aes tis Ty Sh hw Re ue: af Saba Norman Taylor Collection | ni i ? Mey ait ital irritate LO ie A noe y ny AMD ! itp i tps , 'F Avie i A i ‘MV ui i i Nin i Ait a ant i win \ at ae } viaiiGn . fey a rive Awe MLN i: Tah | iva! Vy ee) hat Mah Davies ) : LO hie MAT) MAL: i Wea Ai i a nN We! ay (ay ot) J OU Ea OT UN Mi pare i Ha Nee By ) AUT LeAn tt! Raat: t wh ‘ any TAI Sn ile Tein, iy y \ Vials { (an i ra) ie vy one UL We Ha) milk i , i Ne AM a i) 4, MEMOIR 92 d JULY, 1925 CORNELL UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN, NEW YORK VASCULAR PLANTS KARL M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES ITHACA, NEW YORK PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY Received for publication March 6, 1924 Date of issue, May, 1926 MEMOIR 92 JULY, 1925 CORNELL UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN, NEW YORK VASCULAR PLANTS KARL M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES ITHACA, NEW YORK PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY Received for publication March 6, 1924 Date of issue, May, 1926 CONTENTS PAGE MCA NPATGMIMIES OL LE PHOLale seis, cle reteterobee slererscsteuetoleveseie is, ote re avehe sleials).s ais ele.toleyalalere, sale el eaveuembera ele ters 8 Hyer letra cutlOn Ole Mel Cabal Om mete terins ciclo creteycrecierctoleleressiers icicle iene sskoloeie dhclounjote (oie eters fvauetels letavensteieretere eistere 9 10 15 24 26 26 33 34 AseMarsieaceae:(Water-clovertarmily) crcrcie to aicn oomicitts searsvaelbieayolie.alors oe Sate aaron arelo ale ete 34 Se Ophioglossaceae (Adder’s-tongue faniily Veja ccic ccc scree Lie apoavehers so aucctlethererens crete « «ele 35 Grplequisetaceaes (i orsetailifamily) sete cite slate ofa sca steistocietokeioetee eiecoele srarouet Wa enaeees ke elelatsr 36 feplaycopadiuceae) (Clib-moss family) eeepc Setanta eisiotoi ne etelee le )n\-fovelelstotesinyed Valovers ots. 38 Smoclazinellaceaes (selaginel la ratily)incs cer. soletiereccie mickeivelsisteie laters 4 tac) seeteyele/aae efste lereusic 40 OMilcoetaceae (Quill worevcamlly,) oe sieve cere ccerspoiee an ete eel eae RAS Staletsuaoustot ere. Obie olebereelern caters 40 VivASIONS MeO DELIA LOD LY:Ca | «/arerevctererece sions oe o leueralevatanebolespoteyancy arch odeiay tials Sie wekeledinast ja er ofare tela shalom ecsle 41 Saba hvistoni lem GiyiitiOSPELIMAG is, srotetelore ote Tavs evokevel oxelone halted onic aRel on SraraPavedeas tate lereintians le fa srayavelere tetera aye 41 HOmmaxaceac! OMEwslarnily,)crcleicicicncc ia cic telere nieve rene ahah ores cio oon aici tel apuce ther aleve cofilepatehedee tenes cls 41 ibe binaceaes (Pinestarnily,)'s cjter\scr-1ateibelake itt chetetaverslevs tere eka y ane kvaverbstaeye eYeiayetoucie ose eePa tajors 41 Spd lyASIONe mA NOIOSDERINIAC Nerlacste cherie a cnchelatic a Sets aoe oot ee cata a tehercls oko edhaasko eerie 44 ORES In Nismectiay Ce nerat os SSonooanodumemmeh bin son cee en 6 oben Goo shat DoUohb nooo 44 (OMTvphaceaen(Gattasl fermily) y.y.cverereravciersscke etetoisiayalerodeie tote Foxcrete beg RAT AUS yu, ets l oie edere sleet ce 44 i mopatpaniaceae: (Dur-reed family) -ry.recoyecioters: cleteelesere tess iohevleleusreveFale favcines dc oareds evel nereuers ova 44 VAreNajagaceaes(Pondweed ifarmiliy)in a scrccers ae davelocl i ai revere lore edoloneiatenm uassteVonvelele cl ostels eunlete 46 osm) rncaginaceae:(Arrow-erass family) oe jo o4 5,0 sysrcyntel caste csian costs pave telenentlete niaponesavs (ayelaeleichae GAtia:s) tte 52 AGapAlismaceaes(Water-plantainttarnily sft tye. sitio loka icy obaaei-tetelaiotel si skelievoieie eat aiekaleas ee 53 ivan eivdcochamtaceael(hrog:s-bit faiilly) nities istvas Ote oenci tele eeeiiciore io eauetore eieiee ee sektieinvess 54 Se Gramineaen(Grassstarmily) esis stoic ties clove Stacia Mhckrelakstarc. aioe kovetelore, ohare ai ated st aweheeetetertens sears NOM Cy neraceaey (Ged centamily,) as sieves tole aon a toa heiePoer dnt eet tee Wake chisinterttnfelsmnaalneinn caer aoe 20nrAraceae!(Arim) family)).0..6 Son cision ce nie eis cirs soehe 21. Lemnaceae (Duckweed family) a2 Commelinaceasi(opiderwonrtrtamily lc cs, steve kare cxeceioetetes eves te kraeholasas ole lercnuelarcieatebarate re excie 136 pate Pontederiacese| (Pickerel-weed farntly)))issccicya choo cierto: Sore aio eroleienie lel otencioreaceieinl o ehetelal shane 137 Dae iuricaceae (Rush family, ion ccteine sls lo Ae sictere easicle Petal eints orele auctor Dera ceeieion Craraerecoetonne ws 137 ZoMMaiACEACN (LALYALAINILY))orvarst sreyers sinue cicis oct n hatelnreunrs te cue aie oben staneAetn Donate Teeter Mpa santene, seiSbrees.e 142 2oeAmaryilidaceasl(Amaryllissfamiily,) srte,statel-1s olele tere crsiedelarsteialeel-Reneyaicreyete oiehereparevo lin /atels bicters 150 DUMMITIC ACCACTULEISHEATTIILY;) c+ cieeatare ton scorstess cea ee onTe oeuvre Che daar Gece Ie ets esl ayers ovine rede alot 150 2 eaOrchicacesen(Orchiditamily)e san2 setae sieve cs Ao ime oni ase oie wave aa iw ious) ser O MV anna ev ievae niareveres 151 CiasspllAe DD ICOLVIedOnede a creer eres sine a sous ate re releyeteoe rete ce eo ree Eanes Roc at SPeter kale eickowe a aie 161 DOM Piperacenes (REDD arm ily.) | 2° aire ccchtel oes nares eevee ey a Re or Saalind SRT TnYO Oooveuckekn WG csi sxsiontenieneinte Gs 161 BO moalicaceaeVillowsfariily)seie acs roc cen cectsvercieee lathe vehi alcoke sare ears toy acute cel paDaviavo iia) ooo tantenter 161 Siem Viyricaceaci(Soweet-galeramiily receiver seem: eyes o ckehove ake scheseeon each Raver ehcanesce ho uAPAee 2c 171 BealielandaceaerW\valnuttamily) cee. shoe heotos cc oocee ee eae eae Seer reat 172 Borebetulaceaes (irchwtamily) cn vis cool oars erste ce alee era accrap Ina oevencyei leer siteen bie eich: 174 SAE APACER (ESCOCHSTAIINILY;)) Sayre. sous eceim cobs o canher eee PU sE a rake cacB seis icte tone Heke ei arch suave sue alow 177 SOMMUTLIGACCAECINGL Ue MarriEliy) lic, « ccslscaycvavereis atlas ain beh che tede POH ra cm eHA Siehcl nr aletieas bavauatteve aie heclea@ vet ate 180 domoantalaceas (sandalwood tamiuly)iro au..)ents tesietela oer ievcleie nec reranveta linen araveedelemeies ore 184 Siem loranpiaceaer (Mistletoelfamily) ier jyo ccisutivyclemtor lve csroieccrcicle eueteseko cr che sniehearaatoretate bis e.2 184 Jo mAnISLOLochiaceae: (birt OwOrt family, cick s-i.s ate a piste tere at ini cine’ ose ol tetera retaus.a,e a0 185 3o-eholygonaceae! (Buckwheat family) ...:ci. -.. . 2 on ols sore siois vin ois ae saiciaies epcreteieie 0) Roiyets hoe oe 185 Ara henopodiaceae(Gooseloot: Lamily))sj sie.secrs cooler orl nd creole cksus Scores le derslonste eieeaTemualetanclaus oo e% 193 AleeAmaranthacese (Amaranth farritliy) asinine eter ckeoleee eke ea tenet oci-conie eibyavcie: sininitie el 196 Amen ytOlaccaceae (POKe weed falnlly) avi co cm valde vere hale cmbialeiers oibtelen wie wsitiaselctoretele sieeitia os 197 ascwlllecepraceaes ) Celastraceae! (Statt-treeptamiliy)|..\ wceterasua ain bale ae eerste ite ae nen 292 79) staphyleacese (Bladdernuttamily) ie nemiceeleie tie nie eee ie ace eee ee 292 80) Aceraceae’(Miaple family) 15525 cai claro ea ee ee elem te ae Re nC ae St an aene an 293 Sl) Huppocastanaceae) (Hlorse-chestmut haraily)\aysea sto ae piclchs sree eee eee 294 825 Balsaminaceae (Mouch-me=-nob family erasers oaks cee etele talent niente eae 295 83. Rhamnaceael(Buckthornltamily) Mee scien ne find ido anebe Aen eenetene eran eae 295 84. Nitaceae (Grape family) sono acd ok eels ea he asian Sea oes ele ute aE ne 296 85. 'Diliaceae/ (Linden family) oye ie ict on nie nnd ere escort ee eee ete en a 297 86. Malvaceae, (Mallow family) 5) 058 Seki th iy tie 2 dicta suka cuere at hOuIe lie eae le eae ee 298 87. Hiypericaceae) (Sts Jobnis-wortitarmly)eetecamin sie sie naire sicere chev eater teen nt eaa 300 88. Cistaceae' (Rocksrose family) ete esas. soit cre lout suatsiscns hited Sehenie one a ne ene eee 301 89. Violaceae (Violet italy) cies. css0c\ cia din aie abana sonleue able DL io eee alae eae Rr hs en 302 90. Dhymelacaceaei(Miezeretumifamitly) ysencens sts ce cle ciene cielo) ic ye eee eee nee 311 91% Blaeagnaceae(@leaster) familly.) sche stein crock ernest cetera aden net eee 311 92: Isythraceae (luoosestrite family) vac syle ae oe ee tee eae oe yi eel ep an tte Siilil 93; Melastomaceae) (Miclastomatamnilliy,) Samcy-ias ects actereicieye Ge niaiceat a) renee ier aoe 312 94. Onapraceae (Evening=primnose tarmtly)ias cris eiee am ecieraie eit cloister ice cee 313 95: Haloragidaceaen(Water-milfoilitamily)) ae cis) ciclo seria cia cy uence cre tas nee eenea ee 318 96: ‘Araliaceaes (Ginseng family) i555 no fens cease te en ce a ree errhp et ants oro ote 319 97" Wmbelliferae (Parsley famiuliyy)i.16 fics egos wigig ee eiclets al clon aie ehoachictie cel eitee el tte eee 320 98. \Cornaceae) (Dogwood family) = Aiacc ouisveietciaceae site eoes ote cieh cities atanetrn cls Siete eke aren ke eee 327 99: Ericaceae (Heath family) 28 te 2b ctecicls ciche Su cab stene cau teo ta Rean Sel eau ee ee 329 LOOM Primulacedel (Primtosemamailliy)eeisee cereal ee eee renee eee ea 337 101: ‘Oleaceae’ (Olive familly) a iarchys farce he tebe bee cto epee HUGE LLC CIOS et a 340 102%) Gentianaceae! (Gentian family) crarcice amvciacle ha erste restone chai net ee ater 341 103A pocynaceae: (Dogbane famitliy)/s Siva oes mri ciele a cycieesieiel a Menu ae ane ened cane are a 343 104 WAsclepiadaceae (Millcweedttarmtliy verens scleshale cis (ore eee tesa en cee io enti eee eee 345 105..Convolvulacedey@Mornine-elonyatanalliy)) yams) ethene caterer nt een 346 106:);Polemoniaceaden(Phloxfamilypie segs ce cie clare © Soe isetel oink are tence keene 349 107) Ey drophyllaceaey (Water-lean famiuliy)r cere tisels ei eer omieisiieceie sis ieee eee 349 108: (Boraginaceae(Borageifamily)/c ona ci cevesodeie sca edocs erent ie eres ete orate et 350 109: \Werbenaceae! (Vervain family) is 5 <5 cscs nl clauesloge suet siotere eee ised i gene ee nee 354 110; Labiatae (Mint ifamiuliy)\: 2 ia accep is eae sone costes cd Seo cease eine eran nen 354 11g Solanaceae (Nightshad ettalmatliy) ie eysia trea ictal sisi aie cies eyeta cutee) renee ene eee ea 365 12s Scrophulaniaceae (Pig worttamily) nacre ae iieiee eerste Coen eae eee nee eee 368 113.) Orobanchaceae |(Broom-rape tamlly) eee) etejet-tim orev asco eiien teat eee ea 376 14. Wentibulariaceae) (Bladderwortitamiliy,)in seis ass icieie tie eens ieee teat ae 377 115. sAcanthaceae (Acanthiss aman) 5 ate care cecucielea eet oie) coos erence er earns tee 378 116. ;Phrymaceae) (opseed family) acre iteleteine -ieeleicc ele et-iet ieee ae 379 live, Plantaginaceae (Plantain family) saaycrs cies cis sical) cielo erate eto eee 379 118. Rubiaceae (Madder family)..... SHCA OCMC IO MOIr one ON owed Dede son veo 59 380 119° Caprifoliaceae |(Hloneysucidelfamtly,) ieee ister retire ier 384 120) Valerianaceae. (Valerian) tamaily) Go ceva src suet c enced ele conch cummeeee Ue ee eee ee 390 121; (Dipsacacede! (Teasel family) a eine os sy ctee nteanaobeie pote coo elen reise tei crtneientete eta ae ae 391 122 Cucurbitaceae(Gourdifarmily) heer perenne ieee eres ero ee eee ee 392 123) \Campanulaceael(Bluebellifamily) yee we wae aire ie el terrae eee et att ee eee 392 124 Wobeliaceae@obelray family ie ere cree rt merely arene ver ieee oe eee ere eee 393 1:25: (Compositae\(Compositelfamiily)/\ejsnaccie «aes aicael uci cole oie Rae alee oe en 394 VN(o) 01-1 0Vc b> cit ae ae ae Ne a POE Sr ene oe avi tai MED AMONG Gig og bbs ole 6 bac 500 3 435 Physical features iof' thei basins jot sitia ceieiaicccie stare racer ed erate tel ates Nee eee ae ee nee 435 Co) o) 6001 en eran rE ee ver Oration Sead Clcerregenn ci Giac arreed bic oe oto cen on 437 Bop formations’: .ie-sic gree hs sieves gues Guecalade wicmenbuater oe mitslie Oo eteieyaiieiey iat sy/es ene etc et ae ae 437 Underlying rocks a AG5 cajeccid § 8 clnielel dhevebelletehenevarevctsreleuece tonetalleh ots al fe hetio tare Rope te ec eta 438 Phy siograpbicihistoryemcies aes eyelet ceateterouacs SGopocoseconiagodeBies aces Persia Hog GAs 2.5 a: 439 Soils of the Cayuga Lake Basin, and their relation to the plants of the region................. 440 Gamate ss, 5 Sic ek ais cal cits o line fo Gilet e: a bela ede avalle letbntes aire an alteliatrslisice ayia ok/orake tare fave ec ate noes cere een nae 445 The forest COVERINE 5.) asc avoolete cre oleae leue lo ciaetehans eral oh alele fe leietabeyelich one oie ened actcceie he earn ene nea 446 de. qo) ko} cz (0) 0\ eR RRR ae iced er aero REMI NERA om cole Digichs doimmicomia din niecieole edit vob aes oo 448 Atinities of the Cayuga Wake’ floraieh ssc cuieccevee)sietn 1ontavs evcuerslarer take aeevenet ont ee Ie ete ae 452 Interesting botanical regions.............. powgaco PIRI cin oR aries Ceisibate Onis Bistaomo Ay Ab o/sdwo 0 ¢ 457 General statistics of the catalog, and comparison with Dudley’s Flora........................ 464 New andapparentlyestablished! weeds). 27). a iecyeler -\cusiy- clcusueke orvensilc cecencicler chee seine eae 46 Recentlyjescaped cultivated iplamtst sccwiscia sulci rence sieceievelctelarsteienneie tees erent ene ener an 47 Native plants, not segregates, added since the publication of Dudley’s Flora, either over- looked by Dudley or having entered the basin from the surrounding region in recent years.. 470 Plants listed by Dudley or reported from the Cayuga Lake Basin before 1886, not found in TECEMLHVEALS sellers ane reicuals eee Meena cll sicholeto ren sete ne hereon renee vies atelatsvs te Srey cer rece aioe 471 Plants in Dudley’s list that have been dropped from the present list.................s00. 471 Pia PeORA-OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN, NEW YORK VASCULAR PLANTS Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES It is now thirty-nine years since the publication of Dudley’s Cayuga Flora. This period has been one of great activity among American taxonomic botanists. Many new species have been described, and the status of others has been changed. In some cases the limits of genera and of families have been modified, and a system of classification wholly different from that employed by Dudley is now in general use. Botanical nomenclature has undergone a considerable evolution, a change which has resulted in a crystallization of procedure into definite codes. In con- nection with this, a not inconsiderable change in names has taken place. During this whole period, local botanists have actively continued the exploration of the Cayuga Lake Basin and the critical study of its flora. For some time it has been apparent that a new catalog is urgently needed in order that the present knowledge of the region may be in more readily available form. Some nine or ten years ago, the project of rewriting the flora was definitely outlined and work upon it was begun in earnest. At that time much work still remained to be done on the exploration of remote or little visited localities, and it was necessary to collect a suff- ciently large quantity of herbarium material to give accurate data on range and frequency and to serve as a basis for revisional study in the more difficult groups. About fourteen thousand collections have been made and a specimen from each has been mounted for the herbarium. This large number of collections should render the records fairly com- plete. Many revisional studies have been finished and the results pub- lished in botanical journals. Little evidence was at hand as to the soil preference of various species and varieties, and their local soil dis- tribution. Consequently, notes and data were accumulated not only from the field but also from herbarium records, catalogs, and other sources. However, the subject of soil preference is new, and, though progress has been made, there still remains much to be done. The work on the flora has been stimulated by the growing conviction that, among other factors, one which is of prime importance to the progress of scientific agriculture is a knowledge of the wild-plant covering of the land. Useful and deleterious plants are thus detected and recorded, while of still greater fundamental importance is the ability gained to judge the nature of the soil by means of the wild plants as indicators. 1 Dudley, William R. The Cayuga flora. Part I: A catalogue of the Phaenogamia growing . without cultivation in the Cayuga Lake Basin. Bulletin of the Cornell University (Science), 2: 1—xxx, 1-132. 1886. [5] 6 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES It is therefore as a contribution both to pure science and to agriculture that the present work has been undertaken. In plan, the treatment herewith presented shows some marked depar- tures from that of Dudley’s Flora. ‘This catalog is intended to include all vascular plants growing spontaneously within the limits of the drain- age basin of Cayuga Lake and its tributary streams, while Dudley’s Flora covered only the Spermatophyta. A more important difference, however, is the introduction of keys, which should add greatly to the usefulness of the work, and which at the same time afford a concise means of recording much new information acquired during the study of the large amount of material collected in recent years. A considerable effort has been made to verify these keys, and it is hoped that they are reasonably correct. Also, the new Flora differs widely from the old one in the system of classification followed. The original Flora was arranged on the Benthamian system, whereas the system here employed is that of Eichler-Engler, now used very generally throughout the world. By adopting this system the authors do not wish to imply an unquestioned acceptance of it as representing the most modern conception of plant rela- tionship; but until some other more modern system has been generally accepted, it would not be practicable, in a flora of this scope, to modify that now in vogue. The writers have given themselves some freedom in the interpretation of family limits and in the arrangement and sequence of genera, and still more freedom in dealing with species and varieties. Another marked departure from the old Flora is in the nomenclature employed. The names used by Dudley were, with few exceptions, those found in current manuals. In the present work the International Code (Vienna Code) is consistently followed. Nomenclatorial changes due to this and other causes will give an impression of strangeness to one familiar with the Dudley Flora. In the matter of specific, generic, and family limits a conservative attitude has been adopted, and departures from widely accepted procedure have been made only after extended study has shown that the old position is no longer tenable. In the main, comprehensive groups have been favored, especially when they can be more clearly defined or when such groups are more nearly coordinate with other related groups than the segregates would be; and also the belief is held that the indication of relationship shown by the use of comprehensive generic names must be given some consideration. Though there may be a difference of opinion in this regard, it would seem that, for beginners, larger and fewer groups, with fewer generic and family names, are less confusing and less diffi- cult to master than smaller, more homogeneous though not structurally distinct, segregates. An attempt has been made to give consideration in each case to the arguments usually applied by those holding different points of view. In this work, varieties and forms as categories in rank below the THe FLorA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 7 species are retained. Accurate scientific taxonomy would seem to require some such means of indicating and classifying lack of uniformity within the species. Differences between plants are of different grades, and without this finer means of expression the comparative value of the differences must often be misrepresented. Species are distinct from one another. Varieties run together. The term variety as here employed usually indicates the extreme of a more or less continuous series, either local or geographical. The distinction is not usually employed, however, unless there is a sufficient break in the series at some point to render the separation of the variety of practical value. Generally the variety is — characterized by the extreme of only one or two characters. Form is com- parable to the old terms sport and freak, and represents an incidental con- dition which may appear independently wherever the species is found. Following the general English and American practice, the variety of a polymorphic species on which that species was established is not separated as var. typica, but is treated as the species itself or as the typical form of the species, without further designation. Many forms occur in the flora which give the appearance of being natural hybrids. If this seems the most rational explanation when all evidence is considered, they are so treated in the text. In such cases it must be remembered that their hybrid origin is not proved, but rests on circumstantial evidence. Hybrids are not given nomenclatorial status in this work, except occasionally when there is a citation of their sup- posed parents connected by the sign x. If they are given definite names, their status in taxonomy is unduly emphasized and they are likely to be confused in standing with the real species from which they have been derived. In the catalog part of the text, the statements regarding habitat and frequency, and the lists of stations, have been formulated to express the views of the authors based on their experience. The dates of flowering are taken from Dudley’s Flora, but they have been checked by recent collections and observations, and modified when the experience of the authors would indicate them to be incorrect. The ranges are added for the convenience of students of plant geography, as well as to give every student some idea of where the plant is found. These ranges are taken freely from current manuals, but they have frequently been emended when further knowledge of the plant has made this necessary. It is not claimed, however, that they are more than reasonably accurate. Perhaps the part of this text most liable to error is that dealing with the soil preferences and with occurrence on the Coastal Plain. Actual scientific knowledge of the soil requirements of individual species is as yet very meager, and only impressions from general experience could be drawn upon for the statements given. A beginning in soil study is so important, however, that it was thought best to record what is locally, though imperfectly, known. In order to throw light on soil requirements, 8 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ArTHUR J. EAMES it seemed desirable to add information as to the occurrence of each species on the Coastal Plain. This region is one of the most distinct, and also one of the most interesting, of the geographical regions of eastern North America, and is characterized not only to some extent by its climate, but more particularly by peculiarities of soil. The authors found it neces- sary, however, to compile the information concerning occurrence of plants on the Coastal Plain from fragmentary records in catalogs and from personal notes, and thus there is opportunity for error. No new names are proposed in this work. AIl new names required have already been published in journals. In the work of preparing this flora, kindly aid has been extended by many persons. To all of these, gratitude is expressed. Particularly are to be mentioned Mrs. Mabel White Allen and Mr. Stewart Burnham, who tested the keys and otherwise aided in editorial work on the manuscript. Much credit is due to the Editorial Office of the College for the manner in which the work is issued. LOCATION AND LIMITS OF THE FLORA Cayuga Lake is located in the Finger Lakes Region of New York, on FIGURE I. LOCATION OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN IN NEW YORK Tue FLorA oF THE Cayvuca. LAKE BasIN 9 the southern border of the drainage basin of Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. The region thus has a general slope toward the north. Cayuga Lake lies near the geographical center of the State, and _ is about centrally located in the lake region of which it forms a part. In this position it extends in a north-and-south direction. The lake is one of the two largest in the series, and is 61.3 kilometers (38.1 miles) long. Its maximum breadth is 5.6 kilometers (3.5 miles), though through most of its length it is only about 2.4 kilometers (1.5 miles) wide. Like the other finger lakes, it is thus extremely long and narrow, and it has charac- teristically straight shores and is almost free from islands. In altitude it is the lowest of these lakes, its height above sea level being 115 meters (380 feet). The drainage basin of Cayuga Lake as herein limited at the outlet end extends from the village of Westbury on the north to North Spencer on the south, and has a maximum length of about 114.5 kilometers (71 miles). At the northern end the basin is comparatively narrow, being only about 19.3 kilometers (12 miles) wide at Cayuga; but southward the width increases until near the southern end of the lake it is about 51.4 kilometers (32 miles). This widest part extends from near Cayuta Lake on the west to the Cortland marl ponds on the east. The drainage area lies in the counties of Cayuga, Cortland, Tompkins, Tioga, Schuyler, Seneca, and Wayne. Tompkins County is almost wholly contained within its limits, but only small parts of the counties of Cortland, Tioga, Schuyler, and Wayne fall within the basin. The southern border of the basin is on the watershed between the St. Lawrence and Susquehanna River systems. At the northern end, where the lake basin fades into the great Ontario plain, an arbitrary limit has been established. Again, as in Dudley’s Flora, the somewhat independent region of the West Junius ponds is included, and several miles of territory to the north of Montezuma are also added in order that the Flora may cover all of the region between Cayuga Lake and the immediate drainage area of the Lake Ontario shore. The present work is planned to include all vascular plants growing spontaneously within the limits outlined above, and also those of the watershed marshes and ponds. EXPLANATION OF THE CATALOG While the catalog in general is self-explanatory, a few details may need further explanation. Specific and varietal names, when heading the treat- ment of that species or variety, are printed in bold-faced type if the plant is native about Ithaca or in this general part of the country. If the plant is an immigrant from some other country or from a distant part of this country, light-faced small capitals are used. Such plants, when first entering the region and not yet established, are said to be adventive ; when brought in by man in other than accidental ways, they are intro- 10 Kart M. WigcGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES duced; when fully established, they are naturalized. Only native plants or those so fully established as to maintain themselves from year to year are given a full numbered place in the catalog. Those not yet established are listed in brackets, or a few in footnotes only. Varieties are indicated by the abbreviation var., and forms by the word forma. Common names are given when such are known to be frequently applied to the plant. Synonyms are given only when their omission would lead to confusion. In general, they are included only when the name used differs from that employed in Gray’s Manual of Botany (seventh edition). A reference is added, in such cases, to a place where the status of the name is fully discussed. An attempt has been made to correlate the nomenclature used with that found in Dudley’s Flora. Plants are listed as to frequency under the following terms, in sequence as to abundance: rare, scarce, infrequent, frequent, common. A plant having five known stations or less is considered rare unless it is so abundant at some of the stations as to violate the idea of rareness. Col- lectors, except when these are the authors, are cited for rare plants. Stations are not cited for plants that are common. The symbol (D.) indicates that this station was listed in Dudley’s Flora, and (!) indicates that the plant has been seen by the present authors at the same station. The dates given in the first paragraph under each species refer to the time of flowering unless specifically indicated to represent the fruiting period. Only species and varieties are included in the keys, forms being omitted. Occasionally at the end of a paragraph in a key, additional material is given in parenthesis. This is for information only, and is not intended to contrast with a similar statement in the corresponding division of the key. MAPS Two maps are provided. One is merely an outline map of New York showing the location of the Cayuga Lake Basin. The other is a detailed map of the basin, on which are located the important political features of the region together with most of the swamps, ponds, and streams that are of importance to the collector and are cited in the text. Four levels of altitude are indicated on the map, in an attempt to represent the Ontario plain, the lower plateau, the upper plateau, and the highest hills. After a study of the escarpments between these regions, the altitude chosen to limit the lowest level was 275 meters (900 feet). The second level then fell between 275 and 427 meters (900 and 1400 feet), the higher level between 427 and 550 meters (1400 and 1800 feet), and the highest hills between 550 and 640 meters (1800 and 2095 feet). The map was checked with the United States topographical maps for accuracy of detail in placing towns, railroads, swamps, ponds, streams, and other features, and the topography was worked on to the map from the topo- graphical maps. THE FLoRA OF THE CAYUGA: LAKE BASIN 11 While the towns and other gross features can be readily located on the map, difficulty may be encountered in locating many of the collecting regions. The following index is intended to aid in the location of places less well-known which are cited in the text. By the index number given, their approximate location may be determined. Amphitheater, Six Mile Creek.—South side of creek at lower reservoir. I 203. Bald Hill, Caroline— K 23. Dudley's ‘ Bald Hill” seems to have been northwest of this hill. Bald Hill, Ithaca= Eagle Hill. Ball Hill, Danby.— H2 23. Bates Woods.— Near Glenwood. Gi 193. Bear Swamp= Woodwardia Bog. Dudley’s ‘“ Bear Swamp” was north of Benson Corners. Beaver Brook.— L# 18. Beebe Lake.—Fall Creek Gorge below Forest Home. Beech Woods, Six Mile Creek.— Below lower reservoir. Benson Corners.— J 18. Besemer.—J 213. Big Gully.—F 12. Black Brook, Tyre—C 8. Black Creek.—C 5. Black Lake— D 83. Botrychium Woods, Spring Lake—Northwest of Spring Lake village. F 4. Brookton Springs.—Jz 22. Bull Hill, Newfield.— F2 23. Burdick Glen=Esty Glen. Burt Schoolhouse = Fleming Schoolhouse. Bushy Point, Cayuga Lake—Mentioned by Dudley, but location not now known. Buttermilk Glen.—H 21. Canoga Marshes.— D 11. Caroline Pinnacles.— K 23. Cascade Pond=Dwyer Pond. Cascadilla Glen.— I 203. Cayuga Bridge.— Long railroad bridge at Cayuga. Cayuga Heights— North of Cornell Heights and just outside limits of city of Ithaca. |H# 20. Cayuga Lake Park.— Opposite Cayuga. D 93. Cayuga Marshes.— Southern part of Montezuma Marshes. Cayuta Lake.— D3 22. Cayutaville— E 22. Chicago Bog.— M 18. Chicago Crossing = Gracie Station. Chicago Springs——One mile south of Gracie Station, and west of road. Chickaree Woods.— East of Agricultural College barns, formerly. Circus common, south of Percy Field—Between Falls Street and Fall Creek, formerly. Connecticut Hill.—F 22. Cortland marl ponds.— M4 173. Coy Glen— H 21. Crane Creek.— F 7. Crowbar Point.— G3 19. Crusoe Bog, Lake, and Prairie— D 5. Dart Woods.— On hill south of Ellis Hollow Swamp. Dryden-Lansing Swamp.—I3 19. liz Kart M. Wikecanp aAnp Artruur J. Eames Duck Lake.— F 4. Dwyer Pond.— Cascadilla Creek just above South Avenue. Eagle Hill— I4 203. East Lawn Cemetery.— I 203. Eddy Pond.—Now Girls’ Playground, Cascadilla Glen. Ellis Hollow Swamp.— J4 203. Elm Beach, Romulus.— 1D 144. Enfield Glen.—G 213. Esty Glen.—I 19. Factory Street = Stewart Avenue, Ithaca. Fall Creek Gorge.— I 20. Farley Point.—E 113. Featherbed Bog.— F 33. Ferris Brook.— At Ferris Place, Ithaca. Fir Tree Swamp between Slaterville and Dryden.— L 20. Fir Tree Swamp, Danby.—I 22. Fir Tree Swamp, Freeville— K4 183. Fiske-McGraw grounds=Chi Psi grounds, near Morse Hall. Fleming Meadow.—Inlet Valley, near Buttermilk Falls but west of railroad. G# 21. Fleming Schoolhouse.— Inlet Valley near Buttermilk Falls. Fox Ridge.— E2 6. Franklin Ravine-— About two miles north of King Ferry. Free Hollow = Forest Home. Freeville Bog.— K 183. Frontenac Island.— E 11. Frontenac Point.— F3 18. Geer Gulf =Coy Glen. Girls’ Playground, Cascadilla Glen.—Along South Avenue, south of athletic fields. Glass Works.— Junction of Cascadilla Creek and the Inlet, formerly. Glen Pond.—Cascadilla Glen at Stewart Avenue. Goodwin Point = Taughannock Point. Gracie Station.— M 173. Gracie Swamp= McLean swamp along Beaver Brook. Green Tree Falls = Potter Falls. Grotto.— J 172. Hanshaw Corners.— I 20. Hardenburg Gulf.—Between Coy Glen and Enfield Glen. Headwaters Swamp.— H3 24. Hibiscus Point— E 11. Hill Branch = Stream south of Sawyer Creek. E2 11. Howland Island.— F 5. Howland Point.— E. Incline, South Hill. Near junction of Cayuga Street and railroad. Indian Salt Spring— South of Black Lake. Indian Spring — Lake Street, Ithaca, one-half mile south of Renwick. Inlet Marshes.— Cayuga Inlet between Ithaca and the lake. “Ithaca Marshes,” in part. Isoétes Pond.—Westernmost and smallest of Cortland marl ponds, northeast of Chicago Bog. Ithaca Falls—At lower end of Fall Creek Gorge. Jennings Pond.—I 23. Judd Falls— Near East Ithaca, at railway bridge over Cascadilla Creek. Kennedy Corners.— G 20. Key Hill. F4 223. Kidders Ferry =Kidders. E 16. THE FLora oF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 13 King Ferry.— F 153. Krum Corners.—G 19%. Lake Como.— L 15. Larch Meadow.— H 21. Lay Iron Spring.— Just west of Black Lake. Lick Brook.— H 22. Locke Pond = Lake Como. Lockwood Flats— At mouth of Big Gully. Long Point.— E 14. Lowery Ponds.— A 83. Lucifer Falls— High falls in Enfield Glen. McGowan Woods.—I4 204. McKinney Twin Glens.— At McKinneys. McLean Bogs.— M 18. Malloryville Bog.— L 18. Marl Creek Meadows.—M3? 173, by large marl pond. May Point— FE 8. Michigan Hollow Swamp.—I 23. Midway.— I 18. Miller Bog, Spring Lake—One-eighth mile west of Spring Lake village. Montezuma Marshes.— E Moore Creek.— H 18. Mud Creek, Freeville— L 183. Mud Pond, Conquest.— F 4. Mud Pond, Ira— G3 3. Mud Pond, McLean Bogs.— M 18. Narrows, Six Mile Creek.— Below dam at lower reservoir. Neguaena Creek = Cayuga Inlet. Negundo Woods.—Cayuga Inlet at upper D., L. & W. R. R. bridge. Newfield Swamp.—Southwest of Key Hill. Newton Ponds.— A 83. Nook.— Lake Street, Ithaca, at first cove north of Fall Creek. Osmun.— Near Midway, formerly. I 18. Otter Lake.— Hé 4. Otter Spring — M? 16%. Outlet Marshes = Montezuma Marshes. Paine Creek.— F 14. Phillips Pond.— A 83. Pleasant Grove Brook.— 150 yards south of Renwick. Pleasant Grove Cemetery.— At head of Pleasant Grove Brook. Pony Hollow.— F 24 Portland Point—H 19. Potter Falls— 14 21. Pout Pond.— A 9. President White Place=President’s house, Cornell University campus. Pumping station, Ithaca water works——At Van Natta Dam. Red Mills and Red Mill Pond.— L 183. Renwick Park=Stewart Park. Rhodes Woods.— On hill south of Etna. Ringwood.— K 2 Roger Corner.— E 16. Round Marshes= McLean Bogs. Salmon Creek.— H 17. Salt Creek.—North of Montezuma village. Salt Pond west of Howland Island.— E 52. 14 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES Salt springs— East of Montezuma village; along Salt Creek; south of Black Lake; Cayuga Lake shore, opposite Cayuga. Saxon Hill=Connecticut Hill. Shurger Glen.— I 183. Signer Woods.— H# 243. Slaterville Swamp.— L 22. Slayton Pond.— G 5. Snyder Hill.—J 21. South Hill Marsh.—H? 214. Spencer Lake— H3 25. Spring Lake—F 43. Spruce Swamp, Enfield,— F% 21. Stark Pond.— G 5. aes Woods.— Along railroad, Ithaca, near southwest corner of Cayuga Lake. Stewart Park.— South end of Cayuga Lake, east of lighthouses. Sulphur Spring, Six Mile Creek.— East side of creek, at first cove above Van Natta Dam. Summer Hill— L 16. Summit Marsh.— H3 25. Taft Hill=Bald Hill, Caroline. Taughannock Gorge.— F% 183. Thatcher Pinnacles.— H# 233. Townley Swamp.— J 18. Triphammer Falls.— Fall Creek, just below Beebe Lake. Turkey Hill—J 20. Turtle Pond—=In Tamarack Swamp. D 43. Utt Point— South of Farley Point and north of Big Gully Point. Valentine Brook Small brook near Valentine Place, Ithaca. Valley Cemetery.— Inlet Valley, southwest of Buttermilk Falls. Vandemark Pond.— A 84. Van Natta Dam.— At junction of Six Mile Creek and Giles Street. Warren woodlot.— North of Fall Creek and one-half mile east of Forest Home. Waterburg.— E2 19. Wells Falls— Just below Van Natta Dam. Westbury Bog and Prairie— E 23. White Church— K 23. Willets— E 142. Willow Glen— K 193. Willow Point— South of McKinneys. Willow Pond.— Just east of Cascadilla Hall, Ithaca, formerly. Wood Mill— H 13. Woodwardia Bog.— L 183. Wyckoff Swamp.— J 1732. THE FLora oF THE Cayuca LAKE BAsIn 1s) ARTIFICIAL. KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF VASCULAR PLANTS PAGE a. Reproduction by spores in sporangia on the under side of the leaves, in the leaf axils, in cone-like spikes, or on short basal branches, (Pteridophyta). b. Leaves (fronds) broad, flat, and fern-like, more or less pinnately or ternately divided or entire. c. Sporangia with an annulus, splitting open by a transverse cleft on one side, the walls 1 cell thick; fronds similar or dimorphic..PoLypoprAceAE 26 c. Sporangia without an annulus, splitting open by a vertical slit; fronds dimorphic or at least the fertile and sterile divisions very dissimilar. d. Sporangia on special modified fronds or on much modified divisions at the summit or middle of the sterile frond; walls of the sporangia 1 cell thick; rootstocks stout; fronds in large clumps..OSMUNDACEAE 33 d. Sporangia aggregated in spikes or panicles apparently at the summit of the stem, with the leaf-like sterile part lateral or basal; walls of the sporangia several cells thick; rootstocks practically wanting; fronds TVOPRRITI NS CIITIMIDS/S crt rcratet stein cxee ors cuss e Gio tier tues ie = OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 35 b. Leaves narrow, small, and scale-like, or larger, divided, and clover-like (see also 3d b). Gulveavess4-1oliolates yClover=likey.s.3m20.4 scyleye fee eeheso wie s ese ss MARSILEACEAE 34 c. Leaves subulate, scale-like. d. Leaves whorled, forming sheaths at the nodes of the jointed stem; sporangia in terminal SPIKeSirewcne uchavstece Gierasseiso eee oo s EQUISETACEAE 36 d. Leaves not whorled; stems not conspicuously jointed. e. Plants aquatic, floating, small, branched, and coral-like..SALVINIACEAE 34 e. Plants not aquatic. f. Plants not resembling mosses, the stems often long and creeping ; Sporesimalllt alileen Pee, helers sce ticcsysloreyertisyeteuels Wis,.0, als nresers LycopopIACEAE 38 f. Plants small and moss-like; spores of two kinds (microspores and MELAS POLES) — thera A teyopehs ts, ier oun Seeds ese he OSG SELAGINELLACEAE 40) Daplbeavessongrandsquill=like; alle basal icra ctie st cieeudiases cvs vem ein oot IsoETACEAE 40 a. Reproduction by seeds each containing an embryo (Spermatophyta). b. Ovules and seeds exposed on open bracts; trees and shrubs, with needle- like or scale-like, mostly evergreen, leaves (Gymnospermae). c. Seeds borne in cones or in a several-seeded berry.............. PINACEAE 41 ea seeds solitary, loosely ivested by a pulpy. cup.........-..+--« TAXACEAE 41 b. Ovules and seeds in a closed ovary; herbs or woody plants, with broad or narrow, evergreen or deciduous, leaves (Angiospermae). c. Plants scarcely differentiated into stem and leaf; floating aquatics. LEMNACEAE 135 c. Plants ordinary, leafy. d. Ovary inferior. (2d d, p. 17.) e. Herbs, rarely slightly woody at base. (2d e, p. 17.) f. Leaves opposite or verticillate. (2d f, p. 16.) Grell OWerSe tmeertin DELS \ var esciere foes ekacss asia bichs hose ead ARALIACEAE 319 g. Flowers in involucrate heads (see also 3d g). lb, SAWITSIS HHTASNEHO OS: a beaccdonseequooeseaeden sale CoMPosITAE 394 h. Stamens separate or but slightly united. 1. Heads greenish or yellowish, unisexual............. Ambrosia 413 and NXanthium 414 1. Heads white, purple, or blue; flowers perfect... D1psAcaceAE 391 g. Flowers neither in umbels nor in involucrate heads. h. Corolla gamopetalous; limb of calyx often minute. 1. Leaves opposite without stipules, or if stipulate the corolla rotate or saucer-shaped. 16 Kar_ M. WigcAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES PAGE j. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla. CAPRIFOLIACEAE 384 j. Stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla. V ALERIANACEAE 390 1. Leaves opposite with stipules, or whorled and without stipules. RUBIACEAE 380 h. Corolla wanting, or not markedly differing from the calyx, or of separate petals. 1. Plants parasitic on the branches of trees, nearly leafless and NOtUSRECNU SE . A Re CR neki kori LoRANTHACEAE 184 i.. Plants not parasitic, green. j. Plants floating aquatics; rarely emersed when water dries out; leaves whorled. k. Leaves pinnatifid or almost wanting...... Myriophyllum 318 k. Leaves linear or oblong. /. Perianth 3- or 6-parted; leaves in whorls of 3...Elodea 55 /. Perianth entire; leaves in whorls of more than 5. Hippuris 318 j. Plants not floating aquatics. k. Flowers regular; stamens not fused with style. l. Ovary 1-4-celled; stamens 2-8; petals 0-4. ONAGRACEAE 313 !. Ovary 1-celled; stamens 10; petals 0..Chrysosplenium 238 k. Flowers irregular; stamens fused with style..... Listera 159 f. Leaves alternate or basal. g. Flowers in simple, compound, or paniculate umbels; leaves usually compound. h. Fruit dry, splitting into two parts; ovary 2-celled; styles 2. UMBELLIFERAE 320 ea Binuiteneshy-voveatyao=celledtasty lest om see eeeereneeeee Aralia 319 g. Flowers in involucrate heads (see also 3d g)........ ComposItTaE 394 g. Flowers neither in umbels nor in involucrate heads (or rarely in simple umbels and the leaves simple). h. Corolla gamopetalous. 1. Plants twining or climbing, usually with tendrils. CUCURBITACEAE 392 1. Plants neither twining nor climbing. 4. Corolla regular: anthers ‘separate... .... CAMPANULACEAE 392 j. Corolla irregular; anthers syngenesious....... LoBELIACEAE 393 h. Corolla polypetalous, wanting, or not markedly differing from the calyx. 1. Leaves parallel-veined, entire; monocotyledons. j. Plants aquatic; flowers inconspicuous, greenish, unisexual ; (Gtamense3=12-Movanyal-celled)e-n-eeen ere Vallisneria 55 j. Plants terrestrial; flowers often showy, perfect. k. Flowers irregular; stamens 1-2, fused with the style; ovaty lecelledin te ice ccc ineaetice mere ORCHIDACEAE 151 k. Flowers regular; ovary 3-celled. i Stamens 6) Sct ee cos ots se MOA RV DID GEE ge Io SitamenG 3 © since cse oat Meee none IrRmACEAE 150 i. Leaves netted-veined, pinnatifid. j. Ovary 1-celled. k. Flowers borne on a fleshy spike inclosed in a spathe. Symplocarpus 135 k. Flowers cymose; spathe wanting......... SANTALACEAE 184 THE FLorRA oF THE CayuGA LAKE BasIN 17 PAGE j. Ovary 2-4-celled (see also 3d 7). k. Styles or sessile stigmas 3 or 4; petals inconspicuous or wanting ; aquatic or marsh’ plants, often with pinnatifid REESESY a bb Stacie Geta e olin cn te Cees HALORAGIDACEAE 318 k. Style 1, bearing 1-4 stigmas; petals often showy; marsh Omeuplanduaplantssncasn mecca oer ONAGRACEAE 313 j. Ovary 6-celled; petals mostly wanting..ARISTOLOCHIACEAE 185 e. Woody plants. f. Staminate flowers in catkins, or in short, globular, drooping spikes (see also Nyssa and Urticaceae). Gre cavesm PilInatemesey mar neal ter ctrl ere er eeaO aoe JUGLANDACEAE 172 g. Leaves simple. h. Stigmas or styles 2; ovary 1—2-celled............ BETULACEAE 174 eSticmasnog stylesisis oOVvanyao—/-celled 4. o.mcme ase. FAGACEAE 177 f. Flowers not in catkins nor in globular drooping spikes. g. Leaves opposite or whorled. haieavess stipulate .on swhorledss-aem areca ee oe RUBIACEAE 380 h. Leaves opposite without stipules, or if stipulate the corollas rotate or saucer-shaped. A eeetall SyeA—O nani Ted’wseente ic Aetiechc onmenty ne o> CAPRIFOLIACEAE 384 Peet alse eSCPDALAtC He 5 Anyi octane. {tes sehte dts = is.34 Cornus 327 g. Leaves alternate. h. Flowers umbellate, minute, greenish.............. ARALIACEAE 319 h. Flowers not umbellate. i. Flowers perigynous. Welowersy iy latesautum£ime as oaenee. es oe HAMAMELIDACEAE 241 j. Flowers in spring or summer. k. Petals not longer than the sepals; stamens 4-5....Ribes 239 k. Petals longer than the sepals; stamens 5—many. RosacEaAE 241 1. Flowers epigynous. j. Ovary 1-2-celled; polypetalous or apetalous; stamens 4-15. CORNACEAE 327 jy. Ovary 4-5- or 10-celled; polypetalous or gamopetalous; , Stamlenoe oll eyes Peat cyeters is cteisis ereene ee ccaecysia s ERICACEAE 329 d. Ovary superior, except sometimes at base. e. Corolla wanting or not markedly differing from the calyx. (2d e, p. 19.) f. Plants grass-like, with very small green or brown flowers; perianth when present rigid; bracts rigid. Greberianthmrpnes cits | O-pantedae. suemiecnia. amet: asec eo oce JUNCACEAE 137 g. Perianth wanting, or of bristles or irregular scales. h. Leaves in % phyllotaxy, usually with open sheaths; culms terete or flattened, usually hollow............... GRAMINEAE 55 h. Leaves mostly in 4 phyllotaxy, with closed sheaths; culms tEHeLe OL woranoledtesolidme smewieramerie sires sie. 2 cen ai CYPERACEAE 92 f. Plants not grass-like, or if so with petaloid soft perianth. g. Plants aquatic, rooting or floating, only the flowers sometimes raised above the surface; rarely emersed in the mud when the water dries out. h. Submerged leaves entire or denticulate. Aaa OMS VC lLO Waste sper Rigel aieis ONO areas alesse cis as Heteranthera 137 1. Flowers not pure yellow. j. Flowers in dense racemose monoecious heads. SPARGANIACEAE 44 18 Kart M. WiecAND AND ArTHUR J. EAMES PAGE j. Flowers not in heads, or if so then perfect. k. Flowers axillary, solitary, with a 2-lobed truncate or TPELUSEKOVALY) otitis cess eee eee CALLITRICH ACEAE k. Flowers spicate, or if axillary then the ovary not as DOME REN lee Rea ee eee as, ors POCO ae Bare NAJADACEAE h. Submerged leaves palmately or dichotomously dissected. CERATOPH YLLACEAE g. Plants not truly aquatic, part of the stem or leaves raised above the surface of the water. h. Herbs. (2d h, p. 19.) i. Flowers in dense fleshy greenish spikes (spadix) which are usually subtended by a spathe; perianth present or absent. ARACEAE i. Flowers in dense unisexual spikes, each minute floret sub- tendeditiby bristles seen seca rit ane tome eae TYPHACEAE i. Flowers in long slender white nodding spikes; perianth WANE 5.02 seine ee eee SE ne Cae PIPERACEAE 7. Flowers not in spikes, or if so not as above. j. Perianth with three parts united into a crested organ. POLYGALACEAE j. Perianth with parts not united into a crested organ. k. Ovary 1, 1-celled (rarely 2-celled in Sparganiaceae). I. Ovule 1. m. Stipules sheathing; fruit lenticular or sharply 3- angled eed eee aaa POLYGONACEAE m. Stipules not sheathing, often wanting; fruit not as above. m2. Leaves parallel-veined, linear; monoecious mono- Coty ledonS:) Seite sh ote ne SPARGANIACEAE n. Leaves netted-veined; dicotyledons. omStylevorrstiomal| sas aoe eee URTICACEAE o. Styles or stigmas 2-5. ' p. Leaves deeply palmately cleft or compound. Cannabis and Humulus p. Leaves pinnately lobed, serrate, or entire. q. Stipules, if any, not scarious. r. Flowers in dense scarious-bracted and often spiny clusters... AMARANTHACEAE ry. Flowers often in dense clusters but not scarious-bracted; often mealy. CHENOPODIACEAE Gee ouipulesScanious we sees sees ILLECEBRACEAE !. Ovules several or many. m. Leaves elliptic-linear. n. Placenta free-central; leaves rather soft. CARYOPHYLLACEAE n. Placentae parietal; leaves firm....... CISTACEAE m. Leaves oval, suborbicular, or pinnatifid. n. Plants more or less creeping, in wet places; flowers small, greenish; juice colorless. .Chrysosplenium n. Plants erect, in drier places; flowers larger, white or yellow (calyx caducous, flowers therefore appearing apetalous) ; juice colored. oy (Placentae*2=ou cease eee craic PAPAVERACEAE fg. Eelacentay (hina te Mir cer tealoceaeete eer BERBERIDACEAE 290 46 205 134 44 161 286 185 238 220 218 THE FLorA OF THE CaAyucA LAKE BaAsIN 19 PAGE k. Ovary 2-many-celled, or ovaries several. 1. Ovary 1, 5-celled, 5-lobed; plants not tall. Penthorum 236 1. Ovary 1, 10-celled, unlobed; tall, coarse plants. PHYTOLACCACEAE 197 1, Ovary 1 or several, 1-celled; leaves compound or deeply HODDER Sabacoiate custaterdealcts eid seteviscreneet RANUNCULACEAE 207 I, Ovary 1, 3-celled, or 3 and each 1-celled; leaves not lobed nor compound. m, Flowers minute, greenish. n. Leaves whorled, netted-veined......... AIZOACEAE 198 n. Leaves not whorled. o. Leaves netted-veined, not grass-like; dicotyle- GONnSh. Sau. eer oo tence: EUPHORBIACEAE 287 o. Leaves parallel-veined, grass-like; monocotyle- CONS iiat eee aero ch oh toes JUNCAGINACEAE 52 m. Flowers larger, green or colored; leaves usually parallel-veined ; monocotyledons. n. Perianth 2-lipped; seed solitary........ Pontederia 137 n. Perianth regular; seeds l-many........ LintaceaE 142 h. Woody plants. 1. Flowers, at least the staminate ones, in aments. j. Ovary dehiscent, with many comose seeds; a glandular disk or lobe at baselon each flower. 1.5.02. e2e-. SALICACEAE 161 j. Ovary indehiscent, each cell with 1-2 naked seeds; disk wanting. k. Ovary 1-celled. eekinnitehleshvemleavesw broads. .ccrneeitees aes: oe Morus 182 1. Fruit dry or waxy; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate. Myricaceak 171 k. Ovary 2-celled; leaves broad.............. BETULACEAE 174 i. Flowers not in aments. j. Flowers in dense globular pendent heads; fruits long-hairy ; LEAVES MANO UAT ns kcere ie lake bie veharaseisveverrye tess PLATANACEAE 241 j. Flowers not as above. k. Plants recurved or brier-like, prickly, monocotyledons. Smilax 149 k. Plants ordinary shrubs or trees, dicotyledons. 1. Ovary 2-—many-celled. m. Styles 1-2. Manip easdoublessamatra. .aceee ses ose ACERACEAE 293 Me niiteawsing lemsamataaaeeeitecds oe aca. Fraxinus 340 m. Styles 3-4 or 3—4-cleft.............. RHAMNACEAE 295 I. Ovary 1-celled. m. Leaves and twigs peltate-scaly...... ELAEAGNACEAE 311 m. Leaves and twigs not peltate-scaly. n. Calyx tube cylindrical or urn-shaped. THYMELAEACEAE 311 n. Calyx tube short or none. o. Flowers yellowish, often showy; bark spicy; anthers opening by uplifting valves. LAURACEAE 219 o. Flowers green or brown; bark not spicy; anthers not opening as above...... URTICACEAE 180 e. Corolla polypetalous (petals slightly coherent in Fumariaceae). (3d e, p. 22.) 20 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES PAGE fF. Elenbss) (2diizepacie) g. Stamens perigynous. h. Leaves compound, leaf and leaflets with pulvini; flowers often papilionaceous: shew. Satan to kta Cee een LEGUMINOSAE 270 h. Leaves simple or compound, without pulvini; flowers not papilionaceous. i. Anthers usually long and curved, opening by terminal pores. MELASTOMACEAE 312 i. Anthers opening longitudinally. ge Sepals 02 sc reed ee elt ee beer PoRTULACACEAE 204 j. Sepals 5 or calyx 5-lobed. k. Ovaries 1-several, l-celled, or if 2-celled then deeply lobed. iE Carpels 2) iru mot burclikes.).ssccirr SAXIFRAGACEAE 237 !. Carpels 2-many; fruit often bur-like....... RosacEaE 241 k. Ovary 1, 2—5-celled, not plainly lobed....... LyTHRACEAE 311 g. Stamens hypogynous. h. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous, at least below. 1. Flowers irregular. j. Corolla or calyx spurred or saccate. Rk: ‘Onary: U=celledc. eee cease nee FUMARIACEAE 221 ke Ovary 5-celledin weer ae cee eee BALSAMINACEAE 295 j. Corolla and calyx not spurred nor saccate; petals fringed. POLYGALACEAE 286 1. Flowers regular. j. Ovary 1-celled; corolla spurred or saccate... FUMARIACEAE 221 j. Ovary 1-celled; placenta free-central; stamens opposite the petals eis.5 Lee SS aa i a ee PRIMULACEAE 337 j. Ovary 4+many-celled; placentae axial; stamens alternate with the petals, or more numerous than the petals. k. Stamens very numerous, united more than half their length, forming a central column around the pistil. MALVACEAE 298 k. Stamens united only at base. I. Stamens 10; leaves 3-foliolate.......... OXALIDACEAE 283 /(Stamens: Ssaleaves simplenas.coemeee eee eer LINACEAE 282 h. Stamens separate (rarely united in fascicles in Hypericaceae). i. Pistils 2—many, distinct. g. Leaves peltate; aquatic plants. .2..-2..... NYMPHAEACEAE 205 j. Leaves not peltate. : k. Petals 3, white; monocotyledons.......... ALISMACEAE 53 k. Petals 4 or more, often colored; dicotyledons. 2 eaves scareehylesiiyep as ees eee RANUNCULACEAE 207 l.. Tseaves syery Hesbye eee Ac Soa CRASSULACEAE 236 1. Pistil solitary. yj. Ovary 1-celled. (2d 7, p. 21.) k. Plants insectivorous; leaves covered with glandular £entacl asic 4.3/8.0 sah eto ca ae nat eee es DrosERACEAE 235 k. Plants not insectivorous; tentacles wanting. I. Styles 2-9 or 2-9-parted. my Sepals! 2 ACSye yk Sa ere eee es PorTULACACEAE 204 m. Sepals 4-5, distinct or united. n. Disk cup-shaped, glandular, at base of ovary. RESEDACEAE 235 Tur FLora or THE Cayvuca LAKE BAsIN 74) PAGE n. Disk wanting. o. Placentae parietal; foliage punctate. HyprErIcACEAE 300 o. Placenta free-central; foliage not punctate. CARYOPHYLLACEAE 198 !. Style 1, stigmas 1-4 (placentae parietal). m., Placentae 2-5. n. Calyx deciduous, often caducous. o. Sepals 2 or united, falling very early. PAPAVERACEAE 220 o. Sepals 4, falling while in flower. CAPPARIDACEAE 235 n. Calyx persistent in fruit. o. Flowers regular. p. Sterile stamens wanting........... CISTACEAE 301 Pe Stemle stamens presents + ).c9. 05 aes: Parnassia 239 omElowensmbtresilar wien ene see aoe VIOLACEAE 302 m. Placenta 1. n. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them; anthers opening by uplifting valves, or basal leaves) peltatem ac een eiemte cen ce BERBERIDACEAE 218 n. Stamens more numerous than the petals; anthers not opening by uplifting valves. RANUNCULACEAE 207 j. Ovary 2-—many-celled. k. Plants aquatic; leaves deeply cordate.... NyMPHAEACEAE 205 k. Plants terrestrial. l. Style dilated, umbrella-like; leaves tubular. SARRACENIACEAE 235 l. Style ordinary; leaves not tubular. m. Anthers opening by terminal pores, often inverted. ERICACEAE 329 m. Anthers opening longitudinally. n. Stamens tetradynamous or 2; ovary 2-celled. CRUCIFERAE 222 nm. Stamens not tetradynamous nor 2. o. Styles 2-7 or stigmas 5. p. Ovules numerous in each cell. Quavecaveswaltennatenn aera sce: Penthorum 236 q. Leaves whorled, not punctate; stamens 6. Trillium 148 q. Leaves opposite, punctate; stamens many. HypErIcAceaE 300 p. Ovules 1-2 in each cell......... GERANIACEAE 284 o. Style 1, stigmas 1-3. p. Leaves parallel-veined; petals 3, deliquescent. = CoMMELINACEAE 136 p. Leaves netted-veined. q. Leaves simple. r. Petals 3-5; stamens 2—many...CIsTACEAE 301 Py Reals 4S “Guahimisis) Zon bis oesane Lepidium 224 gq. Leaves pinnately divided..LIMNANTHACEAE 290 f. Woody plants. g. Pistils several. h. Leaves glandular-punctate, compound; stamens 4-5. RUTACEAE 286 Be Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES PAGE h. Leaves not punctate, simple; stamens 12—many. ?, APlantsntwatlineesy sacs corte akon | aeieio eve. MENISPERMACEAE 218 1. Plants neither twining nor climbing. HEMELOWEGS My POS AOLSM irate celia octets MAGNOLIACEAE 217 qe lowerseperieynOouse acacia. 8 scat eee eee ne RosAcgEAE 241 Ga eistileele h. Stamens) [5yorumorel sa nidad calc en one ecient TILIACEAE 297 h. Stamens less than 15. i. Style 1 (often several stigmas or branches) or none. j. Anthers opening by apical valves; leaves or twigs usually MOLE wOTMlESSmISpillymec AO ews Ck ae eRe Berberts 219 j. Anthers ordinary, or opening by terminal valveless pores. k. Ovary. lecelledineeesa ean ay sates. easier, LEGUMINOSAE 270 k. Ovary 2-8-celled. i Blowensminneculanieser ees tecce ocr HIPPOCcASTANACEAE 294 1. Flowers regular or nearly so. m. Leaves rusty-tomentose beneath; anthers opening by terminal ™poresc oe seein salons eee Ledum 333 m. Leaves not tomentose; anthers opening longitudi- nally. n. Stamens opposite the petals. o. Petals valvate; plants climbing....... VITACEAE 296 o. Petals involute; plants erect..... RHAMNACEAE 295 n. Stamens alternate with the petals. ocuPlanteayvines tae ee eee arias Celastrus 292 o. Plant not a vine. pb, Leaves) opposite, simple... 2... eas. Evonymus 292 p. Leaves alternate. q. Leaves pinnate; fruit a samara. SIMARUBACEAE 286 q. Leaves simple; fruit a berry. AQUIFOLIACEAE 291 1. Styles 2-3. j. Leaves opposite. ke; Weavesisimples int aysameanan ese aera! ACERACEAE 293 k. Leaves 3-foliolate; fruit a bladdery pod. STAPHYLEACEAE 292 j. Leaves alternate. k. Leaves compound; summer-flowering....ANACARDIACEAE 290 k. Leaves simple; petals strap-shaped; autumn-flowering. ¥ HAMAMELIDACEAE 241 c. Corolla gamopetalous. f. Stamens (fertile) 2-4. g. Ovary 4-celled, deeply 4-lobed; stems mostly 4-angled. LABIATAE 354 g. Ovary 1-celled (see also 3d gq). he Plantsaparasitic. not aneeiinne seein aie OROBANCHACEAE 376 h. Plants not parasitic, green. 1. Klowers regular on jearly=sOvm eee aici +: GENTIANACEAE 341 1. Flowers conspicuously irregular. 4; Stamens ye cieee cea keer ee ee eee ee LENTIBULARIACEAE 377 fp Siete GL olyen rehab) Joan nagooouon oo ubolse PHRYMACEAE 379 gy. Ovary 2-4-celled, not deeply lobed. h, Plants parasitic, not green, twining.......... Cuscuta (in part) 347 h. Plants slightly or not at all parasitic, green, not twining. i. Flowers scarious, greenish, in dense spikes.. PLANTAGINACEAE 379 THe FLorRA OF THE CayuGA LAKE BASIN 23 PAGE 1. Flowers ordinary, petaloid. Hemelanits wWOOUvieens descr soles en shee ainice ete OLEACEAE 340 j. Plants herbaceous. ha @vulesloinpeach ot ther4cellsuaecien ssc VERBENACEAE 354 k. Ovules 2—many in each of the 2 cells. 1. Capsule with elastic valves; flowers in dense peduncled axillanyespikes vom sieadse. eases ACANTHACEAE 378 1. Capsule without elastic valves; flowers not as above. SCROPHULARIACEAE 368 f. Stamens 5, rarely 6 (see also 3d f). g. Ovaries 2, distinct or nearly so; juice usually milky; seeds with hairy appendages. h. Filaments distinct; styles and stigmas united; corolla convolute ; pollenworanular oot oa pene soe eaten eee APOCYNACEAE 343 h. Filaments united; styles separate; stigmas united and fused with the anthers; corolla valvate or convolute; pollen in masses. ASCLEPIADACEAE 345 g. Ovary 1; seeds not appendaged. beOvatyosdeeply -4-lobeden . vx astes< cose sé cise tas ¢ BoRAGINACEAE 350 h. Ovary not 4-lobed. i. Ovary 1-celled. YeMILeHVES PoALOMOlALG. les. ences ts kee oaks Menyanthes 343 j. Leaves dentate, cleft, or pinnatifid..... HypROPHYLLACEAE 349 j. Leaves entire or nearly so, not as above. k. Stamens opposite the lobes of the corolla; placenta free- Centralwovulesmimeanyen sss oemaeee ee oes PRIMULACEAE 337 k. Stamens alternate with the corolla lobes; placentae parietal. 1. Leaves opposite; ovules many.......... GENTIANACEAE 341 I. Leaves alternate; ovules 3-5........ CONVOLVULACEAE 346 i. Ovary 2-5-celled. jy. Ovary 2—-4-celled. k. Corolla plicate; stamens often centrally connivent; fruit PRECUEHthyercy eDeLIsymcieme tect tee Seton «ce ae SOLANACEAE 365 k. Corolla not plicate; stamens not conspiciously connivent ; fruit dry. I. Ovules numerous. m. Ovary 2-celled. neaCoroila notatew eee Mae tence oe Verbascum 369 nwa Gorollamtunnel-foniine see e tee te cies ce ae Lycium 367 Mee @vatyers—Ccelledm aetna te eae ie ae POLEMONIACEAE 349 !, Oyules 1-2 in each cell. m. Fruit a capsule; plants sometimes without green COOTER ae stasis lteusicesis cheleloysrerstes CONVOLVULACEAE 346 m. Fruit of 2-4 nutlets; plants green...BorRAGINACEAE 350 uni Ovanye o-celledswaan eee setae see tie kere Rhododendron 333 f. Stamens 6-many. g. Flowers very irregular. h. Lip of corolla crested; sepals unequal, petaloid..PoLyGALACEAE 286 h. Lip of corolla naked; sepals equal, united, not petaloid. Trifolium 273 g. Flowers regular or nearly so. heOvary; (celled: >ereen’ herbs: fois ..8. sae. cee PRIMULACEAE 337 h. Ovary 5- rarely 10-celled; shrubs, suffrutescent herbs, or saprophytic non-chlorophyll-bearing herbs......... ERICACEAE 329 24 Kart M. Wiecanp AND ArTHUR J. EAMES KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF ANGIOSPERMS CONTAINING DIOECIOUS SPECIES PAGE a. Woody plants. b. Leaves opposite. c. Plants scurfy, covered with silvery or brown peltate scales; leaves simple. ELAEAGNACEAE 311 c. Plants not peltate-scurfy; leaves compound. d. Leaflets 3, rarely 5; stamens 5-10; calyx 5-parted; wing of fruit qNsymime trical) Meas. Ae cee ee oe eee nee ACERACEAE 293 d. Leaflets 5-11; stamens 2 (4) ; calyx 4-parted; wing of fruit symmetrical. Fraxinus 340 b. Leaves alternate. c. Stem twining or recurved and brier-like. d. Flowers umbellate; stems usually prickly; monocotyledons...... Smilax 149 d. Flower paniculate; stems not prickly; dicotyledons.... MENISPERMACEAE 218 c. Stems neither twining nor brier-like. d. Flowers in catkins or short spikes, or often in peduncled subpaniculate heads. e. Perianth 4-5-parted or differentiated into calyx and corolla, not glandu- lar; bud scales several. jo Bith offtwigs, contingouss.-p-eaeeeee een eee ene aan UrticacEaE 180 f. Pith of twigs with woody diaphragms......................Nyssa 329 e. Perianth finger-like or cup-shaped, glandular, not parted; bud scale 1 or several,i(seejalsossdia) hisses ak aaa acre eee SALICACEAE 161 eePernanthynone=) bud scales severalenees: ae eee ee eee MyricaceaE 171 d. Flowers not in catkins or short spikes. e. Leaves pinnately compound. f. Leaflets dotted, crenulate or entire; shrubs; twigs dark, prickly. Zanthoxylum 286 f. Leaflets not dotted, with a few coarse basal teeth; trees; twigs pale, fot, prickly ig: ee anerae Seen en cee ee ee Cee SIMARUBACEAE 286 e. Leaves simple. f. Leaves serrate-dentate; twigs not spicy............... UrtIcAceAE 180 jf. Leaves -entirenorm lobed siwitsnspicyene ae ieacee re ee LAURACEAE 219 a. Herbs. b. Flowers/in ‘involucrate sheadSpe-s-re mies ae eee ene ComposItTaE 394 b. Flowers not in involucrate heads. c. Plants aquatic, submerged, flaccid. a weaves, opposite ncalllineaweey eee nen case cee ne NAJADACEAE 46 d. Leaves whorled and cauline, or basal.............. HypROCHARITACEAE 54 c. Plants not as above. d. Flowers with both calyx and corolla. e. Leaves simple. F.,Coxolla, of Se petals -serect herbst aaa. sere cree ALISMACEAE 53 f. Corolla deeply 5-parted, or petals 5; vines.......... CUCURBITACEAE 392 e. Leaves compound; corolla of 5 petals; erect herbs............ Panax 319 d. Flowers apetalous or perianth parts all similar (see also Panax). e. Flowers umbellate; plants with tendrils and recurved stems....Smilax 149 e. Flowers not umbellate. f. Blowers on a spadix inclosed inva spathes.....0s5- see ARACEAE 134 f. Flowers not as above. g. \ceaves ‘ternately,decompoundt 22... +. -4 eee Thalictrum 214 g. Leaves simple. h. Leaves with sheathing scarious stipules........ PoLyGONACEAE 185 THe FLorRA oF THE CAyvuGcGA LAKE BASIN 25 PAGE h. Leaves without such stipules. 1. Leaves 3—many-lobed or -parted................. UrtIcACEAE 180 1. Leaves not lobed. j. Plants parasitic on trees, often without green color. LoRANTHACEAE 184 j. Plants not parasitic. k. Flowers inclosed between two deltoid bracts; plants more Onsless mieallytstis fer tcn fats) ar Papers CHENOPODIACEAE 193 k. Flowers not inclosed between deltoid bracts; plants not mealy. I. Leaves netted-veined; dicotyledons........ UrrICcAcEAE 180 1. Leaves parallel-veined; monocotyledons..Chamaelirium 143 26 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES Division 1 (PLERIDOPHY TA 1. POLYPODIACEAE (FErn Famity)? ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE GENERA a. Sori (with indusia) inclosed in globular or necklace-like parts of the much- modified and contracted fertile fronds. : b. Sterile fronds 1-pinnatifid; veins netted; fertile fronds 2-pinnate; rootstocks creeping.® 4. ONOCLEA b. Sterile fronds 2-pinnatifid; veins free; fertile fronds 1-pinnate; rootstocks short, erect. 3. PTERETIS a. Sori exposed or simply covered by the reflexed margin of the frond. b. Sori marginal, the indusium appearing to consist of the reflexed margin of the frond; rootstocks creeping. c. Sorus apparently continuous along the whole margin. d. Fronds very large, broadly triangular, 1—3-pinnate. 15. PTERIDIUM d. Fronds small, ovate-oblong. e. Fronds delicate, membranous. f 13. CRYPTOGRAMMA e. Fronds coriaceous. 12. PELLAEA ~ c. Sori several or many, distinct. d. Sori sublunate, at the tips of the fan-shaped pinnules; fronds pedate. 14. ADIANTUM d. Sori as broad as long, marginal or partly covered by a reflexed tooth of the incised pinnule in addition to the true cup-shaped indusium; fronds 2-pinnate. 7. DENNSTAEDTIA b. Sori dorsal, though sometimes near the margin; indusium independent of the margin of the frond. c. Sori elongated. d. Veins free except the lowest, the tips not anastomosing; fronds 1—2-pinnate. e. Sori semi-elliptical or some of them horseshoe-like, attached to the lateral veins only; rootstocks not creeping. f. Indusium straight; fronds 1-pinnate, with black stipes; xylem in cross section of stipe X-, Y-, or T-shaped, or of two strands, the edges of the plates toward the upper side of the stipe not inflexed; cells of the scales rectangular, with thick, dark walls; small evergreen ferns. 10. ASPLENIUM f. Indusium straight or horseshoe-shaped; fronds 1—2-pinnate, with pale stipes; xylem V-shaped or of two strands, the edges of the plates toward the upper side of the stipe strongly inflexed; cells of the scales more acute or fibrous-tipped, thinner and paler-walled; larger her- baceous ferns. 8. ATHYRIUM e. Sori oblong or linear, extending along both the lateral veins and the midrib of the pinnae; rootstocks creeping. 11. WoopwarpDIA d. Veins netted; fronds lanceolate, undivided, rooting at the slender tip; sori variously disposed. 9. CAMPTOSORUS c. Sori orbicular or nearly so. d. Indusium superficial or wanting; fronds often evergreen. e. Fronds articulated with the creeping rootstocks, 1-pinnatifid, the divisions confluent at the base; sori naked. 16. PoLtypPoprumM c. Fronds not articulate, 1—-3-pinnate, if 1-pinnate the divisions distinct; rootstocks creeping or not creeping; sori naked or covered. f. Indusium cordate or wanting; pinnae pinnatifid or pinnate. 5. THELYPTERIS 2 For changes in the nomenclature of the ferns, see Rhodora, vol. 21, p. 173, 1919. 3 Ferns with creeping rootstocks have scattered fronds; those with short or upright rootstocks have the fronds in clusters. THe FLorA OF THE CAayuGA LAKE BASIN 27, f. Indusium, in local species, entire, peltate; pinnae serrate only, in local species. 6. PoLysTICHUM d. Indusium inferior; fronds not evergreen. e. Rootstocks not creeping ; sori exposed. f. Indusium opening on one side. 2. CySTOPTERIS f. Indusium splitting into many stellate-spreading shreds. 1. Woopsta e. Rootstocks creeping ; each sorus and its true cup-shaped indusium margined or partly covered by a reflexed tooth of the frond. 7. DENNSTAEDTIA 1. Woodsia R. Br. a. Stipe articulated a short distance above the base; pinnae chaffy; fronds 5-14 cm. high; indusium divided into slender hairs. 1. W. ilvensis a. Stipe not articulated; pinnae not chaffy, sparingly glandular-pubescent ;: fronds 20-50 cm. high; indusium split into a few broad divisions. 2. W. obtusa ow. alvensis: (1.)) R. Br. Dry exposed sandstone crests, in subacid soils; scarce. June 10—-Sept. 15. Caroline, ledge on North Pinnacle; Fall Creek, n. side above and below Triphammer Bridge (D. in C. U. Herb.!) ; ravine between Renwick and McKinneys (K. M. W. G& A. R. Bechtel) ; Taughannock Gorge, n. side above the falls (A. J. E. & L. H. MacDaniels). Lab. to Alaska, southw. to s. N. E., N. Y., Ky., and Iowa, and in the mts. to N. C., including the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Greenland and Eurasia. 2. W. obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. Dry but more shaded sandstone cliffs, in calcareous or somewhat acid soils; frequent. June 25-July. Enfield Glen, n. side, on high cliffs above the talus; South Hill, in the “ Incline” cut; Fall Creek (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; McKinney Twin Glens; ravine n. of Esty, on the dry cliffs of the n. side; probably elsewhere. Cent. Me. to Wis., southw. to Ga., Ala., Tex., and Ariz., including the northern Coastal Plain; also in Alaska and B. C. The veinlets in both species of Woodsia emerge from the parenchyma on the upper side near the tips, thus producing short linear markings which are character- istic. W. obtusa may be distinguished from Cystopteris fragilis, for which it is frequently mistaken, by its less cuneate and more crenate segments, which, together with the stipe, are more or less pubescent. 2. Cystopteris Bernh. a. Fronds lanceolate, attenuate, often bulblet-bearing beneath; segments and teeth crowded; rhachis not winged; pinnules mostly oblong, obtuse at each end; in- dusium truncate on the free side. 1. C. bulbtfera a. Fronds ovate-oblong, acute, not bulblet-bearing; segments and teeth more distant, decurrent on the slightly margined rhachis; pinnules mostly oval, more pointed and more cuneate; indusium acute or acuminate, and often lacerate on the free side. ZAGe fragilis 1. C. bulbifera (L.) Bernh. BLapper Fern. Damp or wet shaded calcareous cliffs and humus, in ravines, and in the vicinity of marl springs; very common. July—Aug. In all the ravines of the basin, where it festoons the rocky walls; also in swamps, = s. of Caroline Depot, along Mud Creek and Beaver Brook, and on Big Gully oint. Newf. to Man., southw. to Ga., Ala., Ark., and Iowa; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain and in granitic N. E. 28 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J, EAMES 2. C. fragilis (L.) Bernh. BLapprer FERN. Damp or rather dry shaded cliffs and banks, in somewhat calcareous or even sub- acid gravels and shales; less common than the preceding. June 10—Aug. 10. In nearly all the ravines of the basin, also in steep rocky hillside woods. Newf. and Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Ga., Ala., Kans., Ariz., and s. Calif., includ- ing the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Almost cosmopolitan. 3. Pteretis Raf. 1. P. nodulosa (Michx.) Nieuwl. (Onoclea Struthiopteris of authors.) OstTRICH FERN. Open alluvial slightly acid or slightly calcareous soil, especially on the flood plains of streams; frequent. Sept.—Oct. Key Hill swamp; Inlet, near Lick Brook; Negundo Woods; Etna; Fall Creek, e. of Freeville; Isoétes Pond, Cortland marl ponds; Salmon Creek, s. of Genoa; Paine Creek; Big Gully Point. Newf. to B. C., southw. to Va. and Iowa; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Slender stolons produce new clumps of fronds. 4. Onoclea L. 1. O. sensibilis L. SENSITIVE FERN. Low meadows and thickets, in slightly calcareous or slightly acid soils; common, and generally distributed. Sept—Oct. Newf. to Sask., southw. to Fla. and Okla., including the Coastal Plain. Found also in e. Asia. 5. Thelypteris Schmidel a. Indusium wanting; rootstocks creeping; fronds easily killed by the frost. b. Basal pinnae stalked, rhachis of the frond not winged; blade nearly horizontal, subternate; veins simple or once forked. 1. T. Dryopteris b. Basal pinnae sessile or partly adnate, the rhachis more or less winged; blades suberect, not ternate. c. Fronds usually broader than long, finely puberulent or glandular beneath, or with a few white scales along the veins; rhachis above the lowest pair of pin- nae winged; these pinnae 2.5-7 cm. wide, in the same plane as the rest of the blade; pinnules of the lowest pinnae longer than in the next species, and often pinnatifid; veins of the pinnules on the lowest pair of pinnae several times forked. 2. T. hexagonoptera c. Fronds longer than broad, more coarsely pubescent beneath and with prominent brown scales along the veins; rhachis above the lowest pair of pinnae prac- tically wingless; these pinnae 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, bent upward, perpendicular to the leaf surface; veins simple or once forked. 3. T. Phegopteris a. Indusium present, horseshoe-shaped or reniform. b. Rootstocks creeping; veins simple or once forked; fronds easily killed by the frost, often pubescent. c. Lowest pinnae scarcely smaller than the middle ones; fronds ovate or narrowly ovate, truncate at base, long-stalked; margins of the fertile pinnules revolute; veins forked; indusium glandless. 4. T. palustris c. Lowest pinnae smaller than the middle ones; fronds tapering both ways from the middle; margins of the fertile pinnules flat; veins simple; indusium glandular. 5. T. noveboracensis b. Rootstocks short, suberect; veins, at least the lowest, more than once forked; fronds cespitose, evergreen or subevergreen, never pubescent. c. Fronds 2-pinnatifid or 2-pinnate, obscurely or plainly spinulose-serrate. THE FLORA OF THE CayucaA LAKE BASIN 29 d. Sori near the margin; pinnules obscurely crenate-serrate; basal scales bright brown. 6. T. marginalis d. Sori not near the margin. e. Fronds 18-40 cm. wide; pinnae broadest in the middle; pinnules obscurely serrate, oblong-linear; basal scales with a dark center. 7. T. Goldiana e. Fronds 18 cm. wide or less; pinnae broadest at the base; pinnules coarsely spinulose-serrate, short-oblong ; basal scales brown, without a dark center. f. Fronds narrow; pinnae 3-8 cm. long, the lowest, at least, ovate; sori as near the margin as the midvein. 8. T. cristata f. Fronds broader; pinnae 8 cm. long or more, oblong-lanceolate; sori often near the midvein. 8a. T. c., var. Clintoniana c. Fronds 3-pinnatifid or 3-pinnate; ultimate segments spinulose-toothed and incised. d. Indusium glabrous; segments of the pinnules subacute, somewhat falcate ; scales of the stipe pale throughout; fronds usually less finely divided than in the variety ; pinnae usually more ascending. 9. T. spinulosa d. Indusium glandular ; segments of the pinnules usually straight, and commonly subtruncate; scales of the stipe pale with a dark center; fronds finely dissected. 9a. T. s., var. intermedia 1. T. Dryopteris (L.) Slosson. (Phegopteris Dryopteris (L.) Fée.) Oax FErn. Damp shaded woods in ravines and about swamps, in deep humus, rarely in dry upland woods; frequent. June 15—July. S. of Caroline Depot; Michigan Hollow Swamp; n. and e. of Danby village; Ellis Hollow; Beaver Brook; arbor vitae swamp e. of Clyde; and in many of the ravines of the basin. Newf. and Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Va., Kans., Colo., and Oreg.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Greenland and Eurasia. 2. T. hexagonoptera (Michx.) Weatherby. (Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fée.) Brrtcu FErn. Damp or rather dry, shady, stony or gravelly, sterile, subacid neutral to slightly calcareous, soils, with much humus; infrequent. June 25—Aug. 10. North Spencer, top of hill n. w. of station; n. of Slaterville Swamp; lower entrance to Enfield Glen; Amphitheater, Six Mile Creek; Fall Creek woods (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; Warren woodlot n. of Fall Creek, above Forest Home; s. side of Shurger Glen; border of swamp on hill w. of Genoa; low pasture, Canoga. Cent. Me. to w. Que. and Minn., southw. to Fla., La., Iowa, and Okla.; occasional on the Coastal Plain. 3. T. Phegopteris (L.) Slosson. (Phegopteris polypodioides Fée.) Brecu FErn. Damp or dry shaded cliffs in ravines and in damp woodlands, in humus mostly on neutral shales and gravels; scarce. June 25—July. Enfield Glen, in several places; the narrows between Slaterville and Caroline Center (K. M. W., A. J. E.. & L. F. Randolph) ; low woods, Fir Tree Swamp, Freeville (A. J. E. & A. Gershoy). Newf. (Greenland) to Alaska, southw. to N. Y., Va., Wis., Iowa, and Wash.; rare on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. 4. T. palustris Schott. (Aspidium Thelypteris (L.) Sw.) MarsH SHIELD FERN. Boggy meadows, pond shores, and ditches, in acid or slightly calcareous soils; common. Aug. 25—Sept. About the bogs of Spencer, Danby, Caroline, Ithaca, Dryden, and McLean, and those north of Cayuga Lake. Newf. to Man., southw. to Fla., La., and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. 30 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ArtTHuR J. EAMES 5. T. noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl. (Aspidium noveboracensis (L.) Sw.) NEw YorK FERN. Damp woodlands, in rich deep humus over gravelly acid or slightly calcareous soils ; common. Aug.—Sept. 15. West Danby; Connecticut Hill; Enfield Glen; Six Mile Creek; Ringwood; woods, McLean Bogs; Beaver Brook; Spring Lake; and elsewhere. ae to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Ark., including the Coastal ain. 6. T. marginalis (L.) Nieuwl. (Aspidium marginale (L.) Sw.) MarcinaLt SHIELD FERN. Wooded slopes, especially about the ravines, in light humus over both acid and calcareous soils; common. June 20—July. N. S. to B. C., southw. to Ga., Ala., Ark., Kans., and Okla.; less frequent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 7. T. Goldiana (Hook.) Nieuwl. (Aspidiwm Goldianum Hook.) Go.pre’s FERN. Deep, rich, mostly bottom-land woods, in humus, usually over calcareous soils; scarce. July—Aug. Edge of Michigan Hollow Swamp; Enfield Glen, below Lucifer Falls; Six Mile Creek, below the Narrows and in the Amphitheater; Taughannock Gorge; Salmon Creek, two miles n. of Ludlowville and also s. of Genoa; Paine Creek; near Stark Pond. Cent. Me. to Minn., southw. to N. C., Tenn., and Iowa; rare near the coast. A plant of the rich soil districts of the interior. 8. T. cristata (L.) Nieuwl. (Aspidium cristatum (L.) Sw.) Swamp SHIELD FERN. Low boggy woodlands and sedgy swamps, in both acid and calcareous soils; frequent. June 25—Aug. 15. W. of Key Hill; Ringwood; Dryden Lake; swamps of Freeville; Mud Creek, Freeville; McLean; Beaver Brook; and elsewhere. ; Newf. to Sask., southw. to Va., Ky., Ark., Nebr., and Idaho, including the Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. Passing by insensible gradations to: 8a. T. cristata (L.) Nieuwl., var. Clintoniana (D. C. Eaton) Weatherby. Low boggy woodlands; infrequent. June 25—Aug. 15. Ringwood; Etna; Fir Tree Swamp, Freeville; Mud Creek, Freeville; Malloryville Bog; Townley Swamp; w. of East Genoa; Spring Lake. N. H. to Wis., southw. to N. C.; rare on the Coastal Plain. Ets species hybridizes with 7. marginalis and T. spinulosa including var. inter- media. 9. T. spinulosa (O. F. Mull.) Nieuwl. (Aspidium spinulosum (O. F. Mull.) Sw.) SPINY-TOOTHED SHIELD FERN. Damp shady woodlands, in mucky acid or rarely subcalcareous soil; frequent. June 15—Aug. Michigan Hollow; n. of Slaterville; w. of Dryden Lake; Ringwood Swamp; Townley Swamp; low woods w. of East Genoa; n. of Mecklenburg. Lab. to the Selkirks and Idaho, southw. to Va. and Ky., though sparingly on the Coastal Plain. Found also in Greenland and Eu. A form occurs occasionally with the segments of the upper or of all the pinnae istant. 9a. T. spinulosa (O. F. Mill.) Nieuwl., var. intermedia (Muhl.) Weatherby. Damp woodlands and ravine banks, in rich acid or subcalcareous humus; very common and widely distributed except on the heavier soils. June 15—Aug. Newf. to Wis., southw. to N. C. and Mo., including the Coastal Plain. THE FLorA OF THE CAayuGA LAKE BASIN Sil In the borders of swamps where T. cristata occurs, plants are often found which are more or less intermediate in character between 7. cristata and T. spimulosa, var. intermedia, and which are probably hybrids of these two forms. They constitute what has passed as Aspidium Boottu. These plants are not constant in character, but seem to represent various combinations of the characters of the two parents. 6. Polystichum Roth 1. P. acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. (Aspidiwm acrostichoides of authors.) CHRISTMAS FERN. Dry rocky, sandy, or gravelly woodlands, in neutral, slightly calcereous to acid, soils; common, especially in ravines, and very generally distributed. June 10—July. N. S. to Ont. and Wis., southw. to Ga., Fla. (?), and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. A form with the pinnae incised or pinnatifid and the fertile part usually less con- tracted, is forma inmcisum (Gray) Gilbert. 7. Dennstaedtia Bernh. 1. D. punctilobula (Michx.) Moore. (Dicksonia punctilobula and D. pilosiuscula of authors.) HAy-ScENTED FERN. Dry or damp sterile open woods, hillside pastures, and about swamps, in gravelly, weakly calcareous to more or less acid, soils; locally very common. July 25-Sept. 15. Abundant in the McLean and Freeville region; rare about Ithaca; occasional elsewhere, as: n. w. of Spencer station; n. of Caroline Center; Besemer; Six Mile Creek; w. of Townley Swamp; Howland Island; Botrychium Woods, Spring Lake. N. S. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Mo.; less frequent on the Coastal Plain, and lacking in the more sandy parts of that region. 8. Athyrium Roth a. Fronds 1-pinnate. 1. A. angustifolium a. Fronds 2-pinnate. b. Sori straight; segments slightly crenate. 2. A. acrostichoides b. Sori mostly curved, often horseshoe-shaped; segments incised or sharply serrate. 3. A. angustum 1. A. angustifolium (Michx.) Milde. (Asplenium angustifoliwmm Michx.) SPLeen- WorT. Rich bottom-land woods, or deep woods on ravine slopes, with much humus, mostly in neutral soils; infrequent. Aug. 15—Sept. 20. Enfield Glen, just below Lucifer Falls; Six Mile Creek, s. side below the Nar- rows (D. in C. U. Herb.!); Taughannock Gorge; Salmon Creek, Genoa; Paine Creek; Big Gully; rich woods near Stark Pond; low woods s. w. of Westbury. W. Que. to Wis., southw. to Ga., Ala., Mo., and Kans. A plant of the rich lands of the interior. 2. A. acrostichoides (Sw.) Diels. (Asplenium acrostichoides Sw., A. thelypteroides Michx.) SPLEENWoRT. Deep rich woods, in humus over rocky or gravelly subcalcareous or slightly acid soils; infrequent. July 25-Sept. 15. N. e. of Spencer Lake; Newfield Glen; Enfield Glen, just below Lucifer Falls; Six Mile Creek, s. side below the Narrows (D. in C. U. Herb.!); Salmon Creek; Big Gully. N. S. to Minn., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Mo.; rare on the Coastal Plain. A plant primarily of the Allegheny region. Found also in Asia. Sterile fronds, especially when young, often resemble those of Thelypteris nove- boracencis, from which they may be distinguished by the shaggy pubescence and the hard tooth-like projections on the edges of the stipe near the base. 32 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 3. A. angustum (Willd.) Presl. (Asplenium Filix-foemina of authors.) Lapy FERN. Low woods and fields, bogs, and swales, in mucky or ‘gravelly neutral or acid soils; common. July—Sept. : Newf. to N. Dak., southw. to Pa., Ill., and Mo., including the northern Coastal Plain. The fronds are very variable, but the variations are apparently ecological. The typical form and the var. elatius (Link) Butters seem to be sun forms, whereas a broader and less dimorphic shade form is var. rubellum (Gilb.) Butters. (See Rhodora 19: 169. 1917.) 9. Camptosorus Link 1. C. rhizophyllus (L.) Link. Watxine Lear Fern. Shaded ledges on calcareous cliffs in ravines; frequent. July—Sept. Enfield Glen; ravine n. of Lick Brook; Buttermilk Glen; Old Buttermilk Ravine; Six Mile Creek (D. in C. U. Herb.!) ; Cascadilla Glen; Fall. Creek, at Beebe Lake and suspension bridge; ledges at s. w. corner of Cayuga Lake and small ravines near by; Taughannock Gorge; Shurger Glen; Paine Creek; probably in other ravines. A small quantity in each place. Cent. Me. to Ottawa and Minn., southw. to Ga. and Kans.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 10. Asplenium L. a. Fronds 8-22 cm. long; pinnae small, 3-8 mm. long, orbicular or short-oblong, not auricled. 1. A. Trichomanes a. Fronds 20-50 em. long; pinnae oblong-linear, larger, 10-35 mm. long, auricled on one or both sides. 2. A. platyneuron 1. A. Trichomanes L. MaAImpbENHAIR SPLEEN WORT. Dry or damp shaded ledges, on calcareous rocks in ravines; common, June—Oct. Common in nearly all the ravines of the basin, and occasionally fourid along the lake cliffs. Nearly throughout N. A. except in the extreme North and in Mex.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. 2. A. platyneuron (L.) Oakes. (A. ebeneum Ait.) Esony SPLEENWORT. Dry rocky and sandy open woods, in calcareous or subacid soils; infrequent. June 25-Aug. Enfield Glen; Coy Glen; terrace, n. slope of South Hill; cemetery, University Ave., Ithaca; Fall Creek (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; e. shore of Cayuga Lake, near Esty Glen; woods near Mud Creek Swamp; and probably elsewhere. S. Me. to Ont. and Colo., southw. to the Gulf States and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. 11. Woodwardia Sm. 1. W. virginica (L.) Sm. CHatn FERN, Moor of acid peat bogs, mostly in sandy regions; rare. Aug.—Sept. Woodwardia Bog (D. in C. U. Herb.!) ; moor of peat bogs, Junius; n. e. end of Duck Lake. N. S. to Fla., La., and Ark., chiefly along the coast; also inland in the Great Lakes region. Sterile specimens of this species resemble those of Osmunda, Thelypteris, and Athyrium, from which they may be distinguished by the fronds being scattered and by the presence of areolae in thé venation along the midrib. The numerous bundles in the lower part of the stipe also serve to distinguish this genus from Osmunda. THE FLoRA OF THE CayuGA LAKE BASIN 33 12. Pellaea Link 1. P. atropurpurea (L.) Link. Crimr Brake. Crevices and ledges on the face of dry exposed calcareous cliffs; rare. Aug.—Sept. Enfield Glen, near the crest of the high cliffs (A. J. E. & L. F. Randolph) ; Fall Creek (V. McCoy in C. U. Herb.) ; Esty Glen (4. H. Wright) ; ravine n. of Esty Glen (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; on cliffs along the eastern shore of the lake; n. side of Moore Creek just e. of Ludlowville village, near the large falls (4. Gershoy) ; Taughannock Gorge, s. side, near the lower end. “N. H.” and Vt. to Mackenzie and B. C., southw. to R. I., Ga., Miss., Tex., and Calif., also in northern Mexico; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 13. Cryptogramma R. Br. 1. C. Stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl. (Pellaea gracilis Hook.) Rock Brake. Dry shaded ledges in ravines, in calcareous soils; rare. June 25—July. Enfield Glen, above Lucifer Falls (D. in C. U. Herb.!); Fall Creek (D. in C. U. Herb.), opposite the old mill in Forest Home (Mrs. A. E. J. Webster) and back of Prudence Risley Hall (K. M. W.). Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Vt!, Conn., N. Y., n. Pa., Ill., Wis., and Colo.; appar- ently absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Asia. 14. Adiantum (Tourn.) L. 1. A. pedatum L. MaAmennarre. Rich damp woodlands, in deep humus over calcareous gravels or loams; frequent. July—Aug. In most of the larger ravines of the basin, as Enfield, Six Mile Creek, Coy Glen, and Salmon Creek; also in woods in the McLean district. Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Ga., La., and Kans., and in the Rocky Mts. to Utah and Calif.; rare on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Asia. 15. Pteridium Scop. 1. P. latiusculum (Desv.) Maxon. (Pteris aquilina of Gray’s Man., ed. 7.) Com- MON BRAKE. Dry sandy or gravelly banks and borders of woods, mostly in acid soils; frequent, and locally abundant. Aug. 25—Sept. Hills of Spencer, Danby, and Caroline; about the crests of most of the ravines of the basin; s. w. shore of Cayuga Lake; near Malloryville Bog; and elsewhere. Newf. to Wis. and Wyo., southw. to D. C., W. Va., Ill., and Ariz., including the Coastal Plain. 16. Polypodium (Tourn.) L. 1. P. virginianum L. (See Rhodora 24 :125. 1922. P. vulgare of Amer. authors.) PoLypopy. Dry shaded ledges and crests in ravines, in calcareous or somewhat acid soils; common. July 15-Aug. ae and Newf. to Man., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Mo., including the Coastal ain. 2. OSMUNDACEAE (FLowerine Fern Famity) 1. Osmunda (Tourn.) L. a. Fronds fertile at the tip, 2-pinnate. 1. O. regalis, var. spectabilis a. Fronds fertile in the middle, 1-pinnate. 2. O. Claytoniana a. Fronds wholly dimorphic, the fertile and sterile ones separate, the latter 1-pinnate. 3. O. cinnamomea 34 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 1. O. regalis L., var. spectabilis (Willd.) Gray. (See Rhodora 21:176. 1919.) FLOWERING FERN. RoyaL FERN. Mucky borders of swamps, in acid soil though in both acid and somewhat cal- careous regions; frequent. May 20-June. Pond near Enfield Falls; s. of Caroline Depot; n. w. of Brookton; South Hill Marsh; Renwick Marshes (D. in C. U. Herb.!) ; Warren woodlot n. of Forest Home; Ellis Hollow; Malloryville Bog; McLean Bogs; Lake Como; n. of Montezuma vil- lage; Montezuma Marshes; Junius ponds; Featherbed Bog. Newf. to Sask., southw. to Fla., Miss., and Nebr., including the Coastal Plain. Found also in tropical Am. 2. O. Claytoniana L. INTERRUPTED FERN. In damp fields or woods, in rich, often alluvial, neutral or somewhat acid, soils; frequent, especially on the hills s. of Ithaca. May 20—June 20. North Spencer; Michigan Hollow; Inlet Valley, Newfield; Enfield Glen; Fall Creek (D. in C. U. Herb.), above Forest Home; Turkey Hill; Mud Creek, Freeville; McLean Bogs; Beaver Brook; and elsewhere. Newf. to Minn., southw. to N. C., Ky., and Mo., including the Coastal Plain. Found also in s. Asia. 3. O. cinnamomea L. CINNAMON FERN. Mucky swamps, in acid soils, most abundant about peat bogs; common in such situations. May 20-June. Newf. to Minn., southw. to Fla., La., and N. Mex., including the Coastal Plain. Found also in Mex., S. A., W. I., and Eurasia. Sterile fronds of Osmunda Claytoniana and O. cinnamomea resemble those of Woodwardia and Thelypteris (see Woodwardia). These species of Osmunda may be distinguished from the species of Thelypteris which they resemble, by the absence of scales on the stipe and by the single large curved bundle in the stipe with inrolled edges. Sterile fronds of O. cinnamomea have tufts of wool at the base of the pinnae and the stipe is 2-ridged throughout. In O. Claytoniana the wool is absent and the stipe is ridged only toward the summit. 3. SALVINIACEAE (Sarvinia FaAmity) 1. Azolla Lam. 1. A. caroliniana Willd. Quiet waters; very rare. “Cayuga Marshes, at the foot of Cayuga Lake,” 1879 (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; not seen in recent years. Ont. and Mass. (?) to B. C., southw. to Fla. and Mex. Found also in tropical Am. 4. MARSILEACEAE (Water CLover FAmiry) 1. Marsilea L. 1. M. ouaprRIFOLIA L. WATER CLOVER. PEPPERWORT. Slow-flowing, calcareous or neutral, waters; locally abundant. Sept.—Nov. Eddy Pond, formerly (site of the Girls’ Playground, Cascadilla Glen); in Fall Creek, near its mouth and along Renwick Beach; also on various points along the lake shore to Union Springs. Said to have been introduced by the early local botanists. Native of Eurasia. THE FLORA OF THE CAayYuGA LAKE BASIN a5 5. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (Apper’s Toncurt FAmity) a. Veins reticulated; sterile segments entire; sporangia coherent in a simple spike. 1, OPHIOGLOSSUM a. Veins free; sterile segments deeply lobed, pinnate, ternate, or even twice com- pound; sporangia separate, in panicles, rarely in a simple spike. 2. BotrYCHIUM 1. Ophioglossum (Tourn.) L. 1. O. vulgatum L. Apbprr’s Toncure FERN. Damp sterile turfy acid (?) pasture land over gravels, and borders of swamps; rare. June 15-July. ‘ Around Headwaters Swamp, 1924 (A. M. VanDeman); w. end of Mud Creek Swamp (W. C. Muenscher) ; McLean, “near McLean Bogs” (D. in C. U. Herb.) and between the railroad and Mud Pond (E. E. Barker) ; one mile e. of East Lansing (A. A. Wright) ; meadow, Montezuma. P. E. I. to Ont., southw. to Fla., including the Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. 2. Botrychium Sw. a. Fronds small or of medium size, 5-15 (25) cm. tall; sheathing base of stalk com- pletely closed around the bud; sterile part of frond fleshy. b. Sterile part of frond sessile or short-stalked, inserted at various heights, small, pinnate, rarely simple, its segments crenate or entire, obtuse. c. Segments of the sterile part obovate. d. Veins forking repeatedly; sterile part of frond pinnatifid, bent over at apex in the bud, inserted toward summit of plant. 1. B. Lunaria, var. onondagense d. Veins forking from base of lobes; fronds smaller, the sterile part little divided, erect in the bud, inserted at base of plant. [B. simplex | c. Segments of the sterile part oblong, often crenate at apex; veins repeatedly forking; sterile part inserted toward summit of plant. 2. B. matricariaefolium b. Sterile part sessile near the summit of the plant, subternate, its ultimate segments narrow, acutish (see also 3d b). 3. B. angustisegmentum b. Sterile part long-stalked, inserted near the base of the plant, ternately decom- pound. ; c. Ultimate segments ovate-oblong, acutish. 4. B. dissectum c. Ultimate segments ovate or obvate, obtuse or rounded, tending toward flabelliform. 5. B. ternatum, var. mtermedium a. Fronds large, 30-60 cm. tall; sheathing base of stalk covering the bud but open down one side; sterile part of frond sessile just above the middle of the plant, membranous. 6. B. virgimianum 1. B. Lunaria (L.) Sw., var. onondagense (Underw.) House. (See Bul. N. Y. State Mus. 254:13. 1924.) Danby, 1882 (F. C. Curtice and W. R. Dudley, in C. U. Herb.). Known previously only from Onondaga Co., N. Y. The Danby specimens are well developed and answer very well to the descriptions and figures of this variety. No other disposition of them seems possible. [B. simplex E. Hitchce. Reported from Danby by Dudley (see Peck, Rept. N. Y. State Bot. 36:40. 1884), but the Dudley specimens in the C. U. Herb. from that locality are B. Lunaria, var. onondagensc ; also reported from Botrychium Woods, Spring Lake (L. Griscom, F. P. Metcalf, & A, H. Wright, see Rhodora 19:33. 1917), but these specimens are B. matricariaefolium. | 36 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 2. B. matricariaefolium A. Br. (B. ramosum (Roth) Asch. See Schinz, Vier- teljahresschrift Naturf. Gesell. Zurich, 61: 416. 1916.) GRrapr FERN. Grassy open woodlands, in gravelly soil; frequent. June 15—July. North Spencer, hill n. w. of station; Bull Hill, Newfield; Six Mile Creek; Ringwood; Freeville Bog; McLean Woods; Malloryville Bog (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; near Townley Swamp and near Wyckoff Swamp; near Turtle Pond; rich woods, Featherbed Bog; Botrychium Woods, Spring Lake. E. Que. and N. S. to S. Dak., southw. to Md. and Nebr.; less frequent on the Coastal Plain. Found also in Wash. and in Eu. 3. B. angustisegmentum (Pease & Moore) Fernald. (See Rhodora 17:87. 1915. B. lanceolatum of authors.) GRAPE FERN. In situations similar to those of the last-named species, and often growing with it; frequent. July. The narrows between Slaterville and Caroline Center; hill s. w. of West Danby; Danby (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; s. e. of Etna; McLean Woods; Townley Swamp; Bo- trychium Woods, Spring Lake; near Featherbed Bog. N. S. to Alaska, southw. to N. J., Ohio, Colo., and Wash.; rare on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. 4. B. dissectum Spreng. (See Rhodora 23:151. 1921.) Grape Fern. Damp or dry turf and moss in old pastures, over neutral or acid gravels; fre- quent. Aug 15—Sept. Spencer Lake; Ellis Hollow; e. of Freeville and n. of McLean (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; Townley Swamp; near Junius marl ponds; e. of Featherbed Bog; Botrych- ium Woods, Spring Lake. N. B. and N. S. to Minn., southw. to Fla., Mo., Ark., and Mex., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. A form with the segments of the frond merely crenate is forma obliquum (Muhl.) Fernald (see Rhodora 23:151. 1921). It has been found, often with the typical form, at the following localities: hills of West Danby; n. w. of Spencer Lake; hills of Brookton; Enfield Glen; Richford; Ringwood; McLean region; Beaver Brook; Townley Swamp; Botrychium Woods, Spring Lake. 5. B. ternatum (Thunb.) Sw., var. intermedium D. C. Eaton. In situations similar to those of the last-named species and growing with it, per- haps more often in sandy soils; rare. Botrychium Woods, Spring Lake (F. P. Metcalf & A. H. Wright). N. N. E. to B. C., southw. to Mass., N. Y., and Oreg. 6. B. virginianum (L.) Sw. RATTLESNAKE FERN. GRAPE FERN. Dry or moist gravelly or sandy, often alluvial, woodlands, with little reference to lime content of the soil; frequent, and widely distributed. May 20—June. Lab. to B. C., southw. to Fla., La., Ariz., and Wash., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain, where it is common. Found also in Mex., W. I., and Eurasia. 6. EQUISETACEAE (Horsetait Famiry) 1. Equisetum (Tourn.) L. a. Stems annual, mostly soft and pliant, at least the sterile ones usually with whorls of branches and excurrent; spikes blunt. b. Sheaths on the main stem with 8-12 teeth; central cavity of stem 1/6 to 2/ diam. of stem; stem with prominent vallecular canals. c. Stems dimorphic, the early ones fertile, succulent, brown or flesh-colored, the later ones much branched and greener. THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN a7, d. Teeth on the main stem black, moderately firm, scarcely cohering; fertile stems unbranched (except in one form), soon perishing; sterile stems obscurely excurrent, the branches ascending, subsimple, rather straight; silica in scattered dots. 1. E. arvense d. Teeth on the main stem light brown, subscarious, cohering in broad. lobes ; fertile stems at length sparingly branched and persisting; sterile stems strongly excurrent, the branches fine, irregular, drooping, branched; silica in two rows of hooked spicules. 2. E. sylvaticum, var. pauciramosum c. Stems practically alike, branched, excurrent, green; silica in tiny transverse ridges; sheaths of the stem rather loose, with black scarious-margined teeth ; branches strongly ascending, straight, subsimple. 3. E. palustre b. Sheaths on the main stem with 15-20 firm dark persistent teeth, close; stems practically alike, green, reed-like, branched or simple; central cavity 4/5 diam. of stem; vallecular canals small or lacking; silica in tiny transverse ridges; branches mostly near the middle of the stem, strongly ascending, subsimple, of varying thickness. 4. E. limosum a. Stems perennial, all alike, stiff and harsh, normally unbranched or irregularly branched near the base; spikes apiculate. b. Stems tall, reed-like, hollow, many-grooved, 3-7 mm. in diam.; sheaths many- toothed, the teeth soon deciduous. 5. E. hyemale, var. affine b. Stems low, solid, very slender, 6-grooved, tufted and flexuous, about 0.5 mm. in diam.; sheaths mostly 3-toothed. 6. E. scirpoides 1. E. arvense L. Common HorsErTaAlt. Moist or rather dry sandy or gravelly soils lacking in humus, also found frequently in clay, in open places especially along embankments; common. Apr.—May 15. Newf. to Alaska, southw. to N. C. and Calif., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. The forma decumbens (Meyer) Luers. (see Fern Bul. 7:86. 1899), with the fertile stems bearing persistent green branches as on sterile stems, was found in the bog at Lake Como (W.C. Muenscher & R. S. Nanz). 2. E. sylvaticum L., var. pauciramosum Milde. Woop Horsetatt. Boggy meadow land and swampy woods, on gravelly, neutral, often alluvial, soils ; frequent. May—June 10. Hilltop n. w. of North Spencer; near headwaters of Dry Run; s. w. of Key Hill; Michigan Hollow Swamp; Warren woodlot, Fall Creek; Ellis Hollow, in alluvial soil; Freeville Bog (D. in C. U. Herb.!) ; Mud Creek, Freeville; McLean Bogs. Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Va., Ohio, and Iowa, including the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. All the material seen from the Cayuga Lake Basin is forma multiramosum Fernald (Rhodora 20:131. 1918). 3. E. palustre L. Marl! bogs and springs; rare. July. Larch Meadow, 1922 (W. E. Manning!). Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Conn., N. Y., Ill., and Wash.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. 4. Paumosum L. (See Rhodora 23:43. 1921. E. fluviatile of Gray’s Man., ed. 7.) IPES. Swales and mud banks, in calcareous or neutral soils; frequent. May 25—June. Inlet Marshes (D. in C. U. Herb.!) ; Cascadilla Creek, toward Ellis Hollow; Ren- wick flats; pond at Mecklenburg; swale w. of Jacksonville; e. of Montezuma; on the quaking moor of Vandemark Pond; and elsewhere. 38 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Va., Nebr., and Oreg.; less common on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. 5. E. hyemale L., var. affine (Engelm.) A. A. Eaton. (See Schaffner, Amer. Fern Journ. 11:65. 1921. EF. pracaltum Raf., E. hyemale, var. robustum (A. Br.) A. A. Eaton.) Scourtne Rusu. Springy or dry sandy open or shaded banks, in noncalcareous, often alluvial, soils; frequent. May—Sept. Danby, near Fir Tree Swamp; near mouth of Enfield Glen; near Button Glen; Six Mile Creek (D. in C. U. Herb.!); South Ave., Ithaca; McLean; rail- road n. of Esty Glen; Taughannock; sandy lake shore n. of Levanna; Howland Point; sandy field, Junius. Canada to Mex.; more common e. of the Mississippi River, but infrequent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The European species, E. hyemale L., and the American variety, affine, do not seem distinct enough to be recognized as separate species, as they are by some authors. 6. E. scirpoides Michx. Stream banks and hummocks in low, mostly coniferous, woods, on gravelly soils; scarce. May—Sept. Ravine n. of Buttermilk Glen; Six Mile Creek, in runs near Potter Falls; Mud Creek Swamp; woods along Beaver Brook. Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Pa., Ill., and B. C.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. 7. LYCOPODIACEAE (C uzs-moss FAmity) 1. Lycopodium L. a. Sporangia borne in the axils of the normal foliage leaves; stems not extensively creeping, forked. 1. L. lucidulum a, Sporangia borne in terminal spikes; stems often long-creeping, variously branched. b. Sporophylls green and leaf-like; stems julaceous. 2. L. mundatum b. Sporophylls yellowish, much modified, scale-like. c. Branches not fan-shaped nor fastigiately branched, julaceous, the slender leaves radiating in all directions. d. Spike solitary, sessile; leaves more or less reflexed, not bristle-tipped. e. Leaves serrate, thin, rather broad. 3. L. annotinum e. Leaves entire or obscurely serrate, firm, narrow. 3a. L. a., var. acrifolium d. Spikes 1-several, the cluster peduncled; leaves ascending, bristle-tipped. 4. L. clavatum c. Branches fan-shaped or fastigiately branched. d. Spikes sessile; leaves 3-5 mm. long. 5. L. obscurum d. Spikes clustered on a long common peduncle; leaves strongly decurrent, the free part of the lateral leaves 0.5-2 mm. long, that of the dorsal and ventral leaves smaller; branches flattened. e. Branchlets (1.5) 2-3 mm. wide, yellowish green; horizontal stems on or near the surface of the ground. 6. L. complanatum, var. flabelliforme e. Branchlets 1-1.75 (2) mm. wide, bluish green, more fastigiate; horizontal stems rather deeply buried in the ground. 7. L. tristachyum 1. L. lucidulum Michx. Deep damp gravelly or sandy woodlands, mostly under hemlocks, in deep humus over nearly neutral soils; frequent. Aug.—Sept. THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN og, West Danby; s. of Key Hill; Coy Glen; Six Mile Creek (/. B. Hine in C. U. Herb.!) ; Caroline hills; e. of Slaterville; Richford; Ringwood; McLean Bogs; Shurger Glen; around the Junius peat bogs; Duck Lake. Newf. to B. C., southw. to N. E., N. Y., Ind., Iowa, and Wash., and in the mts, to S. C.; infrequent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 2. L. inundatum L. Acid moors of peat bogs in sandy regions; rare. July—Aug. Freeville Bog, 1876 (/. B. Hine in C. U. Herb.) ; Junius peat bogs, first collected in 1894 (K. M. W.). Newf. to Alaska, southw. to N. J., Pa., Ill., Mich., Idaho, and Wash., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. 3. L. annotinum L. Low or rather dry woods, with humus on gravelly noncalcareous soils; rare. Aug.— Sept. Rich woods along a stream in the hills w. of Spencer Lake (A. J. E. & L. H. MacDaniels). Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Conn., N. Y., Mich., Wis., Colo., Idaho, and Wash.; infrequent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 3a. L. annotinum L., var. acrifolium Fernald. (See Rhodora 17: 123. 1915.) In situations similar to the preceding but usually more exposed; rare, but more frequent than the species itself. Aug.—Sept. Newfield, near Key Hill swamp; McLean Bogs (D. in C. U. Herb., also A. J. E. & L. H. MacDamels). [Also, n. e. corner of Van Etten, A. J. E. & L. H. Mac- Daniels.] Newf. to Mich., southw. to Pa. Found also in Siberia. 4. L. clavatum L. CLus-Moss. Dry sterile grassy banks and dry open woods, on sandy or gravelly noncalcareous soils; infrequent. Aug. 15—Sept. Hills of Spencer, Danby, and Newfield; Richford; Ringwood (D. in C. U. Herb.!) ; McLean Bogs; Wyckoff and Townley Swamps. Lab. to Alaska, southw. to N. C., Mich., and Wash., including the northern Atlan- tic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia and tropical Am. Spores of this and other species are inflammable and were formerly much used in photography and stage effects. 5. L. obscurum L. CLus-Moss. Dry sterile banks and open woods, on gravelly or sandy noncalcareous soils; infrequent. Sept.—Nov. Hilltops, s. e. corner of Newfield; s. of Caroline Depot; hillside s. of Brookton; Richford; Ellis Hollow (D.:in C. U. Herb.); Ringwood; McLean Bogs; near Townley Swamp; Spring Lake. ; Newf. to Alaska, southw. to N. C. and Ind., including the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain. No typical plants of var. dendroideum (Michx.) D. C. Eaton have been found within the limits of the Cayuga Lake Basin, but occasional transitional plants occur. 6. L. complanatum L., var. flabelliforme Fernald. CLus-Moss. In situations similar to the preceding; frequent. Sept—Oct. Enfield Glen (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; North Spencer, s. of station; e. of Caroline Depot; Michigan Hollow; Richford hills; hilltops of Caroline (D. in C. U. Herb.!), Danby, Newfield, and Dryden; Ringwood; McLean Woods; Lake Como; Wyckoff Swamp; Spring Lake; Junius. A specimen from Duck Lake (F. P. Metcalf, A. H. Wright, & A. J. E.) resembles typical L. complanatum L., but it may be only a shade form. 40 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES Newf. to Minn., southw. to N. C., Ky., and Idaho; occasional on the Coastal Plain. This may be a distinct species. (See Rhodora 13: 168. 1911.) 7. L. tristachyum Pursh. CLus-Moss. Habitat similar to that of the last preceding species; rare. Aug. Hilltops of Van Etten, Spencer, Danby, Caroline, and Newfield TAL Uf Bes Sis, Nik W., L. H. MacDaniels, SL, ia Randolph) ; locally abundant in the s. e. corner of Newfield and 1% miles n. of Caroline Center ; woods along Beaver Brook and McLean Bogs (W. C. Muenscher). Newf. to Lake Superior, southw. to Del. and in the mts. to Ga.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. Found also in Eu. 8. SELAGINELLACEAE (SeEracinetta FAmity) 1. Selaginella Beauv. 1. S. rupestris (L.) Spring. Dry exposed cliff crests, in noncalcareous sterile soils; rare. Sept—Oct. Taughannock Gorge, n. side above the falls (D. in C. U. Herb.!), still per- sisting in this restricted area. N. S. and Ont. to the Pacific coast, southw. to Ga. and Mo., but apparently rare on the coastal plain of N. E. Found also in Eurasia. [S. apoda (L.) Fernald. (See Rhodora 17: 68. 1915.) Not yet found within the limits of this flora, but occurring on low grassy soils over marl on the borders of Green Lake, Preble, Cortland Co.]| 9. IOETACEAE (Quit wort FAMILY) 1. Isoétes L. a. Megaspores with slender jagged spines; low plants, usually submerged. 1. J. echinospora, var. Braunti a. Megaspores alveolate; plants taller, 14 dm. high, usually emersed. 2. I. Engelmanni 1. I. echinospora Dur., var. Braunii (Dur.) Engelm. QutLiwort. Sandy lake bottoms, in shallow waters; rare. July—Sept. Cayuta Lake, w. shore (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; Duck Lake (K. M. W., A. J. E., @ F. P. Metcalf). Newf. to B. C., southw. to Pa. and Calif., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 2. I. Engelmanni A. Br. QuiLtwort. Marly mud, usually emersed but submerged in spring and during seasons of high water; rare. July—Sept. Small pocket along w. edge of Cortland marl pond region, also about a small pond s. w. of Chicago Bog (D. in C. U. Herb.!) ; Lake Como (Locke Pond, D. in C. U. Herb., 1881). N. H. and Vt. to Pa., Ill., and Mo.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 4] Division Il. SPERMATOPHYTA Suppivision I. GYMNOSPERMAE 10. TAXACEAE (Yew Famity) 1, Gaxus (Tourn: 1: 1. T. canadensis Marsh. Grounp Hemiocx. AMERICAN YEW. Shaded ravine banks and borders of deep swamps, on gravelly or shaly, mostly neutral, soils in the humus of conifers; frequent. Apr. 20-May 10 In nearly all the ravines of the basin. Some swamp stations are: s. of Caroline Depot; Michigan Hollow Swamp (D.!); Larch Meadow; Ellis Hollow Swamp (D.!); Bear Swamp (D.) ; McLean Woods; Beaver Brook. Newf. to Man., southw. to Va. and Iowa; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 11. PINACEAE (Pine Famity) a. Leaves clustered or alternate, narrowly linear or acicular; fruit a dry cone. b. Leaves except on leader shoots in bundles of 2 or more. c. Leaves in 2’s, 3’s, or 5’s, 7-18 cm. long, needle-like, evergreen. 1. Prnus c. Leaves many in each cluster, 4 cm. long or less, deciduous. 2. LARIX b. Leaves scattered, alternate. c. Leaves 4-angled; leaf scars raised on short pedicel-like projections; buds not coated with resin; cones pendent, falling entire. Su PICEA c. Leaves flat; leaf scars not raised on pedicel-like projections. d. Buds not coated with resin, very small; leaf scars at an angle with the twig; leaves petiolate, 8-15 mm. long; cones pendent, falling entire. 4. TsuGA d. Buds coated with resin; leaf scars even with the surface of the twig; leaves sessile, 15-25 mm. long; cones erect, with persistent axis and deciduous scales. 5. ABIES a. Leaves opposite or whorled, scale-like or subulate; fruit a dry or a berry-like cone. b. Spray of branchlets flat; dorsal and ventral leaves differing from the lateral leaves, all scale-like; cone dry, its scales opposite. 6. THUJA _b. Spray of branchlets not flat; leaves nearly similar, scale-like or subulate-acicu- lar; cone scales fused, somewhat fleshy, forming a blue berry. 7. JUNIPERUS 1. Pinus (Tourn.) L. a. Leaves 5 in each cluster; cones 10-15 cm. long, subcylindrical; scales thin, with- out spiny tips. 1. P. Strobus a. Leaves 2 or 3 in each cluster; cones 3-9 cm. long, ovoid; scales woody, thickened at the apex. b. Leaves in 3’s, yellow-green; cone scales with stiff recurved prickles. 2. P. rigida b. Leaves in 2’s, deep rich green; cone scales without prickles. 3. P. resinosa 1. P. Strobus L. WHite PINE. Hills, or even swamps, on sandy or gravelly noncalcareous soils; preferring more loamy and less acid soils than the next species; formerly abundant, still common. June. “Once the principal forest tree over large areas in this vicinity” (D.). This is especially true on the Volusia and Lordstown soils south and east of Ithaca, where the stump fences still give evidence of the abundance of this species and serve also as an indicator of its previous distribution. The tract of first-growth trees mentioned by Dudley as “Signer’s Woods” was lumbered about fifteen years ago. First-growth trees still exist on West Hill (Riley farm) and east of the Caroline Pinnacles. 42 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ArTHUR J. EAMES Newf. to Man., southw. to Pa. and e. Iowa, and along the mts. to Ga.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. 2. P. rigida Mill. PritrcuH PIne. Dry hills and ravine crests, in sandy or stony sterile acid soils; frequent. Widely scattered about the crests of the ravines of the basin, on the high hills s. of Ithaca, along the lake cliffs, and on the sands n. of the lake; rare or absent in the McLean district. N. B. to s. w. Ont., southw. to Ga., Ala. Tenn., and Ohio; common in the pine barrens’ of ec. Nabe leads New): 3. P. resinosa Ait. Rep PINE. Habitat similar to the preceding, but preferring slightly heavier soils; infrequent. May 25—June. “Abundant on the high ridge east of W. Danby” (D.!); “the largest groups are on the declivities between White Church and Brookton” (D.) ; Connecticut Hill; “high bank north of Lucifer Falls’ (D.!) ; mouth of Coy Glen (D.); Six Mile Creek, n. bank below Wells Falls and on the promontory e. of the Sulphur Spring (D.!) ; n. bank of Buttermilk Glen (D.!); “east shore of Cayuga Lake, from McKinney’s to Ludlowville” (D.!); “wanting on the west shore except at Taughannock and Tru- mansburg ravines” (D.) ; absent from the McLean district. Newif. to Man., southw. to Mass., Pa., and Wis.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 2. Larix (Tourn.) Adans. a. Leaves 15-28 mm. long; cones 12-20 mm. long; cone scales glabrous. 1. L. laricina a. Leaves 20-40 mm. long; cones 20-30 mm. long; cone scales puberulent. [L. decidua] 1. L. laricina (DuRoi) Koch. (L. americana of Cayuga Fl.) Larcu. TAMARACK. About bogs, on the acid peat moors but more abundant on marl moors; infrequent. May 1-15. Fir Tree Swamp, Danby (D.!); Michigan Hollow Swamp (D.!); marly soil, Larch Meadow (D.!) ; Freeville (D.) ; in marl, Mud Creek, Freeville (D.!) ; Wood- wardia Bog (D.!); Junius peat bogs (D.!); near the Junius marl ponds (D.!) ; Crusoe Prairie; Duck Lake. Lab: and Newf. to N: W..) Derr.; southw. to N. J., n. Pa, n. Dl, and) cent, Minnie: rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. [L. pEcipUA Mill. European LarcH. Frequently planted and occasionally appearing in wild places, but probably not permanent. Native of Eu.] 3. Picea Link a. Leaves blunt, 5-15 mm. long; twigs all spreading; cones ovate, 2-3 cm. long. 1. P. mariana a. Leaves acute, 12-25 mm. long; lateral twigs drooping; cones cylindrical, 10-15 cm. long. [P. Abies]: 1. P. mariana (Mill.) BSP. (P. nigra of Cayuga Fl.) Brack Spruce. Peat bogs, in acid soil; rare. May. _ Spruce Swamp, Enfield (D.!), now almost extinct; Woodwardia Bog (D.!) ; Junius peat bogs; Crusoe Prairie; Duck Lake. Lab. to N. W. Terr., southw. to N. J., Mich., and Minn., and along the mts. to N. C.: rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. THe FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 43 [P. Apres (L.) Karst. (P. excelsa Link.) Norway Spruce. Found occasionally in wild places, but probably not established; common in cul- tivation. Native of Eu.| 4. Tsuga (Endl.) Carr. 1. T. canadensis (L.) Carr. HeEmMtock. Shaded slopes, especially in ravines and on the higher hills but also in swamps, in gravelly or shaly soils with little reference to lime content; common. June. Formerly an important forest tree in this region, but now mostly lumbered; dis tribution general. S. and N. B. to Minn., southw. to Del., Mich., and Wis., and in the mts. to Ga. and Ala.; rarely found on the Coastal Plain. 5. Abies (Tourn.) Hill 1. A. balsamea (L.) Mill. Batsam Fir. * Boggy places, in acid or sometimes apparently calcareous soils; scarce. May. Michigan Hollow Swamp; Fir Tree Swamp, Danby (D.!); Key Hill swamp; swamp between Slaterville and Dryden Lake; Fir Tree Swamp, [Freeville, near the railroad (D.!); near the mouth of Mud Creek, Freeville, formerly (D.); upper Beaver Brook. Newf. and Lab. to Hudson Bay and Alberta, southw. to Mass. and Iowa, and along the mts. to Va.; apparently infrequent on the Coastal Plain. 6. Thuja L. 1. T. occidentalis L. Arsor VirarE. WHITE CEDAR. Boggy, more or less calcareous, soils; scarce. Apr. 25—May 20. “A half mile northwest of Black Lake, in a swamp north of Lay’s Iron Spring,— a large number” (D.); on moor of Junius marl ponds (D.!); occasional in the towns of Conquest and Montezuma; bog s. w. of Westbury, in the town of Butler; Crusoe Lake. In the Cayuga Lake Basin, confined entirely to the Ontario plain. E. Que. to Man., southw. to Pa., Tenn., Ill., and Minn., and in the mts. to N. C.; apparently absent on the Coastal Plain. 7. Juniperus (Tourn.) L. a. Leaves whorled, subulate-acicular, sharp-pointed, 8-14 mm. long; plant low, decum- bent. ; ; 1. J. communis, var. depressa a. Leaves opposite, scale-like, 0.5-1.5 mm. long, less sharp (in juvenile plants acicular) ; plant erect, arborescent. 2. J. virginiana 1. J. communis L., var. depressa Pursh. (J. communis of Cayuga FI.) JuNrpeEr. Dry sterile stony hillsides, in light noncalcareous soils; rare. May 1-15. “Three stations are known: Ina pasture west of Eagle Hill; South Hill, north of S. S. 420; W. Danby, near the western base of Thacher’s Pinnacle, (F. V. Coville.)” (D.). Two other stations have since been found: n. slope of South Hill, farther toward Caroline (A. H. Wright); and crest of ravine n. of Esty Glen. N. S. to Conn. and N. Y., along the Great Lakes, and northwestw., including the northern Coastal Plain. 2. J. virginiana L. Rep Cepar. Dry hillsides and rocky banks, in gravelly or sandy noncalcareous soils; locally common. Apr. 15-30. About most of the ravines of the basin; abundant s. of Buttermilk Glen; on the slopes of Cayuga Lake, in the proper soils; rare or absent in the McLean district and in the hills s. of Ithaca. N. S. to w. Ont. and S. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. 44 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES Suppivision IJ]. ANGIOSPERMAE Crass I. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE 12. TYPHACEAE (Cartait FAmiry) 1. Typha (Tourn.) L. a, Staminate and pistillate parts of the spike contiguous; pollen grains in 4’s; stigma fan-shaped; sterile flowers shorter than the hairs; lower leaves 12-23 mm. wide; pistillate spikes in fruit 2.5 cm. in diam. 1. T. latifolia a. Staminate and pistillate parts separated by a naked interval; pollen grains single; stigma linear; sterile flowers scarcely shorter than the hairs, their cellular struc- ture less evident. b. Plant 1-1.5 m. high; lower leaves 3-7 mm. wide; pistillate spike in fruit 10-17 mm. in diam., 8-13 cm. long. 2. T. angustifolia b. Plant 2-3.5 m. high; lower leaves 9-15 mm. wide; pistillate spike in fruit 20-23 mm. in diam., 15-25 (30) cm. long. 2a. T. a., var. elongata 1. T. latifolia L. Broap-LeEAvep CaTratL. Alluvial marshy places, rarely invading peat bogs; common. June. Very abundant in the large marshes near Cayuga Lake; occasional in all the town- ships away from the lake. Throughout temperate N. A.; cosmopolitan. 2. T. angustifolia L. NArRRow-LEAVED CATTAIL. Marshy places, mostly alluvial and often brackish; frequent. June-July 10. Swampy spot in field two miles n. of Danby; near Etna (D.!) ; Mud Creek, Free- ville; w. shore of the Inlet, near its mouth (D.); sparingly on the Inlet Marshes; Myers Point; Union Springs; Black Brook, Tyre; abundant on the Cayuga and Canoga Marshes (D.!). N. S. to Fla., mainly along the coast; also inland, principally about the Great Lakes; almost cosmopolitan. 2a. T. angustifolia L., var. elongata (Dudley) Wiegand. (See Rhodora 26:1. 1924. T. latifolia, var. elongata Dudley, of Cayuga Fl. T. a., var. virginica Tidestrom. ) In the larger marshes; common. June—July. “Occurs with the type form in large thick masses near the shore or in the water on Canoga and Cayuga Marshes and north of Hill’s Branch. It is-the principal form cut for chair-bottoms, and is carried away from Cayuga in considerable quantities for this purpose” (D.); Inlet Marshes; Union Springs; Montezuma Marshes; Black Lake. Along the Atlantic coast and about the Great Lakes. 