I aSZKBESS^-- DAN H. NICOLSON with Robert A. DeFilipps, Alice C. Nicolson, and Others SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY • NUMBER 77 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of “diffusing knowledge” was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: “It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge,” This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowiedge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Foiklife Studies Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover. Robert McC. Adams Secretary Smithsonian Institution SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY NUMBER 77 Flora of Dominica, Part 2: Dicotyledoneae Dan H. Nicolson with Robert A. DeFilipps, Alice C. Nicolson, and Others ISSUED pFB 1 9 1991 SMITHSOiviAi'J i'-.'STlTUTION SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS Washington, D.C. 1991 ABSTRACT Nicolson, Dan H., with Robert A. DeFilipps, Alice C. Nicolson, and others. Flora of Dominica, Part 2: Dicotyledoneae. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, number 77, 274 pages, 1991. — This completes the coverage of the vascular plants of Dominica. The introduction recapitulates and updates botanical information of Part 1 (Hodge, 1954). The main text begins with an artificial (identification) key to dicotyledonous families. Taxa are arranged alphabetically within the hierarchy, families, then genera within families and species within genera. Keys are provided when more than one taxon is involved. Each species has a restricted synonymy, vernacular name(s) (if known), short description, general distribution, local habitat with localities and collections. Notes are sometimes appended involving biology, nomenclature, usage, etc. The synonymy also references critical works concerning the species. Part 1 accounted for 32 families, 190 genera, and 382 species. Part 2 accounts for 123 families, 482 genera, and 844 species. In other words, Dominica has a vascular flora of about 155 families, 672 genera, and 1226 species. There is one novelty: a new combination. Ilex macfadyenii subsp. ovata (Grisebach) Nicolson. Official publication date is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution’s annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: Leaf clearing from the katsura tree Cercidiphyllum japonicum Siebold and Zuccarini. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nicolson, Dan FI. (Dan Henry), 1933- Flora of Dominica Part 2. Dicotyledoneae / Dan H. Nicolson, with Robert A. Defilipps, Alice C. Nicolson, and others, p. cm. - (Smithsonian contributions to botany ; no. 77) Pt. 1: Flora of Dominica, B.W.I., part 1 / W.H. Hodge, published in Lloydia, 1954 Includes bibliographic references (p. 230) and index. SupL of Docs, no.: SI 1.29:77 1. Dicotyledons — Dominica. 2. Botany — Dominica. I. Title. II. Series QK1.S2747 no. 77 [QK231.D59] 581 s-dc20 90-10415 [583'.09729481] CIP 0 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48 — 1984. Contents Page Introduction 1 Physiography 1 Soils 1 Climate 1 Vegetation 2 Additional Plant Collectors on Dominica 4 Old Locality Names 4 Endemism in Dominica 5 Comments on the Treatment 6 Acknowledgments 6 Keys to Groups and Dicotyledonous Families 7 Family Treatments 15 Literature Cited 230 Index to Scientific and Vernacular Names 250 •*y**ir iii Flora of Dominica, Part 2: Dicotyledoneae Dan H. Nicolson Introduction As explained in “Acknowledgments,” I have summarized information from Dr. Hodge’s preface to Part 1 of the Flora of Dominica (1954). The summary covers environmental factors (physiography, soils, climate), vegetation (seven plant commu- nities, including a key), and additions to his list of plant collectors. Physiography Dominica, lying between the French islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique, is about 28 miles (45 km) long and 15 (24 km) miles wide (304 sq. miles or 1088 km^), centered at 15°25'N, 61°20'W. It is very rugged with a central volcanic axis with several subdivisions. In the north, standing alone, is an old volcanic peak, Mome au Diable (2826 ft or 861 m), with 1000 ft (305 m) cliffs to the north. Farther south is the highest mountain, Mome Diablotins (4700 ft or 1433 m) with associated peaks. The peak was named for the diablotins. Black-capped Petrels {Pterodroma hasitata), that used to nest in cliffs near the summit (cf. Wingate, 1964), now only known from Hispaniola. Mome Diablotins is relatively easy to climb (from Syndicate Estate) but the associated mountains are inaccessible. These taper to a central dissected plateau drained to the west by the Layou and, to the east, by the Pegoua and Castle Bmce rivers. The central area is dominated by the steep Mome Trois Pitons (4600 ft or 1402 m). To the south lies Mome Micotrin (or Macaque) with the associated lakes, Boeri and Freshwater. A road goes from Roseau up the shoulder of Micotrin to Freshwater Lake, becoming a trail that descends to Rosalie Bay on the east coast. A trail leads from Laudat to the Valley of Desolation with its famous Boiling Lake. Farther south is the inaccessible Mome Watt (4075 ft or 1242 m), accessible Mome Anglais (3683 ft or 1223 m, also called Couliaboune) and Mome Plat Pays (2636 ft or 803 m). At the southern end are high sea-cliffs. Dan H. Nicolson, Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. Soils A Red Earth clay soil covers much of the wet interior. It is highly leached, acid, poorly aerated and water-logged (with tree roots mainly confined to a dense surface mat). It is, agriculturally, highly infertile. The Yellow and Brown Earths are commonest and most important for agriculture. The former is without stones and the latter a stony clay, but both are young and fertile. They are found on the slopes of Diablotins, the adjoining northern part of the Layou Valley, and south of a line drawn from Rosalie to Roseau. The Shoal Soils of the dry west coast have poor agricultural qualities. In some areas, such as north of Trois Pitons, there is a light, friable, stoneless clay underlaid by a cemented “hardpan” that results in very poor drainage and poor agricultural characteris- tics. Climate In general, Dominica has a drier season from mid-January to mid-June and wetter season from mid-June to mid-January. As the northeast trade winds move over the central mountain axis, rainfall increases, with the result that the eastern (Atlantic or windward) side gets more rain than the western (Caribbean or leeward) side, the latter being in the “rain shadow.” The wetter season tends to have an autumnal “break” (mid-September to mid-November), characterized by clear days with heavy showers at night. This “break” tends to be a windless, doldrum-type of weather. Rains are nearly always heavy, often short with intermittent sunshine. At times the rains are torrential and rivers rise to amazing and destructive heights. Dominicans comment that “the rivers have come down.” Hurricanes are “in season” from July to September; they originate east of Dominica and usually miss the island or lack full strength. Nonetheless, Hurricane David of 1979 was the most destructive to ever hit Dominica. According to White 1 2 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY (1979), David’s winds reached 240 km/hr (150 miles/hr), damaged 80% of the forests, destroyed 100% of the banana crop, felled or defoliated 95% of the coconut trees, and left 70% of the population homeless. Vegetation The following key (from Hodge) is basically physiognomic and defines seven communities (woodlands, forests). It should be recognized that these communities intergrade and that the key defines well-developed communities. Two communities keyed out by Hodge have been dropped. Semi-evergreen Forests and Lxiwer Montane Forests. The former is transitional between Deciduous Forests and Evergreen Forests. The latter is transitional between Evergreen Forests and Montane Forests. It should be noted that the key assumes that humans have not made changes. In many cases, human influence creates different communities of secondary or weedy nature that are, in effect, modifications of the otherwise primary, undisturbed communities that are keyed out. Key to Major Plant Communities on Dominica 1. Tree growth <10 meters high. 2. Trees microphyllous, often thorny .... 3. Dry Scrub 2. Trees normal-leaved, rarely thorny. 3. Windswept seashore with few epiphytes 2. Littoral 3. Windswept mountain summits and ridges with many epiphytes 7. Elfin 1. Tree growth >10 meters high. 4. Deciduous trees forming >25% of top stratum 4. Deciduous 4. Forest evergreen (<25% of top stratum deciduous). 5. Inundated with fresh water 1. Swamp 5. Non-inundated forest with continuous canopy >20 m high. 6. Trees in 3-4 strata; dominants >40 m; leaves mostly compound 5. Rainforest 6. Trees in 2 strata; dominants <40 m; leaves mostly simple . 6. Montane Rainforest The following discussion proceeds from the lower to higher elevations. 1 . Swamp Forest: This community is very localized because of the lack of extensive low swampland. In its climax form it is dominated by Pterocarpus officinalis, as along the Indian River (just south of Portsmouth) and near the beach along the north coast. Secondary (disturbed) swamp forests, such as that of the Cabrits Swamp, are dominated by Annona glabra and Chrysobalanus icaco and grade into sedges, a fern (Acrosti- chum danaeifolium), and, sometimes, an erect, thorny aroid (Montrichardia arborescens). A few mangrove plants have recently been found in the Cabrits Swamp, the first record for Dominica. 2. Littoral Woodland: Along the windward (Atlantic) coast is a narrow belt of shrubby woodland that is constantly swept by winds and salt-spray “training” branches down-wind. The dominants are Coccoloba uvifera (raisin-bord-de-mer), Chrysobalanus icaco (z’icaque), and Erithalis fruticosa (bois chandelle). Elsewhere on the island, beachs have such pioneers as Ipomoea pes-caprae (beach morning-glory), Canavalia rosea (horse-bean), and Vigna luteola, not to mention the ubiquitous Chrysobalanus icaco, Coccoloba uvifera, and Thespesia populnea. In a few locations, such as Scotts Head in the southwest comer, Hippomane mancinella (manchineel) occurs. It has a vimlent, milky sap that causes severe reactions on contact. 3. Dry Scrub Woodland: Between the seashore and the inland rainforests along the leeward (Caribbean) coast, there is a low tropical woodland characterized by microphyllous, deciduous, often thorny species. This is well developed on the Cabrits, Mome au Diable, Scotts Head, and Pointe Ronde. This woodland is in leaf from June to January and “naked” from March, the beginning of the flowering season. Flowering ends by May and new vegetative growth begins. No other area has so many showy-flowered species, including such legumes as yellow Haematoxylum campechia- num (logwood), red Sabinea carinalis (bois carib, endemic to Dominica), pink Calliandra tergemina, and purple {Lonchocarpus benthamianus). One of the notable trees is Bursera simaruba (gommier rouge) with reddish exfoliating bark. A characteristic vine is yellow Stigmaphyllum puberum, also red-and black-seeded Abrus precatorius (crab’s eyes), and prickly Mimosa casta. True epiphytes are restricted to Tillandsia. Much of the Dry Scrub Woodland has gone to crops and grazing, resulting in a predominance of weedy grasses {Panicum, Paspalum, and others), sedges, and legumes (Crotalaria, Desmodium, etc.). Other prominent genera are Lantana, Euphorbia, Phyllanthus, Sida, etc. The Grand Savanne (Grande Savane), midway on west coast above Salisbury, is probably the island’s most recent lava flow. It is a 1 square mile (2.59 km^) expanse of grasslands and open scmb. Fires and shallow, extremely porous soil seem to control its open aspect. The sea-cliffs have a number of interesting plants, including Cactaceae, Agave, brilliant red-flowered Pitcairnia gracilis, and even the rare and primitive fern ally, Psilotum nudum. 4. Deciduous Forest: This community is transitional between the lower Dry Scrub and the higher Evergreen Rainforest. Hodge notes that some of the “index” species, such as the palm Rhyticocos amara and large-leaved Coccoloba venosa, also occur on the windward (Atlantic) side, unlike the species of the true Dry Scrub. Hodge also refers to this as a NUMBER 77 3 secondary forest, noting it has been reduced by man and is not a climax community. Hodge notes diverse components as Pithecellobium jupunba (bois cicerou), Swartzia simplex (z’oranger), Andira inermis (angelin), Cedrela odorata (aca- jou), Myrcia splendens (’ti feuille), Daphnopsis caribaea (bois piment), Byrsonima spicata (bois tan), Calophyllum antillanum (galba), Buchenavia tetraphylla (z’olivier), and a fern, Blech- num occidentale, here a dominant. Hodge’s key separates a Semi-Evergreen Seasonal Forest from the true Deciduous Forest, noting that the former has trees in three strata with less than Vs of the top stratum being deciduous. The latter has trees in only two strata with more than Vs of the top stratum being deciduous. 5. Raiirforest Proper: This is the most luxuriant and extensive of all forests on Dominica, lying roughly at 1000-2500 ft (305-762 m). The luxuriance is the result of abundant rain averaging from 175 inches or 440 cm (Sylvania) to 300 inches or 760 cm (Laudat). Much of the soil is a heavy red earth underlaid by an impervious hardpan, reflected by the shallow root systems of the trees. The forest floor is quite open and easy to traverse, except for the exposed root systems of the big trees. The canopy is usually closed overhead by the highest trees, -100 ft (30 m). Beneath them is a layer of medium trees 40-80 ft (12-24 m) tall. A lower stratum of small trees 15-40 ft tall comes next. The bottom stratum is of herbs and shrubs, often dominated by suppressed (low light conditions) seedlings of the trees. Among the common canopy trees are Dacryodes excelsa (bois gommier), Sloanea caribaea (chataignier ’ti feuille), Sloanea dentata (chataignier grande feuille), Talauma dode- capetala (bois pin), Ormosia monosperma (caconier), Pouteria semecarpifolia (contrevent), Chimarrhis cymosa (bois riviere), and Dussia martinicensis (pommier). The forest is sometimes called a Sloanea -Dacryodes association after its most con- spicuous dominants. Among the trees of second stratum are Tapura antillana (bois cote), Amanoa caribaea (carapite), Sterculia caribaea (mahot cochon), Licania ternatensis (bois diable), Symplocos martinicensis (graines bleues), Richeria grandis (bois bande), Guatteria caribaea (bois violin), and Inga ingoides (pois doux marron). The bois diable, so called because of its hard wood, is much sought for making the finest charcoal. Among the trees of the third stratum are Chrysophyllum argenteum (bouis), Faramea occidentalis (cafe marron), Ixora ferrea (bois pichette), Marila racemosa (cachiman falaise), Heisteria coccinea (bois perdrix), and Cordia laevigata (coco poule). The shrubs of the lowest stratum include common and showy Palicourea crocea, Psychotria uliginosa, Psychotria urbaniana (including Cephaelis swartzii), and Stylogyne canaliculata. Ferns abound (including a spiny tree-fern, Cyathea muricata, often supporting colonies of the filmy fern, Trichomanes polypodioides) and terrestrial orchids are to be found. There are many lianas, often difficult to identify because their leaves and flowers are high in the canopy. Among these are Marcgravia, Hillia parasitica, and Blakea pulverulenta. Epiphytes are abundant, also often out-of-reach, if not out-of-sight. One interesting one is Clusia major (kaklin), which begins as a epiphyte and sends down strong roots that eventually can strangle the host. In some poorly drained areas at higher elevations one finds stands of stilt-rooted trees known as mang, Tovomita plumieri (mang rouge) and Symphonia globulifera (mang blanc). When the rainforest canopy is opened by tree falls many species of forest edges and river banks move in. Among these are cre-cre (many species of melastomes, including Miconia and Conostegia), Inga laurina (pois doux), Inga ingoides (pois doux marron), Cecropia peltata (bois canon), Simarouba amara (bois blanc), and Chimarrhis cymosa (bois riviere). The commonest shrubs include white-spiked Gonzalagunia hirsuta (bois cabrit), Palicourea crocea (with yellow flowers on showy red pedicels), and magenta-flowered Odontonema nitidum (bois crapaud). Piper (doctor bush), and Psidium guava (guava). Weedy herbs include Ageratum conyzoides, Emilia sonchifo- lia, Bidens, Desmodium, Stachytarpheta, and Alternanthera. Razor-grass (Scleria secans) can make impenetrable thickets. On bare slopes are several ferns, scrambling Dicranopteris bifida, Cyathea arborea (a weedy tree-fern). Lycopodium cernuum (club-moss), and the gold-fern {Pityrogramma calomelanos). 6. Montane Rainforest: This community forms a transition from the midland Rainforest proper and the Elfin Woodland of windswept summits. It occurs on or near exposed mountain ridges or summits of lesser peaks. One of the characteristic species is Cyrilla racemiflora (bois rouge). Tree trunks are mossy but otherwise free of epiphytes. The dominant trees are Podocarpus coriaceus (raisinier montagne) and Richeria grandis (bois bande). Prominent species cited by Hodge are Byrsonima trinitensis (mauricif), Tovomita plumieri (mang rouge), and Ilex macfadyenii (’ti citron). A fiercely spiny fern, Cyathea imrayana, is a hazard to the stumbling botanist reaching for support. Hodge’s key differentiates the Lxiwer Montane Rainforest, with dominant trees -30 m tall, from the true Montane Forest, with dominant trees -20 m tall. 7. Elfin Woodland: This is a low, impenetrable thicket-like forest in which the leaves, branches, and tree trunks are covered with epiphyllous hepatics and dripping mats of mosses, sometimes called a Cloud Forest or Mossy Forest. It occurs on the summits and upper slopes of the highest mountains and is well-developed on the summits of Diablotins and Trois Pitons. On slopes one must climb through the trees and on the summits the woodland is virtually impassable without a path unless one can walk on upper branches. The Elfin Woodland probably has more species that are endemic or have extremely restricted distributions than any 4 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Other community on Dominica. The dominant tree is Clusia mangle (kaklin) which, unlike its strangler relation (C. major), is free-living. Trees include palms such as Prestoea montana (including Euterpe globosa sensu auctt.) and Geonoma dussiana (including G. hodgeorum) as well as melastomes {Charianthus and Miconia), Araliaceae (Schefflera attenuata and Oreopanax dussii, the latter a new record), Weinmannia pinnata, and Ilex macfadyenii subsp. ovata (’ti citron). Terrestrial herbs are Psychotria aubletiana (including Cephaelis axillaris) with axillary clusters of white flowers and blue fruits, Viola stipularis, Relbunium guadalupense, and Lobelia stricta. Tiny Tibouchina ornata, with showy purple flowers, occurs here. There are several kinds of epiphytes. Among the woody kinds are Symphysia racemosa and Psychotria guadalupensis. Bromeliads are represented by the giant Glomeropitcairnia penduliflora and the commonest is Guzmania plumieri. Many epiphytic ferns are to be found. Additional Plant Collectors on Dominica Hodge (1954:44-50) reviewed the history of botanical exploration of Dominica up to Richard Howard’s trip in 1950. The following list adds collectors known to me who were not mentioned by Hodge. The location of collections is noted so far as known. The abbreviation “(dupl.),” associated with some Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian collectors, denotes substantial numbers of duplicates at US still being distributed. Hodge mentions that Ramage (1888-1889) appears to be the first to ascend Dominica’s highest peak, Mome Diablotins. It is possible that the first was John Imray (on Dominica from 1837 until his death in 1880), who collected Relbunium guadalu- pense (as Galium hypocarpium). No locality was given by Grisebach (1861:361) but the summit of Mome Diablotins is the only confirmed locality on Dominica. In the following list, collecting dates are approximate and an asterisk (*) denotes a resident of Dominica. Gregg, John 1777 K (Eugenia gregii) Finlay May 1792 K (Polygonum puncta- turn) Dudley, William Russell Mar 1890 US (few specimens) EUiott, W.R. 1891-1892 BM, TUR (lichens) Elliott, W.R. 1896 BM, TUR (lichens) Evans, Alexander 1926 US (lichens) Stehld, Henri & M. mid Apr 1946 few at US (Carib plants) *Narodny, Leo ca. 1949 few at US Velez, Ismail mid Nov 1949 very few at US *Dupigny, Peter Jan 1950 some at US (from A) Smith, Albert C. late Mar 1956 US Proctor, George R. early Apr 1958 some at US Solheim, W.G. 15 Jun 1958 US (Wedelia trilobata) Cowan, Richard S. mid Apr 1959 US Cowan, Richard S. 1 week 1962 US, if collections made Imschaug, Henry 1 month 1963 MSC (lichens) Kimber, Qarissa *ShiUingford, Qayton A. Robinson, Harold E. Ernst, Wallace R. Wilbur, Robert L. Dunn, E. Lloyd Hespenheide, Henry A. Wiseman, D. Reid Nicolson, Dan H. Webster, Grady L. Ernst, Wallace R. Fisher, Jack B. Omduff, Robert LeUinger, David B. Chambers, Kenton L. Farr, Marie L. Schuster, Rudolph M. Stem, William L. Wasshausen, Dieter C. Rhyne, Charles F. Taylor, William R. Fosberg, F. Raymond Wasshausen, Dieter C. Ayensu, Edward S. Krauss, N.L.H. King, Robert M. Ernst, Wallace R. Read, Robert W. DeFUipps, Robert A. Hale, Mason E., Jr. Nicolson, Dan H. Burch, Derek GdUs, William Skog, Laurence E. Long, R.W. Norstog, K.J. Read, Robert W. Nicolson, Dan H. Krauss, N.L.H. Whitefoord, Caroline Whitefoord, Caroline Whitefoord, Caroline Whitefoord, Caroline Whitefoord, Caroline HiU, Steven R. 1964 or? 1963 1963-1966 20 Jan-20 Apr 1964 02 Apr-19 Jun 1964 1 1 Jul-14 Aug 1964 1 1 Jul-14 Aug 1964 1 1 Jul-14 Aug 1964 11 Jul-15 Aug 1964 21 Oct-14 Dec 1964 28 May-28 Jun 1965 22 Jun-30 Aug 1965 22 Jun-27 Jul 1965 05 Jul-28 Jul 1965 09 Sep-29 Dec 1965 03 Jan-05 Mar 1966 03 Jan-01 Apr 1966 07 Jan-01 Feb 1966 02 Jul-05 Aug 1966 02 Jul-05 Aug 1966 13 Feb- 16 Mar 1967 15 Feb-03 Mar 1967 ca. 11 Mar 1967 19 May-24 Jun 1967 22 May- 19 Jun 1967 early Nov 1967 15 Dec -29 Dec 1967 10 May-20 May 1968 10 May-20 May 1968 16 Jan-05 Feb 1969 16 Jan-05 Feb 1969 16 Jan-05 Feb 1969 late May-Jun 1969 late May-Jun 1969 late Jun 1970 late Sep 1971 late Sep 1971 1 1 Jun-15 Jun 1974 15 May-14 Jun 1977 late Jul 1979 28 Aug-19 Oct 1983 17 Sep-07 Nov 1984 11 Jan-16 Feb 1986 18 Mar-18 Apr 1987 25 Mar-23 Apr 1988 20 Mar-27 Mar 1990 A UCWI {Connarus gran- diflorus) US (bryophytes) US (dupl.) A, DUKE, US (dupl.) Asst, to RLWUbur Asst, to RLWUbur Asst, to RLWUbur US (dupl.) US (dupl.) US (dupl.) Asst, to WREmst CA US (esp. ferns) US (dupl.) Fungi Liverworts US (dupl.) with WLStem Algae, with WRTaylor Algae US US with DCWasshausen few at US US with RWRead US US (Morden Exped.) US (lichens) Morden Exped. US (Morden Exped.) few at US few at US US with KJNorstog few at US US US (Earthwatch) few at US BM (some at A, MO, US) BM (some at A, MO, US) BM (some at A, MO, US) BM (some at A, MO, US) BM (some at US) CLEMS Old Locality Names La Sole: An early name for a town on northeast coast of Dominica, now known as Wesley. Eggers’ handwritten labels can be read as “La Joie” and I spent some time vainly looking for this. In one case, Ruyschia, I suspect that Wesley is not involved since the label says “ad 2(XX)'.” Wesley is coastal and you’d have to walk halfway across the island to get to 2000 ft (607 m). The collection has no number and Eggers collected Ruyschia from Laudat (no. 787) and Boiling Lake (no. 1098). Perhaps the numberless collection was mislabeled as being from La Soie. Other La Soie collections are no. 729 {Gymnanathes hypoleuca), 749 (Miconia tetrandra), and 1079 (Miconia striata). NUMBER 77 5 Sugar Loaf Estate: An estate just across the Indian River from Portsmouth. Eggers also collected here, e.g., no. 723 (Blepharocalyx eggersii). Other collections are 717 {Connarus grandiflorus), 753 (Licania leucosepala), and 1084 (Byrso- nima lucida). Endemism in Dominica The flora of Dominica is most similar to that of the nearby French islands, Guadeloupe and Martinique. Several factors affect supposed endemics of Dominica and/or the French islands, new records, changes in taxonomic concepts, and errors of identification or locality. New records of species thought endemic to Dominica have recently been found on the French islands, and species thought endemic to the French islands have been found on Dominica. The recent publication of Foumet (1978) enables one to check whether or not a given species, supposedly endemic to Dominica, actually is now known on the French islands. Examples: Gonocalyx smilacifolius (Ericaceae), thought to be endemic to Dominica, has been collected on Guadeloupe. Oreopanax dussii (Araliaceae), previously thought to be only on the peaks of the French islands, has now been collected on Dominica. Changing species concepts also affect endemism. As more specimens become available it becomes possible to recognize that something that seemed quite distinct, perhaps only known from one collection in a rather extreme aspect, is only part of a continuous range of variation observable when many collec- tions are studied. Piper dominicanum cannot be maintained as distinct from the variable and wide-ranging species. Piper aequale. An example of an error in identification is provided by the supposed endemic of Dominica Morisonia imrayi (Cap- paraceae). Its type is a misidentified specimen of Styrax glaber (Styracaceae). Errors in locality information arise from three sources: (1) confusing Dominica with the Dominican Republic, (2) assump- tion of occurrence in Dominica from published generalized distribution statements, and (3) mislabeling of collections from the French Islands as from Trinidad. Confusion between Dominica and the Dominican Republic (on Hispaniola) is occasionally found in monographs and revisions, i.e., citing an Imray specimen from the Dominican Republic, when it actually was from Dominica. The reverse rarely occurs, citing Dominican Republic material as if it were from Dominica. Some questionable records for species on Dominica have been traced to Velez’ compilation (1957), “Herbaceous Angiosperms of the Lesser Antilles.” Most of these question- able records proved to be based on generalized distribution statements in works like Britton and Wilson’s “Flora of Porto Rico” (1923-1925) such as “Anguilla to Barbados.” In such cases, Velez inserted a B (for Britton) in the column for Dominica. If a confirming specimen was not located, an arbitrary decision was made for handling the species involved. It was included if its occurrence on Dominica seemed reasonably probable or it was listed as excluded if its occurrence seemed improbable. According to C. Denis Adams (in litt.), there are some sixty records of Trinidad plants that are known only from Sieber “R. Trinitatis” specimens and have not been recollected on that island. Franz Wilhelm Sieber financed collecting trips of Franz Kohaut to Martinique (1819-1821) and Franz Wrbna to Trinidad (1822) and distributed the specimens, labeling the former as FI. Martinicensis and the latter as FI. Trinitensis under his own name and numbers. It is supposed that the sixty anomalous records were actually collected by Kohaut and were inadvertently mislabeled as “R. Trinitatis,” possibly at least partially involving a confusion with the town of La Trinite on Martinique. Three of these are listed in the following list as restricted to Dominica and the French Islands, Rauvolfia biauriculata, Critonia macropoda, and Marcgravia trinitatis. The following list was prepared from information available to me for those interested in endemism involving Dominica and the French Islands. An asterisk (*) denotes a species possibly rare and endangered; species names in upper case are believed to be endemics of Dominica; species known to occur beyond Dominica and the French Islands are not normally included, unless they seem to be rare. There are a dozen or two species that also reach Montserrat, St. Lucia, and/or St. Vincent. Amanoa caribaea (Euphorbiaceae): carapite, Dominica and Guadeloupe. Aniba ramageana (Lauraceae): Dominica and Martinique. Begonia obliqua (Begoniaceae); common on Guadeloupe to Martinique. BESLERIA PETIOLARIS (Gesneriaceae): csily on Draninica, common. Charianthus corymbosus (Melastomataceae): Guadeloupe to Martinique, possibly St. Lucia. CHARIANTHUS PURPUREUS var. RUGOSUS (Melastomataceae): only on Dominica. *Chionanlhus dussii (Oleaceae): supposedly endemic to Martinique but known from at least one collection from Dominica. CHROMOLAENA IMPETIOLARIS (Asteraceae): only on Dominica, at higher elevations. CHROMOLAENA MACRODON (Asteraceae): only on Dominica but possibly also on St. Kitts. Chromoloena trigonocarpa (Asteraceae): Guadeloupe to Martinique but possibly elsewhere in the Lesser Antilles. Clidemia guadalupensis (Melastomataceae): Guadeloupe and Dominica. Clusia mangle (Qusiaceae): kakhn, a dominant in peak forests from Guadeloupe to Martinique. *Critonia macropoda (Asteraceae): once recently coDected on Dominica, possibly earlier (by Eggers). Also known from NE Martinique. The attribution of the type to Trinidad is believed to be an error. Duranla stenostachya (Verbenaceae): Martinique and Dominica. Foumet said it was originally from Brazil. EUGENIA HODGEI (Myrtaceae): only on Dominica but a dominant in the Mome Gay area. Eugenia octopleura (Myrtaceae): Guadeloupe to Martinique, possibly also in Central America. Exostema sanctae-luciae (Rubiaceae): Dominica to St. Vincent. *Freziera cordata (Theaceae): mountain tops from Guadeloupe to Martinique. Freziera undulata var. elegans (Theaceae): Guadeloupe to Martinique. 6 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Gonocalyx smilacifolius (Ericaceae): supposedly endemic to Dominica but now known from Guadeloupe. *Gyrotaenia crassifolia (Urticaceae): Guadeloupe to Martinique but rare. Heisteria coccinea (Olacaceae): often collected from Guadeloupe to Martin- ique. *Helosia cayennensis (Balanophoraceae): distributed from Cuba through northern South America but everywhere rare; a colorless root parasite collected only twice from Dominica. *INGA DOMINICENSIS (Fabaceae): only on wet uplands of Dominica, apparently rare. *Irlbachia frigida (Gentianaceae): showy herb with large yellow flowers in Dominica on montane cliffs but rare. Also known from Guadeloupe and St. Vincent. Lobelia kraussii (LobeUaceae): a common species on Dominica, believed to occur on Martinique but not mentioned by Foumet. Marcgravia trinitatis (Marcgraviaceae); reported by Foumet from Guade- loupe and Martinique and collected twice on Dominica. The attribution of the type to Trinidad is believed an error. *Marsdenia dussii (Asclepiadaceae): known only from the original collection from Martinique and, now, from one Dominican collection. Miconia coriacea (Melastomataceae): also on Guadeloupe. MICONIA MORNICOLA (Melastomataceae); a smaU-leaved species on peaks of Dominica. MICONIA ERNSTII (Melastomataceae); a cre-cre only on Dominica. Mikania avails (Asteraceae): Guadeloupe to Martinique on summits. Myrcia ramageana (Myrtaceae): Dominica and St. Lucia. *Ocotea imrayana (Lauraceae): Dominica and Martinique. *Oreopanax dussii (AraUaceae): known only from high peaks of the French islands and, now, Dominica. Ouratea longifolia (Ochnaceae): endemic of Guadeloupe and Dominica, once found on Martinique but recollection efforts unsuccessful. Passiflora stenosepala (Passifloraceae): known only from Dominica and St. Lucia but perhaps not different from P. andersonii. *PHYLLANTHUS MEGAPODUS (Euphorbiaceae): apparently rare on Domin- ica. Reported from Martinique but Webster (1958:171) felt this needed confirmation. Pilea forsythiana (Urticaceae): Guadeloupe to Martinique but perhaps not distinct from P. parietaria. Piper dussii (Piperaceae): Guadeloupe to Martinique but perhaps not different from Piper hispidum Swartz. Pisonia suborbiculata (Nyctaginaceae): supposedly endemic to the French islands but recently collected on the Grand Savanne of Dominica. *Prunus pleuradenia (Rosaceae): Lesser Antilles, only once collected on Dominica. Psittacanthus martinicensis (Loranthaceae): according to my notes, Guade- loupe to Martinique. Foumet credited it to the Lesser Antilles. Rauvolfuj biauriculata (Apocynaceae): frequent in Dominica but otherwise only known from Guadeloupe. Attribution of the type to Trinidad is believed an error. Ruyschia clusiifolia (Marcgraviaceae): Guadeloupe to Martinique. It is common but, being a high climber in tree tops, it is rarely collected. *SABINEA CARINALIS (Fabaceae): a showy species of the dry west coast, endemic to Dominica and worth cultivating for its scarlet flowers. *Schlegelia axillaris (Bignoniaceae): collected twice on Dominica but known from Guadeloupe and Jamaica where it is also rare. Senecio lucidus (Asteraceae): higher elevations from Guadeloupe to Martin- ique, common around Freshwater Lake. Symplocos guadaloupensis (Symplocaceae): previously known only from Guadeloupe but collected several times on the top of Mome Diablotins in Dominica. Tournefortia caribaea (Boraginaceae); Guadeloupe to Martinique but sometimes included in variable T. volubilis. Verbesina gigantea (Asteraceae): Guadeloupe to Martinique. Verbesina howardiana (Asteraceae): high elevations of Dominica. *Voyria aphylla (Gentianaceae); a small, straw-colored saprophyte, widespread in neotropics but everywhere rare. Information on endemic monocots and ferns of Dominica can be gleaned from the first three volumes of Howard’s Flora of the Lesser Antilles (1974-1989; vol. 1 on orchids, vol. 2 on ferns and fern allies, vol. 3 on monocots). Information about endemics of Dominica in lower plants (algae, fungi, mosses, lichens, liverworts, homworts) is not easy to establish. Bruce E. Webber’s 1973 thesis “Dominica National Park” has a list of “Plants Endemic to Dominica” (p. 57, table 3). The bulk of the lower plants listed are new species of lichens published by Hale (1974) and Wirth and Hale (1978). Comments on the Treatment The basic format for handling taxa approximates that used by Hodge (1954) but differs in certain points; e.g., families, genera, and species are not assigned a numerical sequence but are in alphabetic sequence and short descriptions of species are added. Introduced genera are not keyed out but appear in an alphabetic discussion at the beginning of each family (intro- duced species at the beginning of the genus) unless it appears that they are naturalizing and can be treated as if they are native. Some commonly cultivated plants may have been overlooked, simply because I have seen no herbarium specimens. Citation of places of publication in synonymies is given in “short-form” (author, date, page), referring to Literature Cited. This replaces the usual format used in botanical synonymies, a “long-form” citation (author, abbreviated citation of place of publication, and date), often unsupported by Literature Cited. In cases that the same author published multivolume works with overlapping years, such as done by both Jacquin and Vahl, an abbreviated title is added. Vahl’s Eclogae appeared from 1797 to 1807, his leones from 1798 to 1799, and his Enumeratio from 1804 to 1805. Any Vahl reference cited here between 1797 and 1807 could be in either two or three of these works and for them an abbreviation is added. This makes them look like a “long-form” reference. ' Synonyms cited are those that have been applied to Dominican specimens or bear on the nomenclature of accepted names and those that previously have been applied to Dominican specimens. In short, the synonymies are not complete but bear on names applied to material from Dominica. Most citations in synonymy are only to the place of original publication but in some cases an additional reference is given. An additional citation usually involves a significant discussion of the taxon involved or a publication- citing Dominican material. Notes following a species discussion are frequently given. Most involve taxonomic or nomenclatural problems, with or without reaching a conclusion. Acknowledgments Dr. Walter H. Hodge published Part I of the Flora of Dominica, B.WJ. (1954), covering the Pteridophyta (ferns and ! NUMBER 77 7 fem allies), Gymnospermae, and Monocotyledoneae. I have taken the liberty of summarizing his extensive (50 pages) prefatory comments in the preceding sections of the Introduc- tion. Particular thanks are due to Bruce Bredin and John Archbold who, in 1964, established the Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian Biological Survey of Dominica that financed about 60 scientists (including assistants) to spend up to three months each working on their specialties. George Steyskal (USDA at the Smithsonian) is preparing a summary of results. I am grateful to the Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian Biologi- cal Survey of Dominica for permitting me to spend three months on Dominica at the end of 1964. In early 1969 Mrs. Irene Morden, through the Morden-Smithsonian Expedition to Dominica, enabled Robert DeFilipps, Mason Hale (lichens), and me to spend a month on Dominica. I am also grateful to the Earthwatch program that gave me another month, particularly in the Syndicate-Mome Diablotins area, on Dominica in connection with study of parrots by Holly and Thomas Nichols. I would like to thank Mr. Christopher Maximea, Chief Forester of Dominica. He took a personal interest and, on repeated occasions, arranged for guides. In appreciation for the unfailing courtesy and hospitality I dedicate this work to the people of Dominica. One of the goals of the Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian Biological Survey of Dominica was to complete Part 2 of the Flora of Dominica, covering the rest of the higher plants, the Dicotyledoneae or Magnoliopsida. This task fell to me. In 1964 Richard Howard, former Director of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, who was initiating the Flora of the Lesser Antilles, contributed a checklist of all dicots then known from Dominica. I want to thank Dr. Howard for this and also for continuing cooperation, such as sharing drafts of families and proof of his last two volumes. I also am deeply indebted to the reviewers of the first draft. Dr. C.D. Adams and F. Raymond Fosberg. Both took much time to provide many constructive suggestions. Various people contributed treatments of particular families: (1) W.G. D’Arcy of the Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis (Solanaceae); (2) the late P. Boiteau of the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris (Apocynaceae, initial treatment); (3) K. Chambers of Oregon State University in Corvallis (some Asteraceae); (4) R. DeFilipps, who assisted for a year (Apiaceae, Araliaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Balsaminaceae, Bom- bacaceae, Burseraceae, Cactaceae, Caricaceae, Caryophyl- laceae, Chloranthaceae, Cochlospermaceae, Connaraceae, Cunoniaceae, Cyrillaceae, Dichapetalaceae, Dilleniaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Hemandiaceae, Lentibulariaceae, Logani- aceae, Magnoliaceae, Myoporaceae, Nymphaeaceae, 01a- caceae, Rhamnaceae, Sabiaceae, Sterculiaceae, Tumeraceae, and Zygophyllaceae); (4) H.H. litis of the University of Wisconsin (Capparaceae); (5) R. Kiger of the Hunt Botanical Institute in Pittsburgh (Caprifoliaceae and Flacourtiaceae); (6) Alice C. Nicolson, an able volunteer (Bignoniaceae, Boragina- ceae, Lamiaceae, Melastomataceae, Myrsinaceae, Sapotaceae, and Verbenaceae); (7) Dulcie Powell, formerly an assistant at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington (Convolvulaceae); (8) C. Sastre of the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle of Paris (Apocynaceae, final revisions); (9) L. Skog of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington (Lobeliaceae and Gesneriaceae); (10) John Utley now of the University of New Orleans (Marcgraviaceae); Katherine Burt-Utley of the same (Begoniaceae); (12) D. Wasshausen of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington (Acanthaceae); (13) G. Webster of the University of California at Davis (Euphorbiaceae). Other specialists reviewed particular families, such as Alwyn Gentry of the Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis (Bignoniaceae) and John Wurdack of the Smithsonian Institu- tion in Washington, D.C. (Melastomataceae). All such contri- butions are recognized in the appropriate family treatment. Treatments not ascribed to a contributor fell to me. This is Contribution 1 of the Archbold Tropical Research Center, Dominica. Keys to Groups and Dicotyledonous Families This key is intended to assist in identifieations of unknown vascular plants from Dominica. In short, the key aims to define native taxa as they occur only on Dominica. Cultivated and introduced plants may not key out correctly. 1. Plants reproducing by spores, not seeds Group 1 1. Plants reproducing by seeds, not spores. 2. Stigma none; the single ovule and drupe-like seed not enclosed in an ovary, borne on the face of a fleshy scale or bract Group 2 2. Stigma(s) present; ovules and seeds enclosed in an ovary. 3. Stem solid central pith with scattered vascular strands; flowers usually 3-merous; leaf-venation usually striate; cotyledon 1 Group 3 3. Stem hollow or with a central strandless pith; flowers usually 4-5-merous; leaf-venation usually reticulate; cotyledons usually 2. 4. Perianth absent (achlamydeous) or uniseriate (monochlamydeous) Group 4 4. Perianth biseriate or multiseriate. 5. Petals all united, at least at base .... Group 5 5. Petals free or only some united. 6. Ovary inferior or only half-inferior Group 6 6. Ovary superior. 7. Stamens more than twice as many as petals Group 7 7. Stamens twice as many as petals or fewer Group 8 Group 1. Ferns and Fern Allies For Dominica, this group is covered by Hodge (1954) with 195 species in 5 1 genera and 10 families. For a more recent and 8 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY broader treatment see Pteridophyta by Proctor (in Howard, 1977,2:1-414). Group 2. Gymnosperms For Dominica, this group is covered by Hodge (1954) with one species, Podocarpus coriaceus (L’Heritier) Persoon, the raisinier montagne, a common evergreen of mountain ridges. It is the national tree of Dominica and has been planted in the Roseau Botanic Garden. Other gymnosperms may be culti- vated. Group 3. Monocots For Dominica, this group is covered by Hodge (1954) with 186 species in 138 genera and 21 families. For more recent treatments see Orchidaceae by Garay and Sweet (in Howard, 1974, 1:1-235) and other Monocotyledoneae by Howard (1979, 3:1-586). Group 4. Achlamydeous and Monochlamydeous Dicots 1. Leaves 0; root-parasites without chlorophyll Balanophoraceae 1. Leaves present, sometimes reduced; plants not root-parasites, with chlorophyll. 2. Leaves opposite or whorled. 3. Branchlets jointed and green; leaves reduced to whorled scales (cult.) Casuarinaceae 3. Branchlets not jointed; leaves usually normal. 4. Plants parasitic on tree branches Loranthaceae 4. Plants not parasitic on tree branches. 5. Leaves trifoliolate; climbing with twisting petioles Ranunculaceae 5. Leaves simple; not climbing. 6. Stipules present (sometimes minute in Chamaesyce). 7. Ovary 3-locular; stipules usually free Euphorbiaceae {Chamaesyce) 1. Ovary 1-2-locular; stipules connate, at least at base. 8. Stipules connate at base; ovary 2-locular; woody Rhamnaceae (Krugiodendron) 8. Stipules connate; ovary 1-locular; herbaceous. 9. Ovary inferior; calyx absent Chloranthaceae 9. Ovary superior; calyx present Urticaceae (Pilea) 6. Stipules absent. 10. Rowers in fleshy spikes; calyx absent PiPERACEAE iPeperomia) 10. Rowers not in spikes or, if so, not fleshy; calyx present. 1 1 . Ovary inferior Myrtaceae (Calyptranthes) 1 1 . Ovary superior. 12. Carpels several, free Monimiaceae 12. Carpel(s) solitary or united. 13. Fruit a circumscissile capsule; plants fleshy . . Aizoaceae 13. Fruit not capsular; plants herbaceous or woody. 14. Floral bracts scarious; fruit an utricle Amaranthaceae 14. Floral bracts not scarious; fruit an anthocarp Nyctaginaceae 2. Leaves alternate. 15. Inflorescence a fleshy spike Piperaceae 15. Inflorescence not a spike or, if so, not fleshy. 16. Base of petiole sheathing stem (ochreate) Polygonaceae 16. Base of petiole not ochreate. 17. Stamens opening with 2-4 trapdoor-like valves Lauraceae 17. Stamens opening by 1-2 longitudinal slits. 18. Flowers unisexual (polygamous in Ulmaceae). 19. Ovary 3-locular, rarely 2-locular Euphorbiaceae 19. Ovary 1-locular. 20. Stipules or stipular scars present. 21. Fruit aggregated; sap milky Moraceae 21. Fruits independent; sap clear. 22. Fruit a drupe ULMACEAE 22. Fruit an achene Urticaceae 20. Stipules or stipular scars absent. 23. Filaments of stamens free Thymelaeaceae 23. Filaments of stamens united, at least at base. 24. Tree (cult.) Myristicaeae 24. Herbs or shrubby herbs Amaranthaceae 18. Flowers bisexual. 25. Lx)cules 3 or more. 26. Locales 5 or more; herbs or vines. 27. Ovary inferior; vines Aristolochiaceae 27. Ovary superior; herbs. 28. Fruit a prickly capsule; stipules deciduous Tiliaceae (Triumfetta) 28. Fruit a berry; stipules absent Phytolaccaceae {Phytolacca) 26. Locales 3-6; trees. 29. Fruit a drupe Rhamnaceae {Krugiodendron) 29. Fruit capsular or follicular. 30. Leaves compound or palmately veined; fruit with free follicles Sterculiaceae (Sterculia) 30. Leaves pinnately veined; fruit capsular Elaeocarpaceae 25. Locale solitary. 31. Stipules present and persistent Chrysobalanaceae (Licania) 31. Stipules absent. 32. Ovary inferior Combretaceae 32. Ovary superior. 33. Leaf pinnately compound Fabaceae (Swartzia) 33. Leaf simple. 34. Ovules several to many Flacourtiaceae 34. Ovule 1. 35. Sap reddish, milky; leaves lobed Papaveraceae (Bocconia) 35. Sap clear; leaves unlobed. 36. Flowers with scarious bracts Amaranthaceae 36. Flowers bractless. 37. Fruit a berry Phytolaccaeae 37. Fruit a utricle Chenopodiaceae Group 5. Sympetalous Dicots 1. Stamens (fertile) more than corolla lobes. 2. Leaves opposite; ovary of 4 free carpels Crassulaceae 2. Leaves alternate; ovary of united carpels. 3. Leaves palmately veined and lobed; ovary 1-locular Caricaceae 10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 3. Leaves pinnately veined and unlobed; ovary several-locular. 4. Ovary superior. 5. Flowers unisexual Ebenaceae 5. Flowers bisexual Theaceae 4. Ovary inferior or partly inferior. 6. Ovary inferior, stamens free from corolla Ericaceae 6. Ovary partly inferior; stamens borne on the corolla. 7. Leaves lepidote; style branched Styracaceae 7. Leaves glabrous; style unbranched Symplocaceae 1. Stamens (fertile) as many as corolla lobes or fewer. 8. Ovary inferior or partly inferior. 9. Tendril-bearing vines CUCURBITACEAE 9. Plants not tendriliferous. 10. Anthers united around the style (syngenesious). 11. Flowers (florets) in involucrate heads; ovary 1-locular . . Asteraceae 11. Flowers not in heads; ovary 2-more-locular Lobeliaceae 10. Anthers free from each other. 12. Leaves alternate Gesneriaceae (Gesneria) 12. Leaves opposite or whorled. 13. Leaves compound; stipules absent Caprifoliaceae 13. Leaves simple; stipules present Rubiaceae 8. Ovary superior. 14. Stamens opposite the corolla lobes. 15. Ovary several-locular; placentation axile. 16. Staminodia absent Olacaceae (Schoepfid) 16. Staminodia present (alternate with stamens) Sapotaceae 15. Ovary 1-locular; placentation free-central (basal). 17. Staminodia present (alternate with stamens) .... Theophrastaceae 17. Staminodia absent. 18. Styles 5; calyx with stalked glands Plumbaginaceae 18. Style 1; calyx with imbedded glands Myrsinaceae 14. Stamens alternate with corolla lobes. 19. Leaves borne on stems, alternate {Cuscuta, in Convolvulaceae, is a leafless parasite). 20. Flowers irregular; stamens 4. 21. Leaves broad; berry large Bignoniaceae (Enallagma) 21. Leaves lanceolate; berry small Myoporaceae 20. Rowers regular; stamens 5. 22. Ovules numerous. 23. Sap milky; carpels 2, free Apocynaceae {Plumeria) 23. Sap clear; carpels united. 24. Flowers inconspicuous; fruit a dry capsule SCROPHULARIACEAE (Capraria) 24. Flowers conspicuous or, if not, then fruit a berry SOLANACEAE 22. Ovules 1-2 per locule. 25. Flowers borne on leaf-base Dichapetalaceae 25. Howers not attached to leaves. 26. Fruit a capsule, usually dehiscent. 27. Unarmed Convolvulaceae 27. Armed with axillary spines Hydrophyllaceae 26. Fruits various but not a capsule. 28. Stigma sessile, 4-5-lobed; flowers fascicled Aquifoliaceae 28. Stigmas on style; inflorescence scorpioid or corymbose . . . . Boraginaceae 19. Leaves opposite, whorled, or basal. 29. Rowers regular; stamens usually 5. 30. Plants acaulescent; corolla scarious Plantaginaceae 30. Plants caulescent; corolla herbaceous. 31. Ovules 1-2 per locule. 32. Stamens 2 Oleaceae 32. Stamens 4-5 or, if 2 then with 2 staminodia . . Verbenaceae 31. Ovules many per locule. 33. Sap milky; carpels 2, free at least to style. 34. Carpels united at least by styles; stamens free; pollen granular Apocynaceae 34. Carpels united only at stigmatic disk; stamens united; pollen aggregated in waxy masses (pollinia) . . Asclepiadaceae 33. Sap clear; carpels united. 35. Inflorescence spicate; stipules present Loganiaceae 35. Inflorescence various but not spicate; stipules absent. 36. Leaves entire; ovary 1-locular Gentianaceae 36. Leaves serrate; ovary 2-locular SCROPHULARIACEAE (Scopario) 29. Flowers irregular; stamens 2 or 4. 37. Ovary 4-lobed; style arising from between ovary lobes Lamiaceae 37. Ovary entire; style apical. 38. Plants acaulescent; anthers 1 -celled Lentibulariaceae 38. Plants caulescent; anthers 2-celled. 39. Ovary 1-locular Gesneriaceae 39. Ovary 2-4-locular. 40. Ovules 1 -several per locule. 41. Ovules 2-several per locule; fruit a capsule Acanthaceae 41. Ovule 1 per locule; fruit drupaceous or of nutlets Verbenaceae 40. Ovules many per locule. 42. Placentation parietal; vines, trees or shrubs Bignoniaceae 42. Placentation axile; herbs or shrubby herbs SCROPHULARIACEAE Group 6. Polypetalous Dicots; Ovary Inferior 1. Stamens many, more than twice as many as the petals. 2. Aquatic plants Nymphaeaceae 2. Terrestrial plants. 3. Styles more than 1; flowers unisexual Begoniaceae 3. Style solitary; flowers bisexual. 4. Plants fleshy and spiny Cactaceae 4. Plants not fleshy nor spiny. 5. Leaves opposite. 6. Leaves gland-dotted; stipules or stipular scars absent Myrtaceae 6. Leaves eglandular; stipules (large) or stipular scars present Rhizophoraceae 5. Leaves alternate. 12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 7. Fruit woody; stamens and petals over 4 cm long Lecythidaceae 7. Fruit fleshy; stamens and petals less than 2 cm long Symplocaceae 1. Stamens few, twice as many as petals or fewer. 8. Submersed aquatics; leaves whorled, pectinate Haloragaceae 8. Terrestrial plants; leaves opposite or alternate. 9. Inflorescence a simple or compound umbel (head in Eryngium). 10. Herbs; fruit dry, breaking into 2 mericarps Apiaceae 10. Small trees; fruit drupaceous Araliaceae 9. Inflorescence not umbellate 11. Leaves opposite and palmately veined Melastomataceae 11. Leaves alternate. 12. Herbs; flowers solitary Onagraceae 12. Woody; flowers multiple. 13. Trees or shrubs; venation palmate Hernandiaceae 13. Vines with tendrils; venation pinnate . . . Rhamnaceae (Gouania) Group 7. Polypetalous Dicots; Ovary Superior; Stamens Many (>2x Petals) 1. Carpels several and free. 2. Sepals free, hypogynous. 3. Perianth 3-merous, valvate Annonaceae 3. Perianth 2- or multimerous, imbricate. 4. Fruit fleshy, pendulous Dilleniaceae 4. Fruit dry, erect Magnoliaceae 2. Sepals united, at least at base. 5. Leaves simple; stamens united by filaments (monadelphous) Malvaceae 5. Leaves compound; stamens free Rosaceae 1. Carpels united or solitary. 6. Leaves opposite Clusiaceae 6. Leaves alternate. 7. Stamens with filaments united (monadelphous). 8. Carpel solitary Chrysobalanaceae (Chrysobalanus) 8. Carpels united. 9. Calyx truncate or shallowly and irregularly lobed, never subtended by an epicalyx Bombacaceae 9. Calyx deeply and regularly 5-lobed or -toothed, often subtended by an epicalyx (deciduous when calyx truncate) Malvaceae 7. Stamens free. 10. Ovary stipitate Capparaceae 10. Ovary sessile. 11. Plants epiphytic climbers Marcgraviaceae 11. Plants not climbing. 12. Venation palmate. 13. Inflorescences (flowers) axillary; placentation axile . . Tiliaceae 13. Inflorescences terminal; placentation parietal. 14. Leaf margins entire; fruits softly spinose Bixaceae 14. Leaf margins serrate; fruits smooth. 15. Leaves deeply lobed; flowers and fruits large Cochlospermaceae 15. Leaves unlobed; flowers and fruits small Flacourtiaceae (Prockia) 12. Venation pinnate. 16. Leaves serrate. 17. Hirsute herbs; leaves narrow Turneraceae 17. Glabrous woody plants; leaves broad. 18. Placentation parietal Flacourtiaceae 18. Placentation axile Theaceae {Freziera) 16. Leaves entire. 19. Capsule woody; petals 4 Elaeocarpaceae 19. Capsule fleshy; petals 5. 20. Stamens united by filaments Canellaceae 20. Stamens free Theaceae (Ternstroemia) Group 8. Polypetalous Dicots; Ovary Superior; Stamens Few (< 2 x Petals) 1. Stamens opposite petals and equaling petal number. 2. Plants trees; petals and stamens unequal Sabiaceae 2. Plants vines; petals and stamens equal. 3. Vines without tendrils Basellaceae 3. Vines with tendrils Vitaceae 1. Stamens alternate with petals or not equaling the petal number. 4. Leaves opposite. 5. Leaves compound. 6. Styles 2-3. 7. Styles 2; stamens 8-10 Cunoniaceae 7. Styles 3; stamens 5 Staphyleaceae 6. Style 1. 8. Leaves glandular-punctate; odd-pinnate Rutaceae (Amyris) 8. Leaves not glandular punctate; even -pinnate .... Zygophyllaceae 5. Leaves simple. 9. Sepals each with a pair of glands Malpighiaceae 9. Sepals without paired glands. 10. Plants woody climbers; stamens 3 Hippocrateaceae 10. Plants not climbers; stamens 5 or more. 11. Calyx tubular, elongate Lythraceae 11. Calyx ovate. 12. Leaves palmately veined Melastomataceae 12. Leaves pinnately veined. 13. Leaves broad; plants weak herbs Caryophyllaceae 13. Leaves narrow; plants weakly woody Melastomataceae (Tibouchina) 4. Leaves alternate. 14. Leaves with pellucid glandular dots Rutaceae 14. Leaves without pellucid dots. 15. Carpels 5, free; vine with compound leaves Connaraceae 15. Carpels 1 or, if more, united. 16. Ovary 1-locular. 17. Style gynobasic Chrysobalanaceae 17. Style terminal. 18. Staminal filaments united; climbers with tendrils Passifloraceae 1 8. Staminal filaments free or at least one free; not climbing or, if so then rarely with tendrils (some legumes). 19. Rowers unisexual Anacardiaceae 19. Flowers bisexual. 14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 20. Leaves simple. 21. Flowers irregular; stipules conspicuous, fimbriate VIOLACEAE 21. Howers regular; stipules inconspicuous, if any. 22. Sepals 2, caducous; leaves spiny Papaveraceae (Argemone) 22. Sepals 4-5, persistent; leaves unarmed. 23. Fruits leathery or, if capsular, elongate Capparaceae 23. Fruits capsular, ovoid Portulacaceae 20. Leaves compound. 24. Carpels 2-more; ovules parietal; petals 4 Capparaceae (Cleome) 24. Carpel 1; ovules on a suture; petals usually 5 Fabaceae 16. Ovary 2-more-locular. 25. Rower irregular. 26. One sepal spurred; stamens distinct Balsaminaceae 26. Sepals not spurred; stamens with filaments united POLYGALACEAE 25. Rower regular. 27. Stamens with filaments united. 28. Leaves compound. 29. Trees or shrubs; leaves more than 3-foliolate . . Meliaceae 29. Herbs; leaves 3-foliolate Oxalidaceae 28. Leaves simple. 30. Petals short-clawed; ovary 3-locular . . Erythroxylaceae 30. Petals tapering; ovary 5-locular Sterculiaceae 27. Stamens free. 31. Leaves simple. 32. Anthers opening by terminal pores Ochnaceae 32. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. 33. Fruit leathery. 34. Stamens equaling petal numbers .... Aquifoliaceae 34. Stamens twice the petal number Olacaceae (Heisteria) 33. Fruit a dry capsule. 35. Leaves petioled; flowers not racemose Celastraceae 35. Leaves sessile; flowers in a raceme . . . Cyrillaceae 31. Leaves compound. 36. Petals 4, clawed; stamens 6 Brassicaceae 36. Petals tapered; stamens not 6. 37. Style or stigmas branched. 38. Drupe 2.5-5.0 cm long . . Anacardiaceae (Spondias) 38. Drupes smaller or fruits not drupaceous Sapindaceae 37. Style or stigmas unbranched. 39. Ovules 8-10 per locule; seed samaroid Meliaceae (Cedrella) 39. Ovules 1-2 per locule; fruit drupaceous. 40. Plants aromatic; ovules usually 2 per locule Burseraceae 40. Plants not aromatic; ovules usually 1 per locule SiMAROUBACEAE Family Treatments Acanthaceae (by D. Wasshausen) Asystasia gangetica (Linnaeus) T. Anderson, which would here key to Ruellia tuberosa but has rounded leaf-bases, is cultivated at Baiac {Whitefoord 4218, 4219). Crossandra infundibuliformis (Linnaeus) Nees from India, with leaves 4 in whorl, salmon flowers with only one (lower) lip, and four 1 -celled anthers, is commonly cultivated in the tropics, including Dominica: Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 966, 982, 3931). Graptophyllum pictum (Linnaeus) Griffith from New Guinea, with leaves yellow-mottled along midrib, large (8 cm long) reddish purple flowers, 2 fertile stamens and 2 staminodia, is widely cultivated in tropical Americas, including Dominica: Roseau Botanic Gardens {Hodge 3953). Hemigraphis alternata (N. Burman) T. Anderson of Malesia was reported as subspontaneous from garden borders by Adjanohoun et al. (1985, pi. 1) as Hemigraphis colorata (Blume) Hallier. P sender anther um carruthersii (Seemann) Guillaumin var. atropurpureum (Bull) Fosberg of the Pacific, with leaves dark purple above, was collected on Dominica by Hodge (non vidi), probably at the Roseau Botanical Gardens. Many other genera of Acanthaceae are in cultivation but, as yet, have not been collected on Dominica. Excluded Acanthaceae Barleria lupulina Lindley, Dicliptera sexangularis (Lin- naeus) Jussieu (as Dicliptera assurgens (Linnaeus) Jussieu), and Dicliptera martinicensis (Jacquin) Jussieu were attributed to Dominica by Velez (1957:72) based on his own collections (now mostly lost). Dicliptera martinicensis was attributed to Dominica with an exclamation mark by Howard (1989, 6:366) but I have not seen material. 1. Plants vines; capsule abruptly beaked; retinacula none Thunbergia 1. Plants herbaceous or shrubby; capsule oblong or clavate; seeds borne on hook-like retinacula. 2. Perfect (fertile) stamens 4. 3. Calyx segments dissimilar, the posterior and anterior much larger than laterals; corolla 2-lipped Teliostachya 3. Calyx segments similar; corolla ± equally 5-lobed. 4. Rowers in dense terminal spikes; bracts large, imbricate Blechum 4. Rowers in loose axillary or terminal cymes; bracts small, not imbricate Ruellia 2. Perfect stamens 2. 5. S tarn inodes absent. 6. Rowers in axillary and terminal racemes; anther cells ± equal, awnless, bearded at base Andrographis 6. Rowers in terminal dense spikes or loose panicles; anther cells ± superposed, one or both apiculate or tailed Justicia 5. Staminodes present. 7. Bracts small (2-4 mm long), inconspicuous, not imbricate nor reticulate; corolla magenta or reddish purple Odontonema 1. Bracts large (15-25 mm long), conspicuous, imbricate and reticulate; corolla scarlet to reddish orange Pachystachys Andrographis Wallich ex Nees Andrographis paniculata Andrographis paniculata (N. Burman) Wallich ex Nees in Wallich, 1832, 3:1 16.— Lindau in Urban, 1900, 2:21 1. Justicia paniculata N. Burman, 1768:9. Erect herb to 1 m with tap root; leaves lanceolate, to 9 cm x 2.5 cm, glabrous; flowers in axillary and terminal racemes, these collected into panicles; bracts and bractlets small; corolla white below with dark purple markings above, ~1 cm long, stamens 2, anthers bilocular, dark purple, anther cells ± equal, awnless, bearded at base. Indian subcontinent but widely cultivated and escaping; in Dominica expected in disturbed areas but only collected by Eggers: Wallhouse {Eggers 505), same? {Eggers 753, teste Lindau). Blechum Browme Blechum pyramidatum Blechum pyramidatum (Lamarck) Urban, 1918b:323; 1921, 8:650. Ruellia Wec/iwm Linnaeus, t759a:1120, "blechnum." Barleria pyramidata Lamarck, 1783, 1:380. Blechum brownei Jussieu, 1807:270.— Lindau in Urban, 1900, 2:186. Blechum brownei f. puberulum Leonard, 1942:184. Sprawling or erect perennial herbs with ovate leaves; flowers in dense terminal spikes; bracts imbricate, ovate, 1.0-2.5 cm long, puberulent; corolla white or purplish, slighdy exceeding subtending bracts, limb ± equally 5-lobed; stamens 4, fused in pairs at base of filaments; capsule 16-seeded. Neotropical weed of dry or moist habitats; common weed in Dominica to 530 m: between Capucin and Bellevue {Wasshau- sen & Ayensu 382), Carib Reserve {Hodge 3378), Clarke Hall 15 16 Acanthaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY {Ernst 1300), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3691), Layou River Valley {Ernst 1521), Milton {Hodge 2561), Ridgefield Estate {Hodge 2163), South Chiltem {Hodge 1463), Sylvania {Hodge 1343). Justicia Linnaeus Justicia betonica Linnaeus of tropical Asia and Africa, with showy white and green-veined bracts, was collected in cultivation at Baiac {Whitefoord 4225 at BM). 1. Calyx segments 4 J. androsaemifolia 1. Calyx segments 5. 2. Flowers in loose terminal panicles; corolla <1 cm long J. pectoralis 2. Rowers in dense spikes or panicles; corolla 3.0-4.5 cm long. 3. Bracts large (15 mm long), spatulate; corolla reddish purple to violet J. carthaginensis 3. Bracts small (2 mm long), subulate; corolla dull crimson J. secunda Justicia androsaemifolia Justicia androsaemifolia (Nees) Lindau in Engler & Prantl, 1895, IV(3b):350; in Urban, 1900, 2:244. Rhytiglossa androsaemifolia Nees in A.R CandoUe, 1847, 11:352. Dianthera androsaemifolia (Nees) Grisebach, 1857:98; 1862:455. Suffrutescent herb to 50 cm; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 3-9 cm X 1-4 cm, bluntish; flowers in distant, simple, terminal and axillary spikes 5-15 cm long; calyx segments 4; corolla magenta with white spots on lower lip, 2-lipped almost to middle, upper lip entire, slightly exceeding stamens, lower lip 3-lobed; anther cells 2, obliquely affixed. Guadeloupe and Martinique; occasional in Dominica on dry, wooded slopes: Cabrits {Nicolson 1904, Smith 10320, Webster 13307), Chateau {Eggers 624), Colihaut {Ernst 2114), Grand Savanne {Ernst 1652), Hampstead {Lloyd 618), Layou River Valley {Ernst 1543, Wasshausen & Ayensu 303), Portsmouth {Hodge 852), Riviere Douce {Eggers s.n.), sine loc. {Imray 47). Justicia carthaginensis Justicia carthaginensis Jacqv^, 1760:11. — Grisebach, 1862:456. Suffrutescent herb to 1.5 m; leaves elliptic -ovate, decurrent on petiole; flowers in dense terminal spikes; bracts large, spatulate; calyx segments 5, linear-lanceolate; corolla reddish purple to violet, 3-4 cm long, upper lip erect, shallowly bifid, lower lip deeply 3-lobate, often with transverse white bands; stamens ± equaling upper lip. Circumcaribbean; not recently collected in Dominica: sine loc. {Eggers 558 at GH), reported by Grisebach as collected by Imray. Justicia pectoralis Justicia pectoralis Jacquin, 1760:1 1. — Lindau in Urban, 1900, 2:241. Dianthera pectoralis (Jacquin) Murray, 1784:64. — Grisebach, 1862:455. Stems trailing and sparingly rooting at nodes, to 1 m; leaves linear to ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 cm x 0.5-2.0 cm; flowers + unilateral on rather loose 13-20 cm x 4-12 cm panicles; calyx deeply 5-parted; corolla purple, 7-8 mm long, throat trans- versely plicate, sometimes spotted with dark purple; anther lobes equally attached or slighUy superposed. Neotropical weed, sometimes cultivated; occasional in lowlands of Dominica: Layou River Valley {Chambers 2709), Madjini {DeFilipps 193). Infusions are used medicinally (Adjanohoun et al., 1985:35, pi. 2). Justicia secunda Justicia secunda Vahl, 1791, 2:7. — Lindau in Urban, 1900, 2:238. Dianthera secunda (Vahl) Grisebach, 1857:98; 1862:455 [excl. var. P et yl- Suffrutescent herb to 1.25 m; leaves ovate-oblong, 8-15 cm X 3-6 cm; flowers secund and crowded on branches of terminal 10-15 cm X 3-6 cm panicles; calyx segments 5; corolla dull crimson, 3.5-4.5 cm long, lips ± equal, upper erect, narrowly ovate, lower spreading, oblong, 3-lobed; stamens lying in upper lip and barely equaling it, anther lobes ± parallel, ± equally attached. Northern South America and Lesser Antilles; occasional in Dominica in northwest: Dublanc {Hodge 2555), Milton {Hodge 2584), Montpellier {Lloyd 927bis), Syndicate {Wasshausen & Ayensu 342, Whitefoord 3499). Odontonema Nees, nom. cons. Odontonema cuspidatum (Nees) Kuntze (misidentified as Odontonema tubiforme (Bertoloni) Kuntze) was reported as cultivated on Dominica by Howard (1989, 6:374). Odontonema nitidum Odontonema nitidum (Jacquin) Kuntze, 1891, 2:494. — Lindau in Urban, 1900, 2:220. Justicia nitida Jacquin, 1760:1 1. Thyrsacanthus nitidus (Jacquin) Nees in A.P. CandoUe, 1847, 11:327. — Grisebach, 1862:454. Bois crapaud. Suffrutescent herb to 3 m; leaves anthocyanous, oblong- elliptic, 10-25 cm X 3-7 cm; inflorescence pedunculate, simple or racemiform, flowers pedicellate, usually 2-more in a sessile fascicle but sometimes in pedunculate cymules; corolla magenta, tube 1.6 cm long, upper lip erect, 7-8 mm long, lower lip spreading, 6-7 mm long; stamens 2, included, anther lobes parallel; staminodes 2, tipped by rudimentary anthers. Antilles; common in Dominica in moist, disturbed areas: NUMBER 77 Acanthaceae 17 Antrim Valley {Nicolson 1873), Bataka (Stehl^ 6401), Cabrits (Smith 10307, Webster 13298), Carib Reserve (Taylor 154), Deux Branches (Ernst 1970), Hampstead (Lloyd 656), La Chaudi^re (Hodge 3656), Layou River Valley (Ernst 1435, 1547, Stern & Wasshausen 2387, Webster 13162), Lisdara (Cooper 45, 151, Hodge 851, 2388), Magua (Stehli 6340), Melville Hall (Hodge 848, 849), Mero (Ernst 1764), Milton (Hodge 2580), Mome Cola Anglais {Webster 13421), Mt. Joy (Hodge 1288), Pagua Bay (Chambers 2628), Petit Coulibri (Whitefoord 4667), Petite Soufriere Bay (Stern & Wasshausen 2747), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2661), Ridgefield (Hodge 2146), Roseau Valley (Howard 11747), Salybia (Hodge 3184), Soufriere (Lloyd 462), South Chiltem (Hodge 1453), Sylvania (Beard 637, Hodge 850, 1250), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3525), Vieille Case (Beard 1472), Wallhouse (Eggers s.n. at GH), Wooten Waven (Eggers 595), sine loc. (Cooley 8766). Pachystachys Nees Pachystachys spicata Pachystachys spicata (Ruiz & Pavon) Wasshausen, 1986:175. Justicia spicata Ruiz & Pav6n, 1798b, 1 :8. Pachystachys riedetiana Nees in Martins, 1847 [Jun], 9:99; in A.P. CandoUe, 1847 [Nov], 11:319. Pachystachys coccinea sensu auctt., non (Aublet) Nees. — Lindau in Urban, 1900, 2:213.— Hodge & Taylor, 1957:609. Chandeliere. Suffrutescent herb to 3 m; leaves broadly elliptic to obovate, 11-20 cm X 5-12 cm; spikes solitary, 6-15 cm; bracts green, loosely imbricate, 1.5-2.5 cm x 0.7-1. 1 cm; calyx campanu- late, segments narrowly triangular; corolla scarlet to reddish orange, ringent, slenderly obconic, 5-6 cm long; stamens 2, anthers deeply sagittate; staminodes rudimentary; capsules 2-seeded. Amazonian South America and cultivated elsewhere; natu- ralized in Dominica and locally common in shade: Carib Reserve (Hodge 3307), Grand Bay road (Eggers 641, Ernst 1591, Nicolson 2172, Wilbur 8027), Lisdara (Hodge 2326), Mome Plat Pays road (Gillis 8118), Portsmouth (Hodge 847), Salybia (Hodge 846). Tea used by Caribs to treat headaches (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:609). Tme Pachystachys coccinea (Aublet) Nees, a name often misapplied to this species, has a very different calyx. Ruellia Plumier ex Linnaeus Ruellia coccinea (Linnaeus) Vahl was reported for Dominica I (based on an Imray collection) by Lindau (in Urban, 19(X), I 2:197), confirming the same collection reported by Grisebach I (1862:452, as Stemonacanthus coccineus (Linnaeus) Grise- I bach). The species is regularly found in Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands but the records from farther south (Guadeloupe and Dominica) may not be from the wild. Ruellia tuberosa Ruellia tuberosa Linnaeus, 1753:635. — Grisebach, 1862:452. — Lindau in Urban, 1900, 2:191. Ruellia picta Loddiges, 1 829. Roots thick-fibrous or fusiform; erect herb, usually branched; leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, abruptly narrowed at base into short petiole; flowers 1 -several in ± erect dichoto- mous cymes; corolla showy, mauve, 3-6 cm long, limb 2-4 cm broad, lobes ± orbicular, 12-15 mm wide; stamens 4, didynamous; capsules cylindric, with 20-more seeds per locule. Neotropics; occasional in Dominica in open places: Grand Bay (Wilbur 7906), Marigot Bay (Ernst 1678). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:37, pi. 3) reported medicinal usages of infusions. Teliostachya Nees Teliostachya alopecuroidea Teliostachya alopecuroidea (Vahl) Nees in Martius, 1847, 9:72. Ruellia alopecuroidea Vahl, 1798, Eclog. 2:49. Lepidagathis alopecuroidea (Vahl) R. Brown ex Grisebach, 1862:453. — Lindau in Urban, 1900, 2:200. Much-branched perennial herb to 50 cm; leaves ovate- elliptic, 2-6 cm X 1.5-2. 5 cm; flowers in many-flowered terminal spikes; bracts lanceolate-oblong, ~6 mm long; corolla white or lavender, 5-6 mm long; stamens 4, free at base, anther sacs parallel; capsule sessile, 4-seeded. Northern South America, extending into Central America and Antilles; abundant in shade in Dominica: Carib Reserve (Hodge 3229), Clarke Hall (Chambers 2698, Nicolson 2004), Harris Soulton Estate (Webster 13390), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3611, 3689), Laudat (Hodge 1984, 2050, Lloyd 221), Lisdara (Hodge 841, 2364), Marigot (Hodge 840), Milton Estate (Hodge 2565), Rosehill (Eggers 891), Salisbury (Stern & Wasshausen 2594), South Chiltem (Ernst 1303, Hodge 1445, Stern & Wasshausen 2494), Sylvania (Hodge 842, 843), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3547). Caribs use tea to calm frightened children (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:609). Thunbergia Retzius, nom. cons. Thunbergia erecta (Bentham) T. Anderson, the bush clock-vine, a suberect shrub, has been collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 969). 1. Petioles winged; corolla yellow or orange, usually with a dark purple eye T. alata 1. Petioles not winged; corolla white to blue with a whitish or yellowish throat. 18 Acanthaceae — Amaranthaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 2. Corolla 2-3 cm long T. fragrans 2. Corolla 5-8 cm long. 3. Leaves ovate to broad-ovate, 9-18 cm x 8-15 cm, cordate or hastate at base, pubescent, coarsely toothed or lobed below middle T. grandiflora 3. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-ovate, 10-13 cm x 4-5 cm, truncate at base, glabrous, entire or sometimes obscurely repand and dentate T. laurifolia Thunbergia alata Thunbergia alata Bojer ex Sims, 1825 [Aug]. — ^W. Hooker, 1825 [Sep], 3, pi. 177.— Lindau in Urban, 1900, 2:181. Pubescent twining vine; leaves ovate, cordate -hastate at base; petioles winged; corolla 2-4 cm long, yellow or orange, usually with a dark purple eye. East Africa but now pantropically introduced and escaping; common in Dominica along roadsides: Baiac {Whitefoord 3831), Glasham {Nicolson 2090), Hatton Garden {Hodge 2952), Laudat {Gillis 8189), Lisdara {Hodge 845), Pichelin {Ernst 1618, 1962), Ridgefield {Hodge 2131), Roseau {Cooper 135), Soufriere {Lloyd 478), South Chiltem {Stern & Wasshau- sen 2512), Springfield {Wasshausen & Ayensu 308), Sylvania {Hodge 844), sine loc. (ad vias et in fruticetis Eggers 594 at GH). Ed. Note: It is evident that Sims provided the validating description and accepted the name T. alata Bojer that accompanied the seeds, hence the name should be attributed to Bojer ex Sims or simply to Sims, the publishing author, not to Bojer. Thunbergia fragrans Thunbergia fragrans Roxburgh, 1796, 1:47, pi. 67. — Lindau in Urban, 1900, 2:180. Finely pubescent vine; leaves ovate-lanceolate, hastate or cordate at base, entire or remotely few-toothed toward base; flowers axillary; bracts ovate-lanceolate; corolla white, 2-3 cm long, lobes crenate, ± equaling the tube; capsule depressed- globose, tipped by a stout subulate beak. Tropical Asia but now widely cultivated and escaping; occasional in Dominica: Soufriere Village {Hodge 1626 “common on stone walls,” Lloyd 484), loc.? {Eggers 292b, teste Lindau). Thunbergia grandiflora Thunbergia grandiflora Roxburgh [1814:45, nom. nud.; Loddiges, 1820 [Jan], nom. nud., tab. sine analysis] in Ker, 1820 [Nov]. — Roxburgh, 1832, 3:34. Flemingia grandiflora Roxburgh ex Rottler, 1803:202. Large vine; leaves ovate to broad-ovate, cordate to hastate at base, often coarsely toothed or lobed below middle; corolla white or light blue, campanulate, to 8 cm x 5 cm. India but widely cultivated and escaping; occasional in Dominica: Mome Cola Anglais {Webster 13412), Springfield {Skog 1550). Ed. Note: The nomenclature is still under consideration. Recent authors attribute the combination to (Roxburgh ex Rottler) Roxburgh or (Roxburgh ex Rottler) Roxburgh ex Loddiges. Thunbergia laurifolia Thunbergia laurifolia Lindley, 1856. — W. Hooker, 1857. Woody liana; leaves lanceolate to oblong-ovate, long- acuminate, truncate at base, glabrous, entire or sometimes obscurely repand and dentate; corolla pale blue or blue with whitish or yellow throat, campanulate, 5-6 cm x 4-6 cm. Malaysia, introduced and escaping elsewhere; recently collected in Dominica: above Laudat on road to Freshwater Lake {Ernst 1751). Aizoaceae Sesuvium portulacastrum Sesuvium portulacastrum (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, 1759a: 1058. — Howard, 1988, 4:198. Portulaca portulacastrum Linnaeus, 1753:446. Howard (l.c.) reported this from Dominica with an exclama- tion mark (!), meaning that he has seen material. I have not. Trianthema portulacastrum Linnaeus was cited for Domin- ica by Velez (1957:72) but his material has not been seen. Amaranthaceae Gomphrena keys to Alternanthera but has a branched stigma. Velez (1957:73) attributed introduced Gomphrena globosa Linnaeus to Dominica. Lithophila muscoides Swartz, with basal leaves and two stamens, was attributed to Dominica by V61ez (1957:74). Philoxerus vermicularis (Linnaeus) Smith, a fleshy herb of saline soils, was attributed to Dominica by Velez (1957:74). The current name is Blutaparon vernuculare (Linnaeus) Mears. 1. Leaves alternate. 2. Rowers unisexual; ovule solitary; fruit a 1 -seeded utricle Amaranthus 2. Rowers bisexual; ovules 2 or more; fruit a 3-8-seeded capsule Celosia 1. Leaves opposite. 3. Rowers in long spikes; anthers 2-celled, awned, fruits deflexed. 4. Bracts glabrous; sepals with straight spines Achyranthes 4. Bracts pubescent; sepals with hooked spines Cyathula 3. Rowers in capitate or paniculate clusters; anthers 1 -celled, awnless; fruits not deflexed. NUMBER 77 Amaranthaceae 19 5. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, capitate Alternanthera 5. Inflorescence a terminal panicle Iresine Achyranthes Linnaeus Achyranthes aspera Achyranthes aspera Linnaeus, 1753:204. — Townsend in Dassanayake, 1980, 1:38. Achyranthes aspera var. indica Linnaeus, 1753:204. Achyranthes indica (Linnaeus) Miller, 1768. Achyranthes obtusifolia Lamarck, 1785, 1:545. Weedy herb with opposite leaves; fruits spinose, deflexed on elongate spikes. Pantropic weed; in Dominica in dry scrub and along roads: Canefield-Roseau {Hodge 446), Colihaut-Coulibistri {Ernst 1136), West Cabrit {Hodge 8708). Use of a root decoction against dysentery and an infusion against dyspepsia was reported by Adjanohoun et al. (1985:37, pi. 4). According to Townsend, Achyranthes aspera Linnaeus and A. aspera var. indica Linnaeus are based on the same type. If true, the correct name for the ovate-leaved taxon on Dominica would be A. aspera. Fawcett and Rendle (1914, 3(1):136) treated A. aspera as typified on a specimen in LINN (presumably 287.1) with lanceolate leaves but it is doubtful that this constituted formal lectotypification. Alternanthera Forsskal A number of species names were called into question by Mears and Gillis (1977) with a promise of future publications, such as Mears (1977). Mears has annotated most of our New World holdings (US) and I generally accept his names. Several more species are expected but have not been reported. 