasus.

rapa. Salix alba.

Carpinus betula. Forsteriana.

Fagus castanea. Russelliana.

sylvatica. Smithiana.

Humulus lupulus. Taxtis baccata ?

•f Linum usitatissimum. Tilia europsea.

Medicago sativa. grandifolia.

Pinus sylvestris.

3. Weeds.

Agrostemma Githago. Papaver argemone.

Avena fatua. dubium.

Chrysanthemum segetum. rhceas.

Centaurea cyanus. Ranunculus arvensis.

Fumaria officinalis *. Raphanis raphanistrum.

•f Lolium arvense. Veronica filiformis.

-J- temulentum.

Of our wild plants, the Statice limonium, Convallaria polygona-
tum, Picris echioides, and Sisymbrium Irioy reach their most northern
limits in N. Durham or in the liberties of Berwick; and Dunglass
Den appears to be the only station in Scotland for Viburnum Ian-
tana. The Ligusticum scoticum^ on the contrary, the Sympliytum
tuberosum, and the Cornus suecica, are scarcely to be found further
south, and when they do occur it is in sparing quantities. For
the Salvia verbenaca we have three habitats in N. Durham, but
in Scotland it is said to grow only in the vicinity of Edinburgh.
The Scilla verna, until detected by Mr BAIRD on the coast of
Berwickshire, was presumed to be ; a peculiar ornament of the
western coasts ; Rhodiola rosea has not previously been found, in

* F. officinalis,—" in arvis agris vineis oleraceis orbis fere totius, verosimiliter
ex Oriente aut Graecia orta, in Europa aevo Gessneri rarissima nunc vulgatissima,
in America boreali et meridional!, et ad Caput Bonae Spei forsan cum cerealihus
aut oleribus introducta."— DBCANDOLLE, Syst. Veg. ii. 135,

GENERAL REMARKS. 309

such a southern latitude, to descend even to a level with the
shore ; while to decorate with her warm and showy blossoms the
sandy links of our coast, the Geranium sanguineum has left her
" alpine or limestone pastures." The Tragopogon major, as a na-
tive plant, was first discovered in Berwickshire, nor is it yet
known to grow in any other part of the kingdom. Trifolium leu-
canthum, Senecio tenuifolius, Euphorbia esula, Veronica, filiformis,
Aspidium aculeatum, and its variety angulare, are all late additions
to the British or Scotch Floras, and among the most interesting
for their rarity.

There are some plants of frequent occurrence with us which
are esteemed rare in Scotland. Cnidium silaus, so common in
Berwickshire, would appear to be confined to the Border, for it
has only been detected besides in the adjacent county of Rox-
bxirgh. Cemstium arvense is found near Edinburgh sparingly,
and not elsewhere in Scotland, except on the banks of the Tweed,
where, from its mouth upwards to Kelso, it is a rather common
flower. Scabiosa columbaria. Primula elatior and veris, Viola hirta,
Hordeum murinum, Lactuca virosa, and Carex curta, all accounted
rare in the Flora Scotica, are some of them far from uncommon,
and the three latter are abundant with us. On the other hand,
the following, which are said to be frequently met with in the
north of England, and in the south or lowlands of Scotland, must
be esteemed amongst our rarest plants, viz. Galium boreale, Sym-
phylum tuberosum and officinale, Adoxa moschatellina, Bidens cernua,
Cnicus heterophyllus, Myrica Gale, Asplenium ruta-muraria, and
Cystea fragilis ; and we do not possess at all Poa aquatica and
tiemoralis, Stellaria nemorum, Myosotis sylvatica, Aspidium thelypteris
nor even the vulgar weed Anthemis cotula, though all of them are
accounted at least not uncommon in districts similar to ours in
soil and climate.

In regard to the distribution of our phsenogamous plants, I
have but a few remarks to make. On traversing our shores to
the south of the Tweed, it is obvious enough that, on the links,
or where the shallow soil lies immediately above limestone, the
herbage is short, even, and close, unless the sand is so loose as to
permit the growth of few other grasses than of the bent. This
herbage is profusely enamelled with many pretty flowers, such
as the Erodium, the Pimpernel, the Cerastium arvense, the purple
Astragalus, Galium verum, Erythrcea littoralis, Ononis, and the

310 GENERAL REMARKS.

Gentians, &c. ; and amongst the bent, the Geranium sanguineum,
the Cynoglossum, Ecliium, the Burnet Rose, &c. show off bravely.
But where the continuity of the siliceous links is broken in upon
by a sandstone cliff, the change in the vegetation is immediate,
proceeding, probably, not so much from the change in the nature
of the subjacent strata, as from concomitant alterations in the
depth and moisture of the soil. The grass becomes coarse and
rank, the bent and the flowers above enumerated disappear, and
their place is supplied by tall grasses, — the primrose, cowslip, the
early orchis, wood sage, hypericums, and the various heaths, &c.
The point of Hudshead, which is a sandstone cliff, affords a fine
illustration of these remarks, when contrasted with the links on
either side of it, which have limestone as a base, for the only
plants common to the two sites are the Gentiana amarella and
Geranium sanguineum, — the former apparently not at home on
the sandstone, but the latter is as luxuriant and ornamental on
either place as it is on the greenstone cliffs of Arthur's Seat.

The coast of Berwickshire is very different from that of N.
Durham in its physical characters and in its vegetable produc-
tions. It is rocky and precipitous, fissured, however, by frequent
and deep ravines, through each of which a burn or streamlet finds
a way to the sea, where, at its debouchement, it forms a sandy
plat generally of small extent. The only exception to this gene-
ral character occurs at Coldingham, where the shore is low and
sandy, similar to that of Durham. The rocks for the three or
four first miles from Berwick northwards are sandstone, covered
in general by a deep soil and a coarse vegetation ; and there are
many wet spots favourable to the growth of the large Umbelliferce,
the Eupatorium, Equiseta, and the tall Festucce. The Geranium
sanguineum abhors the fellowship of these vulgar species, and is
no where to be seen north of the river, but its place is supplied
by the red lychnis, which flourishes here in great profusion, and
by the Geranium pratense, less choice in her companions. Even
where the coast is driest, the flowers which are so profuse on the
opposite shore are not to be found ; the purple astragalus, the
pimpernel, the gaudy viper's-bugloss, &c. have disappeared en-
tirely, and the scurvy grass, the primrose, the dog's violet, the
orchis, the white saxifrage, &c. occupy the ground. Some spots
there are on these banks, which, in summer's pride, display much
floral beauty, and for its pre-eminence in this respect the Needle-

GENERAL REMARKS. 311

eye deserves a passing notice. In June and July that picturesque
promontory glows with one full flush of vegetation, where the
red lychnis, the fair white blossoms of the sea-campion, spot-
ted with their purple anthers, and recumbent on the soft sea-green
under foliage, and the sea-pink, with her rose-coloured buttons,
and other blossoms, white, blue, and red, commingle to produce
one of the most brilliant and charming scenes.

" Lo ! how they springe and sprede, and of divers hue,
Beholdith and seith, both white, red, and blue.
That lusty bin and comfortabyll for mannis sight,
For I say for myself it maketh my hert to light."