13. SPARGANIACEAE (Bur Reep FaAmity) 1. Sparganium (Tourn.) L. a. Fruit broadly obovoid, sessile, truncate or retuse at the summit, umbonate, 4-8 mm. in diam.; beak of the ovary in flower broad and stout at base; stigmas 2, each 2-3 mm. long, filiform; anthers 1.5-2 mm. long; sepals nearly equaling the fruit; plant tall, 8-13 dm. high; inflorescence branched. 1. S. eurycarpum a. Fruit fusiform, short-pedicelied, acute or beaked; beak in flower less coarse and less deltoid; stigma 1, 0.3-2 mm. long; anthers 0.5-1 mm. long; sepals much shorter than the fruit; plant lower. b. Fruit 5.5-14 mm. long, fusiform, with a distinct slender beak; stipe 1-4 mm. long; stigma linear, 1-2 mm. long; mature pistillate heads 12-35 mm. in diam.; staminate heads 2 or more; plant erect. THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 45 c. Pistillate heads or branches strictly axillary; fruit dull; beak abruptly con- tracted above the dilated base; leaves 6-12 mm. wide, without a scarious margin. 2. S. americanum c. Pistillate heads usually supra-axillary; fruit lucid; beak more gradually narrowed upward; leaves 3-9 mm. wide, with a scarious margin near the base. d, Fruiting heads (1) 2-4, remote or subremote, 1.5-2.7 cm. in diam., the lowest 1-6.5 dm. above base of plant; staminate part of inflorescence 2-10 cm. long, of 4-9 heads. 3. S. chlorocarpum d. Fruiting heads 1-3, subapproximate, 1-2.2 cm. in diam., the lowest 0.1-1.8 dm. above base of plant; staminate part of inflorescence 1-4 (5) cm. long, of 2-5 heads. 3a. S. c., var. acaule b. Fruit 3-5.5 mm. long, more ellipsoid or obovoid; beak 1.5 mm. long or wanting ; stipe 1 mm. long or less; stigma oblong or ovate, 0.3-0.6 mm. long; mature pistillate heads 5-12 mm. in diam.; staminate head solitary; plant trailing or floating. 4. S. minimum 1. S. eurycarpum Engelm. Grant Bur ReeEp. In alluvial mucky soil in the larger marshes; common. June 10—July 15. Spencer Lake; Inlet Marshes; Taughannock Point; Cayuga Marshes; and else- where along the shores of Cayuga Lake. Que., N. S., and Me. to B. C., southw. to Fla., Mo., Utah, and Calif.; less frequent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 2. S. americanum Nutt. (S. simplex in part, probably, and var. androcladum, of Cayuga FI.) Marshy places, in mucky neutral or acid soils; common. June 15—July. Summit Marsh; s. of Caroline Depot; near mouth of Lick Brook; Inlet Marshes ; Dwyer Pond; Townley Swamp; Salmon Creek ravine; Cayuga Marshes; McLean Bogs; and elsewhere. Newf. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Mo.; common on the Coastal Plain. Specimens with branched inflorescences are sometimes separated as var. andro- cladum (Engelm.) Fernald & Eames; but the branching is of little importance, since both forms, along with numerous gradations, often occur in the same colony. Fernald (Rhodora 24:26. 1922) has shown that Engelmann’s “ androcladum” was not this species and the name should not be applied to this form. 3. S. chlorocarpum Rydb. (See Rhodora 24:26. 1922. S. diversifolium of authors. S. simplex, in part, of Cayuga FI.) Marshy places, usually in calcareous soils; infrequent. June-July 15. Summit Marsh; Inlet Marshes; Fall Creek (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; marly marsh e. end of Dryden Lake; Red Mills, and elsewhere e. of Freeville; Spring Lake. At Summit Marsh many plants were found with strictly axillary heads. Newf. to Iowa, southw. to Conn., n. N. J., N. Y., and Ind., including the northern Coastal Plain. ja. S. chlorocarpum Rydb., var. acaule (Beeby) Fernald. In situations similar to the preceding; occasional. June-July 15. Marly bog at e. end of Dryden Lake. Newf. to N. Dak., southw. to Va. and W. Va., and on the Coastal Plain. Plants of low stature, but with the large heads of the typical form, occur at the Cortland marl ponds. A variety of doubtful validity. The S. simplex of the Cayuga Flora probably included S. chlorocarpum and its var. acaule, and unbranched S. americanum. 46 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 4. S. minimum Fries. Muddy shores of ponds and ditches, mostly in neutral soils; rare. June 15—July. E. side of Summit Marsh (K. M. W. & IF. P. Metcalf); swale s. side of Slater- ville Swamp; s. side of Chicago Bog. Newf. to Alaska, southw. to n. N. J., Pa., Tenn., Colo., and Oreg.; infrequent near the coast. Found also in Eurasia. 14. NAJADACEAE (Ponpwerp Famiry) a. Flowers perfect, borne in spikes; anthers 2-4; leaves alternate, or the uppermost ones sometimes opposite. b. Stamens 4; connectives sepaloid; carpels sessile in fruit. 1. PoTAMOGETON b. Stamens 2; connectives not enlarged; carpels stipitate in fruit. 2. RUPPIA a. Flowers unisexual, axillary; anther 1 (2); leaves opposite or in 3’s. b. Pistils 2-6, unsymmetrical in fruit, and undulate or toothed on one side; leaves entire, not dilated at base. 3. ZANNICHELLIA b. Pistil 1, fusiform, regular, not toothed; leaves serrulate, dilated at base. Najas 1. Potamogeton (Tourn.) L. a. Ligules distinct from the petiole or leaf base (except sometimes in no. 12) ; floating leaves often present. (2d a, p. 48.) b. Submerged leaves lacking or reduced to the petiole only. c. Blade of floating leaves ovate-oval, subcordate; fruit scarcely keeled, with a lateral depression in the nutlet. 1. P. natans c. Blade of floating leaves elliptical, tapering at base; fruit 3-keeled especially when dry, the keels undulate or crenate; lateral depression in the nutlet not present. 3. P. americanus, var. novaeboracensis b. Submerged leaves present, thin and delicate. c. Submerged leaves broader than linear. d. Base of submerged leaves tapering. e. Submerged leaves 2.5-8 cm. wide, 30-40-nerved, recurved; floating leaves 30-55-nerved ; fruit large, 4-5.5 mm. long, 3-keeled. 2. P. amplifolius e. Submerged leaves 3 cm. wide or less, 3-18-nerved; floating leaves, if present, fewer-nerved than in no. 2. f. Submerged leaves elliptic-lanceolate or elliptical, tapering toward each end, very acute or mucronate, not suffused with red; floating leaves, when present, elliptical ; 1-2 carpels of each flower developing. g. Floating leaves usually present; fruit more or less 3-keeled. h. Floating leaves small, blade 1.5-6 cm. long; submerged leaves 2-3 (6) cm. long, sessile; fruiting spikes 1-3 cm. long; fruit 2.5 mm. long, scarcely keeled; floating leaves usually obtuse, not really apiculate. 4. P. gramineus, var. graminifolius h. Floating leaves larger, blade 5-12 cm. long; submerged leaves 6-30 cm. long; fruiting spikes 2.5-7 cm. long; fruit 3-4 mm. long, 3-keeled at least when dry. i. Upper submerged leaves on petioles 8-15 cm. long, frequently wanting; floating leaves mostly obtuse, sometimes acute, not really apiculate. 3. P. americanus, var. novaeboracensis i. Upper submerged leaves on petioles 14 cm. long, usually present ; floating and submerged leaves acutish and apiculate. 5. P. angustifolius THE FLORA OF THE CayuGA LAKE BASIN 47 g. Floating leaves wanting; fruit slightly 1-keeled; stems coarse. 6. P. lucens f. Submerged leaves narrowly lanceolate, evenly tapering from near the base to a bluntish tip; floating leaves spatulate, distant, all more or less suffused with red; 34 carpels developing; fruit 2.7-3 mm. long, 1-keeled, with a pit on the side. 7. P. alpinus d. Base of submerged leaves clasping; floating leaves wanting. e. Blade entire; fruit apiculate or blunt. f. Leaves slightly clasping, lanceolate, rounded and cucullate at the apex, (5) 10-30 cm. long; fruit sharply 3-keeled, 4-5 mm. long; ligules 2-8 cm. long; stem whitish. 8. P. praelongus f. Leaves strongly clasping, lanceolate to ovate-orbicular, 1-8 (11) em. long, obtuse or acute; fruit obscurely 3-keeled, 2.5-4 mm. long; ligules 1-2 cm. long; stem green. g. Ligules conspicuous, at least as shreds; peduncles spongy; spikes 1.5-3.5 cm. long; fruit 3.5-4 mm. long, green, the epicarp puckered in drying. 9. P. Richardsoniu g. Ligules rarely developed; peduncles slender; spikes 0.7-2 (3) cm. long; fruit 2.5-3.2 mm. long, the olive or brownish epicarp closely investing the seed; leaves usually broader, more obtuse, less nerved, and darker green in drying than in the last-named species. 10. P. bupleuroides e. Blade serrulate, oblong, obtuse, crisped; fruit with a long slender beak. 11. P. crispus c. Submerged leaves linear. d. Spikes all axillary ; peduncles short, 2-10 mm. long; fruit coiled, about 1 mm. long; floating leaves usually present. 12. P. dimorphus d. Spikes terminal or in the upper axils only, on long peduncles; fruit not coiled. e. Submerged leaves with cellular reticulation between the inner nerves, 2-10 mm. wide; floating leaves present; fruit 3-keeled when dry. f. Submerged leaves 5-18 cm. long, rarely longer. 2-5 mm. wide, 5-7- nerved; floating leaves 0.7-2.4 cm. wide. 13. P. epihydrus f. Submerged leaves 12-22 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, 9-13-nerved; floating leaves 2.5-3 cm. wide. 13a. P. epihydrus, var. cayugensis e. Submerged leaves without cellular reticulation, or only slightly cellular near the midrib, smaller; floating leaves absent. f. Leaves many-nerved, 2-4 mm. wide; stem wing-flattened, almost as wide as the leaves; fruit 3.5-4.5 mm. long, more or less 3-keeled. 14. P. compressus f. Leaves 3-7-nerved, 0.3-3.5 mm. wide; stems not winged. g. Principal leaves 1.8-3.5 mm. wide. h. Nerves of the leaves 5-7; fruit 2-3 mm. long, obscurely or scarcely keeled; apex of embryo not coiled; ligules 6-17 mm. long; apex of leaf obtuse and mucronulate; spikes oblong; glands small. 15. P. Friesii h. Nerves of the leaves 3 (5); fruit 3.5-4.5 mm. long, 3-keeled; apex of embryo coiled. 1. Ligules 0.5-1 cm. long; leaves acute; spikes capitate; glands at base of leaves small. 16. P. Hill 7. Ligules 1.2-2 cm. long; leaves obtuse, mucronulate; spikes oblong ; glands at base of leaves large. 17. P. obtusifolius g. Principal leaves 0.5-1.5 mm. wide; fruit 2-3 mm. long. h. Glands at base of leaves present; peduncles much longer than the spikes; fruit not keeled. 18. P. pusillus h. Glands at base of leaves lacking; peduncles scarcely exceeding the spikes; fruit with a toothed keel. 19. P. foliosus 48 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES a. Ligules united with the leaf base for a considerable distance, sheathing the stem ; floating leaves lacking. b. Leaves 3 mm. wide or less, not auricled nor definitely 2-ranked; entire. c. Stigmas scarcely visible on the fruit, broad and sessile; leaves retuse, blunt, or often shortly apiculate. d. Whorls of flowers 5-12, evenly spaced or the lower ones somewhat remote; primary sheaths swollen, two to five times thicker than the stem; primary leaves short and ribbon-like, upper leaves filiform; plants long and coarse. 20. P. vaginatus d. Whorls of flowers 2-5, the upper ones approximate, the lower ones remote; sheaths tight, leaves all filiform; plants short and fine. 21. P. filiformis, var. borealis c. Stigma raised on a minute style, capitate, narrow; leaves gradually acuminate. 22. P. pectinatus b. Leaves 4-8 mm. wide, auricled at the base, stiffly 2-ranked, with a cartilaginous, finely and sharply serrate, margin. 23. P. Robbinsu i, Py natans L. Shallow ponds and stagnant water; frequent. Fr. July—Sept. Spencer Lake; Red Mill Pond; Renwick; s. w. corner of Cayuga Lake; Duck Lake; and elsewhere. Newf. to B. C., southw. to n. N. J., Pa., Mo., Nebr., and Calif.; almost cosmo- politan in the temperate countries. 2. P. amplifolius Tuckerm. Ponds, slow streams, and lake waters; frequent. Fr. Aug. Spencer Lake; Cayuta Lake (D.); mouth of Fall Creek (D.!); Freeville; Lake Como (Locke Pond, D.); Dryden Lake (D.); Cayuga; Black Brook, Tyre. N. S. to B. C., southw. to n. N. J., Ky., Kans., and Calif.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 3. P. americanus C. & S., var. novaeboracensis (Morong) Benn. (P. fluitans of Gray’s Man., ed. 6. P. lonchites of Cayuga Fl. P. natans, var prolixus, of Cayuga FI. ?) Slow streams and quiet lake waters; frequent. Fr. Aug.—Sept. Spencer Lake; Dryden Lake (D.); mouth of Fall Creek (D.!); Renwick, on the lake front; outlet to North Spring, Union Springs; Canoga Marshes; Cayuga (D.); Erie and Seneca Canals (D.!). N. B. to B. C., southw. to Fla., Tex., Mex., and Calif., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in W. I. The submerged leaves are usually absent at fruiting time, and the plant is then sometimes mistaken for P. natans. 4. P. gramineus L., var. graminifolius Fries. (See Rhodora 23:189. 1921. P. heterophyllus and forma graminifolius of Gray’s Man., ed. 7. P. gramineus of Cayuga FI.) Ponds, slow streams, afd lake borders; frequent. Fr. Aug. Spencer Lake; Summit Marsh (D.!) ; Cayuta Lake (D.); near the Ithaca light- house (D.); Myers Point (D.!); Ledyard; Union Springs; Cayuga Marshes. At Spencer Lake, where the water is shallow and the bottom is sandy or marly, the plant approaches P. heterophyllus, forma myriophyllus (Robbins) Morong. Widely spread throughout the greater part of N. A.; common along the coast; very variable. THE FLoRA OF THE CayuGA LAKE BASIN 49 5. P. angustifolius Berch. & Presl. (P. Zizw of Cayuga F'1.) Slow streams and the smaller lakes; scarce. Fr. Aug.—Sept. Spencer Lake; Summit Marsh (D.!); bayou near mouth of Fall Creek (D.) ; Union Springs; Phillips Pond; pond n. w. of Lowery Ponds (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; Duck Lake. Que. and Mass. to Calif., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Wyo.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in W. I., Eurasia, and Africa. 6. P. lucens L. Shallow water; infrequent. Fr. Aug.—Sept. “West side of Cayuga L. and near Cayuga Bridge and Seneca River” (D.!); s. end of Cayuga Lake (D. in C. U. Herb.). N. S. to Calif., southw. to Fla. and Mex.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in W. I., Eurasia, and Africa. This species is difficult to distinguish from P. angustifolius. In both species the leaves are apiculate. Fruiting specimens of P. lucens may be recognized by the absence of floating leaves and by the 1-keeled fruits. The vegetative parts of this species are coarser and more pellucid than in P. angustifolius. 7. P. alpinus Balbis. (P. rufescens of Cayuga FI.) Doubtfully reported by Dudley from Summit Marsh, Myers Point, and pool two miles north, but not seen in recent years. Occurs near by in Cortland Co. Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Mass., n. N. J., Mich., Minn., Utah, and Calif.; rare on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Greenland and Eurasia. 8. P. praelongus Wulf. Shallow or rather deep lake waters; infrequent. Fr. Aug.—Sept. S. w. part of Cayuga Lake (D.); occasional at foot of Cayuga Lake (D.). Newf. to B. C., southw.,to Conn., N. J., Great Lakes, Iowa, Mont., and Calif.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 9. P. Richardsonii (Benn.) Rydb. (P. perfoliatus and var. lanceolatus of Cayuga FI.) Shallow and deep waters of lakes and pools; frequent. Fr. July—Sept. Ithaca fair grounds; Renwick; Myers Point; Union Springs; Canoga and Cayuga Marshes; Cayuga; Cayuga outlet (D.). Que. to Mackenzie and B. C., southw. to N. E., N. Y., Great Lakes, and Nebr. (?); probably absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. P. perfoliatus L., included in Dudley’s catalog, is far northern in distribution. 10. P. bupleuroides Fernald. In shallow lake waters, usually on sandy bottoms; scarce. Fr. July—Sept. Renwick (Kk. Hitchcock); Myers Point (D. in C. U. Herb.); n. of Canoga Marshes; n. of railway bridge, Cayuga (C. C. Thomas); Duck Lake (A. J. E., K. M.W., & L. F. Randolph). Newf. and e. Que. to Fla., rarely inland to w. N. Y. and Mich.; mostly in brackish situations. 11. P. crispus L. Waters of large lakes and their adjacent marshes; frequent or common. Fr. June-July, but rarely fruiting. Not found back from the Cayuga Lake Valley and its outlet system; perhaps confined to the lake because of salt requirements. This is the earliest species to fruit. Mass. to Ont. and Va., in fresh or brackish marshes. Naturalized from Eu. 50 Kar” M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 12. P. dimorphus Raf. (P. Spirillus of Cayuga FI.) Shallow water, in sand; rare. Fr. Aug. Cayuta Lake, e. side (D.). Newf. to Minn. and Calif., southw. to Va., W. Va., and Nebr., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 13: P. epihydrus Raf. (P. Claytoni of Cayuga Fl. P. pennsylvanicus Willd. P. Nuttallu C. & S.) Still shallow pools and lake margins; frequent. Fr. Aug.—Sept. Spencer Lake; Cayuta Lake (D.); Caroline; Stewart Park; and elsewhere. Newf. to B. C., southw. to S. C. and Iowa, including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 13a. P. epihydrus Raf., var. cayugensis (Wiegand) Benn. In situations similar to the preceding; less frequent. Fr. Aug.—Sept. Spencer Lake; Summit Marsh; Renwick; and elsewhere. Lab. to Wash., southw. to N. Y., Mich., and Iowa. [ound also in Japan. 14. P. compressus L. (P. sosterifolius Schum. and of Cayuga FI.) Small or large lakes, and mill ponds; frequent. Fr. July—Sept. Summit Marsh (D.); Dryden Lake (D.); Lake Como (Locke Pond, D.); Red Mill Pond (D.); Malloryville (D.) ; Beebe Lake; Renwick; Cayuga Marshes. ~ N. B. to B. C., southw. to Md., the Great Lakes, Iowa, and Oreg.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. 15. P. Friesii Rupr. (P. pusillus, var. major, of Cayuga FI.) Shallow water; scarce. Fr. Aug.—Sept. Summit Marsh (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; Spencer Lake (L. Griscom & E. Moore) ; Ss. w. part of Cayuga Lake (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; near mouth of Fall Creek (D.); Cayuga Bridge (D.). S; Lab: to! B: C@., southw. to N.S. "Conn: N. Y:, Mich} lowa; and ®\Washt-adonbi= fully occurring on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eu. 16. P. Hillii Morong. Pools, ditches, and shallow lake margins; “not uncommon” (D.). Fr. July—Aug. Dryden Lake (D.); Red Mill Pond (D.); pools n. and s. of Ithaca (D.); Inlet (D.); Myers Point (D.). Not found in recent years, perhaps overlooked. Conn. to cent. Ont. and Wis., southw. to Pa. and Mo.; chiefly inland. 17. P. obtusifolius Mert. & Koch. Shallow water of ponds and streams; rare. Fr. Aug. “Summit Marsh, in the shallow water not far from the northernmost island, where it occurs but sparingly’ (D.) ; Spencer Lake (Z. Moore). E. Que. to Athabasca, southw. to Pa., Mich., Wis., and Wyo.; of doubtful occur- rence on the Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. 18. P. pusillus L. Ditches, pools, and lake borders; frequent. Fr. July—Sept. Danby; Spencer Lake; Freeville; Mud Pond, McLean Bogs; near mouth of Fall Creek (D.!); Cayuga; pool, Cato. Que. to B. C., southw. to N. E., cent. and w. N. Y., N. Mex., Ariz., and Calit.; apparently infrequent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. True P. pusillus is a plant chiefly of brackish or limy waters. The var. tenwissi- mus, inhabiting fresh and acid waters, has been found in Cortland and Oswego Counties, but not within the Cayuga Lake Basin. It differs in its narrower leaves (0.4-1.4 mm. instead of 1-2 mm.), more obscure lateral nerves, shorter peduncles (0.5-2 cm. instead of 1.5-8 cm.), and shorter mature spikes (3-5 mm. instead of 5-12 mm.). THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 5] 19. P. foliosus Raf. (P. pauciflorus of Cayuga FI.) Ditches, pools, and slow-flowing streams; frequent. Fr. July—Sept. Pool in Enfield Creek n. w. of Key Hill; Jennings Pond; near Negundo Woods, “a larger leaved form” (D.); near mouth of Fall Creek (D.!); Dwyer Pond; Union Springs; Cayuga; Lowery Ponds. N. B. to B. C., southw. to Fla., N. Mex., and Calif.; less frequent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Probably also in W. I. and Mex. 20. P. vaginatus Turcz. (See Rhodora 18:131, 1916, and 20:191, 1918. P. monili- formis St. John. P. pectinatus, var., no. 1008 of Cayuga FI.) Deep water; rare. Cayuga Lake, near the Ithaca lighthouse (D.!). Nearly always sterile. Lab. to Sask. and Alberta, southw. to Cape Pree So ING BEING BE Wass, Biel N. Dak. Found also in Eurasia. 21. P. filiformis Pers., var. borealis (Raf.) St. John. (See Rhodora 18: 134. 1916. P. marinus of Cayuga FI.) Shallow lake waters, usually with sandy and marly bottoms, perhaps influenced by brackish conditions; scarce. Fr. June—July. Renwick, under the pier; Myers Point ; Sheldrake; s. of Big Gully Point; near Howland Point; “ near Union Springs ” (D. i) 6 Canoga Marshes. Newf. to Alaska, southw. to n. Me., N. Y., Pa., and Colo. Found also in India, Tibet, and China. “Chiefly in calcareous waters” (St. John). 22. P. pectinatus L. Slow streams, pools, and borders of lakes, in more or less brackish or strongly calcareous waters; locally common. Fr. Aug.—Sept. Rare in the Cayuga Lake Basin except in the waters and marshes of the lake and in the Montezuma Marshes, where it is common; found also in Newton Ponds and in Mud Pond, McLean Bogs. A large, coarse form occurs near the lighthouses at Ithaca, with larger leaves and much elongated peduncles (25 cm. long) but with the contracted sheaths of P. pectinatus. This was discussed by Dudley under his var., no. 1007 E. Newf. to B. C., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Calif.; infrequent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eu. 23. P. Robbinsii Oakes. Lakes and very slow streams; infrequent. “Abundant in all our lakes, but not yet found in flower or fruit” (D.); Cayuga; near Ithaca (D. in C. U. Herb.). The infrequency of recent collections would scarcely indicate that it is abundant, as Dudley states. N. B. to n. Ont., southw. to Del., Pa., and n. Ind.; also Wyo. and s. B. C., to Nev. and Wash.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 2. Ruppia I. 1. R. maritima L., var. longipes Hags. (See Rhodora 16: 125. 1914.) Salt or brackish waters; rare. Fr. July. Salt Pond w. of Howland Island, 1916 (K. M. W. & F. P. Metcalf). Newf. to Fla., Tex., and Calif., along the coast, and inland in cent. N. Y. Found also in W. I. and Asia. 3. Zannichellia (Michx.) L. 1. Z. palustris L., var. major (Boen.) Koch. (See Rhodora 23:110. 1921. Z. pal- ustris and var. pedunculata of Cayuga FI.) Pools and ditches; most common in the vicinity of salt springs, and perhaps always dependent on traces of salt; frequent. Fr. July-Aug. 52 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES Ditches on the Inlet Marshes (H. B. Lord, D.!) Beebe Lake; Renwick; Myers Point; King Ferry (D.); Sheldrake (D.); Canoga (D.); Union Springs; Cayuga (D,) ; near Indian Salt Springs (D.) ; Montezuma; Lowery Ponds. Throughout N. A., chiefly in brackish water; nearly cosmopolitan. 4. Najas L. a. Leaves coarsely and distantly toothed, the auricles large; seeds very finely lineate, oblong in outline. i : b. Auricles without conspicuous teeth; blades ascending or spreading, as also the stems. c. Leaves 2 mm. wide; auricles entire. 1. N. marina c. Leaves 0.5 mm. wide; auricles denticulate. la. N. m., var. gracilis b. Auricles with a single strong projecting tooth on each side; blades recurved, coarsely toothed, purplish; stem also recurved. lb. N. m., var. recurvata a. Leaves minutely serrulate, the auricles scarcely dilated; seeds smooth, oval- lanceolate in outline. 2. N. flexilis 1. N. marina L. Shallow lake waters, probably influenced by the salt springs of the neighborhood ; local. Fr. July—Sept. Frequent near Canoga Marshes (D.!), and north of the railroad bridge, Cayuga (D.!); Duck Lake (A. J. E., K. M. W., & L. F. Randolph) ; Crusoe Lake’ (J: G. Needham & C. W. Leister). In the vicinity of salt springs: N. Y., Mich., Minn., and Fla., and from Utah to Calif. and Mex. Found also in W. I., Eurasia, and Australia. la. N. marina L., var. graciks Morong. “Off Canoga Marshes” (D.). Cent. N. Y. and Fla. The validity of this and the following variety may be questioned. They should receive further study. lb. N. marina L., var. recurvata Dudley. “Tn the shallow water of Black L. Cayuga Marshes” (D.); ‘Cayuga Lake” (Morong in Gray Herb.). N. Y., Utah, and Ariz. . N. flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt. Pools and lakes; common. Fr. July—Aug. Lab. to B. C., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Calif. Found also in Eurasia. ise) 15. JUNCAGINACEAE (Arrow Grass FAmiry) . Carpels nearly distinct, broad, divaricate, follicular; anthers linear; raceme few- flowered; rootstocks strongly creeping. 1. SCHEUCHZERIA a. Carpels united until maturity, then separating from the persistent axis, the fruit subcylindrical; anthers oval; raceme many-flowered; rootstocks but slightly developed. 2. TRIGLOCHIN 1. Scheuchzeria L. 1. S. palustris L., var. americana Fernald. (See Rhodora 25: 177. 1923.) Sphagnum bogs, in acid soils; rare. May 25-June. Junius peat bogs (D.!); n. end of Duck Lake (K. M. W., L. H. MacDaniels, & F. P. Metcalf) ; Featherbed Bog (Ff. P. Metcalf). Newf. to Hudson Bay and Alaska, southw. to N. J., Pa., Wis., and Calif.; rare on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. =) THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 5S 2. Triglochin L. a. Fruit oblong or ovoid, rounded at the base; carpels usually 6, rarely 3. 1, T. maritima a. Fruit linear or clavate, tapering to a subulate base; carpels 3. 2. T. palustris eeDemaritima Il, Brackish marshes or bogs; rare. June—July. Miller Bog, Spring Lake (F. P. Metcalf, L. Griscom, & A. H. Wright); West- bury Bog (K. M. W. & F. P. Metcalf). In salt marshes along the coast from Lab. to N. J., and in saline places across the continent to Alaska and Mexico. Found also in Eurasia and n. Africa. 2. T. palustris L. Marshy or springy places, mostly in marl, also possibly in brackish soils; rare. June—Aug. Junius marl ponds (D.!); e. edge of Crusoe Prairie (A. J. E. & F. P. Metcalf). Greenland to s. Me. along the coast, and inland along the St. John and St. Lawrence yet, to the Great Lakes; thence westw. to Colo. and Alaska. Found also in urasia. 16. ALISMACEAE (Water PLANTAIN FAMILy) a. Flowers perfect; stamens 6-9; carpels in a ring. 1. ALISMA a. Flowers monoecious; stamens many; carpels in a head. 2. SAGITTARIA 1. Alisma L. a. Corolla 7-13 mm. wide; fruiting head 4-7 mm. in diam.; achenes 2.2-3 mm. long. A. Plantago-aquatica a. Corolla 3-5.5 mm. wide; fruiting head 3-4 mm. in diam.; achenes 1.5-2 mm. long. la. A. P., var. parviflorum 1, A. Plantago-aquatica L. (A. Plantago, var. americanum, of Cayuga Fl. A. subcordatum of Britton & Brown’s Ill. Flora.) WATER PLANTAIN. Muddy ditches and swamps, mostly in clayey and alluvial soils with no apparent relation to lime content; frequent. July 20—-Aug. Ithaca flats; Forest Home; and probably elsewhere. Que. and N. S. to B. C., southw. to N. Y., (Del.?), N. Dak., and Calif., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. A recent study of a large quantity of material does not seem to support Britton’s contention that the American and the European plants are specifically distinct. la. A. Plantago-aquatica L., var. parviflorum (Pursh) Farwell. (Rept. Comm. Parks and Bouley., Detroit, 11:44. 1900.) In situations similar to the preceding; frequent. Summit Marsh; Ithaca flats; Taughannock Gorge; n. e. of Asbury; and prob- ably elsewhere. N. S. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the coast. 2. Sagittaria L. a. Leaves sagittate or hastate (very rarely with 1-2 elliptical leaves in S. latifolia, forma diversifolia) ; fertile heads pedicelled. b. Style papilliform; beak a tiny erect point from a notch at one corner of the rounded summit of the achene; leaves sagittate; blades broad, abruptly acute, rarely more than 10 cm. long. 1. S. cuneata b. Style subulate or longer; beak triangular or usually subulate, from one-half the cay to longer than the diam. of the achene, incurved usually at right angles Ge Blade acute; middle lobe 1.4 or more times as long as broad. 2. S. latifolia 54 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES c. Blade obtuse, very large; middle lobe 1-1.3 times as long as broad. 2a. S. lz var. obtuse a. Leaves not sagittate, or occasionally with very short and narrow basal lobes; fertile heads nearly or quite sessile, with long styles. (S. graminea, which should occur in sandy ponds in this flora, has slender-pedicelled heads and minute styles). 3. S. heterophylla 1. S. cuneata Sheldon. (See Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. S. arifolia Nutt.) Arrow- LEAF, ARROW-HEAD. Alluvial mucky marshes; scarce. July—Aug. Spencer Lake; Jennings Pond; Inlet Marshes, near L. V. R. R. roundhouses ; mouth of Fall Creek; Farley Point; outlet of North Spring, Union Springs; Black Lake; Crusoe Prairie. Que. to Mich., N. Dak., and B. C.; southw. to cent. Me., Conn., N. Y., Kans., N. Mex., and Calif.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. In deep water, ribbon-like phyllodia are frequently produced. 2. S. latifolia Willd. (S. variabilis of Cayuga FI.) ARrRow-LEAF. ARROW-HEAD. Ditches, shores, and marshes, in mucky or gravelly, often alluvial, soil, apparently with little reference to lime content; common. July—Aug. N. S. to B. C., southw. to Fla., Mex., and Calif., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The leaf outline of this plant varies greatly with the depth of the water and exposure to wave action, the form with narrower leaves being found in deep water. Forms intergrading between those with broad leaves and those with narrow leaves are often found in the same colony. The extremely narrow-leaved form, with linear lobes 7 mm. broad or less, is forma gracilis (Pursh) Robinson. Occasionally this form seems to be independent of the depth of the water. In deep water, phyllodia are occasionally developed in this species. The forma diversifolia (Engelm.) Robinson is an occasional variant from both typical S. latifolia and forma gracilis. 2a. S. latifolia Willd., var. obtusa (Muhl.) Wiegand. (Rhodora 27:186. 1925.) Ditches and swales about the larger lake marshes, occasionally elsewhere; common. Aug. Spencer Lake; Inlet Marshes (D.!) ; Fall Creek, swale below Varna; e. of Etna; Cayuga Marshes (D.!) ; Black Lake; Crusoe Lake. This is the largest and most distinct form, though occasionally it is almost equaled in size by typical S. latifolia. Its leaf outline is like that of var. pubescens (Muhl.) J. G. Sm. Brackish conditions may influence its distribution. 3. S. heterophylla Pursh. Shores of the larger lakes, and in the larger marshes adjoining, rarely elsewhere, preferring rich gravelly or silty, often calcareous, soils; locally abundant. July—Sept. Spencer Lake; Summit Marsh (D.!); frequent near Cayuga Lake (D.!); Inlet Marshes; Union Springs; Cayuga Marshes (D.!). Que. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Nebr. A plant primarily of the interior. The vars. elliptica, rigida, and angustifolia are environmental forms due to depth of water and wave action, and are scarcely worthy of nomenclatorial recognition. 17. HYDROCHARITACEAE (Froc’s Bir FAmiry) a. Leaves small, whorled, cauline; spathes sessile or nearly so; tube of perianth of pistillate flowers elongating immensely with depth of water. 1. ELopEa a. Leaves elongated, ribbon-like, basal; spathes peduncled, the stalk of the pistillate inflorescence very long, coiled, and reaching the surface; perianth without a tube. 2. VALLISNERIA THE FLoRA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 55 1. Elodea Michx. a. Leaves 1.2-4 mm. wide (averaging 2.13 mm.); spathe of the staminate flower oblong-linear, 11-13 mm. long, constricted at base into a stipe-like part, the orifice gaping, 2-lobed; staminate flower remaining attached by means of a long filiform peduncle; sepals or mature bud of the staminate flowers 3.8-5 mm. long ; anthers 2.2-2.5 mm. long; sepals or mature bud of the pistillate flowers 2.3-2.7 mm. long. 1. E. canadensis a. Leaves 0.7-1.8 mm. wide (averaging 1.3 mm.); spathe of the staminate flower globose, apiculate, the body about 2 mm. long; staminate flower sessile, breaking out of the spathe and rising free to the surface before anthesis; sepals or mature bud of the staminate flowers 2—2.5 mm. long; anthers 0.8—1.1 mm. long; sepals or mature bud of the pistillate flowers 1.2-1.8 mm. long. 2. E. occidentalis 1. E. canadensis Michx. (Including E. Planchonii Caspary and E. ioénsis Wylie.) W ATER-WEED. Pools and slow-flowing streams, in more or less calcareous waters; common, especially near Cayuga Lake and on the Ontario plain. July—Aug. Que. and N. E. to Sask. and Wyo., southw. to N. Y., Ky., and IIll.; rare on the Coastal Plain. Recent authors (see St. John, Rhodora 22:17. 1920) have treated E. canadensis and E. Planchonu as distinct species. After an extended study of the local material and that in one of the larger herbaria, the view is taken that they represent the two sexes of the same species. 2. E. occidentalis (Pursh) St. John. WaATER-WEED. In locations similar to the preceding; more local. July—Aug. Reported only from near the mouth of Fall Creek, but probably occurring else- where about Cayuga Lake. S. Me. to Wis. and Oreg., southw. to D. C., Mo., and Nebr. More frequent than the last-named species in the more sandy noncalcareous and brackish regions. 2. Vallisneria (Michx.) L. 1. V. americana Michx. (See Rhodora 20: 108. 1918. V. spiralis of Cayuga F1.) EeL Grass, Lakes and larger slow-flowing streams; locally common. Aug. Cent. Me. to S. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; occasional on the Coastal Plain. 18. GRAMINEAE (Grass Famity)# a. Spikelets 1-many-flowered, terete or laterally compressed, when 2-flowered the lower floret not sterile and not of a different texture from the upper floret; internodes usually present between the flowers; rhachilla generally articulated above the empty glumes (several exceptions). *The terms empty glumes, flowering glumes, and palets have been retained here, because they are of particular pedagogical value in indicating homology in the grass spikelet. According to this terminology, all leaf organs on the primary axis are glumes, and those on the secondary axis are palets. The two regularly empty glumes are termed empty glumes; if others above are staminate or neutral, they are termed sterile flowering glumes, a designation which expresses their real nature. Palet is a more distinctive term than palea, as the latter term is used in other families and often without morphological significance. The tribes are here presented in an order almost inverse to the usual sequence, because this seems to represent more nearly the probable course of evolution. The earlier tribes are less specialized, the later ones more so. The Festuceae are probably the most primitive, with the Hordeae branching off in one direction, and the other tribes forming a series which branches off in another direction. The arrangement is essentially the same as that in MHitchcock’s Genera of Grasses of the United States (United States Department of Agriculture, Bul. 772). Measurements giving the length of empty or of flowering glumes are exclusive of the awns. 56 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES b. Spikelets borne in a 2-rowed spike. c. Spikelets on opposite sides oi the rhachis; spike solitary, terminal. 2. Tribe HorDEAE c. Spikelets on one side of the rhachis, the spikes therefore one-sided; spikes solitary or several. 5. Tribe CHLORIDEAE b. Spikelets in panicles, either open or spike-like, rarely in racemes. c. Spikelets 2-many-flowered. d. Tip of the lowest flowering glume usually extending beyond the tips of the small empty glumes, awnless or awned at the tip, more rarely just below the tip or between the teeth. 1. Tribe FESTUCEAE d. Tip of the lowest flowering glume usually reaching the tips of the large, often broad, empty glumes, or shorter, usually with a bent awn inserted on the back or between the teeth, more rarely awnless. 3. Tribe AVENEAE c. Spikelets with one fertile flower. d. Spikelets bisexual, all alike. e. Sterile flowering glumes none (i. e., the flower solitary and fertile) ; palet 2-nerved. f. Palet usually smaller than the flowering glume and inclosed in it, usually 2-keeled; articulation of rhachilla either above or below the empty glumes. 4. Tribe AGROSTIDEAE f. Palet about equaling the flowering glume, 1-keeled; articulation of rhachilla below the empty glumes; (empty glumes minute). 7. Tribe ORYZEAE e. Sterile flowering glumes 2 (i. e., spikelets 3-flowered but the two lower flowers sterile) ; palet 1(2)-nerved. 6. Tribe PHALARIDEAE d. Spikelets unisexual; pistillate at summit of panicle, erect, linear-subulate, awned ; staminate at base of panicle, drooping, elliptical, unawned; rhachilla articulated below the glumes. 8. Tribe ZIZANIEAE a. Spikelets 2-flowered, the upper floret perfect, the lower one staminate or neutral and often of a different texture; internodes between the florets usually unde- veloped; rhachilla articulated below the empty glumes. b. First empty glume smaller than the second; the upper fertile flowering glume cartilaginous or chartaceous, firmer than the empty glumes; spikelets all alike and not in special clusters as in the next tribe, without long silky hairs. 9. Tribe PANICEAE b. First empty glume larger than the second; the flowering glumes hyaline and much more delicate than the empty glumes; spikelets in tiny clusters of 2 or 3, 1 fertile and 1 or 2 sterile or all fertile, with long silky hairs at base of flowering glume or on rhachis or pedicels. 10. Tribe ANDROPOGONEAE Tribe 1. Festuceae a. Spikelets bisexual; panicle generally open. b. Rhachilla naked or short-pilose; plant not reed-like. c. Flowering glumes 5-many-nerved, sometimes cobwebby at base. d. Spikelets not in dense 1-sided bunches on the rays of the panicle. e. Flowering glumes rounded on the back, with no cobwebby hairs. f. Nerves of the flowering glumes not prominent. g. These nerves converging at apex of the acute flowering glume. . h. Spikelets more than 12 mm. long, rarely shorter; flowering glumes bifid at the apex, or more than 5-nerved, usually awned just below the apex between or behind the teeth. 1. Grain pubescent at summit, adhering to the palet; stigmas inserted below a hairy cushion-like appendage at summit of ovary. 1. Bromus 1. Grain not pubescent, free; stigmas terminal. 2. BROMELICA THe FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 57. h. Spikelets 5-12 mm. long, sometimes longer in a few species; flower- ing glumes entire, often awned at apex, with no more than 5 nerves; grain glabrous, often free from the palet. 3. FESTUCA g. These nerves not converging at apex; flowering glumes obtuse. 5. PUucCINELLIA f. Nerves of the flowering glumes prominent, raised, not converging at the apex. 4. GLYCERTIA e. Flowering glumes keeled, often with cobwebby hairs at the base. Poa d. Spikelets in dense 1-sided clusters on the rays of the panicle. 10. DactTyLis c. Flowering glumes 3-nerved (see also Poa with one pair of nerves obscure), muticous, not cobwebby at base; spikelets in open panicles (see also 3d c). ERAGROSTIS c. Flowering glumes 1-3-nerved, short-awned, not cobwebby at base; spikelets in elongated, racemosely disposed, spikes. 8. DIPLACHNE b. Rhachilla covered with long silky hairs which at maturity exceed the glumes; plant tall, reed-like, 1.5-4 m. high. 9. PHRAGMITES . Spikelets unisexual, clustered, the terminal member of each cluster pistillate and with broad glumes, the lateral members staminate and with many very narrow glumes; inflorescence a spike-like’ panicle. 11. CynosurusS Tribe 2. Hordeae . Spikelets solitary at each joint of the rhachis, 2-many-flowered. ce Spikelets placed flatwise to the rhachis ; both empty glumes developed. 2. AGROPYRON b. Spikelets placed edgewise to the rhachis; empty glume adjacent to the rhachis wanting. 13. Lotium . Spikelets 2 or 3 at each joint of the rhachis, placed edgewise. b. Spikelets at each joint similar, all 2-6-flowered and fertile. c. Empty glumes well developed; spikes rather dense. 14. ELtymus c. Empty glumes minute or wanting; spikes very open, with divaricate spikelets. 15. ASPERELLA b. Spikelets at each joint dissimilar, the central spikelet 1-flowered and fertile, the - lateral one sterile and rudimentary. 16. HorpEUM Tribe 3. Aveneae Empty glumes very unequal, one enlarged and often obtuse; spikelets 3-4 mm. long. 17. SPHENOPHOLIS . Empty glumes nearly equal. b. Awn dorsal or wanting. c. Awns not hooked; plant not velvety. S Rg 8 Q S a d. Spikelets 22-25 mm. long. [AVENA] d. Spikelets 7-8 mm. long. 18. ARRHENATHERUM d. Spikelets 4-5 mm. long. 19. DESCHAMPSIA c. Awns hooked at tip, at least when dry; plant velvety. 20. GINANNIA b. Awn from between the two apical teeth. 21. DANTHONIA Tribe 4. Agrostideae a. Flowering glumes as thin as or thinner than the empty glumes; spikelets laterally compressed or subterete. b. Rootstocks not densely scaly; flowering glumes dorsally awned or awnless. c. Empty glumes slightly compressed, not wing-carinate; panicles open or con- tracted, but not very dense. 58 KarL M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES d. Floret sessile; spikelet disarticulating between empty and flowering glumes ; palet 2-nerved; stamens 3... e. Callus long-hairy ; rhachilla prolonged behind the palet. 22. CALAMAGROSTIS ce. Callus glabrous; rhachilla not prolonged. f. Flowering glume shorter than the empty glumes and thinner, obtuse, 3-nerved. 23. AGROSTIS f. Flowering glume equaling or exceeding the empty glumes and of the same texture, acute, 1-nerved. 25. SPOROBOLUS d. Floret stipitate; spikelet disarticulating below the empty glumes; palet 1(2)-nerved; stamen 1. 24. CINNA c. Empty glumes very much compressed, almost wing-carinate; spikelets in very dense spike-like panicles. d. Empty glumes not aristate; flowering glume awned below the middle. 26. ALOPECURUS d. Empty glumes aristate; flowering glume awnless. 27. PHLEUM b. Rootstocks short, often branched, very scaly and knotty; flowering glume awned at the tip, or awnless. c. Rhachilla not prolonged behind the palet; callus and rhachilla hairs more or less developed; culms usually branching above; leaves not broad. 28. MUHLENBERGIA c. Rhachilla prolonged; callus and rhachilla hairs wanting; culms not branching above; leaves very broad, lanceolate. 29. DILEPYRUM a. Flowering glumes thicker and firmer than the empty glumes; spikelets dorsally compressed or terete. b. Spikelets awnless, dorsally compressed; flowering glume without a callus, the margins inrolled. 30. Mirtum b. Spikelets awned, subterete; flowering glume with a callus, the margins not inrolled. 31. Oryzopsis Tribe 5. Chlorideae a. Spikelets 3-6-flowered. 32. ELEUSINE a. Spikelets 1-flowered. b. Empty glumes broad, equal; spikelets orbicular. [BECKMANNIA] b. Empty glumes narrow, unequal; spikelets ovate-lanceolate. 33. SPARTINA Tribe 6. Phalarideae . Sterile flowering glumes not reduced. b. These glumes staminate and awnless; empty glumes subequal. 34. HrzrocHLoré b. These glumes empty and dorsally awned; empty glumes very unequal. 35. ANTHOXANTHUM a. Sterile flowering glumes much reduced, awnless ; empty glumes equal. 36. PHALARIS a Tribe 7. Oryseae One genus. 37. LEERSIA Tribe 8. Zisanieae One genus. 38. ZIZANIA Tribe 9. Paniceae a. Spikelets without an involucre. b. Second flowering glume chartaceous, with hyaline flat margins; inflorescence of digitate spike-like branches. 39. DIGITARIA b. Second flowering glume thicker, with firm inrolled margins. c. Branches of the inflorescence more or less 1-sided and spike-like. THe FLoRA OF THE CAayuGA LAKE BASIN 32) d. Inflorescence of 1-several distant spikes; spikelets suborbicular, blunt, smooth. 40. PASPALUM d. Inflorescence of several branches forming a panicle; spikelets obtuse, acute, or awned, hispid or hispidulous, large. 41. EcHINOCHLOA c. Branches of the inflorescence not 1l-sided and scarcely ever spike-like; spike- lets various, in an open panicle. 42. PANICUM a. Spikelets surrounded by an involucre; inflorescence spike-like. b. Involucre of bristles. 43. SETARIA b. Involucre spherical, prickly, with the spikelets inside. 44. CENCHRUS Tribe 10. Andropogoneae a. Inflorescence of spike-like parts. 45. ANDROPOGON a. Inflorescence an open panicle. 46. SORGHASTRU M \ ON Tribe 1. Festuceae 1. Bromus L. a. Spikelets 1-2 (2.3) cm. long exclusive of awns; flowering glumes 7-10 mm. long, often awned or awn-pointed; rays of the panicle 2-5. b. Flowering glumes broadly elliptical to suborbicular, firm (firm also in no. 5), glabrous or strigose-scabrous ; awn not longer than the body of the glume; the lower empty glume 3-5-nerved, the upper one 5—9-nerved; annuals or biennials in cultivated fields and waste places. c. Sheaths glabrous except the lowermost; flowering glumes 7-8 mm. long, all nearly equal, spreading at maturity with inrolled margins and thus exposing the rhachilla; panicle at maturity loose with spreading branches. 1. B. secalinus c. Sheaths pubescent; flowering glumes with flat margins, usually remaining imbricated. d. Flowering glumes 7-8 mm. long, all about equal, very broad, scarcely appressed; awns wanting; spikelets broadly oval. 2. B. brizaeformis d. Flowering glumes 8.5-9.5 mm. long (the lower ones), conspicuously decreas- ing in size upward, appressed; awns about equaling the body; spikelets elliptic-lanceolate. 3. B. commutatus b. Flowering glumes narrower, lanceolate to elliptical, thinner (except in no. 5), often very hairy, frequently longer-awned; annuals or perennials, often in wild situations. c. Awns not exceeding the body of the flowering glume; perennials. d. Lower empty glume 3-nerved; panicle small, 7-15 cm. long; spikelets very velvety all over. 4. B. Kalmu d. Lower empty glume 1-nerved; panicle small or large; spikelets variously hairy. e. Anthers (2.8) 34 mm. long; flowering glumes firm and somewhat involute, 3-4 mm. wide, inconspicuously nerved except at the summit, usually hairy over most of the dorsal surface, the pubescence variable in density; upper nodes usually exserted; flanges of the sheaths not apparent. 5. B. purgans e. Anthers 1-2.5 mm. long; flowering glumes thin, papery; lateral nerves prominent to the base. f. Flowering glumes moderately broad, 3.4-4 mm. wide, pubescent over much of the lower part, especially near the margin, the nerves rather strong; empty glumes usually pubescent; nodes usually all included ; summit of the sheaths usually with a conspicuous flange and_ pilose ring; nodes glabrous except in the form with hairy sheaths. 6. B. altisstmius 60 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES f. Flowering glumes narrow, 2.5-3.2 (3.4) mm. wide, strongly pilose near the margin, otherwise glabrous, the nerves weak; empty glumes glabrous, the nerves scabrous; upper nodes usually exserted at matu- rity; flange and pilose ring at orifice of sheath not apparent; nodes usually hairy. 7. B. ciliatus c. Awns exceeding the body of the flowering glume; lower empty glume 1-nerved, upper one 3-nerved; annuals. d. Awns 10-17 mm. long; flowering glume villous-strigose; panicle 6-15 cm. long, rather dense. 8. B. tectorum d. Awns 20-30 mm. long; flowering glume scabrous; panicle 10-20 cm. long, broad and loose. 9. B. sterilis a. Spikelets 2.5-3.5 cm. long; flowering glumes 10-12 mm. long, elliptic-lanceolate, thin, awnless or rarely with a very short awn; tall and coarse grasses, with an open 4-11-rayed panicle. 10. B. inermis 1. B. sEcALINUS L. CHEAT. CHESS. A weed on roadsides and in cultivated fields and waste places, in gravelly, rather fertile, soils; frequent and generally distributed. June 10—July 10. Widely naturalized in temperate N. A. Native of Eurasia. 2. B. BRIZAEFORMIS Fisch. & Mey. A weed on roadsides near the city sewerage pumping station (C. T. Gregory), where it has been observed for several seasons. June—July 10. Mass. to Mich., southw. to Del. and Ind.; also, B. C. to Calif. and Colo. Adventive from Eu. 3. B. commutatus Schrad. (B. racemosus of Cayuga FI.) A weed on roadsides and in waste places, mostly in gravelly soils; frequent. June. C. U. campus; streets, vacant lots, and railroad yards, Ithaca; near Coy Glen; near Taughannock Falls; Union Springs. Widely distributed in N. A. Naturalized from Eu. A related plant, B. hordaceus L., is frequent in eastern N. A. but has not been collected in the Cayuga Lake Basin. 4. B. Kalmii Gray. Dry or damp woodlands and banks, also in meadows, mostly in calcareous soils; scarce. June 15-July. Larch Meadow; Six Mile Creek, above the Sulphur Spring (D.!), near Green Tree Falls (D.), ‘and near Beech Woods; Fall Creek, n. of Beebe Lake and back of Prudence Risley Hall; near Beaver Brook (D5 cliff talus s. of Willets. Que. (?) and w. N. E. to Minn., southw. to N. J., Pa., and Mo.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. The swamp plants should be studied further, as their habitat is peculiar for this species. 5. B. purgans L. (B. ciliatus, in part, and var. purgans, of Cayuga FI.) BroMmeE- GRASS. Damp or rather dry rocky woodlands and cliffs, in fairly rich gravelly or stony, usually calcareous, soils; frequent. July—Aug. 15. Enfield Glen; Slaterville Swamp; Coy Glen; Six Mile Creek; Cascadilla woods; Fall Creek; Shurger Glen; Salmon Creek; Taughannock Gorge; Paine Creek; Big Gully ; woods, Junius marl ponds; not collected in the McLean district. N. H. and e. Mass. to Wis., southw. to Fla. and La. (Tex.?) ; a few stations on the Coastal Plain. The form with glabrous sheaths (forma laevivaginatus Wiegand) is frequent. The form with glabrous flowering glumes (forma glabriflorus Wiegand) has been found at the following stations: ravine opposite Beech Woods, Six Mile Creek, 1916 THE FLORA OF THE CavuGA LAKE BASIN 61 (F. P. Metcalf, type station) ; hummocks in and around Slaterville Swamp, 1919; wet hillside, n. side of Fall Creek, Varna, 1918 (A. Gershoy). (See Rhodora 24: 92. 1922.) 6. B. altissimus Pursh. (B. ciliatus, in part, of Cayuga Fl.) Bromer-crass. Alluvial stream banks; rather common. July 20—-Sept. 10. North Spencer; Enfield Glen; Coy Glen; bank of Inlet s. of Ithaca; Six Mile Creek; Cascadilla Glen; Renwick woods; Fall Creek, above Forest Home, near Etna, and near Freeville; Myers Point; Salmon Creek, n. of Ludlowville. N. Me. and w. Conn. to Nebr. (Mont.?), southw. to Pa. and Mo., but wanting on the Coastal Plain. Probably a plant of the rich lands of the interior. A form with the sheaths villous is forma incanus (Shear) Wiegand (see Rho- dora 24:91. 1922. B. purgans, var. incanus Shear). It is occasional, as in Fall Creek above Forest Home (Ff. P. Metcalf & L. H. MacDaniels), and west of Free- ville. 7. B. ciliatus L. (B. ciliatus, var., no. 1256 of Cayuga Fl.) BroMme-crass. Boggy meadows and springy places, in marl or strongly calcareous soils; frequent. July—Aug. Swamp along the creek above Enfield Falls; spring, s. side of Coy Glen; Fall Greek (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; Forest Home (0D. in C. U. Herb.) ; e. of Slaterville; Mud Creek, Freeville; McLean Bogs (D.!); Beaver Brook; Lake Como (Locke Pond, D.) ; Salmon Creek, two miles n. of Ludlowville; Lowery Ponds; Spring Lake. Lab. and Newf. to B. C., southw. to N. Y., Pa. Minn., Nev., and Oreg., but rare on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. : The form with glabrous sheaths (forma denudatus Wiegand) is occasional. 8. B. TEcToRUM L. Waste places, in dry sandy or gravelly soils; rare, and very recently introduced. Railroad yards, Ithaca, 1924 (W. C. Muenscher); in gravel, Renwick, 1919; Cayuga, 1915 (Ff. P. Metcalf). Me. to Ill., southw. to Md. and Mo. Adventive. Native of Eu. 9. B. steritis L. A weed of dry or damp gravelly waste places and roadsides; rare. June—July. Dooryard, E. State St., and waste soil, Quarry St., Ithaca; gravelly soil along shore, Taughannock Point, 1884 (F. V. Coville, D.), now fairly abundant there; Interlaken (W. A. Bassett). Mass. to Ill. and Colo., southw. to D. C. and Ark.; also on the Pacific coast. Naturalized from Eu. 10. B. rnermts Leyss. Roadsides, fields, and banks, in rich soils; becoming frequent about Ithaca. June- July 15. Slaterville Swamp; C. U. campus, in several places; Fall Creek flats, Forest Home; old railroad embankment, Renwick slope; field near McLean Bogs. Escaped from cultivation. Introduced from Eu. 2. Bromelica (Thurb.) Farwell 1. B. striata (Michx.) Farwell. (See Rhodora 21:76 and 215. 1919. Avena striata of Cayuga Fl. Melica striata of authors.) PURPLE Oat. Dry or damp open woodlands, in gravelly, more or less calcareous, soils; frequent. May 20-June 20. S. of Perry City; Six Mile Creek; e. of Slaterville; McLean Woods; and else- where. Newf. to Minn. and B. C. (?), southw. to Pa. and Colo. 62 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES The division by Farwell of the genus Melica into Melica and Bromelica seems to be justified. B. striata and its relatives have little in common with the true Melicas, in which the glumes are awnless, usually broad and blunt, and the upper ones generally convolute about each other. 3. Festuca L. a. Plants wiry, often low; leaves mostly basal, very narrow, involute or filiform; awns usually present; branches of the panicle solitary, or rarely some in 2’s. b. Plants annual, not cespitose; flowering glumes very narrow, 0.2-0.6 mm. wide when folded; stamen 1; inflorescence generally narrow, spike-like. c. Flowering glumes 2.5-4.5 mm. long, the awn not longer than the body; culms 0.2-0.7 mm. in diam. | 1. F. octoflora c. Flowering glumes 5-6 mm. long, the awns twice the length of the body or more; culms 0.8-1.2 mm. in diam. [F. myuros]| b. Plants perennial, more or less cespitose; flowering glumes 0.5—0.9 mm. wide when folded; stamens 3; inflorescence generally more ovate-oblong. c. Flowering glumes 3-3.8 mm. long, awnless; spikelets 5-8 mm. long; leaves capillary. 2. F. capillata c. Flowering glumes 4-5 mm. long, short-awned; spikelets 7-10 mm. long; leaves narrow but not capillary. d. Basal sheaths whitish, not shredded; plant very glaucous, densely cespitose. 3. F. ovina d. Basal sheaths rufous, shredded; plant less glaucous and less densely cespi- tose, often substoloniferous. 4. F. rubra a. Plants tall and leafy; leaves broad and flat; awns wanting. b. Flowering glume 5-7 mm. long; spikelets 9-25 mm. long; panicle branches solitary or in 2’s, short. 5. F. elatior b. Flowering glume 44.5 mm. long; spikelets 5-7 mm. long; panicle branches mostly in 2’s, very long, spikelet-bearing at the tip. 6. FF. nutans 1. F. octoflora Walt. (F. tenella of Cayuga FI.) Dry sandy or gravelly banks, in neutral or acid soils; infrequent. May 25—June. State road n. side of Enfield Glen; Cascadilla woods (D.); Fall Creek woods (D.); old street railway grade, Renwick slope; ravine s. of McKinneys; Esty Glen, and ravines northw.; Taughannock Gorge (D.). W. Que. to B. C., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Calif., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. (F. MyYUROS L, Roadside near Bailey Hall, 1922 (C. L. Pratt). Native of Europe.] 2. F. capmttataA Lam. (See Rhodora 18: 235. 1916. VF. ovina, in part, of Cayuga Fl. F. ovina, var. capillata, of authors.) Lawns and shaded walks, in light soils; rare. June. President White Place, 1882 (D. in C. U. Herb.). Newf. to Mich., southw. to N. J., including the coastal region. 3. F. ovina L. (F. ovina, in part, and F. duriuscula, of Cayuga Fl.) SHEEP FESCUE. Lawns, roadsides, and fields, preferably in sandy or gravelly soils; frequent. May 20—June. Various places about the city, on C. U. campus, and on Cayuga Heights, where it has escaped from cultivation as a lawn grass. It occurs occasionally in woods (pos- sibly native, D.) n. of King Ferry (D.), at Utt Point (D.), and on the banks of Cayuga Lake n. of Union Springs ().) and Aurora (D.). Widely introduced in N. A. from Eu., but probably native farther north. THE FLorA oF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 63 4. F. ruspra L. Rep FEscue. Roadsides, in sandy or gravelly soils; scarce. June. Parkway, Cayuga Heights, near both ends of the street, where it was probably introduced with grass seed; Taughannock Point; Sheldrake; and probably elsewhere. Widespread as an escape in the Eastern States, but native farther north. Intro- duced from Eu. The strain that occurs here, as also that in the fields of eastern Mass., resembles very much the form of F’. ovina common in these two localities, but differs plainly in the characters given. The stoloniferous feature of /*. rubra, emphasized by most authors, is usually not apparent except in lawns; elsewhere the plants are distinctly tufted, though less densely so than in F. ovina. 5. F. evatior L. Merapow FEScueE. Yards, roadsides, and fields, in rich soils; common. June. General throughout most of N. A. Introduced from Eu. as a fodder grass. 6. F. nutans Spreng. Rather dry, often rocky, woodlands, usually in rich humus but often in rich gravelly soils or in alluvium, the lime preference not understood; common, and gen- erally distributed. May 20-June. N. S. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex., but infrequent on the Coastal Plain. 4. Glyceria R. Br. a. Spikelets 2-7 mm. long, ovate or oblong. b. Panicle contracted, linear, 1.5-3 dm. long; spikelets 1.5-2 mm. wide. 1. G. melicaria b. Panicle open, lax. c. Spikelets 3-4 mm. wide; nerves of the flowering glumes rather inconspicuous. G. canadensis c. Spikelets 2.5 mm. wide or less; flowering glumes strongly nerved. d. Second empty glume 1 mm. long; spikelets short, 3-4 mm. long. e. Flowering glumes 1.2-1.9 mm. long; panicle 15-25 cm. long; spikelets green or purple. 3. G. nervata e. Flowering glumes 2-2.3 mm. long; panicle 8-14 cm. long; spikelets purple. 3a. G. n., var. stricta d. Second empty glume 2-2.5 mm. long; spikelets 4-7 mm. long. e. Panicle 15-40 cm. long, diffuse, usually purple; leaves 6-15 mm. wide; culms 10-20 dm. high, erect. 4. G. grandis e. Panicle 5-12 cm. long, sparingly branched, pale; leaves 2-8 mm. wide; culms 3-10 dm. long, decumbent at base, often floating. f. Larger leaves 4-8 mm. wide; sheaths loose; panicle branches ascending ; anthers cylindrical, 0.6-1 mm. long; grain 1.5 mm. long. 5. G. pallida f. Larger leaves 2-3 mm. wide; sheaths close; panicle branches divergent or reflexed; anthers globose, 0.2-0.5 mm. long; grain 0.8 mm. long. 6. G. Fernaldu a. Spikelets 10-40 mm. long, narrowly cylindrical. b. Flowering glume obtuse, equaled by the palet. c. Spikelets 1.5-2 cm. long, subsessile; flowering glume hispidulous all over. 7. G. septentrionalis c. Spikelets 1-1.5 cm. long, pedicelled; flowering glume hispidulous only on the nerves. 8. G. borealis b. Flowering glume acute, much exceeded by the palet. 9. G. acutiflora 64 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 1. G. melicaria (Michx.) Hub. (See Rhodora 14: 186. 1912. G. elongata of Cayuga Fl. G. Torreyana of authors.) Deep mucky swamps or near-by ditches, in calcareous regions; rare. July. Cayuta Lake, n. end; Caroline, swamp s. of depot and run n. of Bald Hill; swamp n. e. of Slaterville; Freeville Bog; n. of Freeville? (D.); Chicago Springs; w. of Lake Como? (Locke Pond, D.) nee to Minn., s. to Pa. and Ky., and in the mts. to N. C.; rare on the Coastal ain. 2. G. canadensis (Michx.) Trin. RATTLESNAKE GRASS. Boggy and mucky marshes and borders of swamps, usually in noncalcareous places but at Spencer in the presence of lime; scarce. July—Aug. 10. Spencer Lake; Summit Marsh; springy open run n. of Bald Hill, Caroline; springy pasture one-half mile n. of Caroline Center; McLean Bogs; shore of Phillips ond. Newf. to Minn., southw. to N. J. and e. Kans., including the Coastal Plain. Large specimens are G. /axa Scribn., but they do not constitute a separate race. 3. G. nervata (Willd.) Trin. Panic-crass. Swales, wet fields, and along streams, usually near the borders of woods, mostly in muck and in neutral or somewhat calcareous soils; very common. May 15—June. Newf. to B. C., southw. to Fla. and Mex., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. In woodlands the panicles are often green and have smaller spikelets, which are 2-3 mm. long instead of 3-4 mm. long, and 3-4-flowered instead of 4-7-flowered. This is var. parviflora Peck (Rept. N. Y. State Bot. 46:53 [133]. 1893). 3a. G. nervata (Willd.) Trin., var. stricta Scribn. Open marshy places, mostly calcareous; apparently infrequent. Collected only in a pasture on South Hill and at Mud Pond, McLean Bogs, but | probably more common. Range not clear. The ecological and taxonomic value of these variations of G. nervata is not apparent. The var. stricta Scribn. is here interpreted as a coarser plant rather than a dwarfer plant. 4. G. grandis Wats. (G. arundinacea of Cayuga Fl.) Rreep MEApow Grass. Meadows, ditches, and marshes, mostly in more or less calcareous or saline soils; common, and generally distributed. June 15—July 15. E. Que. to Alaska, southw. to Pa., Colo., and Nev.; less frequent along the Atlantic coast. 5. G. pallida (Torr.) Trin. (G. pallida, in part, of Cayuga FI.) Shallow water of swamps and ditches, in acid, neutral, slightly calcareous, or brackish regions; rare. May—June. “Marsh near head of Cayuga L. by C. S. R. R. July 1, 1882” (D. in C. U. Herb.!); near Black Lake, 1919 (4. J. E., K. M. W., & L. F. Randolph). N. S. to Mich., southw. to Va. and Miss., including the Coastal Plain. Flowering earlier than the next following species, according to St. John. Measure- ments for the spikelets, as given by St. John, do not hold well in this flora. 6. G. Fernaldii (Hitchce.) St. John. (See Rhodora 19:75. 1917. G. pallida, in part, of Cayuga FI.) ; Shallow water of bogs and boggy marshes, usually in calcareous regions; scarce. July—Aug. Slaterville Swamp; n. of Caroline Center; marly marsh, e. end of Dryden Lake; Beaver Brook; moor of Mud Pond, McLean Bogs. Newf. to Minn., southw. to Conn. and N. Y.; at least occasional on the Coastal Plain. THE FLoRA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 65 7. G. septentrionalis Hitchc. (G. fluitans, in part, of Cayuga FI.) Ditches on alluvial flats, and in mucky swamps; rare. June 15—July. N. e. of Negundo Woods (A. J. E. & A. Gershoy) ; near the Ithaca fair grounds (C. Chupp) ; 24 miles n. w. of Waterloo (K. M. W., A. J. E., & L. F. Randolph). N. E. to B. C., southw. to N. C., La., and Tex., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. . 8. G. borealis (Nash) Batch. (G. fluitans, in part, of Cayuga FI.) Shallow water of boggy ditches and marshes, in calcareous regions; scarce. June 15—July. Summit Marsh (D.!); Jennings Pond; Dryden-Lansing Swamp? (D.); Chicago Bog; Cortland marl ponds (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; Montezuma Marshes. Newf. to Alaska, southw. to N. Y., Minn., Iowa, Colo., and Oreg. 9. G. acutiflora Torr. Shallow water of boggy ditches and meadows, in slightly calcareous or even acid waters; scarce. June 15—Aug. 15. Summit Marsh and vicinity; Jennings Pond; Slaterville Swamp; South Hill Marsh (D.!), and pond one-half mile s.; pool at foot of North Pinnacle, Caroline: Ringwood Swamp; “marsh near the lake” (D.). Me. to Ohio and Del., including the Coastal Plain. 5. Puccinellia Parl. a. Leaves of the culm 2-6 mm. wide, flat; panicle 8-20 cm. long; flowering glumes 2-2.5 mm. long. 1. P.distans _ a. Leaves of the culm 2 mm. wide or less, becoming more or less involute; panicle 4-9 cm. long; flowering glumes 1.5-2 mm. long. la. P.d., var. tenis [PS DISPANS (es)! Parl: Brackish meadows; rare. June—Aug. Salty meadows e. of Montezuma village, where it is frequent. [Also at Syracuse, INERYe Que. to N. Y., southw. to Del.; also in Nev. Naturalized from Eurasia and n. Africa. la. P. pistans (L.) Parl., var. tenuis (Uechtritz) Fernald & Weatherby. (See Rhodora 18: 12. 1916.) Brackish meadows; rare. July—Aug. Meadows along Salt Creek, Montezuma, 1893 (WV. W. Rowlee). N. B., Mass., N. Y., and Ont., to Wash. Naturalized from Eurasia. In appearance this plant differs strikingly from P. distans. 6. Poa L. a. Branches of the panicle solitary or in 2’s; low annuals with small panicles; spike- lets 4-5 mm. long; flowering glumes plainly 5-nerved, at least when dry; marginal and mid-nerves hairy. 1. P. annua a. Branches of the panicle in 2’s—5S’s; perennials. b. Panicle rather narrow, the branches short, with clusters of spikelets at the axis; culms and sheaths compressed, 2-edged; rootstocks extensively creeping; plant blue-green. 2. P. compressa b. Panicle broader and looser; culms and sheaths not markedly, if at all, com- pressed; rootstocks less prominent; culms usually more tufted. c. Branches of the panicle in 2’s. d. Intermediate nerves of the flowering glume very distinct; the whole glume glabrous; anthers yellow; branches of the panicle nodding. e. Flowering glumes obtuse, firm; anthers 0.6-0.8 mm. long; upper ligules 2-2.5 mm. long. 3. P. debilis 66 Kar~L M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES ce. Flowering glumes acute, thinner; anthers 1-1.2 mm. long; upper ligules 0.3-1.5 mm. long. 4. P. saltuensis d. Intermediate nerves obscure; midrib and lateral nerves hairy; anthers purple, 0.5-0.8 (1) mm. long; branches of the panicle not nodding. 5. P. paludigena c. Branches of the panicle in (3’s) 4’s or 5’s. d. Flowering glume pubescent between the nerves, mostly obtuse, strongly 5-nerved; anthers purple, 1.6-1.8 mm. long; panicle silvery green, open, its branches more or less reflexed; ligule 1-1.5 (2.5) mm. long. 6. P. sylvestris d. Flowering glume glabrous between the nerves, acute; branches of the panicle not reflexed. e. Marginal nerves of the flowering glume glabrous, the keel hairy. f. Intermediate nerves of the flowering glume obscure; spikelets 4-6 mm. long ; anthers 0.4-0.7 mm. long, pink; ligule 1 mm. long or less; sheaths smooth; inflorescence silvery green, without spikelets close to the rhachis. 7. P. alsodes f. Intermediate nerves prominent; spikelets 3.2-3.6 mm. long; anthers 1.6 mm. long, pale; ligule 5-6 mm. long; sheaths rough; inflorescence yellowish green or purplish, with normal rays and, in addition, many spikelets on short branches closer to the rhachis. 8. P. trivialis e. Marginal nerves, and also the keel, of the flowering glume hairy; spike- lets green or purple. ; f. Intermediate nerves prominent; glumes 1.4-1.8 mm. wide; ligule 0.5— 1.5 mm. long; anthers 1.4-1.5 mm. long, purple. 9. P. pratensis f. Intermediate nerves obscure; glumes 1-1.4 mm. wide; anthers pale; panicle looser and often larger. g. Ligule 0.5 mm. long; spikelets (3.5) 44.5 mm. long; anthers 1.2-1.4 mm. long; leaves spreading at right angles. 10. P. nemoralis g. Ligule 24 mm. long; spikelets 2.5-4.5 mm. long; anthers 0.8-1 mm. long; leaves erect or ascending. 11. P. palustris 1. P. ANNUA L. Lawns, cultivated grounds, and waste places, in moist, rich soils; common.» April— Oct. Nearly throughout N. A. Naturalized from Eu. 2. P. COMPRESSA L. CANADA BLUE GRASS. WIRE GRASS. Dry banks, waste places, and the borders of woods, in rather sterile, mostly gravelly soil, or in cinders; common. June—Aug. Almost throughout N. A. Naturalized from Eurasia. Woodland forms have smaller spikelets and a more open inflorescence (var. sylvestris Torr.). This is clearly an ecological variation. 3. P. debilis Torr. Dry open woodlands and scrubby banks, in sandy or gravelly, nearly neutral, soils, under oak, chestnut, or pine, rarely under maple or beech; frequent. May 15—- June. Thatcher Pinnacles; w. side of Cayuta Lake; hills s. of Mecklenburg; Cascadilla woods; Pleasant Grove Brook; glen between Renwick and McKinneys; n. of Esty Glen; Ringwood (D. in C. U. Herb.); Salmon Creek, n. of Ludlowville; n. of Genoa village; Lowery Ponds. N. Y. and Ont. to Iowa. 4. P. saltuensis Fernald & Wiegand. (See Rhodora 20: 122. 1918.) In situations similar to the preceding, but possibly in more limy gravels, mostly under maple, beech, or pine; scarce. May 15—June. Tue FLorRA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 67 Hilltop one mile n. of Caroline Center; s. corner of Dryden township; Ring- wood; woods around Mud Pond, McLean Bogs (K. M. W. & L. F. Randolph) ; . bank along e. side of Chicago Bog. Newf. to w. Ont., southw. to Conn., Pa., and n. Mich.; not coastal. This species replaces P. debilis in northeastern America. 5. P. paludigena Fernald & Wiegand. (See Rhodora 20: 126. 1918. P. sylves- tris, var. palustris Dudley, of Cayuga FI.) Boggy swamps, with marl and moss; frequent. June. Headwaters Swamp; Michigan Hollow Swamp (D.); swamp along creek above Enfield Falls; Inlet Valley, near Ithaca-Newfield town line; Mud Creek, McLean Bogs (D.); Wyckoff Swamp (D.); Dryden-Lansing Swamp (D.); Westbury Bog. Cent. N. Y., Mich., Ill., and Wis. 6. P. sylvestris Gray. Hillside woodlands, in especially rich soil and humus; scarce. June. S. of the mouth of Lick Brook; below Green Tree Falls (D.); ravine near Beech Woods, Six Mile Creek; Salmon Creek ravine, two miles n. of Ludlowville and w. of East Genoa. N. Y. to Wis. and Nebr., southw. to Fla. and Tex. A plant of the rich soils of the Mississippi Basin. 7. P. alsodes Gray. Rich damp woodlands, in gravelly calcareous soils; not uncommon. May 10—June Headwaters of Cayuga Inlet, Spencer; foot of Lick Brook Falls; Six Mile Creek; Fall Creek (D.); swamp e. of Slaterville; Freeville (D.); Mud Creek, Freeville; McLean Bogs; Beaver Brook (D.!); Taughannock Gorge; ravine at Elm Beach, Romulus; Howland Island; Spring Lake. E. Que. to Minn., southw. to N. C. and Tenn., but rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 8. P. triviatis L. RouGH-sTALKED MEAbowW GRASS. Roadsides, ditches, and elsewhere, in damp, rich, usually slightly calcareous, gravelly soil; common. June. Generally distributed throughout the basin. “From the large number of swamp stations, it is probably indigenous in this region” (D.). Newf. to Mich., southw. to Ga. and La. Generally considered naturalized from Eu. 9. P. praTeNSIS L. June Grass. KENTUCKY BLUE Grass. Fields, roadsides, and waste places, in rather dry rich calcareous soils; very abundant. June. . j Everywhere common as an escape from cultivation. Native of n. and w. N. A. and Eurasia. 10. P. nemoratis L. Dry gravelly, thinly wooded, banks with some clay, but the lime preference un- known; scarce. June. Bank s. of Triphammer Bridge; yards, Fall Creek Drive; woods along Parkway n. of Upland Road, Cayuga Heights; woods one-half mile n. e. of Forest Home; woods e. of McLean Bogs. Me. to Pa. and Minn. Naturalized from Eu. a somewhat distinct form of this species is native in the Far North and the Far est. 11. P. palustris L. See Rhodora 18: 235. 1916. P. serotina of Cayuga FI. P. triflora of authors.) Fowr Merapow Grass. Wet meadows (or often in drier situations, according to Dudley), frequently in somewhat acid soils but also in marl; very common. June—July. 68 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES Some dry-ground stations are: high banks near Ithaca Falls (D.); Cascadilla woods (D.) ; high hills in Danby and elsewhere (D.). Newf. to B. C., southw. to N. J., Pa., Iowa, and Colo., including the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. 7. Eragrostis Beauv. a. Culms extensively creeping, forming mats; leaves 1.5-4 cm. long. ; 1. E. hypnoides a. Culms erect or ascending; leaves, or some of them, more than 4 cm. long. b. Spikelets 2-4-flowered, about 2 mm. long. c. Panicle 15-40 cm. long, more than half the height of the plant; pee mostly 7-40 mm. long. 2. E. capillaris c. Panicle 5-12 cm. long, usually less bee half the height of the plant; pedicels 2-6 mm. long. Sy o Frankii b. Spikelets 5-many-flowered, 3 mm. long or more; panicle usually less than half the height of the plant. c. Spikelets 0.8-1.5 mm. wide. d. Pilose hairs at summit of sheaths present; panicle branches spikelet-bearing only on the upper two-thirds. 4. E. pilosa d. Pilose hairs at summit of sheaths wanting; panicle branches spikelet-bear- ing to near the base. 5. E. peregrina c. Spikelets 1.8-3 mm. wide. d. Flowering glumes densely imbricated, 2-2.2 mm. long; joints of the rhachilla not visible; spikelets 2.9 mm. wide. 6. E. cilianensis d. Flowering glumes loosely imbricated, 1.8 mm. long; joints of the rhachilla visible; spikelets 2 mm. wide. 7. E. minor 1. E. hypnoides (Lam.) BSP. (E. reptans of Cayuga FI.) Damp sandy or silty flats and shores, apparently not in acid soils; frequent. July— Sept. Chiefly in or near Cayuga Lake Valley; Enfield Glen; Fall Creek, above and below Forest Home; Inlet Marshes; along the lake shore from Salmon Creek to the Canoga and Montezuma Marshes; region of Cortland marl ponds. Vt. and Ont. to Wash., southw. to Fla. and. Mex. 2. E. capillaris (L.) Nees. Dry or damp gravelly banks or stream bars, in calcareous soils; rare. Aug.— Sept. Enfield Glen; near Fall Creek Mills (D.); n. of the “Nook” (D.); mouth of Salmon Creek ravine (D.); Utt Point (D.). N. H. to Kans., southw. to Ga. and Tex.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. 3. E. Frank (Fisch., Mey. & Lall.) Steud. Fields and waste places; rare. Aug. 15—Sept. Common in a cultivated field, Agricultural College farm e. of East Lawn Ceme- tery, 1919 (A. J. E. & L. F. Randolph) ; gravel bar, mouth of Big Gully Brook, 1918, probably this species. Mass. to Minn. and Kans., southw. to Miss. and La. Introduced in the Cayuga Lake Basin. House (Bul. N. Y. State Mus. 254:111) cites “Ithaca, W. R. Dudley,’ but this species is not listed in Dudley’s Cayuga Flora and there is no specimen collected by him in the C. U. Herb. 4. E. pirosa (L.) Beauv. A weed on dry sandy or gravelly roadsides, in waste places, and in railway cinders; common, and generally distributed. July—Sept. THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 69 Mass. to Mich. and Kans., southw. to Fla., W. L., and Tex.; naturalized northw. Found also in Mex., Eu., and elsewhere. Of rather recent introduction in the Cayuga Lake Basin, where it was not known at the time of publication of Dudley’s Cayuga Flora. 5. E. PEREGRINA Wiegand. (See Rhodora 19:93, 1917, and 21: 133, 1919.) Dry waste places, in gravelly soil and cinders; rare. July 15—Aug. D., L. & W. yards, 1914; L. V. R. R. yards n. of station, 1914-1918; railroad tracks of Central N. Y. Southern R. R., by Percy Field. [Also, Central N. Y. Southern R. R. yards in Auburn, 1918, A. J. E.] Known from but few stations in e. U. S., Germany, and Japan, and in all these places a weed. Becoming more frequent in the Eastern States. Native land unknown. 6. E. cILiANENSIS (All.) Link. (See Rhodora 18: 235. 1916. E. major of Cayuga Fl. &. megastachya of Gray’s Man., ed. 7.) A weed in dry gravelly waste places and by roadsides, not in distinctly acid soils; frequent. July—Sept. Near Coy Glen (D.); streets of Ithaca (D.); cemetery, University Ave., Ithaca; various places on C. U. campus; near the “ Nook” (D.); West Junius; and elsewhere. B Nearly throughout the U. S. and s. Canada; commonest southw. Naturalized from u. 7. E. minor Host. In situations similar to those for the last-named species, or perhaps in less dry and slightly richer soils; locally common. July—Sept. Abundant on the railroad tracks and roadsides about Renwick; C. U. campus ; railroad yards, Cayuga. N. E. to Pa. and N. Y. Naturalized from Eu. Not known here at the time of publication of Dudley’s Cayuga Flora, * 8. Diplachne Beauv. 1. D. maritima Bicknell. (See Bul. Torr. Bot. Club 35:195. 1908. D. fascicu- laris of Cayuga Fl. Leptochloa fascicularis of Gray’s Man., ed. 7. D. procum- bens Nash.) Low ground around salt springs; rare. July. “Montezuma, near the salt well, also in pasture, near Salt Cr.” (D.!). Mass. southw. along the coast to Fla. and Tex., and from Ill. southw. along the Mississippi River. As treated by Hackel and others, this species is considered generically distinct from Leptochloa and is placed in the Festuceae. An inspection of material of the various species in each genus seems to support this view. 9. Phragmites Trin. 1. P. communis Trin. Reep Grass. In the larger marshes, perhaps under the influence of salt or lime from the under- lying strata; locally abundant. Sept. 10—Oct. Sparingly at Summit Marsh (D.!); “aburadant throughout the Canoga, Cayuga and Montezuma Marshes” (D.!); Crusoe Bog. N. S. to B. C., southw. to Fla. and Mex.; common along the coast. Found also in Eurasia. 10. Dactylis L. 1. D. GLomerATA L. OrcHARD GRASS. Fields, roadsides, and the borders of woods, in rich soil; common. June. Often cultivated, and widely escaped. Native of Eu., now naturalized very gen- erally in the U. S ~ 70 Kar~t M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 11. Cynosurus L. 1. C. crtstatus L. Doc’s Tam Grass. Roadsides and grassland, in rich soil; rare. June—July. E. of Cascadilla Place, Ithaca (D.); C. U. campus, e. of reservoir, 1914 (C. C. Thomas) ; Newman corner, Cayuga Heights, 1917; Wright lot, Upland Road, Cayuga Heights, 1920; doubtfully established. Newf. to Ont., N. J., and N. Y. Adventive from Eu. Tribe 2. Hordeae 12. Agropyron Gaertn. a. Plants with creeping rootstocks; spikelets 3—-7-flowered, loosely appressed to the axis of the spike. 1. A. repens a. Plants without creeping rootstocks, more cespitose; spikelets 2-4-flowered, more closely appressed, and with thinner glumes. 2. A. caninum 1. A. REPENS (L.) Beauv. Quack Grass. CoucH Grass. Roadsides, cultivated fields, and gardens, in various soils; very common. July. Range throughout N. A. except in the extreme North. Naturalized from Eurasia. A pernicious weed, spreading rapidly by rootstocks. The awned form is especially frequent around salt springs. 2. A. caninum (L.) Beauv. Dry banks and cliffs, in neutral or slightly acid soils; infrequent. July. Caroline Pinnacles; Thatcher Pinnacles; hill near Slaterville Swamp; Enfield Glen; ravine n. of Lake View Cemetery; Fall Creek, above Forest Home; Renwick Road, Cayuga Heights; near Esty Glen; Taughannock Gorge, cliffs near the falls; Lowery Ponds. Lab. to B. C., southw. to N. C., Wis., Nev., Ariz., and Calif.; rare on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. ° Sheaths and blades glabrous, or with a varying amount of pubescence (forma pubescens (Scribn. & Sm.) Pease & Moore). According to Pease and Moore (Rhodora 12:61. 1910), the awns of the typical form are 7-15 mm. long. Plants with awns less than 6 mm. long are referred to var. tenerum (Vasey) Pease & Moore, and those with awns 1.5 cm. long or more, to var. unilaterale (Cas.) Vasey. These various forms occur in the Cayuga Lake Basin. 13. Lolium L. a. Empty glume equaling or exceeding the upper flowering glume; rhachis of the spike at middle 2-2.8 mm. wide; culms at base 2-3 mm. in diam. 1. L. temulentum a. Empty glume equaling the upper flowering glume or shorter; rhachis of the spike at middle 1.5-2 mm. wide; culms at base 1-2 mm. in diam. b. Flowering glumes awnless; rhachis of the spike with sides smooth, angles scabrous; empty glumes 5-nerved; leaves conduplicate. c. Plants perennial, with tufted basal leaves; spikelets 5—8-flowered. 2. L. perenne c. Plants annual probably, coarser and taller, generally without tufted basal leaves; spikelets 10-14-flowered. 2a. L. p., var. orgyiale b. Flowering glumes short-awned; rhachis of the spike with sides as well as angles finely scabrous; leaves convolute. c.-Empty glumes 7-nerved; spikelets 10—-20-flowered; plants coarse, annual, rarely with clustered basal leaves. 3. L. multiflorum c. Empty glumes narrower, 5-nerved; spikelets 5—-10-flowered; plants usually perennial, sometimes with clustered basal leaves; empty glumes more conspicuous. 3a. L. m., var. diminutum THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 71 1. L. TEMULENTUM L. BEARDED DARNEL. Waste places; rare. June—Aug City dump, Ithaca, 1922; a opably elsewhere. Scattered through the U. S. and Canada. Adventive from Eu. 2. L. PERENNE L. Common DarNeEL. Rye Grass. Lawns, roadsides, and fields, in rich soil; frequent. May—Oct. Dryden Road, near Cascadilla Place, 1879 (D.); field s. of “Edgewood,” rather abundant (D.); C. U. campus, e. of Dr. Law’s (D.); Agricultural College campus ; Cayuga Heights Road; and elsewhere. Introduced generally in n. e. U. S. and s. Canada. Native of Eurasia. 2a. L. PERENNE L., var. ORGYIALE Doll. Waste field, corner of Railroad and Willow Aves., Ithaca, 1919. Native of Eu. 3. L. MULTIFLORUM Lam. Lawn near Caldwell Hall, C. U. campus, Ithaca, 1916 (F. P. Metcalf). Native of Eu. 3a. L. MULTIFLORUM Lam., var. DIMINUTUM Mutel. Lawns and fields; occasional. Various parts of the Agricultural College campus. Native of Eu. 14. Elymus L. a. Awns straight when mature and dry; palet 5.2-8 mm. long. b. Empty glumes broad (0.9-2 mm. wide), strongly indurated and more or less curved at base. c. Empty glumes (including the awn) 1-2.7 cm. long; flowering glumes (includ- ing the awn) 1-3 cm. long; spikes usually included at the base. d. Glumes glabrous and smooth, or scabrous on thé margins only. 1. E. virginicus d. Glumes villous-hirsute. la. E. virginicus, var. hirsutiglumis c. Empty glumes 2.7-4 cm. long; flowering glumes (2.8) 3.5-4.5 cm. long; spikes exserted; glumes glabrous or slightly strigose-scabrous. 2. E. australis, var. glabriflorus b. Empty glumes narrow (0.40.8 mm. wide), often setiform, indurated and terete below, practically straight. c. Palet 7.5-8 mm. long; flowering glumes strigose-scabrous; joints of the rhachis 3-4.5 (rarely 5-8) mm. long; spikelets 2-4-flowered; blades and sheaths not hairy. 3. E. riparius c. Palet 5.2-6.7 mm. long; flowering glumes villous; joints of the rhachis 1.5-3 mm. long; spikelets 1(2)-flowered; blades and sheaths villous. 4. E. striatus a. Awns curved outward toward the apex when mature and dry; palet 9-11 (15) mm. long; flowering glumes villous-hirsute. b. Leaves rather thin, very broad (13-20 mm. wide); spike slender and rather loose, pendent from the base; spikelets 4-7-flowered; empty glumes 15-20 (rarely 8-27) mm. long, narrow but not setiform, flat toward the apex; plants erect. 5. E. canadensis b. Leaves firmer, narrower (5-15 mm. wide), tending to be involute when dry; spike somewhat denser, arching; spikelets 2—5(usually 3-4)-flowered; empty glumes 20-25 (rarely 15-35) mm. long, usually broader and flatter; plants arching. 6. E. robustus, var. vestitus 72 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 1. E. virginicus L. Wuip Rye. Alluvial bottom lands and stream banks; frequent. July 15—Aug. Cayuta Lake; along the railroad s. of Caroline Depot; Beebe Lake; Renwick flats and woods; Taughannock Gorge; McLean Bogs; and elsewhere. anew, to Mont., southw. to D. C., La., Tex., and Colo., including the Coastal ain. la. E. virginicus L., var. hirsutiglumis (Scribn.) Hitchc. In situations similar to the preceding; frequent. Fall Creek, above and below Forest Home; Renwick ‘arshes and woods; Myers Point ; Union Springs; and elsewhere. N. Ss to Nebr., southw. to Pa. and Mo. 2. E. australis Scribn. & Ball, var. glabriflorus (Vasey) Wiegand. Alluvial river banks; rare. July 15—Aug. S. end of Negundo Woods, a large patch on e. side of creek, probably this species though approaching E. virginicus. Mass. (Ayer), cent. N. Y., and from Md. and Tenn. to Nebr., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 3. E. riparius Wiegand. (See Rhodora 20:81. 1918. E. canadensis of Cayuga Fl., in large part.) Stream margins and alluvial bottom lands, probably only in calcareous soils; com- mon. July—Sept. Generally distributed throughout the basin, but not collected from the foot of Cayuga Lake. The commonest species of Elymus in this flora. ea to N. Y. and Ky., southw. to Va. and W. Va.; rare or absent on the Coastal ain. 4. E. striatus Willd. (Including var. villosus of Cayuga FI.) Rich rocky woodlands, and thickets on alluvial soils, mostly in calcareous districts; frequent. July 15—Aug. Enfield Glen (D.) ; Negundo Woods (D.!) ; Renwick woods; near Indian Spring; Fall Creek, above Forest Home; near Shurger Glen (D.); shore of Cayuga Lake (CD EU) = talus on Cayuga Lake cliffs in Lansing and n. of King Ferry; w. of Canoga; near Salmon Creek (D.); Big Gully. E. Mass. and Vt. to Wis., southw. to Del., Nebr., Kans., and Okla., and in the mts. to N. C.; rare on the Coastal Plain. 5. E. canadensis L. Alluvial river banks, mostly in limestone regions; rare. Aug. Bank of Inlet, in several places near Negundo Woods. Que. to the interior of Me., N. H., Vt., w. Mass., n. Conn., n. and cent. N. Y., and n. Penn. All the material from the Cayuga Lake Basin has glabrous foliage. 6. E. robustus Scribn. & Sm., var. vestitus Wiegand. (See Rhodora 20: 81. 1918. E. canadensis, var. glaucifolius, of Cayuga FI.) Dry sandy or gravelly banks and cliffs, mostly in neutral or even slightly acid soils; locally common. Aug.—Sept. In most of the ravines of the basin, and common along the east shore of Cayuga Lake. j N. B. and Me. to Oreg., southw. to Del., Mo., and Ariz.; less frequent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 4 TuHeE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 73 15. Asperella Humb. 1. A. Hystrix (L.) Humb. (See Rhodora 14: 187. 1912. Hystrix patula of manuals.) BorrLe-BRUSH GRASS. Dry or damp rocky or gravelly woodlands, in rich, usually calcareous, soils; fre- quent. July. In nearly all the ravines of the basin; Mud Creek, Freeville; McLean Woods; Renwick slope; Utt Point; and elsewhere. N. B. and N. S. to Minn., southw. to Ga., Ill, and Nebr.; practically absent on the Coastal Plain. 16. Hordeum (Tourn.) L. 1. H. yusatum L. SQurIRREL-TAIL GRASS. A weed in waste places, mostly in gravelly soils with lime or salt; scarce. July. “Old R. R. track, 20 rods s. of Sage College 1879” (D..in C. U. Herb.) ; near Agricultural College greenhouses; n. of Forest Home, near the Cornell poultry farm; Freeville; Ludlowville; Union Springs. Doubtfully established. Atlantic coast from Lab. to N. J.; also from Ont. to Alaska, southw. to Tex. and Calif. Introduced sparingly elsewhere. Tribe 3. Aveneae 17. Sphenopholis Scribn. a. Flowering glumes scabrous all over; empty glumes subequal, the second one broadly obovate, obtuse; panicle looser than in no. 2. 1. S. nitida a. Flowering glumes not scabrous; empty glumes unequal, the second one narrowly obovate, subacute; panicle dense, with more numerous spikelets. 2. S. pallens 1. S. nitida (Spreng.) Scribn. (Eatonia Dudleyi of Cayuga FI.) Dry or damp woodlands on steep slopes, in gravelly neutral or slightly acid soils with humus; frequent. June. South Hill, 1882 (F. C. Curtice, D.); Six Mile Creek; Cascadilla woods, 1876 (D.); Renwick slope; McKinneys; Esty Glen; glen s. of Willets; s. of Mecklen- burg; Big Gully. “Occurs in both dry and moist soil on most of our wooded ravine- slopes; occasionally in moist soil in more open places” (D.). Vt. to Mich., southw. to Ga. and Miss.; occasional on the Coastal Plain. 2. S. pallens (Spreng.) Scribn. (Eatonia pennsylvanica of Cayuga FI.) Marshes, shores, and wet cliffs, here apparently always in limy places; frequent. June 20—July. Enfield Glen; Slaterville Swamp; Buttermilk Glen; Six Mile Creek; Fall Creek; marsh near Indian Spring (abundant) ; Mud Creek, Freeville; shore of Mud Pond, McLean Bogs; Renwick slope; Esty-Glen; Salmon Creek, on gravel bars; Paine Creek; moor of Junius marl ponds; Miller Bog, Spring Lake. Newf. to Wis. and B. C., southw. to Ga., Kans., Tex., and Wash.; rare on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. It has not been possible in this flora to separate var. major (Torr.) Scribn. from the typical form. [S. pennsylvanica (L.) Hitche. (See Rhodora 18: 234. 1916. Trisetum palustre of Cayuga FI.) “Ithaca,” (Sartwell, D.). Dudley says: “The specimen is a genuine T. palustre, but the species is not now known here.” ‘There may have been an interchange of labels. | 74 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES [Avena (Tourn.) L.] [A. sativa L. Common Oat. The common oat occasionally springs up in waste places or where it has been scattered from fodder, but it is not established. Native of Eurasia.] 18. Arrhenatherum Beauv. 1. A. ELatius (L.) Beauv. Oat Grass. Roadsides and fields, in good soils; scarce. June. N. and s. of Slaterville Springs; near McGowan Woods; C. U. campus (D. in C. U. Herb.!) ; Agricultural College greenhouses; Chi Psi grounds; Cayuga Heights Road, grounds of Sigma Chi fraternity; fairly abundant in Butler and Conquest. Escaped from cultivation: Newf. to Minn., southw. to Ga., Tenn., and Nebr.; also on the Pacific coast. Naturalized from Eu. 19. Deschampsia Beauv. a. Basal leaves setaceous, very numerous; sheaths scabrous; florets approximate; flowering glumes scabrous, the twisted awn much exserted. 1. D. flexuosa a. Basal leaves flat or involute, less numerous; sheaths smooth; florets distant; flowering glumes smooth, the straight awn scarcely exceeding the body. 2. D. caespitosa 1. D. flexuosa (L.) Trin. Hair Grass. Dry sandy, gravelly, or stony, noncalcareous or sometimes apparently calenrentes sterile soils; rare. June—July. Caroline Pinnacles GdE Dye hillside s. of Brookton; cliffs n. of King Ferry (D.) ; Utt Point (D.!). Greenland and Newf. to Wis., southw. to N. J., N. C., and Tenn.; frequent on the Coastal Plain. Found also in Eu. 2. D. caespitosa (L.) Beauv. Marly meadows and limy shores; rare. July 10-Aug. 10. Spencer Lake (K. M. W., A. J. E., & F. P. Metcalf) ; Cortland marl ponds (D.!) ; Farley Point (D.); Utt Point (D. '). Newf. to Alaska, southw. to n. N. J., Ill., Minn., and in the mts. to N. C. and N. Mex.; apparently absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Calif. and Eu. 20. Ginannia Bub. 1. G. ranata (L.) Hub. (See Rhodora 18: 234. 1916. Holcus lanatus of Gray’s Man., ed. 7, and of Cayuga Fl.) VeELveT Grass. Fields and roadsides, in rather damp rich soils; becoming frequent. June—Aug. 15. Field, Enfield Falls; several places about C. U. campus and farm; near Ringwood. N. S. to Ill., southw. to N. C., Tenn., and IIl.; also on the Pacific coast. Natural- ized from Eu. 21. Danthonia DC. a. Leaves mostly basal, short; the cauline leaves with blades 8-14 cm. long, those at the base forming a curly mass when dry; culm terete; panicle sae and rather dense (open only at anthesis), 5-6 cm. long. 1. D. spicata a. Leaves more cauline, longer ; those on the stem with blades 15-30 cm. long, the basal ones not curly; culm flattened ; panicle longer and more open, 7-9 cm. long. - 2. D. compressa 1. D. spicata (L.) Beauv. Wutp Oat Grass. Dry sterile gravelly banks, hillsides, and old fields, mostly in acid soils, not found on the clays and richer soils; common. June—July 15. Newf. to N. Dak., southw. to N. C., La., and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 25 The lower sheaths vary from hairy to glabrous, and the teeth of the flowering glumes from 1 to 3 mm. in length, transitional forms being frequent. These char- acters are therefore of no value in separating the two species. 2. D. compressa Aust. j ben woods, old fields, and shores, in gravelly, mostly neutral, soil; infrequent. uly. In the shade of coniferous woods, North Spencer; near Danby (D.); hilltop one mile n. of Caroline Center; Turkey Hill (D.); Dart Woods (D.); high hills s. w. of Dryden Lake; shore of Dryden Lake (D.); woods, North Lansing; banks near Lake Como (Locke Pond, D.);-very abundant w. of Etna. N. S. to N. Y., southw. to N. C. and Tenn.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. Tribe 4. Agrostideae 22. Calamagrostis Adans. a. Summit of the sheath bearded; callus hairs about three-fourths the length of the flowering glume; spikelets about 4.5 mm. long; panicle usually contracted but not dense. : 1. C. perplexa a. Summit of the sheath glabrous; callus hairs about equaling the flowering glume; spikelets 2.5-5 mm. long. b. Panicle open; empty glumes thin, slightly scabrous, acuminate, usually open in fruit; spikelets 2.5-3.5 mm. long; leaves flat in drying. 2. C. canadensis b. Panicle contracted; empty glumes firmer, more scabrous, less acuminate, and usually closed in fruit; spikelets 3.5-5 mm. long; leaves involute in drying. 3. C. hyperborea 1. C. perplexa Scribn. (Deyeuxia Porteri of Cayuga FI.) Dry rocky woods, on subneutral sandstone residual soils; very rare. July—Aug. N. w. crest and slope of Thatcher Pinnacles, Danby (D.!). Reported elsewhere only from Piscataquis Co., Maine, but an inspection of that plant shows it to be not the same, and more like an offshoot of C. Pickeringit. The Danby plant is related to C. Portert. (For notes on the Danby plant, see Cayuga FI.; Rept. N. Y. State Mus. 41:58. 1888; U. S. Dept. Agr., Agrost., Bul. 11:26. 1898; and U. S. Dept. Agr., Agrost., Circ. 30:7. 1901.) 2. C. canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. (Deyeuxia canadensis of Cayuga FI.) BLue JorntT. Meadows and marshes, in mucky soils; common. June 20—July. Newf. to B. C., southw. to N. C., N. Mex., and Calif., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 3. C. hyperborea Lange. Marl meadows; rare. July—Aug. 15. Lowery Ponds, 1917 and 1919. Newf. to B. C., southw. to Me., N. H., cent. N. Y., Mich., Ariz., and Wash. The occurrence of this species here is peculiar, extending as it does the previously known range so far to the southward and so near to the type locality of C. inexpansa Gray (C. confinis of various authors) at Penn Yan, a species which has been found only doubtfully elsewhere. Other stations for C. inexpansa, especially those west- ward, are apparently not to be referred to typical C. mexpansa. 23. Agrostis L. a. Palet half the length of the flowering glume or longer; panicle dense or open. b. Ligule of the upper leaves 2-6 mm. long; spikelets dull and pale, or dull purple; panicle dense, or, if open, with many spikelets near the rhachis; plant pale, more or less glaucous. 76 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES c. Plant erect or slightly decumbent; panicle open; leaf blades 3-8 mm. wide. : . A. alba c. Plant strongly decumbent; panicle contracted, narrow; leaf blades 2-5 mm. wide. la. A. d., var. maritima b. Ligule of the upper leaves 0.5-2 mm. long; spikelets deeper, brighter, and richer in color, more glossy; panicle very loose, with capillary branches and without clusters of spikelets near the rhachis; leaf blades 1.5-2.8 mm. wide, commonly involute when‘dry; plant greener. 2. A. tenuis a. Palet wanting; panicle very diffuse. b. Branches of the panicle 2-7 cm. long, mostly flexuously and divaricately branched at or below the middle; spikelets scattered; culms usually much longer than the panicle; leaves 1-6 mm. wide, rather flat. 3. A. perennans b. Branches of the panicle 6-12 cm. long, slender and straight, with appressed straight branches above the middle which are spikelet-bearing near the tips; culms from slightly longer to much shorter than the panicle, less leafy; leaves firmer, narrower (1-2 mm. wide), involute. 4. A. hyemalis 1. A. arpa L. (A. vulgaris, in part, and A. vulgaris, var. alba, of Cayuga FI.) Rep Tor. Brent Grass. Fields, roadsides, and damp places, in heavy and light soils especially when neutral or slightly acid; very common. July. Escaped from cultivation and widespread in N. A. Native of Eu. and possibly also of northern N. A. Hitchcock (Bul. U. S. Dept. Agr., no. 772, 1920), Piper (Bul. U. S. Dept. Agr., no. 692, 1918), and Schinz all agree that 4. alba L. is not an Agrostis but probably is Poa nemoralis. The next oldest name, A. palustris Huds., is not clearly the old A. alba, but, judging from the description, is probably A. alba, var. maritima, or some similar form. The name J. alba L. may be retained until the matter is settled. la. A. alba L., var. maritima (Lam.) G. F. W. Meyer. (A. palustris Huds., probably.) Carpet BENT Grass. Low grounds, in alluvial soils, especially in the vicinity of salt springs; frequent. July. Fall Creek, above Forest Home; Ithaca flats, near the salt works, abundant; Taughannock Point; Farley Point; muddy strand opposite Cayuga village and n. of the village; salt pond e. of Montezuma; and elsewhere. Range in N. A., and extent to which introduced, not definitely known. Occurs also in Eu. 2. A. Tenuts Sibth. (A. vulgaris of authors. A. capillaris L., possibly. A. alba, var. vulgaris, of Gray’s Man., ed. 7.) RHopE ISLAND BENT GRASss. Dry or damp pastures, in gravelly soil; infrequent. July. Hillside pastures n. and n. w. of Caroline Center (K. M. W., A. J. E., & L. F. Randolph) ; near McLean Bogs; and probably elsewhere. Naturalized from Eu.; perhaps also native. Until it is decided whether A. capillaris L. is A. vulgaris, as held by Hitchcock and Schinz, or some other species, as held by several European botanists and by Piper, the next oldest name that unquestionably applies to the present species, 4. tenuis Sibth., may be used. The form with the flowering glume awned, forma aristata (Parnell) Wiegand (see Rhodora 26: 2, 1924, A. vulgaris, var. aristata Parnell, not A. alba, var. aristata Gray) occurs at Ringwood (K. M. W. & A. Gershoy), in a pasture one-half mile s. e. of McLean (F. P. Metcalf), and on a dry gravelly knoll e. of Malloryville Bog. 3. A. perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. Turin Grass. Dry or damp open woodlands, in gravelly subacid or acid soils; not uncommon. July—Sept. THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN TH. Dry Run, Spencer; hill woods, Buttermilk Glen; upper Coy Glen; Cascadilla woods; Fall Creek; e. of the Ithaca golf grounds, Cayuga Heights; s. w. corner of Cayuga Lake; Dryden Lake; Chicago Bog; sandy woods e. of Junius marl ponds; and elsewhere. N. S. to Minn., southw. to N. J., Tenn., and Mo., including the northern Coastal Plain. ; A complete series of transitional forms may easily be found between the coarser forms with straighter branches and more appressed spikelets, and the shade form with very oe zigzag capillary branches and scattered spikelets (A. Schweinitzui arin’)! 4. A. hyemalis (Walt.) BSP. (A. scabra of Cayuga Fl.) Harr Grass. Dry or damp, sandy or gravelly, leached-out or acid, soils, in open fields, in borders of woods, and even in peat bogs; frequent. July. Characteristic of sterile hillsides, exsiccated places, and old logs in swampy marshes; found mostly in the hills w., s., and e. of Ithaca, and in the McLean region; rare on the richer soil back from the shore of Cayuga Lake. Nearly throughout N. A., except in the extreme North. 24. Cinna L. a. Spikelets 5 mm. long; panicle dense; leaves large, 2-3 dm. long, (5) 8-20 mm. wide. 1. C. arundinacea a. Spikelets 3-4 mm. long; panicle loose; leaves smaller, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 5-10 (11.5) mm. wide. 2. C. latifolia 1. C. arundinacea L. Swampy woodlands, in soils not strongly calcareous; frequent. Aug. Cayuga Lake; Renwick woods (D.!); Fall Creek Gorge; swamps of Freeville and elsewhere (D.!); Spring Lake. N. S. to Ont., southw. to Ga. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. 2. C. latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. (C. pendula of Cayuga FI.) Shaded wet ravine banks and deep swamps, in calcareous regions; infrequent. July 15-Aug. Michigan Hollow Swamp, delicate form (D.); Enfield Glen; Fall Creek Gorge (D.) ; Malloryville Bog; McLean Woods; Beaver Brook (D.!) ; Lake Como (Locke Pond, D.); Westbury Bog. Lab. to Alaska, southw. to N. E., n. N. J., N. Y., the Great Lakes region, Colo., Utah, and Oreg., and in the mts. to N. C.; apparently absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eu. 25. Sporobolus R. Br. 1. S. neglectus Nash. (S. vaginaeflorus of Cayuga FI.) Roadsides and waste places, in sandy or gravelly sterile, mostly neutral, soils; be- coming frequent. Sept. Field, upper Coy Glen; Willow Ave., Ithaca; near Triphammer Falls (D.!) ; near Fall Creek Mills (D.); near Hanshaw Corners; “abundant on the lakeshore banks, near Ludlowville, Aurora, Sheldrake, etc.” (D.); around the sulphur spring s. of Big Gully Point; and elsewhere. N. B. to N. Dak., southw. to Va. and Tex.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. S. vaginiflorus (Torr.) Wood is a plant of more acid soils, chiefly along the Atlantic coast and about the Great Lakes. 26. Alopecurus L. a. Spikelets 5 mm. long; empty glumes acute; awn exserted about 5 mm. 1. A. pratensis a. Spikelets 2-2.2 mm. long; empty glumes obtuse; awn very short, slightly exserted or included, Ne 2. A. aequalis 78 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 1. A. prATENSIS L. MEApow FoxtTaiL. Fields and roadsides, in rich soils; rare. May 20—June 20. “A few places on the campus” (D.!); near the Home Economics Building (C. C. Thomas) ; island in Fall Creek at Forest Home (A. R. Bechtel) ; salt flats, Mon- tezuma (K. M. W., A. J. E., & L. F. Randolph). Introduced from Eu. and naturalized in the Eastern States. - 2. A. aequalis Sobol. (See House, Bul. N. Y. State Mus. 254: 94. 1924. A. genicu- latus, var. aristulatus, of Gray’s Man., ed. 7, and of Cayuga Fl.) FLoatine FoxtTatL. Mucky ditches and marshes, the nature of the soil not clear; frequent. June. Pool, foot of North Pinnacle, Caroline; n. of Slaterville Springs; Summit Marsh and vicinity; Michigan Hollow Swamp (D.!); South Hill Marsh (D.); Ringwood; Fall Creek, e. of Varna; Freeville Bog; West Dryden; Cortland marl ponds (D.!) ; Inlet Marshes (D.); Canoga Marshes (D.); Junius; Howland Island; near Duck Lake. Gulf of St. Lawrence to Alaska, southw. to Md. and Calif.; rare on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. 27. Phleum L. 1. P. pRATENSE L. Timotuy. HeErp’s GRASS. Fields, roadsides, and other grassy places, in rich soil; very common. June. Escaped from cultivation, and naturalized. Native of Eu. 5 At the second-growth flowering the spikelets are often viviparous (Dudley in Cayuga FI.!). 28. Muhlenbergia Schreb. a. Empty glumes minute, the first one obsolete or nearly so, the second one truncate ; flowering glume long-awned; scaly rootstocks not apparent. 1. M. Schreberi a, Empty glumes half the length of the flowering glume or more; rootstocks obviously scaly. b. Empty glumes broadly ovate, acute, one-half to two-thirds the length of the flowering glume. c. Flowering glume awnless; spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long. 2. M. sobolifera c. Flowering glume awned; spikelets 3-4 mm. long. 3. M. tenuiflora b. Empty glumes lanceolate, three-fourths the length of the flowering glume or longer. c. Empty glumes unawned, but sometimes with a long acuminate tip projecting considerably beyond the flowering glume; panicle branched. d. Internodes puberulent; sheaths close, usually embracing the internode; panicle more or less exserted, the branches not divaricate in anthesis. e. Empty glumes lanceolate, three-fourths to seven-eighths the length of the long-awned flowering glume, somewhat silvery. 4. M. sylvatica e. Empty glumes linear-lanceolate, slightly shorter or longer than the awn- less or rarely awned flowering glume, less silvery. 5. M. foliosa d. Internodes glabrous; sheaths loose and somewhat inflated, partly free from the internode; panicle generally partly included or very slightly exserted, the branches divaricate in anthesis. 6. M. mexicana c. Empty glumes with a slender awn as long as or longer than the body; panicle very dense and spike-like, but interrupted, long-peduncled, usually livid. 7. M. racemosa 1. M. Schreberi J. F. Gmel. (M. diffusa of Cayuga Fl.) Dropsrep. NIMBLE WILL. Roadsides, old orchards, borders of copses, and elsewhere, in rich gravelly soils; frequent. Aug.—Oct. THe FLoRA OF THE CAyuGA LAKE BASIN 79 Various places throughout the city of Ithaca, on C. U. campus, in Forest Home, and on Cayuga Heights; also Genoa; and elsewhere. Me. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. 2. M. sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin. Dry rocky places, especially in the ravines, in more or less calcareous soils; infrequent. Aug.—Sept. 15. Fall Creek, near Ithaca Falls (D.!); Taughannock Gorge, below the falls; near Ludlowville (D.); “chiefly on the lake-shore declivities, where it grows in beds” D N. H. to Minn., southw. to Va., Tenn., and Okla.; probably absent on the Coastal Plain. 3. M. tenuiflora (Willd.) BSP. (M. Willdenovw of Cayuga FI.) Dry, rocky, thinly wooded slopes and gravelly hillsides, in less calcareous soils than the preceding; infrequent. Aug. Thatcher Pinnacles; Enfield Glen; Six Mile Creek, at the Narrows (D.!); Beebe Lake; Paine Creek; Union Springs; and elsewhere. Mass. to Minn., southw. to Ala. and Tex.; rare on the Coastal Plain. 4. M. sylvatica Torr. Damp or rarely dry calcareous cliffs and ledges, more rarely in marl meadows; scarce. Aug. 15—Sept. Buttermilk Glen; Six Mile Creek; Cascadilla Glen, near the Old Armory; Salmon Creek ravine, s. of Genoa; Big Gully; Westbury Prairie; swamp n. of Crusoe Lake. N. B: to S. Dak., southw. to N. C. and Okla.; rare on the Coastal Plain. 5. M. foliosa Trin. (M. mexicana, var. filiformis, of Cayuga FI.) Damp thickets, in gravelly or stony, more or less calcareous, soils, occasionally in marl meadows; common. July 25-Sept. Me. to S. Dak., southw. to Va., Ill., Okla. and Ariz.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. The awned form, forma ambigua (Torr.) Wiegand (see Rhodora 26: 1. 1924), ae in Fall Creek in water under the sluiceway near Triphammer Falls (F. P. Met- calf). 6. M. mexicana (L.) Trin. Damp shady roadsides and borders of thickets, in rich gravelly soils; frequent. Aug.—Sept. Six Mile Creek; Cascadilla Glen; Fall Creek Gorge; Renwick; and elsewhere. N. B. to S. Dak. and Wyo., southw. to N. C. and Tex.; perhaps less frequent on the Coastal Plain. The awned form, forma commutata (Scribn.) Wiegand (see Rhodora 26: 1. 1924), has been found at Renwick and near Indian Spring (D.), at “Ithaca” (H. P. DeForest), at Cayuga, and at Junius. 7. M. racemosa (Michx.) BSP. (M. glomerata of Cayuga FI.) Damp limy rocks, gravels, and marl meadows, rarely on dry rocks and in dry woods; frequent. July 25—-Sept. 15. Dry woods and cliffs, Thatcher Pinnacles (D.); Caroline Pinnacles (D.); wet shore of Spencer Lake; Larch Meadow (D.); Buttermilk Glen (D.); Mallory- ville Bog; McLean Bogs; wet cliffs, Salmon Creek; Spring Lake; Crusoe Prairie; and elsewhere (D.). Newf. to B. C., southw. to n. N. J., Md., N. C., and N. Mex.; absent or rare on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 80 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 29. Dilepyrum Michx. 1. D. erectum (Schreb.) Farwell. (Brachyelytrum aristatum of Cayuga Fl. B. erectum of Gray’s Man., ed. 7.) Ravines and low woodlands, in rich rocky or gravelly, somewhat calcareous, soils; frequent. June 20—July. Enfield Glen; Six Mile Creek; Cascadilla woods; Fall Creek; Taughannock Gorge; McLean Bogs; Beaver Brook; and elsewhere. Newt. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Kans., with but few stations on the Coastal Plain. Dudley’s entry of var. Engelmanni was probably an error. Farwell (Amer. Mid. Nat. 8: 33. 1922) has pointed out that the name Dilepyrum is the proper one for this genus, though his second argument, about glumes, seems not to hold. At any rate, the Muhlenbergia part of Michaux’ genus already had a name, and D. erectum was the only unnamed element. It should retain Michaux’ name. 30. Milium (Tourn.) L. 1. M. effusum L. Low or wet woodlands, in gravelly or mucky rich calcareous soils; locally frequent. June. Headwaters Swamp; Michigan Hollow Swamp (D.!); s. of Mecklenburg; Fall Creek, above Forest Home; Six Mile Creek; Slaterville Swamp; Mud Creek, Free- ville; Malloryville Bog (D.); McLean Bogs (D.!); Beaver Brook (D.); Dryden- Lansing Swamp (D.); East Genoa; arbor vitae swamp e. of Clyde; Spring Lake; Crusoe Lake swamp; Westbury Bog. Lab. to Ont., southw. to Mass., Pa., and Ill. Found also in Eurasia. 31. Oryzopsis Michx. a. Spikelets, excluding the awn, 3-4 mm. long; leaves very narrow, involute. 1. O. pungens a. Spikelets, excluding the awn, 6-9 mm. long. ; j b. Leaves nearly all crowded at base of culm, long, linear, stiff and erect, glaucous ; panicle 5-12 cm. long, contracted. 2. O. asperifolia b. Leaves scattered on the stem, broad and soft, green; panicle 7-25 cm. long, branches somewhat spreading. 3. O. racemosa 1. O. pungens (Torr.) Hitche. (O. Canadensis of Cayuga FI.) Dry ravine crests, in sandy, perhaps slightly limy, soils; rare. May—June. Taughannock Gorge, s. side below the falls (/. C. Curtice!) and on “ Eagle Cliff” above the falls (D.); Shurger Glen, s. side (K. M. W. & L. H. MacDaniels). Lab. to Pa., and westw. to B. C.; apparently including the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain. 2. O. asperifolia Michx. Dry woods, ravine slopes, and hills, in gravelly, somewhat calcareous, soils; not uncommon. Apr. 20—May. In nearly all the ravines of the basin, and in the less acid gravelly woods of the hills; also in the McLean region. Newf. to B. C., southw. to Pa., Minn., and N. Mex.; occasional on the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain. 3. O. racemosa (Sm.) Ricker. (O. melanocarpa of Cayuga FI.) Dry or damp wooded ravine slopes and hillsides, in more or less calcareous soils; frequent. July 15—-Aug. 10. In nearly all the larger ravines of the basin; also on the Caroline Pinnacles. Me. to Ont., southw. to Md. and Ky.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. THE FLoraA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BasIN 81 Tribe 5. Chlorideae 32. Eleusine Gaertn. 1. E. rnpica (L.) Gaertn. GoosE Grass. Lawns and waste places; scarce. Aug.—Sept. C. U. campus, main quadrangle, 1914 (F. P. Metcalf); Eddy St., Ithaca, 1916 (F. P. Metcalf), and Green St., 1918 (A. J. E.); Percy Field, 1908 (collector unknown). Mass. to n. Ill., Kans., and Calif., southw. to tropical Am. Adventive from the Tropics of the Old World. [Beckmannia Host] [B. ERUCAEFoRMIS (L.) Host. N. end of drainage canal near the Ithaca fair grounds, 1918. Adventive from farther west, but doubtfully established. Minn. and Iowa to Alaska, Colo., and Calif. ] 33. Spartina Schreb. 1. S. Michauxiana Hitche. (S. cynosuroides of Cayuga Fl.) Corp Grass. Low grounds, in silty, sandy, or gravelly soils, usually with at least a trace of salt; scarce. July—Oct. Farley Point, a few (D.); rather abundant on the Cayuga Marshes n. of Black Lake (D.); Salt Pond w. of Howland Island. Newf. to Sask., southw. to N. J., Tex., and Colo. Primarily a plant of the coast. Tribe 6. Phalarideae 34. Hierochloé (Gmel.) R. Br. 1. H. odorata (L.) Wahl., var. fragrans (Willd.) Richter. (See Rhodora 19: 152. 1917.) VANILLA GRASS. SWEET GRASS. Calcareous marshy meadows on the Ontario plain, perhaps within the influence of salt springs; rare. May 15—June. Crusoe Prairie, n. of Crusoe Lake, 1916 (F. P. Metcalf, L. Griscom, & A. H. Wright). Along the coast, Newf. to. N. J.; also inland from N. Y. through the Great Lakes region to Iowa and Colo. 35. Anthoxanthum L. 1, A. oporATUM L. Sweet VERNAL GRASS. Dry fields and roadsides, in gravelly, rather sterile, often acid, soils; frequent. May 15-June. Generally distributed and often abundant on the hills s. and e. of Ithaca and in the McLean district; rare or absent on the clays and richer heavy soils about Ithaca and northw. Nearly throughout N. A., but especially eastw. Naturalized from Eu. 36. Phalaris L. a. Empty glumes wing-keeled; panicle oval, very dense. [P. canariensis] a. Empty glumes not wing-keeled; panicle longer, composed of glomerules, open in anthesis. b. Leaves wholly green. 1. P. arundinacea b. Leaves striped with white. la. P. a., var. picta 82 Kar~L M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES [P. cANARIENSIS L. CANARY GRASS. “Appears nearly every year on the campus and in waste places near Ithaca. Not established” (D.); may be found in garbage dumps, springing from waste birdseed but not persisting. Native of Eu.] 1. P. arundinacea L. Rreep Canary Grass. Meadows, ditches, and other marshy habitats; frequent. June—July 10. Spencer Lake and Summit Marsh; Fall Creek; Inlet Marshes; Utt Point; Spring Lake; Salt Pond w. of Howland Island; Lake Como; and elsewhere. Newi. to B. C., southw. to N. J. and Colo.; less frequent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. la. P. ARUNDINACEA L., var. PicTA L. Rippon GRASs. In damp dooryards, along roadsides, and on stream banks; occasional. Escaped from cultivation: cove in Summit Marsh; “near steamboat landing” (D.) ; clay bank, athletic field, C. U. campus; e. of Varna, by the railroad (D.!); near Dryden Lake (D.); near Red Mill Pond (D.); Spring Lake; and elsewhere. Native of Eurasia. Tribe 7. Oryseae 37. Leersia Sw. a, Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; foliage smooth or nearly so; rootstocks short, thick, and very scaly. te oe virginica a. Spikelets 4-5 mm. long; foliage very rough, retrorse-prickly; rootstocks slender and inconspicuously scaly. 2. L. oryzgoides 1. L. virginica Willd. Wouuite Grass. ’ Rich damp shady sandy or gravelly soils, with no apparent relation to lime content; frequent. July 15-Aug. Negundo Woods (D.!); near Indian Spring (D.); Renwick woods; Beebe Lake, s. side; Freeville (D.) ; ravine n. of Sheldrake; Big Gully; and elsewhere. Me. to Ont., southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. 2. L. oryzoides (L.) Sw. CurT-GRAss. Marshes, in alluvial and mucky soil with no apparent relation to lime content; common. Aug. Lower Inlet Valley and Cayuga Lake marshes; Fall Creek, above Forest Home; Ringwood; Etna; McLean Bogs; and elsewhere. : Newf. to Oreg., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; common on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Tribe 8. Zizanieae 38. Zizania (Gronov.) L. a, Pistillate flowering glumes thin and papery, dull, finely striate, scabrous over the whole surface; aborted spikelets slender and shriveled, less than 1 mm. thick; branches of the pistillate inflorescence 6-15 cm. long (exclusive of the spikelets), often spreading ; leaves 10-50 mm. wide. 1. Z. aquatica a. Pistillate flowering glumes firm and tough, with lustrous, closely corrugated sur- face, scabrous on the margins, at the summit, and sometimes along the nerves, otherwise glabrous; aborted spikelets 1.5-2 mm. thick; branches of the pistillate inflorescence 1.5-4.5 cm. long, appressed; leaves 4-10 mm. wide. 2. Z. palustris THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 83 1. Z. aquatica-L. (See Rhodora 26: 153. 1924. Z. palustris of Gray’s Man., ed. 7.) Wip Rice. Marshes, in rich mucky soil, perhaps influenced by salt springs; infrequent. Aug. Near the mouth of Fall Creek; Inlet Marshes (D.) ; Cayuga Marshes (D.). Me. to Fla. and La. (?) along the coast, also inland in N. Y. and Mich. 2. Z. palustris L. (Z. aquatica L., var. angustifolia Hitche. Z. aquatica of Gray’s Man., ed. 7, and in part, perhaps, of Cayuga Fl.) Wrup Rice. Shallow water; rare. July—Aug. Jennings Pond (?); near the biological field station at mouth of Fall Creek, 1919 (R. Hitchcock and A. R. Bechtel). N. B. to cent. N. Y., Ont., and Ind. Linder (Rhodora 26: 153. 1924) regards this as a variety of Z. aquatica, but in this region it seems distinct, especially with the added character of long and short branches of the inflorescence. Tribe 9. Paniceae 39. Digitaria Scop. a. First empty glume wanting, or minute and scarious; second one as long as the spikelet; pedicels subterete, glabrous or nearly so; leaves 3-6 mm. wide. 1. D. Ischaemum a. First empty glume minute, herbaceous; second one half as long as the spikelet; pedicels angled and scabrous; leaves 4-10 mm. wide. 22D. sanguinalis 1. D. IscoaeMuUM Schreb. (See Rhodora 18: 231. 1916. D. humifusa of authors. Panicum glabrum of Cayuga Fl.) Low Crap Grass. FINGER GRASS. A weed of lawns, roadsides, and paths, in light or sandy soils; not uncommon. Aug.—Sept. Streets of Ithaca; many places on C. U. campus; roads and lawns on Cayuga Heights; West Hill, Ithaca; Genoa; near Lowery Ponds; and elsewhere. N. S. to S. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Kans. Naturalized from Eu. A specimen from Cayuga Heights resembles one from Hannibal, Oswego Co., in having denser spikes. 2. D. sANGUINALIS (L.) Scop. (Panicum sanguinale of Cayuga Fl.) Crap Grass. FINGER GRASS. A weed of light cultivated soils, roadsides, and waste places; very common. Nearly everywhere in N. A., except in the extreme North. 40. Paspalum L. 1. P. ciliatifolium Michx. (P. pubescens Muhl., P. Muhlenbergi Nash, P. pubescens, var. Muhlenbergii House.) Low sandy grassland; rare. Aug.—Oct. Cui the swamp in field e. of Lowery Ponds, 1922 (W. C. Muenscher and N. H. to Mo., southw. to Ga. and Miss., including the Coastal Plain. The separation of species in Paspalum and Panicum on the basis of degree of pubescence is to be regretted. Fluctuation in pubescence is, at most, of only varietal importance. 41. Echinochloa Beauv. a. Spikelets ovoid or oval; upper empty glume not awned; sheaths glabrous. b. Spikelets not conspicuously bristly, the spicules short, ’slender, and comparatively soft; midrib of the upper empty glume with very short spicules ; coriaceous flowering glume obtuse (tip withering) ; nodal hairs of the panicle long. 84 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES c. Spikelets oval, awnless and mostly pointless ; spicules minute or almost wanting ; panicle dense, usually dark purple; leaves, when well developed, 1.5-3 cm. wide. LE. frumentacea] c. Spikelets elliptic-ovoid, acute or awned; spicules more prominent; panicle open, green or purplish; leaves 1.3 cm. wide or less. 1. E. crusgalli b. Spikelets very bristly, the spicules long, stout, and spreading, those on the midrib of the upper empty glume scarcely shorter; coriaceous flowering glume acute or short-acuminate; nodal hairs short. c. Spikelets 3.5-3.8 mm. long, 1.8-2 mm. in diam., some of them awned; panicle usually open, green or purple-tinged. 2. E. muricata c. Spikelets 3-3.2 mm. long, 1.4-1.8 mm. in diam., awnless, rarely subulate-tipped ; panicle usually more contracted, usually dark chocolate-purple. 2a. E. m., var. microstachya a. Spikelets ellipsoidal, long-awned; upper empty glume awn-pointed or short-awned ; setae well developed on the branches of the spreading but densely flowered, usually purple-awned, panicle; sheaths hispid. 3. E. Waltert [E. FRUMENTACEA (Roxb.) Link. JAPANESE Mittet. BILtion Do Liar Grass. Occasionally escapes from cultivation but does not become established. Native of s. Asia.] 1. E. cruscatit (L.) Beauv. (Panicum Crus-galli, in part, of Cayuga Fl.) Barn- YARD GRASS. Cultivated fields, yards, and waste places, in damp rich soil; common. July 15-Sept. Widely distributed, mostly in e. N. A. Naturalized from Eu. In the typical form a few spikelets bear short awns; the others are awnless. The form in which all the spikelets are long-awned (forma longiseta (Trin.) Farwell) also is common. j 2. E. muricata (Michx.) Fernald. (See Rhodora 23:57. 1921. Panicum Crus- galli, in part, of Cayuga FI.) Alluvial marshes and bottom lands; frequent. Aug. Spencer Lake; Fall Creek, gravel bar above Forest Home and gravel in Beebe Lake; Ithaca flats, both e. and w. of the Inlet; Etna; Marengo; and elsewhere. Me. to IIl., southw. to Fla. and Okla. (N. Mex.?), including the northern Coastal Plain. 2a. E. muricata (Michx.) Fernald, var. microstachya Wiegand. (See Rhodora 23:58. 1921. Panicum Crus-galli, var. muticum, of Cayuga F1.). Low rich grounds along river banks and in other open grassy places, often in clay; frequent. July 15—Aug. Wet clay bank of railroad cut, East Ithaca; e. of McLean station; border of West Marsh, Ithaca; Myers Point (D.); Krum Corners; near Union Springs (D.!) ; ay (D.!); Canoga Marshes; Howland Island; Galen; salt flats, Montezuma D.!). Me. to S. Dak. and Utah, southw. to Conn., N. Y., Ill., and Mex; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in W. I. : The panicles are consistently much darker (except in occasional albino forms) than in the other species, except E. frwmentacea. 3. E. Walteri (Pursh) Nash. (Panicum Crus-galli, var. hispidum, of Cayuga FI.) In the larger marshes; infrequent. Aug. Inlet Marshes, both e. and w. of the Inlet (D.!); “Cayuga Marshes, where its large violet-colored panicles are very showy” (D.). THE FLorRA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 85 Along the coast from N. H. to Fla. and Tex., and inland about the Great Lakes. Found also in W. I. Perhaps influenced by the salt springs in cent. N. Y. A form with glabrous sheaths (forma laevigata Wiegand) occurs occasionally, but has not been found within the limits of this flora. 