1. Inflorescences pedunculate, terminal. 2. Bracts 0.4 cm, equaling or surpassing the perianth A. brasiliana 2. Bracts 0.2 cm. Vs the perianth length . . A. flavescens 1. Inflorescences sessile, axillary. 3. Bracts and perianth segments spinulose to spinescent, pubescent with retrorsely barbed hairs A. flavogrisea 3. Bracts and perianth segments acute or acuminate, glabrous A. sessilis Alternanthera brasiliana Alternanthera brasiliana (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 1891, 2:527. — Mears & GiUis, 1911:63. — Mears, 1977:11. — Kellogg in Howard, 1988, 4:148. Gomphrena brasiliana Linnaeus, 1756:13 (sp. no. 135). Gomphrena dentata Moench, 1802:273, nom. superfl., “Gomphraena.” Alternanthera dentata Scheygrond in PuUe, 1932, 1:39, as to type, not as misapplied [combination often attributed to Stuchbk (1913:354) but, from [ his discussion, it is evident that "A. dentata" is an error for A. argentata]. \ Herbs to 2 m tall, with inflorescences on rather long (>5 cm) peduncles. Neotropics; common weed of disturbed places on Dominica: Cabrits Swamp {Whitefoord 4090), Clarke Hall {Chambers 2701, Ernst 1514, Nicolson 2000, Webster 13196), Grand Bay, {Ernst 1600), Pointe Michel {Eggers 566), above Roseau {Whitefoord 4649), St. Paul Parish {Cooley 8787), Sylvania area {Cooper 70, Hodge 1045, 1251), sine loc. {Imray 49). Minor medicinal usage was reported by Adjanohoun et al. (1985:39, pi. 5). Mears (1977:13) stated that type illustration (Breyne) is unidentifiable to variety but does not mention how the type variety is distinguished from A. brasiliensis var. villosa. Gomphrena dentata Moench is treated as a superfluous renaming of G. brasiliana because Moench cites "Gom- phraena brasiliensis Linnaei Sp. PI. I. p. 1312 [error for 1322],” i.e., Willdenow (1797, 1:1322). The unacceptable change from brasiliana to brasiliensis first appeared in Linnaeus (1759a:850), although later Linnaean works (1762, Amoen. 4:310; 1762:326) maintained the original spelling, brasiliana. I wonder if the illustrations published as "Gomphrena brasiliensis” by Jacquin (1788, Icon., 2, pi. 346) and Lamarck (1792, Tab., 1(2):289, pi. 180, fig. 1) are Alternanthera bettzickiana, with laciniate bracts. Mogiphanes jacquinii, at least as used by Grisebach (1859:64), is A. brasiliana. Alternanthera flavescens Alternanthera flavescens Kunth, 1818, 2:207. Alternanthera brasiliana sensu auct., not as to type of basionym. Decumbent herb with inflorescences on rather short (2-3 cm) peduncles. Neotropics; only once collected in Dominica on sea cliff facing Martinique: Pointe des Fous {Ernst 1793). The species name adopted follows annotations by Mears. I believe that this is the species that was called Mogiphanes straminea by Grisebach (1859:64) and Alternanthera dentata by Scheygrond (in Pulle, 1932, 1:39). Alternanthera flavogrisea Alternanthera flavogrisea (Urban) Urban, 1907, 5:340. Telanthera flavogrisea Urban, 1899, 1:300. Alternanthera tenella subsp. flavogrisea (Urban) Mears & Veldkamp in Veldkamp, 1978:313. Stems pubescent all over; bracts usually 1 -ribbed, densely short-pubescent; staminodia longer than filaments. Neotropics, including southern US; a common weed in Dominica: Canefield {Hodge 447, Nicolson 2149), Grand Bay road {Ernst 1599), Hatton Garden {Hodge 3079), Lisdara {Hodge 448), Ridgefield {Hodge 2190). The species name adopted follows annotations by Mears, actually as A. flavogrisea subsp. diffusa, a name apparently not 20 Amaranthaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY yet validly published although it was accepted by Foumet (1978:1001) without reference to Martius’ basionym. Kellogg (in Howard, 1988, 4:151) treated the name accepted here as a synonym of Alternanthera halimifolia (Lamarck) Standley but did not attribute the taxon to Dominica. The Dominican materials seem to be cited as Alternanthera tenella Colla. She pointed out the need for biosystematic work. This species is similar to A. caracasana (commonly called A. repens or A. peploides), a species with bracts usually 3-ribbed, loosely long-pubescent with glochidiate hairs and staminodia shorter than the filaments. There has been a flap over Alternanthera ficoidea, subject of a proposal to reject (Taxon, 27:310, 1978), barely approved (Taxon, 31:540, 1982), then proposed for reconsideration {Taxon, 32:316, 1983) but reconsideration rejected (Taxon, 34:662, 1985). Ignoring the multiple issues, it seems that the result of the decisions is that the type of Alternanthera ficoidea (Linnaeus) Palisot de Beauvois pertains to what is widely known as Alternanthera paronychioides St. Hilaire. Rejection of A. ficoidea allows A. paronychioides to stand. What has been called A. ficoidea (or ficoides) is A. tenella Colla. The Dominican material can be called A. tenella SAihsp. flavogrisea (Urban) Mears & Veldkamp, but here I maintain it as a species. Alternanthera sessilis Alternanthera sessilis (Linnaeus) R. Brown ex A.P. Candolle, 1813:4, 77.— Melville, 1958:172.— Mears, 1977:3. Gomphrena sessilis Linnaeus, 1753:225. Stems with pubescence restricted to two lateral grooves; bracts 1 -nerved, glabrous, to 2 mm, shorter than utricle. Pantropic weed; in Dominica near houses, in sand and pavement: Carib Reserve (Hodge 3365), Lisdara (Hodge 449), Layou River mouth (Fosberg 48304), Portsmouth garden weed (DHN!), Roseau (Ernst 2150). Amaranthus Linnaeus Amaranthus polygonoides Linnaeus and Amaranthus cras- sipes Schlechter differ from the following species by having strictly axillary inflorescences rather than both terminal and axillary. The latter was said to have been collected on Dominica by Velez (1957:73). 1. Plant with stipular spines A. spinosus 1. Plant unarmed. 2. Flowers pentamerous; utricle wrinkled, circumscissile A. dubius 2. Flowers trimerous; utricle smooth (or wrinkled), inde- hiscent 3. Leaf tips strongly emarginate, bilobed; utricles smooth, thin-walled A. blitum 3. Leaf tips tapering to a small obtuse or truncate, mucronulate apex; utricle tuberculate ... A. viridis Amaranthus blitum Amaranthus blitum Linnaeus, 1753:990. — Kellogg in Howard, 1988, 4:157. Flowers 3-merous. Pantropical; reported for Dominica by Kellogg (l.c.), probably involving some material cited below as Amaranthus viridis. Amaranthus dubius Amaranthus dubius Martius ex TheUung, 1913:203. Staminate flowers conspicuous, stramineous; flowers 5- merous. Pantropic weed; on Dominica in dry, scrubby places: Cabrits (Hodge 3711, 3712), Canefield (Nicolson 2144), Coulibistri (Ernst 1407), Layou River mouth (Fosberg 48302), Loubiere- Solomon’s Slide (Hodge 3857), Portsmouth (Hodge 450), South Chiltem (Hodge 1511). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:39, pi. 6) reported usage against anemia. Amaranthus spinosus Linnaeus Amaranthus spinosus Linnaeus, 1753:991. Epinard. Weedy herb with alternate leaves and stipular spines; flowers in axillary clusters and clustered on terminal spicate inflores- cences. Pantropic weed; in Dominica in dry areas: Canefield (Nicolson 2150), Grand Savanne (Ernst 1645), Portsmouth street weed (DHN!), Pringles Bay (Whitefoord 3736). Used as a potherb by the Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:555). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:41, pi. 7) reported usage against anemia and as laxative. Amaranthus viridis Amaranthus viridis Linnaeus, 1763:1405. Amaranthus gracilis Desfontaines, 1804:43. Euxolus viridis (Linnaeus) Moquin in A.R Candolle, 1849, 13(2):273. — Grisebach, 1859:68. Epinard. Rowers 3-merous. Pantropic weed; in southwestern Dominica; South Chiltem (Hodge 1613), Sylvania (Hodge 1244). Used as a potherb (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:555). Celosia Linnaeus Celosia argentea Celosia argentea Linnaeus, 1753:205. — ^Whitefoord, 1989:149. Annual to 1 m; leaves lanceolate; spikes to 12 cm long, crimson to silvery- white; seeds black, shiny. NUMBER 77 Amaranthaceae — Anacardiaceae 21 Widely cultivated but escaping; only once collected on Dominica: Cabrits Swamp {Whitefoord 4080). The cockscomb, likely cultivated on Dominica, belongs to the same polyploid complex, sometimes is treated as a species, C. cristata Linnaeus, a;id sometimes as a variety of C. argentea. Cyathula Blume, nom. cons. Cyathula prostrata Cyathula prostrata (Linnaeus) Blume, 1 826:549. Achyranthes prostrata Linnaeus, 1762:296. Weedy herb with opposite leaves; racemes terminal and elongate; flowers finally nodding and developing hooked spines that catch on clothes. Pantropic weed; in Dominica usually in dry places: Belvedere (Eggers 533), Carib Reserve {Hodge 3375), Clarke Hall {Chambers 2706), Grand Bay road {Ernst 1594), Laudat {Hodge 1795), Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2730), South Chiltem- Scotts Head {Hodge 1641), St. Paul Parish {Cooley 8767), Wallhouse {Eggers 66). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:41, pi. 8) reported use against diarrhea. Cyathula achyranthoides (Kunth) Moquin was reported for Dominica by Fawcett and Rendle (1914, 3:135), but this is surely an error for the Dominican Republic. It is distinguished by its long-acuminate leaves and hooked spines that are twice as long as the fruiting perianth. Iresine Browne, nom. cons. Two perennial species are expected: 1. angustifolia Euphra- sen with glabrous bisexual flowers and 1. argentata (Martins) D. Dietrich with tomentulose bisexual flowers. The former was attributed to Dominica by Velez (1957:73). Iresine herbstii Hooker, zizier poule, a cultivated shrub with colored leaves was illustrated by Honychurch (1980:4) and Adjanohoun et al. (1985:43, pi. 9) from Dominica. Iresine diffusa Iresine diffusa Humboldt & Bonpland ex Willdenow, 1805, 4:765. — Shinners, 1962:141. Celosia paniculata Linnaeus, 1753:206. Iresine celosia Linnaeus, 1759a:1291, nom. superfl. Iresine celosioides Linnaeus, 1763:1456, nom. supierfl.? Iresine paniculata (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 1891, 2:542, non Poiret. Weedy annual herb with opposite leaves. Differs from other Dominican Amaranthaceae in having a loosely paniculate inflorescence of small (to 1 mm long) unisexual flowers and being dioecious. Neofropics; on Dominica in dry coastal woodlands: South Chiltem-Scotts Head {Hodge 1640), Roseau Valley Waterfalls {Hodge 2003), sine loc. {Eggers 64). Mears and Gillis (1977:63) called this species Iresine canescens Willdenow without mentioning the equally priorable name 1. diffusa accepted by Adams (1972:259) and other authors. Anacardiaceae Materials cited by Hodge (1954:20 and 28) as Rhus metopium or (gomme Tincense) are actually Protium attenua- tum (Rose) Urban of the Burseraceae. Metopium brownei (Jacquin) Urban and Metopium toxiferum (Linnaeus) Krug & Urban, dangerous contact-poison plants, do not occur in the Lesser Antilles. 1. Leaves compound Spondias 1. Leaves simple. 2. Leaves ovate, rounded to emarginate; fruit nut-like, curved, borne on an enlarged stalk .... Anacardium 2. Leaves lanceolate, acute; fruit a large drupe Mangifera Anacardium Linnaeus Introduced Anacardium excelsum (Kunth) Skeels, with a sigmoid fruit pedicel and 4 stamens, was collected April 1988 in flower and fruit from a 10 m tree in the Roseau Botanic Garden {Whitefoord 6119). Anacardium occidentale Anacardium occidentale Linnaeus, 1753:383. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964:286, pi. 130.— MitcheU & Mori, 1987:38. Cashew, wild almond, pomme noix. Spreading tree; leaves obovate; flowers reddish. Neotropics, often cultivated; apparently wild in Dominica but sometimes cultivated for fruit: Calibishie {Hodge 3135), Castle Bruce trail {Hodge 3344), Dublanc {Hodge 2519), Grand Savanne {Hodge 3789), Hatton Garden {Hodge 3060), Mahaut {Hodge 1307), Portsmouth {Hodge 660), Ridgefield {Hodge 2124), Salybia {Chambers 2633, Stehli 6410), between Salisbury and Mero {Ernst 1427, Stern & Wasshausen 2461). The fleshy firuit pedicel is edible raw. The leathery fruit coat has a caustic oil. The nut is edible after roasting (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:577). Mangifera Linnaeus Mangifera indica Mangifera indica Linnaeus, 1753:200. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964:288, pi. 131. — Adjanohoun et al., 1985:45, pi. 11. Mango. Tree; leaves elongate; fruit with soft and juicy flesh. Native of tropical Asia, widely cultivated for fruit; cultivated in Dominica: Clarke Hall {Wasshausen & Ayensu 302), Lisdara {Hodge 656), Marigot {Hodge 658), Milton {Hodge 2530). 22 Anacardiaceae — Annonaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Spondias Linnaeus Spondias mombin Spondias mombin Linnaeus, 1753:317. — ^Little & Wadsworth, 1964:294, pi. 134. Spondias lutea Linnaeus, 1762:613, nom. iUeg. Mombin, hog-plum. Tree to 13 m; leaves odd -pinnate, -7 pairs of leaflets; flowers fragrant, white; fruit a several-celled drupe. Pantropical; in lowlands of Dominica at south end of island; Badineau {Hodge 2222), Grand Bay {Ernst 1062), Ridgefield {Hodge 3899 on US specimen, probably in error), Salybia {Hodge 3341), South Chiltem {Ernst 1301, Hodge 3876). Fruits and leaves have several medicinal uses among Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:578 and Adjanohoun et al., 1985:45, pi. 12). Annonaceae Cananga odorata (Lamarck) J. Hooker & Thomson, the source of the perfume oil ylang-ylang, with yellow, elongated (>5 cm) petals, is planted at Macoucherie Estate {Chambers 2511) and at the Batali River bridge (DHN!). Monodora tenuifolia Bentham, the orchid flower tree, with showy yellow flowers marked with red (3 petals broad and spreading, 3 narrow and inflexed) is cultivated in the Roseau Botanic Gardens {Nicolson 4215). 1. Pedicel to 0.5 cm long Oxandra 1. Pedicel >1 cm long. 2. Carpels free in fruit; petals 6, strap-shaped Guatteria 2. Carpels united in fruit; petals 3 or if 6 then triangular. 3. Fruit various but not tuberculate and reticulate; petals not winged Annona 3. Fruit reticulate and tuberculate; 3 petals each with a conspicuous wing to 1 cm long Rollinia Annona Linnaeus 1. Leaves with hairy pockets (domatia) in axils of primary lateral veins at midrib; petals 6; fruit spiny A. muricata 1. Leaves without domatia; petals 3 or 6. 2. Petals 6; leaf thick-coriaceous, glabrous; fruit smooth A. glabra 2. Petals 3; leaf membranous, pubescent below; fruit smooth or tuberculate. 3. Fruit smooth, of slightly dented, completely fused carpels A. reticulata 3. Fruit tuberculate, of rounded, loosely cohering carpels A. squamosa Annona glabra Annona glabra Linnaeus, 1753:537. — Little et al., 1974:172, pi. 320. Annona palustris Linnaeus, 1762:757. Branching shrub to 3 m tall with yellowish white flowers and a smooth green fruit. Neotropics in wet places; in Dominica a dominant in sea-level swamp with Dalbergia or Pterocarpus: Cabrits Swamp {Ernst 1179, Hodge 397, Whitefoord 4057), Indian River (DHN!), Woodford Hill River (DHN!). Annona muricata Annona muricata Linnaeus, 1753:536. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964:100, pi. 37. Corossol, courasotte, soursop. Tree to 6 m; twigs pubescent; leaves light green beneath; fruit with large, curved spines. Native of West Indies but widely cultivated; in Dominica in the lowlands: Cabrits {Hodge 398, Nicolson 1884), Dublanc {Whitefoord 5203), Eden River near airport {Ernst 1680), Mt. Joy Estate {Nicolson 2124), Roseau {Morden 9), Salybia {Hodge 3092), South Chiltem {Stern & Wasshausen 2501). Emit used for juice or to flavor ice cream; leaves used medicinally (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:557, and Adjanohoun et al., 1985:47, pi. 13). Annona montana Macfadyen, a similar species, has short, straight fmit spines and glabrous terminal twigs, while A. muricata has pubescent branchlets. Annona reticulata Annona reticulata Linnaeus, 1753:537. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964:102, pi. 38. Custard apple, cachima, bullock’s heart, cachima langue boeuf. Small tree 5-10 m with smooth, shiny fruit with yellowish pulp. Native to West Indies but widely cultivated for fmit; in Dominica: Salisbury {Nicolson 4114), Salybia {Hodge 3338), South Chiltem {Hodge 165). Bark and leaves used medicinally by Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:558). Medicinal usages also reported by Ad- janohoun et al. (1985:46, pi. 14). Annona squamosa Annona squamosa Linnaeus, 1753:537. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964:104, pi. 39. Sweetsop, sugar apple. Small tree 5-8 m with tuberculate, glaucous fruit with sweet white pulp. West Indian species widely cultivated for fruit; in Dominica near sea: Pointe Michelle {Ramage s.n.), Portsmouth (DHN!). The leaves are used by the Caribs to brew a medicinal tea NUMBER 77 Annonaceae — Apiaceae 23 (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:558). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:49, pi. 15) reported use as a component of medicines. Guatteria Ruiz & Pavon, nom. cons. Guatteria caribaea Guatteria caribaea Urban, 1905, 4:240. — Fries, 1939:480. — Little et al., 1974:174, pi. 321. Guatteria ouregou sensu Grisebach, 1859:7, non Dunal. Cananga caribaea (Urban) Britton in Britton & WUson, 1924, 5:311. Mahaut noir, bois violin, bois anglais. Tree to 6 m with fragrant, cream-white flowers. Lesser Antilles to Puerto Rico; mid elevations in Dominica: Glasham (Nicolson 2122), Laudat {Hodge 2035), Pont Casse {Nicolson 1132, Wilbur 8147), Salybia {Hodge 3256), Sylvania {Hodge 1314), Syndicate {Hodge 2629, Whitefoord 5703). Used by Caribs for boards and rope fiber (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:558). Oxandra A. Richard Oxandra laurifolia Oxandra laurifolia (Swartz) A. Richard in Sagra, 1845, 10:20. — Little et al., 1974:178, pi. 323. Uvaria laurifolia Swartz, 1800:1001. Bois pian. Tree; leaves 8-19 cm long, villous when young, obscurely pellucid-dotted; berries long-stalked. Greater Antilles to Guadeloupe; in Dominica reported from provisionally determined sterile material {Taylor 28) by Hodge and Taylor (1957:559). Reputed useful for treatment of yaws (plans). Rollinia St. Hilaire RoUinia muscosa Rollinia muscosa (Jacquin) BaUlon, 1868:268. — Little et al., 1974:180, pi. 324. Annona muscosa Jacquin, 1764, 1:16. A small tree with brown pubescent twigs. West Indies and Central America; in midlands to mossy i forest in Dominica: Mome Micotrin {Wasshausen & Ayensu 335), Salybia-Hatton Garden Trail {Hodge 3358). 1. Plants erect; leaf-teeth spine-tipped; fruit papillate Eryngium 1. Plants creeping and rooting at nodes; leaves without spine-tipped teeth; fruit not papillate. 2. Leaves pubescent; involucre of 2 ovate bracts Centella 2. Leaves glabrous; involucre absent or inconspicuous Hydrocotyle Centella Linnaeus Centella asiatica Centella asiatica (Linnaeus) Urban in Martius, 1879, 11(1):287. — Adams, 1972:558. Hydrocotyle asiatica Linnaeus, 1753:234. Hydrocotyle erecta Linnaeus f., 1782:177. Centella erecta (Linnaeus f.) Femald, 1940:295. — Howard, 1989, 6:20. Leaves cordate at base, shallowly to coarsely serrate. Pantropical; cited for Dominica (with exclamation mark, indicating voucher seen) by Howard (l.c.). To be sought in wet places. Eryngium Linnaeus Eryngium foetidum Eryngium foetidumLirmaeus, 1753:232. Chardon beni. Glabrous rosette plants; leaves spiny-toothed; inflorescence an elongate head. Neotropics; a weed in Dominica, 50-400 m: Fond Baron {Ernst 1624), Ridgefield {Hodge 2155). Caribs make a cure-all tea from this foetid plant (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:594). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:147, pi. 114) reported medicinal uses. Hydrocotyle Linnaeus Hydrocotyle umbellata Linnaeus, with peltate leaves and simple umbels, and Hydrocotyle verticillata Thunberg, with peltate leaves and flowers verticillate along an interrupted axis, were cited for Dominica by Velez (1957:74) on the authority of Stehle. Apiaceae/Umbelliferae (by R. DeFilipps) I Cultivated Anethum graveolens Linnaeus, the dill or I’anise, j has leaves pinnatifid into filiform segments. It is used for i flavoring (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:594): Salybia {Hodge j 3290). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:147, pi. 113) reported I medicinal uses. I Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lamarck, 1789, 3:153. — Mathias & Constance in North Amer. H., 1944, 28B:55.— Eichler, miillS. Hydrocotyle rotundifol'ux Roxburgh, 1832, 2:88. — ^Mathias, 1936:220. Leaves ± orbicular, crenate, lobed. Introduced from Old World tropics; a tiny weed of damp places of Dominica: Bellevue {Stehle 6356), Sylvania {Hodge 662). 24 Apocynaceae SMITHSONIAN CON'i RIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Apocynaceae (by P. Boiteau and C. Sastre) Alstonia scholaris (Linnaeus) R. Brown, an Asiatic tree with leaves 5-10-whorled, was reported cultivated on Dominica by Monachino (1949:134). Beaumontia grandiflora (Roxburgh) Wallich, a Himalayan woody vine with large flowers (to 12 cm long), was collected in 1956: Antrim {Gates Clarke s.n.). Carissa macrocarpa (Ecklon) A.L. Candolle, an African thorny shrub with edible berry-like fruits, has been collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 973, 3907). It has corolla lobes overlapping to the left and obovate, eciliate sepals 5-6 mm long. Carissa edulis (ForsskSl) Vahl, another thorny shrub from Africa, with corolla lobes overlapping to the right and lanceolate, ciliate sepals 3 mm long, is commonly cultivated in the Lesser Antilles and may be expected in Dominica. Cerbera manghas Linnaeus from Malesia, with alternate leaves like Plumeria but differing by its acute and deciduous calyx lobes, has been collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 3886). Ervatamia, very similar to Tabernaemontana but differing by technical characters such as stigma as long as the style-head, flowers long- or short-styled in the same species, and anthers included in the corolla-tube, is often cultivated in Martinique and Guadeloupe but has not been collected on Dominica. Ervatamia coronaria (Jacquin) Stapf, with broadly lanceolate leaves 17 cm x 6 cm, is well known, especially in its triploid double-flowered forms, such as cv. Rosebay. Ervatamia pandacaqui (Poiret) Pichon (or Ervatamia cumingiana (A.L. Candolle) Markgraf), with leaves oblong-lanceolate leaves 9 cm X 2 cm, is also often cultivated in the French Islands. Leptopharyngia elegans (StapO Boiteau, sometimes treated in Tabernaemontana or Conopharyngia) from South Africa, flowered in the Roseau Botanic Garden in May 1940 {Hodge 3926, 3944). Nerium oleander Linnaeus, the oleander of the Mediterra- nean with linear to oblanceolate, 3-whorled leaves, has been collected from cultivation at Chattanooga Estate {Hodge 995). Thevetia peruviana (Persoon) K. Schumann from the neotropics, with alternate, linear leaves (<1 cm broad) and showy yellow flowers, is widely cultivated. It undoubtedly is grown in Dominica but has not yet been collected. Excluded Apocynaceae Rhabdadenia biflora (Jacquin) J. Mueller, widely distributed in the Caribbean area, was attributed to Dominica by Velez (1957:75), apparently based on the report “Guadeloupe to Trinidad” by Britton and Wilson (1925, 6:93). The species is restricted to mangrove habitat that is not on Dominica. Like Prestonia it is a twining climber but is easily distinguished by its obovate leaves and white flowers about 6 cm long. Apocynaceae Incertae Sedis The following cultivated specimens from Dominica (at GH) were not identified with certainty: Hodge 3949, Hodge 898 (collected as Kopsia fruticosa but with lateral inflorescences, cf. Holarrhena antidysenterica Wallich ex A.L. Candolle), Hodge 3917 (dubiously Tabernanthe iboga). 1. Leaves alternate but congested; branches thick-succulent Plumeria 1. Leaves opposite or whorled; branches normal. 2. Leaves whorled (opposite on occasional nodes). 3. Howers much >1 cm long Allamanda 3. Flowers <1 cm long Rauvolfia 2. Leaves strictly opposite. 4. Plants twining climbers Prestonia 4. Plants erect, not climbing. 5. Inflorescences in forks of branchings; leaves of a pair often unequal; fruit fleshy but finally dehis- cent; seeds arillate Tabernaemontana 5. Inflorescences axillary; leaves of a pair equal; fruit dry (follicular). 6. Perennial herbs or subshrubs; flowers pink or white, showy; seeds without plumose awn Catharanthus 6. Shrub or tree; flowers creamy, inconspicuous; seeds with plumose awn Funtumia Allamanda Linnaeus The generic spelling is Allamanda on page 146 of the Mantissa Altera (Linnaeus, 1771), but Allemanda elsewhere (p. 214, 576). Linnaeus named it for Frederic Allamand, referring to him as “Allemand.” We follow usage and diccepi Allamanda. Allamanda cathartica Allamanda cathartica Linnaeus, 1771:214, "Allemanda" . — Sakane & Shep- herd, 1986:130. Climbing shrub with large, bright yellow flowers; leaves usually 4 per node; calyx rather large; corolla funnel-shaped, the cylindric lower part 1. 5-3.0 cm long, the spreading upper part 3 cm X 2.5 cm, the lobes rounded; fruit capsular, echinate. Neotropical, now pantropically cultivated; frequently culti- | vated in Dominica and occasionally escaping: abandoned garden near Londonderry {Chambers 2617), Brantridge Estate near Pont Casse {Ernst 1809). Catharanthus G. Don Catharanthus roseus Catharanthus roseus (Linnaeus) G. Don, 1837, 4:95. — Steam 1966:196. Vinca rosea Linnaeus, 1759a:944. Lochnera rosea (Linnaeus) Reichenbach ex Spach, 1839, 8:526. Caca poule, kakuti or ualukuti (Carib). NUMBER 77 Apocynaceae 25 Perennial herb or subshrub to 1 m; leaves opposite, oblong to obovate, obtuse but minutely apiculate; corolla white or pink; follicles 3.0 cm X 0.2 cm. Madagascar, now pantropically cultivated; cultivated in Dominica and escaping along dry west coast: Coulibistri {Ernst 1405), Portsmouth (DHN!), Scotts Head village {Hodge 1608). Caribs make a medicinal tea from the leaves (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:597). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:49, pi. 16) gave more medicinal information and said that the species probably originated in the Americas (not Madagascar) before becoming pantropical. Funtumia Stapf Funtumia elastica Funtumia elastica (Preuss) Stapf, 1901. — Little et al., 1974:826, pi. 664. Kickxia elastica Preuss, 1899:353, pi. 1. Tree to 30 m; leaves opposite, oblong, shortly acuminate, attenuate at base, 16-18 cm x 5-7 cm; axillary cymes shortly peduncled. West Africa and cultivated there as a source of rubber; introduced into Dominica and apparently escaping: Red Gully {Hodge 2511), Sylvania {Hodge 3826), roadside between Sylvania and Springfield {Wasshausen & Ayensu 395). Plumeria Linnaeus Cultivated Plumeria rubra Linnaeus, the frangipani, native to Central and South America, with flat leaves >4 cm broad and many cultivars, is cultivated but apparently does not escape: Lisdara Estate {Hodge 672), Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 3954), between Sylvania and Springfield Estates in orange grove {Wasshausen & Ayensu 396). Plumeria alba Plumeria alba Linnaeus, 1753:210. — Woodson, 1938:216. — Little & Wad- sworth, 1964:460, pi. 217. Tree to 8 m with succulent, ± dichotomously branched stems; leaves alternate, terminal on branches, with strongly revolute margins, linear- lanceolate (25-30 cm x 3-4 cm); flowers fragrant, white with yellow eye, lobes ~1 cm broad. Puerto Rico through Grenada; occasional in Dominica on dry west coast to 50 m: Grand Savanne to St. Joseph {Ernst 1380, Nicolson 1940, Read 2007, Stern & Wasshausen 2434, Wilbur 8281). Prestonia R. Brown Prestonia quinquangularis Prestonia quinquangularis (Jacquin) Sprengel, 1825, 1:637. — Woodson in North Amer. H., 1938,29:181. Echites quinquangularis Jacquin, 1760:13. Haemadictyon venosum Lindley, 1826a:70, nom. Uleg. — Grisebach, 1862:413. Liana with lanceolate leaves 6-14 cm x 2-6 cm, acute to shortly acuminate, obtuse to rounded at base; inflorescence racemose; flowers yellow, ~2 cm long; calyx with scales opposite the lobes, the lobes to 2 mm long, usually ± reflexed. West Indies and northern South America; only once collected in Dominica, perhaps from cultivation: sine loc. {Imray 70 at K, confirmed by Dr. Boiteau in letter to editor dated 23 Apr 1976). Rauvolfia Linnaeus 1. Leaves 3-whorled, glabrous; lateral venation inconspicu- ous; wet midlands R. biauriculata 1. Leaves 4-whorled; lateral venation conspicuous; dry lowlands R. viridis Rauvolfia biauriculata Rauvolfia biauriculata!. Mueller, 1860:396, "Rauwolfui" . — ^Rao, 1956:338. Bois lait de montagne. Shrub or small tree to 9 m; leaves 3-whorled, glabrous, oblanceolate to obovate, lateral venation inconspicuous on both surfaces; corolla salverform, tube 4-6 mm, much longer than 1.5 mm lobes. Native only in Guadeloupe and Dominica; frequent in Dominica in interior 400-850 m: En Haut Jean {Webster 13510), Laudat-Freshwater Lake area {Chambers 2669, Eggers 674, Ernst 1785, Webster 13236), Lisdara {Hodge 2360), Mome Couronne {Ernst 1170), Pleasant Valley {Howard ?), Roche d’Or Estate {Wasshausen & Ayensu 404), Sylvania {Hodge 1112), Syndicate (DHN!). Flowering January-June. The original publication gave two erroneous localities: Dominican Republic or Santo Domingo (based on Ritter s.n. at W) and Trinidad (based on Sieber s.n. at W). The identifica- tions are correct but the first must have come from Dominica and the second also surely involves mislabeling. La Trinite of Martinique could be involved (cf. notes under Marcgravia trinitensis) but the xerophilous forest there is not a likely habitat. Rauvolfia viridis Rauvolfui viridis Roemer & Schultes, 1819, 4:805, "Rauwolfui’’ . — ^Rao, 1956:291, fig. 4. Rauvolfia lamarckii A.L. Candolle in A.R CandoUe, 1844, 8:337, "Rau- wolfia." Bois lait, milky bush. Shrub to 2 m; leaves quatemate, slightly anisophyllous, broadly ovate-elliptic, acute to acuminate, tapering at base, 5-15 cm X 3-5 cm; corolla tubular or narrowly urceolate, tube 2.0-2.5 mm long, equaling lobes. Puerto Rico through northern South America; frequent in Dominica along dry west coast from St. Joseph to the Cabrits: 26 Apocynaceae — Aquifoliaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Cabrits {Hodge 673, 674, 3719, Webster 13299, Whitefoord 3987), Canefield {Whitefoord 6096), Colihaut {Wilbur 8230), Grand Savanne {Ernst 1039, Hodge 3776, Stern & Wasshausen 2463, Wilbur 7652), Salisbury {Ernst 1434). Taber naemontana Linnaeus Tabernaemontana citrifolia Tabernaemontana citrifolia Linnaeus, 1753:210. — Little et al., 1974:832, pi. 667. Bois lait, milkwood. Shrub or small tree to 6 m; leaves opposite, ovate-obovate, acuminate, cuneate, 9-20 cm x 4-8 cm, glabrous; flowers white and fragrant; fruit green, fleshy, bursting open to show orange seeds with red, fleshy aril. Central America and Antilles (originally Lesser Antilles); common in Dominica below 200 m from windswept eastern coast to mesophytic areas of west coast, often in disturbed areas: Cabrit swamp {Hodge 675, Whitefoord 4001), Calibishie {Hodge 3160), Clarke Hall {Ernst 1440, Nicolson 1822, Stern & Wasshausen 305, 2410), La Plaine {Wilbur 8162), Lisdara {Cooper 186), Melville Hall {Ernst 1032), Ridgefield Estate {Hodge 2191), Salybia {Chambers 2629), sine loc. {Fishlock 34). Milky sap of twigs used by Caribs to allay pain in toothache (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:597). Aquifoliaceae Dr. T.R. Dudley (U.S. National Arboretum), long a student of Ilex, reviewed this and several of his comments were incorporated. Ilex Linnaeus This is a difficult genus. Loesener’s works, although monographic, are somewhat flawed by an overemphasis on extremes and ignoring of intermediates. The following treat- ment probably goes too far in emphasizing intermediates and ignoring extremes. I am particularly concerned that species treated here as excluded or dubious or not discussed may have been misidentified under 7. sideroxyloides. As Dr. Dudley commented, “The genus desperately awaits the attention of a [new] monographer.” Excluded Species or Dubious Records Ilex nitida (Vahl) Maximowicz was cited for Dominica by Hodge (1954:40), along with /. sideroxyloides, as a characteris- tic tree of the elfin woodland. It is possible that Dr. Hodge meant to cite 7. macfadyenii, which is a characteristic tree of the summits. This species is similar to 7. sideroxyloides but has larger, often subserrate leaves, is 4(-5)-merous rather than (4-)5-7-merous, usually has shorter pedicels and a flatter stigma. Dr. Dudley agrees that there is no evidence that 7. nitida occurs on Dominica. Ilex guianensis (Aublet) Kuntze was attributed to Dominica by Grisebach (1860:147) under the synonym Ilex macoucoua Persoon, based on an Imray collection (non vidi). Dr. Dudley advises me that Eggers 643 (non vidi) is mixed, one specimen (G) being 7. sideroxyloides and one (W) being 7. guianensis. I have so much difficulty understanding this and similar species that I prefer to regard these, the only records of this species in the Lesser Antilles, as dubious and hope that a monographer or reviser will clarify this and other problems. 1. Leaves serrate (teeth to 2.5 mm), long-acuminate, membra- nous; inflorescence (or flower) solitary in leaf axils 7. macfadyenii 1. Leaves entire; obtuse to short-acuminate, coriaceous; inflorescences (or flowers) several in leaf axils I. sideroxyloides Ilex macfadyenii Ilex macfadyenii (Walp)ers) Rehder, 1922:215. — Little et al., 1974:448, pi. 461. Prinos montanus Swartz, 1788:58. Prinos lanceolatus Macfadyen, 1837:206, ncm J. HiU. Prinos macfadyenii Walpers, 1842, 1:541. Ilex montana (Swartz) Grisebach, 1860:147, non Toney & Gray ex Gray. Ilex montana var. lanceolata Grisebach, 1860:147. Ilex montana var. occidentalis Loesenerin Urban, 1892:313. Ilex macfadyenii var. occidentalis (Loesener) Moscoso, 1943:33 1. The typical element of the species appears to be restricted to the Greater Antilles and Mexico and does not occur in the Lesser Antilles. It has thicker leaves on shorter petioles, fewer and smaller teeth, the leaf apices are not so strikingly acuminate, and the floral pedicels are much branched. Bomstein (in Howard, 1989, 5:110) discussed but didn’t recognize infraspecific taxa, including this. Ilex macfadyenii subsp. ovata (Grisebach) Nicolson, comb. nov. Ilex montana var. ovata Grisebach, 1860:147. Ilex montana var. orientalis Loesenerin Urban, 1892:313. Ilex macfadyenii var. caribaea Stehle & Quentin in Stehl6 et al., 1937, 1 :175. Ti citron. Glabrous shrub or tree to 2.5 m; twigs reddish purple; petiole to 2.8 cm long; leaves membranous, elliptic -lanceolate or ovate, serrate with teeth to 2.5 mm long, long-acuminate; inflorescences or flowers solitary in axils; fruit black. St. Kitts, Nevis, Guadeloupe, Martinique; on summits or in exposed montane or elfin woodlands of Dominica, 900-1425 m: Boiling Lake {Hodge 1942, Whitefoord 5470), Mome Anglais {Wilbur 7949), Mome Diablotins {Chambers 2646, Wasshausen & Ayensu 417, Webster 13357), Mome Nicholls {Nicolson 1951), Mome Trois Pitons {Ernst 1217, 1223), sine loc. {Eggers 855, Fishlock 6). NUMBER 77 Aquifoliaceae — Araliaceae 27 Ilex sideroxyloides Ilex sideroxyloides (Swartz) Grisebach, 1857:224. — Little et al., 1974:454, pi. 464. Prinos sideroxyloides Swartz, 1788:58. Ilex occidenlalis sensu Macfadyen, 1837:204 [not as to type: nom. Uleg., renaming of I. obcordata Swartz (1788), cited in synonymy]. Ilex sideroxyloides war. occidenlalis Loesenerin Urban, 1899, 1:345. Ti citron, ti citron montaigne, bois foumi, coco poule. Glabrous shrub to canopy tree to 3 m dbh; leaves coriaceous, entire, of variable shape, obtuse, retuse, acute or short- acuminate at apex; inflorescences or flowers several per axil; fruits turning red. Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and most of volcanic Lesser Antilles; widely distributed in Dominica from dry coastal woodlands (30 m) to summits (1400 m): north and east coast (to 200 m) from Vieille Case to Delices — {Beard 239, 1417, Ernst 1367, 1371, 1559, 1834, Hodge 3023, 3215, Stehli 6097, 6392, Whitefoord 5390); interior peaks and westerly slopes from Syndicate Estate to Soufriere — {Chambers 2647, 2650, Cooper 191, Eggers 20, Ernst 1108, 1166, 1218, Hodge 647, 1065, 1407, 1494, 2049, 2090, 2277, 2718, 2850, Lloyd 482, 768, Nicolson 2093, Smith 10253, Stern & Wasshausen 2506, 2571, Webster 13261, 13371, 13371, Whitefoord 3777, 4414, Wilbur 7388, 8302). This is an extremely variable species with many varieties and forms recognized, mainly based on leaf shape and size. The characters overlap in a large series of collections like this. Only one seems almost worthy of comment, /. sideroxyloides f. eggersii Loesener (1901:354), which has suborbiculate leaves only to 3.5 cm long and is restricted to summits {Chambers 2647, Ernst 1218, Hodge 1407, 1065, Webster 13371, Wilbur 8203), but even here gradations and other collections from the same localities suggest the taxon does not warrant recognition. The larger-leaved and taller forms occur at lower elevations, extending to the littoral at Vieille Case (teste Beard 1417). Dr. T.R. Dudley advised me that he recognized two varieties from Dominica as differentiated by the following key: 1. Flowers all or mostly solitary and axillary or borne singly in leafless axils near base of present year’s branchlets . . var. occidenlalis 1. Rowers all or mostly fasciculate and axillary var. sideroxyloides Dr. Dudley also recognizes only two specimens as 7. sideroxyloides var. occidentalis Loesener, the rest being I. sideroxyloides var. sideroxyloides. These are Lloyd 757 (NY, non vidi) from Imperial Road near Trois Pitons and Stehli 6398 (US) from the Carib Reserve. The Stehle specimen and other Dominica specimens appear to exhibit two aspects of flowering, at least so far as the pistillate materials are concerned. Rowers are borne on new i shoots arising in leaf (persistent) axils of the previous years’ 1 wood (two, even three years old). In some cases an axillary new I shoot remains short (<0.5 cm long), leafless, and bears several flowers, giving rise to the condition called “flowers fasciculate and axillary.” In other cases, even on the same specimen (as Stehli 6398), an axillary new shoot elongates (to 10 cm), bearing leaves without flowers at the upper end and a few, solitary flowers, not subtended by leaves, near the base, giving rise to the condition called “flowers borne singly in leafless axils near base of present year’s branchlets.” In short, I believe the situation involving solitary, leafless flowers borne at the base of this year’s shoots is an aspect of var. sideroxyloides rather than var. occidentalis. This does not mean I reject var. occidentalis, defined as having solitary, axillary flowers, only that I do not find that this variety occurs on Dominica. Araliaceae (by R. DeFilipps) Cultivated Polyscias cumingiana (Presl) Fernandez- Villar, including Polyscias filicifolia (E. Fournier) L.H. Bailey, teste Lowry et al. (1989:7), an ornamental shrub with pinnately compound leaves often used in hedges, was reported as used to ease childbirth as an infusion by Adjanohoun et al. (1985:51, pi. 18). Ed. Note: Panax and its compounds {Didymopanax, Oreopanax, etc.) have been treated in all genders. Article 76.2(a) of the ICBN states that “modem compounds ending in ... -panax, ... and other maseuline words are masculine irrespective of the fact that . . . [they] were originally treated as neuter by their authors.” 1. Leaves simple; flowers and fmits sessile . . . Oreopanax 1. Leaves palmately compound; flowers and fmits pedicellate Schefflera Oreopanax Decaisne & Planchon 1. Leaves entire, glabrous O. capitatus 1. Leaves palmately lobed, stellate-pubescent below O. dussii Oreopanax capitatus Oreopanax capitatus (Jacquin) Decaisne & Planchon, 1854:108. — A.C. Smith in North Am. FI., 1944, 28B:36. Aralia capitata Jacquin, 1760:18. Sciadophyllum capitatum (Jacquin) Grisebach, 1860:306. Shrub or tree to 15 m (epiphytic?); leaves ovate; inflores- cences stellate-pubescent. Neotropics; occasional in Dominica in midland rainforest, 450-800 m; Bells road {Whitefoord 6156), Lisdara {Hodge 2374), Mome Cola Anglais {Webster 13422), Mome Micotrin {Ernst 1734), Syndicate (DHN!). Young flowers in March, fruits in late June. 28 Arauaceae — Asclepiadaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Oreopanax dussii Oreopanax dussii Krug & Urban ex Duss, 1897:322. Tree to 6 m; leaves 5-7-lobed. Guadeloupe, Martinique; summits of Dominica above 1000 m: Mome Diablotins {Nicolson 4173), Mome Micotrin (Nicolson 1977). New record for Dominica. Very young flowers in November, fruits in late May. Schefflera J.R. & J.G. Forster Schefflera attenuata Schefflera attenuata (Swartz) Frodin, 1989 [Nov]:315. — Howard, 1989 [Dec], 6:14. Panax attenuatus Swartz, 1788:54, "attentuata." Didymopanax attenuatus (Swartz) Marchal in Martius, 1878, 1 1 (1 ):234. — A.C. Smith in North Amer. H., 1944, 28B:13. Aralie montagne. Glabrous shrub or tree to 12 m; leaflets 3-6, ovate, acuminate. Lesser Antilles; co-dominant with kaklin (Clusia mangle) near summits of Dominica, 750-1350 m: Boiling Lake {Beard 247), Mome Anglais {Wilbur 7934), Mome Diablotins {Hodge 2817, Wasshausen & Ayensu 414), Mome Micotrin vicinity {Chambers 2573, Ernst 1093, 1714, Eggers 625, Fosberg 48282, Smith 10251, Stern Wasshausen 2573, Webster 13243, Whitefoord 5150, Wilbur 8199, 8252), Mome Trois Pitons {Chambers 2590, Hodge 661, 1422, Nicolson 1816, Wilbur 8083), Mosquito Mountain {Webster 13532). Eggers 625 was distributed under a misidentification, Didymopanax glabratus. Aristolochiaceae (by R. DeFilipps) Aristolochia Linnaeus Aristolochia anguicida Jacquin has cordate leaves and flowers to 2.5 cm long. It occurs in neotropics and was questionably referred to Dominica by Hodge and Taylor (1957:598). Aristolochia trilobata Aristolochia trilobata Linnaeus, 1753:960. Liana; leaves trilobate, glabrous above, puberulent below, to 15 cm wide; the petaloid calyx brown with purple stripes, bilobate, the lower lobe ending in a filiform extension 8-20 cm long; fmit a capsule. New World tropics; in Dominica near east coast at 300 m: La Plaine (Mome Jaune) {Narodny s.n.), Salybia {Hodge 3198). It is possible that this spectacular species is introduced. Medicinal usages were reported by Adjanohoun et al. (1985:53, pi. 19). Asclepiadaceae 1. Plants erect. 2. Leaves petiolate; corolla lobes deflexed, red/yellow or cream Asclepias 2. Leaves sessile and clasping; corolla lobes spreading, violet Calotropis 1. Plants twining. 3. Venation pinnate; leaves acute to rounded at base. 4. Leaf-blade >4 cm long; inflorescence stalked, cymose Marsdenia 4. Leaf-blade <3 cm long; inflorescence ± sessile, + umbellate Metastelma 3. Venation palmate at base; leaves tmncate to cordate at base. 5. Plants glabrous; leaves tmncate; inflorescence stalked Gonolobus 5. Plants pubescent; leaves cordate; inflorescence ± sessile Matelea Asclepias Linnaeus Asclepias physocarpa (E. Meyer) Schlechter, with white flowers and inflated, softly bristly fmits, is cultivated at Baiac {Whitefoord 4224). Asclepias curassavica Asclepias curassavica Linnaeus, 1753:215. — Woodson, 1954:60. Asclepias nivea var. curassavica (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 1891, 2:418. — Schlechter in Urban, 1899, 1:243. Erect herb with elliptic -lanceolate leaves; flowers showy, umbellate, with crimson, deflexed corolla and yellow, erect hoods, each hood with an inner, basal horn that arches over the gynostegium; fruit smooth, fusiform. Ubiquitous in neotropics; a weed in Dominica from 1(X)-6(X) m: Calibishie {Wilbur 8307), Delices {Whitefoord 3775), Fond Baron {Ernst 1603), Hatton Garden {Hodge 3053), Mt. Joy {Hodge 1265), South Chiltem {Hodge 1476), Sylvania {Cooper 64, Hodge 1145). The root used for a febrifuge by Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:597). Calotropis R. Brown Calotropis procera Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T Alton, 1811, 2:78. Asclepias procera Aiton, 1789, 1:305. — ^WiUdenow, 1797, 1:1263. Tall herb with sessile, obovate, glaucous leaves <2x longer than broad; bud globular; flowers umbellate, violet; coronal spurs not recurved. Dry areas of West Africa and South Asia, introduced and naturalizing; reported for Dominica by Velez (1957:75) on the authority of Britton. NUMBER 77 Asclepiadaceae — Asteraceae 29 This questionable record is included because I remember seeing it growing as a weed along the highway north of Roseau. It is possible that the other species, C. gigantea, occurs, although I have seen only one specimen from the West Indies (Barbados). It has ovoid buds, reflexed coronal basal spurs, and the leaves are usually >2x longer than broad. Gonolobus R. Brown Gonolobus martinicensis Gonolobus nu2rtinicensisT>ccaisnem A.P. CandoUe, 1844, 8:595. — Schlechter in Urban, 1899, 1:285. Gonolobus scandens Urban, 1919c:151, nom. iUeg. Vine with palmately veined leaves, blade to 10 cm x 4 cm, ± cordate; flowers ± racemose, peduncle longer than petioles; corolla lobes glabrous, green. St. Vincent, Guadeloupe and Martinique; common in Dominica in disturbed areas at middle elevations: En Haut Jean (Webster 13505), Grande Baie {Eggers s.n.), Laudat {Eggers 1100), sine loc. {Ramage s.n., Mar. 1882). Urban (1919c: 151) considered he was making a new combination based on “Periploca scandens" Aublet (1775, 2(Tabl. Nom. Lat.):23). Study of this and its reference to page 273 satisfies me that this is not a validly published binomial with an epithet (what Linnaeus and Aublet called a “nomen triviale”) but a one-word abbreviation of the “nomen specifi- cum legidmum” (what we loosely call a polynomial) of cited Periploca [Americana] scandens, foliis convolvuli; fructu alato Plumier ex Toumefort (1700:93; Plumier, 1703, Cat. 2). Gonolobus scandens Urban is a superfluous renaming of G. martinicensis Decaisne, cited in Urban’s synonymy. Marsdenia R. Brown Marsdenia dussii Marsdenia dussii SchltchttT in Urban, 1899, 1:275. — Roihe, 1915:425. Vine with pinnately veined leaves; blades to 13 cm x 6 cm; inflorescence cymose with small, white flowers; corolla 0.4 cm long; staminal scales only equaling the anthers, not divided. Rare; previously known only from a single Martinique collection; in rainforest of Dominica -570 m: near Pont Casse {Ernst 1810). Matelea Aublet Matelea maritima Matelea maritima (Jacquin) Woodson, 1941:222. Asclepias maritima Jacquin, 1760:17. Cynanchum maritimum (Jacquin) Jacquin, 1763:83, pi. 56. Ibatia maritima (Jacquin) Decaisne in A.R CandoUe, 1844, 8:599. Ibatia muricata Grisebach, 1862:421. Pubescent climber with deeply cordate, palmately veined leaves; inflorescence ± sessile, flowers greenish, small; fruit muricate. Hispaniola through northern South America; in dry areas of Dominica: Grand Savanne {Ernst 1889, 2126). Metastelma R. Brown Metastelma parviflorum Metastelma parviflorum (Swartz) R. Brown ex Schultes in Roemer & Schultes, 1820, 6:120.— -Schlechter in Urban, 1899, 1:246. Cynanchum parviflorum Swartz, 1788:53. — ^Liogier, 1963:191. — Whitefoord, 1989:147. Metastelma suberosum Grisebach, 1862:417. Small climber with apiculate, opposite or whorled, pinnately veined leaves; flowers umbellate, very small, whitish; gynoste- gium long-stipitate. Puerto Rico through northern South America; in drier places of Dominica: Portsmouth {Whitefoord 5298), sine loc. {Imray 77atK). asteraceae/Compositae It is vital to understand the composite nature of what appears to be a “flower” in Asteraceae. In a typical radiate head (“flower”) what looks like a calyx (sepals) is an involucre (bracts), what looks like petals (corolla) are ligulate ray-florets, and what looks like the center of the “flower” is composed of tubular disk-florets. Each of the supposed petals or central organs is a floret. Herbs or shrubs; leaves opposite or alternate, sometimes radical, simple to compound; venation pinnate or 3-veined (with at least 3 major veins arising at or near leaf blade base); stipules absent; typical inflorescence a head (capitulum) enclosed in 1-more series of involucral bracts (phyllaries) with flowers (florets) on a common receptacle, floral bracts on receptacle reduced to bristles or scales (pales) or absent; florets gamopetalous with three corolla types: (1) tubular (disk-floret), with elongate tube and spreading teeth, (2) ligulate (ray-floret), with short tube and elongate, strap-shaped limb with 0-5 teeth or, rarely, (3) bilabiate, with elongate tube, a 3-lobed upper and 2-lobed lower lip; heads of three basic types: (1) discoid, with all florets tubular, (2) radiate, with outer florets ligulate and inner florets tubular, or (3) ligulate, with all florets ligulate; heads also characterized by floret sex, e.g., homogamous, with all florets same sex (bisexual, pistillate, or staminate) or heterogamous, with some florets sexually different from others; calyx (pappus) none or superior, of capillary bristles (hairs) or scales (pales); corolla superior, of types described above as florets; stamens 5, epipetalous, alternate with petals, with anthers basifixed and connate (syngenesious), simple or tailed at base; pistil 1, inferior, unilocular with 1 basal ovule; style 2-branched (unbranched in neuter florets); fruit an achene, crowned by pappus (capillary bristles or pales), if any. 30 Asteraceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY I am grateful to Dr. H.E. Robinson who helped with the key and in other ways. Cultivated Genera of Asteraceae Artemisia absinthium Linnaeus and Artemisia vulgaris Linnaeus were cited as cultivated in the Antilles by Ad- janohoun et al. (1985:71, pi. 37-38), suggesting both are on Dominica (new records, if true). Ayapana triplinervis (Vahl) King & Robinson was attributed to Dominica as Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl by Velez (1957:81), extrapolated from Britton and Wilson’s citation (1925, 6:289), “Martinique; Guadeloupe.” It has been culti- vated on the French Islands and escaped but no material from Dominica has been seen. It has opposite, entire, lanceolate leaves tapering to a subsessile base. However, Adjanohoun et al. (1985:81, pi. 48) reported it as widely cultivated for its medicinal usages, another new record for Dominica if there. Cosmos caudatus Kunth, with pink ligules, was reported by Domin (1930d:79) as collected by Imray. Cosmos sulphureus Cavanilles, with yellow or orange ligules, was reported by Adjanohoun et al. (1985:75, pi. 42). These have opposite, pinnatisect leaves and beaked achenes with barbed awns. Helianthus annuus Linnaeus, the sunflower, may be culti- vated on Dominica but no specimens have been seen. It has alternate, dentate and rough leaves and a large head 30 or more cm across. Launaea intybacea (Jacquin) Beauverd is reported as “occasionally met in the Lesser Antilles” by Adjanohoun et al. (1985:85, pi. 51). This, if true for Dominica, would be a new record for the island. Tagetes erecta Linnaeus (African marigold) was reported as collected by Domin (1930d:79). Tagetes patula Linnaeus (French marigold) was illustrated by Adjanohoun et al. (1985:91, pi. 58). These species have opposite or alternate, pinnatisect leaves and connate involucral bracts. Howard (1989, 6:601) treated these as synonyms. Zinnia elegans Jacquin was collected in cultivation by Domin (1930d:73). This and other cultivated zinnias have opposite, sessile, and entire leaves. Excluded Genera of Asteraceae Borrichia arborescens (Linnaeus) A.R Candolle was attrib- uted to Dominica by Velez (1957:80). No collections have been seen and it is unlikely that this shrubby coastal calciphile (with opposite, entire, oblanceolate leaves) survives on Dominica. Helenium quadridentatum Labillardiere was credited to Dominica by Adjanohoun et al. (1985:83, pi. 49) but no material has been seen. Lagascea mollis Cavanilles was attributed to Dominica as Nocca mollis (Cavanilles) Jacquin by Velez (1957:80), extrapolated from Britton and Wilson’s citation (1925, 6:300), “Anguilla to Barbados.” Although it is weedy, the few collections made on the French islands indicate that it is introduced and rare there. No collections from Dominica have been seen. Its leaves are generally opposite. Like Rolandra it has 1 -flowered heads gathered in head-like glomerules but, unlike Rolandra, with a pseudo-involucre. The true involucral bracts are partly united. 1. Leaves opposite. 2. Pappus bristles with prominent retrorse barbs Bidens 2. Pappus without retrorse barbs. 3. Leaves compound or deeply pinnatifid Ambrosia 3. Leaves simple. 4. Fruits spiny, at least one large terminal spine hooked Acanthospermum 4. Fruits not spiny. 5. Leaf margins, near base, pectinate (with elongate bristles); lower leaf surface with large, dark glandular “dots” Pectis 5. Leaf margins not pectinate; lower surface without glandular “dots” or, if any, then inconspicuous. 6. Heads with receptacular bracts (pales, sometimes bristles); heads heterogamous (outer florets female or neuter), corollas often yellow. - 7. Heads conspicuously radiate (ray-florets longer than involucre). 8. Pappus of many plumose, capillary bristles Tridax 8. Pappus lacking or a cup of united scales. 9. Involucral bracts erect, longer than achenes and receptacular pales Wedelia 9. Involucral bracts deflexing, shorter than achenes and receptacu- lar pales Wulffia 7. Heads inconspicuously radiate (ray-florets shorter than involucre). NUMBER 77 Asteraceae 31 10. Heads sessile in leaf axils; ray-achenes with prominent, dentate lateral wings Synedrella 10. Heads stalked; ray-achenes without dentate lateral wings. 1 1 . Heads many, in corymbose panicles Clibadium 11. Heads few (1-3), often on long peduncles. 12. Petioles >1 cm long; involucre multiseriate; achenes with many capillary setae Melanthera 12. Petioles <1 cm long; involucre 1-2-seriate; achenes with few or no awns. 13. Receptacle with bristle-like pales Eclipta 13. Receptacle with broad pales. 14. Leaves glabrous; receptacle columnar in fruit Acmella 14. Leaves pubescent; receptacle nearly flat . . Galinsoga 6. Heads without receptacular bracts (receptacle sometimes with short hairs); heads homogamous (only bisexual, disciform florets); corollas never yellow. 15. Leaves pinnately veined; lamina with internal resinous “dots,” seen as pale against light Critonia 15. Leaves 3-veined from near base, without resinous “dots.” 16. Pappus of 5 scales (awned in ours) . Ageratum 16. Pappus of many capillary bristles. 17. Climbers; heads with 4 major bracts enclosing 4 florets Mikania 17. Erect or lax herbs; heads with >4 bracts and 4 florets. 18. Involucral bracts dark-tipped, none spreading with age or drying, all finally deciduous Chromolaena 18. Involucral bracts concolored, at least outer bracts spreading with age or dr>'ing, persistent. 19. Plants pubescent, particularly on stems; achene bases asymmetric. 20. Leaves much longer than wide; involucre with 15 bracts in 3 ranks; receptacles flat, naked; corolla limbs abruptly expanded Condylidium 20. Leaves about as wide as long; involucre with >15 bracts, not ranked; receptacles strongly convex, hirsute Hebeclinum 19. Plants glabrous; achene bases symmetric. 21. Lax herbs; corolla lobes papillose inside; apical anther appendages longer than wide .... Fleischmannia 21. Erect herbs; corolla lobes not papillose inside; apical anther appendages broader than long Koanophyllon 1. Leaves alternate or basal. 22. Rorets all ligulate with 5 lobes; sap usually milky. 23. Heads small (-5 mm long); inflorescence much longer than leafy part of plant; achenes ± terete Youngia 23. Heads longer; inflorescence much shorter than leafy part of plant; achenes flattened. 24. Achenes narrowed or beaked at apex; leaves unlobed Lactuca 24. Achenes truncate at apex; leaves lyrate Sonchus 22. Rorets not ligulate with 5 lobes; sap usually clear. 25. Female heads armed with hooked spines in fruit Xanthium 25. Heads not armed with hooked spines in fruit. 32 Asteraceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 26. Inflorescence compounded of multiple involucrate heads (with secondary heads). 27. Compounded heads spheroidal; leaves petiolate, whitish beneath; pappus short, without awns Rolandra 27. Compounded heads not spheroidal; leaves tapered to ± sessile base, not white beneath; pappus of 5 long bristles. 28. Pappus awns straight; secondary heads subtended by broad bracts Elephantopus 28. Pappus awns contorted; secondary heads not subtended by extremely broad bracts Pseudelephantopus 26. Heads not compounded. 29. Heads with receptacular bracts (pales) among the florets. 30. Pappus of many capillary bristles Neurolaena 30. Pappus of scales, awns, or lacking. 31. Heads solitary; peduncles swollen below heads Tithonia 31. Heads in branching panicles; peduncles not swollen below heads. 32. Marginal florets only fertile (setting achenes); achenes attached to a pair of male florets and their pales, without lateral wings or apical awns Parthenium 32. Florets all fertile (setting achenes); achenes not forming com- plexes with adjacent florets, with marginal wings and apical awns Verbesina 29. Heads without receptacular bracts (pales) among the florets. 33. Pappus without capillary bristles. 34. Heads axillary; leaves finely serrate; pappus a smooth collar Struchium 34. Heads terminal, subtended by several leaves; leaves coarsely dentate or lobed; pappus deciduous, lacking, or a serrulate fringe. 35. Heads closely subtended by leafy bracts; achenes prismatic; pappus deciduous or lacking Centratherum 35. Heads not closely subtended by leafy bracts; achenes biconvex; pappus a short, serrulate collar Egletes 33. Pappus of many capillary bristles. 36. Involucre 1-seriate. 37. Heads solitary, >1 cm long; leaves entire Porophyllum 37. Heads in branching cymes or corymbs, much shorter; leaves lyrate to dentate. 38. Heads conspicuously radiate Senecio 38. Heads without ray-florets (all florets disciform). 39. Involucre without bracteoles; all florets bisexual . . Emilia 39. Involucre subtended by linear bracteoles; outer florets pistillate Erechtites 36. Involucre 2-5-seriate. 40. Heads few or solitary; leaves in a basal rosette; female florets with ligulate limbs. 41. Leaves lobed or dentate; achenes prismatic and beaked; disk florets slightly bilabiate Chaptalia 41. Leaves entire; achenes biconvex, not beaked; disk florets not bilabiate Erigeron 40. Heads numerous in complex inflorescences; none of florets with ligulate limbs. 42. Heads heterogamous (2 types of florets in each head). 43. Heads small (to 0.5 mm long); achenes biconvex Conyza NUMBER 77 Asteraceae 33 43. Heads larger (to 1 cm long); achenes prismatic . . Pluchea 42. Heads homogamous (only 1 type of floret in each head). 44. Leaves 3-veined; plants dioecious Baccharis 44. Leaves pinnately veined; plants monoecious . . . Vernonia Acanthospermum Schrank Acanthospermum hispidum Acanthospermum hispidum A.R CandoUe, 1836, 5:522. — Blake, 1921:386. Annual pubescent herbs; leaves to 3 cm long, opposite, obscurely serrate, gradually tapered to base; heads axillary, sessile; involucre double, outer 5 bracts herbaceous and inner bracts becoming burr-ltke, each enclosing an achene; receptacle with pales; ray-florets yellowish, few and inconspicuous; disk-florets appearing bisexual but sterile; pappus 0; firuits (achene enclosed in involucral bract) armed with 2 elongated terminal spines and marginal hooks. Widely spread neotropical weed from U.S.A. to Argentina, now Africa and Hawaii; collected as “uncommon” in Domin- ica; Roseau city limits {King 6290). Acmella L. Richard Acmella uliginosa Acmella uliginosa (Swartz) Cassini in Cuvier, 1822,24:331. — ^Jansen, 1985:55. Spilanlhes uliginosa Swartz, 1788:110. — A. Moore, 1907:537. — Domin, mOAll. Small annual herbs; leaves opposite, lanceolate to narrowly ovate, serrulate; heads long-peduncled, terminal or in upper axils; involucral bracts 5-6, 1-seriate; receptacle elongated, pales stramineous, enclosing and longer than achenes but finally deciduous; ray-florets female, yellow, ± equaling involucre; disk-florets yellow, 4-merous, bisexual; achenes black, compressed, ciliate on both margins, pappus 2-awned. Widespread in tropics; in disturbed areas of Dominica in wet places: Goodwill {Eggers 74), Grand Fond {King 6375), Pont Casse {Chambers 2716), Portsmouth {Hodge 722), Rosalie Bay {Wilbur 8331), Soufriere {Lloyd 473), Sylvania {Hodge 721). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:91, pi. 57) reported medicinal usage (as Spilanlhes uliginosa). Ageratum Linnaeus Ageratum conyzoides Ageratum conyzoides Linnaeus, 1753:839. — Domin, 1930d:63. — M.F. John- son, 1971:26. Bouton. Herb; leaves opposite; florets mauve or white, all tubular (disk); involucre multiseriate; receptacle naked; achenes 5- ribbed, black with 5 (awned in ours) scales. Pantropical weed; common in Dominica in low to middle elevations: Bellevue {King 1603), Cabrit Swamp {Hodge 751), Carib Reserve {Hodge 3394), Fond Baron Estate {King 6299), Freshwater Lake road {Chambers 2674, 2675), Laudat {Hodge 1805, 1806, King 6386), Lisdara {Hodge 755, 2337), Marigot {Hodge 752), Mount Joy {Hodge 1270, 1274), Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2681), Pont Casse {Ernst 1236, Hodge 1200, King 6350), Portsmouth {Hodge 754), Ridgefield {Hodge 2185), Roseau {Hodge 753, King 6289, Lloyd 556), South Chiltem {Ernst 1321, Hodge 750, 1452), Springfield {King 6340), Sylvania {Cooper 2, 77, Hodge 750), Syndicate {Chambers 2655, Whitefoord 3606), Tete Mome {King 6323). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:67, pi. 33) reported medicinal use of infusions and decoctions. Several collectors comment that white- and blue-flowered phases occur in the same populations without intermediates. The species is sometimes confused with Fleischmannia microstemon but in that the achenes are topped by a capillary pappus, not scales. Ambrosia Linnaeus 1. Plants creeping; lower leaves tripinnatifid ... A. hispida 1. Plants erect; lower leaves bipinnatifid ... A. peruviana Ambrosia hispida Ambrosia hispida Pursh, 1814:743. — Domin, 1930d:59. Hispid, monoecious herbs; leaves alternate, finely lobed; pistillate heads clustered, 1 -flowered, usually armed with 4-8 tubercles or spines, corolla 0, stamens 0, pappus 0; staminate heads many-flowered, dense on undivided racemes, corolla tubular; achenes black. Weed of Caribbean strands, sometimes cultivated; on Dominica: sine loc. {Nicholls 11 cited by Domin, l.c., not seen). An infusion is used by Caribs as a vermifuge and febrifuge (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:614). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:69, pi. 35) confirmed this. Ambrosia peruviana Ambrosia peruviana Willdenow, 1805, . Ambrosia paniculata sensu auctt., non Michaux, nom. superfl. pro Iva monophylla Walter [= A. artemisiifolia Linnaeus]. — Stehle, 1954b:77. Ambrosia paniculata var. peruviana (WUldenow) O. Schulz in Urban, 1911, 7:87. Ambrosia cumanensis Kunth, 1820, 4:216. — Domin, 1930d:59. Ambrosia paniculata var. cumanensis (Kunth) O. Schulz in Urban, 191 1, 7:86. Pubescent, erect plant; leaves less finely divided; male heads 34 Asteraceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY lax on usually branched inflorescences. Caribbean into northern South America; apparently rarely collected on Dominica: Bataka (Hodge 3190, Stehli 6388), Rosehill (Eggers 503). Caribs cultivate this for a febrifuge tea (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:614). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:69, pi. 36) mentioned use in bath against evil magic. Plants with long hairs and more divided upper leaves are sometimes referred to A. cumanensis. Baccharis Linnaeus Baccharis pedunculata Baccharis pedunculata (Miller) Cabrera, 1959:240. — Cualrecasas, 1968:48. Conyza pedunculata Miller, 1768. Eupatorium cotinifolium'Willde.now, 1794:11; 1803,3:1769. Baccharis speciosa A.P. Candolle, 1836, 5:399. — Grisebach, 1861:366. Baccharis cotinifolia (WiUdenow) Urban, 1903, 3:406. — Domin, 1930d:69; Stehle, 1954b:74. Branching dioecious shrub to 2 m; leaves alternate, coriaceous, 3-veined, 8-14 cm x 3-6 cm, apex shortly acuminate to mucronate, base cuneate; inflorescence corym- bose, terminal; involucral bracts in 4-5 series; heads with whitish pistillate or functionally staminate flowers; pappus copious, longer on fertile than sterile flowers. Widespread in South America, north into Central America and Lesser Antilles; occasional at higher elevations (650 m to summits) in Dominica: road from Baiac (Whitefoord 4600), Freshwater Lake (Chambers 2736, Eggers 611, Ernst 1851), Mome Anglais (Hodge 746, Wilbur 7961), Mome Trois Pitons (Ernst 2037), Pont Casse (King 6351, 6358, Webster 13458, Wilbur 7750), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3524). Bidens Linnaeus Bidens reptans (Linnaeus) G. Don was attributed to Dominica by Velez (1957:80) but no collections have been seen. It differs from the following species as a scrambling subshrub with terete stems, yellow ligulate flowers and long-ciliate achenes. 1. Leaves bipinnate; achenes (3-)4-awned B. cynapiifolia 1. Leaves 1 -pinnate; achenes 2(-3)-awned. 2. Ray-florets sterile, conspicuous; achenes 2-awned; inner involucral bracts green (ours) B. alba 2. Ray florets absent or fertile and inconspicuous; achenes 2(-3)-awned; inner involucral bracts brown B. pilosa Bidens alba Bidens alba (Linnaeus) A.P. CandoUe, 1836, 5:605. — BaUard, 1986:1463. Coreopsis alba Linnaeus, 1753:908. Bidens alba var. radiata Bidens alba var. radiata (C. Schultz) BaUard in Melchert, 1975:295. — BaUard, 1986:1463. Bidens pilosa var. radiata C. Schultz in Webb & Bertholet, 1844, 3(2,2):242. White daisy, baksa (Carib). Erect herb; leaves opposite (or upper alternate) usually with 3 leaflets; involucre 2-seriate; receptacle chaffy; ray-florets white, showy, sterile; disk-florets bisexual; achenes tipped by 2-6 teeth or awns, variously barbed or hispid. Originally neotropical but now widely distributed; in disturbed places of Dominica: Pont Casse (Chambers 2714, Webster 13460), Salybia (Hodge 3285), St. Paul Parish (Cooley 8750), Springfield (King 6334, 6337), Sylvania (Hodge 763, 1141, King 6348, Nicolson 1869, Wilbur 7719). Leaf juice is used to treat eye problems (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:614). I tried to follow Ballard (1986) in dealing with B. alba and B. pilosa, although our materials do not match his descriptions of Central American taxa exactly. Bidens cynapiifolia Bidens cynapiifolia Kunth, 1820, 4:185. — Domin, 1930d:78. Erect herb; leaves bipinnate to tripinnatifid; ray florets inconspicuous, orange-yellow. Caribbean to northern South America; occasional in dry scrub thickets of Dominica: rocky hillsides near mouth of Batali River (Chambers 2794 at US), Fonde Hunte Estate (Whitefoord 4454). Bidens pilosa Bidens pilosa Linnaeus, 1753:832. — Domin, 1930d:79. — BaUard, 1986:1464. Erect herb; leaflets 3(-5); ray-florets absent or white and inconspicuous. Widely distributed weed; sometimes associated with B. alba on Dominica: Grand Bay road (Ernst 1620, King 6319), Laudat (Lloyd 177), Mome Micotrin (Hodge 20861), Pont Casse (Chambers 2715), Portsmouth (Hodge 764), Ridgefield (Hodge 21871), South Chiltem (Hodge 15181). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:73, pi. 39) reported medicinal usages. Specimens (at Harvard) cited with ? may belong to B. alba var. radiata. Centratherum Cassini Centratherum punctatum Centratherum punctatum Cassini in Cuvier, 1817, 7:384. — Kirkman, 1981:15. Amperephis mutica Kunth, 1820, 4:31. Amphebecis violacea Schrank in Homschuch, 1 824, 1 :86. Centratherum muticum (Kunth) Lessing, 1829:320. Centratherum violaceum (Schrank) Gleason in North Amer. FI., 1922, 33:49. NUMBER 77 Asteraceae 35 Erect, pubescent herb with alternate, obovate, serrate leaves; inflorescence terminal, subtended by many bracts, including a few basal, foliose bracts; flowers all discoid, purple. South America into Panama, sometimes cultivated and escaping; new record for Dominica; Delices at base of stony bank, 300 m (Whitefoord 3679), Roseau in Mrs. Irma Didier’s garden (Nicolson 4209), sine loc. (Eggers s.n. Apr 1882). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:73, pi. 40) reported usage of an infusion against fever. Chaptalia Ventenat, nom. cons. Chaptalia nutans Chaptalia nutans (Linnaeus) Polakowsky, 1878:582. — Domin, 1930d:83. — Simpson in North Amer. FI. ser. 2, 1978, 10:6. Tussilago nutans Linnaeus, 1759a:1214. Acaulescent herbs; leaves white-floccose beneath, ± crenate; heads radiate, solitary on long peduncle, nodding in bud and fruit but erect at anthesis; involucre multiseriate, bracts lanceolate, rather long; ray-florets white but turning purplish, pistillate; disk-florets bilabiate, bisexual; achenes shorter than whitish pappus. Florida to Argentina; occasional in Dominica: Baiac road {Whitefoord 4607), Grand Bay road {Ernst 1613), Mome aux Diables {Wilbur 8049), Lisdara {Hodge 732), Ridgefield {Hodge 2127), Roseau along Jacks Walk {Hodge 731), Soufriere {Lloyd 419), sine loc. {Eggers s.n. Mar. 1882). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:75, pi. 42) reported several medicinal usages. Chronwlaena A.P. Candolle 1. Leaves entire C. integrifolia 1. Leaves serrate or dentate. 2. Leaves conspicuously pubescent, coarsely dentate with few (<10) broad teeth; plants of lowlands C. odorata 2. Leaves glabrous or ± glabrous, finely serrate to dentate with many (>20) teeth; plants of midlands to mountain tops. 3. Leaves sessile, rounded to obtuse at base C. impetiolaris 3. Leaves petioled, rarely ± sessile, tapered at base. 4. Leaves not gland-dotted beneath C. macrodon 4. Leaves dark (to red) gland-dotted beneath C. trigonocarpa Chromolaena impetiolaris Chromolaena impetiolaris (Grisebach) NicolsMi, 1987. Eupatorium impetiolare Grisebach, 1861:357. — Domin, 1930d:65. Glabrous subshrubs; leaves opposite, sessile, elliptical- oblong to lanceolate, 3-veined, coriaceous, densely gland- dotted beneath, margins cartilaginous, serrated with narrow, “hom-like” but blunt teeth; inflorescence corymbose, heads pedicellate; receptacle naked, produced into a short cylinder; involucre cylindric, with conspicuous “spots”; involucral bracts many, appressed, unequal in 4-6 series, each 3-5- veined and with a “spot” near tip, ultimately all deciduous; corollas tubular, white; anther appendage large; style without basal node; achene ribbed; carpopodium short; pappus of about 40 capillary bristles. Endemic to Dominica in opened places at higher elevations: Freshwater Lake vicinity {Chambers 2572, King 6384, Ni- colson 2109), Mome Diablotins {Whitefoord 5321), Rosehill {Eggers 628), near summit of Trois Pitons {Chambers 2754, Hodge 1381, Kimber 983). Rowering November-January, fruiting in February. Domin (1930d:65) cited the type as Imray 241 from Couliaboun Mountains (i.e., Mome Anglais). Chromolaena integrifolia Chromolaena integrifolia (Sprengel) King & Robinson, 1970b:202. Eupatorium integrifolium Bertero ex Sprengel, 1826, 3:410. — Stehle, 1962d:348. Densely pubemlent subshmbs; leaves succulent, entire, gland-dotted; corollas bluish. Northern Lesser Antilles along coasts; new for Dominica on north coast: Calibishie {Hodge 3149), Capucin {Whitefoord 5816). A number of specimens of this species from Guadeloupe and Martinique were found (US) misidentified as Eupatorium atriplicifolium Lamarck, a synonym of Chromolaena corym- bosa (Aublet) King & Robinson. Chromolaena macrodon Chromolaena macrodon (A.R Candolle) Nicolson, 1987. Eupatorium macrodon A.R CandoUe, 1836, 5:145. — Domin, 1930d:65. Glabrous subshmbs; leaves petioled, ovate-elliptic, tapered to base, 3-veined, not gland-dotted beneath, coriaceous, margins cartilaginous, serrated with narrow, “hom-like” but blunt teeth; heads pedicelled but ultimate, heads sometimes ± sessile (temate). Endemic (? St. Kitts) to Dominica near summits or on ridges: Mome Anglais {Hodge 2312), Mome Diablotins {Fishlock 3, Hodge 2828, Webster 13341, Whitefoord 5729), Mome Plat Pays {Hodge 1717), Mome Trois Pitons {Chambers 2753). Rowering in March on ridges, June on summits. The type (G) reads “Habitat vertices montium in locis humidis Dominicae” (summits of mountains in humid places of Dominica). It is suspected that the collection (from L’Heritier) was made by de Ponthieu. 36 Asteraceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Chromolaena odorata Chromolaena odorata (Linnaeus) King & Robinson, 1970b:204. Eupatorium odoratum Linnaeus, 1759a:1205. — Domin, 1930d:64. Osmia odorata (Linnaeus) C. Schultz, 1866:251. Pubescent subshrub; leaves deltoid to rhombic, membra- nous, upper margin with a few (<10) large teeth, red gland-dotted beneath, often obscured to the naked eye by dense pubescence. Southeastern U.S. to Argentina, adventive in Old World; occasional in disturbed places on dry scrublands along west coast of Dominica, sometimes in interior: Carib Point {King 6327), Dublanc {Whitefoord 5345), Grand Bay, Berekua {King 6320), La Plaine {King 6372), La Ronde {King 6364), Macoucheri {Chambers 2733), Mero {Chambers 2784), Mt. Joy {Cooper 59, Hodge 1085), Pointe Michel {King 6308). Rowering December-February. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:81, pi. 47) reported the same medicinal usage as for Hebeclinum macrophyllum. Chromolaena trigonocarpa Chromolaena trigonocarpa (Grisebach) King & Robinson, 1970b:207. Eupatorium trigonocarpum Grisebach, 1861:359. — Domin, 1930d:65. Eupatorium mononeurum Urban, 1903, 3:392. — Domin, 1930d:65. Chromolaena mononeura (Urban) King & Robinson, 1970b:203. Pubescent to glabrescent subshrubs; leaves serrate, gland- dotted beneath, smooth to bullate, acute at base, usually acuminate at apex; heads pedicelled; involucral bracts 3- veined, only one vein colored in pale-bracted aspects; achenes 3-5-ribbed. Guadeloupe, Martinique (possibly elsewhere in Lesser Antilles, such as St. Kitts); common in Dominica at mid- to highest elevations in disturbed places: Belle Fille {King 6355*), Bellevue {King 6313*), Deux Branches {Chambers 2766*), Fond Baron Estate {King 6298*), Freshwater Lake vicinity {Burch 1377, Chambers 2735, Eggers 1016, 1451*, Ernst 1090, 1852, Gillis 8198, Lloyd 203*, Smith 10300, Stern & Wasshausen 2565*, Webster 13245, 13262, Whitefoord 4199, Wilbur 7431), Glasham {King 6395*), Grand Bay Road {Ernst 1066* , 1622*), Grand Fond {King 6376*), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3536*), Lisdara {Hodge 741), Milton {Hodge 2578*), Mome Anglais {Nicolson 4102, Wilbur 7945), Mome Trois Pitons {Chambers 2751), Ml Joy {Webster 13381*), Pont Cass6 {DeFilipps 165*, Ernst 1013), Wilbur 7775*), Rivers- dale {Proctor 25799*), Salybia {Stehli 6409), South Chiltem {Hodge 1448*, Nicolson 2168*), Springfield {Chambers 2547*, King 6345*), Salybia {Hodge 33101), Sylvania {Cooper 4*, Hodge 1041*, 1033*), Syndicate {Chambers 2653*, Hodge 2614*, 2887), Trafalgar Falls {Hodge 2025*). It is understandable that two species have been named from Dominican material in this complex. In their extreme aspects they seem quite different. Study of Dominican specimens convinces me that the variability is continuous and has more to do with environment, such as altitude but more likely shade {mononeura, asterisked) vs. open sun {trigonocarpa), rather than genetics. In a well-developed mononeura aspect one finds (1) whitish involucral bracts resulting in only 1 of the 3 bract-veins being colored, (2) plants more glabrous, (3) intemodes rather longer, and (4) leaves rather larger and smoother. These tend to be from lower elevations, possibly better correlated with growing in shade. In a well-developed trigonocarpa aspect one finds (1) brownish involucral bracts, resulting in all 3 bract-veins being colored, (2) plants more pubescent, (3) intemodes rather shorter, and (4) leaves rather smaller and strikingly bullate. These tend to be from higher elevations, possibly correlated with growing in exposed and sunny situations. The type of Eupatorium trigonocarpum is an Imray (no. 51 teste Domin, 1930d:65) collection from Dominica, at Kew, without locality. The type material of E. mononeurum is cited as Eggers 71 and 1451, from Mome Gombo, a locality unknown to me. However, Eggers 1451 was collected Dec 1883 at Laudat (30(X)'), on the way to Freshwater Lake. Clibadium Linnaeus 1. Leaves conspicuously and irregularly incised-serrate (erose); central (male) florets subtended by pales, with short hairs at top C. erosum 1. Leaves inconspicuously serrate; central (male) florets not subtended by pales, with long, multicellular hairs at top C. sylvestre Clibadium erosum Clibadium erosum (Swartz) A.R CandoUe, 1836, 5:506. — O. Schulz in Urban, 1911, 7:81.