The sandstone strata are succeeded by rocks of grey-wacke *,
and the change in the vegetable covering, if not striking at a first
glance, is nevertheless considerable. Unless the spot be moist
and boggy, and now there are few such spots, the grass grows no
longer rank, but forms a short green sward, principally, perhaps,
the growth of Festucce. The lychnis and the umbelliferse leave
these banks, retiring to the moist recesses in the ravines ; the
astragalus reappears, without, however, its companions, on the
southern shore, for the arenose plants do not endure even this
soil ; but we now meet with the ox-lip, the dwarf cistus, the vernal
squill, rose-root, the Scotch lovage, and others of a less interest-
ing character. On the unstratified rocks we find also the Arenaria
verna and Dianthus deltoides, which, in Berwickshire, appear to be
confined to this formation. The sandy plats produce the same
species as occur in similar sites in N. Durham, with only the ex-
ceptions of the Erythrcea littoralis and Geranium sanguineum^ a
deficiency almost compensated by the presence of the yellow
horned-poppy.

Such is a very general outline of the botanical peculiarities of
our coast, and relative to those of the interior I have little to say.
Almost all the plants mentioned in the Flora are found scattered
through the district, from the shore even to the most inland parts,
distributed in general without any regard to the nature of the
geological formations, except in so far as the rocks may affect the
superincumbent soil in respect of depth, chemical composition,
and moisture. We have here, of course, as every where else,
plants which are peculiar to the sea side, to meadows, to culti-

* See preface to vol. i. p. 18, &c.

$12 GENERAL REMARKS.

vated grounds, to wastes, to rocky arid ridges, to deans, marshes,
pools, rivers, moors, and mountains, but there is very little of
peculiarity to call for remark. The Senebiera coronopus is con-
fined to the vicinity of Berwick ; the Convolvulus arvensis, Sedum
anglicum, Thalictrum mijius, Carlina vulgaris, and Scirpus caricinus,
are not to be found except near the sea, nor does the Erodium ap-
pear to extend much inland. On the contrary, the Galeopsis ver-
sicolor, of extremely rare occurrence in the east, becomes a weed
in the west of the county ; and the Cera&tium vulgalum and Dian-
thus deltoides flee our vicinity to flourish in abundance in the
west, east, and northern parts. The heaths are observed always
to avoid limestone ; Arenaria verna, Potentilla verna, Viola lutea,
Teesdalia nudicaulis, Vicia lathyroides, Trifol'mm scabrum and stria-
turn are confined to unstratified or trap-rocks, the favourite soil
also for the dwarf Cistus, the Hypericum humifusum and pulchrum,
although by no means the exclusive one. The Digitalis is most
abundant in the greywacke districts, and, so far as I know, there
is with us only one station for it in the lower and sandstone for-
mation ; while this is preferred by the Lactuca virosa which, on
the banks of the Tweed, attains a gigantic size, being at least
double of that which it is said to attain in other districts.

To suggest some slight aids to rural industry may not be
deemed beyond the province of the botanist, however much it is
beyond his power to put his suggestions into practice. A few
women and children might be agreeably and perhaps profitably
employed for some days in summer in gathering and drying me-
dicinal herbs, of which some valuable kinds grow abundantly in our
district. Hemlock, foxglove, henbane, deadly-nightshade, the
tops of broom,* and the berries of juniper, are of this description.
To secure a sale and a fair return for them, it will be necessary
that the utmost care should be taken in gathering the respective

* The broom was once more common in the immediate vicinity than it is now.
Its destruction commenced early, as is proved by the following extract from a MS.
in the British Museum, for which I am indebted to the attention of Mr Weddell.
In 1554, before the Bailif 's Court, a jury of twelve men found " that the yonge
brome of this towne ought not to be cut, for it is a comodyte to this towne:"—
how, we are left to guess ; it might be used for strewing floors, or making besoms,
called brooms in the north, — if the practice of sweeping floors had been intro-
duced at that time.

GENERAL REMARKS. 313

plants at the proper season, and preserving them in the best man-
ner, but the rules are few and simple, and might be procured from
any respectable medical practitioner. As it is now ascertained,
on unquestionable authority, that the Chondrus crispus is sold, by
the most respectable apothecaries, in lieu of the Iceland moss,
and in many cases may be the preferable article, so there is no-
thing to prevent our druggists procuring a sufficient supply from
their own shores. There are some herbs used to a greater ex-
tent amongst our peasantry and labourers, than those who have
not mixed with them, and inquired into their habits, will readily
believe ; and to some of these simples they ascribe an efficacy in
certain diseases equalled only by the specifics of the newspapers.
But to prescribe these remedies in proper cases is not beneath
the dignity of the physician, and he may thereby lessen the ex-
penditure of the poor. A poultice of the leaves of the mallow or
maas is cheaper than one of bread and milk, and equally efficacious.
An infusion of the clary or of chervil is a very bland fomentation,
and will be used sedulously by the patient when the prescription
of warm water alone would be regarded as almost trifling with his
complaint. The buckbean, the chamomile, and the mugwort,
are bitters in common use amongst them, and are in some cases
little less powerful than gentian or quassia, and perhaps more so
when prejudice aids the operation of the former. The roots of
burdock and dandelion will always supply excellent substitutes
for the very expensive sarsaparilla ; and the roots of Carex are-
naria and hirta have been said to possess similar properties.
There are not better tonic astringents in the Materia Medica
than what the common avens and tormentil afford, and the latter
in particular might be gathered in any quantity on our moors.
Perhaps our fishermen might procure from its roots a good tan
for their nets.

If the water-cress were regularly brought to our market, there
would soon, in all likelihood, arise a demand for it, for it is a very
wholesome salad, too bitter perhaps to be eaten by itself, but
which would mix well with other herbs of similar properties.
And were our fisherwomen instructed in the mode of preparing
laver, I do not doubt that we might also in time acquire a relish
for this hitherto expensive delicacy, the more particularly as there
is a general, and, I think, a well-grounded belief in its usefulness
in scrofulous constitutions.

VOL. II. O

314 A SKETCH OF THE BOTANY OF

No. VII.

A SKETCH OF THE BOTANY OF NORTH DURHAM
AND BERWICKSHIRE, FROM THE EARLIEST
PERIOD TO THE PRESENT TIME.

THE earliest accounts of North Britain represent it as every-
where covered with marshes and with extensive forests, in which
the inhabitants fed their numerous herds, and cultivated some
corn in the clear intervals. When applied, however, to any par-
ticular district, this general description is found too vague to be
satisfactory ; and as history does not afford the necessary details
to fill up the outline, we must seek them in the relics of former
centuries, or in the less certain investigations of the antiquary
and philologist.

North Durham and the eastern parts of Berwickshire lie great-
ly exposed to cold winds from the north and east, which prevail
much, and are so prejudicial to the growth of trees, that the dis-
trict is nearly destitute of them. In the deep ravines which
break the rugged outline of the coast of Berwickshire, there is
indeed very often more or less brush-wood, and sometimes a
group of trees of considerable size, but these never rise above the
shelter afforded by the precipitous banks. The district, in this
respect, has been probably much the same in all ages, for its phy-
sical features have remained immutable, and of the elements
61 that which hath been is now." This conclusion is rendered al-
most certain by other considerations. In the name of Berwick
we may perhaps trace an evidence of the barrenness of its vicinity ;
and it is conjectured that the Merse has received its name from
the pristine nakedness of the lower parts of the county. " In the
parishes of Hutton, Whitsome, Ladykirk, Swinton, Coldstream,
and Eccles, we do not trace, on the maps, any name of a place
which derived its designation from a wood," says the laborious
author of Caledonia.