42. Panicum L. a. Basal leaves, if present, not differing from the cauline leaves. b. Plant hairy. c. Panicle not nodding; spikelets 4 mm. long or less. d. Spikelets acuminate, 2-4 mm. long, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate ; first empty glume acute, acuminate, or subaristate. e. Panicle large and broad when mature (1540 cm. by 15-30 cm.), the branches spreading; leaves 5-10 mm. wide, finely and densely villous. f. Spikelets all or nearly all long-pedicelled, 2-3 mm. long; panicle tardily exserted, its lower branches mostly included during anthesis. 1. P. capillare f. Spikelets, except the terminal one, subsessile, 2.5-4 mm. long; panicle exserted in anthesis. la. P. capillare, var. occidentale e. Panicle smaller (10-20 cm. by 5 cm.), elliptical, the branches stiff and ascending; leaves 2-5 mm. wide, rather loosely villous. 2. P. flexile d. Spikelets obtuse or apiculate, 1.3-2.2 mm. long, elliptic to oval; first empty glume obtuse to subacute. e. Panicle broad (15-30 cm. long, or shorter in smaller plants, 12-20 cm. wide) ; spikelets 1.3-2 mm. long; leaf blades villous on both surfaces, long and narrow, 47 (8) mm. wide. f. Panicle long-exserted; spikelets mostly pedicelled; pulvini at base of branches of the panicle hairy. [P. philadelphicum] f. Panicle short-exserted or the base included; spikelets more spicate- racemose on the branches; pulvini glabrous, except sometimes on the upper side. 3. P. Tuckerman e. Panicle narrower, elliptic-oval, small (10-20 cm. long, 7-10 cm. wide) ; spikelets larger, 1.8-2.2 mm. long; leaf blades almost or quite glabrous, shorter, broader, (5) 6-10 mm. wide; plant much branched, with many axillary panicles. 4. P. Gattingert c. Panicle nodding; spikelets 5 mm. long. 5. P. miliaceum b. Plant glabrous. c. Plant annual, much branched, decumbent; culms compressed, succulent; spike- lets elliptic-lanceolate, acute. _ 6. P. dichotomiflorum c. Plant perennial, strict, erect, unbranched; culms rigid, terete; spikelets ovate, acuminate. : 7. P. virgatum a. Basal leaves short, broad, and ovate, forming a winter rosette. b. Leaves elongate-linear, erect, narrow (3 mm. wide), almost twenty times as long as wide, nearly all basal; plant low and tufted; spikelets tending to be con- tracted at the base. c. Spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long, acute or subacuminate, glabrous or nearly so; foliage nearly glabrous. 8. P. depauperatum c. Spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long, obtuse or obtusish. d. Sheaths pilose; spikelets pubescent. 9. P. linearifolium d. Sheaths glabrous; spikelets almost glabrous. 9a. P. lineartfolium, var. Werneri b. Leaves linear-lanceolate or broader, not conspicuously elongated, scattered on the culm; plant less tufted, usually taller and more open; spikelets not con- tracted below. 86 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES c. Spikelets 2.5 mm. long or less; leaf blades less than 15 mm. wide. d. Spikelets glabrous, elliptical; sheaths and blades glabrous. 10. P. dichotomum d. Spikelets hairy. e. Sheaths, or all but the lowest one, glabrous; ligule 1 mm. long or less; blades 7-14 mm. wide, firm, the margin narrowly white-cartilaginous ; spikelets oval, 1.3-1.7 mm. long. 15. P. sphaerocarpon e. Sheaths hairy. f. Culms and sheaths with villous or hirsute pubescence; ligule 3-5 mm. long. g. Spikelets 1.3-1.9 mm. long. h. Axis of the panicle glabrous, or, at most, with a few appressed hairs; (leaf blades glabrous above or with a few pilose hairs, glabrous or pubescent beneath; upper sheaths glabrous or pilose; spikelets mostly 1.6-2 mm. long). 11. P. Lindheimert, var. septentrionale h. Axis of the panicle spreading-pilose, at least on the lower inter- nodes; (upper sheaths usually pilose). i. Spikelets 1.6-1.9 mm. long; leaf blades densely or loosely short- pilose or glabrous above, pubescent or glabrous beneath. lla. P. Lindheimeri, var. fasciculatum i. Spikelets 1.3-1.5 mm. long; leaf blades long-pilose above, with hairs mostly 3-6 mm. long; whole plant conspicuously long- pilose. 1lb. P. Lindheimeri, var. implicatum g. Spikelets (1.9) 2-2.2 mm. long; culms and sheaths copiously long- and somewhat matted-pilose; leaves pubescent beneath, copiously pilose above, the hairs as in no. lla; branches of the panicle possibly less spreading than in no. lla, which this species resembles. 12. P. villosissimum f. Culms and sheaths crisp-puberulent. g. Main leaves 3-10 mm. wide, puberulent beneath, with a few long hairs above; ligule 0.8-2 mm. long; spikelets 1.8-1.9 mm. long. 13. P. tsugetorum g. Main leaves 8-15 mm. wide, glabrous on both surfaces; ligule almost obsolete; spikelets 2.2-2.5 mm. long. 14. P. umbrosum c. Spikelets 2.7 mm. long or more; leaf blades 9-35 mm. wide. d. Spikelets 2.7-3 mm. long. e. Sheaths glabrous or nearly so; leaf blades 9-12 mm. wide. [P. calliphyllun] e. Sheaths papillose-hispid; leaf blades 12-30 mm. wide. 17. P. clandestinum d. Spikelets 3.2-4.5 mm. long. e. Leaf blades strongly ascending or erect, scarcely auricled at base; spike- lets obovoid, obtuse, strongly nerved. f. Panicle contracted; leaves 10-20 mm. wide. 16. P. xanthophysum f. Panicle open; leaves 6-12 mm. wide. [P. macrocarpon] e. Leaf blades more or less spreading, 15-40 mm. wide, subcordate, clasping ; panicle open; spikelets ellipsoidal, subacute, less strongly nerved. f. Nodes strongly bearded; plant often pubescent; spikelets 44.5 mm. ong. 18. P. Bosctt f. Nodes glabrous or puberulent; plant glabrous or nearly so; spikelets 3.5-3.8 mm. long. 19. P. latifolium 1. P. capillare L. Orn Wirtcu Grass. Sandy or gravelly cultivated fields, roadsides, and waste places, in the richer soils; common. Aug.—Sept. ; Me. to N. Dak. and Colo., southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 87 la. P. capillare L., var. occidentale Rydb. (See Rhodora 21: 110. 1919.) Gravelly waste places and sandy or gravelly shores; common. Spencer Lake; Enfield Glen; C. U. campus; Ithaca flats; Howland Island; especially characteristic along the shores of Cayuga Lake. P. E. I. and Que. to B. C., southw. to Conn., Mich., Mo., and westw. Very variable in size of spikelets. , 2. P. flexile (Gat.) Scribn. Marl meadows, moors, and shores; rare. Aug.—Sept. Moor e. side of Lowery Ponds, 1922 (W. C. Muenscher & K. M. W.). Ont. to S. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. [P. PHILADELPHICUM Bernh. Found in 1914 near the farm-crops plots on the Agricultural College farm (F. P. Metcalf & H. A. Severy) ; probably sporadic. Conn. and s. N. Y. to Ga., Miss., and Okla.] 3. P. Tuckermani Fernald. (See Rhodora 21: 112. 1919.) Sandy or gravelly shores and springy places, and on silty bottom lands, with little reference to lime content of the soil; infrequent. Aug.—Sept. Spencer Lake; Fall Creek, above Forest Home; Ithaca flats, in Renwick woods and w. of the Inlet; Slayton Pond. Que. and Me. to Wis., southw. to Conn. and N. Y., including the northern Coastal Plain. 4. P. Gattingeri Nash. Rich gravelly or loamy cultivated fields, roadsides, and waste places, if not too dry; locally common. Aug. 20—Sept. This and P. capillare are distinctly weeds of cultivated grounds. P. Gattingeri, however, occurs also on gravel bars in Fall Creek above and below Forest Home, and along Salmon Creek. Collections of P. Gattingeri in this flora are all from the Cayuga Lake Valley, and mostly from the vicinity of Ithaca. N. Y. to Iowa, southw. to N. C., Tenn., and Mo. 5. P. miriacEuM L. BroomM-corn MILiet. Proso. Waste places, occasionally spontaneous. July—Aug. Frequent on garbage dumps, where it springs from birdseed. Me. to Ont., Pa., and Nebr. Adventive from Eu. 6. P. dichotomiflorum Michx. (P. proliferum of Cayuga FI.) Waste ground and cultivated fields, mostly within the influence of saline conditions ; rare. July—Oct. Cascadilla Creek, near Willow Ave., Ithaca, 1921 (A. J. E., C. L. Wilson, & S. H. Burnham) ; railroad yards w. of the Inlet, 1923 (W. C. Muenscher) ; “ fields near the Salt Creek, Montezuma” (D.!). Introduced at the first two stations; probably native at the last-named station. N. S. to Nebr., southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain; also in Calif., Mex., W. I., and S. A. 7. P. virgatum L. Switcu Grass. Gravelly, rather dry, but not acid soils; rare. Aug.—Sept. Appearing as though introduced: scrubby plain s. of Potter Falls, Six Mile Creek, 1915 (F. P. Metcalf and C. C. Thomas) ; meadow between Willow Ave. and Mill St., Ithaca, 1916 (F. P. Metcalf). The earliest records are “Farley’s Point, a single cluster, 1881. ‘Cayuga Marshes,’ (Sartwell, im Paine’s Cat.)” (D.); but whether these plants were of the typical form or the variety is not known. 88 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES N. H. to Wyo., southw. to Fla. and Ariz., including the Coastal Plain. Found also in Mex. and Cent. Am. P The var. spissum Linder (see Rhodora 24:15. 1922) is not well defined in this ora. 8. P. depauperatum Muhl. Dry sandy slopes and thickets, in the more acid soils; rare. June. Junius, borders of woods e. of the peat bogs. Me. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Tex.; common on the Coastal Plain. 9. P. linearifolium Scribn. Dry gravelly slopes and thickets, in sterile, somewhat acid, chestnut soils; frequent. June—July. Not uncommon on the hills s. w., s., and s. e. of Ithaca, on the crests of the ravines, in the gravelly and stony soils along the shore of Cayuga Lake, and at Junius. Me. to Kans., southw. to Ga. and Tex.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. 9a. P. linearifolium Scribn., var. Werneri (Scribn.) Fernald. (See Rhodora 23:194. 1921. P. Werneri Scribn.) In situations similar to the preceding, and with the same distribution, often grow- ing with it; frequent. June. N. S. to Minn., southw. to Ohio and Tex.; occasional on the northern Coastal Plain. None of the characters mentioned by Scribner (Rhodora 3: 118. 1901) as separat- ing P. Werneri from P. linearifoliwm are constant in this region except the glabrous culms and foliage. Material at hand, of the two forms, is identical except for the difference in pubescence. In this character there is very little transition; yet, this being the only difference, it would seem better to treat the plant as a variety of P. linearifolium. 10. P. dichotomum L. (P. d., var. nitidum and var. viride, of Cayuga FI.) Dry gravelly or sandy open hillsides and banks, and in open woods, mostly in acid chestnut soils; common. June 20—July. On the chestnut soils of the hills w., s., and s. e. of Ithaca, on the ravine crests and the crests of the cliffs along Cayuga Lake, and in the sandy soil n. of the lake; rare or absent in the McLean district and on the clays and richer soils back from the lake shores. N. B. to Mich., southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. Plants in exposed situations often have firm leaves up to 9 mm. wide, whereas the shade forms have very narrow, more widely spreading, leaves. 11. P. Lindheimeri Nash, var. septentrionale Fernald. (See Rhodora 23: 223. 1921.) Dry or damp sandy or gravelly fields and banks, often apparently in calcareous soils; frequent. June 20-Aug. 10 Coy Glen; near Forest Home; w. of East Lansing; Taughannock Gorge and Point; ravine s. of Genoa; gravel along shore s. of Union Springs. N. S. to Man., southw. to Conn., N. Y., Ind., and Mo.; apparently rare on the Coastal Plain. Three forms occur: (a) with leaves glabrous both above and beneath; (b) with leaves glabrous above but hairy beneath; and (c) with leaves hairy on both faces. This variety forms the greater part of the P. tennesseense of Gray’s Man., ed. 7, and is part of the P. dichotomum of the Cayuga Flora. Several forms of this species have been treated as species but they are certainly not distinct. The treatment by Fernald is here followed, though it is not clear that the primary division should be made on the pubescence of the inflorescence rather than on that of the leaves. In the local specimens the glabrous or hairy upper and under surfaces of the leaves are fairly clear-cut characters showing almost no transition. THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 89 lla. P. Lindheimeri Nash, var. fasciculatum (Torr.) Fernald. (See Rhodora 23: 223. 1921. P. huachucae and var. silvicola of Gray’s Man., ed. 7. P. tennes- seense, in small part, of Gray’s Man. P. dichotomum, var. pubescens, in part at least, of Cayuga FI.) In situations similar to the preceding, though often in more acid soils; common. June 20-Aug. 10. Newf. to B. C., southw. to Fla. and s. Calif., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Three forms are found in New York State: (a). with leaves hairy both above and beneath; (b) with leaves hairy beneath but not above; and (c) with leaves glabrous on both faces. 11b. P. Lindheimeri Nash, var. implicatum (Scribn.) Fernald. (P. implicatum of Gray’s Man., ed. 7. P. dichotomum, var. pubescens, in part, of Cayuga FI.) In situations similar to the last-named; frequent. North Spencer; Cayuta Ravine; South Hill; hilltop n. of Caroline Center; Ring- wood; McLean station and around McLean Bogs; near Townley Swamp; n. w. of Grotto; n. w. of Waterloo; n. of Montezuma village. Newf. to Wis., southw. to N. Y. and Iowa. More distinct than the other varieties, and more uniform. 12. P. villosissimum Nash. Dry sandy sterile woods and hillsides, in acid soils; rare. June 10-July 10. Junius, n. e. and s. of the peat bogs and e. of the marl ponds, locally abundant (first collection E. M. Cipperly, 1905). Mass. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. Possibly not specifically distinct from P. Lindheimeri Nash, as its chief point of difference is the large spikelets which grade into those of P. Lindheimeri. 13. P. tsugetorum Nash. Dry sandy or gravelly open woods, in acid soils; rare. July—Aug. W. slope of Thatcher Pinnacles, 1916 (F. P. Metcalf); field s. w. of Junius bogs, 1919 (A. J. E., K. M.W., & L. F. Randolph). Me. to IIl., southw. to Va. and Tenn., including the Coastal Plain. Perhaps only varietally distinct from P. heterophyllum. 14. P. umbrosum Le Conte. (See Rhodora 14:173. 1912. P. Ashei Pearson. P. nervosum of Cayuga FI.) Dry sandy or gravelly open woodlands near the ravines, probably in acid soil; infrequent. July. Near foot of hill, state road, n. of Enfield Glen; Coy Glen; near South Hill Cone (D.); near White Church (D.); Cascadilla woods (D.); Fall Creek woods GD»): Mass. to Mich., s. to Fla., Mo., and Miss., including the Coastal Plain. Dudley’s plants listed as P. nervosum were probably of this species, though speci- mens so named by him have not been seen. A specimen of this species in the C. U. Herb., collected by Dudley in Fall Creek Gorge, is labeled P. pauciflorum Ell. The type specimen of P. Ashei was collected by Ashe at Ithaca, July, 1898. 15. P. sphaerocarpon Ell. (P. microcarpum, var. sphaerocarpon, of Cayuga FI.) Borders of dry sandy woodlands and thickets,’in acid chestnut soils; rare. June 25—July. Woods near the marl ponds and also near Pout Pond, Junius; “ woods near the road between the W. Junius ponds and Geneva” (D.); Junius (House). Vt. to Ill., southw. to Fla., Mex., and Cent. Am.; common on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 90 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES [P. calliphyllum Ashe. Hitchcock says of P. calliphyllum (Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 15: 178. 1910): “<«Type material collected by the writer at Watkins, Lake Seneca, N. Y. Aug. 1898.’ [Ashe.] The type could not be found in Ashe’s herbarium. In the National Herbarium is a specimen collected by Ashe ‘ Near Ithaca, N. Y.’ which Mr. Ashe has stated orally is from the published locality and is a duplicate type.” This species has not since been found in central N. Y.] 16. P. xanthophysum Gray. Dry sandy or gravelly open woods, in acid soils; rare. July—Aug. 10. Thatcher Pinnacles (D.!); summit of South Pinnacle, Caroline (D.); “Danby, Coville in 1885” (Hitchcock & Chase). Que. to Minn., southw. to Pa., including the northern Coastal Plain. [P. macrocarpon Torr. (See Rhodora 14: 184. 1912. P..Scribnerianum Nash.) Hitchcock (Contr. U: S. Nat. Herb. 15:284. 1910) cites a specimen “Ithaca, Ashe.’ This species has not since been found here. Ashe’s specimens of that period were sometimes labeled “Ithaca” or “near Ithaca” when they really came from Watkins (see above, under P. calliphyllum).] 17. P. clandestinum L. Low woods and thickets along stream banks, usually in sandy, more or less acid or at least neutral, soils; rare. July—Aug. Alluvial bottom land along the old southern stream bed of Fall Creek, Forest Home; Renwick woods (W. W. Rowlee); “border of the woods near the brook north of the ‘ Nook.’ Possibly introduced here” (D.) ; n. of Montezuma village. N. S. to Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. 18. P. Boscii Poir. Gravelly banks in dry woods, in neutral or subacid soils; rare. July. Coy Glen (E. M. Cipperly, 1904!, F. P. Metcalf, 1914); n. side of Beebe Lake, 1916 (F. P. Metcalf). Mass. to Okla., southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. The specimens listed above are pubescent, the Coy Glen plants very slightly and the Beebe Lake plants much more so (var. molle (Vasey) Hitchc. & Chase), but this distinction seems of little taxonomic importance. 19. P. latifolium L. Dry open woodlands, in sandy or gravelly neutral or acid soils; frequent. June 20-July. On the hills s. w. and s. e. of Ithaca, on the ravine crests and the crests of the lake cliffs, and in the sands n. of Cayuga Lake; rare or absent in the McLean region and on the clays and richer soils back from the lake shore. Me. to Minn., southw. to N. C. and Kans.; rare on the Coastal Plain. 43. Setaria Beauv. a. Bristles 5 or more, tawny; spikelets 3 mm. long. 1. S. lutescens a. Bristles 1-3, green or purple. b. Spikelets 2 mm. long. 2. S. viridis b. Spikelets 3 mm. long. 3. S. italica 1. S. tutEscens (Weigel) Hub. (See Rhodora 18: 232. 1916. S. glauca of authors.) GOLDEN FoxtTAIL. A weed of cultivated fields, roadsides, and waste places, in. rich soil; common. July—Sept. Nearly throughout N. A. Naturalized from Eu. THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 91 2. S. viripis (L.) Beauv. GREEN Foxtatt. Bottle Grass. In situations similar to the preceding; common. July—Sept. Nearly throughout N. A. Naturalized from Eu. 3. S. rraLica (L.) Beauv. GERMAN oR HUNGARIAN MILLET. Fields and waste places; an occasional escape from cultivation. July—Aug. Native of Eu. Two forms occur: one with green panicles (subsp. stramineofructa Hub.), and the other with purple panicles (subsp. stramineofructa, var. Hostu, subvar. Metzgeri (Korn.) Hub.) (See Amer. Journ. Bot. 4: 169. 1915.) 44. Cenchrus L. 1. C. pAuciIFLoRUS Benth. (See Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 22':67. 1920. C. caro- linianus of Gray’s Man., ed. 7, in part.) SANDBUR. Dry sandy open soil; rare. July—Aug. Roadside e. of Pout Pond (4. J. E., K. M. W., & L. F. Randolph, 1919), still per- sisting in 1922. Locally introduced. Mass. to Oreg., southw. to Fla. and Calif. Found also in W. I., Mex., and S. A. Tribe 10. Andropogoneae 45. Andropogon (Royen) L. a, Raceme solitary; joints of the rhachis clavate. 1. A. scoparius a. Racemes in fascicles; joints of the rhachis not clavate. 2. A. furcatus 1. A. scoparius Michx. BEARD Grass. - Dry fields, roadsides, and thickets, in sandy noncalcareous soils; frequent or locally abundant. Aug.—Sept. On the hills s. of Ithaca, on the sandy knolls about the ravine crests, along Cayuga Lake in similar places, and in the sandy regions n. of the lake; absent in the McLean region and on the clays and richer soils of the basin. N. B. to Sask., southw. to Fla., Tex., and N. Mex.; common on the Coastal Plain. 2. A. furcatus Muhl. (A. provincialis of Cayuga Fl.) Brarp Grass. Dry banks, in slightly heavier gravelly noncalcareous soils; frequent. Aug.—Sept. Six Mile Creek (D.); Cascadilla Creek (D.); Fall Creek, below Ithaca Falls (D.!); “especially abund. along the lake-shore” (D.); Big Gully; n. of Union Springs; Junius. Me. to Sask., southw. to Fla., Tex., and N. Mex.; scarce on the Coastal Plain. 46. Sorghastrum Nash 1. S. nutans (L.) Nash. (Chrysopogon nutans of Cayuga FI.) Dry fields, roadsides, and banks, in sandy or gravelly soils; infrequent. Aug.—Sept. Hillside n. of Buttermilk Glen; Six Mile Creek (D.); Fall Creek, near Trip- hammer Falls (D.) ; “lake shore and elsewhere” (D.); Big Gully; Utt Point; n. of Union Springs; Cayuga. Me. to Man., southw. to Fla. and Mex., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. In the Cayuga Lake Basin the plant grows in sandy, rather neutral, soils, but it is found in pure marl in Bergen Swamp, Genesee Co., N. Y. 92 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 19. CYPERACEAE (Sence Famiry)’ a. Spikelets umbellate, in umbellate clusters, or solitary. b. Scales of the spikelet 2-ranked; perianth bristles none. 1. CyPERUS b. Scales of the spikelet in several ranks, spirally arranged. c. Base of style bulbous, persistent as a tubercle, jointed with the achene or at least differing abruptly in texture. d. Perianth bristles present; spikelet solitary. 3. ELEOCHARIS d. Perianth bristles wanting; spikelets umbellate. 4. STENOPHYLLUS c. Base of style not as above; spikelets umbellate or solitary. d. Base of style bulbous, deciduous; bristles none; plant low, with irregularly subumbellate spikelets. 5. FIMBRISTYLIS d. Base of style not forming a distinct tubercle which is articulated with the achene, persistent; plant various. e. Perianth bristles 0-8, exserted or included in fruit. 6. Scirpus e. Perianth bristles many, much exserted in fruit. 7. ERIOPHORUM a. Spikelets or spikes arranged in spikes or racemes or in racemose clusters, or rarely in a single terminal irregular cluster, rarely solitary but when so the achene in- closed in a sac. b. Scales of the spikelet 2-ranked. 2. DULICHIUM b. Scales of the spikelet or spike several-ranked, spirally arranged. c. Achenes naked. d. Achenes not conspicuously bony or ivory-like, not raised on a disk; fertile flowers perfect. e. Style 2-cleft; perianth bristles usually present; achene with a beak-like tubercle. 8. RyNCHOSPORA e. Style 3-cleft; perianth bristles wanting; achene without a tubercle. 9. Martiscus d. Achenes bony or ivory-like, often raised on a disk; flowers monoecious. 10. SCLERTA c. Achenes inclosed in a sac (perigynium), which is often inflated; flowers monoecious or rarely dioecious. 11. Carex 1. Cyperus (Tourn.) L. a. Spikelets 1.5-3 mm. in diam., flat; style 2-cleft; achenes lenticular. b. Scales membranous, dull; style branches exserted 2.3-4 mm.; stamens 2. 1. C. diandrus b. Scales subcoriaceous, lustrous; style branches exserted 1.5 mm.; stamens 3. 2. C. rivularis a. Spikelets not more than 1.4 mm. in diam.; style 3-cleft; achenes triangular. b. Scales with recurved tips; plants annual. 3. C. aristatus b. Scales with straight tips. c. Spikelets in distinct umbellate spikes, stramineous or castaneous. d. Scales 3.2-4 mm. long, strongly overlapping and appressed, stramineous; axis narrowly winged; achenes linear-oblong, acute; culms with perennial bulbous bases. e. Nearly all the spikelets 9-20 mm. long. 4. C. strigosus e. Nearly all the spikelets 4-8 mm. long. 4a. C. strigosus, var. compositus d. Scales 2-2.5 mm. long (see also 3d d). e. Scales thin, brownish, strongly nerved, deciduous; spikelets somewhat flattened, acute or obtuse, not subulate-tipped; rhachis narrowly winged, not thickened; achenes oblong-obovoid, obtuse; plants perennial, with slender tuber-bearing rootstocks. 5. C. esculentus - 5 Dates under each species in this family refer to the fruiting period. Tue FLorA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 93 e. Scales thicker, more castaneous, less strongly nerved, persistent; spike- lets subterete, subulate-tipped; plants annual. f. Scales of the same side overlapping; rhachis broadly winged, inclosing the obovoid, obtuse or mucronate, achene. GaGa wferax, f. Scales of the same side distant; rhachis thickened, narrowly winged; achene oblong, acute at both ends. 7. C. Engelmanni d. Scales 1.5 mm. long, mucronate, castaneous, overlapping; rhachis with broad wings which become separated as scales; achenes broadly oval, obtuse; plants annual. 8. C. erythrorhizos c. Spikelets in solitary or sparsely umbellate heads, green ; lane wiry, cespitose, perennial. . C. filiculmis, var. macilentus 1, C. diandrus Torr. (C. diandrus of Cayuga FI., in part.) Sandy or mucky strands, also in meadows; scarce. Aug.—Sept. Found only on the shores of Cayuga Lake and on the brackish marshes of the Ontario plain: Renwick; Canoga Marshes; salt flats e. of Montezuma. N. B. to Minn., southw. to S. C. and Kans., including the Coastal Plain. A plant primarily of brackish situations; more common in N. J. along the coastal strip, and occurring in central N. Y. only where other brackish-marsh plants are found. 2. C. rivularis Kunth. (C. diandrus of Cayuga FI., at least in part.) Damp sandy, gravelly, or marly strands and meadows, in more or less calcareous soils; not uncommon. Aug.—Sept. Marl strand, Spencer Lake; Six Mile Creek; marl spring, Coy Glen; Renwick flats and shores; marl spring above Forest Home; Beaver Brook; Asbury; boggy field, Benson Corners; gravelly strand and marl pool, Salmon Creek; Big Gully Point; Hibiscus Point; canal n. of Cayuga; Duck Lake. Me. to s. Ont. and Mich., southw. to N.»C., Mo., and Kans.; common on the coastal plain of Mass. and N. J., a peculiar situation considering the distinctly cal- careous distribution in the Cayuga Lake Basin. 3. C. aristatus Rottb. (C. inflexus of Cayuga FI.) Sandy, gravelly, or muddy shores; rare. Aug Bar in Eddy Pond (Cascadilla Glen), 1884 “(De shore of Cayuga Lake, Ren- wick, 1894 (W. W. Rowlee & K. M. W.); gravelly shore by lighthouse, Ithaca; Myers Point; lake shore opposite Cayuga village. N. B. to B. C., southw. to Fla., Tex., Calif., and Mex.; apparently rare on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The factors influencing the distribution of this species are not apparent. The localities are more or less calcareous and two are somewhat saline. However, the plant grows in the acid sands of eastern Mass. (though not in those of N. J.), while along the coast it is distinctly not a plant of brackish marshes. 4. C. strigosus L. Low open grounds, in sand or gravel, often with an admixture of clay or alluvium, with little reference to the lime content of the soil; common. Aug.—Sept. Me. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. 4a. C. strigosus L., var. compositus Britton. Usually in springy places on hillsides; frequent. Near top of hill road n. of Coy Glen; Cayuga Heights, in several places; near Indian Spring; “a form is not uncommon on the brackish soil near the ‘ Deer-lick’ west side of Cayuga marshes, bearing 5-flowered spikelets in narrow oblong rays” (D.), probably this variety. Mass. to Fla., La., and Iowa. 94 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 5. C. esculentus L. (C. phymatodes of Cayuga Fl.) YELLtow Nut Grass. Low rich open sandy cultivated fields, shores, and waste places, preferring sand, but relation to lime unknown; infrequent. Aug. Near Cayuta Lake; South Hill (D.); Linn St., Ithaca (D.); flats of Fall Creek s. w. of Forest Home; Renwick flats; “ Cayuga L. on the damp sandy points ” (D.); Salmon Creek; near Canoga Marshes. N. B. to Minn. and Nebr., southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain, and on the Pacific Coast from Calif. to Alaska. Found also in tropical Am. and the Old World. The tubers are edible.- This is a bad weed in sandy moist soils, especially in potato fields, where the rhizomes penetrate the potato tubers. 6. C. ferax Rich. (C. speciosus Vahl. C. Michauxianus of Cayuga FI.) Sandy shores, in the Cayuga Lake Basin in brackish and often limy situations; locally frequent. Aug.—Sept. Only toward the foot of Cayuga Lake and on the Ontario plain: “ Union Springs and Canoga to Cayuga, and on the borders of Cayuga marshes” (D.); canal n. of Cayuga; Hibiscus Point; Seneca River, at Howland Island; salt flats, Montezuma. Mass. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain; also in Calif. and in tropical regions. 7. C. Engelmanni Steud. Sandy shores, rare. Sept. “On shore of Canoga marshes” (D.) ; a specimen from Union Springs in the C. U. Herb. has the non-overlapping scales of this species, but the spikelets are much longer and less pointed. Mass. to Wis., southw. to N. J. and Mo.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 8. C. erythrorhizos Muhl. Sandy shores; rare. Aug. A few plants were found in 1914 on the lake shore at Renwick; not seen in recent years. _ Mass. to Minn., southw. to Fla., Tex., Kans., and Calif., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 9. C. filiculmis Vahl, var. macilentus Fernald. Dry sandy hillsides and fields, in noncalcareous soils; also a weed on railroad embankments; local. July—Aug. Fields around the Junius bogs and ponds, fairly abundant (D.!); L. V. R. R. track at Fall Creek, 1917-1918; East Ithaca station, 1919. Probably introduced at the two last-named stations. Me. to Ont., southw. to Va., Ohio, and III., including the Coastal Plain. 2. Dulichium Pers. 1. D. arundinaceum (L.) Britton. (D. spathaceum of Cayuga FI.) Shallow water of marshes, in boggy neutral or acid soils; fairly common. Aug. Summit Marsh; Cayuta Lake; Dryden Lake; Chicago Bog; Junius bogs; Duck Lake; and elsewhere. Newf. to Wash., southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 3. Eleocharis R. Br.® a. Spikelets 2-5 cm. long; scales very broad, pale, obtuse; culms tall, sharply 4-angled. 1. E. quadrangulata a. Spikelets 1.8 cm. long or less; scales broad or narrow; culms, if tall, terete. b. Achenes lenticular, smooth and glossy or slightly cellular; styles 2-cleft. ® Commonly called Spike Rush. ‘ THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 95 c. Upper sheath loose, with white scarious summit; plants low, perennial, with matted rootstocks; tubercle narrow, saucer-shaped, conical-beaked. 2. E. olivacea c. Upper sheath close, not scarious, often dark-margined. d. Plants tufted, annual; tubercle broad, depressed. 3. E. obtusa d. Plants not tufted, perennial, with creeping rootstocks ; tubercle narrow, ovate. 4. E. palustris b. Achenes triangular or turgid, not smooth and glossy; styles 3-cleft. c. Achenes coarsely reticulated, the transversely elongated areoles in several vertical rows; culms capillary, 3-10 cm. high; plants perennial, forming dense mats. 5. E. acicularis c. Achenes minutely cellular-reticulated, the areoles nearly isodiametric. d. Tubercle definitely articulated with the achene; culms not rooting at tip. e. Tubercle depressed; culms wiry, 4-angled, erect; plants perennial, with creeping rootstocks. 6. E. capitata e. Tubercle conical-subulate; culms striate-grooved, recurved; plants annual, tufted. 7. E. intermedia d. Tubercle continuous with the achene, pyramidal; culms stout, recurved, rooting at tip (3-12 dm. long). 8. E. rostellata 1. E. quadrangulata (Michx.) R. & S. (See Rhodora 27:37. 1925.) In shallow water along the borders of ponds, perhaps influenced by saline con- ditions; rare. Aug. Duck Lake (K. M. W., A. J. E., & L. F. Randolph). [Elsewhere reported from N. Y. State only from Westchester Co. (Mead), Lake Neahtowantah, Oswego Co. (Coville, Rowlee, Sheldon), Paddy Lake, Oswego Co. (Wibbe), and outlet of Oneida Lake (A. H. Curtiss in Gray’s Man., ed 5).] Mass. to Ont. and Mich., southw. to Ala. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain; also in warmer parts of Am. 2. E. olivacea Torr. Wet peaty and mucky acid soil, in sandy or gravelly regions; rare. Aug. Summit Marsh; Pout Pond marsh; Slayton Pond. N. S. to Ont. and Mich., southw. to Pa., S. C., and Ohio, including the Coastal Plain. 3. E. obtusa (Willd.) Schultes. Shores, ditches, and exsiccated places, in a great variety of soils; common, and generally distributed. June—Aug. N. S. to Ont., southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain; also from Beaton Ores: E. ovata (Roth) R. & S. has not been found here, but Dudley’s no. 1019 strongly suggests this. 4. E. palustris (L.) R. & S. Form a.—Very slender; culms 0.3-1 mm. thick. Sandy or silty shores and crevices of rocks in ravines, probably in limy soils; frequent. June 20—Aug. Enfield Glen; Dwyer Pond; lake shore at Renwick; near Townley Swamp; near Asbury; lake shore at Utt Point and Big Gully Point; marl ponds at Hibiscus Point; Slayton Pond. Form b.— Culms 1-2.5 mm, thick. Marly brook, e. end of Dryden Lake; deep water, n. end of Chicago Bog. Form c.— Culms 2.8-3.3 mm. thick, almost or quite as broad as the spikelet; plants very tall. : Shallow water, Summit Marsh. 96 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 5. E. acicularis (L.) R. & S. Ditches, meadows, and muddy shores, often in sand, showing little relation to lime content of the soil; common. June—Oct. Newf. to B. C., southw. to N. J., Mo., Mex., and Calif., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia and W. I. 6. E. capitata (L.) R. Br. (See Rhodora 20:23. 1918. E. tenuis of Gray’s Man., ed. 7, and of Cayuga FI.) Springy and marly shores and meadows, in acid, neutral, or strongly alkaline soils; frequent. May 10-July 15. Pasture, South Hill; marl springs s. and n. of Coy Glen; marl spots w. of Key Hill; moor of Junius marl ponds; and elsewhere. Newf. to Man., southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. The preference of this plant for marl in this flora is difficult to correlate with its distribution in acid soils on the Coastal Plain and in N. E. 7. E. intermedia (Muhl.) Schultes. Sandy or gravelly shores or springy places, in more or less calcareous soils; fre- quent. July—Aug. Spencer Lake; swamp w. of Key Hill; Larch Meadow; Six Mile Creek; Fall Creek, at Beebe Lake and above Forest Home; lake shore, Renwick (D.!); spring s. of Dryden Lake; gravelly shore, Myers Point; gravelly strand, Salmon Creek; muddy brook, Malloryville Bog; ditch, Beaver Brook; McLean Bogs; Cortland marl aa Lake Como (Locke Pond, F. L. Kilborne); Big Gully Point; Junius marl ponds. Que. to w. Ont., southw. to n. N. J., Pa., Ohio, and Iowa; rare or absent in the granitic acid parts of N. E. 8. E. rostellata Torr. Brackish and marly marshes; rare. June 15-July. In this basin confined to the Ontario plain: about ata Salt Spring (D.); Junius marl ponds (D.!); Miller Bog, Spring Lake. Salt marshes from N. S. to Fla. and Tex., and on the Pacific coast; also locally in alkaline situations inland. Found also in Mex. and Cuba. 4. Stenophyllus Raf. 1. S. capritarts (L.) Britton. Found in 1913 in considerable quantity on the cinders and gravel in the L. V. R. R. yards n. of the station, Ithaca, and at the same place again in 1919. Locally intro-_ duced. Sandy regions: Me. to Minn. and Calif., southw. to Fla., Tex., and tropical Am. 5. Fimbristylis Vahl 1. F. autumnalis (L.) R. & S. (See Rhodora 20: 24. 1918. F. Frankii of authors.) Sandy strands; rare. Aug.—Oct. Farley Point, 1895 (W. W. Rowlee & K. M. VW.) ; not seen since. Me. to Ont., southw. to Tenn. and La., including the Coastal Plain. 6. Scirpus (Tourn.) L. a. Involucre none, or merely the modified outer scale of the solitary terminal spike- let; culms not plainly leafy. b. Perianth bristles not exceeding the scales, terete. c. Bristles retrorsely barbed; spikelets flattened; achenes beaked; scales without definite midribs, membranous, pointless. THE FLORA OF THE CAayuGA LAKE BASIN 97 d. Achenes 1 mm. long; plants low, annual; culms filiform, 1-5 cm. high. 1. S. nanus d. Achenes 2-25 mm. long; plants taller, perennial, with slender rootstocks ; culms 0.5-1.5 mm. thick, 5-30 cm. high. 2. S. pauciflorus c. Bristles upwardly setulose ; spikelets terete; achenes beakless; scales with firm green midribs, apiculate. 3. S. planifolius b. Perianth bristles in fruit much exceeding the scales (2-3 cm. long), not barbed, flattened. 4. S. hudsonianus a. Involucre consisting of a firm green erect bract, appearing to be a continuation of the culm; culms not leafy (see also 3d a). b. Spikelets solitary or in a sessile cluster. c. Culms low, subterete, spreading; bristles usually wanting. 5. S. Smithii c. Culms taller and more erect, sharply 3-angled; bristles present. 6. S. americanus b. Spikelets umbellate or panicled. c. Achenes 2 mm. long; scales 2-2.5 mm. long, subglabrous, scarcely spotted, mid- rib conspicuous and greenish; inflorescence lax; spikelets ovoid to subcylin- drical; culms usually soft. 7. S. validus c. Achenes 2.5 mm. long; scales 3-4 mm. long, more or less viscid-puberulent on back and much spotted, midrib less evident and more concolorous; inflores- cence usually condensed; spikelets clustered, generally cylindrical; culms usually firm and hard. 8. S. acutus a. Involucre consisting of 2—-many leafy bracts; spikelets capitate or in a compound umbel; culms leafy. b. Spikelets large, 10-50 mm. long, 5-10 mm. wide; culms sharply 3-angled, springing from strong, often tuberous, creeping rootstocks. c. Achenes sharply and equally 3-angled; plants stout, 1-2.5 m. high; leaves 0.7-2 cm. wide. 9. S. fluviatilis c. Achenes lenticular or obscurely and bluntly 3-angled; plants 0.3-1 m. high; leaves stiff, 3-9 mm. wide. 10. S. campestris, var. paludosus b. Spikelets small, 2-15 mm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, more numerous; culms obtusely 3-angled or terete. c. Bristles retrorsely barbed; culms solitary or loosely clustered; plant with thick scaly stolons; spikelets in glomerules. d. Lower sheaths red-banded; bristles barbed nearly to the base. 11. S. rubrotinctus d. Lower sheaths green; bristles barbed only above the middle. e. Bristles scarcely longer than the achene, usually shorter; spikelets dark brown or dark lead-color. f. Blades 10-18 mm. wide; lower sheaths cellular-nodulose; bristles about equaling the achene. 12. S. atrovirens f. Blades 4-10 mm. wide; lower sheaths not nodulose; bristles shorter than or as long as the achene, sometimes wanting ; plant more slender. 12a. S. atrovirens, var. georgianus e. Bristles twice the length of the achene; spikelets rufous-brown. 13. S. polyphyllus c. Bristles smooth or sparingly upwardly setulose, curly; plant densely or loosely cespitose, not stoloniferous; spikelets in glomerules or separate. d. Bristles not exceeding the scales ; spikelets separate, elliptic-oblong, 5-10 mm. long. 14. Be lineatus d. Bristles much exserted at maturity; spikelets 3-9 mm. lon e. Fruit late (shedding achenes Aug. (10) 15-Oct. 17) ; atelets subglobose to elliptic-oval or oblong, all sessile and glomerulate or some pedicelled. 98 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES f. Glomerules dense; spikelets subglobose or oval, rather small (3-4 mm. long); bristles very crisp; involucels and scales brown or brownish lead-color, rarely more rufous; plant stout or rather slender (9-15 dm. high) ; leaves 5-8 mm. wide; culms at summit 1.8-5 mm. in diam. 15. S. cyperinus f. Glomerules looser, some spikelets often pedicelled; spikelets ellipsoid- oval or oval, 445 mm. long; bristles more lax. g. Plant stout (12-17 dm. high) ; leaves 5-7 mm. wide; culms at summit 2-2.5 mm. in diam.; involucels and scales lead color, brown, or rarely rusty. 15a. S. c., var. — g. Plant slender (8-13 dm. high); leaves 3-5 mm. wide; culms at summit 1.1-1.5 (1.8) mm. in diam.; involucels and scales brown or brownish lead-color. 15b. S. c., var. pelius e. Fruit early (shedding achenes June 25—Aug. 7, rarely Aug. 18) ; spikelets elliptic-oval or oblong, nearly all pedicelled. f. Plant stout (12-15 dm. high) ; leaves 5-8 mm. wide; culms at summit 8-4 mm. in diam.; involucels and scales browns spikelets 3-9 mm. long. 16. S. pedicellatus f. Plant slender (6-11 dm. high); leaves 3-5 mm. wide; culms at summit 1-1.8 (2) mm. in diam.; involucels and scales dark lead-color, rarely brown; spikelets 3-7 mm. long. ~ 17. S. atrocinctus 1. S. nanus Spreng. Muddy shores in brackish soils; very rare. Aug.—Sep Salt Pond w. of Howland Island, 1919 (K. M. W., Hy J. E., & L. F. Randolph). Salt and brackish marshes along the coast, Newf. to Fla. and Tex. Found also inland in N. Y. and Mich., and. in Mex., Cuba, Eu., and n. Africa. 2. S. pauciflorus Lightf. (Eleocharis pauciflorus of Cayuga FI.) Wet sandy swales and shores, in calcareous soils; rare. July—Sept. Gravelly shore of Spencer Lake; Summit Marsh, n. end (D.!) -Utt Pomt Gon); Farley Point (D.). Newf. to B: C,, southw. ton. N. ES N. Y., Pa, Dll Golo: and” Calite-srarerar absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 3. S. planifolius Muhl. In and about dry open woodlands, in gravelly or rocky, neutral or slightly acid, soils; scarce. May—June. South Hill, beyond the “Incline” (D.); Fall Creek (D.); Renwick slope (D.!) ; near Esty Glen; absent on the more acid chestnut soils of the basin, also on the limy soils and the heavy clays. Mass. and Vt. to w. N. Y. and Mo., southw. to D. C., including the Coastal Plain. 4. S. hudsonianus (Michx.) Fernald. (Eriophorum alpinum of Cayuga F1.) Boggy and somewhat limy meadows and swamps; rare. May 25—July 15. McLean Bogs (D.!); Westbury Bog (K. M. W., L. H. MacDaniels, & F. P. Metcalf). Newf. to Hudson Bay and B. C., southw. to Conn., N. Y., and Minn. 5. S. Smithii Gray. Sandy shores; rare. Aug.—Sept. Renwick Park (K. M. W. & C. C. Thomas); Myers Point (D.); Utt Point; Farley Point (D.); mouth of Big Gully Brook (D.!). Me. and Ont. to Minn., southw. to Pa. and Nebr., including the Coastal Plain. Possibly influenced in its local occurrence by the well-known brackish conditions about Cayuga Lake. Tue FLorA OF THE CayuGA LAKE BASIN 99 6. S. americanus Pers. (S. pungens of Cayuga FI.) Sandy shores and marshes; frequent. June 20—Sept. Cayuta Lake; Lake Como (Locke Pond, D.) ; many places on the Ithaca flats and along the shores of Cayuga Lake; Montezuma Marshes; Miller Bog, Spring Lake. Nearly throughout temperate N. A., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in S. A. and in Eu. Possibly influenced in its local occurrence by the brackish nature of the lake marshes. 7. S. validus Vahl. (S. lacustris, in part, of Cayuga Fl.) Burrus. Marshes and lakes, in gravelly, silty, or muddy soils with little apparent relation to lime content; common. June 15—Aug. 10. Cayuta Lake; pond at Mecklenburg; Dryden Lake; Six Mile Creek; Fall Creek, above Forest Home; Townley Swamp; shores of Cayuga Lake, in many places ; Montezuma Marshes. Throughout temperate N. A., including the Coastal Plain. Found also in W, I. Specimens from the southwest corner of Cayuga Lake, and in gravel in Six Mile Creek, are slender, with firm culms, as in the next species. 8. S. acutus Muhl. (See Rhodora 22:55. 1920. S. occidentalis (Wats.) Chase.) BuLRUSH. Sandy, gravelly, or muddy shores, in brackish or calcareous regions; frequent. June 25—Aug. Confined chiefly to Cayuga Lake, the adjacent marshes, and the Ontario plain: Spencer Lake; s. w. corner of Cayuga Lake; near Union Springs; Canoga Marshes ; Junius marl ponds. Newf. to B. C., southw. to Mass., cent. N. Y., Mo., Ariz., and Calif.; frequent along the coast. LS. heterochaetus Chase has been found at Watkins, N. Y.] 9. S. fluviatilis (Torr.) Gray. Marshes; locally common. June 20—Aug. Summit Marsh (D.); Inlet Marshes; Cayuga Marshes, very common. N. B. to D. C., and locally through the Great Lakes region to Minn., Nebr., and Kans.; in the east, chiefly near the coast. Probably influenced in its local occurrence by brackish conditions. 10. S. campestris Britton, var. paludosus (Nels.) Fernald. (S. maritimus of Cayuga Fl. Low sandy alluvial soil in the vicinity of salt springs; rare. July—Aug. Salt springs on lake shore n. of Cayuga Lake Park; Salt Pond w. of Howland Island; brackish meadow e. of Montezuma village; Montezuma Marshes near Salt Creek (D.). Gulf of St. Lawrence to N. J. along the coast, and inland from cent. N. Y. along the Great Lakes to Minn., Oreg., Kans., Nev., and Mex. 11. S. rubrotinctus Fernald. (S. sylvaticus, var. digynus, of Cayuga FI.) Marshy, mucky, frequently alluvial places in fields and near the larger marshes, mostly in neutral or nearly neutral rich soils; scarce. June—July. Inlet, near Ithaca-Newfield town line, near Lick Brook, and s. of Ithaca; swale on South Hill; “marsh south of the boat-landing and north of Ithaca” (D.); near Wood Mill station (D.) ; Cayuga Marshes (D.). Lab. to Alberta, southw. to Conn., N. Y., the Great Lakes, Minn., Nev., and Calif., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. A comparison of eastern and western specimens seems to indicate that at present it is unwise to unite S. rubrotinctus and S. microcarpus Presl. 100 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 12. S. atrovirens Muhl. Ditches, meadows, and marshes, in heavy or light soil, often but not always in the presence of lime; common. July. | Me. to Sask., southw. to Ga. and Mo., including the Coastal Plain. 12a. S. atrovirens Muhl., var. georgianus (Harper) Fernald. (See Rhodora 23: 134. 1921. S. georgianus Harper.) Low fields, meadows, and marshes, in somewhat drier and less mucky situations; very common. July. Newf. to Mich., southw. to Ga. and Ark., probably including the Coastal Plain. After a thorough study of a large amount of material, both local and general, it seems impossible to support S. georgianus as a species. The form appears to be simply a small extreme of S. atrovirens —smaller in stature, breadth of leaf, size of inflorescence, glomerules, spikelets, and scales —and a continuous series bridges over the gap between these extremes. The larger forms always have the more nodulose sheaths, and bristles equaling the achene; while the smaller forms have nearly smooth sheaths, and bristles usually shorter than the achene or wanting, though in some cases the bristles may be as long as the achene. The shape of the achene varies in both forms through the same range of outline. The coarser forms inhabit richer and wetter soils, and this may be an important factor in creating the morpho- logical differences. 13. S. polyphyllus Vahl. Springy meadows, apparently in limy soils; rare. July—Aug. White Church valley (D.); springy pasture n. w. of Caroline Center (K. M. IV., A. J. E., & L. F. Randolph) ; w. side of Ball Hill, Danby; Larch Meadow (D.!) ; springy hillside e. of Cayutaville. W.N. E. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Ark., but probably not on the Coastal Plain. 14. S. lineatus Michx. Damp or wet sandy, or sandy and clayey, usually somewhat calcareous, soils; frequent. June 20—July. N. e. and n. w. of Freeville, abundant, often completely occupying the fields; lower Mud Creek, Freeville; n. of McLean Bogs; Cayutaville; clay field s. of Waterburg; n. of Jacksonville (D.); Taughannock, above and below the falls and on the point (D.!); Paine Creek (D.!); Utt Point; “Genoa, by R. R.” (D.); Big Gully and Big Gully Point; marly moor of Vandemark Pond; Montezuma; s. of Duck Lake. pune and N. H. to Ga., also Kans., Tex., and Oreg.; scarce on the Atlantic Coastal ain. 15. S. cyperinus (L.) Kunth. Woot Grass. Low grounds; common. Aug. (10) 15-Oct. 17. Range, as the species is here interpreted, not determined. Knowledge of this group of the genus Scirpus is in a very unsatisfactory con- dition. The treatments in Gray’s Manual and in Britton and Brown’s Illustrated Flora do not satisfactorily account for the local forms. The treatment here proposed is temporary and is based chiefly on local and New York State material. The color of the inflorescence does not seem to be of fundamental importance. Dudley’s S. Eriophorum and var. cyperinus apparently included this species and the following two varieties. 15a. S. cyperinus (L.) Kunth, var. —. Boggy soil; occasional or frequent. Fleming Meadow (involucels reddish) ; Ringwood; Mud Creek, Freeville; McLean Bogs; near Benson Corners; s. w. of Spring Lake (involucels reddish). N. Y., N. J., and elsewhere; range not definitely known. THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 101 15b. S. cyperinus (L.) Kunth, var. pelius Fernald. Boggy soils; common. N. Y., N. J., and elsewhere. 16. ve pedicellatus Fernald. (S. Eriophorum, var. laxus, of Cayuga Fl.) Woot RASS. Alluvial marshes; less frequent than the last-named form. July 20-Aug. 10. Summit Marsh and Spencer Lake; Jennings Pond; Cayuta Lake; South Hill; n. of Freeville; Chicago Bog; common on the Inlet and Outlet Marshes. FE. Que. to Conn., N. Y., and Wis., mostly in the interior. Plants with condensed inflorescences occur occasionally. 17. S. atrocinctus Fernald. Boggy meadows and peat bogs, in acid soil; scarce. June 20-July. High hills n. e. of Slaterville and n. e. of Caroline village; Ringwood; n. and n. w. of Freeville; near Mud Creek, Freeville; near Grotto. Newf. to Hudson Bay and Sask., southw. to Conn., Pa., Mich., and Iowa. A northern plant, especially of granitic regions, not distinctly coastal. 7. Eriophorum L. a. Spikelet solitary, terminal; leafy involucre none; leaves narrow, basal. 1. E. callitrix a. Spikelets 2-several, capitate or umbellate, surrounded by a leafy involucre. b. Involucral bract 1, short; leaves 1-2 mm. wide, channeled; achene ellipsoidal. 2. E. gracile b. Involucral bracts several; leaves 1.5-6 mm. wide, flat. c. Spikelets loosely umbellate ; scales lead color, not striate, with a strong ee rib; wool white; leaves 2-6 mm. wide, lax; achenes obovoid. 3. E. viridi-carinatum c. Spikelets densely capitate; scales greenish straw-color, striate; wool tawny or white; leaves 1.5-4 mm. wide, stiffer; achenes linear-oblong. 4. E. virginicum 1. E. callitrix Cham. (E. vaginatuwm of Cayuga FI.) Hare’s Tart. Corron Grass. Woot Grass. Peat bogs over acid or somewhat calcareous soil; scarce. May 20-June 20. Larch Meadow (D.); McLean Bogs (D.!); Junius bogs; Duck Lake; Westbury og. Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Pa., Mich., Wis., and Man. Found also in Asia. 2. E. gracile Roth. CoTron Grass. Woot Grass. Acid peat bogs, also in calcareous springy places; scarce. June 10—July 20. Michigan Hollow Swamp; Freeville (D.) ; Mud Creek, Freeville; one mile n. of McLean; McLean Bogs; Chicago Bog (D.!); “ Venice, near R. R.” (D.); Junius peat bogs. Newf. to B. C., southw. to Conn., Pa., Mich., Nebr., and Calif.; occasional on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. The achenes are often 3 mm. long instead of 1.5-2 mm. long, as frequently stated, and the wool is occasionally tawny. The closely related E. tenellum Nutt. should be found in the basin, as it occurs in the adjoining counties toward the east and northeast. A specimen from Junius, 1885 (D.), seems to be E. tenellum in all characters except the scales, which are greenish. The achenes were not seen. 102 Kart M. WirGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 3. E. viridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fernald. (£. polystachyon of Cayuga FI.) Corton Grass. Woot GRASs. Bogs and meadows, mostly in calcareous soils; frequent. May 20—July 15. W. of Key Hill; Larch Meadow; Fir Tree Swamp between Slaterville and Dryden; . Freeville; Mud Creek, Freeville; Malloryville; McLean Bogs; n. of McLean; Beaver Brook; Turtle Pond; Miller Bog, Spring Lake; Westbury Bog. Newf. to Sask. and B. C., southw. to Conn., N. Y., Ohio, Mich., Wis., Oreg., and in the mts. to ‘Ga., including the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain. 4. E. virginicum L. Cotton Grass. Woo. Grass. Acid soil of peat bogs; frequent. Aug.—Sept. Freeville Bog (D.); Woodwardia Bog (D.!); Malloryville Bog (D.!) ; McLean Bogs (D.!); Junius peat bogs (D.!) ; bog n. of Duck Lake; Featherbed Bog. Newf. to Ont. and Man., southw. to Fla. and Nebr.; common on the Coastal Plain. Plants with white wool (forma album (Gray) Wiegand, see Rhodora 26:2, 1924, E. v., var. album Gray) occur occasionally. 8. Rynchospora Vahl a. Spikelets white or tawny-white, the upper ones densely clustered; fertile flower 1; stamens 2; bristles 9-12 or more. 1. R. alba a. Spikelets castaneous, 3-6 together; fertile flowers several; stamens 3; bristles 6 (rarely 12). 2. R. capillacea 1. R. alba (L.) Vahl. Beak Rusu. Boggy soil, either in acid peat bogs or in marl; frequent. July—Sept. 15. Summit Marsh; marly place w. of Key Hill; Larch Meadow; Freeville Bog; McLean Bogs; Junius, in the peat bogs and also on the marl moor; Miller Bog, Spring Lake; Featherbed Bog. Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Fla., Ky., the Great Lakes, Idaho, and n. Calif., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. 2. R. capillacea Torr. Brak Rusu. Marl meadows; rare. July—Aug. “Junius” (Sartwell) ; Junius marl ponds (D.!). E. Que. to w. Ont., southw. to n. N. J., Pa., Ohio, Mich., and Mo.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. x 9. Mariscus (Hal.) Zinn. 1. M. mariscoides (Muhl.) Kuntze. (See Rhodora 25:49. 1923. Cladium maris- cotdes (Muhl.) Torr.) Shallow water about the sandy and often boggy calcareous shores of ponds; rare. July 20—Sept. J Summit Marsh (D.!); Chicago Bog (D.); moor of Junius marl ponds (D.!); prairie s. of Westbury Bog; Miller Bog, Spring Lake; Slayton Pond. N. S. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Fla., Ky., Ind., and lowa; especially frequent on the Coastal Plain. The influencing factors in the distribution of this species are not clear. Though in this flora, except for the Chicago Bog station, the species is distinctly a marl plant, in eastern Mass. it apparently inhabits acid ponds, and in N. J. it is characteristic of the pine barrens but not of the chestnut middle-belt nor of the coastal strip. It is probably dependent on the presence of various salts. TuHeE FLorA OF THE CAyuGA LAKE BASIN 103 10. Scleria Berg. a. Disk obsolete; scales 2-3 mm. long; flowers in several distinct spicate clusters ; plant nearly or quite glabrous. 1. S. verticillata a. Disk bearing 6 tubercles; scales 4-5 mm. long; flowers irregularly aggregated in a single cluster; plant very pubescent. 2. S. pauciflora, var. caroliniana 1. S. verticillata Muhl. Marl meadows; rare. Aug. “Junius” (Sartwell) ; Lowery and Newton Ponds (D.!). Mass. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Mex., especially along the coast. Found also in W. I 2. S. pauciflora Muhl., var. caroliniana (Willd.) Wood. Moor of marl bogs; very rare. July 15—Aug. 15. Collected in 1893 on the moor of Lowery Ponds (K. M. W.) but not seen since, reported in Bul. Torr. Bot. Club 21:176, 1894. Elsewhere in N. Y. State, reported only from the vicinity of New York and from “wet meadows, hillsides,’ Greece, Monroe Co. (Bradley). Mass. to Ga. along the coast, cent. N. Y., and Ohio. 11. Carex (Jupp.) L. a. Spike solitary, terminal. PAGE b. Scales not foliaceous; beak not abrupt. (Primocarex.) c. Perigynia elliptic, obtuse, erect; plant cespitose............. 1. C. leptalea 115 c. Perigynia subulate, acute, reflexed, easily and elastically deciduous; plant StOLONITEFOUSKc. gos oe Cosa eee ae eee eo ook kh ee ee node 2. C. pauciflora 115 b. Scales, at least the lower ones, foliaceous; beak abrupt, slender. c. Bodies of the perigynia elliptic-oblong ; pistillate flowers 3-9; lowest scale 0.5-1.5 cm. long; staminate scales 2—2.3 mm. long, pale, with a green mid- rib; staminate spike 0.7-0.9 mm. in diam............. 64. C. Willdenowti 125 c. Bodies of the perigynia subglobose; pistillate flowers 2-3; lowest scale 1.5-5 cm. long; staminate scales 1.6-1.8 mm. long, with a dark transverse band near the tip; staminate spike 0.4-0.5 mm. in diam....65. C. Jamesti 125 a. Spikes several. b. Spikes normally bisexual and similar, all containing staminate and pistillate flowers in about the same relative proportions; stigmas 2; perigynia plano- convex, rarely terete. (Vigna.) (2d b, p. 108.) c. Spikes staminate at apex. (Acroarrhenae.) (2d c, p. 105.) d. Perigynia few, very plump, almost terete, nearly or quite beakless; spikes scattered; plants low and very slender.................. 24. C. tenella 118 d. Perigynia convex on both surfaces, plano-convex, or flat, usually two- edged and acute or beaked. e. Plants cespitose or with short creeping rhizomes. (2d e, p. 105.) f. Perigynia subulate-lanceolate, 4-7 mm. long, spongy-thickened at base, strongly nerved; spikes aggregated; culms broad, soft, wing- angled; leaves 4-15 mm. wide. g. Perigynia 4 mm. long; hyaline part of leaf sheath usually trans- VELSELV a EUG OSES nee aie ee eee tre na seree es clets 3. C. stipata 115 g. Perigynia 5-7 mm. long; hyaline part of sheath rarely rugose, thickenedgateoniiiceem. omer anemia 4. C. laevivaginata 115 f. Perigynia elliptic-lanceolate to oval or ovoid (6 mm. long or less), nearly nerveless except in no. 10; spikes, culms, and leaves various, g. een branches of the inflorescence 10 (12) or less. (2d g, p. 105.) 104 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES PAGE h. Perigynia 4.2-6 mm. long; scales more or less fuscous; leaves 2-=3i TAIN e WIGS LA Ayo aac ORS 1 ee aoc .5. C. contigua 115 h. Perigynia 3.8 mm. long or less; scales green, stramineous, tawny, or whitish. i. Leaves 14.5 mm. wide; sheaths close. j. Perigynia spongy-thickened at base, and in that region puckered when dry; inflorescence more or less interrupted, or spikes scattered. k. Beak smooth, scarcely exceeding the tawny, acute scale. C. retroflexa 115 k. Beak scabrous, much exceeding the silvery white, a tawny, obtuse or subacute scale. l. Broadest leaves (1. 8) 2-3 mm. wide; sheaths at ee: of culm 1.5-2 mm. in diam.; perigynia broadly elliptic- ovoid, 34.2 mm. long (perigynia deep green, in the lower spikes 9-12 rarely 6-20 in number, the wall thin, the beak prominent, thin, plainly bidentate, strongly serrulate; stigmas stout, short, curved; scales pale, obtuse; fruit May 25-June 20)..7. C. convoluta 115 ’, Broadest leaves 0.8-1.8 (2) mm. wide; sheaths at base culm 0.7-1.2 mm. in diam.; perigynia 2.2-3.2 mm. ong. m. Perigynia 2.8-3.2 mm. long, elliptic-oblong or ob- long-ovoid, olive green, spreading, firm-walled, in the lowest spikes 5-8 (3-12) in number; apex abruptly acute, firm, obscurely bidentate, minutely serrulate; base as broad as the body, conspicuously spongy; stigmas long, slender, usually reflexed but not coiled; scales obtuse, often tawny; lowest bract short, 5-30 (60) mm. long; broadest leaves about 1.3-1.8 (2) mm. wide, light green; fruit Mayr 25=funed25\7. Seesicsca eine eee cee 8. C. rosea 116 m. Perigynia 2.2-2.8 (3) mm. long, elliptic-ovoid, deep green, usually ascending, thin-walled, in the lowest spikes 2-6 in number; apex more beak-like, less firm, plainly bidentate, strongly serrulate; base more obscurely spongy; stigmas short, less slender, usually coiled; scales obtuse, acute, or subaristate, whitish, rarely slightly tawny; lowest bract more conspicuous, 30-50 mm. long or a few on each plant shorter; broadest leaves 0.8-1.2 mm. wide, deep green; fruit June (10) 20-July 30...9. C. radiata 116 7. Perigynia not spongy at base and not. puckered in drying, elliptic-ovoid (2.8-3.2 mm. long). k. Inflorescence (1.5) 2-4 cm. long, usually interrupted; leaves stiff and wiry; perigynia ovoid-oval, very short- beaked, firm-walled; clumps smaller and more open than in the next species ; rootstocks stout, somewhat CreepinSercerecccre. 10. C. Muhlenbergu, var. enervis 116 k. Inflorescence 0.8-1.5 cm. long, dense; leaves softer; perigynia rhombic-ovoid, longer-beaked, thin-walled; DlantecespltOse sso ctacc crust cee oe 11. C. cephalophora 116 THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 105 PAGE i. Leaves 4.5-8 mm. wide; sheaths loose. j. Culms about 1 mm. in diam. below the inflorescence, not wing-angled; perigynia narrowly to broadly ovoid; scales silvery. k. Inflorescence short, dense; perigynia 3.4-4 mm. long, 1.6—2 mm. wide, narrowly ovoid, the pea equaling the body; plant yellowish green........12. C. cephaloidea 116 k. Inflorescence elongated, interrupted ; eens 3-3.5 mm. long, 1.8-2 mm. wide, broadly ovoid-orbicular, the beak shorter than the body; plant glaucéus-green. 13. C. sparganioides 117 jy. Culms about 2 mm. in diam. at summit, soft and wing- angled; perigynia narrowly ovoid; inflorescence dense; scales tawny at maturity....... Roderic 14. C. alopecoidea 117 g. Spikes or branches of the inflorescence numerous. h. Perigynia plano-convex, yellowish; plant green; bracts, or most of them, much exceeding the spikes, setaceous; scales pale; scarious part of sheath transversely rugose, white. 1. Leaves exceeding the culms; perigynia ovoid to broadly ovoid, 1.2-1.8 mm. wide, the beak nearly or quite as long as the body; inflorescence green........ SAB Go 15. C. vulpinoidea 117 1. Leaves shorter than the culms; perigynia broadly ovoid, 1.6-2 (2.4) mm. wide, the beak much shorter than the body; inflorescence stramineous at maturity. j. Perigynia 2.6-3.2 mm. long, usually nerved on the outer face; beak rather prominent........... 16. C. annectens 117 j. Perigynia 2.2-2.6 mm. long, usually nerveless; beak very short and point-like, and obscurely notched; inflorescence generally broader and shorter. .16a. C. a., var. xanthocarpa 117 h. Perigynia thick, often convex on both surfaces, brown; bracts, or all but the lowermost, shorter than the spikes; scales usually fuscous, frequently not covering the perigynia; scarious part of sheath not rugose, usually colored, at least in spots. 1. Leaves 1-3 mm. wide; inflorescence 1.5-5 cm. long; spikes obscurely branched. j. Inflorescence dense, erect, appearing bristly from the radiat- ing, bright, dark-colored, ovoid, 2-2.5 mm. long, perigynia; inner face of perigynia convex; scales short. 17. C. diandra 117 j. Inflorescence more lax and nodding, with a more chaffy appearance; perigynia more appressed, more lanceolate, duller brown, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, the inner face flat or Concaves, scales anim. OnGie cee eis ey ceie 18. C. prairea 117 i. Leaves 5-8 mm. wide; inflorescence 10-15 cm. long; spikes Plainlyabranched upset eeicers .eeee--19. C. decomposita 118 e. Plants with long creeping rhizomes. (See also no. 10.) f. Perigynia 3-5 mm. long, thin-margined, ovoid-lanceolate, the orifice strongly bidentate; inflorescence nodding; leaves 2-5 mm. wide, Hat pera s ioc Siete, Miegeu ne eee nan ee ne SANS Co Sarizeellit: 118 f. Perigynia about. 2 mm. long, not thin- margined, broadly ovoid, turgid, plano-convex, the orifice entire; inflorescence stiff, subcapi- tates) leaves) narrows winvolutes...s-ceecee oe .21. C. chordorrhiza 118 c. Spikes staminate at base, rarely at both base and apex (at apex only in no. 24). (Hyparrhenae.) 106 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES PAGE d. Perigynia without winged margins, with definite thick margins, or mar- ginless. (Elongatae.) (2d d, p. 107.) ; e. Perigynia 4-5 mm. long, elliptic-lanceolate, contracted at base, spongy where in contact with the achene, slender-beaked, ascending; spikes 5-20 mm. long. f. Spikes ovoid-oblong, silvery green; perigynia 1.5-1.9 mm. wide, faintly nerved; scales ovate; leaves 2-5 mm. wide. 22. C. Deweyana f. Spikes linear, tawny; perigynia 1-1.3 mm. wide, strongly nerved; scales oblong; leaves 1-2.5 mm. wide............ 23. C. bromoides e. Perigynia 2-4 mm. long, elliptic or ovoid or lanceolate, contracted or rounded at base, not spongy where in contact with the achene, short- or Faery slender-beaked, ascending or spreading; spikes 9 mm. long or less. f. Perigynia elliptic, slightly contracted at base, greenish glaucous, ascending-appressed; plant pale. g. Perigynia 2.5-3.5 mm. long, finely many-nerved, turgid; spikes 2—-5-flowered; inflorescence very open, often zigzag; plant laxly cespitose or ‘stoloniferous. h. Perigynia subterete, 2.5-2.8 mm. long, blunt; inflorescence straight; bracts short ; spikes staminate at apex (exceptional in this group) Ee ait CORSA CIN CR CIE oko xe ....24, C. tenella h. Perigynia plano-convex, 3-3.5 mm. long, apiculate ; inflorescence zigzag, usually exceeded by the lower bract; spikes staminate at base. gies. A cktinae aaron a es 25. C. trisperma g. Perigynia about 2 mm. long, few-nerved, less turgid, plano-convex ; spikes 7—-many-flowered; inflorescence contracted or open, not zigzag; plant cespitose. h. Leaves 2-4 mm. wide, glaucous; spikes many-flowered; perigynia apiculate. 4. Inflorescence! 2—o}, Cilln Ongena see eee eee 26. C. canescens 1. Inflorescence 5-15 cm. long, the lower spikes remote. 26a. C. c., var. disjuncta h. Leaves 1-2.5 mm. wide, green; spikes 7—10-flowered; perigynia distinctly short-beaked, more spreading....27. C. brunnescens f. Perigynia ovoid, broadest below the middle, rounded or subcordate at base, pale yellowish or brown; plant pale or green. g. Leaves flaccid, pale green; perigynia ascending, short-beaked, rounded at base, pale green, the margins not prominent; spikes avoresated hc steer ee aoe eee [C. arcta] g. Leaves somewhat more rigid, green, rarely paler; perigynia spreading, more definitely and acuminately beaked, ‘rounded or truncate or subcordate at base, yellowish green, less cellular, the margins prominent; spikes aggregated or scattered. h. Scales, at least the lower ones, nearly or quite equaling the perigynia, the lower scales obtuse, the upper ones acutish, all the scales more or less colored, firm; perigynia firm and moderately thick, triangular-ovoid, the nerves not prominent, those of the inner face more or less evident; beak of medium size, sharply serrulate and sharply notched; spikes (3) 46 (7), subcontiguous; broadest leaves 1.5-2 (2.5) mm. wide; sheaths truncate at orifice; anthers 1.2-2 mm. long. 28. C. sterilis h. Scales distinctly Saarter than the perigynia (or, if nearly equaling them, the sheath more or less V-shaped at summit and the perigynia narrower or the spikes more distant). 118 118 118 118 119 119 119 119 119 THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN i. Spikes not strongly echinate (due to the shorter or more appressed beaks); perigynia triangular-ovoid to broadly ovoid, if occasionally narrower the scales very obtuse; beaks, scales, spikes, and leaves various. y. Scales obtuse, firm, usually colored; perigynia deltoid- ovoid or oblong-ovoid, thick, with thick margins and walls, weakly nerved and almost or quite nerveless on inner face; beak short or of medium size, slightly serrulate, obscurely notched; spikes 2-3 (4), contiguous or slightly distant; anthers 0.7-0.9 mm. long......... 29. C. interior j. Scales subacute, thin, often hyaline, usually pale; peri- gynia deltoid-ovoid to round-cordate-ovoid, with thinner walls, sharper-edged, and more sharply nerved on both faces; beak and spikes various; anthers 0.9-1.5 mm. long. k. Beak indistinctly serrulate or subentire; orifice usually obscurely notched; broadest leaves 0.7-1.2 mm. wide; spikes 2-3, more or less distant.......... 30. C. Howe k. Beak distinctly serrulate; orifice more plainly notched; broadest leaves 1-2 (2.5) mm. wide; spikes 3-5 mostly 344, usually distinct or distant........ 31. C. incomperta i. Spikes strongly echinate; perigynia generally more rounded at base, ovoid-oval, nerved on both faces; beak rough, biden- tate; scales firm, acute; spikes 5-6 rarely 3 or 7, more or less distant; broadest leaves 1.8-2.5 mm. wide. 32. C. muricata d. Perigynia thin, scale-like, with winged margins. (Ovales.) e. Perigynia 1-2 (2.3 in no. 40) mm. wide, lanceolate to ovoid. f. Sheaths loose; blade 2.5-8 mm. wide. g. Perigynia (3.5) 44.7 mm. long, 1.2-1.5 mm. wide, lanceolate. h. Tips of the perigynia appressed; inflorescence stiff; spikes not conspicuously clavate-based. fe S pikesuapproximat envi reas nisuid tereioctas 33. C. tribuloides WeSpIkesshemotesarccssici meets © cer oka 33a. C. t., var. turbata h. Vips of the perigynia spreading ; inflorescence flexuous, nodding ; Spikespclavate=based iva. \eisisicieisisiciersieeleteterstels siete 34. C. projecta g. Perigynia 3-3.8 mm. long, 1.2-2 mm. wide, elliptic-ovoid to ovoid. h. Spikes globose, very echinate; perigynia 1.2-1.5 mm. wide, crowded, radiating in all directions from the center. 35. C. cristata h. Spikes ovoid-globose, less echinate, with a coarser appearance ; perigynia 1.8-2 mm. wide, ascending-spreading, not reflexed, less¥ntitnenousin: + scertres slo eee aati etree cloak 36. C. mirabilis f. Sheaths close; blade 0.5-3.5 mm. wide. g. Perigynia lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate; spikes elliptic-ovoid. h. Perigynia 4.1-4.7 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide. 1. Spikes approximate but not crowded, the lower ones slightly SEPALAted We oe ato aelae Hea min acie a iaiceltecih os 37. C. scoparia 1. Spikes all crowded into a dense subglobose head. 37a. C. s., var. condensa i. Spikes scattered, the lower ones remote; inflorescence more OT lessenextlOuSe=eceiisace sete. 37b. C. s., var. moniliformis h. Perigynia 3.6-3.8 mm. long, 0.7-1.3 mm. wide. 38. C. Crawfordu g. peers narrowly ovoid to oval (2-4.2 mm. long) ; spikes ovoid or oval. 107 PAGE 119 119 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 121 121 108 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES PAGE h. Spikes crowded, closely flowered, not clavate-based; perigynia narrowly ovoid (2-3 mm. long, 1.2-1.7 mm. wide). 39. C. Bebbu h. Spikes distant, less densely flowered, clavate-based; inflores- cence usually flexuous and nodding; perigynia ovoid. i. Scales shorter than the perigynia, which are nerved or nerve- less on the inner face. j. Tips of the perigynia scarcely spreading; perigynia up to 33) mm lone atte homeo ee eee 40. C. tenera j. Tips of the perigynia spreading; perigynia up to 4.5 mm. LONE seyei ae tons toc ees tiene 40a. C. t., var. echinodes 1. Scales equaling or exceeding the perigynia, which are strongly nerved on the anners faces sas see cece ones 42. C. foenea e. Perigynia 2.3-2.5 mm. wide, the body suborbicular; sheaths close; (scales shorter than the perigynia). f. Perigynia 3.4 mm. long, the body very broadly ovoid or broadly oval; scales acute or blunt; spikes 5-8 mm. long, rounded. 41. C. brevior f. Perigynia 4-5 mm. long, the body broadly obovoid; scales attenuate or aristate; spikes large, 8-15 mm. long, ovoid-conic...43. C. alata b. Spikes normally unisexual, the uppermost wholly or in part staminate, the lower ones entirely pistillate or with a few staminate flowers at apex. ( Eucarex.) c. Achenes lenticular; stigmas 2. d. Scales obtuse or acute, not aristate, rarely much exceeding the peri- gynia, frequently brown or fuscous. e. Perigynia compressed, green or brownish. f. Pistillate spikes drooping; tips of the perigynia often twisted; culms smooth, from cord-like matted rootstocks; basal sheaths not fibril- loses lower bractushort.. occ ele nes cecrers Sioa ees 44. C. torta f. Pistillate spikes erect; tips of the perigynia not twisted. g. Culms from running rootstocks, nearly smooth; basal sheaths not fibrillose; plant very glaucous, substoloniferous; lower bract exceeding the staminate spike.................. 45. C. aquatilis g. Culms in loose or dense stools, rough; basal sheaths fibrillose; plants green or slightly glaucous, densely cespitose; lower bract not exceeding the staminate spike. h. Lowest pistillate spikes 3-7 cm. long............. 46. C. stricta h. Lowest pistillate spikes 0.5-2.5 cm. long. 46a. C. s., var. curtissima e. Perigynia subglobose, salmon color or golden yellow when mature; (plantlow; slaucous) At aacwsccies tla rote nets ele ere 79. C. aurea d. Scales aristate or subulate-tipped, much longer than the more turgid perigynia, pale; pistillate spikes all peduncled and drooping. e. Perigynia abruptly acute, widely spreading; sheaths smooth; larger leaves 6-8 mm. wide. f. Staminate spike wholly staminate; pistillate spikes 6-10 cm. long; scales abruptly long-awned.................. crores a 47. C. crinita f. Staminate spike usually part pistillate; pistillate spikes 3-5 cm. long; scales from almost awnless to long- and rather abruptly-awned. 47a. C. c., var. minor e. Perigynia gradually acute, ascending; scales gradually aristate; sheaths usually scabrous on back and on the hyaline part; larger leaves 7-11 mm. wide (5 mm. Jin sinall plants). 22... 48. C. gynandra 121 121 121 122 121 122 122 122 128 122 123 123 THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 109 PAGE c. Achenes 3-angled; stigmas 3. d. Perigynia with orifice entire or emarginate, the teeth if present soft. (2d\depAis:) e. Lowest bract evaginate or very nearly so; orifice of the perigynium straight or nearly so. (2d e, p. 110.) f. Perigynia not contracted into a pedicel-like base, beakless but in some cases very acute, if beaked the whole perigynium very scabrous. g. Foliage glabrous but often scabrous. h. Spikes oblong to subglobose, 2 cm. long or less; scales brown or dark brown; perigynia merely apiculate, dull glaucous- green, cellular-papillose. 1. Spikes sessile, the terminal one usually partly pistillate; scales dark, longer than the perigynia............ 49. C. polygama 123 i. Spikes peduncled, drooping, the terminal one wholly staminate. j. Scales long-attenuate, much longer than the perigynia, nar- row, exposing the perigynia; culms cespitose. 50. C. paupercula 123 j. Scales merely acute, as long as or longer than the peri- gynia, broad, concealing the perigynia; culms scattered; plant strongly stoloniferous; leaves generally narrower. 51. C. limosa 123 h. Spikes linear, 2.5-5 cm. long; scales pale; perigynia acute or beaked, pale or bright green. 1. Perigynia acute, scarcely beaked, smooth or only cellular- papillose; leaves 2-5 mm. wide, slightly rough; spikes” Spreadinigy Ol, \dKOOPIN Gas elle eee slielo nies site 52. C. prasina 123 1. Perigynia conspicuously beaked, very scabrous; leaves 6-12 mm. wide, very rough; spikes erect......... 57. C. scabrata 124 g. Foliage, at least the lower sheaths, distinctly pubescent; peri- gynia bright green, not cellular-papillose. h. Perigynia elliptic-oblong, plump, very obtuse, lustrous, many- nerved but not costate; terminal spike wholly staminate. 53. C. pallescens 123 h. Perigynia elliptic-oval or ovoid-oval, slightly flattened at least on the inner face, costate, obtuse or often subacute or even slightly beaked; terminal spike pistillate at summit. i, Perigynia glabrous; spikes 4-5.5 mm. thick. 54. C. triceps, var. hirsuta 124 1. Perigynia pubescent, slightly smaller; spikes 3 mm. thick. j. Spikes linear, attenuate at base, subacute, the lowest ones (12) 15-40 mm. long; perigynia elliptic-oval, costate; anthers 1.5-2.5 mm. long; most of the leaves shorter than thie cull mbes, .iateve everest sess oveveksvotokord eielorsreln Suslearelers 55. C. virescens 124 j. Spikes oblong or oblong-linear, abrupt or rounded at base, obtuse, the lowest ones 5-18 mm. long; perigynia broadly oval; anthers (0.7) 0.9-1.6 mm. long; most of the leaves equaling or exceeding the culm............ 56. C. Swaniti 124 f. Perigynia contracted, stipe-like, and often spongy at base, or if not contracted then conspicuously beaked and smooth. g. Foliage pubescent; leaves 3.5-8 mm. wide; perigynia pubescent. 58. C. pubescens 124 ag. Foliage not hairy. h. Pistillate spikes not drooping; perigynia pubescent (except in some forms of no. 62), 2-4 mm. long; beak rarely exceeding the body in length; plant low. 110 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES PAGE i. Pistillate spikes all near the summit of the culm. j. Leaves 2.5 mm. wide or less. : k. Plant stoloniferous; culms scattered; staminate spike prominent, 10-15 mm. long....... 59. C. pennsylvanica 124 k. Plant cespitose, more slender; staminate spike smaller, S=12 mam elon Pe aresecte em oc cine sins atinterents 60. C. varia 124 j. Leaves 2.5-5.5 mm. wide; plant larger, cespitose. 61. C. communis 125 1. Pistillate spikes mostly half hidden among the densely tufted leaf bases, often also one or two near the staminate spike, rarely all stalked and exserted; leaves 14.5 mm. wide. j. Beak of the perigynium about as long as the body; culms usually 1-15 cm. high, with or without 1-2 pistillate spikes near the staminate spike................ 62. C. umbellata 125 j. Beak of the perigynium relatively broader and only about half the length of the body; culms 1-5 cm. high, usually bearing the staminate spike only. 62a. C. u., var. brevirostris 125 h. Pistillate spikes drooping; perigynia glabrous, 5-6 mm. long; beak very long and slender, much exceeding the body in length; plant 4-9 dm. high; (leaves 3-4 mm. wide). 63. C. longirostris 125 ce. Lowest bract vaginate. f. Perigynia ascending; bracts ascending or erect; basal sheaths pale brown to purple. (2d f, p. 113.) g. Spikes (0.5-4.5 cm. long) erect or ascending, or if strongly drooping the perigynia either puberulent or 35-50-nerved; peri- gynia almost nerveless or 12-50-nerved, dull and glaucous, or lustrous, apex straight or oblique; terminal spike wholly stami- nate, except sometimes in no. 66. (2d g, p. 112.) h. Perigynia sparsely puberulent, strongly contracted and stipitate below the middle, nearly nerveless; scales truncate-aristate, usually purple; spikes scattered, drooping; sheaths with very short blades; staminate: spike and basal sheaths purple. 60. C. pedunculata 125 h. Perigynia glabrous. 1. Leaves 1 mm. wide or more; staminate spike not overtopped by the lower pistillate spikes. (2d i, p. 112.) j. Perigynia sharply triangular, closely 35—-50-nerved. k. Spikes erect, nearly sessile; culms erect or arching. I. Cauline sheaths bladeless, more or less purple-tinged ; basal sheaths and staminate spike purple; leaves 1.5-3 cm. wide, semi-evergreen.......... 67. C. plantaginea 126 1. Cauline sheaths blade-bearing, green. m. Perigynia 5-6.5 mm. long; staminate spike dark; leaves 0.8-1.7 cm. wide, green or slightly glaucous ; basal sheaths usually purple; culms 3-7 dm. high. 68. C. Careyana 126 m. Perigynia 2-4 mm. long; staminate spike pale; leaves 1-3 cm. wide, short, glaucous; basal sheaths pale; culms) 1—3:5ndms higher ecceesee 69. C. platyphylla 126 k. Spikes drooping on filiform peduncles; culms weak, strongly arching; sheaths and stam:nate spike pale. THE FLoRA OF THE CayuGA LAKE BASIN eel PAGE I. Main leaves 6-12 mm. wide, glaucous; perigynia 3-4 mm. long; pistillate spikes bearing 1-2 staminate flowers atthe baseicsc.).<. nee cine oe 70. C. laxiculmis 126 Il. Main leaves 2-5 mm. wide, very green; perigynia 2.5-2.8 mm. long; pistillate spikes without staminate MOWERS: See cnet atie’s slate orcs siamese ste 71. C. digitalis 126 j. Perigynia obtusely triangular, the faces more convex; nerves various. k. Perigynia narrowed or substipitate at base; orifice or beak often more or less oblique; spikes remote or con- tiguous. (2d k, p. l, Perigynia 40—-50-nerved, slender-beaked; scales rough- awned. : m. Sheaths pubescent; perigynia 4-5 mm. long; leaves 3=/ “anit wide; iv eee eres eel eee 72. C. Hitchcockiana 126 . Sheaths glabrous; perigynia 4 mm. long; leaves 224.5 sittin Wide Jo. so veses-< ¢ weeeeea- C. oligocarpa 127 Us Pert 15-30-nerved; scales subtruncate, some apic- ulate. m. Plant stoloniferous; leaves long and narrow; spikes very distant......... PROT eee cites ....81. C. tetanica 128 m. Plant cespitose; leaves shorter and often broader; spikes aggregated or distant. n. Perigynia strongly and often sharply (21) 24-45- nerved. o. Perigynia with a short and rather broad apex or point which is turned more or less to one side. p. Spikes alternately flowered; scales truncate or retuse, muticous, subflabellate at apex; stam- inate spike very ‘slender, inconspicuous, equal- ed or exceeded and often hidden by the ag- gregated pistillate spikes ; culms broad, almost winged, the angles smooth or slightly erose ; bracts broad, erect; leaves very broad (10-40 mm wide) S: ane. se «...-74. C. albursina 127 p. Spikes denser, perigynia much overlapping; scales subtruncate, rounded, or acute, usu- ally cuspidate; staminate spike conspicuous or inconspicuous; culms narrower, less broad- ly margined, the angles more or less erosely or retrorsely serrulate-scabrous; bracts and leaves narrow or sometimes rather broad. q. Basal sheaths brown; foliage pale; bracts usually overtopping the culm; spikes more or less aggregated at summit of culm; scales pale; axis of spikes usually smooth; tip of perigynium either abruptly or only slightly bettacsa cect ecie +: 75. C. blanda 127 q. Basal sheaths purple, but often weathering away; foliage brighter or yellow-green; bracts rarely overtopping the culm; spikes scattered; scales often colored; axis of spikes usually granulose; perigynia more fusiform, the tip more strongly recurved; plant generally more slender. 76. C. laxiflora 127 1 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES PAGE o. Perigynia with a narrow and sharp, more beak- like, straight or only slightly oblique, apex; spikes alternately flowered, not crowded, the staminate spike conspicuous; culms smooth or rarely slightly erose; bracts usually exceeding the culm; basal leaves often broad. 77. C. anceps n. Perigynia obscurely 15-21-nerved, ellipsoidal, the tip slender and straight or slightly oblique, rather abrupt; culms retrorse-scabrous on the angles, rarely almost smooth; foliage deep green; bracts generally surpassing the culm..78. C. leptonervia k. Perigynia rounded at base or at least not stipitate, obtuse at apex; spikes remote. I, Perigynia with 12-24 nerves. m. Plant stoloniferous; spikes loosely flowered; peri- gynia inconspicuously nerved. n. Lower sheaths purple, mostly bladeless; stolons superficial; plants of rich humus in woodlands. 80. C. Woodi n. Lower sheaths pale, mostly blade-bearing ; stolons deep-seated; plants of springy, marly places. 81. C. tetanica m. Plant cespitose; spikes densely flowered; perigynia conspicuously nerved. n. Perigynia plump-ovoid, 1.5-2 mm. in diam. 82. C. granularis n. Perigynia oblong, slightly more pointed, less inflated, 1-1.3 mm. in diam. 82a. C. g., var. Haleana l. Perigynia with 27-50 nerves, oblong to elliptic-ovoid; plant cespitose; spikes densely flowered. m. Leaves green; perigynia 4.5-5 mm. long; larger spikes 5—12-flowered......<0csccepeecss 83. C. grisea m. Leaves very glaucous, firmer; perigynia 3-4 mm. long; larger spikes 15-25-flowered. 84. C. glaucodea i. Leaves capillary; pistillate spikes clustered at summit of stem, and most of them overtopping the minute staminate spike. C. eburnea g. Spikes (0.5-8 cm. long) drooping, or if erect the terminal one partly pistillate; perigynia 5-18-nerved, glabrous, lustrous, apex straight. h. Terminal spike wholly staminate; pistillate spikes drooping ; perigynia very acute or beaked; (sheaths glabrous). i. Spikes 0.5-1.5 cm. long; scales broad and very obtuse; peri- gynia 2-3 (3.5) mm. long; leaves 2 mm. wide; basal sheaths: pale, citcss slecsisieisisiss qawiais esta sie miarsiels 86. C. capillaris 1. Spikes 2-6 cm. long; scales oblong or ovate-lanceolate, sub- acute; perigynia 3-5 mm. long; leaves 3-10 mm. wide; basal sheaths purple. j. Broadest basal leaves 3-5 mm. wide; perigynia much longer than the scales (5 mm. long). .88. C. debilis, var. Rudgei j. Broadest basal leaves 5-10 mm. wide; perigynia slightly exceeding the scales (3-4 mm. long)....... 87. C. arctata 127 127 128 128 128 128 128 129 129 129 129 129 THE FLoRA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN LS PAGE h. cs ip spike partly pistillate (see also no. 88) ; basal sheaths purple. i. Sheaths pubescent; perigynia acute; spikes ascending or SPCAGUIIO) =" eye ore,. lors, e/otsvosters: shaisintels eisie > esto were: 89. C. aestivalis 130 7. Sheaths glabrous; perigynia obtuse; spikes usually drooping. 90. C. gracillima 130 f. Perigynia widespread or reflexed, especially the beak; bracts divari- cate; basal sheaths brown; (spikes subglobose or oblong, sessile or nearly so). g. Perigynia 2-3 mm. long, greenish, the beak much shorter than the body ; spikes oblong, 4-8 mm. in diam. .91. C. Oederi, var. pumila 130 g. Perigynia 4-6 mm. long, yellow when ripe, the beak equaling the body ; spikes subglobose, 8-15 mm. in diam. h. Perigynia 5-6 mm. long; scales and tips of the pore brown; LCAVESH2—OmMiIMa WiGeus cr atyctetreye cis Syaltjereke Sloessicte ese G. flava 130 h. Perigynia 4 mm. long; scales and tips of the pees pale; leaves: J=3 amma wide cor arats 2c soeistesctels cinlarsies 93. C. cryptolepis 130 d. Perigynia with orifice rigidly bidentate. e. Perigynia pubescent; plant stoloniferous; (staminate spikes usually more than 1; pistillate spikes scattered). f. Teeth of the perigynia less than 1 mm. long; perigynia broadly ovoid, short-beaked. g. Leaves very narrow, involute-filiform........... 94. C. lasiocarpa 130 g. Leaves broader, flat, 2-5 mm. wide............ 95. C. lanuginosa 130 f. Teeth of the perigynia more than 1 mm. long; perigynia ovoid or ovoid-lanceolate, the beak nearly as long as the body. g. Plant hairy; staminate scales hairy; perigynia ovoid; culms obtusely man sleds ac ex: c0s Wate nesteioveicicio: cxs\oitue ler cna ove 96. C. hirta 131 g. Plant not hairy; staminate scales not hairy; perigynia lanceolate or ovoid-lanceolate; culms acutely angled.....97. C. trichocarpa i31 e. Perigynia not hairy, usually large and inflated; plant stoloniferous or cespitose. f. Staminate spikes 2 or more (in no. 101 only the upper 1 or 2 wholly staminate) ; scales of the pistillate spikes not rough-awned but often very acute. g. Perigynia spindle- shaped, scarcely inflated, firm; plant stolonif- ELOUS« ctstercierstoieewe seis lereielal acvelelcieleys sles 98. C. riparia, var. lacustris 131 g. Perigynia ovoid, inflated and papery. h. Leaves 3-5 mm. wide; plant cespitose; culms sharply angled, not spongy-thickened at base; sheaths not nodulose; spikes erect, scattered; perigynia ascending. 1. Perigynia 4 mm. thick or less....99. C. vesicaria, var. monile 131 4 Pericynia 5—6.5) mins thicken. 4.0.04--- 100. C. Tuckermani 131 h. Leaves 4-10 mm. wide; plant cespitose; culms acutely angled, not spongy-thickened; sheaths scarcely nodulose; spikes spreading ; lower perigynia reflexed (see also 3d h). £.- Spikes) CONE UOUSY oc se ciaetscisleetee «ais cess Sets 101. C. retrorsa 131 i. Spikes distant, the lower ones peduncled, all more slender. 10la. C. 7., var. Bradleyi 132 h. Leaves 4-12 mm. wide; plant stoloniferous ; culms scattered, obtusely angled, spongy at base; sheaths nodulose; spikes erect, scattered, dense; perigynia spreading but not reflexed, shorter than in the last-mentioned species. 114 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES PAGE i. Perigynia abruptly beaked, 3-6 mm. long; pistillate spikes 6=12 mim. Hicks secs oan caak Meee on eee eae 102. C. rostrata 132 1. Perigynia more gradually beaked, 5-10 mm. long; pistillate spikes 10-20 mm. thick........... 102a. C. r., var. utriculata 132 f. Staminate spike solitary; scales of the pistillate spikes often rough- awned; plant cespitose. g. Perigynia lanceolate or conic-subulate, slightly inflated, 10-15 mm. long; spikes scattered; leaves 9-14 mm. wide, yellowish STEER isk eee OR ier ee eee 103. C. folliculata g. Perigynia ovoid-lanceolate or ovoid, more inflated and papery; spikes more nearly contiguous; leaves 3-9 (12 in no. 105) mm. wide, green. h. Perigynia 4-8 mm. long; pistillate spikes spreading or droop- ing, the scales rough-awned. i. Teeth 0.5 mm. long or more; perigynia more or less reflexed, slightly inflated, strongly and closely 15-20-ribbed; (spikes drooping). j. Teeth erect or spreading, 0.5-I mm. long; perigynia 4-5 mm. long; beak shorter than the body. 104. C. Pseudo-Cyperus j. Teeth recurved, 1.2-2 mm. long; perigynia 6 mm. long; beak equaling or longer than the body..105. C. comosa i. Teeth 0.5 mm. long or less; perigynia spreading. j. Perigynia 15-20-nerved, 6 mm. long, moderately inflated, widely spreading; spikes subtruncate at base; staminate Scalesmawneds jsiieicccicisiewie sree ans 106. C. hystericina jy. Perigynia 8-10-nerved; beak less toothed. k. Spikes elongated-cylindrical, 3-7 cm. long, 8-13 mm. thick, tapering and abortively flowered at base; peri- gynia 5 mm. long, about 8-nerved, moderately inflated ; staminate scales awnless........... 107. C. Schweinitzi k. Spikes cylindrical, 1.5-6 cm. long, 15-20 mm. thick, sub- truncate at base; perigynia 7-8 mm. long, 10-nerved, much inflated; staminate scales rough-awned. 108. C. lurida h. Perigynia 10-17 mm. long, papery-inflated (less inflated in no. 110a) ; pistillate spikes erect or ascending, the scales awned or awnless. i. Perigynia ascending. j. Pistillate spikes oblong, many-flowered, very large and heavy. k. Pistillate spikes approximate, clustered about the sessile Staminate spikevi.e. Sas was sis preemies 109. C. lupulina k. Pistillate spikes scattered, some or all peduncled; stami- nate spike more conspicuous, usually peduncled; peri- gynia more spreading...... 109a. C. L., var. pedunculata j. Pistillate spikes globose or short-ovoid, 1—-13-flowered. k. Perigynia 5-8 mm. thick, 10-15 mm. long. 110. C. intumescens k. Perigynia 3-5 mm. thick, 12-17 mm. long. 110a. C. 2., var. Fernaldu i. Perigynia radiating in all directions from a common center ; spikes: Slobose i ass staie aes this cope ee eae 111. C. Grayu _ ie) bo 132 132 132 133 133 133 133 133 is 134 THE FiLora OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 5 Subgenus 1. Primocarex 1. GC. leptalea Wahl. (C. polytrichoides of Cayuga FI.) Boggy and springy places; common. June. Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Pa., Fla., La., Tex., Colo., and Oreg.; frequent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 2. C. pauciflora Lightf. In the sphagnum of acid peat bogs; rare. June. McLean Bogs (D.!); Malloryville Bog; sphagnum clumps, Mud Creek, Free- ville; Junius (Sartwell). Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Conn., Pa., Mich., Minn., and Wash. [C. gynocrates Wormsk. Swamps, Savannah, Wayne Co. (Sartwell in Herb. Hamilton Coll.), according to Paine’s Flora of Oneida Co., N. Y. Not seen since.] Subgenus 2. Vigna Section 1. Acroarrhenae 3. C. stipata Muhl. Meadows and the borders of bogs, in rich, slightly acid or neutral, soils; very common. June. Newf. to B. C., southw. to Fla., Tenn., Mo., N. Mex., and Calif., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 4. C. laevivaginata (Kuken.) Mackenzie. Boggy meadows and springy places; frequent. June. Enfield Glen; hillside n. of Caroline Center; Ellis Hollow Swamp; border of Mud Pond, McLean Bogs; Mud Creek, Freeville; Big Gully. Mass tos Nia, Yo and NeG: The strongest of the characters cited by Fernald (Rhodora 17: 231. 1915) appears to be the length of the perigynium (5-7 mm. long in C. laevivaginata, 4 mm. long in C. stipata). The truncate firm upper border of the sheath is a good character also. The lack of puckering in the sheath is fairly constant, the sheath in C. laevivaginata being occasionally puckered, while in C. stipata the puckering is sometimes absent. The leaves of C. laevivaginata do not seem to be narrower than those of C. stipata, as stated by Fernald. 5. C. conticuA Hoppe. (See Bul. Torr. Bot. Club 50: 346. 1923. C. muricata of Amer. authors.) Dry sandy fields and roadsides, mostly in calcareous or saline localities; rare. June. Streets artd lawns, East Hill, Ithaca, and C. U. campus; shore of Cayuga Lake at Howland Point; Stone Mill, Union Springs; n. e. of Montezuma village. First col- lected in 1918, at Howland Point. S. Me. to Ohio, southw. to Va. Naturalized from Eu. 6. C. retroflexa Muhl. Dry rocky and stony soil of weathered residual sandstone; scarce. June. Upper terrace, South Hill; s. of Van Natta Dam, Six Mile Creek; n. w. of Eddy Dam (D.); Renwick slope and McKinney slope; Esty Glen; Taughannock Gorge. eee to Mich., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; apparently rare or absent on the Coastal ain. 7. C. convoluta Mackenzie. (Bul. Torr. Bot. Club 43: 423. 1916. C. rosea of Gray’s Man., ed. 7, and of Cayuga FI.) Dry grassy banks and woods, on rich sandy, gravelly, or stony soils, in acid and apparently also in calcareous regions; frequent. May 25—-June 20, 116 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES Hilltop, Newfield-Ithaca town line; South Hill; Six Mile Creek; Fall Creek; slope of Cayuga Lake, Ithaca to Aurora; Summer Hill; Black Brook, Tyre; appar- ently rare or infrequent on the hills and in the McLean region. Me. to Man., southw. to Ga., Kans., and Mo.; scarce on the Coastal Plain. Mackenzie’s treatment (I. c.) of C. rosea and its relatives has been found satis- factory for the local plants, though some measurements and the emphasis on certain characters have been changed. The three species seem abundantly distinct. 8. C. rosea Schk. Damp grassland in woods and around swamps, apparently chiefly in calcareous regions; scarce. May 25—June 25. Michigan Hollow Swamp; Beech Woods, Six Mile Creek; hills n. e. of Caroline; around McLean Bogs; arbor vitae swamp e. of Clyde; Lowery Ponds. Que. to N. Dak., southw. to Ga. and La., invading the Coastal Plain. 9. C. radiata (Wahl.) Small. Dry scrubby hillsides and thickets, in gravelly or somewhat sandy, not clearly calcareous, soils; apparently rare. June (10)20-July 30. N. of Caroline Center, and in the narrows between Slaterville and Caroline Center (A. J. E., K. M. W., & L. F. Randolph). Me. to N. Y. and Ky., southw. to N. C. and Tenn., chiefly in the mts. The C. rosea, var. radiata and var. minor, of Gray’s Man., ed. 7, were each com- posed of both C. rosea and C. radiata as here interpreted. It is impossible to deter- mine the var. minor and the var. radiata of Dudley’s Cayuga Flora. 10. C. Muhlenbergii Schk., var. enervis Boott. (C. plana Mackenzie.) Dry residual soil derived from sandstone rocks and mixed with some clay; rare. June. Cliff crests s. of Esty Glen. S. Me. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. The characters given by Mackenzie (see Bul. Torr. Bot. Club 50:350. 1923) to separate this as a species from true C. Muhlenbergii do not all seem to hold true. The form does not appear to be specifically distinct. The most distinctive characters are a thinner-walled, less nerved, and more silvery perigynium, and thinner scales. The soil in which this variety grows here is heavier than the very light sand in which C. Muhlenbergtt is usually found, but it is not markedly calcareous. 11. C. cephalophora Muhl. Dry rocky exposed banks, in stony noncalcareous soils over sandstone and shale; common. June. Especially frequent about Ithaca, along the slopes of Cayuga Lake; rare in the McLean region. Me. to Ont. and Man., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; frequent on the Coastal Plain. Similar to the two species next following, but the leaves are narrower, and the ae short, and broad perigynia of the dense head are scarcely longer than the scales. 12. C. cephaloidea Dewey. (C. sparganioides, var. minor, of Cayuga FI., probably.) Damp thickets, banks, rich wooded slopes, and alluvial woodlands, in calcareous regions; frequent. June. West Danby road, just s. of Enfield Creek; n. of Lick Brook; Six Mile Creek, opposite Beech Woods; Waterburg; Fall Creek; Taughannock Gorge; Salmon Creek, n. of Ludlowville; wet meadow n. e. of Freeville; Summer Hill; and else- where. N. B. to Wis., southw. to Pa.; chiefly or entirely inland. THE FLorA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 117 Frequently confused with the species next following, from which it differs in the more yellow-green color, short dense inflorescence, narrower perigynia, and shorter scales (perigynia narrowly ovate; beak about as long as the body; scale shorter than the body). 13. C. sparganioides Muhl. Rich wooded slopes, mostly in calcareous regions; frequent. June. Michigan Hollow; Inlet Valley slopes; Six Mile Creek; McGowan Woods; Mud Creek woods; McLean; Salmon Creek ravine; Paine Creek; Big Gully; w. of How- land Island; and elsewhere. N. H. to Ont., southw. to Va. and Mo.; apparently absent on the Coastal Plain. 14. C. alopecoidea Tuckerm. Ditches and meadows, in gravelly calcareous regions; scarce. June. Spencer Lake; near East Ithaca station (D.!); e. of Freeville (D.); near Marl Creek, Cortland (D.); Myers Point (D. in C. U. Herb.); n. of Ludlowville -(F. C. Curtice) ; Taughannock Point; glen one mile s. of Willets; Union Springs; Frontenac Island (D.); West Junius (D.). Me. to Ont. and Mich., southw. to Pa. and Ill.; absent in granitic N. E. and along the coast. 15. C. vulpinoidea Michx. Open swales and meadows, in both calcareous and noncalcareous sails; common, and generally distributed. July. . Newf. to Man., southw. to Fla., La., Nebr., and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. 16. C. annectens Bickn. (See Bul. Torr. Bot. Club 23:23. 1896. Britton & Brown’s Ill. Fl., ed. 2, 1: 369. 1913. C. setacea Dewey, var. ambigua (Bar- ratt) Fernald.) Dry or damp sandy acid soils; rare. July. South Hill Marsh, with Prunus susquehanae and Lyonia ligustrina; e. of Slaterville Swamp, abundant; hilltops s. w. of Dryden Lake and n. and w. of Caroline Center ; n. e. of Montezuma village. Me. to N. Y. and Md., mostly on the Coastal Plain; also in Iowa and Mo. This species differs from C. wulpinoidea in the shorter leaves and the broader, shorter-beaked perigynia, the beak being shorter than the body. l6a. C. annectens Bickn., var. xanthocarpa (Bickn.) Wiegand. (See Rhodora 24:74. 1922.) In situations similar to the preceding; rare. Sedgy field e. of Slaterville Swamp, 1919. W. N. H. and cent. Conn. to Ill. and Iowa, southw. to Va., Ohio, and Mo. 17. C. diandra Schrank. (C. teretiuscula of Cayuga FI.) Very wet places in marl bogs, and on the shores of marl ponds; scarce. June. Summit Marsh; Larch Meadow (D.); Fleming Meadow; Freeville Bog (D.!) ; Mud Pond, McLean Bogs (D.!); Lake Como (Locke Pond, D.). Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Conn., Pa., Mich., Nebr., and B. C.; rare on the Atlan- tic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. 18. C. prairea Dewey. (See Britton & Brown’s Ill. Fl., ed. 2, 1: 370. 1913. C. teretiuscula, var. major, of Cayuga Fl. C. ¢., var. ramosa, of authors. C. diandra, var. ramosa, of Gray’s Man., ed. 7. In situations and soils similar to the last-named; scarce. June. Larch Meadow; Fleming Meadow; Mud Pond, McLean Bogs; Lake Como; Spring Lake; Lowery and Newton Ponds. E. Que. to B. C., southw. to Conn., Pa., Ky., Ill, Minn., and Utah; apparently absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 118 KarL M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES A. sufficiently well-marked species, differing from the last-named in the looser nodding inflorescence, the longer, browner, more lanceolate perigynia (2.5-3.5. mm. long) which are flat or concave on the inner face, and the longer scales (3 mm. long) which give the spikes a chaffy appearance. C. diandra has a strict bristly inflorescence, with short (2 mm. long), less conspicuous scales, and with more evident perigynia, 2-2.5 mm. long, bright, dark-colored, and ovoid, with convex inner faces. 19. C. decomposita Muhl. “Junius,” Sartwell in Herb. (D.); not seen there since. N. Y. to Mich., southw. to Fla. and La.; apparently absent on the Coastal Plain. 20. C. Sartwellii Dewey. (C. disticha of Cayuga FI.) Marl bogs; rare. June. “Junius” (Sartwell) ; Lowery Ponds (D.!); n. of Montezuma village. Cent. N. Y. to B. C., southw. to Ohio, Ill., Ark., Iowa, and Utah. 21. C. chordorrhiza Ehrh. Peat bogs and boggy shores; very rare. Junius (“Sartwell in C. U. Herb., also in Herb. Ham. Coll. and Cat. of 1844’ D., also Sartwell in Gray Herb.); not found since. Reported from about nine other stations in N. Y. State. Que. to B. C., southw. to Me., Vt., Pa., Ill., and Iowa. Found also in Eurasia. Section 2. Hyparrhenae Subsection A. Elongatae 22. C. Deweyana Schwein. Dry or damp woodlands, in humus, probably only in calcareous regions; frequent. June-July 15. Spencer; Newfield; n. of Enfield Falls; Six Mile Creek; McGowan Woods; s. of Waterburg; e. of Ludlowville; s. e. corner of Dryden; Mud Creek, Freeville; McLean Woods; Black Brook, Tyre; and elsewhere. Que. to B. C., southw. to Pa., Mich., Wis., and Ariz.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 23. C. bromoides Schk. Swales and meadows about swamps, in more or less calcareous soils; common. June. Michigan Hollow Swamp (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; Fall Creek (F. C. Curtice in C. U. Herb.) ; Indian Spring marsh; Freeville (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; Mud Creek, Free- ville; near Mud Pond, McLean Bogs; near Ludlowville; Howland Island; and else- where. N. S. to Ont. and Mich., southw. to Fla. and La.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. 24. C. tenella Schk. ; Mossy marl bogs and springs; frequent. May 20—June. Key Hill swamp; Michigan Hollow Swamp; South Hill Marsh; Caroline Depot bog; Ellis Hollow; Fir Tree Swamp, Freeville; Mud Creek, Freeville; Beaver Brook. Newf. to B. C., southw. to n. N. J., Pa., Mich., Colo., and Calif.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. 25. C. trisperma Dewey. Among shrubs in and around peat bogs; frequent. June. Spruce Swamp, Enfield (D.); Freeville; Woodwardia Bog; Malloryville Bog; McLean Bogs; Junius peat bogs; Duck Lake; and elsewhere. THE FLORA OF THE CayuGA LAKE BASIN 119 Newf. to Sask., southw. to Md., the Great Lakes, and Nebr., including the Coastal Plain. The narrow-leaved extreme form (var. Billingsii Knight) occurs at Junius. 26. C. canescens L. (Including var. subloliacea Laestad.) Peat bogs; infrequent. June. Freeville, n. of village; McLean Bogs; Junius peat bogs; and elsewhere. Lab. to B. C., southw. to Conn., Va., Ohio, and in the Rocky Mts. to N. Mex. (?), including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. 26a. C. canescens L., var. disjuncta Fernald. In situations similar to the preceding; apparently rare. June. South Hill Marsh. Lab. to Wis., southw. to Pa. and Ohio. 27. C. brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. (C. canescens, var. vitilis, of Cayuga FI.) Meadows and springy places, in calcareous soils; infrequent. June. Michigan Hollow Swamp (D.!); Spruce Swamp, Enfield (D.); Dryden-Lansing Swamp (D.); Freeville Bog (D.); borders of McLean Bogs (D.!); open pasture, Beaver Brook. Lab. and Newf. to B. C., southw. to N. C., Mich., and in the Rocky Mts.; ap- parently absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eu. This species differs from the last preceding one in the very slender green leaves, few-flowered spikes, and narrower, more beaked perigynia, which are more spreading at maturity. [C. arcta Boott. A plant from a swale at s. edge of woods n. e. of Etna station (A. Gershoy) seems to be this species, but is too young for certain determination. Found in Cortland Co.] 28. C. sterilis Willd. (C. sterilis, in part probably, of Cayuga FI.) Marl bogs; rare. June. “Junius” (Sartwell in Gray Herb.) ; Newton and Lowery Ponds. Newf. and Que. to Minn., southw. to n. N. J. and n. Pa. Not recognized in Gray’s Man., ed. 7, the plant so called being C. atlantica Bailey. 29. C. interior Bailey. (C. scirpoides of Gray’s Man., ed. 7. C. echinata, var. microcarpa, of Cayuga FI.) Borders of peat bogs, and apparently also in marl; common. June. Summit Marsh; headwaters of Inlet; Larch Meadow; Freeville Bog; McLean Bogs; Junius peat bogs; Spring Lake; and elsewhere. Lab. and Newf. to Hudson Bay and B. C., southw. to n. N. J., N. Y., Mo., and n. Calif.; apparently also on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 30. C. Howei Mackenzie. (C. scirpoides, var. capillacea, of Gray’s Man., ed. 7.) In sphagnum bogs; scarce. June. Ringwood; Freeville Bog; Junius; Westbury Bog. N. S. and N. H. to N. J. and Md., and in cent. N. Y.; mostly coastal. 31. C. incomperta Bickn. (C. sterilis, in part; of Gray’s Man., ed. 7.) Boggy noncalcareous places; rare. June South Hill Marsh (with C. folliculata), 1919. [Also in Oswego Co.] N. H. to Ga., Miss., and Tex., also in cent. N. Y., Ind., and Tenn.; chiefly coastal. Most central New York specimens heretofore named “C. Atlantica” and “C. sterilis” are of this species. 120 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 32. C. muricata L. (See Bul. Torr. Bot. Club 50: 346. 1923. Rhodora 19: 154. 1917. C. stellulata, vars. excelsior and cephalantha, of Gray’s Man., ed. 7. C. echinata of Cayuga FI.) Swales about bogs and in meadows, especially on gravelly soils; scarce. June 20—- July. Summit Marsh; meadow w. of Woodwardia Bog; Freeville Bog. Newf. to Wis., southw. to D. C. and N. Y., including the Coastal Plain. The form found here is var. cephalantha, not the typical form of Eu. Subsection B. Ovales 33. C. tribuloides Wahl. (C. lagopodioides of Cayuga FI.) Meadows, ditches, and on the borders of pools, in various soils; not uncommon. July. N. B. to Sask., southw. to Fla. and Ariz.; apparently infrequent on the Coastal Plain. 33a. C. tribuloides Wahl., var. turbata Bailey. Borders of swamps; occasional. July. Michigan Hollow Swamp; and elsewhere. Range same as that of the species. 34. C. projecta Mackenzie. (See Bul. Torr. Bot. Club 35:264. 1908. C. tribuloides, var. reducta Bailey. C. lagopodioides, var. moniliformis, of Cayuga FI.) Swales, ditches, and meadows, mostly in gravelly, not clearly acid, regions; frequent. June—July. Spencer Lake; Michigan Hollow (D.); Slaterville Swamp; Freeville Bog; McLean Bogs (D.!) ; Chicago Bog; swamps in Conquest; and elsewhere. Newf. to N. Dak., southw. to D. C. and Ill.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 35. C. cristata Schwein. Marshes, swales, and along streams, in rich alluvial and more or less calcareous or saline soils; common. June 20-Aug. 10. Michigan Hollow Swamp; s. of Caroline Depot; McLean district; marshes and gravelly points along Cayuga Lake; Montezuma salt flats; Westbury marl meadow; and elsewhere. E. Mass. and Vt. to B. C., southw. to Va. and Mo.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 36. C. mirabilis Dewey. (C. cristata, var. mirabilis, of Cayuga FI.) Damp grassland, along roadsides and borders of woods and in thickets, in various heavy nonacid soils; frequent. June. Brook n. e. of Spencer Lake; Lick Brook and Inlet Valley s.; South Hill (D.); Cascadilla woods; Cayuga Heights, often abundant; Renwick (D.); Malloryville; near Esty Glen; s. of Waterburg; s. w. of Mecklenburg; Union Springs; w. of Howland Isiand. ; Que. (?) and Me. to Man., southw. to N. C. and Mo.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 37. C. scoparia Schk. Low, often exsiccated, grounds, in various soils; very common. June 20—July. Newif. to Sask. and Oreg., southw. to Fla. and Colo., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 37a. C. scoparia Schk., var. condensa Fernald. (Var. intermedia of Cayuga FI.?) In situations similar to the preceding; occasional. THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 121 Summit Marsh (D.); w. of Key Hill; Fleming Meadow (D.); Ringwood; state road between McLean Bogs and South Cortland; and probably elsewhere. Newf. to Ont., southw. to Conn. 37b. C. scoparia Schk., var. moniliformis Tuckerm. In situations similar to the preceding; occasional. Pasture on South Hill; Caroline Center; near Slaterville Swamp; Mud Creek, Freeville. . Range about the same as that of the species. 38. C. Crawfordii Fernald. Swales and exsiccated places; apparently rare. June 20-July. S. w. of Duck Lake. Newf. to B. C., southw. to n. Conn., N. Y., and Mich., apparently including the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain. 39. C. Bebbii Olney. Swales and exsiccated places in meadows and pastures, in gravelly or somewhat clayey nonacid soils; frequent. June 20—July. Michigan Hollow; Stewart Park; Freeville Bog; Mud Creek, Freeville; Mud Pond, McLean Bogs; East Genoa; between Willets and Paine Creek; Junius marl ponds; Tyre; Montezuma; and elsewhere. Newf. to n. Minn., B. C., and Alaska (?), southw. to N. J., Ill., and Colo.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain and in granitic N. E. 40. C. tenera Dewey. (See Bul. Torr. Bot. Club 42: 606. 1915. C. straminea of Gray’s Man., ed. 7. C. s., var. tenera, of Cayuga FI.) Damp grassland in fields and by roadsides, in rocky or stony, mostly sterile, and somewhat acid, soils; frequent. June. Top of hill e. of Inlet s. of Lick Brook; South Hill (D.!); Six Mile Creek; n. end of Parkway, Cayuga Heights, abundant; near Esty Glen; Taughannock Point; s. w. of Waterburg; river thickets s. w. of Clyde; apparently absent in the McLean district and on the Ontario plain. . N. B. to B. C., southw. to N. J., Ky., Ark., and Calif.; occasional on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. “Olney’s forma erecta of this species,’ of the Cayuga Flora, may be C. brevior. Dudley’s C. straminea, var. festucacea Carey, cannot be identified. 40a. ethane Dewey, var. echinodes (Fernald) Wiegand. (See Rhodora 26: 2. Sandy woods; rare. Farley Point, 1918 (A. J. E. & A. Gershoy). Vt. to Mich., southw. to N. Y. and Iowa. ‘ In addition to having the divaricate perigynia as described for var. echinodes in Gray’s Man., ed. 7, this specimen and some others in the Gray Herbarium have dis- tinctly larger perigynia. 41. C. brevior (Dewey) Mackenzie. (See Bul. Torr. Bot. Club 42: 605. 1915. C. festucacea, var. brevior (Dewey) Fernald. C. straminea of Cayuga FI.) Grassy openings about woods and thickets, in sandy, gravelly, or somewhat heavier, sterile subacid soils; scarce. June. Top of hill e. of Inlet, Newfield-Ithaca town line; South Hill (D.!); n. end of Parkway, Cayuga Heights; near Esty Glen; Taughannock Gorge (D.!); crests of Salmon Creek ravine s. of Genoa; Union Springs; Frontenac Island (D.); n. e. of Montezuma village; and elsewhere. N. B. (?) and Me. to B. C., southw. to Fla. and Ark.; scarce on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 122 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES . Mackenzie’s use of the names C. straminea and C. brevior seems sound; though the matter has not been critically reviewed. 42. C. foenea Willd. (C. adusta of Cayuga FI.) Dry open stony places and on ledges of sandstone, apparently in noncalcareous soils; rare. June. Taft Hill (D.) ; hill 14 miles n. of Caroline Center; Thatcher Pinnacles. Me. to B. C., southw. to Md.; infrequent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 434 C}alata’ Vor: Swales and marshes, in mucky soils; locally common. June 25-July 10. Confined chiefly to the Ontario plain, and there probably influenced by the brackish conditions: Mud Pond, McLean Bogs; Salt Pond w. of Howland Island; Crusoe Prairie; Westbury Bog; Mud Pond, Conquest; Duck Lake; very common near Tyre; salt fields n. e. of Montezuma village; Montezuma Marshes (D.) ; Junius. N. H. to Mich. and Fla., mostly along the coast. Subgenus 3. Eucarex 44. C. torta Boott. Close to rapidly running water in gravelly or stony soils along streams, and in other gravelly wet places in calcareous regions; frequent in nearly all the principal ravines. May. E. Que. to Minn., southw. to N. C. and Mo.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 45. C. aquatilis Wahl. Marl meadows and marly swales; scarce. June—July 15. Larch Meadow (D.); Dryden Lake (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; McLean Bogs (D.!); border of Chicago Bog; Lake Como (Locke Pond, F. L. Kilborne in C. U. Herb.) ; Union Springs (D.) ; Newton Ponds; marshes, Tyre; Miller Bog, Spring Lake. Lab. to Alaska, southw. to D. C., Ind., Tex., and in the western mts. Found also in Eurasia. This species differs from C. stricta in the stoloniferous habit, nonfibrous lower sheaths, glaucous color, smooth culms, and foliaceous lower bract ‘which much overtops the staminate spike. All the specimens from this region have broader leaves, less firm lower sheaths, and paler scales, than material from Newfoundland and Canada, and are probably C. substricta Mackenzie. All the American material seen has acutely angled culms. 46. C. stricta Lam. (Including var. angustata (Boott) Bailey.) Tussock SEDGE. Low mucky meadows, swales, and the borders of marshes; common. June—July 15. Newf. to Ont. and Nebr., southw. to Ga. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. This species is variable in length and width of spikes, in shape of perigynia, and in length, apex, and color of the scales. Some of these variations are apparently due to degree of maturity. The most extreme form has been separated as var. curtissima, but this does not appear to be uniform. So far, it has not been possible to correlate the central New York material with Mackenzie’s treatment of the group (Bul. Torr. Bot. Club 42: 405. 1915). The local forms of this species should receive further study. 46a. C. stricta Lam., var. curtissima Peck. In situations similar to the preceding; scarce. Springy places along Fall Creek near Roger Corner. N. B. to Conn. and N. Y. 47. C. crinita Lam. Wet places in various soils, principally along streams and shores; common. June. Newf. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. THE FLORA OF THE CAyuGA LAKE BASIN 123 47a. C. crinita Lam., var. minor Boott. In situations similar to the preceding or somewhat drier; rare. W. shore of pond at Mecklenburg, 1918 (A. Gershoy) ; specimen in C. U. Herb., doubtfully from Ithaca (ex herb. T. J. Moon). [This variety occurs near by in Cortland Co.] Me. to N. Y., and perhaps elsewhere. 48. C. gynandra Schwein. (C. crinita, var. gynandra, of Gray’s Man., ed. 7.) Wet places, more commonly around bogs; infrequent. June 20—July 10. S. e. corner of Newfield; between Slaterville and Dryden; Freeville Bog and Fir Tree Swamp, Freeville (D.!). Newf. to Wis., southw. to Va., including the Coastal Plain, and in the mts. to Ga. In central New York, C. gynandra appears to be distinct from C. crinita. If so con- sidered, then C. crinita, var. Porteri, should probably be treated as a variety of C. gynandra. Weatherby (Rhodora 25:19. 1923) retains C. gynandra as a variety of C. crinita. 49. C. polygama Schk. (C. Buxbaumii of Cayuga FI.) Boggy meadows and springy places, in calcareous, often marly, soils; rare. June. Junius (Sartwell) ; Junius marl bogs (D.!). Greenland (?) and Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Pa., the Great Lakes, Mo., Utah, and Calif., and in the mts. to N. C.; rare on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 50. C. paupercula Michx. (C. magellanica of Cayuga FI.) Bogs, with some lime; rare. June 10—July 15. Freeville Bog (D.!) ; Lowery Ponds; bog n. e. of Duck Lake; Westbury Bog. Newf. to Lab. and B. C., southw. to Conn., Pa., and Utah; apparently absent in granitic N. E. and on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. The var. irrigua (Wahl.) Fernald is scarcely worthy of recognition. 51. C. limosa L. Peat bogs, in acid soil; scarce. June—July 10. Freeville Bog (D.!) ; Malloryville Bog (D.!) ; Junius peat bogs (D.!) ; near Mud Pond, Conquest; Featherbed Bog. Lab. and Newf. to Sask. and B. C., southw. to Pa., the Great Lakes, Colo., and Calif.; infrequent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eu. 52. C. prasina Wahl. (C. miliacea of Cayuga FI.) Damp woods and glades, in alluvial or mucky, neutral or slightly calcareous, soils; frequent. May 20—June 20. Common in Michigan Hollow Swamp; Larch Meadow; Slaterville Swamp; Ellis Hollow; Ringwood; and elsewhere. W. Me. to Mich., southw. to Del., D. C., and Ohio, and along the mts. to Ga.; rare on the Coastal Plain. 53. C. pallescens L. Damp fields and grassy banks, in sandy, gravelly, or loamy, mostly neutral, soils; locally common. June. Widely distributed except on the more acid soils and the richer soils back from the shore of Cayuga Lake; rarely in “clay” as stated by Dudley. Newf. to Wis., southw. to N. J., Pa., and Ill.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. The form with undulate sheaths (var. undulata Carey) occurs near Malloryville and Turkey Hill, according to Dudley. 124 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 54. C. triceps Michx., var. hirsuta (Willd.) Bailey. (C. triceps of Cayuga FI.) j Damp or dry sandy, gravelly, or stony, neutral or somewhat acid, soils; scarce. une. The narrows between Slaterville and Caroline Center; near South Hill Marsh (D.!) ; Bald Hill, Ithaca; near Bear Swamp (form, D.); Esty Glen; near Ludlow- ville (H. B. Lord) ; Utt Point. Me. to s. Ont. and Mich., southw. to Fla. and Tex. Primarily a coastal plant, extending inland around the Great Lakes. 55. C. virescens Muhl. (C. v., var. elliptica, of Cayuga FI.) ae open woods and banks, in gravelly, somewhat calcareous, soils; scarce. June 15—July. ; Near Summit Marsh (D.) ; Newfield Glen; Caroline hills; Six Mile Creek (D.!) ; McGowan Woods; near Etna (D.); Ringwood; Ovid (D.) ; Montezuma. S. Me. to s. Ont., southw. to Ga. and Ky., except on the Coastal Plain. 56. C. Swanii (Fernald) Mackenzie. (C. virescens of Cayuga FI.) Damp grassy pastures, banks, and borders of woods, in gravelly neutral or slightly acid soils; frequent. June 15—July. Enfield Glen (D.) ; near Danby (D.) ; the narrows between Slaterville and Caroline Center; South Hill Marsh; near Etna (D.); Freeville (D.!); near McLean Bogs; w. shore of Cayuga Lake, near Marions (D.). N. S. to Mich., southw. to N. C., Tenn., and Mo., including the Coastal Plain. 57. C. scabrata Schwein. Springy places in meadows and thickets, in mucky, more or less calcareous, soils; frequent. June 15—July. Michigan Hollow; w. of Key Hill; n. w. of Enfield Falls; e. of West Danby; South Hill; n. of Buttermilk Glen; Coy Glen; Six Mile Creek; Ellis Hollow; s. w. of Ringwood; McLean Bogs; Beaver Brook; n. e. of Perry City; Paine Creek; and elsewhere. E. Que. to Ont. and Mich., southw. to Pa. and Ohio, and in the mts. to S. C. and Tenn. ; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 58. C. pubescens Muhl. Alluvial thickets, in nonacid soils; frequent. June—July 15. Enfield Glen (D.); Six Mile Creek (D.!); McGowan Woods (D.); Freeville (D.); Beaver Brook; region of McLean Bogs; Taughannock Gorge (D.!); Paine Creek (D.) ; and elsewhere. N. S. to N. Dak., southw. to n. N. J., Ky., and Kans.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 59. C. pennsylvanica Lam. i Dry banks and open woods, in sandy or gravelly .acid soils; common. May 10- June 10. On the light noncalcareous soils w., s., and s. e. of Ithaca, on the stony soils along the slopes of Cayuga Lake and on the ravine crests, and on the sandy soil n. of the lake; more local in the gravels of the McLean district; rare on the clays and richer soils back from the lake shores. N. B. to Alberta, southw. to N. C. and Tenn.; common on the Coastal Plain. 60. C. varia Muhl. (C. Emmonsii of Cayuga FI.) In situations similar to the preceding, but in richer soil; frequent. May—June 20. Foot of hill at Lick Brook; Cascadilla Creek; Fall Creek; Renwick slope; glen one mile s. of Willets; w. of Howland Island; and elsewhere. N. S. to Ont. and Man., southw. to Ga. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. The form with dark scales (forma colorata (Bailey) Kuken.) is occasional. THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 125 - 61. C. communis Bailey. (C. pedicellata Britton. C. varia of Cayuga FI.) Dry banks especially about the ravines, in gravelly and stony, rather rich, nonacid soils; common. May 15-June 15. Generally distributed throughout the basin, except in the chestnut-vaccinium soils. E. Que. to B. C., southw. to N. J., D. C., Ga., Okla., and Nebr.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Variable in size and color of staminate spike. 62. C. umbellata Schk. Dry sandy or gravelly sterile exposed hillsides, in neutral or acid soils; common. May ; the earliest-fruiting species in this locality. Top of hill, North Spencer; North Pinnacle, Caroline; Buttermilk Glen; Fall Creek Drive, Ithaca; Renwick slope; and elsewhere. P. E. I. and Me. to B. C., southw. to N. J., D. C., and Okla., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. A form is frequent with the culms 6-16 cm. high and with 1-2 pistillate spikes at the base of the staminate spike (forma wzicina (Dewey) Wiegand, see Rhodora 26:2. 1924): West Danby to Newfield; Enfield Glen; North Pinnacle, Caroline; Cascadilla woods; Fall Creek; Renwick slope; Taughannock Gorge. Occasional plants occur with glabrous perigynia but otherwise like the typical form and not the var. tonsa Fernald, which according to Mackenzie has stiff, broad leaves. 62a. C. umbellata Schk., var. brevirostris Boott. In situations similar to the preceding, or more exposed; frequent. North Pinnacle, Caroline; near Enfield Glen; Buttermilk Glen; South Hill; Renwick slope; Esty Glen. Newf. to Sask. and B. C., southw. to n. N. E., N. Y., N. Mex., and Calif., includ- ing the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain. 63. C. longirostris Torr. Rich soil on the borders of woods; rare. May 20—June 10. Inlet Valley, n. corner of Lick Brook cove at base of hill (G. T. Hastings!) ; Salt Creek Marsh, Montezuma, 1886 (B. G. Cole in C. U. Herb.). N. B. to Sask., southw. to n. N. J., Pa., and Nebr.; local; not coastal. 