— Domin, 1930d:7L— Stehle, 1954b:75. Trixis erosa Swartz, 1788:115. Subshmb to 3 m; leaves opposite, 3-veined at or above base, irregularly incised-serrate; heads with only tubular florets, marginal florets female, inner ones male; receptacle pales intergrading with the involucral bracts; achenes obovate, becoming dark, tme pappus absent but with short hairs at top of fertile outer and abortive inner achenes. Puerto Rico into Lesser Antilles; lower to highest regions of Dominica: Bellevue {King 6305), Deux Branches {Chambers 2770), Freshwater Lake {Chambers 2738, Ernst 1088, White- foord 5143), Glasham {King 6396), Layou Valley road {Nicolson 4098), Mome Anglais {Hodge 2241), Mome Diablotins summit {Wasshausen & Ayensu 416, Webster 13352), Mome Trois Pitons upper slopes and summit {Cham- bers 2756, Ernst 2035, Wilbur 8075), South Chiltem {Hodge 1462). Clibadium sylvestre Clibadium sylvestre (Aublet) Baillon, 1882, 8:307. — Blake, 1917:4. — Stehle, 1954b:75. NUMBER 77 Asteraceae 37 Baillieria sylvestris Aublet, 1775:807. Clibadium vargasii A.P. Candolle, 1836, 5:506. — O. Schulz in Urban, 1911, 7:80.— Domin, 1930d:71. Clibadium terebinthinaceumyar. badieri A.P. Candolle, 1836, 5:506. Clibadium badieri (A.P. Candolle) Grisebach, 1861:368. Enivre, nivrage, kunami (Carib). Similar to the above but leaf margins shallowly serrate to ± entire and aborted ovaries of central flowers with tuft of long hairs. Northern South America into Lesser Antilles; lower eleva- tions of Dominica: Bells (Whitefoord 6145), Carib Reserve? {Hodge 3195), cult. Clarke Hall {Nicolson 2025), La Ronde {King 6362), La Plaine {Ernst 1584, King 6373), Salybia {Stehli 6113). Hodge and Taylor (1957:615) explained how Dominican Caribs pound bundles of leaves and throw them into pools to poison fish. At least one author is cited that believed this species was brought from South America by Caribs. Nicolson 2025 reported that leaves are dried to make fish, insect, and rat poison. Condylidium King & Robinson Condylidium iresinoides Condylidium iresinoides (Kunth) King & Robinson, 1972b:881. Eupatorium iresinoides Kunth, 1820, 4:83. Eupatorium iresinoides f. integrum Domin, 1930d:65, “integra.” Pubescent, sprawling herbaceous subshrubs; leaves oppo- site, ovate, 3-veined, abruptly attenuated near base, dark- glandular dots beneath, margins ± entire to serrulate; inflores- cence lax, often strongly divaricate; involucre of 15 unequal bracts in 3 series of 5 bracts, inner ones not quickly deciduous; receptacle flat, naked; florets tubular, few, 5-6; corolla narrowly campanulate above; anther appendages slightly longer than broad; style base with distinct enlargement above nectary, style appendages linear, densely papillose; achenes 5-ribbed, base (carpopodium) strongly contorted. Northern South American into Central America and West Indies; occasional in Dominica on dry west coast: Gabriel {Wilbur 8232), Mero {Ernst 1934). Although I have not seen the type (a Domin collection from Macoucherie), the forma with entire leaves does not seem different. Conyza Lessing, nom. cons. This genus is difficult. I have little faith in my key or identifications. 1. Leaves very thinly pubescent and often with remote marginal and midrib hairs only, entire (to ± entire); achenes glabrous C. canadensis 1. Leaves conspicuously pubescent, (± entire to) serrate; achenes villous. 2. Leaves obovate or spatulate, rather abruptly narrowed to a winged petiole C. apurensis 2. Leaves oblanceolate, gradually attenuate to a sessile base C. bonariensis Conyza apurensis Conyza apurensis Kunth, 1820, 4:73. — Cuatrecasas, 1969:221. Erigeron spathulatus Vahl in West, 1793:303, “spathulalum," n«i Conyza spathulata Homemann. Erigeron chinertsis Jacquin, 1798, 3:30, non Conyza chinensis Linnaeus. Conyza subspalhulata Cronquist, 1943:632. Annual herbs; leaves alternate, pubescent, central and lower ones obovate, usually strongly serrate; inflorescences tending to be flat-topped (corymbose); involucral bracts in 2-3 series; receptacle naked; ray-florets pistillate, lower tube 1 mm long, tipped by an 2-toothed ligule (teste Cuatrecasas, 1969:205), which is surpassed by the 2 stigmas; achenes villous, ± flattened, tipped by a bristly 2-seriate pappus, outer series minute. Said by Cuatrecasas (1969:222) to have originated in Asia, now a pantropical weed; in disturbed places of Dominica at lower elevations: Clarke Hall {Chambers 2748), Grand Bay road {Ernst 1588), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3548), Pont Casse {King 6357), Roseau {Hodge 771). Conyza bonariensis Conyza bonariensis (Linnaeus) Cronquist, 1943:632. — Cuatrecasas, 1969:222. Erigeron bonariensis Linnaeus, 1753:863, “bonariense" . — Domin, 1930d:69. Leaves oblanceolate, pubescent, central and lower ones often serrate, gradually tapering to base; inflorescences tending to be thyrsoid (vertically spread); achene villous, pappus 1-seriate. Said by Cuatrecasas to have probably originated in Argen- tina, now a widespread weed; tending to occur at higher elevations in Dominica: Freshwater Lake {Hodge 1833, King 6382), Pointe Michel {King 6310). Cuatrecasas (1968) annotated King 6382 as Conyza bonari- ensis var. leiotheca (Blake) Cuatrecasas. Conyza canadensis Conyza canadensis (Linnaeus) Cronquist, 1943:632. — Cuatrecasas, 1969:222. Erigeron canadensis Linnaeus, 1753:863, “canadense" . — Grisebach, 1861:365. Erigeron pusillus Nuttall, 1818, 2:148. — Domin, 1930d:68. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, sparsely pubescent, entire or essentially so; inflorescences tending to be thyrsoid (vertically spread); achenes glabrous, pappus 1-seriate. Said to have originated in North America, now widespread; in disturbed places of Dominica: Belle Fille {King 6352), Delices {Whitefoord 3685), Grand Savanne {Ernst 1644), La Ronde {King 6361), above Laudat {Chambers 2742 A, Cham- bers 2742B), Lisdara {Hodge 770), above Salisbury {White- foord 4519). 38 Asteraceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Smaller, linear-leaved plants with purple-tipped involucral bracts can be identified as Conyza canadensis var. pusilla (Nuttall) Cronquist. One Dominican specimen has rather broadly lanceolate leaves without purple-tipped bracts. Cham- bers 2742B. It was collected at the same time (same population?) as Chambers 2742 A. Critonia Browne Critonia macropoda Critonia macropoda A.P. Candolle, 1836, 5:140. Eupatorium macropus Urban, 1899, 1:460, non Eupatorium macropodum Baker. Eupatorium magdalenae Stehle, 1962d:349. Critonia dominicensis King & Robinson, 1972a:405. Glabrous shrubs to 2 m; leaves opposite on 1. 5-2.0 cm petioles, pellucid-punctate, long-attenuate at apex, narrowly cuneate at base, margin remotely serrulate, pinnately veined; inflorescence corymbose, heads with 5 tubular florets in 3-6 fascicles; involucral bracts in 4-5-series, highly unequal, interior ones quickly deciduous; anther appendages about as long as broad; style base not enlarged, style appendages linear; achenes broadly ribbed, narrowed at base, crowned by a pappus of ~35 capillary brisUes. Martinique and Dominica: Fond Baron Estate along Grand Bay Road {King 6301). Past anthesis in December. The type material of Critonia macropoda A.P. Candolle, Sieber 184, was supposedly collected in 1826 from Trinidad. Sieber’s collectors (Kohaut in Martinique 1818-1821 and Wrbna in Trinidad 1822) were not in the West Indies in 1826 (cf. Urban, 1902, 3:14-158). Urban (1899, 1:460) suspected it (from the year) was from Martinique. Cheesman (in R.O. Williams, 1940, 2(2):70) treated it as a doubtful record for Trinidad. De Candolle’s species was renamed as Eupatorium macro- pus Urban (l.c.), indicating possible affinity of a defective Eggers specimen from Dominica. Urban was clear that he was providing a new epithet {macropus) in Eupatorium to avoid homonymy with earlier E. macropodum Baker but, under Art. 64.3, Ex. 8 {ICBN) “heteropus and heteropodus,” the epithets are treated as homonyms. Stehl6 (l.c.) created yet another name, E. magdalenae Stehle (with its own designated type), including the type of De Candolle’s name. Eclipta Linnaeus, nom. cons. Eclipta prostrata Eclipta prostrata (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, 1771:286. — Koyama & Boufford, 1981:505. Verbesina prostrata Linnaeus, 1753:902. Verbesina alba Linnaeus, 1753:902. Beilis ramosa Jacquin, 1760:28. Eclipta erecta Linnaeus, 1771:286, nom. iUeg. [incl. type of Verbesina alba Linnaeus, 1753]. Eclipta punctata Linnaeus, 1771:286, nom. iUeg. [incl. type of Beilis ramosa Jacquin, 1760]. Eclipta alba (Linnaeus) Hasskarl, 1848:528. — ^Domin, 1930d:73. — Cronquist, 1945b:398. Herbs, erect or prostrate; leaves opposite, lanceolate, serrulate to ± entire and ± sessile; inflorescences peduncled, 1-3 per axil; involucral bracts ovate, in 2 series; receptacle flat to convex, with linear pales equaling achenes; ray-florets linear, 2 mm long; achenes rugose, brown below, the broad tip black, sometimes with 2 scales. Widespread weed; disturbed, open places of Dominica: Anse du Me {Wilbur 8297), Cabrit Swamp {Whitefoord 4062), Hatton Garden {Hodge 3080), Melville Hall {Ernst 1574), Pont Casse {Webster 13468), Soufriere {Lloyd 400). The correct name for this variable taxon hinges on determining who was the first to treat the two 1753 Linnaean species in a single species. Article 57 {ICBN) now lists Roxburgh as having first united them as E. prostrata in 1832, following Koyama and Boufford (1981:505). Egletes Cassini Egletes prostrata Egletes prostrata (Swanz) Kuntze, 1891, 1:334. — Shinners, 1950:242. Matricaria prostrata Swartz, 1788:1 14. Bouton blanc. Low herbs with cottony pubescence at least on young growth; leaves alternate, obovate, rounded tip serrate-dentate; inflorescences usually solitary, long-peduncled; involucral bracts in 2-3 series, outer shorter than inner; receptacle naked, ovoid-conic; ray-florets bisexual, white, ligules narrow; disk florets numerous, yellow; achenes obovoid, tipped by a dentate ring. West Indies to northern South America, a calciphile usually near coast; apparenUy only once collected in Dominica: Portsmouth gravelly roads {Hodge 773). Reported as an ingredient of a ritual bath given a mother about a week after childbirth (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:615). Elephantopus Linnaeus Elephantopus mollis Elephantopus mollis Kunth, 1820, 4:26. — Domin, 1930d:61. — Qonts & McDaniels in North Amer. FI. ser. 2, 1978, 10:199. Elephantopus mollis var. capitulatis Domin, 1930d:62. Elephantopus mollis var. bracteosus Domin, 1930d:62. Erect herb usually >1 m; leaves alternate, crenate-serrate, elliptic to obovate, narrowed to a winged petiole; glomerules subtended by about 3 basally overlapping bracts; pappus of 5 bristles. Neotropics but now pantropically distributed; weed of disturbed places on Dominica: Clarke Hall {Chambers 2710), NUMBER 77 Asteraceae 39 Cote d’Or (Nicolson 2062), Hatton Garden {Hodge 3288), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3694), Lisdara {Hodge 2423), Mt. Joy {Hodge 1279), Petit Coulibri {Whitefoord 4676), Ridgefield {Hodge 2149), South Chiltem {Hodge 1495), Sylvania {Cooper 11, Hodge 1031). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:77, pi. 43) reported use against diarrhea. Although I have not seen the types of Domin’s varieties, I doubt that the differences (bracts surpassing or equaling the capitula vs. bracts shorter than the capitula) is significant. Emilia Cassini 1. Lower leaves entire to dentate; involucre broadly cylindric (2x longer than broad), about corolla length; flowers brick red E. fosbergii 1. Lower leaves lyrate; involucre narrowly cylindric (3x longer than broad), ± equaling corolla length; flowers pale purple . E. sonchifolia Emilia fosbergii Emilia fosbergii 'tiicoXson, 1975:34; 1981b:395. Herb to 1 m; leaves alternate and basal, strongly dentate; peduncles 15-30 cm long; involucre 1 -seriate; receptacle naked; florets tubular, brick red, distinctly longer than involucre; corolla lobes 1.1 -1.5 mm long; pappus of many soft, white bristles. A widespread weed probably of African origin (al- lopolyploid), widely collected in neotropics since 1880; in disturbed areas (often in ditches) of Dominica, usually about 500 m but sometimes near sea level; Baiac {Whitefoord 3835), La Ronde {King 6366), Lisdara {Hodge 728, 2437), Mero {Chambers 2785), Milton {Hodge 2928), Mome Jack {Nicolson 2097), Pont Casse {Chambers 2717, Ernst 1239), Ridgefield {Hodge 2162), Roseau {Hodge 725), South Chiltem {Ernst 1863, Hodge 1474), Springfield {King 6346, Wilbur 7681), Sylvania {Cooper 23 (mixed with sonchifolia), Hodge 1135), Tete Mome {King 6324), Trafalgar Falls Road {Whitefoord 4698). This taxon was often called Emilia coccinea, a different, sometimes cultivated species with broad heads and orange florets almost 2x the bracts. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:77, pi. 44) misnamed this species as E. coccinea, infused for a refreshing drink. Emilia sonchifolia Emilia sonchifolia (Linnaeus) A.R Candolle in Wight, 1834:24. — Demin, 1930d:82.— Nicolson, 1981b:398. Cacalia sonchifolia Linnaeus, 1753:835. Herb to 5 dm; lower leaves lyrate; peduncles to 15 cm long; florets pale purple (mauve or violet), equaling involucre; corolla lobes 0.5-0.7 mm long. Probably originally South Asian and now panU'opically distributed; weed in Dominica usually of lower elevations but sometimes to 500 m; Clarke Hall {Chambers 2749), Grand Bay road {Ernst 1601), Layou {Hodge 727), Marigot {Hodge 726), Mome Plaisance {Whitefoord 6171), Salybia {Hodge 3387), Sylvania {Cooper 23 (mixed with fosbergii), Hodge 1134). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:79, pi. 45) reported use of an infusion “for its refreshing properties.” Erechtites Rafinesque 1. Pappus white, florets yellowish; leaves sessile or, if shortly petiolate, petiole conspicuously alate . . E. hieraciifolia 1. Pappus and florets pinkish; leaves petioled or only inconspicuously alate E. valerianifolia Erechtites hieraciifolia Erechtites hieraciifolia (Linnaeus) Rafinesque ex A.P. Candolle, 1838, 6:294, “hieracifolia" . — Domin, 1930d:82. — Belcher, 1956:12. Senecio hieraciifolius Linnaeus, 1753:866, “hieracifolius." Erechtites hieraciifolia var. cacalioides Erechtites hieraciifolia var. cacalioides (Sprengel) Lessing ex Grisebach, 1861:381. Sonchus agrestis Swartz, 1788:110. Senecio cacalioides Fischer ex Sprengel, 1818:37. Erechtites cacalioides (Sprengel) Lessing, 1 832:395. Erechtites agrestis (Swartz) Standley & Steyermark, 1947:265. Medium annual herbs; leaves alternate, lanceolate, serrate to irregularly dentate or lobed; involucre with principle bracts in 1 series, subtended by scattered bracteoles; receptacle naked; marginal florets pistillate; disk florets bisexual; achenes with a copious, white, capillary pappus. Neotropical, a weed in the Old World, often confused with African Crassocephalum crepidioides (Bentham) S. Moore; occasional in disturbed habitats of Dominica at low to mid-elevations: Carib Reserve {Hodge 3393), above Deux Branches {Ernst 1667), Layou {Hodge 775), Lisdara {Hodge 2475), Sylvania {Hodge 781, 782). Erechtites valerianifolia Erechtites valerianifolia (Sprengel) A.R Candolle, 1838, 6:294, “valerian- aefolia" . — Belcher, 1956:25. Senecio valerianifolius Link ex Sprengel, 1826, 3:565, “valerianaefolius." Leaves usually ovate in outline, lower leaves coarsely irregularly dentate, medial and upper leaves deeply pinnatifid; florets and pappus with distinct pink or mauve tinge. Widespread, sometimes aggressive weed; common in Do- minica; Carib Reserve {Hodge 3379), Fond Baron {Icing 6302), Freshwater Lake {Wilbur 7465), Grand Bay road {Ernst 1592), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3697), Laudat {Hodge 1840, Lloyd 44, 49), Lisdara {Hodge 776), Mome Anglais base {Hodge 780), 40 Asteraceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Providence Valley {Hodge 2057), Roche d’Or Estate (Stern & Wasshausen 2579), Springfield (King 6332), Sylvania (Hodge 777, 778, 779), Syndicate (Chambers 2654, Whitefoord 3581). Our material falls in forma valerianifolia. As discussed by Belcher (1956:28), the basionym (Senecio valerianifolius) was attributed to Wolf in an 1825 Berlin seedlist by Reichenbach (Halle) and Lessing (Berlin). Because no one has seen this publication, neither the validity (with description or nomen nudum?) nor the authorship of the name can be established. Sprengel’s publication, accepted here as the first known publication with a validating description, appeared between January and March of 1826, attributing the name to Link. At that time Link was in charge of the Berlin Herbarium. I find no trace of a Wolf, Wolff, Wulf, or Wulff associated with the Berlin Garden at that or any other time. Erigeron Linnaeus Erigeron karwinskianus A.P. Candolle, a sprawling plant with elongate stems, was cited for Dominica (with exclamation mark) by Howard (1989, 6:553). Erigeron polycladus Erigeron polycladus Urban, 1903, 3:403. — Stehle, 1954b:73. Leaves to 10 mm x 3 mm, narrowly spatulate, entire but with marginal hairs. Inflorescence shoots decumbent, appearing to be capable of rooting, then upturned with a single head. Involucral bracts in 2-3 series, deflexing from naked recepta- cle. One achene found, with bristly pappus in a single series. Lesser Antilles; a new record for Dominica on north coast “Small colony on bluffs above sea”: L’Anse Noire near Pointe Baptiste, alt. ~50 ft [15 m] (Ernst 2079). Our material is referred here with doubt because of its incompleteness, “Cespitose and succulent composite about 2 inches tall.” Fleischmannia C. Schultz Fleischmannia microstemon Fleischmannia microstemon (Cassini) King & Robinson, 1970a:204. Eupatorium microstemon Cassini in Cuvier, 1822, 25:432. — Domin, 1930d:66.— H.G. Baker, 1967. Branched annual herbs to 1 m; leaves opposite (upper often ± opposite), 3-veined, rhombic -ovate and small (to 4 cm x 5 cm), upper margin crenate, lower surface inconspicuously gland-dotted; heads 20-35-flowered; involucral bracts in 3 series; receptacle naked; corolla lobes puberulent outside, papillose inside (giving a granular aspect); anther appendages large, usually truncate; achene blackish with yellowish, setaceous ribs, crowned with pappus of 25-30 capillary bristles. Northern South America into West Indies and Central America to Yucatan; occasional weed, often on damp sites of Dominica: Carholm (King 6391), Clarke Hall (Chambers 2700), Lisdara (Hodge 738), Montpelier (Lloyd 581), Ports- ' mouth (Hodge 739), Ridgefield (Hodge 2199), Springfield (King 6341), Sylvania (Hodge 740, 1347), Syndicate {White- foord 3650). i Galinsoga Ruiz & Pavon | Galinsoga quadriradiata \ Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pavon, 1798a:198. — Canne, 1977:355. Vargasia caracasana A.P. CandoUe, 1836, 5:676. Adventina ciliata Rafinesque, 1836, New FI., 1:67. Galinsoga caracasana (A.P. Candolle) C. Schultz, 1865:80. Galinsoga ciliata (Rafinesque) Blake, 1922:35. — Stehle, 1963:195. Erect, pilose herb with glandular hairs on young growth; i leaves opposite, 3-veined, shallowly serrate; peduncles to 2 cm long; heads 3-5 mm wide; ray-florets white (ours), inconspicu- ous, ligules ± equally 3-lobed. Avariable species apparently native to Mexico but now widely dispersed from Canada to southern South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Pacific: in midlands of Dominica -500 m: Baiac (Whitefoord 3838), Lisdara (Hodge 2336), Magua (Stehle 6351). > Hebeclinium A.P. Candolle Hebeclinium macrophyllum Hebeclinium macrophyllum (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle, 1836, 5:136. — Domin, 1930d:64. — King & Robinson, 1971a:300. j Eupatorium macrophyllum Linnaeus, 1763:1 175. | Tomentellous erect subshrubs; leaves opposite, 3-veined, ; broadly ovate to deltoid, margins crenate to dentate; heads 50-80-flowered; involucral bracts -30 in 4-5 series; recepta- j cle hemispheric, densely hirsute; anther appendages large; style base without enlarged node, stylar appendages very narrow; | achenes 4-5-ribbed, with pappus of 30-35 capillary bristles. j Widespread in neotropics; occasional in Dominica as a weed: Milton Estate (Hodge 2873), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3575), Rosalie Valley (Lloyd 706), South Chiltem (Hodge 1557). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:79, pi. 46) reported medicinal usages. Koanophyllon Arruda da Camara The etymology of this generic name is obscure. It may be a lapsus for Kyanophyllon, indicating the leaves (phyllon) as a source of a blue dye (cyanin or anil), as discussed by the author. Koanophyllon celtidifolium Koanophyllon celtidifolium (Lamarck) King & Robinson, 1971b:149, “celtidi- folia". — King & Robinson, 1975:255. NUMBER 77 Asteraceae 41 Eupatorium celtidifolium Lamarck, 1788, 2:406. — Domin, 1930d:66. Eupatorium plicatum Urban, 1907, 5:523. Sprawling glabrescent subshrubs; leaves opposite, shortly petiolate, 3-veined but often with a pair of veins below, conspicuously (with magnification) dark gland-dotted beneath, margins distantly serrulate, apex long-tapered, base obtuse to rounded; inflorescence loose; heads small, 7-20-flowered; involucral bracts 7-16, in 1-2 series; receptacle slightly convex, naked; anther appendages wider than long, very short; style base unenlarged, stylar appendages distincUy enlarged apically, smooth; achenes 5-ribbed, ribs setiferous, carpopo- dium short and narrowed below; pappus of many capillary bristles, 2-3 mm long. Northern South America into Antilles; occasional weed in Dominica, apparently in ± drier sites: Clarke Hall {Ernst 1262, Stern & Wasshausen 2398), Petit Coulibri (Whitefoord 4665, 6002), Riviere Douce {Eggers 68), Rosehill (Eggers 541), South Chiltem {Ernst 1876), Soufriere {Lloyd 737). Lactuca Linnaeus (by K. Chambers) Lactuca sativa Lactuca sativa Linnaeus, 1753:795. — Adjanohoun et al., 1985:83, pi. 50. Lettuce. Glabrous annual herb with milky sap; leaves alternate, upper ovate to orbicular, lower variable, apiculate-serrulate, auricu- late-clasping; inflorescence a large panicle, branchlets with numerous clasping bracts; involucre of several series; recepta- cle flat, naked; florets yellow, all ligulate and 5-toothed; achenes oblanceolate, flattened, with a slender beak to apex, pappus of silky bristles. Widely cultivated plant; new record for Dominica (perhaps escaping): Clarke Hall {Chambers s.n.). Melanthera Rohr Views on typification of the generic name were summarized by Nicolson (1981a:491), arguing that the generic name should rest on a Rohr collection (at C) from Martinique that has been variously identified as M. nivea (Linnaeus) Small, M. panduri- formis Cassini and M. aspera var. glabriuscula (Kuntze) Parks, not on the type of a species name. This is contrary to Art. 10 {ICBN), which says a generic name is typified on the type of a species name. Melanthera aspera Melanthera aspera (Jacquin) Steudelex Small, 1909:164. — Fawcett in Fawcett & Rendle, 1936, 7(5):232.— Parks, 1973:190. Calea aspera Jacquin, 1788, CoU., 2:290; 1789, Iccm., 3:13, pi. 583. Melanthera deltoidea Michaux, 1803, 2:107, "Melananthera," nom. Uleg. [incl. typ>e of Calea aspera Jacquin]. — Grisebach, 1861 :372. Herb; leaves opposite, dentate; capitula mostly solitary on peduncles to 10 cm long; involucral bracts in 2-3 series; receptacle convex, pales shortly aristate; corollas tubular; achenes 4-angled, with 2-4 caducous bristles. Weed of Caribbean and northern South America; apparently rarely collected on Dominica: Marigot {Hodge 774). The binomial is attributed to Steudel (1841, 2:113), but he didn’t accept the name, treating “M. aspera Rich.” as a synonym of M. deltoidea Michaux. The binomial also appears (attributed to L. Richard) in Sprengel (1821, 2:135; 1822, 3:40) apparently as a nomen nudum. Our material presumably falls in Melanthera aspera Steudel ex Small var. glabriuscula (Kuntze) Parks. At least one recent worker, Nash (in Standley and Steyermark, 1976, 12:264), feels that M. aspera is conspecific with Melanthera nivea (Linnaeus) Small. Domin (1930d:77) reported Imray 162 (K) from Dominica as M. nivea. Mikania Willdenow, nom. cons. A widespread species, Mikania cordifolia (Linnaeus f.) Willdenow, has been reported for Dominica by Velez (1957:81) but no specimens have been seen. Medicinal usage for that species was reported by Adjanohoun et al. (1985:85, pi. 52). Specimens from Guadeloupe {Stehli 5466, Duss 2814) and Martinique {Duss 310) have been seen, the latter misidentified and cited by Urban as M. scandens {= M. micrantha here). It usually has cordate leaves with toothed margins of M. micrantha but is densely pubescent and has distinctly longer involucres (6-8 mm) and achenes (3-4 mm). 1. Leaves thick-coriacous; heads small (involucre 2 mm long); plants of summits of high mountains M. ovalis 1. Leaves thin-coriaceous to membranous; heads larger (involucre 4-8 mm long); plants of middle to lower elevations. 2. Inflorescences ending in pedicelled heads; leaves mem- branous, usually cordate at base with toothed margins M. micrantha 2. Inflorescences ending in 3 sessile heads; leaves thin- coriaceous, usually rounded at base with entire margins. 3. Heads smaller (involucre 4-5 mm); achenes shorter (2-3 mm) M. hookeriana 3. Heads larger (involucre 6-7 mm); achenes longer (4-5 mm) M. latifolia Mikania hookeriana Mikania hookeriana A.R Candolle, 1836, 5:195. Mikania badieri A.R CandoUe, 1836, 5:194. — Urban, 1907, 5:219. — Domin, 1930d:67.— Stehl6, 1954b:71. Mikania imrayana Grisebach, 1861:363. Mikania hookeriana var. badieri (A.P. Candolle) Robinson, 1934a:51. Herbaceous, twining vines; leaves opposite, thinly cori- aceous, base rounded, margins entire; heads ± sessile; involucre 42 Asteraceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 4 mm long, subtended by a longish bracteole, bracts 4; receptacle small, naked; florets 4, discoid, 5-toothed, teeth 1 mm long; achenes 2-3 mm long, crowned with capillary bristles. Northern South America into Central America and Lesser Antilles; rare in Dominica at midelevations: Couliaboun [M. Anglais] {Imray s.n. [type of M. imrayana], Nicolson 4100, 4105), Grand Bay {Eggers 655), between Laudat & Valley of Desolation {Whitefoord 5486), Lisdara {Cooper 172). Although the Antillean materials are isolated from the mainland, they do not seem sufficiently differentiated for infraspecific recognition. This species may intergrade with M. latifolia, although not on Dominica. Mikania latifolia Mikania latifolia J.E. Smith in Rees, 1813, 23, no. 8. — Urban, 1907, 5:222. Mikania latifolia f. dominicensis Urban, 1907, 5:223. — Stehle, 1954b:71. Mikania latifolia var. dominicensis (Urban) Domin, 1930d:68. Leaves thinly coriaceous, base rounded to ± cordate or tapered, margins entire; heads sessile, with short bracteoles; involucre 6-7 mm; corolla lobes 3 mm long; achenes 4-5 mm. Lesser Antilles; occasional on Dominica, usually at midele- vations or near east coast: Freshwater Lake {Chambers 2568), Laudat {Eggers 998 type of f. dominicensis), Mome Negres Marrons {Hodge 1069), Rosalie {Eggers 656), Woodford Hill {Chambers 2604). The question with this taxon is not whether infraspecific taxa should be recognized but whether it is truly different from some South American species. Mikania micrantha Mikania micrantha Kunth, 1820, 4:105. — Robinson, 1934b:57. Mikania scandens sensu Urban, 1907, 5:229, et Domin, 1930d:66, not as to type of Mikania scandens (Linnaeus) WiUdenow. Glabrous; leaves thinly membranous, usually cordate at base and with margins undulately toothed; heads pedicelled; involucre 4 mm; achenes 2 mm. Neotropical, elsewhere an introduced weed; the commonest Mikania of Dominica: Baiac {Whitefoord 3829), Belle Fille {King 6354), Carholm {King 6393), Carib Reserve {Hodge 3235), Clarke Hall {Chambers 2707, Ernst 1694), Deux Branches {Chambers 2772, Hodge 2989), Fond Colet {King 6292), Fond St. John {King 6330), Freshwater Lake {Wilbur 7476), Grand Bay road {Ernst 1619), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3579), Laudat {Gillis 8196), LTmprevue {Narodny s.n.), Lisdara {Hodge 2340), Marigot {Hodge 765), Milton {Hodge 2564), Pont Casse {Long & Norstog 3373, Wilbur 7773), Pointe Michel {King 6311), Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2697), Rasade {King 6317), Roche d’Or {Stern & Wasshausen 2580), near Rosalie {Chambers 2726), Roseau {Cooper 136), South Chiltem {Hodge 1538), Sylvania {Cooper 89, Hodge 766, Nicolson 1867), Syndicate {Whitefoord 3588). Robinson (1934b) discussed M. scandens and its relatives, concluding that this species name should be restricted to a taxon of eastern and southeastern United States and M. micrantha used for the neotropical aspect. Fosberg and Sachet (1980b:45) used Mikania scandens (Linnaeus) Willdenow for a broad concept, including M. micrantha. Domin (1930d:65) reported the local tradition that this weed arrived in Dominica in 1902 with the eruption of Mt. Pelee and arrived in its volcanic cloud. The earliest Dominica collection known (cited by Domin) is a Bryant collection in 1905. Mikania ovalis Mikania ovalis Grisebach, 1861:363. — Urban, 1907, 5:217. — Domin, 1930d:67. Leaves thick-coriaceous, ovate to rotund, base rounded, margins with a few glandular “teeth”; heads pedicelled; involucre 2 mm; achenes 2 mm. Martinique and Guadeloupe; in Dominica on or near summits of higher mountains: Mome Anglais [Couliaboun, type locality] {Hodge 768, 2266), Mome Diablotins {Fishlock s.n., Hodge 2831, Wasshausen & Ayensu 407, Webster 13367, Whitefoord 5730), Mome Trois Pitons {Chambers 2755, Ernst 1219, Hodge 767, 1388, Wilbur 8100), sine loc. {Fishlock 4). Rowering April-June. Neurolaena R. Brown Neurolaena lobata Neurolaena lobata (Linnaeus) Cassini in Cuvier, 1825, 34:502. — Domin, 1930d:81. — Stehle, 1963:185. — Turner, 1982:134. — Khan & Jarvis, 1989:661. Conyza lobata Linnaeus, 1753:862. Conyza symphytifolia Miller, 1768. Pluchea symphytifolia (Miller) GiUis, 1977:591. Z’herbes a pique. Coarse, erect herb to 2 m; leaves alternate, denticulate, sometimes lower ones lobed; corymbs terminal; involucral bracts 3-veined, imbricate, in 2-3 series, outer smallest; receptacle flat, with elongate, 1 -veined pales; florets all tubular, bisexual, yellow; achenes narrowed at base, with pappus of many capillary bristles. Widespread in neotropics; occasional in Dominica, usually in midlands: Bellevue {Taylor 146), Carib Reserve {Hodge 3231, Stehle 6418), Fond Baron {Ernst 1621, King 6296), Freshwater Lake {Chambers 2556), Grand Fond {King 6377), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3684), Lisdara {Cooper 146, Hodge 2390, 2483), Mt. Joy {Hodge 1253), Pont Casse {King 6349, Proctor 25762, Wilbur 7759), South Chiltem {Hodge 1454, 1569), Syndicate {Ernst 2004), Trou Cochon {Whitefoord 5615), sine loc. {Hodge 1087). Caribs reported to use as a remedy for yaws, to use pounded leaves and stems as a mild fish poison or as wash for ticks, and to apply to breasts for weaning (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:615). NUMBER 77 Asteraceae 43 The combination is usually attributed to R. Brown but he did not actually make it, as required by Art. 33.1 (ICBN, cf. Ex. 2). Parthenium Linnaeus Parthenium hysterophorus Parthenium hysterophorus Linnaeus, 1753:988. — Grisebach, 1861:369. — Domin, 1930d:72.— Rollins, 1950:52. Erect annual herbs; leaves alternate, 1-2-pinnately parted (to simple above); heads many, small (to 0.5 cm across); involucral bracts in 2 series, ± equal; receptacle small, convex, with pales; marginal florets white, female, ligules short, 2-toothed; central florets functionally male; achenes black, obovoid, keeled on inner face, with 2 scales. Apparently originally native to Caribbean area but an aggressive weed; common in disturbed, lowland areas of Dominica: Bataka (Hodge 3189), Canefield (Hodge 730), Goodwill (Ernst 1277, King 6288), Grand Bay, Berekua (King 6318), Marigot (Hodge 729), Pringles Bay (Whitefoord 3739), Scotts Head village (Hodge 1616), Soufriere (Lloyd 415). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:87, pi. 53) reported medicinal usages. Howard (1989, 6:583) noted that the plant is often a contact poison, causing itching and swelling. PecHs Linnaeus Feeds linifolia Linnaeus was reported for Dominica by Urban (1907, 5:286) as “Dominica et St. Lucia in litoralibus: Duss n. 201, 932.” These are the basis for Stehle (1963:182) citation. With Duss collections one can suspect a label error. The species was again attributed to Dominica by Velez (1957:82), based on a statement by Britton and Wilson (1925, 6:319), “West Indies south to Grenada.” No Dominican specimens of this long-peduncled species have been seen. 1. Plants erect; leaves linear, >1.5 cm long . . . P. elongata 1. Plant prostrate; leaves oblanceolate, <1.5 cm long P. humifusa Pectis elongata Pectis elongata Kunth, 1820, 4:262. Herbs erect, lemon -scented; leaves sessile, with dark gland-dots beneath (ours), linear, to 5 cm x 0.4 cm; peduncle to 0.5 cm long; involucre 1-seriate; receptacle naked; ray-florets small, pistillate, yellow; disk-florets bisexual; achenes linear, with pappus of 8 bristles ~3 mm long. Central America, Antilles, and northern South America; new record for Dominica: East Cabrit (Whitefoord 4039). Our material is short-peduncled Caribbean Pectis elongata vai.floribunda (A. Richard) D.J. Kiel (1976:1229), as reported by Whitefoord (1989:147). Pectis humifusa Pectis humifusa Swartz, 1788:114. — Urban, 1907, 5:271. — Domin, 1930d:80.— Stehle, 1963:178. Plants prostrate; leaves narrowly oblanceolate, to 1.3 cm x 0.3 cm; peduncle to 0.5 cm long. Antilles (south from Hispaniola); near sea on Dominica: Castle Bruce River mouth (Ernst 1465), Grand Savanne (Ernst 2129), Hatton Garden (Hodge 3070), Marigot (Hodge 737), Melville Hall (Wilbur 8036), Petite Soufriere Bay (Nicolson 1984), Salisbury (Hodge 3792), Woodford Hill (Hodge 3502). Pluchea Cassini Annual Pluchea odorata (Linnaeus) Cassini, medicinal usage reported by Adjanohoun et al. (1985:87, pi. 54) is a new record, if based on Dominica material. More uses were given for P. carolinensis, as P. symphitifolia, (l.c., p. 89, pi. 55). Pluchea carolinensis Pluchea carolinensis (Jacquin) G. Don in Sweet, 1839:350. — Khan & Jarvis, 1989:661. Conyza carolinensis Jacquin, 1789, Coll., 2:271. Pluchea odorata sensu auett. as Britton & Wilson, 1925, 6:298 and Domin, 1930d:70, not as to type of (Linnaeus) Cassini [incl. Pluchea purpurascens (Swartz) A. R Candolle]. Cattle tongue. Perennial subshrub; leaves alternate, ± entire; corymbs 5-10 cm across or more; involucre several-seriate, tight; receptacle naked; florets white to lilac, outer pistillate, inner mostly sterile; achenes 4-5-angled, with pappus of a single series of scabrous bristles. Caribbean area into northern South America; occasional in disturbed places in low- to midlands of Dominica: Coulibistri (Wilbur 8115), Fond Figues River (Ernst 1014), Hatton Garden (Hodge 2958), Mahaut (Morden 4), Milton (Hodge 2522), Point Michel (Gilds 8130, King 6309), south of Rosalie (Chambers 2722), South Chiltem (Hodge 1460), Spanish Mountain (Hodge 2754), bottom of Syndicate road (Whitefoord 4325). The Irene Morden collection reported that “cattle tongue” can be boiled in water, sweetened with a little sugar, and drunk very cold for colds. Porophyllum Guettard According to Dandy (1%7:13 and 74), this was first validly published by Guettard (1754:377). According to ING, it was first validly published by Adanson (1763, 2:122). There is a possibility that the latter publication constitutes an illegitimate renaming of Cacalia Linnaeus, cited in synonymy. Porophyllum ruderale Porophyllum ruderale (Jacquin) Cassini in Cuvier, 1826, 43:56. — ^R.R. Johnson, 1969:234. 44 Asteraceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Cacalia porophyllum Linnaeus, 1753:834. Kleinia ruderalis Jacquin, 1760:28. Porophyllum ellipticum Cassini in Cuvier, 1826, 43:56 [based on Cacalia porophyllum lAnnasus, 1753]. — Domin, 1930d:80. — Stehle, 1963:183. Annual herbs; leaves alternate, entire, elliptic to oblong, thin, to 6 cm X 2.5 cm on thin petioles; heads solitary, on long peduncles that are swollen towards apex; involucral bracts 5, in a single series, linear, -2 cm long; receptacle naked, small; florets green, purple-tinged at tip, all tubular, bisexual, with a thin, elongate tube and a short limb; achenes dark, linear, to 1 cm long, with conspicuous light tan pappus of capillary bristles. Weed from southern US to Argentina; rarely collected on Dominica: Baiac {Whitefoord 5465) [Eggers collection re- ported by Urban (1899, 1:467) and Imray and Domin collections reported by Domin (1930d:80)]. Pseudelephantopus Rohr, nom. et orth. cons. Pseudelephantopus spicatus Pseudelephantopus spicatus (Aublet) C.F. Baker, 1902:45. — ^Nicolson, 1981a:492. Elephantopus spicatus Jussieu ex Aublet, 1775:808. — Clouts & McDaniels in North Amer. H., ser. 2, 1978, 10:199. Distrephus spicatus (Aublet) Cassini in Cuvier, 1819, 13:367. — Domin, 1930d:62. Erect perennial herb to 1 m; leaves alternate, lower oblanceolate, upper smaller and linear; glomerules 1 -4-headed with 2-4 florets per head; achenes 10-ribbed, pappus with longer bristly hairs double-bent. Neotropical weed now pantropical; common on Dominica in disturbed places: Clarke Hall {Chambers 2637), Fort Shirley of West Cabrit (Whitefoord 3978), Grand Bay road (Ernst 1597), Mt. Joy (Hodge 1277), South Chiltem (Hodge 1532), Trafalgar Falls road (Hodge 2014, Whitefoord 4581). Rolandra Rottbpll Rolandra fruticosa Rolandra fruticosa (Liimaeus) Kuntze, 1891, 1:360. — Domin, 1930d:62. Echinops fruticosus Linnaeus, 1753:815. Rolandra argentea Rottboll, 1775:258. Tele negresse. Virgate, stiff perennial herb; leaves alternate, entire, elliptic- lanceolate, dark green above, white-tomentose beneath; inflo- rescence compounded of 1 -flowered heads that are glomerate in sessile clusters subtended by a leaf; involucre of 2 bracts, outer larger than inner and aristate; florets all tubular, 3-4-toothed; achenes angled, truncate, crowned with a lacerate pappus, shed in the 2 clasping involucral bracts. Northern South America to Honduras and Puerto Rico; occasional in Dominica in moist, disturbed areas: Carib Reserve (Hodge 3278), Clarke HaU (Chambers 2750), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3628), Layou River Valley (Ernst 1508), Lisdara (Hodge 2422), Mome Plaisance (Whitefoord 4508), near Newhall [?] (Eggers 516), Providence Valley (Hodge 2039), Riversdale (Proctor 25792), South Chiltem (Hodge 1483). Root infusion used by Caribs for medicine (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:616), Adjanohoun et al. (1985:89, pi. 56) reported use of leaf infusion. Senecio Linnaeus Senecio lucidus Senecio lucidus (Swartz) A.R CandoUe, 1838, 6:411. — Domin, 1930d:83. — Stehle, 1963:188. Cineraria lucida Swartz, 1806:1360. Large herbaceous shrub to 3 m, often reclining on other vegetation, stems strongly ridged; leaves alternate, fleshy, elliptic to lanceolate, denticulate; inflorescence much branched, terminal; involucre 1 -seriate; receptacle flat, naked; florets yellow to orange, marginal florets hgulate, female and disk florets bisexual and tubular; achenes elongate, pappus of many silky bristles. Guadeloupe to Martinique; at higher elevations of Dominica, reported as common around Freshwater Lake: Freshwater Lake area (Chambers 2552, Eggers 680, Ernst 1103, Hodge 1871, King 6379, Smith 10244, Whitefoord 4179, 5152), Mome Anglais (Fennah 23), Valley of Desolation (Hodge 1943). A Trinidad record is probably a Sieber labeling error, as noted by Stehle (1963:189). Sonchus Linnaeus (by K. Chambers) Sonchus oleraceus Sonchus oleraceus Linnaeus, 1753:794. — ^Boulos, 1973:155. Sow-thistle. Stout, hollow-stemmed annual herbs to 1 m, sap milky; leaves alternate, lower lyrate-pinnatifid with a broad terminal lobe, acutely dentate, upper auriculate-clasping; involucral bracts in several series, outer smallest; receptacle flat, naked; florets pale yellow, all ligulate and 5-toothed; achenes flattened, mgulose and grooved, with pappus of capillary hairs. Cosmopolitan weed, especially in temperate regions; new record for Dominica: En Haut Jean (Whitefoord 5423), north of Grand Savanne (Wilbur 8118), Tete Mome (King 6325). Struchium Browne Struchium sparganophorum Struchium sparganophorum (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 1891, 1:366. Ethulia sparganophora Linnaeus, 1763:1171. NUMBER 77 Asteraceae 45 Sparganophorus vaillantii Crantz, 1766, 1:261, nom. iUeg. [incl. type of Ethidia sparganophora Linnaeus, 1763]. — Domin, 1930d:60. Sparganophorus sparganophorus (Linnaeus) Jeffrey, 1988:272, “spargano- phora," nom. inadmiss. Herb; leaves alternate, elliptic -lanceolate, serrate; heads axillary, sessile, to 1 cm across; involucral bracts ovate- lanceolate, acuminate to aristate; receptacle naked; florets all bisexual and tubular, white or pink; achenes 4-angled, topped by a whitish cartilaginous cupule to 1 mm long. Throughout neotropics, introduced elsewhere; apparently uncommon on Dominica in wet lowlands: Hatton Garden {Hodge 3100), Sugar Lxiaf {Eggers 788). Jeffrey (l.c.) argued that Struchium Browne was not validly published, citing Art. 42 (ICBN) as if Browne’s new generic names rested on species descriptions. As Dandy (1967:11) pointed out, Patrick Browne’s generic names rest on generic descriptions that are in the usual Linnaean format for generic descriptions. These appear within the text for the first (or only) species with three exceptions, the most critical being Phae- lypea, the only one for which there is no generic description. The other two involve the generic description appearing on the page before or under the second species. I am not convinced that the epithet in Ethulia sparganophora is a noun in apposition. The original form was Spargano- pkoros, attributed to Vaillant. It appears that Linnaeus modified the original form to agree with Ethulia, suggesting that his usage was adjectival. Synedrella Gaertner, nom. cons. Synedrella nodiflora Synedrella nodiflora (Linnaeus) Gaertner, 1791, 2:246. — Domin, 1930d:78. Verbesina nodiflora Linnaeus, 1755:28. Weak-Stemmed and pubescent herbs; leaves opposite, 3-veined, shallowly serrulate to ± entire; heads crowded and ± sessile in axils; involucre few-bracted, outer 1-2 green, inner dry and scarious; receptacle small, with scarious, elongate pales; inconspicuous ray-florets female, yellow, with filiform tube and short, 2-3-toothed ligule; disk-florets bisexual; achenes of two types: those from ray-florets compressed, 2-winged, the wings with awns; those from disk-florets narrow, with 2-3 awns at tip. Neotropical, now widespread; common in disturbed places of Dominica at low to mid-elevations; Cabrits {Whitefoord 3989), Canefield {Hodge 758), Carib Reserve {Hodge 3392), Clarke Hall {Chambers 2638), Delices {Whitefoord 3673), Fond Baron {Ernst 1963, King 6300), Fond St. Jean {King 6328), Grand Bay road {Ernst 1589), Layou River valley {Ernst 1527, 2186), Lisdara {Hodge 757, 2461), Mome aux Diables {Wilbur 8066), Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2643), Pont Casse {Chambers 2719), Ridgefield {Hodge 2182), South Chiltem {Hodge 1510), Sylvania {Hodge 756). Tithonia Desfontaines ex Jussieu Tithonia diversifolia Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A. Gray, 1883:5. — La Duke, 1982:498. Mirasolia diversifolia Hemsley, 1881, 2:168. Coarse subshrub to 3 m; leaves alternate, usually 3-5-lobed, whitish beneath, base decurrent on petiole; inflorescence large, terminal, long-peduncled; involucral bracts in 2 series; recepta- cle convex, with 1 cm pales; outer ray-florets sterile, with large, 3-toothed, showy yellow ligules 3-6 cm long; achenes pilose, ~5 mm long, tipped by 2 unequal awns and 6-10 small scales. Central American, introduced elsewhere but naturalizing and sometimes a pest; locally common in Dominica: Bataka {Hodge 3185), Carib Reserve {Stehli 6435), Castleton Estate {Webster 13411), King’s Hill {King 6295), Springfield {King 6336, 6343, Whitefoord 5838), Sylvania {Wilbur 7718). Tridax Linnaeus Tridax procumbens Tridax procumbens Linnaeus, 1753:900. — PoweU, 1965:80. Trailing herbs; leaves opposite, serrate; heads long- peduncled; involucral bracts in few series; receptacle convex, with pales; ray-florets female, 3-lobed, white to pale yellow; disk-florets bisexual, yellow; achenes villous, overtopped by pales, pappus of many aristate bristles. Central American but now a widespread weed; weed on Dominica, common along west coast: Batali River mouth {Chambers 2795), Canefield {Hodge 733), Goodwill {Ernst 1296, Wilbur 7578), Grand Savanne {Wilbur 7666), Loubiere {Hodge 3856), Pointe Michel {King 6388), Roseau {Hodge 734), Salisbury {Whitefoord 5449). Verbesina Linnaeus 1. Leaves deeply pinnatifid; heads 5-7 mm across; midlands V. gigantea 1. Leaves denticulate; heads 12-15 mm across; montane V. howardiana Verbesina gigantea Verbesina gigantea Jacquin, 1784, Icon., 1(4):17, pi. 175; 1786, Coll., 1:53.— Urban, 1907, 5:264.— Domin, 1930d:73.— Stehle, 1962d:365. Herb to 2 m, finely pubescent; leaves alternate, lower ones deeply 5-9-lobed, 4-16 cm x 2-8 cm; inflorescence corym- bose; involucre multisef 7te, light brown; receptacle convex with pales clasping achenes; florets white, ray-florets incon- spicuous (absent?); achenes flattened, broad-winged, with pappus of 2 awns. Scattered in Antilles, also Panama; low to midlands of Dominica: Bellevue {King 6306, 6312), Fond Baron {King 46 Asteraceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 6297), Petit Coulibri {Whitefoord 5996), South Chiltem (Nicolson 2167), Springfield {King 6333, 6338), Sylvania {Cooper 24), Tete Mome {King 6322). Verbesina howardiana Verbesina howardiana J. Olsen, 1989:107. Subshrub with rather succulent stems; leaves clustered near branch ends, obovate, to 10 cm x 5 cm, the small teeth glandular; involucral bracts dark brown; ray-florets yellow, conspicuous, 1.2- 1.5 cm long, disk-florets glabrous. Endemic and new for Dominica in elfin woodlands; Mome Diablotins {Whitefoord 5309 at BM), Mome Trois Pitons summit {Chambers 2588, Kimber 975, Nicolson 1815). Flowering in October, fruiting December. Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Dominica now each have endemic montane species of Verbesina. The original publica- tion’s attribution of Dominica’s endemic to the Dominican Republic (Hispaniola) is an unfortunate error. Vernonia Schreber, nom. cons. 1. Plants perennial subshrubs; heads sessile . . V. albicaulis 1. Plants annual herbs; heads pedunculate .... V. cinerea Vernonia albicaulis Vernonia albicaulis Persoon, 1807, 2:404. — ^Keeley, 1978:372. Vernonia longifolia Perscx>n, 1807, 2:404. — Domin, 1930d:61. Vernonia vahliana Lessing, 1829:306. Suffruticose herbs to 2 m; leaves alternate, oblong-elliptic, 2-15 cm X 1-5 cm; inflorescences cymose, condensed and little branched; heads sessile; involucre few-seriate; receptacle flat, naked; corollas all tubular, lavender, pink to white; achenes ~3 mm long with pale brown (rarely white) pappus. Puerto Rico through northern Lesser Antilles; in disturbed places of Dominica, usually in drier habitats: Cabrits {Hodge 749, Nicolson 1906, Webster 13296), Dublanc {Hodge 2534), Fond Hunte Estate {Whitefoord 4446), near Londonderry {Chambers 2620), Point Carib {Wilbur 8009), Pointe Ronde {Ernst 1565), Portsmouth {Whitefoord 5188), South Chiltem {Ernst 1877, Hodge 1643, Stern & Wasshausen 2529), Sylvania {Cooper 88), sine loc. {Fishlock 57), Tete Mome {King 6321). Our specimens apparently fall in subsp. albicau- lis. Vernonia cinerea Vernonia cinerea (Linnaeus) Lessing, 1829:291. — Domin, 1930d:60. — Keeley, 1978:411. Conyza cinerea Linnaeus, 1753:262. Annual herb to 0.5 m; leaves ovate (below) to oblanceolate (above), 2-5 cm x 1. 5-2.5 cm; inflorescence loosely branched; heads peduncled; corollas purple, blue to white; achenes rounded, -1.5 mm long with deciduous, white pappus. Apparendy Asiatic but now a pantropic weed; common in disturbed areas of Dominica, often on coconut hull dumps; Cabrits {Whitefoord 4079), Calibishie {Hodge 3144), Canefield {Hodge 747, Nicolson 2145), Kimber 1106), Colihaut {Kimber 1059), Eden River mouth {Chambers 2603), Fond St. Jean {DeFilipps 168, King 6329), Mero {Chambers 2782), Pont Casse {Ernst 1236A, Wilbur 7732), Portsmouth {Hodge 748). Domin (1930d;1930) said he was the first to collect this on Dominica. Nicolson 2145 reports use as tea to provoke menstmation. Wedelia Jacquin, nom. cons. 1. Erect subshrubs; leaves petioled, unlobed; peduncles to 2 cm long W. calycina 1. Sprawling herbs, rooting at nodes; leaves ± sessile, often 3-5-lobed; peduncles 3-15 cm long . ... W. trilobata Wedelia calycina Wedelia calycina L. Richard in Persoon, 1807, 2:490. — Domin, 1930d:75. Wedelia buphthalmoides var. dominicensis Grisebach, 1861:372. Wedelia jacquinii var. calycina (L. Richard) O. Schulz in Urban, 191 1, 7:102. Wedelia calycina var. dominicensis (Grisebach) Domin, 1930d:76. Wedelia jacquinii sensu O. Schulz in Urban, 1911, 7:100, non L. Richard in Persoon, nom. superfl. pro Wedelia fruticosa Jacquin. Hirsute subshmb 1-2 m; leaves opposite, 3-veined from above base, ovate to lanceolate, serrate; heads radiate; involucre 2-seriate, outer ± foliaceous; receptacle with pales; ray-florets pistillate, bright yellow to golden orange; disk florets bisexual; achenes tipped by scales or a cupule. Antilles into northern South America and Panama; dry areas of Dominica, common near coast: Anse du Me {Wilbur 8046), Carholm {King 6394), ridge above Clarke Hall {Ernst 1532, Stern & Wasshausen 2400, Webster 13183), Delices {White- foord 3755), Fonde Hunte Estate {Whitefoord 4458), Grand Savanne {Hodge 3774), King’s Hill {King 6294), Laudat {Lloyd 227), Loubifere {Hodge 3868), Mero {Chambers 2778), Point Carib {Wilbur 8014), Pointe des Fous {Ernst 1794), Pointe Guignard {Wilbur 8133), Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2636), Roseau {Hodge 745, Lloyd 737), St. Joseph {King 6389), Scotts Head {Hodge 1634), Tete Mome {King 6326). Smaller leaved plants, as Wilbur 8133, could be treated as Wedelia calycina var. parviflora (L. Richard) Alain. Wedelia trilobata Wedelia trilobata (Linnaeus) Hitchcock, 1893:99. — O. Schulz in Urban, 1911, 7:95.— Domin, 1930d:74. Silphium trilobatum Linnaeus, 1759a:1233. Wedelia carnosa L. Richard in Persoon, 1807, 2:490, nom. iUeg. — Grisebach, 1861:370. Trailing and rooting prostrate herb; leaves obovate, often lobed and irregularly serrate, 3-nerved from above base; ray-florets orange to yellow. NUMBER 77 Asteraceae — Balsaminaceae 47 Widespread weed, sometimes used as groundcover; usually in damp places of Dominica from strand to 500 m: Bellevue (Taylor 22), Carib Reserve (Hodge 3339), beach near Castle Bruce (Wilbur 7983), Hatton Garden beach (Hodge 3064), La Plaine (King 6371), Lisdara (Hodge 744), Mome Daniel (Kimber 1081), Pagua Bay (Chambers 2627, Wilbur 7531), Pont Casse (King 6356), Portsmouth (Hodge 742, Solheim 5629), Rosalie (Ernst 1353), Roseau (Hodge 743), Soufriere (Lloyd 403), Sylvania (Hodge 3829), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3605). Caribs are reported to use the leaves as a poultice (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:616). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:93, pi. 60) reported several medicinal usages. Wulffia Necker ex Cassini Wulffia baccata Wulffia baccata (Linnaeus f.) Kuntze, 1891, 1:373. — O. Schulz in Urban, 1911, 7:91.— Domin, 1930d:73. Coreopsis baccata Linnaeus f., 1782:380. Wulffia stenoglossa A.R Candolle, 1836, 5:363. — Grisebach, 1861:372. Wulffia havanensis sensu Grisebach, 1861:373, non A.P. Candolle. Large subshrub, sometimes scrambling; leaves opposite, serrate-dentate, 3-veined above base; heads 1-3, terminal, radiate, with bracts in 2-3 series; receptacle with pales below fertile (disk) florets and exceeding florets and achenes; florets yellow to orange; achene without pappus, fleshy at maturity. Lesser Antilles into northern South America; occasional weed in Dominica; Baiac (Whitefoord 3827), Bellevue (King 6314), Freshwater Lake (Gillis 8187), Grand Bay (Cooper 55, Ernst 1610, Eggers 699), Laudat (Lloyd 243), Lisdara (Hodge 760, 762), Mome CoUa Anglais (Webster 13413), Ridgefield (Hodge 2180), Sylvania (Hodge 759, 761, 3828). Xanthium Linnaeus Xanthium strumarium Xanthium strumariwn Lirmaeus, 1753:987. Xanthium chinense MiUer, 1768. — Domin, 1930d:60. Cocklebur. Coarse herb; leaves alternate, pedately veined, 3-5-lobed; corymbs with pistillate flowers near base, upper heads staminate; pistillate receptacle with pales subtending florets; fruits enclosed by woody involucre with hooked spines. Widespread weed; rarely collected on Dominica, the first collection claimed by Domin (1930d:60); Carib Reserve (Hodge 3295). This genus is sometimes split into many species. Xanthium chinense Miller, Xanthium echinatum Murray, Xanthium occidental Bertoloni, and Xanthium orientale Linnaeus are often used on Antillean material but a broad species concept is used here. Youngia Cassini (by K. Chambers) Youngia japonica Youngia japonica (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle, 1838, 7:194. — Babcock & Stebbins, 1937:94. Prenanthes japonica Linnaeus, 1767b:107. Crepis japonica (Linnaeus) Bentham, 1861a: 194. Erect annual herbs with milky sap; leaves mostly basal, lyrate-pinnatifid with large terminal lobe; inflorescence sca- pose, paniculate; heads small, ligulate; involucre in 2 series, outer small and inner equaling florets; florets yellow, outer ones reddish-tinged, ligulate and 5-toothed, all fertile; achenes with pappus of white hairs. Widespread weed of tropical and subtropical regions, native to eastern Asia; often on banks near ditches at middle elevations of Dominica: Jean (Ernst 1816), Pont Casse (Chambers 2718), Sylvania (Hodge 440[?], 769, 2502), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3657), Trafalgar Falls road (Whitefoord 4639). Balanophoraceae Helosis cayennensis Helosis cayennensis (Swartz) Sprengel, 1826, 3:765. — Howard, 1959b:81. — Hansen, 1980:35. Cynomorium cayennense Swartz, 1797:13, “cayenense." Rhizomatous, achlorophyllous, leafless root-parasite; erect portion of plant to 5 cm, with globoid or ellipsoid monoecious capitulum of florets, each subtended by a ring of hairs; male florets with 3-lobed tepals, females with 2 styles. Cuba, Martinique, St. Lucia, Trinidad, northern South America; in Dominica in montane rainforest at 600-1000 m: Mome Anglais (Fennah 24), Laurent River near Mome Negres Marrons (Hodge 1206). Hansen calls our H. cayennensis var. mexicana (Liebmann) Hansen but the varietal epithet andicola appears to have priority. Balsaminaceae (by R. DeFilipps) Impatiens balsamina Impatiens balsamina Linnaeus, 1753:938. Garden balsam. Succulent herb; leaves serrate, alternate; flowers showy, magenta; capsules tomentose. Native of Southeast Asia, widely cultivated as an ornamen- tal; escaping in Dominica on cleared land: Sylvania (Hodge 459), roadside at Bomes (DHN!, flowering June). 48 Basellaceae — Bignoniaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Basellaceae Anredera leptostachys Anredera leptostachys (Moquin) Steenis, 1957, 5:302. — Bogle, 1969:595. Boussingaultia leptostachys Moquin in A.P. CandoUe, 1849, 13(2):229. Glabrous vine; racemes slender, lax; pedicels jointed; outer bracteoles shorter than perianth and not winged. Neotropics; in Dominica, possibly escaping, at 30-60 m in coastal scrub-woodlands: Colihaut (Ernst 1149), Petit Coulibri (Whitefoord 4672), Salisbury (Nicolson 1941). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:53, pi. 20) reported use to treat inflammation. Recent annotations by Calvin R. Sperling (Harvard) indicate that he regards this as a synonym of Anredera vesicaria (Lamarck) C. Gaertner. Begoniaceae (by K. Burt-Utley) Begonia Linnaeus Begonia heradeifolia Chamisso & Schlechtendal of Central America, with pedatifid leaves and pubescent petioles, was collected in cultivation at Baiac (Whitefoord 5459). Excluded Begonia Begonia scandens Swartz (= Begonia glabra Aublet), a distinctive scandent species not known to occur in the Lesser Antilles, was reported from Dominica by Grisebach (1860:305) based on an Imray record. The type of B. dominicalis, Imray 584 (K), has “B. scandentis proximo” written on it and may have been misread by Grisebach. 1. Leaf blades to 10.5 cm long, doubly serrate; inflorescences few-flowered, to 10 cm long B. humilis 1. Leaf blades 8-23 cm long, ± entire; inflorescences many-flowered, >20 cm long B. obliqua Begonia humilis Begonia humilis Alton, 1789, 3:353. — Smith et al., 1986:181. Annual herb; leaf blades 1.5-10.5 cm x 0.8-5.0 cm, short-pilose above, glabrous below, doubly serrate; inflores- cences few-flowered; tepals white; staminate tepals 2, ± orbicular to ovate; largest capsule wing rounded at apex. Grenada into northern South America; locally common in humid areas in Dominica 30-700 m: north (Syndicate- Calibishie) — (Ernst 1554, Hodge 3539, Whitefoord 3510); interior (Pont Casse) — (Cowan 1615, Hodge 1077, Nicolson 2125); west slopes (Clarke Hall-Lisdara) — (Cooper 66, Hodge 2501, Stehli 6360, Stern & Wasshausen 2443 A, Wasshausen & Ayensu 307, Wilbur 7687). Begonia obliqua Begonia obliqua Linnaeus, 1753:1056. — Golding, 1980:245. — Smith et al., 1986:206.— Howard, 1989,5:395. Begonia macrophylla Lamarck, 1785, 1:394. Begonia odorata WUldenow [1814, Enum. Suppl., 64, nom. nud.] ex Link, 1822, 2:3%.— Smith et al., 1986:207. Begonia dominicalis A.L. Candolle ex Grisebach, 1860:304. — A.L. Candolle in A.P. CandoUe, 1864, 15(1):294.— Smith et al., 1986:160. Begonia domingensis sensu Grisebach, 1860:304, non A.L. Candolle (fide O. Schulz in Urban, 1911, 7:19). Begonia suaveolens sensu A.L. CandoUe in A.P. CandoUe, 1864, 15(1):294, non Loddiges. Perennial herb; leaf blades 8-23 cm x 5-15 cm, glabrous above, sometimes weakly pilose below (especially on veins), margins entire to weakly denticulate or crenate; inflorescences many-flowered, tepals white to pink; staminate tepals 4, the 2 largest ± orbicular to ovate, the 2 smallest oblanceolate; largest capsule wing obtuse, acute or acuminate at apex. Guadeloupe and Martinique; common in Dominica in woodlands and rainforests 30-900 m: east (Carib Reserve- Rosalie) — (Hodge 3031, Stehld 6368, Stern & Wasshausen 2471, 2472); interior (Micotrin-Deux Branches) — (Beard 1453, Chambers 2767, Cowan 1613, 1614, Fairchild 2924, Ernst 1489, Hodge 1800, 1801, Smith 10239, Webster 13244, Wilbur 7471, 7820); west (Syndicate-Petit Coulibri) — (Chambers 2699, Cooper 76, Eggers 612, Hodge 473, 1014, 1174, 1356, 1471, 1543, 2022, 2305, 2496, 2570, 2581, Nicolson 1826, 2156, Skog 1553, Webster 13190, 13276, 3489, Whitefoord 5894, 6023, Wilbur 7609, 7697), sine loc. (Imray 584 at K). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:55, pi. 21) reported medicinal usages (as B. odorata). The characters utilized by O. Schulz (l.c.) and Smith et al. (1986:121) to separated, macrophylla, B. dominicalis, and 5. odorata are, at best, superficial. The shape of the bracteoles subtending pistillate flowers is frequently a variable character, even within an inflorescence. Moreover, it is common for the two bracteoles to have different shapes. The difficulty in distinguishing these taxa by bracteole characters is com- pounded by Schulz’s use of capsule wing characters. Wing shape varies within and among populations of Begonia. Even within an inflorescence there are subtle differences in wing shape, making it an unreliable character. The polymorphic species concept accepted by Howard (l.c.) is continued here. Although Schulz included Lamarck’s plate 778 in Begonia macrophylla, the plate is Begonia minor Jacquin, a species that does not occur on Dominica. Bignoniaceae (by A.C. Nicolson) We acknowledge, with thanks, the prompt and constructive criticism by Dr. Alwyn Gentry (MO) of this text. Cultivated genera include the following: Amphitecna latifo- lia (Miller) Gentry (includes Enallagma latifolia Miller), a tree NUMBER 77 Bignoniaceae 49 with simple, oblanceolate leaves and solitary, greenish flowers was reported by Hodge and Taylor (1957:607). Catalpa longissima (Jacquin) Dumont de Courset, a tree with simple, ovate leaves and white flowers (Roseau Botanic Garden: Bailey 208, Hodge C). Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don, a tree with bipinnate leaves and blue flowers (Roseau Botanic Garden: Hodge 5955). Parmentiera cereifera Seemann, the candle-tree, with trifoliolate leaves and elongate, white cauliflorous flowers (Roseau Botanic Garden: Hodge 931). Spathodea campanulata Palisot de Beauvois, the African tulip-tree, with pinnate leaves and large, scarlet flowers (Sylvania: Hodge 837). 1. Trees or shrubs, not climbing. 2. Leaves pinnately compound, margins dentate Tecoma 2. Leaves simple or palmately compound; margins entire. 3. Leaves fascicled, simple, oblanceolate; inflorescence on old wood, 1 -few-flowered; corolla greenish, lobes apiculate Crescentia 3. Leaves opposite, simple or palmately 3-5-foliolate, leaflets ovate-elliptic; inflorescence ± terminal, many-flowered; corolla pink, lobes broadly rounded Tabebuia 1. Climbers by tendrils or rootlets. 4. Leaves simple, broadly ovate; flowers inconspicuous, appearing cauliflorous; fruit globose, indehiscent . . . Schlegelia 4. Leaves 2-3-foliolate, terminal leaflet sometimes re- placed by tendril; flowers showy, not appearing cauli- florous; fruit dehiscent. 5. Stems sharply 6-angled; leaflets broadly cordate; inflorescence an elongate terminal panicle; calyx margin double, the outer frilly and the inner thick Amphilophium 5. Stems terete to 4-angled; leaflets ovate to elliptic; inflorescence not as above; calyx simple, without frilly outer margin. 6. Tfendrils 3-clawed; flowers yellow, solitary to few at nodes; calyx thin and membranous, margin irregular Macfadyena 6. Tfendrils not clawed; flowers lavender-pink or white, in terminal or lateral inflorescences; calyx ± coriaceous, margin regularly truncate or 5- denticulate. 7. Corolla tubular, white, >10 cm long; fruit ellipsoidal, the seeds thick and unwinged; leaves densely tan-puberulous beneath . . Tanaedum 7. Corolla infundibuliform- to campanulate- tubular, usually lavender-pink, <8 cm long; fruit linear; seeds thin-winged, leaves glabrous or pubescent only in nerve axils beneath. 8. Panicle many-flowered (>20); corolla <5 cm long; nectariferous disc present; seed wings hyaline, white; rare Arrabidaea 8. Raceme few-flowered (<20); corolla >8 cm long, nectariferous disc absent; seed wings firm, brownish; common Cydista Amphilophium Kunth Amphilophium paniculatum Amphilophium paniculatum (Linnaeus) Kunth, 1819, 3:149. Bignonia paniculata Linnaeus, 1753:623. Coarse vine; leaflets usually 2, cordate, acuminate, to 15 cm long; petioles to 5 cm long, petiolules to 4 cm; inflorescence terminal, to 15 cm long; pedicels 1 cm long; calyx double- margined, urceolate, outer 5 lobes broadly spreading; corolla 2 cm long, bilabiate, purple at maturity, fragrant; capsule oblong -elliptic, ± flattened, to 9 cm x 5 cm; seeds to 2 cm x 3 cm, puberulous. Neotropics; occasional in Dominica from sea level to 800 m: Antrim Valley {Nicolson 1874), Douglas Bay {Ernst 1930), Rosehill {Eggers 504), Syndicate {Ernst 2104, Whitefoord 4306), sine loc. {Imray 104). Rowering July-October. Arrabidaea A.P. Candolle Arrabidaea chica Arrabidaea chica (Humboldt & Bonpland) Verlot, 1868:154. Bignonia chica Humboldt & Bonpland, 1807, 1:107. Vine; leaflets ovate, base rounded, apex acute to acuminate, to 12 cm X 5 cm; petiole to 7 cm, petiolules to 3 cm long, the petiole and tendril persistent after the fall of the leaflets, creating the appearance of cauline tendrils; inflorescence a terminal panicle, to 15 cm long; pedicel 5 mm, slender; calyx 5 mm, teeth minute; corolla lavender-pink, 3-4 cm long, lobes to 1 cm; pods 15 cm x 1 cm, linear and flattened; seeds flattened, 4 cm X 1 cm, wings hyaline. Continental neotropics and Greater Antilles; rare (possibly escaped?) in Dominica: rocky flat along Douglas Bay {Ernst 1929). Rowering and fruiting in July. Crescentia Linnaeus Crescentia cujete Crescentia cujete Linnaeus, 1753:626. Calabash, calebasse coucou, calebasse rond. Tree to 10 m; leaves simple, sometimes clustered, apex rounded or short-apiculate, base long-tapering to 1 cm petiole; flowers solitary, lateral on old wood; pedicel to 1.5 cm; calyx 2 cm, deeply bifid; corolla campanulate, 5.6 cm long, greenish, the lobes triangular, 1.5 cm long, long-apiculate to fimbriate; 50 Bignoniaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY firuit gourd-like, indehiscent; seeds unwinged, embedded in pulp. Neotropics, often semi-cultivated; occasional in Dominica at lower elevations: Bataca (Stehl^ 6369, 6372), sine loc. (Taylor 118, 119, 120). As elsewhere, the hard-shelled fruits of various shapes are used to make containers (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:607). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:55, pi. 22) reported usage to treat wounds. Cydista Miers Cydista aequinocrialis Cydista aequinoctialis (Linnaeus) Miers, 1863:191. Bignonia aequinoctialis Linnaeus, 1753:623. Vigorous vine; leaflets obovate, base rounded, apex tapered, to 12 cm X 4 cm; petiole 3-5 cm, petiolules 1.5 cm; pedicel 1 cm; calyx 8 mm, truncate; corolla 7-9 cm, lobes 2.5 cm long, rounded, pink; fruit to 40 cm x 2.5 cm, flattened; seeds coriaceous, flattened, winged, 3.5 cm x 2 cm. Neotropics; common in Dominica along the west coast: Batali River (Ernst 1395, 1656), Cabrits (Hodge 836, Nicolson 4198, Webster 13317), Canefield Estate (Ernst 1839), Douglas Bay (Finlay s.n. at K), Hatton Garden (Hodge 3072), Portsmouth (Hodge 3755, Whitefoord 4513), sine loc. (Imray 26). Rowering April -June, fruiting in July. Macfadyena A.P. Candolle Macfadyena unguis1.5 cm broad. 2. Leaves attenuate at base, ± entire; nutlets rounded H. angiospermum 2. Leaves ± truncate at base, ± undulate; nutlets pointed H. indicum Heliotropium angiospermum Heliotropium angiospermum Murray, 1770:217. — ^Johnston, 1949b: 138. Heliotropium parviflorum Linnaeus, 1771:201. Annual ~1 m; leaves ovate, acuminate, base attenuate, to 8 cm X 3 cm, margin entire; inflorescence sometimes forked, to 15 cm long; fruit 2-lobed, finely scaly. Neotropics; infrequent in Dominica, dry scrub areas on west coast: Colihaut (Ernst 1150, Wilbur 8274), Roseau (Hodge 795). Heliotropium indicum Heliotropium indicum Linnaeus, 1753:130. Annual ~1 m; leaves broadly ovate, irregularly undulate- margined; inflorescence to 30 cm; fruit 2-lobed, glabrous. Tropical weed; occasional in Dominica: Cabrit Swamp (Whitefoord 4059), Hillsborough Estate (Hodge 3759), Laudat (Lloyd 247), Loubiere (Hodge 3872), sine loc. (Nicholls 37). Medicinal usages were reported by Adjanohoun et al. (1985:57, pi. 24). 56 Boraginaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Heliotropium termtum Heliotropium ternatum Vahl, 1794, 3:21. Heliotropium frulicosum sensu Grisebach, 1862:486, non Linnaeus. Heliotropium humile (Linnaeus) R. Brown ex Roemer & Schultes, 1819, 4:37, non Lamarck. — Urban, 1910, 4:527. Shrub to 0.5 m; leaves ± sessile, often temate, white-hairy beneath, linear, to 3 cm x 0.5 cm, margins often revolute; inflorescence short, to 6 cm; fruit 4-lobed, hispid. West Indies, Yucatan, northern South America; very common in Dominica, co-dominant in xerophytic scrub of west coast: Batali River {Chambers 2789), Colihaut {Ernst 1146), Grand Savanne {Hodge 3790, Lloyd 827, Nicolson 1942, Stehli 6315, Stern & Wasshausen 2538, Webster 13169, Wilbur 7630), Mero Valley {Kimber 932), Wallhouse {Eggers 934). True H. fruticosum, of the Greater Antilles and Central America, is a smaller, more compact annual with large leaf-like bracts on an attenuate inflorescence. Tournefortia Linnaeus 1. Leaves usually >4 cm broad; corolla white; corolla lobes triangular, acute; flowers sessile; fruit an ovoid, unlobed white drupe. 2. Sprawling shrub or climber; leaves ovate (2x longer than broad), obtuse to acute at base; corolla tube constricted near middle; style none (stigma sessile) . . .T. bicolor 2. Tree or shrub; leaves lanceolate (4x longer than broad), attenuate at base; corolla tube bulged near middle; style elongate T. filiflora 1. Leaves usually <4 cm broad; corolla greenish; corolla lobes filiform or acuminate; flowers ± sessile to pedicel- late; fruit a greenish or yellowish drupe with 2-4 lobes (stones). 3. Corolla tube 5 mm or longer; corolla lobes broad at base; leaves glabrous beneath; fruits yellowish T. maculata 3. Corolla tube to 3 mm long; corolla lobes filiform; leaves hispid to pubescent beneath; fruits greenish-white. 4. Plants hispid; pedicels to 2 mm; calyx lobes to 3 mm long; fruits hispid T. caribaea 4. Plants curly-pubescent; pedicels <1 mm long; calyx lobes to 1 mm long; fruits glabrous . . .T. volubilis Tournefortia bicolor Tournefortia bicolor Swartz, 1788:40. — Johnston, 1949b:133. Tournefortia laevigata Lamarck, 1792, Tab., 1:416. Tournefortia bicolor f. laevigata (Lamarck) Grisebach, 1862:483. Mirette. Sprawling shrub to tree to 4 m; leaves elliptic, to 15 cm x 7 cm, 4-6 primary veins, ± opposite, conspicuous beneath; stigma sessile, annular. Neotropics; in Dominica in cleared areas at lower elevations: Calibishie {Ernst 1560, Hodge 3176), Carib Reserve {Hodge 3263), Lisdara {Hodge 2347), Melville Hall {Ernst 1029), Portsmouth {Hodge 3721, 3756), Prince Ruperts Head {Finlayl May 1792), Ridgefield Estate {Hodge 2126), Sylvania {Cooper 196, Hodge 1327, 3165), Syndicate {Ernst 2106, Whitefoord 3930, 4331), Wotten Waven {Eggers 688). Leaves of this plant are pounded with oil and used as a poultice for boils by the Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:600). Tournefortia hirsutissima Linnaeus would key to T. bicolor, but is conspicuously hairy. It was cited for Dominica by Velez (1957:77) based on Britton and Wilson (1925, 6:132). It has been collected on Guadeloupe and Martinique. Tournefortia caribaea Tournefortia caribaea (A.P. Candolle) Grisebach, 1 862:484. Tournefortia psilostachya var. caribaea A.P. Candolle, 1845, 9:525. Tournefortia volubilis sensu Johnston (1949b:13 1) p.p., as to Hodge collections cited below, non Linnaeus. Hispid to strigose climber; calyx lobes 3 mm long; corolla tube and style 3-4 mm; fruit hispid. lies des Saintes {Stehli 259), Martinique {Stehli 4578)\ occasional in Dominica at lower elevations from northeast down the west coast: Cabrits {Hodge 794, {Webster 13303), Calibishie {Hodge 3152), Salisbury-Mero {Ernst 1765, 1933), Salybia area {Hodge 3084, 3281), South Chiltem {Stern & Wasshausen 2537). Johnston (1949b: 131) included this element in T. volubilis, a very variable species with phases appearing erratically in widely separated places and with gradations in the same locality. However, this hispid element occurs only in one contiguous area and without gradations. Tournefortia filiflora Tournefortia filiflora Grisebach, 1862:483. — ^Johnston, 1949b:132. — Little et al., 1974:852, pi. 677.— Lourteig, 1988a:388. Tournefortia foetidissima sensu Grisebach, l.c., p.p., non Linnaeus. Coarse shrub to tree to 8 m; leaves oblong-elliptic, 20(-40) cm X 8(-15) cm, base tapering to 2(-3) cm petiole; 8-12 pairs ± opposite lateral veins ± prominent; corolla tube slender, swelling slightly at midpoint; style 1.5 mm, with corolla often persistent. Puerto Rico through Lesser Antilles; common in Dominican woodlands at low to mid-elevations: Clarke Hall {Wasshausen & Ayensu 304), Fond Baron {Ernst 1964), Layou Valley {Webster 13277), South Chiltem {Hodge 1592), Syndicate {Ernst 2105), sine loc. {Imray 322, TYPE). Grisebach ’s citation of T. foetidissima for Dominica appar- ently rests on his tentative identification of an Imray specimen (K), “an T. foetidissima! L. sed lobi calyci acuti.” This specimen is clearly T. filiflora. Lourteig (1988a:388) discussed Tournefortia foetidissimum Linnaeus. NUMBER 77 BORAGIN ACEAE — B RASSICACEAE 57 Tournefortia maculata Tournefortia maculata Jacquin, 1760:14. — Johnston, 1949b: 130. — Lourteig, 1988a:384. Woody climber; leaves mostly glabrous, ovate, to 7(-8) cm X 3(-3.5) cm; style 4.5 mm; fruit lobed, yellow. Neotropics; rarely collected in Dominica at 500 m: Lisdara {Hodge 2385). Tournefortia volubilis Tournefortia volubilis Linnaeus, 1753:140. — Johnston, 1949b: 131. Pubescent climber; calyx lobes 1 mm long; corolla tube and style 1. 5-2.5 mm; fruit glabrous. Neotropics; occasional in Dominica below 300 m from Salybia to Grand Bay: Colihaut {Nicolson 4171), above Dublanc {Hodge 2542), Grand Bay {Eggers 689), Grand Savanne {Ernst 1636, 1892), Mome Daniel {Webster 13293), Portsmouth {Whitefoord 5186), Prince Ruperts Head {Finlayl Jun 1792), Salybia area {Hodge 3083). Brassicaceae/Cruciferae Cakile, a genus of fleshy seaside herbs with indehiscent, 2-jointed fruits, occurs on beaches throughout the Caribbean. 1. Plants pubescent; fruit orbicular (silicle); seeds 1 per locule Lepidium 1. Plants glabrous; fruit elongate (silique); seeds several per locule. 2. Petals yellow; seeds in 1 row per locule; dry land Brassica 2. Petals white; seeds in 2 rows per locule; wet areas Nasturtium Brassica Linnaeus Brassica oleracea Linnaeus, the cabbage, is cultivated in Dominica and sold in markets. Brassica juncea Brassica juncea (Linnaeus) Czemajew, 1859:8. — Al-Shehbaz in Howard, 1988, 4:278. Sinapis juncea Linnaeus, 1753:668. Sinapis integrifolia Vahl in West, 1793:296. Sinapis integrifolia WBldenow, 1804, Hort. 1:14, non Vahl. Sinapis cuneifolia Roxburgh, 1832, 3:121. Brassica willdenovii Boissier, 1842:88. — Adams, 1972:308. Brassica integrifolia Ruprecht, 1860:96. — Bailey, 1922:95. Brassica integrifolia (Vahl) Schulz in Urban, 1903, 3:509, non Ruprecht. — Schulz in Engler, 1919, IV.105 (Heft 70):57. Wild mustard. Leaves serrate, not amplexicaul, upper leaves oblong or wider near apex. Presumed originally Asiatic, now widely cultivated and escaping; field weed in Dominica; South Chiltem {Hodge 1504). Dried leaves used as tobacco substitute. Specimens with lower leaves not or scarcely divided are commonly treated as a distinct species, a view not accepted here. This concept is commonly called Brassica integrifolia or B. willdenovii. There are questions about the author citation of Brassica juncea. Many workers cite Cosson (1859:605), who read his paper on 16 Aug 1859; publication was certainly late in 1859, at best. I follow Tutin et al. (1964, 1:337) in accepting Czemajew’s publication as valid and prior to Cosson’s. The romanization as Czemajew is questionable. A literal transcrip- tion would be Chemyaev. Tschemiaieff was used by Pritzel. Again I follow Tutin et al. (1964), assuming that the rather irregular romanization was used by the author. Lepidium Linnaeus Lepidium virginicum Lepidium virginicum Linnaeus, 1753:645. Pepper grass. Small herb with white petals; stamens usually 2; beak of fmit absent. North American, now widely distributed; a weed of flower gardens and waste places in Dominica: Cabrit Swamp {Whitefoord 4085), Clarke Hall {Ernst 1272), South Chiltem {Hodge 1515, Nicolson 2170). Nasturtium R. Brown, nom. cons. Nasturtium officinale Nasturtium officinale R. Brown in W.T Aiton, 1812, 4:110. — Adams, 1972:307. Sisymbrium nasturtium-aquaticumLmndRus, 1753:657. Cardamine fontana Lamarck, 1778, 2:527, nom. superfl. Nasturtium fontanum Ascherson, 1860, 1:32, nom. superfl. Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (Lirmaeus) Hayek, 1905:22. — Green, 1962:32. Watercress, cresson. Aquatic herb with succulent, edible stems and leaves; fruit beak short. Old World, widely naturalized; in Dominica growing beside Gaulettre River in Carib Reserve: {Hodge 3322). The literature is full of articles on watercress because its generic disposition is debatable. Some authors include it in Rorippa. Recent major publications on Rorippa (Jonsell, 1968, and Stuckey, 1972) separate Nasturtium from Rorippa and regard it as a separate genus with one diploid species, N. officinale, and a tetraploid taxon commonly recognized as a distinct species, N. microphylla. The logical combination. Nasturtium nasturtium-aquaticum, is specifically cited in the ICBN (Art. 23.4) as a tautonym. Nasturtium aquaticum Garsault (1764, 3:241, pi. 403) is not validly published under Article 23.6(c) {ICBN), because 58 Brassicaceae — Cactaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Garsault did not consistently use binomial nomenclature. The generic name was not validly published there because there is no generic description and the genus was not monotypic (Art. 42). Burseraceae (by R. DeFilipps) 1. Bark papery, sheeting; deciduous; stigma 3-lobed Bursera 1. Bark thick, flaking; evergreen; stigma unlobed or 5-lobed. 