On the contrary, the north-east and western parts of Berwick,
shire were extensively wooded. The names of villages in which

NORTH DURHAM AND BERWICKSHIRE. 315

we read the existence and sites of woods are numerous ; and in
the regal grants and chartularies which have been preserved,
there is frequent mention of them. MALCOLM IV. of Scotland,
who began his reign in 1153, granted to the Prior of Coldingham
all the woods (bosca) within the bounds of that famed monastery* ;
and in a subsequent and similar grant of WILLIAM, the immediate
successor of MALCOLM, we have these woods (nemora) distinctly
specified, and the limits of the monastery accurately defined.
The woods were Grenewde, Ristuna, Broccheholewde, Akesside,
Kirchedeneswde, Harewde, Denewde, Swinewde, and Hundewde,
— all of which were situated within a line extending from the di-
vision between Berwick and Lamberton to Billie, thence to Drie-
forde, thence by Mereburn to Crachoctre, thence to Eiforde, and
thence to the rivulet which flows into the sea by Aldchambpethe.
It may now be difficult to trace this line very exactly, but it
seems to have bounded the district occupied by the modern pa-
rishes of Mordington, Foulden, Chirnside, Ayton, Coldingham,
and Coldbrandspathj — a district which is indebted to the planter
for almost all the wood it now possesses, although, in the two lat-
ter parishes, there are considerable remnants of its ancient groves.
It forms the north and east division of Berwickshire ; and it seems
unnecessary to specify what the woods of the west were, as, in
fact, that part appears to have been nearly one continuous forest,
except only where interrupted by morasses, or cleared away by
man in the vicinity of his dwellings. Even the Lammermuirs,
now rich only in u morishe evill ground of little valore," was in
those early, or rather in earlier periods, wooded with trees of
great size, as we are assured from the circumstance of the trunks
of them having been dug up out of mosses in that range of the
most bleak and profitless aspect.

The application of this wood to buildings and to fuel, its de-
struction in war, the extension of agriculture, and natural de-
cay, were the causes of the gradual diminution of these forests,
which, in the 16th century, had almost disappeared. At that
time, and for two hundred subsequent years, North Durham and
Berwickshire had a most uninviting appearance. The landscape
was naked, and deformed with marshes, which had increased
greatly in extent, and in autumn breathed forth an annual pes-

* See RAINE'S Durham, App. p. 7> No. xxx.

02

316 A SKETCH OF THE BOTANY OF

tilence,«-the fields were unenclosed, — the soil was sparingly and ill
cultivated, — the castles of the great were rugged piles, and mostly
in decay or ruin, — while the dwellings of the peasantry were
wretched hovels constructed of mud. This is no imaginary pic-
ture. LELAND, whose survey of these parts was made between
the years 1534 and 1540, says, that betwixt Alnwick and Ber-
wick there was " little plenty of wood ;" in Bamboroughshire
" little or no wood ;" and from " Kiddenborn alonge Tweed to
Barwicke almost no wood." In their account of the Borders in
1542, Sir ROBERT BOWES and Sir RAUFE ELLEKER inform us,
that " there ys no store of timbre wood in those parties *."
Something indeed of the ancient forest of Cheviot remained, but
it was u spoyled," and consisted solely of " crokyd old trees and
schrubs •(• :" and that the remains of the woods in Berwickshire
were now of a similar character, we have the testimony of Bishop
LESLIE. In his description of this part of Scotland, he says,
" Habent hi raras sylvas, raraque alia ignis fomenta, quibus cae-
terse omnes nostne provincise abundant. Unde fit, ut stipulis,
maxime Marchiani, lignorum loco utuntur." — De Orig. Scot.
P. 7-

* See also RAINE'S Durham, p. 16.

t The interest of the following description of the once " great wood of Cheviot,"
is the best apology for the length of this note. " The forrest of Chevyotte ys a
mounteyne or greatt hyll, foure myles or more of lengthe, lyinge betwene the head
of Ellerburne and the whyte swyre towarde the easte, and the hangynestone towarde
the west. And towarde the northe yt devydethe England and Scotland by the
heighte of yt as the water descendeth and falleth. And the Englishe p'te thereof
excedeth not three myles of breadeth. And the most p'te thereof, and esp'ially
towarde the heighte, ys a wete flowe mosse, so depe that scarcely eyther horse or
cattail may goe thereupon, excepte yt be by the syde of certayne lytle broukes and
waters that springeth forthe of the said mountaine, by reason whereof the said
forrest ys not inhabytable, nor serveth very lytle for the pasture of any cattalle ex-
cepte onely wylde bestes, as redde dere and roes.

<« Out of he southest p'te of the said mounlayne springeth and descendeth a
lytle ryv' called Colledge. And oute from the southe syde thereof an other lytle
brooke or water called Caldegate; and upon the sydes, as well of the said two lytle
riv's as nere to other lytle brookes, sprynginge out of the said mountayne and
dyscending into the said twoo lytle ryv's, there growyth many allers and other
ramell wood, whiche servethe muche for the buildinge of suche small houses as be
used and inhabyted by husbandmen in those p'ties.

" The Scottes, as well by nighte tyme secretly as upon the daie tyme vith a
more force do come into the said forrest of Chevyott dy v'se tymes and steale and
carrye awaye muche of the said wood, which is to them a greatt proffyte, for the
maynte'unce of their houses and buildinges." — From HODGSON'S History of Nor-
thumberland.

NORTH DURHAM AND BERWICKSHIRE. 317

We may now take an equally rapid survey of the progress of
Agriculture in the district. At the time of the Roman invasion,
the soil of Britain, we are told, yielded " corn in great plenty," —
an observation applicable undoubtedly only to the southern parts
of the island. The Anglo-Saxons, in the fifth century, found our
district very little cultivated ; and for the five or six centuries
following, agriculture made no progress. About the twelfth cen-
tury, however, according to CHALMERS, it became " the univer-
sal object of pursuit from the prince to the peasant ;" the grains
being oats, wheat, barley, pease, and beans. Oats were most
sown ; wheat was much cultivated throughout the south and east
of Scotland ; less barley was raised, and pease and beans * in still
smaller quantities, while rye seems to have been scarcely attended
to. An estimate of the relative proportions of the corns grown
may be formed from the tithes paid in those times. Thus, in
1326, " the tithes (corn) of Fenham, Fenwick, and Beale, are
collected in the chapel at Fenham, and, by valuation, consist of
90 quarters of wheat at 4s. — L. 18 ; 80 quarters of barley at 3s. —
L. 12; 120 quarters of oats at 2s — L. 12." And thus, in 1339,
at Fenham, 48 acres were sown with wheat, 19 with barley, and
50 with pease and oatsf. Lint, though not mentioned in these
entries, was certainly, says CHALMERS, in cultivation as early as
the twelfth century ; but the artificial grasses were unknown.
" The vast woodlands which every where skirted the arable
grounds, gave a shelter to the crops that gieatly promoted their
growth, and amply augmented their produce. The woodlands
were still more important, for the warmth which they afforded to
a bleak country, and for the pasturage that they supplied nume-
rous herds. Thus, the universal woods enabled the husbandmen
to raise larger quantities of corn, and to rear greater numbers of
swine, cattle, and horses, than modern prejudice will easily be-
lieve."— CHAL MERS.

Immediately after this time the agriculture of the district ap-

* "At the siege of the castle of Dirleton in East Lothian, about the beginning
of July 1298, the English soldiers were reduced to great scarcity of provisions;
they subsisted on the pease and beans which they picked up in the fields. This
circumstance presents us with a favourable view of the state of agriculture in East
Lothian as far back as the 13th century." — Lord HAILES' Annals. This extract I
owe to the attention of Mr WEDDKLL, to whom I am also indebted for much
other curious information relative to the subjects of this essay.

t RAINE'S Durham, pp. 82 and 84.