64. C. Willdenowii Schk. Dry ravine banks and open hillside woods, in stony, nearly neutral, soils; frequent. June 15-30. South Hill (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; s. side of Amphitheater, Six Mile Creek; Cas- cadilla woods; Renwick slope; crest of glen one mile s. of Willets; and elsewhere. Mass. to Man., southw. to Fla., Ky., and Tex.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 65. C. Jamesii Schwein. (C. Steudelit of Cayuga FI.) Wooded hillsides, in very rich gravelly subneutral soils; rare. June. Base of hill s. of Lick Brook; s. w. side of Amphitheater, Six Mile Creek (D.!). N. Y. and Ont. to Mich. and Iowa, southw. to W. Va., Mo., and Kans. A plant of the rich soils of the interior. 66. C. pedunculata Muhl. Dry or damp rich woodlands, in humus on gravelly, more or less calcareous, soils; not uncommon. May 15-30 Rare or absent on the more residual chestnut soils of the basin, on the ravine crests and stony lake slopes, and on the clays. Newf. to Sask., southw. to Va., Ohio, Mich., and Iowa; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 126 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 67. C. plantaginea Lam. Dry rich wooded slopes, in humus on gravelly, more or less calcareous, soils; fre- quent. May 10-30. j In most of the larger ravines of the basin, and in rich woodlands. N. B. to Man., southw. to N. C., Ind., and Ill.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 68. C. Careyana Torr. Woodlands, in very rich dark soils over gravel; scarce. May 20-June 15. Ravine n. of Buttermilk Glen (D.) ; Beech Woods, Six Mile Creek; Woodwardia woods (D.) ; Salmon Creek valley two miles n. of Ludlowville; Little Salmon Creek; Wood Mill station, with Jeffersonia (D.!) ; Taughannock Gorge? (D.). The type specimens were found near Auburn, N. Y., by John Carey in 1832. N. Y. and Ont. to Mich., southw. to Va. and Mo.; local; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 69. C. platyphylla Carey. Dry wooded slopes and banks, in gravelly calcareous soils; not uncommon. June 1-15. In most of the ravines of the basin, and in other localities in the proper soils. Que. (?) and s. Me. to Mich., southw. to Va. and IIl.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. Dudley recognized an unnamed variety of this species, but it seems impossible to retain this as distinct from the typical form. 70. C. laxiculmis Schwein. (C. retrocurva of Cayuga FI.) j Rich wooded slopes, in humus on gravelly, slightly calcareous soils; locally abundant. une. Michigan Hollow; Fir Tree Swamp, Danby; Beech Woods, Six Mile Creek; South Hill; woods around McLean Bogs; Taughannock Gorge (D.); Ludlowville; Paine Creek glen (D.!); absent on the acid chestnut soils and on the clays. S. Me. to Mich., southw. to Va. and Mo.; a few records on the Coastal Plain. 71. C. digitalis Willd. j Wooded slopes, in humus on clay-gravel or stony neutral soils; locally common. une. Woods near Michigan Hollow Swamp; Inlet Valley, s. of mouth of Enfield ‘Glen; Six Mile Creek; Cascadilla woods; Fall Creek Gorge; Cornell Heights; Renwick slope; Esty Glen; glen one mile s. of Willets; Howland Island; and elsewhere. Me. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. This species differs from C. laxiculmis in the narrower green leaves, in the smaller perigynia (2.5-2.8 mm. long instead of 34 mm. long), and in the absence of the one or two sterile flowers at the base of the pistillate spikes. The upper bracts usu- ally exceed the staminate spikes. Intermediate forms between these species are occasional (var. copulata Bailey), combining various characters of the two plants. They strongly suggest a hybrid origin. 72. C. Hitchcockiana Dewey. Rich woods, in deep black soil and humus on a gravelly nonacid subtratum; fre- quent. June 15-30. S. of Danby village (D.); foot of hill, Inlet Valley, Ithaca-Newfield town line; n. of Lick Brook; Beech Woods, Six Mile Creek; n. of Forest Home (D.); “Franklin’s ravine and ‘Camp Warwick’” (D.); alluvial woods along creek n. of Mecklenburg; between Jacksonville and Waterburg; Ovid Woods (D.); Little THe FLoRA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 127 Salmon Creek valley; Paine Creek glen; Wood Mill station (D.); Big Gully; woods e. of Turtle Pond. Vt. to Mich., southw. to Ky. and Mo. A plant primarily of the rich soils of the Ohio Valley. 73. C. oligocarpa Schk. Dry or damp, probably calcareous, shale and talus in ravines; rare. May 25-June. Shaly bank of Six Mile Creek below Green Tree (Potter) Falls, first collected by O. E. Pearce, 1884 (D.); rich steep wooded slopes, Paine Creek glen; Big Gully. Vt. to Ont. and Iowa, southw. to. W. Va., Ky., and Okla. A plant of the richer soils of the interior. 74. C. albursina Sheldon. (See Rhodora 24: 189. 1922. C. laxiflora, var. latifolia, of Gray’s Man., ed. 7, and of Cayuga FI.) Rich woodlands and banks, on a gravelly or loamy, more or less calcareous, sub- stratum; frequent. May 20—June. Near Michigan Hollow Swamp; Jennings Pond; foot of hill, Lick Brook; Enfield Glen (D.); Six Mile Creek; woods near Freeville (D.); woods around McLean Bogs (D.) ; ravine near Elm Beach, Romulus; and elsewhere. W. Que. and Vt. to Minn., southw. to Va., Tenn., Mo., and Iowa. A plant of the rich soils of the interior. 75. C. blanda Dewey. (See Rhodora 24: 189. 1922. Including C. laxiflora, vars. blanda and varians, of Gray’s Man., ed. 7. C. 1., var. blanda, of Cayuga FI.) Roadsides, banks, thickets, and cliffs, in gravel or clay-gravel, in neutral or slightly calcareous soils; frequent. May 20—June. Inlet Valley, s. of Enfield Creek; Coy Glen; s. of Mecklenburg; Six Mile Creek; Ithaca flats; Fall Creek; McGowan Woods; McLean Woods; Cayuga Heights; s. of Ludlowville; Salmon Creek; glen s. of Willets; Paine Creek glen; Big Gully; Black Brook, Tyre; and elsewhere. Vt. and e. Mass. to Minn., southw. to D. C., Ky., La., Tex., and Nebr., and in the mts. to Ala.; infrequent or rare on the Coastal Plain. 76. C. laxiflora Lam. (C. laxiflora, var. gracillima, of Gray’s Man., ed. 7. C. laxiflora, in part at least, of Cayuga FI.) Low woods and damp cliffs; infrequent. June 1—July 1. Woodland swale n. w. of South Hill Marsh and slope n.; various places along Six Mile Creek; near Mud Pond, McLean Bogs; roadside between Willets and Paine Creek; Union Springs. E. Mass. and R. I. to Wis., southw. to N. Y. and Iil., and in the mts. to Va. 77. C. anceps Muhl. (See Rhodora 24: 189. 1922. C. laxiflora, var. plantaginea, of Cayuga FI., and var. patulifolia of authors.) Wooded slopes, in rich humus on gravelly or loamy nonacid soils; frequent. May 20-June. Top of hill e. of Inlet, Newfield; Inlet Valley, at foot of hills. of Lick Brook; Six Mile Creek; Cascadilla woods (D.) ; Fall Creek (D.!) ; McGowan Woods (D.) ; woods about. Mud Creek, Freeville; Renwick slope; near Esty Glen; Salmon Creek; Wood Mill; Black Brook, Tyre; Howland Island; Spring Lake. S. Me. to Wis., southw. to N. C., Tenn., and Ill.; not typically a plant of the Coastal Plain. 78. C. leptonervia Fernald. (See Rhodora 24: 189. 1922. C. laxiflora, var. varians Bailey, not Gray’s Man. C. l., var. intermedia, probably, of Cayuga FI.) Moist woodlands, in rich humus or peaty soils; frequent. May 20-June. Thatcher Pinnacles; Michigan Hollow Swamp; White Church; Six Mile Creek; Beebe Lake; swamp e. of Slaterville; Freeville Bog; McLean Bogs; Beaver Brook; Black Brook, Tyre; Howland Island; s. w. of Duck Lake. 128 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES tab and Newf. to Minn., southw. to Conn., N. Y., and Mich., and in the mts. to Leaves more fluted than in C. anceps. 79. C. aurea Nutt. Wet gravelly banks and shores and on ledges, in marly or at least strongly calca- reous soils; frequent. June-July. Inlet Valley, s. of Enfield Creek; railroad s. of Buttermilk Creek; Six Mile Creek (D.!); Cascadilla Glen (D.); Freeville and the McLean region; Taughan- nock Gorge; Paine Creek; Junius marl ponds; n. of Spring Lake; Westbury Bog; and elsewhere. Newf. to B. C., southw. to n. Conn., Pa., Ind., Wis., Utah, and Calif.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 80. C. Woodii Dewey. (C. colorata Mackenzie, Bul. Torr. Bot. Club 37: 232. 1910. C. tetanica of Cayuga FI., in part.) Moist woodlands, usually in very rich soil and humus; infrequent. May 15—June 20. Beech Woods, Six. Mile Creek (D. in C. U. Herb.!); Cascadilla woods (D.); bank at Wood Mill station, with Jeffersonia (D.!) ; Salmon Creek, n. of Ludlowville. N. Y. and Ont. to Mich. and Man. Mackenzie has stated in correspondence that C. Woodii Dewey is an earlier name for his C. colorata. 81. C. tetanica Schk. Marl springs and meadows; scarce. June 10-30. Spring, Inlet Valley s. of Enfield Creek; Junius marl ponds (D.!); prairie n. of Crusoe Lake. Dudley gives some other stations, but whether these refer to this species or to C. Woodii is uncertain. Mass. to Man., southw. to D. C. and Mo.; rare on the Coastal Plain. The differences between C. tetanica and C. Woodti are fairly constant, but they are almost entirely in connection with the lower part of the plant, and might be sus- pected to be due to the radically different type of soil which each inhabits although this does not seem to be the case. Without structural characters in the inflorescence, the separation of these two species by the characters given is not very secure. 82. C. granularis Muhl. Grassy meadows and wet places, in rich, mostly clay, soils; frequent. June. Summit Marsh; Ellis Hollow; Shurger Glen; gravelly beach, Big Gully Point; Union Springs; rich woods opposite Turtle Pond; s. w. of Duck Lake; n. e. of Montezuma village. N. B.(?) and Vt. to Man., southw. to Fla. and La.; occasional on the Coastal Plain. 82a. C. granularis Muhl., var. Haleana (Olney) Porter. (C. g., var. recta, of Cayuga FI.) In situations similar to the preceding, or often more marly; common. June. Enfield Glen; West Hill; Buttermilk Glen; Six Mile Creek; Freeville Bog; region of McLean Bogs; Willets; Big Gully Point; Union Springs; Montezuma; marly moor, Junius marl ponds; and elsewhere. Me. to Sask., southw. to Va., Ohio, Mich., and Wis.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 83. C. grisea Wahl. Damp woodlands and banks, in rich sandy, gravelly, or alluvial, neutral or calca- reous, soils; frequent. May 25—June. Frequent at base of hills in the Inlet Valley, along the shores of Cayuga Lake to Union Springs, on the Clyde River flats, and elsewhere; occasionally found toward Dryden and McLean. THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 129 S. Me. to Minn., southw. to N. C. and Ark.; infrequent or rare on the Coastal Plain. _Variable in plumpness of perigynium and in breadth of leaf, approaching var. rigida Bailey or var. angustifolia Boott in shady places. In the Cayuga Lake Basin, at least, these variations are apparently ecological. 84. C. glaucodea Tuckerm. Damp sandy or gravelly acid soils; rare. June. Dry water-holes and grassland about South Hill Marsh, with Lyonta ligustrina and Prunus susquehanae, where it is a member of the very interesting colony of rare plants found there; also on the n. e. slope of South Hill. E. Mass. and Vt. to Va., and westw. along the Great Lakes to Ill. and Ark.; fre- quent on the coastal plain of N. J. 85. C. eburnea Boott. Dry or damp ledges and banks, in calcareous soils along ravines, and in marly places; frequent. May 15—-June 20. Lower Enfield Glen; n. of Lick Brook; Six Mile Creek; Cascadilla Creek (D.) ; near Triphammer Falls (D.!) ; Salmon Creek; Taughannock Gorge; glen one mile s. of Willets; King Ferry. Newf. to Mackenzie, southw. to Va., Ky., Mo., and Nebr.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 86. C. capillaris L. (Including var. elongata Olney.) - Mossy and gravelly calcareous shores and springs; very rare. “On half-submerged logs west side of the principal ‘Marl Pond,’ South Cortland, 1884” (D.). [Otter Creek Springs, Cortland, 1869, S. N. Cowles.!] As late as 1896 there were a number of clumps on decaying logs in Otter Spring. Since then improve- ments about Otter Spring, from which the city of Cortland derives its water supply, have probably exterminated this rare plant, not elsewhere reported in N. Y. State. It seems to have disappeared also from the marl-pond station. Newf. to Alaska, southw. to s. N. B., Me. (?), N. Y., Mich., and in the mts. to Colo. and Utah. Found also in Eurasia. 87. C. arctata Boott. Rich woods and copses, in gravelly calcareous soils; infrequent. May 20—June. Near Dry Run Valley and Signer Woods, Spencer; around Michigan Hollow Swamp; low woods e. of Slaterville; near Willow Glen; Freeville (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; woods around McLean Bogs; and elsewhere. Newf. to Ont., southw. to Pa., Mich., and Minn.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 88. C. debilis Michx., var. Rudgei Bailey. (C. debilis, nos. 1132 and 1133, of Cayuga FI.) Dry or damp gravelly woodlands and thickets, in neutral or calcareous soils; scarce. June. Caroline; Turkey Hill; meadow s. e. of Etna (D.); near Freeville Bog (D.!); Lake Como; “ Marl Cr., Marl Pond woods” (D.); Dryden-Lansing Swamp (D.) ; Bear Swamp (D.). Newf. to Wis., southw. to N. C. This plant, so common on the Coastal Plain from Mass. to N. J., grows there in sandy acid soils, while here it is found mostly in calcareous soils. Two separate plants may be involved. Dudley has recognized two varieties, which cannot now be distinguished. 130 Kart M. Wi1EGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 89. C. aestivalis M. A. Curtis. Steep wooded banks near rocks, in soil of mixed sand and clay; very rare. Jtine. High bank of creek, in the narrows between Slaterville and Caroline Center (K. M.W., A.J. E., & L. F. Randolph). Reported from only two or three other places in N. Y. State. N. H. to Ga.; generally rare. A plant of the Allegheny Mts. 90. C. gracillima Schwein. Damp grassy meadows and open woods, in gravelly neutral or subacid soils: com- mon, and widely distributed. June. Newf. to Man., southw. to N. C., Ohio, and Mich.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. 91. C. Oederi Retz., var. pumila (Cos. & Germ.) Fernald. (C. viridula Michx. C. Oederi, nos. 1136 and 1137, of Cayuga FI.) ; Gravelly calcareous shores and in marl; scarce. June—Sept. Spencer Lake; Cortland marl pond region (D.!); Myers Point; Ludlowville, below the spring; Utt Point (D.!); Farley Point (D.!); quarry s. of Union Springs (D.); Big Gully Point. Newf. to B. C., southw. to N. E., Pa., Ohio, Ind., Utah, and Wash. O27 C>-flava=L; Springy places and meadows, in marly soil; common. June—July 15. Characteristic of nearly ali wet places where marl is found. “The form, ‘var. androgyna, Olney, is at Summit Marsh, Locke Pond, the Marl Ponds, and at the ee Cr. Some of the Locke Pond specimens possess compound pistillate spikes ss . Newf. to Alberta and B. C. (?), southw. to Conn., n. N. J., Pa., Mich., and Mont.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eu. 93. C. cryptolepis Mackenzie. (See Torreya 14:155. 1914. C. flava L., var. recti- rostra Gaudin. ) In situations similar to the preceding; rare. Summit Marsh; moor of Newton Ponds. Newf. to R. I. and Mich. Found also in Eu. More or less transitional to C. Oederi. Its status as a species is somewhat doubtful. 94. C. lasiocarpa Ehrh. (See Kiikenthal in Das Pflanzenrcich, pt. 4, sect. 20, p. 747. 1909. C. filiformis of Gray’s Man., ed. 7, and of Cayuga FI.) Marl bogs, often in very wet places; frequent in such localities. June 10—July 10. Summit Marsh; s. of Michigan Hollow Swamp; Fleming Meadow; Beaver Brook; Junius marl ponds; Westbury Prairie; Stark Pond; Spring Lake. Newf. to B. C., southw. to n. N. J., Pa., Iowa, and Minn.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eu. 95. C. lanuginosa Michx. (C. filiformis, var. latifolia, of Cayuga FI.) Boggy, more or less calcareous, meadows and ditches, and on gravelly calcareous shores; frequent. June—July 15. One mile above Enfield Falls; Freeville Bog; Mud Creek, Freeville; McLean Bogs; Malloryville; swale s. e. of McLean; by railroad one mile s. of Aurora; Farley Point (D.!); n. of Union Springs (D.); moor of Newton Ponds; prairie n. of Crusoe Lake. N. B. to Sask. and B. ©., southw. to Pa., Ill, Kans:, N: Mex, sand.) Galue. apparently frequent on some parts of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, THE FLorA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 131 96. C. HIRTA L. Gravelly and stony soils, in railroad ballast; very rare. D., L. & W. R. R. roadbed on South Hill w. of Aurora St., “detected 1882, but may have been growing there for ten years” (D.); same station, 1894-1900 (K. M. W.) ; Ithaca, 1868 (H. B. Lord in G. U. Herb.). i E. Mass. to cent. N. Y. and Pa.; local. Adventive from Eu. 97. C. trichocarpa Muhl. Swales and marshes, mostly in alluvial calcareous soils; frequent. June-July 10. Inlet, between Newfield and Enfield Creeks and near Ithaca; near Renwick; Beebe Lake (D.); n. of Freeville (D.) ; Ludlowville (D.); Myers Point; and elsewhere ; often in large colonies. Que. and Vt. to Ont., southw. to Ga. and Mo.; not coastal. 98. C. riparia Curt., var. lacustris (Willd.) Kuken. (See Kikenthal in Das Pflanzenreich, pt. 4, sect. 20, p. 736. 1909. C. riparia of Cayuga Fl. C. lacus- tris of Britton & Brown’s Ill. Fl.) Swales and marshes, in mucky neutral or usually slightly calcareous soils; infre- quent. June—July 10. Michigan Hollow Swamp; Inlet Valley, s. of Enfield Creek; Larch Meadow; Cayuta Lake; Indian Spring marsh; Ellis Hollow Swamp; Beaver Brook; McLean Bogs; Miller Bog, Spring Lake; arbor vitae swamp e. of Clyde. Newf. to Man. and Idaho, southw. to Fla., La., and Tex.; infrequent and local on the Coastal Plain. Found also in Eu. 99. C. vesicaria L., var. monile (Tuckerm.) Fernald. (C. monile, and probably also C. ampullacea, of Cayuga FI.) Swales and pools, in mucky soil over calcareous gravels; scarce. June—July. Slaterville Swamp; near Freeville station; Woodwardia Bog to Mud Creek, Free- ville; Cortland marl ponds and Chicago Bog region; Lake Como (Locke Pond, D.) ; road southw. from Pout Pond (D.). = Newf. to Sask., southw. to Conn., N. Y., Ky., and Mo.; infrequent on the Coastal lain. 100. C. Tuckermani Dewey. J Feciccatc’ ditches and swales, in more or less calcareous soils; scarce. June 15- uly. Headwaters Swamp (C. P. Smith); Slaterville Swamp; marly pond w. of Cayuta Lake; West Hill, Ithaca (Smith) ; Ithaca flats; Fall Creek, n. e. of Varna; Ringwood Hollow; Fir Tree Swamp, Freeville; near Ludlowville (H. B. Lord); Clyde River flats, s. w. of Clyde. N. B. to Que., Ont., and Minn., southw. to n. N. J., Ind., and Iowa; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. All specimens except those from Headwaters Swamp and Fir Tree Swamp agree well with Smith’s var. niagarensis (see Rhodora 17:57. 1915), but a study of this variety in the larger herbaria has failed to support its validity. 101. C. retrorsa Schwein. Swales, in gravelly alluvial, more or less calcareous, soils; frequent. June 15—-July. Renwick woods; w. of Jacksonville; Taughannock Point; roadside w. of Willets ; Big Gully Point; and elsewhere. FE. Que. to Sask. and B. C., southw. to Conn., Pa., the Great Lakes, Iowa, Idaho, and Oreg.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 132 Kart M. WiecGAND AND ArTHUR J. EAMES 10la. C. retrorsa Schwein., var. Bradleyi (Dewey) Farwell. (See Rhodora 23:87. 1921. C.r., var. Hari, of Gray’s Man., ed. 7, and of Cayuga FI.) In situations similar to the preceding; scarce. Inlet Marshes (D.); Ellis Hollow Swamp (D.); Ludlowville (H. B. Lord). N. H. to‘Ont. and Mich. 102. C. rostrata Stokes. (C. utriculata, second form and var. minor, of Cayuga Boggy meadows and swales, in neutral or possibly more or less calcareous regions; frequent. June 15—July. “The common form, occurring in the larger marshes and along our ponds and lakes: ~. ” (D.); sphagnum meadows along creek above Enfield Falls; Slaterville. Swamp; Freeville; McLean Bogs (D.); Chicago Bog; Ludlowville; Canoga Marshes (D.) ; Lake Como. Newf. and Lab. to Sask. and B. C., southw. to Conn., N. Y., Ill., Utah, and Calif. ; rare on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 102a. C. rostrata Stokes, var. utriculata (Boott) Bailey. (C. utriculata, first form, ‘of Cayuga FI.) In situations and soils similar to the preceding ; scarce. Summit Marsh (D.!); Inlet Marshes (D.); Michigan Hollow Swamp (D.). Range nearly as in typical form, but extending southw. to N. J. and Ohio. 103. C. folliculata L. Boggy thickets, in sandy or gravelly, poorly drained, neutral or acid soils; scarce. June—Aug. South Hill Marsh (D.!); n. of Forest Home, in woods (D.); n. of Etna (D.); Freeville, in Fir Tree Swamp (D.) and Freeville Bog (D.!); Beaver Brook swamp (D.) ; absent from the more limy soils and from the richer soils. Newf. to Ont. and Mich., southw. to S. C. and W. Va., locally abundant. A plant primarily of the Coastal Plain. 104. C. Pseudo-Cyperus L. On hummocks and logs, in shallow boggy waters about peat bogs; rare. June— July. Spencer Lake, 1924; Lake Como (Locke Pond, D.); n. of Cayuga (B. G. Cole); Junius peat bogs. Newf. to Sask., southw. to Conn., cent. N. Y., and the Great Lakes; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain, 105. C. comosa Boott. ian and marshes, in boggy, more or less acid, soils; frequent. June 20- uly. Spencer Lake; Michigan Hollow Swamp; Enfield Valley, above the Falls; Cayuta Lake (D.!) ; Renwick marsh; Freeville Bog; Dryden Lake; McLean Bogs; Vande- mark Pond; Miller Bog, Spring Lake; Mud Pond, Conquest; Clyde River flats. N. S. to Wash., southw. to Fla., La., and s. Calif., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Apparent hybrids with C. hystericina occur at Junius on the marly moor of Vande- mark and Newton Ponds (4. J. E. & L. H. MacDaniels), and at Pout Pond (D.). In all cases the achenes are undeveloped. A hybrid with C. lurida was reported from West Danby by Dudley. 106.-C. hystericina Muhl. Springy spots and meadows, in rich mucky or boggy, more or less calcareous, soils; frequent. June 10—July 15. THe FLoRA OF THE CayuGA LAKE BASIN 133 Creek above Enfield Falls; hillside, Coy Glen; crest of West Hill; s. w. corner of Cayuga Lake; Renwick marsh; McGowan Woods; Freeville Bog; Beaver Brook; Taughannock Point; marly hillside, Salmon Creek e. of Lansingville; bottom land in Paine Creek; and elsewhere. pene: to Alberta, southw. to Ga., N. Mex., and Ariz.; infrequent on the Coastal ain. If the spikes exceed 3.5 cm. in length, the plant is forma Dudleyi (Bailey) Wie- gand. (See Rhodora 26:2. 1924. C. hystericina, var. Dudleyi Bailey; var. Cooley, Gray’s Man., ed. 7, not Dewey. C. Pseudo-Cyperus X C. hystricina?, Dudley in Cayuga Fl.) Such forms. have been found in considerable abundance near Indian Spring. 5 107. C. Schweinitzii Dewey. Swamps, in calcareous regions; rare. June. Spencer Lake and swamp n.; boggy woodlands along Beaver Brook (K. M. W. & A. R. Bechtel). Vt. and Ont. to Mich., scuthw. to Conn., n. N. J., and Mo.(7); probably absent on the Coastal Plain. 108. C. lurida Wahl. (C. tentaculata of Cayuga FI.) Low grounds, in various soils if not strongly calcareous, often in alluvium or clay; common. July—Aug. N. S. to Minn., southw. to Fla., Nebr., and Tex.; common on the Coastal Plain. Hybrids with C. lupulina were found west of Howland Island. 109. C. lupulina Muhl. Low grounds, in alluvial or mucky soils, often in clay, in both calcareous and non- calcareous regions; common, and widely distributed. June 20—-Aug. N. B. and N. S. to Hudson Bay, southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. 109a. C. lupulina Muhl., var. pedunculata Dewey. In situations similar to the preceding ; equally common. Range nearly the same as that of the typical form. Abundant transitions occur between this and the typical form. Dudley discusses other forms, also a hybrid of C. lupulima and C. retrorsa (C. lupulina, var. gigan- toides Dewey, described from specimens collected at Myers Point by H. B. Lord in 1865) found at Myers Point, on the Inlet Marshes between the salt works and Willow Ave., n. of Freeville, and near Taughannock station (Lansing). 110. C. intumescens Rudge. Swales and the borders of swamps, in sandy or gravelly, more or less acid (rarely calcareous?), soils; scarce. June—July. S. of Summit Marsh; Michigan Hollow; South Hill Marsh (D.!); Mud Creek, Freeville; Waterloo; Montezuma; Duck Lake. Newf. to Mass., N. Y., and Ind., southw. to Fla. and La. A plant chiefly of the Coastal Plain. 110a. C. intumescens Rudge, var. Fernaldii Bailey. In mucky or boggy soils, probably heavier or more calcareous than those in which the-typical form of the species is found; common. June-July. Michigan Hollow Swamp; Newfield; above Enfield Falls; Renwick woods; Fall Creek, e. of Varna; Slaterville Swamp; Mud Creek, Freeville; Beaver Brook; n. e. of Hanshaw Corners; Townley Swamp; w. of Howland Island. Newf. to Man., southw. to Mass., N. Y., Mich., and Wis., and in the mts. to N. C.; more inland and more northern than the typical form. 134 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 111. C. Grayii Carey. Alluvial woods and meadows; scarce. June 20—Aug. Renwick woods; Freeville, s. of Fir Tree Swamp (D.); Big Gully Point; Utt Point; roadside ditch w. of Howland Island; two miles n. of Montezuma; Galen, abundant on the Clyde River flats. Vt. to Mich., southw. to Ga. and Mo.; absent on the Coastal Plain. A plant of the richer soils of the interior. 20. ARACEAE (Arum Famtity) a. Spadix subtended by a spathe; leaves broad. b. Spathe enveloping the spadix. c. Spadix elongated; perianth wanting; plant monoecious or dioecious. d. Upper part of the spadix not flower-bearing, smooth; leaves deeply divided or compound. 1. ARISAEMA d. Upper part of the spadix, as well as the lower part, flower-bearing; leaves simple, sagittate. 2. PELTANDRA c. Spadix globular; perianth present; plant with perfect flowers. 3. SYMPLOCARPUS b. Spathe flat, divaricate or reflexed; flowers perfect, without perianth. 4. CALLA a. Spadix naked, without an obvious spathe, cylindrical ; flowers perfect, with perianth ; leaves linear. 5. AcoruS 1. Arisaema Mart. a. Leaves 3-foliolate, not pedate; spathe hooded, the hood 2-5 cm. wide, short- acuminate; spadix blunt. b. Tube of the spathe not fluted, usually indistinctly striped; margins of tube at summit contiguous, often overlapping, conspicuously flaring; leaves glaucous beneath. 1. A. triphyllum b. Tube of the spathe fluted, green-and-white striped; margins of tube at summit with a more V-shaped opening between them, less flaring; leaves green beneath. la. A. t., var. Stewardsonu a. Leaves pedately 7—-11-foliolate; spathe straight, narrow; spadix ending in a very long caudate tip. 2. A. Dracontium 1. A. triphyllum (L.) Schott. Inpran Turnip. JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT. Woodlands, in damp rich mucky soil and humus; frequent in ravines and in the vicinity of swamps, but generally absent from boggy places. May. N. S. to Minn., southw. to Fla., La., and Kans., including the Coastal Plain. It has not been possible to separate A. pusillum (Peck) Nash in this region from this species by any constant characters. la. A. triphyllum (L.) Schott, var. Stewardsonii (Britton) G. T. Stevens. (See Britton & Brown, III. FL, ed. 2, 1: 443. 1913. Rhodora 23: 136. 1921. A Stew- ardsonu Britton.) Mossy and boggy swamps, in calcareous regions, rarely in somewhat drier situa- tions; frequent. May. Headwaters Swamp; Michigan Hollow Swamp; between Slaterville and Dryden Lake; Renwick woods; Ellis Hollow Swamp; Ringwood; McLean Bogs; Howland Island; Montezuma flats; Clyde River flats. N. S. to N. J. and Pa.; probably rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. Generally in this region A. Stewardsonii is distinct from A. triphyllum, having the characters given in the key and inhabiting boggy soils; but occasional plants are found in less boggy places, and these often combine in different ways the characters Tue FiLora oF THE CAyuGA LAKE BASIN 135 of the two species. In the low woods along the Clyde River southwest of Clyde, many plants were found with glaucous leaves but with strongly fluted spathes the edges of which were not conspicuously spreading at the summit. Two such plants were found in dry sandy soil. With so many transitional forms occurring, it is probably best to treat the plant as a variety of A. triphyllum. 2. A. Dracontium (L.) Schott. Green Dracon. Banks and thickets, in low, very rich, black alluvial soil; scarce. May 20—June 20. Inlet, near Lick Brook and at the mouth of Enfield Creek; ‘‘ woods beyond Larch Meadow” (D.); Negundo Woods (D.!); Renwick woods (D.!); Forest Home, island; Cortland marl ponds; field near mouth of Paine Creek (D.); Lockwood Flats (J. J. Thomas); Utt Point; Big Gully Point; Montezuma flats. N. E. to Minn., southw. to Fla., Kans., and Tex.; rare on the Coastal Plain. A plant of the rich soils of the interior. 2. Peltandra Raf. 1. P. virginica (L.) Kunth. (P. undulata of Cayuga Fl.) Arrow Arum. Shallow water, in rich alluvial and mucky neutral or acid marshes and the borders of swamps; locally common. June—July. Inlet Marshes (D.!); points and bays along Cayuga Lake shore; Lake Como; Cayuga Marshes (D.!) ; and elsewhere. S. Me. to Ont. and Mich., southw. to Fla., La., and Mo., including the Coastal Plain. 3. Symplocarpus Salisb. 1. S. foetidus (L.) Nutt. SKUNK CABBAGE. Rich alluvial bottom-land woods and mucky swamps; common, and generally dis- tributed. Feb. 25-Apr. N. S. to Minn., southw. to N. C., (Fla., Small), and Iowa; less common on the Coastal Plain. 4. Calla L. iG palustris) 2.) . Waitp CArLnaA: Wooded belts around acid peat bogs and boggy places, in soft muck and shallow water; infrequent. May—June. Michigan Hollow Swamp (D.!); West Danby; w. of the Inlet (D.); Dryden- Lansing Swamp (D.); Freeville (D.); McLean Bogs; along railroad at Chicago Crossing ; Lake Como; Pout Pond; Mud Pond and Duck Lake, Conquest. N. S. to Hudson Bay and Minn., southw. to n. N. J., Pa., Wis., and Iowa; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. Se ACOLUSH LE: 1. A. Calamus L. Sweet Fac. Springy meadows and borders of marshes, in rich wet, but not strongly calcareous, soils; common, and widely distributed. June. N. S. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. 21. LEMNACEAE (Duckweep Famity) a. Fronds with rootlets, flat, often branched. b. Rootlets several to each frond; fronds 5—15-nerved, purple beneath. 1. SPIRODELA b. Rootlet solitary; fronds obscurely 1-5-nerved, green on both sides. 2. LEMNA a. Fronds without rootlets, thick, ovoid or lenticular, and very minute, less than 1.4 mm. long. 3. WOLFFIA . 136 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES : 1. Spirodela Schleid. 1. S. polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Floating on the quiet waters of ditches, marshes, and ponds, in waters not strongly calcareous ; common. N. S. to B. C., southw. to Fla., Tex., N. Mex., Nev., and s. Calif.; infrequent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in tropical Am. and in the Old World. 2. Lemna L. a. Fronds stipitate, remaining attached in a zigzag chain, wholly submerged. 1. L. trisulca a. Fronds not stipitate, quickly becoming detached, floating on the surface. 2. L. minor 1 hg trisulea 12: Ponds, ditches, and quiet bays, especially abundant in cattail marshes; frequent. The larger marshes about Cayuga Lake; along the shores of Cayuga Lake; Summit Marsh (D.!); Jennings Pond (D.). N.. S.-to B.-C., southw. to N. C., Ala., Tex., N. Mex. -and Calif.; apparenthy not found in noncalcareous regions, and hence rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 2. L. minor. Floating on the quiet waters of ditches, marshes, and ponds, in waters not strongly calcareous ; very common, and widely distributed. Throughout N. A. except in the extreme North; also widely distributed over the world. 3. Wolffia Horkel? a. Fronds subglobular, coarsely cellular, submerged. 1. W. columbiana a. Fronds ellipsoidal, finely cellular, floating on the surface. 2. W. punctata 1. W. columbiana Karst. Quiet waters of sloughs, ponds, and the larger marshes, with no apparent reference to lime content; occasional. Ringwood, 1923; Dryden Lake, 1916; cut-off from Red Mill Pond, Freeville, 1918; Cayuga Marshes, w. of Cayuga Bridge (D.!) ; Montezuma Marshes, near the “ Marl Works” (D.); May Point (D.); Pout Pond, 1922. Conn. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and La.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. Found also in Mex. and S. A. 2. W. punctata Griseb. (W. brasiliensis of many authors.) With the preceding species, w. of Cayuga Bridge near the Seneca Canal from 1894 to 1898; not seen recently; lime requirements not known. Ont. to Mich., southw. to Tenn. Found also in Jamaica. 22. COMMELINACEAE (Spiperwort FAmILy) 1. Commelina (Plum.) L. 1. C. communis L. DAYFLOWER. A weed along roadsides and in waste places in rich soil; scarce. June—Sept. In the Cayuga Lake Basin, known only about Ithaca: n. of L. V. R. R. station; Cascadilla Place, n. side; Quarry St.; Veterinary College grounds; garbage dump, lighthouse road; and elsewhere. N. Y. to Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; recently adventive at Ithaca from farther south, and spreading. Native of Asia. ; * Wolfia Hork. and Wolfha Hork. ex Schleiden are different names, according to the International Code. While Wolfia_is antedated by two other uses of the name, Wolffia is not antedated and is the oldest valid name of the present genus THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 137 23. PONTEDERIACEAE (PIcKEREL-wEED FAMILY) a. Plant erect; flowers blue; perianth 2-lipped; stamens 6; utricle 1-seeded; leaves cordate-ovate. 1. PONTEDERIA a, Plant floating, or prostrate on mud; flowers yellow; perianth salver-form; stamens 3; capsule many-seeded; leaves linear. 2. HETERANTHERA 1. Pontederia L. 1. P. cordata L. PiIcKEREL-WEED. In shallow or deep water along lake and stream margins, in mucky neutral or acid soil, rarely in gravel; scarce. July 20—Aug. Cayuta Lake; Inlet and Cayuga Marshes; Duck Lake. N. S. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. 2. Heteranthera R. & P. y i, we dubia (Jacq.) MacM. (Schollera graminifolia of Cayuga Fl.) Water Star RASS. Slow streams, marshes, and on mud, if not too acid; locally abundant. July—Aug. Abundant in the marshes of Cayuga Lake; rare elsewhere. Que. and w. N. E. to Oreg., southw. to Fla. and Mex.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Cuba. 24. JUNCACEAE (Rusu Famity) a. Capsule many-seeded; seeds minute; foliage never hairy. 1. Juncus a. Capsule containing 3 large seeds; foliage with more or less arachnoid pubescence. 2. LuzuLa 1. Juncus (Tourn.) L. a. Leaves reduced to the sheath only; cyme appearing lateral, the solitary involucral leaf resembling a continuation of the culm. b. Stamens 3; plant green. c. Flowers 1.7-2.4 (2.6) mm. long; perianth soft, slightly spreading; cyme small, densely crowded; culms stout, with pale sheaths. [J. effusus, var. compactus | c. Flowers (2.3) 2.5-4.2 mm. long; perianth firmer; cyme loose. d. Sepals rarely exceeding either the petals or the capsule, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, not spreading, not contrasting in color with the capsule; culms 24.5 mm. in diam. just above the pale basal sheaths, not sulcate. 1. J. ¢., var. solutus d. Sepals exceeding both the petals and the capsule, 2.8-4.2 mm. long, more rigid and more spreading, usually contrasting in color with the darker cap- sule; culms 1-3.5 mm. in diam. just above the blackish ‘basal sheaths, striate or sulcate. la. J. e., var. Pylaei b. Stamens 6; plant glaucous (capsule very dark, subacute.) 2. J. inflexus a. Leaves with a well-developed blade; inflorescence terminal. b. Flowers borne singly in the cyme, not in heads; leaves flat and grass-like, or at least deeply channeled above. c. Inflorescence more than half the height of the very low plant; flowers scattered along the loose forking branches. 3. J. bufonius c. Inflorescence very much less than half the height of the taller plant. d. Uppermost leaf usually at or above the middle of the stem; perianth parts appressed, obtuse. e. Anthers three to four times as long as the filaments; perianth dark, nearly equaling the lighter subellipsoid capsule; bracts shorter than the inflorescence. 4. J. Gerardi 138 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES e. Anthers as long or twice as long as the filaments; perianth lighter, shorter than the darker subglobose or obovoid capsule; lowest bract exceeding the inflorescence. 5. J. compressus d. Uppermost leaf much below the middle of the stem; perianth parts sharp- pointed, mostly spreading. e. Auricles at summit of sheath produced into scarious lobes. f. Inflorescence of medium size; flowers scattered or clustered, not racemose. 6. J. tenuis f. Inflorescence many-flowered, diffuse; flowers somewhat racemose on the branches; plant taller and more strict. 6a. J. tenuis var. anthelatus e. Auricles firm, but not cartilaginous, not produced; basal sheaths usually slightly purplish (see also 3d e¢). 7. J. dichotomus, var. platyphyllus e. Auricles cartilaginous, not produced; basal sheaths pale. 8. J. Dudleyi b. Flowers borne in heads in the cyme. c. Leaves flat and grass-like. 9. J. marginatus c. Leaves terete, nodulose (because of cross-diaphragms). d. Seeds acute or obtuse, without caudate hyaline appendages. e. Stamens 3 (none opposite the petals). 10. J. acuminatus e. Stamens 6. f. Capsule strongly subulate-acuminate; heads few, large (7-15 mm. in diam.), spherical; involucral bracts exceeding the cyme; rootstocks creeping, often tuber-bearing. g. Plant low, 1.5-4 (6) dm. high; leaves erect; flowers 34 mm. long; petals equaling or longer than the sepals. ll. J. nodosus g. Plant taller, 4-10 dm. high; leaves spreading, more or less at right angles to the stem ; flowers 4-5 mm. long; petals much shorter than the sepals; heads very large. 12. J. Torreyi f. Capsule ellipsoid or ovoid, acute or obtuse; heads smaller (6 mm. in diam. or less) and more numerous, hemispherical; involucral bracts shorter than the cyme; plants subcespitose; rootstocks short and not tuber-bearing. g. Capsule strongly acute; sepals and petals acute or acutish; branches of the cyme usually divaricate; seeds with very fine scalariform markings in the areoles; culms often divaricate at base and some- what decumbent. 13. J. articulatus g. Capsule merely apiculate; sepals and petals more scarious-tipped, mostly obtuse; cyme usually with more ascending branches; seeds smooth or very indistinctly striate in the areoles; culms erect. 14. J. alpinus, var. fuscescens d. Seeds caudate. e. Branches of the cyme spreading; capsule slightly exceeding the perianth. f. Heads 5-50-flowered, few or many; perianth parts subulate-tipped; plant tall, coarse. 15. J. canadensis f. Heads 3-5- ‘flowered, very numerous in a diffuse panicle; perianth parts less rigid, more obtuse and more scarious-margined ; seeds shorter and broader; plant lower. 16. J. brachyce phalus e. Branches of the cyme ascending; capsule at least one-half longer than the perianth, gradually pointed. 17. J. brevicaudatus [J. effusus L., var. compactus Lej. & Court. (J. e., var. conglomeratus, of Cayuga F1.) Damp situations ; rare. “ South side of Taughannock, and elsewhere” (D. in Cayuga FI. and C. U. Herb.) ; not seen since. The specimen is var. Pylaet. Newf., along and near the coast to Mass. Found also in B. C. and Eu.]} THE FLoRA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 139 1. J. effusus L., var. solutus Fernald & Wiegand. (See Rhodora 12:81. 1910.) Meadows, ditches, and the borders of marshes, in various soils not conspicuously calcareous; common. July—Aug. ‘ Newf. to Wis., southw. to W. Va., including the northern Coastal Plain. la. J. effusus L., var. Pylaei (Leharpe) Fernald & Wiegand. In situations similar to the preceding, abundant in pastures and springy places, less abundant on the larger marshes but not reported from marly soils; very common. oes ug. Newf. to Wis., southw. to W. Va., including the northern Coastal Plain. The flowers vary considerably in size. No true var. decipiens Fernald & Wiegand has yet been found in the Cayuga Lake Basin. 2. J. inFLexus L. (See Schinz & Thel., Bul. Herb. Bois., ser. 2, 7: 400. 1907. J. glaucus Ehrh.) Meadows and swales; locally abundant. July. Plats along Spencer St., Ithaca, and near the mouth of Buttermilk Creek, 1922, now rather abundant. Native of Eurasia and Africa, and probably adventive at Ithaca. Previously reported from America by House, who collected it at Sangerfield, Oneida Co., N. Y., in 1917 (Rept. N. Y. State Bot. 1921). 3. J. bufonius L. Silty and muddy ditches, roadsides, and shores, often in clay or sand but not in strongly calcareous soils; common. June 15—July Almost throughout N. A., extending to Lab.; cosmopolitan. 4. J. Gerardi Loisel. Biack Grass. Marshy soils, in saline situations; rare. July 20-Aug. Rocky bed of Fall Creek above Forest Home (a very unusual habitat) ; Myers Point (?); Union Springs; brackish marshes e. of Montezuma (D. in C. U. Herb.!), probably native. Salt marshes along the coast, Newf. to Fla., and on the n. w. Pacific coast ; inland in Me., Vt., N. Y., and about the Great Lakes. Found also in Eurasia and n. Africa. Plants (probably introduced) near the salt works at Myers Point agree with this species in the length of bract and anther and in color of perianth, but are more like the species next following in length of perianth and shape of capsule. 5. J. compressus Jacq. In situations similar to the preceding; rare. July. About the salt works, Ithaca flats (introduced) ; first detected in 1895, since which time it has persisted. ‘These salt works, and also those at Myers, are recent, and did not exist in Dudley’s time. J. compressus may have been introduced with sand and other material brought to a glass factory formerly existing near the salt works. It occurs also about the Freeville railroad station. Native of Eu. and Asia; heretofore reported in N. A. only from Murray Bay (Eggleston) to Que. (Pease) and w. Newf. (M. L. Fernald & K. M. W.). 6. J. tenuis Willd. Pats Rusu. Damp or rather dry grassland, most commonly in paths and on roadsides but also in waste places and on shores, in very diverse soils; common. June 20-Aug. 10. Almost throughout N. A. except in the extreme North; adventive in Eu. and Afr. 6a. J. tenuis Willd., var. anthelatus Wiegand. Damp pasture lands, in undrained, rather heavy, soil; rare. July. : Hill two miles s. e. of Brookton (K. M. W., A. J. E., & L. F. Randolph) ; n. w. ot South Hill Marsh. Me. to Mo. and Tex. 140 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ArTHUR J. EAMES 7. J. dichotomus EIll., var. platyphyllus Wiegand. Brackish meadows; rare. June—July 15. Salt flats e. of Montezuma village (A. J. E., K. M. W., & L. F. Randolph). Along the coast from Mass. to Tex., also in cent. N. Y. 8. J. Dudleyi Wiegand. (J. tenuis, var., no. 946 of Cayuga FI.) Open springy places in meadows and on hillsides, in strongly calcareous soils, also on the moors of marl ponds; locally common. June—July. Common in the McLean district, and from Paine Creek northw. to Conquest, and at Junius; frequent in the marl springs about the ravines; rare or absent in the chestnut soils of the hills s. of Ithaca. Newf. to Sask., the Rocky Mts., and Wash., southw. to Va., Tenn., Kans., and Mex.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Taller, stiffer, and more wiry than J. fenuis, with commonly smaller cymes and larger flowers having more divaricate rigid perianth divisions. 9. J. marginatus Rostk. Low sandy, or sandy and clayey, fields, in subacid soils; frequent. July—Sept. South Hill Marsh (D. in C. U. Herb.!); along Fall Creek above Forest Home; hillside s. of Brookton; hills n. of Caroline Center and in Richford; n. e. of Caroline; two miles n. w. of Freeville; w. of Freeville (D.) ; w. of Benson Corners; s. end of Bear Swamp, near Lansingville; Waterloo. N. S. to Ont. and Nebr., southw. to Fla., including the Coastal Plain. 10. J. acuminatus Michx. (J. a., var legitimus, of Cayuga FI.) Ditches and low fields, in various soils; frequent. July—Aug. 15. Six Mile Creek; Forest Home; lake shore at Renwick; Ellis Hollow; Etna; Free- ville, near village and at Mud Creek; along the railroad between McLean and Chicago stations; Montezuma; and elsewhere. N. S. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. The heads are often replaced by galls which appear as bunches of reduced leaves. [J. debilis Gray. (J. acuminatus, var. debilis, of Cayuga F1.) “ Junius’ (Herb. Sartwell, fide D.); not seen by the writers; occurrence in this flora is doubtful.] 11. J. nodosus L. Ditches, swales, and shores, in muddy or gravelly, more or less calcareous, soils; common and widely distributed in the soils indicated. June 25—July. Newf. to B. C., southw. to Va., Ill., and Nebr.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. . : Dudley notes and describes a peculiar teratological form on Farley Point. 12. J. Torreyi Coville. Low rich sandy nonacid soils; scarce and local. July—Aug. Marsh along Spencer St. just s. of Ithaca; Wood River, Cayuga; n. w. of Spring Lake; and probably elsewhere. Mass. to Sask. and Wash., southw. to Ala., Tex., and Ariz. A plant of the non- acid sands of the interior. 13. J. articulatus L. Ditches and shores, in sandy or gravelly calcareous soils; frequent. July. Six Mile Creek; Fall Creek, above Forest Home; Renwick; Big Gully; Utt, Farley, and Howland Points; shore n. of Cayuga Lake Park; Tyre; ‘‘on nearly all the sandy points of Cayuga L. Rarely remote from the lake” (D.). Newf. to Mich. and B. C., southw. to Mass. and N. Y.; rare on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. Tue FLorA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 141 Dudley distinguishes certain depauperate specimens on Trumansburg Point, Utt Point, and the Marl Creek Meadows, as var. obtusatus Engelm.; but abundant mate- rial recently collected in those localities shows nothing sufficiently extreme to be con- sidered that variety, which is of coastal distribution. 14. J. alpinus Vill., var. fuscescens Fernald. (J. a., var. insignis, of Cayuga FI.) Gravelly and sandy calcareous shores; locally abundant. July—Sept. Renwick; Taughannock Point (D.!); Utt Point (D.!); Big Gully Point; Farley Point; between Kidders and Sheldrake; Indian Salt Spring (type station). Vt. to B. C. and Mo. These plants all belong to this variety, though typical J. alpinus occurs at Tully Lake just outside the basin. Var. fuscescens differs from the typical form in that the numerous heads and branches give a more bushy paniculate or subcorymbose inflorescence, and the heads are usually without scattered, raised, pedicelled flowers. In 1918 there were found on Big Gully Point and in that vicinity very small plants without seed and with an appearance intermediate between that of J. alpinus and that of J. articulatus. These plants may have been hybrids of these two species. 15. J. canadensis J. Gay. (J. c., var. longicaudatus, of Cayuga FI.) Calcareous marshes;. frequent. Aug.—Sept. Summit Marsh (D.!); Lake Como (Locke Pond, D.); moor of Junius marl ponds (D.!); Crusoe Prairie; Montezuma (D. in C. U. Herb.!) ; near Duck Lake; Spring Lake; Westbury Prairie. Newf. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and La.; common on the Coastal Plain. Near the coast this plant grows in acid bogs or in brackish marshes. Its occur- rence about Cayuga Lake in marl bogs is difficult to explain. This may be due to the traces of salt in the springs of this region, a feature to which is apparently due the presence of other saline plants here. In the Cayuga Lake Basin this species is very variable in size of inflorescence and of heads. 16. J. brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buch. (J. canadensis, var. brachycephalus, of Cayuga F1.) Marl bogs and springs; frequent. Aug.—Sept. Spencer Lake; near West Danby (D.!); w. of Key Hill; s. side of Coy Glen; Larch Meadow; e. of Slaterville (C. U. Herb.) ; Fir Tree Swamp between Slaterville and Dryden; Dryden Lake (D.!); s. of Groton (D.); by railroad, e. of McLean; Junius marl ponds (D.!). N. Me. to Wis., southw. to Conn., Pa., and Ill.; absent on the Coastal Plain. 17. J. brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Fernald. Ditches and muddy places; rare. Aug.—Sept. Springy hillside e. of Cayutaville. [Frequent on the highlands of Cortland Co.] Newf. to Minn., southw. to Conn., Pa., and W. Va.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. A northern plant, generally found in both acid and subcalcareous soils. 2. Luziula Dic a. Flowers solitary at the tips of the branches of the inflorescence. 1. L. saltuensis a. Flowers in glomerules. 2. L. campestris, var. multiflora 1. L. saltuensis Fernald. (L. pilosa of Cayuga Fl.) Woop Rusu. Rich wooded banks, mostly in gravelly, more or less calcareous, soils; not un- common. Apr. 15—May. West Danby; hillside beyond Larch Meadow; Six Mile Creek, common; Fall Creek, near Triphammer Falls and e. of Forest Home; and elsewhere, 142 Kart M. WizGAND AND ArTHUrR J. EAMEs Newf. to Sask., southw. to N. Y., Mich., and Minn., and in the mts. to Ga.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. Found also in e. Asia. 2. L. campestris (L.) DC., var. multiflora (Ehrh.) Celak. Woop Rusu. Dry open woodlands, banks, and fields, in stony or gravelly, mostly chestnut, non- calcareous soils; frequent. May—June 15. Hills s. of Ithaca, and on ravine crests, rarely in other situations: North Pinnacle, Caroline; lower Enfield Glen; South Hill, near the marsh; Six Mile Creek; n. of Beebe Lake; Cascadilla Creek; Esty Glen; n. of Forest Home; e. of Ludlowville; Utt Point; and elsewhere. Newf. to Alaska, southw. to N. J., Pa., Ill., Utah, and Calif., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. 25. LILIACEAE (Liry Famrity) ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE GENERA 8 a. Leaves all nearly or quite basal, or occasionally apparently wanting; plant scapose. b. Perianth conspicuously gamophyllous, very large, 8-11 cm. long, orange. 5. HEMEROCALLIS b. Perianth of separate parts, smaller, not orange. c. Flowers solitary, yellow, 2-3 cm. long; leaves mottled. 7. ErRyTHRONIUM c. Flowers several, rarely solitary, smaller. d. Flowers white, pink, purplish, or greenish white; leaves at flowering time linear or wanting. ce. Flowers strictly umbellate, often replaced by bulblets; odor of tissue strongly onion-like. 4. ALLIUM e. Flowers subcorymbose; odor of tissue not onion-like. 8. ORNITHOGALUM d. Flowers greenish yellow;-leaves oval or elliptical. 10. CLINTONIA a. Leaves cauline. b. Flowers large, 4-10 cm. in diam., orange, usually spotted; the perianth segments all similarly colored. 6. Lit1uM b. Flowers smaller, or if large the calyx green. c. Leaves whorled. d. Blade parallel-veined; perianth segments all similar in color. 16. MEDEOLA d. Blade netted-veined; calyx green; corolla white or colored. 17. TRILLIUM c. Leaves alternate. d. Venation netted, but with a few strong parallel ribs; leaves cordate, petioled ; _ flowers umbellate; plant tall, arching or climbing. 18. Sminax d. Venation parallel; leaves, if cordate, on plants less than 2 dm. high; plants not climbing; inflorescence various. ce. Flowers axillary, small, 4-19 mm. long. f. Perianth gamophyllous; flowers greenish. 15. PoLyconaTUM f. Perianth of separate parts. g. Leaves (modified branches) thread-like; flowers greenish white. 9. ASPARAGUS g. Leaves broad; flowers pink. 14. STREPTOPUS ec. Flowers terminal, solitary, large, 15-43 mm. long, yellow or straw color; perianth segments separate (see also 3d e). 3. UVULARIA ‘ c. Flowers in a terminal spike, raceme, panicle, or umbel, or, if solitary and terminal, then greenish, and the leaves strongly acuminate and the peri- anth segments separate. 8 Fruit and_undergound parts, structures which frequently are not at hand, are important in a natural classification of genera in this family. THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE 'BASIN 143 f. Inflorescence a 1—few-flowered umbel; flowers greenish; plant widely branched. 13. DispoRuUM f. Inflorescence a panicle or a short raceme; plant mostly unbranched. g. Flowers paniculate, green; leaves broad, strongly plaited. 2. VERATRUM g. Flowers racemose or paniculate, white; leaves not plaited or only slightly so (see also 3d g). h. Perianth parts and stamens 4; leaves broad, cordate. 12. MAIANTHEMUM h. Perianth parts and stamens 6; leaves tapering at base. 11. SMILACINA g. Flowers in a long slender spike or a spike-like raceme, dioecious ; leaves linear. 1. CHAMAELIRIUM 1. Chamaelirium Willd. 1. C. luteum (L.) Gray. (C. Carolinianum of Cayuga Fl.) Devi’s Bir. Damp or rather dry sandy or gravelly acid soils, in open woods of oak and chestnut; scarce. June 15—July 15. Ball Hill, Danby (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; Cascadilla woods (D.); Fall Creek woods COG. Uetarms Gos inne. Us Herbs) > shurkey Will | ti] andvelsewhere: ((2.):; n. e. of Pout Pond. W. Mass. to Mich., southw. to Fla., Ark., and Nebr.; rare on the Coastal Plain. The distribution of this plant is puzzling. Though occurring here in soils that suggest a Coastal-Plain distribution, it is almost entirely absent from that region (see W. Stone, Flora of N. J.). 2. Veratrum (Tourn.) L. 1. V. viride Ait. AMERICAN WHITE, FALSE, oR GREEN HELLEBORE, Low meadows, woods, and the borders of marshes, in rich mucky or alluvial, probably almost neutral, soils; frequent. June—July. Renwick flats; headwaters swamp of Pleasant Grove Brook; n. e. of Hanshaw Corners; Etna; Ringwood; McLean; Freeville; and elsewhere. N. B. and Que. to Minn., Alaska (?), and Wash., southw. to Ga., Tenn., and Colo. ; less frequent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 3. Uvularia L. a. Capsule broadly truncate, obovoid, 3-lobed, angled, not winged; leaves perfoliate. b. Perianth segments granulose within; stamens shorter than the styles; connective acuminate; carpels 2-ridged on the angles, 2-beaked; leaves glabrous. 1. U. perfoliata b. Perianth segments glabrous within; stamens exceeding the styles; connective obtuse; capsule obtusely angled; leaves whitish-puberulent beneath. : 2. U. grandiflora a. Capsule acute at each end, with 3 winged angles; leaves sessile, not perfoliate. 3. U. sessilifolia 1. U. perfoliata L. PrrroLtiaAtE BELLWortT. WILD Oat. Open, rather dry, woodlands, mostly near ravines, in somewhat sterile gravelly or sandy, acid or subcalcareous, soils; frequent. May; flowering two weeks or more later than the species next following. N. e. of Spencer; Caroline hills; Bull Hill, Newfield; near Lucifer Falls; Coy Glen; w. of Cayuta Lake; Beech Woods, Six Mile Creek; Beebe Lake; Ringwood; Esty Glen; Shurger Glen; cliffs n. of King Ferry; Paine Creek. E. Mass. to N. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Miss.; less frequent on the Coastal Plain. 144 Kart M. Wircanp AND ARTHUR J. Eames 2. U. grandiflora Smith. Larce BeLLwort. WiuLp Oar. Dry or moist woodlands mostly near ravines, in gravelly or alluvial calcareous rich soils; common. Apr.—May. In all the larger ravines and adjacent woods of the basin; rarely elsewhere, as: s. of Brookton; McGowan Woods; Cayuga Heights; Big Gully Point. W. N. H. to Minn., southw. to Ga., Tenn., and Kans.; absent on the Coastal Plain. A plant of the rich soils of the interior. In this species there are fewer leaves below the fork of the stem than in no. 1. 3. U. sessilifolia L. (Oakesia sessilifolia of manuals and of Cayuga FI.) SrssiLe Bettwort. Witp Oar. Dry or damp sandy or gravelly woodlands and ravine banks, in subacid soils; fre- quent. May. Frequent in the chestnut soils of the hills s. of Ithaca; s. w. of Danby; s. e. of Brookton; near South Hill Marsh; Six Mile Creek; Cascadilla Creek, near Pomology Flats; Snyder Hill; Ellis Hollow; region of McLean Bogs; and elsewhere. N. B. and Ont. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Ark., including the Coastal Plain. 4. Allium (Tourn.) L. a, Leaves elliptical, 2-5 cm. wide, perishing before the flowers appear; capsule strongly 3-lobed, each cell l-ovuled; bulblets of the umbel wanting; perianth white. 1. A. tricoccum a. Leaves linear, present at flowering time; capsule slightly lobed, the cells 2-several- ovuled; perianth pale pink or purple. b. Pedicels shorter than the purple perianth; flowers not replaced by bulblets; leaves terete, hollow. [A. Schoenoprasum | b. Pedicels longer than the pale pink perianth; many of the flowers replaced by bulblets ; leaves flat or plano-convex. 2. A. canadense 1. A. tricoccum Ait. Wutp LEEK. Rich damp woodlands, in deep humus on gravelly or sandy neutral or subcalcareous soils; infrequent, but locally abundant. Leaves in May, flowers in July. Woods around Michigan Hollow Swamp; Enfield Glen; hillside s. of Brookton; s. end of Wyckoff Swamp; Townley Swamp; McLean Woods; bottom-land woods in Taughannock Gorge; Big Gully; locally abundant in woods on the rich soils of the upper Salmon Creek region, N. B. to Minn. and Iowa, southw. to Pa. and Tenn., and in the mts. to N. C. and Ga. (?), but only on the borders of the Coastal Plain. A plant of the rich soils of the interior. [A. ScHOENOPRASUM L. CHIVES. About old houses and roadsides, in rich soil; rare. June. Near a deserted house, hillside near North Spencer; doubtfully established. Escaped from cultivation. Native of Eu.] 2. A. canadense L. Waurp Gartic. Damp sandy, gravelly, or stony, neutral, subcalcareous, or slightly acid, soils; mostly in alluvium, more rarely in cinders or talus; frequent. May 20—June. Cinders along the railroad, Ithaca-Newfield town line; alluvium in Enfield Glen; Renwick woods; Fall Creek, on the island at Forest Home (D.!) and above, also below Ithaca Falls (D.); Cayuga Heights Road, near first iron bridge; shaly talus along railroad n. of Myers Point; field near salt well at Aurora (D.) ; and elsewhere. N. B. to Minn. and Colo., southw. to Fla. and Tex., occurring sparingly on the Coastal Plain. THe FLoRA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 145 5. Hemerocallis L. et eRULVA Ls DAY ny: Damp gravelly or stony borders of streams, roadsides, or waste places, in rich, not too acid, soils; frequent. June 20-July. Enfield Glen (D.!); Inlet Valley, near the Fleming Schoolhouse; s. of Coy Glen; Ithaca flats, near the salt works; near Judd Falls (D.!); Varna; near Esty Glen; and elsewhere. N. B. to Ont., southw. to N. C. and Tenn.; escaped from cultivation. Native of Eurasia. 6. Lilium (Tourn.) L. a. Leaves whorled, the axils not bulblet-bearing ; perianth more or less funnel-form in outline, the segments rarely revolute from the base. b. Flowers erect; perianth segments unguiculate. 1. L. philadelphicum b. Flowers drooping; perianth segments sessile. c. Perianth segments recurved from near the middle; leaves roughened on the veins beneath. 2. L. canadense c. Perianth segments strongly recurved from near the base; leaves smooth. [L. superbum | a. Leaves scattered, the axils usually bulblet-bearing ; perianth segments revolute from the base. [L. tigrinum | 1. L. philadelphicum L. Woop Liry. Dry or rarely damp gravelly or sandy noncalcareous woodlands and banks; fre- quent. July. On the sandstone chestnut soils of the hills w., s., and s. e. of Ithaca, on the ravine crests, and in the sandy country n. of Cayuga Lake; rare or absent in the McLean district and in the clays and richer soils back from the shores of Cayuga Lake. Me. to Ont., southw. to N. C. and W. Va.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. The leaves are extremely variable in width. 2. L. canadense L. Meapow Liry. Canapa Lity. Rich mucky soil in low meadows, mostly on a gravelly substratum; frequent, occasionally locally abundant. July. Michigan Hollow Swamp; South Hill; hillside s. of Coy Glen; woodlot n. of Forest Home; Varna; Ellis Hollow; Ringwood; Freeville Bog; Mud Creek, Free- ville (D.!); Malloryville; McLean; Beaver Brook (D.!); and elsewhere. E. Que. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Mo.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. Highly variable in width of leaf and color of flower, the latter being either red or orange. [L. superbum L. Dudley lists this species as “frequent,” while the preceding species is said to be “scarce.” Many collectors have since attempted to locate L. superbum here, but with- out success. The material is all uniformly L. canadense.] [L. TIGRINUM Ker. TiceErR Liry. , Occasionally escapes from cultivation, but is very doubtfully spontaneous. Native of e. Asia.] 7. Erythronium L. 1. E. americanum Ker. YELLow ApDER’S-TONGUE. Doc’s-TooTH VIOLET. Rich gravelly or alluvial banks, in nonacid soils; common. Apr.—May. Frequent in the above-named soils near Ithaca, becoming much more common in the Ellis Hollow, Freeville, and McLean regions, and on some of the richer soils n. of Ithaca. N. B. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Fla., Tenn., and Tex.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 146 Kart M: WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 8. Ornithogalum (Tourn.) L. 1. O. UMBELLATUM L. SrTArR-oF-BETHLEHEM. Occasionally escapes from cultivation: Ferris Place, Ithaca; cemetery, University Ave. (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; island in Beebe Lake, 1880 (D.) ; roadside n. of Taughan- nock Gorge; road n. e. of Duck Lake. "Native of Eu. 9. Asparagus (Tourn.) L. 1. A. orFicINALIS L. GARDEN ASPARAGUS. Rich gravelly grassy slopes and hillsides, and by roads; frequent. Escaped from cultivation: Spencer; roadside n. of L. i goeaiaes station, Ithaca; rocks above Beebe Lake, and above Forest Home; and elsewhere; “ frequent on the lake shore from Lake Ridge to Ludlowville Sta: (0 Native of Eu. 10. Clintonia Raf. 1. C. borealis (Ait.) Raf. Damp mossy or peaty woodlands, in humus, in both acid and alkaline regions (im- mediate soil probably acid); frequent. May 25—June. Van Etten; Michigan Creek valley; woods s. of Caroline Depot; low woods e. of Slaterville; Ellis Hollow Swamp (D.!); Ringwood; Beaver Brook; McLean Bogs; “abundant near Freeville, McLean and Danby” (D.!); Townley Swamp; Dryden- Lansing Swamp (D.). Lab. to Man. and Minn., southw. to N. C. and Wis., including the northern Coastal Plain. 11. Smilacina Desf. a. Flowers paniculate, minute; perianth segments 1-2 mm. long ; rootstocks Staut: leaves large, elliptic-oval, 3.5-7 cm. wide, abruptly acuminate, contracted at base; not glaucous. 1. S. racemosa a. Flowers racemose; rootstocks rather slender. b. Leaves many, broad and subclasping at base, lanceolate, acute or obtusish, very glaucous; perianth segments 3-4 (5) mm. long. 2. S. stellata b. Leaves 2-4, narrowed at base, elliptical, acuminate, not glaucous; perianth segments 4-5 mm. long. 3. S. trifolia 1. S. racemosa (L.) Desf. Fatse Sotomon’s SEAL. Fase SPIKENARD. Rich woodlands, in humus on sandy or gravelly, both acid and alkaline, soils; common. May 20—June. In nearly all the ravines and rich hillside woods of the basin. N. S. to B. C., southw. to Ga., Mo., and Ariz., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 2. S. stellata (L.) Desf. Low swampy thickets and banks, in rich gravelly, sandy, or alluvial, more or less calcareous, soils; frequent. May—June 10. t Along the Inlet; Mud Creek, Freeville; Malloryville; region of McLean Bogs; Myers Point; edge of Westbury Bog; Crusoe Prairie; and elsewhere; not reported from the towns s. of Ithaca. Lab. to B. C., southw. to Va., Ky., Kans., and Calif., including the Atlantic Gaactl Plain, Found also in Eu. o2) 9e tritoliay (lc; Dest In sphagnum of calcareous bogs and springy places; rare except on the Ontario plain. June. Spruce Swamp, Enfield (D.); arbor vitae swamp e. of Clyde; Westbury Bog; n. e. end of Duck Lake. Lab. to B. C., southw. to n. N. J., Pa., and Mich., including the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in n. Asia. THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 147 12. Maianthemum Wiggers 1. M. canadense Desf. Fase Lity-or-THE-VALLEY. Two-LEAVED FALSE SoLo- MON’S SEAL. Dry or damp woodlands and banks, on gravelly acid or somewhat calcareous soils; common. May 25—June 20. Especially abundant on the crests of the ravines of the basin, and about the peat bogs; frequent under conifers. Lab. to Mass. and N. Dak., southw. to N. C., Tenn., and Iowa, including the Coastal Plain. 13. Disporum Salisb. 1. D. lanuginosum (Michx.) Nichols. (Prosartes lanuginosa of Cayuga FI.) Rich damp woodlands; infrequent. May. S. e. corner of Enfield Township; upper Buttermilk Glen; hill s. e. of White Church; hill s. e. of Brookton; Caroline, on Bald and Taft Hills (D.!); Six Mile Creek, Beech Woods slope (D.) ; McGowan Woods (D.!); Fall Creek, near Ithaca- Dryden town line; e. of Etna; Turkey Hill and Rhodes Woods (D.); Ringwood; between Jacksonville and Waterburg. Ont. and w. N. Y. to Ohio, southw. to Ga. and Tenn. A plant of the rich lands of the Ohio Basin and the western slope of the Alleghenies. 14. Streptopus Michx. 1. S. roseus Michx. Twistep STALK. Rich damp woodlands, in humus on gravelly, more or less calcareous, soils; fre- quent. May. In most of the ravines and swamps of the basin: Michigan Hollow; Newfield Swamp; Enfield Glen; Coy Glen; Six Mile Creek; McLean Bogs; Beaver Brook; and elsewhere. : Newf. to Man. and Wis., southw. to n. N. J. and Pa., and in the mts. to Ga.; also from Alaska to Oreg.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 15. Polygonatum (Tourn.) Hill a. Leaves puberulent beneath, sessile; flower clusters about 2-flowered; perianth 9-12 (15) mm. long; filaments papillose-roughened, inserted high on the perianth tube. 1. P. pubescens a. Leaves glabrous, clasping; flower clusters 2-8-flowered; perianth (13) 14-19 mm. long; filaments glabrous or papillose, inserted_at the middle of the perianth tube. 2. P. biflorum 1. P. pubescens (Willd.) Pursh. (P. biflorum of Gray’s Man., ed. 7, and of Cayuga Fl.) Smart Sotomon’s SEAL. Rich woodlands, in gravelly or stony, nearly neutral, soils; common, and generally distributed. May. N. B. and N. S. to Ont. and Mich., southw. to Fla., Tenn., Kans., and Tex.; mostly absent on the Coastal Plain. 2. P. biflorum Walt. (P. commutatwm of Gray’s Man., ed. 7. P. giganteum of Cayuga FI.) Great Sotomon’s SEAL. Sandy or gravelly, rarely clayey, banks and thickets, in subneutral soil, on dry hill- sides and hilltops, or in alluvial calcareous soils on river banks; frequent. June. Top of hill, Spencer; crest of North Pinnacle, Caroline; Inlet Valley, s. of Ithaca; Enfield Glen; Six Mile Creek; Dwyer Pond; Beebe Lake; ravine between Renwick and McKinneys; and elsewhere. W. N. H. to Man. and the Rocky Mts., southw. to Ga., La, N. Mex., and Ariz.; much less frequent on the Coastal Plain, 148 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES | Farwell (Bul. Torr. Bot. Club 42: 247. 1915) is undoubtedly right in applying the name P. biflorum (Walt.) Ell. to the commutatum group. His division of that group into two species, however, can scarcely be accepted. After an investigation of the filaments on plants from all over the range, it appears that they may be either smooth or papillose, but that this character is not correlated with the variations in leaf outline. The differences in color of the flowers cited by Farwell is not apparent. Unfortunately it would seem, therefore, that the name P. biflorwm must be adopted for the whole commutatum group. Two forms of P. biflorum, as thus understood, occur in the Cayuga flora: one is a plant of upland wooded banks, with elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate leaves; the other grows in rich alluvial soils, and is very coarse and erect, with broader, more veiny, leaves, more inclined to the stem; but no constant structural characters separate these two forms. The soil requirements of P. biflorum are not yet fully understood. 16. Medeola (Gronov.) L. 1. M. virginiana L. InprAN CucumBer Root. Damp sandy or gravelly humus, and light acid soils; common. June. General throughout the basin, in gravelly soils. N. B. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tenn.; frequent on the Coastal Plain. iV, Mbatlbtrssy 1p a. Stigmas short, stout, tapering from the base to the apex, recurved at the tip, about half as long as the sharply 6-angled or winged ovary. b. Ovary white or nearly so; peduncles recurved or reflexed under the leaves; petals moderately or strongly spreading, color white, cream, or pinkish; anthers equaling or slightly shorter than the stigmas; plants of bottom lands; flowers May 15-June 20, not ill-scented. c. Anthers 2.5-6.5 mm. long, one-third longer than the filaments or less, pinkish; petals 5-17 mm. broad, 15-26 mm. long; peduncles 0.8-4 cm. long, recurved or reflexed; leaves usually slightly contracted into an obscurely petioled base. . T. cernuum, var. macranthum , Raters 6-15 mm. long, twice as long as the filament or more, yellowish white; petals 10-34 mm. broad, 20-50 mm. long; peduncles 3-12 cm. long, straight, horizontal, or slightly reflexed ; leaves usually not at all petioled. [T. declinatum| . Ovary dark purple; peduncles erect or spreading; petals spreading above, brown- ish purple or greenish yellow; anthers equaling or slightly exceeding the stigmas; leaves strictly sessile; "plants of hillsides, with longer leaves in pro- portion to the height than in the two last-named species : flowers Apr. 20—May, ill-scented. 2. T. erectum a, Stigmas slender and of uniform diameter, erect or spreading, usually more than half as long as the sharply or obtusely angled ovary. b. Leaves sessile : ovary sharply 6-angled; anthers exceeding the stigmas; petals obovate, white, turning pink with age; fruit subglobose. 3. T. grandiflorum b. Leaves short-petioled; ovary obscurely 3-lobed; anthers equaling or shorter than the stigmas; petals elliptic-lanceolate, white w:th purple base; fruit short- oblong. 4. T. undulatum 1. T. cernuum L., var. macranthum Eames & Wiegand. (See Rhodora 25: 191. 1923.) Low, mucky, mostly acid, soils in calcareous regions; rare. May 20—-Jume 15. Low island in swamp, McLean Bogs (D.!). A considerable colony exists here, but the plant has not been found elsewhere in this flora. Vt. to Ont. and Mackenzie, southw. to Pa., Ill., and Sask, THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 149 |T. declinatum (Gray) Gleason. Alluvial bottom lands and rich woods. May 15—June 20. Cent. N. Y. to.s. Minn., southw. to Mo. This species. which is closely related to T. cernmumn, has been found in Monroe Co., N. Y. (M.S. Baxter, K. M. W., & others), and as far east as Wayne Co. (Hankenson, 1879). This latter station is on the border of the Cayuga Lake Basin, and the plant very likely will be found farther east within the limits of the flora. Hankenson says, in a letter to Dr. Gray: “It grows in copses along creek flats usually in alluvial soil here [Newark] and farther east along Clyde River in this county and not in company with 7. erectwm but with such plants as Mertensia vir- ginica. The ped. is ascending at first but as the flower gets older the petals become revolute and the ped: horizontal’.......:.... stems stout, usually clustered 2-4, flower- ing a little later than 7. erectuwm or T. grandiflorum.”’ The plant was formerly considered to be a variety of 7. erectwm, but the time of flowering, the odor of the flower, the habit, and the habitat are nearly the same as those of 7. cernuum. ‘The T. erectum, var. declinatum, of the Cayuga Flora cannot now be identified. | 2. T. erectum L. Purpere Trmitrum. BirtrHroor. BeETHROOT. Damp banks and rich woodlands, in humus underlaid with more or less calcareous gravels and loams; frequent. May. In most of the ravines of the basin; Ellis Hollow; the McLean region; Venice; rare or absent on the chestnut-vaccinium soils. E. Que. to Ont., southw. to Pa. and Tenn., and in the mts..to N. C.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. A form with greenish yellow corolla (forma albifloruwm Hoffm., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 36:244, 1922, the first name as ‘“‘forma”’) occurs sporadically. 3. T. grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. Wauuire Tritium. WAKE Rosin. Rich woodlands, if not too dry, in humus underlaid with more or less calcareous gravels or loams; very common. May. Extremely abundant in many ravines of the basin and in damp woodlands, and, when in flower, appearing like white stars in the vistas between the trees. Perhaps the most characteristic spring flower in this region. W. Que. and w. Vt. to Minn., southw. to N. C. and Mo.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. A plant of the rich lands of the interior. Monstrosities of various sorts are frequent. A very extensive series showing the transformation of floral parts to leaves was obtained by W. C. Muenscher in Big Gully in 1923. 4. T. undulatum Willd. (7. erythrocarpum of Cayuga Fl.) Parntep TrILLruM. Damp or dry woodlands about bogs and on hilltops, in gravelly noncalcareous soils ; locally frequent. May. Swamps of Newfield, Spencer, Danby, Caroline, Dryden, Freeville, and McLean; Dryden-Lansing Swamp (D.); dry woods of the higher hilltops of Caroline, Danby, and Newfield; Duck Lake woods. E. Que to Ont. and Wis., southw. to Conn., Pa., and in the mts. to Ga.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. It is difficult to determine whether this plant is influenced in its local distribution more by the cooler habitats of a northern range, or by the soil. 18. Smilax (Tourn.) L. a. Stems herbaceous, unarmed; flowers carrion-scented; umbels large; peduncles 4-20 cm. long; ovules 2 in each cell. 1. S. herbacea a. Stems woody, densely beset with black bristly prickles; flowers not carrion-scented ; umbels small; peduncles 2-5 cm. long; ovule solitary. 2. S. hispida 150 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 1. S. herbacea L. Carrion FLower. Rich moist gravelly thickets, with little apparent reference to the lime content of the soil; frequent. June. Near Cayuta Lake; Inlet Valley; Coy Glen; South Hill; Cascadilla woods (D:) ; Beebe Lake (D.); Turkey Hill; e. of Caroline Center; McGowan Woods; e. of Ludlowville; n. w. of East Lansing; w. of Howland Island. N. B. to Man., southw. to Fla. La., Nebr., and Tex.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. 2. S. hispida Muhl. Green Brter. Damp woodlands and moist thickets, in rich loamy, often alluvial, soils; frequent. June. Enfield Glen (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; Cascadilla woods (D.!); Fall Creek woods (D.); Slaterville Swamp; alluvial woods n. of Mecklenburg; Salmon Creek, w. of Genoa; Lake Como; w. of Howland Island. Conn. to Minn., southw. to N. C. and Tex.; absent on the Coastal Plain. A plant of the interior. 26. AMARYLLIDACEAE (Amaryitts FaAmity) 1. Hypoxis L. 1. H. hirsuta (L.) Coville. (H. erecta of Cayuga Fl.) Star Grass.- Dry gravelly or sandy grassy slopes near woods, in acid soils; frequent. June—July. On the chestnut acid soils w., s., and s. e. of Ithaca, on the crests of the ravines and the cliffs of Cayuga Lake, and in the sands n. of the lake: Enfield; South Hill; Turkey Hill; Cascadilla woods (D.!) Fall Creek woods (D.!); w. cf Asbury; and elsewhere. Absent in the McLean district and on the clays and rich soils back from the lake shore. S. w. Me. to Sask., southw. to Fla., e. Kans., and Tex. A characteristic plant on the Coastal Plain. 27. IRIDACEAE (Iris Famiry) . Style branches broad and petaloid, opposite the anthers; flowers very large; plants Q flag-like. 1. Irts a. Style branches filiform, alternate with the anthers; flowers small; plants grass- like. 2. SISYRINCHIUM 1. Iris (Tourn.) L. a, Flowers blue; capsules 25-45 mm. long; plant 5-8 dm. tall. 1. T. versicolor a. Flowers yellow; capsules 50-70 mm. long; plant 10-17 dm. tall. 2. J. pseudacorus 1. I. versicolor L. Brue FLac. Swamps and meadows, in various, more or less acid, soils; common. June, Lab. to Man., southw. to Fla. and Ark., including the Coastal Plain. bo . I. pseupAcorus L. YELLow Iris. Marshes; scarce. June—July. Brook bed, Bald Hill, Caroline; Inlet Marshes (D.!) ; Dwyer Pond; s. of Union Springs, near the railroad (D.!) ; Howland Point. Newf. to N. Y. and N. J. Adventive from Eu. A most beautiful plant. 2. Sisyrinchium L. a, Stem below the inflorescence 2.5 mm. in diam. or less; umbels solitary, rarely 2: lower bract, subtending the umbel, much exceeding the other; pedicels equal- ing or slightly shorter than the second bract. 1. S. angustifolium THE FLorA OF THE CayuGA LAKE BasIN 151 a. Stems 3 mm. in diam., flexuous; umbels 2 or more, rarely solitary; lower bract scarcely longer than the other (longer when umbel is solitary) ; pedicels slightly longer than the second bract; plant coarser. 2. S. gramineum 1. S. angustifolium Mill. (S. anceps of Cayuga FI., first form.) BLuE-ryep Grass. Damp grassy fields, in sandy or gravelly neutral or acid soils; rather common. June. Generally distributed in the gravels of the basin; absent on the clays (?). Newf. to B. C., southw. to Va., N. C. (?), Mich., Minn., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain, and in the Rocky Mts. 2. S. gramineum Curtis. (S. anceps of Cayuga FI., second form.) BLUE-EYED GRASS. In situations similar to the preceding, perhaps in more acid soils; equally common. June-July 10. Newf. (?) and N. S. to Minn., southw. to Fla., Ark., and Tex.; more common on the Coastal Plain than the last-named species. 28. ORCHIDACEAE (Orcu Famity) ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE GENERA® a. Anthers 2, lateral on the column, with a third enlarged sterile flattened stamen partly closing the orifice of the moccasin-shaped labellum. 1. CyPrIPEDIUM a. Anther 1, terminating the column (the two anther-cells should not be mistaken for separate anthers) ; labellum flat or concave, but not moccasin-shaped. b. Flowers spurred. c. Glands of the two pollinia convergent, contained in the same pouch over the stigma; lip white, spotted; petals and sepals purple. 2. ORCHIS c. Glands of the two pollinia divergent, widely separated on either side of the stigma; perianth concolorous. 3. HABENARIA b. Flowers not spurred, at most merely saccate-ventricose. c. Flowers large (perianth 1.5-4.5 cm. long); column moderately or much elongated. d, Leaves linear, or reduced to heats only; flowers pink or purple. e. Flowers few ina raceme; perianth not gamophyllous, apparently inverted (really straight, since orchid flowers are normally inverted) with the labellum uppermost. 7. CALOPOGON e. Flowers solitary, terminal; perianth gamophyllous, apparently not in- verted, ringent. 8. ARETHUSA d. Leaves elliptical or oval. e. Flowers racemose, pink; column not denticulate at apex; anther erect; pollen grains compound, pitted; subterranean parts tuberous and sub- stoloniferous. d 4. TRIPHORA e. Flowers solitary, rarely 2, pink or brownish; column denticulate at apex; anther incumbent, the loculi facing downward; pollen grains not pitted; tubers and stolons wanting. f. Leaf solitary; sepals equaling the lip; pollen grains simple. 5. PoGoNnIa f. Leaves whorled; sepals narrow, much exceeding the lip; pollen grains compound. 6. IsoTRIA c. Flowers smaller (perianth 1 cm. long or less), few or many, never normally solitary ; column short or moderately elongated. d. Green foliage present at flowering time; stem green; flowers white, green, or brown. ® Natural synopses in this family are based on column and pollen characters, and are difficult to use unless the material is in first-class condition and the operator is skilled. 152 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES e. Sepals and petals, except the lip, erect and connivent; flowers small, numerous, white or greenish white, in spiral or secund spikes. f. Lip saccate; leaves ovate or elliptical, mostly variegated, basal. 11. Eprpactis f. Lip not saccate; leaves ovate or linear, never variegated, basal or cauline. 10. SPIRANTHES e. Sepals and petals free, usually divaricate; flowers greenish or purplish. f. Sepals 8-10 mm. long; flowers many, in a long raceme; leaves many- nerved, plaited, papery; plant 25-60 cm. high. 9. SERAPIAS f. Sepals less than 6 mm. long; leaves inconspicuously veined, waxy; plant 3-25 cm. high. g. Leaf-solitary. 14. MicrostyLis g. Leaves 2, appearing opposite, cauline. 12. LIsTERA g. Leaves 2, basal. 15. Lrparts d. Green foliage absent at flowering time (the remains of a single broad, many-veined, plaited, papery, basal leaf may be present in the first-named genus) ; stem and flowers brownish. . e. Sepals 12 mm. long; plant from a globular corm. 16. APLECTRUM e. Sepals 6 mm. long or less; plant from coral-like rootstocks. 13. CoRALLORRHIZA 1. Cypripedium L. a. Plant leafy-stemmed; flowers 1-2, rarely several; lip not fissured in front. b. Lip yellow, shorter than the brownish, linear-lanceolate, acute sepals and petals. c. Lip 2-3 cm. long; sepals deep purple-brown. l. C. parviflorum c. Lip 3.5-5 cm. long; sepals paler, shorter. la. C. p., var. pubescens b. Lip white flushed with purple; sepals and petals greenish white, broad, obtuse. . C. reginae a. Plant acaulescent, 1-flowered, 2-leaved at the base; lip pink, Bsured ip rong . acaule 1. C. parviflorum Salisb. SMALLER YELLOw Lapy’s SLIPPER. Boggy and springy places, in marly, rarely subacid soils; infrequent. May 25- June 15. Headwaters Swamp; Michigan Hollow Swamp (D.!); Six Mile Creek (D.!); Cascadilla woods (D.); near Freeville (D.); Mud Creek, Freeville; Malloryville (D.!); larch and arbor vitae swamp, Savannah; boggy woods s. w. of Westbury. Newf. to B. C. and Wash., southw. to Ga., Mo., and Nebr.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. la. C. parviflorum Salisb., var. pubescens (Willd.) Knight. (C. pubescens of Cayuga Fl.) Larcer YELLow Lapy’s SLIPPER. In situations similar to the preceding, but often drier; frequent. May 25—June. Headwaters Swamp; Enfield Glen; Coy Glen; Six Mile Creek; University Grove, formerly (Dr. Jordan) ; Cascadilla woods (D.); Ellis Hollow Swamp; swamp e. of Slaterville; Fir Free Swamp between Slaterville and Dryden; Mud Creek, Free- ville; “abundant in the swamps of Freeville, Beaver Cr. and elsewhere” (D.), however, apparently not so abundant as implied in the foregoing statement; often in rich, rather dry woods, as at Enfield Glen, upper Six Mile Creek, and the Caroline hills. N. S. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Nebr.; rare near the coast. Perhaps only an extreme of the preceding species, and doubtfully worthy of nomenclatorial distinction. Knight (Rhodora 8:93. 1906) claims to have seen one form change into the other when transplanted to garden soil. THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 153 2. C. reginae Walt. (C. spectabile of Cayuga Fl. C. hirsutum of Gray’s Man., ed. 7.) Swmowy Lapy’s SLIpper. Boggy and springy places, in mucky calcareous soils; frequent in such situations. June 15-July 20. Headwaters Swamp; Michigan Hollow Swamp (D.); “scarce in Larch Meadow, Buttermilk ravine, and Enfield ravine” (D.); Fir Tree Swamp between Slaterville and Dryden; Mud Creek, Freeville (D.!); Malloryville; near Mud Pond, McLean Bogs; Beaver Brook (D.!) ; Wyckoff Swamp (D.!) ; arbor vitae swamp e. of Clyde; Tyre; Miller Bog, Spring Lake; Westbury Bog. “The most splendid of our native orchids, this species is seen in perfection in the half shaded sphagnum openings in the middle of thick swamps” (D.). Newf. to Minn., southw. to Ga.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. Miller’s name, C. hirsutum, cannot be identified with certainty. The description suggests C. acaule. 3. C. acaule Ait. StEmiEess Lapy’s Siipper. Moccasin FLower. j Woods or thickets, in acid humus on sandy, gravelly, or even limy soils; frequent. une. On the chestnut-vaccinium soils w., s., and s. e. of Ithaca, on the ravine crests, in the sandy soils n. of Cayuga Lake, and on hummocks in bogs and swamps: Connecti- cut Hill; Spencer hills; Michigan Hollow region, with laurel and sweet fern; Caroline Pinnacles; Slaterville; Enfield Glen; Buttermilk Glen; Cascadilla woods (D.); Fall Creek (D.!); Ringwood; Mud Creek, Freeville; Dart Woods (D.); Rhodes Woods (D.); McLean Bogs; Junius Woods; near Duck Lake. Newf. to Minn. and Man., southw. to N. C. and Tenn. A characteristic plant on the Coastal Plain. Wherry has recently shown (Journ. Washington Acad. Sci. 8: 589. 1918) that even when growing above marl the roots of acid-loving orchids are usually surrounded by acid soils. 2..Orchis (lourn:) EL; 1. O. spectabilis L. SHowy Orcuis. Dry or well-drained woodlands and banks, in rich, somewhat calcareous or slightly acid, gravelly soils; not uncommon. May 20—-June 10. Coy Glen; Six Mile Creek; Mud Creek, Freeville ; Chicago Bog; Howland Island; Stark Pond; Spring Lake; and elsewhere. “ Evenly and sparingly distributed through- out our Cayuga L. basin” (D.). N. B. to Ont. and Dak., southw. to Ga., Ky., Mo., and Nebr.; rare on the Coastal Plain. 3. Habenaria Willd.1° a. Lip not fringed. b. Lip oblong, truncate, the apex with 2-3 terminal teeth or entire. ; c. Cauline leaves 1-2; lip entire at base; bracts shorter than the flowers. 1. H. clavellata c, Cauline leaves several; bracts longer than the flowers. d. Spur shorter than the lip; lip not hastate. 2. H. bracteata d. Spur longer than the lip; lip hastate, and with a median protuberance on the upper side. 3. H. flava, var. virescens b. Lip lanceolate to linear; apex entire, and subacute or rounded. : c. Leaves cauline, elliptic-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate.’ d. Lip not dilated at base; flowers greenish, scarcely fragrant. 4. H. hyperborea d. Lip dilated at base; flowers white, fragrant. 5. H. dilatata 1” Habenaria is a_well-rounded, easily recognized genus, and should be retained with its com- prehensive limits. Under the International Rules this name will stand, as Habenaria Willd. and Bonatea Willd. were first united under the name Habenaria. 154 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES c. Leaves 2, basal, oval or orbicular, spread flat on the ground. d. Lip lanceolate, 1 cm. long; spur 18-20 mm. long; scape bractless. 6. H. Hooker d. Lip linear, 1.5-2 cm. long; spur 22-37 mm. long; scape bracted; leaves usu- ally larger. 7. H. orbiculata a. Lip fringed. b. Body of lip oblong, fringed along sides and tip. c. Flowers yellow; fringe of lip 3-5 mm. long. 8. H. ciliarts c. Flowers white; fringe of lip 0.5-1.5 mm. long. 9. H. blephariglottis b. Body of lip 3-parted. c. Flowers greenish; divisions of lip deeply cleft into a long capillary fringe. 10. H. lacera c. Flowers purple or lilac; divisions of lip fan-shaped, fringed at the truncate apex. d. Lip 1-1.2 cm. wide; flowers deep purple. 11. H. psycodes d. Lip 1.8-2 cm. wide, more deeply fringed; flowers lilac. 12. H. fimbriata 1. H. clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. (H. tridentata of Cayuga FI.) Sphagnum bogs and boggy meadows in somewhat acid soil, apparently in most cases on a calcareous or even a distinctly marly substratum; scarce. July 15—-Aug. 15. Ringwood; Mud Creek, Freeville (D.!) ; McLean Bogs; Beaver Brook; Freeville ee (D.); Westbury Bog; Featherbed Bog; Spring Lake; moor of Junius marl ponds. Newf. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and La., including the Coastal Plain. Spurless plants occur at Mud Creek (D.!) and Ringwood. The soil preference of this species is perplexing. The plant grows in calcareous bogs here, but occurs in acid bogs on the Coastal Plain. However, in N. J. it is really abundant only in the pine-barren region, where the soil is presumably impregnated with salts. 2. H. bracteata (Willd.) R. Br. (H. viridis, var. bracteata, of Cayuga FI.) Damp woodlands, in rich, somewhat acid (?) humus over calcareous soils; rare. June. Ravine n. of Buttermilk Glen? (D.) ; rich woods s. e. of Duck Lake (F. P. Metcalf G& A. H. Wright). N. S. to Alaska, southw. to Pa. and Nebr., and in the mts. to N. C.; apparently rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in e. Asia. 3. H. flava (L.) Gray, var. virescens (Muhl.) Fernald. (See Rhodora 23: 148. 1921. Perularia virescens of Cayuga FI.) Low woods and thickets, in rather light but somewhat acid soils; scarce. June 20— July 20. Headwaters Swamp (4. H. Wright); “ open meadow, with club mosses, between Bald Hill and Taft Hill, Caroline” (D.); dry pasture s. of Brookton; Dart Woods (D.); South Hill Marsh; Inlet Marshes (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; between Fall Creek and Cayuga Lake (F. C. Curtice) ; Ringwood; n. e. of Hanshaw Corners; Townley Swamp; Botrychium Woods, Spring Lake; e. of Duck Lake. N. S. to Minn., southw. to Fla., La., and Mo.; apparently infrequent on the Coastal Plain. 4. H. hyperborea (L.) R. Br. Boggy and springy places, in calcareous soils, rarely in the rich soils of calcareous woodlands; frequent. June 15—Aug. 15. S. of Caroline Depot; Michigan Hollow Swamp; w. of Key Hill; Enfield Glen; headwaters of Six Mile Creek; McGowan Woods; Ellis Hollow; Ringwood; Mud Creek, Freeville; Malloryville; McLean Bogs; Beaver Brook; Westbury Bog. Iceland, (Greenland?), and Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Pa., Nebr., Colo., and Oreg.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. ~ THE FLorA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 155 5. H. dilatata (Pursh) Gray. Marly springy swamps; scarce. June 15—July 10. Fir Tree Swamp between Slaterville and Dryden; Mud Creek, Freeville; Mallory- ville; McLean Bogs; Beaver Brook; Westbury Bog. Lab. to Alaska, southw. to n. N. J., N. Y., and Oreg.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 6. H. Hookeri Torr. Rich dry woodlands, in humus on gravelly neutral or slightly acid soil; frequent. June 15—July 15 In deciduous woods, but frequent also under conifers: hillside s. e. of White - Church; hilltops, North Spencer; pine woods near Lucifer Falls; Connecticut Hill; Cascadilla woods (D.); University Grove, formerly (Dr. Jordan); Fall Creek, below Varna; e. of Duck Lake. “A form approaching var. oblongifolia, occurs on Thacher’s Pinnacle” (D.). E. Que. and N. S. to Minn., southw. to Pa. and Iowa (?); rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 7. H. orbiculata (Pursh) Torr. In situations and soils similar to the preceding but only on the higher hills, usually under oak and chestnut or under conifers; infrequent. June 25—July. Signer Woods (D.); North Spencer; hill w. of Dry Run, Spencer (W. C. Muenscher & W. E. Manning) ; woods on Taft Hill (D.); Richford; Dart Woods (D.) ; Rhodes Woods (D.) ; Ringwood. Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Ga., Minn., and Wash.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The spur and the lip vary in length, and the leaves in size, but the variations are not correlated. H. macrophylla Goldie seems to be merely the large-spurred extreme. 8. H. ciliaris (L.) R. Br. YELLow Frincep OrcHIs. Sandy bogs, in acid soils; very rare. Junius (Sartwell) ; Newton Ponds, base of sandy hill adjoining the moor at the eastern edge, collected in 1893 (K. M. W.) but not seen since. Mass. and Vt. to Mich., southw. to Fla., Mo., and Tex.; more abundant on the Coastal Plain. 9. H. blephariglottis (Willd.) Torr. Woutte FRINGED OrcHts. In situations and soils similar to the preceding; rare. July 25-Aug. Moor of Pout Pond bog (Sartwell!) ; bog e. of Duck Lake. Newf. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Miss.; more abundant on the Coastal Plain. 10. H. lacera (Michx.) R. Br. RaccEep OrcHIs. Damp grassy fields and roadsides, mostly on slightly acid soils; infrequent. June 15—-July Shae: oe South Hill Marsh, several places (D.); n. e. of Hanshaw Corners; n. e. of Varna; s. slope of Turkey Hill; Ringwood ; Freeville (D.!) ; Dryden- Lansing Swamp (D.): Lowery Ponds (Sartwell) ; Butler ; near Mud Pond, Conquest. Newf. to Minn., southw. to Ga., Ala. and Ark., including the Coastal Plain. 11. H. psycodes (L.) Sw. Purpre FRINGED OrcHIs. Wet meadows and the borders of swamps, in moderately heavy to medium light, slightly acid, soils; frequent. July 15—Aug. 15. Near Summit Marsh; White Church (D.); Newfield, near the railroad station and w. of Key Hill; Cayuta Lake; Larch Meadow (D.); Buttermilk Glen (D.) ; Malloryville; near the McLean Bogs; Beaver Brook; Townley Swamp; Otter Lake; Spring Lake; Westbury Bog; and elsewhere. Newf. to Minn., southw. to N. C. and Tenn., including the Coastal Plain. 156 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 12. H. fimbriata (Ait.) R. Br. PurpLe FRINGED ORCHIs. In situations similar to the preceding but sometimes in drier soils; frequent. June 20—July, flowering considerably earlier than the preceding species. Mossy hillside n. w. of North Spencer station; West Danby; Michigan Hollow; n. w. of Varna; Richford; Ellis Hollow; Ringwood; Malloryville Bog; McLean Bogs; Beaver Brook; and elsewhere; no records from the northern districts. Plants with pure white flowers in Michigan Hollow Swamp (D.). Newf. to Ont. and N. Y. (Mich., Small), southw. in the mts. to N. C.; rare on the Coastal Plain. = 4. Triphora Nutt. 1. T. trianthophora (Sw.) Rydb. (See Oakes Ames, Studies in the Family Orchi- daceae, 7:3. 1922. Pogoma trianthophora of Gray’s Man., ed. 7. P. pendula of Cayuga FI.) Rich damp or dry woods, in nearly neutral leaf mold; rare. Aug. Cascadilla woods, near the Old Armory, 1922 (W.E. Manning) ; Sheldrake Point, 1831 (A. Gray); Botrychium Woods, Spring Lake, 1916 (L. Griscom, F. P. Met- calf, & A. H. Wright); Westbury Bog, 1916 (same collectors). [Geneva (Dr. J. Smith in Sartwell Herb.).] Me. to Wis., southw. to Fla., Mo., and Kans.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. A plant primarily of the rich humus of the interior. The plant does not flower every year. Oakes Ames has called attention, apparently with justice, to the desirability of treating the members of the comprehensive genus Pogonia as three genera, thus following numerous other botanists. The distinguish- ing characters are rather too distinct even for those who prefer comprehensive genera. 5. Pogonia Juss. 1. P. ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. Peat bogs, in acid soils; infrequent. June 20—July 20. Larch Meadow (D.); Freeville (D.); Malloryville Bog (D.); McLean Bogs (D.); Chicago Bog (D.!); Miller Bog, Spring Lake; Featherbed Bog. Newf. to Minn., southw. to Fla., Kans., and Tex. A characteristic plant on the Coastal Plain. Found also in Japan. 6. Isotria Raf. 1. I. verticillata (Willd.) Raf. (Pogonia verticillata of Gray’s Man., ed. 7, and of Cayuga FI.) Damp woodlands and peat bogs, in more or less acid soils; rare. May 20—June 15. Acid chestnut soils of the southern hills, and in sandy bogs on the Ontario plain: Caroline, in woods on top of Bald Hill, and w. slope of Taft Hill (D.); Danby, in woods on Ball Hill (D.); bog e. of Duck Lake (L. Griscom, F. P. Metcalf, & A. H. Wright!) ; Featherbed Bog (same collectors!). Mass. to Wis., southw. to Fla., including the Coastal Plain and mostly confined to the region east of the Allegheny Mts. Thought by some botanists to be a calciphile. 7. Calopogon R. Br.” 1. C. pulchellus (Sw.) R. Br. Peat and marl bogs, in somewhat acid soils; scarce. June 20-July 20. Larch Meadow (D.); Freeville (D.) ; Woodwardia Bog; Malloryville Bog €D.!) ; McLean Bogs (D.!); Beaver Brook; marly moor, Lowery Ponds; Pout Pond bog; Miller Bog, Spring Lake; Featherbed Bog. Newf. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Mo. A characteristic plant on the Coastal Plain. SA ne ae 11 The name Calopogon is included in the nomina conservanda of the International Code. st N THE FLoRA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN ie 8. Arethusa (Gronov.) L. 1. A. bulbosa L. Peat bogs, in acid soils; rare. May 20—June. Freeville Bog, 1874 (E. H. Palmer) and later (D.); Junius (Sartwell) ; Feather- bed Bog (L. Griscom, F. P. Metcalf, & A. H. Wright!) ; Westbury Bog. se to Ont. and Minn., southw. to S. C. and Ind.; most common on the Coastal ain. 9. Serapias L. 1. S. HeELLEBorINE L. Rich woodlands, in nearly neutral soils; scarce. July 15-Aug. 20. Enfield Glen (L. H. Bailey); Six Mile Creek, several stations (several collec- tors) ; back of Sibley College (S. H. Burnham); McGowan Woods (Burnham) ; South Cortland, near Chicago Crossing (E. L. Overholser) ; Paine Creek; Botrychium Woods, Spring Lake (L. Griscom, F. P. Metcalf, & A. H. Wright); woods near Stark Pond (L. H. MacDaniels) ; near Westbury Bog (Griscom ¢& Metcalf). Que. to Ont., Mass., N. Y., and Pa.; probably adventive from Europe. The species was first found here in 1916 and is apparently spreading. Unlike sae adventive plants, it occurs usually in wild places that little suggest such intro- uction. 10. Spiranthes Richard 12 a. Stem slender, leafless; leaves ovate, basal, fugacious; flowers 5 mm. long; raceme slender, often secund. 1. S. gracilis a. Stem leafy, at least toward the base; leaves linear or lanceolate; flowers 5-12 mm. long ; raceme thicker, not secund. b. Lip quadrate, yellow, obtuse, with small oblong adnate marginal callosities at the base; flowering in June; leaves lanceolate, about 1 cm. wide. 2. S. lucida b. Lip ovate-oblong, scarcely yellow, less obtuse, callosities globular or nipple- shaped and rarely wanting; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate. c. Lip unconstricted; callosities prominent; lateral sepals not upturned, and there- fore perianth not plainly ringent; beak of the stigma very long and slender ; flowering in late summer. 3. S. cernua c. Lip constricted below the apex, pandurate; callosities minute or lacking; lateral sepals upturned and connivent with the petals and the upper sepal; perianth ringent; beak of the stigma short; flowering in midsummer. 4. S. Romanzoffiana 1. S. gracilis (Bigel.) Beck. SLENDER Lapies’ TREssEs. Dry sandy or gravelly banks and thickets, in neutral or slightly acid soils; infre- quent. July 15-Aug. Chestnut soils of the hills s. of Ithaca, stony crests of ravines, along the Cayuga Lake shore, and in the sandy region n. of the lake: hilltop, North Spencer; Thatcher Pinnacles; Key Hill; Cascadilla woods (D.); Fall Creek woods (D.); Ringwood; between Renwick and McKinneys; sandy woods, Junius; “frequently with pines” (D.). N. S. to Man., southw. to Fla., La., and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. 2. S. lucida (H. H. Eaton) Ames. (S. latifolia of Cayuga Fl. S. plantaginea of authors, not Lindley.) Lanprres’ TREssEs. Springy places or along stream banks and lake shores, in alluvial, sandy or gravelly, neutral or more or less calcareous, soils; frequent. May 25—July 1. White Church valley (D.); near West Danby (D.); Enfield Glen; Inlet Valley, near Lick Brook; upper Buttermilk Glen; Ringwood; McLean Bogs; marly springy ergs name Spiranthes is included in the list of mnomina conservanda of the International ode. 158 Kart M. WrieGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES bank, Little Salmon Creek; Paine Creek; shore of Utt Point; Big Gully Point; Savannah; e. of Mud Pond, Conquest; and elsewhere. Me. to Wis., southw. to Va.; rare on the Coastal Plain. 3. S. cernua (L.) Richard. Autumn Lapirs’ TREssEs. Springy open places, frequently in drier soil than the preceding, in the Cayuga Bes Basin in distinctly calcareous soils; not uncommon. Aug. 15-Sept. Rare or absent in the chestnut soils of the basin, becoming more common in the Freeville and McLean district, and again less frequent n. of Cayuga Lake except in marl regions. Occurs abundantly in actual marl deposits along Fall Creek, and at - Malloryville. Newf. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and N. Mex., including the Coastal Plain. The occurrence "of this species on the Coastal Plain of N. J. suggests an affinity for acid soils, which is quite in contrast with the apparent soil preference here. This subject has been discussed by Wherry (Rhodora 23:127. 1921), who con- siders the acid-loving form as true S. cernua whereas the plant of less acid (or calcareous?) soil is var. ochroleuwca (Rydb.) Ames, which Ames can recognize only by its upland habitat and nonpolyembryonic seeds (Rhodora 23’: 78. 1921). 4. S. Romanzoffiana Cham. Marly bogs; scarce. July 10—Aug. 15. Summit Marsh (D.); Brookton Springs (D.); Mud Créek, Freeville (D.) ; Mud Pond, McLean Bogs; Newton and Lowery Ponds (D.!). Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Conn., N. Y., the Great Lakes, S. Dak., Colo., Utah, and Calif.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. In certain parts of N. E. the plant apparently grows in more acid bogs. 11. Epipactis (Haller) Boehm. a. Raceme loose; the saccate lip with elongated tip and flaring or recurved margin. b. Flowers in a 1-sided spike; anther short and blunt; beak of stigma shorter than the body; perianth 44.5 mm. long; leaves 1-3 cm. long; raceme 3-7 cm. long. 1. E. repens, var. ophioides b. Flowers in a loose spiral; anther acuminate; beak of stigma as long as or longer than the body; perianth 5-6 mm. long; leaves 3-8 cm. long; raceme 6-9 cm. long. 2. E. tesselata a. Raceme rather densely flowered, scarcely 1-sided; lip scarcely saccate, elongated, with the margin involute; leaves and flowers larger than in the other species (see also 3d a). : [E. decipiens] a. Raceme densely many-flowered, terete; lip strongly saccate, with a short blunt tip; margin not recurved nor flaring. 3. E. pubescens 1. E. repens (L.) Crantz, var. ophioides (Fernald) A. A. Eaton. (Goodyera repens, in part, of Cayuga Fl.) RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN. Dry or damp banks in hemlock woods, in slightly acid soils; rare. Aug. Bank below sulphur springs, Enfield Glen, 1881 (C. U. Herb., collector unknown) ; hemlock woods, McLean Bogs, 1894 (W. W. Rowlee). Newf. to Man. and Mont. (Alaska?), southw. to N. E., N. Y., and Mich., and in the mts. to S. C.; probably absent on the Coastal Plain. 2. E. tesselata (Lodd.) A. A. Eaton. (Goodyera repens, in part, of Cayuga FI.) RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN. Moist or dry coniferous woods, in humus; rare. Aug. N. w. corner of Michigan Hollow Swamp (Miss L. B. Henderson) ; coniferous woods above Lucifer Falls; near McLean Bogs, 1875 (D? in C. U. Herb.) ; perhaps elsewhere. Newf. to Ont., southw. to Conn. and N. Y. THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 159 [E. decipiens (Hook.) Ames. (Goodyera Menziesti of Cayuga FI., possibly.) Woodlands about swamps; rare. “Michigan Hollow, borders of the deep swamp; not in flower but leaves and buds evidently of this species. Dr. Gray obtained it in ‘Western N. Y.’— it is believed from Seneca Co.,—in 1831” (D.). This plant has not been seen since the time of the foregoing record, and the determination is doubtful. It was probably a sterile plant of the preceding species. E. Que. to B. C., southw. to N. S.,.N. B., n. Me., Lake Huron, and Ariz., also in Calif.; very rare in N. Y. State; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain.] 3. E. pubescens (Willd.) A. A. Eaton. (Goodyera pubescens of Cayuga FI.) RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN. Rich, slightly acid humus in dry, mostly coniferous woods; frequent. Aug. Hillside, North Spencer; Enfield Glen; Cascadilla woods (D.); Fall Creek (D.), Ringwood; Malloryville; and elsewhere. Me. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tenn., including the Coastal Plain. 12. Luistera R. Br. 1. L. australis Lindl. TwavysLape. Peat bogs, in sphagnum; rare. June. Bog n. e. of Duck Lake, 1916 (L. Griscom, F. P. Metcalf, & A. H. Wright!) ; Featherbed Bog (same collectors!). A plant of the Coastal Plain from N. J. to Fla. and La.; also in cent. and w. N. Y. and at Ottawa, Ont. 13. Corallorrhiza (Haller) Chat. a. Lip with small lateral lobes, ovate, oval, or broadly oblong. b. Lip unspotted ; lateral lobes minute, tooth-like ; spur nearly obsolete; small plants of swamps, flowering in May. 1. C. trifida b. Lip spotted with purple; lateral lobes broad and rounded; spur manifest; larger plants of upland woods, flowering in summer. 2. C. maculata a. Lip without lateral lobes, obovate or oval; spur nearly obsolete; small plants of damp woodlands, flowering in late summer. 3. C. odontorhiza 1. C. trifida Chat. (C. innata of Cayuga Fl.) SMati CorALRoort. Boggy or mucky woods in more or less calcareous regions, also more rarely in humus or in dry woods over less calcareous soils; scarce. May 10—June 10. Michigan Hollow Swamp; swamp e. of Slaterville; Ellis Hollow Swamp (D.!) ; Dryden-Lansing Swamp (D.); borders of Mud Creek Swamp (D.); probably else- where in similar places. Newf. to Alaska, southw. to n. N. J., Pa., Ohio, Mich., Minn., and Wash., and in the mts. to Ga.; absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 2. C. maculata Raf. (C. multiflora of Cayuga Fl.) Larce Corarroor. Humus of dry sandy or gravelly woodlands, sometimes in low moist woods, in neutral or slightly acid soils; frequent, and generally distributed. June 20-Aug. This plant may grow in woods of either chestnut, maple, or beech, occurring in nearly all the dry woods w., s., and e. of Ithaca, and in the McLean district, but not in the heavier soils. N. S. to B. C., southw. to Fla., Mo., N. Mex., and Calif.; frequent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 3. C. odontorhiza (Willd.) Nutt. Damp sandy or gravelly chestnut woods, in slightly acid soils; rare. Aug.—Sept. Richford, in chestnut woods, 1917 (A. Gershoy); Turkey Hill, 1921 (A. H. Wright) ; e. side of Phillips Pond, 1922 (W.C. Muenscher & K. M. W.). S. Me. to Ont. and Mich., southw. to Fla. and Mo., including the Coastal Plain; rare northw. 160 Kart M. WriecGAnD AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 14. Microstylis (Nutt.) Eaton a. Pedicels equaling or shorter than the ovaries; lip acute, unlobed. 1. M. monophyllos a. Pedicels slender, much longer than the ovaries; lip broad and truncate at apex, 3-lobed. 2. M. unifolia 1. M. monophyllos (L.) Lindl. Apprer’s Mourn. ees mossy woods, rarely in ravines, in gravelly calcareous regions; scarce. June 5—July. Caroline, low woods s. of depot; Headwaters Swamp (A. H. Wright) ; Michigan Hollow Swamp; springy brook on Thatcher Pinnacles (D.); w. of Key Hill; near Smith Corners n. of Cayuta Lake (D.); Cascadilla Glen (D.); Ellis Hollow Swamp (D.!); Ringwood; swamps near Freeville (D.!); Mud Creek, Freeville, frequent (D.!); Beaver Brook (D.); arbor vitae swamp e. of Clyde. Que. to Man., southw. to Pa., Ind., and Nebr.; rare southw., and rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. ; 2. M. unifolia (Michx.) BSP. Apprr’s Mouru. In dry or wet humus over acid or neutral soils; rare. July. . Dry woods n. side of South Pinnacle, Caroline; dry open woods, hilltop w. of West Danby (K. M. W., A. J. E., & L. F. Randolph) ; boggy woods, Malloryville Bog; Grotto (A. H. Wright) ; swampy woods n. e. of Featherbed Bog (L. Griscom, F. P. Metcalf, & A. H. Wright). Newf. to Man., southw. to Fla., Ala., and Mo.; rare on the Coastal Plain. 15. Liparis Richard a. Lip equaling the petals, cuneate-obovate, translucent, madder purple, 10-12 mm. long. 1. L. lilufolia a. Lip shorter than the petals, obovate or oblong, yellowish green, 5 mm. long. 2. L. Loeselit 1. De ilufolia @..) ‘Richard: On dry neutral or slightly acid mixtures of clay and sand, in open woodlands ; very rare. June 20—July 20. Near “ Ovid, Seneca Co.” (Chickering & Brewer in Sartwell Herb.), “a doubtful specimen” (D.); dry oak woods near the old street railway grade, Renwick slope, 1916 (A. A. Allen!). ; N. H. and Mass. to Minn., southw. to Ala. and Mo.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. 2. L. Loeselii (L.) Richard. Neutral or slightly acid soils on calcareous bogs, meadows, and springy slopes; frequent. June-July 15. Summit Marsh (D.); springy hillside, North Spencer; swamp w. of Key Hill; Cascadilla Creek; marl springs, Fall Creek above Forest’ Home; marsh between Fall Creek and the lake (D.); Ringwood (D.); Freeville (D.); springs near Mud Creek, Freeville (D.) ; Cayuga and Montezuma Marshes (D.); Junius marl ponds; Turtle Pond; Duck Lake; Westbury Bog. N. S. to Sask., southw. to Ala. and Mo.; rare on the Coastal Plain. 16. Aplectrum (Nutt.) “Torr. 1. A. hyemale (Muhl.) Torr. Purryroor. ADAM-AND-EVE. Rich, rather dry woodlands, in deep humus; scarce. June 1-20. Enfield Glen; Inlet Valley, s. of Larch Meadow (F. C. Curtice); Six Mile Creek (D.); McGowan Woods (D.); woods near Varna (H. L. Locke & C. S. Sheldon) ; woods n, of Etna (D.); near Ludlowville (H. B. Lord); near Dryden- THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 16] Lansing Swamp (D. in C. U. Herb.); Ovid (Brewer & Chickering in Sartwell Herb.) ; Ledyard, 1827 (J. J. Thomas). Sporadic in distribution; absent on the acid chestnut soils. Vt. to Sask. and Oreg., southw. to Ga., Mo., and Calif.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. A plant of the rich soils of the interior. Crass II]. DICOTYLEDONEAE 29. PIPERACEAE (Perrer FAmity) 1. Saururus (Plum.) L. 1. S. cernuus L. Lizarp’s Tatu. Muddy swamps, brooks, and ditches; frequent. July 10-Aug. Indian Spring marsh (D.!) ; w. side of Inlet Marshes; Warren farm, Forest Home ; Dryden Lake valley (D.); Lake Como (Locke Pond, D.); w. of Canoga Marshes; near Clyde River, Galen; Howland Island; ‘abundant on the borders of Cayuga and Montezuma Marshes” (D.). R. I. to Fla. along the coast, and from cent. N. Y. to Minn. and Tex. A plant of the Coastal Plain and of the Great Lakes Basin, frequent on the Ontario plain of central N. Y., and, with the exception of the Dryden Lake and Lake Como stations, confined to the vicinity of Cayuga Lake. Traces of salt may be the influencing factor in the distribution of the plant. 30. SALICACEAE (Witiow Famity) a. Disk beneath each flower cup-shaped; stamens numerous; scales lacerate; leaves ovate or deltoid; winter-bud scales several. 1. PopuLus a, Disk consisting of 1-several finger-shaped or forked nectaries ; stamens few; scales entire or subentire; leaves lanceolate; winter-bud scale 1. Za SAGX 1. Populus (Tourn.) L. a. Styles dilated; scales glabrous or with a very few hairs; capsules 4-8 mm. in diam., subglobose or ellipsoid, maturing after the first leaves are mature; buds glutinous ; leaf blades deltoid or ovate. b. Petioles flattened. c. Leaf blade mostly deltoid, often subcordate; teeth large and hooked, especially at the leaf angles; petioles with 2 glands at upper end. 1. P. balsamifera c. Leaf blade rhombic or rhombic-deltoid; teeth small, more uniform, scarcely hooked; petioles without glands. 2. P. migra, var. ttalica b. Petioles terete or grooved. c. Leaves ovate, glabrous or finely and sparsely pubescent, the base acute, rounded, or subcordate. 3. P. tacamahacca c. Leaves broader, more rounded in outline, pubescent with coarser and usually longer hairs, the base more deeply cordate; teeth coarser. 4. P. candicans a. Styles linear or filiform; scales silky; capsules 1-3 mm. in diam., narrowly conic, maturing with or before the first leaves; buds not glutinous or scarcely so; leaves ovate or rounded. b. Petioles strongly flattened laterally ; mature leaves glabrous; buds and one-year- old twigs not white-tomentose. c. Leaves crenate-serrulate, glabrous when young; buds, twigs, young foliage, and capsules glabrous, often shining. 5. P. tremuloides 162 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES c. Leaves coarsely undulate-dentate, tomentose when young; buds, one-year-old twigs, and capsules puberulent or downy, dull. 6. P. grandidentata b. Petioles terete or nearly so; mature leaves white-tomentose beneath; buds and one-year-old twigs white-tomentose. 7. P. alba 1. P. balsamifera L. (See Journ. Arnold Arb. 1:62. 1919. P. deltoides of Gray’s Man., ed. 7. P. monilifera of Cayuga Fl.) Cotronwoop. NECKLACE POopLar. Low alluvial fields, woods,-and shores; common. Apr. 25—May 10. Most abundant on the shores of Cayuga Lake, and in the valleys and ravines of the larger streams in the basin; occasional on the hillsides above the ravines, as in Six Mile and Cascadilla valleys. W. Que. and N. H. to the Rocky Mts., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. Typical P. balsamifera has very large ovate leaves (12-15 cm. long, 10-12 cm. wide). The common form throughout the range has smaller, ovate-deltoid leaves and is separated from the typical form by Bailey and by Sargent as var. virginiana (Cast.) Sarg. This distinction seems doubtfully worthy of recognition. The so-called “Carolina poplar,” a tree commonly cultivated because of its rapid, luxuriant growth, is probably of hybrid origin, with P. nigra and P. balsamifera or P. regenerata as parents. It has been called P. Eugenet Simon-Louis and P. cana- densis Moench, but the tree needs further study (see Bailey, Man. Cult. Pl., p. 226. 1924). This plant spreads from the roots along roadsides and in waste places. It differs from P. balsamifera in the following characters: leaf margin naked or sparsely pubescent, instead of finely ciliate toward base; serrations less coarse and less strongly uncinate; leaf base generally slightly convex instead of concave; leaf outline more rounded than deltoid, with a less acuminate apex; tree narrow-topped, and subcylindrical instead of widespread. 2. P. nicra L., var. 1raALicA DuRoi. (P. dilatata of Cayuga Fl.) LomBarpy Porrar. Roadsides and low grounds; occasional. Apr. 15-30. Commonly cultivated, and occasionally spreading from the roots or by water-borne twigs: C. U. campus; near Spring St., Ithaca (D.) ; on the points along Cayuga Lake, as Myers Point (D.!), Lake Ridge Point (D.!), Willets (D:) ; and elsewhere. This plant is said to be a staminate sport of P. nigra which arose in Lombardy early in the eighteenth century. It has since been spread over the world by cuttings. 3. P. tacamahacca Mill. (See Journ. Arnold Arb. 1:61. 1919. P. balsamifera of authors and of Cayuga FI.) Bartsam Poprar. TACAMAHAC. Alluvial bottom lands and borders of swamps, or, along the southern limit of the species, in drier rocky soil; rare. Apr. 25—May 15. Taughannock Gorge, in woods just n. e. of the falls (D.!), a group of small, slow-growing trees, apparently now much the same as thirty-nine years ago. These trees are “probably indigenous, resembling in habitat and appearance those seen at Niagara and elsewhere” (D.!). Other stations are: near Jacksonville, cultivated, probably from the Taughannock station; s. of Willets, probably introduced (D.) ; roadside and meadow near White Church (D., also A. J. E. & L. H. MacDaniels). Newf. and Lab. to Alaska, southw. across the continent, entering the U. S. only along its northern border; a tree distinctly of the Far North, reaching its extreme southern limit here. Along the southern boundary of its range it is a poorly developed tree. The leaves are generally glabrous but occasionally puberulent on the petioles and veins beneath, such specimens being transitional to the var. Michauxru (Henry) Farwell, a northern variety not known in the Cayuga Lake Basin. Tue FLorRA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 163 4 P. canpicans Ait. (P. balsamifera, var. candicans, of Cayuga Fl.) Bat OF GILEAD. Roadsides and low grounds; infrequent. Apr. 25—May 5. Occasionally spreading from cultivation: Mitchell St., Ithaca; near the East ithoes railroad station; upper Cascadilla Creek; swampy woods n. e. of Mud Pond, McLean Bogs, spreading from a grove of large trees said to have been planted by the early settlers (D.!) ; along Fall Creek, n. of Freeville. A much-cultivated tree of doubtful origin, probably a hybrid from Europe. Only the pistillate form is known. It is often confused with P. tacamahacca, var. Michauxru, and perhaps also with pubescent forms of P. tacamahacca itself. 5. P. tremuloides Michx. AMERICAN ASPEN. TREMBLING POPLAR. Gravelly, sandy, or stony, acid or neutral, soils; common. Mar. 25—Apr. 15. Scarce about Ithaca; more common in the hills s. w., s., and s. e. of the city, along the cliffs of Cayuga Lake, and in the gravels of the McLean region. Newf. and Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Tenn., Mo., and Nebr., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain, and through the western mts. to Mex. and Calif. One of the most widely distributed of local trees, common in the North and extend- ing almost or quite to the northern limit of tree growth. 6. P. grandidentata Michx. LArcGre-TooTHEeD ASPEN. Dry light well-drained soil, chiefly on ravine crests and slopes, occurring in some- what richer soils than the preceding; common. Apr. 10-30. N. B. to Minn., southw. to Ill. and Iowa, including the northern Coastal Plain, and in the mts. to N. C. A tree strictly of the northeastern U. S. and of the Great Lakes district in Canada. 7. P. actBA L. WuHite Porprar. ABELE. Chiefly light soils; occasional. Apr. 25—May 10. In cultivation from Eurasia, and sometimes suckering freely in yards and along roadsides, thus becoming a troublesome weed. 25 Salix, (Tourn.) -L. Key based on staminate flowers 1% a, Nectaries 2 (often 34 in the first two species) ; scales pale or yellow, not dark- tipped; filaments hairy; catkins terminal on strongly leafy-bracted lateral branchlets. b. Stamens more than 2 (nos. 7 and 8 sometimes fall in this group). c. Catkins slender (8-12 mm. in diam.), rather loosely flowered; twigs slender, more or less fragile near the base; trees. d. Nectary yellow, pale when dry. 1. S. nigra d. Nectary red, blackish when dry. 2. S. amygdaloides c. Catkins stout, thick (13-20 mm. in diam.), densely flowered; twigs stouter, tough at base; shrubs. d. Catkins 2-5 cm. long, flowering May 15-30. 3. S. lucida d. Catkins 1-1.5 (2) cm. long, flowering June 10-30. 4. S. serissima b. Stamens 2 (in nos. 7 and 8, sometimes 3 or 4). c. Filaments hairy through more than half their length; young leaves linear, sessile or nearly so; catkin-bearing branchlets 2.5-8 cm. long below the catkin at flowering time; low shrubs. 5. S. longifolia c. Filaments hairy only at base; young leaves lanceolate or elliptical, petioled ; catkin-bearing branchlets less than 2.5 cm. long at flowering time; trees. ae Varieties based chiefly on foliage are omitted. Only staminate catkins are referred to in this key. 164 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES d. Catkins 1.5-2 cm. long, recurved; twigs very slender, drooping. 6. S. blanda d. Catkins 2-5 cm. long, not recurved; twigs stouter, sometimes flexuous but not drooping. e. Young leaves glabrous, rarely sparsely pilose; twigs olive-green, very fragile at base. 7. S. fragilis e. Young leaves silky pubescent; twigs tough or somewhat fragile at base. f. Twigs green or brownish green. 8. S. alba f. Twigs yellow or reddish yellow. 8a. S. a., var. vitellina a. Nectary 1; scales with pinkish, reddish, brownish, or black tips, not uniformly yellow or pale except sometimes in nos. 9 and 10; catkins either on leafy- bracted branchlets or nearly sessile; shrubs. b. Filaments free or fused less than half their length, glabrous; catkins strictly alternate. c. Scales uniformly pale, or with pink tips. d. Flowering branchlets leafy, the leaves that develop below the catkins equal- ing or surpassing the catkins; young leaves early becoming glabrous; catkins not constricted at base; scales obovate or oblanceolate, sparsely hairy or glabrous; small shrubs of bogs. 9. S. pedicellaris d. Flowering branchlets not really leafy, the 14 bracts less than half the length of the catkins; leaves pubescent; young catkins constricted at base; scales oblong or spatulate, hairy; large shrubs of low grounds. 10. S. Bebbiana c. Scales with dark tips (dark red, brown, or black). d. Anthers and nectary deep red (blackish when dry). 