2. Petals 3; stigma unlobed; leaflets obtuse; petiolules not distinctly geniculate at both ends Dacryodes 2. Petals 5; stigma 5-lobed; leaflets attenuate; petiolules distinctly geniculate at both ends Protium Bursera Jacquin ex Linnaeus, nom. cons. Bursera simaruba Bursera simaruba (Linnaeus) Sargent, 1890. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964:236, pi. 105. Pistacia simaruba Linnaeus, 1753:1026. Bursera gummifera Linnaeus, 1762:471. Elaphrium simaruba (Linnaeus) Rose in North Amer. H., 1911, 25(3):246. Gumbo limbo, gommier rouge. Deciduous tree to 10 m with reddish, sheeting bark; leaflets 5-9; ovary 3-locular. Rorida and northern neotropics; frequent in Dominica in dry areas of north and west coasts: Badineau {Hodge 2223), Cabrits {Hodge 3730, Whitefoord 5289), Calibishie {Hodge 3146), Grand Savanne {Ernst 1651, 1885, Hodge 3805, Wilbur 8282), Macoucherie {Nicolson 2043), Mome Raquette {Webster 13181), Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2658). Deciduous in March, leaves and flowers in May, fruits in November. Caribs use the fragrant gum on wounds (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:568). Dacryodes Vahl Dacryodes excelsa Dacryodes excelsa Vahl, 1810:117. — Cuatrecasas, 1957:57. — Little & Wad- sworth, 1964:238, pi. 106. Amyris hexandra Hamilton, 1825:34. Dacryodes hexandra (Hamilton) Grisebach, 1860:174. Gommier, bois gommier, gommier rouge, lady gommier (straight boles), man gommier (lumpy boles). Large, unbuttressed, aromatic trees; leaflets 5-7, obtuse, re volute; ovary 1 -locular. Puerto Rico to Grenada; a dominant in Dominican interior rainforests 250-950 m: Breakfast River {Hodge 1891), Deux Branches {Hodge 2969), La Plaine {Ramage s.n.), L’Or River {Nicolson 2029), Pont Casse {Ernst 1797), Sylvania {Hodge 653), Syndicate {Whitefoord 4384, 4404). Whitish gum from wounds valued for starting fires. The wood is a prime source of lumber (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:568). Protium N. Burman, nom. cons. Protium attenuatum Protium attenuatum (Rose) Urban, 1912, 7:240. — Swart, 1942:274. Idea attenuata Rose in North Amer. FI., 1911, 25(3):261. Gommier beni, gommier jaune, gomme I’incense, bastard gommier. Tree to 15 m; sap sticky, drying white (used as incense in church); leaflets 3-7; petiolules geniculate at both ends; ovary 5-locular. Lesser Antilles from Guadeloupe to St. Vincent; occasional in Dominican lowlands (to 360 m): Bells {Whitefoord 6154), Carib Reserve {Hodge 3276), Governor {Nicolson 4187), Hatton Garden {Hodge 3011), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3592), Marigot {Hodge 659), Mt. Joy {Nicolson 2123), Petite Soufriere Bay {Stern & Wasshausen 2475), Sylvania {Hodge 1315). Rowering and fruiting in July, fruiting in April. Specimens from Dominica have been distributed as Idea heptaphylla Aublet and Rhus metopium Linnaeus (= Metopium brownei (Jacquin) Urban), both misidentifications of Protium attenuatum. Cactaceae (by R. DeFilipps) This family needs study. Most of the few specimens available are from cultivation, making the records uncertain. Dendrocereus nudiflorus (Engelmann) Britton & Rose (1920, 2:113), endemic to Cuba, is tree-like with a woody trunk. A large clump cultivated at the Roseau Botanic Garden as "Cereus napoleonis" in 1922, represented by Bailey 804 (US), was discussed by Britton and Rose (1923, 4:275-276). Pereskia aculeata Miller was cultivated at the Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 3936). It is a climbing vine with paired and curved spines, persistent leaves and pedicellate, white flowers. 1. Plants barrel-shaped, unbranched Melocactus 1. Plants not barrel-shaped, branching. 2. Branches flattened, not ribbed Opuntia 2. Branches terete, ribbed or angled. 3. Plants arching, clambering; branches 3-5-angled Acanthocereus 3. Plants erect; branches 6-13-ribbed . . Pilosocereus Acantherocereus Britton & Rose Acanthocereus tetragonus Acanthocereus tetragonus (Linnaeus) Hummelinck, 1938. — Howard, 1989, 5:401. NUMBER 77 Cactaceae— Canellaceae 59 Cactus tetragonus Linnaeus, 1753:466. Cactus pentagonus Linnaeus, 1753:467. Acanthocereus pentagonus sensu auctt., non (Linnaeus) Britton & Rose. Plants arching or clambering, to 3 m tall; juvenile stems 6-8-ribbed, mature plants with stems 3-5-ribbed, 5 cm broad; spines 10-12, to 3 cm, gray; flowers white, 2.2 dm long, closed by mid-moming, style included. Native along coasts of the Caribbean; in Dominica on cliffs of dry west coast near sea level: Tarou Cliffs {Ernst 1707). Flowering in mid-June. Ernst’s 1964 collection seems to be a new record for Dominica. Howard (l.c.) neotypified Cactus tetragonus Linnaeus but gave no reason why he accepted Hummelinck’s combination. So far as I can determine, the basionym {Cactus pentagonus Linnaeus) of Acanthocereus pentagonus is not a synonym but has been excluded as a nomen dubium of uncertain application (typification). Melocactus Link & Otto, nom. cons. Melocactus intortus Melocactus intortus (Miller) Urban, 1919b:35. — ^Marshall & Bock, 1941:165- 166. — Liogier, 1965:341. — Howard, 1989, 5:408. Cactus intortus MUler, 1768. Unbranched barrel cacti to 1 m tall and 4 dm wide, surmounted by a flat or cylindric cephalium to 3 dm; flowers pinkish. Bahamas through Guadeloupe (incl. Saintes); cited for Dominica by Britton and Rose (1922, 3:231) based on a Kew-grown specimen from Dominica {Rose 17247, flowers only). This genus is very distinctive and the fact that it has not been collected recently on Dominica makes one wonder if the record of the Dominican origin at Kew was correct or, if correct, was actually from cultivated material introduced to Dominica from somewhere else. Opuntia Miller 1. Areoles spineless (ours); flowers scarlet; stamens exserted O. cochinellifera 1. Areoles with 1-10 spines; flowers yellow; stamens shorter than petals O. stricta Opuntia cochenillifera Opuntia cochenillifera (Linnaeus) MiUer, 1768. — Howard, 1989, 5:41 1. Cactus cochenillifer hinnaeus, 1753:468. Nopalea cochenillifera (Linnaeus) Salm-Dyck, 1850:64. Tall shrubs with flattened branches; joints oblong, 50 cm x 25 cm; spines none or minute; flower to 7 cm, scarlet; stamens exserted 1-1.5 cm. Originally Mexican or Jamaican but now widespread in tropics; a single plant observed in Dominica in “thickets south of Salisbury” {Hodge 3813 at GH). Opuntia stricta Opuntia stricta (Haworth) Haworth, 1812:191. — Howard, 1989, 5:412. Cactus strictus Haworth, 1803:188. Cactus dillenii Ker, 1817b. Opuntia dillenii (Ker) Haworth, 1819:79. Opuntia stricta var. dillenii (Ker) L. Benson, 1969:126. Prickly pear, raquette, bata, pata (Carib). Much-branched, spreading plants to 2 m tall; branches (pads) flattened, obovoid or oblongoid, spines yellow, ± banded; flowers yellow. Neotropics, now widespread; common coastal species in Dominica on the west coast: Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2702), Grand Savanne {Hodge 3814), sine loc. {Lloyd [Rose?] 21850, NY). The Caribs use the fleshy joints to treat an enlarged spleen (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:591). This is a widespread and serious pest in some parts of the world, such as Australia. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:61, pi. 27) reported medicinal usage of apparently cultivated Opuntia ficus-indica (Linnaeus) Miller. It would key here to 0. stricta, but it is like 0. cochenillifera in that it is essentially spineless. Pilosocereus Byles & Rowley Pilosocereus royenii Pilosocereus royenii (Linnaeus) Byles & Rowley, 1957:67 "royenC. — Howard, 1989, 5:419. Cactus royenii Liimaeus, 1753:467, "royeni." Cereus nobilis Haworth, 1812:179. Pilocereus nobilis (Haworth) K. Schumann in Engler & Prantl, 1894, IH(6a):181. Cephalocereus nobilis (Haworth) Britton & Rose, 1909:418. Cephalocereus royenii (Linnaeus) Britton & Rose, 1909:419 "royeni". — Velez, 1957:78. Pilosocereus nobilis (Haworth) Byles & Rowley, 1957:67. Long-branched, columnar plants to 8 m; stems 5-7 cm thick; flowers yellowish purplish; fruit purple-black at maturity. Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands to Grenada; apparently the most common columnar cactus in Dominica on rocky outcrops of the dry west coast: above Colihaut {Whitefoord 5966), Grand Savanne {Hodge 3815), Spanish Mountain {Hodge 2771), cult. Kew from Dominica {Rose 17246). In bud in mid-May. Canellaceae Canella winterana Canella winterana (Linnaeus) Gaertner, 1788, 1:373. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964:362, pi. 168. Laurus winterana Linnaeus, 1753:371. 60 Canellaceae — Capparaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Winterana canella Linnaeus, 1759a;1045. Canella alba Murray, 1784:443, nom. iUeg. [incl. Laurus winterana Linnaeus, 1753], Tree or shrub to 10 m; leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, minutely glandular-punctate; inflorescence a corymb; petals red, stamens connate into a tube surrounding pistil; berry red to purplish black. Southeast U.S. and West Indies; cited for Dominica by Beard (1949:40). This species has been included for Dominica with reserva- tion. Specimens (US) indicate that this species tends to occur in coastal lowlands, particularly favoring a dry climate and a calcareous substrate. It is frequently collected in the Greater Antilles down the coralline outer chain of Lesser Antilles, including the Virgin Islands, Antigua, Barbuda, Guadeloupe (Grande Terre), Marie Galante, intermediate islands, and Barbados. Its occurrence on the volcanic inner chain of the Lesser Antilles seems remarkable: Martinique {Duss 1501) and Montserrat {Shafer 493), collections made respectively in 1883 and 1907. It is possible that the species persists and that Beard did find it, as he reported, on Dominica and St. Lucia but representing a waif or introduction rather than a native species. Capparaceae (by H.H. litis) Steriphoma ellipticum (A.P. Candolle) Sprengel was col- lected in a yard in Roseau {Howard 11 771), described as a bush to 16 ft with orange, 2-lipped, 4-lobed calyx; petals yellow inside, orange outside, 4, alternating with small nectaries; stamens 6; style green; gynophore slightly developed. 1. Herb; leaves palmately compound; fruit dry, elongate capsule, dehiscing by 2 valves; seeds dry .... Cleome 1. Woody; leaves simple; fruit woody, indehiscent or irregularly dehiscent; seeds imbedded in fleshy pulp. 2. Sepals free, 4; inflorescences terminal; fruit usually elongate Capparis 2. Sepals united, irregularly rupturing into 2 parts; inflores- cences cauliflorous; fruit globose Morisonia Capparis Linnaeus Capparis cynophallophora Linnaeus, another widespread neotropical species, is cultivated in Roseau Botanic Garden {Ernst 1349, Nicolson 4210). It differs from C. indica by having sepals (~1 cm long) equaling the petals, petals lepidote outside, and glabrous gynophores. 1. Plant silvery -lepidote; leaves cuneate at base C. indica 1. Plant essentially glabrous; leaves obtuse to ± cordate at base. 2. Sepals to 2 mm long; stamens short, slightly longer than petals; leaves often clustered, usually >10 cm long; petioles unequal C. baducca 2. Sepals 6-10 mm long; stamens long, >5x as long as petals; leaves ± equidistant, usually <10 cm long; petioles ± equal. 3. Leaves membranous to ± coriaceous; fruit ± spheroid, 3-5 cm thick at maturity, only slightly (to 2x) longer than broad C. amplissima 3. Leaves coriaceous; fruit torulose, to 2 cm in diameter at maturity, much (6-lOx) longer than broad. 4. Fruits smooth, to 1 cm diameter; gynophore longer than 7 cm; leaves usually 2-4 cm wide, oblong but variable; plants glabrous, even when young .... C. flexuosa 4. Fruits rugulose -papillose, to 2 cm diameter; gyno- phore 4-5 cm long; leaves usually 4-7 cm wide, ± rotund but variable; sepals, pedicels, fruits and undersides of leaves often minutely papillose to short-pubescent under magnification, especially when young C. hastata Capparis amplissima Capparis amplissima Lamarck, 1785, 1:607. — Little et al., 1974:218, pi. 313. Capparis cynophallophora [var.] acuiifolia BeUo, 1881, 10:237. Capparis portoricensis Urban, 1899, 1:309. — Britton & Wilson, 1924, 5:335. Glabrous, ample tree to 20 m; leaves thin and often broken in herbarium; fruits 5-10 (-15) cm long, 3-4 (-6) cm thick. In other characters similar to C. flexuosa. Antillean, possibly Central and northern South America; reported once from Dominica {Ramage in 1888, B). The type locality of this species is Santo Domingo, but the Puerto Rican materials seem scarcely distinguishable. An earlier name may be applicable to this species, Capparis eustachiana Jacquin (1760), treated as a synonym of C. flexuosa by Al-Shehbaz (in Howard, 1988, 4:297). Similar materials from northern South America with more coriaceous leaves and ± larger fruits may represent a subspecies. Capparis baducca Capparis baducca Linnaeus, 1753:504. — Adams, 1972:305. — Al-Shehbaz in Howard, 1988, 4:295. Capparis frondosa Jacquin, 1760:24. — Little et al., 1974:222, pi. 345. Glabrous shrub to 8 m; leaves tending to be clustered with sessile to long (6 cm) petioles; inflorescence a terminal few-flowered corymb; stamens to 2 cm long. Neotropics; cited for Dominica (in Howard, l.c.) without exclamation mark, possibly a locality error for Dominican Republic, although the species occurs elsewhere in the Lesser Antilles. Ed. Note: The following is summarized from Nicolson (1978a). The lectotypification of Capparis baducca Linnaeus has alternated between an illustration of an Indian plant. NUMBER 77 Capparaceae 61 Badukka (Rheede, 1686, 6:105, pi. 57), as done by Jacobs (1965:435), and a specimen from the New World in Clifford’s Herbarium, as cited by Fawcett and Rendle (1914, 3:233). Linnaeus (1753:504) cited Rheede’s illustration and adopted Rheede’ s name for his species epithet. Linnaeus also cited “Capparis inermis, foliis ovato-oblongis determinate confertis perennantibus Hort. Cliff. 204*,” the asterisk meaning that a good description is to be found at the place cited. The decisive phrase in Linnaeus (1753), “foliis. . . determinate confertis. . .” is a paraphrase of Linnaeus (1737:204), “foliis. . .per spatia confertis...” (both expressing leaves clustered after a space), a characteristic of the New World taxon, not the Old World taxon illustrated by Rheede. In addition Linnaeus (1737) commented that the Malabar material differs from the American by its slightly shorter petioles and discussed other characters not evident in Rheede’s illustration. It is clear that Linnaeus’ concept of the taxon was based on something other than Rheede’s illustration that he, by the light of present knowledge, misidentified with his taxon. There is a specimen in the Linnaean herbarium (664.7) that fits the Linnaean description, and Fawcett and Rendle (1914, 3:233) reported a specimen in the Clifford Herbarium. One of these neotropical specimens (Al-Shehbaz in Howard, l.c., designated the Hort. Cliff specimen) must be accepted as the lectotype of Capparis baducca Linnaeus, not Rheede’s illustration. Rheede’s illustration is the type of Capparis rheedei A.R Candolle, the correct name for the Indian element (see Nicolson et al., 1988:77). Capparis flexuosa Capparis flexuosa (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, 1762:722. — Dugand, 1968:220. — Adams, 1972:305. Morisonia flexuosa Linnaeus, 1759b:14; 1760, Amoen., 5:398. Capparis cynophallophora sensu auctl., non Linnaeus. — Grisebach, 1859:18.— Eichler in Maitius, 1865, 3(1 ):282.— Urban, 1910, 4:254. [See extensive synonymy in Britton & Wilson, 1924, 5:334.] Woody, glabrous plant to 9 m; leaves cuneate (to rounded); petioles 5-10 mm long; sepals and petals greenish white; stamens white; fruit smooth, torulose, linear (to 1.5 cm wide) with red pulp and white seeds. Neotropics, typically near coast; common in Dominica in west coast scrub to 65 m: Cabrit Swamp {Hodge 428), Dublanc {Hodge 2532), Grand Savanne {Hodge 3811, Wilbur 7664), lower Layou River area {Ernst 1501, Webster 13164, Wilbur 7377), Mero area {Ernst 1377, 1883, Stern & Wasshausen 2430), Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2652, 2736), Rodney’s Rock {Nicolson 1965), Scotts Head {Ernst 1324, Hodge 1630, Wilbur 7598). Flowers opening by 6:30 A.M. (visited by hummingbirds), petals and stamens falling by mid-morning. Chromosome count: n=14 {Ernst 1883). In the field this species can easily be distinguished by its light green leaves from Capparis hastata, which has much darker green leaves. This species is invariably a scrambler, while C. hastata becomes an erect shrub. Capparis hastata Capparis hastata Jacquin, 1760:23. — Dugand, 1968:219. — Little et al., 1974:224, pi. 346. Capparis coccolobifolia Mariius ex Eichler in Martius, 1865, 13(1):284. — Dugand, 1968:228. Capparis cynophallophora var. latifolia Grisebach, 1859:18. Capparis flexuosa f. hastata (Jacquin) Dugand, 1941:51. Glabrescent erect shrub to 7 m; leaves rigid-coriaceous, ± orbiculate to oblong-elliptic, typically cordate at base; fruit rugulose at maturity, to 2 cm thick. Hispaniola to northern South America; fairly common in Dominica in scrub woodlands to 150 m; Batali River slopes {Webster 13180), Cabrits {Nicolson 4203), Dublanc {Hodge 2518), Grand Savanne {Hodge 3761), Layou River slopes {Ernst 1540), Mero {Ernst 1378, 1379), Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2651). This species is generally larger than C. flexuosa and farther from the coast at slightly higher elevations. Capparis indica Capparis indica (Linnaeus) Druce, 1914 [Feb]:415. — Fawcett& Rendle, 1914 [Jun]:144. Breynia indica Linnaeus, 1753:503. Lepidote shrub or tree to 8 m; leaves dull above, with raised venation; sepals 2-3 mm long, much shorter than the petals; petals white, 1-1.4 cm long; stellate-tomentose; fruit linear, torulose; gynophore lepidote to stellate-pubescent. Neotropics; occasional in dry scrub woodlands on west coast to 400 m: Cabrits {Hodge 3718, Whitefoord 3997), Coulibistri {Wilbur 8117), Grand Savanne {Hodge 3773, Stern & Wasshausen 2464), lower Layou Valley slopes {Ernst 1266, Webster 13163), Mero {Ernst 1376), Scotts Head {Ernst 1326), South Chiltem {Stern & Wasshausen 2535). Cleome Linnaeus 1. Stamens (10-) 16-25, equaling petals; petals yellow; valves of fruit persistent C. viscosa 1. Stamens 6, longer than petals; petals white to pink or purple; valves of fruit deciduous. 2. Stamens (or staminal scars on fruit) halfway between receptacle and gynoecium; petals white to yellowish, not covering stamens in bud (aestivation open) .... C. gynandra 2. Stamens inserted at or near receptacle (androgynophore 1.5 mm thick, 0.5-1.2 cm long; stipules to 4 mm long but quickly caducous. Lesser Antilles into Venezuela; apparently rare in Dominica in rather dry areas into forests to 450 m: Mahaut {Duss 153), west of Pointe Lolo {Ernst 1203, 1954), Sugar Loaf {Eggers 753). Licania ternatensis Licania ternatensis J. Hooker [in Rolfe, 1893:251, nom. nud.] ex Duss, 1897:258.— Prance, 1972a:122. Licania hypoleuca sensu Grisebach, 1860:230, non Bentham. Bois (liable, bad job (difficult to cut because of hard wood). Tree to 35 m; inner bark bright red and trees easily recognized by its “blaze” with a machete; inflorescence to 15 cm long; leaves distinctively white beneath; stipules -1 mm long, adnate to petiole, erect. Lesser Antilles; one of the commonest trees in Dominica in rainforests and montane thickets from 100-1000 m: Aux Delices {Nicolson 2071), Castle Bruce {Ramage s.n.), Dleau Gommier {Nicolson 4065), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3570), Laudat {Hodge 2067), Milton {Hodge 2672), Mome Diablotins {Hodge 2840), Mome Plat Pays (Wilbur 7886), Pont Casse {Ernst 1201, Wilbur 7786, Webster 13465), Sugar Loaf {Eggers 742), Sylvania {Hodge 578), Syndicate {Whitefoord 4403), Trois Pitons {Hodge 1237, Lloyd 761). The wood is valuable for posts and considered the best for charcoal (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:561). The fruits are eaten by people, pigeons, and parrots. Clusiaceae/Guttiferae Pentadesma butyracea Sabine, an African species cultivated for butter-like tallow of the seeds, was collected near Dr. Wide’s home on Pointe Mulatre {Fischer 70-23 at Fairchild Garden Herbarium). It has large flowers in terminal clusters, obovate-apiculate leaves with striate venation and petioles without the basal pit. 1. Venation differentiated into primary and secondary, reticu- late. 66 Clusiaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 2. Leaves lanceolate; petiole without a pit at the base; flowers in elongate axillary racemes; sap clear Marila 2. Leaves ovate; petiole with margined pit at base; flowers in fascicles or short cymes; sap yellow. 3. Rowers in lateral fascicles; non-prop-rooted trees of north & eastern slopes near sea Garcinia 3. Rowers in terminal cymes; prop-rooted trees of interior rainforests Tovomita 1. Venation undifferentiated, striate. 4. Rowers in terminal cymes; leaves strongly obovate; petiole with a margined pit at base Clusia 4. Rowers axillary or in terminal fascicles; leaves elliptic to weakly obovate; petiole without margined pit at base. 5. Leaves acute; flowers red, in terminal fascicles; trees with prop roots Symphonia 5. Leaves rounded; flowers white to yellow, axillary; trees without prop roots. 6. Rowers in axillary cymes; leaves with inconspicu- ous glandular lines Calophyllum 6. Rowers in axillary fascicles or solitary; leaves conspicuously glandular-punctate . . . Mammea Calophyllum Linnaeus Calophyllum antillanum Calophyllum antillanum Britton in Britton & WUscm, 1924, 5:584. Calophyllum calaba Jacquin, 1763:269, pi. 165, non Linnaeus. Calophyllum brasiliense Cambessedes var. antillanum (Britton) Standley, 1932:7.— UtUe & Wadsworth, 1964:348, pi. 161. Calophyllum jacquinii Fawcett & Rendle, 1926, 5:200, nom. iUeg. [incl. type of Calophyllum antillanum Britton, 1924]. Calophyllum calaba sensu auctt. non Linnaeus. — Furtado, 1941. — Howard, 1962:398. — Lourteig & Fosberg, 1985. — Howard, 1989, 5:320. Galba. Shrub or tree to 30 m; sap white; leaves elliptic or elliptic -oblong, to 15 cm x 6 cm; petals white; drupe globoid, to 2.5 cm wide. West Indies; common in coastal thickets along north and east coast of Dominica to 30 m, probably planted elsewhere: Calibishie area {Ernst 1552, 1687, 1828, Hodge 3180), Clarke Hall {Nicolson 2006, Stern & Wasshausen 2442), Portsmouth {Hodge 533), Rosalie-La Plaine {Chambers 2725, Ernst 1917, Wilbur 8165, 8327), Salybia {Hodge 3199). Rowering Febru- ary-July, fruiting August- April. Used as windbreak and for timber. The name Calophyllum calaba Linnaeus has mixed usage in the sense of a neotropical element and as at least one Old World element. I think Stevens (in Manilal, 1980:168-176; 1980:256) was correct in concluding that the name must be typified on an Old World element, essentially as previously concluded by Britton (l.c.) and Fawcett and Rendle (l.c). I do not see that the Plumier element (source of the species epithet), composed only of flowers and fruits, can support (be used as lectotype) for a name validated by a nomen specificum legitimum that only pertains to leaf characters (“foliis ovatis obtusis”). Some have suggested abandoning the Linnaean name as a nomen dubium because of its mixed usage. For further discussion see Nicolson et al. (1988:81). Clusia Linnaeus 1. Epiphytic shrub or tree (dry west coast or rainforest); petioles 1-2 cm long, fruit and flowers l(-3), individually pedicellate C. major 1. Shrubby tree (mossy forest); leaves + sessile; fruit and flowers many, individually sessile C. mangle Clusia major Clusia major Linnaeus, 1753:509. — Howard, 1989, 5:323. Clusia alba Jacquin, 1760:34. — Grisebach, 1860:107. Clusia plukenetii sensu Hodge, 1954, pp. 33, 40, and Hodge & Taylor, 1957:585, non Urban. Caquelin, fige kaklin, pomme gros, lagalie, yabrico maron. Shrub or epiphytic strangler to 20 m; sap white or yellow, sticky; petals white; staminate material rare; fruit ovoid to ellipsoid, dark purple, 3.5-6.0 cm x 5-6 cm, on a peduncle to 3 cm long, possibly indehiscent. Lesser Antilles; in Dominica common in dry coastal areas to montane rain-forests, 35-800 m: Baiac {Whitefoord 3778), Clarke Hall {Nicolson 1828), Freshwater Lake area {Chambers 2682, Ernst 1779, Smith 10218, Wilbur 7442), Grand Savanne {Stern & Wasshausen 2460), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3668), Pont Cass6 area {Ernst 1813, 1859, Hodge 1205, Wilbur 7846), Salybia {Hodge 3206, 3251), Sylvania {Cooper 63, Hodge 535), Syndicate {Whitefoord 4386). Rowering and fruiting appear to be continuous but Howard (l.c.) reports only one male specimen and no dehiscent fruits have been seen in the field or herbarium. Aerial roots used for basket making and the sap for bird lime (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:585). Clusia major Linnaeus was extremely heterogeneous, as published, but has been lectotypified (Howard, 1962:392, fig. 1) on Clusia /lore albo, fructu coccineo Plumier (1703:21, pi. 87: fig. 1). This same plate was cited in the publications of Clusia alba Jacquin (1760 and 1763). Linnaeus (1763:1495) adopted Jacquin’s binomial and dropped his own earlier binomial, an illegitimate procedure under the present Code. Planchon and Triana misidentified Imray 358 (K) from Dominica as Clusia minor Linnaeus, a species of Central and northern South America and the Greater Antilles. Planchon and Triana’s misidentification is the source of erroneous subse- quent citations of C. minor for Dominica. Clusia plukenetii Urban (1908, 5:432) of Martinique, St. Lucia and Barbados has a globoid fruit borne on a peduncle to 13 cm long. NUMBER 77 Clusiaceae 67 Clusia mangle Clusia mangle L. Richard ex Planchon & Triana, 1860:369. — Howard, 1962:397. Clusia venosa sensu Grisebach, 1860:107, non Jacquin. Kaklin. Free-living (non-epiphytic) shrub to 2 m or tree to 8 m; sap white, sticky; leaves to 22 cm x 14 cm, coriaceous; petals greenish white or cream; fruits globoid, to 2 cm wide. Guadeloupe, Martinique; in Dominica a dominant in mossy woodlands: Mome Diablotins (Whitefoord 5317), Mome Micotrin area {Chambers 2741, Ernst 1493, 2178, Smith 10275), Mome Plat Pays {Hodge 1693), Mome Trois Pitons {Hodge 534, 1427, Nicolson 1812, Wilbur 8104). Garcinia Linnaeus Garcinia edulis (Planchon & Triana) Exell was collected in Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 3956). Howard (1989, 5:327) reported that Garcinia buchananii Baker, Garcinia man- gostana Linnaeus, and Garcinia morella (Gaertner) Des- rousseaux were once cultivated in the Roseau Botanic Garden. Garcinia humilis Garcinia humilis (Vahl) Adams, 1970:312. Rheedia lateriflora Linnaeus, 1753:1 193, non Garcinia lateriflora Blume. Mammea humilis Vahl, 1798, Eclog., 2:40, pi. 20. Bois chica. Shmb or tree to 5 m; sap yellow; leaves elliptic or ovate, to 28 cm X 13 cm; flowers in axillary fascicles; petals cream or yellow; berry ellipsoid, yellow. Mainland, Jamaica, Montserrat to Trinidad; in Dominica in north and east coastal woodlands to 60 m: Capucin {Whitefoord 5809), Calibishie area {Ernst 1688, 2081, 1826, Hodge 3178), Carib Reserve area {Hodge 3057, 3360, 3407, Nicolson 4135, StehU 6386), Rosalie-La Plaine {Nicolson 1989, Ramage s.n.. Stern & Wasshausen 2470). Apparently not seasonal. Children eat the fmit and the sap is used as a skin healer (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:586). Mammea Linnaeus Mammea americana Mammea americana Linnaeus, 1753:512. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964:354, pi. 164. Mamey, mammee-apple, z’abricot. Tree to 15 m; leaves elliptic to obovate, to 2.5 dm long, pellucid glands numerous and conspicuous; fruit reddish brown, with edible yellow mesocarp. Neotropics and widely cultivated; in Dominica in coastal woodlands from sea level to 150 m: La Plaine {Ernst 1907), Pointe Baptiste {Ernst 1825), and cultivated at South Chiltem {Hodge 1601), Bense (DHN!), and Governor Estate (DHN!). Marila Swartz Marila racemosa Marila racemosa Swartz, 1788:84. Cachiman falaise, cachiman marron. Tree to 9 m; leaves narrowly elliptic, to 23 cm x 6.5 cm; petals white; capsule linear, to 4 cm long, seeds many, minute, fusiform, comose on both ends. Lesser Antilles; in Dominica common in rainforests, 400-750 m: Deux Branches {Hodge 3419), Freshwater Lake area {Burch 1370, Chambers 2739, Ernst 1473, Hodge 1964, Nicolson 2023), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3634), Pont Casse area {Ernst 1198, 1258, Webster 13459, Wilbur 7809), Riversdale {Howard 11764), South Chiltem {Stern & Wasshausen 2518), Sylvania {Hodge 532, 1114, Nicolson 1875), Syndicate {Whitefoord 4315), sine loc. {Cooper 50). Apparently nonsea- sonal. Symphonia Linnaeus f. Symphonia globulifera Symphonia globulifera Linnaeus f., 1782:302. Moronobea coccinea sensu Grisebach, 1860:107, non Aublet [corrected to Symphonia globulifera by Grisebach, 1864:708]. Mang blanc, yellow mang (sometimes spelled mangle), mang jaune, kulura. Prop-rooted, light-barked tree to 20 m; blaze white; sap yellow; leaves elliptic to oblanceolate, to 12 cm x 4.5 cm (usually smaller), acuminate; flowers in fascicles; petals red; berry brown, ovoid or globoid, 3-4 cm long. Neotropics (not Puerto Rico), Africa; in Dominica common in poorly drained places of rainforest at 100-600 m: Aux Delices {Nicolson 2087), Boiling Lake {Hodge 1923), Belle Fille {Webster 13482, Wilbur 8313), Freshwater Lake {White- foord 4190), Pont Casse area {Ernst 1799, Stern & Wasshausen 2542, Wilbur 7825), Sylvania {Narodny s.n.). Syndicate {Whitefoord 4401). Hodge and Taylor (1957:586) have an interesting discussion of the collection by Caribs of mani sap of true Moronobea coccinea from beaches. Tovomita Aublet Tovomita plumieri Tovomita plumieri Grisebach, 1860:106. Mang rouge. Prop-rooted, dark-barked tree to 25 m; blaze red; sap yellow; leaves to 3 cm x 1.6 dm; petals greenish; berry ovoid or globoid, scarlet, 4 cm long with several large, slightly curved 68 CLUSIACEAE — COMBRETACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY seeds with a thin reddish aril. Martinique and St. Lucia; in Dominica common in rain- forest, particularly on wet slopes at 100-750 m; Belle Fille area (Nicolson 2028, Webster 13481), Breakfast River {Hodge 1925), Carib Reserve {Hodge 3247, Taylor 38A), Deux Branches {Hodge 3463), Dleau Gommier {Nicolson 4054), Freshwater Lake {Wasshausen & Ayensu 332), Jean {Ernst 1820), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3672), L’Or River {Nicolson 2068), Mome Couronne-Pont Casse area {Chambers 2762, Ernst 1980, Stern & Wasshausen 2549, Webster 13229, Wilbur 7765), Sylvania {Hodge 536), Syndicate {Whitefoord 4378). COCHLOSPERMACEAE (by R. DeFilipps) Cochlospermum vitifolium (Willdenow) Willdenow ex Sprengel (including Cochlospermum regium (Schrank) Pilger), with glabrous leaves, doubled flowers, pubescent ovary and stamens red below, was also collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden {Fairchild s.n.). According to Bomstein (in Howard, 1989, 5:341) Hodge 3950 (at GH) is C. vitifolium, not C. religiosum. COMBRETACEAE Neotropical whitewood, Bucida buceras Linnaeus, is culti- vated in the Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 944). This species keys to Buchenavia, from which it differs by calyx lobes persistent on fruit or tardily deciduous, anthers versatile, and fruit to 6 mm long. It is native to Guadeloupe. Stehle et al. (1949, 3:112) report that it is not on Martinique although there is a specimen {Duss 4104 at US) collected Aug 1899 from “Case-Pilote (sur le bord de la partie superieure de la riviere de Case Pilote, sommet du Mome Laroche. . .alt. 160 m)” and was described as “Grand arbre. . .assez rare.” Combretum rotundifolium L. Richard was cultivated in Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 3941) under the name Combretum laxum Aublet. This is a climber with opposite leaves and spectacular, red, bottle-bmsh-like inflorescences. Quisqualis indica Linnaeus, a vine with opposite leaves, fragrant, elongate, pink to white flowers (aging red) is reported from Dominica by Bomstein (in Howard, 1989, 5:460). 1. Leaves opposite, oblong-elliptic Laguncularia 1. Leaves alternate, obovate. 2. Leaves <1 dm long; fmits ± terete; interior Buchenavia 2. Leaves >1.5 dm long; fmits compressed; seashore Terminalia Buchenavia Eichler Buchenavia tetraphylla Buchenavia tetraphylla (Aublet) Howard, 1983:266. Cordia tetraphylla Aublet, 1775:227, pi. 88. Bucida capitata Vahl, 1797, Eclog., 1 :50. Buchenavia capitata (Vahl) Eichler, 1866:164. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964:386, pi. 180. Z’olivier. Large, deciduous tree to 30 m and 3 m dbh; leaves narrowly obovate-cuneate, to 9 cm long; calyx lobes early deciduous; anthers adnate to filament, immobile; fruit ellipsoid, to 3 cm long. Panama, Brazil, and West Indies; in Dominica common in rainforest to 550 m: Calibishie {Hodge 3175), Dublanc {Hodge 2538), La Plaine {Ernst 1906), Laudat {Hodge 2023), Lisdara {Hodge 2494), Magua {StehM 3427), Milton Estate {Hodge 2665), Sylvania {Hodge 1313), Syndicate (DHN!). Laguncularia Gaertner Laguncularia racemosa Laguncularia racemosa (Linnaeus) C. Gaertner, 1807:207, pi. 217: fig. 3.— LMe & Wadsworth, 1964:392, pi. 183. Conocarpus racemosa Linnaeus, 1759a:930. White mangrove. Small, evergreen, prop-rooted tree; leaves with conspicuous open glands around outer leaf edge; petiole biglandular near apex; inflorescence spicate; calyx persistent, shortly 5-lobed; petals small. Coastal neotropics and West Africa; new record for Dominica at edge of Cladium jamaicense swamp with Annona glabra: Cabrit swamp {Nicolson 4177, Whitefoord 4052, 5924). This is one of the true mangroves, a group of plants not previously known from Dominica. Terminalia Linnaeus, nom. cons. Terminalia arjuna (Roxburgh) Wight & Amott of India, with smaller, oblong -elliptic leaves and 5 -winged fruits, was cultivated in the Botanic Gardens {Hodge 943). Terminalia catappa Termirujlia catappa Linnaeus, 1767a:674; 1767b:128. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964:391, pi. 184. Sea almond, z’amande, zamandier, wild almond. Tree to 15 m; leaves obovate, to 25 cm long, with open domatia below and 2 glands at base; fruit ovoid to ellipsoid, laterally compressed, 5-6 cm long. Native to Asia; naturalized and common in Dominica near sea level: Calibishie {Hodge 3148), Canefield {Nicolson 1872), Carib Reserve {Hodge 3337), Hatton Garden {Hodge 3065), La Plaine {Ramage s.n.), Mahaut {Morden 3), Marigot {Hodge 531), Mero {Stern & Wasshausen 2432), Pagua Bay {Wilbur 7530), Pointe Mulatre {Whitefoord 3729), Pointe Ronde NUMBER 77 Comb retaceae — Convolvulaceae 69 {Hodge 2694), Rosalie River bridge {Ernst 1374). Caribs use the wood and eat the ripe seeds (Hodge and Taylor. 1957:592). CONNARACEAE (by R. DeFilipps) Connarus grandifolius Connarus grandifolius Planchon, 1850:432. — Schellenberg in Engler, 1938, IV. 127 (Heft 103):246. Liane caco, laica. Liana; branches, inflorescences and flowers red-tomentose; leaflets 3-5, to 28 cm x 12.5 cm, rounded, glabrous; flowers in large, axillary panicles, petals 5, stamens 10; fruits follicular, woody, stipitate, laterally compressed, obliquely obovoid, 3.0-4.5 cm long, 1 -seeded; seeds black with bright yellow, fimbriate aril,, oblongoid, 2.5 cm x 1.0-1.3 cm. Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Kitts; in Dominica (type locality) in woodlands 65-550 m: Castle Bruce, Dleau Gommier {Shillingford 520), upper Layou Valley {Nicolson 4181), Sugar Loaf {Eggers 717). Convolvulaceae (by D. Powell) Argyreia nervosa (N. Burman) Bojer, a heavy creeper with tomentose stems and large cordate leaves, the undersides of which are silvery white, velvety tomentose, the flowers lilac with dark centers in masses around Christmas. Evotvulus tenuis subsp. longifolius (Choisy) Ooststroom, a subshrub (usually potted) with numerous delicate sprays of bright blue flowers. Porana paniculata Roxburgh, a high climbing vine with large panicles of small creamy flowers in November and December. Turbina corymbosa (Linnaeus) Rafinesque would key here to Stictocardia or Ipomoea; there may or may not be dots on the undersurface of Turbina leaves and the fruit is ellipsoid, beaked, circumscissile at the base with 1-2 seeds instead of valvate with 4 or 6 seeds. Its large perfumed clusters of white flowers with dark centers attract numerous bees. The abun- dance of flowers and winter-flowering earned it the name of Christmas pops, Christmas vine, or Christmas wreath in other islands. 1. Plants parasitic, stems yellow to orange, leaves reduced to scales Cuscuta 1. Plants autotrophic, leafy. 2. Subshrubs or small, prostrate, creeping plants with orbicular, oval or linear leaves; corolla <1 cm long; styles 2 E volvulus 2. Shrubs or prostrate or climbing plants; leaves usually cordate or hastate; corolla 2 cm or more, style 1. 3. Plants with branched hairs; capsule 8-valved or operculate. 4. Stems without wings, pubescent at least at leaf axils; flowers blue or red-purple; fruit finally 8-valved Jacquemontia 4. Stems usually winged, bearing very few micro- scopic hairs; flowers yellow, fruit operculate Operculina 3. Plants with simple hairs or glabrous, capsule 4- or 3-valved, operculate, or indehiscent. 5. Pollen spinulose, anthers straight; flowers lilac, red-blue or white; leaves entire to 3-lobed. 6. Plants lacking glandular dots or, when present, restricted to leaves; fruits valvate . . . Ipomoea 6. Plants with black or brown glandular dots on under-surface of leaves, on sepals and corolla; fruit indehiscent Stictocardia 5. Pollen smooth, anthers twisted after dehiscence; flowers white or yellow. 7. Leaves palmately compound or lobed; flowers white or with dark centers Merremia 7. Leaves entire or ± 3-lobed; flowers yellow 8. Stems without wings, often pubescent, espe- cially at the nodes; inflorescence umbellate; capsule 4-valved Merremia 8. Stems often winged, glabrous or with very few hairs; flowers usually solitary; capsule oper- culate Operculina Cuscuta Linnaeus Cuscuta americana Cuscuta americana Linnaeus, 1753:121. — Yuncker, 1932:219; Powell, 1979:221. Common parasite with stems orange, the entire plant drying dark brown to black; flowers ~2 mm long, creamy white; calyx about as long as corolla tube, sepals almost completely joined, lobes rounded; corolla lobes erect, rounded; fruit circumscis- sile. Lowland neotropics; in Dominica in coastal areas: Cabrit swamp {Nicolson 1899, Whitefoord 4083), Capucin {Wasshau- sen & Ayensu 386), Castle Bruce {Whitefoord 5500), Lagon Village near Portsmouth {Ernst 1057), Mome Daniel {Hodge 2504, 3897). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:93, pi. 60) reported medicinal usage. Two other species are likely to occur in Dominica: C. globulosa Bentham, very much like C. americana, but with larger and fewer flowers that do not turn dark in drying and C. campestris Yuncker with reflexed calyx and corolla, the calyx scarcely coming half-way up the depressed, globose, indehis- cent capsule with its conspicuous intrastylar opening. 70 CONVOLVULACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY E volvulus Linnaeus 1. Plants prostrate, rooting at nodes; leaves orbicular to oval, petiolate E. nummularius 1. Plants with numerous ascending wiry branches; leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile E. sericeus Evolvulus nummularius Evolvulus nummularius (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, 1762:391. — Steam, 1972b:647.— PoweU, 1979:229. Convolvulus nummularius Linnaeus, 1753:157. Prostrate plant rooting at the nodes; leaves distichous; flowers solitary in leaf axils, corolla white in Dominican specimen seen; ovary 1-celled, sometimes with remnants of a septum. Exposed areas pantropically; in Dominica: Cabrits swamp {Ernst 1177). Evolvulus convolvuloides (Willdenow) Steam has not been reported from Dominica, but it is widespread in the West Indies. Growing in similar situations and with similar leaves, it could be confused with E. nummularius, but it is woodier, with suffer, straighter stems with a tap root, and is trailing rather than prostrate. The flowers of E. convolvuloides are more often pale blue than white, and unlike E. nummularius, they are peduncled as well as pedicelled, occasionally bearing more than one flower on a peduncle. Evolvulus sericeus Evolvulus sericeus Swartz, 1788:55. — Powell, 1979:230. Subshmb with numerous ascending branches ~25 cm tall; stems, leaves, outer surfaces of sepals and parts of petals sericeous; leaves very small, sessile, narrow, erect; flowers usually white; ovary 2-celled. NeoUopics; in Dominica in dry areas: Grand Savanne {Ernst 1048, Hodge 3799, Wilbur 7642). Dominican specimens are typical, being glabrous on upper leaf surfaces. Ipomoea Linnaeus 1. Plants erect shrubs /. cornea 1. Plants climbing or prostrate. 2. Leaves almost compound, with numerous pinnate lobes I. quamoclit 2. Leaves entire or with few lobes. 3. Plants of beaches; leaves thick, notched or bilobed /. pes-caprae 3. Plants otherwise. 4. Stamens and pistils exserted; corolla tube usually curved, longer than radius of limb. 5. Corolla white, tube 10-12 cm long, slender /. alba 5. Corolla scarlet, cerise or pink, tube <10 cm long. 6. Corolla scarlet, salver-shaped, limb scarcely lobed, tube ~3 cm long; sepals short with linear appendage I. hederifolia 6. Corolla cerise to pink, not salver-shaped, limb conspicuously lobed, tube ~5 cm long; sepals rounded I. repanda 4. Stamens and pistils included; corolla bell- or funnel-shaped, tube straight, about equal to radius of limb. 7. Sepals hairy, acuminate; corolla pale blue or occasionally white; capsule 3-vaIved . . 7. nil 1. Sepals glabrous; corolla never blue, if white, with a dark center; capsule 4-valved. 8. Bracts large and persistent; sepals conspicu- ously ribbed, becoming winged in fruit I. setifera 8. Bracts very small; sepals ribless. 9. Sepals rounded or obtuse, distinctly un- equal (outer larger than inner I, phyllomega 9. Sepals acute or acuminate, ± equal. 10. Sepals <1 cm long; flowers white or cream with dark center . . . I. obscura 10. Sepals >1 cm long; flowers pale lilac I. tiliacea Ipomoea alba Ipomoea alba Linnaeus, 1753:161. — Gunn, 1972a:151. — Powell, 1979:249. Convolvulus aculeatus Linnaeus, 1753:155. Ipomoea bona -nox Linnaeus, 1762:228. Calonyction aculeatum (Linnaeus) House, 1904:590. Glabrous creeper, often bearing small recurved prickles; flowers solitary to few, salver-shaped, white with pale green star and tube, primarily night-blooming. This species is easily identifiable by its slender-tubed white flowers and its long- awned sepals. Neotropical lowlands, now pantropical; in Dominica: Sylva- nia {Hodge 811). Ipomoea cornea Ipomoea carnea Jacquin, 1760:13. The typical subspecies, adapted to wetter conditions, is not known on Dominica, where the only representative is the following: Ipomoea carnea suhsp. fistulosa Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (Choisy) D. Austin, 1977:237. — Powell, 1979:268. NUMBER 77 CONVOLVULACEAE 71 Ipomoea fistulosa Martius ex Choisy in A.R Candolle, 1845, 9:349. Erect shrub to 4 m with showy, lavender flowers to 9 cm long. South American, widely cultivated; escaping from cultiva- tion in Dominica along west coast: Fond Colet, north of Roseau {Ernst 2157), road to Cabrits and in Portsmouth (DHN!). Ed. Note: Miss Powell’s typescript, submitted in 1969, was in agreement with and substantially anticipated Dr. Austin’s conclusions. Ipomoea hederifolia Ipomoea hederifolia Linnaeus, 1759a:925. — Hallier, 1899:415. — O’DoneU, 1959:45.— PoweU, 1979:253. Ipomoea coccinea sensu auct., non Linnaeus. Ipomoea angulata Lamarck, 1791, Tabl., 1:164. Herbaceous vine with scarlet, salver-shaped flowers; sepals rounded, ± equal, subulate-appendaged near the apex, the appendage equal to or longer than the sepals; capsule erect, short-beaked, 4-seeded, the transparent septae persisting after the seeds have been shed. Neotropical but introduced into the Old World tropics; in Dominica on west coast in old citrus orchard: Colihaut {Ernst 1118). This species is found throughout the West Indies. It can be distinguished by its calyx and capsule from I. coccinea, which is restricted to the American continent. In I. coccinea the sepals are larger, very clearly overlapping, decidedly unequal, and the appendage is very clearly shorter than the longest sepal. The mature capsule has a long beak (3 mm) and the pedicel makes an angle of 45° or less with the peduncle, and so the capsule is reflexed rather than erect. Ipomoea nil Ipomoea nil (Linnaeus) Roth, 1797, 1:36. — Powell, 1979:255. Convolvulus nil Linnaeus, 1762:219. Convolvulus hederaceus Linnaeus, 1762:219. Herbaceous twiner, hairy; sepals densely pilose below, long and narrow above; corolla to 9 cm, clear blue; capsule 3-valved, 3-celled with 6 seeds. Pantropical; an escape in Dominica: Sylvania {Hodge 1132). Ipomoea obscura Ipomoea obscura (Linnaeus) Ker, 1817a. — Powell, 1979:256. Convolvulus obscura Linnaeus, 1762:220. Slender vine; leaves entire, cordate, to 8 cm long; peduncles 1-3-flowered; corolla white or cream, dark-centered. Widespread in tropics; new record for Dominica on dry west coast: Portsmouth {Whitefoord 5500). Whitefoord (1989:148) reported another collection {5005) from Massacre. Ipomoea pes-caprae Ipomoea pes-caprae (Linnaeus) R. Brown, 1818 [Mar]:477. Convolvulus pes-caprae Linnaeus, 1753:159. The typical subspecies occurs in the Old World. The species is represented in Dominica by the following: Ipomoea pes-caprae subsp. brasiliensis Ipomoea pes-caprae subsp. brasiliensis (Limiaeus) Ooststroom, 1940:533. — Steam, 1%1 :237.— PoweU, 1979:257. Convolvulus brasiliensis Linnaeus, 1753:159. Ipomoea brasiliensis (Linnaeus) Sweet, 1818 [Jun-Jul]:35. — Meyer, 1818 [Nov]:97. Beach morning-glory, patate bord la mer. Seaside plant, glabrous, prostrate, rooting at nodes; leaves ± coriaceous, emarginate to bilobed; corolla showy, funnel- shaped, ~5 cm long, lavender-pink. Tropical sea beaches; in Dominica common along sea coast: Marigot {Hodge 810), Hatton Garden {Hodge 2960), St. David’s Bay {Wilbur 7981), mouth of Layou River {Ernst 1544). Leaves of this species are used by the Caribs in ritual baths (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:598). Ipomoea imperati (Vahl) Grisebach (inch Ipomoea stolo- nifera Gmelin, a similar prostrate plant growing in the same kind of habitat in the Caribbean area), has not been reported from Dominica. It has white flowers and is smaller in every respect. Ipomoea phyllomega Ipomoea phyllomega (VeUozo) House, 1908:246, "phillomega" . — PoweU, 1979:257. Convolvulus phyllomega VeUozo, 1829:74, "philomega”; 1831, 2, pi. 63, "phillomega." Ipomoea capparoides Choisy , 1839:59. Ipomoea demerariana sensu Grisebach, 1862:471, non Choisy. Liane douce. High climbing forest twiner, with cordate leaves to 23 cm long, veins forming a conspicuous overall spider web pattern; inflorescence a lax cyme of magenta, bell-shaped flowers; two outer sepals larger and enclosing the other three. Tropical America; in Dominica at mid-elevations along west coast: Deux Branches, Jean {Ernst 1815), Layou forest, Mt. Joy {Ernst 1952), Sylvania {Hodge 809), Syndicate Estate {Wasshausen & Ayensu 313, Whitefoord 3902). A leafless fruiting (in Oct) specimen from northwest slopes of Mome Diablotins (Syndicate) seems to be this species {Whitefoord 4390). Ipomoea quamoclU Ipomoea quamoclit Uimaeus, 1753:159. — PoweU, 1979:258. Convolvulus pennatus Desrousseaux in Lamarck, 1789, 3:567. QuamoclU pennata (Desrousseau\)BojeT, 1837:224, "pinnata." Glabrous, herbaceous vine; leaf blades ovate in outline, deeply pinnately partite, segments linear, the lowest pair 72 CONVOLVULACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY subdivided; flowers scarlet, salver-shaped; stamens and pistil exserted. Circumtropical, this frequendy cultivated species often escapes, and it is not clear where it originated; in Dominica: E. Cabrit beach (Whitefoord 4035), Mome Bruce {Hodge 812). Ipomoea repanda Ipomoea repanda Jacquin, 1760:13, "fpomaea” . — PoweU, 1979:259. Exogonium repandwn (Jacquin) Choisy, 1839:50. Capi. High climbing twiner with tuberous roots; glabrous; flowers cerise to pink, usually in large showy clusters, sepals ± equal, rounded, tinged cerise or pink, corolla limb completely lobed, tube, pedicel and peduncles curved; seed with two rows of long, silky hairs. Puerto Rico and the Lesser Antilles; in Dominica at low to mid-elevations on west slopes: Mome Cola Anglais {Lellinger 630), Glasham {Nicolson 2089), Imperial Road (Fairchild 2675), near L’Imprevue (Narodny s.n.), Lisdara (Hodge 2446), Mero (Chambers 2506), north of Portsmouth (Wasshausen & Ayensu 356), South Chiltem (Ernst 1126, Hodge 1571), lower Syndicate Road (Nicolson 4074). Flowering November-June, fruiting January-June. Our material is the typical variety. A very attractive plant in full bloom, when several flowers are open together on a panicle. This is unlike most ipomoeas, where only one or two flowers open at once. Ipomoea setifera Ipomoea setifera Poiret in Lamarck, 1804, EncycL, 6:17. — Powell, 1979:260. Convolvulus ruber Vahl, 1798, Eclog., 2:12. Ipomoea rubra (Vahl) Millspaugh, 1900:86, "ruber," non (Linnaeus) Murray. Ipomoea rubra var. alboflavida Urban, 1902, 3:345. Ipomoea rubra var. palustris Urban, 1902, 3:345. Ipomoea palustris (Urban) Urban, 1925, 9:423. Trailing-twining vine with long, stiff, yellow hairs on stems; peduncles long, bearing two large bracts (2 cm long) surrounding an inflorescence of one to several flowers; sepals unequal, longitudinal veins of two larger outer ones promi- nently keeled; ribs become more prominent as sepals mature and surround the capsule. Neotropics and Africa; in Dominica near northeast coast; Hatton Garden pasturelands (Hodge 2953), Portsmouth (White- foord 5296). Flowering January to April. Ipomoea tiliacea Ipomoea tiliacea (Willdenow) Choisy in A.P. CandoUe, 1845, 9:375. — Powell, 1979:261. Convolvulus tiliaceus Willdenow, 1809, Enum. 203. Convolvulus fastigiatus Roxburgh, 1824, 2:48. Ipomoea fastigiata (Roxburgh) Sweet, 1826:288. Caapi. Climbing or trailing vine; inflorescence a compact cyme of pale lilac flowers with dark purple centers; sepals aristate with scarious edges, the outer ones shorter and narrower; flattened capsule ripens with sepals turning back to show a wide disc surrounding the base of the capsule. Tropical America; common and widespread weed in Dominica: Cabrit swamp (Whitefoord 5286), Carholm Estate (Ernst 1940), Carib Reserve (Hodge 3318, 3323), Freshwater Lake (Hodge 1788, (Wasshausen & Ayensu 316), Lisdara (Hodge 2445, Proctor 190), Mahaut (Morden 5), Ridgefield (Hodge 2152), South Chiltem (Hodge 1479), Sylvania (Hodge 807, 808, 1124, 3965, 3966). Noted as a major weed covering fruit trees at Syndicate Estate (DHN!, Whitefoord 4341). The compact inflorescence of slender, pointed buds, the pale Ulac flowers and the fmits, quickly distinguish this from other climbers in Dominica. It is remarkably like Ipomoea batatas (Linnaeus) Lamarck, however, the common sweet potato, which is cultivated here as throughout the topics. Ipomoea batatas very often has palmately lobed leaves, which would differentiate it, but they are not always palmate. In the field it is fairly easy to tell them apart, the one being slender and climbing trees, setting fruit freely, rarely producing tubers; the other heavy and creeping on the ground, rarely if ever setting fruit, cultivated for its tuberous roots. In the herbarium, however, it is more difficult. What seems to be a constant character difference is that whereas I. batatas has hairs on the stamens only at the base, in I. tiliacea there are hairs all the way to and on the anthers. In I. batatas the diploid number of chromosomes is reported as 90, in I. tiliacea as 60. Jacquemontia Choisy 1. Trichomes on stem long, 2-armed; inflorescence hirsute J. tamnifolia 1. Trichomes on stem short, 3-armed; inflorescence not hirsute. 2. Leaf apex acuminate or acute, outer sepals larger, ovate, foliaceous; corolla blue, flaring; seeds not winged . . . J. pentanthos 2. Leaf apex rounded and mucronate; sepals ± equal; corolla reddish purple, tube narrow; seeds 3-winged J. solanifolia Jacquemontia pentanthos Jacquemontia pentanthos (Jacquin) G. Don, 1837, 4:283, "pentantha” . — PoweU, 1979:234. Convolvulus pentanthos Jacquin, 1790, CoU., 4:210; 1792, Icon., 2:316. Stems usually tomentose with stellate hairs; leaves some- times tomentose; inflorescence a compact cyme of few to several flowers; corolla blue with white star, wide and shallow with stamens and pistil exposed; anthers oval. Tropical America; in Dominica along west coast: East Cabrit (Hodge 3722, Whitefoord 4257), South Chiltem (Stern & Wasshausen 2532). NUMBER 77 CONVOLVULACEAE 73 The correction from “pentantha” to pentanthos was dis- cussed by Nicolson (1986:326) in connection with Greek adjectives {-os, -on). Jacquemontia solanifolia Jacquemontia solanifolia (Linnaeus) HaUier, 1893:542. — Powell, 1979:235. [pomoea solanifolia Linnaeus, 1753:161. Ipomoea filiformis lacx\mn, 1760:13, "Ipomaea." Exogonium solanifoliwn (Linnaeus) Britton, 1918:82. Herbaceous vine with ovate leaves; stems often tomentose with stellate hairs, at least the petioles and peduncle bases tomentose; inflorescence lax with few to several flowers; corolla tube long and narrow, limb scarcely spreading, 5-lobed; stamens and pistil exserted; seeds 3-winged. Puerto Rico and Lesser Antilles; in Dominica along road: Petite Soufriere Bay (Nicolson 1986). Jacquemontia tamnifolia Jacquemontia tamnifolia (Linnaeus) Grisebach, 1862:474. — Powell, 1979:236. Ipomoea tamnifolia Linnaeus, 1753:162. Thyella tamnifolia (Linnaeus) Rafinesque, 1838, FI. Tellur., 4:84. Hirsute or glabrate vine, hairs yellow to reddish brown; sometimes flowering before twining; peduncles sturdier and much longer than subtending petioles; inflorescence very hirsute, a head-like cyme surrounded by several lanceolate or ovate foliaceous bracts up to 4 cm long; corolla lavender-blue; seeds wingless. Tropical America, Africa, the Mascarenes, in Dominica: Freshwater Lake (Eggers 612 at GH). Merremia Dennstedt ex Endlicher, nom. cons. 1. Leaves simple and entire; flowers yellow M. umbellata 1. Leaves palmate; flowers white. 2. Leaves compound, leaflets entire; calyx hispid M. aegyptia 2. Leaves lobed, lobes dentate; calyx glabrous M. dissecta Merremia aegyptia Merremia aegyptia (Linnaeus) Urban, 1910, 4:505. — Powell, 1979:239. Ipomoea aegyptia Linnaeus, 1753:162. Convolvulus pentaphyllus Linnaeus, 1762:223. Ipomoea pentaphylla (Linnaeus) Jacquin, 1788, CoU., 2:297. Twiner with hispid stems, leaves and calyx, hairs fewer and shorter on leaves; cyme lax, one- to several-flowered; corolla about twice as long as calyx, white, funnel-shaped. Tropics; in Dominica along roads: Mero (Nicolson 2047), Woodford Hill (Nicolson 4240). Merremia dissecta Merremia dissecta (Jacquin) HaUier, 1893:552, "disecta” . — Powell, 1979:240. Convolvulus dissectus Jacquin, 1767, 2:4, pi. 28. Ipomoea dissecta (Jacquin) Persoon, 1797:207 [in note], non WiUdenow. Ipomoea sinuata Ortega, 1798:84. Twiner with hispid stems, petioles and peduncle bases; leaves pedate, 5-lobed, the basal lobes divided into two; all lobes dentate to lobed; cymes 1-5-flowered, flowers erect, buds and fruits nodding; corolla white with dark center, funnel-shaped; capsule enclosed by enlarged sepals. Neotropics but widely naturalized; in Dominica: Castle Bruce trail (Hodge 3327), Mero (Ernst 1935), below Syndicate (Whitefoord 4441). It has, on occasion, been confused with other tropical American species: Merremia quinquefolia (Linnaeus) HaUier and Merremia cissoides (Lamarck) HaUier, both smaller plants with compound leaves of five ± dentate leaflets. M. quinquefo- lia has dainty, glabrous leaves and flowers, M. cissoides is coarse, hairy and viscid. Merremia umbellata Merremia umbellata (Linnaeus) HaUier, 1893:552. — Ooststroom in Steenis,1953, D. Males., I, 4:449.— PoweU, 1979:243. Convolvulus umbellatus Linnaeus, 1753:155. Ipomoea umbellata (Linnaeus) Meyer, 1818:99, non Linnaeus. Ipomoea polyanthes Roemer & Schultes, 1819, 4:234. Glabrous or pubescent plant with cordate to + sagittate leaves; inflorescence umbellate, flowers many to few, yellow, corolla funnel-shaped, -3.75 cm long; capsule exceeding the persistent calyx; seeds tomentose. Neotropics, West Africa, and introduced in the Far East; in Dominica along west coast: Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2688), Roseau River valley (Fairchild 2780), sine loc. (Eggers 1450). This is the typical subspecies, differing from the Old World subspecies, which has long hairs on the seeds and, generally, white flowers. Operculina Silva Manso Operculina hamiltonii Operculina hamiltonii (G. Don) Austin & Staples, 1983:487. Convolvulus alatus HamUton, 1825:24, non Sprengel, 1819. Ipomoea hamiltonii G. Don, 1838, 4:268, "hamiltoni.” Ipomoea pterodes Choisy in A.P. CandoUe, 1845, 9:361. Ipomoea altissima Martius ex Choisy in A.P. CandoUe, 1845, 9:359. Operculina altissima (Choisy) Meisnerin Martius, 1869, 7:213, pi. 75. Operculina pterodes (Choisy) Meisner in Martius, 1869, 7:213. Operculina alata Urban, 1902, 3:343. — PoweU, 1979:244. Petioles, peduncles and sometimes stems winged, glabrous or pubescent; flowers solitary, peduncle thicker and much longer than subtending petiole, bearing, at its apex, two bracts that fall after anthesis and a 5-angled, tapering pedicel that thickens as the fruit ripens; corolla yellow, -4.5-5 cm long; 74 CONVOLVULACEAE — CUCURBITACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY capsule surrounded by calyx, exocarp operculate, brown, endocarp thin, transparent, splitting irregularly. Neotropics; in Dominica: Grand Savanne (Nicolson 2042). Fruiting in November. A few stellate hairs and no simple ones were found on the Dominican specimen examined. Other West Indian specimens were glabrous or with simple hairs as in South American material. Stictocardia Hallier Stictocardia tiliifolia Stictocardia tiliifolia (Desrousseaux) Hallier, 1894:159, "tiliaefolia" . — Austin et al., 1978:195.— Powell, 1979, 265. Convolvulus tiliifolius Desrousseaux in Lamarck, 1789, 3:544, "tiliaefolius." Argyreia tiliifolia (Desrousseaux) Wight, 1848, 4(2):12, pi. 1358. — Grisebach, 1862:466. Creeper with large cordate to orbicular leaves bearing numerous small black or brown glands on lower surfaces and outside of sepals and corolla tube; peduncles shorter than subtending petioles; flowers usually solitary, the two outer sepals ± enclosing the others; calyx becoming very much enlarged, covering the indehiscent fruit; corolla -9 cm long, rose-colored with a dark center. Circumtropical; in Dominica: La Plaine (Whitefoord 5400), Petit Coulibri {Whitefoord 6056), sine loc. {Imray 230 at K). This should not be confused with Ipomoea alba nor 7. violacea, which are similar in size, but with white flowers, valvate fruits, and without glandular dots. Gunn (1972b) has an extensive discussion of this species. He reviewed the typification of Ipomoea campanulata, concluding that this binomial must be typified on an illustration {Adamboe of Rheede) rather than on the specimen in the Linnaean Herbarium, which is Thespesia populnea of the Malvaceae. We agree with this, but we disagree with the identification of Adamboe Rheede as a Stictocardia. It is Ipomoea campanulata Linnaeus (cf. Nicolson et al., 1988:91). Thus we exclude Ipomoea campanulata from Stictocardia and adopt what is, in our view, the oldest available and applicable epithet. Crassulaceae Kalanchoe integra (Medikus) Kuntze, with rather condensed inflorescences at ends of long peduncles, smaller flowers, and cuneate leaves was collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 3930). Bryophyllum pinnatum Bryophyllumpinnatum (Lamarck) Oktn, 1841,3:1966. — Howard, 1988,4:313. Cotyledon pinnata Lamarck, 1786, 2:141. Bryophyllum calycinum Salisbury, 1805, 1, pi. 3. Kalanchoe pinnata (Lamarck) Persoon, 1807, 2(2):446. — ^Jacobsen, 1960, 2:658. Succulent herb to 1 m; leaves simple or 3-5-foliolate; calyx inflated. Tiny plantlets develop in leaf notches. Originally Madagascar, now pantropical; in Dominica a naturalized weed along roadsides and in low, wet places: Cabrit Swamp {Hodge 437), Grand Savanne {Hodge 3789), Layou {Ernst 1515), Mt. Joy {Hodge 1268), Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2644), Rodney’s Rock {DeFilipps 169), Soufriere {Hodge 1642), Wooten Waven {Hodge 436). The leaves are used as a cooling tea and poultice (Honychurch, 1980:36). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:95, pi. 61) reported usage against dyspepsia. It is debatable that B. pinnatum was a new combination validly published by Oken. He seemed to recognize two names, B. pinnatum andR. calycinum, as one species, “Die Gemeine.” I assume that Oken was treating these as alternative names, acceptable before 1953 (Art. 34.4) {ICBN). All literature cited by Oken refer simply to B. calycinum Salisbury except one, “Sims Bot. Mag. t. 1409,” which cited the basionym. Cotyledon pinnata Lamarck. I accept B. pinnatum as a new combination through indirect reference (Art. 32.4, ICBN). CUCURBITACEAE This family has special difficulties: a lack of specimens of cultivated (and escaping?) species, a classification under revision, and a need for staminate and pistillate flowers and fruits to be certain of determinations. Cucumis melo Linnaeus, the cantaloupe or musk melon, may be cultivated in Dominica but it has not been collected. Cucumis sativus Linnaeus, the cucumber, is cultivated on Dominica (at Bomes, Nicolson 4226). It has scabrous leaves shallowly 5-lobed, petioles glandless, simple tendrils, flowers small and yellow, anthers S-shaped, and a medium-sized, more or less prickly fruit. It may escape. The genus Cucurbita includes a number of cultivated species, many of which include very different cultivars that are very difficult to define. The genus may be recognized by its yellow, bell -shaped corollas only lobed about half-way to the base and 3-branched tendrils. Cucurbita maxima Duchesne ex Lamarck, the autumn or winter squash (melon pumpkin), has a soft, round unexpanded fruit-stalk, weakly lobed leaves, obtuse corolla lobes and a plump white seed with obtuse, firm margins. Cucurbita mixta Pangalo, the cushaw or silverseed gourd, is like C. moschata but has linear calyx lobes and a unexpanded fruit-stalk. Cucurbita moschata (Lamarck) Du- chesne ex Poiret, the winter crook-necked squash, is a softly hairy vine with a hard, ridged fruit-stalk much expanded at the apex, often foliose sepals, and pale buff seeds with a wavy, hyaline margin. Cucurbita pepo Linnaeus, including the true pumpkin, as well as the zucchini squash, is a harshly hispid vine with leaves often prominently lobed, a hard, ridged, little-expanded fruit-stalk, and pale buff, firm-margined seeds. I am unable to identify our one cultivated collection from Bomes {Nicolson 4225 called pumpkin) because it is only in staminate flower, it might be C. mixta Pangalo. NUMBER 77 CUCURBITACEAE 75 Lagenaria sic er aria (Molina) Standley, the sweet calabash or bottle gourd, was found grown as a vegetable at Homes (DHN!). It is easily recognized by a pair of glands at the apex of the petiole. It has pubescent leaves, branched tendrils, white flowers, and a long, purple fruit. Lujfa aegyptiaca Miller (see Reiser and Schilling (1988) for generic treatment, see Nicolson et al. (1988:97), for nomencla- ture), the vegetable sponge or torchon, has been seen in cultivation at Salisbury (DHN!) and on a dump at Portsmouth {Whitefoord 5294). The leaves are palmately lobed, the flowers are yellow (males racemose with 5 stamens, female solitary) and the dried fruit opens at the top, revealing the “sponge.” Sechium edule (Jacquin) Swartz, the christophine or chayote, is cultivated at Milton {Hodge 2884) and may be escaping near Syndicate {Whitefoord 3955). The flowers are white, the leaves are shallowly but sharply lobed, and the tendrils are 3- branched. The fmit is as large as an avocado or mango with a single, large, flat seed and the flesh makes a delicious vegetable. 1. Leaves deeply 3-7-lobed (see also cult. Luffa). 2. Plant parts (especially when young) woolly; tendrils bifid; leaves deeply trifid with segments pinnatifid to bipinnatifid; fruit green, smooth, sweet . . . Citrullus 2. Plant parts glabrous; tendrils unbranched, leaves pe- dately 5-7-lobate; fmit becoming orange, warty, bitter Momordica 1. Leaves entire to shallowly lobed. 3. Lower leaf blade and upper petiole with glands or glandular pockets; tendrils 2-3-branched; anthers S- shaped; ovules & seeds vertical Cayaponia 3. Leaves glandless; tendrils simple; anther locules straight; ovules and seeds horizontal .... Melothria Cayaponia Silva Manso, nom. cons. Cayaponia americana Cayaponia americana (Lamarck) Cogniaux in A.L. & A.C. Candolle, 1881, 3:785.— Jeffrey, 1971:224. Bryonia americana Lamarck, 1785, 1:458. Cionandra cuspidala Grisebach, 1860:287. Leaves -10-15 cm long, 8-10 cm wide, acutely 3-lobed (in ours), with glands at base of blade; inflorescences racemose; calyx lobes 1-4 mm long; corolla greenish white, lobes 5-8 mm long, almost as broad as long in staminate flowers, much longer than broad in pistillate flowers; seeds very few (1-3). Antilles; in Dominica locally abundant in openings, 550- 700 m: Freshwater Lake area {Ernst 1719, 2171, Nicolson 4147, Webster 13248), Pointe Michel {Eggers 1045), Ports- mouth {Wasshausen & Ayensu 374). Elsewhere this may have deeply lobed and more scabrous leaves. Citrullus Schrader, nom. cons. Citrullus lanatus Citrullus lanatus (Thunberg) Matsumura & Nakai in Anonymous, 1920:38. — Kara, 1969:347. Momordica lanata Thunberg, 1794, Prodr., 13. Citrullus vulgaris Schrader in Ecklon & Zeyher, 1836:279. — Schrader, 1838:412. Watermelon. Young growth woolly; leaf blade >10 cm long, deeply lobed, scabrous; flower yellow. African but now widely cultivated for fmit; in Dominica a prostrate roadside weed: Cabrits {Whitefoord 4047), near Coulibistri {Ernst 1633), probably escaped from cultivation. Jeffrey (1980:791) said this binomial was published in 1916 but Kara (1969:346) said the basionym was not indicated. Melothria Linnaeus Melothria pendula Melothria pendula Linnaeus, 1753:35. — Wunderlin, 1978:333. Bryonia guadalupensis Sprengel, 1826, 3:15. Melothria pervaga Grisebach, 1860:289. Melothria guadalupensis (Sprengel) Cogniaux in A.L. & A.C. CandoUe, 1881, 3:580. Leaves entire to shallowly lobed, -5 cm x 5 cm; flowers minute, yellow. Antillean but reported in Mexico and Guyana; in Dominica a common weed in disturbed areas: Clarke Hall {Ernst 1260, Stern & Wasshausen 2403), Hatton Garden {Hodge 3044), above Roseau {Whitefoord 4645). Jeffrey (1978:373) cited Imray 36 from Dominica as M. pendula. Momordica Linnaeus Momordica charantia Momordica charantia Linnaeus, 1753:1009. — Cogniaux & Harms in Engler, 1924, IV.275 (Heft 88):24. Pomme coolie, pavecka, wild balsam apple. Leaves deeply and pedately 5-7-lobed, -5 cm x 5 cm; peduncle of staminate flower 5-6 cm long, with orbicular bract just below center; fmit warty, becoming orange and splitting to reveal horizontal seeds covered with red pulp. Originally Old World, now pantropical; in Dominica a common weed: Clarke Hall {Chambers 2703, Ernst 1259, Stern & Wasshausen 2405), Delices {Whitefoord 3667), Goodwill {Wilbur 7573), Salybia {Hodge 471, 3217, Nicolson 2011). Flowering in July. Seeds sucked by children (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:613). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:95, pi. 62) reported several medicinal uses. 76 CUNONIACEAE — EBENACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY CUNONIACEAE (by R. DeFilipps) Weinmannia pinnata Weinmannia pinnata Linnaeus, 1759a:1005. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964:138, pi. 56. Pubescent shrub 1-3 m; leaves opposite, pinnately com- pound, rhachis winged, leaflets dentate; flower in fascicled racemes, white. Neotropics; common in Dominica in mossy forests of summits, 1000-1425 m; Laudat (Eggers 600), Mome Anglais {Wilbur 7952), Mome Diablotins {Hodge 2799), Mome Trois Pitons {Chambers 2587, Hodge 577, 1389, Kimber 969, Nicolson 181 7). Cyrillaceae (by R. DeFilipps) Cyrilla racemiflora Cyrilla racemiflora Linnaeus, 1767a: 182; 1767b:50. — Thomas, 1960:77. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964:298, pi. 136. Cyrilla antillatiaMic\\2exs, 1803, 1:158. Bois rouge. Tree to 15 m; leaves elongate, coriaceous; inflorescence a raceme; flowers white. United States and neotropics; common in Dominica in montane thickets and elfin woodlands, 450-1100 m; Mome Nicholls {Nicolson 1952), Mome Trois Pitons {Ernst 2027), Pont Casse {Wilbur 7746), Soufriere {Howard 11782), South Chiltem Estate {Stern & Wasshausen 2522), sine loc. {Fishlock 46). DICHA PETALACEAE (by R. DeFilipps) Tapura latifolia Tapura latifolia Bentham, 1853:291. — Prance, 1972b:65. Tapura antillana Gleason in North Amer. FI., 1924, 25:382. Bois cote, bois cotelette. High tree with fluted trunk and blaze turning orange; leaves elliptic to ovate-oblong, bluntly acuminate, coriaceous, glabrous; flowers fascicled, borne on the upper petiole; pedicels and sepals pubescent; petals 5, yellow, connate below, 2 are hooded and broader; stamens 3, staminodes 2; fruit a dmpe, rarely 2-seeded. Guadeloupe, Martinique, and St. Lucia; common in Domin- ica in rainforests, 250-650 m; Bataka {Taylor 29), Bellevue {Taylor 25), Dleau Gommier {Nicolson 4064), Deux Branches {Hodge 2976, 2980 at GH), Hatton Garden {Hodge 3009 at US), Laudat {Eggers 1037), L’Or River {Nicolson 2030), Portsmouth {Wasshausen & Ayensu 365), Riversdale {Proctor 25787), Sylvania {Hodge 1322), Syndicate {Whitefoord 4305), sine loc. {Fishlock 13 — type of T antillana). Rowering in October, fmiting June-October. The buttresses used to make canoe paddles; fruit is edible (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:572). Campers in rainforest must know this species because its wood, once split, will bum when green. Dilleniaceae (by R. DeFilipps) Dillenia indica Linnaeus, a large tree with white flowers and large fmit about 6 inches thick, is cultivated in the Roseau Botanic Garden (DHN!). Dillenia suffruticosa (Griffith) Martelli, a Malaysian shmb with sheathing petioles, large, ovate, subserrate leaf blades and yellow flowers, was collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 3915). Pinzona coriacea Pinzona coriacea Martius & Zuccarini in Zuccarini, 1832:371. — Kubitzki, 1971:27. Pinzona calineoides Eichlerin Martius, 1863, 13(1):71. Doliocarpus coriaceus (Manius & Zuccarini) GUg in Engler & Prantl, 1893, III(6):114. Doliocarpus calineoides (Eichler) GUg in Engler & Prantl, 1893, III(6):1 14. Liana to 5 m or higher; stems angular; leaves coriaceous, glabrous except for pilosulous veins above and below, elliptic -ovate or elliptic -obovate, entire or ± undulate; panicles pilosulous; petals 3, greenish white; carpels 2, fused at base; fruit indehiscent, 5-7 mm wide, bilobed. Belize and Hispaniola through northern South America, Guadeloupe & Puerto Rico; in Dominica rare in woods behind Salybia {Taylor 37). The specimen (GH) is sterile with a single leaf and pieces of stem (cited by Hodge and Taylor, 1957:584, as a source of drinking water from cut stems). Ebenaceae Howard (1964, mss.) reported Diospyros blancoi A.L. Candolle (as Diospyros discolor Willdenow, nom. illeg.) and Diospyros ebenum Koenig on Dominica. Both would be introduced, perhaps in the Roseau Botanic Garden. Diospyros digyna Jacquin was collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden (7. Jones s.n. at K, introduced from Mexico). Diospyros mala- barica (Desrousseaux) Kosteletzky (as Diospyros embryopteris Persoon) was reported as recently cultivated on Dominica by Howard (1989, 6:71) NUMBER 77 Ebenaceae — Elaeocarpaceae 77 Diospyros revoluta Diospyros revoluta Poiret in Lamarck, 1804, Encycl., 5:435. — Little et al., 1974:794, pi. 648. Diospyros ebenaster sensu auctt., non Retzius. — Urban, 1910, 4:485. Babara, bambarat, black apple. Small dioecious tree to 20 m with dark, scaly bark; leaves leathery, obovate, apex rounded; flowers white; fruit rather large, with a flat, square, persistent calyx. Puerto Rico to Dominica; common in E and NW Dominica from coastal woodlands to 400 m: Calibishie {Hodge 3177), Carib Reserve {Hodge 3282), Deux Branches {Nicolson 2132), Hampstead {Lloyd 662), Laudat {Hodge 2091), Madjini {Nicolson 4136), Milton {Hodge 2676), Pointe Baptiste {Ernst 1831), Rosalie {Ernst 1364, Webster 13473), Trois Pitons {Lloyd 763), Woodford Hill {Nicolson 4239). Fruits or chipped bark are crushed for fish poison (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:596). Howard (1961) clarified that Diospyros ebenaster Retzius (1788) had been applied to three species: Asiatic D. ebenum Koenig (1776), Central American D. digyna Jacquin (1798), and Antillean D. revoluta Poiret (1804). Elaeocarpaceae The Dominican species of chataignier {Sloanea) are domi- nant, high-buttressed canopy trees of major importance for timber. They are difficult to collect and vegetatively variable. Foresters generally recognize two species as “ti fay” (little leaves, petites feuilles) and “grand fay” (big leaves, grandes feuilles) and some have noted a third species, “ti coco” (litde fruit). These names are neither descriptive of the four species of Dominica nor are they discriminately applied to the same species. I believe that “ti fay” should probably be restricted to Sloanea caribaea, the smallest-leaved species with petioles <1 cm long and a naked fruit. “Ti coco” probably should be restricted to S. berteriana, a species with medium -sized leaves tapering to each end and a naked fruit. “Grand fay” most properly refers to the biggest-leaved species, S. dentata, with large, stiffly spiny fruits like a chestnut (French chataignier) but can refer to S. massonii, a large-leaved species with small, softly and densely hairy fruits. It appears that fertile branches (with flowers or fruit) bear significantly smaller leaves than sterile branches, seedlings, and stump shoots, all of the latter bear larger leaves. This makes it difficult to rely on leaf size for determining sterile specimens. Fertile material is needed for certain determinations. 1. Stipules persistent (at least on youngest, fully expanded leaves); fruit armed with many rigid spines to 3 cm long S. dentata 1. Stipules very quickly deciduous (even on unexpanded leaves); fruit hairy or naked. 2. Leaves large, 1.5x longer than broad, rounded at apex; fruit densely covered with hairs to 2 cm long S. massonii 2. Leaves smaller, 2x or more longer than broad, apex acute to obtuse; fruit naked or puberulent with tiny hairs. 3. Petioles typically >2 cm long; leaves usually >10 cm long; inflorescence unbranched (racemose) S. berteriana 3. Petioles typically <1 cm long; leaves usually <10 cm long; inflorescence branching (cymose) S. caribaea Sloanea berteriana Sloanea berteriana Choisy ex A.R Candolle, 1824, 1:516. — C.E. Smith, 1954:104. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964:324, pi. 149. — Bomstein in Howard, 1989,5:180. Chataignier ’ti coco. Canopy tree; petioles usually -2 cm long; leaves tapered to both ends; inflorescence unbranched; capsules naked. Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, St. Kitts to Martinique; mid-elevations of Dominica but rarely collected; Aux Delices {Nicolson 2136), upper Layou Valley {Beard 662), cited by Hodge (1954:30) from Sylvania as “chataignier petit feuille” but possibly a misidentification of S. caribaea. Sloanea caribaea Sloanea caribaea Krug & Urban ex Duss, 1897:90. — C.E. Smith, 1954:78. Chataignier ’ti fay. Canopy tree; petioles to 1 cm long; leaves tapered to both ends but always small (usually <10 cm long); inflorescence ± terminal, branching and cymose; capsules naked, seeds orange. Lesser Antilles and northern South America; in Dominica a dominant in rainforest (mid-elevations), pervasive but most common on flats; Breakfast River {Hodge 1920), Mome Colla Anglais {Hodge 537), Petit Macoucheri {Whitefoord 6168), Syndicate {Whitefoord 4405, 5920). Hodge 1920 reported “wood considered worthless because of susceptibility to dry rot but used for charcoal.” Sloanea dentata Sloanea dentata Linnaeus, 1753:512. — C.E. Smith, 1954:64. Chataignier grand fay. Dominant canopy tree; stipules persistent; petioles 3-6 cm long; leaves shallowly dentate, large (10-30 cm x 8-15 cm); inflorescence racemose, 5-8 cm long; sepals 5-6 mm long; capsule armed with many rigid, curved spines. Lesser Antilles; common in Dominica at mid-elevations: Carib Trail {Howard 11768), Castle Bruce {Ramage s.n.). Deux Branches {Hodge 2965), Dleau Gommier {Nicolson 2016), upper Hampstead River {Nicolson 4220), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3657), Lisdara {Hodge 2356), Mome Plat Pays {Hodge 1736), 78 Elaeocarpaceae — Ericaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Roche d’Or Estate (Wasshausen & Ayensu 399), Rosalie Valley {Beard 238), Sylvania {Hodge 1440), Syndicate {Whitefoord 4350). Considered an indicator of rich soil. A pervasive species, but most common on upper slopes. Sloanea massonii Sloanea massonii Swartz, 1788:82, "Massoni" . — C.E. Smith, 1954:47. Sloanea truncata Urban, 1921a:26. Chataignier grand fay. Canopy tree; stipules deciduous; petioles 3-6 cm long, often with transverse epidermal cracks; leaves entire, large (8-25 cm X 7-20 cm); inflorescence 2-3 cm long, racemose; sepals 3-3.5 cm long; capsules densely covered with soft hairs to 2 cm long. Lesser Antilles; common and codominant with Dacryodes in Dominican rainforests: Castle Bruce road {Cowan 1671), Deux Branches {Hodge 2964, 2967, 2992), Dleau Gommier {De- Filipps 162, Nicolson 4179), Fond Figues River {Ernst 1582), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3657), Lisdara {Cooper 162, Hodge 538, Proctor 539), Marigot {Hodge 539), Pagayer {Nicolson 2107), Pleasant Valley {Eggers 603), Riversdale {Howard 11762), Sylvania {Hodge 1323), Syndicate {Whitefoord 3640), Wooten Waven {Eggers 885). Reported to indicate poor soil and be a good timber tree. Ericaceae 1. Ovary superior; pubescent shrub with small, serrulate leaves Gaultheria 1. Ovary inferior; glabrous shrub or epiphyte with large, entire leaves. 2. Racemes axillary, flowers 4-8, red Gonocalyx 2. Racemes terminal, flowers 10-30, greenish white Symphysia Gaultheria Linnaeus Gaultheria domingensis Gaultheria domingensis Urban, 1902, 3:329. — ^Hersey & Vander Kloet, 1976:2471.— Whitefoord, 1989:147.— Howard, 1989, 6:28. Brossaea coccinea Linnaeus, 1753:1 190. Epigaea cordifoUa Swartz, 1788:73, non Gaultheria cordifolia Kunth. Gaultheria sphagnicola L. Richard, 1792:109, nom. lUeg. [cited Epigaea cordifolia Swartz]. — Stehle, 1962b:432. Gaultheria coccinea (Linnaeus) Urban, 1902, 3:330, non Kunth. Gaultheria swartzii Howard, 1975:241. Small, erect shrub; leaves ovate, to 2 cm long; racemes terminal; flowers red; fruits blue-black, fleshy but drying. Hispaniola, Guadeloupe, and Martinique; new record for Dominica; Valley of Desolation {Whitefoord 4212, 5482). Gonocalyx Planchon & Linden Nevling (1970:226) concluded that this name was first validly published in Linden’s “Prix-courant de I’establissement d’introduction pour les plantes nouvelles” (p. 5-6), probably in late 1855. He did not clarify the authorship of the generic name, whether it should be Planchon, Linden, or both, nor was it clear who was the author of the catalog. His arguments seem sound and, therefore, 1 do not cite the author as usually done, “Planchon & Linden ex Lindley,” referring to the publication of 8 Mar 1856 on p. 152 of the Gardeners’ Chronicle. Gonocalyx smilacifolius Gonocalyx smilacifolius (Grisebach) A.C. Smith, 1932:354. — Nevling, 1970:222. Vaccinium smilacifolium Grisebach, 1860:144. Hornemannia smilacifolia (Grisebach) J. Hooker in Bentham & Hooker, 1876, 2:567. Ceratostema smilacifolium (Grisebach) Horold, 1909:276. Shrub, usually epiphytic; leaves ovate or lance-ovate, base rounded to cordate, apex acuminate, entire, coriaceous; raceme axis 0.5 mm thick; apical anther sac tubules 3.0-3. 5 mm long; flowers and pedicels bright red; fruit green, finally dark purple. Guadeloupe; common epiphyte in rainforests of Dominica, 550-1150 m: Castle Bruce Road {Cowan 1604), Freshwater Lake Road {Gillis 8167), Mome Anglais [Couliaboun, the type locality] {Fennah 20, Hodge 2278, Wilbur 7969), Pont Casse {Chambers 2606, Nicolson 2177), Syndicate {Whitefoord 4234), Valley of Desolation {Whitefoord 5488). Symphysia C.B. Presl Symphysia racemosa Symphysia racemosa (Vahl) Steam, 1972a:lll. Hornemannia racemosa Vahl, 1810:121. — A.C. Smith, 1935:10. — Stehle, 1962b:432. Vaccinium imrayi W. Hooker, 1840. Vaccinium racemosum (Vahl) Wilbur & Luteyn in Luteyn & Wilbur, 1 977 :275. Scrambling shrub; leaves elliptic, lance-ovate or ovate, base cuneate to rounded, apex acute or acuminate, entire to crenulate, ± coriaceous; raceme axis 1-2 mm thick; apical anther sac tubules 1 mm long. Jamaica to Martinique; often common in Dominica in rainforest and elfin woodlands, 126-1300 m: Deux Branches {Hodge 3453), Freshwater Lake {Chambers 2555, Ernst 1732, Gillis 8202, Hodge 1863, Smith 10242, Wilbur 7440), Mome Anglais {Hodge 664, 2295, Wilbur 7948), Mome Couronne {Webster 13210), Mome Diablotins {Hodge 2832, Whitefoord 4543), Mome Nicholls {Nicolson 1949), Mome Plat Pays {Hodge 1664), Mome Trois Pitons {Hodge 1394, 1425), Pont Casse {Cowan 1605, Ernst 1016, Stern & Wasshausen 2550), Valley of Desolation {Hodge 1941). Recent transfers of this species, from Hornemannia to Symphysia (nomenclature) and from Symphysia to Vaccinium NUMBER 77 Ericaceae — Euphorbiaceae 79 (taxonomy), give an impression of instability. Wilbur and Luteyn were probably correct when they said, “It might seem premature to submerge Symphysia in Vaccinium since the range of diversity within that genus at present suggests that the much needed revisionary studies probably will result in its wholesale dismemberment.” Erythroxylaceae (by R. DeFilipps) See Plowman (1976) concerning the spelling and authorship of Erythroxylum. 1. Leaves deciduous, obtuse to retuse; dry west coast E. havanense 1. Leaves evergreen, acuminate; wet interior E. squamatum Erythroxylum havanense Erythroxylum havanense Jacquin, 1760:21. — Plowman in Howard, 1988, 4:545. Erythroxylum ovatum Cavanilles, 1789, 8:404, pi. 233. — Schulz in Urban, 1907, 5:207. Deciduous shrub or tree to 6 m with white flowers before leaves in spring, fruits in June-July. Cuba and Central American into northern South America; common and dominant in xerophytic scrub thickets of Dominica: Batali {Chambers 2788), Cabrits {Webster 13297, Whitefoord 5768), Petit Coulibri {Whitefoord 6039), Pointe Guignard {Wilbur 8124), Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2650, 2746). Erythroxylum squamatum Erythroxylum squamatum Swartz, 1788:75. — Schulz in Urban, 1907, 5:191. — Plowman in Howard, 1988, 4:548. Ti feuille. Evergreen tree to 8 m. Lesser Antilles into South America; in Dominican rain- forests 60-800 m: Clyde River {Ernst 1031), Deux Branches {Hodge 2980 at US), Grand Bay {Eggers 627), Hatton Gardens {Hodge 3009 at GH), La Plaine {Ramage s.n.), Laudat {Eggers 1003), Micotrin {Wilbur 7462), Milton {Hodge 2674), Mos- quito Mountain (Webster 13538), Sylvania {Beard 643). Euphorbiaceae (by Grady L. Webster) Aleurites moluccana (Linnaeus) Willdenow, the candlenut of Asia, a tree to 20 m with stellate-pubescence, 3-5-lobed leaves, white petals and a fleshy fruit to 6 cm across, is cultivated pantropically, including Dominica: Clarke Hall {Ernst 1437), Mt. Joy {Hodge 910). Antidesma bunius (Linnaeus) Sprengel, cultivated in Asia for firuit, with evergreen, laurel-like leaves to 23 cm x 10 cm, is cultivated in Dominica: Clarke Hall {Ernst 1417, Nicolson 1821), Roseau Botanie Garden {Nicolson 4217). Dr. J.J. Ochse stated that he introduced the species in 1959. Breynia disticha J.R. & J.G. Forster, the snowbush of the Pacific, a hedge plant with white or mottled leaves, has been collected along village roads in the Portsmouth area {Hodge 887, Whitefoord 5192). Codiaeum variegatum (Linnaeus) Adr. Jussieu, the garden croton of southeast Asia, is a glabrous, monoecious shrub with fascicled, peduncled flowers in axillary racemes. It is widely cultivated for its striking leaves of various shapes and variegation (red, yellow, etc.), including Dominica: Lisdara {Hodge 2439), Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 988). Excoecaria cochinchinensis Loureiro, a much-branched shrub with subopposed leaves, has been collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 3951). Garcia nutans Rohr was attributed to Dominica without exclamation mark, indicating no material seen, by Howard (1989, 5:52). Hevea brasiliensis (Kunth) J. Mueller, the Para rubber tree, has compound leaves with 3 leaflets and has been collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 938). The milky sap is used to make rubber. Hura crepitans Linnaeus, the sandbox tree, is a large tree with many prickles on its trunk, cordate leaves, and unisexual inflorescences. Dried fruits were used to hold sand to blot ink, hence its common name. It seems to occur as isolated individuals and is presumed introduced: East Cabrit {Fisher s.n., Whitefoord 5268), Mero {Ernst 1766), Fort Shirley ruins on West Cabrit (DHN!), Roseau (?). Manihot esculenta Crantz, known as the manioc, cassava, or tapioca plant, is pantropically cultivated for its starchy, tuberous roots, including Dominica: Carib Reserve {Taylor 148, 149, 150). It is herbaceous but can grow 3 m high; the leaves are deeply 3-7-parted and glaucous below. Several cultivars and their preparation were discussed by Hodge and Taylor (1957:573-575). Pedilanthus tithymaloides (Linnaeus) Poiteau subsp. tithy- maloides, sometimes called the slipper plant, is a succulent shrub cultivated for its variegated, almost white leaves. Dressier (1957:156) reported that a wild subspecies, P. tithymaloides subsp. padifolius, occurs in xeric habitats, including Guadeloupe and Martinique. The one collection from Dominica {Hodge 3760), from beach near St. Joseph, is presumed to be the cultivated subspecies, although it is too incomplete to be certain. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:101, pi. 68) reported medicinal uses. Ricinus communis Linnaeus, the castor bean or carapate (from Carib karapa = oil), native to Africa, is now widely 80 Euphorbuceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY cultivated as an ornamental and for its valuable seed oil. Hodge and Taylor (1957:576) discussed the extensive uses by the Caribs of Dominica. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:105, pi. 72) reported medicinal uses. The plants have an herbaceous stem. peltate 5-11-lobed leaves, and capsule to 2.5 cm across with soft spines. They tend to escape in disturbed areas and are quite common, although rarely collected: Canefield {Hodge 570), Goodwill {Wilbur 7582), Scotts Head {Hodge 1621). 1. Ovules 2 in each locule; leaves without petiolar or laminar glands; latex never developed; styles bifid or dilated, not decompound. 2. Stipules intrapetiolar-connivent (sheathing); petals present Amanoa 2. Stipules interpetiolar, not connivent; petals absent. 3. Flowers in racemiform inflorescences; staminate flowers with pistillodes. 4. Leaves lepidote, pointed at tip; staminate flowers pedicellate; fruit drupaceous, 1 -seeded, <1 cm long Hyeronima 4. Leaves glabrous or nearly so, rounded at tip; staminate flowers sessile; fruit capsular, >1 cm long Richeria 3. Flowers glomerulate in axillary clusters; staminate flower without a distinct pistillode. 5. Leaves ± coriaceous; staminate disk central; lobed carpels 1 or 2; fruit indehiscent Drypetes 5. Leaves membranous; staminate disk not central; carpels 3-5; fruit dehiscent. 6. Dioecious trees; carpels (3)4-5; fruit irregularly dehiscent; seeds fleshy Margaritaria 6. Monoecious herbs or shrubs; carpels 3; fruit dehiscent into 3 cocci; seeds dry Phyllanthus 1. Ovules solitary in each locule; leaves often with glands; milky latex often present; styles bifid to decompound or dilated. 7. Perianth absent; inflorescence a bisexual pseudo-flower (cyathium) with a fused involucre of 4-5 glanduliferous bracts around a central pistillate flower and several to many staminate flowers. 8. Leaves all opposite, usually clearly unequal (oblique) at base (or if equal then with stems jointed); cyathium with 4 glands Chamaesyce 8. Leaves whorled (ours) alternate below (sometimes opposite above), equal at base; stems not jointed; cyathium with 1-2 glands Euphorbia 7. Perianth present or, if rudimentary the inflorescences spiciform; glanduliferous perianth parts absent. 9. Stamens inflexed in bud; indument at least partly of scales or branched (stellate) hairs Croton 9. Stamens not distinctly inflexed in bud; indument of simple or centrally attached hairs. 10. Leaves palmately veined. 11. Perianth biseriate (petals present) Jatropha 11. Perianth uniseriate. 12. Perianth petaloid, united (gamophyllous); herbs Cnidoscolus 12. Perianth not petaloid, segments nearly or quite distinct; vines. 13. Leaves deeply lobed; inflorescence subtended by 2-3-lobed bracts Dalechampia 13. Leaves serrate to entire; inflorescence not enclosed by bracts. 14. Stinging hairs absent; leaves entire Plukenetia 14. Stinging hairs present; leaves serrate Tragia 10. Leaves pinnately veined. 15. Roral bracts lacking basal glands; sap not milky. 16. Leaves opposite Sebastiania 16. Leaves alternate. NUMBER 77 Euphorbiaceae 81 17. Herb; styles lacerate Acalypha 17. Shrub; styles bifid Bernardia 15. Floral bracts biglandular at base; sap milky. 18. Petiole with 2 cylindrical glands at apex; seed coat fleshy Sapium 18. Petiole eglandular or uniglandular; seed coat dry. 19. Leaves serrulate, ovate and with a single gland on upper petiole; sap a contact poison Hippomane 19. Leaves entire, elliptic; petiole eglandular. 20. Fruit pedicel >1 cm long; leaves not glaucous beneath Actinostemon 20. Fruit pedicel <1 cm long; leaves glaucous beneath Gymnanthes Acalypha Linnaeus Two ornamental species of Acalypha are cultivated in Dominica, both are shrubby and taller (>1 m) than the weedy species. Acalypha hispida N. Burman, the chenille plant, is cultivated for its showy, red to purplish pistillate spikes, which are 50 cm x 2.5 cm. Acalypha amentacea subsp. wilkesiana (J. Mueller) Fosberg (in Fosberg and Sachet, 1980a: 10), the beefsteak plant, is cultivated for its strikingly colored, variegated leaves: Chattanooga Estate {Hodge 571), Clarke Hall {Ernst 1700). The latter is widely known as Acalypha wilkesiana J. Mueller (see discussion by Howard (1989, 5:5) and Adjanohoun et al. (1985:97, pi. 63) reported medicinal external use of leaves. 1. Spikes clearly peduncled, appearing plumose with hirsute, fdiform bract lobes; leaves typically >2 cm wide A. arvensis 1. Spikes ± sessile, bract lobes not elongated and plumose; leaves typically <2 cm wide A. chamaedrifolia Acalypha arvensis Acalypha arvensis Poeppig in Poeppig & EndUcher, 1841, 3:21. — Pax & Hoffmann in Engler, 1924, IV.147 (Heft 85):99. — Webster in Webster & Burch, 1968:307. Annual, weedy, erect or spreading herb with coarsely serrate, obtuse to acute leaves; spikes axillary (in upper axils), bisexual or staminate. Neotropics; lowland Dominica along roadsides; Portsmouth {Nicolson 4191). Acalypha chamaedrifolia Acalypha chamaedrifolia (Lamarck) J. Mueller in A.P. Candolle, 1866, 15(2):879. — Pax & Hoffmann in Engler, 1924, IV.147 (Heft 85):29. Croton chamaedrifolius Lamarck, 1786, 2:215. Perennial, erect or often decumbent herb; leaves serrate, mostly obtuse; axillary spikes pistillate, terminal spikes pistillate or bisexual with a few basal pistillate flowers and many terminal staminate flowers. Southern Florida to Dominica (absent from Martinique, teste Foumet, 1978); a weed in lowland Dominica: Roseau {Ernst 2149). Actinostemon Klotzsch Actinostemon caribaeus Actinostemon caribaeus Grisebach, 1857:168. — Jablonski, 1969:221. Excoecaria caribaea (Grisebach) Grisebach, 1859:51. Actinostemon concolor var. caribaeus (Grisebach) J. Mueller in A.P. CandoUe, 1866, 15(2): 1193. Monoecious, glabrous shrub 1.5(-4) m; leaf-blade entire, acute or acuminate, elliptic, to 13 cm long, with 2 sessile, crateriform glands at the base of the blade; inflorescences enclosed in a series of bracts 7 mm long when young, the bracts deciduous in age; fruiting pedicel 1. 3-2.5 mm long; capsule 1 cm wide. Lesser Antilles to northern Venezuela; in Dominica in dry forests on west coast to 350 m: above Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2684), West Cabrit {Webster 13300). Flowering in April. Amanoa Aublet Amanoa caribaea Amanoa caribaea Kmg & Urban in Anonymous, 1 897 :326. — Pax & Hoffmann in Engler, 1922, IV.147 (Heft 81):198. Carapite. Large dioecious tree; leaves glabrous, elliptic, acuminate, 5-10 cm long, the petioles with connivent stipules; inflores- cence a simple or branched spike bearing fasciculate, whitish flowers; capsule thick-walled, 2.0-2.5 cm across. Guadeloupe; common in Dominican rainforests 450-950 m: Dleau Gommier {Nicolson 4096), Laudat area {Eggers 694, Hodge 1889), Sylvania {Hodge 1326), Syndicate {Whitefoord 4314, 5861), sine loc. {Eggers 603, Fishlock 32). Flowering in January, fruiting in March-May. This species is a major timber tree and is a co-dominant in 82 Euphorbiaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY the forests. Hodge and Taylor (1957:572) described the wood as purplish black, filled with white flecks, exceedingly hard and heavy. Bernardia Miller Bernardia corensis Bernardia corensis (Jacquin) J. Mueller, 1865:173. Acalypha corensis Jacquin, 1760:32. Polyboea corensis (Jacquin) Klotzsch ex EndUcher, 1850, SuppL, 4(2):88. Monoecious shrub to 3 m; stems glabrous or with a few scattered hairs; leaf-blade elliptic or rhombic, denticulate to crenate-serrate, the apex acute to rounded, to 15 cm long, often smaller, ciliate, glabrous or with scattered hairs mostly on veins; axis of inflorescence pubescent; flowers in fascicles along the spikes; pedicels of male flowers disarticulating below the middle; capsule 5-7 mm wide. West Indies, northern S. America; common in Dominica in dry scrub woodlands on west coast to 600 m: Belleville {Eggers 581), Clarke Hall {Ernst 1268, Stern & Wasshausen 2397, Webster 13161, Wilbur 7374), Dublanc {Hodge 2525, White- foord 4296), East Cabrit {Nicolson 1907), Gabriel {Wilbur 8229), Grand Savanne {Wilbur 8346B), Mero {Chambers 2780), Mome Colla Anglais {Webster 13434), Pointe Guignard {Wilbur 8123), Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2662). Rowering April-May. Chamaesyce S.F. Gray Hodge 3413 from Salybia is not one of the following species and may be Chamaesyce balbisii (Boissier) Millspaugh. The specimen at hand (US) is very fragmentary and is so young that critical seed characters are unclear. This species has solitary flowers, glabrous ovaries, subentire to denticulate leaves, and rugulose seeds. 1. Stems woody, conspicuously jointed . ... C. articulata 1. Stems herbaceous, not conspicuously jointed. 2. Cyathia solitary; plants mosUy prostrate. 3. Ovary and plant ciliate in lines; stipules shorter, ± connate at distal nodes C. prostrata 3. Ovary and plant appressed hirtellous; stipules dis- crete, slender, fimbriate-dentate, 1-1.3 mm long . . C. thymifolia 2. Cyathia glomerulate or cymose; plants mostly erect. 4. Stems tomentose; ovary strigose C. hirta 4. Stems glabrous or nearly so; ovary glabrous. 5. Cymes dense, appearing leafless (bracts greaUy reduced); capsule ± globose, <1.4 mm long .... C. hypericifolia 5. Cymes relatively lax, leafy (bracts less reduced); capsule more elongated, >1.6 mm long C. hyssopifolia Chamaesyce articulata Chamaesyce articulata (Aublet) Britton, 1916:574. — Burch 1966b:91. Euphorbia articulata Aublet, 1775:480. Shrub to 6 m; stems glabrous; leaves slightly oblique at base, glabrous or slightly canescent, blades of various shapes on same branchlets, linear-lanceolate to ovate, to 6 cm long, often smaller. Bahamas, Puerto Rico, and Lesser Antilles; in Dominica along dry west coast to 400 m: Gabriel {Wilbur 8239), Mero {Ernst 1984), Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 3903), South Chiltem {Stern 2533). Chamaesyce hirta Chamaesyce hirta (Linnaeus) Millspaugh, 1909:303. — Burch, 1966b:95; in Webster & Burch, 1968:340. Euphorbia hirta Linnaeus, 1753:454. Herb, decumbent to 3 dm; stems tomentose with multicellu- lar hairs; leaf-blade serrate, lanceolate-rhombiform with acute apex, to 5.5. cm long, pubescent beneath, glabrate above; capsules strigose. Pantropical weed; common in Dominica in disturbed areas to 5(X) m: Baiac {Whitefoord 3839), Carib Reserve {Hodge 3301), Cabrit Swamp {Hodge 562), Hatton Garden {Hodge 3040), Melville Hall {Nicolson 2009), Pointe Guignard {Wilbur 8126), Portsmouth street weed (DHN!), Ridgefield {Hodge 2168), Roseau {Hodge 560, 561, Kimber 1108), Soufriere Village {Ernst 1340), South Chiltem {Hodge 1512). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:99, pi. 65) reported (as Euphorbia hirta) medicinal usage to treat constipation. Chamaesyce hypericifolia Chamaesyce hypericifolia (Linnaeus) Millspaugh, 1909:302. — Burch, 1966b:91; in Webster & Burch, 1968:345. Euphorbia hypericifolia Linnaeus, 1753:454. Mai nomm6, mal dormi, akuliarani (eye medicine), alauali aku lia (Carib). Herb, erect or ascending to 5 dm; stems glabrous or sparsely pubescent; leaf-blade mostly glabrous, serrate, often falcate, ovate-elliptic to oblong or obovate, to 3.5 cm long; seeds wrinkled, reddish or light brown. Neotropics and adventive in Old World; in Dominica a weed of disturbed places: Melville Hall {Hodge 564), Point Ronde {Hodge 2642), Roseau {Hodge 563), Salybia {Hodge 3000 at GH?). Hodge and Taylor (1957:572) reported the use of an infusion of this for uterine pains and the same or expressed juice to treat eyes. Chamaesyce hyssopifolia Chamaesyce hyssopifolia (Linnaeus) Small, 1905:429. — Burch, 1966b:91; in NUMBER 77 Euphorbiaceae 83 Webster & Burch, 1968:345. Euphorbia hyssopifolia Linnaeus, 1759a: 1043. Herb, erect to 6 dm; glabrous or sparsely pilose; leaf-blade often sparsely pilose when young, serrate, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-elliptic, to 3.5 cm long; seeds with 2-4 lateral ridges on each face, black. Neotropics and adventive in Old World; a roadside weed in Dominica in moist or dry coastal areas to 50 m: Calibishie (Hodge 3136), Castle Bruce Road (Ernst 1351), Coulibistri (Ernst 1409, 1410, Wilbur 8341), Grand Savanne (Wilbur 7644), Hatton Garden (Hodge 3039), Hungry Hill (Whitefoord 4477), Melville Hall (Nicolson 2008), Salybia (Hodge 3300). Chamaesyce prostrata Chamaesyce prostrata (Aiton) Small, 1903:713. — Burch, 1966b:93. Euphorbia prostrata Aiton, 1789, 2:139. Prostrate herb; branches to 20 cm long, pubescent in lines or glabrate; leaf-blade oblong-ovate, 4-7 mm long, serrate; ovary & capsule pubescent only on angles; seeds with deep transverse furrows. Neotropics and adventive in Old World; in Dominica a lawn weed: Clarke Hall (Ernst 1755), Roseau (Hodge 393). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:99, pi. 66) reported (as Euphorbia prostrata) medicinal uses. Chamaesyce thymifolia Chamaesyce thymifolia (Linnaeus) MiUspaugh, 1916:412. — Burch, 1966b:93; in Webster & Burch, 1968:341. Euphorbia thymifolia Linnaeus, 1753:454. Prostrate annual herb; stems pubescent above and naked below; leaf-blade oblong-elliptic, to 1 cm, usually glabrous above and sparsely tomentose below, serrate; capsule strigose; seed tan, strongly 4-angled, the faces concave and obscurely transversely ridged. Neotropics; in Dominica a weed in disturbed, often dry areas to 400 m: Cabrit swamp {Whitefoord 5279), Coulibistri (Ernst 1399), Wilbur 8335), Grand Savanne (Wilbur 7643), Hatton Garden (Hodge 3061), Point Michel (Gillis 8133), Portsmouth (Hodge 566), Ridgefield (Hodge 2172), Roseau (Hodge 561), Scotts Head (Ernst 1337). Ed. Note: I understand that F.R. Fosberg calls this species Euphorbia rubricunda Blume. Wheeler (1941:252) did not designate a type (“Type: (?)”). noted that Asa Gray had identified material in the Linnaean Herbarium as what Wheeler called E. supina, and maintained E. thymifolia in sense of Burman material that Linnaeus probably never saw. Burch (1966a: 164) confirmed that the Linnaean specimens, 630-10 and 630-11, are prostrate E. maculata. Burch noted that the Linnaean citation [unnamed var. beta], “Burm. zeyl. 225, t. 105, f.3,” included a synonym, “Chamaesyce, Sloane Cat. 83,” which ties to a Sloane specimen that “is cited by Fawcett & Rendle. . . even though Sloane’s plant was probably not seen by Linnaeus (Steam, 1957).” Dr. C.E. Jarvis (letter of 17 Jul 1989) said “Syntypes appear to be [1] 630.10 LINN, [2] 2 specimens in Herb. Hermann, no. 198, vol. 1:74 (BM), and [3] the cited Plukenet illustration (with apparently no voucher in Herb. Sloane).” No. 1 (LINN) is Euphorbia maculata Linnaeus according to Burch. No. 2 (Hermann) is E. hypericifolia, according to A.T. Gage (in notula, BM). No. 3 (Plukenet) has not been identified so far as Dr. Jarvis (in litt.) knows. Howard (1989, 5:30) noted “Type: Unresolved.” Cnidoscolus Pohl Cnidoscolus urens Cnidoscolus urens (Linnaeus) Arthur, 1921:11. — Webster in Webster & Burch, 1968:244. Jatropha urens Linnaeus, 1753:1007. Herb or shrub to 1.5 m; vegetative parts with stinging, acicular hairs to 6 mm long; leaf-blade palmately 3-5-lobed, to 17 cm X 27 cm; perianth lobes white; capsule pubescent with stinging hairs, 10-12 mm long. Neotropics; in Dominica in forest: Grand Bay (Eggers 853). Croton Linnaeus Croton astroites Dryander was reported for Dominica by Howard (1989, 5:36). It is similar to C.flavens but lacks glands at the petiole to leaf-base juncture. Some Dominican material (Hodge 555) was distributed as C. astroites but is C. bixoides. Croton betulinus Vahl, attributed to Dominica by Velez (1957:89) on the authority of Britton, has not been docu- mented. 1. Trichomes lepidote (scale-like) C. bixoides 1. Trichomes hair-like or stellate. 2. Leaves deeply 3-5-lobed C. lobatus 2. Leaves unlobed. 3. Leaves entire or denticulate C.flavens 3. Leaves coarsely toothed. 4. Shrub or tree; stamens 15-18 . . . C. corylifolius 4. Annual herbs; stamens 10-11 C. hirtus Croton bixoides Croton bixoides Vahl in Geiseler, 1807:53. Croton helicoides J. Mueller, 1865:97. — ^J. MueUer in A.R Candolle, 1866, 15(2):552. Croton niveus sensu auctt. (as to Imray specimens), ncm Jacquin. — Grisebach, 1859:40.— Hodge, 1954:23. Croton astroites sensu Hodge (as to Hodge 555), 1954:23, non Dryander. Lepidote shmb or tree to 4 m; leaf-blades ovate or lance-ovate, ± entire, acuminate, ± cordate and eglandular at base, to 8 cm long, greenish above and silvery beneath; stipules 84 Euphorbiaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY attenuate-acuminate at tip, foliose-auriculate at base; stamens -12-16, filaments hirsutulous; pistillate sepals reduplicate- valvate, styles multifid. Lesser Antilles (Dominica to St. Vincent) and Venezuela; in Dominica a dominant in xerophytic west coast scrub thickets to 125 m: Batali River lava ridges (Webster 13404), Dublanc {Hodge 2520), Fond Hunte Estate {Whitefoord 4449), Grand Savanne {Ernst 1047, Hodge 3802, 3803, Wilbur 7638), Layou village {Ernst 1881), West Cabrit {Hodge 555, Webster 13301), sine loc. {Imray s.n.). The fact that Geiseler attributed the validating description to Vahl suggests that the authorship should be attributed to Vahl in Geiseler’ s work (Art. 46.2, ICBN). Croton corylifolius Croton corylifolius Lamarck, 1786, 2:205. Aromatic shrub or tree to 5 m; leaf-blades ovate, lance -ovate or elliptic, irregularly serrate-dentate, acute or acuminate, to 13 cm long, densely stellate-pubescent beneath when young, sparsely pubescent above. West Indies and northern S. America; in Dominica in dry, west coast scrub thickets to 180 m: Cabrits {Hodge 557, Smith 10315, 10319, Webster 13304, Whitefoord 4045), Clarke Hall {Webster 13165, 13184), Layou Village {Ernst 1506, 1880). Croton flavens Croton flavens Linnaeus, 1759a:1276. Croton balsamifer Jacquin, 1760:32. Bitter shrub, copaie, copaiba. Shrub or tree to 5 m; stipules absent; glands at apex of petiole several; leaf-blades lanceolate or lance-ovate, entire, acumi- nate, to 10 cm long, stellate-pubescent beneath, sparsely pubescent above; stamens 15-16, with glabrous filaments; seeds smooth. West Indies; in Dominica a dominant in xerophytic west and southeast coastal scrub-thickets to 190 m; Batali River lava ridges fWebster 13179), Cape Melville {Chambers 2662), Cabrits {Hodge 556, 558, 3723, Nicolson 1894, Smith 10309, Wilbur 7636, 8266), Carib Point {Wilbur 7909), Grand Savanne {Beard 245, Ernst 1046, 1891, 2144), Mero {Stern 2435), Mome Daniel {Webster 13292), Pointe Ronde {Ernst 1536, Hodge 2653), Salisbury {Chambers 2731), Scotts Head {Kimber 885, Webster 13438, Wilbur 7604), Tarou Cliffs {Nicolson 1861). Our material belongs to the Lesser Antillean taxon, Croton flavens var. balsamifer (Jacquin) J. Mueller, distinguished from the Greater Antillean war. flavens by having more pointed, less pubescent leaves. Honychurch (1980:38) said the wood is used for fences and the aromatic sap is distilled for toiletries. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:97, pi. 64) reported several medicinal uses. Croton hirtus Croton hirtus L’Heritier, 1785:17. — Webster in Webster & Burch, 1968:262. Croton glandulosus var. hirtus (L’Heritier) J. Mueller in A.R Candolle, 1866, 15(2):684. Annual herb to 6 dm; stems stellate-pubescent, hispid; leaf-blade ovate-lanceolate, serrate, acute, stellate-pubescent above and beneath; 2 glands at petiole apex on slender stalks 0.5- 1.0 mm long; inflorescence bracts usually with gland- tipped processes; stamens 11, filaments glabrous. Tropics; in Dominica a weed on west coast near sea level: Goodwill {Ernst 1847, Wilbur 7567), La Plaine {Whitefoord 5413). Croton lobatus Croton lobatus Linnaeus, 1753:1005. — Webster in Webster & Burch, 1968:263. Annual herb to 6 dm; branchlets pilose with simple and stellate hairs; petioles pilose with stellate hairs; leaf-blade deeply 3-5-lobed, serrate, lobes acuminate, to 8 cm long, pubescent with mostly simple hairs; stamens 12-15, filaments glabrous; ovary hispid; seeds tetragonal. Neotropics, Africa, Arabia; a new record for Dominica, on roadside at 15 m: Baiac road {Whitefoord 4622), Cabrit Swamp {Whitefoord 4082), Layou River Valley {Ernst 1132). Dalechampia Linnaeus Dalechampia scandens Dalechampia scandens Linnaeus, 1753:1054. — ^Webster in Webster & Burch, 1968:309.— Webster* Webster, 1972. Pubescent vine resembling hops; leaf-blade deeply 3-lobed, denticulate or ± entire; inflorescence bracts 2, each 3-lobed, glandular-ciliate; sepals of female flowers pinnatifid, not glandular-ciliate; capsule 7-10 mm wide, pilose. Neotropics; in Dominica in dry woodlands to 120 m: Layou River Valley ridges {Ernst 1512). This material falls in the typical variety. Drypetes Vahl Dry petes glauca Drypetes glauca Vahl, 1807, Eclog. 3:49. — Pax & Hoffmann in Engler, 1922, IV. 147 (Heft81):229. Dioecious shrub or tree to 20 m; young twigs and flowers yellowish sericeous; leaves ovate-lanceolate, entire or undu- late, to 17 cm X 7 cm, acute or acuminate; male flowers fasciculate, stamens 6-8 with glabrous anthers; ovary 1 -celled with 1 stigma; drupe obovoid, symmetric, 1-2 cm long. West Indies; in Dominica in rainforest understory 300-550 m: Bells {Whitefoord 6146), Glasham {Nicolson 2094), Mome Plat Pays (Wilbur 7869), South Chiltem {Ernst 1868, 1869, NUMBER 77 Euphorbiaceae 85 Stern 2524), Sylvania {Hodge 3819), Syndicate {Whitefoord 3905). Euphorbia Linnaeus Three taxa are cultivated on Dominica: (1) Euphorbia pulcherrima Willdenow ex Klotzsch (includes Poinsettia pulcherrima (Klotzsch) R.C. Graham) of Mexico, the poinset- tia, a shrub cultivated for its showy, red, leafy bracts, (2) Euphorbia milii var. splendens (Bojer ex Hooker) Ursch & Leandri of Madagascar, the crown-of-thoms, cultivated as a spiny hedge, and (3) Euphorbia leucocephala Lotsy of Central America, a small shrub with conspicuous white bracts and whorled leaves. 1. Cyathial gland bilabiate; floral bracts often red at base; seeds scarcely angular E. cyathophora 1. Cyathial gland round; floral bracts never red at base; seeds angular E. heterophylla Euphorbia cyathophora Euphorbia cyathophora Murray, 1786. Poinsettia cyathophora (Murray) Klotzsch & Garcke in Klotzsch, 1859:253. — Dressier, 1962:338. — Burch in Webster & Burch, 1968:338. Herb to 1 m; leaves variable, narrowly linear to pandurate, entire or dentate, alternate below, the upper leaves often red at base; cyathia glabrous or sparsely pubescent; gland solitary, flattened, strongly bilabiate; capsule glabrous; seeds scarcely angular, tuberculate. Neotropical weed; a garden weed in Dominica, to be expected in disturbed areas: South Chiltem {Hodge 3881). Euphorbia heterophylla Euphorbia heterophylla Linnaeus, 1753:453. Euphorbia geniculata Ortega, 1797:18. Poinsettia heterophylla (Linnaeus) Klotzsch & Garcke in Klotzsch, 1859:253. — Dressier, 1962:339. — ^Burch in Webster & Burch, 1968:336. Herb to 7 dm; leaves alternate below, variable, often long-petiolate, entire or dentate, glabrous or pubescent, linear to pandurate; cyathia glabrous outside, the gland with a circular opening; capsule glabrous; seed angular, tuberculate. Neotropical weed; in Dominica on roadsides and cultivated land to 600 m: Clarke Hall {Ernst 1630, Webster 13193), Coulibistrie {Wilbur 8337), Delices {Whitefoord 3671), Hatton Garden {Hodge 3045), Milton Estate {Hodge 2931), Ridgefield {Hodge 2159), Roseau {Hodge 559), Syndicate {Whitefoord 4577). Gymnanthes Swartz Gymnanthes hypoleuca Gymnanthes hypoleuca Bentham, 1854:325. Excoecaria farinosa Grisebach, 1857:169. Gymnanthes hypoleuca var. latifolia J. Mueller, 1863:103. Sebastiania hypoleuca var. farinosa (Grisebach) J. Mueller in A.P. CandoUe, 1866, 15(2):1 184, nom. iUeg. Gymnanthes hypoleuca var. farinosa (Grisebach) Pax & Hoffmann in Engler, 1912, IV.147 (Heft 52):84, nom. iUeg. Ateramnus hypoleucus (Bentham) Rothmaler, 1944:5. Gymnaruhes farinosa (Grisebach) Webster in Webster & Huft, 1988:1131. Monoecious, glabrous shrub or tree; leaves whitish glaucous beneath, entire, acuminate, to 1 1 cm long; young inflorescences without enclosing bracts (as in Actinostemon); capsules 1 cm across. Guadeloupe, St. Lucia, northern S. America; apparently rare in Dominica in moist lowlands: La Chaudiere {Hodge 3514), La Soie {Eggers 729), Sugar Loaf {Eggers 1066). Some authors have synonymized Gymnanthes under older Ateramnus Browne. Webster (1983:305) neotypified Ateram- nus on Sapium jamaicense Swartz and made Ateramnus Browne a synonym of Sapium Browne. A challenge was made by Kruijt and Zijlstra (1989:325). There are uncertainties about the rank, specific vs. varietal, of this taxon. Our materials are too inadequate to determine whether the Lesser Antillean material is taxonomically distinct from the typical South American populations. Those interested in recognizing an Antillean variety should note that Mueller’s var. latifolia is the oldest available epithet at the rank and it is based on the same type as Grisebach ’s Excoecaria farinosa. Hippomane Linnaeus Hippomane mancinella Hippomane mancinella Linnaeus, 1753:1191. — Burch in Webster & Burch, 1968:328. Madjini, manchineel (from manzanilla, Spanish for “little apple”), balaubakuru (Carib for “sea venom”). Glabrous monoecious shrub or tree to 10 m; sap milky, a virulent contact poison; petiole with 1 gland at apex; leaf-blade ovate or lance-ovate, to 13 cm long, serrulate, acuminate; drupe green to red or yellow, apple-like, 3 cm across. Widespread and locally common on upper beaches from Florida and Bahamas through Central America and West Indies to Colombia and Venezuela; in Dominica localized on west coast rocky strands with Coccoloba and Thespesia: Mero {Ernst 1663), Point Ronde {Hodge 2701), St. Joseph {Nicolson 2041), Scotts Head {Nicolson 1995, Webster 13446, Wilbur 7594). Cited by Hodge and Taylor (1957:572) as a Carib arrow poison. Hyeronima Allemao Hyeronima laxiflora Hyeronima laxiflora (Tulasne) J. Mueller, 1865:67. — Howard, 1989, 5:59. Stilaginella laxiflora Tulasne, 1851:244. 86 Euphorbiaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Hyeronima clusiodes sensu Urban, 1905, 4:341, “Hyeronimia” non (Tulasne) J. MueUer. Hyeronima caribaea Urban, 1919c:139. Tree to 20 m; most parts densely lepidote; stipules foliaceous, composed of petiole-like structure 3-6 mm long and an expanded blade-like structure to 1 cm long; leaf-blade ovate, to 21 cm x 12.5 cm, obtuse; fruit drupaceous, 2-3 mm long. Central America, northern South America into southern Antilles; cited for Dominica by Urban (1919c: 139) based on a male Ramage specimen from Layou (Laiou) as type. Jatropha Linnaeus Jatropha integerrima Jacquin, with minute stipules, panduri- form leaves and bright red petals, is a Cuban species cultivated in Dominica: Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 959, 3910, 3932). Jatropha multifida Linnaeus, a neotropical species with stipules dissected into setaceous, eglandular segments and palmately 7-13-lobed leaves, is cultivated in Dominica and may escape: Canefield (Nicolson 2153), Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 3929). Jatropha podagrica W. Hooker, a Central American species with fimbriate, glandular stipules, peltate, suborbicular leaves, and red petals was once collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden {Fairchild s.n.). 1. Leaves eglandular, entire to shallowly 3-lobed; capsule glabrous J. curcas 1. Leaves (margin, petiole & stipules) with viscid glands; capsule pubescent J. gossypiifolia Jatropha curcas Jatropha curcas Linnaeus, 1753:1006. — Dehgan and Webster, 1979:52. Shrub or tree to 5 m; stipules minute, quickly deciduous; leaf-blade glabrous or with a few hairs on veins beneath, cordate at base, to 15 cm wide; petals greenish or yellowish white; capsule to 4 cm x 2 cm. Probably native to Central America but widely distributed in tropics and hedge or medicinal plant and escaping; in Dominica locally common in dry scrub thickets of west coast to 60 m and cultivated by Caribs: Bataca {Stehli 6379), Grand Savanne {Wilbur 7658), Salybia {Hodge 3207), Scotts Head {Ernst 1329, Hodge 1607, Nicolson 1997, Webster 13442, Wilbur 7591). Seeds of this, and the following species, are used by the Caribs as an emetic or purgative (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:573). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:101, pi. 67) indicated limited medicinal use. Jatropha gossypiifolia Jatropha gossypiifolia Linnaeus, 1753:1006, “gossipifolia" . — Dehgan & Webster, 1979:54. Aienoropium gossypiifolium (Linnaeus) Pohl, 1826, 1:15, “gossypifolium.” Medicinier blanc, medicinier noir, medicinier rouge, physic nut. Shrub or tree to 3 m; stipules dissected, glanduliferous, persistent; petioles with branched, viscid glands along their length, leaf-blades pubescent above and beneath, ciliate with unbranched stipitate glands, to 15 cm wide, 3-5-lobed; petals purplish red; capsule to 1 cm in diameter. Widespread in disturbed areas of the New World and introduced into the Old World; in Dominica in dry scrub thickets of west coast and cultivated by the Caribs: Bataca {Stehli 6363), Goodwill {Nicolson 2142, Wilbur 7583), Grand Savanne {Ernst 1886, Hodge 3779), Point Ronde {Hodge 2739), Salisbury {Whitefoord 4527), Salybia {Hodge 3208), Scotts Head {Hodge 1611, Nicolson 1996, Webster 13439, Wilbur 7597), sine loc. [Salybia?] {Taylor 131, 132). Margaritaria Linnaeus f. Margaritaria nobilis Margaritaria nobilis Linnaeus f., 1782:428. — ^Webster, 1979:412. Cicca antiliana Adr. Jussieu, 1824:108. Phyllanthus antillanus (Adr. Jussieu) J. Mueller, 1863:51. Phyllanthus nobilis (Linnaeus f.) J. Mueller in A.P. Candolle, 1866, 15(2):414. Margaritaria nobilis var. antillana (Adr. Jussieu) Stehl6 & Quentin in Stehle et al., 1937, 1:47. Mille branche. Dioecious tree to 15 m; leaves elliptic, acuminate, to 14 cm X 4 cm; flowers fasciculate or borne singly on a short raceme; styles (3)4-5, each bifid; fruiting pedicel to 1.3 cm long; capsule 6-7 mm diameter; seeds with fleshy, bluish green coat. Neotropics; in Dominica common in coast scrub thickets and inland forests to 500 m; Cabrits {Howard 11752), Calibishie {Hodge 3161), Carholm Estate {Ernst 1949), Delices {White- foord 3772), Hatton Garden {Hodge 3076), Mome CoUa Anglais {Webster 13432), Ridgefield Estate {Hodge 3899), Salybia {Hodge 3202), South Chiltem {^rnst 1872, Stern 2527), Sylvania {Wilbur 7714), Syndicate (DHN!), sine loc. {Fishlock 81). Phyllanthus Linnaeus Phyllanthus acidus (Linnaeus) Skeels, “acida,” monoecious trees to 10 m with broadly ovate-lanceolate leaves 5-9 cm long and edible drupes to 2.5 cm long (called gooseberries) is introduced into Dominica: roadside east of Roseau {Nicolson 4141). Excluded Species of Phyllanthus Phyllanthus epiphyllanthus Linnaeus, known from Guade- loupe and Martinique, has been attributed to Dominica by Velez (1957:90). This is a very large and distinctive species: a shrub to 2.5 m, without true leaves but the branchlets flattened NUMBER 77 Euphorbiaceae 87 into flat phylloclades to 20 cm long and bearing flowers at the nodes, mostly found on limestone near the sea. The species probably is not on Dominica, else collectors would have picked up such a striking species. 1. Leaves on main axes not reduced to scales; lateral axes not deciduous; herb P. caroliniensis 1. Leaves on main axes reduced to cataphylls; lateral axes deciduous. 2. Shrubs. 3. Leaf-blades acute, symmetric (elliptic), calyx 6- lobed; male disk cupuliform; female pedicel hirtel- lous P. subglomeratus 3. Leaf-blades rounded to obtuse (apiculate in P. mimosoides), assymetric; calyx 5-lobed; male disk of discrete segments; female pedicel glabrous. 4. Leaf-blades obovate, ± emarginate, 2-3 cm long; styles fused into massive column higher than ovary P. megapodus 4. Leaf-blades falcately elliptic, apiculate, <2 cm long; styles free, spreading . ... P. mimosoides 2. Herbs. 5. Stamens 5; pedicels capillary, >3 mm long P. tenellus 5. Stamens 3; pedicels usually thickened, <3 mm long. 6. Stipules conspicuously auriculate; leaf-blade hi- spidulous beneath on margins; ovary bullate- rugose; seeds transversely ribbed and laterally foveolate P. urinaria 6. Stipules not auriculate; leaf-blade not hispidulous beneath; ovary smooth; seed verruculose or longi- tudinally ribbed. 7. Seeds with 5-6 longitudinal ribs; cymules bisexual, each of 1 male and 1 female flower; female calyx lobes acute or apiculate P. amarus 7. Seeds with 9-12 longitudinal striae (and many fine transverse striae); cymules unisexual, the proximal with several male flowers, the distal with 1 female flower; female calyx lobes obtuse or narrowed at apex P. caribaeus Phyllanthus amarus Phyllanlhus amarus Schumacher, 1827:421. — ^Webster, 1957:313. Graines en bas feuilles. Herb to 5 dm; leaves 5-11 mm long, elliptic -oblong, the apex obtuse to rounded; capsule 1.9-2. 1 mm in diameter. Neotropical weed, now pantropical; in Dominica along roadsides to 150 m: Canefield (Nicolson 2146), Carib Point {Wilbur 7907A), Hampstead {Lloyd 640), Hatton Garden {Hodge 3038), Layou {Hodge 574), Soufriere Village {Ernst 1339), St. Mark {Gillis 8155). Used by Caribs as an abortive agent (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:575). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:103, pi. 69) reported use to treat arterial hypertension. Phyllanthus caribaeus Phyllanthus caribaeus Vrhan, 1908, 5:382. — Webster, 1957:318. Herb to 3.5 dm; leaves 4-8 mm long, ovate-oblong or elliptic, the apex obtuse; capsule 2 mm in diameter. Dominica, St. Vincent, Grenada, Trinidad, and Tobago; in Dominica a weed in pastures at 450 m: Lisdara {Hodge 2425), Petit Macoucherie {Webster 13540), Syndicate {Whitefoord 3658). Phyllanthus caroliniensis var. antillanus Phyllanthus caroliniensis var. antillanus J. Mueller, 1863:36. — Webster, 1956:349.— Stehle, 1962a:323. Weedy herb to 4.5 dm; stipules cordate; leaves 8-22 mm long, elliptic to oblong or obovate, the apex obtuse or rounded; stamens 3, free; pedicels to 1 mm long; capsule 1. 7-2.0 mm in diameter; seeds verruculose. Lesser Antilles; in Dominica a weed in disturbed woodlands to 400 m; Clarke Hall {Ernst 1274), Fond Baron {Ernst 1623), Portsmouth-Mome Brules {Hodge 573 A). Phyllanthus megapodus Phyllanthus megapodus 'Webster, 1955:62; 1958:171. — Stehle, 1962a:326. Shrub or small tree to 5 m with slender, unbranched truck and a terminal crown of to 30 branchlets; leaves 2-3 cm long, oblong or obovate, the apex obtuse or rounded; pistillate pedicel markedly thickened; capsule 5 mm in diameter. Dominica and(?) Martinique; rare in Dominica in rainforests 750-1000 m in Mome Diablotins area: ridge top E of Syndicate {Webster 13322), western ridge of Fon Pays {Hodge 2841). Webster (1958:174) cited a Lloyd collection from Hamp- stead (north of Diablotins), presumably not Lloyd 640, cited above as Phyllanthus amarus. He also suggested that the Martinique record (type) needs confirmation. Phyllanthus mimosoides Phyllanthus mimosoides Swartz, 1788:27. — ^Webster, 1958:174. — Stehle, 1962a:326. Balier bois, tamarind grand bois. Shrub to 5 m, the trunk slender, unbranched, with a terminal crown of leafy (30-60 leaves each) branchlets; stems ferrugi- nous at top; leaves 5-15 mm long, oblong or oblong -obovate, apex rounded; female pedicel not thickened; capsule 4-5 mm in diameter. Antigua(?), Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Trini- dad; in Dominica very common in rainforest to 800 m and on river banks: Calibishie {Hodge 3172), Carib Reserve {Hodge 88 Euphorbiaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 3219, Stehli 6407, 6432), Castle Bruce Road (Ernst 1449), Clarke Hall (Webster 13398), Deux Branches (Hodge 3439), Dleau Gommier (DeFilipps 161), Green Hill Estate (Wilbur 8287), Hatton Garden (Hodge 3075), Jean {Webster 13497), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3558, 3662), Lancashire ^Webster 13461), La Savanne (Whitefoord 4515), Laudat (Gillis 8204), Layou Park (Nicolson 2076), Layou River Road (Cowan 1631), Mome aux Diables (Wilbur 8070), Point Lolo (Webster 13385), Pont Casse (Wilbur 8145, 8287), Riversdale (Howard 11779, Proctor 25785), Roche d’Or Estate (Stern 2583), St. Hilaire Trace (Beard 645, 1460), Sugar Loaf (Eggers 1064). Phyllanthus subglomeratus PhyllarUhus subglomeratus Poiret in Lamarck, 1 804, EncycL, 5 :304, “subglom - erata”. — ^Webster, 1957:368. Phyllanthus conami sensu auctt., non Swartz, 1788:28. Phyllanthus brasiliensis sensu Stehle & Quentin in Stehle et al., 1937, 1:48, non (Aublet) J. Mueller. Phyllanthus brasiliensis var. oblongifoUus J. Mueller, 1863:27. Shrub or small tree to 4 m, the trunk sparsely branched; leaves 14-26 mm long, elliptic, apex acute; capsule unknown. Guadeloupe, Martinique, Trinidad, and Tobago; in Domin- ica apparently rare in thickets on southeast coast: Grand Bay (Eggers 662). Phyllanthus tenellus Phyllanthus Roxburgh, 1832, 3:668. — ^Webster, 1957:52. Annual herb to 5 dm; leaves 6-24 mm long, membranous, broadly elliptic to obovate, the apex acute to obtuse; pedicels filiform, the males 0.5- 1.5, the females 2.5-7.0 mm, often pendant in fruit; capsule 1. 7-1.9 mm in diameter; seeds roughened. Native to Mascarene Islands, introduced in neotropics; in Dominica a weed in disturbed woodlands 150-550 m: Baiac (Whitefoord 3836), Fond Baron (Ernst 1598), South Chiltem (Hodge 1539, 3878 ex parte), Springfield Wilbur 7683), Sylvania (Hodge 572). Caribs were said to use this as an abortifacient by Honychurch (1980:42). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:103, pi. 70) reported limited medicinal usage. Phyllanthus niruri Linnaeus, distinguished by its oblique leaflets and verrucose seeds, was reported for Dominica by Velez (1957:90), apparently a misidentification of P. tenellus. Phyllanthus urinaria Phyllanthus urinaria Linnaeus, 1753:982. — ^Webster, 1957:194. Graines en bas feuilles. Herb to 5 dm; leaves 8-20 mm long, tardily sensitive to touch, oblong or oblong-obovate, the apex obtuse to acute; capsule 2 mm in diameter. Native to Asia, now pantropical; in Dominica a weed in disturbed areas: Carib Reserve (Taylor 142, 155), Clarke Hall {Wilbur 7362), Deux Branches (Hodge 3109), Fern Villa (Hodge 576), Grand Bay (Wilbur 7907B, 8030), Hatton Garden (Hodge 3287), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3645), La Plaine (Whitefoord 5403), Mome Plaissance (Whitefoord 4423), Ridgefield (Hodge 2160), Roseau (Hodge 576), Springfield (Wilbur 7686), Sylvania (Hodge 575). Used by Caribs as an abortive agent (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:575:4, out of the 6 collections cited). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:105, pi. 105) reported medicinal use in baths of babies. Plukenetia Linnaeus Plukenetia volubilis Plukenetia volubilis Linnaeus, 1753:1192. — ^Webster & Burch, 1968:294. Vine; petioles to 7 cm long; leaf-blade cordate at base, broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate, ± entire to crenulate, to 14.5 cm long, with 2 sessile rectangular glands at base of blade; styles fused into a column 2 cm long; capsule 3.5 cm wide, the 4 cocci spreading. St. Vincent, Central and South America; apparently rare in Dominica in rainforest at 600 m: Rosehill (Eggers 580), sine loc. (Imray s.n.). Richeria Vahl Richeria grandis Richeria grandis Vahl, 1797, Eclog., 1 :30, pi. 4. Bois bande, bois bande rouge, mang blanc. Dioecious tree to 20 m; leaves glabrous, obovate or oblanceolate, usually rounded at apex, to 28 cm x 17 cm; flowers yellowish green; capsule 1-1.5 cm long; seeds orange, 7 mm long. Antigua to Brazil; in Dominica a common second growth tree in rainforests and a dominant in montane thickets from 125-700 m: Belle View (Cooper 177, Eggers 600, 677), Breakfast River (Hodge 1895), Brigandin (Nicolson 1863), Deux Branches (Hodge 3425), Dleau Gommier (Nicolson 4095), Fond Figues River (Ernst 1023), Layou Park Estate (Nicolson 2077), Lisdara (Cooper 189, Hodge 568, 2357, 2441), L’Or River (Nicolson 2031), Mome aux Diables (Wilbur 8050), Mome Couronne (Ernst 1169, Webster 13232), Mome Micotrin (Wilbur 7441), Mome Trois Pitons (Hodge 1241), Pont Casse (Ernst 1795, Nicolson 4092, Wilbur 7753, 7833, 8178), Riversdale (Howard 11772, Webster 13447), Roche d’Or Estate (Stern & Wasshausen 2586), Sylvania (Cooper 82, Hodge 567, 569, 1090, 1318, 3821, 3825), Syndicate (Hodge 2613, Whitefoord 3599). In early fruit in mid-May. A decoction of the bark is reported to be an aphrodisiac (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:576). NUMBER 77 Euphorbiaceae — Fabaceae 89 Sapium Browne Sapium caribaeum Sapium caribaeum Urban, 1902, 3:308. — ^Jablonski, 1968:409. La glu, la gluie. Monoecious, deciduous, glabrous tree to 20 m with white latex; petioles biglandular at apex; leaf-blade elliptic -oblong, apex acute to acuminate (not cucullate), entire to crenulate, to 19 cm long; racemes to 25 cm long; capsule 5 cm in diameter; seed coat fleshy. Lesser Antilles; in Dominica a scattered, deciduous element in humid areas to 800 m: Clarke Hall (Ernst 1714, Stern 2443), Freshwater Lake (Ernst 1781), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3616), Macoucherie River bridge (Ernst 1761), Magua (Taylor 133), Mome Micotrin (Wilbur 7461), Salybia (Hodge 3362), Syndi- cate (Whitefoord 3521). Leafs out in May, flowering soon after. The white sap is used by Caribs as a bird lime (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:576). The typification has been challenged by Kruijt and Zijlstra (1989). Sebastiania Sprengel Sebastiania hexaptera Sebastiania hexaptera Urban, 1902, 3:303. — Slehle, 1962a:321. — ^Whitefoord, 1989:149. Dioecious, slender shrub or tree to 3 m; leaves opposite, short-petioled, margins with shallow, glandular crenulations; male flowers in thin spikes to 3 cm long, usually with 3 sepals and 3 stamens; female flowers to 3, styles 3, entire. Guadeloupe and Martinique; new record for Dominica from NW rainforest -800 m: Syndicate, i.e., slopes of Mome Diablouns (Whitefoord 3649, 4333, 4334). Tragia Linnaeus Tragia volubilis Tragia volubilis Linnaeus, 1753:980. — Webster in Webster & Burch, 1968:291. Fireman. Monoecious, herbaceous twining vine with stinging hairs; leaf-blade lanceolate, serrate, acuminate; female flowers soli- tary on long pedicels (to 5 cm in fmit); male flowers shortly pedicellate on separate racemes; capsules covered with stinging hairs, to 7 mm across. Neotropics; in Dominica in dry woodlands near west coast, 125-250 m; ridge above Clarke Hall (Ernst 1267), Colihaut (Ernst 2115). Fabaceae/Leguminosae This family breaks into three subfamilies (sometimes treated as families), Mimosoids, Caesalpinoids, and Faboids. In general, the Mimosoids have bipinnate leaves (not Inga), radiately symmetric flowers with showy stamens and incon- spicuous petals. The Caesalpinoids also tend to have bipinnate leaves (not Bauhinia, Swartzia, etc.) and more bilaterally symmetric flowers with showy petals. Faboids tend to have pinnate leaves and very bilaterally symmetric flowers with showy petals. The uppermost Faboid petal is called a standard, the two lowermost petals are generally more or less united on the lower margin to form a keel, and the lateral petals are called wings. Amherstia nobilis Wallich (Caesalpinoid) of Burma grows in the Roseau Botanic Garden (Whitefoord 6124), flowering in April. It has 5-8 pairs of oblong -lanceolate leaflets 1.5-3 dm long, glaucous beneath; pedicels with 2 red bracteoles 8-9 cm long; a long, narrow calyx tube and petals 5-7 cm long, red with a terminal yellow spot. Arachis hypogaea Linnaeus (Faboid), the peanut, pistache, or mali (Carib) is cultivated (Hodge 3328) and easy to recognize by its even-pinnate (2 pairs) leaves and big (to 3 cm long) stipules adnate to the petiole for 1 cm. Used by Caribs for eating, oil, and in rituals (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:561). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:149, pi. 115) reported medicinal uses. Baikiaea insignis subsp. minor (Oliver) J. Leonard (Cae- salpinoid) of Africa was in the Roseau Botanic Garden (Fairchild s.n., 28 Jan 1932; Hodge 2512). It has a brown- velvety fruit and large white flowers (sepals to 8 cm, petals to 12 cm X 7 cm). Brownea latifolia Jacquin (Caesalpinoid), a native of Trinidad and Venezuela, was in the Roseau Botanic Gardens (Hodge 3885, 3927: the latter as Brownea rosa Otto). It is a tree with coral flowers in showy, dense, pendulous clusters and evenly pinnate leaves. Butea monosperma (Lamarck) Taubert (Faboid), including Butea frondosa Koenig ex Roxburgh, was collected in the Botanic Garden in flower in May (Hodge 3908) and in fruit in July (Hodge 940). This Asiatic tree has a brilliant show of orange to scarlet flowers before leafing out. The leaves are trifoliolate. Calopogonium mucunoides Desvaux (Faboid), including C. orthocarpum Urban, was collected at the Botanic Garden in 1932 (Fairchild 2785), the La Plaine Agricultural Station in 1986 (Whitefoord 5399), and Petit Coulibri in 1988 (White- foord 6014). It is a trailing herb with blue flowers and hairy stems and petioles, reportedly used as a cover crop. Whitefoord (1989:145) regarded it as naturalized. Cassia (Caesalpinoid), defined in its narrow sense (exclud- ing Chamaecrista and Senna) as having (1) 3 longest stamens with sigmoid filaments and (2) indehiscent fruits, is apparently only cultivated on Dominica. One yellow- and two red- to pink-flowered cassias have been collected or reported: Cassia fistula Linnaeus, the golden shower tree, flowered in the Botanic Gardens in May 1940 (Hodge 3912) and in Apr 1987 beyond Mero (Whitefoord 5690). It has leaflets about 10 cm long, a gland at the base of the petiole, and long, terete fruits 90 Fabaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY (see also yellow -flowered cultivated Senna multijuga). Cassia grandis Linnaeus f., the pinkshower cassia, has pink flowers, enormous woody fruits, and hairy, oblong leaflets that are rounded at each end; apparently it is cultivated in the Roseau Botanic Garden. Cassia javanica var. indochinensis Gagnepain, the pink cassia, has distinctive stipules and no petiolar gland; it has been collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 3909). Whitefoord (1989:144) reported another collection from the Botanic Garden. Copaifera guianensis Desfontaines (Caesalpinoid) was reported in the Portsmouth area by Krause (1915). This could be a misidentification of Pterocarpus officinalis Jacquin or Copaifera officinalis Linnaeus, the latter reported as cultivated in Martinique (Dwyer, 1951:169), but no Dominica collections have been seen. Covillea racemosa Bojer ex W. Hooker (Caesalpinoid), a native of Madagascar, has spectacular congested racemes of red flowers and was collected in bud in August in the Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 956). Pachyrrhizus erosus (Linnaeus) Urban (Faboid), the yam bean, was reported for Dominica by Grisebach (1860:195) under the name Pachyrrhizus angulatus L. Richard, based on Imray 103 (K), presumably cultivated for its watery tubers. It is a twiner with 3 sublobed or toothed leaflets and the stigma is lateral and globose. Parldnsonia aculeata Linnaeus (Caesalpinoid) is a showy and armed shrub with flattened rhachises, tiny and deciduous leaflets, showy yellow flowers and a narrowly cylindric pod. Hodge (1954:23) reported it in the dry scrub of the west coast, but this is not confirmed. It was collected in 1890 (Dudley s.n.) without locality, perhaps from the Botanic Garden. The only other collection seen (Hodge 907) is from the Botanic Garden. Peltophorum linnaei Bentham (Caesalpinoid) was noted as having been collected on Dominica by Kellogg (in Howard, 1988,4:377). Phaseolus (Faboid), once a large genus but now with most species transferred to Vigna, is cultivated on Dominica. Phaseolus lunatus Linnaeus, the broad bean or lima bean, was cited for Dominica by Stehle et al. (1948, 2:115). Phaseolus vulgaris Linnaeus, the kidney bean, red bean, string bean, etc. (ma kuti in Carib), has been collected from cultivation at Peinville (Kimber 853, 868). The latter species was discussed by Hodge and Taylor (1957:566), who pointed out several beliefs. Pongamia pinnata (Linnaeus) Pierre (Faboid) was collected in the Botanic Garden (Hodge 996), flowering in September. It is remarkably similar to Lonchocarpus, but the flower pedicels are not bifurcate (2-flowered). Samanea saman (Jacquin) Merrill (Mimosoid), the rain tree, is cultivated as a big tree at Antrim (Gates Clarke s.n.), Coulibistri (Whitefoord 5713), and elsewhere in Dominica. It has pink, powderpuff-like inflorescences, bipinnate leaves, each of 2-4 pinnae with up to 8 pairs of pubescent, 5 cm long leaflets (the outer being largest), and blackish, linear pods. It is known to naturalize elsewhere and may do so on Dominica. It would key here to Albizia but is pubescent. Sesbania grandiflora (Linnaeus) Poiret (Faboid) was col- lected in the Roseau Botanic Garden (Bassett 9 at K), a small tree with large pink flowers. Sophora tomentosa Linnaeus (Faboid) was cultivated in the Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 921). The leaves are odd- pinnate with 5-10 pairs of tomentose leaflets, stamens are 10, free, and the pod is strongly constricted between the somewhat globose seeds. Excluded Fabaceae Sesbania sericea (Willdenow) Link (Faboid) is Antillean and was reported for Dominica by Velez (1957:101) as Sesban sericea on the authority of Britton and Wilson (1924, 5:395), who cited “Antigua to Martinique.” To be sought in wet or brackish areas. It would key to Sabinea but has more leaflets and yellow flowers. Excellent keys to the subfamilies and their genera appear in Howard (1988, 4:335-440) and are recommended for those wishing to master the subfamilies. Dominica has a rich legume flora but it may be small enough to accommodate an artificial identification key that groups similar taxa rather than the usual classification key that groups related taxa. 1. Leaves unifoliolate (Bauhinia and Swartzia are Caesalpinoid, the rest Faboid). 2. Leaves bilobed Bauhinia 2. Leaves unlobed. 3. Inflorescence conspicuously bracteate, the bracts persistent, papery, and enclosing the flowers and fruits Flemingia 3. Inflorescence not so. 4. Inflorescence axillary, <2 cm long; leaves >5 cm broad; large sprawling or scandent shrubs Dalbergia 4. Inflorescence terminal, >2 cm long; leaves usually <5 cm broad; erect herbs, shrubs or trees. 5. Flowers violet; stipules scarious Alysicarpus 5. Rowers yellow; stipules not scarious. NUMBER 77 Fabaceae 91 6. Herbs; petals 5; leaves tapered to base Crotalaria 6. Trees; petal 1; leaves rounded at base Swartzia 1. Leaves 2-more -foliolate. 7. Flowers radially symmetrical, petals equal, valvate; leaves even-pinnate. bipinnate (except once-pinnate in Inga) (Mimosoideae). 8. Inflorescence spicate or racemose. 9. High climbing vines Entada 9. Trees. 10. Leaflets alternate Adenanthera 10. Leaflets opposite. 11. Leaves bipinnate (see also cult. Mimosa arenosa) Acacia muricata 11. Leaves once-pinnate Inga 8. Inflorescence capitate. 12. Plants with straight stipular spines or recurved intemodal thorns. 13. Fruits unarmed Acacia 13. Fruits armed Mimosa 12. Plant unarmed. 14. Leaflets >0.5 cm broad. 15. Leaflets rhomboid-angular Pithecellobium jupunba 15. Leaflets rounded. 16. Leaflets tergeminate (6 per leaf) Calliandra 16. Leaflets 4 or 8-more per leaf. 17. Leaflets 8-more per leaf Albizia 17. Leaflets geminate (4 per leaf) .... Pithecellobium unguis-cati 14. Leaflets <0.5 cm broad. 18. Pinnae >10 cm long. 19. Pinnae 20 or more; leaflets to 0.3 cm long .... Anadenanthera 19. Pinnae 10 or fewer; leaflets to 1 cm long Leucaena 18. Pinnae 3-4 cm long. 20. Erect shrub; flowers white; stipules linear, hair-like Desmanthus 20. Prostrate shrub or herb; flowers yellow; stipules broader Neptunia 7. Flowers bilaterally symmetrical; petals unequal, imbricate; leaves various, including digitate, pinnate (odd-, even-, and bi-). 21. Leaves evenly pinnate (Caesalpinoids and a few Faboids). 22. Leaves bipinnate (all Caesalpinoids). 23. Pinnae <10; petals to 3 cm long; fruit to 10 cm long .... Caesalpinia 23. Pinnae >10; petals to 5 cm long; fruit to 50 cm long Delonix 22. Leaves once-pinnate. 24. Leaflets 2. 25. Tree; leaflets >10 cm long; fruit unjointed Hymenaea 25. Herb; leaflets to 2 cm long; fruit jointed Zornia 24. Leaflets 4-more. 26. Twining climber Abrus 26. Trees, shrubs, or herbs. 27. Leaflets obcordate; fruit flattened and papery . . . Haematoxylum 27. Leaflets acute; fruit various but not flattened and papery. 28. Fertile stamens opening by lateral slits. 29. Stamens 10; fruit dry Sabinea 29. Stamens 3; fruit with fleshy edible pulp Tamarindus 28. Fertile stamens poricidal (see also cult. Cassia). 30. Inflorescence supra-axillary; bracteoles 2;. legumes elastically dehiscent; androecium actinomorphic Chamaecrista 92 Fabaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 30. Inflorescence axillary; bracteoles 0; legumes indehiscent or inertly dehiscent; androecium zygomorphic Senna 21. Leaves odd -pinnate. 31. Lateral leaflets alternate. 32. Woody vines; flowers purple to white; fruit unwinged .... Dalbergia 32. Tree; flowers yellow; fruit winged on one side Pterocarpus 31. Lateral leaflets opposite (including digitate). 33. Leaflets 5-more. 34. Plants herbaceous. 35. Plants not twining; leaflets many, to 0.3 cm broad Aeschynomene 35. Plants twining; leaflets to 9, >1 cm broad. 36. Pedicel to 2 cm; calyx to 1 cm; corolla yellow . . . Chaetocaylx 36. Pedicel to 1 cm; calyx to 2 cm; corolla blue-white . . . Clitoria 34. Plants woody (shrubs or trees). 37. Leaflets stipellate. 38. Trees; leaflets 1 cm broad; pods globose, indehiscent Andira 38. Shrubs; leaflets to 1 cm broad; pods elongate, dehiscent. 39. Hairs basifixed Cracca 39. Hairs centrifixed Indigofera 37. Leaflets estipellate. 40. Large trees; stamens free or only connected at base. 41. Leaflets 3-5; primary lateral veins poorly differentiated; pistil (and fruit) stipitate Swartzia caribaea 41. Leaflets 7-13; primary lateral veins strongly differentiated; pistil (and fruit) sessile. 42. Secondary lateral veins straight; stamens 9 united (at base), 1 free; seeds soft, >2.5 cm long, green but covered with a red skin (aril) Dussia 42. Secondary later veins jagged, stamens aU free; seeds hard, to 1cm long, red or red and black Ormosia 40. Shrubs or small trees; stamens united for most of their length. 43. Leaflets to 1 cm broad; calyx round-lobed or long-toothed. 44. Leaflets rounded at base; venation reticulate .... Cracca 44. Leaflets acute at base; venation striate Tephrosia 43. Leaflets >1 cm broad; calyx truncate or lobes about as broad as long. 45. Pedicel bifurcate (2-flowered) or, if 1 flower has fallen, pedicel jointed; pod broad, 1-2-seeded Lonchocarpus 45. Pedicel unbranched, unjointed; pod 5-10-seeded. 46. Leaflets >2x longer than broad; pods unwinged GUricidia 46. Leaflets <2x longer than broad; pods 4-winged Piscidia 33. Leaflets 3. 47. Leaflets digitate, the terminal petiolule not jointed .... Crotalaria Al. Leaflets pinnate, the terminal petiolule jointed. 48. Venation striate; stipules adnate to petiole Stylosanthes 48. Venation reticulate; stipules free from petiole. NUMBER 77 Fabaceae 93 49. Standard (top petal) or keel (bottom petals) much larger than others. 50. Keel the largest petal; pods often with stinging hairs Mucuna 50. Standard the largest petal; pods without stinging hairs. 51. Woody tree or shrub; flower red; pods constricted between seeds Erythrina 51. Herbaceous twiner; pods linear. 52. Rowers blue Centrosema 52. Rowers yellow Clitoria falcata 49. Standard and keel ± equal. 53. Plants woody. 54. Shrubs Cajanus 54. Vines Dioclea 53. Plants herbaceous. 55. Fruit flat, breaking into joints Desmodium 55. Fruits various but not breaking into joints. 56. Leaflets resin-dotted beneath; pods 1-2-seeded Rhynchosia 56. Leaflets not resin-dotted beneath; pods several-many- seeded. 57. Inflorescence to 4 cm long; leaflets to 2 cm wide; pubescent beneath. 58. Leaflets rounded, sparsely pubescent beneath; calyx 4-lobed; stamens 9 (fertile & united) + 1 (free) Galactia 58. Leaflets acute -obtuse, densely pubescent beneath; calyx 5-lobed; stamens all united, alternately sterile Teramnus 57. Inflorescence (at maturity) at least 5 cm long; leaflets rarely <2 cm wide. 59. Calyx lobes very unequal (upper 2 fused and large, lower 3 minute) Canavalia 59. Calyx lobes ± equal. 60. Pod with persistent style; style flattened Lablab 60. Pod without persistent style; style terete. 61. Fruiting pedicels 0.4-3.0 cm long; bracts and bracteoles persisting into flowering; style coiled through 2 revolutions; seeds 3-10 (see cult, taxa) Phaseolus 61. Fruiting pedicels 0.1 -1.7 cm long; bracts and bracteoles caducous before flowering; style various, if coiled then through 3 revolutions; seeds 6-27. 62. Inflorescence nodes not swollen; upper calyx teeth free; wings much larger than other petals Macroptilium 62. Inflorescence nodes conspicuously swollen; upper calyx teeth usually partly connate; wings ± equaling other petals .... Vigna 94 Fabaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Abrus Adanson (Faboid) Abrus precatorius Abrus precatorius Linnaeus, 1767a;472. Glycine abrus Linnaeus, 1753:753. Graines d’eglise, crabs’ eyes, jumbie bead. Slender twiner, becoming woody; leaves to 15 cm long with 10-20 pairs of oblong leaflets, the rhachis ending in a bristle (even-pinnate); corolla pale purple; pod oblong, beaked, partitioned between the 3-5 seeds; seeds shiny, bright red with a basal black spot. Pantropical; common in Dominica near sea level: Cabrits {Whitefoord 4023), Dublanc {Hodge 2515), Grand Bay {Wilbur 8017), Layou {Hodge 587), Macoucherie {Hodge 3767), Mero {Ernst 1422), Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2687), Portsmouth area (DHN!), Rodney’s Rock {Nicolson 1970). The seeds are used in necklaces but should not be eaten (poisonous). Acacia Miller (Mimosoid) Woody plants, some armed; leaves bipinnately compound, stamens many, free; flower yellow (ours); pods thin or woody, not elastically dehiscent. This genus needs collecting on Dominica; more species are expected. 1. Legume turgid, woody; small tree with stipular spines at each node A. farnesiana 1. Legume flat, leathery or papery; unarmed tree or scrambler armed with interpetiolar recurved prickles. 2. Unarmed tree; flowers on elongate spikes A. muricata 2. Scrambler with recurved prickles, flowers in heads A. retusa Acacia farnesiana Acacia farnesiana (Linnaeus) Willdenow, 1806, 4(2): 1083. — Little & Wad- sworth, 1964:142, pi. 58. Mimosa farnesiana Linnaeus, 1753:521. VacheUia farnesiana (Linnaeus) Wight & Amott, 1834:272. Shrub or small tree armed with paired stipular spines; pinnae 2-6 pairs, each pinna with 10-25 pairs of small, 3-5 mm long leaflets; inflorescence capitate; pod turgid, woody, ± curved. Pantropical; common and sometimes dominant in dry woodlands along west coast of Dominica: Cabrits {Whitefoord 4049), Colihaut {Kimber 1063), Dublanc {Whitefoord 4272), Grand Savanne {Ramage s.n.), Macoucheri {Chambers 2732), Point Ronde {Hodge 2700), Scotts Head {Hodge 1604, Webster 13417, Wilbur 7602). Flowering from February-September. One specimen from near St. Joseph {Whitefoord 5686 at BM), identified as Acacia tortuosa (Linnaeus) Willdenow by C.D. Adams (Whitefoord, 1989:145), may well be that species and represent a new record for Dominica. Its fruits appear to be subpubescent and rather flatter than the glabrous, fat fruits of typical A. farnesiana. Acacia muricata Acacia muricata (Linnaeus) Willdenow, 1806, 4(2):1058. — Little et al., 1974:246, pi. 356. Mimosa muricata Linnaeus, 1759a:1311. Senegalia muricata (Linnaeus) Britton & Rose in North Amer. FI., 1928, 23(2):113. Small, unarmed tree; pinnae 4-6 pairs, each pinna with 8-16 pairs of large, 1-2 cm long leaflets; inflorescence on elongate spikes; pods flat, ± leathery. West Indies; specimens not seen from Dominica but the species was attributed to Dominica by Britton and Wilson (1925, 5:352) and reported with an exclamation mark by Howard (1988, 4:341). Acacia retusa Acacia retusa (Jacquin) Howard, 1973b:459; 1988, 4:342. Mimosa retusa Jacquin, 1760:34. Mimosa paniculata Vahl [in West, 1793:239, nom. nud.], 1807, Eclog., 3:39, non Acacia paniculata Willdenow. Acacia guadalupensis A.P. Candolle, 1825, 2:464. Acacia westiana A.R Candolle, 1825, 2:464. Senegalia guadalupensis (A.P. Candolle) Britton & Rose in North Amer. FI., 1928, 23(2): 119. Senegalia westiana (A.P. Candolle) Britton & Rose in North Amer. FI., 1928, 23(2):119. Acacia riparia sensu auctt., non Kunth. Scrambling woody climber with recurved prickles on stems; pinnae 7-9 pairs, each pinna with 15-20 pairs of linear leaflets 6-14 mm x 1. 5-2.5 mm; flowers capitate; legume flat, papery, glabrous. South America and West Indies; dry localities on west coast of Dominica: West Cabrit top (DHN!), Petit Coulibri {White- foord 4673), Scotts Head {Hodge 1633), sine loc. {Imray 433 at GH). Adenanthera Linnaeus (Mimosoid) Adenanthera pavonina | Adenanthera pavonina Linnaeus, 1763:384. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964:144, I pi. 145. Savonette, jumbie bead. Unarmed tree; leaves bipinnate with 2-5 pairs of pinnae, each with 10-20 alternate leaflets (1. 5-4.5 em x 1-2.5 cm); flowers racemose, yellow; stamens 10, the anthers with a deciduous gland; pods 15-25 cm x 1-2 cm, papery, flat but twisting; seeds bright red, lenticular. Asian but widely introduced and naturalizing; rarely col- lected on Dominica; Syndicate (DHN!, fr.), sine loc. {Imray ' 119). NUMBER 77 Fabaceae 95 Aeschynomene Linnaeus (Faboid) Herbs; leaflets many, odd-pinnate; stipules peltate (ours) extended below attachment; fruit jointed, breaking up at maturity. 1. Leaflets with several primary veins; pods deeply crenate on lower margin A. americana 1. Leaflets with a single midrib; pods slightly crenate on lower margin A. sensitiva Aeschynomene americana Aeschynomene americana Linnaeus, 1753:713. — Rudd, 1955:24. Flowers purplish; stipules and bracts persistent. Neotropics and Africa; weed of disturbed places in Domin- ica: L’Or River in gravel dump (Nicolson 2027), Roseau {Krauss 1245), Trafalgar Falls road (Whitefoord 4587). Our material seems to have fruits with glandular hairs and hispid stipules of Aeschynomene americana var. glandulosa (Poiret) Rudd. Aeschynomene sensitiva Aeschynomene sensitiva SwiTtz, 1788:107. — ^Rudd, 1955:50. Rowers yellow; stipules and bracts deciduous. Neotropics and Africa; weed of wet disturbed areas of Dominica: Cabrit Swamp {Whitefoord 4055), Castle Bruce Road (Ernst 1458), Chaudiere (Hodge 3615), Pont Casse area (Webster 13467, Wilbur 7826), Portsmouth area (Hodge 589), Providence Valley near Laudat (Hodge 2053), Sylvania Estate (Cooper 67, Hodge 588). Albizia Durazzini (Mimosoid) Albizia lebbeck Albizia lebbeck (Linnaeus) Bentham, 1844a:87. Mimosa lebbeck Linnaeus, 1753:516. Unarmed trees; leaves bipinnate with 2-4 pinnae, each with 4-9 pairs of 1.5-5 cm x 0.5-2 cm leaflets; flowers umbellate, greenish white; petals united to middle; stamens many, united below, -3 cm long; pods 15-30 cm x 2-4 cm, flat, thin, shining, rattling in the wind; seeds light brown. Introduced from Old World and naturalizing; locality information for Dominica not available (cultivated?): (Dudley s.n.. Mar 1890). Alysicarpus Desvaux, nom. cons. (Faboid) Alysicarpus vaginalis Alysicarpus vaginalis (Linnaeus) A.R Candolle, 1825, 2:353. Hedysarum vaginale Linnaeus, 1753:746. Perennial herb with branches spreading; stipules scarious. 4-6 mm, ± united, enclosing 2 stipels; leaflet solitary, orbicular to lanceolate on the same plant; flowers purplish, in short terminal racemes, stamens 9+1; pod nearly terete, with several indehiscent joints. Old World but now widely naturalized; low weed in Dominica from sea level to 200 m: Carib Point (Wilbur 7911), Coulibistri (Ernst 1397), Imperial Road (Hodge 591), Mome Daniel (Kimber 1105), Mome Plaisance Estate (Whitefoord 4424, 4505), Roseau (Hodge 590), St. David Bay (Ernst 1464), Scotts Head (Whitefoord 5131), Tarou Cliffs (Ernst 1706). Anadenanthera Spegazzini (Mimosoid) Anadenanthera peregrina Anadenanthera peregrina (Linnaeus) Spegazzini, 1923:313. — ^Reis-Altschal, 1964:46. Mimosa peregrina Linnaeus, 1753:520. Piptadenia peregrina (Linnaeus) Bentham, 1841:340. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964:158, pi. 660. Niopa peregrina (Linnaeus) Britton & Rose, 1927:37. Unarmed tree; leaves bipinnately compound, pinnae pairs 10-30, each with 25-80 pairs of leaflets 2-8 mm x 0.5- 1.5 mm; flowers capitate, white to creamy; stamens 10, without an apical gland; legume flat, straight to falcate, 5-35 cm x 1-3 cm; seeds dark brown to black, shiny, flat. South America, believed introduced and naturalizing in the West Indies; said to be common in ravines of dry west coastal area of Dominica: Chateau Comer (Eggers 703), Grand Savanne (Wilbur 8347), Roseau vicinity (Stehli 6320), Springfield road (Whitefoord 5834). Rowering without leaves in April. This and other taxa of the genus are the source of an alkaloid capable of producing profound and deep changes in perception, elsewhere called yopo, coholba, or vilca. Andira Jussieu, nom. cons. (Faboid) Andira sapindoides Andira sapindoides (A.R Candolle) Bentham, 1860:123. — Howard, 1988, 4:448. Pterocarpus sapindoides A.R. CandoUe, 1825, 2:475. Andira inermis var. sapindoides (A.R Candolle) Grisebach, 1860:202. L’angelin, bastard mahogany, na kabu (Carib). Tall tree; leaves odd-pinnate, with 4-7 pairs of opposite, large (5-8 cm long) stipellate leaflets; flowers paniculate, pink to purple; pod globose, indehiscent; 3.5 cm drupe with a single pendulous seed. Lesser Antilles; cited for Dominica by Hodge (1954:27, as A. inermis) as a component of transition zone around Milton Estate: Layou River (Ramage s.n. 6 Jul 1888 at K), La Plaine (Ramage s.n. 10 Jan 1889 at GH). Rarely collected, possibly because of the size of the trees. Cut for valuable timber with durable, red-brown wood (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:561). 