318 A SKETCH OF THE BOTANY OF

pears to have rapidly retrograded. The shelter of the woods,
which each passing year tended to lessen, enabled our ancestors
to raise corn in places and at an elevation where it cannot attain
maturity without that shelter ; nor could their successors wholly
counterbalance this loss by ploughing out the lower grounds, for
as the forests died away, the marshes enlarged their bounds, and
the practice of draining was unknown. Nor, independent of na-
tural causes, could the state of agriculture be otherwise than bad
in a district subject to continual inroads and devastations, and the
inhabitants of which were themselves fond of predatory warfare.
From the interesting survey of Sir R. BOWES and Sir R. ELLE-
KER in 1542, it appears, however, that the Scotch border was,
upon the whole, better cultivated than the immediately adjacent
parts of England ; for they tell us that the Scotch were in the
custom of driving their cattle out of their own lands, " to be con-
tynually and daily pastured and fedde wythin the grounde of
England," and for this good reason, " they have plowed and sowen
all the grounde within their towneshipes that will bear any corne,
and pastures and fedes all theyr cattail and shepe in greatt num-
bers wythin their grounde of England, to their greatt profytte
and advantage." But more than a century after this, the condi-
tion of Berwickshire was wretched when compared with the
peaceful counties of the south at the same period. For the cor-
rectness of this statement, we have no less authority than that of
the celebrated JOHN RAY, who visited Berwick in August 1661.
No sooner has he entered Scotland than we find him remarking
that the Scots " have neither good bread, cheese, or drink. They
cannot make them, nor will they learn. Their butter is very in-
different, and one would wonder how they could contrive to make
it so bad. They use much pottage made of coal-wort, which they
call keal, and sometimes broth of decorticated barley. The ordi-
nary country houses are pitiful cots, built of stone and covered
with turves, having in them but one room, many of them no
chimneys, the windows very small holes, and not glazed. In the
most stately and fashionable houses in great towns, instead of
ceiling they cover the chambers with fir boards, nailed on the
roof within side." — " The ground in the valleys and plains bears
good corn, but especially bear-barley or bigge, and oats, but rare-
ly wheat and rye. We observed little or no fallow ground in
Scotland ; some layed ground we saw, which they manured with

NORTH DURHAM AND BERWICKSHIRE. 319

•sea-wreck. The people seem to be very lazy, at least the men,
and may be frequently observed to plow in their cloaks V

It was not until towards the middle of the last century that
the agriculturist roused himself from this apathy, and commenced
those works which have rendered a noisome soil fruitful beyond
hope •}•. Plantations were made to supply the place of the natu-
ral woods which had disappeared, the morasses were drained of
their superfluous moisture, and corn grew up instead of the sedge
and reed. Wheat is now the staple grain ; oats and barley are
raised in large and nearly equal quantities ; rye is neglected, ex-
cept in some parts of N. Durham and about Wooler; pease,
beans, and tares, are grown in due proportions; the artificial
grasses have been introduced with eminent success ; and nowhere
are the turnip and potato more advantageously grown. Lint is
cultivated in small quantities for the use of the cottar J. There
is, in fact, no part of the United Kingdom where the art of farm-
ing is at present better understood and practised than in Ber-
wickshire and N. Durham, and few where it is so well ; and from
whatever commanding height the spectator may choose to look,
the Merse opens before him a rich and exhilarating prospect,—
an extensive plain, well wooded in every part, everywhere inter-
sected by living hedges, and bearing on its varied and fruitful,
bosom all sorts of grain and herbage for man and beast. The
contrast between its former and present conditions is curious and
pleasing. We may carry the prospect back to what it was ere
man had become possessor of the soil, when a forest of native
trees covered the surface, and extended even over those heights
which now eschew all plants except heath and the coarsest grasses*

* Select Remains, p. 188-9.

t SWINTON of Swinton was the first to give an example of improvements in our
agriculture, about 1730. The turnip husbandry, and the cultivation of potatoes,
were introduced by Lord KAMES in 1746.

4. The cabbage and carrot are very seldom grown in fields in Berwickshire. The
mangel-wurzel has been partially tried without success. Buckwheat is grown'only in
preserves for pheasants. Lucern is not cultivated except in the immediate vicinity
of Berwick, where I have seen two small patches by no|means in a thriving condition.
During the American war, and previous to the application to Scotland of the pro-
hibitory law by the act of 1782, tobacco was cultivated on the banks of the Tweed
and Tiviot with the most promising results. This act overtook the planters in the
midst of their labours, and compelled them to root up their plantations, and dis-
pose of the produce to government at a third part of its market price. — Quart.
J#um. of Agriculture, No. vi. p. 771*

320 A SKETCH OF THE BOTANY OF

Of this forest the red deer was probably the principal occupant ;
and in this extensive covert he ranged, in company with roes,
wild oxen, and swine, free of all annoyance, except, we sup-
pose, what is not unlikely, that the wolf was their contemporary
and cohabitant, for of the other savage animals which were their
mates, none were large enough to make them their prey. Amid
the woods there were extensive lakes, frequented doubtless by
numerous flocks of water-fowl ; and on the banks of which the
beaver constructed his singular dwellings *. Passing over some
centuries we find these lakes converted into morasses, — the wood
in many places has decayed, and left a soil fitted for grain, — the
deer and the savage beast have retired to the higher grounds, —
and man, in a rude though not a savage state, presents himself,
subsisting much by the chase, yet not ignorant of the cultivation
of corn which he has brought along with him. Other centuries
have passed away, and with them all traces of the Roman inva-
sion, when the woods of Berwickshire have become scattered and
limited in their extent, haunted no longer by game and beasts of
prey, but where the villain pastures his cattle, and his more nu-
merous flocks of swine. The soil appears cultivated to a con-
siderable extent, and from its freshness is abundantly productive.
The strong towers of the chieftains, pitched on the edge of preci-
pices and deep ravines, or on an elevation in the midst of marshes,
form prominent objects in the landscape, yet less striking than
the splendid abbeys occupying sites chosen rather for their ferti-
lity and beauty than for their aptness of defence. At this pe-
riod it is probable that most of our fruit-trees and esculent vege-
tables were introduced, and many of our flowers, now run wild,
although even yet scarcely to be found far from the ruins of mo-
nasteries and castles. A few more centuries saw the decay and
destruction of these stately buildings; and the villains, freed from
their vassalage, left the precincts of places where they no longer
found a fostering shelter, and scattered their little villages of un-
hewn stone or mud-built cots over the country. Cultivation be-
came generally diffused, but it was slovenly done, and the return
was scanty ; the land was naked of trees, without hedges and
without roads, marshy in the extreme, and unwholesome ; and in
this condition it lay until peace and law assured the security of

* NBILL in Edin. Phil. Journ. i. 184.

NORTH DURHAM AND BERWICKSHIRE. 321

property, and gave birth to that enterprise which has made the
county " a vast garden created by human industry."