12. S. candida d. Anthers and nectary yeliowish or at least pale, or the anthers orange-red when young. e. Catkins with some (often small) herbaceous bracts at the base, in flower as the leaf buds are opening. f. Catkins 10-15 (18) mm. long; young foliage tawny- or rusty-silky; anthers (dry) 0.4-0.5 mm. long; hairs of the scales silky, hardly curled or matted; twigs tough at base. 13. S. petiolaris f. Catkins (15) 18-28 mm. long; young foliage glabrous or white-hairy. g. Anthers (dry) 0.4-0.5 mm. long; young foliage white-silky; hairs of the scales silky, hardly curled or matted; twigs brittle at base. 14. S. sericea g. Anthers (dry) 0.6-0.8 mm. long; young foliage glabrous, or, if white-pubescent, hardly silky; hairs of the scales curly or matted, hardly silky; twigs tough at base. 11. S. cordata e. Catkins without bracts at the base, in flower before the leaf buds begin to open. f. Catkins 25-50 mm. long, not recurved; one-year-old twigs glabrous; large shrubs of wet places. 15. S. discolor f. Catkins 10-25 mm. long, usually recurved; one-year-old twigs usually pubescent at the tips and the upper nodes; small shrubs of dry places. 16. S. humilis b. Filaments fused nearly or quite to the anthers, pubescent; catkins often sub- opposite. 17. S. purpurea Key based on pistillate flowers and fruit 14 a. Scales pale or yellow, without dark tips, caducous; catkins terminal on leafy lateral branchlets. Asa Vanietics based chiefly on foliage are omitted. Only pistillate catkins are referred to in this kev. THE FLora OF THE CayuGA LAKE BasINn 165 b. Stigma sessile or subsessile (style less than 0.5 mm. long or lacking) ; nectary yellow or greenish. c. Ovary and capsule sessile or subsessile, glabrous; young leaves pubescent; trees. d. Catkins 1.5-2 (2.5) cm. long, recurved; mature capsule 1-1.5 mm. long; twigs very slender, drooping. 6. S. blanda d. Catkins (1.5) 2-6 cm. long, not recurved; mature capsule 2.5-4 mm. long; twigs stouter, sometimes flexuous but not drooping. e. Twigs green or brownish green. 8. S. alba e. Twigs yellow or reddish yellow, flexuous. 8a. S. a., var. vitellina c. Ovary and capsule distinctly pedicelled. d. Ovary and capsule glabrous; leaves lanceolate, petioled, closely serrate; twigs fragile near base; trees. 1. S.. mora - d. Ovary and capsule villous, the capsule sometimes glabrous in age; leaves linear, sessile or subsessile, distinctly serrate; twigs tough at base; low shrubs. 5. S. longifolia b. Style distinct, 0.5-1 mm. long; ovary and capsule glabrous, pedicelled. c. Catkins slender, 4-7 mm. in diam. at flowering time, 1-1.8 cm. in diam. in fruit; twigs fragile at base; trees. d. Nectary red, blackish when dry; capsule globose-conical, 44.5 mm. long; catkins very loose in fruit; one-year-old twigs very slender, 1-2.5 (3) mm. in diam. 2. S. amygdaloides d. Nectary greenish, pale when dry; capsule subulate-conical, 5-6 mm. long; catkins not extremely loose in fruit; one-year-old twigs stouter, (2.5) 3-4 mm. in diam. 7. S. fragilis c. Catkins stout, 8-14 mm. in diam. at flowering time, 2-2.5 cm. in diam. in fruit; twigs tough at base; nectaries greenish; shrubs. d. Ovary and capsule rather abruptly contracted above the subovoid base; mature capsule 5-6.5 mm. long; plant in flower May 15-30, in fruit June— July. 3. S. lucida d. Ovary and capsule subulate-conical, tapering uniformly from near the base ; mature capsule 7-9 mm. long ; plant i in flower June 10-30, in fruit Aug. Oct. 4. S. serissima a. Scales with pinkish, reddish, brownish, or black tips, not uniformly yellow or pale except sometimes in nos. 9 and 10, chiefly persistent; catkins on leafy shoots or nearly sessile; style present or wanting; shrubs. b. Ovary and capsule glabrous, pedicelled. c. Scales pale; catkin-bearing branchlets leafy, 0.5-3 cm. long below the catkins ; leaves bluish, acute or rarely obtuse. 9. S. pedicellaris c. Scales black-tipped; catkins sessile or nearly so, subtended by a few leafy ’ bracts; leaves green, acute or acuminate. 11. S. cordata b. Ovary and capsule hairy. c. Ovary 2 mm. long or more, distinctly pedicelled; capsule 3.5-15 mm. long; young foliage pubescent; leaves and catkins strictly alternate. d. Catkins with some herbaceous bracts at the base, in flower as the leaf buds are opening. e. Scales pale or pink-tipped, oblong or spatulate. 10. S. Bebbiana e. Scales dark-tipped, oblanceolate or obovate. f. Style deep red, 1-1.5 mm. long; nectary deep red; ovary and capsule white-woolly. 12. S. candida f. Style pale, very short or even lacking; nectary pale or yellow; ovary and capsule silky or strigose (rarely glabrate). g. Capsule pointed; catkins 10-15 mm. long; pedicel in fruit 1.5-3 mm. long. 13. S. petiolaris g. Capsule very blunt; catkins 18-30 mm. long; pedicel in fruit 0.7-1.3 (1.8) mm. long. 14. S. sericea 166 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES d. Catkins without herbaceous bracts at the base, in flower before the leaf buds begin to open. e. Catkins 25-50 mm. long, not recurved; ovary 3-4 mm. long; capsule 12-15 mm. long; large shrubs of wet places. 15. S. discolor e. Catkins 10-25 mm. long, mostly recurved; ovary 2-3 mm. long; capsule 7-10 mm. long; low shrubs of dry soil. 16. S. humilis c. Ovary 1.5 mm. long, sessile; capsule 2-3 mm. long; young foliage glabrous or glabrate, bluish green; leaves and catkins often subopposite; stigma sessile. 17. S. purpurea Key based on mature foliage a. Leaves entire, glabrous, often bluish green; apex obtuse, rounded, or barely acute (see also no. 16). b. Leaves green beneath. 9. S. pedicellaris b. Leaves glaucous beneath. ga. S. p., var. hypoglauca a. Leaves toothed; apex subacute or acuminate. b. Under surface of leaf more or less tomentose; upper surface more or less rugose. c. Leaves elliptical or oblanceolate to obovate. d. Blade 2-3 (34) times as long as wide, the margin flat, the upper surface usually more or less pubescent. 10. S. Bebbiana d. Blade 3-4 times as long as wide, the margin more or less revolute, the upper surface glabrous or glabrate. 16. S. humilis c. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate to linear-lanceolate; margin revolute. d. Upper surface of leaf hairy. 12. S. candida d. Upper surface of leaf glabrous. 12a. S. c., var. denudata b. Under surface of leaf glabrous or silky; upper surface not distinctly rugose. c. Leaves green or only slightly paler beneath, neither glaucous nor white-silky. d. Leaves linear-lanceolate to linear, blade 8—20 times as long as broad. e. Leaves tapering at base, sessile or subsessile; teeth distant, 2-4 per cm.; twigs tough; shrubs. 5. S. longifolia e. Leaves rounded or obtuse at base, with a very short but distinct petiole; teeth close, 5-12 per cm.; twigs brittle at base; trees. 1. S. nigra d. Leaves lanceolate to ovate; blade 2-7 times as long as broad; twigs not brittle. e. Leaves, especially on the shoots, caudate-acuminate, lustrous. f. Leaves and twigs glabrous. 3: S. lucida f. Leaves and twigs with more or less sordid or rufous pubescence. 3a. S. 1., var. intonsa e. Leaves merely acuminate. f. Leaves narrow, 4-10 (14) mm. wide, acute or tapering at base; stipules lacking or ephemeral. 13. S. petiolaris f. Leaves broader (12) 15-30 mm. wide, obtuse, rounded, or subcordate, rarely acute at base. g. Leaves firm, lustrous; teeth very fine, (8) 10-20 per cm.; stipules early deciduous. 4. S. serissima g. Leaves thinner, not lustrous; teeth coarser, 3-8 per cm.; stipules usually persistent. ll. S. cordata c. Leaves much paler beneath, usually glaucous, sometimes white-silky. d. Blade with serrations mostly lacking on lower third. ; e. Leaves subopposite, cuneate-oblanceolate, bluish green; stipules early deciduous. 17. S. purpurea : e. Leaves strictly alternate, lanceolate, elliptical, or oblanceolate, not bluish green. f. Leaves narrow, 4-10 (14) mm. wide; serrations sharp, minute, 6-15 per cm.; stipules early deciduous or obsolete. 13. S. petiolaris THE FLORA OF THE CAyYuGA LAKE BASIN 167 f. Leaves broader, (15) 18-50 mm. wide; serrations subcrenate, uneven, 1-4 per cm.; stipules usually persistent. g. Leaves glabrous beneath. 15. S. discolor g. Leaves with tawny, silky hairs beneath. 15a. S. d., var. latifolia d, Blade serrate almost or quite to the base. e. Leaves long-attenuate at apex, drooping; twigs slender; trees. f. Leaves lanceolate with rounded base; margins crenate-serrate; teeth 7-12 per cm.; petioles slender, 10-30 mm. long.. 2. S. amygdaloides f. Leaves linear-lanceolate with acute or tapering base; margins sharply serrate; teeth coarser, 4-8 per cm.; petioles stouter, 3-10 mm. long. 6. S. blanda ce. Leaves acute or acuminate at apex, not long-attenuate, not drooping ; twigs stouter. f. Serrations coarse, 3-6 per cm., 0.4-1 mm. high; leaves rather firm, glabrous or nearly so; twigs fragile at base; trees. 7. S. fragilis f. Serrations finer, 7-12 per cm., 0.1-0.4 mm. high; trees or shrubs. g. Leaves firm in texture, scarcely blackening in drying, tapering at base; trees. h. Pubescence of blade rusty-shining; twigs erect and rather stiff. (S. alba, var. vitellina x S. lucida) h. Pubescence of blade white or ashy; twigs flexuous, and drooping or curving. 1. Leaves distinctly silky above; twigs greenish. 8. S. alba i. Leaves subglabrous above; twigs yellowish. 8a. S. a., var. vitellina g. Leaves thinner, tending to blacken in drying, tapering or rounded at base; veins somewhat more prominent and less regular; twigs rather stiff, ascending. h. Blade small, narrow, 4-10 (14) mm. wide; pubescence when pres- ent tawny or rusty; twigs generally fascicled toward ends of branches. 13. S. pettolaris h. Blade usually larger and broader, (9) 10-30 mm. wide; twigs rarely conspicuously fascicled. 1. Leaves more or less white-silky beneath. 14. S. sericea 1. Leaves not silky. 11. S. cordata 1. S. nigra Marsh. Brack WILLow. Low alluvial stream banks and shores; common. May 20-June 15. Generally distributed; especially abundant about the head of Cayuga Lake and in the adjacent valleys. N. B. to N. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. This species varies considerably in leaf outline, the form known as var. falcata (Pursh) Torr. being a narrow extreme; a form with long petioles occurs occasionally. 2. S. amygdaloides Anders. PEACH-LEAVED WILLOW. In situations similar to the preceding, but often in drier soils; common. May 5-25. Generally distributed throughout the basin; abundant in the Inlet Valley and around Cayuga Lake; rare on the hills, as at Ringwood and Caroline, and in the McLean region. Cent. N. Y. and Ont. to B. C. and the Rocky Mts., southwestw. to Tex. and N. Mex. A tree primarily of the Central West, reaching its northeastern limit in this region. A form with long, acuminate scales which sometimes equal or surpass the stamens is occasional in the Inlet Valley. 168 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 3. S. lucida Muhl. Suininc WILLow. Swamps and wet shores, sometimes in shallow water, apparently without soil pref- erence; frequent. May 15-30. Michigan Hollow; West Danby; Cascadilla Creek (D.); Renwick; Cayuga Lake shore (D.!); Dryden Lake valley (D.!); Malloryville Bog; Lake Como; McLean Bogs; Beaver Brook (D.!) ; Cayuga Marshes (D.); Spring Lake; and elsewhere. irae to Alberta, southw. to N. J., Ky., and Nebr., including the northern Coastal ain. 3a. S. lucida Muhl., var. intonsa Fernald. In situations similar to the preceding; rare. W. shore of Jennings Pond; bog, Ringwood (A. Gershoy). [Also at Long Lake, Tully, Onondaga Co.] Newif. and Que. to w. N. Y. 4, S. serissima (Bailey) Fernald. (S. lucida, var., no. 840 of Cayuga Fl.) Autumn WILLow. Bogs and swamps, in calcareous regions; rare. June 10-30; fr. Aug—Oct. 25. McLean Bogs (D.!); Vandemark Pond (A. J. E. & L. H. MacDaniels) ; Lowery Ponds (K. M. W., A. J. E., & L. F. Randolph) ; Crusoe Lake (same collectors). Newf. to Alberta, southw. to N. J., N. Y., and the Great Lakes; absent on the Coastal Plain. A northern plant of limy regions. The fruit matures very late; good capsules, still unopened, have been obtained on Oct. 25 when the leaves were falling. 5. S. longifolia Muhl. SAnp-Bar WILLow. Sandy shores or sandy alluvium; frequent. May 15—June 15. On or near the shores of Cayuga Lake: Fall Creek, below Island Fall (D.); Ren- wick, s. of Stewart Park; n. of Esty Glen (D.!); Myers Point (D.!); Lake Ridge Point (D.!), and common for three miles northw.; n. of Atwaters; Lockwood Flats (D.); Farley Point (D.!); Canoga (D.). E. Que. to Man., southw. in the interior to Va., Tenn., and Tex.; generally absent from N. E. and the Coastal Plain; approaching its eastern limit in the Cayuga Lake Basin. Often flowering again in July and August, perhaps because of insect-gall injury. 6. S. BLANDA Anders. (See Bailey, Man. Cult. Pl., p. 225. 1924. Anderson in B. C. Prod. 16°: 212. 1868. Ascherson & Graebner, Synop. Mitteleu. Fl. 4: 213. 1908-13. S. babylonica of Cayuga FI., possibly.) Wuisconstn WEEPING WILLOw. Low grounds; occasional. Apr. 28—May 15. Near Cayuga Lake: bank of Fali Creek, Renwick; Myers Point (D.!); Lake Ridge Point; and elsewhere. Cultivated, and occasionally escaped. Apparently both typical S. babylonica L., the weeping willow, and S. blanda, are in cultivation in the Cayuga Lake Basin. SS. babylonica, however, is rare, owing to its lack of hardiness. All weeping willows found escaped seem to be S. blanda, a hybrid of S. babylonica and S. fragilis. This plant is distinguished from S. babylonica by its less strongly pendulous twigs, its broader leaves, its longer petioles and pedun- cles, and its longer-pedicelled capsules. Both staminate and pistillate plants are found. 7. S. FRAGILIS L. Crack WILLow. Low grounds, shores, and moist roadsides; common. May 5-20. Especially abundant about the head of Cayuga Lake, and along upper Six Mile Creek in the vicinity of Brookton; frequent elsewhere. Naturalized from Eu. MHybridizes freely with S. alba. THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 169 8. S. arpa L. WuHite WILLow. Low alluvial grounds and shores; frequent. May 5-20. Rather common about Cayuga Lake: Renwick; Myers Point; Taughannock Point; Howland Point; rarely elsewhere, as at Brookton and Waterburg. Naturalized from Eu.; much less common than the following variety. 8a. S. ALBA L., var. VITELLINA (L.) Koch. Wuuite WILLow. Low grounds and roadsides; common. May 5-20. Abundant on the flats at the head of Cayuga Lake, on the points about the lake, and in the valleys of all the larger streams of the basin. Naturalized from Eu. This willow hybridizes with S. fragilis, S. amygdaloides, and S. lucida, and probably with other species. Hybrids with S. Jucida are common and generally distributed in central N. Y., and constitute a conspicuous element of the willow flora. They are more or less shrub- like trees of luxuriant growth, with stout, erect, brilliantly yellow twigs, and large, shining, yellow buds. The foliage is vitellina- like, though often more glossy, but the leaves have shining tawny hairs beneath and often sparse ones above; in forms along the shores of Cayuga Lake the under surface is often densely clothed with these brilliant hairs. ‘‘ Both staminate and pistillate plants occur; and when in flower, the former are as striking as the best marked species of willow. Catkins are very abundant, bright yellow, 6-7 cm. long, and fill the air with their peculiar balsamic fragrance’ (D.). These aments are very thick and dense, the stamens mostly 5, and the flowers often clustered, usually in 3’s. The pistillate aments are more like those of S. alba, var. vitellina. The hybrid is apparently fertile to some extent. S. alba, var. coerulea (Smith) Koch, with glabrous leaves and green twigs, probably does not occur here. 9. S. pedicellaris Pursh. (S. myrtilloides of Cayuga FI., in part, probably.) Bogs, in more or less calcareous regions; rare. May 5-20. Westbury Bog; Otter Lake. [Known also from Mendon and North Fair Haven. |] Ones Vt NeY., Ba Gs and Wash: Apparently a rare shrub throughout its broad distribution, but seemingly frequent on the Ontario plain of western N. Y. The following variety is more common and widespread. 9a. S. pedicellaris Pursh, var. hypoglauca Fernald. (See Rhodora 11: 161. 1909. S. myrtilloides of Cayuga Fi., in part.) Bogs, often of a more acid nature than the preceding; rare. May 5-20. Freeville, n. of village (D.!); Westbury Prairie; Junius (Sartwell, Herb. & Cat., and in Gray Herb.). Newf. to B. C., southw. to N. J. (?), Pa., Ill., and Iowa; rather exceptional on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 10. S. Bebbiana Sarg. (See Journ. Arnold Arb. 2:68. 1920. Rhodora 26: 122. 1924. S. rostrata of authors and of Cayuga FI.) Swampy and springy soils, less frequently on uplands, generally in acid soils; com- mon. Apr. 20-May Especially sbendaet ‘on the swampy hillsides s. and s. e. of Ithaca, and in the McLean region; less abundant in alluvial soils. Newf. to Alaska, southw. to N. J., Nebr., and Utah; common on the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain. 11. S. cordata Muhl. Low, chiefly alluvial, grounds and wet places; common. Apr. 20-May 10. Newf. to B. C., southw. to Va., Mo., Colo., and Calif., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 170 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES The common shrub willow, variable in twigs and foliage and represented by the following varieties: (a) Twigs glabrous or nearly so, strongly ascending; stipules small or obsolete; leaf blades and petioles glabrous or subglabrous; young capsules generally green. (b) Twigs during the first season more or less densely crisp- pubescent, becoming glabrate in fall and winter except sometimes at the nodes, glossy the following spring, more spreading; stipules larger and more conspicuous ; petioles and lower part of midrib beneath more or less crisp-pubescent ; young capsules generally reddish brown. These two leading variations of S. cordata are about equally common. In the second variety the reversal of the quantity of pubescence from the first to the second season, with the twigs finally more glossy than in var. a, may cause confusion. Occasional hybrids occur between S. cordata and S. sericea (S. subsericea (Anders.) Schneid. See Laubholzkunde 1:65. 1904. Rhodora 11: 9. 1909. Pl. Exsic. Gray., nos. 195 and 196. Probably not S. myricoides Muhl., judging from descriptions by early authors). The capsules in these hybrids are more or less hairy and the young leaves are usually somewhat silky. 12. S. candida Flugge. Hoary WItLtow. Swamps and bogs, in calcareous regions; scarce. Apr. 25-May 10. Fleming Meadow (D.!); Lake Como (Locke Pond, D.!); Junius marl ponds (D.); larch swamp s. w. of Savannah (D.); Spring Lake; Otter Lake; frequent on the Ontario plain. Newf. and Lab. to Alberta, southw. to N. J., Pa., and Iowa; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. Hybrids of this species with S. cordata Muhl. occur at Fleming Meadow (see Bul. Torr. Bot. Club. 23: 194. 1896). 12a. S. candida Fligge, var. denudata Anders. In habitats similar to the preceding; rare. Fleming Meadow, 1894 (K. M. IV.) ; arbor vitae swamp e. of Clyde; Crusoe Lake CE MLW. ASE, GAL Fs Randolph): Newf. and Que., to N. Y. and Wis. 13. S. petiolaris Smith. (S. petiolaris of Cayuga FI., in part.) Boggy and swampy woods, showing no preference as to type of soil; infrequent. Apr. 15—May 15. Summit Marsh (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; Michigan Hollow Swamp; Enfield Creek; Newfield; Woodwardia Bog; Lowery and Newton Ponds; Otter Lake; Westbury Prairie; Montezuma Marshes. N. B. to N. Dak. and Man., southw. to n. N. J. and Tenn.; probably including the Coastal Plain at the north. Occasional plants retain to some extent the silky pubescence of the young foliage. According to Dudley, this species occurs in “low grounds and marshes” and is “frequent ’’; also such unusual habitats are given as the rather dry alluvial ground of the Fall Creek circus common. Much of Dudley’s material, however, as shown by specimens in the C. U. Herbarium and by the stations cited, was S. sericea or hybrids of S. sericea with S. cordata. 14. S. sericea Marsh. SirKky WILLow. Swamps and low alluvial soils, showing no further preference as to type of soil; common. Apr. 20-May 10. ; Abundant about the head of Cayuga Lake, in upper Six Mile Creek valley, and in the McLean region. N. B. and N. S. to Mich., southw. to N. C., including the Coastal Plain. Hybridizes freely with S. cordata. THE FLoRA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 171 15. S. discolor Muhl. Pussy Wittow. GLaucous WILLow. Swamps, stream banks, and moist, chiefly gravelly, soil, either acid or neutral; common. Apr. 15-30. Newf. to Man., southw. to Del. (and in the mts. to N. C.), Ill, and Mo., including the Coastal Plain. 15a. S. discolor Muhl., var. latifolia Anders. (See Schneider, Journ. Arnold Arb. 2:5. 1920. Var. eriocephala (Michx.) Anders.) In situations similar to the preceding; rare. Apr. 15-30. Boggy hillside n. of lower Coy Glen; Fall Creek (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; Renwick (C. C. Thomas). Que. to Conn. and Ohio. The characteristic very large fruiting aments of this variety are 10-15 cm. long and 2-3 cm. in diam. 16. S. humilis Marsh. Pratrre WILtow. Dry sterile acid or neutral soils; common. Apr. 15-30. Especially abundant on the barren hilltops s. w., s., and s. e. of Ithaca; rare in the McLean region and in the richer soils. Newf. to Minn., southw. to N. C., Tenn., and Kans.; common on the Coastal Plain. 17. S. purpuREA L. Purpte Wittow. BASKET WILLOW. Low grounds and shores; frequent. Apr. 20-May 10. Inlet Valley, in Newfield and also s. of the Valley Cemetery; lighthouse road, Ithaca; Mud Creek, Freeville; Beaver Brook (D.); wet ledges above the falls, -Taughannock Gorge; Venice ().); frequent along the shore of Cayuga Lake from Esty Glen to Union Springs; large plants near Howland Point. cates from cultivation where it was grown chiefly for basketwork. Native of u. 31. MYRICACEAE (Sweer Gare FAmiIty) 1. Myrica L. a. Leaves pinnatifid; bractlets of the ovary 8, linear, persistent; pistillate catkins globular, bur-like in fruit. 1. M. asplenifolia a. Leaves serrate or subentire; bractlets of the ovary 2-4, scale-like, persistent or deciduous; pistillate catkins ovoid. b. Leaves oblanceolate, averaging 7-15 mm. broad, appearing later than the flowers ; twigs slender, blackish; bracts persistent; pistillate catkins becoming cone-like in fruit. 2. M. Gale, var. subglabra b. Leaves elliptic-oblong or obovate, averaging 14-25 mm. broad, appearing nearly with the flowers; twigs stouter, brownish; bracts deciduous; fruits separate, “coated with wax. 3. M. carolinensis 1. M. asplenifolia L. (M. Comptonia of Cayuga Fl.) Sweer Fern. “Sterile sandy, gravelly, or rocky, acid soils; occasional. Apr. 20-May 5. Only on the higher hills in the southern and southwestern parts of the basin: North Spencer; Danby (D.!) ; hills on both sides of the White Church valley (D.!) ; Connecticut Hill (A. L. Grant). a B. to Sask., southw. to N. C., Tenn., Ind., and Mich.; common on the Coastal ain. 2. M. Gale L., var. subglabra (Chev.) Fernald. (See Rhodora 16:187. 1914.) SWEET GALE. . Very wet boggy situations; rare. Apr. 20—-May 5. Only in the northern and northeastern parts of the basin: Lake Como (Locke Pond, D.!); Spring Lake; Savannah (Sartwell, Herb. & Cat.); Crusoe Prairie; Turtle Pond. 172 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES Lab. to Lake Huron, southw. to N. J. and Pa., especially on the northern Coastal Plain. _ The local material is all of this variety, though the typical form occurs near by in Cortland Co. The soil factors influencing this species are not clearly understood. It is generally found here among acid-loving plants, but marl outcrops are near by. Its occurrence on the Ontario plain would suggest a saline influence. 3. M. carolinensis Mill. (M. cerifera of Cayuga Fl.) Bayperry. Wax Myrrte. Dry sterile sandy or gravelly acid soils, also in marl and peat bogs in sandy regions; rare. May 20—-June 5. Headwaters Swamp, 1921; moors of Newton, Lowery, and Vandemark Ponds (Sartwell, D.!), and on gravelly or sandy knolls near by; Pout Pond bog; Crusoe Prairie; Westbury Bog; arbor vitae swamp e. of Clyde. P. E. I. and N. B., along the coast to Fla. and La.; also from cent. N. Y. to Lake Erie. On the coast the species may be influenced more by saline conditions than by acid soils, and this may also be the reason for its occurrence in central N. Y. 32. JUGLANDACEAE (Watnut Famity) a. Fruit indehiscent; nut rough; staminate catkins stout, solitary or 2-3 together, sessile; stamens 10-40; pith of twigs diaphragmed. 1. JUGLANS a. Fruit dehiscent; nut smooth, often angled; staminate catkins slender, in peduncled clusters; stamens 3-10; pith of twigs solid. 2. CARYA 1. Juglans L. a. Fruit oblong, viscid; petioles and young twigs viscid-downy; terminal leaflet usually present; leaf scar with a downy pad at upper edge. 1. J. cinerea a. Fruit globose, not viscid; petioles and young twigs puberulent or somewhat downy, not viscid; terminal leaflet rarely present; no downy pad above the leaf scar. 2 2. J. nigra 1. J. cinerea L. ButtreErRNvr. In rich, usually somewhat calcareous, soils, on either lowlands or hillsides; fre- quent. May 15-30. Common in the ravines of the basin, especially in the Ithaca region. N. B. to Minn., southw. to Ga., Ark., and Nebr.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain and in granitic N. E. 2. J. NicRA L. Briack WALNUT. In rich soils; occasional. May 15-30. Along roadsides and in pastures; more frequent in the northwestern part of the basin but not clearly indigenous in cent. N. Y. W. Mass. to Minn. and Nebr., southw. to Fla. and Tex. A plant primarily of the rich lands of the interior. 2. Carya Nutt. a. Bark of trunk close, not exfoliating; husk of fruit thin, 0.5-2 mm. thick when dry, indehiscent or tardily dehiscent. b. Leaflets 7-11, lanceolate; nut thin-shelled, very bitter; bud scales thick, irregu- lar, and yellowish. 1. C. cordiformis b. Leaflets (3) 5-7, oblong-lanceolate or broader; nut thick-shelled, sweet or only slightly bitter; bud scales thin, flat, gray-brown or darker. 2. C. glabra THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN WAS) a. Bark of trunk exfoliating in strips or plates; husk of fruit readily splitting to the ase. b. Leaflets 5 (7), the lower pair much smaller than the others; nut rounded or barely pointed at base, whitish, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; twigs gray, or reddish brown. c. Nut not plainly ridged, globose or nearly so, ripe Sept.—Oct.; husk thin, 1-2.5 (3) mm. thick when dry; leaves glabrous or nearly so. 3. C. ovalis c. Nut ridged or angled, more or less flattened, ripe Oct—Nov.; husk (3) 4-15 mm. thick when dry; leaves usually puberulent or downy beneath and on rhachis. 4. C. ovata b. Leaflets 7 (5-9), pubescent, the lower pair not very much smaller than the others; nut more*plainly pointed at base, yellowish white, 2.5-5 cm. long; husk thick; twigs buff, or yellowish brown. 5. C. laciniosa 1. C. cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch. (C. amara of Cayuga FI.) Brrrernut. Rich woods and roadsides, in various soils, especially in the ravines; frequent. May 25-June 10. Six Mile Creek (D.!); near Renwick (D.!); Freeville and McLean (D.!); Cayuga Lake ravines (D.!); Crowbar Point (D.); Paine Creek; Aurora (D.) ; Levanna (D.); and elsewhere. a E. and Que. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; less frequent on the Coastal Plain. 2. C. glabra (Mill.) Sweet. (C. porcina of Cayuga Fl.) Picnur. meg Dry heavy or medium soil, chiefly acid or neutral; common. May 20-June 15. Cent. N. E. and Ont. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. 2 3. C. ovalis (Wang.) Sargent. (See Bot. Gaz. 66: 245. 1918. C. microcarpa Nutt. of Gray’s Man., ed. 7, and of Cayuga FI.) In various soils, chiefly heavy; frequent, especially about Ithaca. May 15—June 10. Eagle Hill and Snyder Hill (D.); C. U. campus (D.!); C. U. farm; Turkey Hill; Cayuga Lake shore; Canoga. Cent. N. E. to Ont. and Iowa, southw. to Va., Ga. (?), Tenn., and Mo., including the Coastal Plain. In the Cayuga Lake Basin this species appears much like a hybrid between C. ovata and C. glabra. 4. C. ovata (Mill.) K. Koch. (C. alba of Cayuga Fl.) SwacparK HicKkory. In various soils, light or heavy, acid or neutral; common. May 15—June 10. N. E. and Ont. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; less frequent on the Coastal Plain. 5. C. laciniosa (Michx. f.) Loud. (C. sulcata of Cayuga Fl.) WeEsTERN SHAG- BARK Hickory. ‘ Rich lowlands; rare. May 25-June 10. Roadside below Ringwood, probably introduced; Ithaca-Slaterville road near the 6-mile post, probably introduced; borders of the Cayuga marshes, w. of Cayuga Bridge (D.) ; along the Seneca Canal three or four miles s. w. of Montezuma village ; Clyde River, Galen; occasional in low woods at Junius (D.). [A fine stand in swamp at head of Owasco Lake. } Cent. N. Y.-and s. w. Ont: to Nebr., southw. to Pa.,.s. Ind., Tenn., and Okla. A plant of the alluvial soils of the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys, reaching its extreme northeastern limit in the Cayuga Lake Basin (see Dudley’s Cayuga Flora for an extended account of this species). 174 Kart M. Wrecanp AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 33. BETULACEAE (Bircy Famity) a. Staminate flowers without a calyx, naked, 1 (or at least appearing to be 1) to each bract; pistillate flowers with a calyx; nut not winged, with involucrate bracts; fruiting inflorescence various. b. Staminate flowers with’ two bractlets; pistillate flowers clustered in a scaly bud; nut large, with a conspicuous villous involucre; small shrubs. 1. CoryLus b. oe flowers with no bractlets; pistillate inflorescence raceme-like; nut sinall. c. Staminate aments naked through the winter, mostly clustered; nut inclosed in the bladder-like bract; lowest large veins of the leaf usually forked; bark brown, flaky; trunk and branches terete; small trees. 2. OSTRYA c. Staminate aments covered by bud scales during the winter, usually solitary; nut subtended by a large open leafy bract; lowest large veins of the leaf not forked; bark light blue-gray, close; trunk and branches fluted, sinewy; tall shrubs or small trees. 3. CARPINUS a. Staminate flowers with a calyx, 2-6 to each bract; pistillate flowers without Aaa nut winged or wingless, without an involucre; fruiting spikes cone- ike. b. Pistillate spike solitary; fruiting bracts deciduous with or soon after the nuts, thin, 3-lobed; nuts with a thin wing; stamens 2, bifid. 4, BETULA b. Pistillate spikes racemose; fruiting bracts persistent, thick and woody, not lobed; nuts wingless or with a coriaceous margin; stamens 4, not bifid. 5. ALNUS iCorylus:( oun.) ec. a. Sterile catkins distinctly peduncled, the scales spoon-shaped with a naked point and the bractlets exposed; involucre of the fruit short, spreading, exposing the — top of the nut; twigs, especially at tip, and petioles glandular-bristly. 1. C. americana a. Sterile catkins sessile or subsessile, the scales more arching with short-hairy points and the bractlets usually concealed; involucre of the fruit fused into a long tubular beak, much exceeding the nut; twigs and petioles not glandular-bristly. 2. C. cornuta 1. C. americana Walt. HazeLnur. Dry or well-drained, gravelly or sandy, acid or neutral, soils; frequent. Mar. 20-Apr. 20. Chiefly in the Inlet Valley (D.!); hillside near Larch Meadow (D.!); near Coy Glen (D.); Six Mile Creek ravine (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; Cascadilla Glen (D.!) ; Fall Creek, near the rifle range and near the Warren woodlot; absent in the McLean region and in the richer soils of the northern part of the basin. N. E. to Sask., southw. to Fla. and Kans.; common along the coast. Forms approaching var. missourtensts DC. occur at the Fall Creek rifle range and on the Warren farm east of Forest Home. 2. C. cornuta Marsh. (C. rostrata Ait. of Gray’s Man., ed. 7, and of Cayuga FI.) BEAKED HAZELNUT. More or less sterile acid or neutral soils, probably less sandy than the preceding; common. Mar. 20—-Apr. 20. Most frequent on the hills of the southern part of the basin (D.!); around the ravines (D.!); along Cayuga Lake (D.!). Que. to B. C., southw. to Del., Mich., Kans., and Oreg., and in the mts. to Ga.; less abundant along the coast. Marshall’s name was four years earlier than Aiton’s C. rostrata. THE FLoRA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 175 2. Ostrya (Michx.) Scop. 1. O. virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch. Hop Hornseam. Ironwoon. Gravelly well-drained acid or neutral soils; common. Apr. 25—May 15. Most abundant on the ravine crests of the basin, along the cliffs of Cayuga Lake, and on the hillsides s. e. of Ithaca. N. S. to Minn. and Nebr., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; not common along the coast. 3. Carpinus (Tourn.) L. - 1. C. caroliniana Walt. HornseEamM. BLue or WatTeER BEECH. Moist or sometimes dry, gravelly or alluvial, acid or neutral, soils, in woods or ravines; common. Apr. 25—May 15 N. S. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Kans.; less abundant on the coast. 4. Betula (Tourn.) L. a. Fruiting spikes slender-cylindric, 6-8 mm. in diam., spreading or drooping on slender prominent peduncles; wing of fruit distinctly broader than body; leaves mostly with less than 8 pairs of prominent veins; bark white or whitish. b. Twigs, petioles, and young leaves glabrous from the first; leaves (4-6 cm. long) glossy, ovate, broadly rounded or subtruncate at base, acuminate, doubly serrate with small apiculate but blunt teeth; petioles slender (0.5 mm. in diam.) ; twigs sparingly glandular, 1-1.8 mm. in diam.; fruiting catkins 6-9 mm. in diam. 1. B. pendula b. Twigs, petioles, and often the young leaves, pubescent or puberulent, but often becoming glabrate; leaves usually dull, less acuminate, the teeth usually less irregular and more deltoid; twigs almost without glands. c. Average leaves 4-6 cm. long, mostly rhombic with a cuneate base; veins ascending; petioles 0.6-0.8 mm. in diam.; twigs in the upper internodes 1.5 mm. in diam.; fruiting catkins 6-8 mm. in diam. [B. alba] c. Average leaves 5-10 cm. long, ovate-oval with a rounded cordate or rarely slightly cuneate base; veins more spreading; petioles stouter, 0.8-1.2 mm. in diam.; fruiting catkins 8-12 mm. in diam., the scales with more conspicu- ous tips. 2. B. papyrifera a. Fruiting spikes ovoid or short-cylindric, 10-20 mm. in diam., erect or suberect on short or obscure peduncles ;. wing of fruit not broader than body; leaves mostly with more than 8 pairs of prominent veins. b. Bark dark, close or breaking into thick plates; bud scales and twigs strictly glabrous: scales of the fruiting spikes glabrous, ‘thick and wee not foliaceous. . Bb. lenta b. Bark yellowish or gray, lustrous, exfoliating in thin sheets; bud scales, twigs at least at tips, and nodes puberulent, and with sparse long hairs; scales of the fruiting spikes pubescent, the tips subfoliaceous. c. Scales of the fruiting spikes subcoriaceous, 5-8 mm. long; basal part 1-2.5 mm. long. 4. B. lutea c. Scales of the fruiting spikes subfoliaceous, 8-13 mm. long; basal part 2.5-6 mm. long. 4a. B. lutea, var. macrole pis 1. B. pENDULA Roth. Wuute BrircH. Upland or damp lowland thickets; occasional. Apr. 20-May 20. Knoll near D., L. & W. switchback, Six Mile Creek; Beebe Lake; Turkey Hill; woods n. of Cayt uga Heights ; Taughannock Gorge; Fox Ridge; s. end of Westbury Prairie; and elsewhere. Native: Que. to Alaska, southw. to Me., IJI., and Man. Found also in Eurasia. 176 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES A circumpolar species of the Far North, coming south locally in the U. S. Many forms are in cultivation as ornamental trees, and escape occasionally to woods and thickets. At all the above stations the plant is unquestionably introduced. At Fox Ridge, where it forms a forest of several acres, it seems to have been planted or sown on previously cultivated ground. The cut-leaved forms of this species are var. dalecarlica Schneid. and var. gracilis Rehd. Apparently these forms have not escaped from cultivation. B. pendula differs from B. populifolia in the more rounded- ovate, less acuminate leaves, less glandular twigs, longer pistillate catkins with longer (3-5 mm.), less divaricate scales, and clustered staminate catkins. The New York State specimens of B. pendula have puberulent pistillate scales. [B. atpa L. WuHirte BircuH. Occasionally planted, and occurring on roadsides adjacent to the white birch forest at Fox Ridge. Probably not spontaneous. Native of Eu.] 2. B. papyrifera Marsh. PaApEr, CANOE, oR WHITE Bircu. Acid or neutral well-drained soils; rare. May 15-30. Not known to Dudley, but clearly native at the top of the high hill 14 miles s. w. of West Danby, where it is abundant. It occurs also in considerable quantity just outside the Cayuga Lake Basin in the n. w. corner of Cayuta Township on the road from Ithaca to Elmira. A single small tree was found in a field, s. side of Fall Creek below Varna. Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Pa., Nebr., and Wash., including the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain. This species is doubtfully distinct from B. alba L., but in recent years has been more commonly so treated. 3. B. lenta L. BrLack or SWEET BircH. Rocky or gravelly well-drained acid or neutral soils; frequent. Apr. 30—May 20. Common along the crests of the ravines of the basin, on the cliffs along the shores of Cayuga Lake, and on the hilltops s. w., s., and s. e. of Ithaca. Newf. to Ont. and Lowa, southw. to Va., Tenn., and in the mts. to w. Fla.; rare on the Coastal Plain. 4. B. lutea Michx. f. (B. alleghanensis Britton.) Yrttow Birc#. Rich, usually moist, chiefly neutral soils; frequent. Apr. 30-May 20. The species as a whole is most frequent in the ravines of the basin, in ‘the deeper, cooler woods of the hilltops, and in the McLean region. The typical form is apparently frequent, as about Freeville Bog. Newf. to Man., southw. to Del., Ill., and Minn., and along the mts. to N. C. and Tenn.; in the North, common on granitic and other soils. 4a. B. lutea Michx. f., var. macrolepis Fernald. (See Rhodora 24: 170. 1922. B. lutea Britton.) Probably of practically the same distribution as the preceding; perhaps less common. N. B. to Wis., southw. to Tenn., Ind., and III. In this region there are almost too many intermediate individuals. The fruiting catkins are generally thicker than in the typical form. 5. Alnus (Tourn.) Hill a. Leaves and maturing fertile cones not markedly glutinous (slightly so in no. 1); leaves serrate; shrubs. b. Leaves obovate, acute or cuneate at base, finely and nearly evenly serrate, green beneath; axis of the general inflorescence nodding, but the individual pistillate clusters erect; bark dark dull gray, sparsely lenticellate. 1. A. rugosa THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 177 b. Leaves oval or elliptical, mostly rounded at base, serrate or dentate with the teeth serrulate, green or glaucous beneath; axis of the general inflorescence nodding, the individual pistillate clusters also nodding; bark more bronzy and lustrous, much more lenticellate. 2. A. incana a. Leaves and maturing fertile cones strongly glutinous; leaves dentate with the teeth denticulate, green beneath; small trees. 3. A. vulgaris 1. A. rugosa (Ehrh.) Spreng. (A. serrulata of Cayuga Fl.) SmootH ALprEr. Shores and other wet places; scarce. Mar. 20—-Apr. 20. Only in the vicinity of Cayuta and Cayuga Lakes: w. shore of Cayuta Lake; lowlands along the shore at head of Cayuga Lake (D.!); Crowbar Point (D.) ; Taughannock Point; s. of Ludlowville station (D.!); Cayuga Marshes (D.!); Fox Ridge station. Me. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex. A plant primarily of the southeastern U. S., in its northern range restricted largely to the Coastal Plain and the basin of the Great Lakes and occurring only occasionally elsewhere. This specific name is sometimes credited to Du Roi, but his was scarcely a valid publication. 2. A. incana (L.) Moench. SpEcKLED ALDER, Swamps; common. Mar. 20—-Apr. 20. Se to Sask., southw. to Pa., Iowa, and Nebr.; rare or absent on the Coastal ain. This species is very variable in the pubescence and glaucous character of the lower leaf-surface. Forms in which the latter is glaucous and glabrate or glabrous, except on the veins, are distinguished as var. glauca Ait.; those in which the lower leaf- surface is green and glabrate, as var. hypochlora Call. (See Rhodora 23: 257. 1921.) 3. A. vutcaris Hill. Brack ALpER. EUROPEAN ALDER. In cultivation, and spreading from the roots, as on C. U. campus and on the crest of Big Gully. Introduced from Eu. 34. FAGACEAE (Beecu Famiry) a. Staminate flowers in a head on a drooping peduncle; nuts sharply poate AGUS a. Staminate flowers in slender aments; nuts terete or flattened on one or two sides. b. Pistillate flowers 2-4; fruit inclosed in a dehiscent prickly bur; staminate catkins dense, stiff, erect, 15-30 cm. long. 2. CASTANEA b. Pistillate flowers solitary; fruit partly inclosed at base in a cup-shaped scaly involucre; staminate catkins distantly flowered, flexuous, drooping, 4-14 cm. long. 3. QUERCUS 1. Fagus (Tourn.) L. 1. F. grandifolia Ehrh. (F. ferruginea of Cayuga Fl.) Berecu. Rich gravelly, calcareous or neutral, rarely acid, soils; common. May 10-June 1. Abundant in the McLean region and locally on the hills e. and s. e. of Ithaca, and also locally abundant in some of the ravines, as in Six Mile Creek; elsewhere not a dominant forest tree. N. B. to Ont. and Wis., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; less frequent on the Coastal Plain. This species, with Acer saccharum, usually contrasts strongly in distribution with chestnut and oak, apparently preferring a fundamentally different soil. 178 Kart M. WigGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 2. Castanea (Tourn.) Hill 1. C. dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. (C. vulgaris, var. americana, of Cayuga FI.) CHESTNUT. Light well-drained acid or neutral soils; common. July 5-20. ~ Most abundant on the hills s. w., s., and s. e. of Ithaca; scarce in the richer soils of the northern part of the basin; absent in the McLean region. S. Me. to Ont. and Mich., southw. to Ga., Miss., and Ark., including parts of the Coastal Plain. one a the best and most accurate indicators of well-drained sandy or gravelly acid soil. 3. Quercus (Tourn.) L. a. Fruit maturing the first season; leaves with the lobes or teeth blunt, or with bluntish mucronate tips, not bristle-tipped; styles wanting or nearly so; shell of the acorn glabrous on the inner surface. b. Leaves lyrate, or sinuate-pinnatifd, or somewhat irregularly lobed (sometimes shallowly lobed or merely toothed). c. Mature leaves glabrous beneath; scales of the cup not awned. 1. QO. alba c. Mature leaves pubescent or tomentose beneath; cup with awned scales. 2. Q. macrocarpa b. Leaves coarsely and regularly sinuate-dentate, or serrate (sometimes lobed in nos. 4 and 5), pubescent beneath. c. Leaves with rather sharply pointed teeth. 3. O. Muhlenbergii c. Leaves with rounded or crenate teeth. d. Fruit sessile or very short-peduncled; scales of cup not awned. 4. QO. montana d. Fruit long-peduncled; upper scales of cup more or less awned. 5. QO. bicolor a. Fruit maturing the second season; leaves with the lobes or teeth sharp and bristle- tipped; styles long and spreading ; shell of the acorn tomentose on the inner surface. b. Lobes of leaf 4-6 on each side, broadest at base; length of largest lobes less than or equaling width of blade between bases of these lobes; acorn large, 2-3 cm. long; cup flat, saucer-shaped. 6. QO. borealis, var. maxima b. Lobes of leaf 2-4 on each side, oblong, or broader toward distal end; length of largest lobes generally 2-several times width of blade between bases of these lobes; acorn smaller, 1.2-2 cm. long; cup deeper, hemispherical or top-shaped. ce Upper scales of cup pubescent, loosely imbricated, somewhat squarrose_when dry ; sinuses between leaf lobes mostly becoming much wider distally ; tomen- tum on under side of leaves tawny, more or less persistent or the leaves glabrescent ; winter buds large, angular, tomentose. 7. O. velutina c. Upper scales of cup glabrate, often glabrous and shining, closely appressed ; sinuses between leaf lobes mostly of equal width throughout, or narrower distally ; tomentum on under side of leaves whitish, early deciduous; winter buds small, rounded, nearly glabrous. 8. Q. coccinea 1. Q. alba L. Wautte Oax. Soils of various types, neutral or acid; common. May 10-30. Very rare in the calcareous gravels of the McLean district. In the Cayuga Lake Basin the species is apparently most abundant in the clays. S. Me. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 179 2. Q. macrocarpa Michx. Bur Oak. Rich, chiefly low, neutral or calcareous soils; frequent. May 15—June 1. Summit Marsh (D.!); near Buttermilk Falls (D.); n. of Freeville (D.); McLean Bogs; s. e. of Judd Falls; Renwick; on the points along Cayuga Lake, becoming common at Farley Point and vicinity; common in upper Salmon Creek valley and vicinity; Cayuga Marshes (D.!). N. S. to Man., southw. to w. Mass., Ga. (?), Tenn., and Tex. A species of the rich soils of the interior. 3. Q. Muhlenbergii Engelm. Yettow Oak. CuHestnut OAK. Dry limy ledges or slopes; scarce. May 20-June 1. Library slope, C. U. campus; s. of Shurger Glen (D.) ; Salmon Creek ravine, e. of Five Corners; Cayuga Lake cliffs, s. of Willets; Big Gully (D.!). Vt. to Minn., southw. to Del., Ala., and Tex.; chiefly absent in the coastal region. Dudley’s specimens in the C. U. Herb. labeled QO. prinoides are O. Muhlenbergi. These specimens came from the station near Willets given by Dudley for Q. prinoides. Since dwarf forms of the yellow oak still occur at this station, Dudley’s inclusion of the shrubby species in the Cayuga Flora. was undoubtedly an error. POL CONeE: QO. prinoides is a plant chiefly of the Coastal Plain, and not to be expected here. 4. Q. montana Willd. (See Rhodora 17:40. 1915. QO. Prinus of Gray’s Man., ed. 7, and of Cayuga Fl.) CHEstNuT Oak. Dry neutral or acid, mostly rocky, soil; locally common. May 15-30. Most common on the slopes and crests of the ravines, and on the tops and slopes of the higher hills in the southern part of the basin. S. Me. to Ont., southw. in the mts. to Ga. and Tenn.; frequent on the Coastal Plain. 5. Q. bicolor Willd. Swamp Wuite Oax. Low or moist, chiefly alluvial, soils, apparently without lime preference; frequent. May 20-June 5. N. of South Hill Marsh; Indian Spring marsh (D.!); low woods n. of Forest Home; McLean Bogs; Beaver Brook; on the points along Cayuga Lake, becoming common near Union Springs; near Genoa; Cayuga Marshes. Me. and s. w. Que. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Ga. and Ark.; less frequent on the Coastal Plain. 6. Q. borealis Michx. f., var. maxima (Marsh.) Sarg. (See Rhodora 18: 48. 1916. QO”. rubra of Gray’s Man., ed. 7, and of Cayuga FI.) Rep Oak. Various soils, both heavy and light, neutral and acid; common. May 15-25. N. S. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Ga., Mo., and Kans.; less frequent near the coast. This species and Q. alba are more abundant on clay soils than are the other oaks. 7. Q. velutina Lam. (Q. tinctoria of Cayuga FI.) NortHern Brack Oak. Dyer’s OAK. QUERCITRON. Light acid or neutral soils; common. May 10-25. S. Me. to Ont. and Minn.,-southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. 8. Q. coccinea Muench. Scartet OAK. Light acid soils; frequent. May 10-25. South Hill (D. 1); the Narrows, Six Mile Creek (D.); rather common along the crests of the ravines about Ithaca; near Pleasant Grove Cemetery (D.); Lake Ridge (D.); near Junius ponds (D.!). ; S. Me. to Ont., Minn., and Nebr., southw. to N. C., IL, (and Mo.?) ; most common eastw., and abundant on the Coastal Plain. This and the preceding species are good indicators of acid sandy soils. 180 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 35. URTICACEAE (Nettie Famity) a. Plant arborescent; ovule suspended. b. Flowers from special buds on wood of the preceding year, developing before the leaves; stamens erect in the bud; anthers extrorse; leaves serrate; fruit a flat samara. 1. Utmus b. Flowers on shoots of the season, developing mostly with the leaves; anthers introrse; fruit fleshy. c. Flowers racemose, or the pistillate ones mostly solitary; stamens erect in the bud; leaves serrate. 2. CELTIS c. Flowers, at least the pistillate ones, densely spicate or capitate; stamens inflexed in the bud. d. Leaves entire, pinnately veined; staminate flowers in globose racemes. 3. MACLURA d. Leaves dentate, often lobed, palmately veined; staminate flowers spicate. ; 4. Morus a. Plant herbaceous; ovule suspended or erect. b. ped eee ey 3-7-lobed or -divided; stamens erect in the bud; ovule sus- pended. c. Leaves 5-7-divided, the divisions narrow; pistillate flowers forming an irregular spicate cluster; plant erect. 5. CANNABIS c. Leaves 3-5-lobed, the divisions broad; pistillate flowers in definitely organized cone-like spikes; plant twining. 6. HumMuLus b. Leaves not lobed; stamens inflexed in the bud; ovule erect; plant erect. c. Calyx of the pistillate flowers of 2-5 separate or nearly separate sepals. d, Leaves alternate, with stinging hairs; sepals of the staminate flowers 5, of the pistillate flowers 4; stigma long-subulate; achenes oblique, reflexed, naked. 7. LAPORTEA d, Leaves opposite; sepals of the staminate and the pistillate flowers both 3-4; ’ stigma capitate-tuited. e. Plants with stinging hairs; achenes inclosed by the two inner and larger sepals; stems opaque. 8. UrRTICA e. Plants without stinging hairs, glabrous; achenes naked or nearly so; stems translucent. = 9. PILEA c. Calyx of the pistillate flowers tubular or cup-shaped, 2-4-lobed, inclosing the achene; plant unarmed. d. Leaves opposite, serrate; flowers glomerate, in interrupted axillary spikes which are sometimes leafy at the top, not involucrate; stigma long, filiform. ; 10. BoEHMERIA d. Leaves alternate, entire; flowers in short axillary glomerules, involucrate; stigma tufted. 11. PARIETARIA 1. Ulmus (Tourn.) L. a. Flowers slender-pedicelled, clustered or racemose, drooping ; leaves smooth, or some- what rough above; bud scales dark-margined. b. Flowers subumbellate or corymbose; fruit notched at least halfway to the seed; branches not corky-winged; buds glabrous; petioles 5-10 mm. long; leaf blade elliptic-ovate, very oblique at base. 1. U. americana b. Flowers racemose; fruit with a shallow notch; branches often corky-winged ; buds pubescent; petioles 2-5 (8) mm. long; leaf blade elliptic-obovate, usually slightly oblique at base. 2. U. racemosa a. Flowers short-pedicelled, in dense capitate clusters, not drooping; leaves scabrous, or rarely smooth above; bud scales uniformly dark. b. Seed near the center of the large (17 mm. wide), shallowly notched, oval wing; leaf blade large, 8-18 cm. long; stamens 5-9; twigs rather stout; buds large. c. Twigs of the preceding season pale brown, scabrous-papillose; bud scales THE FLorA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 181 densely hairy even on the outer surface; leaves subcrenately toothed, some- times 3-lobed at apex on sucker shoots; surface of fruit pubescent. 3. U. fulva c. Twigs of the preceding season dark brown, slightly scabrous or smooth; buds less hairy, often glabrous outside; leaves sharply serrate, often 3-lobed toward apex; surface of fruit glabrous. Ani glabra b. Seed near the apex of the smaller (12 mm. wide or less), orbicular wing, which is notched to the seed; leaf blade small, 5-8 cm. long; stamens 3-5; twigs slender ; buds smaller. [U. campestris | 1. U. americana L. American Eto. Alluvial bottom lands and on slopes and uplands, in calcareous gravels and in clays but rarely in light acid chestnut soils; common. Apr. 1-20 Newf. to Man., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; in river valleys and swamps on the Coastal Plain. Variable in habit. Two types may be recognized: the vase type, with strongly ascending main branches which toward the end are arched, recurved, and pendulous- tipped; and the oak type, with spreading, low-set, stiffer branches. The former type is often “ feathered ” with twigs on the trunk and the main branches. The vase type is the one used for street planting, and is the more common. Examples of the oak type occur on Turkey Hill and at Summit Marsh. 2. U. racemosa Thomas. (U. Thomasi Sarg.) Cork Erm. Rock Erm. Bottom lands and slopes, in rich calcareous gravel; frequent. May 1-10. Dry Run, Spencer; Jennings Pond; Inlet. Valley, near Lick Brook and Larch Meadow ; Six Mile Creek ravine (D. 1)’; Mud Creek, Freeville; “conspicuous east of McLean, as tall trees with short branches, thus presenting a columnar aspect” (D.!) ; McLean station (D.) ; Cayuga Lake shore (D.!); frequent on the plateau between Cayuga and Owasco Lakes; and elsewhere. W. Que. and w. Vt. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Ky. and Mo.; apparently absent in granitic N. E. and on the Coastal Plain. The name U. racemosa is apparently valid under the International Rules. 3. U. fulva Michx. Srrprery Eto. Slopes of ravines and stream banks, mostly in dry calcareous rocky or gravelly soils; frequent. Apr. 15—May 1. Widely distributed throughout the basin except in the acid chestnut soils; especially abundant along the smaller ravines of the Cayuga Lake shore. Se Que. and w. N. E. to N. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; rare on the Coastal ain. 4. U. crasprA Huds. (U. scabra Mill. U. montana With.) Scotcu Ext. Thickets and ravine banks; occasional. Apr. 25—-May 10. Escaped about Ithaca. Native of Eurasia. Peculiar forms are found ‘in cultivation, with smaller, smooth leaves. These may be hybrids with some other species. [U. campestris L. ENciisoH ELM. Frequently planted, but doubtfully spontaneous. Native of Eu.] 2. Celtis (Tourn.) L. 1. C. occidentalis L. Hackserrry. Slopes and bottom lands, in nonacid gravelly and often alluvial soils; infrequent. Apr. 25-May Inlet Valles: w. of Negundo Woods (D.!) and near mouth of Coy Glen; West 182 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES Hill (D.!); Fall Creek, below Ithaca Falls (D.) ; Renwick slope (D.!) ; near Percy Field; roadside s. of Esty, and foot of cliffs n. of Esty; also n. along Cayuga Lake shore; absent in the McLean region and on the chestnut soils in the basin. Que. to Man., southw. to Ala. (?), Mo., and Okla, including the Coastal Plain. 3. Maclura Nutt. 1. M. pomrrera (Raf.) Schneid. OsaGe ORANGE. Hedgerows and thickets; rarely spontaneous. June. Cultivated for hedges, and occasionally escaping as at Junius. Native: s. Mo. to n. Tex. 4. Morus (Tourn.) L. a. Leaves rough above, downy beneath; fruit dark purple or black, 2.5-3.5 cm. long. 1. M. rubra a. Leaves smooth and usually shining; fruit whitish or black, 1-2 cm. long. 2. M. alba 1. M. rubra L. Rep Mutperry. Ravines and hill slopes, in gravelly neutral soils; infrequent. May 20-June 10. Danby and Enfield (D.); Coy Glen; Six Mile Creek, below Green Tree Falls (D.!); near the “ Nook” (D.); Renwick slope (D.!); Beebe Lake; Salmon Creek (D.); Franklin Ravine (D.); Cayuga Lake cliffs, Ledyard; Paine Creek; Big Gully (D.!); not seen in Dryden and the McLean region (D.!). Vt. to Mich. and S. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. A tree of the interior. 2. M. avea L. Ravines and hill slopes; frequent. May 20-June 10. Six Mile Creek, near D., L. & W. R. R. and near Ferris Brook (D.!); Beech Woods, Six Mile Creek; Cascadilla Creek, below Glen Pond (D.); Violet Island; road beyond the “ Nook” (D.); e. of Percy Field; streets of Ithaca; C. U. campus; n. of Taughannock Gorge (D.); and elsewhere. Escaped from cultivation, and now established. Native of Eu. The commonest form here has dark purple or black fruit. 5. Cannabis (Tourn.) L. 1. C. sativa L. Hemp. Garbage dumps and other waste places; infrequent. July—Aug. Ithaca: dump near Dwyer Pond; near Cascadilla Place (D.); Six Mile Creek (D.!); dump on the lighthouse road; Forest Home (D.). Springing up from scattered birdseed, but doubtfully spontaneous. Native of Asia. 6. Humulus L. a. Pistillate spikes in fruit 15-25 mm. long, glandular-dotted; outer bracts very broad, short-acuminate, inner ones acute or obtuse; staminate panicle 5-15 cm. long; leaves 1—5- usually 3-lobed. 1. H. Lupulus a. Pistillate spikes in fruit about 10 mm. long, not glandular; bracts narrow, long- acuminate, the large seed bulging out the bracts; staminate panicle large, 10-25 cm. long; leaves 5-7-lobed. 2. H. japonicus 1. H. Lupulus L. Hop. River banks, fence rows, and in swamps; scarce. July. Spencer Lake; White Church; near mouth of Coy Glen (D.); near Percy Field; THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 183 Forest Home Drive; island in Beebe Lake (D.); near Fall Creek, e. of Freeville (D.); “Round Marsh and several places in the interior of Beaver Creek Swamp, where it is manifestly native” (D.); McLean Bogs; South Cortland; thicket n. e. of Mud Pond, Conquest. Escaped from cultivation at many of the above-named stations. N.S: to Mant; southw. to N.-Y., Pa., Ga, Fla. (°?); Kams., Ariz, and N. Mex. Its indigenous range in the East is now obscure. Found also in Eurasia. Plants from the above-named stations correspond mostly to H. americanus Nutt. as treated by Bailey (Man. Cult. Pl., p. 240. 1924), but this is doubtfully a distinct species. 2. H. yAponicus Sieb. & Zucc. JAPANESE Hop. Escaped from cultivation to waste places; occasional. Sept. Lumber yards, Six Mile Creek; edge of athletic field, C. U. campus. Native of Japan. 7. Laportea Gaud. 1. L. canadensis (L.) Gaud. Woop NETTLE. Damp woodlands, in rich alluvial soils or humus; frequent. July—Aug. Enfield Glen; Coy Glen; Six Mile Creek; Fall Creek; Renwick woods; McLean Bogs; Paine Creek; and elsewhere; absent on the heavy clays and on the light acid sandy soils of the basin. N. B. and N. S. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Fla. and Kans.; less frequent on the Coastal Plain. A plant of the rich inland country. 8. Urtica (Tourn.) L. a. Leaves thin, ovate, coarsely and sharply toothed, the teeth spreading; blade and petiole setose-hispid; plant dioecious; inflorescence diffusely branched, more or less setose. 1. U. dioica a. Leaves firm, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, less sharply and less divaricately toothed; blade not setose, petiole sparingly so or unarmed; plant usually monoe- cious, the upper verticels pistillate, the lower ones staminate; inflorescence less diffusely branched, not setose. 2. U. gracilis 1. U. piorca L. Stincine NETTLE. A weed of roadsides and yards, in rich soil; scarce, but locally abundant. Aug. Negundo Woods (D.); near road to Buttermilk Falls (D.) ; Six Mile Creek (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; Big Gully; low woods, Big Gully Point; abundant in farmyards and on roadsides near Barber Corners, Ledyard. Newf. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to S. C., Mo., and Colo. Naturalized from Eu. 2. U. gracilis Ait. Common NETTLE. Low grounds, damp roadsides, and waste places, in rich loamy soils; common. July—Aug. Newf. to B. C., southw. to N. C., La., and Calif.; rare on the true Atlantic Coastal Plain soils. 9. Pilea Lindl. 1. P. pumila (L.) Gray. RicHWEED. CLEARWEED. Damp shaded gravelly or sandy soils, or on wet rocks in ravines, with no apparent relation to lime content of the soil; common. July—Sept. N. B. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Fla., La., Nebr., and Kans.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. 184 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 10. Boehmeria Jacq. a. Leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, smooth above or nearly so; petioles 20-40 mm. long. 1. B. cylindrica a. Leaves narrowly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or barely acuminate, in extreme forms reflexed, scabrous above; petioles 5-20 (30) mm. long. la. B. c., var. Drummondiana 1. B. cylindrica (L.) Sw. Fase NETTLE. j eae and other wet places, over sandy or gravelly, mostly neutral, soils; frequent. uly—Sept. Fall Creek Gorge, below Forest Home; Girls’ Playground, Cascadilla Glen; Ren- wick; McLean Bogs; Beaver Brook; Salmon Creek; Union Springs; Montezuma Marshes; Savannah; and elsewhere. Me. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. la. B. cylindrica (L.) Sw., var. Drummondiana Wedd. (See Rhodora 12: 10. 1910. B.c., var. scabra Porter.) pou wet boggy borders of ponds and swales, in peat or marl bogs; scarce. June —Aug. Marshy (calcareous) borders of Dryden Lake; marl moor of Vandemark Pond; floating moor of Slayton Pond; and probably elsewhere. Mass. to N. Y., southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. 11. Parietaria (Tourn.) L. 1. P. pennsylvanica Muhl. PeEtritory. Dry places on and beneath cliffs, more rarely on wooded banks, the type of soil not understood; frequent. June—Aug. Enfield Glen; Coy Glen; Cascadilla Glen; Dwyer Pond; Fall Creek; bank at mouth of McKinney Twin Glens; n. and s. of Esty Glen; and elsewhere. Coast of Me., and from Mass. and Vt. to Minn. and B.’C., southw. to N. J., Fla., Tenn., Ney., and Mex.; scattered stations on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 36. SANTALACEAE (Sanpartwoop FAmity) 1. Comandra Nutt. 1. C. umbellata (L.) Nutt. Bastarp ToapFLAx. COMANDRA. Dry woods; frequent. May 10—June. Following the distribution of Vaccinium (and Ceanothus, D.); therefore on the chestnut soils of the higher hills w., s., and s. e. of Ithaca, on the ravine crests and the crests of Cayuga Lake cliffs, and in the sandy woods at Junius; absent in the McLean region and on the heavier soils back from the lake shore. Semi-parasitic on Vaccinium and other plants. N. S. to Wis., southw. to Ga., Ark., and Kans., especially on the acid Coastal a but also in marl beds as at Bergen Swamp, N. Y.; found also in B. C. and alif. 37. LORANTHACEAE (MistLetor FAmity) 1. Arceuthobium Bieb. 1. A. pusillum Peck. Dwarr MISTLETOE. On Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP. in the Junius peat bogs, 1886 (C. U. Herb., collector unknown) ; fairly abundant in 1894 and 1904. Newf. and Que. to Mich., southw. to Pa. Produces ‘“ witches’ brooms” on the parasitized trees. First segregated from Razoumofskya under the above generic name. THE FLorA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE’ BASIN 185 38. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE (BirtHwort Famrry) a. Plant acaulescent; perianth regular, persistent; stamens 12; anthers free from the stigma. iT ; ] 1. ASARUM a. Plant caulescent, erect or twining; perianth irregular, tubular, deciduous; stamens 6; anthers adnate to the style or stigma. 2. ARISTOLOCHIA 1. Asarum (Tourn.) L. . Lobes of the calyx short-acuminate, mostly spreading. 1. A. canadense a. Lobes of the calyx long-caudate-acuminate, mostly spreading. la. A. c., var. acuminatum a. Lobes of the calyx triangular, scarcely acuminate, short, strongly reflexed. lb. A. c., var. reflexum Q 1. A. canadense L. (A. canadense, in part, of Cayuga Fl.) Wrtp Grncer. CANADA SNAKEROOT. Rich moist humus in upland woods, mostly overlaying calcareous gravels ,and rich loams; scarce. Apr.—May. N. of Lick Brook; Taughannock Gorge; and probably elsewhere. N. B. to Man., southw. to N. C., Mo., and Kans.; occurring only occasionally on the Coastal Plain. la. A. canadense L., var. acuminatum Ashe. (A. canadense, in part, of Cayuga FI.) In situations similar to the preceding; apparently much more common. Enfield Glen; n. of Lick Brook; Six Mile Creek; Fall Creek; Taughannock Gorge; ravine near Elm Beach, Romulus; s. of Willets; Merrifield; and elsewhere. Conn. and N. Y. to Minn. and Ky.; common westw. In this flora this variety is scarcely more than an extreme of the typical form. lb. A. canadense L., var. reflexum (Bickn.) Robins. Alluvial woodlands; rare. Howland Island, 1919 (A. H. Wright); alluvial wooded bank of Clyde River, Galen; 1923 (L. F. Randolph, A. J. E., & K. M. W.). Conn. and s. N. Y. to Mich. and Iowa, southw. to Mo. and Kans. 2. Aristolochia (Tourn.) L. 1. A. Crematitis L. Birrawort. Damp thickets on rich gravelly banks; rare. June. Union Springs, on a bank s. e. of the railway station (D.!), probably escaped from cultivation. “First seen in 1874’ (D.), it has since spread over a large area. N. Y. to Md. Native of s. Eu. 39. POLYGONACEAE (BuckwuHeat FAmIty) a. Sepals 6, the three inner ones much enlarged in fruit (except in Rumex Accto- sella); flowers greenish yellow, frequently tinged with red, wind-pollinated ; stigmas tufted. 1. RUMEX a. Sepals 4-5, nearly equal; flowers purple, pink, white, or greenish white, not wind- pollinated; stigmas not tufted. b. Leaves triangular-hastate; plant erect; embryo in center of endosperm; achene 3-angled; flowers white. [FacorpyRuM ] b. Leaves not triangular-hastate, or, if so, the stem climbing by prickles or twin- ing; embryo curved around one side of endosperm; achene lenticular or 3-angled; flowers of various colors. 2. PoLyGoNUM 186 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 1. Rumex L. a. Leaves neither sagittate nor hastate but occasionally cordate; flowers perfect or irregularly monoecious. b. Inner sepals crenate, denticulate, or entire. c. Grains of the fruiting calyx 0, or 1, or the rudiments of 3; sepals in fruit 5-6 mm. wide; (leaves undulate, sometimes crisped). 1. R. Patientia c. Grains of the fruiting calyx 3; sepals in fruit 5 mm. wide or less. d. Pedicels of nearly uniform thickness, not conspicuously reflexed. e. Pedicels jointed one-twentieth to one-tenth their length above the base; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, not crisped, subentire, pale green and glaucescent. 2. R. mexicanus e. Pedicels jointed one-fourth to one-third their length above the base; leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or oblong, dark green, not glauces- cent. f. Leaves very large, 5-10 cm. wide, finely erose, scarcely crisped; pedicels obscurely jointed; plant tall and coarse, 1-2 m. high. 3. R. Britannica f. Leaves smaller, less than 5 cm. ahs crenate and crisped; pedicels with tumid joints; plant 0.8-1.6 m. high. 4. R. cris pus d. Pedicels gradually enlarged upward, jointed at the very base, conspicuously reflexed; leaves flat, lanceolate and subentire, slightly glaucous. 5. R. verticillatus b. Inner sepals spinulose-dentate or pinnatifid. c. Grains of the calyx 1; teeth not equaling the width of the sepal body; lower leaves oblong, the base truncate or cordate. 6. R. obtusifolius c. Grains of the calyx 3; teeth slender, about equaling the width of the sepal body; lower leaves lanceolate, the base acute. [R. maritimus | a. Leaves sagittate or hastate; flowers dioecious. b. Sepals enlarged in fruit; plant 3-15 dm. high; leaves sagittate. 7. R. Acetosa b. Sepals not enlarged in fruit; plant 1-6 dm. high; leaves hastate. 8. R. Acetosella 1. R. Patrentia L. Patience Dock. Roadsides and fields, in rich loamy soils; occasional. June-July. Roadside near Coy Glen; Cayuga St., Giles St., and Ferris Place, Ithaca; Six Mile Creek (D.); Dryden; e. of Levanna; near West Junius (D.!). Newf. to Ont. and Wis., southw. to Conn., Pa., and Kans. Naturalized from Eurasia. Very conspicuous and handsome in fruit. ? 2. R. MEXICANUS Meisn. PALE Dock. Waste soil; rare. Aug.—Sept. City dump, lighthouse road, Ithaca, 1921, and C. U. campus near Baker Court, 1921 (S. H. Burnham & C. L. Wilson). Newf. and Lab. to B. C., southw. to Me., Mich., and Mo., and along the Rocky Mts. to Mex. Introduced in e. U. S. 3. R. Britannica L. Great WatTER Dock. Marshes and swales, in rich alluvial or mucky soils, usually on a calcareous sub- stratum; frequent, and locally abundant. Aug.—Sept. Summit Marsh and Spencer Lake (D.!); near Caroline Depot; n. of Freeville ; n. e. of McLean station; McLean Bogs (D.!); Dryden Lake (D.); Inlet Marshes (D.!); Cayuga Marshes; Botrychium Woods, Spring Lake; “very conspicuous on these [Cayuga Marshes] and Montezuma Marshes in autumn from its large plumes of pink: frmt~ ((Ds)r THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 187 Newf. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to N. J. and Kans.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. 4. R. crispus L. YELLow or Curry Dock. A weed of cultivated and waste ground, roadsides, and like situations, in rich, especially heavy, soils of various types; very common. June—Sept. Almost throughout N. A. except in the extreme North; also in W. I. and Mex. Naturalized from Eu. The grains vary from obtuse to acute, frequently on the same plant; hence the separation of those plants with more acute grains, as FR. elongatus Guss., seems scarcely warranted. 5. R. verticillatus L. Swamp Dock. Marshes and swales, in rich alluvial or lake-bottom soils; locally abundant. June— July. Summit Marsh (D.); Inlet Marshes (D.!); Cayuga Marshes (D.!); around Salt Pond w. of Howland Island; and elsewhere (D.). W. Que., Vt., and e. Mass. (?), to Iowa, southw. to Fla. and Tex.; apparently infrequent on the Coastal Plain. A plant of the rich lands of the interior. [R. coNGLOMERATUS Murr. “Near the Marl Ponds, Cortland” (D.). Though carefully sought there, this species has not since been found. Judging from its range, its occurrence at Cortland is very doubtful. | 6. R. optusiroLtius L. Buirrer or BROAD-LEAVED Dock. A weed of fields, roadsides, and waste places, in rather rich, moist, or shaded soils; not uncommon. July—Sept. Newf. to B. C. and Oreg., southw. to Fla. and Tex. Naturalized from Eurasia. Specimens from Dryden Lake, near Renwick, and by the roadside in Danby, which combine characters of this species and F. crispus, Dudley interprets as hybrids between these two species. [R. maritimus L. (See Rhodora 17: 80. 1915.) This species, or some variety of it, was found in ballast in the L. V. R. R. yards at Ithaca in 1917, but has not been seen since. The material was young. ] 7. R. Acetosa L. GARDEN SorREL. Fields and waste places; rare. Roadside and adjoining field, n. slope of Connecticut Hill, abundant, 1924; one or two plants near the old Insectary (site of Baker Hall) previous to 1921. Newf., Que., Vt., N. Y., and Pa. Introduced from Eurasia, but possibly native in the Far North and Northwest (Lab. to Alaska). 8. R. AceTosELLaA L. SHEEP SorREL. FIELD SorREL. A weed of fields, roadsides, and waste places, in gravelly or sandy, rather sterile, soils; very common. May—Sept. Throughout N. A. except in the extreme North. Naturalized from Eu. [Fagopyrum (Tourn.) Gaertn. ] [F. ESCULENTUM Moench. BuckKWHEAT. Roadsides, railroad embankments, and old fields; escaped from cultivation, and doubtfully established. June—Sept. Native of Eu.] 188 Kart M. WieGanp AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 2. Polygonum (Tourn.) L. a. Stems not twining; leaves linear to ovate, not cordate but sometimes sagittate or hastate. b. Stems not armed with prickles. c. Flowers axillary. d. Calyx in fruit 2-3.5 mm. long; margins whitish, or reddish white; plant usually prostrate; leaves acute, 6-30 mm. long; achenes dull. 1. P. aviculare d. Calyx in fruit 3.5-5 mm. long; margins yellowish, or yellowish red; plant erect; leaves 15-60 mm. long. e. Leaves broadly elliptical, obtuse or subacute; achenes dull. 2. P. erectum e. Leaves narrowly elliptical or lanceolate; achenes glossy. 3. P. ramosissimum c. Flowers in terminal spikes. d. Styles short, soft, barely exserted, withering in fruit. e. Sheaths not ciliate, except rarely the uppermost. f. Spikes several; annual plants of damp rich soils. g. Peduncles obscurely glandular or smooth; stamens 6. h. Achenes 1.5-1.8 mm. wide; spikes~slender, drooping, pinkish or purplish. 1. Leaves glabrous; plant tall. 4. P. lapathifolium 1. Leaves tomentose beneath; plant low. 4a. P. lapathifolium, var. salicifolium h. Achenes (1.8) 1.9-2.5 mm. wide; spikes thicker, erect, greenish. 5. P. scabrum g. Peduncles strongly glandular-pubescent; stamens 8; achenes 2.2-3.5 mm. wide; spikes thick, erect, pink. h. Leaves copiously strigose beneath and often above; uppermost sheaths often ciliate; achenes 2.2-2.8 mm. wide. 6. P. pennsylvanicum h. Leaves glabrous or sparingly strigose on the midrib beneath; sheaths usually not ciliate; achenes 2.5-3.5 mm. wide. 6a. P. pennsylvanicum, ‘ var. laevigatum f. Spikes 1-2 (3); perennial aquatic or marsh plants, with long rootstocks rooting in the mud. g. Leaves elliptical or narrowly oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute; spikes oval-oblong, 1.3-2.5 cm. long; flowers bright pink. P. amphibium g. Leaves ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, very acute or short-acumi- nate; spikes oblong-linear, 3-9 cm. long; flowers deeper pink. 8. P. coccineum e. Sheaths ciliate with a row of bristles. f. Sepals glandular-dotted. g. Achenes dull; spikes strongly arched and nodding; flowers greenish; stems often reddish; internodes short, 2-4 cm. long; stamens 6. 9. P. Hydropiper g. Achenes glossy; spikes erect or flexuous, not strongly nodding; flowers white, flesh color, or greenish white; stems green or green- ish purple; internodes longer, 3-8 cm. long. h. Plant perennial; stems decumbent and submerged at base, rooting at the nodes; spikes erect, rather dense, peduncled; flowers whitish or pinkish; stamens 8; achenes mostly 3-angled. 10. P. robustius THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 189 h. Plant annual from fibrous roots, not decumbent; spikes elongated, flexuous, very loosely flowered, the greenish white flowers scat- tered down to the upper leaf axils; stamens 3-8; achenes mostly lenticular. 11. P. punctatum f. Sepals not glandular-dotted (or only very indistinctly so in no. 12). g. Leaves lanceolate, 1-2 cm. wide; spikes erect; flowers 2-3 mm. long. h, Plant conspicuously strigose; sheaths often with an herbaceous border; achenes lenticular. (See nos. 7 and 8.) h. Plant sparingly strigose or glabrous; sheaths without a border. 1. Flowers clear white or pink; stamens 8; achenes triangular; leaf blades mostly rounded or obtuse at base; perennials of wet ces. 12. P. hydropiperoides i. Flowers dull pale greenish purple or greenish white; stamens 6; achenes lenticular or triangular; leaf blades acute at base, often with a dark spot near the middle; annuals of drier places. 13. P. Persicaria g. Leaves broadly ovate, acuminate; spikes stout, deep purple, nodding ; flowers 3-5 mm. long; sheaths often with a spreading herbaceous border; puberulent annuals. 14. P. orientale d. Styles long, stiff, exserted, persistent, deflexed, and hooked at tip in fruit; spikes very long and slender, rigid, greenish; leaves ovate, acuminate. P. virgimianum b. Stems armed with hooked prickles, reclining. c. Leaves sagittate; styles 2; achenes lenticular. 16. P. sagittatum c. Leaves hastate; styles 3; achenes 3-angled. 17. P. arifolium a. Stems twining; leaves broadly ovate, cordate at base. b. Nodes naked; angles of the calyx keeled; leaves glabrous, often scabrous on the veins beneath. c. Calyx sharply angled; achenes dull; leaves triangular-ovate, the basal lobes acute; annuals. 18. P. Convolvulus c. Calyx wing-angled; achenes glossy; leaves more heart-shaped in outline, the basal lobes more rounded; perennials. 19. P. scandens b. Nodes bristly-ciliate; angles of the calyx obscurely keeled; leaves puberulent beneath; achenes glossy; perennials. [P. cilinode | 1. P. aviculare L. KNorweep. A weed of roadsides and waste places, mostly in gravelly soils, also about salt springs; common. July—Oct. Almost throughout N. A. Found also in Eurasia. As a weed, introduced; but native about salt springs and elsewhere. Extremely variable in size of leaves, the forms with larger leaves being probably the var. vegetum Ledeb.; but too many transitional forms occur, and size of leaf seems to depend too much upon environment, to justify the recognition of the variety as a distinct race in the Cayuga Lake Basin. 2. P. erectum L. A weed of rich roadsides, borders of fields, and waste places; frequent. Aug.—Oct. Ont. to Alberta, southw. to Ga., Colo., and Tex.; infrequent or rare on the Coastal Plain. 3. P. RAMOSISSIMUM Michx. A weed about the new Drill Hall, C. U. campus, 1916 and later. July. Me. and Mass., local; w.- Pa., and from Ill. to Minn., Tex., N. Mex., and Calif. Formerly unknown at this station, and undoubtedly introduced. 190 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 4. P. lapathifolium L. (P. incarnatum of Cayuga FI.) Damp gravelly stream banks and lake shores, in nonacid soils; not uncommon. July—Sept. Coy Glen; along the Inlet; Inlet Marshes ; Cayuga Lake shore; Fall Creek; Dryden Lake; Montezuma Marshes; and elsewhere. Throughout temperate N. A., occurring sparingly on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. Possibly not native in N. A. 4a. P. lapathifolium L., var. salicifolium Sibth. (See Rhodora 23: 259, 1921. P. tomentosum, var. incanum, of Gray’s Man., ed. 7. P. lapathifolium, var. mcanum, of Cayuga FI.) Low gravelly soil near the shores of the larger lakes; scarce. Renwick (K. M. W. & F. P. Metcalf); “borders of Cayuga Marshes, 1858” (Chickering & Brewer in Gray Herb.) ; n. of Cayuga Marshes, 1918. Range perhaps the same as for the typical form, of which it may be only a juvenile stage. 5. P. scabrum Moench. (See Rhodora 23: 259. 1921. P. tomentoswm of Gray’s Man., ed. 7. P. nodosum of Cayuga FI.) Low gravelly or silty soils; locally abundant. Aug.—Sept. Dryden Lake (D. in Gray~Herb.); s. end of Cayuga Lake (D.!); Myers Point (D.); vicinity of Cayuga and on the Cayuga Marshes (D.!); abundant in 1919 in the bed of the abandoned canal at Cayuga. Newf. to B. C., southw. to N. E. and Calif.; inland, mostly about the Great Lakes. Found also in Eu. Possibly not native in N. A. 6. P. pennsylvanicum L. Moist, rich, open, gravelly or sandy, often alluvial, soils; rare. Aug.—Sept. Bed of abandoned canal, Cayuga, 1919. Coastal regions from N. S. to Miss., and northw. through the Mississippi Basin to s. Ont: and cent. N. Y. 6a. P. pennsylvanicum L., var. laevigatum Fernald. (See Rhodora 19:70. 1917.) In situations similar to the preceding; common. Aug.—Sept. N. S. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 7. P. amphibium L. In shallow calcareous waters of ponds, usually over sandy or gravelly, more rarely mucky, bottoms; infrequent. July—Aug. Spencer Lake, Summit Marsh (D.!), and stations between; Jennings Pond (D.!) ; Dryden Lake (D.!) ; region of Cortland marl ponds; Lake Como; Junius marl ponds ; Cayuga and Montezuma Marshes (D.). Newf. to Alaska, southw. to n. N. J., Ky., Colo., and Calif.; rare on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eu. The typical aquatic form has floating glabrous subcoriaceous glossy leaves. The terrestrial forms have erect stems and more lanceolate membranous leaves which, together with the stems and sheaths, are strigose-hispid and not glossy. The sheaths may be without a foliaceous border [forma terrestre (Leers) Blake (P. amphibium, var. terrestre Leers, see Rhodora 15: 164, 1913)], or with such a border [forma Hartwrightti (Gray) Blake (P. Hartwrightti Gray)]. As has been pointed out by Bissell (Rhodora 4: 104. 1902), forma Hartwrightit is in many cases clearly an ecological terrestrial state of P. amphibuum, springing from the same rootstocks as would the latter species if the plant were submerged. Whether it is always an ecological form is not certain, though this is probably the case. Forma terrestre has been found at Dryden Lake, Malloryville Bog, and the McLean Bogs; forma THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 191 Hartwrightii at Malloryville Bog, s. w. corner of Cayuga Lake, ae Ponds, and Salt Pond w. of Howland Island. House (Bul. N. Y. State Mus. 254) follows Greene in considering the American plants distinct from the European, and adopts the name P. fluitans Eaton for the American material. Stanford (Rhodora 27: 125. 1925) holds the same view but recognizes P. natans Eaton as an older name than P. fluitans Eaton. The writers have had no opportunity to check this point. 8. P. coccineum Muhl. (See Rhodora 27: 127. 1925. P. Muhlenbergi of Gray’s Man., ed. 7, and of Cayuga FI.) Rich mucky marshes and ditches, frequently extending to gravelly or sandy situa- tions ; apparently not in strongly limy soils; frequent. Aug.—Sept. Summit Marsh (D.!); Inlet Marshes and Cayuga Lake shore (here first noted by Dr. Gray in 1831, D.); “near Ludlowville Sta. and north to Lake Ridge Pt., where it is abundant” (D.); Ledyard, 1827 (J. J. Thomas); Union Springs (D.!); Canoga (D.); Montezuma Marshes. Que. and Me. to B. C., southw. to Va., La., Calif., and Mex.; found sparingly on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. An ecological form of this species corresponding to the aquatic form of P. amphib- tum is forma natans (Wiegand) Stanford (see Rhodora 26:3, 1924, and 27: 152 164, 1925). It has floating stems, and floating, glabrous, thicker, and more glossy leaves. It can usually be distinguished from P. amphibium by the more acute leaves, the longer spikes (3-9 cm. long), and the deeper pink color of the flowers. This variant has been found in the Inlet and Montezuma Marshes, and transitional speci- mens were collected in the small pond west of Fleming Meadow. 9. P. Hydropiper L. SMARTWEED. WATER PEPPER. Swales, meadows, and damp pasture lands, mostly in exsiccated ground but in various soils with no apparent relation to lime content; common. Aug.—Sept. Almost throughout N. A., except in the extreme North; possibly introduced in the Cayuga Lake Basin. Found also in Eu. 10. P. robustius (Small) Fernald. (See Rhodora 23: 147. 1921. P. acre, in part, of Cayuga FI. and of Gray’s Man., ed. 7.) In the shallow water of swales; rare. Aug.—Sept. A plant of the larger marshes and swales: Inlet Marshes, 1874 (without collector’s name); near the Clyde River 14 miles n. w. of Marengo (A. J. E., K. M. W., & L. F. Randolph) ; road, Clyde to Savannah (same collectors). [Cortland mill pond. | N. S. to R. L, N. Y., Mo., and southw. Exact range not clear, but chiefly a plant of the Coastal Plain. 11. P. punctatum Ell. (P. acre, in part, of Cayuga Fl. P. acre, var. leptostachyum, of Gray’s Man., ed. 7.) Water SMARTWEED. Marshy or boggy places, often in water, in various soils with little reference to lime content; frequent. Aug.—Sept. Spencer Lake; Renwick woods and vicinity; Dryden Lake; Beaver Brook; Chicago Bog; Cortland marl ponds; abandoned canal, Cayuga; moor of Lowery Ponds; and elsewhere. Almost throughout N. A., except in the extreme North, including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The characters given in the key seem sufficient to warrant the recognition of this as a distinct species, as has been done by Fernald. P. punctatum Ell. is an earlier name than P. acre HBK. 12. P. hydropiperoides Michx. Mirp Water Pepper. Wet places and shallow water, mostly in sandy or gravelly swales along streams and about lake shores, with little or no relation to lime content; infrequent. Aug.- Sept. 192 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES Summit Marsh (D.); marshes along Cayuga St., Ithaca (D.); Fall Creek, between Forest Home and Varna (D.!); Crane Creek, Montezuma. (More common in Cortland Co.) : N. S. to Minn. and Calif., southw. to Fla. and Mex.; less common on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. In the Cayuga Lake Basin the plant passes insensibly to var. strigosum Small, with strigose stems and leaves. A related species, P. setacewm Baldw., has been found in Oswego Co. and should be sought on the Ontario plain in this flora. 13. P. Perstcaria L. Lapy’s THums. HEARTWEED. A weed of roadsides, waste places, and cultivated ground, but showing little relation . ae of soil though perhaps best developed in the richer loamy soils; very common. uly—Sept. : Throughout N. A., except in the extreme North. Naturalized from Eu. Dudley distinguished two additional forms: a smooth prostrate form, and a hairy branched form with interrupted spikes. Specimens from Dudley in the Gray Herbarium show that his first form was P. hydropiperoides Michx., var. strigosum Small, and the second form was P. scabrum Moench. 14. P. oRIENTALE L. Prince's FEATHER. A weed on garbage dumps and sandy or gravelly waste places; occasional. Aug— Sept. City garbage dump along the lighthouse road, Ithaca; gravelly shore, s. w. corner of Cayuga Lake; near East Ithaca; and possibly elsewhere. ' Escaped from cultivation. Native of India. 15. P. virginianum L. 2 Rich alluvial woodlands, chiefly in the valleys of the larger lakes; frequent. Aug.— ept. Spencer Lake; bank beyond Fleming Schoolhouse (D.); Negundo Woods (D.!) ; Coy Glen; Beech Woods, Six Mile Creek; near Indian Spring (D.); Renwick woods, and w. of the Inlet; Renwick slope (D.); McGowan Woods; along Fall Creek, Ithaca to Etna; Freeville; Paine Creek; sand along Clyde River n. w. of Marengo. N. H. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. 16. P. sagittatum L. Arrow-LEAVeD TEARTHUMB. Low grounds, in somewhat mucky, sandy, calcareous or noncalcareous, soils; very common. Aug.—Sept. Newf. to Alberta, southw. to Fla. and Kans., including the Coastal Plain. The flowers are either white or strongly tinged with purple. 17. P. arifolium L. HALBerp-LEAVED TEARTHUMB, Low woods, in rich black silty or sandy acid or neutral soils; infrequent. Aug.- Sept. Summit Marsh (D.); Headwaters Swamp; Slaterville Swamp; Jennings Pond; Renwick woods and marshes (D.!); near Larch Meadow; Ringwood (D.!); Fir Tree Swamp, Freeville; near Freeville (D.); McLean Bogs; Ledyard, 1827 (J. J. Thomas) ; Cayuga Marshes (D.!) ; near Duck Lake; and elsewhere. N. B. to Ont., southw. to Ga., Ohio, and Mich., including the Coastal Plain. 18. P. ConvotvuLus L. BLack BINDWEED. A weed of cultivated grounds and waste places, mostly in gravelly soils; common. July—Oct. : Nearly throughout N. A., except in the extreme North. Naturalized from Eu. THE FLorRA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 193 19. P. scandens L. (P. dumetorum and var. scandens of Cayuga Fl.) CLIMBING FaLtseE BUCKWHEAT. Low thickets, in alluvial sandy or gravelly soil; frequent. Aug.—Sept. Coy Glen; Inlet Valley ; Renwick woods and vicinity ; and elsewhere. INES Ss to Ont. and B. C., southw. to Fla., Nebr., and Tex., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. [P. cilinode Michx. This plant is frequent in Cortland Co., and is to be expected along the eastern and southern borders of the Cayuga Lake Basin. | 40. CHENOPODIACEAE (Gooseroot FAMILY) a. Leaves linear or broader, not spiny nor scale-like, alternate; embryo coiled into a ring about the copious endosperm. b. Flowers perfect, not inclosed between special bracts. c. Sepals each with a dorsal wing-like projection; leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear. [ Kocura | c. Sepals naked; leaves lanceolate to ovate. 1. CHENOPODIUM b. Flowers unisexual, the pistillate ones without a perianth and inclosed between two triangular bracts; leaves lanceolate to hastate-ovate. 2. ATRIPLEX a. Leaves scale-like, opposite; branches terete, succulent, jointed; embryo curved or conduplicate; endosperm wanting (see also 3d a). 3. SALICORNIA a, Leaves subulate, spiny-tipped, alternate; embryo spirally and conically coiled; endosperm wanting. ; 4. SALSOLA [Kochia Roth] a. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-7 mm. wide; plant diffusely branched, apparently green in autumn. j [K. scoparia] a. Leaves narrowly linear, 1-2 mm. wide; plant densely fastigiate, bright red in autumn. [K. scoparia, var. trichophila] [K. scopartaA (L.) Schrad. In cinders near the heating plant, Agricultural College, Ithaca, 1923 (S. H. Burn- ham) ; probably not established. Adventive from Eurasia. | [K. scoparta (L.) Schrad., var. TRICHOPHILA (Schinz & Thell.) Bailey. (See Bailey, Man. Cult. Pl., p. 250. 1924.) Garbage dump at Dwyer Pond; Dryden Road, Ithaca; lighthouse road, Ithaca; probably not established. Escaped from cultivation. Native of Eurasia. | 1. Chenopodium (Tourn.) L. a. Foliage glandular ; embryo forming an incomplete ring. b. Flowers atomiferous; panicle broad; leaves 4-18 cm. long, lanceolate, coarsely toothed ; plant tall. 1. C. ambrosioides b. Flowers strongly glandular-pubescent; panicle narrow, the branches subsecund ; leaves 1-5 cm. long, pinnately lobed; plant low. 2. C. Botrys a. Foliage not glandular, often mealy ; embryo forming a complete ring. b. Seeds vertical, or the terminal ones sometimes horizontal. c. Calyx fleshy in fruit, bright crimson; glomerules 10 mm. in diam., not mealy. 3. C. capitatum c. Calyx slightly or not at all fleshy; glomerules 2-4 mm. in diam. d. Plant not mealy; calyx reddish when ripe. 4. C. rubrum d. Plant mealy; calyx green. 194 Kari M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES e. Leaves green beneath, 5-12 cm. long, triangular-hastate and acute, almost entire. 5. C. Bonus-Henricus e. Leaves white beneath, 14 cm. long, oblong, coarsely few-toothed. 6. C. glaucum b. Seeds all horizontal. c. Sepals thin, not keeled, somewhat open in fruit; mature glomerules 1.5-3 mm. in diam.; leaves and flowers rarely slightly mealy. d. Panicles very loose and open, nearly naked; seeds 1.5 mm. in diam., with sharp edges; leaves large, with a few large teeth. 7. C. hybridum d. Panicles narrow, racemose, leafy; seeds 1—-1.1 mm. in diam., with obtuse edges; leaves smaller and more oblong, coarsely toothed. 8. C. urbicum c. Sepals thick, more or less keeled, closed in fruit; mature glomerules 3-7 mm. in diam.; leaves and flowers mealy. d. Seed 1.5-1.7 (2) mm. in diam.; sepals sharply carinate; leaves ovate, coarsely few-toothed, yellow-green or dark green. 9. C. paganum d. Seed 1.2 mm. in diam., more lustrous; sepals thick, but scarcely carinate in life, somewhat so when dry; leaves ovate or lanceolate, few-toothed, glaucous green. 10. C. album 1. C. amMBRosiomEes L. Mexican TEA. Waste soil; rare. Aug. 20—-Sept. Along -the lighthouse road, Ithaca, 1903 (K. M. W.), 1921 (S. H. Burnham & C. L. Wilson). Naturalized from tropical Am. throughout the greater part of the U. S. 2. C. Botrys L. JERUSALEM OAK. FEATHER GERANIUM. A weed of garbage dumps and waste gravelly soils; occasional. July—Oct. Elmwood Ave., Dryden Road, railroad yards (D.!), and garbage dumps along the lighthouse road, Ithaca; Renwick; Kidders Ferry (D.); Sheldrake Point (D.); Union Springs (D.); Lockwood Flats. (J. J. Thomas). N. S. to Minn. and Wash., southw. to Fla., Ky., Mex., and Calif. Naturalized from Eurasia. 3. C. capitatum (L.) Asch. (Blitum capitatum of Cayuga Fl.) STRAWBERRY BLITE. Recently cleared woodlands and thickets, on gravelly, upland, more or less cal- careous, soils; rare. July 20-Aug. Ridge near McLean Bogs (L. H. MacDaniels); e. of Pony Hollow (D.); Free- ville, near bog (D.); near Ludlowville (H. B. Lord) ; Ledyard, 1827 (J. J. Thomas). E. Que. to Alaska, southw. to n. N. J., Pa., Ill, Minn., and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eu. 4. C. rubrum L. Coast Buite. Rep GooseEroor. Low brackish soils; rare. Aug.—Sept. Hibiscus Point, 1922 (M. L. Fernald, A. J. E.. & K. M. W.); meadows n. e. of Montezuma village (D.!). In saline places, Newf. to N. J., and inland across the continent. 5. C. Bonus-Henricus L. Goon-K1nc-HEnry. A weed of yards, rich garden soils, and roadsides; rare. Aug. Oneida Place, Ithaca, 1916. ‘ N. S. to Ont., southw. to Mass. and s. N. Y., often escaping locally from cultiva- tion, where it is grown as a potherb. Naturalized from Eu. 6. C. cLaucuM L. OAK-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT. A weed of sandy or gravelly waste places, mostly in neutral soils; scarce. June 20- Aug. THE FLORA OF THE CayuGA LAKE BASIN 195 Railroad yards, Ithaca, East Ithaca, and Freeville; Myers Point (abundant, 1918) ; railroad tracks at Cayuga Branch; muddy strand of Cayuga Lake opposite Cayuga; bed of abandoned canal n. of Cayuga; and elsewhere. Almost throughout N. A., except in the extreme North. Native of Eu. 7. C. hybridum L. MAapre-LEAvED GOooSsEFOOT. Waste places, mostly in gravelly soils; frequent. Aug.—Sept. Near Coy Glen; Six Mile Creek; various places in Ithaca; and elsewhere. This species occurs occasionally in openings in woods, and on the cliffs at Esty Glen and King Ferry, and in such locations it appears as though indigenous (D.!) Que. and Me. to B. C., southw. to Va., Tex., and Calif., Sada ‘the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eu. 8. C. ursicum L. Waste places and shores, in sandy or gravelly soils; rare. Aug.—Sept. Ithaca, Cayuga St., 1880 (D.), and Aurora St., 1882 (D.).; along the lighthouse road, 1921 (S. H. Burnham & C. L. Wilson) ; shore of Cayuga Lake, near Hibiscus Point, 1918; bed of abandoned canal n. of Cayuga, 1919. N. S. to Ont., southw. to Md. and Mo. Adventive from Eu. 9. C. PAGANUM Reich. PIGWEED. Cultivated fields and waste places, in rich soils, especially about old buildings; frequent. July—Sept. Stratton; near Coy Glen; near Buttermilk Creek; Ithaca flats; C. U. campus; near Benson Corners; Salmon Creek valley; s. of Union Springs; and elsewhere. Widely distributed in N. A. Naturalized from Eurasia. A color form, with the stems brilliantly purple and the leaves and fruit often pur- plish, is frequent on the Ithaca flats. 10. C. Aatbum L. Lamp’s Quarters. PIGWEED. Cultivated fields and waste places, in rich soils; common. July—Sept. Almost throughout N. A., except in the extreme North. Naturalized from Eurasia. It has not been possible to separate this species from C. lanceolatwm Muhl. Numer- ous forms occur which are transitional in all the distinctive characters usually cited. Some of these forms appear to be of undoubted environmental origin. 2. Atriplex (Tourn.) L. a. Leaves lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, often slightly hastate, usually entire. . A, patiula a. Leaves broadly ovate, hastate, more or less irregularly toothed. la. A. p., var. hastata 1. A. patula L. (A. patula, var. littoralis, of Cayuga FI.) Waste places and shores, in diverse, often marly or saline, soils; frequent. Aug.— Oct. Streets and vacant lots, Ithaca (D.!) ; C. U. campus; on various points on the lake shore near Union Springs (D.!); shores of marl pools, Hibiscus Point; and else- where. Along the coast, Newf. to N. J. and B. C. to Calif.; possibly adventive inland and not native, N. Y. to N. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Ala. Found also in Eurasia and n. Africa. la. A. patula L., var. hastata (L.) Gray. In situations similar to the preceding; frequent. Aug.—Oct. Streets of Ithaca; C. U. campus; Renwick; around the Ithaca Salt Works; rail- road yards, Freeville; salt flats, Montezuma; and elsewhere. Newf. to Oreg., southw. to S. C. and Calif. Found also in Eurasia and n. Africa. 196 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 3. Salicornia (Tourn.) L. 1. S. EUROPAEA L. GLAsswort. SAMPHIRE. Wet brackish soil; rare. Aug.—Oct. Borders of a salty pool near the Ithaca Salt Works (along railway w. of Willow Ave.). The plant was found in great quantity in 1913, 1917, 1921, 1923, and 1925. Along with Juncus compressus, it suddenly appeared after the salt works were estab- lished. How the seeds reached this point, unless they were introduced with coastal sand used in a neighboring glass factory, is a question. This explanation seems reasonable, but the glass factory was abandoned several years before the salt works were established. Salt marshes along the coast, N. B. to Ga. and Alaska to B. C.; also inland in N. B. and N. Y. Elsewhere the species occurs in Eurasia, Africa, W. I., and E. I. 4. Salsola L. 1. S. Kaur L., var. TENUIFOLIA Meyer. RussIAN THISTLE, A weed of waste places, in gravelly, chiefly limy or salty, soils; becoming occasional. Aug.-Oct. Near the Home Economics and Poultry Buildings, Agricultural College campus, formerly ; Six Mile Creek; perhaps elsewhere. Native of Asia. Naturalized and abundant as a weed in the n. w. U. S., and sparingly naturalized eastw. 41. AMARANTHACEAE (AmarantuH FAmity) a. Flowers monoecious or polygamous; both kinds of flowers with 3 or 5 sepals. 1. AMARANTHUS a. Flowers dioecious; pistillate flowers naked; sepals of the staminate flowers 5, conspicuous, oblong, mucronate, longer than the bracts; spikes slender. [Acnipa ] 1. Amaranthus (Tourn.) L. a. Flowers in dense contracted panicles terminating the branches; stamens and sepals 5; plant erect, rather tall; leaves large, ovate-lanceolate, 3-15 cm. long. b. Branches of the panicle 8-20 mm. wide, stout; main bracts 4-6 mm. long; sepals of the pistillate flowers obtuse and often emarginate, frequently mucronate, appressed. 1. A. retroflexus b. Branches of the panicle about 5 mm. wide above the middle, slender; main bracts 2-3.5 mm. long or less; sepals of the pistillate flowers acute, mucronate, looser. 2. A. hybridus a. Flowers in axillary clusters; stamens 2-3; sepals 1-5; plant low, diffuse or prostrate; leaves small, spatulate, 1-7 cm. long. b. Leaves with rigid stipular spines. [A. spinosus] b. Leaves without stipular spines. c. Sepals 3-5; seed 1.5 mm. wide; utricle smooth; plant prostrate; upper leaves scarcely reduced. 3. A. blitoides c. Sepals 1-3; seed 0.6-0.8 mm. wide; utricle rugose; plant erect, low, diffusely branched; leaves toward the ends of the branches much reduced; bracts more prominent and more pungently pointed. 4, A. graecizans 1. A. RETROFLEXUS L. GREEN AMARANTH. AMARANTH PIGWEED. A weed of cultivated fields and waste places, in various rich soils if not too heavy ; very common. July 20-Sept. Widely distributed in N. A. except in the Far North. Naturalized from tropical Am. THE FLORA OF THE CayuGA LAKE BASIN 197 2. A. uyBripus L. (A. chlorostachys of Cayuga Fl.) Green AMARANTH. AMARANTH PIGWEED. In waste places and fields, in rich soil; frequent. July 20—Sept. Quarry St., Ithaca; Ithaca flats; Renwick; and elsewhere. Range the same as that of the preceding species. Naturalized from tropical Am. The form with purple spikes, forma hypochondriacus (L.) Robins., is occasional. [A. sprnosus L. THorny AMARANTH. Found in 1921 along the lighthouse road, Ithaca (S. H. Burnham & C. L. Wilson). Me. to Minn. and southw. Adventive from tropical Am. | 3. A. BLITOoIDES Wats. A weed of dry gravelly soil, on roadsides and in waste places; scarce. July—Aug. Along the railroad, North Spencer; railroad ballast, Renwick; C. U. campus, near the Veterinary Building; Union Springs, by the railroad, 1881 (D.); w. of Cayuga Bridge, 1885 (D.). Minn. to Wash., southw. to Mo., Kans., Colo., and Mex.; adventive eastw., chiefly on railroad ballast. 4. A. craecizAns L. (A. albus of Cayuga Fl.) TuMBLEWeEED. A weed of cultivated grounds, roadsides, waste places, and shores, mostly in gravelly soil; common. July 20-Aug. Widely distributed in N. A., except in the extreme North. Appearing as though adventive from the West or the South. The plants break away in late autumn when dry and stiff, and are rolled about by the wind, the seeds being thus distributed. In the West large drifts are often formed against fences and hedges. [Acnida L.] [A. TUBERCULATA Mog. WatTER HEmp. Found in 1916 near the old salt works on the Ithaca flats (Ff. P. Metcalf) ; not seen since. Vt. to Dak., southw. to Ky., La., and Mo.] 42. PHYTOLACCACEAE (PoxkeEweep FAmMILy) 1. Phytolacca (Tourn.) L. 1. P. americana L. (See Rhodora 17: 180. 1915. P. decandra of Cayuga FI. and of Gray’s Man., ed. 7.) PoKEWEED. SCOKE. GARGET. Borders of damp upland woods, roadsides, and in old pastures, in loamy, gravelly, neutral or acid, soils; frequent. July—Aug. Near Summit Marsh; Six Mile Creek; near the Forestry Building; region of McLean Bogs; and elsewhere. S. Me. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Fla., Ark., and Mex., including the Coastal Plain. Young shoots of this plant may be eaten like asparagus, but the root is poisonous. The juice of the berries was used by the Indians for staining basketwork. 43. ILLECEBRACEAE (Knotweed Famity) a. Calyx urn-shaped, 5-cleft, indurated, bearing the stamens (usually 10) on the throat; stipules 0. 1. SCLERANTHUS a. Calyx open, of 5 separate thin sepals; stamens 2-3 (5), nearly hypogynous ; stipules present; plants slender, capillary. 2. ANYCHIA 198 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 1. Scleranthus L. 1. S. annuus L. KNAweELt. A weed of dry gravelly or sandy waste fields and roadsides, in acid or slightly alkaline soils; rare. May-—Sept. Field s. of Coy Glen (D.); South Ave., C. U. campus; Sheldrake Point (D. in C.. Ui Herbs ASI ESS Kt MSW). Que. to Ont., southw. to Fla., mostly near the coast. Naturalized from Eu. 2. Anychia Michx. 1. A. canadensis (L.) BSP. (A. dichotoma of Cayuga Fl.) ForKep CHICKWEED. Dry stony and gravelly banks along the borders of woods and thickets, in acid or neutral soils; frequent. July. Upper Enfield Glen; Cascadilla Creek (D.) ; Fall Creek (D.!) ; Renwick Heights; near McKinneys (D.!); Esty Glen; Shurger Glen; Salmon Creek, Ludlowville (D.!); Taughannock Gorge (D.); cliffs n. of Lake Ridge; King Ferry; and else- where (D.!). Vt. and Ont. to Minn., southw. to Ga., Ark., and Kans.; less frequent on the Coastal Plain. House (Bul. N. Y. State Mus. 254: 311. 1924) transfers this Linnean name to JA. polygonoides Raf., but the original description seems to apply to the present species. 44. AIZOACEAE (Carpret-wEeD FAMILY) 1. Mollugo L. 1. M. verticirrAta L. Carpet WEED. A weed in dry gravelly or sandy waste places; infrequent. July—Sept. Railroad tracks and yards in ballast, on South Hill and at the railroad stations; C. U. campus (D.); near the “Nook” (D.); near Renwick (D.); Stewart Park; Union Springs. N. B. to Minn. and Wash., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Mex. Naturalized from warmer Am. 45. CARYOPHYLLACEAE (Pink Famtmty) a. Sepals separate, more or less spreading. b. Stipules present. c. Leaves opposite; styles 3. 1. SPERGULARIA c. Leaves whorled; styles 5. 2. SPERGULA b. Stipules wanting. c. Capsule splitting into valves; plant glabrous or stems pubescent in lines, scarcely viscid. d. Leaves linear-filiform; plants low and tufted; styles alternate with the sepals; petals entire, shorter than the sepals, or wanting. 3. SAGINA d. Leaves linear to broader; plants less tufted; styles opposite some or all of the sepals. e. Petals entire; stems wiry, terete. 4. ARENARIA e. Petals 2-parted or wanting; stems usually softer, sometimes 4-angled. 5. STELLARIA c. Capsule curved-cylindric, opening by a row of teeth at apex; petals 2-parted ; plant hairy, usually viscid. 6. CERASTIUM a. Sepals united; calyx tubular. : b. Calyx naked at base; seeds globular or reniform; embryo markedly curved. c. Styles 5; calyx 10-nerved. THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 199 d. Sepals with long herbaceous tips; styles opposite the petals, the latter unap- pendaged. 7. AGROSTEMMA d. Sepals not long-tipped; styles alternate with the petals, the latter with a scale at top of claw. 8. LycHNIS c. Styles 3; calyx 10-nerved (see also 3d c). 9. SILENE c. Styles 2; calyx obscurely nerved or 5-nerved. d. Calyx ovoid or cylindric, large, terete or 5-angled, obscurely nerved; leaves ovate or elliptic, palmately nerved. 10. SAPONARIA d. Calyx top-shaped, small, 5-nerved; leaves linear-filiform. 11. GypsoPHILA b. Calyx surrounded by an involucre of bracts at base; seeds dorsally flattened ; embryo nearly straight; styles 2. 12. DIANTHUS 1. Spergularia J. & C. Presl. 1. S. alata Wiegand. (See Rhodora 22:15. 1920.) SAanp Spurry. Low ground, in saline situations; very rare. July—Aug. Salt flats e. of Montezuma village (L. Griscom and F. P. Metcalf!) ; Salt Pond w. of Howland Island (K. M. W. & F. P. Metcalf). Known only from these stations. 2. Spergula L. 1. S. arvensis L. Corn Spurry. A weed of cultivated fields and waste places, in sandy or gravelly, mostly neutral, soils; infrequent. July—Aug. Scattered throughout the basin, but usually absent from the heavier soils. Newf. and N. E. to Calif., southw. to S.-C. Naturalized from Eu. 3. Sagina L. 1. S. procumBeNS L. PEARLWORT. Damp shaded gravelly lawns; May 25-June 20. Close to the east steps, Morse Hall, C. U. campus, 1918-1921, abundant over a small area. Greenland and Newf. to Pa. and Del.; also Ont. and Mich. Undoubtedly of recent introduction at Ithaca from the coast or from Eurasia. 4. Arenaria L.1° a. Leaves elliptical, blunt; petals exceeding the blunt sepals; ovary at first 3-celled; seeds smooth, appendaged at the hilum. 1. A. lateriflora a. Leaves ovate, acute; petals not exceeding the acute sepals; ovary 1-celled; seeds papillose, not appendaged. 2. A. serpyllifolia 1. A. lateriflora L. SAanpwort. Dry sandy, gravelly, or stony, partly wooded, banks, in acid soils, also in the muck of alder thickets and the moss of bogs; frequent. May 20-June. Dry-soil localities are: “across the road from the Valley Cemetery” (D.); South Hill, s. of the Morse Chain Works and above the railroad (D.!); Lockwood Flats (J. J. Thomas!). Bog stations are: Fleming Meadow (D.); Larch Meadow (D.!) ; Indian Spring marsh (D.); Mud Creek Swamp (D.!); Malloryville Bog (D.!); Mud Pond, McLean Bogs; Miller Bog, Spring Lake; Duck Lake; near Turtle Pond; arbor vitae swamp e. of Clyde. Arctic Am. southw. to N. J., Pa., Ohio, Ill., S. Dak., and Mo., including the Atlantic coastal Plain; also the mts. of Mont., Wash., Oreg., Colo., and N. Mex. Found also in Eurasia. Ora reasons for maintaining Arenaria as a comprehensive genus, see Fernald, Rhodora 21:1. 200 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES The soil preference of this plant is not clear. It grows in both dry and wet soil. While the dry-soil stations of the Cayuga Lake Basin are probably neutral or acid, the bog stations are all on marl or in highly calcareous localities. 2. A. SERPYLLIFOLIA L. THYME-LEAVED SANDWORT. A weed in sandy or gravelly cultivated fields and waste places, if not too calcareous ; common. May—Dec. Nearly throughout N. A., except in the extreme North. Naturalized from Eurasia. Variable; the more slender forms have been called var. tenuior Mert. & Koch (A. leptoclados of Gray’s Man., ed. 7). 5. Stellaria L. a. Plant glabrous. b. Bracts foliaceous. 1. S. borealis b. Bracts scale-like, scarious-margined. c. Leaves linear; stem often rough-angled; seeds smooth; inflorescence soon becoming lateral. 2. S. longifolia c. Leaves lanceolate; stem smooth; seeds rough; inflorescence more ample and more commonly appearing terminal. 3. S. graminea a. Plant hairy in lines. b. Leaves linear; petals much exceeding the calyx, not deeply lobed. [S. Holostea] b. Leaves ovate; petals not exceeding the calyx, deeply lobed. 4. S. media 1. S. borealis Bigel. Springy mossy places, with little reference to lime content of the soil though many of the local stations are calcareous; infrequent. June. Hillside n. of station, North Spencer; e. bank of Michigan Creek; Michigan Hollow Swamp; s. e. of Brookton; South Hill (D.); Mud Creek, Freeville; Free- ville Bog; McLean Bogs; Beaver Brook (D.); swamp, West Dryden; arbor vitae swamp e. of Clyde. Newf. and Lab. to Alaska, southw. to n. N. J., Pa., Mich. Minn., Colo., and Calif.; infrequent or rare on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. Several varieties are recognized by Fernald (Rhodora 16:150. 1914), of which three are found in the Cayuga Lake Basin—the typical form, the var. isophylla Fernald, and the var. floribunda Fernald. The differences, however, are very slight, and such as might readily be due to environment. These tendencies seem scarcely sufficient to make the forms worthy of varietal rank. 2. S. longifolia Muhl. Damp or wet grassy places, in sandy or gravelly but somewhat mucky, mostly neutral, soils; frequent. May 20-July 10. Michigan Hollow Swamp; Brookton Springs (D.); above Enfield Falls and in the ravine; mouth of Lick Brook; Larch Meadow; n. of Coy Glen; s. of Mecklenburg ; Parkway, Cayuga Heights; formerly on C. U. campus (D.); Indian Spring marsh (D.); Freeville (D.!); Mud Creek, Freeville; McLean Bogs; Beaver Brook (D.) ; Spring Lake. Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Md., Ky., and La., the Rocky Mts., and B. C.; occurs sparingly on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 3. S. GRAMINEA L. Damp grassy places, in gravelly or sandy soils; scarce. June—July. On the Chi Psi (Fiske) grounds, 1885 (D.); South and East Aves., C. U. campus; above Forest Home; Ringwood; Cayuga Heights; Myers Point; Kidders; n. of Mud Pond, Conquest. Newf. to Ont., southw. to Md. Naturalized from Eurasia. Tue FLORA OF THE CAayucA LAKE BASIN 201 [S. HoLostea L. Easter BEL. ~ Cemetery, University Ave., Ithaca, 1903 (H. S. Jackson) ; occasionally cultivated, and probably not spontaneous in this locality. | 4. S. mepia (L.) Cyrill. Common CHICKWEED. A weed of cultivated ground and waste places, in rich soil; very common. Mar.— ec. Nearly throughout N. A. Naturalized from Eurasia. e 6. Cerastium L. a. Petals about 10 mm. long; sepals and leaves rather stiff, the leaves with fascicles of leaves in the axils; perennials. 1. C. arvense . Petals 7 mm. long or less ; sepals and leaves soft, the leaves oblong or oblong- linear, without axillary fascicles; annuals. b. Lower pedicels 4-14 mm. long; petals not exceeding the sepals; leaves short, obtuse. 2. C. vulgatum b. Lower pedicels 15-50 mm. long; petals twice the length of the sepals; flowers nodding; leaves longer and more acute. 3. C. nutans 1. C. ARVENSE L. Lawns and other grassy places; rare. May. Corner of East and South Aves. and near Stone Hall, C. U. campus; cemetery, University Ave. (D.!); Chi Psi (Fiske) grounds (D.). Native on rocky serpentine soils: Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Del., Pa., Ind., Minn., Colo., and Calif., also along the mts. to Ga. The plant of lawns and fields is prob- ably naturalized from Eu. 2. C. vutcaAtum L. (C. viscosum of Cayuga Fl.) Mousk-kEAR CHICKWEED. A weed of roadsides, cultivated fields, and waste places; very common. May-—Sept. Nearly throughout N. A. Naturalized from Eu. 3) Cs nutans) Rat. Rich bottom-land woods; infrequent. May—June. Coy Glen (D.); Negundo Woods; South Hill (D.); Renwick Farm (D.); Fall Creek, near mill pond (D.) and near Beebe Lake (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; swampy woods n. of Freeville (D.); lake shore ravines (D.); ravine near Elm Beach, Romulus. N. S. and Vt. to B. C., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Mex.; infrequent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. A plant of the rich soils of the interior. 7. Agrostemma L. 1. A. GirHaco L. (Lychnis Githago of Cayuga FI.) Corn Cockte. A weed in grainfields, more rarely in waste places; frequent. June—Aug. Widely distributed in N. A. Introduced from Eurasia. 8. Lychnis (Tourn.) L. a. Plant white-woolly; petals purple; calyx teeth twisted. 1. L. Coronaria a. Plant green; calyx teeth not twisted. b. Flowers scarlet, in a capitate cluster, perfect; leaves clasping by a broad base. 2. L. chalcedonica b. Flowers white, in an open cyme, dioecious; leaves tapering at base. Jee. alba 1. L. Coronarta (L.) Desr. Mutiern PINK. Roadsides; rare. June—Aug. 202 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES Elm St., Ithaca, 1915-1921, distributed over a considerable area and apparently established. Native of Eu. Escaped from cultivation. [L. Fros-cucutt L. This species appeared in a lawn on Cayuga Heights in 1919. ] 2. L. CHALCEDONICA L. ScaRLeT LycHNISs. Roadsides; rare. June—Sept. Bank by street-railroad tracks, The Knoll, Ithaca; Forest Home. [Also on a rocky wild bank in the narrows along ‘the outlet of Cayuta Lake. ] Native of Japan. Escaped from cultivation. 3. L. arpa Mill. (L. vespertina of Cayuga FI.) Wuuire Campion. A weed in gravelly waste places, with little reference to lime content of the soil; frequent. June—July. Inlet Valley, near Coy Glen; C. U. campus, in several places; “Fiske-McGraw [Chi Psi] grounds, west of the spring, 1884 and 1885” (D.), the first record of its occurrence in this flora; Cayuga Heights, in several places; and elsewhere. N. S. to Mich., southw. to N. Y. and Penn. Naturalized from Eu. 9. Silene L. a. Calyx not inflated except by the enlarging capsule, longitudinally ribbed; leaves opposite; annuals. b. Plant glabrous or nearly so, a part of each internode glutinous; flowers pink. c. Leaves linear-lanceolate; calyx ovoid; plant tall, slender and wiry; flowers paniculate. 1. S. antirrhina c. Leaves ovate-lanceolate; calyx clavate; plant low, stouter; flowers corymbose. 2. S. Armeria b. Plant glandular-pubescent, stout; flowers white or cream color. c. Flowers racemose and secund on the primary branches of the inflorescence; styles much exserted; calyx 12-15 mm. long. 3. S. dichotoma c. Flowers in an open cyme; styles scarcely exserted; calyx 20-23 mm. long. S. noctiflora a. Calyx more or less inflated, papery, obscurely ribbed but with a network of delicate veins; perennials. b. Leaves whorled; petals fringed; calyx campanulate-funnel-form; plant puberu- lent. 5. S. stellata b. Leaves opposite; petals not fringed, obcordate; calyx subglobose; plant glabrous, glaucous. 6. S. latifolia 1. S. antirrhina L. S Leepy CaTCHFLy. Open dry gravelly, chiefly neutral, soils; frequent. May 15—June. N. w. of Enfield Falls; junction of Inlet and Enfield Creek; near mouth of Enfield Glen; railroad ballast n. e. of Buttermilk Falls; railroad s. of Ithaca (D.); flats near C. U. boathouse; C. U. campus; Cascadilla woods, abundant, 1885 (D.); near Esty Glen; near McKinneys (D.). Me. to B. C., southw. to Fla. and Mex., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The early rarity of this species in the Cayuga Lake Basin and its recent increase in frequency suggest that it may not be native here. 2. S. ARMERIA L. “Ithaca, by road south-east of steamboat landing [junction of Cascadilla Creek and Inlet], July, 1885. Near Six Mile Cr. by Cayuga St.” (D.); not seen since. B. and Ont. to Mich., southw. to N. J. and Pa. Introduced from Eu. THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 203 3. S. picHotoMaA Ehrh. A weed of clover and grass fields, rarely of waste places, in gravelly soils; scarce. July. N. Cayuga St., Ithaca; Cayuga Heights; along road from Cortland to Groton. Recently introduced with clover and grass seed, but doubtfully persisting. Me. to N. J., Pa., and Tex.; also in Calif. Naturalized from Eu. 4. S. NocTiFLorA L. NIGHT-FLOWERING CATCHFLY. Roadside thickets and waste places, in rich gravelly, more or less calcareous, soils; frequent. June—Oct. Dry Run, Spencer; waste places in Ithaca; C. U. campus; near Percy Field; and elsewhere. N. S. to Man., southw. to Fla., Mo., and Utah. Naturalized from Eu. Resembles Lychnis alba, from which it may be distinguished by its perfect flowers, 3 styles, smaller creamy petals, and absence of gynobase. [S. PENNSYLVANICA Michx. Wurp PINK. ““Tn vicinity of Aurora,’ 1840, in catalogue of Dr. Alex. Thompson, as native, but probably a garden-scape” (D.) ; not seen since. ] 5. S. stellata (L.) Ait. f. STarry Campion. Dry open woods, in stony or gravelly acid soils with some admixture of clay; scarce. July—Aug. E. slope of Cayuga Lake; near cemetery, University Ave., Ithaca; near the “ Nook” (D.); Renwick slope (D.!); near McKinneys; Salmon Creek ravine. A plant of the heavier oak-vaccinium soils, and therefore rarely if ever found in the sandy chestnut woods back on the hills and at Junius. Mass. to Minn., southw. to Ga., Ark., and Tex.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. 6. S. LATIFOLIA (Mill.) Britten & Rend. BrLapper Campton. A weed of dry sandy or gravelly acid or neutral soils, also in heavy clay; infre- quent. June—Aug. Inlet road near Enfield Glen; Enfield Falls road; near upper Coy Glen; Quarry St., Ithaca; C. U. campus, near Forestry Building; Cayuga Heights; n. of Wyckoff Swamp; near Westbury Bog; s. of Featherbed Bog. A plant of recent introduction, becoming more frequent. E. Que. to Ont., southw. to N. J., Ill., and Iowa; also on the Pacific coast, and on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Naturalized from Eurasia. 10. Saponaria L. a. Calyx terete; flowers in rather dense clusters; leaves tapering at base. . S. officinalis a. Calyx strongly 5-wing-angled; flowers in open cymes; leaves ovate, clasping by a broad base. 2. S. Vaccaria 1. S. orFicinaLis L. Bouncrnc Bet. Soapwort. A weed on gravelly banks, especially on bars in the streams and on railroad embank- ments, with little reference to lime content of the soil; very common. July—Sept. Widely distributed in N. A., having escaped originally from gardens where it was an old-fashioned ornamental plant. Naturalized from Eu. Flowers sometimes double. 2. S. VaccartA L. Cow-HERB. Waste places, in gravelly soil; rare. July. Ithaca: railroad yards; South Ave.; Cornell Heights; city dump on lighthouse road; C. U. campus, near the Home Economics Building. Doubtfully persistent. Ont. to B. C., southw. to Fla., La., and Calif. Adventive from Eu. 204 Kart M. Wrecanp AND ArTHUR J. EAMES 11. Gypsophila L. 1. G. murALIs L. Basy’s BREATH. Waste places; rare. June—Sept A weed on C. U. athletic field, 1915 and later (A. JE. & Cr C: Thomes)] Doak fully persistent. Me. to Minn., southw. to N. J. Adventive from Eu. 12. Dianthus L. a. Leaves linear; petals small, scarcely exceeding the hairy calyx and bracts; annuals. 1. D. Armeria a. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, large; petals large and showy, with a broad limb; calyx and bracts glabrous; perennials. 2. D. barbatus 1. D. Armerta L. DeEptrorp PINK. Dry sandy, gravelly, or stony, sterile fields and roadsides, in more or less calcareous soils; frequent. June 15—Aug. 10. N. w. of Enfield Falls; South Hill, near the Morse Chain Works; s. slope of Turkey Hill, and valley near by (D.!); Etna to Ringwood; s. w. of Freeville (D.) ; pasture s. e. of McLean; Cornell Heights, near Fall Creek Drive; roadside, also lake shore talus, near Esty (Burdick’s) Glen (D.!); w. of Townley Swamp; becoming more frequent during the past few years. N. S. to Ont., Mich., and Iowa, southw. to Ga., including the Coastal Plain. Naturalized from Eu. 2. D. BARBATUS L. SWEET WILLIAM. Grassy roadsides and waste places, in rich gravelly soils; scarce. June—July. Escaped from cultivation: road to Michigan Hollow, Danby; Rumsey Brook, base of Saxon Hill (D.); s. e. part of Enfield Township; upper Coy Glen; C. U. athletic field; Cascadilla woods (D.); s. of cemetery, University Ave. (D.); near Mud Pond, Conquest. Eastern and Middle States. Native of Eu. 46. PORTULACACEAE (Purs.Lane FAmMILy) a. Ovary superior; capsule 3-valved; leaves 2, large, opposite, near the middle of the stem; stamens 5; flowers pink. Fax 1, CLAYTONIA a. Ovary half inferior; capsule circumscissile; leaves many, small, alternate; stamens 7-12; flowers yellow. 2. PORTULACA 1. Claytonia (Gronoy.) L. a. Leaves linear-lanceolate or linear, 7-16 cm. long. 1. C. virginica a. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or oval-lanceolate, 2.5-5 cm. long. 2. C. caroliniana 1. C. virginica L. NARrRow-LEAVED SPRING BEAUTY. Dry or damp woodlands and banks, in soils with humus; common. Apr. 15—May 15. Slopes of the Inlet Valley; Negundo Woods (D.); Six Mile Creek (D.!); Ellis Hollow; Freeville (D.!) ; McLean (D.!) ; Esty Glen; Lansing, abundant; “ especially abundant in pastures e. of Levanna and Union Springs” (D.!); and elsewhere. N. S. to Sask., southw. to Ga. and Tex.; found sparingly on the Coastal Plain. 2. C. caroliniana Michx. Broap-LEAVED SPRING BEAUTY. Dry or damp woodlands and banks, in rich, more or less calcareous, soils with humus; less common than the preceding. Apr. 15-May 15. Enfield; Negundo Woods (D.); Six Mile Creek (D.!); e. of Caroline Depot; Ellis Hollow; Freeville; McLean; Merrifield. “About the same range as the preced- THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 205 ing. It mostly replaces it on the higher ground farther from the lake, e. of Lévanna and Union Springs” (D.). This seems to be a plant of more calcareous regions and of richer soil than the preceding, also often of more swampy soil. *’ N.S. to Sask., southw. to Ohio, Mo., and along the mts. to N. C.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 2. Portulaca (Tourn.) L. 1. P. oLERACEA L. ComMMon PURSLANE. A weed in cultivated ground and waste places where the soil is not too heavy ; common. July—Sept. ; Nearly throughout N. A. Naturalized from Eu. Formerly cultivated as a potherb. 