96 Fabaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY This element seems within the range of variable and widespread (neotropics and Africa) Andira inermis (W. Wright) Kunth ex A.P. Candolle. Bauhinia Linnaeus (Caesalpinoid) R. Wunderlin (USF) kindly reviewed this text and the determinations. Several species have been identified from collections made in the Roseau Botanic Garden: Bauhinia acuminata? Linnaeus {Hodge 899 at GH) with large white flowers, Bauhinia racemosa Lamarck {Hodge 3905) with small white flowers, and Bauhinia tomentosa Linnaeus {Hodge 902, 1000 at GH) with large yellow flowers. All have 10 stamens. Two pink-flowered species are also expected in cultivation: Bauhinia purpurea Linnaeus (with 3 perfect stamens) and Bauhinia variegata Linnaeus (with 5 perfect stamens). Woody; leaves mosdy 2-lobed or 2-foliolate, with palmate venation. 1. Cirrhiferous climber; corolla white to pinkish yellow; stamens 10 B. guianensis 1. Tree; standard conspicuously purplish red-blotched on yellow background, other petals pinkish; stamen solitary B. monandra Bauhinia guianensis Bauhinia guianensis Aublet, 1775:377, pi. 145. — ^Wunderlin, 1976:353. Bauhinia splendens Kunth, 1824, 6:321. Schnella splendens (Kunth) Bentham, 1840:97. — ^Britton & Rose in North Amer. R., 1930, 23(4):207. Schnella excisa Grisebach, 1860:211. Bauhinia excisa (Grisebach) Hemsley, 1880, 1:337. High and heavy climber with stems flattened; leaves coriaceous, coppery-sericeous below, leaves on juvenile growth mostly deeply 2-lobed; inflorescence racemose; calyx <1 cm long, 15-ribbed, persistent; petals to 1.5 cm with 10 stamens included. Southern Mexico through northern South America and the Lesser Antilles; in Dominica known only from a sterile specimen from Milton Estate at 500 m {Hodge 2924, DHN!). Bauhinia monandra Bauhinia monandra Kurz, 1873:73. Small tree with bilobed leaves; inflorescence racemose with flowers on long (4 cm) pedicels; calyx spathaceous, deciduous; petals pinkish, the upper mottled and darker, to 4 cm long; stamen solitary. Introduced from Asia for showy flowers and escaping; in Dominica in scrub thickets near Massacre {Ernst 1627, Webster 13290). Flowering in June. Caesalpinia Linnaeus (Caesalpinoid) Trees, shrubs or climbers; leaves bipinnate; flowers orange or yellow, 5-merous; stamens 10, free; pods compressed, orbicular to linear. Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacquin) Willdenow was cultivated in the Botanic Garden {Hodge 955, 985), flowering in August 1937. It is an unarmed tree with an odd number of pinnae and many tiny (0.5-0.9 cm long) leaflets. Caesalpinia ferrea Martins, cultivated in Roseau Botanic Garden {Nicolson 4214), is a large tree with a short, thick trunk and sheeting bark. 1. Branchlets glabrous; lower pedicels 5.8 cm long; petals long-clawed; filaments 6-8 cm long . . . C. pulcherrima 1. Branchlets puberulent; lower pedicels to 2 cm long; petals not long-clawed; filaments to 1.5 cm long. 2. Stipules persistent, foliose; leaflets 1. 5-3.0 cm wide; fruit armed; seeds (l-)2 C. bonduc 2. Stipules caducous, not foliose; leaflets to 0.5 cm wide; fruit unarmed; seeds 6-8 C. decapetala Caesalpinia bonduc Caesalpinia bonduc (Linnaeus) Roxburgh, 1832, 2:362. — Dandy & ExeU, 1938:179.— Hattink, 1974:17. Guilandina bonduc Linnaeus, 1753:381. Caesalpinia crista Linnaeus, 1753:380, partim. Guilandina bonducella Linnaeus, 1762:545. Caesalpinia bonducella (Linnaeus) Reming, 1810:159. Guilandina crista (Linnaeus) Small, 1903:591, partim. L’epine. Armed, vine-like shrub to 6 m, often climbing; stipules compound, to 3 cm long; leaflets ovate or oblong-elliptic, 2-4 cm long; petals yellow; pod oblong to orbicular, prickly; seeds gray, 1.5-2 cm diameter. Native to Asia?, widely naturalizing in tropics; in Dominica forming coastal thickets: Cabrits {Ernst 1932, Hodge 592, Nicolson 1882), Hatton Garden Estate {Hodge 2937), Pringles Bay {Whitefoord 3733). Caesalpinia decapetala Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston, 1931:89. — Hattink, 1974:24. Reichardia decapetala Roth, 1821:210. Caesalpinia sepiaria Roxburgh [1814:32, nom. nud.], 1832, 2:360. Biancaea sepiaria (Roxburgh) Todaro, 1876, 1:3. Arrete negre. Armed shrub to 3 m, often climbing; leaflets oblong, 1.0- 1.5 cm long; petals yellow; pod oblong, flat, finely puberulent; seeds olive, 1 cm long. Native to Asia, naturalizing in the West Indies; in Dominica forming thickets in interior pastures and roadsides: LTmprevue {Hodge 1261), Ridgefield {Hodge 2135), Sylvania {Cooper 90), sine loc. {Eggers s.n., Dec 1883, 518, Nov 1881). NUMBER 77 Fabaceae 97 Caesalpinia pulcherrima Caesalpinia pulcherrima (Linnaeus) Swartz, 1791:166. — Hattink, 1974:50. Poinciana pulcherrima Linnaeus, 1753:380. Usually armed shrub to 3 m, not climbing; leaflets oblong, to 2.3 cm long; petals red, orange or yellow; pod oblong, flat, glabrous. New World tropics, widely cultivated in tropics for its showy flowers; in Dominica naturalized on the dry west coast near sea level and also cultivated inland: Antrim {Gates Clarke s.n.), Clarke Hall {Ernst 1692), Grand Savanne {Wilbur 7654), Macoucherie {Hodge 3720). Cajanus A.P. Candolle, nom. cons. (Faboid) Cajanus cajan Cajanus cajan (Linnaeus) Millspaugh, 1900:53, “Cajan(us) cajan” . — ^Maesen, 1986:65. Cytisus cajan Linnaeus, 1753:739. Cajan cajan (Linnaeus) Huth, 1893:133, nom. inadmiss. Pigeon pea. Erect shrub to 3 m; leaves 3-foliolate, resin-dotted and silvery beneath; flowers yellow inside and out or red outside; pod flattened, obliquely depressed between the seeds. Said to have originated in India (Maesen, 1986:76) but now widespread in tropics; widely cultivated as hedge (and for seeds) in Dominica, apparently escaping: Mt. Joy {Hodge 1299), Pickard River {Whitefoord 5243), Ridgefield {Hodge 2133), Roseau Valley {Nicolson 2140, 2141, Whitefoord 4591), South Chiltem {Hodge 1470), Walkers Rest {Chambers 2613). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:149, pi. 116) reported medicinal uses. Although I (1975:390) argued for Huth instead of Mill- spaugh as the first to make the combination, I now realize that Huth’s “Cajan cajan" cannot be corrected to “Cajanus cajan” because Cajan Adanson is a validly published generic name, not a correctable misspelling of an earlier validly published “Cajanus." Cajanus is in the nature of a now conserved later orthographic variant of Cajan but is treated as a different name. Calliandra Bentham, nom. cons. (Mimosoid) Calliandra tergemina Calliandra tergemina (Linnaeus) Bentham, 1844a:96. Mimosa tergemina Linnaeus, 1753:517. Anneslia tergemina (Linnaeus) Britton & Rose in North Amer. FI., 1928, 23:53. Madame ti poule. Shrub to 2 m; leaves bipinnate with 6 leaflets, 3 on each of the two pinnae (the lower pair being reduced to a single leaflet); I stamens >10, showy, 2.5 cm long, white below and reddish at I end; fruits green with thickened red margin elastically opening i from end by recurving. I Guadeloupe south into northeastern South America; abun- dant in Dominica in scrub along the west coast up to 350 m: Cabrits to Colihaut {Hodge 2659, Nicolson 1897, Whitefoord 4422, Wilbur 8275, 8356), Grand Savanne to Layou River {Chambers 2779, Ernst 1041, Hodge 3775, 3791, Webster 13289, Wilbur 7640), Layou to Roseau area {Eggers 519, Hodge 1305, Fairchild 2690, Stehli 6319). Howard (1988, 4:350) reported cultivated Calliandra haematocephala Hasskarl on Dominica (with exclamation mark, indicating he had seen material). Canavalia A.P. Candolle, nom. cons. (Faboid) Another species, Canavalia ensiformis (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle, also known as horsebean, has been collected from Carib Reserve mulch plantings on Dominica {Hodge 3346). The leaflets are ovate to elliptic, the pods 30-35 cm long, and the seeds are white to ivory. Canavalia rosea Canavalia rosea (Swartz) A.R Candolle, 1825, 2:101. — Verdcourt in GiUett el al. in Milne-Redhead & PolhiU, 1971, Legum., 1(2):576.— Howard, 1988, 4:457. — ^Nicolson et al., 1988:128. Dolichos maritimus Aublet, 1775:765. Dolichos obtusifolius Lamarck, 1786, 2:295, non Jacquin, 1768. Dolichos roseus Swartz, 1788:105. Dolichos rotundifolius Vahl, 1791, 2:81. Canavalia maritima Du Petit-Thouars, 1813:80. — Sauer, 1964:163. Canavalia obtusifolia A.P. Candolle, 1825, 2:404, nom. superfl. [incl. Dolichos rotundifolius Vahl, 1791]. Canavalia maritima (Aublet) Urban, 1919a:400, non C. maritima Du Petit-Thouars, 1813. — Adams, 1972:357. Horse bean. Perennial herbs with prostrate or scrambling stems; leaflets pinnately 3-foliolate, orbicular to obovate, obtuse to emargi- nate, 4-10 cm long; inflorescence nodose-racemose; calyx 2-lipped; corolla pink to magenta; stamens monadelphous to middle; style glabrous; pods 5-15 cm x 2.5 cm; seeds oblong, brown, marbled. Tropical sea coasts; reported as common strand plant on Dominica; Cabrits {Whitefoord 4026), Hatton Garden {Hodge 2961), Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2752), Tarou {Ernst 1500), sine loc. {Dudley s.n.. Mar 1890). There is controversy on the nomenclature of this species. Adams (1972) accepted C. maritima (Aublet) Urban, while Gillett et al. (in Milne-Redhead and Polhill, 1971) accepted C. rosea (Swartz) A.P. Candolle and Sauer (1964), and Lourteig (1988b: 394) accepted C. maritima (Aublet) Thouars. The solution to this problem lies in determining whether or not Dolichos maritimus Aublet and Canavalia maritima Thouars are based on the same type. In my opinion, they are not. Dolichos maritimus Aublet is solely based on Phaseolus maritimus, fructu duro, semine variegato Plumier (as noted by Lourteig, 1988b:393), typified by Plumier’s unpublished plate 99 in vol. 2 at Paris (cited by Aublet as “Mss. 99 t. 2”) of the 98 Fabaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY New World, even though Sauer (1964:163) lectotypified it on “Phaseolus maritimus pur gans ...Plak. Phytogr. t. 51, fig. 2. 1691,” a South Indian element from Bisnagar (more correctly Vijayanagar or Victory City), an element not mentioned by Aublet or Plumier. Canavalia maritima Thouars may be typified by material from Madagascar or Reunion, but it clearly was considered by the author to be identical with Katu tsjandi (or Canavali in Hindi) Rheede (1688, 8:83, pi. 43) and Phaseolus maritimus purgans . . . Pluk. Verdcourt’s lectotypifi- cation on Plukenet’s illustration seems acceptable. The synonymy hinges on Dolichos maritima Aublet (New World) and Canavalia maritima Thouars (Old World) being nomencla- turally heterotypic, albeit taxonomically conspecific. Centrosema (A.P. Candolle) Bentham, nom. cons. (Faboid) Twining vine with 3-foholate leaves; stipules and stipels persistent; nodes of inflorescence not swollen; flowers sub- tended by striate bracteoles, large, with standard spurred near base; stamens 9+1; style glabrous; pod linear, flattened but twisted in age, the 2 valves thick-edged. Centrosema plumier i (Persoon) Bentham was attributed to Dominica by Velez (1957:99) on the authority of Britton and Wilson (1924, 5:412), who reported Bradburya plumieri “St. Kitts to Trinidad.” This species has conspicuous bracteoles in flower that are glabrous and longer than the calyx. The pods are larger and with definite wings about one-third from each valve margin. Howard (1988, 4:459) listed this species for Dominica with an exclamation mark. 1. Calyx teeth unequal, the lower one subulate and twice as long as other deltoid teeth; pod 5-7 mm broad C. pubescens 1. Calyx teeth ± equal, the lower one only slightly longer than other linear teeth; pod <4 mm wide . . . C. virginianum Centrosema pubescens Centrosema pubescens Bentham, 1837:55. Bradburya pubescens (Bentham) Kuntze, 1891, 1:163. Terminal leaflet usually >5 cm long; standard large, ~4 cm long. Neotropical but widely introduced; vine over roadside shrubs in east Dominica: Rosalie (Ernst 1354). Centrosema virginianum Centrosema virginianum (Linnaeus) Bentham, 1837:56. Clitoria virginiana Linnaeus, 1753:753. Bradburya virginiana (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 1891, 1:164. Terminal leaflet usually <5 cm long; standard smaller, <3 cm long. Neotropics and introduced in Africa; usually low elevations in west and south Dominica: Cabrit Swamp (Whitefoord 4064), Clarke Hall (Ernst 1704), Grand Bay (Wilbur 7905), Grand Savanne (Ernst 1053, Nicolson 1945, Wilbur 7626), Roseau (Hodge 599), Scotts Head (Webster 13118), Syndicate (White- foord 3882), sine loc. (Imray 33). Chaetocalyx A.P. Candolle (Faboid) Chaetocalyx scandens Chaetocalyx scandens (Linnaeus) Urban, 1900, 2:292. — ^Rudd, 1958:231. Coronilla scandens Linnaeus, 1753:743. Glycine vincentina Ker, 1824. Chaetocalyx vincentina (Ker) A.R Candolle, 1825, 2:243. Twining, herbaceous vines; leaves 5-foliolate, leaflets glabrous, obovate, usually <2 cm long, rounded or emarginate at apex with an apiculum; calyx with a few, equal, broad-based setae; corolla yellowish; stamens united; fruit an elongate, 6-more-jointed loment. Mexico, Hispaniola, Lesser Antilles, and northern South America; known from Dominica only from collections without locality: (Imray 21, 367). To be sought in dry areas. Chamaecrista (Linnaeus) Moench (Caesalpinoid) Herbs, shrubs or trees; leaves evenly 1-pinnate; stamens 10 or 7, often of various sizes and fertility; anthers basifixed, opening by terminal pores; pods elastically dehiscent, flattened. V61ez (1957:99) reported “Chamaecrista fasciculata (Urban) Britt.” for Dominica on the authority of Britton. Apparently this is Chamaecrista chamaecrista sensu Britton and Wilson (1924, 5:367), reported to occur in “West Indies, south to Grenada....” This is Chamaecrista nictitans var. diffusa A.P. Candolle) Irwin & Bameby, known from the Lesser Antilles but no specimens have been seen from Dominica. Chamaecrista glandulosa Chamaecrista glandulosa (Linnaeus) Greene, 1899:286. — Irwin & Bameby, 1982:780. Cassia glandulosa Linnaeus, 1759a:1017. Chamaecrista glandulosa var. swartzii Chamaecrista glandulosa var. swartzii (Wikstrom) Irwin & Bameby, 1982:784. Cassia polyadena A.R Candolle, 1824a: 132. Cassia swartzii Wikstrom, 1826:430. Chamaecrista swartzii (Wikstrom) Britton, 1917:9. Chamaecrista polyadena (A.R Candolle) Britton, 1917:10. Cassia glarululosa var. swartzii (Wikstrom) Macbride, 1919:26. Shrub to 3 m; leaflets 7-23 pairs, glabrous, narrowly oblong to ± obovate, 1-2 cm long, rounded, petiolar gland sessile or on a stipe, glands along rest of rhachis 0-5, sessile; peduncle supra -axillary; fruit 3-5 cm long. Puerto Rico through Lesser Antilles, in Dominica common NUMBER 77 Fabaceae 99 in scrub thickets and along roadsides to 550 m: west coast from Scotts Head to Cabrits {Chambers 2786, Hodge 593, 2176, 2544, 2633, Kimber 904, Nicolson 2152, Stern & Wasshausen 2593, Webster 13308, 13449, Wilbur 7623, 7629), interior from Sylvania to Pont Casse {Hodge 1257, Narodny s.n., Wilbur 7748, 8140), north and east coasts {Hodge 594, 3052, 3277, Whitefoord 3699, Wilbur 7512, 8037, 8045). Clitoria Linnaeus (Faboid) Twiners or trailers; stipules persistent; leaves 3-9-pinnate, leaflets stipellate; flowers large; style longitudinally bearded. 1. Leaflets 3; flowers yellow C. falcata 1. Leaflets 5-9; flowers blue to white C. ternatea Clitoria falcata Clitoria falcata Lamarck, 1786, 2:51. Clitoria rubiginosa Jussieu ex Persoon, 1807, 2:303. Clitoria glycinoides A.P. Candolle, 1825, 2:234. Pubescent; stipules ovate; leaflets 3; peduncles 3-15 cm long; flowers yellow, subtended by ovate bracts; calyx villous, 2-3 cm long; pod valves with conspicuous midrib; seeds globose, viscid. Neotropics; in NW Dominica along road; Mome Plaisance Estate {Whitefoord 4429). New record for Dominica, perhaps an escape. Clitoria ternatea Clitoria ternatea Linnaeus, 1753:753. Pubescent when young; stipules linear-lanceolate; leaflets 5-9; flowers solitary, axillary, large, blue or white, subtended by orbicular bracts; calyx almost 2 cm long; seeds flat, black. Old World tropics, introduced in cultivation and escaping: Portsmouth {Nicolson 4201). Cracca Bentham, nom. cons. (Faboid) Cracca caribaea Cracca caribaea (Jacquin) Bentham in Bentham & Oersted, 1853:9. Galega caribaea Jacquin, 1763:212. Benthamantha caribaea (Jacquin) Kuntze, 1898, 3(2):53. Subshrubs; odd-pinnate leaflets to 7 pairs; stipules persis- tent, subulate; flowers pink; pod linear, sessile, 7 cm x 0.3 cm, 10-25-seeded, septate. Neotropical but scattered and often cited as rare, infrequent, very local; known from a single Dominica collection: sine loc. {Imray 116 at K). To be sought in xerophytic scrub near the coast. Crotalaria Linnaeus (Faboid) Herbs or shrubs; leaves digitately 1-3-5-foliolate; flower yellow (or blue); stamens monadelphous; pod 2-valved, inflated. Crotalaria pumila Ortega was credited to Dominica by Velez (1957:99) on the authority of Stehle. It is not mentioned in the treatment of Crotalaria (Stehle and Quentin in Stehle et al., 1948, 2:86). This is a 3-foliolate species of very small aspect (leaflets 0.7-3.5 cm long) and a short pod. Crotalaria vasculosa Wallich ex Bentham was collected as an introduction in the Roseau Botanic Gardens {Bassett 5 at K). It has elliptic leaflets like C. micans but a striking dark and densely pubescent fruit. Crotalaria zanzibarica Bentham was collected as an introduction at Mome Nurseries {Bassett 15 at K). It is similar to C. anagyroides in its acute leaflets but the calyx teeth are shorter than the rather long calyx tube. 1. Leaves unifoliolate (appearing simple). 2. Stipules absent or minute C. retusa 2. Stipules present and persistent. 3. Stipules erect, decurrent on stem for 1 cm or more, free above with incurving apices; leaves <3 cm long C. stipularia 3. Stipules deflexed, not decurrent; leaves normally >3 cm. 4. Rowers yellow; leaves much longer than broad; stipules deltoid C. spectabilis 4. Rowers blue; leaves slightly longer than broad; stipules lunate C. verrucosa 1. Leaves 3-foliolate. 5. Rowers 1-3, in short, axillary racemes C. lotifolia 5. Flowers many, in elongate, terminal racemes. 6. Leaflets elliptic to lanceolate C. micans 6. Leaflets ovate to orbicular or obovate. 7. Calyx lobes much longer than short calyx tube; keel equaling the wings, ± included; pod with spreading pubescence C. incana 1. Calyx lobes a little longer than the calyx tube; keel much longer than wings, exserted; pod with appressed pubescence C. pallida Crotalaria incana Crotalaria incana Linnaeus, 1753:716. — Senn, 1939:350. Pubescent annual; leaves 3-foliolate, often subtended by much smaller leaves; leaflets broad, usually shorter than petioles, inflorescence terminal, calyx pubescent, the lobes lanceolate and much longer than the calyx tube; pods pendant, pilose with spreading hairs. Pantropical; only one collected on Dominica: sine loc. {Imray 62 at K). 100 Fabaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Crotalaria lotifolia Crotalaria lotifolia Linnaeus, 1753:349, “latifolia" . — Senn, 1939:349. Shrub with golden pubescence on young growth; leaves 3-foliolate, glabrous above; racemes axillary, few-flowered; pods with appressed pubescence. Neotropics but scattered; mid-elevations in northwest Do- minica: halfway between Colihaut and Syndicate Estate {Ernst 1991), a new record. Crotalaria micans Crotalaria micans Link, 1822, 2:228. — Windier & McLaughlin, 1980:606. Crotalaria anagyroides Kunth, 1824, 6:404. — Senn, 1939:365. Shrubs, upper branches striate; leaves 3-foliolate, about 3x longer than broad; calyx lobes considerably longer than calyx tube; inflorescence elongate, terminal, pod appressed, pube- rulent. South America, scattered in neotropics; introduced on Dominica as a cover crop: Mome Nurseries {Bassett 14 at K), sine loc. {Imray 201 at K). Crotalaria pallida Crotalaria pallida Alton, 1789, 3:20.— PolhiU, 1968:262. Crotalaria mucronata Desvaux, 1814:76. — Senn, 1939:355. Crotalaria striata A.P. Candolle, 1825, 2:130. Crotalaria pallida var. obovata Crotalaria pallida var. obovata (G. Don) PolhiU, 1968:365. Crotalaria falcata Vahl ex A.P. Candolle, 1825, 2:132. — Adams, 1972:346. Crotalaria obovata G. Don, 1832, 2:138. Shrubby herb; leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets obovate, rounded to emarginate, ~6 cm x 4 cm; inflorescence terminal, calyx pubescent, the lobes ± longer than the tube; pod appressed, pubescent. Pantropical, scattered weed in Dominica: Carib Reserve {Hodge 3347), Copt Hall {Bassett 4 at K), Delices {Whitefoord 3701), Dublanc {Hodge 2550), Fond Figues River {Ernst 1455), GoodwiU {Wilbur 7581), Milton {Hodge 2922), Mome Daniel {Kimber 1074), Pont Casse {Ernst 1240), Roseau {Anderson s.n., 31 Aug 1965). The Dominican specimens, indeed most West Indian materials of this species (at US), fall into this variety. Typical C. pallida, with larger leaflets broadest near the middle and tapering to the apex, occurs mostly in Jamaica with a few specimens from Cuba. Crotalaria retusa Crotalaria retusa Linnaeus, 1753:715. — Senn, 1939:327. Glaucous subshrub with striate stems; leaves simple, oblanceolate, rounded to retuse at apex; stipules minute. deciduous; inflorescence terminal; calyx pubescent; pods erect or spreading. Pantropical; common field and roadside weed at low elevations all over Dominica: Cabrit Swamp {Whitefoord 4053), Castaways Hotel {Stern & Wasshausen 2427), Dublanc {Whitefoord 4284), Fond Figues River {Ernst 1454), Goodwill {Hodge 603, Wilbur 7579), Marigot {Hodge 601), Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2691), Ridgefield {Hodge 2141), Roseau {Hodge 600), Roseau Valley {Fairchild 2823), Scotts Head {Wilbur 7599), Sylvania {Hodge 1246), Wooten Waven {Hodge 602), sine loc. {Cooley 8770). Similar to C. spectabilis but lacking stipules. Crotalaria spectabilis Crotalaria spectabilis ^o\h, 1821:341. — Senn, 1939:326. Yellow sweet pea. Robust subshrub, leaf simple; stipules persistent, ovate to deltoid, reflexed; inflorescence terminal; pods spreading to declinate. Asia, introduced into neotropics; common roadside weed in lowlands of Dominica; Bibiay {DeFilipps 188), Coulibistrie {Wilbur 8136), Fond Figues River {Ernst 1241), Mome Plaisance Estate {Whitefoord 4481), Ridgefield {Hodge 2142), Wooten Waven {Hodge 605), sine loc. {Bassett 3 at K). Similar to C. retusa but with persistent stipules. The Bassett specimen was collected as C. sericea Roth (non Burman) as introduced for a cover crop. Crotalaria stipularia Crotalaria stipularia Desvaux, 1814:76. — Senn, 1939:332. Plants pubescent; leaves simple; stipules large, foliaceous, decurrent below with free, incurving apices above; inflores- cence axillary, elongate but few-flowered. South American species extending into Hispaniola; dry lowlands of Dominica: Bellevue {Eggers 830), Grand Savanne {Lloyd 835, Nicolson 1943), Soufriere Village {Lloyd 432), sine loc. {Bryant s.n. 1905 at K (misidentified as C. sagittalis L.)). There are problems with the nomenclature of the infraspeci- fic taxa. Even their taxonomy is suspect, largely involving size differences that may be more environmentally than genetically determined. Crotalaria verrucosa Crotalaria verrucosa Linnaeus, 1753:715. — Senn, 1939:325. Stem 4-angled, leaves simple, broadly ovate; stipules persistent, lunate, deflexed; flowers blue (ours); inflorescence terminal; pod many-seeded, stipitate. Old World, introduced in New World; roadside weed in Dominica: Imperial Road near coast {Lloyd 781), Lime Exp. Station {Bassett 8 at K), Pringles Bay {Whitefoord 3738), Roseau -Canefield {Hodge 604). NUMBER 77 Fabaceae 101 Dalbergia Linnaeus f., nom. cons. (Faboid) Dalbergia ecastaphyllum Dalbergia ecastaphyllum (Linnaeus) Taubert in Engler & Pranll, 1894, III(3):335. Hedysarum ecastaphyllum Linnaeus, 1759a; 1169. Heavy scrambling shrub with simple leaves (very rarely leaflets, 5 on same plant and alternate); flowers white; stamens, by my dissections, diadelphous (5+5), opening by a terminal slit; pod 1 -seeded, leathery, orbicular, flat, indehiscent. Neotropics and west Africa; common in littoral woodlands of Dominica: Cabrits Swamp {Hodge 606, 607, 3729, Nicolson 1881, Whitefoord 4068, Wilbur 8260), Castle Bruce {Ernst 1467, Wilbur 7985), Castaways Hotel {Stern & Wasshausen 2431), Hatton Garden {Hodge 2959), L’Anse Noire {Wilbur 7514), La Plaine {Ernst 1922), Melville Hall Airport {Gillis 8208), Rosalie {Chambers 2721). This species was reported for Dominica from an Imray collection under the misidentification ‘'Hecastophyllum brownei Pers.” by Grisebach (1860:202). Velez (1957:100) also cited this species under another misidentification, “Dal- bergia monetaria Lf.” Similar Machaerium lunatum (Linnaeus f.) Ducke grows in similar habitats and could be found in Dominica. It would key here but the stems are armed with stipular spines and the fruit is curved. Delonix Rafinesque (Caesalpinoid) Delonix regia Delonix regia (W. Hooker) Rafinesque, 1837, FI. Tellur., 2:92. Poinciana regia Bojer ex W. Hooker, 1829a. Flamboyant, flame tree, royal poinciana. Trees with ~15 pairs of pinnae, each with -20 pairs of leaflets; flowers showy, scarlet, -5 cm across; stamens 10; fruit pendant, woody, sword-like, -60 cm x 6 cm. Madagascar but widely introduced in tropics; cultivated and apparently naturalizing in dry areas of west coast on Dominica: slopes above Mero and Salisbury {Ernst 1422A), Roseau Botanic Gardens {Hodge 932), Hatton Gardens {Hodge 3299). Howering May-July. Desmanthus Willdenow, nom. cons. (Mimosoid) Desmanthus virgatus Desmanthus virgatus (Linnaeus) WiUdenow, 1806, 4(2): 1047. Mimosa virgata Linnaeus, 1753:519. Herbaceous shrub to 1.5 m; leaves with 2-4 pairs of pinnae (with a conspicuous petiolar gland just below the first pinnae), leaflets -10 pairs; flowers white; stamens 10, about twice as long as petals, filaments free, anthers lacking an apical gland; pods clustered, narrowly linear, valves not separating from sutures; seeds lengthwise or very oblique to sutures. Neotropics but spread in Old World; locally common in dry slopes, woodlands, and roadsides of Dominica: East Cabrit {Hodge 3713), Coulibistrie {Wilbur 8336), Dublanc {White- foord 4274), Grand Bay {Wilbur 7901), Cocoa Center ridges {Ernst 1533). We do not seem to have the smaller, prostrate element, D. virgatus var. depressus (Willdenow) B.L. Turner, which may be an ecological form. Desmodium Desvaux, nom. cons. (Faboid) Suffrutescent herbs with 3-foliolate stipellate leaves and a jointed pod (loment) with flat joints (segments). 1. Flowers 1-4, axillary (or leaf-opposed); leaflets <1 cm long D. triflorum 1. Rowers many, in terminal or axillary racemes or panicles; leaflets >1 cm long. 2. Fruit unequally notched at joints (upper margin almost straight). 3. Fruit typically 4-more-segmented . . . D. incanum 3. Fruit typically 1-3-segmented. 4. Plants tap-rooted; leaflet apices rounded to emargi- nate; stipules persistent, free . . . D. adscendens 4. Plants rooting at nodes; leaflet apices acute to obtuse; stipules deciduous, united at first D. axillare 2. Fruits equally notched at joints. 5. Fruit segments about 2x longer than broad D. scorpiurus 5. Fruit segments about as long as broad. 6. Stem procumbent; stipules subulate; leaflets usu- ally with midrib area distinctly paler above .... D. procumbens 6. Stem erect; stipules semicordate, broadly lanceo- late; leaflets uniformly green . ... D. tortuosum Desmodium adscendens Desmodium adscendens (Swartz) A.R Candolle, 1825, 2:332. Hedysarum adscendens Swam, 1788:106. Sweetheart. Taprooted, diffuse or ascending herb; stipules free, linear, persistent; leaflets rounded, the terminal petiolule longest; upper margin or loment straight, segments 4 or fewer, on a short pedicel. Neotropics, Asia, and Africa; common weed in disturbed areas of Dominica: Atkinson {Hodge 2471, 3384), Grand Bay road {Ernst 1625), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3550, 3686), Laudat {Hodge 1852, 1872), LTmprevue {Hodge 1286), Lisdara {Hodge 625, 630, 2471), Portsmouth swamp {Hodge 629), 102 Fabaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Ridgefield {Hodge 2174), South Chiltem {Hodge 1468), Sylvania {Cooper 20, Hodge 1139, 3982), Syndicate {White- foord 3562), Wallhouse {Eggers 536). Hodge and Taylor (1957:563) reported Hodge 3384 as used in a decoction for treatment of gonorrhea but under a misidentification, D. axillare var. axillare. Desmodium axillare Desmodium axillare (Swartz) A.R Candolle, 1825, 2:333. — Schubert, 1963:286. Hedysarum axillare Sv/ifftL, 1788:107. Stem repent, rooting at nodes; stipules connate; leaves long-petiolate, terminal petiolule short; loments with 2 large segments on a distinct stipe. 1. Stems with long, conspicuous pubescence; leaflets acute var. acutifolium 1. Stems with short, inconspicuous pubescence; leaflets rhombic to orbicular var. axillare Desmodium axillare var. acutifolium Desmodium axillare var. acutifolium (Kuntze) Urban, 1905, 4:292. — Schubert, 1941:83; 1963:287. Meibomia axillaris var. acutifolia Kuntze, 1891, 1:195. Stems long-pubescent; leaflets acute. Central America and scattered in West Indies; reported as common along road at 900 m on south end of Dominica: above Pichelin {Wilbur 7608), Lisdara {Hodge s.n., 27 Aug 1937, Hodge 618). Desmodium axillare var. axillare Desmodium axillare var. axillare. Tick trefoil, cacoyer. Stems short-pubescent; leaflets rounded to obtuse at apex. Neotropics; weedy along roads in Dominica: Carib Reserve {Hodge 3232), Deux Branches {Hodge 3005), Grand Bay {Eggers 537, Ernst 1604), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3687), Pointe Guignard {Wilbur 7621), South Chiltem {Hodge 3879), Trafalgar Falls road {Whitefoord 4585), sine loc. {Fishlock 23, 60). Hodge and Taylor (1957:563) reported this species and its common names as used in making a decoction for treatment of gonorrhea by Caribs, based on Hodge 3384. That collection is Desmodium adscendens, q.v. Desmodium incanum Desmodium incanum A.P. Candolle, 1825, 2:332. — Benlham in Martius, 1859, 15:98.— Grisebach, 1860:186.— Nicolson, 1978b:365.— Howard, 1988, 4:480. Hedysarum racemosum Aublet, 1775:774, non D. racemosum A.P. Candolle. Hedysarum incanum Swartz, 1788:107, non Thunberg. Hedysarum supinum Swartz, 1788:106, non Chaix ex ViUars. Hedysarum canum GmeUn, 1792:1 125, nom. iUeg. [incl. type of H. racemosum Aublet]. Hedysarum racemiferum Gmelin, 1792:1225, nom. iUeg. [incl. type of H. racemosum Aublet]. Aeschynomene spicata Poiret in Lamarck, 1797, Encycl., 4:452, “Aeschi- nomene," non Desmodium spicatum Rehder. Desmodium supinum A.P. Candolle, 1825, 2:332, nom. iUeg. [incl. type of Aeschynomene spicata Poiret]. Meibomia incana (A.P. Candolle) Vail, 1892 [Apr]: 118, nom. iUeg. [incl. type of Hedysarum racemosum Aublet]. Meibomia supina Britton in Morong & Britton, 1892 [Dec]:83, nom. illeg. [incl. type of Desmodium incanum A.P. Candolle and Hedysarum racemosum Aublet]. Desmodium canum Schinz & TheUung in ScheUenberg et al.. 1913:371. — TheUung, 1913:428.— Schubert, 1943:423.— ExeU, 1944:156.— Schubert in Milne-Redhead & Polhill, 1971, Legum. Subfam. Papil. 1:456, nom. iUeg. [incl. type of Desmodium incanum A.P. CandoUe]. Suffmtescent, puberulent herb; stipules connate below, persistent; petioles short, usually <2 cm, terminal petiolule long, usually >0.5 cm; leaflets variable on the same plant, from rotund to lanceolate, mostly elliptic, pale beneath, sometimes mottled above; loments short stipitate, 4-7-jointed, the upper margin straight, the lower deeply undulate. Pantropical weed; scattered in lowlands of Dominica: Atkinson {Hodge 3388), Baiac {Whitefoord 5461), Cabrits {Hodge 3877, Howard 11715), Grand Bay road {Ernst 1602), Layou mouth {Hodge 628), Lisdara {Hodge 626), Roseau {Hodge 627), South Chiltem {Hodge 1530) Syndicate {White- foord 4441). Our material is the 3-foliolate broad-leaved typical form. Adjanohoun et al. (1985: 1 5 1 , pi. 118) reported (as D. canum) medicinal uses. Most authors dealing with this taxon for the past 80 years have attempted to adopt the epithet of the earliest available name. The Code, however, has three requirements for a correct epithet; it must not only be part of the earliest available name, but that name must also be legitimate (Arts. 1 1.3, 45.3, and 67, Note 1, ICBN). This fact, coupled with the procedures for handling names with illegitimate “basionyms” of the Note under Article 72, establishes that D. incanum A.P. Candolle (1825) is the earliest available legitimate name for this species (see Nicolson 1978:365) in Desmodium. Desmodium procumbens Desmodium procumbens (Miller) Hitchcock, 1893:76. — Schubert, 1940. Hedysarum procumbens MiUer, 1768. Hedysarum spirale Swartz, 1788:107, nom. iUeg. [incl. H. procumbens Miller]. Desmodium spirale A.R Candolle, 1825, 2:332, nom. iUeg. [incl. H. procumbens MRler]. Slender annual herb; stipule free, filiform, persistent; petiole to 3 cm long, terminal petiolules -1 cm long, leaflets lanceolate to ovate; loment 2-8-jointed, both margins ± equally notched. Scattered in the tropics; reported for Dominica by Velez (1957:100) on the basis of a distribution note in Britton and Wilson (1925, 5:194) “Cuba to Trinidad.” Not cited for Dominica by Schubert (1940), but collections from Martinique NUMBER 77 Fabaceae 103 and Guadeloupe are at US. Expected on Dominica, but no collections yet seen. Desmodium scorpiurus Desmodium scorpiurus (Swartz) Desvaux, 1813:122. Hedysarum scorpiurus Swam, 1788:107. Meibomia scorpiurus (Swartz) Kuntze, 1891, 1:198. Subshrub with prostrate to spreading branches; stipules semicordate-acuminate, <0.5 cm long, persistent; petiole to 2 cm long, terminal petiolule <1 cm long; leaflets elliptic, rounded at both ends; pedicels <1 cm long; loment ± sessile, margins equally notched into 4-7 joints that are about twice as long as broad. Neotropical weed; occasional in Dominica: Cabrit Swamp {Whitefoord 4048), Roseau {Ernst 2152). Desmodium tortuosum Desmodium tortuosum (Swartz) A.P. CandoUe, 1825, 2:332. Hedysarum purpureum Miller, 1768. Hedysarum tortuosum Swartz, 1788:107. Meibomia tortuosa (Swartz) Kuntze, 1891, 1:198. Meibomia purpurea (Miller) VaU in Small, 1903:639. Desmodium purpureum (Miller) Fawcett & Rendle, 1920, 4(2), non Hooker & AmotL Erect, branched herb, stipules deciduous, auriculate at base; petioles long, the terminal petiolule typically >1 cm; leaflets inconspicuously puberulent below, rounded; pedicels filiform, >1 cm long; loment ± sessile, 3-6-jointed, often much twisted, both margins deeply undulate. Florida into northern South America and in Africa; western lowlands of Dominica: Grand Savanne (Ernst 2124), lower Layou valley (Ernst 1505). Desmodium triflorum Desmodium triflorum (Linnaeus) A.R Candolle, 1825, 2:334. Hedysarum triflorum Linnaeus, 1753:749. Sagotia triflora (Linnaeus) Duchassaing & Walpers, 1 850:738. Meibomia triflora (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 1891, 1:197. Diffuse or prostrate, pubescent herbs; stipules lanceolate, persistent; petioles short, ~1 cm; leaflets small, <1 cm long, obovate; loment sessile with upper margin straight and lower margin crenate, joints 3-6. Pantropical; roadside weed in Dominica in dry places: Grand Savanne (Ernst 2127), La Plaine (Whitefoord 5385), Mome [Bruce in Roseau?] (Fairchild 2782), Scotts Head (Whitefoord I 5130). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:151, pi. 118) reported medicinal uses. Dioclea Kunth (Faboid) Dioclea mollicoma ; Dioclea mollicoma Ducke, \941:\9. Dioclea reflexa sensu Urban, 1900, 1:473, as to Dominican specimen, non J. Hooker. Woody vine; stipules peltate, acute; leaflets 3, large, 8-16 cm X 5-10 cm, thinly pilose; inflorescence racemose and nodose; bracts linear-lanceolate, reflexed, 1.5-2 cm long, deciduous; calyx 4-lobed, 1.5 cm long, silky; petals ± equal, standard reddish violet with yellow spot at base; vexillary stamen ± united; pod ± compressed, the upper margin thickened, 9-13 cm x 4-6 cm, 1-4-seeded; seeds 2-3 cm long, rounded. Apparently scattered in tropics; only once collected on Dominica: Layou (“Laion”) River Flats (Ramage s.n., 18 Jun 1888 at K (det. R.H. Maxwell, 1968)). Sometimes cultivated for its rotenone concentration. Dussia Krug & Urban ex Taubert (Faboid) Dussia martinicensis Dussia martinicensis Krug & Urban ex Taubert in Engler & Prantl, 1892, IH(3): 193.— Rudd, 1963:255. Pommier. Immense buttressed tree with smooth, tan bark and white interior; stipules and stipels lacking; leaflets 7-13, 4-15 cm x 3-8 cm, ovate, glabrous above, crisped-pubescent below; inflorescence ± terminal, racemose; calyx ± oblique, 5-toothed; petals whitish, standard pubescent on back, green at center surrounded by pink; stamens 10, 9 united at base; pods 1-2-seeded, yellowish, usually persisting on tree after drop- ping the large (2.5-1.5 cm x 1.5-2 cm) red-skinned green seeds. Several Lesser Antilles and northeastern Venezuela; a common (but hard to collect) tree in interior rain forests: Deux Branches (Ernst 1760, Nicolson 2014), upper Layou Valley at 460 m (Nicolson 4182), Syndicate Estate (DHN!). Rowers in late June. Seeds dropped in late May. Parrots (and agouti?) gnaw the thin, red seed cover and leave the green seeds. Chromosomes were counted as n = 14 on the Ernst collection. Entada Adanson (Mimosoid) High climbing vines with bipinnate leaves; flowers polyga- mous in spiciform racemes; calyx 5-toothed; petals equal; stamens 10, distinct, slightly exserted, the anther with a terminal gland; pod very large, flattened, transversely jointed within the continuous margins, the joints woody separating from each other and leaving the persistent border (replum); seeds large, orbicular. Entada gigas (Linnaeus) Fawcett & Rendle might be found on Dominica. It has an enormous, woody fruit and only 1-2 pairs of pinnae, and a 0-1 -branched inflorescence. The above species have coriaceous pods, 2-more pairs of pinnae, and much-branched inflorescences. 104 Fabaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 1. Leaflets 10-20 pairs on each pinna, ~1 cm long E. polyphylla 1. Leaflets 6-8 pairs on each pinna, -2.5 cm long E. polystachya Entada polyphylla Entada polyphylla Bentham, 1840:133. Entadopsis polyphylla (Bentham) Britton in North Amer. H., 1928, 23:191. Liane pak, liane paques. Puerto Rico to Brazil; 100-300 m on east side of Dominica: Carib Reserve {StehU 6376, 6417), sterile but a new record. Entada polystachya Entada polystachya (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle, 1825, 2:424. Mimosa polystachya Linnaeus, 1753:520, “polystochia." Entadopsis polystachya (Linnaeus) Britton in North Amer. FI., 1928, 23:191. Neotropics; only once collected on Dominica: sine loc. {Imray 185 at K). Erythrina Linnaeus (Faboid) Erythrina poeppigiana (Walpers) Cook has been collected in cultivation with cocoa at Clarke Hall {Chambers 2704) and below Springfield {Nicolson 4090, Whitefoord 5836). It has a rather narrowly obovate standard almost equaled by the narrow keel and tiny wings; the stipels are large; the pod is chartaceous with brown seeds. Erythrina corallodendron Erythrina corallodendron Liimaeus, 1753:706. — Krukoff, 1939:272. — Krukoff & Bameby, 1974:399. Bois immortelle, immortelle, coral tree. Tree to 3 m; leaflets 3, rhombic, stipels inconspicuous; calyx truncate; standard narrow, to 5 cm long, the free keel petals and wings -1 cm long; pods linear, strongly constricted between seeds; seeds solid red (in Ernst 1988, Whitefoord 5780, Wilbur 8243). Supposed to be native to Jamaica and Haiti and believed cultivated in Bahamas; in dry areas along west coast of Dominica; ridge north of Cocoa Center {Ernst 1988), Gabriel {Wilbur 8243), Grand Savanne {Ernst 1648), Lisdara {Hodge 2474, fl.), Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2685, fl.), Portsmouth road {Whitefoord 5780), Providence Valley {Hodge 2054, fl.). South Chiltem {Hodge 1585, fl.). Flowering February-June, seeds in August-April. I am surprised by the solid red seeds on three specimens, distinctive for the type variety of the species. The seeds are supposed to be bicolored, V3 black and Vs red, typical of Erythrina corallodendron var. bicolor Krukoff, supposedly endemic to the Lesser Antilles. The information on our specimens gives no indication of cultivation, but of natural occurrence in uncultivated dry woodlands. Krukoff (1939:276) reported two Dominican collections as var. bicolor: Ramage s.n. at K and Lloyd 848 at NY. Hodge and Taylor (1957:563) reported that the Caribs use the trees “as living and permanent (“immortal”) boundary or fence posts.” A tea is made from the leaves. This based on a Hodge collection (2054) identified by them as E. coralloden- dron var. bicolor. Adjanohoun et al. (1985: 153, pi. 1 19) reported medicinal use of a leaf infusion to treat wounds. Flemingia Roxburgh ex W.T. Alton, nom. cons. (Faboid) Flemingia strobilifera Flemingia strobilifera (Linnaeus) W.T. Aiton, 1812, 4:350. Hedysarum strobiliferum Linnaeus, 1753:746. Moghania strobilifera (Linnaeus) St. Hilaire ex Kuntze, 1891, 1:199. Zeb crare. Shrub to 2 m; leaves 1-foliolate, gland-dotted beneath; inflorescence of small cymes enclosed by large, persistent bracts; calyx lobes ± equal, lanceolate, almost including flowers; pod short, turgid, 1-2- seeded. Native of Asia, widely naturalized; common in disturbed areas of Dominica: Clarke Hall {Chambers 2696), Lisdara {Hodge 2941), La Plaine {Whitefoord 5366), Mahaut {Morden 2), Milton Estate {Hodge 2551), Ridgefield {Hodge 2122), South Chiltem {Hodge 1487), Wallhouse {Eggers 631). Galactia Browne (Faboid) Perennial vines (some shrubby) with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves; flowers racemose, axillary; calyx 4-lobed, the lobes acute, usually longer than tube; standard orbicular to obovate, appendaged with 2 inflexed auricles, equally keeled, wings narrow, adherent to the narrow, straight keel; stamens 9-1-1; styles glabrous; pod elongated, flattened, 2-valved, several- seeded. Galactia dubia A.P. Candolle was reported for Dominica by Velez (1957:101) based on Velez’s personal recognizance. This epithet seems eminently appropriate since it (and its differences from other “species”) seems quite dubious to me. Dr. V. Rudd (US) annotated the covers of G. dubia as = Galactia tenuiflora (Willdenow) Wight and Amott. Burkhart (1971:709) recognized Galactia dubia and reduced G. tenui- flora to Galactia striata (Jacquin) Urban var. tenuiflora (Willdenow) Burkart (1971:721). Gillett et al. (in Milne- Redhead and Polhill, 1971, Legum. Papil., (2):579) accepted G. tenuiflora, warning that G. striata might be the correct name. 1. Corolla 20-26 mm long; calyx lobes >0.5 mm long G. rubra 1. Corolla 7-15 mm long; calyx lobes <0.5 mm long G. striata NUMBER 77 Fabaceae 105 Galactia rubra Galactia rubra (Jacquin) Urban, 1900, 2:309. Dolichos ruber Jacquin, 1763:204, pi. 123. Rowers bright pink, standard 24-26 mm long; keel as wide as wings. Endemic to northern Lesser Antilles to Martinique; rarely collected on Dominica: Petit Coulibri (Whitefoord 6010), Riviere Douce (Eggers 118 at K), sine loc. {Imray 30 at A, Imray 192 at K). The Imray material was reported by Grisebach (1860:194) as Galactia longiflora Amott, a different species with standard only 16-18 mm long and keel almost 2x broader than wings. To be sought in exposed xerophytic and mesophytic locations. Galactia striata Galactia striata (Jacquin) Urban, 1900, 2:320. — Howard, 1988, 4:496. Glycine striata Jacquin, 1770, Hort., 1:32. Rowers mauve, standard -7 mm long. Lesser Antilles and a new record for Dominica: in aloe field in southwest comer of Dominica: Petit Coulibri (Whitefoord 6011). Gliricidia Kunth (Faboid) There is some controversy over the author and place of valid publication of this generic name. ING {Index Nominum Genericorum) accepted Kunth (1824, 6:393) while Adams (1972:347) accepted Kunth ex Endlicher (1840:1273). On page 393, Kunth (1824) said, “perhaps (forte) to be distinguished (present participle) as a genus under the name of Gliricidia of which the character will be (future)...” and gave a full description. It is tme that the word forte (perhaps) indicates that Kunth might not actually accept this generic concept and it can be interpreted that he still regards Robinia sepium Jacquin, which he cites, as a member of Robinia. However, on the previous page he clearly stated that there are (present tense) only three species of Robinia: R. pseudacacia, viscosa, and hispida and that the remaining species are to be excluded (present participle). . .citing them and the genera to which they belong, including “R. sepium Jacq. (Gliricidia).” In view of this statement, I believe that Kunth does not regard Robinia sepium Jacquin as a member of Robinia but of Gliricidia and accept the description as validating his new generic concept Gliricidia sepium Gliricidia sepium (Jacquin) Kunth ex Waljjers, 1842, 1:679. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964:196, pi. 85. Robinia sepium Jacquin, 1760:28. Tree to 6 m; leaflets 9-more-pinnate, 3-6 cm x 1.5-3 cm; racemes axillary on leafless branches; calyx oblique, ± truncate; standard pinkish white with yellow patch at base. wings oblong, curved, keel up-tumed, blunt; stamens 9+1; ovary stipitate; pod flat, linear. Continental neotropics, elsewhere introduced and capable of naturalizing: Cabrits {Smith 10326), Clarke Hall {Chambers 2705), Grand Savanne {Nicolson 4111), Mahaut {Hodge 1308), Mt. Joy {Hodge 1255). Rowering January-March. Used as hedge or fence plant, also in citms and cocoa plantations. Dried plants have a distinct smell of coumarin. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:153, pi. 120) reported several medical uses. The combination is often attributed to Steudel but Steudel used the combination as a synonym of Lonchocarpus sepium. Haematoxylum Linnaeus (Caesalpinoid) Haematoxylum campechianum Haematoxylum campechianum Linnaeus, 1753:384. — Little et al., 1974:286, pi. 276. Logwood. Tree to 10 m, sometimes armed with single axillary spines; leaves evenly pinnate (sometimes bipinnate), leaflets in 3-4 pairs, obcordate, 1-3 cm x 0.7-2 cm, closely veined; flowers yellow, in showy axillary racemes; stamens 10, free, pilose at base; pod flat, splitting in middle (not on suture), pointed at both ends, papery, 1-3-seeded. Native to Central America, supposedly introduced and naturalizing elsewhere; a dominant of dry scrub on west coast to 200 m: Cabrits Swamp {Hodge 608), Cabrits {Hodge 3732, Smith 10311), Grand Savanne area {Chambers 2712, Nicolson 2151), Mahaut {Hodge 1306), Massacre {Whitefoord 5504), Rodney’s Rock {Nicolson 4032), Wallhouse {Eggers 637). Rowering in winter (December-March). Hymenaea Linnaeus (Caesalpinoid) Hymenaea courbaril Hymenaea courbaril Linnaeus, 1753:1192. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964:178, pi. 76. Courbaril, West Indian locust, kaurubali (Carib). Tree to 10 m with smooth bark; leaflets 2, very unequal, 6-9 cm X 2-4 cm; corymbose panicles terminal; calyx 4-lobed, deciduous; petals 5, white; stamens 10, free, reflexed; pods 10-15 cm X 4-6 cm and 3 cm thick-woody and indehiscent; seeds 2-6, bony, embedded in edible pulp. Neotropics; one of the largest trees in dry scrub woodlands of west coast of Dominica: Bataka {Hodge 3222), Canefield {Nicolson 2147), Carib Point {Wilbur 631), Grand Savanne area {Ernst 1383, 1859, Hodge 3793), South Chiltem {Hodge 1654), Syndicate turnoff {Whitefoord 4322). Rowering in June, fruits in October-May. Hodge and Taylor (1957:514) discussed the timber (heavy but used for furniture), resin, and pulp (eaten by children and used to make a beverage). 106 Fabaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Indigofera Linnaeus (Faboid) Herbs or shrubs; hairs medifixed; leaves odd-pinnate with 7 or more stipellate leaflets; stamens mostly monadelphous; pod terete or 4-angled, septate between seeds. 1. Leaves 2-3(-5) cm long; leaflets alternate I. spicata 1. Leaves 5-10 cm long; leaflets paired. 2. Pods short (1-1.5 cm), strongly curved; leaflets obtuse to acute I. suffruticosa 2. Pods elongate (2.5-3.5 cm), slightly curved; leaflets rounded to emarginate I. tinctoria Indigofera spicata Indigofera spicata ForsskSl, 1775:138. — GiUett, 1958:119. Indigofera endecaphylla Jacquin, 1788, Coll., 2:358, “hendecaphylla.” Prostrate herb; flowers pink, on erect spikes; pods deflexed, slightly down-curved. Old World weed introduced into neotropics; new record for Dominica: Scotts Head (Whitefoord 5550). Whitefoord (1989:145) reported this collection as Indigofera hartwegii Rydberg. Indigofera suffruticosa Indigofera suffruticosa Miller, 1768. Shrub to 1.5 m; leaflets 5-6 pairs, 1.5-3 cm x 0.5-1 cm, mucronulate; flowers salmon-colored. Neotropics, now widespread; lowlands and midlands of Dominica, often in damp places; Cabrit swamp {Hodge 609, Wilbur 8256), Carib Reserve {Hodge 3396), Colihaut {Ernst 1134), Dublanc {Whitefoord 4289), Grand Savanne area {Chambers 2791, Hodge 3769, Wilbur 8342), Scotts Head {Hodge 1619, Wilbur 7601), South Chiltem {Stern & Wasshau- sen 2531). Indigofera tinctoria Indigofera tinctoria Linnaeus, 1753:751. Shrub; leaflets 7-13, 1.5 cm x 1 cm, obovate, rounded at apex; pod slightly torulose. Paleotropics, formerly widely cultivated as a dye source, now naturalized; Pointe Michel {Gillis 8118). Inga Miller (Mimosoid) Trees with evenly pinnate leaves and a gland between the leaflet pairs; flowers spicate or racemose; calyx 5-parted; corolla tubular to middle or beyond; stamens many, long exserted, united below; pod flat or terete and ribbed, indehiscent. 1. Petiolar rhachis winged; legume terete, grooved or ribbed I. ingoides 1. Petiolar rhachis un winged, fruit flattened. 2. Inflorescence to 5 cm long; calyx and corolla sericeous to strigose, staminal tube included in corolla tube; legume with markedly elevated borders I. dominicensis 2. Inflorescence >5 cm long; calyx and corolla glabrous; staminal tube exserted from corolla tube; legume with borders not markedly elevated I. laurina Inga dominicensis Inga dominicensis Benthmx, 1875:612. — Leon, 1966:296. Small tree to 4 m; leaflets in 2 to 4 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, 6-12 cm X 3-4 cm; flowers white, pedicels 1-2 mm long; calyx 2-4 mm long; pods 7-11 cm x 2-2.5 cm, the margins elevated. Endemic; apparently rare in wet interior uplands from 750 to 1000 m; Laudat to Micotrin area {Ernst 1171, 2164, Hodge \ 1924, Whitefoord 4189), upper Layou drainage {Stehld 6330), ! sine loc. {Imray 336 at K, fl. (type)). Ernst collections flowering in August, fruiting in May; Stehle collection flowering in April. The Imray collection was cited as I. martinicensis Presl by Grisebach (1860:227), another high elevation endemic (of Martinique) that has broader and bullate leaves. Inga ingoides Inga ingoides (L. Richard) WUldenow, 1806, 4:1012. — ^Leon, 1966:342. Mimosa ingoides L. Richard, 1792:113. Poix doux marrons. Tree to 25 m; rhachis winged, with 3-5 pairs of leaflets; i. flowers forming a rather flat-topped raceme, pedicels to 1 cm long; calyx <1 cm long, red -pubescent; pods elongate, terete, grooved to ribbed. South American species penetrating the Antilles to Guade- loupe; frequent tree in lowlands and midlands of Dominica: “ Bellevue {Eggers 644), Carib Reserve {Taylor 12), Clarke Hall "1 area {Clarke D6, Ernst 1209, Hodge 610, Nicolson 1803), Indian River {Finlay? s.n., 16 Jul 1792 at K), La Chaudiere I {Hodge 3546), La Plaine {Whitefoord 5363), above Laudat, | -700 m {Beard 654, Chambers 2684), Lisdara {Cooper 183, | Hodge 2352), Mome Aux Diables {Wasshausen & Ayensu 378), 2 miles [3 km] south of Pagua Bay {Long & Norstog 3386), Rosalie Valley {Lloyd 707), Soufriere {Eggers 110), Sylvania {Hodge 1046), Syndicate {Hodge 2707, Whitefoord 4342, 5634, 5958), sine loc. {Imray 340 at K). This species can be confused with Inga vera Willdenow of Central America and the Greater Antilles, which has a i spiciform raceme with almost sessile flowers and calyces 1cm NUMBER 77 Fabaceae 107 long or longer. Whitefoord (1989:145) reported her second collection as first Dominica record of I. vera. Inga laurina Inga laurina (Swartz) Willdenow, 1806, 4:10t8. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964:150, pi. 62. Mimosa fagifolia Linnaeus, 1753:516 [petiole marginate!]. Mimosa laurina Swartz, 1788:85. Inga fagifolia (Linnaeus) Willdenow ex Bentham, 1875:607, non G. Don, 1832.— Leon, 1966:283. Poix doux. Small to medium tree to 30 cm dbh; leaflets usually in 2 pairs, 6-10 cm x 2-4.5 cm; inflorescence of axillary, spicate racemes with pedicels to 0.5 mm long; pods 10 cm x 2.5 cm and 1 cm thick (+ terete), smooth. Neotropics; common in Dominica in drier lowlands and midlands, sometimes planted as hedge row: Calibishie {Hodge 3737), Carib Reserve {Hodge 3367, Stehli 6437), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3524), Coulibistrie {Ernst 1393), Clarke Hall {Ernst 2154, Nicolson 21 79), Deux Branches {Hodge 3493), Dublanc {Hodge 2527), Fond Hunte Estate {Whitefoord 4451), Lisdara {Cooper 185, Hodge 612), Macoucherie {Hodge 3766), west of Rosalie {Ernst 1357), St. Aromant {Lloyd 564), Sylvania {Hodge 611), sine loc. {Imray 188 at K). Hodge and Taylor (1957:561) noted the use of this species to shade cacao and coffee. A tea is made with the bark. Leon (1966:284) pointed out that the type of Inga fagifolia (Linnaeus) Bentham is from Barbados and is applicable to this species (although 1 note that Linnaeus described the petioles as marginate, i.e., winged) and reduced I. laurina. However, he overlooked the earlier publication of Inga fagifolia G. Don (1832) for a different species, which makes Inga fagifolia (Linnaeus) Bentham (1875) an illegitimate later homonym. Lablab Adanson (Faboid) Lablab purpureas Lablab purpureus (Linnaeus) Sweet, 1826:481. — Verdcourt, 1970:410. Dolichos lablab Linnaeus, 1753:725. Dolichos purpureus Linnaeus, 1763:1021. Lablab m'ger Medikus, 1787b:354. Perennial twiner; leaflets 3, stipellate, to 10 cm x 8 cm; inflorescences ± racemose; calyx campanulate, the upper two teeth united; petals white to purple; standard orbicular, wings obovate, curved and adnate to incurved keel; stamens 9+1; stigma penicillate below terminal style; pods rough, flattened, with warty margins; seeds dark with prominent white hilum. Probably native to Africa, now widely cultivated; apparently escaped in Dominica: Baiac {Whitefoord 3826), between Woodford Hdl Estate and Calibishie {Ernst 1837). Leucaena Bentham (Mimosoid) Leucaena leucocephala Leucaena leucocephala (Lamarck) de Wit, 1961:54; 1975:352. — PoUiiU & Steam, 1976:325. — Shaw & Schubert, 1976:117. Mimosa leucocephala Lamarck, 1783, 1:12. Leucaena glauca sensu Bentham, 1842:416, not as to basionym. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964:156, pi. 65. Leucaena latisiliqua sensu GiUis in GUlis & Steam, 1974:190, not as to basionym. Unarmed trees or shrubs; leaves bipinnate, pinnae in 3-8 pairs, leaflets 10-20 per pinna, oblique at base and acute at apex; heads terminal or axillary; calyx 1 mm long, 5-toothed; petals 5, linear; stamens 10, 3x longer than petals; pods flat, membranous, valves with raised margins; seeds ovate, trans- verse. Neotropical but naturalized in Old World; western lowlands and midlands of Dominica to 600 m: Cabrits {Hodge 3705), Canefield {Kimber 1095), Dublanc {Whitefoord 4275), Mome Bruce, Roseau {Hodge 613), Mome Daniel, Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2741), Pont Casse {Ernst 1233), Sylvania {Hodge 3848). Lonchocarpus Kunth, nom. cons. (Faboid) Trees or shrubs (ours); leaves pinnately 5-more compound, stipels none; inflorescence ± paniculate, the pedicels bifurcate (2-flowered); calyx cupulate, tmncate, or toothed; pod oblong, usually flat, membranous to coriaceous, indehiscent. 1. Standard glabrous; leaves glabrous below, pellucid- punctate; pod coriaceous L. benthamianus 1. Standard pubescent outside; leaves pubescent below; pod papery L. heptaphyllus Both these taxa have small, lanceolate bracts (or scars) near the middle of the floral pedicels, which serves to distinguish them from other taxa occurring in the Lesser Antilles that bear orbicular bracts (or their scars) immediately below the flowers. Mario Sousa (MEXU) is working on the genus but, as yet (Jan 1990), he has not published. Lonchocarpus benthamianus Lonchocarpus benthamianus Pittier, 1917:86. Lonchocarpus caribaeus Urban, 1921b:156. Savonette. Shrub or small tree to 4 m; leaflets usually 7 or more, glabrous, glandular-punctate, often acuminate and notched at end, ovate, to 9 cm x 3 cm; calyx truncate; corolla pink to lavender, >1 cm long; standard glabrous, with a green patch at base; pods leathery, usually 1 -seeded but when 2-seeded, constricted between. Apparendy northern South America north to Mexico and 108 Fabaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Antigua; common tree in dry scrub on west coast of Dominica: Cabrits (Ernst 2095, Hodge 614), Clarke Hall (Stern & Wasshausen 2419), Dublanc (Whitefoord 4299), Grand Sa- vanne (Wilbur 7645), Rodney’s Rock (Nicolson 1972), Scotts Head (Ernst 1325, Webster 13441, Wilbur 7603). Rowering May-July, fruiting August-November. Source of fish poison (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:565). Pittier and Urban independently concluded that Robinia violacea Jacquin (from Colombia) could not be identified and each gave a new name for the taxon occurring in the Lesser Antilles. Correspondence in 1984 with Mario Sousa indicates that he regards the Lesser Antillean taxon as a subspecies of Lonchocarpus punctatus Kunth. He did not respond to repeated questions about how he applied the name Robinia violacea. Howard (1988, 4:504) argued for restoring Jacquin’s name, pointing out the need for neotypification of Jacquin’s name to settle its application. He also indicated that Lonchocarpus roseus (Miller) A.P. Candolle might be a correct name for the Lesser Antillean element. Lourteig (1988b: 396) accepted Lonchocarpus punctatus Kunth as the correct name for this species (including the Antillean material). She G-C-, 398) identified the included Plumier element with Lonchocarpus domingensis (Persoon) A.P. Candolle. She essentially lectotypified Robinia rosea Miller on Houston material from Campeche that she does not identify beyond quoting Miller’s diagnosis “...single winged leaves.” Lonchocarpus heptaphyllus Lonchocarpus heptaphyllus (Poiret) A.R CandoUe, 1825, 2:259. — Lourteig, 1988b:397. Dalbergia pentaphylla Poiret in Lamarck, 1812, EncycL, SuppL, 2:445. Dalbergia heptaphylla Poiret in Lamarck, 1812, EncycL, SuppL, 2:446. Lonchocarpus pentaphyllus (Poiret) A.P. Candolle, 1825, 2:259. — ^Johnston, 1949a:154. Lonchocarpus latifolius Kunth ex A.P. Candolle, 1825, 2:260. — ^Little & Wadsworth, 1964:198, pi. 86. Savonette. Tree to 6 m; leaflets puberulent below, obovate, to 15 cm x 7.5 cm; flowers white, <1 cm long. Neotropics; scattered along west and north coast of Dominica at low elevations: Calibishie (Hodge 3735), Clarke Hall (Ernst 1436), Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 996), South Chiltem (Stern & Wasshausen 2521), Sugar Loaf (Eggers 1070). Flowering April-July. Bark of roots crushed for fish poison (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:565). The name L. latifolius published by de Candolle is a legitimate new species name based on a Balbis collection from Puerto Rico. It is not a new combination based on the Willdenow epithet-bringing synonym (Amerimnum latifolium, an illegitimate renaming of A. pinnatum Jacquin), expressly excluded by de Candolle. I fear that Lourteig (1988b: 397) was the first to unite Poiret’ s two equally priorable species names and chose one (L. heptaphyllus) over the other (L. penta- phyllus), upsetting usage initiated by Johnston (l.c.) who first pointed out that L. latifolius couldn’t be used and revived L. pentaphyllus. Macroptilium (Bentham) Urban (Faboid) Macroptilium lathyroides Macroptilium lathyroides (Linnaeus) Urban, 1928, 9:457. Phaseolus lathyroides Linnaeus, 1763:1018. Suberect herb; leaflets 3, stipellate, stipules scarious; calyx 5-toothed; flowers dark red, keel twisted; stamens 9+1; stigma lateral; pods linear, to 10 cm x 0.2 cm, the valves twisting. Pantropical, common weed in fields and roadsides on north and west coasts of Dominica: Cabrits (Whitefoord 3991), Calibishie (Hodge 3145), Clarke Hall (Nicolson 2114), Goodwill (Wilbur 7569), Marigot (Hodge 622, as Vigna repens), Pointe Ronde (Ernst 1562). Mimosa Linnaeus (Mimosoid) Herbs or shrubs, ours armed, with bipinnate leaves (often sensitive); flowers 3-5-merous, ours in peduncled heads; petals connate below; stamens as many as petals or twice as many, exserted on filiform filaments; pod armed (along margin), often transversely jointed, 2-valved but with continu- ous margin persistent. Mimosa arenosa (Willdenow) Poiret, native to Venezuela, has been collected along the roadside near Coulibistri (White- foord 5360), a new record for the Lesser Antilles. It is a shrub with white, spicate inflorescences. The flowers have 4 petals and 8 stamens. I am grateful to Dr. R. Bameby (NY) for confirming the identification. 1. Leaflets rounded; pods not jointed, armed with curved and flattened prickles M. ceratonia 1. Leaflets acute; pods jointed, armed with straight and hair-like spines. 2. Pinnae 2; leaflets in 3-5 pairs, ~3 cm x 1 cm M. casta 2. Pinnae 4; leaflets in 15-25 pairs, -1 cm x 0.2 cm * M. pudica Mimosa casta Mimosa casta Linnaeus, 1753:518. Mimosa dominiciana Desvaux, 1826b:424. Coc chien. Trailing shrub; flowers whitish; pods ~3 cm x 1 cm, with ~4 joints. Neotropics, weed in Dominica: Canefield (Hodge 615), Dublanc (Whitefoord 5525), Grand Bay (Eggers 564), road to Jean (Nicolson 2154), Londonderry (Chambers 2695), Pointe NUMBER 77 Fabaceae 109 Ronde {Hodge 2753), Ridgefield {Hodge 2140), Soufriere Valley {Cooper 140), South Chiltem {Hodge 1576, mixed with M. pudica). Flowering November-December; fiuiting Febru- ary-August. Mimosa ceratonia Mimosa ceratonia Linnaeus, 1753:523. Mountain I’epine. Trailing shrub; pinnae 6-10; leaflets -2 cm x 2 cm; flowers whitish; pods -4 cm x 2 cm, not jointed. West Indies; weed but apparently a new record for Dominica: Cabrit swamp margin (Webster 13314), Dublanc {Whitefoord 4293), Salisbury road {Stern & Wasshausen 2589), road near Sylvania {Nicohon 1864). Howering June and August; fruiting October-January. Mimosa pudica Mimosa pudica Linnaeus, 1753:518. Honteuse. Suffrutescent herb; pinnae and leaflets “sensitive” to touch; pods to 2 cm X 0.5 cm, constricted at joints. Neotropics but widely naturalized; weed in Dominica: Fond Figues {Ernst 1457), Lisdara {Hodge 616), Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2647), Salybia {Hodge 3286), Sylvania area {Cooper 85, Hodge 1143, 1284, Wilbur 7721), Syndicate {Whitefoord 3949). Rowering and fruiting continuously. Used as a “charm” plant by Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:565). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:139, pi. 106) reported medicinal usage and possibly toxic. Mucuna Adanson, nom. cons. (Faboid) Woody vines with 3-foliolate leaves and large flowers in axillary, long-peduncled clusters; calyx campanulate, the upper two teeth united; standard auricled at base, wings longer than standard, keel as long as wings or longer; stamens 9-1-1, alternately long and short; ovary sessile, usually villous, ovules few; pod thick, 2-valved, usually covered with stinging hairs; seeds orbicular, large, with a thick coat and a linear hilum. 1. Leaflets glabrous beneath; stipels none; standard equaling wings M. urens 1. Leaflets pubescent beneath; stipels present; standard shorter than wings. 2. Leaflets only apiculate; inflorescence a loose raceme; flowers purple; pod ± terete; seed ovoid with short hilum M. pruriens 2. Leaflets acuminate; inflorescence a compact, ± umbel- late raceme; flowers creamy; pod flattened; seed globose with elongate hilum M. sloanei Mucuna pruriens Mucuna pruriens (Linnaeus) A.R Candolle, 1825, 2:405. Dolichos pruriens Linnaeus, 1754:23; 1759a:1162. Stizolobium pruriens (Linnaeus) Meddcus, 1787b:399. Leaflets apiculate, pubescent below; flowers purple; seeds almost black with short hilum surrounded by a white aril. Widespread in tropics; once collected (leafless fruit) in dry scrub of northwestern Dominica: road to Dublanc {Whitefoord 5562). A specimen (US) labeled Mucuna pruriens f. cochinchinen- sis (Loureiro) Backer from Guadeloupe {Stehli 5288) reported introduction from Dominica. The pods are white-velvety and without stinging hairs. The complex needs study and I confine myself to three observations: (1) Backer’s forma cochinchinen- sis (as well as f. utilis) was invalidly published in Backer and Bakhuizen (1963, 1:629) for lack of direct reference to place of publication of the basionym, (2) M. derringiana (Bort) Merrill sounds very much like another M. pruriens with non- urticaceous pod hairs, and (3) Lubis et al. (1979, not seen) has evidence that pod hairs are determined by two genes. Mucuna sloanei Mucuna sloanei Fawcett & Rendle, 1917:36. Leaflets acuminate, pubescent below; flowers cream-yellow. Neotropics and West Africa, including Guadeloupe and Martinique in the Lesser Antilles (US); reported for Dominica by Velez (1957:101) on the statement by Britton and Wilson (1924, 5:425) “Guadeloupe to Trinidad.” Mucuna urens Mucuna urens (Linnaeus) Medikus, 1787b:399. — A.R CandoUe, 1825, 2:405. Dolichos urens Linnaeus, 1759a:l 162. Leaves acuminate, glabrous below; flowers purple. Neotropics, including St. Kitts, Marie Galante, and Guade- loupe (US) in Lesser Antilles; cited for Dominica by Velez (1957:101) on the authority of Stehle, but the place of this attribution was not located. Neptunia Loureiro (Mimosoid) Herbs (often aquatic) with bipinnate leaves; flowers yellow, borne on long-peduncled heads; stamens 10; pods flat, oblong to linear, commonly recurved, impressed between seeds, the valves thin-coriaceous. 1. Vegetative parts glabrous; petiole with gland below attachment of lowest pinnae; stipules and peduncular bracts auriculate N. plena 1. Vegetative parts pubescent or ciliate; petiole glandless; stipules and peduncular bracts lanceolate N. pubescens 110 Fabaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Neptunia plena Neptunia plena (Linnaeus) Bentham, 1841:355. — ^Windier, 1966:398. Mimosa plena Linnaeus, 1753:519. Neotropics, including Guadeloupe and Martinique, and tropical Asia; attributed to Dominica by Velez (1957:102) on the authority of Britton and Wilson (1924, 5:358), who stated “Antigua to Grenada.” Howard (1988, 4:370) reported this for Dominica with an exclamation mark. Neptunia pubescens Neptunia pubescens Bentham, 1841:356. — ^Windier, 1966:389. Neotropics, in Dominica on west coast: Grand Savanne {Ernst 2130, Imray 26, Lloyd 825), sine loc. (Imray 28 at K). Our material is of the typical subspecies with 3 pairs of pinnae. Ormosia G. Jackson, nom. cons. (Faboid) Trees with odd-pinnate leaves; inflorescence paniculately racemose; flowers 5-merous, white to purple; standard orbicu- lar, keel petals free; stamens 10, free, unequal; pod oblong- linear, woody, compressed between seeds; seeds shiny, red or red with black. 1. Leaf large (rhachis 20-50 cm long); leaflets >5 cm broad, rounded at apex; pods minutely velvety, seeds 10-13 mm broad and long, red or red and black O. krugii 1. Leaf small (rhachis to 15 cm long); leaflets to 5 cm broad, acute at apex; pods densely velvety to tomentose; seeds 15-17 mm broad and long, red and black O. monosperma Ormosia krugii Ormosia krugii Urban, 1899, 1:320. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964:200, pi. 87.— Rudd, 1965:341. Caconnier blanc. Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe; occasional in rain forests of Dominica from 120-750 m: Bibiay (Nicolson 2072), Riversdale {Beard 240). Sterile material is confusable with Trichilia septentrionalis A.C. Candolle (Meliaceae). Ormosia monosperma Ormosia monosperma (Swartz) Urban, 1899, 1:321. — Rudd, 1965:355. Sophora monosperma Swartz, 1788:66. Ormosia dasycarpa G. Jackson, 181 1:362. Caconnier rouge. Lesser Antilles, Trinidad, and Venezuela; occasional in Dominica in rain forest: Deux Branches {Nicolson 2131), Laudat {Hodge 2037), Castle Bruce Road {Cowan 1621), sine loc. {Eggers 924, Imray s.n.). Piscidia Linnaeus, nom. cons. (Faboid) Piscidia carthagenensis Piscidia carthagenensis lacquin, 1760:27. — Rudd, 1969:490. Shrub or tree; leaves odd-pinnate; flowers pink, racemose to paniculate; calyx shortly 5-lobed; corolla with ± orbicular vexillum, wings falcate equaling vexillum, adherent to keel; stamens 10, united except the vexillary stamen at the base; pod 1-10-seeded, with 4 longitudinal wings. Central America and northern South America into the Lesser Antilles; new record for Dominica on dry west coast: Bioche {Whitefoord 5717), Coulibistri {Whitefoord 5710), Petit Couli- bri {Whitefoord 6034). Rowering and fruiting in April. Pithecellobium Martius, nom. cons. (Mimosoid) Shrub or tree; leaves evenly bipinnate; flowers clustered in heads; petals united above middle; stamens many, long- exserted, united below; pods curved or coiled, the valves thin-walled, twisting. Pithecellobium dulce (Roxburgh) Bentham was recently collected in the Botanic Garden {Whitefoord 6063). It is similar to P. unguis- cati but has a tomentose inflorescence and a longer corolla. 1. Leaflets 3-4 pairs per pinna, rather quadrangular; seeds not arillate P. jupunba 1. Leaflets 1 pair per pinna, ovate; seeds black with red aril P. unguis-cati Pithecellobium jupunba Pithecellobium jupunba (Willdenow) Urban, 1900, 2:257. Acacia jupunba Willdenow, 1806, 4:1067. Pithecellobium micradenium Bentham, 1844:217. Bois cicerou, bois pipirit. Medium tree; pinnae 3-4 pairs; leaflets 1-2 cm x 0.6-1. 5 cm; pods red inside. Lesser Antilles and South America; frequent tree of rain forest in Dominica: northwest. Syndicate area {Ernst 2113, Hodge 2677), northeast {Hodge 3137, 3412, Ramage s.n.), Hatton Garden Estate {Hodge 3020), Sylvania area {Hodge 617, 1013, Nicolson 1865), Laudat area {Eggers 771, 1047, * Hodge 2074), southwest area {Hodge 1652, 2314, 2442). Several uses reported by Hodge and Taylor (1957:566), including fish poison, soap, dysentery, and boards. Pithecellobium unguis-cati Pithecellobium unguis-cati (Linnaeus) Bentham, 1844:200. — Little et al., 1974:262, pi. 365. Mimosa unguis-catiLimae.\is, 1753:517. j NUMBER 77 Fabaceae 111 Shrub or small tree; pinnae of 1 pair; leaflets ~4 cm x 3 cm, rounded; flowers pink, glabrous. Neotropics; common in dry scrub along west coast of Dominica: Canefield (Whitefoord 6084), Grand Savanne (DeFilipps 172, Ernst 1043, Ramage s.n), Pointe Michel (GillisSllT). Pterocarpus Jacquin, nom. cons. (Faboid) Pterocarpus officinalis Pterocarpus officinalis Jacqmn, 1763 [Jul]:283. Pterocarpus draco Linnaeus, 1763 [Aug]:1662. Tree with fluted base; leaves odd-pinnate, leaflets alternate; flowers yellow, standard orbicular; pod flat, indehiscent, obliquely orbicular, broadly winged on one side, 1 -seeded. Neotropics; dominant along sluggish rivers on north end of Dominica; Cabrit Swamp {Whitefoord 4067), Calibishie {Hodge 3147), Eden River {Chambers 2601, Ernst 2090), Indian River {Hodge 3752), near St. Johns {Eggers 777), Woodford Hill River {Howard 11748), sine loc. {Fishlock 15). Rhynchosia Loureiro, nom. cons. (Faboid) Perennial vines with 3-foliolate, often resin-dotted, stipellate or estipellate leaves; stamens 9-i-l; ovules (l-)2; pod flat, 1-2-seeded, sometimes constricted between seeds; seeds with red around the hilum and the rest black or only a tip black, or brown (with black spots) or black. 1. Stipels present; calyx lobes all lanceolate; pods not constricted between brown or black seeds. 2. Leaflets puberulent only on veins below; calyx <4.5 mm long; petals yellow with standard streaked with purple R. minima 2. Leaflets tomentose below; calyx >5 mm long; petals yellow R. reticulata 1. Stipels absent; calyx lobes ovate, except for lower lanceolate lobe; pods constricted between red and black seeds. 3. Leaflet puberulent below; bracts (soon deciduous) lanceolate, less than 1 mm broad; pods glabrous R. erythrinoides 3. Leaflet tomentose below; bracts (soon deciduous) oblanceolate, about 2 mm broad; pods puberulent R. phaseoloides Rhynchosia erythrinoides Rhynchosia erythrinoides Schlechtendal & Chamisso, 1830:587. — Grear, 1978:50. Leaflets puberulent below, slightly (1.2x) longer than broad; pod glabrous, often blackish; seed mostly black with red around the hilum. Mostly Central America, but also Jamaica, Hispaniola, Ecuador, and Colombia; known from Dominica only from flowering material {Imray s.n. at GH) mixed with fruiting material of R. phaseoloides. This record is dubious. Could flowering Jamaican material been accidentally added to Imray’s fruiting Dominican mate- rial, say by Grisebach? This taxon is commonly treated as a synonym of R. phaseoloides (an older name) or R. pyramidalis (an even older name) but Grear separates it. What is called R. phaseoloides in Adams (1972:355) is R. erythrinoides, although true R. pyramidalis also occurs there {Miller 1421). Rhynchosia minima Rhynchosia minima (Linnaeus) A.R Candolle, 1825, 2:385. — Grear, 1978:76. Dolichos minimus Linnaeus, 1753:726. Leaflets stipellate, conspicuously black -resin-dotted below, to 3 cm X 2 cm; calyx <4.5 mm long; pod not constricted; seeds black to brown. General in tropics; infrequent in dry scrub on west coast of Dominica: Dublanc {Whitefoord 4291) Grand Savanne {Wilbur 8351), sine loc. {Imray 22 at K). Rhynchosia phaseoloides Rhynchosia phaseoloides (Swartz) A.P. CandoUe, 1825, 2:385. — Grear, 1978:53. Glycine phaseoloides Swartz, 1788:105. Leaflets estipellate, tomentose below, slighdy (1.2x) longer than broad; bracts ~2 mm broad, oblanceolate; pods con- stricted, puberulent; seeds mosUy black with red around hilum. Greater Antilles into South America; known from Dominica from few collections: Dublanc -Syndicate road {Whitefoord 5704, fruiting in April), sine loc. {Imray 281 at K, s.n. at GH), the latter mixed with flowering material of R. erythrinoides). This taxon has been considered a synonym of R. pyramidalis (Lamarck) Urban, although Urban (1918b:318) separated them. R. pyramidalis has leaflets tomentose only on the veins beneath, the terminal leaflet is clearly (1.75x) longer than broad and the seeds are mostly red with a small black tip. Rhynchosia reticulata Rhynchosia reticulata (Swartz) A.P. CandoUe, 1825, 2:385. — Grear, 1978:1 12. Glycine reticulata Swartz, 1788:105. Leaflets stipellate, to 6 cm x 3.5 cm; calyx about 1cm long; pods not constricted; seeds brown to black. Neotropics; reported as collected on Dominica by Velez (1957:100) under the name Dolicholus reticulatus (Swartz) Millspaugh. 112 Fabaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Sabinea A.P. Candolle (Faboid) Sabinea carinalis Sabinea carinalis Grisebach, 1860:183. Shrub to 3 m; leaflets in 6-8 pairs, -1.5 cm x 0.5 cm, oblong with mucro; inflorescences on old wood, just before leafing; calyx nearly truncate; flowers deep red to scarlet, showy, keel 2.5 cm; stamens equal, 9+1; style subulate with stigma terminal; pod flattened, long-stipitate, the thin valves twisting. Endemic to Dominica, along west coast in dry scrub; Batali {Ramage s.n., 28 Feb 1888), Canefield ravine {Whitefoord 6100), Dublanc (Whitefoord 5705), Mero-Layou area (Cham- bers 2802, Imray 33 at K, Wasshausen & Ayensu 406, Webster 13273), Spanish Mountain near summit (Whitefoord 5660), sine loc. (Imray 92, 93, 102 (type) at K). Flowering February- April (rarely June), the time appears to be controlled by rains during or after the dry season. A showy species, perhaps rather rare. A specimen (Atchison 98) cultivated at Atkins Garden, Cuba, gives the chromosome count as 2n = 16. Grisebach cited an Imray collection of Sabinia florida, apparently Imray 33, actually S. carinalis. Sabinia florida is an endemic of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and differs from S. carinalis by its lavender to pale purple flowers and having five stamens half as long as the other five. Senna Miller (Caesalpinoid) Herbs, shrubs or trees; leaves evenly 1-pinnate; stamens 10, 3 sterile; anthers basifixed, opening by terminal pores; pods inertly dehiscent, flattened or terete. Rupert Bameby (NY) reviewed identifications and an early draft during a visit in 1977. I am most grateful for his invaluable help. Senna bacillaris (Linnaeus f.) Irwin & Bameby (inch Cassia bacillaris Linnaeus f.) is shmbby and has only two pairs of leaflets with a gland between the lowest pair (Botanic Gardens, Fairchild 2765, Hodge 903). Spectacular, yellow-flowered Senna multijuga (L. Richard) Irwin & Bameby is planted in the Antrim Valley (Nicolson 1866) and has >15 pairs of leaflets that are <2 cm long with a gland only between the lowest pair. Senna sophera (Linnaeus) Roxburgh, is very similar to S. occidentalis and was reported for Dominica by Kellogg (in Howard, 1988, 4:428). It has longer (1 cm or more) floral peduncles, a recurved style strongly dilated at apex, and a subterete fmit. 1. Petiole lacking glands; leaflets large (-10 cm x 4 cm), rounded at apex; fmits 4-winged S. alata 1. Petiole bearing 1 -several glands, either below or between the leaflets; leaflets smaller (to 5 cm) or, if larger, then acute at apex; fruits unwinged. 