The ancient forests are said to have been formed chiefly of oak,
which attained a large size ; but perhaps its abundance has been
overrated, for it seems to have been always guarded with care,
and when grants of it were made to abbots and barons, the num-
ber of trees are regularly specified, — a caution scarcely requisite
had the article been common or superfluous*. The birch, alder,
and hazel -f- were probably the predominant species. The roan-
tree, the elm, the hawthorn, the bird-cherry, the holly, the
Guelder-rose, and three or four willows $, contributed to thicken
and vary the forest. All these are still to be found truly wild in
our most retired deans, or by the sides of rivulets, although in
trivial quantities, and of degenerate size. The Scotch fir, no
longer indigenous, formed a considerable part of the pristine
woods, for great abundance of its trunks have been " dug up in
mossy and moory bogs where they cut for turf," in many parts of
the north and east of England § ; and I have been told that its
cones have been found in peat-mosses on the Lammermuirs.
Historians assert that the ash and beech were, in these earliest
times, likewise of native growth, — an assertion which some natu-
ralists have questioned. No traces of them, it is said, occur in
our mosses ; yet ash-keys and beech-mast would in all probability
have proved as indestructible as hazel-nuts or fir-cones, which
are abundant. But the absence of this proof is not so conclusive
as might at first appear, for the trees grow by preference in such
situations as would make it difficult for their fruit to drop in
places fitted for their preservation by the astringent qualities of
the soil or water. Of the beech, however, there is no proof of

* In 1347, one item of the expenditure of Holy Island Priory is, " To the Abbot
of Newminster, for four oak trees bought of him, 46s. 8d."— a large sum in those
days.

t " The part of Britain long since called Scotland, was known to the Romans
by the name of Caledonia, because, says Sir WILLIAM TEMPLE, the north-east
part of Scotland was by the natives called Cal Dun, which signifies hills of hazel,
with which it was covered." — MURPHY'S Tacitus — Notes on the Life of Agricola.

t Salix alba, caprea, cinerea, aquatica, aurita et pentandra.

§ See EVELYN'S Silva, p. 265, et seq., and the Notes by Dr HUNTKR, at p. 281.

03

322 A SKETCH OF THE BOTANY OF

its having at any time been indigenous to our district * ; but it is
different with the ash, which, in my opinion, still occurs truly
wild in some of our deansf. Dr WALKER $, the best of all au-
thorities in a question of this kind, enumerates it amongst our
native trees; and in the names of villages, conferred certainly
previous to the existence of plantations, we find good evidence of
the fact. Thus, in the adjoining county of Roxburgh, we have
Ash-trees, Ashie-bank, and Ashie-burn ; and in Selkirk, Ash-kirk,
— names obviously bestowed from the circumstance of the ash
having grown there more abundantly or luxuriantly than else-
where. The yew, a true native both of England and of Scot-
land, can only claim a doubtful place among the original trees of
Berwickshire § ; for the few that now occur are always near the
old residences of the gentry. From the vulgar superstitions
which have long been associated with the aspen, it may be pre-
sumed to be indigenous ; and the Populus canescens occurs in a
patch of natural wood in the neighbourhood of Longformacus.
Of the black and white poplars, I can offer no evidence for their
being enumerated amongst our wild trees. The crab-apple and
the elder are common in our district, the former in every hedge,
and the latter near villages, hamlets, and monastic ruins ; yet it
would be difficult to point out a single site where they are cer-
tainly wild. If introduced, as is not improbable, they are now,
however, perfectly naturalized, and owe their preservation in
their present habitats, the one to its beauty and use, the other
to the regard paid it on account of its reputed medicinal and

* Dr WALKER says, " the beech was not copiously planted in Scotland, till a
little before and after the Revolution; but a few, he conjectures, were planted as a
curious foreign tree, not later than between 1540 and 1560."

f Item of expenditure for Holy Island Priory in 1385-6: " Thirteen ashes for
ploughs and carts, 19s. 6d." These ashes must surely have been of native growth.
In Dr MACCULLOCH'S Highlands and Western Islands, the ash is mentioned as
growing in very many places where it must be indigenous. See also MACGILLI-
VRAY in the Edin. New Phil. Journ. for July 1830, p. 189.

£ Essays on Natural History, by JOHN WALKER, D. D. Edin. 1808, 8vo. — an
excellent work, much neglected by those who have subsequently written on the
Flora of Scotland.

§ " I have been informed by persons well acquainted with our marshes, that the
yew makes a part of the fossil wood of the north of England." — GOUGH in Man-
chester Mem. ivr p. 10.

NORTH DURHAM AND BERWICKSHIRE. 323

anti-magical virtues *. I cannot but think that the gooseberry
has a good claim to be reckoned a native of the south of Scotland.
There seems no climate so well suited to its disposition, for it
thrives neither in colder nor in warmer latitudes ; it is still to be
seen in — as I think — a wild state in our deans, as in the ravine
south of Fast-Castle, in the wood below the Pease-Bridge, and
about the Retreat ; and when planted out in woods, it endures
long, and withers not away as if it were an alien. None of the
currants, however, are met with unreclaimed in Berwickshire,
although both the red and black may occasionally be seen linger-
ing near the almost obliterated ruins of mills in remote deans.

Of the trees which are certainly aliens, and with which the
modern plantations are in a great measure formed, the " heavy-
headed plane" (Acer pseudo-platanus) is one of earliest naturaliza-
tion. The time of its introduction is uncertain, some time cer-
tainly before the Reformation ; but it is now common, and attains
a great size. There are some very fine trees of it at Foulden,
and in various other parts of the county ; but the largest, if per-
chance they still exist, are those mentioned by Dr WALKER at
Nisbet ; one on the south side of the walk in the shrubbery, lead-
ing to the garden, which, in September 1 795, was about CO feet

* There are some large bushes of elder on Holy Island, where, I think, no other
tree grows. The sloe and the burnet rose occur in a much dwarfed state, and per-
haps there is little more than a bush of each. The black poplar and a willow have
been planted at the Lough, and annually put forth leaves in their struggle for ex-
istence. An anonymous writer asserts, " that there are no parts of the coast of
Great Britain better adapted for the growth of the fir-tree than the northern shores
of Holy Island ; and where, at the same time, their plantation would be attended
with more benefit, and, finally, with more profit to the proprietor: the quantity of
land which, by a little industry, might be gained is very great, and many ad-
vantages to the climate, vegetation, and soil, would flow from a change in the geo-
graphical relations of the island. We hope that our having mentioned the practica-
bility will call the attention of others to the execution :" — Edin. Journ. of Nat. and
Geograph. Science, ii. 43, — and realize the fanciful creations of Miss PORTER *
In her pages such speculations may not be out of place, — they seem to us unsuitable
to those of a Journalist whose pretensions to science are something of the highest.

For the following curious extract relative to the Farn Islands, I am indebted to
Mr WEDDELL. " Insula Fame— quae hinc altissimo, inde infinite clauditur ocea-
no, tune aquae prorsus inops, frumentis quoque et arboris, malignorum etiam spi-
rituum frequentia humanae habitatione minus accommoda. Verum> illo quoque
virumf Dei comitante Miraculorum gloria, derupe saxosa precibus fontem elicuit,
de tellure durissima segetem produxit, hoste antique cum satellitum turba fugato,
locum ipsum habitabilem fecit."— Simeon of Durham, p. 39 and 40.

f The pious monk speaks of St CUTHBERT, who entered the monastery of Lie*
disfarne A. D. 676 — (WeddelL)

324 A SKETCH OF THE BOTANY OF

high, and measured in circumference 8 feet 6 inches ; the other
on the lawn behind the house, was between 60 and 70 feet high,
and measured 12 feet 3 inches. Two species of lime* are to be
found in the " walkes and places of pleasure of noble men," and
more rarely in plantations, which, to judge from their size and
appearance, must have seen a century at least sweep over them.
The lime is rare in the eastern division of the county, but com-
mon in the west. The chestnut and horse-chestnut—recommend-
ed by its " most glorious flower,"— the hornbeam, the gean, the
smooth-leaved elm, the Scotch fir, the larch, the silver, Wey-
mouth, and spruce firs, the Balsam poplar, the Bedford willow f,
and a few others of rare occurrence, are all of comparatively re-
cent introduction. The walnut, introduced into Scotland about
1684, is seldom seen in Berwickshire ; while the laburnum, with
its golden chain, is a common ornament of our hedges. It was
first planted in the end of the 17th century, and Dr WALKER
mentions a tree of it which was cut at Greenlaw in the year 1763,
and measured in circumference 4 feet 6 inches.