47. CERATOPHYLLACEAE (Hornwort FaAmi ty) 1. Ceratophyllum L. 1. C. demersum L. Hornwort. Submerged in pools and bays, and in marshes; common. June-July; fr. Aug. Throughout N. A._except in the extreme North. 48. NYMPHAEACEAE (Water Lity Famity) a. Sepals 4-6; petals many, in several rows; ovary 1, 8-30-celled; leaves oval or orbicular, cordate. b. Petals and stamens hypogynous, the petals inconspicuous, yellow. . NYMPHOZANTHUS b. Petals and stamens sented on the sides and near the summit of the ovary, the petals showy, white. 2. NYMPHAEA a. Sepals and petals each 3-4; carpels 4-18, separate; leaves oval, peltate (see also da). 3. BRASENIA a. Sepals many, in several rows, passing into the many petals; carpels several, free, sunken in the enlarged receptacle; leaves suborbicular, peltate. 4. NELUMBO 1. Nymphozanthus Richard a. Flowers 4-6 cm. in diam.; stigma mostly 12-20-rayed, yellow or pale red; fruit with the persistent, partly decayed stamens at base; leaves large, 17-33 cm. long, thick, the basal lobes about half as long as the body. b. Leaves erect, with terete petioles and a usually open sinus; sepals green-tinged inside at base: fruit green. 1. N. advena b. Leaves floating, with flattened petioles and a closed or narrow sinus; sepals red-tinged inside at base; fruit reddish. ZN variegatus a. Flowers 3 cm. in diam. or less ; stigma 6-10-rayed, red; fruit naked at base; leaves 3.5-10 cm. long, thinner, the basal lobes nearly as long as the body; sinus deep and narrow, usually closed. 3. N. microphyllus 1, N. advena (Ait.) Fernald. (See Rhodora 21: 183. 1919. Nuphar advena and Nymphaea advena of many authors.) Cow Liry. SpaATTERDOCK. YELLOW Ponp Lity. Swales and marshes, in rich bottom-land soils, also in marly situations; frequent. June—Aug. About the larger marshes of the basin, and along streams: Slaterville Swamp; near the mouth of Fall Creek, and by the Ithaca fair grounds; back of Stewart Park; Cayuga Marshes; Vandemark Pond. N. Y. to Wis., southw. to N. C., Ky., Mo., and Kans., including the Coastal Plain but not characteristic of that region. a 206 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 2. N. variegatus (Engelm.) Fernald. (Nuphar variegatum and americanum and Nymphaea variegata and americana of various authors.) In the ponds of peat bogs, and in other places where the soil is of a more acid and mucky nature than where the preceding species occurs; frequent. June—Aug. Spencer Lake; Summit Marsh; Etna mill pond; Lake Como; Phillips Pond. Newi. to B. C., southw. to n. N. J., Pa., Ohio, and Mont.; infrequent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. This species is somewhat doubtfully distinct from the preceding, at least in certain parts of its range. 3. N. microphyllus (Pers.) Fernald. (Nuphar pumilum of Cayuga Fl. Nuphar Kalmianum (Michx.) Ait. Nuphar microphyllum and Nymphaea microphylla of various authors.) In small ponds and slow-flowing streams; rare. July—Aug. North Spencer, 1880 (D.); ditches near the Ithaca fair grounds (D.); bayou near mouth of Fall Creek, 1876 (D.); [Groton mill pond, 1877 (Prof. S. G. Williams), same station, 1881 (D.)]. “Flowers have never been found in this region” (D.). The plant is at present unknown to the authors in the Cayuga Lake Basin, though it occurs twenty-five miles to the eastward. There is a possibility that it may have been confused with the preceding species. E. Que. and N. B. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Conn., n. N. J., Pa., and Ohio. 2. Nymphaea L. a. Flowers 7-12 (15) cm. in diam., sweet-scented; sepals often purplish outside; petals generally with an ovate apex; inner filaments narrower than the anthers; seeds 1.5-2.3 mm. long; leaves usually purplish beneath and indistinctly veined; branches of the rhizome not constricted at base. 1. N. odorata a. Flowers 10-23 cm. in diam., scentless or nearly so; sepals green; petals generally rounded at apex; filaments broader than the anthers; seeds 2.84.4 mm. long; leaves green beneath and prominently veined, usually larger; branches of the rhizome constricted at base, tuber-like, readily detachable. 2. N. tuberosa 1. N. odorata Ait. (Including var. minor Sims. Castalia odorata of various authors. See Rhodora 18:161. 1916.) Sweet Water Lity. Wouuite WATER LILy. In acid, neutral, or slightly alkaline ponds and marshes; infrequent. July—Aug. Spencer Lake; Summit Marsh (D.!); Cayuta Lake (D.); Lake Como (Locke Pond, D.) ; Canoga Marshes (D.!) ; Cayuga Bridge (D.!). Newf. to Man., southw. to Fla., La. and Kans.; a characteristic plant on the Coastal Plain. (For a discussion of the differences between this species and the. next, see Conard, Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 23: 621. 1916.) 2. N. tuberosa Paine. (Castalia tuberosa of various authors.) Marshes and lake borders; local. July—Aug. : Renwick; Beebe Lake; abundant in Fall Creek at Freeville and Etna; “from Cayuga Bridge, north; abund. near Black Lake” (D.!). Lake Champlain to Trenton, N. J., westw. to Nebr. and Ark. This is a plant of the richer, less acid marshes and waters of the interior. Conard expresses some doubt as to its validity as a species, but observation in this flora gives the impression that it is such. It is said to have been introduced into the mill pond at Freeville from Lake Ontario. This introduction probably occurred after the publication of Dudley’s Cayuga Flora. Tue FLorA OF THE CayuGA LAKE BASIN 207 3. Brasenia Schreb. 1. B. Schreberi Gmel. (8B. peltata of Cayuga Fl.) Water SHIELD. Ponds, in both calcareous and acid waters; scarce. Aug. Spencer Lake; Cayuta Lake (D.) ; ditch’ by the fac fair grounds (C. H. Wil- marth, 1876, D. ‘ also in 1880 (D.); Lake Como (Locke Pond, D.); Duck Lake. N. S. to Man., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Nebr., including the Coastal Plain, and on the Pacific coast. Found also in Cuba ‘and Mex., Asia, Afr., and Austr. 4. Nelumbo (Tourn.) Adans. 1. N. rurea (Willd.) Pers. YELLow NELUMBo. Well established in the cove on the north shore of Farley Point, where apparently it has been recently introduced. Mass. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 49. RANUNCULACEAE (Crowroor FAMILy) a. Ovaries several-ovuled (1 or 2 in no. 7) ; fruit a follicle or a many-seeded berry ; calyx generally petaloid. b. Petals present, nectariferous; leaves simple or compound. c. Petals large, spurred; leaves ternately decompound, with crenately lobed leaflets. 1. AQUILEGIA c. Petals smaller, not spurred, equaling or shorter than the sepals, frequently modified, as nectaries. d. Leaves ternately decompound ; leaflets incised Vicia (Dourn.)) EE. a. Flowers sessile, axillary, in groups of 1-3. b. Leaflets of the upper leaves gradually acute. 1. V. angustifolia b. Leaflets of the upper leaves truncate or retuse, mucronate. la. V. angustifolia, var. segetalis a. Flowers racemose or spicate, secund, on well-developed peduncles. b. Flowers 24 mm. long; seeds 4 (rarely 3-6) ; racemes 1-6-flowered. 2. V. tetrasperma b. Flowers 6-18 mm. long; seeds 6 or more; racemes 2—40-flowered. c. Plant appressed-pubescent or glabrous. d. Flowers 8-40, each 6-12 mm. long; leaflets inconspicuously veined, strigose. e. Calyx lobes very unequal, the lower ones subulate, the upper ones almost obsolete; racemes dense, the flowers 15-40, deep blue or purple; leaflets linear or elliptic-linear, mucronate; stipules usualiy with a strong lobe above the base, otherwise entire. 3: Vi. Cracca e. Calyx lobes nearly equal, short-triangular; racemes loose, the flowers 8-20, pale; leaflets elliptical, scarcely mucronate; stipules entire, or with a small tooth-like lobe at the base. 4. V. caroliniana 280 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES d. Flowers 2-9, each 15-18 mm. long; leaflets conspicuously pinnately veined, strigose or glabrous, elliptic-ovate, mucronate; stipules broader, with sev- eral teeth. 5. V. americana c. Plant villous. 6. V. villosa 1. V. ancustiroLta Reichard. (V. sativa of Cayuga Fl.) Common VETCH. A weed by roadsides and on banks, in rich gravelly soils; frequent. July. Ball Hill, Danby; Connecticut Hill; n. of Enfield Glen; South Hill; C. U. campus, near the Veterinary College; e. of McLean; n. of King Ferry; s. of Willets. Throughout the Eastern States. Naturalized from Eu. Extremely variable as to width and apex of leaves, passing to the following variety. la. V. ANGUSTIFOLIA Reichard, var. SEGETALIS (Thuill.) Koch. In situations similar to the preceding; occasional. Roadside near Newfield station; Six Mile Creek. Range probably similar to that of the species. 2. V. TETRASPERMA (L.) Moench. Gravelly calcareous shores; rare. June. S. side of Taughannock Point, 1895 (K. M. W.), now abundant. E. Que. to Ont., southw. to Fla. and Miss. Naturalized from Eu. 3. V. Cracca L. Win VETcH. Fields and roadsides, in gravelly or sandy, not too acid, soils; rare. June 10—July 15. Appearing as though introduced: “on the sand bank west of Mr. Howard Wil- liams’, since 1871” (D.); Thurston Ave., Ithaca; old field, n. side Taughannock Gorge; roadside e. of Clyde; near the Poultry Building, C. U. campus. [More fre- quent in Cortland Co.]. Newf. to Minn. and B. C., southw. to n. N. J., Ky., and Iowa. Naturalized from Eurasia. Possibly native in the North. 4. V. caroliniana Walt. Sprinc VETCH. Dry slopes in open woods, in clay and stony clay soils; common. May 10-30. Abundant on South Hill and along the lake shore from Cayuga Heights northw.; absent on the gravels of the higher hills and in the McLean region. Ont. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Kans.; rare or absent in N. E. and on the Coastal Plain. 5. V. americana Muhl. VeEtcH. Damp alluvial clays and cliff talus mixed with clay; frequent. June 10—-July 10. Mostly along the shores of Cayuga Lake and in the lake marshes: Renwick Marsh; near the Remington Salt Works; Esty Glen; n. of Union Springs; Willets; and elsewhere. Not found away from the lake. N. Y. to Minn. and the Pacific coast, southw. to Va. and Kans., exclusive of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 6. V. vittosA Roth. Hairy or WINTER VETCH. Roadsides, lawns, fields, and waste places, in various soils; an occasional escape from cultivation. June—Sept. Native of Eurasia. 17. Lathyrus (Tourn.) L. a. Leaflets 8-12, broad and large; flowers 10-25, purple. [L. venosus] a. Leaflets 4-8; flowers 2-8 (see also 3d a). THE FLorA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 281 b. Longest petioles 5-15 mm. long; flowers purple; calyx 7-9 mm. long. c. Leaflets linear to elliptic-lanceolate, 3-8.5 cm. long; stem stout, usually winged, 1.5-3 mm. in diam. (exclusive of wings) below the lowest pe- duncle; flowers 1.5-2.5 cm. long. 1. L. palustris c. Leaflets elliptic to oval, 2-4 cm. long; stem slender, usually wingless, 0.7-1.5 mm. in diam. below the lowest peduncle; flowers 1-1.5 cm. long. la. L. palustris, var. myrtifolius b. Longest petioles 20-30 mm. long; flowers pale yellow; calyx 9 mm. long; leaflets elliptic-oval. 2. L. ochroleucus a. Leaflets 2; flowers many, large and showy. 3. L. latifolius [L. venosus Muhl. “?Geneva” in Sartwell’s Herb. (D.); “Cayuga L.” in Thomas’s Herb. (D.) ; not seen since, and its occurrence in this flora doubtful. N. J. and Pa. to Sask., southw. to Ga., La., and Ark.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. The first locality is admittedly doubtful, and at the second station the plant may have been cultivated in the Thomas garden. ] 1. L. palustris L. Borders of marshes in alluvial soil and on the shore of Cayuga Lake, apparently in nearly neutral soils; infrequent. July. Found only in the vicinity of Cayuga Lake and the marshes on the Ontario plain, and possibly influenced by salts in the soil: s. w. corner of the lake (D.); lake shore at Marions (D.); Bushy Point (D.); Salt Pond w. of Howland Island; Mon- tezuma. Lower St. Lawrence River to Man. and Oreg., southw. to s. Me., Vt., cent. N. Y., Ohio, and Ill. Found also in Eurasia. la. L. palustris L., var. myrtifolius (Muhl.) Gray. In situations similar to the preceding; infrequent. July—Aug. In the Cayuga Lake Basin, found only near Cayuga Lake, and probably influenced by salts in the soil: Renwick; near Marions (D.); near Tremans (D.); Myers Point (D.); near Union Springs (D.!); Canoga Marshes; Montezuma Marshes; Spring Lake; Crusoe Lake. Oe). tol Wiseand Wan: (2). southwe torn: N. J. bas NeiG (2); Denn (7); Ohio, and Ind. 2. L. ochroleucus Hook. Dry hillsides and thickets, in nearly neutral stony clay soils; frequent. May. N. of White Church; s. of Brookton; Six Mile Creek; Fall Creek, especially at Beebe Lake (D.!); other ravines (D.!) ; Lake Ridge, common; n. of Sheldrake ; Paine Creek glen; Utt Point; n. of Levanna; ravines and woods of Cayuga Lake shore (D.!) ; and elsewhere. W. Que. to Sask., southw. to n. N. J., Pa., the Great Lakes, Iowa, S. Dak., Wyo., and B. C. (?). 3. L. LATIFoLIUS L. PERENNIAL PEA. Roadsides and fence rows; rare. Aug.—O Near Forest Home, 1919 (A. R. Bechtel): eat: of Fall Creek, Etna; e. branch of Salmon Creek, toward North Lansing ; and probably elsewhere. Escaped from cultivation. Native of Eu. 282 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 18. Apios (Boerh.) Ludwig 1. A. tuberosa Moench. GrounpNUT. Low thickets, in rich sandy alluvial soil; common. Aug.—Sept. 10. Abundant in the Inlet Valley, along Cayuga Lake, and in the sandy soils n. of the lake; elsewhere scarce or absent. N. B. and N. S. to Minn., southw. to Fla., La., and Kans., including the Coastal Plain. The genus was apparently first separated from Glycine by Ludwig in 1790, as Apios. Bradleia Adans. seems to be a straight synonym of Glycine L. 19. Amphicarpa Ell. a. Pubescence appressed; leaves thin, the terminal leaflet 4-6 cm. long; bracts 2-3- mm. long. ; 1. A. monoica a. Pubescence spreading, hirsute; leaves firmer, the terminal leaflet 5-8 cm. long; bracts 3-4 mm. long, more silky. 2. A. Pitcheri 1. A. monoica (L.) Ell. Hoc Peanut. Low or upland thickets, in more or less sandy or gravelly soils; common and widely distributed. Aug. N. B. and N. S. to Man., southw. to Fla., La., and Nebr., including the Coastal Plain. Some authors adopt the name A. comosa for this species, but the identity of the Glycine comosa L. on which this was founded is not clear. The generic name Amphicarpa is in the list of nomina conservanda of the International Code. 2. A. Pitcheri T. & G. (A. monoica, in part, of Cayuga Fl.) Hoc PEANurt. Low thickets and around marshes, in richer, more alluvial, soil than the preceding ; common. Aug. Mass. to D. C. along the coast; and from w. N. Y. to S. Dak., southw. to La. and Tex. 67. LINACEAE (Frax Famity) Linum (Tourn.) L. a. Flowers blue; capsules 10-12 mm. in diam. 1. L. usitatissimum a. Flowers yellow; capsules 3-6 mm. in diam. b. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate or linear-oblong; false septa in capsules nearly com- plete, not ciliate. 2. L. virguuanum b. Leaves subulate or linear; false septa very incomplete, ciliate. [L. sulcatum] 1. L. usiratissimum L. Common Frax. ue railroad tracks and roadsides, in gravelly soils; occasionally spontaneous. uly. ! Ereunent in railroad yards in the basin, and on garbage dumps. Native of Eu. 2. L. virginianum L. YeEttow Frax. : Dry sandy or gravelly exposed banks, in more or less acid soils; infrequent. July— ug. Valley near West Danby (D.); near White Church (D.); Newfield Glen; Coy Glen (D.!); near South Hill Marsh; Fall Creek (D.!); near Newton Ponds. S. Me. to s. Ont., southw. to Ga. and Ky.; occasional on the Coastal Plain. [L. sutcatum Riddell. Appeared in 1903 on Thurston Ave., Ithaca (F. W. Foxworthy in C. U. Herb.) ; apparently temporarily adventive, and not persisting. ] THE FLorA OF THE CayuGA LAKE BASIN 283 68. OXALIDACEAE (Woop Sorret Famity) 1. Oxalis L. a. Flowers pale pink or white, purple-veined; plant scapose. 1. O. montana a. Flowers yellow; plant caulescent. b. Flowers in well-developed plants 2-4 together, subumbellate; pedicels in fruit reflexed, but capsules erect; capsule cylindrical, varying in length; hairs of the capsule, if any, fine and dense; true rhizomes wanting, except in no. 4. - c. Plant creeping, rooting at the nodes; stipules broad, rounded, brownish; fruiting pedicels short, mostly 4-12 mm. long; capsule 8-15 (18) mm. long, abruptly acute, evenly and rather closely puberulent, often viscid; pubescence of stem and petioles spreading. 2. O. corniculata, var. viscidula c. Plant normally erect, but sometimes with a decumbent and rooting base; stipules usually oblong or obsolete, greenish; fruiting pedicels averaging longer, 10-25 mm. long. d. Body of capsule (10) 15-25 mm. long, densely puberulent and often with some longer viscid hairs intermixed, abruptly acute, short-beaked; styles about 2 mm. long; petioles and pedicels rather stout; stipules oblong, firm; pubescence of stem, petioles, and pedicels, appressed; plant pale, often slightly succulent. e. Pubescence of the capsule with some loose subvillous viscid hairs. 3. O. stricta e. Pubescence of the capsule appressed, nonviscid. 3a. O. stricta, var. piletocarpa d. Body of capsule 9-15 mm. long, sparingly puberulent below, more densely so at apex, generally more gradually pointed; styles 24 mm. long; petioles and pedicels more slender; stipules obsolete; pubescence of stem rather loose, curly and tawny; plant greener, not succulent. 4. O. florida b. Flowers in well-developed plants 2—many, cymose; pedicels in fruit spreading, not reflexed; capsule oblong-conic, 5-12 mm. long, with scattered, spreading, more or less viscid hairs, or nearly glabrous, tapering to the long, strigose styles; stipules obsolete; cauline hairs spreading or subappressed, sometimes wanting ; plant producing long slender horizontal rhizomes. 5. O. europaea 1. O. montana Raf. (See Rhodora 22: 143. 1920. O. americana Bigel. O. ace- tosella of Cayuga Fl.) Pink Woop Sorre. Damp humus in deep woods, especially of hemlock; frequent. June-July 15. Headwaters Swamp; Enfield Glen (D.!); Ellis Hollow Swamp (D.!); Fall Creek; Dryden Lake; Fir Tree Swamp, Freeville, and Freeville Bog; Woodwardia Bog; McLean Bogs; Beaver Brook; Chicago Bog; Lake Como; and elsewhere. Nae S. and e. Que. to Sask., southw. to n. and w. N. E., N. Y., and in the mts. to 2. O. coRNICULATA L., var. vIScIDULA Wiegand. (O. repens of Gray’s Man., ed. 7.) CREEPING YELLOW Woop SorREL. In greenhouses and on gravel walks-adjoining; occasional. June—Aug. Walks near the Sage College greenhouses, formerly; in the Agricultural College greenhouses. Scattered through the Northern States, mostly near greenhouses or on ballast; almost cosmopolitan, but in the Northern and Eastern States introduced. For a revision of the yellow-flowered species of Oxalis, see Rhodora 27: 113. 1925. 284 - Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 3. O. stricta L. Yettow Woop Sorret. Dry gravelly, sandy, or stony fields and waste places; rare. May—Aug. S. e. corner of Newfield Township; n. of lower Enfield Glen. : P. E. I. to B. C., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Mex., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 3a. O. stricta L., var. piletocarpa Wiegand. In situations similar to the preceding; frequent. Enfield Glen; Lick Brook; Buttermilk Glen; Coy Glen; Cornell and Cayuga Heights; Ringwood; Dryden; Paine Creek; and elsewhere. P. E. I. to B. C., southw. to N. J., also in Wyo. Introduced in Eu. 4. O. florida Salisb. (O. filipes of Gray’s Man., ed. 7.) YeLtLtow Woop Sorret. Dry gravelly or stony exposed pasture land or fields, in sterile soils; frequent. May-Aug. N. of Spencer Lake; stony field on moraine n. w. of North Spencer; gravelly flats along the Inlet, Newfield-Ithaca town line; n. of Buttermilk Glen; Ellis Hollow; two miles n. of Etna; pasture s. e. of Mud Pond, McLean Bogs; knolls around Chicago Bog; and elsewhere. Me. to N. Y. and Fla.; rare on the Coastal Plain. A single colony at Chicago Bog contained forms with prominently dark-spotted, faintly spotted, and unspotted corollas. In many respects O. florida appears like a hybrid of O. europaea and O. stricta. 5. O. europaea Jord. (O. corniculata of Gray’s Man., ed. 7.) YELLow Woop SORREL. Cultivated fields, waste places, and other open locations, in dry or damp gravelly or stony soils: common. June—Sept. Que. to N. Dak., southw. to Ga., Tenn., Okla., and Colo. Introduced into Europe from America. Besides the typical plant, forma cymosa (Smail) Wiegand and forma villicaulis Wiegand have been found in the Cayuga Lake Basin. The O. corniculata, var. stricta, of Dudley’s Cayuga Flora included both O. stricta and O. europaea. 69. GERANIACEAE (Geranium FaAmity) a, Anther-bearing stamens 10, rarely 5; tails of the carpels not bearded, upcurled when ripe; leaves palmately veined. 1. GERANIUM a. Anther-bearing stamens 5; tails of the carpels bearded within, not upcurled but often spirally twisted when ripe; leaves pinnate. 2. ERODIUM 1. Geranium (Tourn.) L. a. Flowers large; petals about 15 mm. long; fruit 30 mm. long; lobes of the ovary villous; plants perennial. 1. G. maculatum a. Flowers smaller; petals 12 mm. long or less; fruit 7-20 mm. long; plants annual or more rarely biennial. b. Leaves palmately 3-5-cleft or -parted; lobes cleft; corolla 10 mm. long or less; lobes of the ovary glabrous or pubescent, not wrinkled, not separating from the valves of the beak; beak pubescent. c. Lobes of the ovary hairy. d. Seeds pitted; beak 17-23 mm. long; ovary and beak hirsute; sepals awned. e. Flowers crowded; slender tip of beak 2 mm. long. 2. G. carolinianum e. Flowers loose, scattered; slender tip of beak 34 mm. long. 3. G. Bicknellu d. Seeds smooth; beak 7-11 mm. long; ovary and beak puberulent; sepals awnless. 4. G. pusillum ‘ Tue FLoraA oF THE CayvuGA LAKE BASIN 285 c. Lobes of the ovary glabrous or nearly so. d. Fedicels 5-18 mm. long; sepals awnless; petals 4-5 mm. long; lobes of the ovary entirely glabrous, transversely wrinkled; seeds smooth or striate. 5. G. molle d. Pedicels 25-75 mm. long; sepals awned; petals 8-10 mm. long; lobes of the ovary subglabrous, not wrinkled; seeds pitted. [G. columbinum] b. Leaves palmately 3-5-divided; divisions 1—2-pinnatifid; corolla 10-12 mm. long; lobes of the ovary glabrous, wrinkled, separating from the valves of the beak; beak smooth. 6. G. Robertianum 1. G. maculatum L. WHILp CRANESBILL. Dry gravelly, sandy, or stony banks and borders of woods, in acid or neutral, or less frequently in slightly calcareous, soils; common, and generally distributed, especially about ravines. May—June. Cent. Me. to Man., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Nebr.; less frequent on the Coastal Plain. 2. G. carolinianum L. (G. carolinianum, in part, of Cayuga FI.) Dry sandy or gravelly ee soils and rocks; rare. May. Buttermilk Glen, 1915 (C. C. Thomas); Stewart Ave., ithaca, 1916 (H. V. DeMott). E. Mass. and Ont. to B. C., southw. to Fla. and Mex., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 3. G. Bicknellii Britton. (G. carolinianum, in part, of Cayuga FI.) In situations similar to the preceding, or perhaps more often in woods and clear- ings, but in more calcareous or richer gravelly soils; rare. May—June 15. Near Negundo Woods (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; s. exposure of ravine bank above second dam, Six Mile Creek (A. R. Bechtel & K. M. W.). Newf. to B. C., southw. to N. E., N. Y., Mich., and Utah; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 4. G. pusILLUM Burm. f. A weed in rich soil, cultivated ground, and lawns, and by roadsides; occasional. June-July. S. of Coy Glen; Albany St., Ithaca, 1882 (D.); C. U. campus, near Poultry Building and w. of Caldwell Hall; Fiske-McGraw (Chi Psi) grounds, 1885 (D.) ; Forest Home; Lake St., opposite Percy Field. Largely of recent introduction. : AES and Ont. to B. C., southw. to N. J., N. C., Nebr., and Utah. Adventive rom Eu. 5. G. MOLLE L. A weed in lawns; frequent. June—July. Quarry St., Ithaca; C. U. campus, in several places; Girls’ Playground, Casca- dilla Glen; and elsewhere. Of recent introduction. Me. to Ont. and Ohio, southw. to N. Y. and N. C.; also on the Pacific coast. Adventive from Eu. [G. coLtuMBINUM L. LOoNG-STALKED CRANESBILL. A weed of field borders; rare. Near Newfield Glen, 1921 (R. C. Cowles), doubtfully established. N. J. and Pa. to Va., also in S. Dak. Native of Eu.] 6. G. Robertianum L. Hers Rosert. Damp shaded rocky woods and ravine banks, in calcareous regions; common. May-Sept. Newf. to Man., southw. to N. J., Pa., and Mo.; also in Eurasia and Africa. 2 s 286 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 2. Erodium L’Her. 1. E. crcutartum (L.) L’Her. StorKsBizv. A weed in waste places; rare. Apr. 15—May. Occurring since 1917 between Roberts Hall and the Home Economics Building, C. U. campus. i : Distributed over most of N. A. except in the northern part. Adventive from Eu. 70. RUTACEAE (Rue Famity) 1. Zanthoxylum L. 1. Z. americanum Mill. NortTHERN PRicKLy ASH. Thickets, in rich alluvial soils and often in drier calcareous soils; frequent. May. Shores of Summit Marsh; Inlet, below Newfield station, abundant; Negundo Woods (D.) ; Renwick woods; Renwick slope; “occasional throughout the Neguaena valley and along the low points on the lake-shore. Also in Lansing and Dryden” (D.) ; n. of the Republic Inn, Freeville; Mud Creek, Freeville; Cortland marl ponds; n. of Esty; Salmon Creek valley, abundant; Montezuma Marshes; near Lowery Ponds; near Howland Island, abundant; along Black Brook, Tyre; and elsewhere. W. Que. to Minn., southw. to N. J., Ga., Ky., Mo., and e. Kans.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 71. SIMARUBACEAE (Quassra Famity) 1. Ailanthus Desf. 1. A. attisstmMA (Mill.) Swingle. (See Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 6:490. 1916. A. glandulosa Desf.) TREE oF HEAVEN. AILANTHUS. Thickets, roadsides, and ravine banks, in various soils; frequent. July. _ Escaped from cultivation: South Hill (D.!); streets of Ithaca; “north of Glen Pond. Cascadilla Cr., below the bridge” (D.!); circus common, s. of Percy Field (D.!); near McKinneys (D.); and elsewhere. Widely planted and escaped. Native of Asia. 72. POLYGALACEAE (Mirxwort Famity) 1. Polygala (Tourn.) L. a. Flowers large, 18 mm. long, few, loosely arranged, purple; leaves ovate. 1. P. pauctfolia a. Flowers small, 5 mm. long or less, in heads or spikes; leaves narrow. b. Plant perennial, from stout roots; flowers white; leaves alternate. 2. P. Senega b. Plant annual. c. Flowers purple or greenish purple, in globular or broadly oblong heads; leaves alternate. 3. P. sanguinea c. Flowers white or greenish white, rarely purple-tinged, in slender spikes. d. Spikes dense; petals greenish white or tinged with dull purple; lower leaves verticillate. : 4. P. verticillata d. Spikes less dense; petals white, often tinged with pink; lower leaves usually scattered. 4a. P. v., var. ambigua 1. P. paucifolia Willd. FRmncep PotyGaLa. FLOWERING WINTERGREEN. Dry woods and banks, in neutral or subacid, sandy or gravelly, soils, especially under evergreens; frequent. May. THE FLoraA OF THE CayuGA LAKE BASIN 287 Most abundant about the ravines of the basin. Occurring also on the Caroline hills, in Michigan Hollow, on South Hill, and in Newfield, Mecklenburg, and elsewhere. Absent in the McLean region and on the clays and richer soils back from the lake shores. E. Que. to Man., southw. to Ga., Ill., and Minn., but rare on the Coastal Plain. Individuals with white flowers have been reported from several localities. 2. P. Senega L. SENECA SNAKEROOT. Steep slopes and rocky ledges, in rich calcareous clay-gravel or talus soils; fre- quent. May 15—June 15. Bald Hill, Caroline, and Caroline Pinnacles (D.); Inlet. Valley, Newfield-Ithaca town line; ravine n. of Buttermilk Glen; Coy Glen; Six Mile Creek (D.!); Beebe Lake: e. of Forest Home; Renwick slope; ravines of Cayuga J.ake (D.); lake cliffs n. of Ludlowville; King Ferry; Paine Creek; Big Gully; especially frequent on ravine banks and along the Cayuga Lake shore. Absent in the McLean region. N. B. to Hudson Bay and Alberta, southw. to N. C. along the mts., and to Mo. and Ark.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain and in granitic N. 3. P. SANGUINEA L. Open fields, in damp, sandy, poorly drained, acid soils; scarce. July—Aug. Pasture, n. w. corner of Michigan Hollow Swamp; hill w. of West Danby; border of Slaterville Swamp; fields just n. of South Hill Marsh above and below wooded terrace; pasture e. of McLean Bogs; Junius; near Montezuma Marshes. Probably of recent introduction in this region. First collected at Michigan Hollow by Rowlee and Wiegand in 1893. : N. S. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to N. C., La., and Kans., including the Coastal lain. 4. P. verticillata L. wee open sunny slopes, in sandy or gravelly, neutral or acid, soils; frequent. July—Sept. Pasture n. of Spencer Lake; Key Hill; Enfield Glen; Coy Glen; South Hill; Fall Creek, e. of Forest Home; s. slope: of Turkey Hill ; Psty iolenG ne, of Shurger Glen ; gravelly bank w. of Lowery Ponds; absent in the McLean region. Me. to Sask., southw. to Fla., La., and Mex., including the Coastal Plain, 4a. P. verticillata L., var. ambigua (Nutt.) Wood. Old flatland pastures; rare. Between Spencer Lake and Summit Marsh near base of east hill, 1916, and per- sisting since. Me. to Mich., southw. to Ga. and La. Sepals and persistent part of spike slightly longer than in the typical form. 73. EUPHORBIACEAE (Spurce Famity) a. Ovary sessile; flowers with a calyx and no involucre, each pistillate flower sub- tended by a large lobed bract; juice not milky. 1. ACALYPHA a. Ovary apparently stalked; a stalked pistillate flower and several staminate flowers together, surrounded by a cup-shaped involucre provided with glands; juice milky. 2. EUPHORBIA 1. Acalypha L. 1. A. virginica L. THREE-SEEDED MERCURY. A weed in dry open fields and by roadsides, in gravelly or sandy noncalcareous soils; common. Aug—Sept. 288, Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES Confined entirely to the region about Ithaca and the shore of Cayuga Lake. There are no records from the surrounding towns back from the lake. ; S. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; common on the Coastal Plain. 2. Euphorbia L. a. Flowers axillary; leaves opposite, serrate; glands 4, appendaged. b. Stems ascending or erect, nearly smooth; leaves 1.5-3.5 cm. long, with a purple spot; capsule broadly ovate, sharply angled, smooth; seeds ash color. E. nutans b. Stems more prostrate, hairy; leares 1.5 cm. long or less. c. Stems reddish or greenish, hirsute; leaves bright green; capsule oval, retuse, bluntly angled, smooth; seeds ash color. 2. E. hirsuta c. Stems flesh color, more crisp-puberulent; leaves dull, often with a purple spot; capsule ovate, acutely angled, hairy; seeds reddish flesh-color. 3. E. maculata a. Flowers in terminal, simple or compound, umbels, or the inflorescence dichoto- mous; lower leaves all alternate, serrate or entire. b. Appendages of the glands large, showy, white; leaves entire, linear-elliptic. 4. E. corollata b. Appendages wanting; leaves linear or obovate. c. Glands orbicular; leaves obovate, serrate; seeds sculptured; annuvals. 5. E. Helioscopia c. Glands crescent-shaped ; leaves entire. d. Leaves obovate; seeds sculptured; annuals. 6. E. Peplus d. Leaves linear to oblong; seeds smooth; perennials. e. Primary bracts 13-20 mm. wide; leaves 4-25 mm. wide; glands horned. f. Leaves 18-25 mm. wide, bright green; pods wrinkled. 7. E. lucida f. Leaves 4-9 mm. wide, glaucous; pods minutely granular oF smo: sula e. Primary bracts 4-7 mm. wide; leaves 1-2 mm. wide; glands scarcely horned; pods minutely granular. 9. E. Cyparissias 1. E. nutans Lag. (E. Preslii of manuals. E. hypericifolia, in part, of Cayuga FI.) SPURGE. A weed on open dry gravel or cinder banks, and in waste places; frequent. July—Sept. Found especially on railroad embankments; rarely elsewhere in the basin. Con- sidered native, but possibly introduced from farther south. Mass. to Ont. and Wis., southw. to Fla., Nebr., and Mex.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. Dr. B. L. Robinson (see Gray Herb. Exsic., no. 229) has noted the verification of the identity of E. nutans Lag. and E. Preslii Guss. The former is the older name. 2. E. hirsuta (Torr.) Wiegand. (. hypericifolia, in part, of Cayuga Fl. E. Rafinesqui Greene.) Hatry SPURGE. In situations similar to the preceding, also in roadside gutters; common. July— Sept. E. Que. to w. Ont., southw. to N. J., Pa., Ohio, and Ill.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. When attacked by the rust fungus, Aecidium Euphorbiae Gmel., the plant grows stiffly erect. This Euphorbia is not clearly E. vermiculata Raf., though House (Bul. N. Y. State Mus. 254, 1924) considers the two synonymous. Tue FLoraA oF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 289 3. E. maculata L. MiLk PurRSLANE. In locations similar to those of the two preceding species; common. July—Oct. N. E. to Ont. and Wyo., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Calif., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. [E. MARGINATA Pursh. SNoW-oN-THE-MoUNTAIN. Springs up occasionally on garbage dumps but is not established. | 4. E. coroLLATA L. FLOWERING SPURGE. Dry sandy fields; rare. Aug. Hillside e. of Newton Ponds, first observed in 1916; recently introduced, but apparently well established. N. Y. to Minn., southw. to Fla., La., and Tex. Naturalized northeastw. 5. E. Hetioscopra L. WarTWEED. A weed in rich gardens, fields, and waste places, in sandy or gravelly, probably calcareous, soils; local. July—Oct. Of recent introduction: Danby, 1916 (Rev. Mr. Toby); n. of Etna; near Red Mills, 1922 (W. C. Muenscher); Wells College campus, 1915 (Miss Ida L. Reveley) ; gardens, Levanna to Union Springs, abundant. Abundant, e. Que. to Ont.; local southw. to Pa., Ohio, and Ill. Naturalized from Eu. 6. E. PepLtus L. Petty Sprurce. ae weed in rich garden soils and dooryards, in gravelly calcareous regions. July- CE Frequent in Ithaca, but not seen elsewhere: Giles St.; corner of Lynn and Court Stsesebuttaloy St. CDs)iaee. estate St (Do), Aurora St. (D2)i) C2 Us campus, in several places; President White Place (D.); waste soil, Six Mile Creek. N. B. to Iowa, southw. to N. J. and Pa. Naturalized from Eu. 7. E. tuciwa Waldst. & Kit. : A peed in fields and by roadsides, in rich sandy or gravelly (clay?) soils; rare. une—Aug, E. of Summit Marsh, 1925; n. of Danby village, 1923 (W. C. Muenscher) ; field and roadside n. of Midway, 1919 (K. M. W., A. J. E., & L. F. Randolph). Susquehanna Valley in N. Y. and Pa., and now in the Cayuga Lake Basin. Adventive from Eu. See SULA, be A weed in gravelly fields and roadsides; rare. June—July. Groton, 1875 and again 1884 (D.); near Prof. Dietrich’s, Cayuga Heights Road, 1915 (L. H. MacDamnels & A. J. E.). S. Me. to Mich., southw. to N. J. and Pa. Naturalized from Eu. 9. E. Cyparisstas L. Cypress SPURGE. A weed by roadsides and in cemeteries, in gravelly soils, apparently with little reference to lime content; frequent. May—June. South Hill; upper Coy Glen; e. of Ellis Hollow; Ringwood; Galen; and else- where. Found in most cemeteries. N. E. to Colo., southw. to Va. Naturalized from Eu. 290 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 74. CALLITRICHACEAE (Water STarwort FAMIty) 1. Callitriche L. a. Fruit longer than broad, slightly notched; each half with two sharp keels separated by a wide groove. 1. C. palustris a. Fruit as broad as or broader than long, widely notched; each half obtusely 2- keeled, with a narrow groove between the keels. 2. C. heterophylla 1. C. palustris L. (C. verna of Cayuga Fl.) Water STarworrt. Ditches and pools, in limy regions; frequent. July—Oct. Between Summit Marsh and Spencer Lake; Ithaca fair grounds; n. of Ringwood; near Dryden Lake; near Townley Swamp; East Lansing; Myers Point; outlet of North Spring, Union Springs; and elsewhere. Nearly throughout the U. S. and Canada, but rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain; almost cosmopolitan. 2. C. heterophylla Pursh. WaATER STARWoRT. Ditches and pools, often on the mud when these are exsiccated, in acid or alkaline waters; common. June—Sept.? J Newf. to Man., southw. to Fla., La., Mo., and Colo., including the Coastal Plain. 75. LIMNANTHACEAE (Fatse Mermarp FAmity) 1. Floerkea Willd. 1. F. proserpinacoides Willd. Farse MermMam. Damp alluvial woods and thickets; scarce. May. Enfield Glen; Negundo Woods (D.!) ; Buttermilk Creek, above the upper reservoir (D.); s. side of Amphitheater, Six Mile Creek; Ellis Hollow, below the swamp (D.!); woods n. e. of Freeville; s. e. of Mud Pond, McLean Bogs; near Beaver Brook (D.). W. Que. to Ont. and Wis., southw. to Del., Tenn., and Mo.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain and in granitic N. E. A plant of the rich soils of the Mississippi Basin. 76. ANACARDIACEAE (CasHEw FAmity) 1. Rhus (Tourn.) L. a. Leaves pinnate. b. Leaflets serrate; fruit with crimson hairs; stone smooth; plant not poisonous. c. Twigs and petioles villous-hirsute. ’ 1. R. typhina c. Twigs and petioles glabrous. 2. R. glabra b. Leaflets entire; fruit grayish white; stone striate; plant poisonous to the touch. : 3. R. Vernix a. Leaves 3-foliolate. b. Terminal leaflet long-stalked; flowers in loose clusters, appearing later than the leaves, greenish; fruit grayish white, glabrous or nearly so; stone striate; plant poisonous. 4. R. Toxicodendron b. Terminal leaflet nearly sessile; flowers in dense clustered spikes, appearing before the leaves, yellow; fruit crimson-hirsute; stone not striate; plant not poisonous. 5. R. canadensis 1. R. typhina L. STAGHORN SUMACH. Dry banks and thickets, in gravelly, more or less calcareous, soils; common. July 1-15. ; : Not found in the acid soils with chestnut and ericaceous plants. THE FLora OF THE CayuGA. LAKE BASIN 291 E. Que. to Ont. and S. Dak., southw. to Ga., Ind., and Miss., but rare on the Coastal Plain. R. hirta (L.) Sud., an earlier name, was based on an abnormal or monstrous form of the species, and therefore is not valid. 2. R. glabra L. (Including FR. ithacensis Greene.) SMoorH SUMACH. Dry sandy and gravelly banks, in more sterile and acid soils than the preceding; frequent. July 10-30. Coy Glen; South Hill, near the chain works; Six Mile Creek, near the pump- ing station; Ithaca flats, near the Cornell boathouse; “abundant on shore of Cayuga Lake” (D.); Big Gully; and elsewhere. Not found in Cortland Co. or in the McLean region. N. S. to Minn. and B. C., southw. to Fla., Miss., and La.; more frequent than R. typhina on the Atlantic Coastal Plain, but less common there than elsewhere. 3. R. Vernix L. (R. venenata of Cayuga Fl.) Porson SumacuH. Porson DoGwoon. Poison ELDER. Boggy acid soils; frequent. June 25—July 20. Headwaters Swamp; Michigan Hollow Swamp; Larch Meadow; Indian Spring marsh (D.!); Ringwood; McLean Bogs; Junius bogs. W. Me. to w. Ont. and Minn., southw. to Fla., La., and Mo.; common on the Coastal Plain. 4. R. Toxicodendron L. (Including R. radicans L.) Potson Ivy. Poison Oak. Fence rows, rocky banks, and often in alluvial woodlands, in dry or damp, sandy or gravelly, noncalcareous soils; common. June 15—July 15. N. S. to the Rocky Mts., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Mex., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Very variable in habit and habitat. The high-climbing form of low woodlands has been separated from the erect form on walls and rocks as var. radicans (L.) Torr., but an investigation of a large amount of material has shown no constant structural differences. Both forms are variable as to pubescence and as to denta- tion of the leaf. 5. R. canadensis Marsh. (R. aromatica of Cayuga Fl.) Aromatic SUMACH. Dry rocky banks with clay, over noncalcareous sandstones; frequent. May. “High ‘Pinnacles’ at West Danby and White Church” (D.!); Buttermilk Glen; n. e. slope of South Hill (D.!); Six Mile Creek (D.!); Fall Creek, near Trip- hammer Falls (D.) and near the mills; in other ravines of the basin (D.!); especially abundant on the e. shore of Cayuga Lake (D.!). W. Vt. to Minn., southw. along the mts. to Fla., and to La. and Kans.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 77. AQUIFOLIACEAE (Hotty Famiry) a. Leaves serrate; petals oval; stamens adnate to base of corolla. 1. ILEx a. Leaves entire; petals linear; stamens free from the corolla. 2. NEMOPANTHUS i lex Ic. 1. I. verticillata (L.) Gray. WINTERBERRY. BLAcK ALDER. Decrpuous Hotty. Swampy woods and thickets, in acid soils; frequent. July. Summit Marsh; swamp n. of Enfield Falls; South Hill Marsh; Indian Spring marsh (D.!); Ringwood; Malloryville; McLean Bogs; Lake Como; Junius bogs; Montezuma Marshes; Duck Lake; Stark Pond; and elsewhere. Especially frequent about peat bogs. 292 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES Newf. to Wis., southw. to Fla. and Mo.; common on the Coastal Plain. Variable as to shape and texture of leaf, degree of pubescence, and color and size of twigs. The var. tenuifolia of Gray’s Man., ed. 7 (J. bronxensis Britton), seems to be at most a shade form. 2. Nemopanthus Raf. 1. N. mucronata (L.) Trel. (Nemopanthes canadensis of Cayuga Fl.) MouNnTaINn Hotty. Pee ee in boggy acid soils, rarely on dry gravelly acid knolls; frequent. May 15-30. N. of Enfield Falls; Spruce Swamp, Enfield (D.); Larch Meadow, formerly (D.); Brookton Springs (D.); Ringwood Swamp; Malloryville Bog; dry knolls, Malloryville; Woodwardia Bog; McLean Bogs; Junius bogs; Duck Lake. Newf. to w. Ont., southw. to n. N. J., Ind., and Wis., and along the mts. to Va., including the northern Coastal Plain. 78. CELASTRACEAE (Starr Tree Famizy) a. Leaves opposite; flowers axillary, cymose or solitary; erect or spreading shrubs. 1. EvonyMus a. Leaves alternate; flowers in terminal racemes; vines. 2. CELASTRUS 1. Evonymus (Tourn.) L. 1. E. atropurpureus Jacq. Burninc BusH. WAAHOO. Damp thickets, in alluvial soil bordering limy ledges; rare. June. Foot of Salmon Creek Falls, e. side, 1916 (P. B. Schumm!). In a wild location as though native, but not very far from houses. A Y. to Wis., southw. to Fla., Okla, and Nebr. A plant of the Mississippi asin. 2. Celastrus L. 1. C. scandens L. AMERICAN BITTERSWEET. In thickets along streams and fences, and on cliffs, in gravelly or shaly neutral or calcareous soils; common. June-July Se Abundant along ‘the lake cliffs, and frequent in the ravines of the basin. Not characteristic of the chestnut and ericaceous acid soils, and for the most part absent in such locations. Me. to Mass., southw. especially in the mts. to N. C., and to Kans. and N. Mex.; less frequent on the Coastal Plain. 79. STAPHYLEACEAE (Brappernut FAmity) 1. Staphylea L. 1. S. trifolia L. AmertcAN BLADDERNUT. Damp thickets and fence rows, in alluvium or stream gravels and in rocky places, in neutral or slightly calcareous soils; infrequent. May 10—June 15. Creek banks between Negundo Woods and Ithaca (D.!); s. w. corner of Cayuga Lake (D.!); Six Mile Creek, on hillside s. of the lower switchback and n. of the upper reservoir; in a few small ravines along the Ledyard, Genoa, and Lansing shores (D.!); Frontenac Island (D.); Howland Island; hillside near Westbury W. Que. and w. N. E. to Minn., southw. to S. C., Mo., and Kans.; a few stations along the Coastal Plain. THE FLoRA OF THE CayuGA LAKE BASIN 293 80. ACERACEAE (Mapte Famiry) 1. Acer (Tourn.) L. a. Leaves simple; floral disk present. b. Flowers corymbose, umbellate, or capitate. c. Flowers capitate, appearing before the leaves; leaves whitened beneath, the lobes 3-5, serrate; bark coarsely fissured. d. Petals 0; fruit woolly when young, with large divergent wings; leaves deeply cleft or parted. 1. A. saccharinum d. Petals present; fruit glabrous, with small and less divergent wings; leaves lobed. 2. A. rubrum c. Flowers loosely subumbellate, small, appearing with the leaves; pedicels drooping; petals 0; wings of fruit of medium size, little divergent; leaves very slightly whitened beneath, or green, the 3-5 lebes with a few coarse distant teeth or subentire; bark coarsely or finely fissured (see also 3d c). d. Leaves flat, not rugose, dull green, paler beneath and slightly glaucous, glabrous; stipules small, not covering the axillary bud of the next season; branchlets brown; bark of trunk dark brown, breaking into coarse ridges or plates. 3. A. saccharum d. Leaves with drooping sides, rugose, usually pubescent and yellowish green beneath, not glaucous; stipules often large, when full-grown inclosing the bud; branchlets orange-brown; bark, especially of the branches, light orange- -brown, breaking into fine uniform ridges. 4. A. nigrum c. Flowers corymbose, large (10-15 mm. in diam.) ; pedicels not drooping petals large; leaves green beneath, with 5-7 coarsely few-toothed lobes; bark finely fissured, close. 5. A. platanoides b. Flowers racemose. c. Petals obovate, about 5 mm. long; racemes drooping; wings of fruit 7-10 mm. wide; leaves finely serrate, scarcely villous beneath; bark green, striped with white. 6. A. pennsylvanicum c. Petals linear, about 2 mm. long; racemes erect; wings of fruit 3-5 mm. wide; leaves coarsely toothed, plainly villous beneath; bark reddish brown, not striped. : 7. A. spicatum a. Leaves pinnate; floral disk 0; petals 0; flowers racemose or subumbellate, drooping ; wings of fruit large, approximate, incurved. 8. A. Negundo 1. A. saccharinum L. (A. dasycarpum of Cayuga Fl.) Smver Map te. Swamps, river thickets, and other low woodlands; frequent or locally common. March—Apr. Frequent in the valley of Cayuga Lake; abundant from Ovid northw. on the Ontario plain; rare back from the lake in Lansing and Dryden; apparently absent in the towns s. and s. e. of Ithaca. N. B. to S. Dak., southw. to Fla., Ark., Okla., and Nebr.; infrequent near the coast. A tree primarily of the rich soils of the Mississippi Valley. 2. A. rubrum L. Rep Mapre. Sort Map te. Swamps and damp hillsides, in sandy, gravelly, mucky, or even boggy, neutral or acid soil, occasionally on the floating moors of peat bogs, rarely on calcareous gravels or clays; common. Apr. E. Que. and Me. to Man., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Kans., including the Coastal Plain. 3. A. saccharum Marsh. (A. saccharinum of Cayuga FI.) Sucar or Rock MApLe. Upland woods, in gravelly, mostly calcareous, soils; common. May 12-30. Rare in the lighter chestnut acid soils of the hills w., s., and s. e. of Ithaca; in- frequent along the cliffs of Cayuga Lake, but common and a characteristic forest tree in the McLean region; locally abundant wherever the soil is suitable. Newf. to Man., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 294 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 4. A. nigrum Michx. f. BLack SuGAR MAPLE. In more loamy gravels and in bottom lands, usually in richer soil than the last preceding species ; frequent. May 12-30. Most abundant in the valley of Cayuga Lake and the stream valleys along its eastern shores; rare elsewhere: near the mouth of Enfield Glen (D.!) and in the alluvium through the glen; Negundo Woods (D.); lower Six Mile Creek; Indian Spring (D.!); Renwick (D.!); Fall Creek, n. of Forest Home; around McLean Bogs; near Chicago Bog; Taughannock Gorge; common in Salmon Creek valley; Paine Creek, abundant (D.!); Big Gully (D.!); and elsewhere. W. Que. and w. N. H. to S. Dak., southw. to Ala., La., and Kans.; rare or abst on the Coastal Plain. A tree primarily of the rich soils of the Mississippi alley. A sufficiently distinct species, differing from A. saccharwm in many characters. 5. A. PLATANOIDES L. Norway MaApPLe. Escaped from cultivation and established in Cascadilla Glen on both sides above and below the campus bridge. Native of Eu. 6. A. pennsylvanicum L. Srrierp MApLe. Moosewoop. Damp shaded woodlands in ravines and on the tops of the higher hills, in rocky gravelly neutral or acid soils; frequent. May 10-June 1. Tops of hills in Danby, Caroline, and Spencer; Coy Glen; Six Mile Creek, Fall Creek, and other ravines; “cold woods on the high hills’ (D.!), where it is common on the lighter, more residual soils; around McLean Bogs; rare n. of Taughannock Gorge and Shurger Glen. E. Que. to w. Ont., southw. to Conn. and the Great Lakes, and in the mts. to Ga. 7. A. spicatum Lam. Mountain Map te. Damp thickets on ravine slopes and in rocky woods, in gravelly or rocky cal- careous (?) soils; frequent. May 15-June 15. Especially abundant in nearly all the ravines of the basin, but mostly absent on the more residual acid soils on the hilltops, where A. pennsylvanicum is common; sometimes in swampy woods, as at Headwaters Swamp and Beaver Brook. Newf. and Lab. to Hudson Bay and Man., southw. to Conn., N. Y., Tenn., Mich., and e. Iowa, and in the mts. to Ga.; almost or quite absent on the Coastal Plain. A northern plant of the Appalachian forest belt. 8. A. Negundo L. (Negundo aceroides of Cayuga FI.) Box Etper. Alluvial river banks and bottom lands; rare. May. “In ‘Negundo Woods’ at a bend of the creek, 1% miles south of Ithaca. Dis- covered here by Professor Branner, when a student, June, 1873” (D.). When first discovered there were about twenty trees. These have since been cut down, but small trees are still present on this spot. The Ithaca station is one of the few in N. Y. State for this plant. (See Dudley for fuller account.) Now widely es- caped from cultivation, and in such condition frequent. W.N. E. to Man. and the Rocky Mts., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Mex.; rare or absent in most of N. E. and on the Coastal Plain. A tree of the rich Mississippi bottom lands. 81. HIPPOCASTANACEAE (Horse-CHEstnut FAmILy) 1. Aesculus L. 1. A. Hippocastanum L. Common Horse-CHESTNUT. Escaped from cultivation in various places. May 15-30. Native of Asia. THE FLora OF THE CayuGA LAKE BASIN 295 82. BALSAMINACEAE (Toucu-MeE-nor FAMILy) 1. Impatiens (Riv.) L. a. Flowers pale yellow, sparingly dotted; sac broader than long. 1. J. pallida a. Flowers orange, thickly spotted with reddish brown; sac longer than broad; spur more incurved. 2. I. biflora 1. I. pallida Nutt. Pate ToucH-ME-NoT. JEWELWEED. Shaded rough banks and rills, and in moist woods, in rich damp gravelly or shaly calcareous soils; common. July—Aug. Frequent in most of the ravines of the basin; “especially abundant in the vicinity of Woodwardia Swamp [!] and Mud Cr. [!], where a form having flowers of a pale pink with pink spots is found” (D.). A white-flowered form occurs fre- quently about Ithaca. N. Me. and w. N. E. to Sask., southw. to Ga. and Kans.; rare on the Coastal Plain and in granitic N. E. 2. I. biflora Walt. (J. fulva of Cayuga Fl.) Sporrep ToucH-ME-NoT. Open moist or wet situations; more abundant than the preceding. July—Aug. Newf. to Sask., southw. to Fla. and Nebr. More tolerant of acid soils, and more frequent on the Coastal Plain, than the preceding species. Plants with salmon-pink corolla and deeper spots are occasional (forma Peaset A. H. Moore, Rhodora 19: 116. 1917). 83. RHAMNACEAE (BuckrtuHorn FAmity) . Ovary free from the disk; fruit fleshy; flowers axillary, greenish. 1. RHAMNUS . Ovary adnate at base to the disk; fruit dry; flowers mostly in terminal, pani- culate, or corymbose umbels, white. 2. CEANOTHUS Qa 1. Rhamnus (Tourn.) L. a. Flowers 5-merous; petals 0; leaves acute, with 4-5 pairs of veins. 1. R. alnifolia a. Flowers 4-merous; petals present; leaves blunt or apiculate, with 2-3 pairs of veins arising below the middle. 2. R. cathartica 1. R. alnifolia L’Her. Swamp BucxTHorn. Boggy and springy meadows, mostly near marl springs; frequent. May 15-June 5. Headwaters Swamp; near Key Hill; the narrows between Slaterville and Caro- line Center; Larch Meadow (D.!); Fleming Meadow (D.); Indian Spring marsh, formerly (D.); Mud Creek, Freeville; Mud Pond, McLean Bogs; Cortland marl ponds; Junius; Black Brook, Tyre; e. of Clyde; Miller Bog, Spring Lake; and elsewhere. Newf. to B. C., southw. to n. N. J., Pa., Ill, Nebr., Wyo., and Calif.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 2. R. cATHARTICA L. ComMMon BUCKTHORN. Gravelly roadsides, banks, and hillside pastures, in acid or calcareous regions; frequent. May 15—June 15. Escaped from cultivation, and naturalized: n. of Summit Marsh; n. of Beebe Lake; Renwick woods (D.!); between Etna and Ringwood; n. of Freeville (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; w. of Woodwardia Bog; open pasture, lower Beaver Brook; near Esty Glen; Salmon Creek valley; Levanna (D. in C. U. Herb.); rather com- mon about Union Springs; Junius; and elsewhere. Native of Eurasia. 296 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ArTHUR J. EAMES 2. Ceanothus L. 1. C. americanus L. New Jersey TEA. Open woodlands and thickets, in the heavier sandy or gravelly acid soils; com- mon. July. Abundant in the sterile acid soils of the ravine crests of the basin and on the cliff crests along Cayuga Lake, and found also in many places on the more residual soils of the higher hills; absent in the pure clays and in the McLean district. Cent. Me. to w. Ont. and Man., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; occasional or locally common on the Coastal Plain. 84. VITACEAE (Grape FAmity) a. Floral disk wanting; corolla expanding; leaves palmately compound. 1. PARTHENOCISSUS a. Floral disk present, of 5 glands; corolla dropping without expanding; leaves simple. 2. ViLEIS 1. Parthenocissus Planch.?® a. Plant high-climbing; tendrils adhesive; leaves dull pale green, glaucescent be- 2a5 soe irregular, not dichotomous, panicled; fruit about 5-7 mm. in diam.; seeds 1-3. ‘b. Foliage glabrous. 1. P. quinquefolia b. Foliage pubescent, at least when young. la. P. q., var. hirsuta a. Plant resting loosely on rocks, stumps, fences, and similar places; tendrils not adhesive; leaves deeper green, glossy above, green beneath; cymes dichotomous; fruit about 8-10 mm. in diam.; seeds 3-4. b. Foliage glabrous. 2. P. vitacea b. Foliage pubescent, at least when young. 2a. P. v., var. dubia 1. P. quinquefolia (L.) Planch. (Psedera quinquefolia of Gray’s Man., ed. 7. Ampelopsis quinquefolia, in part, of Cayuga Fl.) VircrnrtA CREEPER. WOODBINE. Damp talus and low woods, in soils not too light; common. June 15-July. Climbing up the cliffs in the ravines of the basin, and along the cliffs of Cayuga Lake, where it is very characteristic; also climbing trees in swamps and along river banks. S. N. H. to IIl., southw. to Fla. and Mex., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The adhesive part of the tendrils is not ordinarily dilated, as in the Boston ivy. la. P. quinquefolia (L.) Planch., var. hirsuta (Donn) Planch. In situations similar to the preceding, and equally common. June 15-July. Ont. and Vt. to Iowa, southw. w. of the Allegheny Mts. to N. Mex. and Mex. This variety apparently passes into the typical form. 2. P. vitacea (Knerr) Hitche. (Psedera vitacea of authors. Ampelopsis quinque- folia, in part, of Cayuga Fl.) VrrcintA CREEPER. WOo0DBINE. On fences, stumps, rocks, or banks, in rich soil which is not too dry; frequent, and generally distributed. June 15-July. Cent. Me. to Alberta, southw. to Pa., Tex., and Colo.; less frequent or rare near the coast. 2a. P. vitacea (Knerr) Hitche., var. dubia Rehder. (See Rhodora 10:28. 1908.) qn sbareds similar to the preceding; frequent. June 15—July. Probably only a hairy extreme of the typical form. *> Parthenocissus Planch. is included among the additions adopted at Brussels in 1910 to the nomina conservanda of the International Code. TuHeE Fiora oF THE CayuGA LAKE BASIN 297 2: Vitis-(Dourn,) a. Tendril or inflorescence normally opposite each leaf; leaf shallowly toothed, permanently uniformly and densely rusty-tomentose beneath; berries 12-20 mm. in diam. 1. V. labrusca a. Tendrils and inflorescences intermittent, none opposite each third leaf; berries 12 mm. in diam, b. Leaves shallowly dentate, glaucous and loosely rusty-tomentose or glabrate beneath; berries 8-12 mm. in diam. 2. V. aestivalis b. Leaves coarsely and sharply dentate, green and nearly glabrous beneath, never tomentose; berries 6-10 mm. in diam. 3. V. vulpina 1. V. rapruscA L. NortTHERN Fox GRAPE. pees, river banks, and similar situations, in rich damp soil; occasional. June 15-30. Escaped from cultivation: Enfield Glen (D.); Ringwood (D.!); roadside one mile s. of Mecklenburg (D.); railroad near the glass works (D.); s. e. of Dryden Lake; roadside n. of Taughannock Gorge; and elsewhere. Native: N. E. to Ind., southw. to Ga. and Tenn., mostly in the mts.; less frequent on the Coastal Plain. 2. V. aestivalis Michx. SUMMER oR PIGEON GRAPE. Dry thickets, in rocky, sandy, or gravelly, not strongly calcareous, soils; com- mon. June 15—July 10. Especially abundant on the ravine slopes and shores of Cayuga Lake; occasional on the hills s. of Ithaca. ee: N. H. to Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; fairly frequent on the Coastal ain. V. aestivalis Michx. and V. bicolor LeConte differ in degree of pubescence on the lower surface of the leaf. ‘This difference is very indefinite, often slight and doubtfully important as a basis for nomenclatorial distinction. Plants in this flora are generally more or less pubescent. 3. V. vulpina L. (V. riparia of Cayuga Fl.) Frost Grape. River banks and thickets, in gravelly or sandy nonacid soils; common. June. In most of the ravines of the basin; Inlet Valley; about Indian Spring and Ren- wick woods; along the shores of Cayuga Lake and of most of its tributary streams. Characteristic of rich alluvial stream banks. N. B. to Man., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Colo.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. A plant primarily of the rich soils of the interior. A form with thicker leaves, more or less pubescent beneath, is frequent on the cliff talus along Cayuga Lake near Esty Glen. 85. TILIACEAE (Linpen Famity) 1. Tilia (Tourn.) L. a. Leaves glabrous except for tufts of hair in the axils of the veins. 1. 7. americana a. Leaves more or less stellate-pubescent beneath. la. T. a., var. heterophylla 1. T. americana L. Basswoop. LINDEN. Ravines and woodlands of many types, in nearly neutral soils, especially where the soil is heavy; frequent. July 12-30. N. B. to Man., southw. to Ga. and Tex.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. The bract is variable as to base and petiole, being in some instances rounded at the base and very short-petioled, and in others tapering and long-petioled. The same 298 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES variations are found in var. heterophylla. The pubescence on the lower surface of the leaf is also highly variable, and on it several species have been founded. A large quantity of local material has been collected and this point studied, but no true specific lines have been found. The pubescence, though always close, fluctuates very gradually in density, and no other correlated structual characters occur. It seems better, therefore, to recognize this closely pubescent form simply as a variety. la. T. americana L., var. heterophylla ( Vent.) Loudon. Usually in lighter and drier soils than the preceding; frequent. July 12-30. In the Cayuga Lake Basin, apparently confined to the ravine crests and hilltops s. of Ithaca. More southern: Conn. to Wis., and southw.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. This is T. Michauxu and T. heterophylla of Gray’s Man., ed. 7, and T. heterophylla and its var. Michauxu of Sargent’s treatment (see Bot. Gaz. 66: 421. 1918). Sar- gent’s 7. neglecta is transitional to typical T. americana. 86. MALVACEAE (Ma tow Famity) a. Column of stamens anther-bearing only at top; carpels 10-20, separating from the central axis in fruit. b. Stigmas capitate; involucre2® none; carpels 2-9-seeded, dehiscent; flowers yel- low; leaves velvety. 1. ABUTILON b. Stigmas occupying the inner face of the styles; carpels 1-seeded, indehiscent ; flowers white or pink; leaves not velvety. c. Involucre of 3 bracts. E 2. MALVA c. Involucre of 6-9 bracts. 3. ALTHAEA a. Column of stamens anther-bearing for a considerable part of its length, and 5-toothed at apex; carpels not separating from the axis; capsule 5-celled; stigmas capitate. 4. Hipiscus 1. Abutilon (Tourn.) Mill. 1. A. THropHRAsTI Medic. (A. Avicennae of Cayuga Fl.) VeEtveT-Lear. A weed in rich cultivated fields and waste places, in somewhat sandy soil; infre- quent. Aug.—Oct. Inlet Valley, near Strattons and near Lick Brook; Six Mile Creek (D.) ; Renwick flats, w. of the Inlet; near Coy Glen; Levanna to Union Springs. Naturalized from India in all but the colder parts of N. A. 2. Malva (Tourn.) L. a. Flowers axillary, fascicled; leaves with shallow crenate lobes; petals four times as long as the calyx or less. b. Petals as long or twice as long as the calyx; leaves bluntly lobed. c. Stems procumbent; leaves obscurely lobed; plant biennial; carpels smooth. 1. M. rotundifoha c. Stems erect, tall; leaves more prominently 5—7-lobed, crisped; plant annual; carpels rugose. [M. crispa] b. Petals two to four times as long as the calyx; leaves sharply lobed; carpels rugose-reticulated. 2. M. sylvestris, var. mauretiana a. Flowers clustered toward the ends of the branches; leaves deeply lobed; petals six to eight times as long as the calyx. 3. M. moschata *°The term involucre is apparently appropriate here, not the term involucel as employed in many texts. Tue FLoraA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 299 1. M. rorunpiroLt1iA L. Rounp-LEAvep MALLow. CHEESES. A weed in various soils, chiefly in rich cultivated ground and waste places ; common. June—Oct. Native of Eurasia, and widely naturalized throughout all but the colder parts of [M. crispa L. Occasionally appearing as a weed in flower beds on C. U. campus and in waste places in Ithaca, but evidently not established. Adventive from Eu.] 2. M. syLvestris L., var. MAURETIANA (L.) Boiss. (See Rhodora 12: 140. 1910. M. sylvestris of Cayuga Fl.) HicH Ma ttiow. An occasional wayside escape from cultivation. Near White Church (D.).; near Ithaca (herb. C. Humphrey, D.) ; e. of Lake Como (Locke Pond, D.). Native of Eurasia; widely but sparingly escaped in e. N. A. Dudley’s specimen from White Church in the C. U. Herb. is var. mauretiana. This is the form usually found as an escape in the eastern U. S., and probably Dudley’s other specimens were of the same variety. 3. M. moscHaTa L. Musk MAttow. A weed in dry fields, on roadsides, and in waste places, in gravelly calcareous soils; frequent. June 15—-July 15. Infrequent or rare about Ithaca, as near the athletic field, C. U. campus; fre- quent or common in Enfield, Newfield, Dryden, and Groton, in localities where the soil is suitable. Newf. to B. C., southw. to n. N. J., Va., Wis., and Oreg.; most abundant north- eastw. Naturalized from Europe. Two color forms occur: pink and white. 3. Althaea L. 1. A. RoSEA Cav. HoLttyHock. Mostly in heavy soils; occasional. July—Sept. Escaped from cultivation: E. State St. and Bryant Tract, Ithaca; C. U. campus; near Union Springs ; and elsewhere. Native of China. 4. Hibiscus L. a. Petals 6-12 cm. long, rose color; leaves large, white-downy beneath, shallowly lobed or subentire; plant tall (1-2.5 m. high), perennial. 1. H. Moscheutos a. Petals 2 cm. long, pale yellow with a dark eye; leaves small, not white-downy, at least the upper ones 3-parted and the divisions lobed; plant low, annual. 2. H. Trionum 1. H. Moscheutos L. (H. palustris L.) Rost Mattow. Swamp Hiptscus. Silty alluvial marshland in the region of salt springs; frequent. Aug. Marshes near foot of Cayuga Lake and on the Ontario plain: Union Springs, near Farley Point (D.) and on Hibiscus Point (D.!); large area on a marshy island in Black Lake (D.); also elsewhere in the regions indicated; introduced near the former biological field station, s. of Stewart Park. E. Mass., along the coast to Fla. and La.; also in N. Y., Ont., Ind., and Mo. A very noble flower, strikingly large and beautiful. 300 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 2. H. Trionum L. FLower-oF-AN-HOUR. A weed in rich gravelly cultivated fields and gardens, and on railroad banks, in calcareous districts; generally scarce but locally abundant. Aug.—Sept. Inlet Valley, opposite Lick Brook, abundant; C. U. campus, near the Old Armory, 1884 (D.); Forest Home; Renwick; near Esty Glen; field near Crowbar Point, abundant in 1916; Taughannock Point; Levanna to Farley Point (D.!). N. S. to S. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Kans. Native of s. Eu. 87. HYPERICACEAE (Sr. JoHn’s-wort Famity) 1. Hypericum (Tourn.) L. a. Petals yellow, convolute in the bud. b. Styles 5; capsule 5-celled; petals 25 mm. long; leaves 4-9 om. long. 1. H. Ascyron b. Styles 3; capsule 3-celled; petals 2-15 mm. long; leaves 5 cm. long or less. c. Stamens very numerous; petals 5-15 mm. long. d. Petals 10-15 mm. long; leaves 1-2.5 cm. long. 2. H. perforatum d. Petals 5 mm. long; leaves 2-5 cm. long. 3. H. punctatum c. Stamens 5-12; petals 2-3 mm. long; plants smaller. d. Leaves scale-like or linear-subulate. 4. H. gentianoides d. Leaves linear to ovate, foliaceous. e. Branching diffuse; leaves ovate or oval. 5. H. mutilum e. Branching strict, erect; leaves lanceolate to linear. f. Leaves lanceolate, acutish, rounded, or subcordate, and clasping at the base, 5—-7-nerved; sepals 5-7 mm. long, nearly equaling the pod. 6. H. majus f. Leaves linear, spatulate, obtuse, attenuate at the base, 1-3-nerved; sepals 2.5-5 mm. long, much shorter than the pod. [H. canadense] a. Petals purplish flesh-color, imbricated in the bud; leaves ovate-oval. 7. H. virginicum 1. H. Ascyron L. Great St. JoHN’s-worT. Damp alluvial river banks in rich soil or on gravel bars, in limy regions (?) ; scarce. July 15-30. Apparently confined to Cascadilla and Fall Creeks: above Judd Falls (D.); head of Eddy Pond (D.); below Genung’s mill (D.); opposite Cascadilla Place (D.); Fall Creek, near Varna, 1871 (Dr. Jordan!); island at Forest Home; below the lower bridge in Forest Home; Beebe Lake (D.); behind Sibley Coilege; Ren- wick woods (D.!). W. Que. to Man., southw. through Vt. and N. Y. to Pa., Ill., Mo., and Kans. A plant primarily of the richer soils of the Mississippi Basin. 2. H. pERFORATUM L. Common St. JoHN’S-worT. A weed in dry sandy or gravelly grassy fields, on roadsides, and in waste places, in run-out acid or neutral soils; very common, and generally distributed. July—Aug. Widely naturalized in N. A. Native of Eu. 3. H. punctatum Lam. (H. maculatum of Cayuga FI.) Chiefly in moist places along paths, fence rows, and open woods, in rich gravelly or loamy acid or neutral soils; frequent, and generally distributed. July—Aug. E. Que. to Minn., southw. to Fla., Kans., and Tex.; much less common on the Coastal Plain. TueE FLora OF THE CayuGA LAKE BASIN 301 4. H. Gentianowes (L.) BSP. Dry sterile gravelly soil; rare. Aug.—Sept. 15. Found in 1921 in considerable abundance in a field n. of South Hill Marsh (W. C. Muenscher), still persisting in 1925 and apparently established. Native: Me. to Fla. and Tex., and s. w. Ont. to Ill. and La. 5. H. mutilum L. 2 Ditches, exsiccated places, and shores, in a great variety of soils both light and heavy, sometimes in acid sands, at other times near marl bogs, or in acid sphagnum; common. July—Sept. N. S. to Man., southw. to Fla., Kans., and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. A form with cream-colored flowers occurs w. of Freeville. 6. H. majus (Gray) Britton. (H. canadense, var. major, of Cayuga FI.) Sandy or gravelly shores or marshes, in calcareous or noncalcareous soils; rare. ug. Spencer Lake; Summit Marsh (D.!); Goodwin (Taughannock) Point (D.!); rarely on the Montezuma Marshes (D.). Es (Que. to Man, southw. to L.. I nv N. J:,, Pa. Wh, Towa; and’ S..Dak.; also e.- Wash.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. [H. canadense L. 2 Reported from Summit Marsh by Dudley. A specimen in the C. U. Herb. col- lected and so labeled by Dudley is an extreme of the preceding species.] 7. H. virginicum L. (Elodea campanulata of Cayuga Fl. Elodes of authors.) PurPLeE ST. JOHN’S-WwoRT. In acid boggy soil; frequent. Aug. “In sphagnum and other marshes; frequent” (D.). Summit Marsh; Dryden Lake; Mud Pond, McLean Bogs; moor of Junius peat bogs; and elsewhere. Newf. to Man., southw. to Fla., La., and Nebr.; common on the Coastal Plain. Found also in n. e. Asia. 88. CISTACEAE (Rockrosr FAmiIty) a. Petals 5, fugacious, large and showy in the larger flowers; leaves pale-tomentose beneath, stellate-puberulent above. 1. HELIANTHEMUM a. Petals 3, withering-persistent, minute; leaves not tomentose beneath. 2. LECHEA 1. Helianthemum (Tourn.) Mill. a. Larger flowers 5-12 in a short terminal cymose raceme, each 1.5-2.5 cm. in diam., pale yellow, with capsules 3-5 mm. in diam. and the calyx crisp-puberulent, canescent ; these flowers little if at all overtopped by the later branches; capsules of the smaller flowers uniform, about 2 mm. in diam.; seeds reticulated. 1. H. Bicknellii a. Larger flowers solitary or rarely 2, 2-4 cm. in diam., bright yellow, with cap- sules 6-9 mm. in diam. and the calyx pilose; these flowers soon conspicuously overtopped by the branches and becoming lateral; capsules of the smaller flowers of two sizes, the terminal ones 3-4 mm. in diam., the lateral ones much smaller; seeds papillose. 2. H. canadense 1. H. Bicknellii Fernald. (See Rhodora 21:36. 1919. H. majus of authors. JH. canadense, in part, of Cayuga Fl.) FRostTweep. Dry sandy or gravelly banks, in acid soils; scarce. June 20-July. Valley Cemetery, s. of Ithaca (D. and in C. U. Herb.); Buttermilk Glen (D. atidianue@.) UW: Herb.) ; Coy Glen, crest of lower ravine, n. side; sandy crest of Salmon Creek ravine, e. of Five Corners. N. S. to Minn., southw. to S. C., Tex., and Colo.; common on the Coastal Plain. 302 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 2. H. canadense (L.) Michx. FRostTweEep. In situations similar to the preceding; rare. June—July. Junius, sandy wooded banks e. of Lowery Ponds and e. of Pout Pond. Me. to Wis., southw. to N. C. and Miss.; common on the Coastal Plain. 2. Lechea (Kalm) L. 1. L. intermedia Leggett. (L. thymifolia of Cayuga FI.) PINWeEEp. Dry gravelly soils; rare. July—Sept. Reported from dry soil, n. side of Salmon Creek ravine, by Dudley as L. thymi- folia, but Dudley’s specimen in the C. U. Herb. from this locality is L. intermedia Leggett. N. B. and N. S. to Wis., southw. to Pa., including the northern Coastal Plain. 89. VIOLACEAE (Viorer FAmiry) a. Flowers greenish; sepals not auricled; stamens fused, with a gland on the lower side; plants tall, leafy. 1. HyBANTHUS a. Flowers white or colored; sepals auricled; corolla more irregular; stamens distinct or slightly coherent, the lower two spurred; plants low. 2. VIOLA 1. Hybanthus Jacq. 1. H. concolor (Forst.) Spreng. (lonidium concolor of Cayuga FI.) GrEEeNn VIOLET. aes banks and thickets, in rich gravelly or rocky calcareous soils; scarce. May —June 10. Enfield Glen, near foot of talus, n. side; Six Mile Creek, e. of Sulphur Spring, formerly (D.); ravine at Crowbar Point; Salmon Creek, n. side below Ludlow- ville (D.!) and also on flats in the ravine s. of Genoa; “woods, Ledyard,’ 1827 (Herb. J. J. Thomas, D.); Paine Creek; Big Gully. N. N. Y. to Mich., southw. to N. C. and Kans. A plant of the rich limy soils of the Ohio Valley region. 2. Viola (Tourn.) L. Key to species based on petaliferous flowers a. Plants stemless; leaves and scapes all from rootstocks or runners. (2d a, p. 303.) b. Rootstocks stout, (2.5) 3-10 mm. in diam., short. c. Flowers blue, rarely white; style beaked at summit in front. d. Leaves cordate-reniform or cordate-ovate in general outline, smooth or hairy. : e. Beard, or a part of it, usually of strongly clavate hairs; sepals narrow, often ciliate-serrulate toward the apex; flowers generally with a dark eye, on peduncles much exceeding the leaves; spurred petal shorter than the lateral petals, glabrous; (leaves inconspicuously crenate, nearly or quite glabrous). 1. V. cucullata e. Beard of cylindrical or only slightly clavate hairs; sepals entire toward the apex; flowers without a dark eye, on peduncles usually equaling or shorter than the leaves; spurred petal as long as the lateral petals, glabrous or hairy. f. Leaves practically glabrous, not ciliate, undivided; spurred petal villous. g. Leaf blades of the later leaves ovate, strongly toothed; petioles and peduncles smooth. 2. V. affinis g. Leaf blades reniform, less strongly toothed; petioles and peduncles granulose along the upper part. 3. V. latiuscula THE FLoRA OF THE CayuGA LAKE BASIN 303 f. Leaves hairy or rarely glabrous, ciliate, often lobed or divided; spurred petal glabrous or hairy. g. Spurred petal villous; leaf blades deltoid-ovate, rather small; petioles slender, slightly hairy above- 4. V. septentrionalis g. Spurred petal glabrous; leaf blades more dilated, larger. h. Leaves lobed or parted, rarely unlobed, scarcely bullate; petioles slender, densely villous to the base. 5. V. palmata h. Leaves unlobed, more bullate; petioles generally villous above, less so toward the base, occasionally in shade entirely glabrous. 6. V. sororia d. Leaves ovate-oblong, truncate or subcordate at base, blunt at apex, short- petioled, hairy. 7. V. sagittata, ‘ var. ovata c. Flowers yellow; style beakless. 8. V. rotundifolia b. Rootstocks slender, rarely wanting, 2-4 mm. in diam. near the summit, 1-1.5 mm. in diam. farther back, often long and creeping. c. Style clavate, beaked at summit in- front; flowers of medium size or rather small. d. Spur one-half to two-thirds as long as the limb, subclavate; flowers light blue, scentless (?); leaves with a deep basal sinus, the lobes converging and often overlapping; blades thin, coarsely and flatly crenate-serrate, setose above, glabrous beneath. 9. V. Selkirkit d. Spur one-fourth as long as the limb or less, not clavate; flowers white, sweet-scented; leaves with the basal sinus less deep, open; blades less coarsely crenate, glabrous or hairy. e. Leaves reniform or ovate-reniform, usually pointed, generally dull; pubes- cence, if any, fine. f. Leaves entirely glabrous, generally small, usually much exceeded by the scapes ; upper petals broadly obovate, the lateral ones usually beardless. 10. V. pallens f. Leaves more or less hairy, larger, rarely exceeded by the scapes; petals and beard various. g. Blades slightly fleshy, glabrous except for a few hairs above; petioles and peduncles usually reddish, the former spreading; flowers rather large; upper petals narrow, lateral ones beardless. 11. V. blanda g. Blades thinner, more veiny; petioles and peduncles not reddish, the former rather erect; flowers smaller; upper petals broad, lateral ones bearded. h. Leaves hairy below and on the petioles. 12. V. incognita h. Leaves hairy above, glabrous below and on the petioles. 12a. V. incognita, > var. Forbesii e. Leaves orbicular-reniform, generally pointless, waxy-glossy, glabrous at least above; pubescence, if present, coarse; lateral petals beardless. 13. V. renifolia, var. Brainerdii c. Style scarcely enlarged above, hooked; flowers large, sweet-scented, blue or white; (spurs rather short; leaves obtuse, usually velvety on both surfaces). 14. V. odorata a. Plants leafy-stemmed; flowers axillary. b. Style not enlarged, or merely capitate; stipules entire or toothed. c. Style capitate, beakless, bearded near the summit; spur short; stipules nearly or quite entire. d. Petals yellow; stipules ovate, subherbaceous; leaves coarsely crenate. e. Plant very pubescent; root leaves usually wanting; cauline leaves strongly veiny ; stipules broadly ovate; capsules often woolly. - 15. V. pubescens 304 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES e. Plant sparingly pubescent; root leaves usually 1-3; cauline leaves less veiny than in the preceding species; stipules narrowly ovate. f. Ovary more or less woolly. 16. V. eriocarpa f. Ovary glabrous. l6a. V. eriocarpa, var. leiocarpa d. Petals white within, violet without; stipules lanceolate, whitish, thin and scarious; leaves finely toothed, more sharply acuminate. 17. V. canadensis c. Style not capitate, beaked or beakless, glabrous or bearded; spur longer; stipules bristly-toothed, herbaceous. d. ate! ar mm. long; lateral petals bearded; style bent at the tip, with a short eard. e. Petals white or cream-colored; leaves thin, veiny, with rounded crena- tions; stipules (1) 1.5-2.5 cm. long, toothed throughout. 18. V. striata e. Petals lavender or violet; leaves thicker, less veiny, with flattened crena- tions; stipules 0.1-1.3 cm. long, toothed mostly toward the base. 19. V. conspersa d. Spur 9-13 mm. long; lateral petals beardless; style straight and smooth; (leaves and stipules as in the preceding species, but the upper aestival leaves narrower and more pointed). 20. V. rostrata b. Style much enlarged upward into a globose hollow summit; stipules large, leaf- like, pectinate at base, the terminal lobe enlarged. 21. V. arvensis Key to species based on cleistogamous flowers and fruit a. Plant stemless; leaves and scapes all from rootstocks or runners. (2d a, p. 306.) b. Rootstocks stout, (2.5) 3-10 mm. in diam., short; runners wanting (or forming a raceme of flowers in no. 8). (2d B, p. 305.) c. Cleistogamous flowers borne singly on the rootstocks; leaves not oval and thick or waxy. d. Leaves in general outline cordate-reniform or cordate-ovate, the later ones apiculate, long-petioled, smooth or hairy. e. Cleistogamous flowers sagittate-lanceolate; capsules on erect peduncles, oblong, green, 10-15 mm. long; sepals nearly as long, narrow, often ciliolate at apex, the auricles 2-4 mm. long, lobed; (seeds small, 1.4 mm. long, black; leaves glabrous or usually so, the blade acute but scarcely apiculate, deltoid-reniform, scarcely bullate, inconspicuously crenate). 1. V. cucullata e. Cleistogamous flowers more ovoid; capsules oval or oblong-oval, usually tinged with purple; sepals generally much shorter than the capsules, oblong-lanceolate, the apex entire, the auricles 0.5-2 mm. long, entire or slightly lobed. f. Leaves glabrous, undivided, not ciliate; (petioles slender; auricles of the sepals appressed; seeds 1.6-1.8 mm. long). g. Leaf blades triangular-ovate; petioles smooth; capsules 4-7 mm. long, glabrous or pubescent, on erect peduncles; seeds buff. 2. V. affinis g. Leaf blades very broadly flat-reniform, apiculate; upper part of petioles granular-roughened; capsules 6-10 mm. long, glabrous, on prostrate peduncles; seeds dark brown. 3. V. latiuscula f. Leaves more or less hairy, rarely glabrous, undivided or deeply parted, ciliolate. g. Sepals with spreading, toothed auricles; capsules on erect peduncles; seeds dark brown,-1.7-1.8 mm. long; (capsules subglobose or oval, 8-12 mm. long; leaves deltoid-ovate, scarcely bullate, bluish green; petioles slender, slightly hairy above). 4, V. septentrionalis THE FLorA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BasIN 305 g. Sepals with appressed, subentire auricles; capsules on prostrate peduncles; seeds brown, 1.9-2.1 mm. long. h. Leaves broadly flat-reniform to ovate, lobed or parted, or more rarely unlobed and shallowly toothed, scarcely bullate, bluish green; petioles slender, densely villous to the base; capsules oval, 7-12 mm. long. i, Leaves ovate. 5. V. palmata i. Leaves subreniform, abruptly acute. 5a. V. palmata, var. dilatata h. Leaves round-reniform-cordate, unlobed, with more rounded, fuller, and less distant teeth than in no. 5, bullate, bright green; petioles tall and stout, villous above, rarely glabrous, less vil- lous or glabrate at base; capsules oblong-oval, 8-14 mm. long. 6. V. sororia d. Leaves ovate-oblong, truncate or subcordate at base, blunt at apex, short- petioled, hairy. 7. V. sagittata, var. ovata c. Cleistogamous flowers several, on short, nearly leafless runners simulating a raceme; leaves large, oval-oblong, obtuse, thick or waxy, dull, !ow-crenate, prostrate; capsules 6-8 mm. long, purple-flecked; seeds mostly white (?). 8. V. rotundifolia b. Rootstocks slender, rarely wanting, 2-4 mm. in diam. near the summit, 1—1.5 mm. in diam. farther back, often rather long and creeping; plant with or rarely without runners either above or below ground. c. Runners nearly filiform, subterranean, superficial, or rarely wanting, leafless or with reduced leaves; capsules glabrous; auricles of the sepals sub- appressed. d. Basal sinus of leaf deep, the lobes converging and often overlapping, the blade thin, coarsely and flatly crenate; (leaves sparsely setose above, glabrous below; capsule usually purple-flecked; seeds 1.2-2 mm. long, pale buff). 9. V. Selkirku d. Basal sinus of leaf open, the blade thicker, less coarsely crenate. e. Capsules ellipsoidal, green; seeds ovoid, acute at base, 1 mm. long, black; leaves glabrous, generally obtuse and rounded; (runners often bearing flowers and reduced leaves). 10. V. pallens e. Capsules ovoid, usually purplish; seeds larger; leaves with at least a few hairs, apiculate or obtuse. f. Runners filiform, flowerless; leaves dull, apiculate; pubescence fine. g. Leaf blades slightly fleshy, glabrous except for a few hairs above; petioles usually reddish, spreading; runners usually with leaves; seeds ovoid, acute at base, 1.2-1.6 mm. long, black. 11. V. blanda g. Leaf blades thinner, more veiny; petioles not reddish, more erect; runners usually nearly or quite leafless; seeds oblong, blunt at base, 1.6-1.9 mm. long, brown. ; h, Leaves hairy below and on the petioles. 12. V. incognita h. Leaves hairy above, glabrous below and on the petioles. 12a. V. incognita, var. Forbesit f. Runners short, raceme-like, flower-bearing, sometimes wanting; leaves rounded, pointless, waxy-glossy, glabrous at least above; pubescence, if present, coarse; seeds as in the last preceding species. 13. V. renifolia, var. Brainerdii c. Runners long and coarse, above ground, leafy; capsules pubescent; auricles of the sepals usually spreading; (leaves obtuse, finely crenate, usually vel- vety on both surfaces; seeds large, pale). 14. . odorata 306 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES a. Plant leafy-stemmed; petaliferous and cleistogamous flowers axillary to the cauline leaves. b. Stipules not leaf-like, either entire, toothed, or laciniate. c. Stipules entire or nearly so. d. Stipules ovate-lanceolate or oblong, scarcely scarious; upper leaves strongly veined, broadly ovate; basal leaves with the blade at insertion of the petiole flabelliform; capsule hairy or glabrous, 9-14 mm. leng or an occasional one shorter. e. Plant very pubescent; root leaves usually wanting, cauline leaves very strongly veiny; stipules broadly ovate; capsule glabrous, or sometimes woolly. 15. V. pubescens e. Plant sparingly pubescent; root leaves usually 1-3, cauline leaves less veiny than in the preceding species; stipules narrowly ovate. f. Capsule woolly. 16. V. ertocarpa f. Capsule glabrous. l6a. V. eriocarpa, var. letocarpa d. Stipules linear-lanceolate, scarious; upper leaves lightly veiny, more nar- rowly ovate and more strongly acuminate than in the preceding species; basal leaves with the blade scarcely flabelliform; capsule generally puberulent, 4-6 mm. long. 17. V. canadensis c. Stipules bristly-toothed, herbaceous; capsules glabrous. d. Leaves thin, veiny, with rounded crenations; stipules (1) 1.5-2.5 cm. long, toothed throughout; auricles of the sepals about 2 mm. long; seeds about 2 mm. long. 18. V. striata d. Leaves thicker, less veiny, with flattened crenations; stipules 0.5-1.3 cm. long or an occasional one longer, toothed mostly toward the base; auricles of the sepals about 1 mm. long; seeds 1.5-1.8 mm. long. e. Upper leaves ovate-reniform, bluntly acute or subapiculate. 19. V. conspersa e. Upper leaves narrower and more pointed. 20. V. rostrata b. Stipules large, leaf-like, pectinate at base, the terminal lobe enlarged. 21. V. arvensis 1. V. cucullata Ait. Marsa BLue VIOLET. Springy and boggy meadows and woodlands, in both acid and calcareous soils; common. May 10—June 10; cleist. June 15—-July 15. Very generally distributed throughout the basin in the situations indicated; less abundant in calcareous soils; absent on the Renwick and Cayuga Marshes (?). Newf. and Que. to Ont., southw. in the mts. to Ga.; common in granitic N. E. and on the Coastal Plain. Ordinarily not difficult to recognize, but sometimes the petioles become villous or the beard less knobbed. Such specimens may be of hybrid origin. 2. V. affinis LeConte. Moist alluvial bottom-land woods, meadows, or pastures; rare. May 15—-June 10; cleist. June 15-July 15. é Cayuga Marshes (K. M. W., A. J. E.. & L. F. Randolph) ; near Mud Pond, Conquest. ais N. E. to Wis., southw. to Ga. and Ala.; infrequent or rare on the Coastal ain. The distribution of this species in the Cayuga Lake Basin is not understood, and it is probably more common than the above statement would indicate. Specimens under the poplars at Mud Pond, McLean Bogs, resemble this species but differ in some particulars. [V. nephrophylla Greene. NorTHERN BoG VIOLET. House (Bul. N. Y. State Mus. 254, 1924) lists this species from Tompkins Co. Extended search has not revealed it to the authors. ] THe Frora oF THE CayuGa LAKE BasIN 307 3. V. latiuscula Greene. Broap-LEAVED BLUE VIOLET. Dry open woods and banks, mostly in sandy or gravelly neutral soils; infrequent. May 15-June 10; cleist. July 15-Sept. 10. Thatcher Pinnacles; Caroline Pinnacles; n. side of Six Mile Creek, near Amphi- theater; woods n. side of Fall Creek, below Varna; Renwick slope; n. e. of Han- shaw Corners; near Wyckoff Swamp; Ludlowville; Junius. W. Vt. to N. Y., southw. to Conn., n. N. J., and Pa. In summer the broad, short blades, which are unevenly ciliate, and the rather slender, rough but not hairy, usually purple-based petioles, are characteristic. The capsules are more like those of V’. palmata and not so large as in V. sororia. Hybrids with other species are frequent. Some specimens are very difficult to distinguish from ’. palmata, var. dilatata, and may be glabrate, entire-leaved forms of that variety. 4. V. septentrionalis Greene. NorrHerN BLUE VIOLET. Dry or damp roadsides, pastures, and the borders of woods, in gravelly calcareous or noncalcareous soils; frequent. May; cleist. June 15—July. P. E. I. to Ont., southw. to Conn. and n. Pa. 5. V. palmata L. (V. cucullata, var. palmata, of Cayuga Fl.) PAtLMATE VIOLET. Dry rich woodlands or scrubby and grassy banks, in sandy or gravelly, nearly neutral, soils, or in light soils mixed with some clay ; frequent. May; cleist. June 20-July. In the more neutral gravels about Ithaca, on the stony soils along Cayuga Lake, and at a few stations in the clay region, as n. e. of Hanshaw Corners and w. of Asbury, also occasionally in sandy woods on the Ontario plain. Rarely recorded from the ericaceous and chestnut soils s. of Ithaca, and not recorded from the McLean region. ae Mass. to Minn., southw. along the mts. to Fla.; infrequent on the Coastal ain Hybrids between this species and V. sororia or V. latiuscula are apparently com- mon. Thus, in a woodland just north of Esty Glen, and elsewhere, V. palmata var. dilatata and V. sororia occur, and with them numerous plants showing combinations of the characters of the two parents. In an open woodland northeast of Hanshaw Corners, V. palmata, its var. dilatata, and V. latiuscula occur. Here there are dozens of plants showing combinations of the characters of these two species. In these hybrids the glabrous character of V. latiuscula is more or less dominant, while the roughness of its petioles is almost entirely absent. Typical ’. palmata is not extremely stout, and has rather slender purple-based villous petioles, palmately lobed dull-green ciliate villous blades, and short capsules. 5a. V. palmata L., var. dilatata Ell. (Including V. triloba Schwein.?) In situations similar to the preceding; occasional. Six Mile Creek, n. side near reservoir; Fall Creek, below Varna; Hanshaw Corners; n. of Esty Glen; Glenwood Road. Range not known. The relation of this variety to V. latiuscula and V. sororia is not clear. Near most of the stations were plants of V. latiuscula and also hybrids of V. latiuscula or V. sororia with V. palmata. The leaves of both typical V. palmata and its var. dilatata are occasionally unlobed, but this condition is more frequent in var. dilatata. 6. V. sororia Willd. (V. cucullata, in part, of Cayuga Fl.) Merapow Bue VUIoLet. Damp grassy roadsides, woodlands, fields, and along brooks, in rich alluvial or loamy soils; common. May; cleist. June 25—-Sept. 10. Widely distributed throughout the basin in the proper soils; abundant on the bottom lands in the ravines, and in Renwick woods. 308 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES Mass. to Minn., southw. to N. C. and Okla.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. In this region it has beén impossible to distinguish any form answering to V. papilionacea. This may be a good species on the Coastal Plain, but certainly in central N. Y. it cannot be separated from V. sororia. This latter species hybridizes frequently with l’. palmata, and probably with other species. Normal V. sororia is coarse and tall in summer, with large, full, green, bullate leaves, rounded crena- tions, and stout green petioles which are hairy above. The capsules are larger and longer than in VY. palmata, and may be either green or purple. In the more rounded crenations of the leaves it differs from V. palmata, V. cucullata, and V. septentrionalis. 7. V. sagittata Ait., var. ovata (Nutt.) T. & G. (V. ovata of authors. V. fimbria- tula Smith.) OvATE-LEAVED BLUE VIOLET. ; eon pastures and banks, in sandy or gravelly acid soils; infrequent. May; cleist. uly—Aug. Frequent in the chestnut-vaccinium soils of the hills s. and s. e. of Ithaca; absent elsewhere, with the exception of the last station noted below: hilltops n. w. of North Spencer; hill e. of Summit Marsh (D.!); Thatcher Pinnacles (D.!); Danby, s. e. of village (D.); Caroline Pinnacles (D.!); near Key Hill; South Hill, near sur- vey station 420 (D.!); near Buttermilk Glen (D.!); Cayuga Heights, along the old street railway grade. N. S. to Wis., southw. to the mts. of Ga.; common on the northern Coastal Plain. This variety grades into the typical form of V. sagittata in such a way that no species line can be drawn between them. 8. V. rotundifolia Michx. STEMLESS YELLOW VIOLET. Damp rich woodlands and banks, in gravelly or loamy calcareous soils; frequent. Apr. 15-May 10; cleist. July—Sept. Confined mostly to the cool woods of the higher hills, coming down toward Ithaca on the shaded south ravine slopes: North Spencer; near Bald Hill, Caroline; Buttermilk Glen (D.); Lick Brook (D.); Six Mile Creek (D.!); Snyder Hill; Dart Woods (D.); Mud Creek Swamp; around Woodwardia Bog; woods, McLean Bogs; Wyckoff Swamp. Absent on the ericaceous-chestnut soils. Me. to w. Ont., southw. along the mts. to n. Ga.; rare on the Coastal Plain. 9. V. Selkirkii Pursh. GREAT-SPURRED VIOLET. Damp rich humus and on rotting logs in deep woods at the foot of slopes, especially under hemlocks, in limy regions; frequent. Apr. 15—-May 15; cleist. July— Aug. Enfield Glen, s. side below main falls (D.!) and near the lower end; ravine n. . of Buttermilk Glen (C. M. Doyle!) ; hilltop n. of Caroline; around Woodwardia Bog; McLean Bogs, various localities s. and w. of Mud Pond; around Chicago Bog; Salmon Creek ravine, s. of Genoa; and elsewhere. Greenland and N. B. to Minn., southw. to Pa. 10. V. pallens (Banks) Brainerd. (V. blanda, in part, of Cayuga Fl.) Wuure VIOLET. Springy and boggy meadows and the borders of swamps, in calcareous or non- calcareous soils; common, and generally distributed. May—June 10; cleist. June 15—July. Lab. to Alberta, southw. to S. C., Tenn., and Colo.; common in N. E. and on some parts of the Coastal Plain. 11..V. blanda Willd. (IV. blanda, in part, of Cayuga Fl.) Wouute Vio.et. Humus in rich, chiefly dry, woodlands and ravines; frequent. May; cleist. June— July. THE FLoraA OF THE CayuGA LAKE BASIN 309 Generally distributed where the humus is abundant except on the ericaceous-chest- nut soils of the basin, where it is absent. W. Que. and w. N. E. to Minn., southw. in the mts. to Ga.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 12. V. incognita Brainerd. (V. blanda, in part, of Cayuga Fl.) Wautre VIOoLet. Low or damp woodlands, especially under conifers, occasionally on ledges in ravines, in calcareous or noncalcareous, mostly gravelly, soils; frequent, and generally distributed. May; cleist. June 15-July. | } Lab. to N. Dak., southw. to the mts. of e. Tenn.; infrequent.on the Coastal Plain. 12a. V. incognita Brainerd, var. Forbesii Brainerd. (See Bul. Torr. Bot. Club 38:8. 1911.) In situations similar to the preceding; frequent, and generally distributed. Que. to Wis., southw. to Mass. and Tenn. 13. V. renifolia Gray, var. Brainerdii Fernald. (See Rhodora 14: 86. 1912.) WuHuirteE VIOLET. Humus in damp woodlands and ravines, in calcareous regions; frequent. May; cleist. June 20-Aug. 15. S. of Caroline Depot; Dry Run, Spencer; Newfield Creek, above Newfield; Bull Hill; Enfield Glen; Michigan Hollow Swamp; ravine n. of Buttermilk Glen; Coy Glen; Ringwood; Malloryville Bog; s. e. corner of Dryden; Beaver Brook; McLean Bogs; Townley Swamp; Salmon Creek, e. of Genoa; and elsewhere. Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Pa. and Mich. 14. V. oporata L. ENGLISH VIOLET. An occasional escape from gardens and lawns to roadsides and banks. Apr. 15; cleist. summer. Seneca St., near Spring St. (D.); Forest Home, bank of creek below first bridge (A. R. Bechtel) ; and elsewhere (D.). Native of Eu. 15. V. pubescens Ait. (Vl. pubescens, var. eriocarpa, mainly, of Cayuga FI.) STEMMED YELLOW VIOLET. Dry or damp woodlands, in rich gravelly, loamy, or alluvial, nonacid soils; fre- quent. May; cleist. summer. S. of Caroline Depot; Newfield; South Hill; near Coy Glen; near Malloryville Bog; Renwick slope; Glenwood Road; near Jacksonville; Mecklenburg; near Ludlowville; n. of Levanna; s. w. corner of Cato; and elsewhere. N. S. to N. Dak., southw. especially in the mts. to Va. and Mo.; rare on the Coastal Plain. The separation of V. pubescens and V. eriocarpa is difficult here as elsewhere (see Bul. Torr. Bot. Club 38: 194. 1911). None of the characters given in the keys are constant. In general, V. pubescens is stouter than V. eriocarpa and has a different appearance. Northern V. pubescens seems to have larger seeds (2.6-3 mm. long) than southern V. eriocarpa (2.2-2.5 mm. long), but at Ithaca there is no correlation between the size of seeds and other characters. To what extent the mixture of characters here is due to hybridization has not been determined. 16. V. eriocarpa Schwein. (See Bul. Torr. Bot. Club 38: 194. 1911. V. scabrius- cula, in part, of authors. V. pubescens, in part, of Cayuga Fl.) StemMmep YELLOW VIOLET. In situations similar to the preceding, but in damper and somewhat heavier soils; frequent. May; cleist. summer. 310 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES Beech Woods, Six Mile Creek; Ringwood; Mud Creek, Freeville; woods, McLean Bogs; Wyckoff Swamp; Bear Swamp; Duck Lake; and elsewhere. Conn. and s. Ont. to Minn., southw. to Md. and Okla.; apparently rare on the Coastal Plain. Flowering one to two weeks earlier than the last preceding species. It is un- fortunate that Schweinitz’s type was of the form with woolly capsules, which is less common. l6a. V. eriocarpa Schwein., var. leiocarpa Fernald & Wiegand. (See Rhodora 23: 275. 1921.. V. scabriuscula, in part, of authors. V. pubescens, in part, of Cayuga FI.) In situations similar to the preceding; common. May; cleist. summer. N. S. and Que. to Minn., southw. to N. C. and Mo. 17. V. canadensis L. CANApDA VIOLET. Dry or damp rich gravelly woodlands, in calcareous soils with much humus; frequent. May—July. Rare or absent on the ericaceous-chestnut soils of the basin, and on the clays; elsewhere general, especially in the ravines and in the McLean region. N. B. to Sask., southw. to S. C., Ala., Nebr., and in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz. and N. Mex.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 18. V. striata Ait. CREAMY VIOLET. Alluvial stream banks and low alluvial woodlands, in calcareous regions; infre- quent. May-June 15. Negundo Woods (D.); Renwick woods; Amphitheater, Six Mile Creek (D.!); McGowan Woods; Fall Creek, between Forest Home and Varna, abundant; woods of Freeville and the McLean Bogs (D.); Fir Tree Swamp, Freeville; Taughannock Gorge (D.!); Salmon Creek, above Ludlowville. N. Y. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Mo.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 19. V. conspersa Reich. (V. canina, var. sylvestris, of Cayuga Fl.) Doc Vio.et. Damp banks and the borders of low woods, in gravelly or sandy, alluvial, loamy, neutral, rather sterile soils; common. May; cleist. summer. General throughout the basin, except in the acid soils and clays. E. Que. to Minn., southw. to Ga.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. 20. V. rostrata Pursh. LoNG-sPpURRED VIOLET. Damp or rather dry banks and open woods, in gravelly, more or less calcareous, soils; frequent, or locally common. May; cleist. summer. Rare or absent on the ericaceous-chestnut soils of the basin; otherwise general in the proper situations. W. Que. to Mich., southw. in the mts. to Ga.; mostly absent from the Coastal Plain. White-flowered plants are occasional, as in lower Enfield Glen (forma Phelpsiae Fernald, Rhodora 17: 180. 1915). 21. V. arvensis Murr. FiIeELtp PANsy. A weed in old sandy or gravelly, often loamy, fields, not primarily in acid soils; rare. July—Sept. Buttermilk Glen, field on top of hill s. side of upper glen, 1916; Etna, corner state and Ringwood roads, 1922 (W. E. Manning) ; Lansing station, 1925. Newf. and Ont., southw. to N. C. Adventive from Eu. THE FLorA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 311 90. THYMELAEACEAE (Mezereum Famity) a. Calyx lobes almost wanting; stamens and style exserted; flowers pale yellow. 1. Drrca a. Calyx lobes prominent, spreading; stamens and style included; flowers purple. 2. DAPHNE 1. Dirca L. 1. D. palustris L. LratrHer-Woon. Damp or rich woods, in gravelly calcareous soils; frequent. Apr. 20—May 10. N. of Cayuta Lake (D.); s. w. of Key Hill; Enfield Glen; Lick Brook ravine; s. e. of Brookton; Ellis Hollow; Six Mile Creek (D.!); Cascadilla Creek (D.) ; Beebe Lake; Dryden-Lansing Swamp (D.); Ringwood; woods, McLean Bogs (D.!); swamps of Groton (D.); Big Gully; and elsewhere. N. B. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Fla., Tenn., and Mo.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 2. Daphne L. 1. D. MEzEREUM L. MeEzrEREUM. Dry roadsides and stream banks, in rich gravelly calcareous soils; an occasional escape from cultivation. Apr.—May 10. Inlet Valley, s. of Buttermilk Glen; Brookton, just s. e. of village; e. shore of Cayuta Lake, 1885 (F. V. Coville); Enfield Creek, above the ravine; road from Trumansburg to Taughannock, 1884 (A. L. Coville) and 1922; Ludlowville, just s. of village; hillside near Groton, 1886 (D.); Genoa; Venice. N. S. and Ont., southw. to Mass. and N. Y. Native of Eurasia. 91. ELAEAGNACEAE (Oteaster FAmizy) 1. Shepherdia Nutt. 1. S. canadensis (L.) Nutt. SHEPHERDIA. Dry exposed cliffs and rocky slopes, in calcareous soils; frequent. May. In the Cayuga Lake Basin, found only in the valley of Cayuga Lake: lower Six Mile Creek (D.!) ; Cascadilla Creek (D.); Fall Creek, below Mirror and Ithaca Falls (D.!); Taughannock Gorge, n. side of upper glen; frequent along the cliffs from Esty to Willets. Newf. to Alaska and B. C., southw. to N. S., Me., Vt., n. and w. N. Y., Mich., and in the Rocky Mts. to N. Mex. 92. LYTHRACEAE (LoosEstrire FAMILY) a. Flowers regular; petals equal; calyx not gibbous. Calyx campanulate, short; leaves often whorled; stems long, recurving; petals 4-5. 1. DEcopon b. Calyx tubular; leaves never whorled; stems not recurving; petals 5-7. 2. LyTHRUM a. Flowers irregular; petals unequal; calyx gibbous. 3. CUPHEA 1. Decodon Gmel. Leaves and stems more or less tomentose-pubescent. 1. D. verticillatus a. Leaves and stems glabrous. la. D. v., var. laevigatus 1. D. verticillatus (L.) Ell. (See Rhodora 19: 154. 1917. D. v., var. pubescens T. & G. Nesea verticillata, in part, of Cayuga Fl.) Water WiLtow. Swamp LOoosESTRIFE. In shallow water of pond shores and stream banks, in calcareous or slightly saline locations; apparently rare. Aug. 5 312 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES Floating moor of Slayton Pond (K. M. W., A. J. E., & L. F. Randolph). Me. to Fla., chiefly coastal; also, s. w. Ont. to IIl. la. D. verticillatus (L.) Ell., var. laevigatus T. & G. (See Rhodora 19: 154. 1917. Nesea verticillata, in part, of Cayuga FI.) In locations similar to the preceding; frequent. Aug. Marly shore of Mud Pond, McLean Bogs; head of Cayuga Lake (D.!) ; Sheldrake (D.); Farley Point (D.!); n. of Union Springs (D.!); Cayuga Marshes (D.!); Newton Ponds and Pout Pond. With the exception of the marly locations, the plant is most abundant on the Ontario plain and adjacent marshes in which there is a trace of salt from the underlying salt deposits. On the Coastal Plain the more prevalent typical form inhabits acid waters. Chiefly inland: N. S. to Wis., southw. to s. w. Va. and Tenn. 2. Lythrum L. a. Flowers solitary in the axils of the upper leaves; petals and stamens 5-7. 1. L. alatum a. Flowers crowded, whorled, in an interrupted spike; petals usually 6; stamens 12, rarely 8 or 10. 2. L. Salicaria 1. L. alatum Pursh. Low fields; rare. June 25—Aug. 25. Salty meadows n. e. of Montezuma village, 1919 (K. M. W., A. J. E., & L. F. Randolph). Doubtfully native. Ont. to Minn., southw. to Ga., La., and Colo.; also in s. N. E- 2. L. SaticartA L. SPprKED oR PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE. Low or wet alluvial and gravelly shores and adjacent marshes, mostly in neutral or acid soils; locally frequent. July 20-Aug. 20. Cayuga Lake shore, w. of outlet of Fall Creek (D.!); shores about Renwick; on beach, Utt Point; abundant along the Clyde River, e. of Howland Island. N. S. to Ont., southw. to N. Y., Del., and D. C. Introduced from Eu. [L. Hyssoprroita L. Found on garbage dumps, Ithaca flats, 1924 (W. C. Muenscher).] 3. Cuphea P. Br. 1. C. pETIOLATA (L.) Koehne. CLAmMMy CUPHEA. Fields; rare. Sept. Edge of field above Renwick, 1905 (J. E. Coit & R. W. Curtis); a large patch by roadside, Cayuga Heights Road s. of first iron bridge, 1917, and persisting in this region. Adventive from farther south. Native: N. H. to Kans., southw. to Ga. and La. 93. MELASTOMACEAE (Metastoma Famity) 1. Rhexia L. 1. R. virginica L. DrEerR Grass. MEaApow BEAuty. “Sandy shores, (not now known in our Flora.) Aug.” (D.). “In Dr. Thompson’s Cat. of Plants near Aurora, (See Regent’s Rep. 1841,) as R. Mariana. A specimen is in Herb. of Prof’r J. J. Thomas, without locality, but which he thinks was collected near Union Springs” (D.). Not seen in recent years. Along the coast from N. S. to Fla.; also inland from s. w. Ont. to s. e. Iowa, southw. to La. and Mo. THe FLorA OF THE CayuGA LAKE BASIN 3k3 94. ONAGRACEAE (Eveninc Primrose FAMILY). a. Parts of the flower in 4’s or more numerous. b. Hypanthium scarcely or not at all extended beyond the ovary. c. Capsule obovoid-cubical; seeds naked; sepals persistent; petals minute and reddish, or wanting. 1. LupvicIa c. Capsule linear; seeds comose; sepals deciduous; petals larger, obovate or obcordate, purple or white. 2. EPILOoBIUM b. Hypanthium conspicuously extended beyond the ovary; seeds naked. c. Fruit dehiscent; flowers yellow. 3. OENOTHERA c. Fruit indehiscent; flowers pale pink. 4. GAURA a. Parts of the flower in 2’s; flowers minute, white; fruit uncinate-hairy. 5. CIRCAEA 1. Ludvigia L. 1. L. palustris (L.) Ell. Water Pursiane. Ditches and wet shores, usually in muddy situations, in both calcareous and non- calcareous districts; common, and generally distributed. Aug.—Sept. N. S. to Man. and Oreg., southw. to Fla., La., Calif., and Mex., and on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Widely distributed in the Old World. 2. Epilobium L. a. Petals 10-20 mm. long; stigma 4-lobed. b. Stamens and style declined; petals entire; hypanthium not prolonged beyond the ovary; plant glabrous or puberulent above. 1. E. angustifolium b. Stamens and style erect; petals notched; hypanthium slightly prolonged; plant hirsute. 2. E. hirsutum a. Petals 9 mm. long or less; stigma entire. b. Stems terete, with no decurrent lines from the leaf bases; leaves linear or lanceolate, entire or nearly so, the margins revolute. c. Capsules and stems velvety with spreading pubescence. 3. E. molle c. Capsules and stems crisp- and subappressed-puberulent, canescent. 4. E. densum b. Stems with decurrent lines from the leaf bases; leaves lanceolate or ovate, usually toothed, the margins flat. c. Seeds obconic-fusiform, 1.5 mm. long, not striate, beakless; coma bright tawny to dirty white; flowers pinkish; leaves narrowed at base, closely and irregularly serrate; nearly mature fruit erect or suberect; plant, when well developed, bushy, dense. 5. E. coloratum c. Seeds obovoid, 1 mm. long, distinctly striate, short-beaked when coma is re- moved; coma white; flowers bluish pink or bluish purple; leaves more rounded at base, more remotely serrate; nearly mature fruit spreading; plant, when well developed, usually more strict and open, not bushy. d. Plant tall, puberulent above; leaves nearly or quite sessile. = 6. E. glandulosum, var. adenocaulon d. Plant low, nearly or quite glabrous; leaves flaccid, more nearly entire, more gradually narrowed to a distinct petiole. 6a. E. glandulosum, var. perplexans 1. E. angustifolium L. Frrewreep. WILLtow Hers. Dry or damp banks and open woodlands, especially in recently burned clearings, in gravelly, nearly neutral or acid, soils; common, and generally distributed. July— Aug. - Greenland to Alaska, southw. to N. C., Ind., Kans., Ariz., and Calif., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eu. and Asia. 314 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES A form with white flowers (forma albiflorum (Dum.) Haussk., see Rhodora 20:4, 1918) has been found at Freeville (D.). A form with pale pink flowers occurs along the state road east of the McLean Bogs. 2. E. wirsutuM L. Low fields on the borders of swales and swamps and in damp waste places, in gravelly, mostly saline or calcareous, soils; scarce, but locally abundant. July—Aug. Spencer Lake, rare; athletic field, C. U. campus, rare; waste ground near the salt works, s. of the lighthouse road, Ithaca; pastures along the railroad between McLean and Chicago Crossing, abundant; North Spring, Union Springs; Canoga Marshes; near salt flats, Montezuma; banks of abandoned canal n. of Cayuga vil- lage, abundant; n. of Miller Bog, Spring Lake. Of recent introduction. Apparently just appearing in the southern part of the Cayuga Lake Basin. S. Me. to Ont. and s. N. Y. Naturalized from Eu. 3. E. molle Torr. (E. strictum Muhl., nomen subnudum.) Open meadows, in boggy marly soil; frequent. July 15—-Sept. 15. Spencer Lake; swamp w. of Key Hill; Michigan Hollow Swamp (D.!); swampy place on hill s. of Buttermilk reservoir; Larch Meadow (D.!); Ellis Hollow Swamp; e. of Etna station; Mud Creek, Freeville (D.!); Malloryville (D.); near McLean Bogs (D.!); Townley Swamp; e. of Duck Lake; Junius marl ponds; and elsewhere. E. Que. to Alberta, southw. to Va., Ill., and Minn.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 4. E. densum Raf. (E. lineare of LeConte and of Muhl., both nomina nuda. E. palustre, var. lineare, of Cayuga FI.) In situations similar to the preceding, but apparently less closely confined to calcareous soils; frequent. Aug.—Sept. Swamp w. of Key Hill; Michigan Hollow Swamp; hill s. of Buttermilk Glen; Larch Meadow; Fleming Meadow; McLean Bogs; Beaver Brook; Junius marl ponds; e. of Duck Lake. E. Que. to Alberta, southw. to Del., W. Va., Kans., and Colo.; frequent on the northern Coastal Plain. : 5. E. coloratum Muhl. (E. coloratum, in part, of Cayuga Fl.) Wuittow Hers. Ditches and the borders of marshes or swamps, and on wet cliffs, in light or heavy soils, either calcareous or noncalcareous; common, and generally distributed. July—Sept. N. S. to Wis., southw. to S. C., Tenn., Kans., and Nebr.; common on the Coastal Plain. 6. E. glandulosum Lehm., var. adenocaulon (Haussk.) Fernald. (See Rhodora 20: 34. 1918. E. adenocaulon of authors.) Wittow Heres. In situations similar to the preceding, apparently with as little reference to the type of soil; somewhat less common than E. coloratum. July—Sept. Summit Marsh and vicinity; near Enfield Glen; city dump, Ithaca; scattered stations along Cascadilla Glen; Ellis Hollow; Fall Creek, near Triphammer Falls, near Varna, and near Warren’s woodlot e. of Forest Home; Woodwardia Bog; Dryden Lake; McLean Bogs; Beaver Brook; moor of Chicago Bog; lake shore near McKinneys; Glenwood Road; Union Springs; Junius peat bogs; Slayton Pond; and elsewhere. Newf. to B. C., southw. to Del., W. Va., the Great Lakes, Nebr., Colo., and Calif.; infrequent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. THE FLora oF THE CAyuGA LAKE BASIN 315 6a. E. glandulosum Lehm., var. perplexans (Trel.) Fernald. (See Rhodora 20: 34. 1918.) Sunny, moist, more or less calcareous, ledges on cliffs; rare. July. Fall Creek, 1870 (in C. U. Herb., collector unknown) ; n. side of Taughannock Gorge, head of path to top of cliff, 1907 (Anna Allen in C. U. Herb.!); lake shore cliffs n. of McKinneys. iE @ue, to. B! C., southw.-to N. E:, N: Y. Wis, N- Mex:, and Calif.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 3. Oenothera L. a. Plants tall, 10-20 dm. high, stout; capsules linear-lanceolate or cylindrical; seeds in two rows in each cell; flowers imperfectly nocturnal. b. Leaves somewhat fleshy, glabrous or finely strigose; tips of the sepals usually not quite terminal, therefore separated in the bud; body of seed 1.7-2.2 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. in diam. c. Plants, including the young growth, nearly glabrous. 1. O. parviflora, var. angustissima c. Plants more strigose, the young growth and capsules eee eae hairy. an On ps Ware b. Leaves thinner, velvety-pubescent; tips of the sepals usually terminal, there- fore in contact in the bud; body of seed (1.2) 1.4-1.8 mm. long, 0.8 mm. in diam., the integument less firm. c. Stems sparingly crisp-pubescent and with some hirsute hairs, cr glabrate, usually reddish, scarcely angled; capsules and young growth glabrous to sparingly glandular-velvety and hispid. d. Bracts falling early; the full-grown but unripe capsules 23-25 mm. long, glabrous or very sparingly glandular-velvety, tapering and almost beaked at the small but dilated, 4-lobed apex, these lobes cous leaves lanceo- late; stems commonly red, . O. biennis, var. nutans » d. Bracts persistent; capsules 25-33 mm. long, velvety-glandular and more or less hirsute, the less beaked apex scarcely dilated, 4-lobed, the lobes retuse; leaves narrowly lanceolate; stems green or reddish. 2a. O. biennis, var. pycnocarpa c. Stems more densely crisp-pubescent, often with scattered longer hairs, green, rarely tinged with purple, angled; leaves very velvety; capsules and young growth densely crisp-pubescent and subappressed-hirsute, practically non- glandular; the full-grown but unripe capsules 27-30 mm. long. 2b@Os De vate a. Plants low, 1-6 dm. high, slender; capsules clavate, ribbed; seeds not in distinct rows, clustered; flowers open in sunshine. b. Capsules obscurely glandular-puberulent; leaves glabrous; stems puberulent; petals 5-10 mm. long. 3. O. perennis b. Capsules hirsute; leaves and stems hirsute; petals 15-25 mm. long. 4. O. pratensis 1. O. parviflora L., var. angustissima (Gates) Wiegand. (See Rhodora 15: 46, 1913, and 26:3, 1924. O. angustissima Gates.) EVENING PRIMROSE. Sandy and gravelly shores, in calcareous soils; frequent. July—Sept. Confined to the lake valley and the shores of Cayuga Lake, and extending from Ithaca to Cayuga on both sides of the lake. N. Y., probably to W. Va., and perhaps farther westw. The name O. parviflora L. is here adopted for the species complex of which this plant is a part, rather than the later name O. muricata L. Presumably Linnaeus had 316 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES different strains of the same species in hand when he proposed these two names. Other strains of the species besides the two found inthis flora occur on the Atlantic Coast and in western U. S la. O. parviflora L., var. Stony and sandy shores; local. Shore, Lake Ridge; talus at foot of cliffs n. of King Ferry; shore at Long Point. The same form, apparently, occurs on the sandy shores of Lake Ontario. 2. O. biennis L., var. nutans (Atkins. & Bart.) Wiegand. (See Rhodora 15: 83, 1913, and 26: 3, 1924. O. nutans Atkins. & Bart.) EveENrnG PRIMROSE Damp sandy or gravelly fields and stream banks, in rich or calcareous locations ; frequent. July—Aug Widely diseabuted't ine. N. A. The present treatment of O. biennis L. and its allies has been worked out after the collection of a large amount of local material and a study of the group at the Gray Herbarium. It has not been possible to correlate all the related species recently proposed by various writers, and the treatment here given is not considered final but simply as the best method of dealing with the local forms for the present. A country-wide consideration of the group seems to show two good “ taxonomic” species, O. parviflora and QO. biennis, separated by fairly constant characters of pubescence and seed, but the strains within each of these species intergrade extensively. 2a. O. biennis L., var. pycnocarpa (Atkins. & Bart.) Wiegand. (See Rhodora 15: 83, 1913, and 26: 3, 1924. O. pycnocarpa Atkins. & Bart.) ; Dry fields and roadsides, in gravel and clay; common. July—Aug., and often again in Sept. N. E. to Minn., and southw. 2b. O. biennis L., var. Dry fields and roadsides, in sandy or gravelly, often more acid, soils; frequent July—Aug., and again in Sept. Near the Agricultural College greenhouses; Recknagel lot, Upland Road, Cayuga Heights; n. of Townley Swamp; gravelly lake shores, Lake Ridge, King Ferry, and Long Point; n. of Cayuta Lake; sandy field, Phillips farm, West Junius. Widely distributed in e. N. A 3. O. perennis L. (See Rhodora 25:47. 1923. Bul. Torr. Bot. Club’ 46:372. 1919. O. pumila L. and of Cayuga Fl.) Suwnprops. Damp sandy or gravelly fields and roadsides, in sterile, mostly neutral, soils; abundant. June 20-July. Common in nearly all the towns s. and e. of Ithaca, and back from the shores of Cayuga Lake. Newf. and Man., southw. to Ga. and Wis.; less common or rare on the Coastal Plain. 4. O. prATENSIS (Small) Robinson. Pa i Brackish meadows; rare. June 20-Ju N. e. of Montezuma village, 1919 4K. M. W., A. J. E., & L. F. Randolph), abundant. S. Me. to Conn., also cent. N. Y. to Iowa, southw. to Ark. This species is probably adventive here, as a plant so showy would scarcely have been overlooked by Dudley. THE FLoraA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 317 4. Gaura L. 1. G. biennis L. Damp banks or .shores, in sandy or gravelly, more or less calcareous, soils; occasional. July 20-Oct. Swale along road between Buttermilk Creek and Enfield Creek; near the Old Armory, C. U. campus, formerly (D.); Six Mile Creek (D.!); Renwick; Taughan- nock Point; s. of Utt Point; Union Springs; “not rare on the sandy points all along Cayuga L.” (D.). oe Que. and Conn. to Minn., southw. to Ga., Nebr., and Ark.; rare on the Coastal ain. 5. Circaea (Tourn.) L. a. Leaves firm, shallowly undulate-dentate; sepals 1.8-2.6 mm. wide; disk cup-like, prolonged about 0.5 mm. above the perianth; anthers 0.7-1 mm. long; fruit with 3-5 corrugations on each face, 3.5-5 mm. thick (including the hairs). 1. C. latifolia a. Leaves thin, flaccid, coarsely sharp-dentate, more cordate; sepals 0.8-1.7 mm. wide; disk inconspicuous; anthers 0.2-0.8 mm. long; fruit more clavate, not corrugated, 1-3 mm. thick. b. Rhizome slender, scarcely tuberous-thickened; sepals 1.2-1.7 mm. wide; petals 2.3-3.5 mm. long; anthers 0.5-0.8 mm. long; fruit 2-celled, 1.5-3 mm. thick; hairs long. 2. C. canadensis b. Rhizomes tuberous-thickened; sepals 0.8-1.2 mm. wide; petals 1.2-2.5 (3) mm. long; anthers 0.2-0.3 mm. long; fruit 1-celled, 1-1.5 mm. thick; hairs very short. 3. C. alpina 1. C. latifolia Hill. (See Rhodora 17: 222, 1915, and 19:87, 1917. C. lutetiana of authors and of Cayuga Fl.) ENcCHANTER’s NIGHTSHADE. Rich moist or rather dry gravelly woodlands and banks, chiefly in neutral soils; not uncommon. July—Aug. On the gravelly banks in or near most of the ravines of the basin, Renwick woods, and especially the woods of the McLean district; rare or absent on the ericaceous- chestnut soils and on the clays. N. B., N. S., and Me., to Minn., southw. to N. C., Tenn., and Okla., but much less common, or rare, on the Coastal Plain. Found also in e. Asia. Fernald (Rhodora 19:85, 1917) gives other differences between these three species of Circaea. Ze: ear erosis Hill. (See Rhodora 19:87. 1917. C. intermedia of Gray’s Man., ed. 7.) Damp rich alluvial bottom-land woods, in gravelly, more or less calcareous, soils; rare. July—Sept. Below Lucifer Falls (A. J. E. and E. Dean); below the falls, Taughannock Gorge; Salmon Creek, below Genoa. E. Que. and N. S., to w. Mass. and N. Y. Found also in Eu. 3. C. alpina L. Damp ground and rotting logs in cool woodlands, mostly over gravelly calcareous soils; frequent. June 20-Aug. Caroline hills; Coy Glen; Six Mile Creek; n. e. of Hanshaw Corners; Mud Creek, Freeville; McLean Bogs; Beaver Brook; Shurger Glen; e. of Clyde; and elsewhere. S. Lab. to James Bay and Alaska, southw. to s. N. E., Ga., the Great Lakes, and S. Dak.; rare on the Atlantic Coastal Plein. Found also in Eurasia. 318 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 95. HALORAGIDACEAE (Water Mirrom Famiry) a. Leaves whorled. b. Leaves pinnately dissected; stamens 4-8; fruit 4-celled, 4-lobed. 1. MyriopHYLLUM b. Leaves entire, linear; stamen 1; fruit 1-celled. 2. Hippuris a. Leaves alternate; stamens 3; fruit 3-celled, 3-angled. 3. PROSERPINACA 1. Myriophyllum (Vaill.) L. a. Bracts entire or denticulate. b. Bracts oval, not longer than the fruit; stamens 8; fruiting carpels 2-3 mm. long, smooth; stigmas obscure; rhachis of leaf about the width of the divisions. 1. M. exalbescens b. Bracts oblanceolate, much longer than the fruit; stamens 4; fruiting carpels 1-1.5 mm. long, papillose, 2-ridged on the back; stigmas prominent; rhachis ot leaf slightly broader than the divisions. 2. M. heterophyllum a. Bracts pinnatifid or pectinate; stamens 8; fruiting carpels 2.5-3 mm. long, smooth; stigmas prominent, recurved; rhachis of leaf slightly broader than the divisions. 3. M. verticillatum, var. pectinatum 1. M. exalbescens Fernald. (See Rhodora 21:120. 1919. M. spicatwm of authors and of Cayuga Fl.) Water Mitror. Waters of the larger lakes and their adjacent marshes; frequent. July—Aug. “Common in the Inlet of Cayuga L., the mouth of Fall Cr., and throughout the lake and outlet in shallow water, to Montezuma” (D.!); head of Cayuga Lake; pool on Taughannock Point; Cayuga Marshes. Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Conn., N. Y., the Great Lakes, Kans., N. Mex., Ariz., and Calif. Found also in Eurasia. A northern species. Perhaps influenced in its local distribution by the slightly brackish character of the Cayuga Lake waters. 2. M. heterophyllum Michx. In calcareous and slightly brackish waters; rare. Aug.—Oct. “Outlet of North Spring at Union Springs” (D., a specimen in C. U. Herb.) ; not seen by the authors. N. J. to Fla., near the coast; also from cent. N. Y. and Ont. to Minn., southw. to Mo. and Tex. 3. M. verticillatum L., var. pectinatum Wallr. (MV. verticillatum of Cayuga FI.) Waters of the larger lakes and their adjoining marshes; rare. Aug. “Bayou near mouth of Fall Cr. (Trelease, 1878)!” (D.); s. end of Cayuga Lake (D.); Montezuma Marshes, in the pits near the marl works (D.); Cayuga Bridge, 1874 (D.); “occasional in the lake-outlet” (D.). Not seen in recent years. Dudley specimens from the Fall Creek, s. end of Cayuga Lake, and Montezuma sta- tions are in the C. U. Herb., and a Dudley specimen from the Fall Creek station is in the Gray Herb. Newf. and Ont. to Wash., southw. to Md., Ill., and Utah; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 2. Hippuris L. 1. H. vulgaris L. Marr’s-Tatt. ““Cayuga, Dr. Jed. Smith, (Sartwell in H. and C.) Not uncommon about the outlet of North Pond at Union Springs 40 or 50 years since. (Prof’r J. J. Thomas.)” (D.) ; not seen by Dudley or by the authors. Lab. to Alaska, southw. to N. S., Me., Vt., N. Y., Ind., Ill, Nebr., N. Mex., and Calif., especially in calcareous and saline situations. Found also in Eurasia and S. A. THE FLoraA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 319 3. Proserpinaca L. 1. P. palustris L. Mrrmaip WEED. Shallow water of marshes, possibly influenced by saline conditions; scarce. July— Sept. Summit Marsh (D.); near Renwick (D.!); Cayuga Marshes (D.); marsh about Crusoe Lake. N. B. and N. S. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; frequent along the coast. 96. ARALIACEAE (Ginsenc FAmtty) a. Plant not climbing; leaves compound, not evergreen. b. Leaves alternate, ‘decompound ; carpels 5; fruit black; inflorescence compound. 1. ARALIA b. Leaves verticillate, 1-compound; carpels 2-3; fruit red or yellow; inflorescence simple. 2. PANAX a. Plant climbing; leaves palmately lobed, evergreen. 3. HEDERA 1. Aralia (Tourn.) L. a. Umbels in a narrow panicle, on a zigzag leafy stem; leaves very large, decompound. 1. A. racemosa a. Umbels arranged subcorymbosely; stem strict, leafy, often prickly at base; leaves smaller, 2-pinnate. 2. A. hispida a. Umbels arranged subumbellately, on a naked scape; leaves basal, ternate and pinnate, medium or large. 3. A. nudicaulis 1. A. racemosa L. SprKENARD. Rich woodlands and especially ravine banks, in neutral or slightly calcareous gravels or shales; frequent. July 20—-Aug. Enfield Glen; Coy Glen; Six Mile Creek; Cascadilla Creek; Fall Creek, at Beebe Lake and near the iron footbridge; Mclean Bogs; and elsewhere. N. B. and N. S. to Minn., southw. to Ga., Mo., and S. Dak.; occasional on the Coastal Plain. 2. A. hispida Vent. Bristty SARSAPARILLA. Dry open banks and hilltops, in neutral or acid gravelly soils; infrequent. June 20-July 20. N. of Summit Marsh (D.); Six Mile Creek, s. of Green Tree Falls (D.); West Dryden (D.); s. of Woodwardia Bog (D.); near Malloryville Bog (D.!); around McLean Bogs; along railroad e. of Chicago Crossing; Junius; Montezuma Marshes (S. H. Wright, D.); sandy woods n. e. of Duck Lake; e. of Featherbed Bog; s. of Pout Pond peat bog. Newf. to Hudson Bay, southw. to N. C., W. Va., Ind., Mich., and Minn.; frequent on the Coastal Plain. 3. A. nudicaulis L. Wutp SARSAPARILLA. Common in dry woodlands and on banks, in gravelly subcalcareous, ee or acid, soils; less frequent on the more acid gravels of the higher hills. May. Newt. to Man., southw. to Ga., Mo., Colo., and Idaho; frequent on the Coastal Plain. 2. Panax L. a. Plant 2-4 dm. high; leaflets stalked, acuminate, the larger ones 8-15 cm. long; fruit red; fleshy root fusiform or conical. 1. P. quinquefolium a, Plant 0.5-2 dm. high; leaflets sessile, obtuse or acute, the larger ones 3-6 cm. long; fruit yellowish; fleshy root globular. 2. P. trifolium 320 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 1. P. quinquefolium L. (Aralia quinquefolia of Cayuga Fl.) GINsENG. w Damp woodlands, in rich humus on subcalcareous gravelly soils; formerly frequent, now occasional. June 20-July. “Rich woods in Danby, Caroline and Newfield” (D.); wooded island in Summit Marsh; Michigan Hollow; Enfield Glen; Six Mile Creek (D.!); hill w. of West Danby : Fall Creek, below Primrose Cliffs (D.); Freeville (D.); McLean (D.) ; “ravines of the lake-shore” (D.); Ludlowville; Paine Creek glen; e. of Mud Pond, Conquest; s. w. of Westbury. Que. and Ont. to Minn., southw. to Pa., the Great Lakes, e. Iowa, Mo., and in the mts. to Ga.; absent or rare on the Coastal Plain. Roots extensively collected as a commercial product. 2. P. trifolium L. (Aralia trifolia of Cayuga Fl.) Dwarr GINSENG oR GROUNDNUT. Rich gravelly woodlands and thickets, in subcalcareous or slightly acid regions; frequent. May. S. w. of Key Hill; near Michigan Hollow Swamp; Six Mile Creek; Ellis Hollow; woods n. of Ithaca; Malloryville Bog; Beaver Brook; and elsewhere. N. S. to Minn., southw. to Del., Md., Ill., Iowa, and along the mts. to Ga.; occasional on the Coastal Plain. 3. Hedera (Tourn.) L. l. A Aeiix Le ENGiise Ivy. Damp rocks near brooks; scarce. Six Mile Creek, on n. side above Van Natta Dam (W. C. Muacnsever) and on s. side below Beech Woods. Escaped from cultivation. Native of Eu. 97. UMBELLIFERAE (Parstey FAMmILy) a. Involucral bracts (not involucels) entire or serrate or wanting; fruit with the five primary ribs the most prominent, hence with three dorsal ribs on each carpel. b. Fruit with obscure ribs, covered with hooked prickles; flowers monoecious, greenish white; leaves palmately parted or divided. 1. SANICULA b. Fruit with obscure or prominent ribs, not prickly; flowers perfect; leaves various. >. Body of fruit laterally flattened; ribs not winged. ra Umbels and leaves simple, ‘the umbels axillary; flowers eee white. . HypRocoTyLe d. Umbels and leaves compound, the umbels terminal. e. Flowers white. f. Leaves ternately decompound, only the ultimate divisions of the leaf subpinnate. g. Seed face strongly concave in cross section. h. Fruit linear-oblong. 1. Fruit glabrous; ee low, spreading; leaflets much cut. 3. CHAEROPHYLLUM 1. Fruit bristly; plants “upright, moderately tall; leaflets coarsely serrate or sparingly cleft. 4. OSMORHIZA h. Fruit ovate; plants tall; leaflets much cut. 5. ConruM g. Seed face flat; plants tall; leaflets lanceolate, serrate. 6. CICUTA f. Leaves pinnate (see also 3d f). g. Leaflets much dissected into very narrow divisions. 7. CARUM g. Leaflets lanceolate, serrate. 8. StuMm THe FLorA OF THE CAyuGA LAKE BASIN 321 f. Leaves 3-foliolate. 9, CRYPTOTAENIA e. Flowers yellow. f. Leaflets serrate. 10. Z1z1a f. Leaflets entire. 11. TAENIDIA c. Body of fruit subglobose, not flattened; ribs not winged; flowers white or roseate; cauline leaves finely dissected (see also 3d c). [ CORIANDRUM | c. Body of fruit strongly dorsally flattened; lateral ribs winged. d. Flowers yellow; stylopodium depressed. c. Leaflets coarse. f. Leaves 1-pinnate; stem strongly furrowed; involucre none. 12. PASTINACA f. Leaves 2-pinnate; stem not furrowed; involucre conspicuous. 13. LEvISTICUM c. Leaflets finely dissected. [ANETHUM | d. Flowers white; stylopodium often more conical. e. Lateral wings of the fruit coherent, appearing as one; oil tubes solitary in the intervals. f. Petals of the outer flowers irregularly enlarged, obcordate; leaves tomentose, the upper ones simple. 14. HERACLEUM f. Petals not enlarged; leaves not tomentose, all compound. 15. IMPERATORIA c. Lateral wings separate, appearing as two; oil tubes more than one. f. Leaflets incised-cleft, rather finely divided; stylopodium short-conical. 16. CONIOSELINUM f. Leaflets coarse, simply or doubly serrate; stylopodium depressed. 17. ANGELICA a. Involucral bracts cleft or pinnatifid; fruit with the two dorsal secondary ribs and the two lateral primary ribs the most prominent, hence with two dorsal ribs on each carpel, these ribs ciliate with barbed prickles; umbels usually concave in fruit; petals white, the outer ones often enlarged. 18. Daucus 1. Sanicula (Tourn.) L. a. Styles much exceeding the bristles of the fruit, recurved. b. Sepals of the staminate flowers lanceolate, 1.5-2 mm. long; fruit 6-7 mm. long; plant coarse; flowers whitish green. 1. S. marilandica b. Sepals of the staminate flowers triangular-ovate, 0.7-0.9 mm. long; fruit 3-4 (5) mm. long; plant less coarse; flowers yellowish green. 2. S. gregaria a. Styles shorter than the bristles. b. Staminate flowers short-pedicelled; fruit subglobose, 3-4 (5) mm. long; calyx depressed; leaf segments 3-5, rather narrow. 3. S. canadensis b. Staminate flowers on long slender pedicels; fruit ovoid, 5-8 mm. long, tipped with a conspicuous calyx; leaf segments commonly 3, broader. 4. S. trifoliata 1. S. marilandica L. SANiIcte. Damp or rather dry rich borders of woods and thickets, in gravelly neutral or acid soils; frequent. Fr. July 15—-Aug. Enfield Glen; Six Mile Creek; Cascadilla woods; Fall Creek; McLean; and elsewhere. Newf. to Alberta, sonthw. to Ga. and Colo.; frequent on the Coastal Plain. 2. S. gregaria Bickn. Gravelly woodlands and thickets, in richer, more moist, and less acid soils than the preceding; frequent. Fr. July 20-Aug. iT 322 Kart M. WrrcANp AND ArTHUR J. EAMES Newfield Glen; Enfield Glen; bottom lands, Six Mile Creek; Cascadilla woods; McGowan Woods; bottom-land woods, Taughannock Gorge. Bie B. and N. S. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Ark.; rare or absent on the Coastal ain. Often found in large colonies, in this respect apparently unlike other species of Sanicula. 3. S. canadensis L. Woodlands and thickets, in sandy or gravelly, more or less acid, soils; infrequent. Fr, July 20-Aug. Enfield Glen; Six Mile Creek; bottom lands, Taughannock Gorge; small ravine e. side of Salmon Creek, opposite Lansingville; Paine Creek; Big Gully; n of Waterloo; sandy woods, e. shore of Vandemark Pond. N. H. to Minn. and S. Dak., southw. to Fla., Nebr., and Tex.; frequent on the Coastal Plain. 4. S. trifoliata Bickn. Woodlands, in rich loamy soils; infrequent. Fr. July 20-Aug. Newfield Glen; Enfield Glen; Six Mile Creek; Freeville, e. of George Junior Republic; bottom lands, Taughannock Gorge; Paine Creek; e. part of Savannah Township. Cent. Me., and from w. N. E. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to W. Va. and Ind.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 2. Hydrocotyle (Tourn.) L. a. Leaves cordate; umbels sessile, axillary. 1. H, americana a. Leaves peltate; umbels long-peduncled. [H. umbellata| 1. H. americana L. Water PENNYwort. _ Springy grassy half-shaded places on the lighter soils and on wet ledges, showing little relation to lime; common. Fr. July 15—Aug. N. S. to Minn., southw. to N. J., Pa., and in the mts. to N. C., including the northern part of the Coastal Plain. [H. umMBELLATA L. Collected in 1901 in Eddy Pond, Cascadilla Glen, but since exterminated by ex- tensive grading. Said to have been introduced there by early botanists. | 3. Chaerophyllum (Tourn.) L. 1. C. procumbens (L.) Crantz. Wu_p CHERVIL. Thickets on rich bottom-land soils; rare. Fr. May 15—June 15. Buttermilk Glen (Dr. Jordan in C. U. Herb.) ; Negundo Woods, 1874 (D.); by creek and by railroad near Esty’s Tannery, that is, between railroad and Hum- boldt St. near Ithaca (D.); not seen in recent years. N. Y. to Mich., southw. to N. C., Iowa, Ark., and Miss., invading the western border of the Coastal Plain in N. J. A plant of the rich soils of the Ohio and Mississippi Basins. ; 4. Osmorhiza Raf. a. Stylopodium and style 0.7-1 mm. long; stems and leaves more or less villous or hirsute. 1. O. Claytont a. Stylopodium and style 24 mm. long; leaves somewhat less coarsely and _ir- regularly toothed. b. Stems glabrous or nearly so; leaves nearly glabrous. O. longistylis b. Stems hairy; leaves hairy. oe O. longistylis, var. brachycoma THE FLorA OF THE CayuGA LAKE BASIN 323 1. O. Claytoni (Michx.) Clarke. (O. brevistylis of Cayuga Fl.) Hatry Sweet (CICELY. Woods and ravines, in gravelly or shaly, neutral or calcareous, soils; common. Fr. June 20—July. E. Que. and N. S. to S. Dak., southw. to N. C., Ala., Mo., and Kans.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. A plant of the rich soils of the interior. The stems vary from villous to almost glabrous. 2. O. longistylis (Torr.) DC. Lonc-styLep Sweet CICELY. In situations similar to the preceding, but in deeper, often more alluvial, soils, sometimes in sandy loam; frequent. Fr. June 20-July. Ball Hill, Danby; Inlet Valley, s. of Enfield Creek (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; Butter- milk Falls; Negundo Woods (D.); roadside s. of Brookton; Cascadilla Glen, along Goldwin Smith Walk and on Violet Island; Forest Home Path; Renwick slope; lake shore, two miles n. of Renwick (in C. U. Herb.) ; and elsewhere. E. Que. to Sask., southw. to Ala., Ill., Iowa, N. Dak., and Colo.; occurring sparingly on the Coastal Plain. A plant primarily of the rich lands of the interior. 2a. O. longistylis (Torr.) DC., var. brachycoma Blake. (See Rhodora 25: 110. 1923.) In situations similar to the preceding; rare. Little Salmon Creek valley, Genoa; w. of Canoga Marshes; thicket on lake shore s. of Union Springs. W. Conn. and Pa. to Ill. and Kans. The var. villicaulis Fernald, with cauline hairs 1-2 mm. long instead of 0.3-0.8 mm. long, has not been found in the Cayuga Lake Basin. 5. Conium L. 1. C. MacuLatum L. Poison HEMLOocK. A weed in damp waste places and by roadsides, in rich gravelly or loamy, more or less calcareous, soils; frequent. Fr. July-Aug. _ : Spencer St., toward Buttermilk Glen; Six Mile Creek, near Ferris Place bridge; roadside near Renwick; farmyards, Salmon Creek valley; and elsewhere. Que. to Ont. and Mich., southw. to Del., Pa., and Ind., also in Calif., Mex., and S. A. Naturalized from Eu. Very poisonous if eaten. 6. Cicuta L. a. Leaflets lanceolate; fruit 3-3.5 mm. long. 1. C. maculata a. Leaflets narrowly linear; fruit 15-2 mm. long; upper leaf-axils bulblet-bearing in autumn. 2. C. bulbifera 1, C. maculata L. Water HemMiock. MusguaAsH Root. BEAVER Porson. Swamps, marshes, and ditches, in mucky or alluvial soil, less commonly in cal- careous regions; common, and generally distributed. Fr. July 20-Sept. _ N. B. to Man., southw. to Fla. and N. Mex.; common on the Coastal Plain. Poisonous if eaten. 2. C. bulbifera L. In situations similar to the preceding, usually in shallow water; frequent, and generally distributed. Fr. Sept.—Oct. ; Newf. to B. C., southw. to Md., Ind., Nebr., and Oreg.; frequent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 324 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES foCariuime le. 1. ©. Carvi L. Caraway. A weed by roadsides, in gravelly neutral or calcareous soils; frequent. Fr. July 15-Sept. . Rare near Ithaca and on the shore of Cayuga Lake, elsewhere frequent: Dry Run, Spencer and near North Spencer; s. w. corner of Enfield; w. of Caroline Pinnacles; South Hill, s. of the marsh and s. of the “ Incline”; Brookton; Casca- dilla Creek; Renwick woods; near McGowan Woods; Forest Home; near Ring- wood; McLean; around schoolhouse n. of Esty; and elsewhere. A northern plant, more common on the higher hills. Newf. to S. Dak., southw. to Pa. and Colo.; abundant as a weed northw. Naturalized from Eu. The form with rose-colored flowers (forma rhodochranthum A. H. Moore, see Rhodora 11: 178, 1909) “near road from Danby to West Danby” (D.). 8. Sium (Tourn.) L. 1. S. suave Walt. (See Rhodora 17: 131. 1915. S. cicutaefolivm of authors and of Cayuga FI.). WATER PARSNIP. In the shallow water of swamps, marshes, and ditches, in mucky or alluvial soils; frequent. Fr. Sept.—Oct. ; Inlet Marshes; Malloryville Bog; Cayuga Marshes; Montezuma; and elsewhere. Newf. to B. C., southw. to Fla., La., and Calif.; frequent along the coast. A very peculiar plant, with flowers, fruit, and involucels of this species, but with oblong-lanceolate, irregularly, coarsely, and less sharply toothed leaflets, the terminal ones sometimes lobed, was found by Dudley in ditches near the fair grounds (Cayuga Flora, no. 353). A specimen of this is in the herbarium of Cornell University and another is in the Gray Herbarium. The form has not been seen since, and neither have other specimens of a similar nature been seen in other herbaria. 9. Cryptotaenia DC. 1. C. canadensis (L.) DC. Honeworr. Damp woods, shady roadsides, and yards, in gravelly nonacid soils; common. Fr. July 20-Sept. N. B. to S. Dak., southw. to Ga., Mo., and Tex.; occasional but rare on the Coastal Plain. Cryptotaenia is in the list of nomina conservanda of the International Code. 10. Zizia Koch a. Basal and cauline leaves 2—3-ternate; leaflets very acute; fruit oval, 4 mm. long. 1. Z. aurea a. Basal leaves suborbicular, cordate, unlobed, cauline leaves with 3-5 rather bluntish leaflets; fruit ovate, 3 mm. long. 2. Z. cordata 1. Z. aurea (L.) Koch. (Thaspium aureum, var. apterum, of Cayuga Fl.) Merapow PARSNIP. GOLDEN ALEXANDERS. Rich damp fields and roadsides, mostly in alluvial nonacid soils; frequent. Fr. July—Aug. Near Spencer Lake; below Newfield village; Negundo Woods (D.); Six Mile Creek (D.!) ; Renwick woods; n. end of Parkway, Cayuga Heights, abundant; Fall Creek, above and below Forest Heme; Ellis Hollow; e. of Etna (D.); Mud Creek, Freeville; e. of Levanna (D.); Venice (D.); especially frequent in the McLean region, E. Que. to Sask., southw. to Fla., Ark., and Tex.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. THE FLora OF THE CAayuGA LAKE BASIN 325 A Dudley specimen in the C. U. Herbarium, labeled “ Thaspuum aureum Nutt.,” is Zizia aurea, Since this specimen is from the only station given by Dudley for Thaspium aureum, the inclusion of the latter species in the Cayuga Flora was undoubtedly an error. 2. Z. cordata (Walt.) DC. (Thaspium trifolhiatum, var. apterwm, of Cayuga FI.) HEART-LEAVED ALEXANDERS. Dry upland slopes, open woods, and thickets, in gravelly and stony, rather heavy, acid or neutral soils; locally common. Fr. July 20-—Aug. Enfield Glen; mouth of Coy Glen; s. of Buttermilk Glen, common; Six Mile Creek; Fall Creek; Renwick slope; and elsewhere; most abundant about the crests of the ravines and lake-shore cliffs. Not found in the McLean region. Resi (2) and Conns to -Alberta, southw. to’ Ga.; "Mo, Golo; and @res:; “rare on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 11. Taenidia Drude 1. T. integerrima (L.) Drude. (Pimpinella integerrima of Cayuga FI.) Dry banks of ravines and in open woods, in gravel or sand mixed with clay; frequent. Fr. July—Aug. Below Newfield village; Coy Glen; Six Mile Creek; Cascadilla Creek; Fall Creek; Cayuga Heights; McKinneys; Paine Creek; and elsewhere. Not found on the hills s. of Ithaca or in the McLean region. W. Que. and w. N. E. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Miss.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. [Coriandrum (Tourn.) L.] [C. sativum L. CorIANDER. Circus common, s. of Percy Field, Ithaca, 1894 (K. 7. IV.), from seeds accidentally scattered; not seen since. Native of Eurasia.] [Thaspium Nutt. ] [T. trifoliatum (L.) Gray. (See Rhodora 20: 52. 1918.) House (Bul. N. Y. State Mus. 254, 1924) says of Thaspium trifoliatum (L.) Gray: “In woods near Ithaca, C. S. Sheldon (state herbarium).” Though species of Thaspium have been diligently sought here by the authors, none have been found.] [T. aureum Nutt. Plants so named by Dudley are Zizia aurea, which see.] 12. Pastinaca L. 1. P. sativa L. Parsnip. A weed in damp fields and waste places and on roadsides, in rich heavy soils that are not too acid; common and general, except possibly in the acid chestnut soils. Fr. July-Aug. Native of Eu.; now naturalized very generally in N. A. Common in cultivation. 13. Levisticum (Riv.) Hill 1. L. ofFIcINALE (L.) Koch. Lovace. A weed by roadsides, the soil requirements not known; infrequent. Fr. July 15—Sept. E. slope of Ball Hill, Danby; toward Saxon Hill (D.); West Hill, two miles from Ithaca; beyond Geer Gulf (Coy Glen) (D., and Coulter & Rose); near McKinneys (D.); King Ferry (D.). : 326 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES Vt. to Pa. Naturalized from Eu. : ; : In Britton and Brown’s Ill. Fl., the generic name Hipposelinum (Daler.) Britton & Rose is employed, but without comment. [Anethum (Tourn.) L.] [A. GRAvEoLENS L. Du. Occasional about the C .U. campus and on the Ithaca flats, in rich waste soil, but not established. Native of Eu. Seeds accidentally scattered. ] 14. Heracleum L. 1. H. lanatum Michx. Cow Parsnip. Roadsides and stream banks, in rich alluvial or gravelly, mostly slightly cal- careous, soils; infrequent. Fr. July. “Not uncommon up the Neguaena valley to Newfield” (D.!); Spencer St., toward Buttermilk Glen; Renwick woods; Indian Spring marsh (D.); e. of Freeville; Salmon Creek valley; and elsewhere. Lab. to Alaska, southw. in the mts. to Ga., Nev., Kans., Utah, and Calif.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. A northern species. 15. Imperatoria (Tourn.) L. 1. I. OstrutHiIuM L. MAsTERworT. In an old orchard one-half mile s. of North Spencer station, 1915. Fr. July. Escaped from cultivation and locally established in the eastern U. S. Native of Eu. 16. Conioselinum Fisch. 1. C. chinense (L.) BSP. (Selinum Canadense of Cayuga Fl.) HEMLock PARSLEY. Wet shaded cliffs in ravines, and in swamps and boggy woods, in calcareous soils; frequent. Fr. Sept. 15—Oct. Michigan Hollow Swamp (D.!); Enfield Glen; Coy Glen; Cascadilla Glen (D. in C. U. Herb.); Fall Creek, below Beebe Lake; “in all larger glens” (D.); Fir Tree Swamp, Freeville (D.!); Mud Creek, Freeville (D.!); McLean Bogs (D.!); Beaver Brook (D.!). Newf. to Minn., southw. to Pa., Ind., and in the mts. to N. C.; infrequent or rare on the Coastal Plain. 17. Angelica L. a. Leaflets thick, small, 2.5 cm. wide or less; stems rather slender, pubescent above; umbels and fruit pubescent. | 1. A. villosa a. Leaflets thin, large, 3-7 cm. wide; stems very stout, usually purple, glabrous; umbels and fruit glabrous; petioles much dilated. 2. A. atropurpurea 1. A. villosa (Walt.) BSP. (Archangelica hirsuta of Cayuga FI.) : Deane, or gravelly open woodlands, in the more acid soils; frequent. Fr. ept.—Oct. -In the ericaceous-chestnut soils of the hills w., s., and s. e. of Ithaca, on the crests of the ravines, and in the sandy regions n. of Cayuga Lake: pinnacles of Caroline (D.) and Danby (D.!); Newfield hills; Connecticut Hill; Enfield Glen; Coy Glen; South Hill, near the marsh; s. w. shore of Cayuga Lake; “Casc. Woods and near all the ravines” (D.); Renwick slope; Turkey Hill (D.); sandy woods e. of Newton Ponds. Absent in the McLean region and on the clays and richer soils back from the lake shores. aM Mass. to Minn., southw. to Fla., Tenn., and Mo.; frequent on the Coastal lain, THE FLoraA oF THE CAyuGA LAKE BASIN 327 2. A. atropurpurea L. (Archangelica atropurpurea of Cayuga FI.) ANGELICA. Low thickets and borders of swamps, in rich alluvial soils; frequent. Fr. June- July. Inlet Valley and Inlet Marshes (D.!) ; “ Cayuga Lake shore, often in sand” (D.) ; Dwyer Pond; Mud Creek, Freeville (D.) ; McLean Bogs; Beaver Brook (D.) ; and elsewhere. j Newf. to Minn., southw. to Del., Ill., and Iowa; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 18. Daucus (Tourn.) L. 1, D. Carota L. Carrot. QureEN ANNe’s LACE. A weed in dry grassy fields and waste places, along roadsides, and in creek beds, in run-out noncalcareous soils of sand, gravel, or even heavy clay; common. June- Sept. Native of Eurasia; widely distributed in nearly all parts of N. A. ; A serious pest in hayfields. The garden carrot is an improved form of this species. 98. CORNACEAE (Docwoopn FaAmity) a, Flowers 4-merous, perfect; upper pair of leaf veins arising low down and extend- ing parallel to the midrib. i 1. Cornus a. Flowers 5-merous, polygamo-dioecious; veins normal. 2. Nyssa 1. Cornus (Tourn.) L. a. Inflorescence capitate, surrounded by a large 4-leaved white petaloid involucre. b. Plant low, 0.5-2 dm. high, subherbaceous; leaves crowded, pseudoverticillate. 1. C. canadensis b. Plant arborescent; leaves opposite. 2. C. florida a. Inflorescence cymose, without an involucre. b. Leaves opposite. c. Leaves oval, thinly woolly beneath; branches olive or pale green or suffused with purple, speckled or streaked with darker purple; fruit light blue or nearly white. 3. C. rugosa c. Leaves ovate to elliptical or lanceolate, with scattered hairs beneath, or glabrous; branches not normally speckled. d. Branches purplish or red; cymes flat or slightly convex. e. Pubescence of the peduncles and young twigs loose; leaves narrowly ovate or elliptical; branches dull purple or greenish purple, with tawny pith; fruit pale blue. ~- 4, C. Amomum c. Pubescence of the peduncles and young twigs appressed or wanting; leaves generally broadly ovate and more acuminate; branches brighter purple or red, with white pith; fruit white. 5. C. stolonifera d. Branches gray; cymes very convex or subpaniculate. 6. C. candidissima b. Leaves alternate, clustered; fruit deep blue. 7. C. alternifolia 1. C. canadensis L. Dwarr CorNEL. BUNCHBERRY. Damp or boggy, also dry, sterile woodlands and banks, in gravelly, probably always acid, soils, usually under conifers; frequent. June—July 10. Frequent in the dry woods of the higher hilltops of Danby, Newfield, Caroline, and Dryden; Dry Run, Spencer; swamp w. of Key Hill; sphagnum meadow n. w. of Enfield Falls; Danby swamps (D.!); Fall Creek, near the iron footbridge .(D.) ; w. of Varna (D.); Ellis Hollow (D.); Dart- Woods (D.); Ringwood; Freeville swamps (D.); Beaver Brook; arbor vitae swamp e. of Clyde; and elsewhere. en to Alaska, southw. to N. J., W. Va., Ind., Minn., Colo., and Calif. Found also in e. Asia. 328 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 2. C. florida L. FLowEer1nc Docwoop. Dry sandy, gravelly, or rocky woodlands, mostly in acid soils; frequent. May. Generally distributed in the upland woods on the hills w., s., and s. e. of Ithaca; on the ravine crests, and along the cliffs of the Cayuga Lake shore; absent in the McLean district and on the clays and richer soils. S. Me. and Ont. to s. Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. 3. C. rugosa Lam. (C. circinata of Gray’s Man., ed. 7, and of Cayuga Fl.) Rounp- LEAVED Docwoop. Dry gravelly or rocky open woodlands, thickets, and banks, often in clay, in neutral or slightly acid soils; frequent. June 10-30. Fairly common on the hills w., s., and s. e. of Ithaca, along the ravines, and on the cliffs of Cayuga Lake shore; absent on the calcareous gravels of the McLean region, on the richer soils, and apparently also on the more acid soil of ericaceous-chestnut woodlands. E. Que. to Man., southw. to Va., Ind., Ill., Iowa, and N. Dak.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. Lamarck’s C. rugosa is clearly this species, and antedates by two years C. circinata L’Her. (See publications by Wangerin, Britton and Brown, Schneider, and Rehder.) 4. C. Amomum Mill. (C. sericea of Cayuga Fl.) Smxy Docwoop. KINNIKINNIK. Low grounds in alluvial or gravelly soils, without apparent relation to lime, but not actually in peat bogs; common. June 15-July 10, and often again July 25-Aug. 5: Newf. to N. Dak., southw. to Fla., La., and Tex. : fairly common on the Coastal Plain, 5. C. stolonifera Michx. Rep Oster Docwoop. Low grounds and springy upland places, in gravelly or sandy, more or less cal- careous, soils; common, and generally distributed in the soils indicated. May 25- June 15, and often again July 25-Aug. 5. ab. to Mackenzie, southw. to Va., Ky., Iowa, Nebr., N. Mex., Ariz., and Calif.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Sometimes united with C. alba L., but, though closely related, the differences are sufficient to warrant the recognition of both species for the present. The form with yellow twigs (var. flaviramea Spaeth) has escaped to roadsides north of Enfield Falls. 6. C. candidissima Marsh. (C. paniculata of Gray’s Man., ed. 7, and of Cayuga Fl. C. racemosa of Bailey’s Man. Cult. Pl.) Dry or damp thickets, fence rows, and hillsides, in gravelly or alluvial, mostly neutral, soils often with a slight mixture of clay; common. June 25—July. Common about Ithaca, but somewhat less so in the residual soils on the hills. Cent. Me. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to N. C., Tenn., and Nebr.; less common on the Coastal Plain. Until it is decided whether C. foemina Mill. was C. paniculata L’Her. or the southern C. stricta, that name is to be avoided. C. candidissima Marsh., the next oldest name, is valid under the International Rules. 7. C. alternifolia L. f. ALTERNATE-LEAVED DoGwoop. Damp thickets and ravine banks, in gravelly or stony soils with little reference to lime content; common. June. Newf. to Minn., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Mo.; frequent along the coast. THE FLorA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 329 2. Nyssa L. 1. N. sylvatica Marsh. (N. multiflora of Cayuga Fl.) Brack Gum. Sour Gum. PEPPERIDGE. TUPELO. Low woodlands and also in drier upland woods, in various noncalcareous, mostly gravelly, soils; scarce. June. S. of Lick Brook; South Hill, toward Caroline (D.); s. of Coy Glen and Harden- burg Gulf (D.); Six Mile Creek, n. of Wells Falls (D.); Chickaree Woods, formerly; n. of Beebe Lake (D.!); Fall Creek, toward Varna; 1% miles s. of Ken- nedy Corners; w. shore of Cayuga Lake (D.) ; e. shore of the lake, in Lansing (D.) ; w. side of Cayuga and Montezuma Marshes (D.!); absent in the McLean region. S. Me. and n. Vt. to Mich., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; common on the Coastal Plain. 99. ERICACEAE (Hearu Famiry)*?7 a. Ovary superior. b. Plant saprophytic, without green color; pollen grains simple; anthers dehiscing by vertical or transverse, often terminal, slits; fruit a capsule. 1. Subfamily MoNnorTropoIDEAE b. Plant with green foliage; pollen grains compound. c. Anthers inverted, dehiscing by basal (apparently apical) pores; corolla poly- petalous; fruit a capsule; low evergreen herbs. 2. Subfamily PyRoLoIDEAE c. Anthers erect, dehiscing by apical pores, rarely by vertical slits; corolla gamopetalous, rarely polypetalous; fruit a capsule or a berry; habit various. 3. Subfamily ERIcoIDEAE a. Ovary inferior; pollen grains compound; corolla gamopetalous; green plants of diverse habit. 4. Subfamily V AccINIOMEAE 1. Subfamily Monotropoideae a. Corolla polypetalous, with connivent petals; anthers peltate, opening across the top, awnless. 1. Monorropa a. Corolla gamopetalous, ovoid or subglobose; anthers vertically dehiscent, awned on the back. 2. PTEROSPORA 2. Subfamily Pyroloideae a. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, scattered; flowers corymbose or umbellate; style very short; valves of the capsule with smooth edges. 3. CHIMAPHILA a. Leaves suborbicular or elliptical, basal; style long. b. Flowers racemose; valves of the capsule with cobwebby margins. 4. PyRoLa b. Flowers solitary; valves of the capsule with smooth margins. 5. MoNnESES 27 Whether the Ericaceae should be considered a single family or be divided into Clethraceae, Pyrolaceae, Monotropaceae, Ericaceae, and Vacciniaceae, is a much-discussed question. It would seem that science is best served by the broader interpretation. These subdivisions are all similar in having several carpels, two whorls of stamens, and a tendency toward apical dehiscence of the anthers. In all but one group the pollen grains are compound. The differences, on the other hand, are of minor importance, and the important characters interchange so that there are no sharp division lines between the groups: for instance, in the case of the Vaccinioideae the inferior ovary would naturally indicate a wide divergence from other types, but the corolla, the anthers, and other characters are distinctly ericaceous. Several of the subdivisions include, at most, but one or two genera, and there is therefore no opportunity to determine whether these subdivisions form homogeneous and distinct groups. It is rather a case of generic differences within a phylogenetically old family where differences are naturally greater than in those families which are more homo- gerieous and more recent. 330 Kart M. WiEeGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 3. Subfamily Ericoideae a. Corolla in outline funnel-form or saucer-shaped; fruit a septicidal capsule. b. Corolla polypetalous; flowers white, from scaly buds; leaves woolly beneath. 6. LEDUM b. Corolla gamopetalous; flowers usually pink or purple; leaves not woolly. c. Corolla without staminal pockets; flowers from scaly buds. 7. RHODODENDRON c. Corolla with staminal pockets; flowers not from scaly buds. 8. KALMIA a. Corolla urceolate or salver-form; fruit a loculicidal. capsule or a berry. b. Corolla urceolate; anthers with terminal pores. c. Plant erect, 30-180 cm. high; fruit capsular. d. Sepals imbricated; anthers not awned on the back; flowers in foliaceous- bracted, terminal racemes; leaves evergreen. 9. CHAMAEDAPHNE d. Sepals valvate; flowers in closer clusters; bracts not foliaceous. e. Anthers awned on the back; leaves evergreen. 10. ANDROMEDA e. Anthers naked on the back;. leaves deciduous. 11. Lyonia c. Plant erect, 3-15 cm. high; leaves evergreen; fruit a false berry (see also dc). 12. GAULTHERTA c. Plant prostrate; leaves evergreen; fruit a berry. 13. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS b. Corolla salver-form; anthers opening vertically; plant prostrate; leaves oval, evergreen. 14. EPIGAEA 4. Subfamily Vaccinioideae a. Ovary half inferior; anther cells not prolonged into tubes; trailing plants. 15. CHIOGENES a. vary wholly inferior; each anther cell prolonged into a tube; erect or trailing plants. b. Ovary 4-5-celled, many-seeded; foliage not resinous-dotted. _ 16. VAccINIUM b. Ovary 10-celled, 10-seeded; foliage resinous-dotted. 17. GAYLUSSACIA 1. Monotropa L. a. Flowers solitary; style very short and broad. 1. M. uniflora a. Flowers racemose; style longer than the ovary. 2. M. Hypopitys 1. M. uniflora L. INpbIAN Pipr. Corpse PLANT. Saprophytic on humus under various species of trees, in dry or moist woodlands, on calcareous or noncalcareous gravels; fairly common. July—Aug. Generally. distributed throughout the basin, except perhaps in the clays and allu- viums and in the richer soils back from the shores of Cayuga Lake. Newf. to B. C., southw. to Fla. and Mex., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in e. Asia. 2. M. Hypopitys L. (Including M. lanuginosa Michx.) PrNE-sap. Saprophytic on slightly acid humus in dry woods, mainly of oak and chestnut, on noncalcareous gravels; occasional. July—Aug. Mainly w., s., and e. of Ithaca, along the shores of Cayuga Lake, and on the sands n. of the lake; rare or absent in the McLean region and on the clays and richer soils back from both sides of the lake. Que. to B. C., southw. to Fla. La., and Mex.; less frequent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. All the material is apparently the hairy extreme, M. lanuginosa Michx. WM. uniflora and M. Hypopitys are often separated as two distinct genera, the generic differences being in styles, anthers, and some other parts. ‘The perianth and the THE FLorA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 331 general appearance, however, indicate a generic unity. In a family where the dif- ferences are in general more marked than usual, it seems best to retain these species in one genus. 2. Pterospora Nutt. 1. P. andromedea Nutt. Pine Drops. : Saprophytic under pines and in mixed woods, in light sandy or gravelly non- calcareous soils; rare. July 10-Aug. 10. Caroline, slope of North Pinnacle, 1885 (O. E. Pearce); West Danby, slope of Thatcher Pinnacles (D.); Enfield Glen, 1919; woods, n. side of Buttermilk Glen (F. H. Severance, 1878; F. V. Coville) ; Coy Glen, 1874 (D.) ; Taughannock Gorge, s. side, 1882 (F. C. Curtice). P. E. I. to B. C., southw. to Pa., Mich., Mex., and Calif.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. In Gray’s Manual, ed. 7, this plant is attributed to “hard clay soil,” but the local stations certainly do not indicate this type of soil. It is also said there to be ‘“‘para- sitic apparently on the roots of pines,’ though generally it is considered to be a saprophyte, and its root system is that of a typical saprophyte. 3. Chimaphila Pursh a. Leaves oblanceolate, green throughout. 1. C. umbellata, , ; ; var. cisatlantica a. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, variegated with white. 2. C. maculata 1. C. umbellata (L.) Bart., var. cisatlantica Blake. (See Rhodora 19: 241. 1917.) PRINCE'S PINE. PIPSISSEWA. Dry woods, in light sandy acid soil with chestnut and oak, very rarely in woods of maple and beech; frequent. July 5-20. On the hills w., s., and e. of Ithaca, along the cliffs of Cayuga Lake, and in the sands n. of the lake; apparently absent or nearly so in the McLean region and on the clays and richer soils back from the lake shores. . S. to Ga., westw. to the Pacific coast, including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Mex. and Eurasia. 2. C. maculata (L.) Pursh. Sporrep Prince’s PINE. In situations similar to the preceding; rare. July 10-30. “East shore of Cayuga L., Ledyard, 1827, (in Herb. J. J. Thomas, ‘very rare.’)” (D.); East Lansing (F. B. Hine in C. U. Herb.); w. shore of Cayuga Lake, in Bates Woods (D.). Me. (?) and Mass. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Ga. and Miss., including the Coastal Plain. . 4. Pyrola (Tourn.) L. a. Styles straight; petals connivent; racemes secund. 1. P. secunda a. Styles declined; petals spreading; racemes not secund. b. Calyx lobes ovate-triangular. c. Leaves oblong-elliptical, thin, dull; anthers blunt. 2. P. elliptica c. Leaves orbicular, thick, often glossy; anthers with neck or point. d. Blade small, 1-2.5 cm. wide, shorter than the petiole; flowers greenish white. : 3. P. chlorantha, var. paucifolia d. Blade larger, 2-5 cm. wide, about equaling the petiole; flowers pink. 4. P. asarifolia, . var. mcarnata b. Calyx lobes oblong; leaves orbicular, thick, glossy; flowers white. 5. P. rotundifolia, var. americana SoZ Kart M. Wirecanp AND ArTHUR J. EAMES 1. P. secunda L. Srcunp SHINLEAF. Dry or damp woods and slopes, often under evergreens, in sandy or gravelly, somewhat acid, soils; frequent. June 25—July 15. Connecticut Hill; Key Hill; Enfield Glen; Coy Glen; Caroline hills; Six Maile Creek; Turkey Hill; Ringwood; Mud Creek, Freeville; absent on the clays and richer soils. Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Md., Mich., Nebr., and Calif.; apparently rare on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. Dudley cites “P. secunda, L., var. pumila, in Paine’s Cat., p. 187” as found “in the Fir-Tree swamp at Freeville.” A specimen in the C. U. Herbarium collected by Dudley in that swamp on September 15, 1880, and labeled as above, is a small form of P. secunda, and not var. obtusata Turez. (var. pumila Gray) as this variety is now understood. 2. P. elliptica Nutt. SHINLEAF. Dry or damp sandy or gravelly woods, in neutral or somewhat acid soils; fairly common. July 5-25. Common on the hills s. and e. of Ithaca, along the shores of Cayuga Lake, and in the sands n. of the lake; less common in the McLean region and in the clays and richer soils on both sides of the lake. wf. to B. C., southw. to D. C., Ill., Iowa, and N. Mex.; infrequent or rare on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Anthers orange in this species, not pale as in P. americana. 3. P. chlorantha Swartz, var. paucifolia Fernald. (See Rhodora 22; 51. 1920.) SHINLEAF, Under evergreens, in ravines and on damp hummocks around swamps, on non- calcareous gravels and crests; scarce. June 10—July 5. Enfield Glen; near Besemer; Cascadilla woods; Fall Creek and elsewhere (D.); Ellis Hollow; Ringwood; e. of Turkey Hill; Esty Glen; Wyckoff Swamp. N. S. to w. Ont., southw. to n. N. E. and Pa. This variety apparently absent on the Coastal Plain. 4. P. asarifolia Michx., var. incarnata (Fisch.) Fernald. (P. rotundifolia, var. uliginosa, of Cayuga Fl.) SHINLEAF. Calcareous bogs; rare. June 15—July 10. On the Ontario Plain: Wayne Co. (Sartwell, D.); tamarack swamp s. e. of Savannah (L. Griscom, F. P. Metcalf, & A. H. Wright); arbor vitae swamp s. w. of Westbury (F. P. Metcalf, P. A. Munz, & K. M. W.); swampy hemlock woods n. of Miller Bog, Spring Lake (Griscom, Metcalf, & Wright). Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Vt., cent. N. Y., Wis., Colo., and Calif. Found also in Asia. 5. P. rotundifolia L., var. americana (Sweet) Fernald. (See Rhodora 22: 122. 1920. P. rotundifolia of Cayuga Fl.) SHINLEAF. Dry woodlands, in sandy and gravelly neutral or acid soils, usually with chest- nut; fairly common. July 10-30. Frequent on the hills w., s., and e. of Ithaca, along the cliffs of Cayuga Lake, and on the sands n. of the lake; rare or absent in the McLean district and on the clays and richer soils back from the lake shores. P. E. I. to S. Dak., southw. to Ga. and Ohio, including the Coastal Plain. 5. Moneses Salisb. 1. M. uniflora (L.) Gray. ONE-FLOWERED SHINLEAF. Under evergreens in deep damp woods, in gravelly soil, the lime preference not determined; rare. June 15-30. THE FLorA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 333 Near Ludlowville, formerly (H. B. Lord, D.); knoll near Ellis Hollow Swamp, under hemlocks, formerly (V.). Not seen in recent years. Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Pa., Mich., Minn., Colo., and Oreg.; rare or absent en the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. 6. Ledum L. 1. L. groenlandicum Oeder. (L. latifoliwm of Cayuga Fl.) Laprapor Tra. In peat bogs; scarce. June 1-20. Woodwardia Bog (D.!); Malloryville Bog (D.!); McLean Bogs (D.!); bog e. of Duck Lake; Crusoe Lake swamp. . Arctic regions, southw., chiefly inland, to Pa., Mich., and Wis. 7. Rhododendron L. a. Leaves thin, deciduous; corolla funnel-form; stamens conspicuously exserted. 1. R. nudiflorum, var. rosewm a. Leaves coriaceous, evergreen; corolla short-funnel-form; stamens scarcely exserted. 2. R. maximum 1. R. nudiflorum (L.) Torr., var. roseum (Loisel.) Wiegand. (See Rhodora 20:53, 1918, and 26:4, 1924. R. canescens of Gray’s Man., ed. 7, as to north- ern plants. R. nudiflorum of Cayuga Fl.) Pink AzaLeaA. PrINxTER FLOWER. Dry sandy or gravelly open woods and thickets, in acid soils, also in swamps; frequent. May, in the swamps two to three weeks later. On the hills w., s., and e. of Ithaca, along the cliffs of Cayuga Lake, and in the sands n. of the lake; absent in the dry woods of the McLean district and on the clays and richer soils back from the lake shores. Swamp stations: Headwaters Swamp; Michigan Hollow (D.); Ringwood; Dryden-Lansing Swamp (D.); Mal- loryville Bog. N. H. to N. Y., southw. along the mts. to Fla. and La. Rehder, in his recent revision of the azaleas (Monog. Azalea, by Wilson & Rehder, Pub. Arnold Arboret. no. 9: 138. 1921), has treated this variety as a distinct species under the name R. rosewm (Loisel.) Rehder. After an inspection of a large number of specimens it seems impossible to follow Rehder, since all the characters given by him as distinguishing /¢. nudiflorwm from this plant apparently break down. It is best, therefore, to treat the plant as a variety. 2. R. maximum L. Great LAUREL. Mucky soil, in damp rocky or gravelly neutral or acid locations; rare. July 10-30. Michigan Hollow Swamp, abundant over a restricted area (D.!); woods along Dry Run about two miles n. w. of North Spencer, 1915 (4. J. E. & L. H. Mac- Daniels). Que. (?), N. S., Me. and Ont., southw. to Ga.; rare northw. Newf. to N. C., Pa. and Mo. Naturalized from Eurasia. 3. L. MACULATUM L. Spotrep Deap NETTLE. Borders of gardens, roadsides, and waste places; rare. May. } Escaped from gardens: various places in Forest Home (D.!) ; Caroline; Ludlow- ville. Me. and Vt. to Va. and Tenn. Native of Eurasia. A related species, L. album L., was found well established by the crossroad west of Ellis Hollow Swamp in 1925. 12. Stachys (Tourn.) L. a. Flowers yellow or cream color, 15-18 mm. long; plants annual. [S. annua] a. Flowers purplish, 10-13 mm. long; plants perennial. b. Stems glabrous on the sides, smooth or bristly on the angles; leaves sharp- toothed, the petioles 7-30 mm. long; rootstock not tuberous. c. Angles of the stem glabrous or nearly so; leaves glabrous; calyx teeth spreading. 1. S. tenmifolia c. Angles of the stem reflexed-bristly ; leaves somewhat hairy; calyx teeth often less spreading. la. S. tenuifolia, var. aspera b. Stems pubescent on the sides, hirsute on the angles; leaves crenate-serrate, hairy or downy, sessile or the lower ones with short petioles 3-6 mm. long; root- stock constricted-tuberous. 2. S. palustris [S. annua L. Found in a gravelly cultivated field e. of Besemer, 1919 (K. M. W., A. J. E., & L. F. Randolph) ; probably not established. Adventive from Eu. Mass. to Ga., chiefly on the coast.] 1. S. tenuifolia Willd. (S. aspera, var. glabra, of Cayuga F1.). Hence NeTTLe. Borders of damp alluvial thickets and marshes, or on near-by cinders or gravels; rare. July—Aug. Cayuga Lake marsh near Ithaca (D.); near McKinneys (D.); in Herb. J. J. Thomas, from Cayuga Lake (D.). N. Y. to Iowa and Kans., southw. to N. C. and La. A plant of the rich soils of the Mississippi Basin. A form transitional to var. aspera occurs at McKinneys; perhaps such intermediate material was the basis for Dudley’s inclusion of the typical form Of this species (his var. glabra) in the Cayuga Flora, as no typical S. tenuifolia has been seen in recent years. la. S. tenuifolia Willd., var. aspera (Michx.) Fernald. (S. aspera of Cayuga FI.) In locations similar to the preceding; frequent. July—Sept. Abundant on both shores of Cayuga Lake (D.!); near Renwick, and at the s. w. 360 Kart M. WirGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES corner of the lake; Willow Point; Portland Point; Union Springs; Canoga; Monte- zuma Marshes; and elsewhere. E. Mass. and Vt. to Ont., southw. to Fla. and La.; less frequent on the Coastal Plain. 2. S. palustris L. Wounpwort. Gravelly or stony shores or in alluvial swamps; rare. June 25—-Aug. Taughannock Gorge, by the falls; Taughannock Point; shores of Cayuga Lake at Kidders and at Cayuga; sedgy swamp two miles n. of Montezuma village (AK. M. W., A.J. E., & L. F. Randolph). First found at all these stations in 1919. Newf. to Mackenzie, southw. to N. C., Ohio, Ill., and Colo.; rare on the Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. Most of the local specimens have stems with glabrous sides, but in some the sides are hairy. They all have stipitate glands on the calyx. It has not been possible in this region to distinguish var. homotrichu Fernald. [Salvia (Tourn.) L.] [S. verticiLLaTa L. and other species are found occasionally in waste places and by roadsides, where they have escaped from cultivation but are not established. ] 13. Blephilia Raf. 1. B. hirsuta (Pursh) Benth. Woop Mint. Damp woods and thickets, on rich alluvial stream banks and marsh borders; frequent. July. Near Spencer Lake; below Lucifer Falls, Enfield Glen (D.!); at base of hill, Lick Brook; various places in Six Mile Creek ravine; island in Beebe Lake, formerly (D.); island, Forest Home; along Fall Creek, between Forest Home and Varna; gravel bars, Salmon Creek n. of Ludlowville; Paine Creek; and elsewhere. W. Que. and Vt. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Tex.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. A plant of the rich soils of the Mississippi Valley. 14. Monarda L. a. Heads mostly solitary and terminal, rarely in the upper axils; stamens and style exserted beyond the straight upper lip of the unspotted corolla. b. Corolla bright red; leaves large, thin, sparingly villous or glabrate. 1. M. didyma b. Corolla cream color, lavender, or purple. c. Leaves large, thin, many-veined, sparingly villous; corolla cream or flesh color, 2-2.5 cm. long. 2. M. clinopodia c. Leaves smaller, thicker, few-veined, villous or crisp-pubescent, more or less canescent ; corolla lavender or purple, 2.5-4 cm. long. d. Pubescence crisp-puberulent and villous-hirsute. 3. M. fistulosa d. Pubescence crisp-puberulent only. 3a. M. f., var. mollis a. Heads axillary or interruptedly spicate; stamens not exceeding the falcate upper lip of the yellowish or lurid, spotted corolla; bracts purple. 4. M. punctata 1. M. didyma L. Osweco TEA. BEE BALM. Damp woodlands and thickets, chiefly in rich alluvial soils; frequent. July—Aug. 15. Spencer Lake and Dry Run, Spencer; West Danby to North Spencer (D.) ; Danby (D.!); Newfield station; Enfield Glen; Negundo Woods (D.!); White Church valley (D.); Six Mile Creek; Cascadilla Creek, toward Ellis Hollow (D.); Cayuga ® - THe FLora oF THE Cayvuca LAKE Basin 361 Lake marshes (D.) ; Ringwood (D.!) ; Freeville (D.) ; McLean (D.!) ; Taughannock Gorge; Paine Creek; Big Gully; and elsewhere. W. Que. to Ont. and Mich., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Tenn.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. The flowers vary in color from cerise to almost scarlet. A form with purple corollas and bracts, and somewhat intermediate between M. didyma and M., fistulosa in texture, color, and pubescence of the foliage, is M. fistulosa, var. rubra, of Gray, and is probably a hybrid of the two species mentioned, A study of the material in several large herbaria tends to support this view. In the Cayuga Lake Basin this form has been found: “on the wild bank beyond the Fleming S. H.” (D.!) ; by the roadside northw. from the mouth of Enfield Glen; s. crest of upper Buttermilk Glen; lower end of Big Gully (K. M. W., A. J. E., & L. F. Randolph). . M. clinopodia L. Barn. ee thickets in ravines; rare. July—Au Six Mile Creek, near Green Tree Falls NCD) !); base of hill n. of Lick Brook; Trumansburg ravine (D.). Ont. and N. Y. to IIl., southw. to Ga. and Ky. A plant of the western slope of the Allegheny Mts., and of the Ohio Valley. 3. M. fistulosa L. Wutp BEerGcamot. Dry gravelly river banks, shores, and hills, the lime preference not known; frequent. July 20-Sept. 10. Dry hilltop fields, North Spencer; roadside n. e. of mouth of Enfield Glen; Negundo Woods, and up the Inlet Valley to Newfield (D.); Renwick (D.) ; region of Mud Creek, Freeville; Myers Point (D.); Taughannock (D.); Salmon Creek, s. of Genoa; Paine Creek (D.!); Utt Point; Union Springs (D.). Me. to Minn. and Colo., southw. to Fla., La., and Tex.; rare on the Coastal Plain. 3a. M. fistulosa L., var. mollis (L.) Benth. (Var. mollis, in part, of Cayuga FI. M. mollis of Gray’s Man., ed. 7.) Of same habitat as the typical form, and often growing with it; more frequent. July 20-Sept. 10. Roadside thicket n. of mouth of Enfield Glen; Buttermilk Glen; hilltop s. e. of Brookton; s. w. corner of Cayuga Lake; Fall Creek, above Forest Home; near Mud Creek, Freeville ; Salmon Creek, s. of Genoa. Range nearly the same as that of the typical form of the species. This can scarcely be considered a separate species, as it differs from the typical form of M. fistulosa only in the absence of the longer type of hairs in the pubescence. 4, M. punctata L. Horse Mint. Dry acid sandy fields and roadsides; rare. Aug. 20-Sept. 15. _Abundant along the Phelps-Junius town-line road s. w. of Junius ponds, 1920 (K.M.W., A.J. E., & L. F. Randolph), doubtiully native. N. Y. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain; adventive also in N. E. 15. Hedeoma Pers. 1. H. pulegioides (L.) Pers. AMERICAN PENNYROYAL. Dry sandy or stony soil in exposed places, apparently showing no lime preference; common. Aug. N. S. and Que. to N. Dak., southw. to Fla., Ala., Ark., and Nebr., including the Coastal Plain. The European pennyroyal is Mentha Pulegium L. 362 Kart M. WieGanp AND ArTHUR J. EAMES 16. Melissa (Tourn.) L. 1. M. orFicinaALis L. Baum. Rich gravelly, often alluvial, nonacid soils; frequent. July—Aug. 15. Escaped from gardens: roadside near Newfield, 1878 (Trelease & Severance) ; roadsides near Coy Glen; ‘Tioga St., Ithaca; C. U. campus, near the Veterinary College; old house site, n. side of Fall Creek above Forest. Home; small ravine near Elm Beach, Romulus; King Ferry (D.) ; bottom land, Paine Creek; Big Gully (D.). Me. to Fla., Mo., and Ark., also Oreg. and Calif. Naturalized from Eu. 17. Satureja (Tourn.) L. a. Bracts shorter than the pedicels; annuals. b. Calyx naked in the throat; leaves linear. [S. hortensis] b. Calyx hairy in the throat; leaves ovate to oblong, about 1 cm. long. 1. S. Acinos a. Bracts -setaceous, longer than the pedicels and equaling the calyx; leaves ovate, 2-6 cm. long; perennials. 2. S. vulgaris [S. HorTENSIS L. SUMMER SAVoRY. Springing up occasionally on dumps and in waste places, but not established. Escaped from cultivation. Native of Eu.] 1. S. Actnos (L.) Scheele. (Calamintha Acinos of Cayuga FI.) Roadsides and waste places; rare. May—Aug. Along road e. of cemetery, University Ave., Ithaca, 1881 (H. B. Lord, D.), also in rocky part of cemetery (D.); gravelly strand at lower end of Paine Creek, 1919 (K.M.W., A.J. E., & L. F. Randolph). Ont. to Mass. and N. J. Naturalized from Eu. 2. S. vulgaris (L.) Fritsch. (Calamintha Clinopodium of Cayuga Fl.) Basi. Fields and roadsides, in rich damp alluvial soils, also in rich clays and gravels, less frequent in the more acid sterile soils; common. July. Newf. to Man., southw. to Mass., Va., and Ind.; much less common on. the Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. There are no good lines of segregation in the genus Satureja. For a discussion of the reasons for retaining the various segregates of this genus in one large genus, see Briquet in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., vol. 10, part 3a, p. 296. 18. Pycnanthemum Michx. a. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear; flowers in dense, corymbosely arranged heads; leaves glabrous. b. Leaves linear, the larger ones 2-4 mm. wide; stems and branches nearly or quite glabrous; calyx teeth evident on the head, subulate, firm-tipped. 1. P. flexuosum b. Leaves lanceolate, the larger ones 6-13 mm. wide; stems and branches hairy; calyx teeth obscure, more triangular, scarcely firm-tipped. 2. P. virginianum a. Leaves ovate-oblong; flowers in loose cymose verticels; leaves densely hoary beneath. ; 3. P. incanum 1. P. FLExuosum (Walt.) BSP. Mountain Mint. Moist, rarely dry, open gravelly sterile fields; scarce. Aug.—Sept. Low field between Summit Marsh and Spencer Lake; Caroline Pinnacles; South Hill, n. of marsh, 1904, first recorded date (F. W. Foxworthy in C. U. Herb.) ; pastures n. and s. sides of Fall Creek, e. of Forest Home; border of thicket, Trip- hammer Road near the spring; two miles n. w. of Freeville; n. e. of McLean; near THE FLorRA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 363 Townley Swamp. Apparently adventive from farther south. The introduction has taken place since Dudley’s Cayuga Flora was published. Cent. Me. to Minn., southw. to Fla., Kans., and Tex.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 2. P. virginianum (L.) Dur. & Jack. (P. lanceolatum of Cayuga Fl.) Mountain MIntT. Dry open sandy soils; rare. July 15-Aug. 25. E. of Slaterville (W. W. Rowlee, H. H. Whetzel, & K. M. W.); n. bank of Big Gully; rich woods, Utt Point (F. P. Metcalf); sandy acid banks and on the marl moor, Junius marl ponds (D.!). Cent. Me. to N. Dak., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Kans.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. 3. P. incanum (L.) Michx. Hoary Mountain MInrv. : Dry scrubby fields and hillsides, in thin stony, almost noncalcareous, soils, apparently with some clay; often abundant in such localities. July—Aug. Hillsides, Coy Glen; along the shore of Cayuga Lake from Fall Creek to Aurora (DEE noes: and Vt. to Ont., southw. to Fla., Ala., and Mo.; infrequent on the Coastal ain, 19. Thymus (Tourn.) L. 1, T. Serpyttum L. TuHyme. Dry sterile gravelly banks by roadsides and in old fields; rare. ees “Tobytown Cemetery, Slaterville’ (H. L. Stewart in C. U. Herb.); C. U. campus, on the Fiske-McGraw (Chi Psi) grounds (D. in C. U. Herb.) and behind Caldwell Hall; for many years by the roadside just n. of Pleasant Grove Cemetery ; beside the road between West Groton and Locke, 1881 (Ff. L. Kilborne). N. S. to N. Y. and N. C. Naturalized from Eurasia. 20. Lycopus (Tourn.) L. a. Calyx teeth deltoid, shorter than the nutlets; leaves not pinnatifid. 1. L. uniflorus a. Calyx teeth subulate, longer than the nutlets; lower leaves pinnatifid. 2. L. americanus 1. L. uniflorus Michx. (L. virginicus of Cayuga Fl.) Bucte Weep. In open, grassy or sedgy, boggy or marshy soils, or on shores, apparently in both calcareous and noncalcareous regions; common. July 25—Sept. Newf. and Lab. to B. C,, southw. to Va., Mich., Minn., Nebr., Wyo., and Oreg., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Asia. In shady localities the leaves become larger and thinner (L. membranaceus Bickn.). No material corresponding to L. wirginicus L. or L. rubellus Moench has been found in the Cayuga Lake Basin. 2. L. americanus Muhl. (L. sinuatus of Cayuga Fl.) Water HoreHounn. In situations similar to the preceding; common. June 25—Aug., rarely Sept. Newf. to B. C., southw. to Fla., Tex., Utah, and Calif., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 21. Mentha (Tourn.) L. a. Flowers in terminal spikes or clusters. ; > b. Leaves sessile; spikes slender. 1. M. spicata b, Leaves petioled; clusters ovoid or oblong. 2. M. piperita 364 Kart M. WirGAND AND ArTHUR J. EAMES a. Flowers in dense axillary whorls. b. Calyx 1.7 mm. long; corolla 2 mm. long; leaves often blotched with white; stems glabrous or with a few scattered hairs. 3. M. gentilis b. Calyx 2.5-3 mm. long; corolla 4-5 mm. long; leaves not blotched. c. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, rounded at base; stems and leaves hairy. M. arvensis c. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute at base. d. Stems hairy on the sides; leaves hairy. 4a. M. arvensis, var. canadensis d. Stems glabrous on the sides, minutely hairy on the angles; leaves glabrous or glabrate, averaging slightly broader than in no. 4a. 4b. M. arvensis, var. glabrata 1. M. spicata L. (M. viridis of Cayuga Fl.) SPEARMINT. In damp soils of almost any type, but more abundant in calcareous regions; fre- quent. Aug.—Sept. Dwyer Pond; on the flats near Fall Creek; McLean Bogs; shores of Cayuga Lake; near Esty Glen; and elsewhere. N. S. to Ont., Minn., and Wash., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Calif. Naturalized from Eurasia. The application of the Linnaean name is very involved (see Rhodora 26:19. 1924). It would seem that Linnaeus intended the name to apply to this plant. 2. M. prreriITA L. PEPPERMINT. Low gravelly or alluvial stream banks, roadsides, and waste places, mostly in cal- careous regions; frequent. Aug.—Sept. N. S. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Fla., Tenn., and Ark. Naturalized from Eu. An inspection of specimens of M. piperita from various parts of the world shows this to be a variable species, with leaves narrow or broad, long or short, glabrous or rarely hairy, and with the spikes varying in length and. density. Various authors in Europe (for example, Rouy and Foucaud in Flore de France, and Ascherson and Graebner in FI. Nord. o. Deutsch. Flachl.) interpret M. piperita and M. citrata as hybrids between M. spicata and M. aquatica, and this interpretation seems reasonable. The form taken as typical by Rouy and Foucaud has rather long, lanceolate leaves, and oblong or oblong-linear spikes. This form is infrequent in the wild state in North America, but is the principal peppermint in cultivation. The more common wild form, and the only one in the Cayuga Lake Basin, is intermediate between the form mentioned above as typical and M. citrata, having broader and shorter leaves and shorter spikes than the typical form. The plant listed by Dudley (Cayuga FI.) as M. piperita, var. subhirsuta Benth., as would appear from a Dudley specimen in the C. U. Herb., has leaves still more like those of M. citrata or M. aquatica, and the whole plant is villous like 4/7. aquatica. The spikes, however, are like those of the local M. piperita, though the flowers are intermediate in size between those of M. piperita and M. aquatica and the corolla is hairy outside as in M. aquatica. This form would seem to be another member of the series of hybrids between /. spicata and M. aquatica, or, in this case, possibly a hybrid between M. spicata and M. arvensis. 3. M. GENTILIS L. Rich damp gravelly and loamy fields and rich waste places, especially in calca- reous districts; rare. Aug. On the rifle range n. of Fall Creek w. of Ithaca- pepe down line, 1915 (ZL. A, MacDaniels) ; near Ringwood, 1917 (A. R. Bechtel & K. W.). 5 = I. and n. N. Y. to Iowa, southw. to Ga,, N, C., al Tenn, Naturalized from Eu, Tue FLorA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 365 4. M. arvensis L. Wutp Mint. Wet sandy, gravelly, or mucky places about the borders of swamps and on graveily shores, without much reference to lime content; scarce. July—Sept. Larch Meadow; n. side of Six Mile Creek ravine; lake shore, Renwick; McKin- neys; Townley Swamp; Salmon Creek; Sheldrake; Big Gully. Newf. to n. N. Y. and Nebr., southw. to Pa. (?) and Colo. Found also in Eurasia. Passing insensibly into the following extremes (nos. 4a and 4b). 4a. M. arvensis L., var. canadensis (L.) Briq. In situations similar to the preceding; much more common. July—Sept, Newf: to B. C., southw. to Va. and N. Mex., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 4b. M. arvensis L., var. glabrata (Benth.) Fernald. In situations similar to the preceding; scarce. July—Sept. Summit Marsh; woods below Lucifer Falls; Renwick; Dryden Lake; Cortland marl ponds; Hibiscus Point; Canoga Marshes. Newf. to B. C., southw. to n. N. E., n. Pa., Mo., N. Mex., and Calif.; apparently less frequent than the preceding on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 22. Collinsonia L. 1. C. canadensis L. Horse Batm. RICHWEED. Damp rich woodlands and on shales in ravines, showing no particular lime preference; uncommon. July—Aug. Coy Glen; n. shore of Beebe Lake; Forest Home Drive; woods, Mud Creek, Freeville; region of McLean Bogs; Paine Creek; and elsewhere. W. Que. to Wis., Southw. to Fla., Mo., and Kans.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. 111. SOLANACEAE (NicutsHape Famiry)?! a. Corolla rotate; anthers connivent, opening by terminal pores. 1. SOLANUM a. Corolla funnel-form or campanulate; anthers not connivent, opening longitu- dinally. b. Calyx inflated, especially in fruit. c. Corolla yellow or greenish; calyx 5-cleft; ovary 2-celled. 2. PHyYSALIS c. Corolla blue; calyx 5-parted; ovary 3—5-celled. [ NicANpRA] b. Calyx not inflated. c. Corolla and stamens somewhat irregular, the corolla strongly reticulate with purple veins; fruit a circumscissile capsule. [ HyoscyaMus | c. Corolla and stamens regular, the corolla not reticulate. d. Plant reclining or climbing; corolla small; fruit a berry. 3. Lycium d. Plant erect; corolla large, 5-15 cm. long; fruit a prickly capsule. 4, DATURA 1. Solanum (Tourn.) L. a. Corolla 3-8 mm. in diam., white. 1. S. nigrum a. Corolla 15-25 mm. in diam. b. Plant prickly, erect; corolla about 25 mm. in diam. c. Berry not inclosed by the calyx; leaves coarsely and rather acutely lobed; flowers lavender or white. 2. S. carolinense 31 Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (tomato) and Solanum tuberosum L. (potato) spring up occasion- ally on garbage dumps and along the shore of Cayuga Lake, but are not established. 366 Kart M. Wiecanp AND Artuur J. EAMES c. Berry inclosed by the spiny calyx; leaves bluntly lobed or 1—2-pinnatifid ; flowers yellow. | * ean [S. rostratum ] b, Plant not prickly, reclining or climbing; corolla about 15 mm. in diam., violet or white. 3. S. Dulcamara 1. S. nigrum L. Common NIGHTSHADE. Waste gravelly or stony and loamy, usually shaded, soils; occasional. July—Sept. Cascadilla Creek (D.); Fall Creek Gorge (D.!); elsewhere about Ithaca. (D.!) ; Cayuga Lake shore (D.); woods around Cortland marl ponds; Paine Creek; Crane Creek; and elsewhere. N. S. to Alberta, southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain; nearly cosmopolitan. 2. S. CAROLINENSE L. Horse NETTLE. Gravelly fields and waste places, in rich soils; occasional. July—Aug. W. of Spencer Lake; cornfields and hayfields near Enfield Glen; s. side of Coy Glen; near Percy Field; near the second bridge, Forest Home; golf links, abundant; along state road w. of Glenwood. A plant of recent introduction from farther south and west. N. Y. to Ill. and Nebr., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; also adventive northeastw. to N. E. and Ont. [S. rostRATUM Dunal. BurraLo Bur. Found occasionally in waste places about dwellings, but not established; native of the Great Plains. ] 3. S. DutcAMARA L. BLur NIGHTSHADE. EUROPEAN BITTERSWEET. Low ground, in a great variety of soils; common. June-Aug. N. S. to Minn. and Wash., southw. to Pa., Ga., and Kans. Naturalized from Eurasia. ; White-flowered plants are found occasionally. [S. Pseupo-Capsicum L. JERUSALEM CHERRY. Dump, lighthouse road, Ithaca, 1925 (W.C. Muenscher). A common greenhouse and window plant.] 2. Physalis L. a. Plants glandular-pubescent; berry yellow. b. Plants annual, hoary; corolla 5-10 mm. in diam.; fruiting calyx about 2 cm. long, the lobes 3-4.5 mm. long. 1. P. pruinosa b. Plants perennial; corolla 15-22 mm. in diam.; fruiting calyx 2.5-3 cm. long, the lobes 5-10 mm. long. , c. Foliage and stems puberulent; anthers yellow. 2. P. heterophylla c. Foliage and stems more villous-hirsute; anthers violet. 2a. P. h., var. ambigua a. Plants glabrous, or strigulose above, not glandular; berry purple. b. Plants annual; roots fibrous; flowering calyx 5-6 mm. long, the teeth barely acute. : [P. ixocarpa] b. Plants perennial from rootstocks; flowering calyx about 9 mm. long, the teeth more or less acuminate. 3. P. subglabrata 1. P. pruinosa L. StrawsBerry ToMATO. Sandy soil and waste places; rare. July—Sept. Ithaca flats and along the lighthouse road, 1921 (A. J. E., S. H. Burnham, & C. L. Wilson) ; Cayuga Heights, 1921. Doubtfully native. : : Mass. to Ont., southw. to Fla., Iowa, and Colo., probably including the Coastal Plain. Tue Friora oF THE CAyYuGA LAKE BASIN 367 2. P. heterophylla Nees. GrounpD CHERRY. Gravelly soil; rare. June—Sept. Shore of Spencer Lake, 1917; Cornell Heights, 1902. N. B. to Sask., southw. to Fla., Colo., and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. 2a. P. heterophylla Nees, var. ambigua (Gray) Rydb. (P. virginiana of Cayuga Fl., at least in part.) GrouNnD CHERRY. Dry fields and roadsides, in sandy or gravelly noncalcareous loams; occasional. June—-Sept. Railroad, near Lick Brook; hillside between Coy Glen and Enfield Glen; Fall Creek (D.); Red Mills; Taughannock Gorge; about Junius ponds and bogs; n. w. of Butler. N. H. and R. I. to Wis., southw. to Ga., La., and Ark., including the Coastal Plain. [P. rxocarpa Brot. GrouNnD CHERRY. STRAWBERRY TOMATO. Waste soil; springing up occasionally, but not established. City dump, lighthouse road, Ithaca, 1923 (S$. H. Burnham). Escaped from cultivation. Native of Mexico.] 3. P. subglabrata Mackenzie & Bush. (P. virginiana of Cayuga FI., in part, probably. P. philadelphica Lam.?) Grounp CHERRY. Rich, chiefly moist, gravelly soil, rarely in stony clays; occasional. July—Sept. N. and s. of Coy Glen; flats near the Ithaca fair grounds; Cayuga Heights; s. e. of Esty Glen; Taughannock Point; field near Benson Corners; Paine Creek; along Clyde River, Galen; and elsewhere. iene and R. I. to Minn., southw: to Ga., Ky., and Colo.; infrequent on the Coastal ain. [Nicandra Adans.] [N. PHysatopes (L.) Pers. Apple or PERUu. A weed of waste rich soil; rare. Aug.—Sept. Cayuga Heights, 1925; South Butler, 1921 (Mrs. George Fanning); doubtfully established. N. S. to Ont., southw. to Fla., Tenn., and Mo. Introduced from Peru. Nicandra is in the list of nomina conservanda of the International Code.] [Hyoscyamus (Tourn.) L.] [H. nicer L. BLtack HENBANE. Filled-in soil, e. of Drill Hall, C. U. campus, 1917 (A. R. Bechtel); not established. E. Que. and N. S., to Ont. and Mich. Native of Eu.] 3. Lycium L. 1. L. HALIMIFOLIUM Mill. (L. vulgare of Cayuga Fl.) Matrimony VINE. Gravelly soils, in pastures and waste places; occasional. June—Sept. South crest of Cascadilla Glen; field between Railroad Ave. and Fall Creek, e. of Cayuga St., Ithaca, formerly (D. !); near Freeville (D.); pasture on Hibiscus Point near Union Springs. Ont. to Va., Minn., and Kans. Introduced from Eu. 368 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 4. Datura L. 1. D. StRAMoNIUM L. Jimson WEED. THORN APPLE. STRAMONIUM. Rich gravelly soil in waste places; scarce. Aug —Sept. Between Railroad Ave. and Fall Creek, Ithaca, formerly ; ; shore of Cayuga Lake (D.); Highland Ave., Cayuga Heights. N. S. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex. Naturalized from tropical regions. Both white- and purple-flowered individuals occur. The purple ones have been separated as var. chalibea Koch (D. Tatula L., see Rouy and Foucaud, Fl. France 10: 371, 1908). Variations in the length and the number of prickles on the capsule have been noted by students of genetics, but these variations are not correlated with the color of the flowers. It seems unwise to attempt the recognition taxonomically of the variability of these characters. 112. SCROPHULARIACEAE (Ficwort Famity) ARTIFICIAL KrEy TO THE GENERA a. Corolla personate. 6. Corolla spurred at base; calyx normal, not angled. 2. LINARIA b. Corolla spurless at base; calyx enlarged and angled. 6. MiImMuLus a. Corolla not personate. 6. Fertile stamens 5; corolla rotate, nearly regular. 1. VERRASCUM b. Fertile stamens 2; corolla often rotate (see also 3d b). c. Corolla rotate, salver-form, or tubular; stamens much exposed or exserted, sterile ones wanting. 9. VERONICA c. Corolla tubular or bilabiate; fertile stamens not exserted beyond the upper lip. d. Sterile filaments slender, slightly exserted, 2-lobed. 7. ILYSANTHES d. Sterile filaments short or wanting, included, simple. 8. GRATIOLA b. Fertile stamens 4; corolla never rotate. c. Corolla scarcely 2-lipped, the limb but slightly irregular. d. Sterile fifth stamen well developed; upper 2 lobes of corolla covering the lower 3 lobes in the bud. 4. PENSTEMON d. Sterile stamen wanting; lower 3 lobes of corolla covering the upper 2 lobes in the bud. e. Flowers yellow; anther sacs parallel, awned at base; capsule acute or acuminate. 10. AUREOLARIA e. Flowers pink or purple; anther sacs more or less divergent, obtuse to mucronate at base; capsule rounded and mucronate at apex. 11. AGALINIS c. Corolla manifestly 2-lipped. d. Lips very unequal, the upper one narrow, elongated, about four times the length of the lower one; bracts often colored and lobed. 12. CASTILLEJA d. Lips more nearly equal; bracts not colored, rarely lobed. e. Upper lip 4-lobed, lower lip entire; flowers in a naked panicle. 3 ScROPHULARTA e. Upper lip 2-lobed, lower lip 3-lobed; flowers racemose or spicate on the stem and branches. f. Flowers large, color white or pinkish; limb of corolla dorsoventrally flattened; leaves sharply serrate. 5. CHELONE “f. Flowers smaller, color purple, brownish, or yellowish; limb of corolla not dorsoventrally flattened. g. Leaves pinnately lobed and crenate; bracts not spiny-toothed. 13. PEDICULARIS g. Leaves entire; bracts distinctly spiny-toothed. 14. MELAMPYRUM THE FLorRA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 369 1. Verbascum (Tourn.) L. a. Plant densely tomentose; flowers nearly sessile, in a dense spike. 1. V. Thapsus a. Plant not tomentose; flowers slender-pedicelled, in an open raceme. 2. V. Blattaria 1. V. THarsus L. Common MULLEIN. Dry gravelly and sandy fields, mostly in the less strongly acid or the neutral soils; common. July—Sept. In the Cayuga Lake Basin, most abundant in the gravels at McLean, in the delta gravels near Cayuga Lake, and on the stony lake and ravine slopes. N. S. to S. Dak. and Calif., southw. to Fla. and Kans. Naturalized from Eurasia. 2. V. Bratrarta L. Motu MUuLLEIN. Dry gravelly, more or less calcareous, fields and waste places, rarely in clay; frequent. June—Aug. Que. to Oreg. and Calif., southw. to Fla. Naturalized from Eurasia. Two color forms occur, the flowers being either yellow or white. Usually one color predominates in each locality. Hybrids of these color forms, as demonstrated by Dr. E. W. Lindstrom, are sterile, which raises the question whether or not these forms are genetically and specifically distinct. 2. Linaria (Tourn.) Mill. a. Plant erect. ; b. Flowers large, 20-40 mm. long, yellow; plant glabrous. 1. L. vulgaris b. Flowers small, 5-9 mm. long, purplish white; plant glandular. 2. L. minor a. Plant prostrate or trailing. b. Leaves hastate. e 3. L. Elatine b. Leaves orbicular-reniform, coarsely few-lobed. 4. . Cymbalaria 1. L. vutcaris Hill. Butter-anp-Eccs. YELLow ToaADFLAx. Gravelly and clayey banks and fields; fairly common except in light acid soils. June—Oct. Newf. to Oreg., southw. to Ga. and N. Mex. Naturalized from Eurasia. 2. L. minor (L.) Desf. Cinders and ballast along railroad tracks; rare. June—July. Railroad yards at East Ithaca (L. F. Randolph) ; McLean station; cinders along railroad near Atwaters (L. F. Randolph, A. J. E., & K. M. W.) and at Union Springs. First found in 1918, at East Ithaca. Atlantic coast to Ont. and Mich., mostly northw. Adventive from Eu. 3. L. Evatine (L.) Mill. Gravelly calcareous shores and gardens; scarce. June—Sept. “Shore of Cayuga L.” (Gray in Torrey’s Fl. N. Y.); Taughannock Point; Far- ley Point, in several places (D.!), a bad weed in gardens; Sheldrake Point (//. B. Lord) ; Hibiscus Point. Mass. to Mo., southw. to Ga. Naturalized from Eurasia. 4. L. CymBarariaA (L.) Mill. KenrmwortnH Ivy. Escaped from cultivation but persisting for several years: moist cliffs along Fall Creek, Forest Home, 1915 (L. H. MacDaniels) ; around the greenhouses of Sage College and of the Agricultural College; Cayuga Heights. Native of Eu. 370 Kart M. WiecAnp AND ArtHuR J. EAMES {Collinsia Nutt.] [C. yverna Nutt. BLur-rvEep Mary. “Ithaca, Atkin” (Torrey, Fl. N. Y.). Not found since, and probably an error.] 3. Scrophularia (Tourn.) L. a. Sterile stamen purple; leaves slender-petioled, rounded or cordate at base, serrate; panicle broad, branches loosely flowered; stem with grooved sides, glabrous ; in flower July 15-Sept. 1. 1. S. marilandica a. Sterile stamen greenish yellow; leaves with shorter and stouter petioles, more truncate at base, incised-serrate; panicle narrower, branches more densely flowered; stem with flat sides, usually puberulent; in flower June 10—July 20. 2. S. lanceolata 1. S. marilandica L. (S. nodosa of Cayuga FI., in part.) Ficwort. Moist thickets and banks, on rich gravelly or alluvial bottom lands; frequent. July 15-Sept. 1. Bank of Inlet at Negundo Woods; in gravel, upper Coy Glen; e. side of Percy Field; at several stations near Renwick ; Fall Creek, at Forest Home and toward Varna; gravel bars and alluvial woods in Salmon Creek below Genoa; Taughan- nock Gorge; Paine Creek; Big Gully; low field near Canoga Marshes ; along Clyde River, Galen; and elsewhere. Me. to S. Dak., "southw. to N. C., Ga., Tenn., Kans., and La.; infrequent or rare on the Coastal Plain. 2. S. lanceolata Pursh. (See Torreya 22:81. 1922. S. leporella of Gray’s Man., ed. 7. S. nodosa of Cayuga FI., in part.) Thickets and open fields, usually in drier upland, more or less sterile, situations; more frequent. June 10-July 20. Gravelly roadside n. w. of Cayuta Lake; dry field, top of South Pinnacle, Caro- line; n. e. of Caroline; pasture near Besemer; dry pasture s. of Buttermilk Falls; n. of Fall Creek, above Forest Home; roadside, Etna; low fields, Mill Creek, Dryden; dry knolls, Malloryville; border of dry woods, s. of Cayuga Heights; roadside n. of East Lansing; Lake Ridge; Duck Lake; and elsewhere. N. B. and Que. to Minn., southw. to N. C. and Mo.; perhaps more frequent than the preceding species on the Coastal Plain. The stems of this species are more often purple than in S. marilandica, the flowers are often larger, the corolla is more lustrous, and the lobes of the upper lip are more oblong. ‘The capsule also is usually more conical and firmer-walled. These differences are, however, not constant. 4. Penstemon®? (Mitch.) Schmidel a. Stem villous or puberulent; corolla but slightly expanded upward, distinctly 2-lipped, the throat partly closed. 1. P. hirsutus a. Stem glabrous below the inflorescence; corolla expanded upward, nearly regular, the throat open. 2. P. laevigatus, var. Digitalis 1. P. hirsutus (L.) Willd. (P. pubescens of Cayuga Fl.) Brarp-TonaGue. Dry rocky and stony fields and ledges, occasionally in gravel, in more or less calcareous soils; abundant in places. May 20-July 10. 34 Generally oped Pentstemon. For the spelling here adopted, see Pennell, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20 : 325. 1920 THE FLorA oF THE CAyuGA LAKE BASIN 371 In the Cayuga Lake Basin, mostly confined to the vicinity of the Cayuga Lake valley; frequent about the ravines from Enfield northw., and abundant along the lake shore. Cent. Me. to Wis. and Man., southw. to Fla. and Mo.; infrequent or rare on the Coastal Plain. 2. P. LaEvicaTus Ait., var. Diciratis (Sweet) Gray. Brarp—-Toncue, Moist gravelly, mostly noncalcareous, fields; frequent. June—July. West Danby; South Hill; upper Cascadilla Creek; Ringwood; near Freeville Bog; near Mud Creek, Freeville; McLean; near Esty Glen; s. end cf Wyckoff Swamp; along Central N. Y. Southern R. R:, in Lansing; Butler; Cato; and else- where. Introduced in recent years from farther southwestw. Pa. to Iowa, southw. to Fla., Mo., and Ark. Naturalized northeastw. 5. Chelone (Tourn.) L. 1. C. glabra L. TurRTLEHEAD. Wet places in rich soils of various kinds, in both calcareous and noncalcareous regions; frequent, and generally distributed. July 20—Sept. Newf. to Man., southw. to Fla., Ala., and Kans., including the Coastal Plain. 6. Mimulus L. 1, M. ringens L. Monkey FLower. Wet places in rich soils of various kinds, in both calcareous and noncalcareous regions; frequent. July—Aug. , ; : N. B. to Man., southw. to Ga., Tenn., Tex., and Nebr., including the Coastal Plain. 7. Ilysanthes Raf. 1. I. dubia (L.) Barnh. (J. gratioloides of Cayuga Fl.) FAtse PIMPERNEL, Rich alluvial and calcareous gravelly or sandy muddy shores and swaies; scarce. July—Aug. p Spencer Lake; Six Mile Creek; marshes at head of Cayuga Lake (D.!); mouth of Salmon Creek (D.!); near railroad e. of Judd Falls (D.); Cortland marl ponds (D.!); Ledyard. N. B. to Wis. and S. Dak., southw. to Fla., Ark., and Tex.; infrequent or rare on the Coastal Plain. 8. Gratiola L. 1. G. neglecta Torr. (See Rhodora 20:65. 1918. G. virginiana of Cayuga FI.) Muddy places on shores and in fields or ditches, mostly in heavy soils; frequent. June—Oct. Spencer Lake; on hills s. e. of Brookton; Six Mile Creek; Ellis Hollow; near Etna; Dryden Lake; McLean Bogs; Chicago Bog; Taughannock Point; near Asbury; Spring Lake; Junius; and elsewhere. Cent. Me. to B. C., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Calif.; much less frequent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 9. Veronica (Tourn.) L. a. Tube of corolla much shorter than the calyx; capsule flat, usually emarginate. b. Racemes or spikes axillary; perennials. c. Leaves glabrous; veins indistinct. d. Leaves short-petioled, ovate or ovate-oblong, not cordate. 1. V. americana 372 KaAr”L M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES d. Leaves sessile, often clasping. e. Racemes rather close, straight; fruiting pedicels 3-5 mm. long; leaves entire, or obscurely crenate-serrate. f. Capsule orbicular or short-oblong, scarcely retuse; upper leaves elliptic-oval or obovate; racemes glabrous. 2. VY. Anagallis-aquatica, var. latifolia . f. Capsule broader than long, slightly emarginate; upper leaves linear- lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, broad-based; racemes glandular- pubescent. 2a. V. A., var. glandulosa c. Racemes loose, very slender, zigzag; fruiting pedicels 10-15 mm. long; leaves linear, remotely denticulate. 3. V. scutellata c. Leaves hairy, more or less rugose. 4. V. officinalis b. Racemes or spikes terminal, or flowers axillary and solitary; annuals or perennials. c. Flowers in a terminal spike or raceme, only the lower flowers in the. axils of normal foliage leaves. d. Leaves rather thick, inconspicuously veiny, entire or shallowly toothed, glabrous. c. Plant perennial from a creeping matted base; leaves ovate-oval; capsule broader than long; corolla pale, exceeding the calyx. 5. V. serpylhifolia e. Plant annual, erect; leaves oblong; capsule orbicular; cerolla pale, shorter than the calyx. f. Stems glabrous or practically so. 6. V. peregrina f. Stems glandular-puberulent. 6a. a p., var xalapensis d. Leaves thin, rugose, coarsely toothed, hairy; corolla small, blue ; annuals. V. arvensis c. Flowers all in the axils of normal foliage leaves, the latter broadly ovate, rugose, coarsely toothed, hairy; annuals. d. Corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx; capsule orbicular, slightly notched. a agrestis d. Corolla much exceeding the calyx ; capsule broadly obcordate ar reniform, broadly notched. 9. V. Tourneforti a. Tube of corolla equaling or exceeding the calyx; capsule oblong-ovate, acute, not compressed; tall perennials, with whorled leaves. 10. ’. virginica 1. V. americana Schwein. AMERICAN BROOKLIME. Ditches, brooks, and other wet places, on clays or gravels in more or less cal- careous districts; common. June—July. Generally distributed throughout the basin, except in the more acid soils of the higher hills. Newf. to Alaska, southw. to N. C., Pa., the Great Lakes, Nebr., N. Mex., and Calif.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 2. V. Anagallis-aquatica L., var. latifolia (Britton) Farwell. (See Papers Mich. Acad. Sci. 2: 40. 1923. V. Anagallis, in part, of Cayuga FI.) In ditches and pools, in calcareous regions; scarce. Aug. Base of hill n. of Lick Brook; end of lower switchback, D., L. & W. R. R., South Hill; backwater below Beech Woods, Six Mile Creek (C. C. Thomas & A. J. E.); Eddy Pond, Cascadilla Glen, 1882 (D.); marsh w. of Inlet. Conn. to N. Y., southw. to N. J. and Pa.; absent on the Coastal Plain. The first varietal name is var. latifolia Britton. THE FiLora oF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 373 2a. V. Anagallis-aquatica L., var. glandulosa Farwell. (See Rept. Mich. Acad. Sci. 19: 249. 1917. Rhodora 23: 37. 1921. V. Anagallis, in part, of Cayuga FI.) Ditches and slow streams; rare. Cortland marl ponds (D.); “abundant in outlet of he Tron Spring, west of Black Lake” (D.); ditch near Black Lake (L. F. Randolph, A. J. E., & K. M. W.). Mass., Vt., and Ont., southw. to Pa., Ill., Okla., and Tex.; ‘absent on the Coastal Plain. A study of material of /. Anagallis-aquatica from various parts of Europe and North America seems to indicate that it is a polymorphous species with many yas interrelated in such a way that no good specific lines can be drawn between them. 3. V. scutellata L. MarsH SPrEEDWELL. Wet places in marshes and about bogs, generally in slightly calcareous soils; infre- quent. June—Oct. Between Spencer and North Spencer; n. e. of Hanshaw Corners; Slaterville Swamp; Ringwood; Freeville Bog; Chicago Bog; s. corner of Wyckoff Swamp; Montezuma; and elsewhere. Lab. and Newf. to B. C., southw. to N. Y., Minn., and Calif.; infrequent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. 4. V. officinalis L. Common SPEEDWELL. Dry gravelly and stony banks, in old fields, pastures, and open woodlands, mostly in subacid soils; frequent. June—July. Border of Summit Marsh; Dry Run, Spencer; West Hill, abundant (D.); Beech Woods, Six Mile Creek; Cayuga Heights: Turkey Hill, abundant (D.) ; Ringwood; McLean (D.!); and elsewhere. Newf. to Ont. and S. Dak., southw. to Ga. and Tenn., including the Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. 5. V. serpyllifolia L. TuyM£E-LEAVED SPEEDWELL. Slightly moist, mostly run-out, grasslands and lawns; common, and generally dis- tributed. May—Oct. Newf. to Ont., southw. to Ga., N. Mex., and Calif., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. 6. V. peregrina L. Cultivated grounds and waste places, in sandy or gravelly soils; common. May-— June. N. B. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. 6a. V. peregrina L., var. xalapensis (HBK.) Pennell. (See Torreya 19: 167. 1919.) In situations similar to the preceding; rare. In the planted white birch thicket, Fox Ridge, 1922 N. E., also Mississippi Valley, westw. and southwestw.; rare in the Allegheny region. 7. V. ARVENSIS L. CorN SPEEDWELL. Dry gravelly or rocky fields, waste places, and light sterile, often acid, cultivated grounds; common. May—June. Newf. to B. C., southw. to Fla., Kans., and Tex. Naturalized from Eurasia. 8. V. acrestTis L. FIetp SPEEDWELL. A weed in gardens, lawns, and by roadsides, mostly in sandy, gravelly, or stony places; rare. Apr—May 10, 374 Kart M. Wigcanp AND ArtHUR J. Eames Garden between Forest Home and Pleasant Grove Cemetery, formerly (H. S. Jackson in C. U. Herb.) ; roadside and lawn, lower end of Cook St., Ithaca. Newf. and the Maritime Provinces of Canada; and from N. Y. and N. J. to La, chiefly near the coast. Naturalized from Eurasia. 9. V. Tournerortu C. C. Gmel. (V. Busxbaumti of Cayuga Fil. V. persica Poir.?) Rich soils of various types; scarce. Mar.—Apr “W. Hill in Sanford’s garden, (Prof. 3s: Domipee! 1882)!” (D.); garden near Coy Glen; Cascadilla Glen, above Eddy Pond and near the C. U. baseball cage; Upland Road, Cayuga Heights: hotel site, Taughannock Falls. Newf. to Ont., N. Y., and Ohio; also Colo. to Calif. Naturalized from Eurasia. 10. V. virginica L. (Leptandra virginica Nutt.) Cutver’s Root. Dry rich sandy sheltered banks; rare. July 15—Aug. ’ “Wild bank beyond the Fleming S. H.” (D.); “near Fall Cr, north of Ithaca, ~ _ (Dr. Underwood, of Groton.)” (D.); Utt Point (D.!); woods near end of ‘Farley Point ee Junius, Sartwell (D.). Ne Se ‘7 w. Mass., and Conn., to B. C., southw. to Ala. and Tex.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Other sections of the genus connect this species, often segregated as Leptandra, with the more typical species of Veronica (see Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam.) ; therefore it seems best not to maintain the genus Leptandra here. 10. Aureolaria Raf.33 a. Corolla pubescent on the outside; plant glandular-viscid. _ 1. A. pedicularia, var. intercedens a. Corolla glabrous on the outside; plant not glandular. b. Stem puberulent; pedicels very short. 2. A. virginica b. Stems glabrous and glaucous; pedicels as long as the calyx. 3. A. flava 1. A. pedicularia (L.) Raf., var. intercedens Pennell. (See Torreya 19: 207. 1919. Gerardia pedicularia of Gray’s Man., ed. 7, and of Cayuga Fl.) Fase FOXGLOVE. Dry sandy, gravelly, or stony, noncalcareous woodlands; frequent. Aug.Sept. On the hills w., s., and e. of Ithaca, along the shores of Cayuga Lake, and in the sandy regions n. of the lake: Ball Hill, Danby (D.); Thatcher Pinnacles (D.); White Church (D.) ; Cascadilla woods; Fall Creek; Glenwood Road; and elsewhere. Absent in the McLean region and on the clays and richer soils back from the lake shores. N. Y. to Mo., southw. to N. C.; this variety infrequent on the Coastal Plain. 2. A. virginica (L.) Pennell. (Gerardia flava of Gray’s Man., ed. 7, and of Cayuga FI.) In habitats similar to the preceding; frequent. July—Aug. Distribution similar to the preceding: Coy Glen; South Hill; Beebe Lake; w. shore of Cayuga Lake; and elsewhere. ; S. Me. to Ont. and Wis., southw. to Fla., Miss., and Iowa, including the Coastal Plain. #% The contending views as to the status of the generic and specific names in the old genus Gerardia are ably discussed by Blake (see Rhodora 20:66, 1918) and by Pennell (see Torreya 19: 205, 1919; also, Rhodora 20:133, 1918). Aureolaria and Agalinis are scarcely distinct generi- cally, as the morphological characters on which they are based seem very trivial. Until the matter can be settled through a more thorough study of these and related genera, it seems wise to treat them as distinct, especially since not all the combinations have been made that would be necessary under a united genus. ee ee ee eee eee eee Eee Tuer Fiora OF THE CayucA LAKE BASIN 375 3. A. flava (L.) Farwell. (Gerardia virginica of Gray’s Man., ed. 7. G. quercifolia of Cayuga FI.) In situations similar to the preceding; less frequent. July—Aug. S. Me. to Minn., southw. to Fla., Ala., and Ill.; rare on the Coastal Plain. Pennell’s view is here adopted, that the name Gerardia flava L. should be applied to the glaucous-stemmed species. That Linnaeus based his name on specimens rather than on references is supported by the fact that he appended a description of his own. 11. Agalinis Raf. a. Pedicels short, not more than twice the length of the calyx; capsules 5-6 mm. long. A. paupercula a. Pedicels long, two to six times the length of the calyx; capsules about 4 mm. long. 2. A. tenuifelia 1. A. paupercula (Gray) Britton. (Gerardia paupercula of Gray’s Man., ed. 7. G. purpurea of Cayuga FI.) In damp sandy soil; rare. Aug.—Sept. “Farley’s Point, rather abundant along the south shore” (D.), not seen since; marsh about Newton Ponds (D.!); springy place n. of Spring Lake (F. P. Metcalf & A. AH. Wright). N. S. to Man., southw. to Ala. and Tenn., including the northern Coastal Plain. In addition to the sand, the presence of some salts in the soil, as lime or sodium chlorid, may be an influencing factor in the localization of this species in the Cayuga Lake Basin. 2. A. tenuifolia (Vahl) Raf. (Gerardia tenuifolia of Gray’s Man., ed. 7, and of. Cayuga FI.) eee banks, in more acid and less saline regions than the preceding; rare. ug.—Sept. N. bank of Salmon Creek, below Ludlowville (D.) ; sandy bank, e. side of Phillips Pond, 1922. W. Me. and w. Que. to Nebr., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; frequent along the coast. These two species and the three species of Aureolaria are partly parasitic on the roots of various plants. 12. Castilleja Mutis 1. C. coccinea Spreng. PaIntTEp Cup. Low sandy, often somewhat acid, soils; rare. May—July. “Near Aurora,” 1842 (Dr. Alex. Thompson) ; bank near Phillips Pond, a few, 1887 (Mrs. S. A. Little in C. U. Herb.) ; roadside, Junius to Oaks Corners (Mrs. Burtin in C. U. Herb.). Me. (?) and Mass. to Man., southw. to Ga., Tenn:, Kans., and Tex.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 13. Pedicularis (Tourn.) L. a. Leaves pinnately parted; capsule lanceolate, three times the length of the calyx; plant decumbent at base, 1.5-4 dm. high. 1. P. canadensis a. Leaves pinnately lobed; capsule ovate, scarcely longer than the calyx; plant erect, 3-9 dm. high. 2. P. lanceolata 1. P. canadensis L. Lousewort. Woop BEtony. Dry woodlands, in gravelly and stony, slightly acid, soils; frequent. May. Frequent on the “acid” soils of the hills w., s., and e. of Ithaca, along the shore of Cayuga Lake, and in the sandy country n. of the lake; rare in the McLean region and in the clays and richer soils back from the lake shore. 376 Kart M. Wrecanpd AND ArTHuR J. Eames N. S., cent. Me., and w. Que., to Man., southw. to Fla., Miss., Kans., Colo., and northern Mex., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. This species occurs in two color forms, pale yellow and purple, but without other points of difference. 2. P. lanceolata Michx. Open springy places, in gravelly soils; rare. Aug. 20-Sept. 20. Springy places on hill s. side of Coy Glen; e. of the clock factory, Ithaca (D.); springy place along Fall Creek w. of Dryden-Ithaca town line; small marsh w. of Pleasant Grove Cemetery (D.); near railroad n. of Salmon Creek (D2): Mass. to Ont. and Man., southw. to N. C., Ohio, and Nebr., including the Coastal Plain. In the Cayuga Lake Basin this species occurs always in calcareous or even marly soil. 14. Melampyrum (Tourn.) L. 1. M. lineare Lam. (M. americanum of Cayuga Fl.) Cow WHEAT. Dry woodlands, in sandy or gravelly noncalcareous soils; common. June—July. Abundant on the hills w., s., and e. of Ithaca, along the shores of Cayuga Lake, and in the sandy districts n. of the lake; rare or absent in the McLean region and in the clays and richer soils back from the lake shores. Newf. to B. C., southw. to Ga., Tenn., and Iowa; common on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 113. OROBANCHACEAE (Broom Rape FAmity) a. Lower flowers fertile, cleistogamous, with minute corollas; upper flowers sterile, with long tubular curved corollas; plant branched above. 1. EpirAcus a. Lower and upper flowers alike; plant unbranched above the base. b. Calyx spathe-like, deeply cleft in front; plant thick, cone-like; flowers sub- sessile; stamens slightly exserted. 2. CoNOPHOLIS b. Calyx regularly 4-5-cleft; plant not cone-like; flowers long-peduncled; stamens included. 3. OROBANCHE 1. Epifagus Nutt. 1. E. virginiana (L.) Bart. BErrcuprops. Gravelly soils in beech woods, where it is parasitic on the roots of beech; frequent. Sept.—Oct. In scattered stations where beech occurs: common in the beech woods of Six Mile Creek and in the beech forests of the McLean district. N. B. and Ont. to Wis., southw. to Fla., Miss., and La.; infrequent or rare on the Coastal Plain. 2. Conopholis Wallr. 1. C. americana (L. f.) Wallr. CANcER-RooT. SQUAWROOT. Dry or damp woodlands of oak and chestnut, mostly in sandy, gravelly, or stony, noncalcareous soils; apparently parasitic on the roots of oak and chestnut; scarce. June-July. On the hills w., s., and e. of Ithaca, and on the clays and richer soils back from the lake where oak occurs: border of Summit Marsh; upper Coy Glen; s. w. corner of Cayuga Lake; Fall Creek, e. of Forest Home; n. e. of Hanshaw Corners; Turkey Hill; Ringwood. Absent in the McLean region. S. Me. to Mich., southw. to Fla. and Tenn.; rare on the Coastal Plain. THE Fiora oF THE CAyuGA LAKE BASIN 377: 3. Orobanche (Tourn.) L. 1. O. uniflora L. (4 phyllon wniflorum of Cayuga Fl.) CANCER-ROOT. In low or: upland woods, in sandy, gravelly, or stony soils apparently with little regard to lime content; parasitic on various herbs, including ferns; scarce. May 20—June. Coy Glen; Beebe Lake (D!); Cascadilla woods (D.); Turkey Hill (D.); Fir Tree Swamp, Freeville; low woods near Mud Pond, McLean Bogs; Duck Lake; absent on the clay soils and rich alluviums of the basin. Newf. to Ont. and possibly B. C., southw. to Ga., Tex., and Calif.; occasional on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. This species is frequently separated from other species of Orobanche as a distinct genus, but in Orobanche there are all gradations and combinations of the characters employed in such separation. 114. LENTIBULARIACEAE (BLaAppEerwort FAMILY) a. Lips of the calyx 2-3-cleft; upper lip of corolla recurved-spreading, the palate inconspicuous; leaves entire, in a basal rosette. 1. PINGUICULA a. Lips of the calyx entire or nearly so; upper lip of corolla erect, the palate usually very conspicuous; leaves dissected, scattered. 2. UDPRICULARIA 1. Pinguicula (Tourn.) L. 1. P. vulgaris L. Burrerworr. Dripping limy, mostly shaded, cliffs in ravines; rare. June 10-30. Cascadilla Creek, both sides of Glen Pond, 1869 (Dr. Jordan!), and farther down the ravine (D.); Fall Creek, on Primrose Cliff below Triphammer Falls (D.!) and opposite Rocky Falls (D.); Taughannock Gorge, s. side in several places (D.!). Apparently the only other stations reported in N. Y. State are: along the Genesee River, below the falls at Rochester, below Portage Falls, and near Mount Morris; Sidney (Hoy fide Clute, Fl. Susq.). N. B. and Que. to N. Y., Mich., Mont., B. C., and far northw. Found also in Eurasia. A very rare plant in the southern part of its range. 2. Utricularia, I. a. Stems slender, creeping or floating; leaves forked or divided, scattered, bladder- bearing; flowers large or small; spur mostly blunt. b, Leaves 20-50 mm. long, pinnate; flowers 10-20 mm. wide; plants floating in stagnant pools. 1. U. vulgaris, var. americana b. Leaves less than 20 mm. long, forking; flowers various. c. Branches strongly dimorphous, the bladders on almost leafless branches, the leaves on bladderless branches; leaves sessile, several times forked, the divisions broad and flat; bladders 2.5-4 mm. long; corolla 10-20 mm. in diam., the lips very unequal in length. 2. U. intermedia c. Branches all similar, equally bladder-bearing; divisions of the leaves more capillary; bladders 1-1.8 mm. long; corolla 4-8 mm. in diam. d. Corolla open in the throat, the upper lip much shorter than the lower lip; spur almost obsolete; pedicels recurved in fruit; plants, in this region, mostly free-floating and rarely flowering; bladders 1.5-1.8 mm. long. 3. U. minor d. Corolla closed by a palate, the lips nearly equal in length; spur about half the length of the lip; pedicels erect in fruit; plants creeping on mud in very shallow water, the leaves very much reduced; bladders 1-1.5 mm. long. 4, U, gibba 378 Kart. M. WIEGAND AND ArTHUR J. EAMES a. Stems, exclusive of the long erect peduncle, very short, submerged in the mud; some leaves capillary, divided, root-like, and bladder-bearing, others subulate, undivided, green, and grass-like; flowers large and showy; spur long and sharp. 5. U. cornuta 1. U. vulgaris L., var. americana Gray. (U. vulgaris of Cayuga Fl. U. macro- rhiza Le Conte.) GREAT BLADDERWORT. Floating in the stagnant waters-of pools and bayous, in neutral or acid waters containing much organic matter; frequent. July 15—-Aug. Various places in the Inlet Marshes (D.!); Myers Point; pools between railroad and cliffs n. of Ludlowville, and n. of King Ferry (D.!); Taughannock Point; marsh n. of Union Springs (D.!); Black Lake and Cayuga Marshes (D.); Junius peat bogs; swale s. of Conquest. Lab. to Minn. and Alaska, southw. to Md., Okla., Ariz., Lower Calif., and Mex., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. 2. U. intermedia Hayne. Creeping in shallow water among sedges, in more or less calcareous places; scarce. July—Aug. 10. Summit Marsh (D.); Dryden Lake (D.!); Black Lake (D.); Junius marl ponds; sedgy meadows, Westbury Bog. Newf. to B. C., southw. to N. J., Ind., Iowa, and Calif., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eu. 3. U. minor L. Floating in stagnant water among reeds and sedges, mostly in calcareous situa- tions; rare. “May—July” (Gray’s Man., ed. 7). Summit Marsh (D.!); Black Lake (D.); in a sedgy meadow, Westbury Bog. Newf. to B. C., southw. to Conn., w. N. Y., the Great Lakes, Utah, and Calif., in both acid and alkaline waters. In the Cayuga Lake Basin, U. minor is not confined to shallow water, as is some- times stated, being often found floating where the water is deep. It has not yet been found here in flower. A form with coarser foliage, but not referable to any other species, occurs at Lowery and Newton Ponds. 4. U. gibba L. Creeping in open, very shallow, water, on sedgy marl flats; rare. Aug.—Sept. 10. E. side of Lowery Ponds, 1916 (F. P. Metcalf & K. M. W.), abundant in 1922. Me. and N. S. to Fla., Ala., and Tex., near the coast; and from w. Vt. to Mich. and Til. 5. U. cornuta Michx. Peat bogs, in muddy openings in the sphagnum; rare. July 15—Aug. Junius peat bogs (Sartwell, D.!). ; Newf. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. 115. ACANTHACEAE (Acantuus FaAmity) 1. Dianthera (Gronov.) L. 1. D. americana L. Water WILLow. - Lake shores, and borders of the larger marshes in waters containing traces of lime or salt; scarce. July—Aug.. ¥ : ae Confined to the Ontario plain: Farley Foint (D.!) and vicinity 5 Cayuga to Montezuma, along the river (D.!); salt region n. e. of Montezuma village; Duck Lake. W. Ont. and Vt. to Wis., southw. to Ga. and Tex.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 2 : THe FiLora OF THE CayuGA LAKE BASIN 379 116. PHRYMACEAE (Loprseep Famity) 1. Phryma L. 1. P. Leptostachya L. Lopsrep. Rich banks in woods and thickets; frequent. July. In the alluvial soils in the ravines of the basin, and in the clays and richer soils back from Cayuga Lake; rare or absent on the more acid soils of the hills s. of Ithaca, and apparently absent in the McLean district: Coy Glen; Fall Creek; woods n. e. of Hanshaw Corners; Paine Creek; and elsewhere. N. B. and Que. to Man., southw. to Fla. and Kans.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. Found also in e. Asia. 117. PLANTAGINACEAE (Priantain FAmity) 1. Plantago (Tourn.) L. a. Leaves basal; plant scapose. b. Leaves broad, abruptly contracted into long petioles; spikes long and slender; seeds plump, not hollowed on the inner face. c. Blade pinnately veined. 1. P. cordata c. Blade palmately veined. ; d. Capsule ovate, circumscissile near the middle; sepals and bracts broad and rounded obtuse; base of petiole greenish white, rarely purplish. 2. P. major d. Capsule elliptic-oblong, circumscissile much below the middle; sepals and bracts narrow, strongly carinate, subacute; base of petiole purple. 3. P. Rugelu b. Leaves from ovate to oblong or linear, tapering to a short petiole or a sessile base; spikes short. c. Leaf blade ovate, oblong, or elliptical; seeds flat or nearly so on the inner face. 4. P. media c. Leaf blade lanceolate or linear ; seeds plainly concave on the inner face. d. Blade lanceolate; bracts shorter than the flowers. 5. P. lanceolata d. Blade linear; bracts longer than the flowers. 6. P. aristata a. Leaves cauline, either opposite or whorled. [P. arenaria] 1. P. cordata Lam. Alluvial soil along streams in wooded swamps; rare. “Tn herb. of Professor Thomas, collected in Ledyard, 1827” (D.); not seen since. N. Y. and Ont. to Minn., southw. to Ala., La., and Mo.; rare or absent e. of the Allegheny Mts. 2. P. major L. PLantaIn. Roadsides, fields, lawns, and waste places, also in brackish marshes and on gravelly shores; very common. June—Sept. Cosmopolitan or nearly so. Variable as to size and pubescence. On the brackish marshes and on shores the plants are smaller and more pubescent. 3. P. Rugelii Decne. PLANTAIN. Rich roadsides, fields, and waste places; very common. June—Sept. N. B. to N. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. Usually brighter green and thinner-leaved than the preceding species, and almost always glabrous. 380 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 4. P. mepia L. Hoary PLANTAIN. Gravelly lawns and fields; rare. Grounds of President White Place, 1883 (F. L. Kilborne, D.); lawn, Barton Place and Thurston Ave., Cornell Heights, 1913 (G. F. Atkinson in C. U. Herb.). Me. to Ont., southw. to R. I. and N. Y. Adventive from Eurasia. 5. P. LANCEOLATA L. Ruip-Grass. ENGLISH PLANTAIN. Roadsides, fields, and waste places; very common. June—Aug. Newf. to B. C., southw. to Fla. and Kans. Naturalized from Eurasia. Occasional plants, as on Hibiscus Point, have shorter and blunter spikes (var. Sphaerostachya Mert. & Koch, see Rhodora 24: 204. 1922). 6. P. ARISTATA Michx. Dry gravelly or sandy sterile roadsides and fields; rare. June—July. Foot of Thatcher Pinnacles, 1905 (K. M. W. & E. M. Cipperly) ; South Hill, near the marsh; Thurston Ave., formerly (1904, E. M. Cipperly in C. U. Herb.) ; knoll s. w. of Mud Pond, McLean Bogs, 1914 (G. E. Douglas & C. C. Thomas). Of recent introduction from the West. Ill. to B. C., southw. to La. and N. Mex.; widely introduced in e. U. S. [P. ARENARIA Waldst. & Kit. WuHorLED PLANTAIN. SANDWORT. Edge of dump, lighthouse road, Ithaca, 1925, several plants (W. C. Muenscher). Adventive from Eu. ] 118. RUBIACEAE (Mapper Famiry) a. Leaves verticillate; fruit dry, of 2 twin carpels; herbs. b. Corolla rotate; sepals obsolete; flowers not involucrate. 1. GALIUM b. Corolla funnel-form; sepals lanceolate; flower cluster with a gamophyllous f involucre. 2. SHERARDIA a. Leaves opposite or sometimes in whorls of 3; fruit not as above. b. Plants trailing, with evergreen leaves; fruit a berry produced from the fused ovaries of the two terminal flowers. 3. MITCHELLA b. Plants shrubby, erect, with deciduous leaves; fruit dry, splitting into inde- hiscent parts; flowers in heads. 4. CEPHALANTHUS b. Plants herbaceous, erect; fruit a many-seeded capsule; flowers in cymes. 5. Houstonta 1. Galium L. a. Ovary and fruit uncinate-hispid (obscurely so in no. 4). b. Leaves 3-nerved (obscurely so in no. 3), not cuspidate. c. Flowers sessile, or nearly so, along the primary branches of the inflorescence, purple or greenish yellow. d. Leaves lanceolate; corolla deep purple, 3-5 mm. in diam. 1. G. lanceolatum d. Leaves oval; corolla greenish yellow, 2-2.5 mm. in diam. 2. G. circaezans c. Flowers panicled, pedicelled. d. Corolla greenish purple; leaves oval, pilose. d. Corolla pure white; leaves narrowly lanceolate, glabrou w iD) . pilosum W . ~ . boreale as b. Leaves 1-nerved, cuspidate. c. Leaves about 8 in each whorl, oblanceolate; annuals. .G G. Aparine - c. Leaves 6 in each whorl, elliptical; perennials. G . triflorum awn THe, FLora oF THE Cayuca LAKE Basin 381 a. Ovary and fruit glabrous. b. Flowers yellow. 7. G. verum b. Flowers white. c. Leaves cuspidate. d. Leaves in 6’s on the main stem, in 4’s or 5’s on the branches, elliptical ; plant very rough. : 8. G. asprellum d. Leaves in 8’s on the main stem, in 6’s on the branches, narrowly oblanceo- late; plant slightly rough. 9. G. Mollugo c. Leaves blunt. d. Flowers paniculate; endosperm lunate in cross section. 10. G. palustre d. Flowers solitary or in 2’s or 3’s; endosperm annular in cross section. e. Corolla 4-lobed, the lobes acute. f. Leaves ascending, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; inflorescence mostly terminal; fruit 2.5-3.5 mm. broad. 1l. G. tinctorium f. Leaves mostly reflexed, 0.5-1.5 cm. long; inflorescence finally strongly lateral; fruit 1-1.5 mm. broad. 12. G. labradoricum e. Corolla 3-lobed, rarely 4-lobed, the lobes obtuse; fruit 1.5 mm. broad. f. Pedicels straight, glabrous. 13. G. Claytont f. Pedicels slender, arcuate, scabrous. 14. G. trifidum 1. G. lanceolatum Torr. Wuitp Liquorice. Dry woodlands, in sandy, gravelly, or stony, mostly neutral, soils; frequent. June- July. Mostly on the hills w. and s. of Ithaca, and near the ravines; rare in the McLean district, in the clays and richer soils, and in the more acid sands: West Danby; New- field Glen; Enfield Glen; Coy Glen; near South Hill Marsh; Beebe Lake; Ren- wick slope; region of McLean Bogs; and elsewhere. S. Me. and w. Que. to Minn., southw. to Va., Ky., and Ohio; rare or absent on the Coasta! Plain. 2. G. circaezans Michx. Wutp Liquorice. In locations similar to the preceding, but in more acid soils; frequent. June 20- July. Coy Glen; Beebe Lake; McGowan Woods; Turkey Hill; n. e. of Hanshaw Cor- ners; woods near Mud Creek Swamp; around Junius peat bogs; and elsewhere. S. Me. and w. Que. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. 3. G. pilosum Ait. Dry sandy woodlands, in acid soils; rare. July. Wild bank in rear of Valley Cemetery, s. of Ithaca (D.!); s. crest of Coy Glen; around Junius marl ponds (D.!). N. H. to Ont., Mich., Ill., and Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; common on the Coastal Plain. 4. G. boreale L. NortHErRN BeEpsTRAW. Dry open places, mostly in soil derived from sandstone and shales mixed with clay, rarely over more calcareous shales; common. June-July. Common on the South Hill terraces and along the lake shores; rare or absent on the higher hills and in the McLean region. Que. to Alaska, southw. to N. J., Pa., Mich. Mo., N. Mex., and Calif.; rare or absent in granitic 'N. E. and on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. 5. G. Aparine L. CLeavers. Goose Grass. Borders of woods and thickets, in moist rich sandy or alluvial soils; common. May. 382 Kart M. WriEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES In the Cayuga Lake Basin, mostly confined to the vicinity of Cayuga Lake and the Inlet Valley. N. B. to Ont. and S. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. Probably in part introduced from Eurasia. 6. G. triflorum Michx. Sweet-scenTED BeEpsTRAW. Dry woodlands, in rich calcareous or slightly acid soils; frequent. July. Generally distributed throughout the basin, except perhaps in the chestnut and oak forests of the higher hills. Greenland and Newf. to B. C. and Alaska, southw. to Fla., La., Colo., and Calif.; less common on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eu. 7. G. veruM L. YeELLow BepstTRAW. Moist, or rarely dry, rather rich gravelly or sandy fields and banks, in nearly neutral soils; rare. June-July. Grassy bank, Highland Ave., Cayuga Heights, 1914 (M. C. Wiegand); Six Mile Creek, field s. of main reservoir, 1917 (A. Gershoy); bank of Mill Pond, Ellis Hollow, 1915 (4. J. E. & F. P. Metcalf). Of recent introduction. Me. to Ont., southw. to N. J. and Pa. Adventive from Eurasia. 8. G. asprellum Michx. Roucu Bepstraw. Borders of swamps and along streams, in rich alluvial soils; common. July—Oct. Newf. to Minn., southw. to N. C., Ill, Mo., and Nebr.; occasional on the Coastal Plain. 9. G. Mottuco L. Cultivated fields, in sandy or gravelly loam; rare. June-July. Near Lick Brook, 1922; waste ground, Ithaca flats, 1921 (S. H. Burnham & C, L. Wilson) ; field e. of C. U. barns, 1916 (Ff. P. Metcalf) ; pasture along railroad e. of Judd Falls, 1916 (A. Gershoy) ; along state road, e. of McLean Bogs, 1925. Newf. to Vt. and Ohio, southw. to Va. and Pa. Naturalized from Eu. 10. G. pALUSTRE L. (See Bul. Torr. Bot. Club 24: 389. 1897.) : j ees ditches, and borders of marshes, mostly in rich alluvial soil; frequent. une—July. West Hill, Ithaca; Ithaca flats toward Renwick; Beebe Lake; “‘ Fall Creek,’ 1875 (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; Fall Creek, above Forest Home; Etna; n. e. of Freeville; Dryden Lake; Taughannock Creek, above Mecklenburg; Shurger Glen; near Asbury; near Mud Pond, Ira. Probably of recent introduction, the only collection known before 1894 being that of Dudley cited above. Newf. and Que. to Mich., southw. to Conn. and N. Y., apparently less common along the coast. In at least a part of its range appearing as though introduced. Found also in Eurasia. 11. G. tinctorium L. (G. trifidum, var. latifolium, of Cayuga FI.) Open or shaded marshes and in alluvial woods, in rich and perhaps slightly saline soils; frequent. July. Near the shores of Cayuga Lake, and on the Ontario plain n. of the lake: s. w. corner of Cayuga Lake; Inlet Marshes (D.); West Hill; near Esty Glen; near King Ferry (D.); Myers Point; Long Point; Farley Point and vicinity; Montezuma; Savannah and Conquest, common. N. S. to Mich. and Nebr., southw. to N. C. and Ariz., including the Coastal Plain. In shady places the leaves are broader. 12. G. labradoricum Wiegand. Calcareous bogs; rare. May 25-July 10. A Moor of Mud Pond, McLean Bogs; Spring Lake (F. P. Metcalf & K M. W.); THE FLorA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 383 Westbury Bog (F. P. M. & K M. W.); arbor vitae swamp e. of Clyde (F. P. M. & K. M. W.) Lab. to Wis., southw. to n. Conn. and N. Y. 13. G. Claytoni Michx. (Including G. C., var. subbiflorum Wiegand, as to eastern specimens. G. trifidum of Cayuga FI.) Borders of bogs, marshes, ditches, and shores, in somewhat acid or neutral soils; fairly common. July—Aug. Spencer Lake; w. of Key Hill; s. of Caroline Depot; Inlet Marshes; Six Mile Creek; near Woodwardia Bog; Freeville Bog; McLean Bogs; Chicago Bog; near Townley Swamp; Junius bogs; Slayton Pond; Mud Pond, Conquest; and elsewhere. Newf. and N. Y. to Mich. and Nebr., southw. to Fla., Mo., and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. 14. G. trifidum L. (G. trifidum, var. pusillum, of Cayuga FI.) Borders of bogs and boggy shores of lakes, often on fallen logs, in calcareous regions; scarce. July 15-Aug. Shore of Spencer Lake and in exsiccated places toward Summit Marsh; Taughan- peck Point; Dryden Lake; Mud Pond, McLean Bogs; Red Mills; Junius marl ponds. Newf. and Lab. to B. C., southw. to n. and w. N. E., cent. N. Y., Ohio, Mich., and Colo.; rare or absent in granitic N. E. and on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Found also in Eurasia. In 1920 an exsiccated swale near the maple grove north of Spencer Lake was ‘found to be carpéted with a Galium which resembled in every respect material at hand of G. brevipes Fernald and Wiegand (see Rhodora 12:78. 1910). The sporadic occurrence of this plant so far from its nearest known station in eastern Maine suggests that this may be only a form of some species growing in this locality. In previous years, when the swale was less dry, G. trifidwm was found there, and a frequent tendency for the short pedicels to curve near the tip suggests that the plant in question may represent an ecological or a pathological condition of G. trifidum. : 2. Sherardia (Dill.) L. 1. S. arvensis L. Frerp MApper. A weed in lawns; rare. June—July. C. U. campus, near w. end of pores Hall, 1914 (C. C. Thomas), and in front of Roberts Hall, 1915-1920 (A. J. E.). NESS: to Ont., southw. to N. J. and Ohio. Adventive from Eu. 3. Mitchella L. 1. M. repens L. Partripce Berry. Dry, rather sterile, gravelly or sandy woods of various types, without apparent reference to the lime content of the soil; common. June 25—July 25 Generally distributed throughout the basin, except in the richer soils and clays. Plants with leafy berries: Cascadilla Creek, 1880 (H. B. Lord) and 1881 (D.), and near Brookton, 1881 (D.). Plants with white berries (forma Jeucocarpa Bissell, see Rhodora 13: 32. 1911) : woods, McLean Bogs, 1883 (O. E. Pearce, D.!). ine S. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Fla., Ark., and Tex., including the Coastal lain. 4. Cephalanthus L. 1. C. occidentalis L. ButtonsusH. In shallow water of swamps and marshes, more rarely about bogs; frequent. July 10-Aug. 15. 384 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ArTHUR J. EAMEs Outlet of Cayuta Lake; West Danby; White Church; marshes near Renwick and the lighthouse (D.!); Taughannock Point; along the e. shore of Cayuga Lake; Phillips Pond; and elsewhere. S. w. N. B. and N. S. to w. Ont. and Wis., southw. to Fla., Tex., Ariz., and Calif. ; common on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 5. Houstonia L. a. Flowers long-pedicelled; corolla salver-form. 1. H. caerulea a. Flowers short-pedicelled, distinctly cymose; corolla funnel-form. [H. lanceolata| 1. H. caerulea L. BLuvuets. Sandy or gravelly and stony, poorly drained, acid soils, often with some clay; local. Apr. 20-June, and often in Oct. On hill n. w. of North Spencer station; low fields of the Inlet Valley s. of West Danby; around South Hill Marsh (D.!), extending from Buttermilk Falls to the n. crest of the hill. oie S. to Ont. and Wis., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Mo.; common on the Coastal ain. [H. lanceolata (Poir.) Britton. “TT. purpurea, L., var. longifolia, Gray, appeared on the Fiske-McGraw grounds, 1884” (D.). A specimen so labeled by Dudley in the C. U. Herbarium is H. lanceolata. It has not since been seen in this locality. ] . 119. CAPRIFOLIACEAE (Honeysuckie FAmiry) a. Corolla tubular or campanulate, sometimes 2-lipped; style slender; flowers not in terminal compound cymes, variously colored. b. Plant shrubby, erect, or, if trailing, without long peduncles. c. Leaves serrate; fruit a capsule. 1. DrervILLa c. Leaves entire or with a few coarse teeth; fruit a berry. 2 d. Corolla irregular, long- or short-funnel-form; berry 2-3-celled, several- seeded. 2. LoNICERA d. Corolla regular, short-funnel-form or campanulate;.berry 4-celled, 2-seeded. 3. SYMPHORICARPOS b. Plant semiherbaceous, trailing; fruit nearly or quite dry; flowers 2, or rarely 4, on a long peduncle (see also 3d b). 4. LINNAEA b. Plant herbaceous, erect; fruit fleshy; flowers axillary, sessile. 5. TRIOSTEUM a. Corolla rotate or nearly so, regular; stigmas almost or quite sessile; flowers in terminal compound cymes, white; fruit fleshy. b. Leaves simple; fruit 1-seeded. 6. VIBURNUM b. Leaves pinnate; fruit 3-5-seeded. 7. SAMBUCUS 1. Diervilla (Tourn.) Mill. 1. D. Lonicera Mill. (D. trifida of Cayuga Fl.) Busan HoNneysuckte. Dry gravelly, stony, or rocky thickets and ravine banks, in acid or nearly neutral soils; frequent. June. Spencer Lake; Six Mile Creek; Cascadilla Creek; Fall Creek; Ringwood; Mallory- ville; McLean; and elsewhere. Newf. to Man., southw. to s. N. E. and Wis., and in the mts. to Ga. THE FLorA OF THE CayvuGA LAKE BASIN 385 2. Lonicera L.34 a. Flowers on 2-flowered axillary peduncles; sepals deciduous; leaves not connate. b. Habit upright. c. Corolla scarcely bilabiate, the divisions nearly equal. d. Leaves glabrous; corolla white or rose, its lobes nearly equaling the tube. tatarica d. Leaves ciliate; corolla straw color, the lobes much shorter than the tube. 2. L. canadensis c. Corolla strongly bilabiate the upper lip 4-lobed, the lower one unlobed. d. Leaves oval, downy; peduncles 8-14 mm. long. 3. L. Xylosteum d. Leaves oblong, glabrous or glabrate in age; peduncles 15-40 mm. long. 4. L. oblongtfolia b. Habit trailing or twining; foliage hairy. 5. L. japonica a. Flowers sessile, verticillate, in heads or interrupted spikes; sepals persistent; upper leaves near the flower clusters usually connate. b. Corolla almost regular, tubular, not ringent. 6. L. sempervirens b. Corolla 2-lipped, broadly funnel-form, ringent. c. Leaves pubescent on both sides; corolla 2-2.5 cm. long. 7. L. hirsuta c. Leaves glabrous, at least above; corolla 1-2 cm. long. d. Leaves entirely glabrous; corolla and ovary glabrous. 8. L. dioica d. Leaves pubescent beneath; corolla pubescent outside, averaging longer than in no. 8; ovary densely glandular-atomiferous. 8a. L. dioica, var. glaucescens 1. L. tataricA L. TaARTARIAN HONEYSUCKLE. Pastures and banks, in gravelly and stony nonacid soils; frequent. May 10—June 15. Escaped from cultivation: South Hill, near the “Incline” (Morse Chain Works), very abundant (D.!); Cascadilla Creek (D.); Fall Creek (D.!); Howland Point; shores of Cayuga Lake (D.!). A form on Frontenac Island and elsewhere has salmon-colored berries. Me. to Ont., southw. to N. J. and Ky. Introduced from Asia. 2. L. canadensis Marsh. (L. ciliata of Cayuga Fl.) Fry HoNneysuckte. Damp low woodlands, and sheltered, but often dry, ravine banks, in more or less calcareous gravelly and stony situations; common, May. In the ravines of the basin and in the woods toward McLean, also in the richer gravels and cliffs of the valleys s. of Ithaca; rare in the more acid soil of the south- ern hills, and in the Junius sands. E. Que. to Sask., southw. to Pa., Mich., Wis., and Minn.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 3. L. XyLosteum L. Borders of thickets and in dry scrubby fields; occasional. May 25-June 5. South Hill, by railroad near North Quarry, and s. of the quarry (D.); D., L. & W. R. R. along lower switchback, e. of Hudson St., Ithaca, 1894 (K. M. W.); C. U. campus, West Ave., 1915, and armory woods, 1915; ice Lake shore between Mc- Kinneys and Esty, 1916 (A. R. Bechtel & K. M. W. Escaped from cultivation. Native of Europe. 4, L. oblongifolia (Goldie) Hook. Swamp Fry Honeysuck.e. Calcareous and sometimes brackish peaty swamps; scarce. June 1-20. Headwaters Swamp (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; sparingly in Michigan Hollow Swamp (D.!); swamp at head of Lake Como (Locke Pond, Dr. C. Atwood, D.); Otter 84 One plant each of L. bella Zabel and L. notha Zabel, two hybrid Loniceras, have been found on the banks about the Girls’ Playground, Cascadilla Glen, but these are probably not established in the Cayuga Lake Basin. 386 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. Eames Creek, Cortland (D.); Lowery Ponds (D.!); tamarack swamp w. of Savannah, in Galen (D.!); Crusoe Prairie; Westbury Bog; Miller Bog, Spring Lake; frequent on the Ontario plain. N. N. B. to Man., southw. to Me. Vt., N. Y., w. Pa., Mich., and Minn.; rare or absent in granitic N. E. and on the Coastal Plain. see form with yellow fruit occurs with the typical red-fruited form at Lowery onds. 5. L. yarpontcA Thunb. JAPANESE HoNEYSUCKLE. Dry sandy or gravelly banks; rare. June—July. Escaped from cultivation: state road n. of Enfield Glen; Fall Creek Gorge; edge of thicket opposite Percy Field. Locally abundant on the Coastal Plain; infrequent inland. Naturalized from e. Asia. 6. L. SEMPERVIRENS L. TrumMPET HoNEYSUCKLE. Damp gravelly thickets when not too acid; scarce. July—Aug. 15. Probably introduced: s. shore of Spencer Lake, 1919; border of a thicket in a rocky pasture, South Hill beyond the “Incline,” now Morse Chain Works, 1883-1885 (D.); ravine bank near Kline Road, Forest Home, 1915; around Malloryville Bog, 1918; roadside s. of South Butler, 1916. Native: Me. and N. Y. to Nebr., southw. to Fla. and Tex. Frequent in cultivation. 