2. Petiolar gland at base of petiole, far below first pair of leaflets; leaflets acute. 3. Petiole and leaflets pubescent S. hirsuta 3. Petiole and leaflets glabrous S. occidentalis 2. Petiolar gland(s) between lowest pair(s) of leaflets; leaflets rounded to obtuse. 4. Stipules deciduous, glabrous; leaflets rounded, not apiculate S. bicaps ularis 4. Stipules persistent, pubescent; leaflets rounded to obtuse, apiculate. 5. Areoles on both sides of seed linear (0. 3-0.5 mm); the 3 larger anthers narrowed just below the apex, forming a bottle-like neck, pedicels longer (of flowers usually 1. 2-3.5 cm, of fmits 1. 5-4.5 cm); usually a single gland between only the lowest pair of leaflets but sometimes between both lower pairs S. obtusifolia 5. Areoles on both sides of seed broad (1. 5-2.0 mm), almost as wide as the seed itself; the 3 larger anthers abmptly rounded at the apex; pedicels shorter (of flowers 0.5-1.0 cm, of fmits to 1.5 cm); a gland between both lower pairs of leaflets S. tora Senna alata Senna alata (Linnaeus) Roxburgh, 1832, 2:349. — ^Irwin & Bameby, 1982:460. Cassia alata Linnaeus, 1753:378. Herpetica alata (Linnaeus) Rafinesque, 1838:123. Ringworm shmb, desay (Carib). Shmb to 4 m; leaflets 6-12 pairs, the lowest pair widely separated from rest of pairs, minutely pubemlent, oblong, the upper pair obovate, 5-17 cm long, retuse or obtuse; fmit pendant, 10-15 cm long, longitudinally undulate-winged, the wings 5 mm wide. Neotropics but widely naturalized; hillsides and waste ground in Dominica at lower elevations: Carib Reserve (Hodge 3400), Mahaut (Hodge 1303). Caribs bathe themselves with the juice of cmshed leaves to treat skin diseases (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:561). Senna bicapsularis Senna bicapsularis (Linnaeus) Roxburgh, 1832:342. — Irwin & Bameby, 1982:399. Cassia bicapsularis Linnaeus, 1753:376. Adipera bicapsularis (Linnaeus) Britton & Rose ex Britton & Wilson, 1924, 5:370. Sou marque. Shmb ± climbing, to 3.5 m; leaflets 3-5 pairs, glabrous, elliptic to orbiculate, 1-4 cm long, rounded; fmit pendant, 6-15 cm long, ± terete. Neotropical but widely spread; in dry scrab woodland at low elevations in Dominica: Bataka (Taylor 143), Cabrit Swamp (Whitefoord 5274), Dublanc (Hodge 2516), Hatton Estate NUMBER 77 Fabaceae 113 (Hodge 2936), Salisbury (Stern & Wasshausen 2592, White- foord 4520), Scotts Head (Hodge 1620), sine loc. (Hodge 2936, Imray s.n.). Cultivated by Caribs for ritual use (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:562). Senna hirsuta Senna hirsuta (Linnaeus) Irwin & Bameby, 1979:499; 1982:425. Cassia hirsuta Linnaeus, 1753:378. Ditremexa hirsuta (Linnaeus) Britton & Rose ex Britton & Wilson, 1924, 5:312. Zepiante marrow, z’herbes puantes (male), kulabule (Carib), nhakere haho (Carib women talk, meaning ants’ hammock). Herb to 1.5 m; leaflets 3-5 pairs, hirsute, ovate to lanceolate, 4-7 cm long, acute or acuminate, fruit 8-15 cm long, curved, erect. Neotropics; in disturbed areas of Dominica; Carib Reserve (Stehl4 6370, Taylor 122), without locality (Eggers 522, 814). This is considered as male by Caribs, S. occidentalis being female. An infusion of the ground seeds of either species is used as a coffee substitute and a febrifuge, the preparation from the “female” species being preferred (to coffee) by pregnant women (see Hodge and Taylor, 1957:562). Senna obtusifolia Senna obtusifolia (Linnaeus) Irwin & Bameby, 1982:252. Cassia obtusifolia Linnaeus, 1753:377. — Brenan, 1958:248. Herb to 1 m; leaflets in 3 pairs, a clavate gland between the lowest pair, obovate, to 5 cm long; fruit to 20 cm long, usually falcate, erect; seed dark, with a linear areole on both sides. Originally neotropical, now widely distributed; Dominica: Dublanc (Whitefoord 4290), Belmont in St. Georges Parish (Broadway s.n. 17 Apr 1966 at NY), Roseau -Canefield (Hodge 595). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:63, pi. 29) warned against confusing this “male” taxon with S. occidentalis, the “female.” This originally neotropical species is easily confused with introduced Old World S. tora Linnaeus. Senna occidentalis Senna occidentalis (Linnaeus) Link, 1831, 2:140. — ^Irwin & Bameby, 1982:436. Cassia occidentalis Linnaeus, 1753:377. Ditremexa occidentalis (Linnaeus) Britton & Rose ex Britton & Wilson, 1924, 5:377. Coffee senna, jumbie coffee, wild coffee, negro coffee, stinking weed, z’herbes puantes (female), kulabule (Carib). ; Herb to 2 m; leaflets 4-5 pairs, glabrous, ciliate, ovate to i lanceolate, 3-7 cm long, acute or acuminate; floral peduncles <1 cm long; styles slightly dilated and only gently recurved; fruit 6-12 cm long, compressed, erect. Pantropical; in disturbed lowlands of Dominica: Clarke Hall (Ernst 1693), Colihaut (Kimber 1065), Delices (Whitefoord 3684), Goodwill (Wilbur 7580), Hatton Garden (Hodge 3030, 3187), Lisdara (Hodge 598), Portsmouth (Hodge 596), Pointe Michel (Gillis 8156), Roseau-Canefield (Hodge 597), Scotts Head (Hodge 1618), Soufri^re (Lloyd 408), West Cabrit (Smith 10328), Bot. Gard. (Hodge 989), sine loc. (Taylor 123). Stehli 6370 from Bataca in the Carib Reserve is mixed, the leaves are S. hirsuta and the fruits are S. occidentalis. Hodge and Taylor (1957:563) discussed the use of this species by the Caribs. See discussion above under S. hirsuta. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:61, pi. 28) reported medicinal usages. Senna tora Senna tora (Linnaeus) Roxburgh, 1832, 2:340. — Irwin & Bameby, 1982:255 [sub Senna obtusifolia]. Cassia tora Linnaeus, 1753:376. — Brenan, 1958:249. Shrubby herb to 1 m; leaflets in 3 pairs, a clavate gland between the two lowest pairs, obovate, to 3 cm long; young fruits to 15 cm long, usually falcate, erect; seeds not collected on Dominica. Asia to Pacific but now a widespread weed; in Dominica reported to form a low thicket: Canefield Estate (Whitefoord 3740). This species is easily confused with Senna obtusifolia. Adams (1972:325) reported that true S. tora occurs on Jamaica (one collection) and on Guadeloupe. At US, Proctor 19847 (Guadeloupe) and Smith & Smith 824 (St. Vincent) are true S. tora. Stylosanthes Swartz (Faboid) Stylosanthes hamata Stylosanthes hamata (Linnaeus) Taubert, 1890:22. — ^Mohlenbrock, 1957:324. Hedysarum hamatum Linnaeus, 1759a: 1 170. Herbs; stipules adnate to petioles, with subulate apices; leaflets 3, estipellate, narrow to 17 cm x 5 mm, strongly striately veined; flowers small, capitate, terminal; upper 4 calyx lobes ± united; stamens united; style elongated, lower part persistent and hooked (hamate); pod 1-2-jointed. Neotropics, attributed to Dominica by Velez (1957:101) based on his own observation. To be sought along littoral on west coast. Swartzia Schreber, nom. cons. (Caesalpinoid) Trees; leaves odd-pinnate, 1-5-foliolate; calyx reflexing; corolla none or of one petal; stamens 2-many; pod orange, rounded l(-2)-seeded; seed black with a large white aril. 1. Leaflets (3-)5-7; petals absent; inflorescence -15 cm long; pedicel 1 cm long S. caribaea 1. Leaflets 1; petal 1; inflorescence -5 cm long; pedicel 2 cm long S. simplex 114 Fabaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Swartzia caribaea Swartzia caribaea Grisebach, 1860:212. — Cowan, 1968:147. Tounatea caribaea (Grisebach) Taubeit, 1891:390. Z ’Granger Wane, coco negre Hebrew. Straight tree to 20 m; leaflets acuminate, 7-12 cm x 2-3.5 cm; seeds black, ovoid, with white aril covering upper one-fourth of the seed. Guadeloupe and St. Lucia; scattered canopy tree in Domin- ica in rainforest at middle elevations; Glasham (Nicolson 2117), Laudat {Hodge 2038), Sylvania {Cooper 48, Hodge 1169), Syndicate {Whitefoord 4399). Apparently flowering in winter, fruits January-June. Swartzia simplex Swartzia simplex (Swartz) Sprengel, 1825, 2:567. — Cowan, 1968:170. Possira simplex Swartz, 1788:82. Rittera grandiflora Vahl, 1798, Eclog., 2:37. Swartzia grandiflora (Vahl) Willdenow, 1800, 2:1220. Tounatea simplex (Swartz) Taubert, 1891:391. Swartzia simplex var. genuina Urban, 1908, 5:364. Abricotier bois, wild orange, z’oranger rouge. Tree to 35 m; leaflet solitary, emarginate, 5-21 cm x 2-8 cm; petal yellow, 15-35 mm broad; seeds glossy black, ellipsoid to reniform, white aril covering central one- to two-thirds of the seed. Typical subspecies in Lesser Antilles and northern South America; common in Dominica in dry scrub woodland and rain forest from near sea level to 500 m: Anse Du Me {Wilbur 8302), Aux Delices {Nicolson 2139), Carib Reserve {Hodge 3250, StehU 6421), Castle Bruce Road {Cowan 1612), Clarke Hall {Stern & Wasshausen 2356), Clyde River Valley {Ernst 1035), Deux Branches {Hodge 3480), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3527), Londonderry {Chambers 2614), Marigot {Hodge 586), Pointe Ronde {Ernst 1567, Hodge 2683), Ravine Sonde {Ernst 1924), Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 3902), sine loc. {Fishlock 14). Primary flowering in July-September, secondary in Janu- ary-December. Our specimens annotated by Cowan as the typical subspecies. Tamarindus Linnaeus (Caesalpinoid) Tamarindus indica Tamarindus indica Linnaeus, 1753:34. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964:186, pi. 80. Tamarind. Thick-trunked tree; leaves evenly pinnate, ~12 cm long, leaflets 1-2 cm x 0.3-0.6 cm; flowers racemose; calyx 4-lobed; corolla with 3 large and 2 minute petals; stamens 3, united; pod oblong, indehiscent with hard skin, pulpy flesh and leathery endocarp septate between fat seeds. Cultivated and naturalized pantropically; in dry areas along west coast of Dominica: Canefield {Hodge 620), Chattanooga {Hodge 619), above Colihaut (DHN!), Macoucherie {Cham- bers 2734), Massacre {Whitefoord 4635). Pulpy fruit good in chutney, drinks, etc. Tephrosia Persoon, nom. cons. (Faboid) Shrubs or herbs; leaves odd-pinnate, leaflets 4-12 pairs, apiculate; inflorescence terminal, racemose; pod dehiscent, not septate. 1. Rowers 2 cm long; leaflets acute; calyx lobes rounded; style bearded T. Candida 1. Rowers <2 cm long; leaflets rounded to emarginate; calyx lobes acute, style glabrous. 2. Calyx and pod densely villous with brownish hairs, calyx teeth broad, shorter than tube except for the elongate, lowest lobe T. noctiflora 2. Calyx and pod thinly villous or puberulent with grayish hairs; calyx teeth all narrow and equaling or longer than tube T. purpurea Tephrosia Candida Tephrosia Candida A.R Candolle, 1825, 2:249. — Wood, 1949:374. Robinia Candida (A.P. CandoUe) Roxburgh [1814:56, nom. nud.], 1832, 3:327. Ti frosia, a pun on the generic name meaning little (petit) Frosia. Shrub to 3 m, branches velvety-pubescent; leaflets acute, 9-12 pairs, 1-5 cm x 0.7-1 cm; flowers white or rarely yellow. Asian but widely introduced for windbreaks and escaping; in western lowlands and interior of Dominica: Clarke Hall {Nicolson 1854), Mome Anglais {Hodge 2255), Pointe Michel {Ernst 1347), Pont Casse {Wilbur 7782), Wooten Waven {Hodge 395). De Candolle validly published his binomial before Rox- burgh’s, thus the epithet was transferred from Tephrosia to Robinia, not the other way around. Tephrosia noctiflora Tephrosia noctiflora Bojerex Baker in Oliver, 1871, 2:112. — ^Wood, 1949:379. Herb or undershrub to 2 m, brownish-pubescent; leaflets in 6-9 pairs, narrowly oblanceolate, 2.5-4.5 cm x 0.5-0.8 cm; corolla white, marked with purple lines and a spot; pod 3-4 cm long, covered with spreading brownish hairs. African but widespread in tropics; cultivated as cover crop and fish poison and escaping along dry west coast of Dominica: Layou {Ernst 1526), Lisdara {Hodge 621), Pointe Guignard {Wilbur 7614), Pointe Michel {Gillis 8135), Roseau Botanic Garden {Bassett 10, Fairchild 2658, 2770), Syndicate turnoff {Whitefoord 4320). NUMBER 77 Fabaceae — Flacourtiaceae 115 Tephrosia purpurea Tephrosia purpurea (Linnaeus) Persoon, 1807, 2:328. — Wood, 1949:379. — Bmmmitt, 1968:240. Cracca purpurea Linnaeus, 1753:752. Undershrub; leaflets 4-6(-9) pairs, linear-oblanceolate, glabrous above, 1-2.5 cm x 0.3-0.7 cm; flowers reddish purple to white; pod 3-4 cm long. Asiatic but widespread; on dry west coast of Dominica: Soufriere {Lloyd 448), sine loc. {Imray 29 at K). The Imray specimen was misidentified by Grisebach (1860:182) as T. cinerea. Teramnus Browne (Faboid) Teramnus labialis Teramnus labialis (Linnaeus f.) Sprengel, 1826, 3:235. Glycine labialis Linnaeus f., 1782:325. Slender twiner; stems villous; leaflets 3, ovate, ± acute, 1-5.5 cm X ~3 cm; calyx 5-lobed; corolla white or pink; stamens united, alternately sterile; pod 3-5 cm x 0.3 cm, the glabrous style bent at right angle to pod; seeds dark brown. Pantropical; reported for Dominica by Velez (1957:101), confirmed by vegetative elements mixed with Rhynchosia minima from Grand Savanne (Wilbur 8351). This taxon was named Teramnus labialis subsp. arabicus Verdcourt (1970:272), the subspecies (Africa and Neotropics) being defined by granulate rather than shining seeds. Vigna Savi (Faboid) 1. Style coiled through 3 revolutions V. adenantha 1. Style erect V. luteola Vigna adenantha Vigna adenantha (Meyer) Marechal et al., 1978:202. Phaseolus adenanthus Meyer, 1818:239. Perennial; leaflets 7-12 cm x 4-6 cm; peduncle stout, ~10 cm long; flowers short-pedicelled, aggregated in short racemes with swollen nodes; corolla showy, pink or mauve, variegated; pod 8-10 cm X 1 cm, straight or a little curved; seeds 10-15, ~2 mm long. Pantropical; southwestern Dominica at 500 m: South Chiltem (Hodge 1577). Vigna luteola Vigna luteola (Jacquin) Bentham in Martius, 1859, 15(1):194. Dolichos repens Linnaeus, 1759a: 1 163. Dolichos luteolus Jacquin, 1770, Hort., 1:39. Vigna repens (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 1891, 1:212, non Baker. Trailing vine; stems glabrous; leaves 3-foliolate, stipellate; stipules not auricled; leaflets 3-9 cm x 1-5 cm, rounded; flowers yellow, clustered in short raceme on a long peduncle; standard -1.5 cm long; stamens 9+1; style bearded along inner side, stigma oblique; pod turgid, elongate, 2-valved. Pantropical; common strand plant in Dominica along coasts: Cabrit Swamp (Hodge 624), Castle Bruce (Ernst 1468, Wilbur 7991), Hatton Garden (Hodge 2962), Layou (Fosberg 48305), Marigot (Hodge 622, 623), Melville Hall (Wilbur 8039), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2737), Rosalie Point (Whitefoord 3732), Salybia (Chambers 2636). Lackey and D’Arcy (1980:797-799) noted that Vigna marina (Burman) Merrill may be the correct name for this species. Alston (1931) separated V. marina from V. luteola. Other species may be found on Dominica. Vigna unguiculata (Linnaeus) Walpers, the black-eyed pea, with auricled stipules, was collected on road beside the Macoucheri River (Whitefoord 5970). Zornia Gmelin (Faboid) Zornia microphylla Zornia microphylla Desvaux, 1826a:324. — Mohlenbrock, 1961:123. Herbs; stipules persistent, attached above base; leaflets 2, to 1.5 cm X 0.7 cm; bracts -2 mm broad, ~3x longer than broad; calyx campanulate, upper 2 lobes united; corolla yellow; stamens united, alternately long and short; loment articulated, upper suture straight, the articles indehiscent, armed. Cuba, Hispaniola, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Gre- nada; reported as common in one locality on east coast and an occasional weed along west coast of Dominica: Colihaut (Wilbur 8270), Fond Hunte Estate (Whitefoord 4455), Hatton Garden (Hodge 2963), Mero (Ernst 1936, 2143). Rowering April-July, fruiting August. Flacourtiaceae (by R. Kiger) Flacourtia jangomas (Loureiro) Raeuschel (including Flacourtia cataphracta Roxburgh ex Willdenow), is a dio- ecious shrub with thorny stems and a berry-like fruit. It was cultivated in the Roseau Botanic Garden and has been collected as a hedge at Clarke Hall (Ernst 1416, 1978, Stern & Wasshausen 2421), in thicket at Mome Daniel (Whitefoord 6060), and beside the Canefield River (Whitefoord 6112). Hydnocarpus pentandra (Hamilton) Oken (incl. Hydnocar- pus wightiana Blume and Hydnocarpus laurifolia Sleumer, see Nicolson et al., 1988:147) is a large tree with woody, spherical fruits, the source of chaulmoogra oil once used to treat leprosy. Several rows were found in the Roseau Botanic Garden (Nicolson 4216). It has 5 stamens and serrate leaves. Scopolia chinensis (Loureiro) Clos collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 908, 968) but was misidentified as 116 Flacourtiaceae — Gentianaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Flacourtia sepiaria Roxburgh (= Flacourtia indica (N. Burman) Merrill). 1. Leaves palmately veined, biglandular above petiole apex; inflorescence terminal; sepals 3-4, valvate; fruit baccate, 3-5-celled, seeds numerous Prockia 1. Leaves pinnately veined, without glands above petiole apex; inflorescence axillary; sepals 5-6, imbricate; fruit capsular, 1 -celled, seeds few. 2. Leaves pellucid-glandular; inflorescence fasciculate; pedicels jointed below middle; sepals 5; petals absent; stamens inserted singly with staminodes alternating; style 1; ovary superior; seeds arillate Casearia 2. Leaves opaque, not pellucid-glandular; inflorescences racemose or paniculate; pedicels jointed above middle; sepals 6; petals present; stamens in fascicles with short glands alternating; styles 3; ovary half-inferior; seeds without arils Homalium Casearia Jacquin Casearia decandra Casearia decandra Jacquin, 1760:21; 1763:133, pi. 85. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964:366, pi. 170. Casearia parviflora Jacquin, 1780:66, pi. 127, nom. superfl. Casearia parvifolia WiUdenow, 1799, 2:629, nom. superfl. Shrub or tree to 8 m; flowers greenish white to white, fragrant; calyx 4-6 mm long, sepals reflexed in anthesis; style simple; mature fruits 8-12 mm broad, white, arils deep yellow. Hispaniola through Antilles to northern South America; in Dominica in west coast woodlands from near sea level to -200 m: Cabrits (Hodge 469, Webster 13315), Petit Coulibri (Whitefoord 6036), sine loc. (Duss s.n.)- It is remarkable that no collections have been made of Casearia sylvestris Swartz, a species to be expected on Dominica. It has a calyx 2-3 mm long, sepals erect at anthesis, a trifid style, and a mature fruit only 3-4 mm broad. The nomenclature of these two species is excessively intertwined, involving easily (and frequently) confused epithets parviflora and parvifolia (discussed by Kiger, 1984:458) under Samyda parviflora. Homalium Jacquin Homalium racemosum Homalium racemoswn Jacquin, 1760:24; 1763:170, pi. 183. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964:372, pi. 173. Acomat blanc. Shrub or tree to 20 m; leaves 5-15 cm long; inflorescence to 20 cm long; petals greenish white to white or cream; mature fruit conic. Neotropics; common in Dominica in dry west coast woodlands from near sea level to -500 m: Badineau Estate (Hodge 2211), Batali River (Ernst 1394), Laudat (Eggers 640), Manicou River (Ernst 1056), Milton (Hodge 2926), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2770), Syndicate (Whitefoord 4339), sine loc. (Nicholls 24). Prockia Browne ex Linnaeus Prockia crucis Prockia crucis Linnaeus, 1759a:1074. — Little et al., 1974:588, pi. 513. Trilix crucis (Linnaeus) Grisebach, 1 857: 165. Shrub or tree to 10 m; leaves 3-15 cm long, serrate; flowers fragrant; sepals reflexed; petals present or absent, yellowish; stamens numerous, yellow; mature fruit ± globose, black. Neotropics; in Dominica in rainforest 400-700 m; Mome Colla Anglais (Webster 13431). Gentianaceae Other herbaceous and leafless saprophytes like Voyria of Dominica are in the Orchidaceae (Wullschlaegelia) and Burmanniaceae (Gymnosiphon and Apteria). All have more than one flower, alternate scale-leaves, and inferior ovaries. 1. Plants colorless saprophytes, leafless Voyria 1. Plants green, leafy. 2. Rowers small, white, sessile, many and axillary Enicostema 2. Rowers large, yellow, stalked, 1-2 and terminal Irlbachia Enicostema Blume, nom. cons. Enicostema verticillatum Enicostema verticillatum (Linnaeus) Engler ex Gilg in Engler & Prantl, 1895, IV(2):67, "Enicostemma" . — Raynal, 1969:79. Gentiana verticillata Linnaeus, 1759a:952. Balier savane batard, balier verveine. Herb to 1 m; leaves succulent, triplinerved; petals greenish white, inconspicuous, persistent; calyx lobes lanceolate. Introduced from Asia, also reaching Venezuela and Panama; common in Dominica in open places near sea or roads to 650 m; Anse Du Me (Wilbur 8299), Cabrits (Webster 13311), Castle Bruce (Wilbur 7990), Hatton Garden (Hodge 3028), L’Anse Noire (Wilbur 7532), Marigot (Hodge 783), Pagua Bay (Wilbur 7529), Pointe Ronde (Ernst 1571, Hodge 2679), Pont Casse (Ernst 1244), Rodney’s Rock (Nicolson 1967), Rosalie (Chambers 2723), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3912). Used by Caribs for ritual baths to unbind spells (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:596). Irlbachia Martius Irlbachia frigida Irlbachia frigida (Swartz) Maas, 1985:410. — Howard, 1989, 6:92. Lisianthius frigidus Swartz, 1788:40, "Lisianthus.” NUMBER 77 Gentianaceae — Gesneriaceae 117 Calolisianthus frigidus (Swartz) Gilg in Engler & Prantl, 1895, IV(2):101. Chelonanthus frigidus (Swartz) Urban, 1902, 3:334. Wurdackanthus frigidus (Swartz) Maguire & Boom, 1989:9. Herb to 0.5 m; leaves succulent, with pinnate venation; flowers yellow, showy (~5 cm long), deciduous; calyx lobes rounded. Guadeloupe and St. Vincent; rare in Dominica above 700 m; cliff edge on Mome Diablotins (Whitefoord 5315), cliff overlooking Valley of Desolation (Nicolson 1953), upper slopes of Mome Anglais {Fennah 16). Rowering November to January. Voyria Aublet Voyria aphylla Voyria aphylla (Jacquin) Persoon, 1805, 1:284, "Vohiria” . — ^Maas et al., 1986:39. Gentiana aphylla lacqfrm, 1760:15. Leiphaimos aphylla (Jacquin) GUg in Engler & Prantl, 1895, IV (2): 104. Leafless, straw-colored herbs to 10 cm; flower single, terminal, with yellow, persistent corolla. Widespread in neotropics; rare in Dominica in dense, humid forests 200-800 m: Carib Reserve {Stehli 6429), Mome Au Diable {Nicolson 1929), Mome Plat Pays {Hodge 1741), Roseau River hot spring {Howard 11738), upper Hampstead River {Nicolson 4233). We follow Raynal (1967) in including this species in Voyria and restricting Leiphaimos to its Mexican type. Gesneriaceae (by L. Skog) Acfumenes longiflora A.P. Candolle, a native of Central America, is widely cultivated and has been found on Dominica near Lisdara {Hodge 833) and at Mt. Joy {Ernst 1280). The leaves are purple beneath and subsessile, as are the violet flowers. Chrysothemis pulchella (Donn ex Sims) Decaisne of northern South America was recently collected, presumably as an escape, in a banana plantation at Syndicate {Whitefoord 3638) and in the garden of a deserted house at Petit Coulibri {Whitefoord 6047). It is a large terrestrial herb from tubers with opposite, equal leaves that are purple beneath, axillary and umbellate inflorescences, showy orange calyces, and a superior ovary. Gloxinia perennis (Linnaeus) Fritsch, sometimes called canterbury bells, of South America was collected in cultivation at Baiac {Whitefoord 5458). It has opposite leaves that are red below, a lavender corolla, a persistent, large 5-lobed calyx, and an inferior ovary. Kohleria cultivars, probably derived from Kohleria bogoten- sis (Nicholson) Fritsch, a species native to northern South America, are cultivated at South Chiltem {Hodge 1542) and Baiac {Whitefoord 4134, 4220) and would key here to Nautilocalyx melittifolius but have velvety-hirsute leaves and stems and an inferior ovary. Howard (pers. comm.) identified Whitefoord 4220 as Kohleria hirsuta (Kunth) Regel. 1. Epiphytic subshmbs or woody vines, rarely terrestrial; flowers usually solitary in the leaf axils; ovary superior. 2. Fmit a fleshy capsule; pedicel 2-4 cm long; corolla <2x as long as the calyx, yellow, 2-3 cm long Alloplectus 2. Fmit a berry; pedicel <2 cm long; corolla >3x as long as the calyx, scarlet, 4-8 cm long Columnea 1. Iferrestrial herbs or shmbs; flowers 2 or usually more in the leaf axils, rarely solitary (in Besleria), often on elongate flower stalks; ovary superior or inferior. 3. Leaves alternate; stamens long-exserted . . . Gesneria 3. Leaves opposite or whorled; stamens included. 4. Shmbs; corolla yellow to orange, limb small; fmit a berry Besleria 4. Herbs; corolla red, pink, magenta, or purple, limb broad; fmit a capsule Nautilocalyx Alloplectus Martius, nom. cons. Alloplectus cristatus var. brevicalyx Alloplectus cristatus (Linnaeus) Martius var. brevicalyx Morton, 1944:17. — Stehl6, 1962c:32.— Morley, 1974:418. Besleria cristata Linnaeus, 1753:619. Pendent or creeping epiphytes, rarely terrestrial; stem pubescent near the apex; leaves of a pair nearly equal, petioles pubescent, blades ovate to elliptic, 2-8 cm long, serrate, pubescent, green on both sides; sepals reddish, ovate to deltoid or elliptic, to 2 cm long, usually shorter, serrate; corolla tubular, to 3 cm long, yellow and pubescent; stamens not exserted; capsule fleshy, white. Lesser Antilles; in Dominica at borders of and in rainforests and mossy forests, 450-1000 m: Boiling Lake {Eggers 602), Laudat & Freshwater Lake area, the type locality {DeFilipps 141, Foster g 48283, Hodge 1757, Lloyd 191, Smith 10214, Wilbur 7408), Pont Casse area {Chambers 2540, Cowan 1610, Ernst 1193, 1283, Hodge 1214, Stern & Wasshausen 2551, Webster 13213, Wilbur 7747, 8180A), Mome Plat Pays {Hodge 1670), Sylvania area {Hodge 825, 3987, Narodny s.n.). Syndicate {Whitefoord 3637), sine loc. {Cooper 43). Materials from Dominica and other islands of the Lesser Antilles fall into var. brevicalyx Morton, distinguished by having serrate sepals <2 cm long. Variety crenatus (St. Vincent) has crenate sepals <2 cm long. Variety cristatus (Martinique and St. Lucia) has laciniate sepals >2 cm long. Howard (1989, 6:343) did not recognize these varieties. Besleria Linnaeus 1. Rowers densely clustered on stem, pedicels to 0.5 cm long; leaves and stems densely pubescent B. petiolaris 118 Gesneriaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 1. Rowers loose on pedicels >1.5 cm long; leaves and stems rarely pubescent. 2. Leaves with petioles 1-5 cm long; pedicels >2 cm long;calyx lobes united only at the base . . . B. filipes 2. Leaves usually ± sessile, petioles rarely to 1.5 cm long; pedicels to 2 cm long; calyx lobes united beyond middle B. lutea Besleria filipes Besleria filipes Urban, 1901, 2:350. Besleria filipes f. latior Morton, 1939:426. Besleria filipes f. glaberrima Morton, 1939:426. Besleria filipes f. pilicaulis Morton, 1939:426. Shrubs to 3 m tall; stem nearly glabrous to strigose; leaves with blades elliptic, to 15 cm long; calyx lobes ovate, 3-6 mm long; corolla orange to yellow, 1. 3-1.8 cm long; berry orange to red, succulent. Guadeloupe and Dominica; in Dominica in wet forests, 200-1400 m; Deux Branches (Ernst 1803, Hodge 2982), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3588), Pont Cassd area [including Mome Negres Marrons and Trois Pitons] (Cowan 1628, Ernst 2049, Hodge 1070, 1424, Wasshausen & Ayensu 390, Wilbur 8092, 8322), South Chiltem-Lisdara (Cooper 157, Ernst 1125, 1862, Stern & Wasshausen 2508, 2508A), Sylvania (Hodge 1103), Syndicate area [including Milton and Mome Diablotins] (Ernst 2072, Hodge 2812, 2918, Webster 13343, Whitefoord 4547), sine loc. (Cooper 47, Fishlock 12). The amount of pubescence on the stems and condition of the leaf margins, by which Morton distinguished the four forms of Besleria filipes on Dominica, are probably ecologically dependent. A specimen collected in Dominica by Anderson (K), attributed by Morton (1939:418) to Besleria solanoides Kunth (otherwise unknown from the Lesser Antilles), has not been seen but may be B. filipes. Besleria lutea Besleria lutea Linnaeus, 1753:619. — Howard, 1989, 6:346. Besleria imrayi J. Hooker, 1878a, "Invay." Besleria lutea var. imrayi (J. Hooker) Urban, 1901, 2:348. — Morton, 1939:457. Besleria lutea var. intermedia Urban, 1901, 2:348. Erect shrubs to 3 m tall, stem glabrous and nitid at maturity; leaves ovate to elliptic; calyx lobes ~1 cm long; berry red, enclosed in the persistent calyx. Antilles; on Dominica in rainforests at borders or wet openings, 100-850 m: Deux Branches-Hatton Garden (Hodge 831, 3437, Long & Norstog 3387), Freshwater-Boeri Lake area (Burch 1369, Chambers 2558, Eggers s.n., Ernst 1853, Fosberg 48273, Hodge 1803, Smith 10213, Stern & Wasshau- sen 2569, Webster 13250, Whitefoord 4140), Wilbur 7451, 8217), Lisdara (Hodge 832, 2424), Milton (Hodge 2556), Mome Aux Diables (Wilbur 8063), Pont Cass6 area [including Trois Pitons] (Ernst 1021, 2053, Nicolson 1850, Skog 1582, Wilbur 8186), Springfield-Sylvania area (Hodge 1335, 3990, Wilbur 7695), Syndicate area [including Mome Diablotins] (Whitefoord 3497, 4104, 4571). Variety imrayi was considered by Morton as the most distinctive of the local varieties recognized by Urban, on the basis of its subsessile leaves. Most specimens from Dominica have subsessile leaves, but sometimes (Hodge 2556, White- foord 3497, 4104, 4140) the leaves are distinctly petiolate. Variety intermedia is supposed to have the leaf-pairs unequally petiolate. Howard (pers. comm.) identified Whitefoord 4571 at A as Besleria solanoides Kunth, a new record for Dominica if true (material at US is B. lutea). Urban (1901, 2:347-349) cited Duss collections from Dominica under the typical variety and under var. intermedia, but none have been seen. Besleria petiolaris Besleria petiolaris (Grisebach) Urban, 1901, 2:352. Collandra petiolaris Grisebach, 1862:463. Shmbs to 1.5 m tall; stems, leaves, and inflorescences pilose; leaves succulent, petioles 2-7 cm long, blades oblanceolate to broadly elliptic, 17-26 cm long; calyx lobes ~1 cm long, free; berry red to orange. Endemic to Dominica in wet forests, from 100-850 m: Boeri Lake (Whitefoord 4167), Deux Branches (Hodge 3129), Freshwater Lake (Wilbur 8200), Jean (Ernst 1819), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3566, 3588), Mome Diablotins (Nicolson 1914, Webster 13326, Whitefoord 3655, 4246, 4569), Pont Cass6 area (Cowan 1608, Ernst 2021, Hodge 1073, 1377, Webster 13216, Wilbur 7795), Sylvania (Hodge 1121). Columnea Linnaeus Columnea scandens Columnea scandens Linnaeus, 1753:638. — ^Morley, 1974:427. Columnea scandens var. vincentina Morton, 1944:13. Scandent epiphytic shmbs, rooting at the nodes; stems pubescent to strigose when young, glabrescent with age; leaves of a pair equal, petioles densely strigose, blades ovate to ± orbicular, 1-6 cm long, usually -2 cm long, ± entire, strigose; calyx usually green, lobes linear-lanceolate to elliptic, usually -1 cm long, entire or basally toothed; corolla with a long narrow tube, 4-8.5 cm long, red and pubescent, limb with upper lobes erect, basal lobe reflexed; stamens exserted; berry white. West Indies and northern South America; in Dominica in wet forests on rocks or trees, 700-850 m: En Haut Jean (Nicolson 4116), Laudat (Eggers 716), Mome Negres Marrons (Hodge 1075), Mome Diablotins (Whitefoord 4393), Roche d’Or (Wasshausen & Ayensu 397). NUMBER 77 GESNERIACEAE — I IlPPOCRATEACEAE 119 Columnea hirsuta Swartz, a Jamaican endemic, was reported from Dominica by Grisebach (1862:465) based on a collection by Imray. This collection (K) is Columnea scandens Linnaeus. Gesneria Linnaeus Gesneria ventricosa Gesneria ventricosa Swartz, 1788:90. — Skog, 1976:72. Penlarhaphia longiflora Lindley, 1827, sub pi. 1 1 10, nom. superfl., "Pentara- phia." Conradia ventricosa (Swartz) Martius ex G. Don, 1838, 4:650. Shrubs, scandent or erect; stem to 3 m tall, resinous; leaves alternate, glabrous, petioles to 4.5 cm long, blades ovate, elliptic to oblanceolate, often falcate, to 22.7 cm long; flowers glabrous, 1 to many, usually 4 on a peduncle to 16 cm long; calyx lobes filiform to narrowly triangular, to 2 cm long, persistent; corolla tubular, 2. 1-3.2 cm long, orange to red, glabrous; ovary inferior; capsule dry, turbinate or nearly spherical. Lesser Antilles from St. Croix to St. Vincent; in southern Dominica on cliffs and wet slopes in rainforests, 60-750 m: Clarke Hall {Ernst 1061, Stern & Wasshausen 2401), Goodwill Valley (Eggers s.n.). La Plaine area (Nicolson 2065), Macouch- eri River {Whitefoord 5973), Roseau Valley (Eggers s.n., Howard 11741), S. Chiltem-Grand Bay Road (Ernst 1616, Hodge 1551, Skog 1583, Wilbur 7871), Sylvania (Hodge 835, 1185). Nautilocalyx Linden ex Hanstein Nautilocalyx melittifolius Nautilocalyx melittifolius (Linnaeus) Wiehler, 1973:307. Besleria melittifoUa Linnaeus, 1753:619. Besleria guadalupensis A.R Candolle, 1839, 7:538. Episcia melittifoUa (Linnaeus) Martius, 1829, 3:42. Episcia melittifoUa f. guadalupensis (A.R Candolle) Stehle, 1962c:32. Skiophila melittifoUa (Linnaeus) Hanstein, 1854:207. Nautilocalyx melittifolius var. guadalupensis (A.R Candolle) Foumet, 1978:1325, nom. invalid, [basionym incompletely cited]. Succulent herb; stem erect or ascending, pubescent to glabrescent, rooting at the base; leaves with petioles 1-8 cm long, blades elliptic to ovate, to 27 cm long, occasionally purplish on lower side; peduncles about 2 cm long, bearing 1 to 12 flowers in an umbel or cyme; sepals lanceolate, green; corolla to 3 cm long, tubular with a broad limb; stamens included; ovary superior. Lesser Antilles; common in Dominica in shady ravines or wet forest margins, 60-750 m: east side (Melville Hall, Carib Reserve, Deux Branches, La Plaine) (Cowan 1618, Chambers 2504, Hodge 827, 2947, 3122, 3241, Nicolson 2058), north- western area (Mome Aux Diables, Syndicate, La Chaudiere) (Hodge 2710, 3555, Wilbur 8062, Whitefoord 3572, 3616), central uplands (Pont Casse, Freshwater Lake, Lisdara) (Hodge 829, 830, 1199, 1855, 2335, Smith 10277, Webster 13253), southwestern area (Clarke Hall, Sylvania, Roseau Valley to S. Chiltem) (Cooper 57, Eggers 613, Ernst 1002, Hodge 828, 1162, 1345, 1144, Howard 11743, Stern & Wasshausen 2402, Wilbur 7673). Leaves and pink flowers are used by Caribs in a tea for colds (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:608). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:107, pi. 74) reported the same. Haloragaceae Myriophyllum aquaticum Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vellozo) Verdcourt, 1973:36. — Aiken, 1981:60. — Whitefoord, 1989:146. Enydria aquatica VeUozo, 1829, 1:57; 1831, l,pl- 150. Myriophyllum brasiliense Cambessedes in Saint-HUaire, 1831, 2:52. Parrot’s feather, water feather. Submersed aquatic with whorled, pectinate leaves to 3 cm long; tips of stems rising out of water. South America but widely used by aquarists and naturaliz- ing; new record for Dominica collected in 1983: small pond in pasture at Canefield (Whitefoord 3745 at BM). Hernandiaceae (by R. DeFilipps) Gyrocarpus americanus Jacquin (1763:282), a widely naturaUzed monoecious tree of the continental neotropics with palmately veined, entire or lobed (not peltate) leaves and a fruit with two apical wings to 11 cm long, has been collected in the Roseau Botanical Garden (Hodge 3942), fruiting in May. Hippocrateaceae Lianas; leaves opposite; flowers 4-merous; stamens 3; fruit of 3 flattened capsules. This family is often placed in the Celastraceae. 1. Branchlets and inflorescence puberulent; leaf-blades dry- ing brownish; floral disk conspicuous (about as high as broad) Hippocratea 1. Branchlets and inflorescence glabrous; leaf-blades drying greenish; floral disk inconspicuous, flat .... Pristimera Hippocratea Linnaeus Hippocratea volubilis Hippocratea vo/Mhi/ty Linnaeus, 1753:1153. — A.C. Smith, 1940:359. Petals transversally barbellate inside; seed wings not thickened. Rorida to Argentina; known from Dominica only from the estuary of the Indian River: near Portsmouth (Hodge 3754). Fruiting in May. 120 Hippocrateaceae — Lam iaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Pristimera Miers Pristimera caribaea Pristimera caribaea (Urban) A.C. Smith, 1940:378. Hippocratea caribaea Urban, 1909, 6:55. Hippocratea volubilis var. caribaea (Urban) Stehle & Quentin in Stehle et al., 1937, 1:177. Petals not barbellate; seed wings thickened. Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Antigua, Guadeloupe; collected (sterile) on top of dry West Cabrit (Nicolson 4205). This species was reported from Dominica {Duss s.n.) “in littoralibus”) in the original description of the species. The locality suggests H. volubilis. The specimen (B) is presumed destroyed. Robinson and Smith (in Reitz, 1971:4) separated genera of this family on microscopic epidermal characters, including Hippocratea (without idioblasts) and Pristimera (with idio- blasts containing angular, plate-like crystals). Dr. Robinson kindly confirmed that the sterile specimen cited above is Pristimera. Hydrophyllaceae Hydrolea spinosa Hydrolea spinosa Linnaeus, 1762:328. Erect, glandular-pilose herb with alternate leaves and axillary spines; flowers corymbose, blue. Neotropics; found in Dominica creeping in sunny swamp: Antrim (Hodge 2503). Cited for Dominica by Grisebach (1862:477) but no specimens located at Kew. The usual Antillean distribution is Jamaica and Cuba. Material from Antrim often involves introduced species. The status of this in Dominica is uncertain, possibly an escape. Lamiaceae/Labiatae (by A.C. Nicolson) Mentha x piperata Linnaeus (peppermint), Mentha x piperata var. citrata (J.H. Ehrhajt) Briquet (bergamot mint), Mentha pulegium Linnaeus (pennyroyal), and Mentha spicata Linnaeus (spearmint) were reported to have medicinal usages on Dominica by Adjanohoun et al. (1985:117-119, pis. 83-86). Origanum majorana Linnaeus (marjoram) was reported as having medicinal uses on Dominica by Adjanohoun et al. (1985:123, pi. 90). Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miquel, including Ortho - siphon spicatus (Thunberg) Backer et al., non Bentham, was introduced from Indonesia and is cultivated. It has a bilabiate calyx with 4 lobes below and 1 entire lobe above and the stamens are long-exserted (to 5 cm), whence the name “cat’s whiskers”: Clarke Hall (Fosberg 48309, Nicolson 1820). Plectranthus amboinicus (Loureiro) Sprengel, a tomentose species, was reported by Adjanohoun et al. (1985:125, pi. 91) as having medicinal uses on Dominica; it is also known as Coleus amboinicus Loureiro. Variegated and commonly cultivated Plectranthus scutel- larioides (Linnaeus) R. Brown (also known as Solenostemon scutellarioides (Linnaeus) Codd) has been seen as Coleus blumei Bentham. Plectranthus verticillatus (Linnaeus f.) Druce (inch Plec- tranthus thunbergii Bentham) has been collected in cultivation at Baiac (Whitefoord 4222). Pogostemon heyneanus Bentham (patchouli) was reported by Adjanohoun et al. (1985:125, pi. 125) to have medicinal uses on Dominica. Thymus vulgaris Linnaeus (thyme) was reported by Ad- janohoun et al. (1985:127, pi. 93) to have medicinal uses on Dominica. 1. Calyx distinctly bilabiate. 2. Calyx lips entire; corolla >1 cm long, showy Scutellaria 2. At least one calyx lip toothed; corollas <1 cm long. 3. Upper calyx lip entire, prominent, lower with 3 sharp teeth; fertile stamens 4, declinate Ocimum 3. Upper and lower calyx lips toothed, ± equal; calyx glandular-pubescent; fertile stamens 2, ascending Salvia 1. Calyx with 5-10 ± equal teeth. 4. Calyx with 8-10 teeth, some unequal, stamens ascend- ing. 5. Calyx teeth 8; corolla orange Leonotis 5. Calyx teeth 10; corolla white Leucas 4. Calyx with 5 equal teeth. 6. Leaves deeply palmately lobed; stamens ascending Leonurus 6. Leaves serrate, unlobed; stamens declinate. 7. Nutlet unwinged; calyx not inflated in fruit, long-tubular (except campanulate in H. sua- veolens), lobes subulate (except acute in H. verticillata) Hyptis 7. Nutlet with fimbriate wing; calyx inflated in fruit, campanulate, lobes deltoid .... Marsypianthes Hyptis Jacquin, nom. cons. Hyptis mutabilis (L. Richard) Briquet (including Hyptis spicata Poiteau) of the neotropics is found on Guadeloupe and Martinique. It resembles H. pectinata but has a calyx tube to 1 cm long, narrow calyx teeth to 1 mm long, the inflorescences are few-(to 8-)flowered and the persistent bracteoles are obovate to 1 .5 mm wide. 1. Flowers in dense, pedunculate, ± globose, axillary heads. 2. Involucral bracts >3 mm wide; prostrate herb H. atrorubens NUMBER 77 Lamiaceae 121 2. Involucral bracts <2 mm wide; erect, sometimes suffrutescent herb. 3. Involucral bracts ovate-lanceolate, membranous . . . H. capitata 3. Involucral bracts lanceolate, stiff-pointed H. lanceolata 1. Rowers in scattered cymules or verticels, not capitate. 4. Calyx to 1 cm long, ± campanulate; leaves cordate . . H. suaveolens 4. Calyx to 0.6 cm long, tubular; leaves tapered to base. 5. Rowers secund, on short pedicels; sinuses of calyx with tufts of white hairs; calyx lobes setiform .... H. pectinata 5. Rowers whorled; calyx without tufts; calyx lobes acute H. verticillata Hyptis atrorubens Hyptis atrorubens Poiteau, 1806:466. Ti baume, menthe grand chemin. Prostrate weedy herb; leaves often purplish beneath; fruiting calyx tube to 3.5 mm, teeth pectinate; flowers white. Neotropics; common in Dominica: Bellevue {Taylor 13a), Delices {Whitefoord 3677), Freshwater Lake {Lloyd 45, Smith 10276, Webster 13251, Zusi 301), GoodwiU {Eggers 108), La Plaine {Wilbur 8167), Layou Valley {Wilbur 8180B), Lisdara {Hodge 882, 2332), Pont Casse {Chambers 2668), South Chiltem {Hodge 1485), Sylvania {Cooper 9). Sometimes confused with Marsypianthes, q.v. Caribs use this in a ritual hunting bath (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:602). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:113, pi. 80) reported several medicinal uses. Hyptis capitata Hyplis capitata Jacquin, 1781, Icon., 1:11, pi. 114; 1787, CoU., 1:102. Erect, suffrutescent herb to 2 m; heads 2-2.5 cm in diameter; tube of fruiting calyx 6-7 mm long, teeth puberulent; peduncle 2-6 cm long. Neotropics; in lowlands of Dominica: Clarke Hall {Cham- bers 2697). This and H. lanceolata are easily and often confused because of their habit similarity. Keller and Armbruster (1989) gave an account of the pollination of this species by eumenid wasps in Panama. There is an explosive stamen release as a petal lobe is “tripped.” Hyptis lanceolata Hyptis lanceolata Poiret in Lamarck, 1813, Encycl., Suppl., 3:1 14. Herb to 2 m; head 1-1.5 cm in diameter; tube of fruiting calyx to 5 mm long, teeth short-pectinate; peduncle 2-6 cm long. Mainland neotropics, Trinidad, Guadeloupe, and Martin- ique; in Dominica at mid-elevations: En Haut Jean {Nicolson 4118), Laudat (Vilez 3588), Syndieate {Whitefoord 3639, 5648), sine loc. {Eggers 883). Hyptis pectinata Hyptis pectinata (Linnaeus) Poiteau, 1806:471. Nepeta pectinata Linnaeus, 1759a:1097. Suffrutescent herb to 2 m; leaves rounded at base; fruiting calyx tube to 4 mm long, with a tuft of white hairs in the throat, teeth puberulent; flowers each subtended by a persistent, linear bracteole. Pantropic weed; occasional in Dominica: La Chaudiere {Hodge 3622), Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2645, Chambers 2656), Syndicate {Whitefoord 4465). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:115, pi. 81) reported an infusion used against fever. Hyptis suaveolens Hyptis suaveolens (Linnaeus) Poiteau, 1806:472. Ballota suaveolens Linnaeus, 1759a:1100. Erect, pubescent, suffrutescent herb to 1.5 m; leaves ± cordate; fruiting calyx tube to 8 mm, campanulate, teeth to 3 mm long, spreading; inflorescence few-flowered, on 0.5- 1.5 cm pedicel from the axil of a leaf-like bract; bracteoles apparently quickly deciduous. Neotropics; on Dominica: sine loc. {Curator, Botanic Station #64, at K). Used as a tea. Hyptis verticillata Hyptis verticillata Jacquin, 1781, Icon., 1:11; 1787, CoU., 1:101. Suffrutescent, ± glabrous herb to 2 m; pedicel 1 mm; calyx tube 1.5 mm, lobes triangular, 0.5 mm. Neotropics; weedy roadside plant on west coast of Domin- ica: Goodwill {Nicolson 1800), Loubiere {Hodge 3860), Pringles Bay {Whitefoord 3735), Soufriere {Ernst 1312), Swamp Gutter {Ernst 1178). Leonotis (Persoon) R. Brown Leonotis nepetifolia Leonotis nepetifolia (Linnaeus) W.T. Aiton, 1811, 3:409. Phlomis nepetifolia Linnaeus, 1753:586, "nepetaefolia." Gros tete, ball head. Erect weedy fine -puberulent herb to 2 m with showy axillary balls of orange flowers; calyx lobes spine-tipped. Native of tropical Africa, now pantropic; along west coast of Dominica: Batali River {Ernst 1406), Grand Bay road {Hodge 122 Lamiaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 877), Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2733), Pringles Bay {Whitefoord 3737), Roseau (Nicolson 2082), Soufriere {Lloyd 485), South Chiltern {Hodge 1541), West Cabrit {Smith 10329). Used in a febrifuge tea by Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:602). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:115, pi. 82) cited several other medicinal uses. Leonurus Linnaeus Leonurus sibiricus Leonurus sibiricus Linnaeus, 1753:584. — Keng in Steenis, 1978, 8:336. Erect herb to 1 m; leaves deeply dissected, light green beneath; flowers in axillary glomerules; corolla lavender, showy. Eastern Asiatic, now pantropic; occasional in Dominica along west coast: Coulibistri {Ernst 1899), Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2768), Roseau {Cooper 134), Soufriwe {Lloyd 413). Leucas R. Brown Leucas martinicensis leucas martinicensis (Jacquin) W.T. Alton, 1811, 3:109. Clinopodium martinicense Jacquin, 1760:25. Weedy pubescent herb to 0.5 m; flowers white, in axillary glomerules. Neotropics; infrequent along west coast of Dominica: Colihaut {Ernst 1661), sine loc. {Eggers s.n., Feb 1882). Marsypianthes Martius ex Bentham Marsypianthes chamaedrys Marsypianthes chamaedrys (\d}rA.)¥can\3it, 1891, 1:524. Clinopodium chamaedrys Vahl, 1794, 3:77. Marsypianthes hyptoides Martius ex Bentham, 1833:64, nom. iUeg. Prostrate, much branched, glandular-pubescent herb; fruiting calyx expanded, purplish, calyx lobes triangular, not setose; corolla lavender. Neotropics; infrequent in dry areas of Dominica; Grand Savanne {Ernst 2128, Wilbur 7632), Mome Bruce {Lloyd 738). This species is easily confused with Hyptis atrorubens, from which it may be distinguished by its linear floral bracts; those of H. atrorubens are obovate. Ocimum Linnaeus Ocimum tenuiflorum Linnaeus (including Ocimum sanctum Linnaeus), with decurrent margins of fruiting calyx not running to calyx base and leaves with more obtuse apex and base, may be cultivated on Dominica. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:123, pi. 89) reported its use in a tea. 1. Leaves lanceolate-elliptic, regularly and coarsely serrate. pubescent O. gratissimum 1. Leaves ovate to elliptic, entire or irregularly serrate, glabrous, except sometimes on veins. 2. Rowers ± sessile; upper lobe of fruiting calyx rotund- cordate, wider than long, margins slightly reflexed . . . O. basilicum 2. Rowers pedicellate; upper lobe of fruiting calyx oblong-ovate, longer than wide, decurrent margins strongly reflexed O. campechianum Ocimum basilicum Ocimum basilicum Lirmaeas, 1753:597. Basilique, basimum. Vigorous suffrutescent weed to 1 m; floral bracts persisting past anthesis; upper calyx lobe broad, winged, and decurrent, shorter than lower lip; nutlets elongate, black. Old World, now cultivated worldwide; cultivated in Domin- ica and apparently occasionally escaping: Cabrit swamp {Whitefoord 4081), Coulibistri {Ernst 1398, 1689), La Plaine {Nicolson 2053). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:121, pi. 87) reported a number of medicinal usages. One collection {Nicolson 2053) would fall within the pubescence and size range of Ocimum americanum Linnaeus (also called Ocimum canum Sims). According to Keng (1969:128), chromosome studies on African collections may indicate that O. basilicum (2n = 48) is a tetraploid of 0. americanum (2n = 24). Ocimum campechianum Ocimum campechianum Miller, 1768. — ^Howard, 1989, 6:255. Ocimum micranthum WiUdenow, 1809, Enum., 630. Wild basil, fon bazin, basilique, fromboisin. Vigorous weedy herb to 0.5 m; floral bracts quickly deciduous; upper calyx lobe broad, winged, and decurrent, shorter than lower lip; nutlets elongate, brown. Neotropics; sometimes cultivated in Dominica: Clarice Hall {Nicolson 2075), Grand Savanne {Ernst 1052, Wilbur 7661), Soufriere {Lloyd 440), Swamp Gutter {Hodge 880), Tarou Cliffs {DeFilipps 160), West Cabrit {Smith 10335, Whitefoord | 3985). \ Hodge and Taylor (1957:603) reported uses for this plant in | Carib good luck rituals, but one voucher {Hodge 3200 at US) is 0. gratissimum. Ocimum gratissimum Ocimum gratissimum Linnaeus, 1753:1197. French basilique. Shrubby weed to 1.2 m; leaves serrate, 5-12 cm long; upper i calyx lip upcurved, much longer than the lower lip, closing the ! i NUMBER 77 Lamiaceae — Lauraceae 123 mouth of the fruiting calyx; nutlets ± spherical, brown. Native in Old World, occasional in West Indies and South America; locally common in Dominica: Belvedere {Whitefoord 3702), Grand Bay {Wilbur 7941), Salybia {Hodge 3200). Aromatic foliage used for tea to bring down fever. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:121, pi. 88) reported medicinal and magic usages. Salvia Linnaeus Two species with red flowers may be cultivated on Dominica. Salvia coccinea Etlinger with a greenish calyx was collected on Dominica sine loc. {Imray 125 at K). Salvia splendens Sellow ex Nees (1821, 2:334) with a large scarlet calyx may be expected in cultivation. The attribution of Salvia densiflora Bentham, with the type locality “in ins. Dominica,” to Dominica is an error for Santo Domingo. This Hispaniolan endemic is not found in the Lesser Antilles. 1. Rowers blue to purple; leaves sharply serrate; floral bracts persistent, broadly ovate and acuminate S. occidentalis 1. Rowers usually white; leaves bluntly serrate; bracts deciduous, lanceolate S. serotina Salvia occidentalis Salvia occidentalis Swanz, 1788:11. Sprawling herb with small, blue flowers. Neotropics; a common weed on the western side of Dominica; East Cabrit {Whitefoord 5262), Fond Baron {Ernst 1612), Goodwill {Ernst 1298), Sylvania {Cooper 86), West Cabrit {Smith 10322). Salvia serotina Salvia serotina Linnaeus, 1767b:25. Suffrutescent low herb; flowers white, sometimes blue. West Indies and Yucatan; in xerophytic areas of Dominica’s west coast: Batali River {Ernst 2121), West Cabrit {Whitefoord 3980), Roseau {Duss s.n.), Scotts Head {Ernst 1967, Webster 13440, Wilbur 7586), Soufriere {Lloyd 414), Swamp Gutter {Hodge 883, Whitefoord 4050). Scutellaria Linnaeus Scutellaria coccinea Kunth, with showy purple-red flowers i and elliptic leaf with attenuate base, may be cultivated on ! Dominica. 1 Scutellaria havanensis Jacquin of the Greater Antilles was I listed by Velez (1957:98) for Dominica. It is a weak herb with I blue flowers and shortly petioled leaves (<1 cm long). 1. Corolla blue to purplish S. purpurascens 1. Corolla scarlet S. ventenatii Scutellaria purpurascens Scutellaria purpurascens Swam, 1788:89. Weedy herb to 0.5 m; leaf blades ovate with obtuse to truncate base and margin slightly crenate; petiole as long as the blade. Northern neotropics; occasional in Dominica at lower elevations: Batali {Ernst 2118), Eon Pays {Hodge 2837), Lisdara {Hodge 2452), Magua {Stehli 6383), Soufriere {Lloyd 480), South Chiltem {Nicolson 2175), sine loc. {Imray 44). Scutellaria ventenatii Scutellaria ventenatii W. Hooker, 1846. Straggling herb to 1 m; leaf blade ovate with ± cordate base and acuminate apex, margin entire to slightly dentate. Native of northern South America, introduced and natural- ized elsewhere; occasional in Dominica at mid-elevations on west side: Laudat {Lloyd 256), Lisdara {Cooper 148, Hodge 2342), Mome aux Diables (Wasshausen & Ayensu 367), Soufriere {Lloyd 472), Springfield {Wolf 2), sine loc. {Eggers 840). Lauraceae An economically important family with beautiful, often aromatic wood but rarely collected in flower and fruit; hence, I find the species difficult. The family is easy to recognize in flower by its unique stamens. The outer stamens open by 2 or 4 valves, which open upwards by flaps. The genera are primarily defined by variations in the stamens, viewed as evolved from an idealized ancestral form with 12 stamens in 4 whorls of 3 stamens each. The outer two series (whorls) open toward the center of the flower, the third whorl opens toward the outside of the flower and often has 2 large and swollen glands at the base of each of the 3 stamens. The fourth series is usually aborted and sterile (staminodia), sometimes absent. Three Asiatic species of Cinnamomum have been collected from cultivation in Dominica: (1) Cinnamomum burmanni (C. & T. Nees) Nees ex Blume, the padang-cassia of which the bark is used like cinnamon, collected at Magua {Stehli 6350, flowering in April); (2) Cinnamomum camphora (Linnaeus) Presl, the camphor tree, collected at the Roseau Botanic Garden, Experimental Station and Mome Bruce Plot {Jones s.n., sterile); (3) Cinnamomum verum Presl (including Cinna- momum zeylanicum Garcin ex Blume), the true cinnamon, collected at La Plaine {Ernst 1911, Nicolson 2051) and Mahaut {Hodge 1304, flowering in February). These triplinerved species may be distinguished as follows: 124 Lauraceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 1. Buds large, many-scaled, outer scales smaller than inner; petioles long (~V3 the leaf blade length); midrib giving rise to several major lateral veins above the middle; plants smelling of camphor C. camphora 1. Buds small, few-scaled, outer scales about as large as bud; petioles short (~V6 the leaf blade length); midrib not giving rise to major veins above the middle; plant smelling of cinnamon. 2. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, long-tapered at apex; basal veins arising well above leaf base, attenuating well before apex C. burmanni 2. Leaves broadly ovate, blunt or round at apex; basal veins arising at leaf base, continuing almost to apex C. verum Adjanohoun et al. (1985:127, pi. 94) reported medicinal use of Cinnamomum verum (as C. zeylanicum) on Dominica. Excluded Lauraceae The genus Phoebe (united with Cinnamomum by Koster- mans, 1961) is similar to Per sea in that it also has an inner (fourth series) group of 3 sagittate staminodia and a persistent perianth in firuit. However, it has triplinerved leaves, a character also exhibited by Cinnamomum. Grisebach (1864:711) re- ported identifications of Imray collections from Dominica under the names Phoebe membranacea and Persea nutans. Both binomials were cited by Mez (1889:202) in synonmy of Phoebe cubensis, although Mez didn’t cite the Imray collec- tions. The Imray collections were cited by Mez {Imray 149, 335) under Ocotea imrayana Mez (1889:274). Thus, the attribution of Phoebe cubensis to Dominica by Mez (in Urban, 1905, 4:245) is apparently an error. No material attributable to Phoebe has been seen from Dominica, although it can be expected. Howard (1981:45; 1988, 4:254) followed Koster- mans in treating Phoebe in Cinnamomum. Cassytha filiformis Linnaeus was reported for Dominica by Velez (1957:79). This is a parasitic, aphyllous vine, like Dodder {Cuscuta) but has the typical Lauraceous androecium with 9 bilocular stamens and 3 staminodes. Although this species is widely scattered and expected, no collections from Dominica have been seen. 1. Anthers of fertile stamens quadrilocular (inner 3 anthers sometimes bilocular in Persea urbaniana). 2. Calyx lobes early deciduous (cupule truncated); fourth series of stamens absent; flowers bisexual or unisexual Ocotea 2. Calyx lobes persistent in fruit (cupule lobed, not truncated); fourth series of stamens present as sagittate staminodia; flowers bisexual Persea 1. Anthers of fertile stamens bilocular. 3. Leaves to 3 cm wide; fertile stamens 3; cupule 2-margined Licaria 3. Leaves >3 cm wide; fertile stamens 9; cupule absent or 1 -margined. 4. Leaves silky-pubescent below; flowers functionally unisexual Endlicheria 4. Leaves glabrous below; flowers bisexual. 5. Fourth series of stamens absent; fruiting cupule present Anita 5. Fourth series of stamens present as sagittate staminodia; fruiting cupule absent Beilschmiedia I Key to genera (including those cultivated and expected), not using floral characters: 1. Leaves densely silky-sericeous below .... Endlicheria 1. Leaves not so. 2. Leaves triplinerved at or near base . . . Cinnamomum 2. Leaves pinnately veined. 4. Fruit without cupule Beilschmiedia 4. Fruit with accrescent cupule. 5. Tfepals deciduous Aniba, Ocotea 5. Tfepals persistent. 6. Leaves narrow; cupule 2-margined . . . Licaria 6. Leaves broad Persea Aniba Aublet Flowers bisexual; stamens 9, bilocular, inner staminodia absent; fruit with an accrescent cupule. 1. Leaves ± verticillate, large (>15 cm long); style 4-5x longer than ovary A. bracteata 1. Leaves alternate, small (to 10 cm long); style equaling the ovary A. ramageana Aniba bracteata Aniba bracteata (Nees) Mez, 1889:66. — Kostermans, 1938:879. — Little et al., 1974:184, pi. 325. Aydendron bracteatum Nees, 1836:256. Aydendron argenteum Gnsthach, 1860:285. Laurier isabelle, laurier rouge, bois jaune. Tree to 15 m; petioles <1 cm long; leaves narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate; fruit 2 cm long. Puerto Rico to St. Vincent; in Dominica on east coast and in rainforest to 550 m: Breakfast River {Hodge 1835), Cahbishie {Hodge 3738), Dleau Gommier {Nicolson 2134), Salybia jj {Hodge 3408), Sylvania {Hodge 1321), Syndicate {Whitefoord |i 5346). Aniba ramageana \ Aniba ramageana Mez, 1889:494. — Kostermans, 1938:901. j Laurier de rose. Aromatic tree to 5 m; leaves elliptic to elliptic -ovate; fruit to j 4 cm long. Martinique; in Dominica in rainforest at 450-1000 m: Carib NUMBER 77 Lauraceae 125 Reserve {Stehli 6102), Freshwater Lake {Ernst 1773, 2177, Stern & Wasshausen 2575), Magua {Taylor s.n), Pegoua River {StehM 7176). Beilschmiedia Nees Flowers bisexual; stamens 9, bilocular; inner staminodia present; fruit without cupule. Beilschmiedia pendula Beilschmiedia pendula (Swartz) Hemsley, 1887, 3:70. — Kostermans, 1938:843.— Uttle & Wadsworth. 1964:1 10, pi. 42. Laurus pendula Swartz, 1788:65. Htrfelandia pendula (Swartz) Nees, 1833a:22. Laurier madame. Tree to 20 m; leaves glabrous, broadly elliptic to ± obovate, to 18 cm X 8 cm; inflorescence and flowers pubescent; filaments pilose; drupe ellipsoid, to 3 cm long. West Indies; in Dominica in rainforests at 650 m: Laudat {Hodge 1958), Sylvania {Beard 636, 1454). Endlicheria Nees, nom. cons. Rowers unisexual; stamens 9, bilocular, staminodes absent; fruit with accrescent cupule. Endlicheria sericea Endlicheria sericea Nees, 1833b:38. — Kostermans, 1937:545. Aydendron sericeum (Nees) Grisebach, 1860:284. Bois marble, laurier bord de mer, marbuy, laurier caca, laurier pete. Tree to 15 m or more; leaves elliptic or elliptic -ovate, the blades to 3.2 cm x 11.5 cm, glabrous above, short-sericeous below, the hairs giving a silky appearance to the leaves; inflorescences and flowers yellow, short-sericeous. Lesser Antilles and northern South America; in Dominica frequent in rainforest from 150-750 m: Carholm {Ernst 1950), Castle Bruce {Beard 628), Laudat {Eggers 403), Magua {Stehli 6337), Mome Anglais {Hodge 2252), Mome Colla Anglais {Hodge 400), South Chiltem {Ernst 1867), Sylvania {Hodge 1123, 1317, 3843), Syndicate {Whitefoord 3533), Trace {Cowan 1624), sine loc. {Imray 334 at GOET, 185 at GH). Rowering July-August, fruiting February-May. Licaria Aublet Rowers bisexual; stamens 3 (third series), bilocular, ex- trorse, biglandular at base, the first and second series of minute foliaceous staminodia, fourth series absent; fruit cupular, 2-margined. Licaria sericea Licaria sericea (Grisebach) Kostermans, 1937:597. Acrodiclidium sericeum Grisebach, 1 860:280. Acrodiclidium dominicense Meisner in A.P. Candolle, 1864, 15(1):86. Tree to 20 m; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, to 12 cm x 3 cm; inflorescence multiflorous; filaments free. Guadeloupe to St. Lucia; in Dominica: sine loc. {Imray s.n at K, GOET). Ocotea Aublet Rowers bisexual or unisexual; fertile stamens 9, quadrilocu- lar, the locules paired; staminodes none; cupule truncate. 1 go along with those who treat Nectandra as a subgenus but grant that 1 have had as much difficulty as others in deciding how to apply the stamen character (lead 1 below). I tried Howard’s key but found it no better than mine. It appears that it is hopeless to go on trying to identify taxa in herbaria and strongly recommend learning the taxa in the field. 1. Locules of each anther in 2 pairs, one pair located directly above the other {Ocotea sensu stricto). 2. Peduncles, pedicels and perianth glabrous. 3. Rowers unisexual; leaves long-acuminate O. cernua 3. Rowers bisexual; leaves obtuse to short-acuminate O. imrayana 2. Peduncles, pedicels and perianth pubescent. 4. Leaves without domatia; flowers unisexual O. leucoxylon 4. Leaves with domatia in axils of midrib and lateral veins beneath. 5. Rowers unisexual; leaves to 4 cm wide O. eggersiana 5. Rowers bisexual; leaves to 9 cm wide O. martinicensis 1. Locules of each anther in a linear row or arc, not paired {Nectandra sensu stricto). 6. Veinlets not or only weakly elevated; plants pubescent (particularly when young). 7. Rowers large (almost 1 cm across); plants rusty- tomentose; fruit ellipsoid O. krugii 1. Rowers small (to 0.5 cm across); plants gray- puberulent; fruit globose O. membranacea 6. Veinlets strongly elevated, particularly on lower leaf surface. 8. Domatia (hairy tufts) in vein axils on lower leaf surface O. patens 8. Plants glabrous; domatia absent. 9. Leaves -10 cm long, rarely 15 cm; flowers bisexual; fruit ± globose, slightly longer than wide; plants of dry northwest area O. coriacea 9. Leaves >10 cm long, rarely less; flowers unisexual; fruit ellipsoid, about twice as long as broad, plants of moist interior O. dominicana 126 Lauraceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Ocotea cernua Ocotea cernua (Nees) Mez, 1888:422; 1889:377. — Howard, 1981:52; 1988, 4:262. Oreodaphne cernua Nees, 1836:421. Laurier fer, laurier isabelle. Tree to 15 m; leaf blades glabrous, long-acuminate; fruit to 1.5 cm long, the cupule red, the drupe black. Mexico, Central America, West Indies; in Dominica in rainforest and east coastal slopes at 15-550 m: Clarke Hall {Ernst 1210, 1977, Nicolson 1823, Wilbur 8332), Glasham {Nicolson 2116), La Fanchette {Chambers 2729), Londonderry {Chambers 2609), Petit Coulibri {Whitefoord 4662), Petite Soufriere Bay {Stern & Wasshausen 2466), St. Hilaire Trace {Beard 1461), Sylvania {Hodge 404, 405), Syndicate {Ernst 2016). Collected in flower throughout the year, but mature fruits in July and August. Ocotea coriacea Ocotea coriacea (Swartz) Britton in Britton & Millspaugh, 1920:143. — Howard, 1988, 4:262. Laurus coriacea Swartz, 1788:65. Nectandra coriacea (Swartz) Grisebach, 1860:281. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964: 116, pi. 45. Nectandra sanguinea sensu Grisebach, 1860:281, non Rolander ex RottboU, fide Mez, 1889:460. Shrub or tree to 6 m; leaf blades glabrous above, glabrous to glabrescent below, shining, elliptic, elliptic -lanceolate, or elliptic -ovate, the veins prominent above and below, to 14 cm X 6 cm; fruit broadly ellipsoid, to 1.5 cm long. Caribbean area; in Dominica confined to a small swampland area and adjacent slopes on the northwest coast to 180 m: Cabrits {Ernst 1925, Hodge 3727, 3731, Whitefoord 4043, 5984, 6128), Swamp Gutter {Hodge 401, 403, Wilbur 8262). Flowering April-May, fruits well developed in August. Ocotea dominicana Ocotea dominicana (Meisner) Howard, 1981:53; 1988, 4:263. Oreodaphne dominicana Meisner in A.P. Candolle, 1864, 15(1):139. Nectandra dominicana (Meisner) Mez, 1889:399. Laurier, laurier blanc, laurier cip, laurier riverside, laurier yaboca, laurier zaboca. Shrub or tree to 15 m; leaf blades glabrous, elliptic to lance-ovate, coriaceous, to 35 cm x 19 cm; inflorescence glabrous; flowers unisexual; fruit ellipsoid, to 4 cm long, pendent on long peduncles, the cupule red, the drupe green, becoming purplish black. Guadeloupe to Martinique; common in Dominica in mon- tane rainforest 200-1300 m: Breakfast River {Hodge 1888, 1890), Freshwater Lake area {Chambers 2551, Eggers 658, Ernst 1101, 1769, 2159B, 2173, Fosberg 48281, Gillis 8206, Nicolson 1813, 2110, Smith 10250, Stern & Wasshausen 2568, Wasshausen & Ayensu 312, Webster 13265, Whitefoord 3813, Wilbur 7455), Mome Diablotins {Nicolson 1926), Mome Trois Pitons {Wilbur 8079), Mosquito Mountain {Webster 13537), Pont Casse {Wilbur 7763), Sylvania {Beard 649). Rowering July-January, fruit March-October. Ocotea eggersiana Ocotea eggersiaruiMez, 1889:363. — Howard, 1981:264; 1988, 4:264. Laurier caca, laurier fetide. Tree or shrub; leaves small, to 7.5 cm x 4 cm, with domatia; flowers unisexual. Lesser Antilles; not recently collected in Dominica but reported from La Plaine {Ramage s.n. at K), Rosehill [near Lisdara Estate] {Eggers 657 at GOET), sine loc. {Eggers 988, Imray 127, 147 at K, Eggers 327 at GOET). The Dominican materials cited by Grisebach (1860:281) as Nectandra exaltata belong here, according to Mez (1889:364). This species is part of a complex apparently involving the larger-leaved 0. floribunda and other “species” with small (<10 cm long) leaves: O. dussii (flowers bisexual; domatia present); O. I’herminieri (flowers bisexual; domatia absent); this species (flowers unisexual; domatia present), and even material called 0. eggersiana (flowers unisexual; domatia absent). Only 0. eggersiana is reported from Dominica, although the others are reported from the French islands (Foumet, 1978). Much of the material (US) from the French islands that was distributed as 0. eggersii (sic) appears to be 0. dussii, some {Duss 3829) being syntypes of 0. dussii. Ocotea imrayana Ocotea imrayana Mez, 1889:274. — Howard, 1981:55; 1988, 4:265. Small tree; leaf blades glabrous, obtuse to short-acuminate; flowers bisexual. Guadeloupe to Martinique; in Dominica without locality: Imray 335 at K, GOET. This material was identified by Grisebach as O. cernua. A collection (US) from Martinique {Duss 4562) appears to be this species. A specimen (W) from 100 m at La Chaudiere {Hodge 3507) is doubtfully referred here. The flowers seem quite glabrous but, unlike what I assume to be the case in true 0. imrayana, a young leaf bud is remarkably ferruginous- tomentose and the pistil appears to be aborted (flowers unisexual). The stamens are 4-locular but the lower two locules appear to be latrorse (opening to the side) rather than introrse (on the outer six stamens) and extrorse (on the inner three stamens). I am unable to identify it with any certainty. A duplicate (GH) was identified by Bameby and Allen as Nectandra dominicana, but I do not find that the flowers have the distinctive densely glandular-punctate tepals of that species. NUMBER 77 Lauraceae 127 Ocotea krugU Ocotea krugii (Mez) Howard, 1981:56; 1988, 4:265. Neclandra krugii Mez, 1889:422. — Little et al., 1974:194, pi. 331. Nectaruira discolor sensu Grisebach, 1860:282, non Nees. Tree to 25 m; leaves tomentose, elliptic to elliptic -lanceolate, acuminate, to 24 cm x 9 cm; flowers large, to 1 cm across, outer and inner surfaces of perianth villous; filaments absent, anthers pubescent; fruit ellipsoid, to 1.5 cm long. Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Saba, Guadeloupe, and Dominica; cited for Dominica by Grisebach (1860:282) and Mez (1889:422), based on Imray 214 (K), a syntype. This species is easy to recognize by its copious rusty tomentum, but has not been recently collected on Dominica. It has remarkably large flowers, compared to other species of Dominica, a character shared with N. antiliana Meisner that has more appressed puberulence. The specimen at Kew has been annotated (by C. Allen and R. Bameby) as N. globosa (Aublet) Mez, here regarded as a misidentification. Ocotea leucoxylon Ocotea leucoxylon (Swartz) Lanessan, 1886:158. — Gomez de la Maza, 1889:12.— Mez, 1889:329.— Little & Wadsworth, 1964:122, pi. 48.— Howard, 1981:56; 1988, 4:266. Laurus leucoxylon Swartz, 1788:65. Oreodaphne leucoxylon (Swartz) Nees, 1836:413. Laurier badinier, laurier marbre, laurier mabui. Tree with leaves without domatia, elliptic, -12 cm x 5 cm, obtuse to acuminate; flowers unisexual; fruits globose, the pedicel and cupule red, swollen and often with light-colored warts (lenticels?). West Indies; occasional in Dominica in lowland and midland forests to 550 m: Delices (Whitefoord 5499), La Fanchette {Chambers 2728), Layou {Ramage s.n. at K), Marigot {Hodge 406), Mome Anglais {Nicolson 4109), Mome Couronne {Webster 13215A), Pont Casse {Skog 1576), South Chiltem {Stern & Wasshausen 2489), Syndicate {Whitefoord 3889), Trafalgar Falls {Whitefoord 4598), sine loc. {Imray 325 at GOET, Cooper 41). Flowering June-July; fruits immature in January-February, mature in June. A similar species, O.floribmda, is reported from the French Islands, but it has a different fine venation and very different “double-rimmed” cupule. Ocotea martinicensis Ocotea martinicensis Mez, 1889:270. — Howard, 1981:59; 1988, 4:267. Reported to be a tall tree; leaves large (to 18 cm x 9 cm) and with domatia (sometimes absent?) in the axils of the main lateral veins; flowers puberulent, bisexual; the drupe described as 2.5 cm X 1.4 cm. Lesser Antilles; known from Dominica only from the Imray I collections cited in the original description {Imray 135 at K, 270 at GOET, K). Described by Foumet (1978:487) as inhabiting the dry and rocky littoral or in hills on lava and muddy draws. This species, supposedly distinguished by its bisexual, pubescent flowers and the domatia, was broadly defined by Mez, including material from Jamaica that seems anomalous on phytogeographic grounds. At US we have more than 12 collections from the Lesser Antilles, some with domatia and some without, and I am unsure they represent one variable species or more than one. The materials from Guadeloupe (except StehU 56610) lack domatia but those from Martinique and Grenada have domatia. Ocotea jacquinii Mez, discussed by Fournet (1978:488) as occurring in Guadeloupe and St. Lucia, may be confused with O. martinicensis but seems to have more coriaceous and glabrous leaves with a striking elongate acumen. This is exemplified by a photo (US) of the type from the Jacquin Herbarium (W) collected in Martinique by Benedict Aquart, a co-traveler with Jacquin for whom Jacquin named Aquartia in 1760. This specimen, in my opinion, served as the basis for description and illustration (a long-acuminate leaf) of Laurus martinicensis Jacquin (1789, Coll., 2:109, pi. 5: fig. 2). The name Oreodaphne jacquinii Meisner (in A.P. Candolle, 1864, 15(1): 114, “jacquini") was illegitimate as a superfluous name when published because it included Laurus martinicensis Jacquin. Ocotea jacquinii Mez (1889:242, “jacquini") is legitimate (Art. 72, Note, ICBN) because Mez established a separate Ocotea martinicensis, making Jacquin’s epithet unavailable in Ocotea. However, I do not consider that Mez was correct in separating the Aquart type (under Ocotea jacquinii) from Jacquin’s illustration {under Nectandra marti- nicensis (Jacquin) Mez, 1889:459) and regard the combination in Nectandra as a nomenclatural synonym of 0. jacquinii. The above, written before I saw Howard’s (1981:56-57) discussions of O. jacquinii and Laurus martinicensis, agrees with Howard (1988, 4:265) except the epithet should be with double “i” (jacquinii, not “jacquini") and the parenthetic citation of Meisner’ s name should be omitted (the epithet- bringing synonym is illegitimate). Ocotea membranacea Ocotea membranacea (Swartz) Howard, 1981:59; 1988, 4:267. Laurus membranacea Swartz, 1788:65. Nectandra membraruzcea (Swartz) Grisebach, 1860:282. Laurier neglesse, laurier noir. Tree to 10 m; leaves puberulent to glabrescent below, ± coriaceous, not shining, elliptic, elliptic -lanceolate or lance- ovate, acuminate, to 2.3 cm x 8.5 cm, the veins immersed above and either elevated or immersed below; inflorescences pubescent, flowers very small, 4-5 mm across; fruit globoid, -1.5 cm diameter. West Indies; in Dominica in lowland and midland rainforests from 65-800 m: Carholm {Ernst 1947), Clyde River valley 128 Lauraceae — Lentibulariaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY (Ernst 1036), Freshwater Lake (Ernst 2160, Wasshausen & Ayensu 320), Lisdara (Cooper 169), Mome Anglais (Hodge 2248), Pont Casse (Stern & Wasshausen 2544), Sylvania (Hodge 402. Flowering July-August, fruiting March-May. Grisebach (1860:282) misidentified material of this species from Dominica as N. leucantha var. rodiaei (Schomburgk) Grisebach, according to Mez (1889:450), who puts the basionym under Ocotea rodiaei (Schomburgk) Mez. Ocotea patens Ocotea patens (Swartz) Nees, 1833a: 10. — Howard, 1988, 4:269. Lauras patens Swartz, 1788:65. Nectandra patens (Swartz) Grisebach, 1860:281. Leaves glabrous except for tufts (domatia) in vein axils below; venation prominent, coarsely reticulate on both sur- faces; panicles branched from base, puberulous; cupules shallow, red; berry oblong-ellipsoid, 2-2.5 cm long, black [description from Howard, l.c.]. Antilles; reported for Dominica by Howard (l.c.) with exclamation mark but I have not seen the Dominican specimens. Persea Miller, nom. cons. Flowers bisexual; tepals lanceolate (equal in P. americana and inner distinctly longer in P. urbaniana); stamens 9, quadrilocular (sometimes inner 3 bilocular in P. urbaniana), filaments elongate, locules paired, staminodia 3 (inside the stamens); fruit with accrescent pedicel and persistent tepals. The avocado or z’aboca, Persea americana Miller of Central America, is cultivated in Dominica in the Carib Reserve, Lisdara (Hodge 2420) and Petit Macoucheri (Whitefoord 6033). It is a large tree with large, edible fruits. The fruit is pear-shaped, the tepals are all equal, and all anthers are 4-locular. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:129, pi. 95) reported medicinal uses on Dominica. Persea urbaniana Persea urbaniana Mez, 1889:143. — Kopp, 1966:90. — Little et al., 1974:210, pi. 339. Persea glaberrima Mez, 1889:144. Laurier muscat. Tree to 7 m; petals twice the length of the sepals; inner (third) series of anthers sometimes 2-locular; fruit globose, small. Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Montserrat to St. Lucia; in Dominica without locality (Imray 133 at K). Lecythidaceae The following introduced trees have been collected or observed in the Roseau Botanic Garden and environs: Barringtonia asiatica (Linnaeus) Kurz, a native of Asia with large, white flowers with four pietals and many, long-exserted stamens. Couroupita guianensis Aublet, the cannonball tree, noted for its curious reddish flowers and spherical cannonball-like fruits borne on the trunk (Hodge 903). Gustavia augusta Linnaeus of northern South America with axillary white flowers (Hodge 3935). Napoleonaea imperialis Palisot de Beauvois (inch Napoleo- naea miersii J. Hooker) of West Africa with large, variegated leaves and large, apetalous flowers 3-4 cm across with a 70-radiate, tricolored pseudocorolla and 40-fid, white central corona (Hodge 3906). Lentibulariaceae (by R. DeFilipps) Utricularia gibba Linnaeus (cf. Femandez-Perez, 1964:69), another yellow-flowered species but with dissected “leaves,” is reported from Guadeloupe and Martinique, but has not been collected on Dominica, presumably because it grows in quiet water, rare in Dominica. Grisebach (1860:162) reported Utricularia amethystina Salzmann ex St. Hilaire & Girard for Dominica, based on an Imray collection. I have not seen the specimen, but it is almost certain that it cannot be this species. According to Peter Taylor (pers. comm.) U. amethystina does not occur north of Trinidad. It could be Utricularia jamesoniana Oliver, known from Guadeloupe and Martinique, which, like U. alpina, is epiphytic (growing in moss), but very small and with a long spur, longer than the 3-lobed lip. 1. “Leaves” to 20 cm x 3 cm; pedicels 2-3 cm long; flowers white, 3-5 cm in diameter, spur to 3 cm long U. alpina 1. “Leaves” to 8 mm x 1.5 mm; pedicels to 6 mm long; flowers yellow, to 6 mm in diameter, spur 2 mm long U. pusilla Utricularia alpina Utricularia alpina Jacquin, 1760:11. — Femandez-Perez, 1964:28. Utricularia montana Jacquin, 1763:7, pi. 6. Orchyllium alpinum (Jacquin) Barnhart, 1916:53. Epiphytic, scapose herb to 40 cm; rhizoids bearing translu- cent pseudobulbs to 2 cm in diameter and utricles 1 mm in diameter; “leaves” elliptic, spatulate or oblanceolate; bracts basifixed; flowers white, tinged with yellow and lavender; capsule globoid, 1.3 cm long. Central America, northwestern South America, Lesser Antilles; in Dominica on moist banks or epiphytic in rainforests, 425-1200 m: Dleau Gommier (Ernst 1183), Freshwater Lake area (Eggers s.n., Hodge 1844, Wasshausen & Ayensu 323, Webster 13264, Wilbur 7410), Mome Anglais NUMBER 77 Lentibulariaceae — Lobeliaceae 129 {Hodge 823), Mome Trois Pitons {Hodge 824), Pont Casse {Ernst 1009, Nicolson 1807, Stern & Wasshausen 2559, Wilbur 7723, 7770), Sylvania {Stehli 6321). Utricularia pusilla Utricularia pusilla Vahl, 1804, Enum., 1:202. — Femandez-Perez, 1964:63. Terrestrial scapose herb to 12 cm; stolons and portions of “leaves” decurrent on ground, bearing utricles 0.5 mm in diameter; “leaves” ligulate or linear; bracts peltate; flowers yellow; capsule globoid, 1.8 mm long. Neotropics; in Dominica in wet meadows and ditches, 550-600 m: Castle Bruce {Hodge 1239), Pont Casse {Ernst 2089, Webster 13475), Sylvania {Hodge 822, 3846, Knowlton s.n.). Lobeliaceae (by L. Skog) These irregularly flowered genera are sometimes included in the Campanulaceae. 