That the changes in the extent and state of our woods and agri-
culture which I have endeavoured thus to trace, have been ac-
companied with considerable changes in the distribution and com-
parative frequency of our wild herbaceous plants, will admit of
no reasonable doubts. When the lakes were filled up, the aqua-
tic plants must of necessity have disappeared ; and the result of
the draining of marshes must have been similar on the plants pe-
culiar to them. Many a flower, nursed up in their shelter, assu-
redly died away when the woods had fallen ; and golden harvests
have displaced from the meadows the spontaneous and barren
covering of nature. To compensate this loss, which I would not
wish to overrate, a greater number of plants have perhaps been
naturalized. The introduction of some of these was probably co-
eval with the first peopling of the island, or at least as early as
the knowledge of agriculture ; for, to use the words of SOUTHEY,
" there are weeds which never show themselves in the wilder-

'uropcea et grandifolia of the English Flora.

NORTH DURHAM AND BERWICKSHIRE. 325

ness, where the forest overshadows, or the brake chokes them
with its stronger growth ; but they spring up in the garden and
the cultivated field, and become rank and noxious, in consequence
of the very labour which man hath bestowed in preparing and
manuring the ground." To this early period I might perhaps
refer the introduction of most of the weeds which have at all
times annoyed the farmer; but there are among them some
whose appearance has undoubtedly been of a later date. Other
naturalized plants, as I have already mentioned, have escaped
from the garden, where they were at first cultivated by the
monks, for the purposes of surgery and medicine, or for the ex-
pulsion of the demons and aerial spirits which haunted every
wood and stream, and were ever ready to become the unwelcome
tenants of this " human microcosm." CHALMERS tells us, that
in the age of William the Lion, gardens appear to have been not
very uncommon in Scotland; and he further tells us, what is
more to our purpose, that " in Bondington, near Berwick, there
were gardens in those times." At Coldingham there was also a
very extensive one, as we learn from a charter of Alexander the
Third, printed in the appendix to Mr RAINE'S History of Dur-
ham, and pointed out to me by my friend Mr WEDDELL. This
deed was executed in the 10th year of his reign (1259), and,
amongst other valuable gifts of Dauid de Quikeswude *, con-
firms to thejnonks of Coldingham, ten acres of land under cultiva-
tion with flowers, and situated within the bounds of the monas-
tery-f. Soon after this time, gardens for raising culinary herbs
became common ; and when it is remembered that all, or almost
all, of them have been removed, and can now only be traced in
the chartularies or by the eyes of antiquaries, it seems remarkable
that the plants derived from this source should be so few ; and
even these linger about their first abodes, affording by their pre-
sence the best evidence we have

" That Art had sojourn'd there in days of yore."

* RAINE'S Durham^ App. p. 14, No. Ixv.

t Quixwood, in the parish of Abbey, and now the property of the Orphan Hos-
pital of Edinburgh.

326 A SKETCH OF THE BOTANY OF

Of naturalists who have made this district the scene of bota-
nical discovery, the first of whom I find any mention is Dr WIL-
LIAM TURNER, who was born at Morpeth in Northumberland,
and died at London in 1568. He attained great eminence as a
physician, naturalist, and divine ; and was the author of the first
Herbal written in the English language. He discovered Arte-
misia gallica on Holy Island. The Cornus suecica " was first re-
vealed to the curious" by Dr THOMAS PENNY, and it was on
Cheviot that he made this interesting addition to our Flora.
PENNY died in 1589, leaving behind him the reputation of great
learning in his profession ; and for his " singular knowledge of
plants," he was accounted, according to GERARDE, " a second
DIOSCORIDES." GERARDE also commemorates a Mr WILLIAM
BROAD, who informed the worthy herbalist that the Parnassia
palustris, a flower of unfrequent occurrence in the southern coun-
ties, grew on our Castle-hills, and the existence of the plant there
at the present day is certain evidence of the accuracy of the in-
formation. Who or what this BROAD was, is uncertain ; nor does
such a name occur in our medical biographies. But the name of
JOHN RAY is one famous and pre-eminent in the annals of natural
science. This great man visited Berwick and the most remarkable
places in its vicinity in the summer of 1661, and again in the year
1 671 ; and he has recorded the rarer plants which he observed, in his
Synopsis Stirpium Britannicarum. They are not numerous, and two
of his species have certainly disappeared, viz. the Pulmonaria offici-
nalis and Tofieldia palustris, for the conjecture I formerly hazarded
relative to the station of the latter is erroneous, as appears from
the following passage in his Itinerary. " About two miles from
Berwick, by the side of a rivulet, in a boggy ground, not far
from the road leading to Edinburgh, we found a sort of Pseudo-
asphodelus which I had never before seen, much less than that
common in England, having, as I guess, white flowers in a spike,
to which succeed roundish seed-vessels. The stalk of the spike is
naked, or not having above one leaf, the spike itself short, the
root fibrous, as that of the common*." Nor did the researches of
the Rev. JOHN WALLIS — " a worthy English divine" — who pub-
lished his elaborate work on the Natural History of Northumber-
land in 1760, add much to an acquaintance with the plants in

* Select Remains, p. 182.

NORTH DURHAM AND BERWICKSHIRE. 327

North Durham, a district included in his plan, but which he ap-
pears to have had very few opportunities of examining in person.
The Astragalus glycyphyllus, Salvia verbenaca, mistaken for S. pra~
tensis, Dianthus deltoides, Rubus chamamoruSj Gnaphalium dioicum,
Marrubium vulgare, and Aster Tripolium, are the only uncommon
plants to which are affixed habitats situated within our limits.
On his return from Scotland in 1772, the Rev. JOHN LIGHTFOOT,
the celebrated author of the Flora Scotica, passed through the east-
ern parts of Berwickshire, but of what he observed there, Viola
lutea was the only one rare enough to be deemed worthy of notice.
The Berwickshire habitats given in his admirable work are few,
and were furnished by Dr PARSON s, who, after completing his
medical studies at Edinburgh, was raised to the chair of anatomy
in Oxford. Dr PARSONS deservedly attained considerable repu-
tation as a naturalist ; and it was probably this reputation which
introduced him to Dunglass, the seat of Sir JAMES HALL, and
where he sometimes pursued his botanical studies. He mentions
Veronica montana, Viburnum lantana, Scolopendrium vulgare, Cram-
be maritima *, Smyrnium olusatrum, and Attium schcenoprasum, as
occurring in that neighbourhood. All of them are plants of ra-
rity in Berwickshire, and the two last of them have not been re-
discovered by any subsequent observer. The Botanist's Guide
through Northumberland and Durham was published in 1 805 ; but
N. Durham was just that portion of the latter county which the
authors had least examined. In consequence, the stations in it
are very few ; but two of the plants discovered there deserve to
be particularized, viz. Chironia littoralis and Epilobium alsinifolium,
for the authors seem entitled to the merit of having first called
the attention of botanists to them as distinct species. The dis-
covery of the former must have proved the source of much grati-
fication, for it was not merely new, but the chiefest ornament of
the sandy fields in Holy Island, where its profusion permitted
them to gather specimens more than enough, and to anticipate
the pleasure they had thus to bestow on kindred minds with their
own, in sharing with them a pretty acquisition to our Flora. In
1807, Mr THOMPSON'S Catalogue of Plants growing in the vici-
nity of Berwick-upon-Tweed appeared. Mr T. is a native of

* This has been lately re-discovered by Mr A. A. CABB, surgeon, who tells me
that it grows on the shore south of Fast-Castle, near the mouth of Lumsden, or
Dulaw Dean.