7. L. hirsuta Eaton. Swamps, and moist or rarely dry thickets; rare. June. Dry rocky thicket, top of North Pinnacle, Caroline; n. of Summit Marsh (D.) ; Freeville, w. of Auburn Div. of L. V. R. R. (D.). The soils at the above-named stations are not particularly calcareous. W. N. E. and Ont. to Man., southw. to Pa., Ohio, and Mich.; apparently absent on the Coastal Plain. 8. L. dioica L. Shaly ledges and talus, not usually in situations definitely calcareous; frequent. May 10-June 10. In nearly all the ravines of the basin from Enfield northw. along the shores of Cayuga Lake, and on the lake cliffs; rare or absent away from the lake. Que. (?) and s. Me. to Mass., southw. to N. C., Ohio, and Mo.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 8a. L. dioica L., var. glaucescens (Rydb.) Butters. (See Clements, Rosendahl, and Butters, Trees of Minnesota.. No. 402 of Cayuga FI.) Damp or rather dry sandy thickets, in neutral or somewhat acid soils; frequent. May 10-June 15. On the chestnut soils of the higher hills s. of Ithaca: hilltops w. of North Spencer station; w. of West Danby; n. of Caroline Center; and elsewhere. Ont. to Alberta, southw. to Pa., N. C., Ohio, and Nebr. The local plants have yellowish flowers and strongly glandular-dotted, otherwise glabrous, ovaries. No specific line can be found between these plants and L. dioica. The corollas of L. dioica average longer than those of var. glaucescens, but the measurements overlap considerably. L. dioica sometimes, though less frequently, has a yellowish corolla, but this color is more characteristic of var. glaucescens. Specimens from Hemlock Lake, Ontario Co., are exactly like L. dioica but have pubescent foliage. The local plants resemble var. dasygyna Rehder as to the glandular nature of the ovary, but the ovary is not hirsute as in that variety. THE FLoRA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 387 3. Symphoricarpos (Dill.) Ludwig a. Leaves pubescent beneath; plants mostly 2-10 dm. high. 1. S. albus a. Leaves glabrous beneath; plants mostly 10-20 dm. high. la. S. albus, var. laevigatus 1. S. albus (L.) Blake. (See Rhodora 16:118. 1914. S. racemosus of Gray’s Man., ed. 7. S. racemosus and var. pauciflorus of Cayuga FI.) Shaly and somewhat limy cliffs and talus; abundant in places. June 25-July 20. Larger ravines of the basin, and the shores of Cayuga Lake: Enfield Glen (D.!); Six Mile Creek (D.); Fall Creek, below Ithaca Falls (D.!); lake cliffs, from McKinneys to Willets (D.!) ; Taughannock Gorge (D.!). N. e. Que. to Alaska, southw. to w. Mass., Ont., Pa., Mich., Mont., and Calif. ; rare or absent as a native plant on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. la. S. atsus (L.) Blake, var. LarvicAtus (Fernald) Blake. (S. racemosus, var. laevigatus, of Gray’s Man., ed. 7.) Roadsides and about old house sites, in rich soil; occasional. June 15—July. Escaped from cultivation: near Ball Hill, Danby; Inlet Valley, near Enfield eg s. of Coy Glen; Brookton; Forest Home; near McKinneys; near Paine reek. Native: Que. to Wash., southw. locally in the mts. to Va.; widely cultivated. 4. Linnaea (Gronovy.) L. 1. L. borealis L., var. americana (Forbes) Rehder. (L. borealis of Cayuga FI.) TWIN-FLOWER. In humus in damp mossy woods, more often under conifers; frequent. June. Wood road n. w. of station, North Spencer; island in Summit Marsh (D.) ; near Summit of Saxon Hill (D.); roadside e. of West Danby station; open peaty meadow n. w. of Enfield Falls; Enfield Glen; Fir Tree Swamp, Danby (D.!); near Buttermilk Falls (D.); Cascadilla woods (D.); n. of Forest Home (D.) ; e. of Freeville Bog (D.!); hill s. of Willow Grove (A. H. Wright); s. bank of Taughannock Gorge (D.!); Ludlowville (H. B. Lord, D.); arbor vitae swamp e. of Clyde. Lab. to B. C. and Alaska, southw. to N. J., Md., Pa. and Minn. Not a coastal plant. 5. Triosteum L. a. Leaves velvety beneath. 1. T. perfolatum, var. aurantiacum a. Leaves glabrous or nearly so beneath. la. T. p., var. glaucescens 1. T. perfoliatum L., var. aurantiacum (Bicknell) Wiegand. (See Rhodora 25: 199. 1923. T. aurantiacum of Gray’s Man., ed. 7.) FEVERwortT. Horse GENTIAN. Rich slopes and bottom lands, in gravelly, nearly neutral, soils; frequent. June. Fairly common about the ravines of the basin, but scarce elsewhere; apparently rare in the McLean region and in the more residual acid soils of the higher hills: Enfield Glen; upper Buttermilk Glen; Six Mile Creek; Fall Creek; path n. of Mud Pond, McLean Bogs; Esty; Salmon Creek; Paine Creek; and elsewhere. Que. to Conn. and in the mts to Va., and from N. Y. to Ill. and Wis.; infrequent or rare on the Coastal Plain. This variety is highly variable in the Cayuga Lake Basin. One or two individuals with perfoliate leaves, but with other characters of the variety rather than of the 388 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES typical form, were found at Paine Creek. The pubescence of the stem and the ovaries may be crisp, as in 7. perfoliatum, or villous, and the sepals may be narrow or broad, obtuse or acute. la. T. perfoliatum L., var. glaucescens Wiegand. (See Rhodora 20: 116. 1918. T. aurantiacum, var. glaucescens Wiegand.) In situations similar to the preceding; frequent. June. Equally common with var. aurantiacum, and of the same distribution: Lick Brook; South Hill; Six Mile Creek; Fall Creek, above Forest Home; Renwick slope; Esty; in shaly talus, Ludlowville; bottom land, Paine Creek glen (type locality). Cent; N. ¥-and) Pa: A colony in Paine Creek glen, and another along the state road at Esty, had some plants with strongly perfoliate leaves but others with the leaves separate. The var. glaucescens resembles the acute-sepaled types of var. aurantiacum more closely than it does the typical form of the species. 6. Viburnum (Tourn.) L. a. Cymes with marginal flowers much enlarged and neutral, very showy. b. Leaves pinnately veined, not lobed, scurfy beneath. 1. V. alnifolium b. Leaves palmately veined, 3-lobed. c. Leaves with short lobes, velvety-pubescent beneath. [V. Opulus] c. Leaves with long-acuminate curved lobes, sparingly pubescent or glabrous beneath; petiolar glands often slightly pedicelled; petiolar groove more open; branches less contorted. 2. V. Opulus, : var. americanum a. Cymes with all flowers alike, perfect. b. Leaves palmately veined, mostly 3-lobed, soft-downy beneath. 3. V. acerifolium b. Leaves pinnately veined, not lobed. c. Leaves coarsely toothed; veins straight, pinnately parallel, conspicuous. d. Blade very short-petioled or almost sessile, downy beneath; stipules con- spicuous, usually exceeding the petiole. 4. V. affine, var. hypomalacum d. Blade long-petioled, glabrous or nearly so; stipules much shorter than the petiole, obsolete, or lacking. 5. V. dentatum c. Leaves finely crenate-serrate; veins irregular and inconspicuous. d. Cyme peduncled; leaves rarely acuminate; drupe 6-9 mm. long. 6. V. cassinoides d. Cyme sessile; leaves plainly acuminate; drupe 10-15 mm. long. 7. V. Lentago 1. V. alnifolium Marsh. (V. lantanoides of Cayuga Fl.) Hosste Busw. WhutcH Hoss .e. Damp woodlands and on shaded ravine banks, in gravelly or shaly, apparently neutral or acid, soils; frequent. Apr. 20-May 20. In the rich old woods of the hilltops in Spencer, Danby, and Caroline; Dry Run, Spencer; swamp above Newfield village; on the shaded s. slope of Enfield Glen; Six Mile Creek ravine (D.!); Fall Creek Gorge (D.!); Etna to Ringwood; McLean and Freeville swamps: Salmon Creek; and elsewhere. N. B. and N. S. to Ont. and Mich., southw. to Conn. and N. Y. and in the mts. to NaC. ba andielennr: [V. Oputus L. Both the European (typical) and American forms of this species are cultivated on the C. U. campus and about Ithaca. The ‘ double-flowered” variety of the Eu- THE FLora OF THE CAyuGA LAKE BASIN 389 ropean form, with all the flowers enlarged, is the so-called “ Snow-ball Bush.” Occasionally plants of this species escape from cultivation, but whether they are the European or the American form, or both, is not known. Native of Eu.] 2. V. Opulus L., var. americanum Ait. (See Rhodora 20: 14. 1918. V. Opulus of Cayuga Fl.) HicHBusH CRANBERRY. CRANBERRY-TREE. Wet gravelly calcareous places, mostly about swamps, rarely in drier situations ; scarce. June. Cayuta Lake swamp (D.); Michigan Hollow Swamp (D.!); Six Mile Creek (D. in C. U. Herb.) ; Indian Spring marsh, formerly (D.); Ellis Hollow; bog between Slaterville and Dryden Lake; Fir Tree Swamp, Freeville (D.); near Malloryville Bog; Mud Pond, McLean Bogs; Beaver Brook (D.!); Salmon Creek ravine, s. of Genoa (A. H. Wright); near East Butler; e. of Clyde. Occasionally escaping from cultivation: near Valentine Brook (D.); Lockwood Flats (D.) Newif. and e. Que. to B. C., southw. to N. J., Pa., Mich. Wis., and Iowa. Found also in e. Asia. One specimen of four collected at various times at Beaver Brook has the leaves as velvety beneath as the European type but is otherwise like the American type. A dwarf, highly stoloniferous, form, with blunt-lobed leaves, was found in Big Gully by W. C. Muenscher in 1923. 3. V. acerifolium L. MAPpLE-LEAVED VIBURNUM. ARROW-WOOD. Dry rocky or gravelly sterile woods, in acid soils; common. June. Most abundant on the ravine crests of the basin, and on the crests of the cliffs along the shore of Cayuga Lake. N. B. to Minn., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Mich.; frequent on the Coastal Plain. 4. V. affine Bush, var. hypomalacum Blake. (See Rhodora 20:11. 1918. V. pubes- cens of Gray’s Man., ed. 7, and of Cayuga FI.) Dry rocky crests of ravines, and cliff crests, mostly in noncalcareous situations ; frequent. June 1-20. Top of Thatcher Pinnacles; Enfield Glen; between Lick Brook and Buttermilk Glen; Coy Glen; around South Hill Marsh; Fall Creek Gorge (D.!); common along the e. shore of the lake (D.!); frequent in the stony chestnut soils of the higher hills. W. Que. and Vt. to Man., southw. to Ga., Ill., Iowa, and Wyo.; rare e. of the Allegheny Mts. In Gray’s Man., ed. 7, the habitat is given as the above-named habitats are not calcareous. 5. V. dentatum L. Arrow-woop. Swamps and along streams, in slightly acid or neutral soils; frequent. June. S. of Caroline Depot; South Hill Marsh; Renwick woods; Ellis Hollow; Malloryville Bog; Mud Pond, McLean Bogs; Spring Lake; and elsewhere. N. B. to Ont., southw. to Fla., w. N. Y., and possibly also to Mich. and Minn. ; frequent on the Coastal Plain. 6. V. cassinoides L. WurTHe-rop. Brack Haw. Boggy acid soils; frequent. June. Larch Meadow (D.); South Hill Marsh (D.!); Lake Como (Locke Pond, D.) ; Woodwardia Bog (D.!); Malloryville Bog (D.); McLean Bogs (D.!); Junius peat bogs; Featherbed Bog. “Newf. to Man. and Minn., southw. to N. J., Fla., and Ala.; common on the Coastal Plain. ‘ ' ; Some of the above-named stations are in marly regions, but the plants may not be actually in calcareous soil. ¢ ‘calcareous ridges and banks,” but 390 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 7. V. Lentago L. NANNYBERRY. SHEEPBERRY. Thickets and stream banks, in rich moist alluvial soils or sometimes in clay; frequent, and generally distributed. May 15-June 15. _ Que. to Man., southw. to N. J., Ind., Kans., and Colo., and along the mts. to Ga.; infrequent or rare on the Coastal Plain. 7. Sambucus (Tourn.) L. a. Inflorescence paniculate; corolla lobes reflexed, turning dark in drying; pith red- dish; fruit coral-red. 1. S. racemosa a. Inflorescence corymbose; corolla lobes spreading, not darkening in drying; pith white; fruit dark purple. 2. S. canadensis 1. S. racemosa L. MRED-BERRIED ELDER. Thickets, in rocky, stony, or gravelly, mostly neutral or acid, soils; frequent. May. Hilltops of Spencer, Danby, and Caroline; South Hill; Cascadilla Glen; “Observa- tion Hill,’ McLean; Shurger Glen; rare in the northern and eastern parts of the basin. Newf. to B. C. or Alaska, southw. to Pa., Iowa, Colo., and Calif., and in the mts. to Ga. 2. S. canadensis L. Common E per. Damp soils in fields, hedgerows, and lowlands, with little reference to lime con- tent; frequent. June 20-July 20. Generally distributed throughout the basin, except in the more sterile soils. N. S. to Man., southw. to Fla., Kans., and Ariz.; frequent along the coast. 120. VALERIANACEAE (Varerran Famity) a. Sepals of several plumose bristles; ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded; some leaves pinnatifid. 1. VALERIANA a. Sepals minute, not plumose; ovary 3-celled, 1-seeded; no leaves pinnatifid. 2. V ALERIANELLA 1. Valeriana (Tourn.) L. a. Basal leaves usually entire; corolla 6-7 mm. long. Meese uliginosa a. Basal leaves pinnate; corolla 4 mm. long. 2. V. officinalis 1. V. uliginosa (T. & G.) Rydb. (V. sylvatica of Cayuga Fl.) Swamp VALERIAN. Calcareous boggy places; rare. June. In the Cayuga Lake Basin, confined to the Ontario plain, where it is frequent: “in Herb. of J. J. Thomas, from Junius; probably 1827” (D.); Savannah, 1883 (Sart- well, D.); swamp s. of South Butler in Savannah, 1916 (L. Griscom, F. P. Met- calf, & A. H. Wright); Westbury Bog (A. H. Wright, A. J. E.. & K. M. W.). Distributed in N. Y. State from Bergen Swamp to Herkimer Co., and also at Pine Plains, Dutchess Co. E. Que. to w. Ont. and Mich., southw. to Me., Vt., and cent. N. Y. 2. V. OFFICINALIS L. GARDEN VALERIAN. FALSE HELIOTROPE. Escaped from cultivation to roadsides and thickets, in rich calcareous regions; occasional. June 15—July 15. Roadside n. of Danby; Taughannock Gorge, in woods near hotel (D.!); near Locke (D.). N. S. to N. J. and Ohio. Introduced from Eurasia. THE FLoRA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 391 2. Valerianella (Tourn.) Mill. 1. V. Locusta (L.) Betcke. (V. olitoria of Cayuga Fl.) Corn SALAD. Fields and waste places, in rich gravelly soils; rare. May. Mouth of ravine n. of Lick Brook, 1912 (H. P. Brown); roadside s. of Ithaca, 1892 (W. W. Rowlee) ; pasture n. of lower Coy Glen, 1894 (K. M. W.), 1919 (A. H. Wright) ; Frontenac Island, 1882 (Mrs. S. J. Brun, D.). Me. to Ont., southw. to N. J., Va., La., Ark., and Idaho. Naturalized from Eu. 121. DIPSACACEAE (Teaser FaAmity) a. Heads large, 5-10 cm. long, oblong, cone-like, many-flowered; chaff among the flowers with conspicuous long stiff points; stems prickly. 1. Drepsacus a. Heads more globular, 1-2 cm. long, fewer-flowered; chaff not as above; stems not prickly. b. Chaff herbaceous, without rigid points; no leaves pinnatifid; calyx limb of 5 minute teeth; involucels prismatic. J 2. SUCCISA b. Chaff wanting, but receptacle hairy; leaves mostly pinnatifid; calyx limb of 8-10 awns; involucels compressed. 3. KNAUTIA 1. Dipsacus (Tourn.) L. . Chaff straight-pointed. 1. D. sylvestris a. Chaff with uncinate tips. |D. fullonum | Q 1. D. sytvestris Huds. Witp TEASEL. Pastures, roadsides, and fields, in rich damp clayey or mucky, probably calcareous, soils; rather common. July—Oct. Generally distributed throughout the basin, except in the sandy soils and in the chestnut soils of the higher hills. Me. to Mich., southw. to N. C.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. Naturalized from Eurasia. [D. FuLLonuM L. FuLtier’s TEASEL. An occasional escape in regions where it is cultivated, as about Auburn and Skaneateles. ] 2. Succisa (Rupp.) Neck. 1. S. austrAtis (Wulf.) Reichenb. (Scabiosa australis of Cayuga FI.) Devin’s Bir. Wet sandy, more or less calcareous, soils; local. July 25—Sept. Near the shore of Cayuga Lake from Farley Point and Lockwood Flats to Union Springs and marsh n. of village (D.!), probably escaped from the garden of Prof. J. J. Thomas at Union Springs, where it was grown early in the 19th century (D.); Big Gully; Frontenac Island (D.) ; n. of Montezuma village. [Found also at Auburn, 1920 (Jennie B. Youngs).] Mass., N. Y., and Pa. Naturalized from Eu. 3. Knautia L. 1. K. arvensis (L.) T. Coult. Frerp Scasious. Dry waste places, in gravelly soils: rare. June. Cayuga Heights below Cayuga Heights Road, behind the residence of Prof. Dietrich (A. J. E. & L. H. MacDaniels) ; abundant in this location. Newf. and N. E., to N. Y. and Pa. Adventive from Eu. This genus is apparently distinct from Scabiosa. 33% Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 122. CUCURBITACEAE (Gourp Famiry)** a. Leaves shallowly 5-angled; plant clammy-pubescent; fruit about 1.5 cm. long, l-celled, 1-seeded. 1. Sicyos a. Leaves sharply and more deeply 5-lobed; plant nearly glabrous; fruit about 5 cm. iong, 2-celled, usually 4-seeded. 2. ECHINOCYSTIS 1. Sicyos L. 1. S. angulatus L. ONer-sEEDED Bur CucuMBER. Damp borders of streams and marshes, in rich alluvial soils and in damp waste places; frequent. Aug—Sept. Near Lick Brook; Negundo Woods (D.); scattered over the area between Ithaca and Cayuga Lake (D.!); Cascadilla Glen; Fall Creek Gorge; Shurger Glen (D.) ; near Ludlowville (D.) ; and elsewhere. S. Me. and w. Que. to S. Dak., southw. to Fla., e. Kans., and Tex.; occasional on the Coastal Plain. 2. Echinocystis T. & G. 1. E. lobata (Michx.) T. & G. Wutp CucumBer. BALSAM-APPLE. Damp borders of streams and marshes, in rich alluvial soils, and in damp waste places; scarce. Aug. Negundo Woods (D.); occasional over the area between Ithaca and Renwick; Fall Creek, at Forest Home; Canoga Marshes; and elsewhere. Commonly culti- vated and freely escaping, but probably native here. N. B. to Man. and Mont., southw. to Pa., Ga., Ky., Kans., and Tex.; occasional on the. Coastal Plain. 123. CAMPANULACEAE (BLuvuesett FAmMILy) a.. Flowers axillary, solitary, sessile, the early ones cleistogamous; capsule slender- cylindric or prismatic. 1. SPECULARIA a. Flowers in a terminal inflorescence, none cleistogamous; capsule obconic to globose. 2. CAMPANULA 1. Specularia (Heist.) Fab. 1. S. perfoliata (L.) A. DC. VeENus’s LookInc-Grass. Dry open sterile gravelly or rocky places, in acid soils; frequent. June—July. N. of Enfield Glen; C. U. campus, e. of Caldwell Hall; nm. of Beebe Lake; Renwick slope; Cayuga Heights: and elsewhere. Me. to B. C., southw. to Fla., La., Mex., Ariz., and Oreg., including the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 2. Campanula (Tourn.) L. a. Flowers nearly sessile, in spikes or racemes. b. Corolla campanulate; style straight; capsule with pores at the base. 1. C. rapunculoides b. Corolla rotate; style declined; capsule with apical pores. 2. C. americana a. Flowers long-peduncled, in loose panicles or corymbs. b. Stem smooth; corolla 15-25 mm. long. 3. C. rotundifolia b. Stem retrorse-scabrous; corolla 5-10 mm. long. 4. C. uliginosa : ge maxima Duch. (squash) springs up occasionally on garbage dumps but is not estab- ished. THe FLora OF THE CayuGA LAKE BASIN 393 1. C. RAPUNCULOIDES L. BELL-FLOWER. Rich gravelly roadsides and banks, or occasionally along creeks; frequent. June— ug. W. of Newfield station; South Hill, near railroad; East Hill (D.!); Six Mile Creek (D.!); Cascadilla (Creek, above Eddy Pond; Snyder Hill (D.); Ringwood; n. of McLean; Asbury; Tarbells; and elsewhere. Newf. to Ont., southw. to N. Y., Pa., and Ohio. Introduced from Eurasia. The plants in this region are mostly intermediate between the typical form and var. ucranica (Bess.) C. Koch, the leaves being hairy or almost smooth, and the ovary minutely scabrous or rarely glabrous. 2. C. americana L. Tatt AMERICAN BELL-FLOWER. Thickets in rich soil toward the base of valley slopes; rare. July 15-Aug. Renwick slope, between Renwick and Fall Creek (D.!); near s. w. corner of Cayuga Lake (D.). Ont. and N. Y. to Nebr., southw. to Fla. and Ark.; rare or absent along the coast. A plant of the rich soils of the Mississippi Basin. 3. C. rotundifolia L. HAREBELL. BLUEBELL. Damp or dry calcareous cliffs, in the ravines, and along the lake shore; frequent. June-Oct. Enfield Glen; Fall Creek Gorge; Taughannock Gorge; and elsewhere. N. J., Pa., Ill., and Nebr., northw. to the Arctic regions, southw. in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz., and in Calif. Found also in Eurasia. 4. C. uliginosa Rydb. (C. aparinoides of Cayuga Fl.) Marsa BExLL-FLower. Marly meadows and marshes; frequent. July—Aug. Summit Marsh; Larch Meadow (D.); Indian Spring, formerly (D.); Mud Pond, McLean Bogs; Dryden Lake; Junius marl ponds; and elsewhere. Que. to Man., southw. to Conn., N. Y., and Mich. This species is more northern than C. aparinoides, and inland rather than coastal. Apparently it differs also from that species in preferring more calcareous soils. 124. LOBELIACEAE (Loseria Famity) 1. Lobelia (Plum.) L. a. Flowers large, 24 cm. long. b. Corolla scarlet, rarely paler. 1. L. cardinalis b. Corolla blue. 2. L. siphilitica a. Flowers smaller, 1 cm. long or less, blue, bluish, or white. b. Stem wand-like, unbranched; leaves elliptic, chiefly basal; raceme spike-like; flowers nearly sessile. 3. L. spicata b. Stem not wand-like, usually branched, leafy. c. Leaves ovate-lanceolate; plant hairy; racemes spike-like; ovary much enlarged in fruit. 4. L. inflata c. Leaves linear or linear-oblanceolate; plant glabrous or sparingly pubescent below, slender; racemes loose, pedicels 5 mm. long or more; ovary scarcely enlarged in fruit. 5. L. Kalmii 1. L. cardinalis L. CARDINAL-FLOWER. Stream banks, pond shores, and swales, occasionally in clays, most abundant in calcareous gravels; frequent. July 20-Sept. 1. Abundant near Spencer Lake and Summit Marsh (D.!); White Church valley (D.!); marshes near the Inlet and Fall Creek (D.); “especially abundant about some of the Cortland marl ponds” (D.!); Asbury; Cayuga Marshes (D.); Ellis 394 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J.° EAMES Hollow (D.); and elsewhere. A pale pink form (forma rosea St. John, see Rhodora 21:217, 1919) occurs n. of Spencer Lake and in Summit Marsh. S. N. B. to Ont., Kans., and Colo., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; frequent on the Coastal Plain, where it apparently inhabits more acid soils than here. 2. L. siphilitica L. Great Loperta. Calcareous springy places; abundant. Aug—Sept. Generally distributed throughout the basin where calcareous springs occur; rare in the more acid regions on the higher hills. Me. and Ont. to S. Dak. and Colo., southw. to Ga., La., and Kans.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 3. L. spicata Lam. Damp sandy pasture lands; rare. July—Se About one mile e. of McLean Gives res tiete: A.J E, GE. MOW pest detected in 1915 and appearing as though recently introduced. Native: P. E. I. to Sask., southw. to Fla., Ala., and Tex.; frequent on the Coastal Plain. This species generally inhabits neutral or slightly acid sandy or gravelly soils. 4. L. inflata L. InpIAn Topacco. LoseExtra. Dry open soils of various types; common.~ July—Sept. Generally distributed throughout the basin, and appearing like a weed; less abundant in the richer soils. Lab. to Sask., southw. to Ga., Kans., and Ark., including the Coastal Plain. A well-known poisonous medicinal plant. 5. L. Kalmii L. Wet marly ledges, springs, and shores; frequent. July—Sept. Newf. to Man. and Minn., southw. to N. J., Ohio, Mich., and Iowa; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain and in acid N. E. Two forms occur in the Cayuga Lake Basin: (a) Strict, slender, usually unbranched; the branches, if present, erect; leaves narrowly linear. Marly shores and bogs: Spencer Lake; Larch Meadow (D.); Farley Point (D.!); Vandemark Pond; Lowery Ponds; Miller Bog, Spring Lake. (b) Lower, stouter, more diffuse, often much branched; leaves longer and pro- portionally broader, linear-oblanceolate. Marly ledges in the ravines and on the lake shores: Enfield Glen (D.); Buttermilk Glen (D.!); Six Mile Creek (D.); Cascadilla Glen (D.) ; Fall Creek Gorge (D.!) ; Taughannock Gorge (D.!) ; Salmon Creek ravine (D.!). Whether these forms are more than ecological in nature is not at present known. 125. COMPOSITAE (Composite Famity) ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE GENERA : PAGE a. Flowers of the head tubular, or only the marginal ones ligulate; juice not “milky. (2d a, p. 396.) b. Involucre of the pistillate flowers closed and woody; heads unisexual, not radiate, the staminate and the pistillate heads very different in appearance. c. Pistillate heads forming an oblong or an oval bur, covered with hooked - or’ Farely’ straight “spmes woe sce cee ete ee Gear 15. XantHIUM 414 c. Pistillate heads obovoid, small, with a few acute tubercles at the summit. 14. Amprosta 413 THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 395 b. Involucre not closed nor woody. PAGE c. Heads without rays. d. Pappus composed of awns, often barbed................... 19. Bens 416 d. Pappus composed of scales; involucral bracts hooked, forming a bur. 31. Arctium 423 d. Pappus none or a mere crown (see also 4th a’). e. Corollas large, deeply lobed; flowers pink, purple, or white; involucral bractsmusuallyainitmbiriates. snhacma a atte iceeeerine aoe 36. CENTAUREA 426 e. Corollas small, dentate; flowers yellow or yellowish white. f. Receptacle chaffy; heads large, 1-2 cm. in diam.; leaves very larresnthnins ands lobed\-memas es «ceases th coe ceo a. 13. Potymnia 413 f. Receptacle naked; heads and leaves smaller, the leaves often dissected. G-meleadsmconyimboses “erecta. ave seaman wee 25. TANACETUM 421 g. Heads paniculate, racemose, or spicate, chiefly nodding. 26. ARTEMISIA 421 d. Pappus capillary. e. Involucral bracts scarious throughout; plants more or less white- woolly. jf. Basal leaves much larger than the cauline leaves and differing ELOMmenth einai shapers mete oer ae ain 9. ANTENNARIA 408 f. Basal leaves wanting, or, if present, similar to the cauline leaves. g. Involucre papery-white, the bracts finely striate, spreading. ANAPHALIS 411 g. Involucre yellowish white or brownish, the bracts subappressed, MOLES blateeaeae Ole eer eee eae ee 11. GNapHaALium 412 e. peal bracts not wholly scarious, or, if so, the plants not white- woolly. f. Involucral bracts in one series, often with minute bracts at base. Gee blanis ec lim bitlemotpetwilliloeres tm «sere crises clots ste eee 2. MIKANIA 398 g. Plants not climbing nor twining. elsecavesma lapasal aerate ete eno. MEETASITES| A420 h. Leaves cauline. 1. Marginal flowers pistillate only; heads 15-20 mm. long. 29. ERECHTITES 423 i. Marginal flowers perfect; heads 7-10 mm. long. .30. SeneEcto 423 f. Involucral bracts in 2—many series. g. Foliage spiny. h. Heads 1-flowered, in capitate clusters.......... 32. Ecurnops 424 h. Heads many-flowered, distinct. 1. Receptacle densely bristly. (eA PUsEEno teapltumoseneam rns aa meecee eee. 33. Carpuus 424 LAP PUSMD IMM OSEM stele isisiotceeloer ae wi cneveraletly ae siete 34. Cirstum 424 “epNeceptaclesnot |DtiStlymen mens er scenes ee. 35. Onororpum 425 g. Foliage not spiny. t h. Corolla deeply lobed; involucral bracts fimbriate or dentate; HEeceptacleyibms tly sien Atetey credo ovens tls ve la ee hevats ore 36. CENTAUREA 426 h. Corolla merely toothed; involucral bracts entire; receptacle (ate ay he Gate Scape CA ch EAC OpRn Aoi ere RLS 1. Eupatortum 397 c. Heads with ray and disk flowers. d. Pappus of awns. e. Involucre very glutinous; receptacle not chaffy......... 3. GRINDELIA 398 e. Involucre not glutinous; receptacle chaffy................ 19. Bipens 416 396 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES d. Pappus of scales, which are sometimes deciduous (see also 3d d and 4th d). e. Receptacle chaffy. j-wRays white -sheads veryasmalleeen. acces eine oer 20. GALInsoGA 419 fia ayceyellow -sheadsmlatwes spicier eters 18. Hettantuus 415 ewkecepiacle not chattyenays ayellowaaceeae eee ee aac 21. Hetenrum 420 d. Pappus none or a mere crown (see also 4th d). e. Receptacle not chaffy; rays white or pinkish. f. Rays more than 30; low scapose plants...............6.- 5. Betris 402 Rays less than: 30s leafy) plants j254-e- eo: 24. CHRYSANTHEMUM 421 e. Receptacle chaffy. f. Rays white. g. Heads small, 3-7 mm. in diam.; achenes flattened. .22. AcHm1LEA 420 g. Heads large, 13-30 mm. in diam.; achenes terete..23. ANTHEMIS 420 f. Rays yellow. gi Raysi-nettral aaets Sects oocleeroe eae ee eee 17. RupBeckia 414 g. Rays pistillate. h. Disk flowers perfect, but sterile; leaves large, thin, and lobed; plant chairey pd ciheie appa a Meeaeeterein Geers heat emits 13. Porymnra 413 h. Disk flowers perfect and fertile; leaves smaller; plant pubes- cent or glabrous. 4; eaves): dissected ...3.2s-iss ae cates Sete eeie ee 23. ANTHEMIS 420 4s Wseaves: individed. \OVAtCI2 5 .-2.. selec ee eee 16. Hetiopsis 414 d. Pappus capillary; receptacle not chaffy. e. Rays yellow, or rarely cream color. f. Involucral bracts in one series, often with minute bractlets at base. g. Heads solitary, on scapose scaly-bracted stems, appearing before the leaves: Raa sniseres trac cco recouai a oa eer 27. TussiLaco 422 g. Heads several, on leaf-bearing stems.............;. 30. SENEcIO 423 f. Involucral bracts in 3—many series. ig: Eleads large; Z-5—1 ONcm: ankdiamen eae eerie 12. Inuta 412 gs Heads small 0:5—1-5hienisimeadiamens seen 4. Sotmpaco 398 e. Rays violet, purple, blue, or white. f. Involucral bracts in 1-2 series. gn Leaves large. remitonms) basalemenceremeeeiees sacs 28. PeTAsITES 423 g. Leaves smaller, obovate or narrower, cauline and basal. 7. ER1IGERON 407 f. Involucral bracts in 3-5 series. g. Bracts firm; rays few (3-6), white; leaves spatulate or obovate; heads! ‘conymboser “asqaence eee eee 8. SertcocarPpus 408 g. Bracts membranous or herbaceous; rays mostly more numer- ous, white, purple, or blue; leaves various; heads corymbose or paniculates.: Vives 6 sa as eee ee eee seas at ak SRG ee Tee 6. AsTER 403 a. Flowers of the head .all ligulate; juice usually milky. b, -Pappus none (tyacacos acted oben oteetaee ned Oren eee ere 37. LAPSANA 427 b-JPappus” of Scales... c cae cette ee chee Selene eo eee 38. CicHortuM 427 b. Pappus of bristles or hairs. c. Bristles plumose (seen best when mature and dry). d. Receptacle chaffy; leaves not grass-like............. 39. HypocHaEris 427 d. Receptacle not chaffy, sometimes setose. é. Weaves linear, grass-like scanlines 4.4 eeeere eee 42. Tracopocon 427 e. Leaves not grass-like. f. Plant scapose; inner achenes beaked................. 40. AparcIA 427 f. Plant leafy-stemmed; achenes all alike, not beaked...... 41. Picris 427 THE FLoRA OF THE CAyuGA LAKE BASIN 397 c. Bristles simple, often serrate. PAGE d. Achenes spiny or strongly papillose near the summit, beaked. ée. Plant talljand branched’: heads) many.cc..ce sce case 43. CHONDRILLA 428 e. Plant scapose, unbranched; head solitary............ 44. Taraxacum 428 d. Achenes smooth, rugose, or papillose throughout, beaked or beakless. e. Achenes flat. f : f. Body of achene truncate at summit; heads large, 1240 mm. in diameasubcomymboSeigs yacicacvsacmeciies see sical vein. 45. Soncnus 428 f. Body of achene beaked or with a narrow neck; heads small, 4-10 MUM Cian A PAlliCtllateae ace cee Mele seis cee ete ces 46. Lactuca 429 c. Achenes not distinctly flattened or beaked. f. Flowers pale purplish white, brownish, or cream color; heads Deva ABD COB) wee fio Chetan an Gis Dao OD aD Cae 48. PRENANTHES 431 f. Flowers yellow or reddish; heads erect. g. Pappus white; basal leaves usually runcinate......... 47. Crepis 431 g. Pappus tawny; none of the leaves runcinate or pinnatifid. 49. Hreractum 432 1. Eupatorium (Tourn.) L. a. Florets pale purple; bracts of the involucre purple-tinged, numerous, very unequal, several of the lower ones very short; leaves whorled. b. Florets 9-15, scarcely exserted; corolla 5 mm. long; inflorescence with divisions generally flat-topped, purple; stem usually conspicuously speckled with dark purple, scarcely glaucous, not more purple at the nodes; leaves finely crisp- puberulent beneath. 1. E. maculatum b. Florets 3-6 (7), much exserted; corolla (5) 5.5-7 mm. long; inflorescence convex, pale purple; stem scarcely speckled, glaucous, deep purple at the nodes ; leaves with looser pubescence beneath. 2. E. falcatum a. Florets white; bracts greenish, fewer, less unequal; leaves opposite. b. Leaves sessile; bracts unequal. c. Leaves connate; bracts acute. 3. E. perfoliatum c. Leaves separate; bracts obtuse. 4B: sessilifolinm b. Leaves petioled; bracts nearly equal. 5. E. urticaefolium 1. E. maculatum L. (See Rhodora 22:57. 1920. E. purpureum, in part, of Cayuga Fl.) Jor-Pye WEED. Open grounds and the borders of thickets, along streams and in wet sedgy meadows, in rich, often mucky, scarcely sandy, soil, generally in calcareous regions; common. Aug.—Sept. Newf. and Que. to Mich. and B. C., southw. to s. Pa., Ill., and N. Mex.; rare or absent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 2. E. falcatum Michx. (See Rhodora 22:57. 1920. E. purpuwreum, in part, of Cayuga Fl.) Jor-Pyr WEED. Open woods and wood borders, in damp or rather dry rich light soil; frequent. Aug.—Sept. Enfield Glen, midway, and below the lower falls; s. crest of Buttermilk Glen; Beebe Lake; Glenwood Road; North Lansing; Paine Creek; Utt Point; Big Gully; w. of Lowery Ponds; s. w. of Spring Lake. E. Mass. to Wis., southw. to Ga. and Okla.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 3. E. perfoliatum L. Boneset. THorouGHWoRT. Low open grounds, apparently without much soil preference ; common, and generally distributed. Aug.—Sept. N. S. and N. B. to Man., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Nebr., including the Coastal Plain. 398 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 4. E. sessilifolium L. Upranp Boneset. Dry cliffs and talus of ravines and on steep banks in the less acid soils; scarce. Aug.—Sept. Enfield Glen (D.); Fall Creek Gorge, below Ithaca Falls (D.!); near the “Nook” (D.); Cayuga Lake shore, s. of Shurger Glen (D.!) and n. of Myers Point (D.). Vt. and Mass. to IIl., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Mo.; infrequent or rare on the Coastal Plain. 5. E. urticaefolium Reich. (EF. ageratoides of Cayuga Fl.) WHITE SNAKEROOT. Damp shaly ravine banks and damp shady gravelly hillsides, in more or less calcareous soils; common. Aug.—Sept. Rare or absent on the more residual acid soils of the higher hills of the basin, and in the sandy regions n. of Cayuga Lake. N. B. to Nebr., southw. to Fla. and La.; infrequent or more often absent on the Coastal Plain. 2. Mikania Willd. 1. M. scandens (L.) Willd. Wet thickets bordering streams, and in marshes, in more or less brackish regions ; locally frequent. Aug. Cayuga Marshes (D.!) ; Spring Lake. S. Me. to w. Ont., southw. to Fla., Miss., and Tex., chiefly near the coast. Found also in W. I. and S. A. 3. Grindelia Willd. 1. G. sqguARROosSA (Pursh) Dunal. Dry gravelly pastures, in nonacid soils; rare. Aug.—Sept. Pasture between C. U. barns and Forest Home; recently introduced as a weed from the West. First noted in 1913, but now apparently well established. Ill. to Man., southw. to Mo., Tex., Nev., and Mex.; adventive in Conn., N. Y., and N. J. 4. Solidago L. a. Heads paniculate, thyrsoid, or in axillary clusters. b. Involucral bracts strongly squarrose. : 1. S. squarrosa b. Involucral bracts with erect or appressed tips. c. Flowers cream color. . 2. S. bicolor c. Flowers yellow. d. Heads mostly in axillary clusters. e. Leaves lanceolate. 3. S. caesia e. Leaves ovate or oval. 4. S. latifolia d. Heads in a terminal panicle. e. Leaves markedly increasing in size down the stem; lower and radical leaves usually present. f. Foliage glabrous and smooth, or nearly so; stem slightly angled or terete. g. Heads not secund on the branches of the panicle. 5. S. humilis g. Heads secund. h. Lower leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, inconspicuously toothed. 1. Branches of the panicle pubescent; panicle narrow; plants of wet soil. y. Leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper ones much reduced and narrow. 6. S. uniligulata j. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, the upper ones elliptic-lanceolate, not so reduced. 6a. S. uniligulata, var. neglecta Tue FiLora OF THE CayuGaA LAKE BASIN 399 i. Branches of the panicle glabrous; panicle widely spreading ; plants of dry soil. 7. S. juncea h. Lower leaves elliptic-oval, sharply and coarsely serrate; branches of the panicle pubescent; plants of dry soil. 8. S. arguta f. Foliage very scabrous; stem strongly angled, especially above; branches of the panicle usually distant, generally strongly divaricate (see also Sl 7))5 9. S. patula f. Foliage crisp-puberulent, canescent. 10. S. nemoralis e. Leaves not markedly increasing in size downward; lower and radical leaves usually absent. f. Leaves’ rugose-veiny, not triple-ribbed. g. Stem villous. 11. S. rugosa g. Stem glabrous, or puberulent toward the summit. h. Branches of the panicle short; rays about 4; plants of damp or boggy soil. lla. S. rugosa, var. sphagnophila flowerless toward the base; rays 6-9; plants of dry rocky soil. 12. S. ulmifolia h. Branches of the panicle few, very long and wide-spreading, mostly f. Leaves not rugose-veiny, triple-ribbed. g. Stem smooth and glaucous (except in the panicle) ; involucre 3.2—-5 mm. long. h. Leaves gilabrous. : 13. S. serotina h. Leaves pubescent on the veins beneath. 13a. S. serotina, var. gigantea g. Stem puberulent or villous, at least above, not glaucous. h. Involucre 3.2-4.5 mm. long; leaves inconspicuously toothed; stem crisp-pubescent. 14. S. altissima h. Involucre 2-2.8 mm. long; leaves sharply toothed. 1. Stem sparingly crisp-pubescent above, glabrous below; leaves pubescent only along the veins beneath, narrow. 15. S. canadensis 7, Stem villous above, pubescent to near the base; leaves pubescent all over beneath, often scabrous above, usually broader; plant generally taller. 15a. S. canadensis, var. Hargeri a. Heads corymbose. b. Heads separate; basal leaves enlarged. 16. S. ohioensis b. Heads in glomerules; basal leaves not enlarged, mostly absent. c. Branches of the inflorescence and leaves glabrous or very nearly so. 17. S. graminifolia c. Branches of the inflorescence and ieaves hirtellous. 17a. S. graminifolia, var. Nuttallit 1. S. squarrosa Muhl. Dry stony or rocky sandstone crests and gravelly hillsides, often in open woods; frequent. Aug. 20-Sept. Higher hills s. of Ithaca, crests of most of the ravines of the basin, and along the cliffs of Cayuga Lake: Connecticut Hill; North Spencer; White Church; Cas- cadilla Creek; Fall (Creek; Kidders; Paine Creek; and elsewhere. E. Que. to Ont., southw. to Va., Ga., and Ohio; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. An Alleghenian plant of noncalcareous regions. 2. S. bicolor L. Open thickets and the borders of woods, in dry, thin, sandy or gravelly, acid or at least sterile, soils; common. Aug. 15—Sept. 25. ° 400 Kart M. WieGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES Generally distributed in the basin where the foregoing conditions obtain; absent on the richer soils. P. E. I. to Ga., mostly in the mts. and along the coast; rare inland to Ky., Ohio, and Minn. 3. S. caesia L. Dry open woods, in shallow soils of clay, gravel, or mixed clay and gravel; com- mon. Sept. 5-Oct. 15. Generally distributed throughout the basin, but much less frequent in the more sandy acid soils. oe Me. to Minn., southw. to Fla., Ark., and Tex.; less common on the Coastal ain. 4. S. latifolia L. (S. flericaulis of many authors, doubtfully of L.) Moist or somewhat dry sheltered woods and thickets, in shale talus, shallow gravel, or clay; frequent. Aug. 15-Sept. 10. Most abundant about the ravines of the basin, scarce in the more acid sandy soils of the higher hills, and rare or absent on the richer clays and alluviums. : N. S. and N. B. to S. Dak., southw. to Ga., Tenn., and Kans.; rare on the Coastal lain. 5. S. humilis Pursh. (See Rhodora 17:6. 1915. S. uliginosa of Gray’s Man., ed. 7, and of Cayuga FI.) Boggy calcareous meadows; scarce. Sept. Larch Meadow (D.); Mud Creek, Freeville (D.); McLean Bogs (D.); tamarack swamp n. of Crusoe Lake. Newf. to Man., southw. to N. C., Pa., Wis., and Minn.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. 6. S. uniligulata (DC.) Porter. (S. neglecta, var. linoides, of Cayuga FI.) Boggy and springy places, usually in marly soil; scarce. Sept.—Oct. 15. Mud Pond, McLean Bogs; Newton and Lowery Ponds (D.!); Crusoe Prairie; Spring Lake; Westbury Bog. Newf. to Ont. and IIl., southw. to N. J. and Pa., including the Coastal Plain. 6a. S. uniligulata (DC.) Porter, var. neglecta (T. & G.) Fernald. (See Rhodora 23: 292. 1921. S. neglecta of Gray’s Man., ed. 7, and of Cayuga FI.) Habitat similar to the preceding; occasional. Aug. 10—Sept. Larch Meadow (D.!); Mud Creek, Freeville; boggy field, Malloryville; vicinity of McLean Bogs (D.). N. S. to Wis., southw. to Md. and IIl., including the Coastal Plain. No good specific lines can be drawn between the species and its broader-leaved variety; not even the difference in number of rays seems constant. Plants of this species with narrow panicles are frequently confused with S. humilis. Stations in the Cayuga Lake Basin are all more or less limy, though both this plant and the typical form are at least frequent in the more acid soils of the Coastal Plain. 7. S. juncea Ait. Dry fields and open thickets, in sandy or gravelly, limy or acid, sterile soils; common. July—Aug. Nearly or quite absent on the clays and richer soils of the basin. N. B. to Sask., southw. to Ga. and Mo., including the northern Coastal Plain. This species and S. serotina begin to flower earlier in this region than do other species of goldenrod. : THe Fiora oF THE CayucA LAKE BASIN 401 8. S. arguta Ait. Dry stony or rocky noncalcareous sandstone crests and hillsides, or in sandy woods; frequent. Aug.—Sept. Frequent in the chestnut soils of the higher hills of the basin, on the ravine crests, along the shores of Cayuga Lake, and in the sandy country n. of the lake; rare in> the McLean region (found near Mud Pond, McLean Bogs), and on the clays and richer soils of the basin. Dudley mentions the species as inhabiting sphagnum swamps, but it is not now known in such locations. .From the context, it seems that Dudley’s plants may have been forms of S. patula Muhl., and an old specimen from “Malloryville Marsh” in the C. U. Herbarium, labeled S. arguta, is S. patula. W. Me. to Ont., southw. to N. C. and Tenn., mostly in the mts.; infrequent or rare on the Coastal Plain. 9. S. patula Muhl. Marl springs and meadows; frequent. Sept. Larch Meadow; Coy Glen; Fall Creek, toward Varna; e. of Freeville station; Mud Creek, Freeville; McLean Bogs; and elsewhere. a Me. to Minn., southw. to Ga., Mo., and Tex.; rare or absent on the Coastal ain. 10. S. nemoralis Ait. Dry gravelly or sandy sterile fields, mostly in noncalcareous soils; common. Aug. 20-Sept. Generally distributed throughout the basin, but most abundant in the chestnut soils of the higher hills and along the shores of Cayuga Lake. P. E. I. to Sask., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Ariz.; common along the coast. 11. S. rugosa Mill. Dry fields and hedgerows, in gravelly soils; common. Aug. 20-Sept. Abundant in the more sterile soils of the hills of the basin, as well as in the more calcareous gravels of the McLean region, and even in the alluvium; less abundant, or rare, in the clays. Newf. to w. Ont., southw. to Fla. and Tex., including the Coastal Plain. lla. S. rugosa Mill., var. sphagnophila Graves. Boggy meadows; rare. Aug. 1-Sept. or rarely Oct. Moor of Lowery Ponds (F. P. Metcalf) ; Westbury Prairie (F. P. Meftalf & A. H. Wright). In both these localities the plants grow in marly and sedgy meadows. E. Mass. to Conn. and N. Y. 12. S. ulmifolia Muhl. Dry rocky or stony banks, where the soils are not too acid and where there is some admixture of clay; scarce. Aug. 15—Sept. Fall Creek, n. of Beebe Lake (D.!) and below Ithaca Falls (D.!); “somewhat abund. north of Myers Point” (D.); s. of Willets station (D.); Big Gully (CBE), den S. and s. Me. to Minn., southw. to Ga., Mo., and Tex.; infrequent on the Coastal ain. 13. S. serotina Ait. Fields and thickets, on low or at least poorly drained soils of very diverse types; common. July 15—Sept. ; a flowering. N. B. and N. S. to B. C., southw. to Ga., Tex., and Utah; infrequent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 402 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 13a. S. serotina Ait., var. gigantea (Ait.) Gray. In situations similar to the preceding; common. Aug.—Sept. E. Que. to IIl., southw. to N. Y., Tenn., Miss., and La.; infrequent or rare on the Coastal Plain. 14. S. altissima L. (S. canadensis of Cayuga FI., in part.) Borders of thickets, if not too dry, in light and possibly calcareous soils; common. Sept. N. Me. to Mich., southw. to Ga., Tex., and Nebr., including the Coastal Plain. 15. S. canadensis L. Fields and thickets, in damp sandy or gravelly soils, without apparent relation to lime; rare. Aug. 10-Sept. Border of Spencer Lake (C. C. Thomas & K. M. W.); field s. of McLean (A. R. Bechtel & K. M. W.). Newf. to N. Dak., southw. to W. Va. and Ky.; apparently infrequent or rare on the Coastal Plain. 15a. S. canadensis L., var. Hargeri Fernald. (See Rhodora 17:11. 1915. SS. canadensis of Cayuga FI., in part.) Dry fields and thickets, in the heavier soils; very common. Aug. 20-Sept. This is the common goldenrod of the “ canadensis” group on the clay soils such as the heavier clay-alluviums and clay-gravels of the basin. W. Mass. and n. w. Conn., to N. Y 16. S. ohioensis Riddell. Boggy meadows, in marl; rare. Aug. 20-Sept. 20. Marshes about Newton Ponds (D.!), Lowery Ponds (D.!), and Vandemark Pond (A. J. E. & L. H. MacDaniels). (Occurring also in Bergen Swamp and near Roch- ester; rare in N. Y. State.] Ont. and w. N. Y., to Ind. and Wis. 17. S. graminifolia (L.) Salisb. (S. lanceolata of Cayuga FI.) Dry or moist sandy fields and roadsides, apparently in the more acid soils; scarce. Aug.—Sept. Apparently confined to the hilly region s. and s. e. of Ithaca: shore of Spencer Lake; top of hill, North Spencer; Caroline Center; hillside, Brookton; s. of Dryden Lake; roadside, in sandy soil, Dryden. E. Que. to Sask., southw. to N. J., Ill., and Mo., and in the mts. to N. C.; fre- quent on the Coastal Plain. 17a. S. graminifolia (L.) Salisb., var. Nuttallii (Greene) Fernald. Fields, fence rows, and roadsides, in dry or poorly drained, sterile, gravelly or rarely heavy, soils, with no apparent relation to lime content; common, and gen- erally distributed. Aug.—Sept. Newf. to Mich., southw. to Ala.; common along the coast. This species has greatly increased in abundance in recent years. 5. Bellis (Tourn.) L. 1. B. perennis L. Eneiisu Datsy. “Spontaneous on Mr. Lord’s lawn several years” (D.); in the lawn by Sage College, 1912-1920. Native of Eu. THE FLorA OF THE CAyuGA LAKE BASIN 403 6. Aster (Tourn.) L. a. Leaves, at least the lower ones, cordate, petioled. b. Heads corymbose; involucral bracts, at least the outer ones, obtuse. c. Involucre and pedicels pubescent but not glandular; rays white. d. Leaves thin, sharply toothed; involucre 4-6 mm. long. 1. A. divaricatus d. Leaves thicker, shallowly toothed; involucre 7-9 mm. long. 2. A. Schreberi c. Involucre and pedicels minutely glandular-pubescent; rays lavender, fre- quently white. 3. A. macrophyllus b. Heads paniculate; involucral bracts narrower, acute. c. Leaves glabrous or sparingly villous, often rough. d. Branches of the panicle strongly ascending; rays white; lower leaves ovate-lanceolate. 4. A. sagittifolius d. Branches of the panicle more spreading; rays normally blue or lavender; leaves ovate. e. Leaves thin, veiny, slightly scabrous above, prominently toothed, slightly or not at all wing-petioled. 5. A. cordifolius e. Leaves thicker, waxy, very smooth, less prominently toothed, mostly wing-petioled, the upper ones more often sessile and more often tapering at the base. 6. A. Lowrieanus c. Leaves velvety beneath, the upper ones broadly clasping, the lower ones with wing-margined, dilated petioles, slightly toothed; rays blue or lavender. 7. A. undulatus a. Leaves all sessile or tapering to a petiole-like base. b. Leaves clasping by a cordate base. c. Plant glandular-pubescent; foliage fragrant when fresh; rays purple or rose. 8. A. novae-angliae c. Plant not glandular; rays normally blue or violet. d. Leaves not contracted below the middle and again dilated at base, serrate or entire; plants 6-25 dm. high, more or less strict. e. Leaves waxy, very smooth and glaucous; stem smooth and glaucous; the green tips of the involucral bracts rhomboidal; rays poise lavender. aevis e. Leaves not waxy nor glaucous; the green tips of the involucral bracts narrow-linear; rays blue. f. Internodes 10-60 mm. long, coarsely hairy over the whole surface, rarely glabrous; leaves dull, scabrous above, more or less serrate; panicle lax, coarsely hairy, rarely subvillous; heads with violet-blue rays and about 50 disk flowers; involucral bracts more spreading than in no. 11, and the tips more twisted and recurved; hairy part of style branches equaling the glabrous part. 10. A. puniceus f. Internodes, except the lowest, 5-13 mm. long, glabrous or somewhat villous on the angles; leaves thicker, usually somewhat glossy, smooth except for the scabrous subentire margin, rarely sparingly scabrous above; panicle densely villous; heads with pale lilac rays and about 35 disk flowers; involucral bracts subappressed or spreading, rather straight; hairy part of style branches shorter than the glabrous part. 11. A. lucidulus d. Leaves contracted below the middle and again dilated at base, strongly serrate; plants about 7 dm. high, diffuse. 12. A. prenanthoides b. Leaves all without a cordate-clasping base. c. Bracts of the involucre with green tips, the green midrib dilated toward the apex. d. Heads large, the involucre more than 5 mm. high; rays normally lavender or blue; leaves linear. 13. A. junceus 404 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ArTHUR J. EAMES d. Heads smaller, the involucre 5 mm. high or less; rays white or sometimes tinged with blue. ce. Uppermost leaves and involucral bracts subulate, with rather thick pungent tips; foliage leaves linear. 14. A. ericoides e. Uppermost leaves and involucral bracts without thick subulate tips; foliage leaves various. f. Corollas of the disk flowers goblet-shaped ; lobes of the corolla equaling or exceeding the throat in length, those of the outer florets, at least, generally recurved; rays 7-14. 15. A. laterifiorus f. Corollas of the disk flowers tubular-funnel-form; lobes of the corolla shorter than the throat, erect or merely spreading; rays 14-50. 16. A. paniculatus c. Bracts of the involucre without green tips, the green or greenish midrib not dilated toward the apex; rays white or nearly so. d. Plant tall, stiff, very leafy, with many closely corymbose heads; involucre 3-5 mm. long; pappus double. 17. A. uwmbellatus d. Plant low, zigzag, with scattered leaves and few loosely panicled or corymbose heads; involucre 6-13 mm. long; pappus simple. 18. A. acuminatus 1. A. divaricatus L. (A. corymbosus of Cayuga FI.) Dry woodlands and banks, except in the heavier soils; common. July 20-Sept. 15. S. Me. and w. Que. to Man., southw. to Ga. and Tenn.; less abundant on the Coastal Plain. Nearly all the plants are of the form termed by Burgess A. tenebrosus. Many species belonging to this group of Asters have been described by Burgess, but this and the two following are the only ones recognizable as species in this region. 2. A. Schreberi Nees. Borders of dry woods, chiefly in clay; frequent. July 15-Sept., flowering earlier than other species. Dry Run, Spencer; North Spencer; Six Mile Creek; Cascadilla Creek, toward Dwyer Pond; woods e. of C. U. barns; Fall Creek, s. of Beebe Lake; near Republic Inn and n. of railroad station, Freeville; Paine Creek; and elsewhere. N. E. to Mich., southw. to Va.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. Having the appearance of a hybrid between A. divaricatus and A. macrophyllus, which may be its true status. 3. A. macrophyllus L. Woodlands and banks where not too dry, mostly in gravelly or sandy noncalcareous loams; common. Aug.—Sept. 20. Most abundant about woods of oak and chestnut on the more residual soils of the higher hills of the basin, and on the shore of Cayuga Lake; rare in the McLean region and on the clays and the richer heavier soils. N. B. to Minn., southw. to N. C. In the Cayuga Lake Basin the species is found chiefly on the lighter soils, but it occurs only occasionally on the Coastal Plain. 4. A. sagittifolius Wed. Dry fields and thickets, in clay, stony clay, or clay loams; locally common. Sept.— Nov. Local at mouth of Enfield Glen, and on South Hill s. of Coddington Road; abundant along the e. side of the lake from Cayuga Heights to Union Springs (D.!); n. of Newton Ponds. : N. B. (?) and Vt. to N. Dak., southw. to Fla., Miss., and Okla.; rare or absent on the Coastal Plain. THE FLoRA oF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 405 5. A. cordifolius L. Dry fields, roadsides, thickets, and the borders of woods, in light noncalcareous soils, rarely in clay gravels or in pure clay; common. Sept—Oct. | E. Que. to Iowa, southw. to Ga. and Mo., including the Coastal Plain. 6. A. Lowrieanus Porter. In situations similar to the preceding; frequent. Aug. 15-Sept. Dry Run, Spencer; top of North Spencer Hill; Cascadilla Glen; Beebe Lake; Renwick slope; Chickaree Woods, formerly; Ringwood. Conn. to Ont., southw. to N. C.; rare on the Coastal Plain. Plants with the leaves broader and more incised than in the typical form occur on the Renwick slope. They are occasional only, and do not agree exactly with var. incisus Porter. A. Lowrieanus and its variety have the appearance of hybrids between A. cordifolius and A. laevis, which quite possibly is their true status. 7. A. undulatus L. ees and thickets, in sandy or gravelly sterile noncalcareous soils; common. Sept.—Oct. On the more residual acid soils of the higher hills of the basin, along the shores of Cayuga Lake, on ravine crests, and in the sandy country n. of the lake; rare or absent in the McLean region and on the clays and richer soils back from the lake shores. N. B. and N. S. to Minn., southw. to Fla. Ala., La., and Ark.; common on the Coastal Plain. . 8. A. novae-angliae L. New EncLAnp AsTER. Damp fields, thickets, and roadsides, in the heavier soils, especially in clays, alluviums, and clay-gravels; common. Sept. 10-Oct. 10. Scarce on the more residual soils of the higher hills of the basin, and on the ravine crests and cliff crests along Cayuga Lake. Que. (?) and Me to Sask., southw. to S. C., Ala. Ark., Kans., and Colo.; infre- quent or rare on the Coastal Plain. Gray’s Manual credits this species to “chiefly calcareous grounds.” A form with rose-colored rays (forma roseus (Desf.) Britton, see Proc. Nat. Sci. Acad. Staten Island 2, Nov., 1890) is frequent. A form with light blue flowers occurs at Union Springs (2D:), s. of Levanna (D.), and “near Osmun’s Sta.” CD.:). 9. A. laevis L. Dry banks, fields, and thickets, in sandy or gravelly noncalcareous soils; common. Sept.—Nov. Rare or absent in the McLean region and on the clays and richer soils of the basin. Me. to Sask., southw. to Va., Ala., La., Mo., and Colo.; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. A probable hybrid of this species with A. undulatus was found on Thatcher Pin- nacles. The species is variable in width of leaf, the form with broadest leaves answering to var. amplifolius Porter. 10. A. puniceus L. In marshes, swamps, and springy fields along streams, in rich black soils; common. Sept.—Oct. Newf. to Man., southw. to Ga. Tenn., Ohio, and Mich., including the Coastal Plain. A plant primarily of the Appalachian wooded region. Hybrids of this with other species are not infrequent. Individuals with pinkish flowers are occasional. The identity of Dudley’s no. 467 has not been determined. 406 Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES 11. A. lucidulus (Gray) Wiegand. (See Rhodora 26:4. 1924. |) Jie alab el eee #9 Where a species is represented in ae flora by a variety only, aac a variety is counted as a species, not as a variety, in the following tables. Aspe and varieties in brackets are not counted. *® To facilitate comparison, the number from Dudley excludes the hybrids and forms to which a number was given by him, and includes plants designated by him with an already-used number plus a distinguishing letter. THe FLORA oF THE CayuGcA LAKE BAsIN 465 Gymnospermae Wiegand mee Dudley and Increase Per cent -° Baniee increase Species: BA CUEN ate jaca Sooe beds tt ie, Oo ss rs 11 11 0 0 abnodaced!) co 8. ne ae Ook. asta hes 0 0 0 0) MM CHC LY © A805. creo bee tetas Charland Ee it 0 1) UST SUS Nets Sn ee aang gird ae RC ea 0 0 0 0 4 Monocotyledons Wiegand | Increase | Per cent | Dudley and or | increase or Eames decrease decrease. Species: | I NEIL ae Dia ree | 318 386 68 21 IEEE ETT UERETS 6 Race eee ean ace 21 56 35 167 Ota pec ie ORE Re ote Veeco: 339 442 103 30 WERE LES Re eeeirs anak Hard 5,06 3 od Sale eas 61 41 =20 —33 Choripetalae Wiegand Dudley and Increase Per eae Bamies increase Species: IN| STOVER ota Ae atte Dewees Seg erat ee 367 419 52 14 AEROGUCES jckicie gt chat ee Sala Rae as 110 188 78 7 “RDN U2 iy ae im oie oe a 477 607 130 27 Reeiletles peo.) Shisha ee bk 28 43 15 54 Gamopetalae Wiegand if Dudley and Increase Per coor Ranies increase Species: PN ARAE ano eae Ore rer elo. ee tlie. De gyste o 256 274 18 i] PITOAMCER ec shoe ceils soe es el 71 119 48 68 EOGHAN: Wire ta tra cislehe sce eco Zaeve- 3 ore 327 393 66 20 METS SS 2 Sai A Sn ee 24 40 16 67 466 Total, excluding Pteridophyta Kart M: Wiscanp AND Artuur J. Eames | | Wiegand Dudley and Increase | Pe meee _ increase Species: | | co INStivients sual aan aveinotes TADS | 952) | 1,090 138 14 Introduced. <2 Seek Sides | ai Soe | 202 363 161 ~| 8U Motalan eats Seer ee Jo ib sae 1,453 299 26 Varieties 370 Stes onc ieee eee | 113 124 11 | 10 ® | Grand total, Wiegand and Eames: Species: INGtivie Rea eo OR ie ont eee 1,146 Introdwcedeen se es CREE OREN [ro ANS Rae 364 SG Callie xan ah Seo Neen Ren pert s aca sent eee ae 1,510 Marietiess Aen. Soo He Cancats eee toes hee eee ee 127 COMPARISON OF NUMBERS OF SPECIES IN THE LARGER FAMILIES, AS GIVEN IN THE Two FLoras Species Species plus varieties Wiegand Wiegand Dudley and Dudley and Eames Eames GY PEracede ceietyii cian se eee 119 157 149 175 Compositactie oer acmactmee meee 113 145 125 166 Graminede tease 4 ee eee ee 92 136 107 148 ROSACEA Ge tas Ben toe eee tes eee 37 98 69 106 WepuminOsae scene ee ee ee 42 50 43 ayy Gruciferadic: 5 eee eo cree tee ae 31 43 34 46 Wabiatae sinh vase ene ey eee aed aerneee 30 38 33 A Ornchidacedes=. 14:40 oe eee 35 38 35 39 Ranunculaceae. ea eee eee ee 36 36 38 39 Scrophtlaria eae yaar sea eee 29 33 29 35 ETI CACEAE Fiscal onsen 8 eh Ie TORE 30 31 35 33 Polypodiaceae yc. a: ci -e1 ieee ee 0 29 0 31 Siiliaceae (inclusive): -. eee ce oe 29 29 29 29 INajadaceae: sae t,tome Lee oeeee 25 27 33 30 Polygonaceae? shai eas Sa eee 26 Dil 27 29 Caryophyllacedesas eee eee 16 27 16 Die Unibelliferae sho: 2h ane 22 25 24 26 “SaliCaceae!s hele hs a ae oe oe 21 24 23 29 Widlaceae. Se ae I eee 13 22 15 25 Gaprifoliaceae tance eae woe oe 20 21 21 24. hipiCaceae sarc. cee eee Rea 12 19 17 21 Saxifragacede 5 sae oe eee 15 18 16 18 Rubiaceaena 05 at tere ene aan 11 18 13 18 Uirticaceae rh ese 5 ae pe eee 14 Lei 14 18 Boraginacede. & -saiee. ) ee ee ae 15 17 15 17 THe FLora OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 467 The genera containing ten or more species found in the basin are 21 in number. They are listed below, first in order of number of species and then in order of relationship. Species Species Species | plus Species | plus varieties varieties (CAIRENCS Jig 6 ao ERE 111 125 Rantunculttse cst ee 15 17 iPotamozeton. a. ese. 23 24 Galtumaeese arta sereccresiens 14 14 Wiolamhieritacticsces sa 21 24 Prumistes, ce ere kee 12 13 IRENOVIG OR ho Seto chee Roe 19 23 RUbustocmer seston 12 13 Rolyeontm') wrists: 19 21 Habenanian arse. ieriee 12 12 Grataceusin sinaG.ee: 19 19 POA ek esate tasroe te 11 11 ING S Soc ees MORRO ERE 18 18 Weronicaeweremincrrre 10 12 Sallexeietens crleh ck epate tees 17 2D Bromus sac eee 10 10 Soliddeownss ors vs cee: 17 22 RabeSte arias ccas saan Meee 10 10 CIN BUS: caste ce yore + 5 ile 20 Chenopodium........ 10 10 MMCHS Bites. c a 3 aie elas sive 17 19 Monocotyledons Choripetalae Gamopetalae Num- Num- | Num- Genus ber of Genus ber of |) Genus ber of species species || species Potamogeton....... 23 Salixoac che ens 17 | Veroniea <5... 5 10 Roath sctkecnts - 11 Polygonum..... 19 Galiumits ssc. « 14 BTOMMUG) Fe evec cic . Aster diffusus, var. hirsut lateriflorus, var.) Xanthium canadense, var ar. orientale, var.) Cnicus (Cirsium) arvensis Hieracium Gronovit . INDEX Latin names of families are in SMALL CAPITALS. of plants mentioned in the appendix are not included in the index. PAGE POL OMe enter cisinie ec ciciere ovenaietsrerehalesieeuecr.sys 163 JNDIGE) “Doge Gail neta ots Gta S50 6 oom terEes 43 ANTEREUG UIST 85 oichotOes Gee DIST oe om ot aneict crores 298 EAGT EG 2) OTs BRA Dente iS O'S Gy SAIN CRO REA 287 PACOANEUACEA ES, Oy 002 aivat consi euakers exevayelone sie eusls 378 CAMELS SWAMI Y: esis < ctererere ie ae le wisi s.c's 378 JCOTR" BVA PE OP CRCICTC RE TORE NCES iret r eee ee 5 ACERACEAE PCT che cis cucws ees me Sie iiueliouilic cs PAIN GON wax stotey novels cist sere etc sctsuehehere wears Acorus .. MCU E Bite eects ee GiaecialaNoiene ate wisi eusls eet ones as PAC AINE ATG SBC) cps tale lakecesosele l ateiet oneel ane 160 AGUOEE WOU noobs adn ae deoobueoume 160 AddezSe Longue: YClO Wasi oiclt vere = 145 Adder’s Tongue Wamily....../......- 35 Adiantum ....... CPanel Sota alesaverarS 33 PACUITITINT Bieter ayial atte. oclers SETS RRA De eS 221 AVOIOHIIG= -Se sarhiste sic OPO oT ORD oe ROES 294 Pee ULE Steere catraneters ial slewoitenierel 2e55.1/c cine a: os, 6) 0 is teres 6 185 ATINOEAGIA riche siehale ete icei ace. o/s vlldgs; ssiresetels 231 YNIRT) TH halls Mera tart ORNORTG- A CHOTA ERO TORO Oe 246 . Arrhenatherume rac oc. 6 cuss ccnerslaile oles 74 ATLOWAAEASS Olam ye. tc) aes sae aseinvete ste 52 IATTOW ANCA anyone chee se siecenn Siete austen ereles 54 Arrow-leaf ..... Sete Sisto ehee oh ayste Pn av odovnis 54 ATLOWEWOOGG Rafa cei eres ehorerckols arate esis 389 PAT COMMISUG ec iarereienerein one loi ene eres eens ole 421 Artichokes (JeOLTuSMleM: «fs si atc lc. cccrous eke 416 PAGISULTNL SPAIN ORV ERS fo ene: cifals ote tho eo encegeselotehe! 6 135 PATUIN GIN LY serencic cassie) cic esaitehe 204, Sere ie eletets 404 LP ARERCONT oe eS see eines eta 407 nm pellatwseths iS eo erase eee 407 UNG UALS Vaso crore see ote Sree 405 WATMIMEUS il eietecene eae oe ee eee 406 Aster, iNew “Hnglarid' cic od cccte teaesn ers 405 - White: Wield’. .32 Sooo. 407 Wihite-topped 24-0 hele eee 408 ASEPA GAMES! 12575 clo steele one 275 ACV EIN | 5/05 iis eke cote nse en ee 31 ASCRIPIOKS Ooch reas & vis eo sinks RO Oe 195 ATITOGIA TIS (6 oi5;0 a scrc.syerc aie Minye Uitieiere ele te 374 ASTON 2 reratcia a rnin deve Doorn ae as ee eee 74 AVON FAs LV tore to oheratetata iad Doe rne eels 61 AVeNS, -Bristly) WHItC. scence tess ore 260 BRULrple’:. Acrorstece fore seoretoe cree 261 WAEOT ie ciein eveyeus i nkotmaxremie teres 261 White -...c2a: toch aon ee 260 VelOw © site2 on ae ee 261 Azalen, SPINK 235 eis: hike ee ene 3338 AZOM A. oe. iets cape s OO eae ate eee 34 Bapy'S' “Breath, wicca was cee clsewreceraee 204 Bachelors “Buccone sa oa eee 426 OADM: sre sre; ole cls othe senate eon eres 361, 362 os BOG. 32 sicveis a,50 Slaretoentaianaite aie ote el atere 360 Piney ELOTSC! sir ioseicl chose ssvalers eves tendevaletoncreke 365 Baim of Gilead: (2 ic. ona oe eee ene 163 Mg inamapple th yi Se ee ae ee eee . 392 Balsam MMiTS.. sss Sooke Ee 43 BAUSAMINAGCEAR 52.02.05 cn <0 Re eels 295 Baneberry; Wed! —2%.50 kas se cl eel eros 209 Witite® 225830. 21... See 208 Kart M. Wircanp anp ArtTuur J. Eamés PAGE Baptisia. 52). ora stetets op atele 1c tele oso 0 whe Barbarea: 2/2 via atelarcle co latevevotel ecco 20 Zod Barberry, Common 3... >: =e 219 Barberry Family 3. ./:2 2.6 c.ceeeeee . 218 Bartonia. 2: ssc aise Sn oo Re 343 Basil eoi005 04 ae oe eaics «lb eee . 362 Basswood. ois \oi.cé ivcuh mec; 5 ee eon ke ae 297 Bayberry” si) 3 3252 08h acn 2 oo ee 172 Bearberry 42s oe doe se eee cee 335 Beéeard-Tongue® “2... 6.2 5:32.02 os see Beaver. Poison 3.2%. «2/20. ices Sys ce 323 Beckmannia. . ccc se. oe ee eee 81 Bedstraw, Northern \.2< 25-500 coe 381 ROUT \.s Jerse acslenone Rea 382 Sweet-scented ......... 6 382 Yellow) io ck ae ee 382 BeC@ON + 3.5 aie. Score cietevele ed 41a daha aie eee AE Blues 28.05 2s5 ate eee 175 Water “pee e583 oa cee eee 175 Beech | Mamily* 3 2es 4 Se eee 177 Beechdrops: -.iclevac can sts 2 > Bee 376 Beggar's! Tice «ob. so «ns 2 acer 351 Beggar’s. Ricks) 22:2, 20% cs ens oe eee 419 Bell-ower® u...ersc0 «wise swiss Semen 393 Marsh 22220. i wee eee 393 Tall: AmeriGan .-5 asc. 393 Bellis: © 23 oleate chee cuceeatte eee eee 402 Bellw ort, Garge oseo a6. doe ee eee 144 Pertoliatée™ o40.. 6: aa eee 143 Sessile» \a-scus'-. sie eo oe 144 Benzoins ots ose oes clee he eee eee 219 BERBERIDACEABY ~ >. 5 i012 cievevenets,onsun ee so) see ee 224 Bethrooty. niutn.os sheceeee Oe oe Ore 149 Betony; WO00d- 26.2 sere ac oc cae eee 375 B@tU1 a. eso steve aoe evens shoe oe eee 175 BETULACBAB) ...5 2% bes iesc eee Cie 174 Bidens. f...00 se se bo bees be cle eee 416 Bindweed; Black ©. «occ cists 0 cae 192 Hield, \\. 22a eee 347 Hedge odie. Soe eee 347 Birch, :Black (<2tc0cib5 Satis eee 176 CanOe: sch galecew ead eee 176 PAaDer | ccc nates aio oe eee 176 Sweet. o's cisne o's us iete ete tedotel een 176 White 2.84. 20e0 6 ae 15S Wellow © sare.aiss cas anoeet oes 12 176 Birch: Family: co-host oe Bee 174 Birthroot....: |. ss. 0 ane oe eee eee 149 Birth wort tis. aieitetoc eke der ee eee 185 Birthwort, Wamily ris. eat-in icrnene 185 Bishop's. ‘Cap’ i... cies ieee eee 238 Bittermut. A042. ce foe neo Or eee 173 Bittersweet, American .::.222..<20ms 292 Huropean.5.0. 2225 eee 366 Blackberry; Common’ .......5-4. -eee 264 Black-eyed Susan. 3 i /.icio0i2 5 o> ele eae 415 Bladdernut, American .....2. 2.2 s0ne 292 Bladdernut Wamily "s2i.7 05-2 eee 292 Bladderwort; (Great 2) = 61ers 378 Bladderwort Pamily 32-2 .5o..0 eee 377 Blephilia® © Aisciisc: ote be syete oor ere ee 360 Blite \Coasteet. .itecn eco ee . 194 < Strawberry 2.04 )0.¢oe nee {94 Blitum ee ee Bloodroot* ‘702. ea eee eee 20 Bluebell o.00% 5 Pe ee ee ee eee 392 Bluebell Wamily. 303 was bern cee es Oe 392 Biluebells (3 nether ae eee 353 ? THe FiLora OF THE CayuGa LAKE BasIN 475 PAGE Blueberry, arly Upland . Buttercup (continued) : igh Early Woods ...... a tnaeet elo Tate Upland j stay etl Bh sosdothovenoaeadon 212 Sour-top c Sea side mmerersierctaiete ete isiereleietstons 211 Swamp Smallflowered) vcs cs.cls aces ote 5 2A Tall Sindh tth9)) Sool nico olao ood ana o . 213 Velvet-leaf PE DULG LOM rots oyel aie) staloteisielelehetars 214 PSAP M CO ULI Str acres te te ceteuelloctiel orenentrelslevetec els WihitesWeater tes. sere ctechsnere te 211 ITER OL CMa or succr ch cteusis,erete eats bi Rieteneheuersee Wellowie Watetie ci ciseimtenree s 211 Blue-eyed Mary Butterfly Weed NSIT WO UNE IR ay set cise ovecotel onstorsselleversts leterer 75 Buttermut 25. EITIOWS TIULOTSis ie c= lsieise,/ecansuloy oralcizt oye chester etele 427 Butterwort ...... 5 PAIGE CN MeteR sis fepiaiie one once ariouce ate Foneveta gel tells felvene ple: & 384 Batton Dish cn croc oe cieiare i nereicunioleneie ts PBST WCCO § mink leis cle: tens cie overeretohn eteserolets 354 ESUIPEOM WOO Geresteveicis) cletercieroterareheicnaterclatetets IBOPHMNETI A, verre suc seis isles Risieretonsiatene 184 Cabhageaccrteitessicrverstocisietelenactetetetis TROND Sdn GO DOmICD HOMO as do Oo mG 397 Skim yg ace etereisecas os ote tievevetenerevens Tam dec hone cre suse onahe, sekeholes erel Mote 398 Calamagrostis levoarey 18a Ube) Sep ictad cmon cpio Gone o 350 OONAMANTNAT Oe isieterein elas trsi loos ssele eteienen ete IBORAGUNACIAR ycisjots cimsire evslssosicsolelel exes 350 Callairs wetersteds: svercucparersLersvoie 6 emi eteheyevane SOMA ON a svete stele she cjatelnresarales ai nieieiene «+. 300 VAD ee soe ia a iateicctapatiorecauel av cvete rel etenokes te AVOUT VCMT: ereirescceussehe) crete @tenstel sls tebsiesel ale Too CADLTTRICHACHAR) USiicicversie acres cisierereteis 290 IBOUNC IN PAB OE tree execs ce ea deevele eiaunrete 203 C@allitriche mM saeco os cus cies cuore tiers eee 290 BOWMAN SMROOE wccelce auerclo s slosseterevarsizic 2A AC AIO DO LOM a sterereiaicre aior otavs sunvey orapakeie earns 156 ESTSLCIVUCUUEIULIIUS tendcn ot cle el oinie tennis Weleteiaea 80> = 'Calthia noes as calcio cleninn Oanictssuteece 209 SUA KGS CONT tchcysy cicaersest cucaletere reetorete teres So (Camelinath ss: sarees (ss ssc.gsseaterocsevse ete 225 COMMON perc. tase eia ie hares 33 Campanula ....... satanic Pa tielern on 392 ROCK trae yaw ener euecoteisks osns Ghai phe eles 33 CAMPANULACWAD) ch iercaisc wore cies y ese 392 STASENU Am eopewereiscetcheve cae suahehote selon ever sviseret oe 207 Campion Bladderwen | osnom ss vee cee e 203 SIGS NL Colpace net stoncNal cl ope eroreneyetelte eco oxcka iotalere 225 SHALLY seo eerie 203 TIGR IAG MECN Kesclele a lctene ccote tered ter els aleirelste 150 Witten Abierto cist ieee 202 STOIC CA mer ataselebetece se ieleergiere. Goeisiabane rs nO CAMPtOSOLUS) ec size scons Gietele srels elar sus ces 32 SGOUUUS Ir teeta a: tcrsais socks euclcus tore! caemoetaue 59 CANCEL-LOOt Retiets sloioeee eis helo auc. 376, 377 DUCISSIMUS ele oye ete evrelie ere, ovetononel eheneue 61 Camnnalbisiycetcrnencis ce cionretehetatel sioiecrerere 182 DRIZAETONMIS oy vere, ole iotaleasionskeseneiale GOR VCaperthamilivecy. eimicies crore aee toe 235 GUIPACUN Mere tenses cheer tece oi ecatterakeranotexs 61 Wap lllaine ie cterte of tticie ereisteialehere, oseeuees 335 QUSTIIIG ASG Fo OOO OO OI Core Oe 60, 61 CAPPARIDACMABE | Sik cer c.c ceitiele es clettiete 235 COMMMUEATUS I ce ereveteterevers) ores ol lelavorers 60 CAPRIMOLTACHAB ID. Ciscielertele eo s-peane ehtiotere 384 UNNTNE, oo dcop bono0 Gobo ome aon 61 Capsellay evscmincicmciel cie ckee ere 225 STINT ee tece ord stehsliehators sot clieseiotioraretevens GOS War away antec cterersi cle cisiacioa Sieya¥a.s: enemys 324 DUGAN Nae cee orients oie neta 60 Cardamine’ xccceerim 2 o.nstele Seis shelere ceageneve 232 (DOU MOD CG END OOO re Te 61 Cardinalflowerines coos woe eoeee Sone 393 MACEMOSUB: tercis ey crave (sie oie scoged ouerere cans 60 WAT GUUSiss esisiene lets oe wiepeisia ole cre euecele alee 424 SECALIMUS a pe coie bs orevehe ere beucia evens tesolete COTS CATexd Sete Stedetevemarshest Aneta) smeieteretabenoere 103 SLOTS mate reler onan ckoueser stats rane serctora irekevare 61 QDUSED Rete tors ok Sree accel icieraorte 122 CE CLOTUMN Fos craieichsteteieters eieysie. sistas eas 61 ACSTIVALISM rere laraiciers chee eo ekonel atote 130 Brooklimes) PAMeriCAM -iaeciess ec. ye ste 372 QTD ec tthe ies, aietekovebe Bietelersters, « 122 WSTOOKWEOU. | Bo nic. c. niece bie aie etererevescloual.susnene 338 DIDULSING ee oni coe eine ene 127 BLOOM Rape: OM AM Ty. sci cs cles) care 376 BLOPCCOldedss vec miler eee etets 117 PSTAIUCUL Gat ekes ciate. o oystoce/o/ ane iele a sbelegnieus tees 358 ONUDULIACE Ge eine 5.8 able wreck ete BL betONS leu SICK DEAN rtegsr vec tohete or chatere ois otere tone ieee 343 AM COD Siteredete “o,late ber eieteocsushaetews ott pres BiECKEnOLN WCOMlmOonl, serie cle closes 295 annectens hvala) Pd.alaccoaduobon cod 295 aquatilis Bickthorn Mamiya. ctereiece settee: ote sere 295 AECTAM elcis STRGR ARGIE: Bancioe SRO So ICO ES ee 187 AECCACA) © sieik es nis Gieaewhe ern eth oLnienal arene G@limpinte Mallsejsir. cis s-niencts oc cle oe 193 PUTO A erijess eteinae. hare ares aula mie ce eer BUCK whea tm aMily So ncuesye ace eee 185 IBebbDil Grvevs secre cre), oForanaiacaevenevsroeiese ES GMA COM cat nas isis arolelel siete emer c.clstecscs, oles 363 Lari an ee free ans aoes ove a & seaeistntre eal ete ASTULTULS Hepa levis te netoreh ele ter acai ceciteroiale eve. & 99 DEE ViOIe a szccrere > sys saeveraeotoe sens cnsnevene BITCH DEVI secs 0 o0)sye 3656 biG Cid Oma es iors 327 DOMOIGES Haire tteteusdoec ene wens eo renee te 118 Saree ULE AON ions ereiete evelele sree co tueleevene 366 PLUNNESCEN'S ays cnsc 8 ete ents: ce oheibetene 119 EMIT COCKSMGHCATIN wausiocheiessre ete nieis eine are 424 BALC DOWN terexelols ezletn.e Chole ocuneutel 123 SMallermrcresseienperae se see 424 CANERCENSiMy. Gum Etls soe cee ee 119 Burret aC aAnadian aicistso ssid oie eee e te ss 265 CUNCBCONSE A As otitocdcttie oe cieieison 119 GANGES atest ic teareletere toe ca oce 266 Gapillarisie Psecoileeshs sc cetecreleier 129 SNES INI Sogn cagbano odo 6 apo UbpS 292 CATEVAN AN Pacino ictgeie ts wei rome 126 Biro Aste |S VCC Ey tise, BIS Bren pico eucecio Broc OG 45 cepnaloidea rs: rari tesco ors toe 116 Bune eege amily cet ccs fe shoe ore cent aa Cephalophoralersc-sttet. teva taereats coves 116 EMUUGhOTAMG=Hi CES, scstsuste sucelese APR e Suere p oor 369 CHOLGOLEMIZ AM ye ets ce cre te clereitee oie 118 MELTeErCUD, ISTIStly.” ac ac cniss el esc cee cle 212 COLO OE Oia vis keer oth. ole-niel ee het la ee 128 BULDOUS) cite oteqiene a eietert ens Lt COMIMUNIS Ge aes an eee 125 Creeping yn reese tat 213 COMOSEH THe eile ees Sobite oied aeons te 132 Cursed eee qrembetictehn icine 28 212 COMGIZUR Peet ate ateta en ve ek Lo 476 Carex (continued): convoluta Crawfordii crinita crinita cristata CYISLOLE so as as, 5 o ee Se ie cryptolepis Gebilis. oss, ss cieeckc see ee decomposita Deweyana diandra diandra digitalis disticha eburnea echinata Emmonsii festucacea jiliformis TS CE WS ey CaS BD a, 4, #).e)5a 4)%0: 0a eles) jal'g) esate la sel 2) =e, «a «) «= eo lelermya m miie, = aleumapels ole) | 6,0) a) 1c, 50, a's 0m <0, 2 sip co wtate ©) '8.,6)'6)0 @ w' s,'e, 0, 0 wilel lel ete =, a) p/atelnle la folliculata glaucodea gracillima granularis Grayii eNPTIBCAy Hac tee hin neta Sei se gynandra gynocrates GPa Gets cic, Soe eae noe cene Hitchcockiana EVOWEL 0.Sls.cck S ocieaec aeons hystericina incomperta interior e'e (6! 0; o/s) 0) sas © 'ataj'e 2) se, ope) am O\e/e!'e)'aies | m) ei fase, 01,0) ms) 6) 6, =) otal 2.8) ee a'e) ols 0s 8) we mie lal a a) eho Jamesii LACUBTING = oe as Gis a vin Se eie ce ie laevivaginata lagopodioides lanuginosa lasiocarpa laxiculmis laxiflora laxiflora leptalea:) oc isc... chase eee eee leptoneryvia MIMOSA,» Load wee eee longirostris lupulina SNTIGR oz akc os ao ee ee magellanica miliacea mirabilis MONRME oop awa Sic ides SER ee Muhlenbergii muricata muricata Oederi ce silastic cere Gene ee oligocarpa pallescens paucifiora paupercula .. pedicellata ... pedunculata ... pennsylvanica ... plana plantaginea platyphylla POLYZAMS Peis so ete koe Ce oe polytrichoides © « » sie 6 0 © @ 6 stele <)> alele.s) ence rececc ce os eos eeeeneceve >) 2 (So 010, m8! 0 Laila felle Carex prairea prasina projecta Pseudo-Cyperus pubescens radiata retrocurta retroflexa retrorsa rostrata Sartwellii scabrata Schweinitzii scirpoides scoparia setacea sparganioides sparganioides stellulata sterilis sterilis Steudelii stipata straminea Kart M. Wircanp AND ARTHUR J. EAMES (continued): ee ay ee Cy i | stricta: .5c....08c> <2 ne eee Swanii tenella tenera tentaculata Oe teretiuscula . tetanica tetanica torta tribuloides tribuloides triceps trichocarpa trisperma Tuckermani umbellata utriculata varia varia vesicaria virescens virescens viridula vulpinoidea Willdenowii Woodii Carpet Carpet-weed Family Carpinus Carrion Flower Carya CARYOPHYLLACEAE Cashew Family Cassandra Cassandra Cassia Castalia Castanea Castilleja : Catchfly, Night-flowering Catgut Weed 222s Siac cie ete eee Sleepy 60s 6 5 os oo 6 wie ele ee @ oe 2 00 6.6 8 n es 6 em 6 ole ime Pe ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee THE FLorRA OF THE CAayuGA LAKE BASIN 477 PAGE PAGE (CO Ta) A eeucncIE tis one Ate atuoe teat Cc enrs Stoo OUnySAnith emma ies anya atte teat eens 421 RR CRT Arcata cw eis ome ele Sues wis\leiedeie tesla ce 427 ONTYSONOTONN, Erie cic es oko re Se oe ere exe 91 @attail, Broad-leaved vis.2......; toe ae Chrysospleniuni, ce cee noe scence 238 Narrow-leaved) io. 5 cise eee we, AS Cicely; eHairyesweet ss oaev. accee cones 323 RO etT Le EEA TINLL Vin cis: afavetoraienc cel sysiare siete, 6 ea ad Long-styled Sweet.....: Pa airhe td 325 (CUO Nad UNS Tea elec cactnseie PeGtorcl On Ooo 219%) GCiGhHoriumll es sie oc ne ae oe acta ese pcels 427 NWCRTIOUHUSD core.cis Geis eee a rlane wheneteus ec « . 296 LUCIE RIN ey ateveterave isicnryene iv sale cha care cmereeiaie, Te 23 (CLES COS #1 RAY ae a eR Rte PCRS re Ray . 43 Cimicitupaters sss accteee oc ava ee cee 208 WERT O): or vcs. cet ce . 334 WIGMAEISHU tc ona oye cis aie sie ee Beas wee ee 217 (Clg iirainin 5S 2 Gcroialoslosatdio. bic cage - 143 UEPLO eye srescs cee Heherttera chun er totes 217 MHAMOmM TE COTM ia sls0s.cn els oie) cls aie col'eh 6 420 WihIteR es en re sc acinio, ae errors creme 217 PYG INOW? tara cede estes eee . 420 ClinGoritars eo iosict ciets sleet eee te whee 146 MBA OCKIE eraiyer., hice ats, o) emate ott aie’ tev etc o6 B22 GIOED UT fave cuales srereiec otereverreletdiete ssl cle ers 414 PROUMECT! | iors, Noose ails oarep atone eleresee . 228 Clover Alsike: Sass cnek cada ae ete 213 (CYAN BY Pact ais of SNC cane SaERORE eee CRE as ie 60 Bushratheis seonvsoie oman 278, 279 WHECKENDEIIY. sie hee eos we ee nie erelelane’s 334 Creeping Whiten... sacle 273 WNEESESM cee ciee orale ate cent cae 299 EVO ver zitaitesovsi's ie ene sheser eee erste! ersiese 274 SHEMMONT MM pee eecioieote ccelelers sie Ocls were 220 LEE? FLOD. Gris sauces olsissere steiats 274 HETONOW era ricrseine te Saya oo eee eleie aPM ee 371 WOW) TOP @ ies ais ass wlee one sees 274 GCHENOPODTACHAB® oo ,. ss bscletde s slele 56, 283 Prostrate 4Bushiy 2% sci sis oes 278 WHEN OPOMINMIsr seem coir d wio ese wm olelapelekore . 193 VAD DIELOOED ce ctaetaerel cl anciens ath ere 273 GUO OCI Be eatatd ERE ere OR Bae ORR SCI eIEoCS 195 FUGUE fee chtclos Se hrsare kee epee 273 ANTOROSLOIGOS) sista ch olevsrn rie tolep al nosy erates 194 SEPA WDELTY eens lever one aero 273 OnUS-ELENTICUS) cracisisiclsisteie)+ ora ee 194 Sweet. (See White Sweet, Yel- ESO GDI Ste crac: ays cticorctchese satereraseih erecetele 194 low Sweet.) CMLL ACTIN wre ees ccls sce: ete tosocny nierete Ure 194 Wii ter seartoicy cucxatetercin ssa Ine ones 34 OU ATLCUTM Ew ete eee So sretene coehe cloisie.'s 194 Wihitem Sweet) c.. spe welcw cise 274 UVES CULT “Ges vehecwtoveten eos le eho, ake aus late ei ere 195 EY CLIOWiott carcrancasyenebensrchels Oa atone 274 LAMCEOLATUING Famers aicictoronts ata 195 MENIOWAS Weel. nica ten . 204 ASLAN UNM co cytes ons chore roreliacerefonere cienet oe 195 WII DaM OSS eR iyatovantkiacs wisiclebavors eatatorieners 39 TIRE Gens sn pare ches elena osha ee ear 194 Club=-mossy Mamiiliye cae on ic.n elses cient . 38 NIDA CUI ein op creations ster Sherohcrene. sia ye 195 ORUCUB nate eric sels rants ais tegen Gray re te Berea 425 @herry yy Cnoke's seis eiaio estes ous ieee sls 270 Cockle. Cornitiiar. veils ccctessroon Sie 201 ID Within. >.) Site volenchersdorevsusieverestevere 270 COGEISD UT riers tayscalmislerenei chee eine 414 GROUT Peco eeeroeicrace ere terckerecerelle 367 Coffee eirees Wentucky.- ic oc eerie s relate 271 WELUSA EME cece Rates ence: 6 366 Cohosh ywBlack © ss ous.s nce ene eee . 208 MMSNATED loc cheers. me osiecafeleorsies 270 BIWe Rete caste curly Meee ee . 219 IRIE OMY Seton ct: sree seek aoe Sees 270 BUCO << ce attoheus.s syo save ater aioe eneie eae 209 1 ICUs eee GRORE. Ooo pes Meee 270 WADTTOUMAT oxo panere caste rie 208 Sty GUCLe i Wiens tees ae sone 270 Collinsiaw se... aya ieniicuensue ener ne ee: 370 SOUT Se ee enlace tens 270 Gollinsonia cen Sole tes. ce eee ene 365 SWEGt cig biome acielsv cre oistere boatala 6 270 COlLSTOO TE Sato) deve cu sas shee ohone. dea eee . 422 Dimers ctceseoein sc celeste 270 WSCC Uinh te casters ole oe ce is ale epee ee ae 423 NYG End B31 ENO) Sy Sn en les Gly pan eae 270 Cotumbine .Gardenis..:., aac jecete oes ects 208 Wal REG ircpersrctevets. srdtaverenevesets te 270 Wall IE a, dteisverle/o ormasieklaeeya . 208 GOT Ve Will Clie saierets ortho eiGcccer che sone. teeta aiete 322 WOMAN ANAS ys case etoene sos Gis emote Ore 184 HESS Sacer ios siaveuoncistoveteke uno tye Se tusteia. © SeOO. Comfrey gCommony 5 sa... vens,ccshorsvetokens 351 COLGIST Eh DORR OR aca IS CRAaN CRORE. Si 178 ROME Hite ots crests. dceceiaioccer eae SOO. Ghickweeds (Common! ....0.2 66.660 a 20 Wall SicseoeepausoondaDbaelc 350 NOP KEG tvebasicx. oie. nsnare Pate 198 WOMME]IN dia sctees s vorePare tore tonaieesio haemo ce 136 Mouse:eareas. ssw dae ne - 201 COMMALINACMABN. < 66.0 cise vis steele eisccee 136 IOHT CORY rie cet ieloe ciel cheer wenn: ote 4 PAD AC OMPOSIPAM rye. a vileucteivne siopeuerelete a ee dee 394 MOURA ay Ales La Leah Meterens len oyc eeaiovedor chanel ois ehh Sool Compositemiamilly; cys i.e etek ok ey 394 RTO LOTS Ce tio c. susie ale wre uc rete emer eiahe? the 335 GONG sHOW Oar ic actor ialsunteto oss eerie 415 GHIVAS Hotes etc etic cctawer wien Bede 144 Con OSELINNIM EA cia k.i.so,e syst reflec seine 326 @hokeberry, Black. <6). cclecs esse ci .. 246 Wonlum ps ss ors ee es Os kc soa eee 323 FUGO Fe aries eo eects gchenn where ake 246 WOO DHOLIS MS a sesccrs tre cioeral cite oka tee ois 376 WhonaGrillageccciiis contin Peo MOONMTIN GA 6 55 ea itt vse sie eg ales igte.ae 228 478 CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulus Coptis GCorallorrhiza, 25i a6 ka ed tees weber Coralroot, Large Small Ciao elie le 9: ecel'e) a=) 6)(d) siletelnreimiaiie SCORING ION OMG) Ere tPOstiaG. OO Gio Om Coreopsis Coriander Coniandrumy 2255 sr se lert oe cl ieee erate Corn, Squirrel CORNACHAB = .2)<,0 syste fensrecee 2 eis eerolene ties Connelh DD wartta: ocd ae cnet Corn-flower Corn Salad Cornus Corona as Soe Cea ne pee ewan Corpse Plant Corydalis ra fivlearsecceneeahlerehe cxaiocesseeiede Golden Gonylus tac eck 53 terre acd slesekeebreries Cottonwood Cow-herb WOWwSlipies Feric a ieevchavateiecchevciedenerer hsncnetetenere VAN SIMI AY a attieitieleteras oh monroe Cranberry, Highbush Large Small Granberny-tree sci ae rerecerslaeteee eases Cranesbill, Long-stalked Wild CRASSULACEAE Crataegus) ol sarc esd ache oneal albicans apposita DOa tay ieuscne cua, clea wheres sue e teeters chek Boyntoni Brainerd). joes qiaceeud ine heeee Calpodendron champlainensis Chapmani coccinea coccinea Crus Calli, Sha volniererehe ote etonece Elwangeriana filipes foetida Holmesiana intricata leiophylla MG CAULEY AE. ins ee oe macracantha macrosperma Margaretta monogyna neojluvialie ..h2 2. wsdoee a aeree Oryacantha >.) cee eee orycantha MEGICEIIQEG: Sits ios oe Ree PUAN GTCH se ec te cid oe omelette pruinosa punctata silvicola straminea submollis succulenta succulenta tomentosa villipes Crepis Cress, Cro COICO CLCn oc 0 Cu 0 OO 4 0 DOD le 6. 0) fe )'9\ 6 6 ole «6 © ee eu) =) 0 6 Ce 0 je) ole) | 0. 1e/ «) alla 101.0) '0) | elle) \e\elelie| ole laid’ ts a6 06 es ee 0 vs elaiele)e misc Aro OO) Oud Ordo out O ie Orn Ord e! (vie be fe) 0) ei e).0| a 0 ie} ofcelieltelletel ele Ce Marsh ©) (@ 2 ep) ee) o. 0\\e) aletiele elles aio Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES PAGE Cress (continued): ONMY.. 5 e556 ccara aon See A ee: ROCK, ead 28 ba oe ree in 254 Spring: 2.55.50 (.t ara eee cee) oe Wisitel : o5-0- aie crs. shara eee sce e2BO Win ter wiccccsalece 2 4anayene oe Bios aul Mellow: ick Wiceirwiere, a wie 6 9 aevake cee 230 Crinkleroot 22h eo cue oe eee os 202 Crowfoot Mamily = 22.1. 20-5 oe a IES CRUCIBERAD). csivuctice rere eee a. 222 Cryptosrammaiy 241 Skunlk: stecch Geo ous a eee 240 Swamp) Black 5 hci steene 240 Wild Black “sc. c5.)..2)s one 240 Wild “‘Re@ 4.554622 0s re 2a OL tot ts Mace rir ERA RGN ienle cin o.4 347 @ yma chums ene ee teense een leaste pee . 346 Cynoslossuml Vso se cree noe Renee . 850 CyMoOsSurTus sca c eels ae eee eens TO @YPHRACHA) Si. a)e.cy notes ale st eee a 192, O54 XS) QU ER EG Or Cale cic oo c 92 Cypripedium yc. ee tere e 1D2 @ystopteris:, 22S eck ee eee 3» ae Da tylis! oo5.0 se Gas texchone cootener hoe eee 69 Dai 421 Dalibarda Dandelion, Common LOCH Meee raceeies eign a 6.0c-6 oo oF 427 Danthonia j./c/os ae Ga enu olay enetekeneneneeene 74 Waph ner ssc. cies-sencvoncheus seater ens lee eek nen 311 Darnel, Bearded ..... Hr hl Sac. biort. S/o al GoOmMON: acetal che teen erection Al Data) lc isgei-vs: «1c fo eyoteporeliet oforeuehareketeionctotetels 368 TAU CUS. Shes iche Ghacuapene, eva altewsuekene ie ReMeneonae 327 DalyflOwer: wisiccehe cle eter a sveve) encloiene tone menens 136 D@COMON! fase s/s. c srs crocs a aucus Seatene enero 311 Deerberry. (c.< cscs oe ele oi ct neeetone 336 Delphinium) <2 ects eaten ereeenere . 208 Dennstwedtiagn os sa cuwehosto pereveteneretenete Stl Dentaria, 2... Nek is cease Cee 232 Meschampsia™ CLIMB Ee tie chenotepens.tuesel cusyeuste ucie 201 EE OLONIGS winiie w ciel s 028 \0 ,0k0, 3% (9 .eiepsieys, 3 6.9 73 VCHANMOCHTIO A aiate stele sie sus ciss: ti epaieye aes) oi 83 HICMMIMOCY SEIS ails ero eiereeietets che. ots ous tere 392 ICHIMNODS acter ciehon eee crake oie cikete eveney sa Gare 424 CHAN OSD ETINALIT, {aie ole isl 2 ie ocValel sie. esis 351 EL CHUGUUUIN Meron tate ncusicletertioteha cise ous, sieveleleto's 354 ES EATAGNACHAW (scusttrsud sleys ccenesiseie pets. «6 311 MOT aD OX eo ar cncrstets Sistas nyse: b ehese.e) sisue 7s 294 : WOMIMONT Tiersen. ce ore leue etieke 390 OISOMN weet Oc eis ais suche ee tere: = oie 291 INGE TAKEO! Gprene nema oo Ob OO 390 PATS CAMID ANC reretcns ensieasie te custsuave) one e056 412 FUVCOCH ALIS etcrc ciate sete ois oie ss (os es 50.01 94 LC OCIIGAUAUSI mites cra oievaneelane sGericcde s hepeventa vaio ness 98 FALG@USIM Oumar asieccene et cheneoist ately stote locos! ei. 81 dihin« ALMEIKA 5h. aao acen eo omens 181 (COT ater avsuorelehomton eoalstevond wists teuere 181 Opa IE) CUS BA Be oO caas ClO een ere 181 UO CRearteaowercteficreh on sbaltols wclolentpetensier ere ic 181 SS COUCH cheers i wher t econo en cro ater ones 181 SIIPDERY. Ss cehe os ote rece ray She ute relies 181 LB aa atts 7 PS Fh Oieentac Cec FI CLR OEM CUO ROCHON 55 LHIOUAL. "eis BOD CIES OO ROO OO Dore 301 UO MOSt > icsieneisusncue ou bier aiealiare .)-coee - 29% PiZeCOW ...5% acta s Ge wise SOS . 297 Summer’ (o0..5,<'s2.00 nine eee 297 Grape Family —. .3.):< «5,-3.0. «eens 296 Gra'ss;,. vASTOW,. Xess. =n eee 52 Barnyard’: i.5..-octe oe oe 84 Beard: i. (osis cos ha oak eee 91 Bent: ob dee. wens oe See ee ee 76 Billion: Dollar’ 2.22 haces Pate = BAC. aids NOLS a ere eee 139 Blue-eyed */iisvs.2 5) See eee . Lod Bluey SOMEy sec 75's cae ee ef Bottle): «40cca.6 bees Soe 91 Bottle-brush. 220 ss. . seamen Te Brome oii cs Se on oe oe 60, 61 Canada ‘Blue 20s. cease ee eee 56 Canary) 4 44.5.0). eee 82 Carpet Bent) #04.) 22 ecee more >. 276 Cord: < 2.ces ck eee eee 81 Cotton gs tess sd 8 ae CouGh 7a. ick oe hae eee Crab. ..225555. (2.0026 sae CUE Me ses ee). one 1 BY) Sea R NU ee oer ic Dog’s Tail Wels s"./o Ries Seals BR, etoeereeee Mescye!s.n5 oss oh ee eee Min ger’ 2. ios. Sass sca eee eee 83 Moating, “Koxtail” 32 soc Peers? Fowl Meadow: 2.2.2 0eomeee 67 Golden’ Koxtaill. = 33500 eee 90 GOO8ke! 55.525 cote eee ee 81, 381 Green -Foxtail’ 2.5 aac chee 9 IPAIT (aoa octane eee 74, 77 Herd’s’ 23202. sans oe 78 TUNE: 0s Ee Weis Stoke eee 67 Kentucky Blue) 322540 e-5eeoe 67 Low: Crab fz o/s accle eeeee 83 Meadow ‘Hoxtail- oc -saseceeee 78 Oat ie es Se eee 74 Of Parnassus \:.5.0. 50a . 239 Old, Witch: ..2:4%. so ene eee - 86 Orchard | )a.c.0 ase ke Cee see Panie "5 os juice coe eee 64 Quack. 3.326 oeS eee eee 70 Rattlesnake 2...cc eee 64 Red) Top ities cee. Oe eet y, Reed. nasi nceuee ce eee 69 Reed ‘Canary >. ices ener 82 Reed: Meadow snc (i Soe 64 vhode) Island Bent) 4.4 +encee ) (Common | & 06022 6as. a 499 EPODDTes BUSHE cise ce cue sia he eqns rene ienerencie - 388 Gun SB aC es Gein sicrarstoncssce tA oes .. 829 TROUGUS soe a cuevshajece neil w evaieie ere ae. eneneenee 5 es NOU Patera coro eee ee 329 Hollyss Deciduoust sy... ecient cies S86q 74h! EMINMOCIAGUS) Voncire cates eis eae 5 Baal Wi@wiieMy "a5 oo dogoboeseoadd -. 292 GoyPSOp Hila wwe. ccc ele AY JaOihe Ivhiikyy sopdaopeoocshaucuede -- 291 ADCWATIAVLN Hea parce careccieestestor ake 2 5S FIOM VR OCK ST Wirejaps. aves: sys eves wis she. evehereers . 299 Dlephaniclottishy. smlccs some tie cee . 155 LOM ES Cyn Soha arevatactoies sein eienavete alei4I™ ova lenave 231 Bractenitale seimtrery. Gris tisiebons. oe . 154 PION E WORT scott ram occu ermnice . 324 CLAM Sense toe ees SAP - 155 Honeystckle; Bushy eye viiers spe aera 384 Clavellataiee et eto tectonic pe - 154 INK “eeeiaSaabooedonDT - 385 CVE R 071d NaS Slee he cee ete ea a alae JAPANESE Foon ewe - 386 GT OTT AE Beers a cuatro ase aioe 156 Swamp Hlys.2 5. oie O80 HENEL. Sa Grice fe ok ae ee 154 Matar ansrcyorst orate sete - 385 FG OKEriR Cap Ree Aa Oe no) alias RMIT aveteperereteretevele lee 386 HV BCLDOLCAM irate is ele eae 154 Honeysuckle: Wamiliys <5 <)> cee. csc eie - 384 NACORAUN Absa shea oycde onlescene reese . 155 FLOP irr ctercis sea uhe: ane eels sei ete cc areuscon es aterels 182 AMACTODIVYIUG. Veois epeidio.c evesinne Sense . 155 JAPANESE .- 2-5. eee eee eee 183 erbiculotatgatcy cris ote ea5 5) LlopeHornbeamy oii. ers ieieiers «1+ -/yerere 175 DS VCOUCS Per verediucne terion ts ee Ue Behn a5 LOLA GUM. rer eve cece, orate a ev onciorenoheicle 5 2s ENE OTUCO UC Aen os us) ccs nodtey aioe to eter .. 154 HOTeEn ound Grecroeioren cleo ne 357 UU DI Seen cmraet talents ences evoke be 154: Water, ei eieieie ee @ «ore oyeiesele, ~~, eleies 363 EVA CKDETIEVar a ee horn ae ee aa 181 TORN DCAM save acaeyeccte-.<) eI Sao OIOIcO G HiariG core ¢ marginatus NOGOSUS! "55 Se cae eee ea eneteie EMULE Woyererel oycte sclrerersiere eer neie ne LENUUS Voie cl cusinvers Sickel een Laicecioneiene MOLLOY Ts c', 5 cieveve a ebsato eel oneal onenole lone SUMNER CLV Geer sra cei cides io oor teene ene SUNIPET VES Pats. c-c tee cial ore eieteee eke eee IUMUP EWS) (oder Sense ecole ee ee aie eke none one LE ita ia rich cari OAS ClO ODLONd O0.EN0 OscerS GAMA A * Soe) eed aes jo vdveue else ene rede eheelens hele Kine eDevil 5 i tssice acielciecueetonteiorereree ISinnikinnik” oe yosie ou ite oteteenetete eee IG TET oye US Ry Geecintoia dealers p nin Udo chh.aig,.Giee AGUA “Ge Sik is ad ud Sees he ee Ken'tweell Srdo5 eee credo eee ae FENOE WEE sicieyatithcissecais am © apovedeeveume eer Knotweed) shamilliya eisce cession erie terete 197 ESO CHUA a lctasisre ais = cheney aan Saas Ree 193 GAR TAUTAUHAED: sire fave area csucheseiielieurl oie cenemsieaeeenaee é TGACEU GAN i Stoysnece on sccl cre pitiaie te anote Peake rer ates Ladies’ Tresses Anrtumn) SS oii a eee Slender’ .4.,22-b2d0 75S Bas Lady’s Slipper, Showy Kart M. WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES PAGE Lady’s Slipper (continued) : Smaller Yellow ..... 152 Stemless- . ..5%:: cic eneeeloee Kady’ ss Tham Sins che clsteteraie eee oon LOZ amb's: (Quarters) 5.2 oc. sae - 195 AMIN oie score a oe rake Oar ee. 308 VAPOLECA © os oc ewan 0% enol lee oo ae 188 Larkspur Lathyrus LAURACEAE Waurels ) BOL. , wracciessiers owhe venom oeiete . 334 Great ik we see seue 3 renee oR > dao Mountain“: . scce steteee cree ss oso SHED? +f cmnsicieicasteneyenele ee enone . 334 aurel: Wamilliys (2.15 css che xcleerone eee «. 219 Meafeup 25.5.0) | (fees ase exe ltete oe eee . 418 Teather-Ledfi me ot. dis suevoeueuere 6 else eens .. 384 Leather-Wood........ 5. Ssawte Vex ereneneere sie lepnerdee: LY Yt; eee te RE EL DIOR ALOIo 5 co oc atede pees 100 be aie Oe CMe SOG ocd o65 5 BBR Mieek,. “Wild . \ceetareGenenec yore nonsuchees teenie 144 IRATE SOMO GOOG OO oC OO boohoo CoC 82 LEGUMINOSAE ...... MO EG. c PG 27) TGQ MING. :s euch srove ave crcl syclevene cst ener eae -. 136 TMM NA CARS trenetets exeieneneyeiere 135 LENTIBULARIACEAE GE ONEOGOIND arcicichehousiey ste) onslone tats eneienen Ti@ONUTUS!) % Sicisre Sue or sheloucwetoketelsiae eee EO PUAT UI Serco cielo cuch che tee ie tener omens IEG NRE Gago OOOO Dds a0 do oo aC eo6 GEN COCTIILOG, joys oerckcusnakelclevovelsieletetet tenements TH@SPOGOZ a. coicieielins o eneteysercuenerael sl Ot chelOneenene ettuce, “Blues occ ke wicrcushe severe nee Prickly White Wild ticecieveveveycveve: 0 eepereberenete TiS VISEICUIN: fered 2) cusr er suc. co eeel ool Aenean TASUSERUM” 5.575. oxets ove eae coerereronel ened enene Lilac, Common JGWTAGCMAM, 5. , ics net ene) cle) cyste koh arcuceeeele ema ) 1b) br een ones Stic. 54 0.6 0 ily; “Canada... s-wirice-s akon Oh) ARMS CIBER Or Cd. 6.5 6 [Och PMO ORO dino icon; oG5° Meadow. a sies sas tu) walter sreneue tener i Nat )2)) DE RIPE ORCI rik hel Oe Cie oa oo IW tOr. cat syleys: oho eriener choke) eeko latent leeeemene WOOO « cies: coer ovate atelrtonct eon mene Yellow Pond Taily: sami y: so. cre ate eles ear oteiene LIMNANTHACEAR LINACEAE Linaria Tindem: 2) sie news 8 oie nieereeetene Linden Family Lindera Linnaea Vso) Soyo ye ov apertel «) cake, « oeRe ane een Lion’s-foot EAPATISs sou S heheiee cena eee Liquorice, Wild Liriodendron Wistera.® 5360s. OSes seo nee Eee Lithospermum Live-forever Tue FLorA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 483 PAGE PAGE TEA WETTIEEE Heeetarngora CNR ery Coco DE coca ari 216 Maple (continued) : { HETETSVVOl Lem aretn ree iictare tal alararorcrieversrar ties avs 216 SOP ies ee sale atatecabete terete 293 TPIZA TOS al cs aicisie ios a ale) one Sitinus e\/elinle es 161 SELIM yew a: a fete ete va loners hana . 294 HOC AN ona on men anos teri Ske uos root Sua Fae cis cys sac ee eevee eaters . 293 Greater cite ass tak lever erdianel es Paste ole 394 Wugyalkes Jaehacublie® (oeatariere sea PaO no o-ck.cin - 293 ahah, INimihy Bop oacando co @omemanc 393 PMA TO Sa Maileyr uses ensvevelone toys craPoreteovere tens 318 HAA ISUINITA COVA oes sRevaliclicnetat felch ovesial of «1 a) Sic e Gate” 393 Miaricoldss IWamshiy te. cle stm ons stcleielalere 209 MRA GUSt LACK oc ays cme aieversielenetstoe’ gett: 5a) AD NIAMS) Qn ene er ICS iis, Sart i 2 418 Glammmiys Pes sisiavecvesvetalensiete 4c Mma NLAISCUS) merce ti. citiers ever ede mw oinieeeonerae . 102 Common 22425202. dee nae 5 PAD IMDS Te UDI UNTIYA Eset c italy st eltays isivelia redone (obsess Mute nelle B57 OME Vou soiree Sens cheveree relents « 272 MASI GA, dec ckepetete sie ci cusWletoro efennte shauerete 34 NWiater toate chepsiraacclalsnateereiavs eae MAR STEBACHAH! ~ si.) @ «)a0selstelsverene Ae poco oes ars ric. crate cee chesste et ths anctbrets 2 a0 MIASTERWORE ihe. < 0.50 02 = «io eo eieleleiels 326 FAG DU GOT AN aie ected Cte seater sent +. 885 Matrimony Vine ...........5..... -» 367 Moosestrite, Mringed S.ssacecssnece Ae BRI) = Wiehe A” 6 Sop cocosouomouonG dob dc - 218 x TUG Lev spcucwonctevelsteieaete te cis lc a shl4 VAL OW ED sri) eisyahseuscsns rsveueteleehelterelere . 33d Spikcdleme ace ee er 312 MIRIVEW CEO cisccus sites. 0 olsite: ma sustain a ete aeite 420 Swamper nee eet een cee Lehi IM Gald Ow Catt yearn ciets cts oie, «cietele aetna 312 MIME niche eee tere rea - 9399) Meadow-sweet, a... cols cccietelers » 243, 244 CLOT eae Re IR Tc els Oe 5 8G MIG pois ocb0 sop cocoa dono uD OOK co. 148 MOOREREMI Lem Hamniliy csaeice aes sei cracls 311 Medicago ..........ee eee ee sree eee » 275 OD QTLNUBO « crcictele cistese ide ahs © ones) « .. B57 Medick, Black ............+s+eeeee » 275 L'tVOSGWGl 9 SRS EAE Les ERC aon Sree oie +. 379 Melampyruml | Soci. cies -leieislelere + ole 376 Pajpnead dtamiily: kobe ss we ee als olan s7o Melastoma Mamily ... 2... c)ros. = ose 312 MOAN ICA CHAUE ek bs ern cree 184 MELASTOMACHAR ................-- - 312 AO LU SOM Bt eo bibs acta tahoe ae 275 - Melicd .. wee eee tee eee 61 [eGR ECR Se Oe Lh ny eaiae n 375 MMcelilots (WiHtey ciaess 2 accrs sosusvesemsteles oletelters 274 MhOvarvewe Cen htt loa 325 ; Yellow ...-. cesses eee escace 274 TCR Lie eee EA oa Cn ae 975 Melilotus Sey Ie Of CA aie ICS . 274 LL ERT LDA gy Nga Nb aR MER stra 313 Melissa 1.1... see eee eee eee ees - 362 BTA iat ke oe ic ci cosudl © sub ailtetetate he kee 4 2ghl MENISPERMACEAE oe es eeeeee sees sees - 218 “I EFOEEEIO), GV RS PNA ae ae AG ET 272 Menispermum .......-....+++++-+0e 218 NET UEUSIS eyecscotisaa Susyece alee oro seeie ote nie te Mentha ... esse eee cece e eee ee eee - 363 RUIZ AE Rees eee ts Sincoke Pa ea oe 141 Menyanthes .....-------eeeeeeeees » 343 PACHA REE Ecce hts See aes Lok ees * 901 Mercury, Three-seeded ............. . 287 SGarletwemr tes ceca ac ein ct as Soe 202 Mermaid Weed ........+++s++e-see 319 CTS ee OR Me ** 901 IMGT EEN Sa toners co crorene ene ci evei saovahetene . 853 ey.Glumbme er te idle ices tan ais occas 367 Mezereum ......- see reece ee eeee . 311 TCOPELSICOMM A tides ee dene cee : 365 Mezereum Family ......-..-..++++- 311 TEXCORODIACHAMI Toe sneeie necks nie. 1; °gg Microstylis ... 0. eee eee eee eee eee 160 ly COpOUTUTN As hc neha cee cs ; gg Mignonette Family .....-.........-- 235 eV. CODUSER IGE. oer ae edie File ete thins 363 Mikania oe. ee eee eee eee ee eens 398 fipninbMe ate ook td fcc sh eee} : 334 Milfoil, Water .........-...seeeeeee 318 aminiachiatye ore ees. hee et oe eae 398 Milium .. ent teen e eee eee eens 80 TLS yared 17 NCGESD 0a ak Ca ’ 311 Milkweed): Gommiont = cisveic nics.) ee eel tone 345 TE AWARD RAG)”. fg oerasne sce © nei army sg Mee Fae 312 0) oso ee aceon 231 Summer’ 3332 2: 7-222 see e714 WOWOM 22 so aann oe eee 234 Treacle: + 2.5 2s sea 230 Tomble 2s .222.cce eee ose 229 Witte «52525250522 450mee 227 Wild) 2 265223520 Fane ae 227 Wornenseed |) 2c5 Sona eee 229 Mustard: Family.’ -2 oo: 22255 5.022 222 Mynsotis® =. = 2. o26.b ae eee 352 Myriea ts. 825523 So eee 171 Myrurcscmam “220-3 ote eae eee 171 Mynopliyiiem 6 2 Ao oe ea ee ee 318 Myrtle sos e ss 2s Bee 28 ee ee 343 Wats. Ror oe res He eee 172 Vellow <0 22 5.402 4220 eee 339 INWATADACRAR S.E 2 oe 2 Boe abe c eee 46 Naitas Sderot e c e os ah eon 52 Nawnnyherry: > oo: 222 ae epee ee 390 Nasturtium <.25 2.222 2220 Sane 230 Nastariiast -..--=.--2.)3 2 230, 231 Nequaita™ 35 223 oa pene ee 294 Weulié o 3-3 = 55 2 oo ro a2 ee 243 Nelumba™. 23.2355 22.24 4 ee 207 Vellaw ) 23205 2228220223 207 Wemapanthee ©: 2.55 oo2c5 vane ce eee 292 Nemopanthus .. 2:2 2.20302 Se 292 Neieta ss a cance doi do ten eee ee 357 ete Sree ee Eee ee a= a: 311, 312 Neslia 2s. :.-2.223602 2. 2. eS Se 225 Netile: Gommon 5225 2222 302 ue aoe 183 Paine < 2) 620562 eee eee 184 Hedge. 73255 2 ee a Hemp: w2205 25cnscu 2. eee 358 Horse - 5-5ca oe Ca eee eee 366 Red Dead $522 5;52425 3 eee eee Spotted Dead ..275./\ 3 ye was 359 Siimgeme \ 42 52 Saeed. soe eee 183 Wood: os... = 2 eee 183 Nettle Mamily |....32 3225-2 eee 180 Micandrs «(52 35-2 oe es Cae 367 Nichishade: “Blue 250; 2.6 Se eee 366 Common <2. 2552 ee 366 machanter’s| 72.0. aoe ae 317 Nichtshade Wamily: 9272. = 22. — > ae 365 Nimble. Will) .. 22. iis. 22s ee ee 78 Ninehark os. sono. a eos See 243 Wipple-work) "6 2.255 4s as See 427 Nanesueh: 9... dss scdeue ss a eee 275 Kart M. WrecAnp AND ArTHUR J. EAMES PAGE Wugkar -d.5 20> dee 2 ssn ens « oie eee Nymphaea... 4.00). 552 cee eee 205 Sepmphace.. 2 33 ei «eee eee 205, 206 VMPHARACEAR © GY 522222252 Cae aes Nymphozanthus -...........- = WEES 2S oe aie deal en ee eee 329 @ak. ‘Bar... =. 2552 5255.5 e eee — ee Chestnut (502222525. 5 0 eee Pe yt) Dyers 2.22855. 42 2228 Soe on “a Jerusalem —2%. 22..222 5 ino ee Northern . Black; _. =. 22 !223ee5 oa *ee Poison. >. 227226. eee «= 29 Red (caste 2b 2652 see eee =... 2042 eee 86, 87 clandestinum. ..... 2... a0 CGras-gallg =. = = 6 kena ee 84 depauperatum <.. 2). 4... .Geenenee 8s dichotomifiorum ...-...::..-..ises 87 dichotontum: |< 2 2 ee ee gs dichotomem: -_ 030... 2 eee 89 flexile. 23. . tee See =- ae Gattingerl |: >}. 252522. 22 ee ST glabram — 2 ooo 3252 eee ee 83 Raachuedé 225 6-2 oe eee 89 ‘mBHCGIMM. (he's a bs Fro a ee sa Yatifolium -2 225532522260 ee8 em, THe FLora OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN Panicum (continued): Lindheimeri linearifolium macrocarpon microcarpum miliaceum nervosum philadelphicum proliferum sanguinale Scribnerianum sphaerocarpon tennesseense tsugetorum Tuckermani umbrosum villosissimum virgatum Werneri xanthophysum Panicum Pansy, Field Papaver PAPAVERACEAE Parietaria Parnassia Parsley, Parsley Family Parsnip ©.0) 1s s\'© 848 Se vis .ae le © ces) erjeyia| le .@) a e!ia j6).0) \0)\¢) sae)e je. 6 10. © eo} elles. es, Parthenium Parthenocissus Partridge Berry Paspalum ... Pastinaca EA ABELOABY Matera tecevals. «‘e nieiecstel hiewe avy onie%.e Perennial PACH Clim tetctokets eis) cle aiere: tues bhacct ee S1e io. sve ahh Peanut, Hog Pear, Common Pearlwort Pedicularis Pellaea Pellaea Pellitory RG MCATLG nateesec ae cies toever mers aes ficshes eee Pennyroyal, American Pennywort, Water Penstemon Penthorum ECRESLONUON © tare eyes ois eee ete Ree Pepper, Mild Water Water Pepper Family Peppergrass Sihelrele.ela\leleije.(e| 6) '0\e\'s e100, 0]. s, ef 0 .eAv ie Dele \e: je. Jel(e' 16/8! = eof ohele, eles (eso 0:0 Je Pepperidge Peppermint Pepperroot Pepperwort Periwinkle Perularia Petasites Phalaris Phleum PAGE PATA SMITE Sia ewe arerss wtelersiselexs stoke i 69 PETTY ee heer siaini(ns hor ste) cus).c eherelavonstareterete 379 PUTA IVACED OT VE te terars a, vssohonanahiel a) cueveleten te 379 PH y Salistet enve crue cic eves ce « eleuamelsi eters ne 366 IPH VSOCALDUSS eo wusjae auc weisieisiere se cvetelcnnerene 243 PAV SOSTER IAN rac ccetets ik cis arog ces otemeten A 358 Py COTS CCA sir. 2; siete oe; ote evans eievel clare elo teners 197 PAY TOUACCAGHAM .ciccis ster a/0clevormcle dome 197 IE COAMmTer Mer acicionshareke ie. sa lev'c elas one. sista antarere Pickerel=weedl.ssi< a ctevc «ove nel aeiere o.aysteiete PACTS er eeeres se cu orenei cies Fieko a" anes al'etal cue) oh akeleys EAU TU Gwe eyenetttoneyenc) o's: ate Wyar ot aba nr ates eaapahte areas SWE CU peers ts otelors ahs oKa en ere.chctel ohanewosererate Amaranth PANG A eres ycneke raises a siets carol ote, 1s om ogntinteteiens Pimpernel, False Scarlet Water TEV DOLL Pickos arog Ooe Coo TO nIG Gene IPPN AC WAN ray oye cus Gleters! cave. s epee Se ele ogee eles Pine ET CCh ey ceietctnie sie cies ciel stat oeeenerenerorene Prince’s FROGS feiate ereusie ole sieve ich vas! sinteters falcon er Pine Drops Pine Family Pine-sap Pinguicula Pink, Deptford Pinus Pinweed Pinxter Flower PIPERACEAE Pipes Pipsissewa Pirus Piteher Plant Family Plane Tree Family PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago Plantain Plantain Family PLATANACEAE Platanus Pleurisy-root Plum, Cherry White e@),0(8) 0's oe (0/\0. 0 10,0, 0 ke ee,» 00) 0's" 0, 0-0 eve (el eselie io/.0 (416 eee a wete)eleie ale! © CCM aan MC aCIer CMCC irs OIC) fe, 6 e1@, 6 tele (e) eee 6) (ce: 0) .0,Jei/e) |e 0 Sele ele el eke) elisiele.0\a\al-e/'0 (0) e)/e ia 6, alone’ oie? ste Ground Moss Mullein Wild S)selisiis. je vie: «0 je silelieijel elie isi e's! «10, '0,\e Sijoliegelieelieiic.e le .e:le eu ele ee 0/ee.6 0! o.0, v)aj(0 1s e- w\6: les: |e! e/el\a).©) 0} (0 'e) al'e ee. OC ee Ret Rete) ehetealoneNecitelrateielioye) “yale siiel otic 245, English Hoary Ol oke.:e) # (el elisie 10) 0/0: 0),0, 0110 6010) .0,@ ote Garden Moxie Wild alsodes annua compressa debilis nemoralis paludigena palustris pratensis saltuensis Slat Oi-8 v.28) & =e), 8 ega erm, ape 9s erm ie 486 PAGE Poa (continued): SCTOUNG, ciao cycncreteielal siete susie: eecatete 67 BY LVESERISH 2 seh ier eh omens orene rental 67 SUIDESETIS nav. (sil ee es sieves Cietone here 57 EFTMOTDa (elace ceo hee i cleats 2b cee 67 ETLVIATISH soe co ee oe peels Ot Podophylim ~Jssiece coco tee onic 218 POLONIA) As, scxesctae Syshodos nuslerw cust Peactoue okerere 156 POG ONG Vesa a phe ahaa Seer a Aon Mee 156 RORGW EEG) o's sic: Soca thactha sate nwo eras 197 Pokeweed) Pamiilty” Site croterrerserecia os) eel 197 POIANISTA. Vasa dcchborloneteae cle ae 235 POUR MONTAGE AR *) 2aihdccelo locre ch ticie leo 349 Poly gall ae Nera pyereis\ ay seolsuenshotenal ta chekeeeeneter 286 OPIN PEM 8b 5s ee costene cuatetevarec eee Greta 286 IPOGYGATAGCDAR) 53.2 /sos pas oie cielo Does es lene ete 285 POLYGONAGCHAR!, (+ Ebie -ie erenchelere siete oes 185 Polyzonabums <2 ).c0o tee scene ee oie 147 Polygonum © e242) oe a ee eee 188 DCT ERE ohn nS PN en rial am phibitim-: 2,4 5k ae ees 190 SPITOMUMY Sa b-ec io oe eee ere 192 AVICUIATO. 25.500 poe et, feet iotars 189 CHINO Es Sas Fes ae Sere eee ee 193 Goccineum! =~ Sine ese eee 191 Conivolvialuss ajecocnecssicle -eseal =, horenerere 192 QUI CE OTE. WO a ate aie posers ope a ee 1938 ELROCEUMU TS TE So pee oie iwc fe eens 189 FLO LIGTAGIULING wate ve eae eee 191 EydropiperS..c 2: cites sta ee ee 191 Hy droplperoiwdes)y eich eee kone 191 ANCOUGNOUMN So 5 + ..c saes 2 eee see d1 TUSESCONE- Lae «bane se oe Se eee 49 Spirtllus 22 ovo io sos 2 eee 50 Vagimnatus 9 scr sc as) alata cea er d1 DAA oc Sis Dak ae nee eee 49 BOSCOTTfOUIUS: - B. .cae nieve oe 50 Potentillay sss 2 coe ees oe ee 258 POCCHVUNE;: sissy Oe s 0 Aca ee 265 Prenanthes, 2) ov $0 a0 o0.chs aoe 431 Primrose; Canadian’ “2-6 «=. 2.0. 0a 338 Hvening 2. . 2.70.4 a ee ee Primrose.HWamily §.: 02... «1s eee 337 Primula: oj as Seiwa ssesuerd bo eee ee 338 PRIMULAGHAR © 4. sins s cue te ee Ree eee 337 Prince’s Weather. 22.2 ccis + --c.c1eiee een 192 Prince’s Pine, (ar oi, Sencha eae eee 331 Spotted) s.i5.:2 ck cides ore ree 331 Privet,. Common... iso. sent Cee 341 PYOSGTECS oe ols Laren con he Oe 147 Proserpinaca:|s.)o 8 sees ene oe eRe 319 PHOS} sire iso's ayone wisn oietebe ieueee ete S87 Prunella | f5.0; ocheche tats eo ee 358 PLUNUS: 3... LaCSE ach eee eee 268 aMericana.’ s,s ok wy< otc oxe peck eee 269 AMECPiICANG, s . 2 cai sows cece 269 AVION. 2,435 operas oe oeust ence 270 cerasifiera” /<;<,2... oval ekarevelic cle eteneders 33 TALTLGMee onsve.eCoieesie ey: vie, o aletel ais apevoleremeetens 33 ATORORPOLAS snore terete steno oho nd Sere toe ss are 331 A Gein CUA ey. 4. scone Ria cosas BIDS ee She 65 TIRGe MAM Vis 55s Ore Otel oe ents] Sere 270 Burs ane; eCOmMmMOny Rinses ererctene teres 6s 205 TAS Wy eaichar seth sa) ass 2 a oe eee 289 ; Water oe Baits a atarcsale & 313 FALLS ACMI INLD Varese ciency fencieverwe eel chane ome 204 IBUSSVBSEVL OES a. aac 0, cloveie) og: see hwo hee 410, 411 AA GEY OG LUE pegerstetcle rokacnstesiotenst ounces aie 160 PAVCHAMCHEMUM): \cverevevarete a ove eee ch e-elel ers 362 Pyrola eo OO GUE OO CUI. DDD IoNO 331 PESUISTS Mate er alts sia oxet ob sv aviea cd Suctleiens Sree aware eS ota 244 LEP LE COE Re ROT Iino pete 245, 246 QUASI Ae LAIN ya cis ecole yes ater evercd ee elere cs 286 UC CHMPATN EIS * ACE) oe co: can cueke coy nite te haved © oe BAT Mueentvotithe Mead OWwi.ces curs anice alee cats 244 OQueenmOte thee ETaible:ryccccute siorrehes eels 244 Qwerciprone Herterss ichciciclete sco ever nant oterete 179 OONTEN OTIS encreracoteratcichntel ankieueie crests Sie ia Oe 178 GT WiOr te oct Siecosc aol vcr crd a stare csc oe 40 RCMICWI Caters oreiccsksdereloveiskefechs sherais GyeOUI OL RUMOISTE Mstecshcleuslecicrsic tefeisr ol cyerssteleieieis ete 228 TOES Ce orta ehsdaeeiavcne Miccsae nb Peale Siti 231 WAR Gl Soret vcimucncus etal sj Mekopevey es ave site Beelere 228 Rasweeds ass we ke ens oe RE ere 159 AMV PARIOIGES . . ic ssc ee ee eee 167 UGDVIONICE:. Vel care Oe ee 168 Bebbiana ol. cne 2 ont eee ee een 169 Dlanda oo Soe a eecloeren emeeee 168 C8NGIAR hss Oars eee eee ee 170 COFERtA! Wo. 5s mo wee Re tine oe ee 169 Giscolor 4..6cceice Dee ee a Gi PPA EMIS, os o's ae cele sraeia ete ale ane 168 NUMILIS - sc. Rants eel kyoto cio oe ne 171 lon eifohiar Ws Bacar cree 168 lnGida Nae pee ee ee ee 168 WCE 933 54 dae ee 168 MNAYTICOLM ES. isn eins «tds weinta @ ss Be 170 MyrltsNOides. .\.ne se oe ee we en 169 IST A os 5c). 1. Picvesetaretie wix teow See 167 pediceliaris .fo0 si ce ae ewan oe 169 petiolaris:< 35. Nasiess cas coe 170 PULPULEAG Ata Glee Sees eee 171 TOSTLELG | Se a a ces wae he 169 SEQICESS aie sacjaw ani hide Se een 170 S€rissims 74S F255 occa eee 168 SUDSCTICED. bic oc oO LOO 170 SaISily a Pee Sdn hod eee ee 428 Salsola# 10S Ase bck ole p sees eee ne 196 Saya. is So nee ae ee ee 360 Salvinia: tHamily =e cic pave eee 34 SALVINTACEAR) 5:55 22\3 Os dat oe eee 34 Sant bu Gus Wasq xs, cusletstenche eisinree Soe 390 Samiolus Gi) hoe) he 2 Sw rche oe ee 338 Samphire @2.05 + ii<4sseee ene eee 196 Sandalwood (Ramily 2. 3222.02 aa 184 Sandbur soe fees cacccen chs See eon 91 Sand worthcee ve ask was Aa eee 199, 380 Tiyme-leaved) «ss 7.4.0 es wees 200 SaANneuinaTin,, Sic ec ees etleos ee Cee 220 Saneuisorba: i es ce toe See 263 Sanicleyst Reve. 2 ones hoe eee 321 SAN Cua Ke eek sss eae tenes ee 321 SAN TALAGCBAR © Je crete isis ste lets ee eee 184 SPONTA! | Go-5.ociFle we eerste ee eee 203 WATEACCDIA,. osc). 6 Seine Rei ee Tee 235 SARRACENTA CRAB) tic-.,c)cc ce oe ee 235 Sarsaparilla, ery 3 alibi, ave eNicks ae eee 319 Wald O.225 2.2 0 eee 99 ValiGUs .2.yi hae nia, aes 99 Scleranthus' “. . 2 2 2s.250 ocn2 soe 198 Seleria. 2.0 Gk ke cpaloe cise eee eee 103 SCORG © 25.2. olde sPierd nielenerele ieee ee 197 Scrophulariaic 23.4.4... 4.5.42.eoe eee 370 SCROPHULARTACEAR | (2.2. S222 0.2) ae 368 Seutellaria’! con cc. ci. wen acn eee eee 356 Sedge, Tussock ........ =0ibha0ale Sfelels See Peat ep Sedge. Wamily—«issce wiecsts rr ase 92 Sedum’ <2). fi Ss adap oot ee eee 236 Selaginella =o jo.5..2.25 ocx See 40 SELAGINELLACEAE 22.0. « = «ose See 40 Self-heal. . oss... 252.025 ie eee 358 Selinwi 33.5 i ccc. os Siw siabsow = wkgsieee 326 Senecio -. 2.5. 4! oatieras Gere eee 423 Senna, “Wild. 2.0.52... % sacen ee 272 Serapias © 220 6.5.0.8 Qe eee eee 157 SeFICOCALPUS: S44 cuss eee aso 408 SErvice-DeLrry: «6 osu. oon ws Sone eee 248 Setaria <5 x<.6 4) bw nate cn eee 90 Shadbush | 22.65.55 25.582 ieee 248 SheEepHerry = cletivaie ee se wsise os. 5 oe 390 Shepherdia. |. Ds:5.4'..2 he ol a ee 311 Shepherd’s Purse) .30. 22.0222 2a 225 Sherardia.~ 2. .o2..2 seek ene eee 383 Shinleaf 3 a iy... Fexsk loseagani soe eae sear One-flowered’ .2os . 2 co chee ee . so Secund } 22 22.3 2s Sob eee 332 eas DOW! 2.55525 5 lavalomiolere =) scenes 234 SIG@YOS 2! oe. code Slane Woe ee eee 392 Sidesaddle Plower: (3.05.06. oe eee 235 SHENG. ~ safe derdinw e wtehe eerste Oe Silverweed SIMARUBACEAE, ..2)2 Janda cena den eee . 286 Sisymbrium - .... 0.5.2.5 5 eee ee . 228 Sisyrinchium! 2.3< 2.1. eee eee - 150 SGM 5s i055 xcs Sas o o ee E ee 324 Skeleton-weed. cs 50.22/3.2. 8b eee . 428 Skulleap: «22s sduacn tae ee ee . 356 Smartweed. s56.00scinn ase ee . AOS Water’: 52. 0h.aod ac eee - 198 Smilscina .o2(5 hosing eee =) £46 Smilax se: 2.0525 Ss 2 ee eee 149 Snakerooet; Black 22.05.34 e02.oeneee 208 Canada. S240... + eee 185 Seneea. 2 ie ee eee 287 White. 22 << sane So ee 398 Sneezeweed ... 2.8 Saco Mie eee 420 Snowberry;. Creeping’. 25.2. -; «eee 335 Snow-on-the-Mountain .............. 289 SOSPWOPE 5.) oan orc: -fale cece a 203 SOEANAGCBAB . 3c\ 0 ere ctr ee Oe 365 * if =a eee, ee, ee THE FLORA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN 489 PAGE PAGE Pep] UMN ELUM Ms eter ayet ots tortor 7 aiicdnis uclfalle, oils Veiseciev's teins crarerete 41 S/DIAUEU. “SOE psoas old aod Ge Sod MOI DS CC PANES @ MEE SII 9 tt cadts oO aR eon eee eee ER SR 41 Spinanbhegs, wo. San oem cicto tee bien e 157 TGA DATA GOE Hee Ok io ees 323 Siro eG] aig tertte ce ieitets, pore cre cle cokers. c 136 ” Mexican 194 SMATMN YORE Soodenod coceHouesnomaoan 3 INSTT GE Se viiy Meee wena le Been 296 LE S(OL EN Cs aes OIRO af oe irik eee ae 32 Oswego seae fas reaA, otto; fea. "eK es 260 2 aay Se SWiELO} Pecskeuew ors ebscers weir Oiareterore eee i Maidenhair .................... 32 Tearthumb, Arrow-leaved ............ 192 SPOLODOLUS Hea iis oie eredaie fi eatic toehecee See oe 77 Hnibendccawed 19 Spring Beauty, Broad-leaved ........ 204 ED ELO SERVE Cl ohetekeyene=\-hon: 192 Narrow2leaved eo 2: cous O04 weasel) Muller (sg) i. -)f)e ci wie ee apsini ay 391 SPU Cen ACK ye eaave acs -caciens ut oeeeese 42 Wild sees eee eee eee eee eee 391 NORWAY noe een eee “gy Wiericteal inbebih,; aa.acou ogo doce omono ous Bull SVCULIHEC EW Ss. cia te ails ae ee ne ety ae PAX). MOOSE. “ties Ga duno aoandoooue OU dipdd 275 (OA VIDE ere to Oo oy Belts eC 289 ADEKORIT cena BS mote Gite GAGE EOD BLO Ot OG OL Ole 356 490 - Kart M PHATE cere eek eee MAAS pinion erate cate TRASDUM aoiars anise ace ens HPL PLETiISM ei ae Thiam BI ebEniy, fo) ogee a ee cae Thistle: ;BluWe sis. he ase S501 bet eee mit Canad 65.2 aen0c8 Common Sow .... Kieldé Soworewoo ws Russian, os sae Scotch SyWanip! eo ae Titaspll bs.cce@ eee ees THEN LCOCKSHUT: hn 8 aes Long-spurred ...... Thorn: Apples. 542s 26 eee WHyMUSi PC. 2 Soe te Sse ee Warella 2b Wc. we ee ee WATS eer ee cree cciake & aac PIDTACKAB 0-\. os \torks eee Toadflax, Bastard ........ Yellows: Popacco, indians, cis tos Wig Gieswee ei ieiecer Tomato, Strawberry ...... TOOL WOLE? «2 istetehets ss l- tater Touch-me-not, Pale ..... Spotted ... Touch-me-not Family ..... TTA ZOBOZOM stew © eles ena ‘Pree: of Heaven’... 2st. 5): DrefeiloBitG-to0 Goes oe ere Gck! >. $5 snteeiee ere Trichastenm2 a... cso oe Peienitalismis ero MPA OUIININ - 2.55 ss ot ab eto eee WraizlGehitertscic coors 2 = oe PSIG). pos ato. 2 ee Painted. 9. ce ee PUT ple Pe ore ss Aare Wihtite- 22 cla:,.seaaeee Wriastemm; Soe. oe ac Seek PEripHOLam essex. 216 aauctaarers tes TARRBC IU Mictys ts eee Cee PEO UIISS suse che) heron ee ES CED eee tes a ec bir Raed Lic ne ee See eA Tambleweed, \. 52 sim. se oe SWeGiIStit pee eres Rurtlehead yu oe cee TMENSUAS Os. -ftiset oe yay pinde 21a. oe eae Twim-nower 695 30a ss Miowin Gahan. So etc eres MWAStCG sca te erecta eee TPeyphHay tis see seo eee TAPHACKAE soe eck ertien Wimus) :) ssh eee UIMBELLINERAE, “2.5 0ic.c5%s s,s « Urtica a ve a lp Mw kee Cinlip ig © m8 . WIEGAND AND ARTHUR J. EAMES PAGE PAGE Sires te aes 214 “URTICACKEAD, o6.0. 02a. «ons « ders oe Sh cee epee s20°. Utricularia). os... 52. ee oe ee fas 324,°325 Uwvularia 2.2. .55iia05.)2 4 does Heoigeon sce 28 - Vaccinium *..).. 7.2.04... 53255 eee Fate os Lape 262. Valerian, (Gardenyscs> sss 5s eeere 390 Syne aateaie 354 Swamp. © 2-204. 52602 eee Pengo beac 425 Valerian Wamily ... +... 222 ose Sbtctscace 425. Valeriana -3. 0.006. +. ns 5 eee Bee 5 qatar 429° ‘VALERIANACEAW. ..= ...2 5-0 «0 sane eee Spee guceer 428. Walerianella: °: 52... 2.:.. 0. #6) sodcocooss 424 - Vallisneria.....<:<.»o3: 002 ee See eo Sc 424° ‘Veretable Oyster ....-.:5:.s9. 20s Sa dots oats 429° Velvet-lieaf. <4 s2i0) > o-35 2 so ens settee eee 196 Venus’s Looking-Glass ........ -- 392 jo aoe pees aa Veratrum: - o...05.2 20. 5255s eee moa 7gSKec 429 Verbascum. |; 2/52 2.32 a0 0) oe ee ween eee ee *<425 “Werbenas 2sotin > sao o oe e «+ 354 aOR Do re VERBENACHAER (cis a.- 2 =< cs aoe ie ee Stet eee eee ee Veroniea-: s2 e206 as 2 oes she cee sees tsnee - 20 agrestis 2... oso. os ore eee clic mieten siaaesier = 368 americana © 5:22.) <2 52 oe ee afi ejae) = «Sia el a =o: Anagallis od’ sé see ae ee 373 ttt ee eee 3 Anagallis-aquatica ..........372, 373 was iaieie ol neha 363 arvensis. <5: :.+2 2% «2 sc 4-.n ees SHR COC oe Bucbaumit,): 222. 22. oe seek pegs 22oEC sie officinalis’ 5:26:52 020.00 eee eee settee tees ae peregrina 25:22 230 5.2 ose sete tenes 557 PEPSHCE \ ass os ot aoe oe wivieie\eici~ eee 184 scutellatal! 5.222 so)03c0. 0) eee See EEE ceo 369 serpyllifoliay =< 32.500 cs i= pices ke 394 Tournefortil ©; :.< 3:4). 2 eee ees Pach ay 410, 411 WiTZIMICA | See eile ie om we aiken Bedi var SS Vervain, Blue Se proyeye ee 366, 367 Hoary Se eae kas gee White Reet SRS 595 Vervain Family Settee 305 Veteh sit 2icat oct os eee settee ee * 497 Common Sie o/e am eee le = eee ag si Ie 286 Hairy Ose ht.020 >see eee Bry Ba a Milk ©$.. 52.20 s/s Ee eee Pe Pag ag OF oT6 Spuing 2-605. See eee Sere pt * 356 Wild! fsp)oeisc oe isle eee Nears ac * 339 WAMtere Fy. Sieve cles sis oe ta CGA 973 Viburnum ........ ee eee eee eee eee PPPodna crc 53 Maple-leaved .. 3. 6 i2¢522hes eee Sr a Oe 4g Wadla 16. 60 2 sn ste ee re tas Sipps te 149 Vin@a © b2 os se Sec ae oe St eee oie rte oe 149 Viola 4.2 3.30.2 <6 SOA eee 302 res Poa ee 149 QANIS . -c 5 slave n-clte win) TSC . 3806 os Ogee 2°97 ATVENSIS. doce boo eee eee - 310 iced ae 156 blanda °.....i 24 526ecbe oe oe . 308 pte A SNe ess Fas IZ BLANGG "2665 ssc os S-e e es 209 canadensis $22 ope cee eee - 310 RS EC iO 43 CONINE 225i. cs scene coche eee SPIE bx eee OEE CONSPECYSR |. ss slersscrd we eee 310 pepe? bes) - 197 cucullata 3... ....0.. «ase eee 1h ep oe 399 CUucullata. -. <:3../22)<,«.-'s 1 on. ee Se Saye ae * 297 eriocarpa .2:.-s-..---- «=> = sees ge Were 134 fimbrigtula..... 2/2. .- 4 ae pes es Sees 297 incognita. 5 5.).s «c.0).0,05 eee pee Senet 271 latiuseula 2. .2..\2 . w/c = «2 sin oe bf | ciel tah cs 429 nephrophylla 2.6.2.0... «se EEE, Pty Siow 159 OMOLAata 56 < sspe ccc wue, view iw eeoee ee en eee 387 OVGEGD - 5.005 owe soles 020 se eee eee Srey wae 218 pallens “. 6. ied... eee RS FR en We s 347 palmata. ..s920.262 + oo eee a ors ce 44 PADIUNONACEE cae = ee -. 308 SEE . 44 pubescens: +. .:5<¢.os-ctaee- Jase 09 p. See 180 PUDESCENS, ; «<2. s +s. +s. s0 d= eo Ole . Geren ree 320 TENILOlA “Sie c vecm eee ee .. 309 BS e se 183 ToOStrata. — 2-2 = ste ae eee .. 310 ee THE FLorA oF THE CayvuGaA LAKE BASIN 491 PAGE PAGE Viola (continued): Water Plantain, Hamily 75 2.2 see tele 53 MOLUMCITOUAL c. cops te aterercreceba are crap cn 80. WVUECT IE US Dele etry cases heey ahewar mn hoa alee orerceene 207 SAPUUUATA Taos cle erele seine seve oleic 30 Water Starwort Family ............. 290 scabriuscula .......+..-4... SODA oOLOM Winters weed! mritects sroieicraitcis tit cies aetstoe 55 SelKIrKii 2 ee eee SOSke a Wheat. Cows mca aoe ieee 376 Septentrionalis ............-+... SOUS Pe WihhitewOOd sh meses wines enc naar A PAs SOLOTIA, 92. ce een sive eee e tee SOC PAV Vall Os me ACL CUT ee ee nary 168 SLIME “oan Big bin Oromo a Ole orc. Orato » 310 Ba SIRO Ge eee ee Nea Tae ieee 171 DO EPMOOM - ieee eke eee eee »» 307 STAC lee ny a te ee a et en tiG7, \WHOIWNC WA ie iss cin a oc ocid ovine oboe 302 Graclibest ieee a ire . 168 Violet, Broad-leaved Blue ......... soon @laucous. o... Ea Gl UIA Sk wer ereuons clcuclereiuaiae: oe) a% cache 310 Hoary Rei es ees MER nes COOL aE TL (I) PRE RIDY icine ei goes = os Here Penchlenved." 55.5)..6 fuse 167 ITE ae ieee te ee Me Ee Ee ee ee a TOTS ae Me 309 ae IRE OAC RAVE Teas a4 Gucel spurred Fac oe eager bce Bes SanaUban hia eic bes Lhe pial > oa * 468 TCCNG Ai ayocstelsusncsssxe susattodehovege ic rage ghee: Mee are, Sy eueu sim iexene ie. egleNOire LoOneesauneneel 1odaos see aun Uae 310 ae Peete eee nee eee eee : en IMarshweblicw ine tnaiek oes 306 Wate peg tet Se Tea har Meadow b UC nae teeta ae 307 White 200 01n 9.o15 DIO UD IaTS oc 311, 387 Nontherme Bluey eaten s< waisc:sor6 . 307 WAKE gin? Wks nae 169 INOLEMeErNE BOL F.. tsisieye: tiers sseuee 306 F PS COD SID CODD Fier cnet enstens 168 Ovate-leaved) Blile: s2..o5<0 0 808 Willow Family Sodotlec oh odhnonauacba 161 Dailnta tome Sen te 307 Willow LCL D Mira tciisuiciene cits sep locerols Stemless Yellow .........ee 308 Waniterberry! ys .cticr AS cSoRewan Ome eCO 291 Stemmed Yellow ....... ore 149 Woodsia ....... Seis) sols) felcenieva Ia) 91 e) shel era 27 Macs COtmia Ree enccctske «in ebisrovau water ors vere 257 Wood Sorrel Family ................ 283 WNT eee SCA ta cue ele donarSn ic kobohone reteljoner 32 WiOGO WALL we meriere diopctatete’s G tuclelencvels were 32 Weeulmt er Take Sas i iiiore eG be aot 172 Wormwood, Common 5252.0 -s6..ce oc ee 422 BUND Martrenrt NANT Tigray oc trekee yay ox sea Sueeeto cheb 172 IM Gunsaanccg dn ognos 422 RVUs ise CO ieee cai. eam he cw LN Cire Mes 289 WiOUNMWOLts Ser crasutce stone Cele me 360 NWiatene Clovert Hamilive os s:00 o. ce one. 84 Sa aC TMU o ny eases, Seemenersbauene: lola Cretetiuels arate 414 Wraten-lentaierm is ehishinm cas 5 S405 85 VEG (Cimino “oo peo cdonenendour 420 Water-leaf Family Meu Annee ob Gog boc boo opobdooaC 41 Water Lily, Sweet iANMICH EVA tre sirens here oe eee 51 Welter te coon o ereicis, cape tate . 206 Ain nikey- ay oh iile Gis Sn orp Gc oo nid Binet oe 286 ARVN CVE oh ae EESTI ps eae Ceo RIES 205 HAZEN Ale th chece eile. Caray fecal Nlac hots ene otede: 6 82 NVAECEM MTOM HM AMTLYS sca ts ce sreusuelee oe 318 LAV ZA EA vaigs, Sraane atase” y ausu dene seua. ocaayiev oye tore Teteiete 32 MAP OF THE CAYUGA LAKE BASIN AND VICINITY NEW YORK SCALE OF KILOMETERS 10 6 10 SCALE OF MILES Altitude 115 to 275 M. (380 to 900 Feet) Altitude 275 to 427 M. (900 to 1400 Feet) Altitude 427 to 550 M. (1400 to 1800 Feet) Altitude 550 to 640 M. (1800 to 2095 Feet) BRIQGE Boundary of the Cayuga Lake we Basin (Wiegand and Eames, Flora ofthe | Wood mill (eopiar Ridge 6 {Venice Cente VE ON Corners wag ; TTIADIV Gh ay wee oO shalbtvage Vane wigs cniye ~ eee wa oy i “4 é 2 a ae *, y i : oe Care vi BEE 9 9 ad ma fouls cd VA Be a ia ; ay | pad Fv >> ‘ we Pr Goat mite t are 2 a Ren = a ae moet Sait ; BITS, a VieCAe FAAT ADUTAD ¢ h mM... New York Botanical Garden Library QK 129 .W45 TTT 185 Me Ws Aw SET Ne | i Mes gush Ppa aks ‘