328 A SKETCH OF THE BOTANY OF

Berwick, and at the time of the publication of the above work,
was a surgeon in the army, in which service he is now a Deputy-
Inspector of Hospitals. His name is familiar to the naturalists
of this country as the author of a very interesting and original
work in British Zoology * ; but his catalogue of plants is not en-
titled to much praise. In 'it there are enumerated 466 phseno-
gamous species ; but in this number there are included several
varieties, and one or two plants which grow in places situated
beyond our limits. Of the Cryptogamia there are only 98 species,
and as Mr T. acknowledges he had not paid much attention to
this intricate tribe, even those few cannot be safely admitted into
any future catalogue without re-examination -J-. How far I have
succeeded in supplying the deficiencies of this catalogue, and in
presenting to botanists a correct view of the phytography of Ber-
wickshire and North Durham, it will be for future researches to
determine. In the mean time professional duties require that I
should retire from the field, in which, a few years ago, there was
scarcely another to glean, but where now several votaries of Bo-
tany pursue the same studies, and whose zeal in them, if not ori -
ginated, I have reason to believe, has been kept alive and stimu-
lated on by my exertions. I feel well assured that they will
never repent they were bred in this way of study ; but to prevent
disappointment, I am anxious to press it upon them that the va-
lue of their adopted science consists neither in its application to
medicine, nor to agriculture, nor to domestic economy, although
I esteem it of some little use to those arts, but in its moral agen-
cy— in those wholesome influences on the heart and mind, which
such a pursuit, not necessarily I admit, but yet almost necessa-
rily, begets and cherishes.' Were we indeed to estimate the value
of a science by its tendency to promote personal happiness, Bo-
tany would, I think, merit a higher place in the scale of liberal
studies than is generally allowed it ; but to reap the pleasures
arid advantages a general and superficial knowledge of it will not

* Zoological Illustrations, 8vo.

\ I purposely omit from this list of authors on our botany, Mr WINCH'S Essay
on the Geographical Distribution of Plants through the Counties of Northumber-
land, Cumberland, and Durham," because it gives no further information relative
to our immediate district than is contained in the Guide, of which he was the prin-
cipal author. The Essay has been deservedly popular, and has reached a second
edition — a better evidence of its merit than any critical panegyric.

NORTH DURHAM AND BERWICKSHIRE. 329

suffice ; — we must go beyond the puerilities of its elements, nor
stop short at the difficulties opposed to further progress, for the
pleasure derived from knowledge of any kind is in some degree
proportioned to the labour requisite for the attainment ; and they
who will not endure the one cannot expect the reward attendant
on success. If, however, the student will collect, by personal ob-
servation, particulars to test, and extend general views, — if he
will develope the structure of plants, tracing the adaptations of
one part to another, — if he will study their relations to one ano-
ther, to their soils, and to their countries, — if he will indulge those
feelings and moral associations which ever and anon the objects of

his investigation force upon him

" The well-directed sight

Brings, in each flower, an universe to light," —

he will reap a rich harvest of profitable knowledge ; for it is not
possible that less can await him who searches out the works of the
Creator who made the earth to bring forth grass, the herb yield-
ing seed, and the fruit-tree yielding fruit after his kind, and pro-
nounced them " very good." " The wisdom of God," says a
learned physician, " receives small honour from those vulgar
heads that rudely stare about, and with a gross rusticity admire
His works ; those highly magnifie him, whose judicious inquiry
into his acts, and deliberate research into his creatures, return
the duty of a devout and learned admiration."

CORRECTIONS.

(Enanthe crocata, vol, i. p. 69. I have just ascertained that our
Berwickshire plant contains no yellow juice, in which the true
(E. crocata is said to abound. Our plant appears, therefore, to be
the (E. apiifolia, HOOKER, Brit. Fl. i. 123; and it agrees entirely
with a cultivated specimen of that species which Mr NEILL has
had the kindness to send for my examination.

Jungermannia emarginata, vol. ii. p. 63. Substitute for this J.
excisa, HOOKER, with which J. Funckii is synonymous, as I learn
by the Botanicon Gallicum.

The remark at the end of the notice of Triplium leucanthum
(vol. ii. p. 286.) is erroneous, for the true Trifolium officinale grows
on the sea banks a little north of the pier.

INDEX.

The Synonyms, and the English and Provincial Names are printed
in Italics.

Page

Acrosporium, . . . . 210

Adoxa moschatellina, . 279

/Ecidium, 204

sEcidium. 202

Agaricus, 162

Alaria, 224

Alectoria, 92

Algae, 4. ..214

Alphitomorpha, . . . 142

Amanita, 169

Amphiconium, . . . 243

Andraea, 56

Anictangium, .... 53

Anomodon, 35

Anthoceros, .... 67

Arbutus Uva-ursi, . . 280

Arcyria, 191

Arcyria, 190

Arthonia, 101

Ascophora, 211

Aspergillus, . . * . 211

Asperocaulon, .... 235

Asperococcus, .... 248

Aspidium, 11

Asplenium, .... 16

Asteroma, 133

Auricularia, . . . . 160

Bceomyces, 98

Bangia, 259

Bangia, 251

Bartramia, . . . . , 35

Batrachospermum, . . 257

Page

Batrachospermum, . . 258

Bell-flower, 276

Bidens cernua, . . . 287

Black-ball, 203

Blechnum, 17

Boletus, 156

Boletus, 157

Borrera, 78

Botrychium, .... 19

Botrytis, 212

Bovista, 187

Brakes, IS

Bryum, 37

Bulgaria, 148

Bullaria, 197

Byssus, 212

. 103-4...212...243

Cceoma, .... 199... 202
Callithamnion, . . . 240
Campanula latifolia, . 276
Cantharellus, .... 186
Carex riparia, .... 289

Cat-mint, 282

Cenangium, 147

Cenomyce, 93

Ceramium, 238

Ceramium, . 240. ..243. ..245
Cetraria, ..... 76
Ceuthospora, . . . . 141
Chara flexilis, .... 273
Chsetophora, .... 260
Chondria, . . . 231. ..233

332

INDEX.

Page

Chondrus, 230

Chondrus, 227

Chorda, 247

Chordaria, . . 233-4... 247

Chroolepus, 245

Cicuta virosa, .... 277

Cinclidotus, 50

Cladonia, 94

Cladosporium, .... 209
Cladostephus, .... 245

Clathrus, 190-1

Clavaria, 153

Clavaria, . 117. ..146. ..152
Coccochloris, .... 262

CoUema, 77

Cvmfrey, 276

Conferva, 252

Conferva, . . . 44... 235
Conjugata, • . . . . 256

Corcur, ...... 85

Cornicularia, . . . . 91

Craterium, . . . . . 190

Cryptosphceria, 120. ..132. ..141
Cudbear, ...... 85

Cucurbitaria, . . . . 123

Cyathus, 191

Cystea, 16

223

Dacrymyces, .... 143

Delesseria, 229

Detesseria, . . . 229... 232

Desmarestia, .... 223

Dicranum, 47

Dicranum, . 46. ..51. ..52. ..55

Dictyosiphon, .... 246

Didymodon, .... 46

Didymosporium, . . . . 192

Bothidea, ..... 132

Draparnaldia, .... 258

Drosera anglica, . . . 278

Dulse, 228

Dumontia, 246

Echinella, 266

Ectocarpus, 245

Ectocarpus, 243

Page

Elder, dwarf, .... 278

Encalypta, 52

Encoelium, 248

Endocarpon, .... 103

Enteromorpha, .... 249

Equisetaceae, .... 3

Equisetum, 5

Erineum, . . . 208... 290

Erysiphe, 141

Euphorbia esula, ... 289

Eustegia, 140

Evernia, 89

Exidia, 145

Exillaria, 267

Farinaria, 204

Fern, Male, 11

Fern, Lady, . . . . . 14

Fibrillaria, 213

Filices, 4. ..9

Fistularia, .... 248-9

Fontinalis, 35

Fo^s-tail, 20

Fucus, 221

Fumaria capreolata, . . 285

Funaria, 39

Fungi, 4.. .106

Furcellaria, 223

Furcellaria, 234

Fusarium, 144

Fusidium, 209

Galium boreale, . . . 274

Gastridium, 233

Gelidium, 231

Genista anglica, . . . 286

-, tinctoria, . . . 296

Geoglossum, 153

Geranium phaeum, . . 285

Gigartina, 234

Gigartina, .... 234-5

Gomphonema, .... 266

Gracillaria, 234

Graphis, 100

Griffithsia, 242

Grimmia, 52

Grimmia, 50

INDEX.

333

Page

Gymnostomum, ... 53

Gyrophora, 99

Halidrys, 223

Halymenia, 226

Halymenia, . . • . ... 246

Harfs-tongue, .... 17
Helvella, . . . 154-5... 186

Hemlock, water . . . . 277
Hepaticse, . . . . 4... 57

Hesperis matronalis, . . 285

Heterospharia, .... 126

Himantia, 213

Himanthalia, .... 224

Hippuris vulgaris, . . 272

Hookeria, 35

Hutchinsia, 235

Hydnum, 162

Hypnum 26

Hypnum, 35

Hysterium, 135

Iceland-moss, . , . . 76

Illosporium, .... 144

Iridaea, 227

Isidium, 98

Jungermannia, ... 57
excisa, . 330

Laminaria, 224

Lapland-moss, .... 94

Lathrsea squamaria, . . 284

Laver, 249-50

Lawrencia, 231

Lecanora, 83

Lecidea, 86

Lecidea, 104

Lemanea, 246

Leocarpus, 189

Leotia, 154

Lepraria, 103

Lepraria, 263

Leptostroma, 140

Leskea, 27

Lichenes, . . . . 4... 69

Lichina, 220

Page
Linckia, ...... 261

Lomentaria, ..... 233

Lycogola, ..... 188

Lycoperdon, .... 186

Lycoperdon, 121... 125. ..188-9
Lycopodinese, . . . 4... 20
Lycopodium, .... 20

Mar chant ia, ..... 67
Mare's-tail, ..... 272
Melampyrum sylvaticum, 283

Melanconium,
Melica nutans, .
- uniflora,
Mentha viridis,

192
274
293
283
186

Mignonette, wild, . . . 281
Mnium, ...... 38

Moonwort, . ... . 19

Morchella, ..... 155

Morel, ....... 155

Mould, ...... 211

Mucor, ..... .210

Mucor, ...... 209

Musci, ..... 4. ..23

Mushroom, ..... 174

Myosotis repens, . . . 274

Neckera, ...... 35

Nepeta cataria, . . . 282

Nephroma, ..... 75

Nidularia, . • . . . 191

Nitophyllum, .... 229

Nodularia, ..... 246

Nostoc, ...... 262

Odonthalia, ..... 230

(Enanthe PheUandrium, 278

- apiifolia, . . 330

Oidium, ...... 210

Onygena, ..... 189

Opegrapha, ..... 99

Orchis viridis, .... 288

Orthotrichum, .... 40

Oscillaria, ..... 264

Oscillatoria, ..... 264

Oscillatoria, ..... 259

334

INDEX.

Oyster-green, .... 250

Paddock-pipe, .... 8
Palmetto, . . . 144.. .262-3

Parmelia, . . . • . 79
Parmelia, 76...78...83...90...92
Patellaria, . . 84.. .89.. .98

Peltidea, 73

Peltigera, 74-5

Penicillium, .... 211

Peziza, ...... 147

Peziza, . . 134...147...191

Phacorhiza, 152

Phallus, ...... 155

Phascidium, 133

Phascidium, 141

Phascum, 56

Phasganon, 226

Phoma, 139

Phyllophora, . . . . 227

Physarum, 190

Plocamium, .... 232

Podisoma, 146

Polyides, 233

Poly podium, .... 10

Polyporus, 157

Polysiphonia, .... 235
Poly stigma, . . . 120... 139

Polytrichum, .... 42

Pondweed, 274

Populus canescens, . . 289

Porina, 102

Porphyra, 249

Potamogeton fluitans, . 274

Potentilla argentea, . . 282

Pteris, 18

Pterogonium, .... 290

Ptilota, 232

Puccinia, 193

Punctaria, 248

Pyrola minor, .... 280

media, .... 294

^- rotundifolia, . . 294

Racodium, 212

Ramalina, 90

Rapperdandies, .... 280

Page
Reseda lutea, .... 281

Reticularia, - 188

Rhizomorpha .... 143
Rhodomela, ..... 234
Rhodomenia, .... 228
Rhytisma, ..... 134

Riccia, 68

Rivularia, .... 260-1

Rosa csesia, 281

Rubus macrophyllus, . 282
saxatilis, ... 282

Salix Forsteriana, . . 289
Sambucus ebulus, . . 278
Schizonema, .... 260
Scleroderma, .... 186
Sclerotium, . . . . 137
Sclerotium, . . . 140... 143
Scolopendrium, ... 17

Scytosiphon, 247

Sea-belts, ...... 226

Sea-thongs, 224

Selago, 22

Sepedonium, .... 209

Septaria, 192'

Smut, 204

Spearmint, 283

Sphagnum, 55

Sphserococcus, 227. ..229-30-1

234-5

Sphserophoron, ... 97

Sphseria, 116

Sphceria, 102. ..132.. .139.. .141.
146

Spiloma, 101

Spirsea salicifolia, ... 281

Splachnum, 33

Spleenwort, 17

Spongiocarpus, .... 233

Sporochnus, 223

Stemonitis, 191

Sticta, 75

Stilbospora, 192

Sundew, 278

Symphytum officinale, . 275

Tangle,

225

INDEX.

335

Page

Tetraphis, 53

Throat-wort, 276

T/ielcphora, . . . -. . 161

Tortula, 45

Torula, 210

Tragopogon major, . . 286

Tremella, 144

Tremella, 144. .146.. .250...
260-2

Trentepohlia, .... 242

Trichia, ...... 190

Trichia, 191

Trichostomum, ... 50

Trichostomum, .... 51

Trientalis europsea, . . 279

Trifolium leucanthum, . 286

Tubercularia, .... 146

Tubercularia, .... 144

Typhula, 152

Ulva, ....... 249

Ulva, . 227-8.. .247-8.. .260

Uredo, 197

.Uredo, . . . 195. ..197.. .205

Page

Usnea, 93

Variolaria, . . - . . 101

Vaucheria, 251

Vermicularia, .... 130

Veronica montana, . . 273

polite, ... 273

Verrucaria, 102

Viburnum lantana, . . 278
Viola odorata, .... 276
Violet, dame\ .... 285
sweet, 277

Way-faring free, . . . 278

Weissia, 50

Whin, petty, 286

Xylaria, 117

Xyloma, 139

Xyloma, , . 131. ..133-4-5

J^onaria, 248

Zygnema, 255

FINIS.

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