1. Corolla tube cleft to base above; inflorescence a terminal raceme (except flowers solitary and axillary in Lobelia kraussii) Lobelia 1. Corolla tube not cleft to base; inflorescence a single axillary flower. 2. Leaves glabrous, petiolate, bases obtuse to rounded; corolla 2.5-3.0 cm long, red; stamens not epipetalous; fruit indehiscent Centropogon 2. Leaves pubescent, ± sessile, bases tapered; corolla 10-15 cm long, white; stamens epipetalous, attached near apex of corolla tube; fruit dehiscent Hippobrotna The genera of Lobeliaceae, even in Dominica, are heteroge- neous and require study of technical characters. The species are easy to recognize by superficial characters. The following key is to species. 1. Flowers solitary, axillary. 2. Flowers white Hippobrotna longiflora 2. Flowers red (or yellow). I 3. Leaves ovate, rounded at base I Centropogon berterianus ' 3. Leaves lanceolate, acute at base Lobelia kraussii ' 1. Rowers many, in terminal racemes. 4. Rowers blue; leaves ovate, to 3 cm long Lobelia cliffortiana 4. Rowers greenish white-yellow; leaves lanceolate, >10 cm long. 5. Bracts linear, to 0.1 mm wide, shorter than pedicels; all 5 anthers tufted Lobelia cirsiifolia 5. Bracts lanceolate, to 0.3 mm wide, longer than pedicels; upper anthers glabrous and longer than lower tufted anthers Lobelia stricta Centropogon Presl Centropogon berterianus Centropogon berterianus (Sprengel) A.L. CandoUe in A.P. Candolle, 1839, 7:345. Lobelia berteriana Sprengel, 1825, 1:712. Siphocampylus berterianus (Sprengel) G. Don, 1834, 3:703. Weak, succulent herbs with milky sap; leaves + cordate; flowers axillary, solitary; calyx lobes <0.5 cm long; corolla bright red, 2. 5-3.0 cm long; staminal column included or ± exserted; lower 2 anthers penicillate; fruit fleshy. Lesser Antilles; in Dominica in rainforest clearings, -750 m: Freshwater Lake {Ernst 2185), Petite Macoucheri {Webster 13554), Roseau River {Eggers 602), sine loc. {Eggers 1007). Easily confused with Lobelia kraussii, which has lanceolate leaves acute at base while this has ovate leaves with rounded bases. Hippobrotna G. Don Hippobrotna longiflora Hippobroma longiflora (Linnaeus) G. Don, 1834, 3:717. — Adams, 1972:737. Lobelia longiflora Linnaeus, 1753:930. Isotoma longiflora (Linnaeus) Presl, 1836:42. Laurentia longiflora (Linnaeus) Petermann, 1845:444. — Wimmer in Engler, 1953, rV.276 (Heft 107):405. Pipe-shank, pipe-zombi. Pubescent herbs with poisonous milky sap; leaves oblanceo- late, irregularly toothed; flowers axillary, solitary, white, 10-15 cm long; fruit a capsule. West Indies, Central and tropical South America; in Dominica on road banks and wet clearings from near sea level to 800 m: Anse Du Me {Wilbur 8042), Carib Reserve {Siehld 6433), Clarke Hall {Ernst 1153, 1171), Hatton Garden {Hodge 2944), Marigot {Hodge 785), Petite Soufriere Bay {Nicolson 1985). Chopped leaves are used as a poultice (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:614). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:131, pi. 98) reported a medicinal usage. Lobelia Linnaeus Lobelia cardinalis Linnaeus was collected {Duss 505 at NY) from “dans le haut de la vallee de Roseau a la Dominique” in August 1884. This is the only record of this North America mainland species I have seen from the West Indies and it is presumed to come from cultivation. It differs from native Dominican species by its red flowers in terminal racemes. Lobelia persicifolia Lamarck of Guadeloupe is often cited for Dominica. This species differs from L. kraussii in having 130 Lobeliaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Strongly arcuate, nonfenestrate corollas, generally longer filament tubes, and wider hypanthia. 1. Anthers all (5) densely white-tufted at apex. 2. Rowers in terminal racemes; corolla white-greenish yellow L, cirsiifoUa 2. Rowers solitary, axillary, corolla red or yellow .... L. kraussii 1. Anthers of two kinds, lower two densely white-tufted and upper three glabrous at apex. 3. Annual herbs; leaves deltoid, toothed, 2-3 cm long, pubescent; corolla 5-6 mm long; upper 3 anthers pubescent below apex L. cliffortiana 3. Perennial shrubs; leaves linear-lanceolate, spinulose, 9-24 cm long, glabrous; corolla 1.3-1. 5 cm long; upper 3 anthers glabrous L. stricta Lobelia cirsiifolia Lobelia cirsiifolia Lamarck, 1792, Encycl., 3:584. Ti^a cirsiifolia (Lamarck) A.L. Candolle in A.R Candolle, 1839, 7:395. Tupa digitalifolia Grisebach, 1861:387. Lobelia dig italifolia (Grisebach) Urban, 1899, 1:455. Z’eb apite. Herbs 1.0- 1.5 m; leaves lanceolate, to 21 cm long, teeth ascending to spreading, to 1 mm long; sepals entire to ± entire. Lesser Antilles; in Dominica on ridges in rainforest, 600-800 m: Breakfast River {Hodge 1897), En Haut Jean {Webster 13527), Fon Pays {Hodge 2839), Freshwater Lake {Eggers s.n.), Laudat {Hodge 1859, Lloyd 257), Mome Anglais {Hodge 2299), Syndicate {Ernst 2001, 2109, Webster 13320). Lobelia digitalifolia apparently differs from L. cirsiifolia only in having small (<1 mm long) incurved spinules along the leaf margin. In L. cirsiifolia the teeth are larger (1-4 mm long) and ascending to spreading. The floral measurements given in the key by McVaugh (in North Amer. R., 1943, 32A:37) do not serve to separate the species because measurements of recent collections apparently bridge the supposed gap. McVaugh’s note that flower color is brownish purple in L. digitalifolia is not supported by Grisebach’s description as “pale.” The differences between these taxa seems insufficient to differenti- ate species. What Sastre (1985: 167) called Lobelia stricta belongs to this complex (5 anthers tufted). It is not clear what the taxon is but from what Sastre said, it is only known from St. Kitts and Nevis, apparently Lobelia infesta (Grisebach) Urban. Lobelia cliffortiana var. xalapensis Lobelia cliffortiana var. xalapensis (Kunth) Gray, 1878, 2:7. Lobelia xalapensis Kunth, 1819,3:315. Lobelia mollis Graham, 1830a: 185. Herbs with deltoid, toothed leaves with sparse pubescence; pedicels prickly to scabrous; corolla 5-6 mm long, bluish; capsule nearly superior. Central and South America, Lesser Antilles; in Dominica in cultivated areas: Magua {Stehli 6336, 6358, 6292), Milton {Hodge 2559), Ridgefield {Hodge 2136), Riviere Douce {Eggers 80). Lobelia cliffortiana and L. xalapensis have been maintained as separate species by the most recent monographers of the group, McVaugh and Wimmer. However, the taxa are apparently very close morphologically and differ in what appear to be minor characters from a survey of specimens from the range of the two. The typical element, distinguished by its usually glabrous pedicels and nearly half-inferior capsule, is frequendy attributed to Dominica, but is limited to the Greater Antilles and introduced in a few localities in the Old and New World tropics. Within the range of the species, the distinguish- ing characters are seemingly variable, but reliable enough to separate the taxa at an infi-aspecific level. Lobelia kraussii Lobelia kraussii Graham, 1830a [Apr]:379; 1830b [Sep]. Glabrous herbs to 1 m tall; leaves petiolate; pedicels 4-6 cm long; corollas 2.5-3.5 cm long, fenestrate, straight or nearly so, red, rarely yellow. Fenestrae are two basal, elliptic openings in the corolla, one on each side of the main cleft through which the filament tube protrudes. One opening is discrete, the other is part of an elongated but incomplete cleft in the corolla. Dominica and Martinique; in Dominica common on road banks in rainforest, 150-15(X) m: Baiac {Whitefoord 3782), Fon Pays {Hodge 2858), Imperial Road {Fairchild 2674), Laudat {Eggers 694, Lloyd 242, Nicolson 1844), Lisdara {Hodge 788), Mome Anglais {Hodge 2257), Mome Plat Pays {Wilbur 7854), Pichelin {Ernst 1615, Wilbur 7612), Roseau Valley {Howard 11742), South Chiltem {Hodge 1450, Stern & Wasshausen 2514), Sylvania {Cooper 87, 87A, Hodge 1172, Proctor 25761), Syndicate {Ernst 2014, 2015, Wasshausen & Ayensu 345). Ernst 2015 is the yeUow -flowered phase. Lobelia stricta Lobelia stricta Swartz, 1788:117. — McVaugh in North Amer. FI., 1943, 32A:89. Lobelia areolata L. Richard ex Jussieu, 181 1:3. — Sastre, 1985:168. [Tylomium flavescens Presl, 1836:32, nom. nud.] Tupa flavescens Presl ex A.L. Candolle in A.P. Candolle, 1839, 7:395. Lobelia flavescens (A.L. Candolle) Wimmer in Engler, 1953, IV.276 (Heft 107):626. Coarse, colonial shmbs to 2 m, single-stemmed or with candelabra-like habit; stems with prominent leaf scars; leaves 9-24 cm long, with wide-spread spines to 5 mm long; sepals toothed; corolla white, greenish white-yellow. Lesser Antilles; in Dominica in rainforests and mountain peaks, 450-1100 m: Boeri Lake {Wilbur 8196), Freshwater NUMBER 77 Lobeuaceae — Loranthaceae 131 Lake {Chambers 2574, Eggers 693, Ernst 1789, Foster g 48270, Gillis 8218A, Smith 10282, Stern & Wasshausen 2562, Webster 13267, Wilbur 7456), Mome Anglais {Fennah 19, Hodge 786, 2308, Wilbur 7953), Mome Couronne (Webster 13204), Mome Diablotins (Hodge 2829, Wasshausen & Ayensu 411, 412, Webster 13356, Whitefoord 5736), Mome Micotrin (Ernst 1096), Mome Plat Pays (Wilbur 7849), Mome Trois Pitons (Ernst 2033, Hodge 787, 1408, Nicolson 1813, Wilbur 8073), Mosquito Mountain (Webster 13545). Swartz’s type (BM), “Guadeloupe in regione muscosa mentis la Soufriere copiosa. De Ponthieu,” has only two anthers tufted. Wimmer’s position that Lobelia stricta Swartz is a nomen delendum under Lobelia infesta (Grisebach) Urban, a St. Kitts-Nevis species with five tufted anthers, is untenable. Sastre (1985:167) applied Swartz’s name in the sense of material in Swartz’s herbarium (with five anthers tufted). Swartz’s name, being marked with an asterisk in his original publication, must be typified on the BM material. Swartz’s introduction explains that he uses the asterisk to denote new taxa found, through the generosity of Sir Hans Sloane, in the Sloane Herbarium that he had not previously seen. The material in his herbarium is probably the Masson collection from St. Christopher, cited as a second collection under Lobelia stricta in Solander’s mss. “Flomla Indiae Occidentalis,” which is now missing, perhaps given to Swartz during his 1787 stay to work with Dryander at Banks’ Museum, and mislabeled as “de Ponthieu, Guadeloupe.” Loganiaceae (by R. DeFilipps) Buddleia davidii Franchet, a flowering shrub, sometimes called butterfly bush, with leaves white-tomentose beneath, has been collected in cultivation at Baiac (Whitefoord 5555). Mitreola petiolata (Gmelin) Torrey & Gray, a neotropical weed with petiolate, glabrous leaves and distinct styles, has been collected on Guadeloupe and Martinique. Spigeila anthelmia Spigeila anthelmia Linnaeus, 1753:149. Annual herb to 5 dm; leaves ± sessile, scabrid above, opposite and connected by a stipular sheath, the uppermost pairs appearing whorled; flowers whitish to lavender, 5-9 mm long, in unilateral spikes; sepals unequal; styles 2, united; capsule tuberculate. Neotropical weed; in Dominica near sea level, often along roadsides: Cabrits (Whitefoord 4029), Coulibistri (Wilbur 8340), L’Anse Noire (Ernst 2075), lower Layou Valley (Ernst 1523), Marigot (Hodge 671), Portsmouth (Hodge 670), Roseau (Hodge 669), Soufriere (Fishlock 20). Loranthaceae Epiphytic parasites with opposite leaves. Dr. Delbert Wiens kindly reviewed an early draft the typescript. Recent workers recognize the viscoid genera (Phoradendron and Dendrophthora here) as a separate family, Viscaceae. 1. Flowers conspicuous (corolla 3 cm long or longer) Psittacanthus 1. Rowers inconspicuous (corolla <5 mm long). 2. Rowers shordy but distinctly pedicelled (racemose); perianth segments 6, white Dendropemon 2. Rowers sessile or imbedded on the rhachis (spicate); perianth segments 3, green. 3. Anthers unilocular; leaves <2 cm long (ours) .... Dendrophthora 3. Anthers bilocular; leaves >2 cm long (ours) Phoradendron Dendropemon (Blume) J.A. & J.H. Schultes Dendropemon caribaeus Dendropemon caribaeus Krug & Urban in Urban, 1897:27. Phthirusa caribaea (Krug & Urban) Engler in Engler & Prantl, 1897, Nachtr., II-rV(l):135. Struthanthus caribaeus (Krug & Urban) Stehle, 1954a:32. Inflorescence racemose; petals white. Puerto Rico and Lesser Antilles; in lowlands of Dominica: Laudat [?] (Lloyd 205), Layou River mouth (Ernst 1106, 1814, 1989), Salisbury (Whitefoord 4522). On Eugenia, Citrus, Thespesia populnea, and Terminalia catapa. This species is often treated under Phthirusa or Struthan- thus. Barlow and Wiens (1973:34) treated Phthirusa and Dendropemon in a summary comment on Struthanthus. Kuijt (pers. comm.) said that Dendropemon (flowers in pairs of monads) is Antillean, Phthirusa (flowers in pairs of triads), and Struthanthus (flowers in pairs of triads except monads at tip) is confined to the mainland. Krug and Urban (in Urban, 1897:28) recognized Den- dropemon caribaeus var. wabyanus with furfuraceous piedicels. Our material appears to fall there, rather than the typical variety, but the distinction needs study. Dendrophthora Eichler Dendrophthora elliptica var. platyphylla Dendrophthora elliptica var. platyphylla Krug & Urban in Urban, 1897:69. Phoradendron myrtilloides sensu Grisebach, 1860:314, as to material from Dominica, ncwi (WUldenow) Grisebach. Leaves small (to 2 cm x 1.2 cm), obovate, retuse. Lesser Antilles and South America; rare in wet areas of Dominica, 540-900 m; Boiling Lake (Hodge 1946, Nicolson 132 Loranthaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 2022), Mome Anglais (DeFilipps 181, Hodge 2258), Mome Micotrin {Hodge 2096), sine loc. {Imray 425 at K, 281 at GOET). Similar to Phoradendron mucronatum but leaves smaller and localities much higher. Imray 281 is a type of this variety. Kuijt (1961:66) was dissatisfied with the groupings in D. elliptica and provisionally left it without infraspecific taxa. Kuijt’s (1961:53) citation of Imray 425 from “Hispaniola, Dom. Rep.” involves confusing Dominica with the Dominican Republic. Kellogg (in Howard, 1988, 4:103) called this taxon Dendrophthora buxifolia (Lamarck) Eichler. It is not clear why she thought that Kuijt claimed that the species (D. elliptica) occurred only in South America, because he cited Dominican (Imray) material. Phoradendron Nuttall The inflorescence has fertile intemodes separated by a pair of bracts. Several arrangements of flowers are found on fertile intemodes, the basic ones being tetrastichous with two parallel columns with an apical flower between the columns above each bract (called type la by Kellogg and Howard, 1986) and hexastichous with three parallel columns above each bract (called type lb). When more than 6 flowers are found above each bract the two basic types are easier to recognize but when only 3-6 flowers are found above each bract the basic “types” are become unclear and Kellogg and Howard (1986) recog- nized three in the Antilles: 3-flowered triad (the apical one staminate), 4-flowered (type Id), and 6-flowered (type le), the latter 2 (like lb) with a basal flower. Rarely only 1 flower is found per bract {P. trinervium). 1. At least one pair of cataphylls between leaf nodes. 2. Leaves pinnately veined, veins obscure; flowers >7 per bract, in two columns (type la) P. piperoides 2. Leaves palmately veined, with 3-5 basal to ± basal veins. 3. Inflorescences only at leaf axils; flowers >7 per bract, in three columns (type lb) P. chrysocladon 3. Inflorescences in cataphyll and leaf axils; flowers 3 per bract (in triads) P. martinicense 1. Cataphylls only at bases of lateral branches. 4. Rowers >7 per bract and in 3 columns (type lb); inflorescences prominently hexastichous, clavate . . . P. hexastichum 4. Rowers <7 per bract (various other types); inflores- cences tetrastichous or not prominently hexastichous, slender. 5. Fruits warty throughout; inflorescence appearing tetrastichous with 4 pistillate flower per fertile intemode (actually with two triads, each with the apical flower staminate, lower 2 pistillate) P. mucronatum 5. Fmits smooth, wrinkled or warty only on upper part; inflorescence not appearing tetrastichous and with >4 pistillate flowers per fertile intemode (if flowers in triads then apical flower pistillate or all flowers unisexual). 6. Stems becoming slightly but distinctly quadrangu- lar; flowers all in triads (rarely 1-flowered) . . . . P. trinervium 6. Stems sometimes flattened but becoming terete. 7. Leaves >3x longer than wide; fruits pyriform, drying with a golden sheen; inflorescence type la or le P. hartii 7. Leaves <3x longer than wide. 8. Fmits pyriform, drying with a golden sheen; inflorescence type Id or le . . . . P. anceps 8. Fmits globose, white; inflorescence type la P. undulatum Phoradendron anceps Phoradendron anceps (Sprengel) Gomez de la Maza, 1895:170. — ^Krug & Urban in Urban, 1897:41. — Trelease, 1916:98. — Kellogg & Howard, 1986:72. VtscMm anceps Sprengel, 1824, 1:487. Phoradendron chrysocarpum Krug & Urban in Urban, 1897:39. — Trelease, 1916:98. Stems flattened, ± terete; leaves palmately and inconspicu- ously veined; inflorescence type Id or le (rarely la or in triads; ' young fmits with golden sheen (easily seen with lOxx lens, , sepals partially open in fmit. Scattered from Cuba to Venezuela; midlands of Dominica: Sylvania {Hodge 1119), sine loc. {Eggers 926 at K, Imray 212). The Imray collection was misidentified as Phoradendron ( martinicense by Grisebach (1860:314), according to Trelease | (1916:198), who identified it as P. chrysocarpum. I Phoradendron chrysocladon Phoradendron chrysoctadon A. Gray, 1854:754. — Trelease, 1916:152. Viscum flavens sensu Swartz, 1788:32, as to Swartz materials, non Swartz, l.c., nom. iUeg. [incl. Viscum racemosum Aublet, 1775]. Phoradendron flavens Grisebach, 1860:313, nom. illeg. [incl. Phoradendron chrysocladon A. Gray]. — Trelease, 1916:154. — Kellogg & Howard, 1986:76. Phoradendron flavens var. australe Trelease, 1916:155. Leaves drying yellowish, 3-5-veined; spikes to 6-jointed I with 11-18 flowers per bract and in three columns (type lb); fmits globose, white to yellowish, drying rough -wrinkled, sepals closed. Widely distributed in neotropics; midlands of Eiominica: j; Deux Branches {Hodge 2975), Freshwater Lake-Laudat {Hodge 1832, Lloyd 208), Mome Anglais {Hodge 3981, Wilbur ; 7973), Mome Diablotins in Picard River Gorge {Whitefoord | NUMBER 77 Loranthaceae 133 3974), Sylvania {Hodge 3981), Syndicate {Whitefoord 4412), sine loc. {Imray 216, 386, Eggers 94b at K). Seen on Sloanea at Syndicate (Nicolson!). Phoradendron hartii Phoradendron hartii Krug & Urban in Urban, 1897:40. — ^Trelease, 1916:98. — Kellogg & Howard, 1986:80. Leaves lance-linear to oblong, ± falcate, 3-5-veined; inflorescence to 3 cm long, type la or le; young fruits pyriform, drying with a golden sheen visible under lOx lens, sepals closed. Trinidad; new record for Dominica: Sylvania {Wilbur 7713). On Citrus. Phoradendron hexastichum Phoradendron hexastichum A.R Candolle) Grisebach, 1860:313. — Trelease, 1916:135.— Kellogg & Howard, 1986:80. Viscum hexastichum A.P. CandoUe, 1830, 4:282. Branchlets strongly flattened; leaves smooth, ovate to rotund, pinnately veined; inflorescences strongly hexastichous to 5 cm long, type lb; fruits white, with closed sepals. From Brazil through West Indies to Mexico; new record for Dominica: Pointe Lolo {Ernst 1171). On Richeria grandis. Phoradendron martinicense Phoradendron rrmrtinicense (A.P. Candolle) Grisebach, 1860:314. — Trelease, 1916:145.— KeUogg & Howard, 1986:83. Viscum martinicense A.P. Candolle, 1830, 4:280. Bois capitaine. A species distinguished by bearing > one pair of bracts between leaves, often with inflorescences; leaves large, palmately veined; inflorescence to 6 cm long, triads or five i (type la); fruits globose, yellow to orange and rough, sepals open. Northern South America to Guadeloupe; apparently frequent in wet interior of Dominica: Fond Figues River {Ernst 1583), j Mome Micotrin {Hodge 2085), Pont Cass6 {Ernst 1202, Wilbur I 7836), Sylvania {Hodge 1439), Syndicate {Whitefoord 4370). j On Sloanea sp. and Licania ternatensis. i Phoradendron mucronatum Phoradendron mucronatum (A.P. Candolle) Krug & Urban in Urban, 1897:34.— Trelease, 1916:118.— Kellogg & Howard, 1986:84. Viscum mucronatum A.P. Candolle, 1830, 4:282. Stems minutely glandular-papillate; leaves small (<5 cm I long); inflorescence short (<2 cm long), flowers in triads, the i lower 2 being pistillate, so fruiting inflorescence appears ! tetrastichous; fruits prominently warty, white to orange, sepals ' erect. Brazil to Panama, scattered in Antilles; apparently a new record for Dominica but rather frequent along dry west coast: Badineau Estate {Hodge 2231, 2233), Batali River {Ernst 1640, Webster 13176), Pointe Ronde {Ernst 1569), West Cabrit {Smith 10315). On Zanthoxylum spinifex, Eugenia ligustrina. Seen on W. Cabrit on Croton (Nicolson!). One specimen, Hodge 1946 from the wet interior (Boiling Lake), was redetermined as Dendrophthora. Phoradendron piperoides Phoradendron piperoides (Lamarck) Trelease, 1916:145. — KeUogg & How- ard, 1986:85. Viscum latifolium Swartz, 1797:268, non Lamarck. Loranihus piperoides Kunth, 1820, 3:443. Viscum saururoides A.P. CandoUe, 1830, 4:280. Phoradendron latifolium Gtisehach, 1860:314. Phoradendron latifolium var. saururoides (A.P. CandoUe) Grisebach, 1860:314. Stems with bracts between nodes; leaves 6-12 cm x 2-3 cm, venation pinnate but obscure; inflorescences erect, type la or in triads; fruits ovoid, yellow to orange, drying wrinkled; sepals stiffly erect. Widespread in neotropics; in wet interior of Dominica: South Chiltem {Ernst 1107), Syndicate {Wasshausen & Ayensu 354). The Ernst collection is on Stylogyne lateriflora, the other said to be on Dacryodes excelsa. These are the first collections from Dominica since Ramage collected it in 1888. Phoradendron trinervium Phoradendron trinervium (Lamarck) Grisebach, 1860:314. — Trelease, 1916:103.— Kellogg & Howard, 1986:92. Viscum trinervium Lamarck, 1789, 3:57. Viscum myrtilloides WUldenow, 1806, 4:739. Phoradendron myrtilloides (WiUdenow) Grisebach, 1860:314. Phoradendron verticillatum Fawcett & Rendle, 1914 [Nov], 3:96, non (Linnaeus) Druce. Young stems quadrangular; leaves with obscure venation; inflorescence type la. Id, le (rarely solitary); fruits globose, yellow to orange or reddish, rather elongate, often papillate around top, sepals erect. Most of Antilles (not Cuba) into Venezuela and Panama; commonly collected along dry west coast, occasionally elsewhere (Rosalie) in Dominica: Cabrits {Ernst 1180, Hodge 650), Cocoa Centre {Nicolson 1862), Gabriel {Wilbur 8280), Grand Savanne {Hodge 3784), Mero Valley {Kimber 917), Milton {Hodge 2521), Pointe Ronde {Chambers 2661, Ernst 1572), Rosalie {Ernst 1365), Salisbury {Wilbur 8113), below Syndicate {Whitefoord 4321). Rowering material collected in January-May, young fruit in June-August and the only specimen in ripe fruit was collected in late October. On Diospyros revoluta, Zanthoxylum, and Calliandra tergemina. 134 Loranthaceae — Lythraceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Nicolson and Jarvis (1984:726) discussed the confusion that arose when Viscum verticillatum Linnaeus (1753), involving a diseased aspect of Cissus sicyoides Linnaeus (1759) that is represented by a Sloane illustration and specimen, was expanded by Linnaeus (1763) to include elements (Browne and Plumier) attributable to Phoradendron trinerviwn. When Grisebach published Phoradendron trinervium he referred to Viscum verticillatum Linnaeus, explicitly excluding the Sloane element. Both Druce (Feb 1914) and Fawcett and Rendle (Nov 1914) published Phoradendron verticillatum, the former not managing to exclude the Sloane element and the latter doing so, hence Fawcett and Rendle’s later homonym pertains to Phoradendron and Druce’s to Cissus. The correct name for the latter is Cissus verticillata (Linnaeus) Nicolson & Jarvis. The only addition to the Nicolson and Jarvis paper concerns the apparently Asiatic Linnaean specimen (from “Angor utan”), which was superseded as the lectotype of neotropical Cissus sicyoides Linnaeus (1759). Planchon (in A.L. and A.C. Candolle, 1887, 5(2):522, see also 503-504) identified it as Cissus repens Lamarck, an Asiatic species. Phoradendron undulatum Phoradendron undulatum (Pohl) Eichler in Martins, 1868, 5(2): 122. — Trelease, 1916:130. — Kellogg & Howard, 1986:94. Viscum undulatum Pohl in A.P. CandoUe, 1830, 4:282. Phoradendron herminieri Trelease, 1916:131. Branchlets ± terete; leaves 10-12 cm x 2-3.5 cm, lanceolate; inflorescences to 4 cm long in flower, type la; fruits globose, becoming white and strongly wrinkled, sepals ± parted. Widely distributed in South America to Costa Rica but of limited distribution in the Antilles (Guadeloupe and Martin- ique); midlands of Dominica: Laudat {Lloyd 207). Psittacanthus Martius 1. Rowers red, curved; calyx deciduous .../*. americanus 1. Rowers yellow, straight; calyx (at top of ovary) persistent in fruit P. martinicensis Psittacanthus americanus Psittacanthus an^ricanus (Linnaeus) Martius, 1830:108. Loranthus americanus Linnaeus, 1753:331. Guadeloupe, Martinique, Trinidad, and Venezuela (Central America unless those are P. calyculatus); rare in Dominica in less wet forests at 30-450 m: Cocoa Center (Ernst 2184), South Chiltem (Hodge 1582). The Ernst collection notes that it is growing on Lonchocarpus sp. Psittacanthus martinicensis Psittacanthus rruirtinicensis (J.A. & J.H. Schultes) Eichler in Martius, 1868, 5(2):26. Loranthus martinicensis Presl ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes in Roemer & Schultes, 1830, 7(2):1640. Psittacanthus dominicensis Domin, 1930a:3. Capitaine bois, maitre bois, roi bois, kingwood, roi de I’arbre. Guadeloupe and Martinique; common in Dominica in wet midlands: Grand Bay road (Ernst 1607, Stehli 6345), Laudat (Hodge 2046, Lloyd 211), Point Lolo-Pont Casse (Ernst 1957, Wilbur 7829), Providence Valley (Hodge 2046), Roche d’Or Estate (Stern & Wasshausen 2584), Sylvania area (Hodge 651, 1263, Nicolson 1876, Wasshausen & Ayensu 393, Webster 13415, Wilbur 7715), Syndicate (Ernst 2102, Whitefoord \ 3880), Trafalgar Falls (Gillis 8199), sine loc. (Cooper 39). j Often parasitizing cultivated or naturalized species: Citrus, Eugenia jambos, Inga laurina, Mangifera indica. Per sea, Pimenta racemosa, and Psidium guajava. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:133, pi. 99) reported a medicinal i use. ' Domin (l.c.) separated Psittacanthus dominicensis from P. , martinicensis apparently solely on the basis of anther lengths, P. dominicensis having anthers 5 mm long and P. martinicensis having anthers 3 mm long. Our specimens appear to have two kinds of stamens in the same flowers, the upper three stamens j with anthers 3.5-4.6 mm long and the lower three with anthers 4.0-5.7 mm long. Recognition of species on the basis of anther lengths does not seem appropriate in this case. Kellogg (in Howard, 1988, 4:101) considered P. dominicensis to be a s narrowly leaved aspect of P. martinicensis. Lythraceae Dr. S. Graham (KE) kindly advised me on the underlying information for names treated here as excluded. Her treatment (in Howard, 1989, 5:426-440) is excellent and must be consulted by anyone suspecting a new family record for Dominica. Lawsonia inermis Linnaeus, a shrub introduced from the Old World with white or yellow terminal flowers, is cultivated in Dominica at Cote d’Or (Nicolson 2064) and the Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 1009, 3939). Lager stroemia speciosa (Linnaeus) Persoon, the queen’s flower tree, is cultivated and was collected in Portsmouth as a tree 50 ft [15 m] high (Whitefoord 5828). ii II ii jj Excluded Lythraceae Ammannia coccinea Rottbpll was attributed to Dominica by Graham (in Howard, 1989, 5:429). She advises me that this was | based on material (P) now known to be from Haiti (Marquis- ! sant. Saint Domingue). Cuphea Browne Cuphea hyssopifolia Kunth of Central America was attrib- uted to Dominica by Grisebach (1860:270) based on an Imray collection (not seen). This is believed to be a misidentification | of C. carthagenensis. A recent collection from Baiac (White- i NUMBER 77 Lythraceae — Malpighiaceae 135 foord.5457) is C. hyssopifolia, said by Whitefoord (1989:146) to be cultivated. Cuphea melanium (Linnaeus) R. Brown ex Steudel was attributed to Dominica in Graham’s treatment (in Howard, 1989, 5:434). The author advised me that this was an inadvertent error for a species not otherwise occurring in the Lesser Antilles. Two collections (Wilbur 7624 and 8060) were distributed as C. melanium but are C. strigilosa. Cuphea micrantha Kunth was attributed to Dominica in Graham’s treatment (in Howard, 1989, 5:435). While it is possible that this species occurs in Dominica (known in Guadeloupe and Martinique), it has not yet been documented. Velez (1957:103) attributed this species to Dominica but this seems to rest on a misidentification of C. strigilosa (cf. Vilez 3569 at US from Portsmouth). Cuphea parsonsia (Linnaeus) R. Brown ex Steudel was attributed to Dominica and Martinique in Graham’s treatment (in Howard, 1989, 5:435). Two Dominica specimens (Wilbur 7463 and 7755) were distributed as C. parsonsia but are C. carthagenensis. Adams (1972:505) reported Dominica for C. parsonsia but this is likely a lapsus for the Dominican Republic. The Martinique record is based on a Plee collection that may have been from Puerto Rico. 1. Stems with spreading glandular hairs 1.0- 1.5 mm long; hypanthium to 5 mm long, mouth contracted in fruit C. carthagenensis 1. Stems hirsute with appressed hairs to 0.5 mm long; hypanthium 8 mm long, mouth remaining open in fruit C. strigulosa Cuphea carthagenensis Cuphea carthagenensis (Jacquin) Macbride, 1930:124. Lythrum carthagenense Jacquin, 1760:22. Cuphea balsamona Chamisso & Schlechtendal, 1827:363. — Koehnein Engler, 1903, IV.216 (Heft 17):122. Suffrutescent herb to 1 m; leaves scabrous above, tapered to short petiole; hypanthium ~5 mm, basally gibbous; petals purple; stamens 11; seeds 3-6, flat, orbicular, with pale wing. A neotropical weed (except Greater Antilles) now adventive in Pacific; weedy herb of wet roadsides of Dominica, 60-820 m; Atkinson [Carib Reserve] (Hodge 3374), Cabrits (White- foord 5272), Delices (Whitefoord 3668), Hungry Hill (White- ' foord 4476), La Plaine (Nicolson 2067), Laudat to Freshwater Lake (Burch 1382A, Hodge 1982, Wilbur 7463), Pont Casse ' (Ernst 1191, Wilbur 7755), Portsmouth (Krauss 1674), Syndicate Estate (DHN!). I Cuphea strigulosa I Cuphea strigulosa Kunth, 1823, 6:161 (folio); 1824, 6:204 (quarto). — Koehne i in Engler, 1903, IV.216 (Heft 17):123. Perennial small shrub to 4.5 dm, stems ± decumbent; leaves scabrous with stiff, appressed hairs; hypanthium to 1 cm long. clearly spurred; petals purple; stamens 11; seeds usually 7 or more (6-13), orbicular with a narrow wing. Caribbean into South America but only Dominica in the Lesser Antilles; common roadside weed in Dominica in dry areas of the west coast to 500 m: Grand Savanne to St. Joseph (Chambers 2803, Ernst 1703, Hodge 3778, Kimber 930, Nicolson 1941, Stern & Wasshausen 2425, Webster 135170, Whitefoord 4518, 5419, Wilbur 7621), Mome aux Diables (Wilbur 8060), Portsmouth (Hodge 460, V6lez 3569), Roseau (StehU 6333). Koehne (Ic, p. 124) cited Dominica specimens for Cuphea strigulosa subsp. nitens Koehne and subsp. opaca Koehne. The characteristics of these subspecies overlap in his descriptions. Recent Dominica collections have scabrous leaves (supposedly a characteristic of subsp. nitens but not subsp. opaca) and no vesicles below the filaments (a characteristic of subsp. opaca, while subsp. nitens supposedly has eight vesicles). Magnoliaceae (by R. DeFilipps) Michelia champaca Linnaeus, trees with flowers axillary and carpels widely spaced on the axis, separating at maturity, is native to India and cultivated in the Roseau Botanic Gardens (Hodge 947). Talauma dodecapetala Talauma dodecapetala (Lamarck) Urban, 1918b:306. — Howard, 1948:356. — Stehle, 1962a:318. Annona dodecapetala Lamarck, 1786, 2:127. Magnolia plumieri Swartz, 1788:87, nom. illeg. Talauma plumieri A.R CandoUe, 1824, 1:81, nom. illeg. Talauma plumieri var. longifolia A.P. Candolle, 1824, 1:82. Straight-boled timber tree to 40 m; leaves large, coriaceous; stipule scars encircling the stem; flowers terminal; carpels closely packed on the axis, inside a woody cover, which irregularly separates at maturity, exposing the red seeds. Guadeloupe to St. Vincent; in Dominica a common canopy (difficult to collect) species in rainforest 500-800 m; Jean (Nicolson 2160), Laudat (Hodge 2121), Mome Diablotins (Nicolson 1964). Seeds ripening December-May. Malpighiaceae This family has opposite leaves, often with conspicuous paired glands on the leaves and calyx, medifixed hairs, and clawed petals. I am grateful to Dr. William Anderson, who commented on a draft and shared his typescript of this family for Howard (1988, 4:596-633). Galphimia gracilis Bartling is cultivated as a hedge around the Forestry Office in Roseau Botanic Garden where I observed it. It is yellow -flowered and the calyx, unlike the native genera, is eglandular. Tetrapteris inaequalis Cavanilles was attributed to Domin- 136 Malpighiaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY ica on the authority of Britton and Wilson (1924, 5:438), who cited “Antigua to Tobago.” This species is scattered in the Antilles, but no specimens from Dominica have been seen. Each samara has 4 oblong wings in an x-shape. 1. Vines (rarely shrubs); fruit with separate winged carpels (samaras). 2. Leaf-blade eglandular; samara thickest on outer (dorsal or lower) margin, the thin margin facing in or up Heteropteris 2. Leaf-blade with glands at petiole apex or on either side of midvein at the base; samara thickest on inner (ventral or upper) margin, the thin margin facing out or down Stigmaphyllon 1. Trees (often shrubs); fruit a leathery or fleshy berry or drupe. 3. Styles united into 1 (sometimes branched near apex) Bunchosia 3. Styles 3, free to base. 4. Stigmas (styles) subulate; inflorescences terminal, racemose Byrsonima 4. Stigmas broad; inflorescences axillary, 1-2-flowered Malpighia Bunchosia L. Richard ex Kunth This is the only genus of the family in the Antilles with united styles. It needs revision. Bunchosia polystachia Bunchosia polystachia (Andrews) A.P. Candolle, 1824, 1:581. Malpighia polystachia Andrews, 1810. Bunchosia nitida sensu Niedenzu in Engler, 1928, IV.141 (Heft 94:657, non (Jacquin) A.R Candolle [type from Colombia], Bois masse. Small tree to 7 m; leaves -15 cm x 6 cm, essentially glabrous, acuminate at apex and cuneate (sometimes rounded) at base, with two large, elongate glandular spots near the leaf base at or near the midrib; inflorescences racemose, commonly axillary; petals yellow; style divided into 2 branches near apex; fruits pulpy to leathery, orange to dark reddish orange, spheroid, 1cm diameter, with 2 large seeds. Antilles and Costa Rica; in interior forests of Dominica from 100-700 m: Deux Branches, La Chaudiere {Hodge 3531, 3635), Laudat or above (Hodge 1989, Webster 13241), Riversdale (Howard 11763), South Chiltem (Stern & Was- shausen 2528), Sylvania (Hodge 550), Syndicate (Wasshausen & Ayensu 353, Whitefoord 3646), Warner (Ernst 1960). Rowering April-June, fruiting July-August. There is one aberrant collection from Dominica (Ernst 2096) from the dry woodlands of the Cabrits. This material (flowering in mid-August) might be an ecological variant of the interior species, because its floral characters do not seem to differ and it has the same oval glands near the midrib toward the base of the leaves. However, the leaves are significantly smaller (~5 cm X 2 cm) and obtuse to rounded at the apex. Indeed, the aspect of the specimen is extremely similar to Bunchosia glandulosa (Cavanilles) A.R Candolle, attributed to Dominica by Grise- bach (1860:115) without citation of a collector. That species is easily recognized by its dark brown connectives, which are not exceeded by the anther locules, while the Ernst specimen clearly has yellow connectives and locules 2x longer than the connective (hanging down below the connective). I believe the attribution of B. glandulosa to Dominica (and adjacent islands) represents a misidentification of the small-leaved, dry wood- land ecological aspect of B. polystachia. The attribution of Bunchosia lindeniana Adr. Jussieu to Dominica by Grisebach (1860:115), based on an Imray collection (not seen) is also probably a misidentification, but of the large-leaved, interior aspect of B. polystachia. Byrsonima L. Richard ex Kunth 1. Petals yellow, yellowish orange or orange; leaves pube- rulent below; connectives equaling the anther sacs, the latter not apiculate B. spicata 1. Petals white, pink, or red; leaves glabrous below. 2. Shrub to 3 m; connectives equaling the anther sacs, the latter not apiculate B. lucida 2. Tree to 12 m; connectives exceeding the anther sacs by 1.0- 1.5 mm, the latter apiculate B. trinitensis Byrsonima lucida Byrsonima lucida (Miller) A.R Candolle, 1824, 1:580. — Niedenzu in Engler, 1928, IV. 128 (Heft 94):709.— Utde et al., 1974:366, pi. 419.— GiUis, 1974b:94. Malpighia lucida MiUer, 1768. Malpighia cuneata Turczaninov, 1858:390. Byrsonima cuneata (Turczaninov) Wilson, 1917:394. Densely branching shrub 1-3 m; leaves narrowly obovate to spatulate, 2-4(-5) cm long, glossy; petals white or pink, turning red; mature fruit yellow. Rorida through Antilles; common in Dominica in xero- phytic woodlands below 100 m: Grand Savanne (Beard 243, Ernst 1143, 2134, Hodge 3772, Nicolson 2045, Stern & Wasshausen 2449, Webster 13168, Wilbur 7628), Pointe Baptiste (Hodge 3498), Sugar Loaf (Eggers 1084). Major flowering April-May. This small-leaved, white- to pink-flowered species can hybridize with the large-leaved, yellow-flowered species, B. spicata, q.v. Byrsonima spicata Byrsonima spicata (Cavanilles) A.R Candolle, 1824, 1:580. — Cuatrecasas, 1958:602. Malpighia spicata Cavanilles, 1789, 8:409, pi. 237. NUMBER 77 Malpighiaceae 137 Byrsonima coriacea var. spicata (Cavanilles) Niedenzu in Engler, 1928, IV.141 (Heft 94):700. Bois tan. Tree 5-11 m; leaves narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, puberulent below, ~4 cm x 12 cm; petals yellow to orange; interior surface of anther connective pubescent with a few long, appressed hairs, the anther sacs glabrous; fruits orange. Antilles (except Jamaica) and South America; a widespread species in Dominica in mesophytic habitats including wind- ward coastal thickets: below Syndicate to Marigot {Chambers 2621, Hodge 3163, Nicolson 1908, Wasshausen & Ayensu 364, Whitefoord 4311, Wilbur 7626, 8310), east coast, including Carib Reserve (Ernst 1362, Hodge 3904, Nicolson 4129, Taylor 14), south from Grand Bay to Scotts Head (Taylor 13, Webster 13445, Wilbur 8006), interior, near Imperial road (Narodny 2, Skog 1577), cultivated Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 928). A spectacular show when flowering in May- June. The bark is used for tanning and hunting potions (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:570). It is of biological interest to note that this mesophytic yellow-flowered, large-leaved species can hybridize with the xerophytic, white- to pink-flowered, small-leaved species B. lucida. A collection (Stern & Wasshausen 2444) from Grand Savanne (where B. lucida is common) is quite intermediate in leaf characters. The leaves are obovate (asB. lucida) but much larger (~3 cm x 7 cm) than B. lucida and smaller than B. spicata. The flowers are yellow (as B. spicata). At first glance one might think this was B. trinitensis, but the flower color and habitat are wrong and the stamens do not have the distinctive prolonged connective of B. trinitensis. Anderson (ms.) reported most pollen grains were not stainable, implying a sterile hybrid between these quite unrelated species. Hybrids between these species are postulated in Puerto Rico (Little et al., 1974:366) and were named as species B. ophiticola and B. horneana). Byrsonima trinitensis Byrsonima trinitensis Adr. Jussieu, 1 840:334. j Byrsonima martinicensis Krug & Urban ex Duss, 1897:1 1 1. I Byrsonima crassifolia sensu Grisebach, 1860:114, non (Linnaeus) Kunth. I Bois moricipre, mauricif, bois du vin. Tree 3-12 m; leaf blades elliptic, oblanceolate or obovate, 4.5-11.5 cm long, petioles 2-12 mm long; petals white to j pink; mature fruits red. I Lesser Antilles; common in wet interior forests and montane I thickets (100 m at La Chaudiere is remarkable) in Dominica: I Boiling Lake (Hodge 1900), Casde Bruce (Ramage s.n., Feb 1889), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3572), Mome Diablotins (Ni- colson 1924), Mome Micotrin to Laudat (Chambers 2740, Ernst 1099, Nicolson 1834, Wasshausen & Ayensu 328), within 5 miles [8 km] of Pont Casse (Ernst 1670, 1980A, 2087, Hodge 552, 553, 2978, Stern & Wasshausen 2543, Wilbur 7844), Syndicate (Whitefoord 4536). Flowering July-August at lower elevations, October-November at higher elevations. Williams (1947, 2:498) suggested that this species is conspecific with B. martinicensis. The small-leaved aspect with short (2-4 mm) petioles, referable to typical B. trinitensis, occurs in Dominica at higher elevations. The larger-leaved aspect with longer (5-12 mm) petioles, referable to typical B. martinicensis, occurs at lower elevations. According to Anderson (in Howard, 1988, 4:601) the type is from Martinique and was mislabeled as “FI. Trinitatis” (confusion with La Trinite of Martinique?). The similar Trinidad species is B. kariniana Anderson. Grisebach (1860:114) cited an Imray collection from Dominica as Byrsonima crassifolia (Linnaeus) Kunth. An Imray collection (GOET) is sterile but the leaves are glabrous (unlike B. crassifolia), although material in the pocket (taken from a different collection?) is B. crassifolia. A specimen of Imray 332 (K) is clearly B. trinitensis. A flowering specimen of Imray 210 (GH) was annotated by Grisebach as “crassifolia var. glabratd” but has the prolonged staminal connectives of B. trinitensis. The attribution of B. crassifolia to Dominica appears to be due to a misidentification of B. trinitensis. Heteropteris Kunth, nom. cons. Heteropteris purpurea (Linnaeus) Kunth, was reported for Dominica by Velez (1957:103) as Banisteria purpurea Linnaeus on the authority of Stehle. No specimens from Dominica have been seen, but it is possible that it could be found in very dry areas. It has pink flowers and small, oval leaves, which usually bear two small glands at or slightly below the middle of the petiole. Heteropteris platyptera Heteropteris platyptera A.R Candolle, 1824, 1:592. — ^Macbride, 1934:11. Banisteria longifolia Swartz, 1788:75. Heteropteris longifolia (Swartz) Niedenzu, 1903:53, non Kunth [= Heterop- teris laurifolia (Linnaeus) Adr. Jussieu]. Heteropteris longifolia var. borealis Niedenzu, 1903:53. Heteropteris longifolia var. martinicensis Niedenzu, 1903:54. Heteropteris platyptera var. martinicensis (Niedenzu) Macbride, 1934:12. Corde caco, liane cacao, sec cacao. Liana (or dense shrub); leaves glandular, glabrous, >15 cm long; flowers yellow, paniculate; carpels 3, samaras 1-3, to 3 cm X 6 cm, the wings thickest at bottom, reddish at end. Guadeloupe to St. Vincent; northern Dominica in mesic to wet woodlands to 600 m: western slopes — Clarke Hall (Wasshausen & Ayensu 301), Milton (Hodge 2678), Sugar Loaf (Eggers 730, 1062), Syndicate (Hodge 3832): northern and eastern slopes — Calibishie (Hodge 3167), Carib Reserve (Hodge 3270, StehU 6416), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3506): wet interior, within 5 miles [8 km] of Pont Casse (Beard 660, Ernst 1167, 1289, 1352, Hodge 551, 2983, 3473, Nicolson 4180, Webster 13392): sine loc. (Fishlock 23 A, Imray 405). Flower- ing April to June and fruits quickly maturing. 138 Malpighiaceae — ^Malvaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Used in various artifacts by Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:570). Malpighia Linnaeus The West Indian Cherry, widely misidentified as Malpighia punicifolia Linnaeus, is Malpighia emarginata Sesse & Mogino ex A.P. Candolle, according to Vivaldi (in Cuatrecasas and Croat, 1980:899). It is cultivated at Canefield Estate {Nicolson 4218), Mome Daniel (Whitefoord 6127), and at the Cherry Lodge Hotel in Roseau (DHN!), for which the hotel is named. Malpighia coccigera Malpighia coccigera Linnaeus, 1753:426. Leaves ovate, small (~1 cm long), spiny-toothed; flowers pink. Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, Martinique; in Dominica only known from Cabrits: Inner Cabrite of Prince Rupert’s Head 19 Jun 1792 {Anonymous [Finlay?] s.n. at K), crest of NE side of West Cabrit {Nicolson 4207), sine loc. {Imray 412 at K). Stigmaphyllon Adr. Jussieu The attribution of Stigmaphyllon emarginatum (Cavanilles) Adr. Jussieu (as Stigmaphyllon lingulatum (Poiret) Small) to Dominica by Velez (1957:103) on the authority of Britton and Wilson (1924, 5:441), who stated “St. Martin to St. Lucia,” has not been confirmed. This species is superficially similar to S. diversifolium but the leaves are glabrate at maturity. Stigmaphyllon ovatum (Cavanilles) Niedenzu was attributed to Dominica by Velez (1957:103) as Brachyptetys ovata (Cavanilles) Small on the authority of Britton and Wilson (1924, 5:439), who cited “Guadeloupe to Trinidad.” This species grows in wet coastal areas (mangroves), a rare habitat on Dominica. 1. Leaf-blade small (to 6 cm), obtuse to rounded and short-apiculate at apex; petiole to 1 cm long; styles unequal, the shorter with a slender beak; xerophyte 5. diversifolium 1. Leaf-blade large (>6 cm), long-acuminate at apex; petioles to 5 cm long; styles ± equal, all foliaceous at apex; mesophyte 5. puberum Stigmaphyllon diversifolium Stigmaphyllon diversifolium (Kunth) Adr. Jussieu, 1840:290. — Grisebach, 1860:119. Banisteria diversifolia Kunth, 1822, 5:159. Stigmaphyllon Niedenzu, 1899:8. Vine or shrub; leaves elliptic, lanceolate or ovate, tomentose beneath, apex acute, obtuse, or truncate; petals erose, yellow; samara smaller, the wing to 2 cm long. Lesser Antilles; frequent in Dominica in lowland dry scrub on west coast; Batali River {Webster 13175), Cabrits {Hodge 3717, 4010), Dublanc {Hodge 2540), Grand Savanne {Beard 244, 1459, Ernst 1413, Hodge 3807, Stern & Wasshausen 2539, Wilbur 7641), Massacre {Whitefoord 4638), Mero {Chambers 2508, 2509), Pointe Ronde {Chambers 2659, Hodge 2646), Spanish Mt. (DHN!), Tarou Cliffs {Nicolson 1860). Apparently flowering throughout the year. Stigmaphyllon puberum Stigmaphyllon puberum (L. Richard) Adr. Jussieu, t840:289. Banisteria pubera L. Richard, 1792:109. Kalabuli. Vine; leaves lanceolate or elliptic, apex acuminate; petals fimbriate, yellow; samara large, the wing >3 cm long. Northern South America to Belize, West Indies; occasional in Dominica in mesic (secondary?) woodlands to 700 m: Carib Reserve {Hodge 3356, Howard 554, Taylor 18), Clarke Hall {Ernst 1711, 1299, Stern & Wasshausen 2422), Hatton Garden {Hodge 2956), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3641), Layou Bridge {Whitefoord 4381), Mome Anglais [Couliaboune] {Eggers 651), Pont Casse area {Howard 11716), Rosalie {Ernst 1358). Flowering April to August, fruit quickly maturing. Stems used as twine by Caribs was reported by Hodge and Taylor (1957:571). Malvaceae There is a commonly cultivated hedge shmb in Dominica with bright red, non-spreading petals, which I assume is Malvaviscus arboreus Cavanilles, although no voucher has been seen. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:137, pi. 136) reported medicinal use on Dominica. 1. Petals (3-)4 cm long or longer; fruit a loculicidal capsule or indehiscent. 2. Leaves 3-5-lobed. 3. Plant not covered with glands .... Abelmoschus 3. Plant covered with black glands .... Gossypium 2. Leaves not or only very shallowly lobed. 4. Calyx truncate; fmit indehiscent Thespesia 4. Calyx 5- or 10-lobed; fmit dehiscent. 5. Leaves serrate, ± broader than long; fruits 4-5 cm long, broadly winged, stipitate, stellate- pubescent, long-pedicellate Wercklea 5. Leaves entire to crenulate, usually longer than broad; fmits smaller and not as above. 6. Fruits depressed, 5-winged, hispid . . . Fioria 6. Fruits ovoid, longer than broad . . . Hibiscus 1. Petals to 3 cm long; fmit a schizocarp of several to many separating carpels (mericarps). NUMBER 77 Malvaceae 139 7. Calyx or inflorescence not subtended by bracts (epicalyx). 8. Leaves cuneate to shallowly cordate; fruits <1 cm wide; carpels 1-seeded Sida 8. Leaves deeply cordate; fruits >1.5 cm wide; carpels 3-seeded. 9. Carpels not inflated, the walls firm Abutilon 9. Carpels inflated at maturity, the walls membra- nous Herissantia 1. Calyx or inflorescence subtended by bracts (epicalyx). 10. Calyx without epicalyx but inflorescence subtended by large, conspicuously veined bracts Malachra 10. Calyx subtended by epicalyx; inflorescence without large bracts. 11. Involucral bracts 3 Malvastrum 11. Involucral bracts 5-8. 12. Leaf blades eglandular, usually unlobed; petals yellow to greenish; carpels unarmed or with only 3 barbed spines Pavonia 12. Leaf blades with 1-3 open nectaries near base, usually lobed; petals pink; carpels with numer- ous hooked spines Urena Abelmoschus Medikus Calyx spathaceous, 5-toothed on one side, deciduous; corolla subtended by a ± persistent epicalyx. Abelmoschus esculentus (Linnaeus) Moench, okra or gumbo, is cultivated on Dominica at Fort Shirley {Whitefoord 6166). It has stems glabrous or with spreading (not deflexed) hairs and a mature fruit about 20 cm long. Hodge and Taylor (1957:580) discussed the Carib beliefs concerning this species under the name Hibiscus esculentus Linnaeus. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:135, pi. 101) reported medicinal uses. Abelmoschus moschatus Abelmoschus moschatus Medikus, 1787a:46. — Bates, 1968:104. I Hibiscus abelmoschus Linnaeus, 1753:696. I : Annual herb; stem with deflexed hairs; flowers yellow with dark brown spot at base of each petal; pedicel usually >3 cm long; fruit <10 cm long. Asiatic but widely introduced and escaping; in lowlands of Dominica: beside river at Hatton Garden Estate {Hodge 3182). Abutilon Miller Calyx 5-lobed, not subtended by epicalyx; staminal column with stamens at apex; carpels 2-more-ovuled, leathery at maturity. Abutilon indicum Abutilon indicum (Linnaeus) Sweet, 1826:54. Sida indica Linnaeus, 1756:26. Shrub to 1.2 m; leaves tomentose below; petals yellow to pale orange. Pantropical; in Dominica in disturbed areas on west coast; Gabriel {Wilbur 8228), West Cabrit {Hodge 3709, Smith 10332). Fioria Mattel Fioria vitifolia Fioria vitifolia (Linnaeus) Mattel, 1917:72. — Fryxell in Howard, 1989, 5:214. Hibiscus vitifolius Linnaeus, 1753:696. Densely pubescent shrub or herb to 2 m; leaves trilobed, dentate; petals yellow; capsule winged at apex. Native to Old World tropics, naturalized in the West Indies; only record from Dominica: sine loc. {Imray 54 at GH, 152 at GOET). Gossypium Linnaeus The species are variable and hybridization, followed by introgression, results in intermediate specimens that can be difficult to determine. Used by Caribs to make cloth (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:579). 1. Involucellar bract teeth gradually acuminate, sinuses ± rounded; leaves 3-7-lobed, central lobe ovate to lanceo- late, usually >1.5x as long as broad; capsules usually 3-celled, ± elongate, pitted G. barbadense 1. Involucellar bract teeth triangular and acute or lanceolate and acuminate, sinuses ± acute; leaves 3-5-lobed, central lobe triangular to ovate, usually <1.5x as long as broad; capsules 3-5-celled, usually ovoid or ± globose, smooth G. hirsutum Gossypium barbadense Gossypium barbadense Linnaeus, 1753:693. — Borssum Waalkes, 1966:123. — FryxeU, 1979:70. Coton blanc, coton noir. Stipules 1-5 cm long; petals to 8 cm, yellow. Originally South American, now widely cultivated; culti- vated and apparently escaping in Dominica: Carib Reserve {Stehli 6398, 6422). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:133, pi. 100) reported use to treat tachycardia. Kidney cotton (with seeds fused) is Gossypium barbadense var. brasiliense (Rafinesque) Fryxell. 140 Malvaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Gossypium hirsutum Gossypium hirsutum Linnaeus, 1763:975. — Borssum Waalkes, 1966:123. — FryxeU, 1979:68. Gossypium marie- galante Watt, 1927:344. Gossypium hirsutum var. marie-galante (Watt) J.B. Hutchinson et al., 1947:43.— Adams, 1972:473. Cotton tree, coton noir. Stipules 0.5-1.5 cm; petals to 5 cm, cream to pale yellow. Originally from Central America and Greater Antilles, now widely cultivated; cultivated and apparently naturalizing in Dominica, particularly in the west: Bataca {Stehli 6373, 6403), Dublanc {Hodge 2541), Mahaut {Morden 7), Mero {Whitefoord 5693) [Chambers 2514 from Coulibistri is intermediate]. The Mahaut specimen was cultivated for cotton seed oil. Herissantia Medikus Herissantia crispa Herissantia crispa (Linnaeus) Briacky, 1968:279. Sida crispa Linnaeus, 1753:685. Abutilon crispum (Linnaeus) Medikus, 1787a:29, “cryspum." Gayoides crispum (Linnaeus) Small, 1903:764. Bogenhardia crispa (Linnaeus) Kearney, 1954:120. Herb or shrub, often procumbent; petals white or yellowish; carpels tardily dehiscent. Old and New World tropics and subtropics; cited for Dominica by Velez (1957:104) as Gayoides crispum, appar- endy based solely on the distribution report by Britton and Wilson (1924, 5:549) of “West Indies, south to Grenada.” I have seen material from Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Vincent, and Grenada and suppose it is expected on Dominica near beaches. Hibiscus Linnaeus, nom. cons. Several species are native to the Old World tropics and cultivated on Dominica. The following have regularly toothed or lobed, persistent calyces. Hibiscus sabdariffa Linnaeus, roselle, was cited for Dominica by Velez (1957:104) and has thick, succulent, edible calyx-involucres. Hibiscus rosa- sinensis Linnaeus, rose of China, is cultivated for its showy flowers and cv. Cooperi for its variegated leaves {Hodge 972). Hibiscus rosa- sinensis var. schizopetalus Dyer (also known as Hibiscus schizopetalus (Dyer) J. Hooker; see Cheek, 1989) has laciniate, recurved petals {Hodge 967). 1. Involucral bracts linear, apex bifurcate; petals purplish- pink H. furcellatus 1. Involucral bracts linear or lanceolate, apex entire; petals yellow-orange. 2. Calyx >3 cm long, deciduous (with bracts) after anthesis; petals fading and drying deep red; trees (introduced in interior) H. elatus 2. Calyx <3 cm long, persistent (with bracts) on ripe fruit; petals fading orange and drying greenish; shrubs or trees (usually of lowlands) H. pernambucensis Hibiscus elatus Hibiscus elatus Swittz, 1788:102. — Bates, 1965:64. — Kimber, 1970. Blue mahoe. Tall, straight tree to 20 m; petals usually >9 cm long, orange -red, fading quickly to dark crimson. Central America and West Indies; apparently introduced into Dominica: East Cabrit {Whitefoord 5256), Dleau Gommier {Nicolson 2015), Riversdale {Nicolson 4060). Planted as a fast-growing timber tree and discussed by Kimber. Adams also (1972:475) pointed out that this appar- ently can hybridize with “H. tiliaceus," i.e., H. pernambucen- sis here. Hibiscus furcellatus Hibiscus furcellatus hamaTck, 1789, 3:358. Densely pubescent shrub to 2 m; leaves cordate; petals purplish pink. Neotropics; in Dominica in lowlands: Soufriere Valley {Cooper 138). Hibiscus pernambucensis Hibiscus pernambucensis Arruda, 1810:44. — FryxeU in Howard, 1989, 5:225. Hibiscus tiliaceus sensu auctt. as to Lesser AntUles, non Linnaeus. Seaside mahoe, mahoe doux. Shrub to 2 m or tree to 10 m; petals usually <8 cm long, lemon yellow, fading quickly to tawny orange. New World tropics; in Dominica in estuaries near sea: Carib Reserve {Hodge 3381, Taylor 20), Portsmouth {Hodge 3753). Rope, twine, and caulking made from fibrous bark by Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:581). According to FryxeU, Asiatic H. tiliaceaus Linnaeus probably is a different species than H. pernambucensis. Malachra Linnaeus Coarse, pubescent herbs with whitish, conspicuously veined inflorescence bracts. I. Inflorescence ± sessile; outer bracts broadly triangular M. alceifolia 1. Inflorescence long-stalked; outer bracts rounded M. capitata Malachra alceifolia Malachra alceifolia Jacquin, 1789, Coll., 2:350, “alceaefolia” . — Guerke, 1892:350. Gumbo zombie. NUMBER 77 Malvaceae 141 Stiffly hispid herbs to 2 m; petals 1.5 cm long, yellow. South America and West Indies; in Dominica along roads: Barakua (Nicolson 4069), East Cabrits (Whitefoord 5260), Carib Reserve {Hodge 3294), bridge above Clarke Hall {Ernst 1294), Hatton Garden {Hodge 3007). Malachra capitata Malachra capitata Linnaeus, 1767a:458. Velutinous herbs; petals 1 cm long. Central America and West Indies; cited for Dominica by Urban (1920, 8:420). The fact that there are no recent collections suggests this record is dubious; it does occur in Martinique and Guadeloupe. Malvastrum A. Gray, nom. cons. Malvastrum americanum Malvastrum americanum (Linnaeus) Torrey in Emory, 1859, 2:38. — Adams, 1972:159.— HiU, 1982:187. Malva americana Linnaeus, 1753:687. Suffrutescent herb; inflorescence terminal, spicate; petals yellow; fruiting carpels without spines. Tropics; reported for Dominica by Velez (1957:104) as Malvastrum spicatum. Malvastrum coromandelianum (Linnaeus) Garcke has a similar distribution, including Guadeloupe and Martinique (Hill, 1982:324) and was recently (1990) collected at the Fort Shirley ruins of the Cabrits {Hill 21322). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:135, pi. 102) reported medicinal usage in Dominica. It differs from M. americanum by its solitary axillary, pedicellate flowers and 3-spined fruiting carpels. Pavonia Cavanilles, nom. cons. It is difficult to dispose of the attribution of Pavonia spinifex (Linnaeus) Cavanilles to Dominica by Velez (1957:104). On one hand Velez failed to include the armed-fruited Antillean I species P. fruticosa, which does occur on Dominica, and I “spinifex” might be a misidentification of P. fruticosa. j Secondly, it is possible that, by a slip of the pen, he meant P. \ paludicola, then known as spicata (called P. racemosa by him) by “spinifex.” Finally, it is possible he did see P. spinifex from Dominica, although I have seen no material. Pavonia spinifex , does occur in Martinique and Guadeloupe and may be expected in Dominica. It has spiny carpels like P. paludicola, but the leaves are ovate and serrate while the flowers are axillary and solitary. 1. Inflorescence ± capitate; mericaips armed, the awns with deflexed hairs; leaves serrate, lanceolate . . . P. fruticosa 1. Inflorescence racemose; mericarps unarmed, leaves ± entire, ovate P. paludicola I 1 Pavonia fruticosa Pavonia fruticosa (Miller) Fawcett & Rendle, 1926, 5:130. Sida fruticosa MiUer, 1768. Urena typhalaea Linnaeus, 1771:258. Pavonia typhalaea (Linnaeus) Cavanilles, 1787, 3:134. Herb or small shrub. South America and West Indies; weed in plantations and roadsides on Dominica: Grand Savanne {Ernst 2123), Syndi- cate {Ernst 1896, Whitefoord 3945). Pavonia paludicola Pavonia paludicola Nicolson in Howard, 1989, 5:241. Malache scabra B. Vogel in Trew, 1772:50, pi. 90. Pavonia spicata Cavanilles, 1787, 3:136, pi. 46, nom. iUeg. Althaea racemosa Swartz, 1788:102, nom. iUeg. Pavonia racemosa Swartz, 1800:1215, nom. iUeg. Malache spicata Kuntze, 1891, 1:70, nom. iUeg. Pavonia scabra (B. Vogel) Ciferri, 1936, 321. — Stehle et al., 1937, 1:104. — Stehle, 1943:42, non Presl. Small sprawling shrub; flowers yellowish. Neotropics; in water along river in Dominica; Indian River estuary {Hodge 3744), sine loc. {Imray s.n. at GH). Cavanilles’ name is illegitimate because he cited earlier Malache scabra Vogel in synonymy and, by his comments, appears to indicate errors in Ehret’s illustration published by Trew, rather than exclude it. Sida Linnaeus Sida glabra Miller (also known as Sida glutinosa Cava- nilles) was reported for Dominica by Velez (1957:105) on his own recognizance. This species occurs around the Caribbean but its actual distribution in the Lesser Antilles is obscure (at US we have materials from Andgua, St. Barthelmy, Montser- rat, and Guadeloupe). Foumet (1978:1502) reported it from several localities in Martinique. It would key here to S. urens, from which it differs by having pedicels 1-2 cm long and it has much shorter pubescence. Sida spinosa Linnaeus was also reported for Dominica by Velez (1957:105), on the authority of Britton and Wilson, 1924, 5:551), who stated “West Indies, south to Barbados, Grenada, and Aruba.” It would key to Sida urens but differs by its 1.2 cm pedicels and its thin stellate pubescence. The leaves are much smaller than in Sida glabra, which approximates S. urens, but is instantly differentiated from both by being densely pubescent (velvety) on the lower leaf surface. 1. Petioles 1 cm or longer; leaves rounded to cordate at base. 2. Plants densely stellate-pubescent (velvety); pedicels to 1.5 cm long in fruit; carpels -10, each 2-awned, awns slender, retrorsely hispid and as long as the carpels S. cordifolia 2. Plants thinly covered with spreading, elongate hairs; pedicels <0.5 cm long; carpels 5, each 2-callose S. urens 142 Malvaceae SMITHSONIAN CONT RIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 1. Petioles <1 cm long; leaves obtuse to acute at base. 3. Leaves spirally arranged; pedicels 2-3 cm long; stipules hair-like; carpels ~10, each 2-beaked S. rhombifolia 3. Leaves distichous; pedicels <1 cm long; stipules lanceolate to falcate, often several-nerved. 4. Plants scabrid with sparse, short, stellate hairs; flowers usually dark yellow; carpels 7 or more, each 2-beaked, beaks straight, hispid S. acuta 4. Plants soft-pubescent with dense, elongate, stellate hairs; flowers yellowish white; carpels 5, each 2-beaked, beaks out-curved, smooth S. glomerata Sida acuta Sida acuta N. Burman, 1768:147. — FryxeU in Howard, 1989, 5:246. Sida carpinifolia Linnaeus f., 1782:307. — Stehle, 1943:37. Sweet broom, balie. Sparsely stellate pubescent shrub; stipules lanceolate, 1 mm X 10 mm, ciliate; leaves elliptic -lanceolate, -1.5 cm x 4 cm but variable; flowers l(-2) per axil, pale orange; pedicel usually <0.5 cm but sometimes (on same specimen) about 1 cm long and jointed; carpels 7 or more, each 2-beaked, the beaks hirsute. Tropical and subtropical weed; common in dry or disturbed habitats in lowlands of Dominica: Bomes (Nicolson 4222, 4224), Canefield {Whitefoord 6093), Carib Reserve {StehU 6414, 6440), Clarke Hall (Nicolson 1855), Coulibistri (Ernst 1400), Grand Savanne (DeFilipps 175, Wilbur 8353), Hatton Garden (Hodge 2933, 2935), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3625), Marigot (Hodge 547), Pichelin (Ernst 1590), Portsmouth street weed (DHN!), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2637), Roseau (Hodge 546), sine loc. (Imray s.n.). All our specimens appear to be the typical subspecies, sensu Borssum Waalkes (1966:186). The pulp is used as a poultice for sprains (Honychurch, 1980:56). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:137, pi. 104) reported medicinal uses. Sida cordifolia Sida cordifolia Linnaeus, 1753:684. Suffrutescent herbs, with dense, velvety pubescence cover- ing all parts; stipules hair- like; petioles several cm long; leaves velvety, ovate, usually -3 cm x 5 cm, rounded to ± cordate at base and obtuse at apex, flowers ± clustered or solitary, yellow with a dark spot; pedicel short but to 1.5 cm in fruit; carpels 10, 2-awned, the awns as long as or longer than the carpels, slender, retrorsely hispid. Tropical and subtropical; occasional along dry west coast of Dominica: Dublanc (Whitefoord 4273), Grand Savanne and vicinity (Ernst 1386, 2116, 2132, Wilbur 8114), South Chiltem to Scotts Head (Hodge 1623). Sida glomerata Sida glomerata CavaniUes, 1785, 1:18, pi. 2: fig. 6. Suffrutescent, covered with ± spreading hairs; stipules lanceolate, 2 mm x 10 mm, ciliate; petiole <1 cm; leaves elliptic lanceolate, -2.5 cm x 1 cm but variable on same plant; flowers solitary, white with yellowish tinge; pedicels very short, to 2 mm in fruit; carpels 5, 2-beaked, the beaks smooth, often out-curved. Neotropics; occasional in Dominica on dry west coast: Grand Savanne and vicinity (Ernst 1101, Hodge 3782, Wilbur 8353). Sida rhombifolia Sida rhombifolia Linnaeus, 1753:684. Sida retusa Linnaeus, 1763:961. Sida rhombifolia var. retusa (Linnaeus) Grisebach, 1859:75. Balid. Suffrutescent, sparsely stellate pubescent; stipules hair-like; petiole <1 cm; leaves lanceolate, 0.6-2 cm x 3-6 cm, acute at base; flowers solitary, yellow; pedicel 2.3 cm long, pointed; carpels -10, 2-beaked, lightly hispid. Pantropical weed; common in Dominica in mesic lowlands to 650 m: Bomes (Nicolson 4223), Carib Reserve (Hodge 3373), near Grand Bay (Ernst 1590), Wilbur 8018), Hatton Garden (Hodge 2934), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3693), Layou (Hodge 548), Lisdara (Hodge 545, 2419), Mt. Joy (Hodge 1287), Sylvania (Cooper 13), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3508). Used to make brooms by Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:581). Three of five specimens cited there are this species, the other two are Sida acuta. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:139, pi. 105) reported the flowers were indicated as aphrodisiac. Sida urens Sida urens Linnaeus, 1759a: 1145. Suffmtescent, covered with erect, spreading hairs; stipules hair-like; petioles -2 cm; leaves ovate, usually cordate at base and long-tapered at apex, -4 cm x 7 cm; flowers in glomerules, yellowish with purple center; pedicels to 0.5 cm; carpels 5, each bi-apiculate. Widespread in Africa and neotropics; apparently rare in Dominica: sine loc. (Imray s.n. at GH). Reported for Dominica by Stehle et al. (1937, 1:96). Thespesia Solander ex Correa, nom. cons. Thespesia populnea Thespesia populnea (Linnaeus) Solander ex Correa, 1807:290. — Howard, 1949:94.— Fiyxell, 1979:86. Hibiscus populneus Linnaeus, 1753:694. Tree to 9 m; leaves entire, broadly ovate, cordate; calyx NUMBER 77 Malvaceae — Marcgraviaceae 143 crateriform, ± entire; petals yellow, cream or reddish, with a dark base, black-punctate; fmit 3-4.5 cm in diameter. Pantropical; in Dominica a dominant of coastal strand vegetation: Cabrit Swamp {Hodge 544, Nicolson 1886, Wilbur 8257), L’Anse Noire (Ernst 1827), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2693). Urena Linnaeus Easily recognized by the hooked spines on the fruits (like Triumfetta of the Tiliaceae). 1. Sinuses of leaf blades shallow, angular at base U. lobata 1. Sinuses of leaf blades deep, rounded at base U. sinuata Urena lobata Urena lobata Linnaeus, 1753:692. — Borssum Waalkes, 1966:140 [as var. lobata]. Shrub with shallowly lobed leaves; epicalyx cupular, stiff and appressed to mericarps. Pantropic weed; known in Dominica only from dry northwest comer of the island: Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2765), Portsmouth (Whitefoord 5295). Urena sinuata Urena sinuata Linnaeus, 1753:692. Urena swartzii A.P. CandoUe, 1824, 1:442. Urena lobata f. sinuosa Miquel, 1854:283. Urena lobata var. swartzii (A.R Candolle) Grisebach, 1859:81. Urena lobata var. sinuata (Linnaeus) Miquel ex Kuntze, 1891, 1:74. — Hochreutiner, 1901:141. Urena lobata subsp. sinuata (Linnaeus) Borssum Waalkes, 1966:142. Mahoe cousin, materebe (Carib, without food). Shrub with deeply lobed leaves; epicalyx spreading or reflexed in fruit. Pantropic weed; occasional in Dominica in lowland and midland disturbed areas: Bellevue (Eggers 599), Carib Reserve (Stehli 6100), Hatton Garden (Hodge 2955, 3041), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3692), Milton (Hodge 2927), Sylvania (Cooper 71, Hodge 1105), Wallhouse (Eggers s.n., Nov 1887), sine loc. (Imray s.n., Taylor 1). Used medicinally by Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:581). Wercklea Pittier & Standley Wercklea tulipiflora Wercklea tulipiflora (J. Hooker) Fryxell, 1981:476. — Fryxell in Howard, 1989, i 5:260. i Hibiscus tulipiflorus J. Hooker, 1845, “tulipaeflorus." Gombo montagne, gombo marron. Tree to 13 m; leaves large, cordate, coarsely toothed; flowers yellow, pendent; capsule erect. Lesser Antilles (Montserrat to St. Lucia); in places common on Dominica, 450-800 m: Freshwater Lake vicinity (Beard 235, Hodge 1127, 1879, Nicolson 1957, 4146, Smith 10234, Wasshausen & Ayensu 311, Whitefoord 3863), summit of Mome Negres Marrons (Hodge 1079), Sylvania (Hodge 549), sine loc. (Cooper 40, Imray 251, the type). Marcgraviaceae (by John Utley) 1. Inflorescence ± umbellate; leaves dimorphic, distichous, acute on fertile branches; central flowers aborted, each with a pitcher-shaped nectary (“bract”) long-decurrent on pedicel; fertile flowers with calyptrate corolla M arc gr avia 1. Inflorescence racemose, elongated; leaves monomorphic, spiralled, obtuse to retuse; flowers all fertile, each with a ladle-shaped nectary attached to pedicel; corolla lobes free (at least apically). 2. Raceme axis to 20 cm long; pedicels to 0.5 cm, scarcely longer than flowers; nectary inserted at flower base; stamens 5 Ruyschia 2. Raceme axis to 10 cm long; pedicels to 4 cm, much longer than flowers; nectary inserted below mid-pedicel; stamens 20 Schwartzia Marcgravia Linnaeus 1. Inflorescences erect; flowers erect on pedicels; stamens ~60 M. trinitatis 1. Inflorescences pendulous; flowers angled on pedicels; stamens to 20. 2. Flowers at oblique angle on 2 cm pedicel, buds acute; leaves leathery, 6-10 cm long; nectary apices of central abortive flowers extending ~5 mm beyond pedicel apices M. lineolata 2. Flowers at almost right angle on 3 cm pedicel, buds rounded; leaves not leathery, 10-13 cm long; nectary apices of central abortive flowers equaling or slightly below than pedicel apices M. umbellata Marcgravia lineolata Marcgravia lineolata Krug & Urban in Urban, 1896:517. Leaves leathery, with inconspicuous venation; leaf glands slighdy inset (3-5 mm); lower third of midrib with 4-5 domatia on each side; petioles 4-5 mm long; flowers at 45° angle on ~2 cm pedicels; stamens 8. Martinique and St. Lucia; apparently rare in interior forests of Dominica: 5 miles [8 km] east of Pont Casse (Nicolson 4178, Wilbur 7830), Syndicate (Ernst 2065, Whitefoord 3491, 4268, 144 Marcgraviaceae — ^Melastomataceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 4377, 4397, 4402, 4545). Determinations are tentative pending revision of the genus. Our specimens agree reasonably well with specimens (US) from Martinique (Stehl^ 4861, 6148, 6813, 6836) but others determined as this species have conspicuously reticulate venation and lack the revolute margins. Marcgravia trinitatis Marcgravia trinitatis Presl, 1845:122. — Urban, 1896:516. Marcgravia rectiflora Triana & Planchon, 1862:364. Marcgravia rectiflora var. jacquinii Triana & Planchon, 1862:366. — Urban, 1896:515.— Howard, 1970. Leaves leathery, with inconspicuous venation, marginal glands as a line of inconspicuous glands 2-3 mm from margins and 1-2 conspicuous domatia (pocket glands) -2-3 mm from midrib -1 cm above leaf base; petioles 1-2 mm long, essentially sessile; flowers erect on 4-5 cm pedicels; stamens -60. [Martinique?] and St. Lucia; apparently rare in interior rainforest of Dominica: Laudat {Ramage s.n.), Sylvania {Hodge 475, 1147), Syndicate {Nicolson 4083). The type, Sieber 342, supposedly collected in Trinidad by Franz Wrbna, probably involves an error, because the species does not occur on Trinidad. It may have been collected on Martinique by Franz Kohaut, perhaps at La Trinite. The same situation exists for Rauvolfia biauriculata (Apocynaceae). Marcgravia umbellata Marcgravia umbellata Linnaeus, 1753:503. — Urban, 1896:517. Leaves not leathery, with conspicuous venation; glands on leaf margin (line of dark dots on pale margin), the lower third of midrib with 1-2 domatia on each side below; petioles 7-9 mm; flowers at -90° angle on -3 cm pedicels; stamens -15. Lesser Antilles to Guyana and Colombia; common in treetops of Dominican rainforests 100-800 m: Carib Reserve {StehU 6099), Delices {Whitefoord 3705), Deux Branches {Hodge 1977, 3469), Fon Pays {Hodge 2863), Freshwater Lake {Hodge 1775, Nicolson 1838, Whitefoord 5141), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3513), Laudat {Hodge 1968), Lisdara {Hodge 477, 2386), Mome Colla Anglais {Hodge 1048), Mome Micotrin {Chambers 2571, Stern & Wasshausen 2563, Wasshausen & Ayensu 339, Webster 13238, Wilbur 7395), Mome Plat Pays {Hodge 1729), Mosquito Mountain (Webster 13568), Petite Soufriere Bay {Stern & Wasshausen 2485), Pointe Lolo {Chambers 2518), Pont Casse {Fosberg 48300, Wasshausen & Ayensu 368), Sylvania {Hodge 1048), Syndicate {Hodge 2708, Whitefoord 5631). Ruyschia Jacquin Ruyschia clusiifolia Ruyschia clusiifolia Jacquin, 1760:17, "clusiaefolia" . — Urban, 1896:520. Climbing shrub; leaves obovate, retuse; floral nectaries attached near pedicel apex. Guadeloupe to Martinique; occasional high-climbing epi- phyte in Dominican rainforests, 300-610 m: Boiling Lake {Eggers 1098), La Soie at 2000' [670 m] {Eggers s.n.), Laudat {Eggers 787), Syndicate {Hodge 2901, Nicolson 2901). Schwartzia Vellozo There is a possibility that Schwartzia is so similar to earlier Swartzia that it is confusable and to be treated as a later homonym under Art. 64.3 {ICBN). Both genera were named for Olof Swartz (also Swartsia). Schwartzia spiciflora Schwartzia spiciflora (Jussieu) BeddeU in Howard, 1989, 5:309. Marcgravia spiciflora Jussieu, 1809:402. Norantea spiciflora (Jussieu) Krug & Urban in Urban, 1896:520. Climbing shrub; leaves obovate, obtuse, coriaceous; floral nectaries mostly attached below mid-pedicel. Guadeloupe, St. Vincent, Venezuela; in Dominican rain- forests 700-1400 m: Couliaboune [Mome Anglais] {Wilbur 7962), Dleau Gommier {DeFilipps 179), Laudat {Chambers 2683), Mome Diablotins {Chambers 2648, Nicolson 1985), Pont Casse {Ernst 1129), Valley of Desolation {Whitefoord 5495). Martyniaceae (by R.W. Kiger) Martynia annua Martynia annua Linnaeus, 1753:618. — Van Eseltine, 1929:36. Martynia diandra Gloxin, 1785:14, nom. superfl. Martynia angulosa Lamarck, 1786, 2:112, nom. superfl. Coarse annual herbs to 3 m; corolla white to pink, tube yellow-spotted, the lobes with magenta blotches; mature fmits to 4.5 cm long, with 2 recurved apical horns -1 cm long. Central America and West Indies, pantropically cultivated and escaping; on dry west coast of Dominica in open areas near sea level, probably not native: between Colihaut and Coulibistri {Ernst 2117), Goodwill {Ernst 2145), cult, in Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 1002). Melastomataceae (by A.C. Nicolson) Ed. Note: Members of this family are usually called cre-cre on Dominica. Many are weedy and common, others are rare. Generic limits are sometimes difficult to define, although the species are relatively well defined. I thank Dr. John Wurdack for reviewing this treatment. NUMBER 77 Melastomataceae 145 Generic Key (by J. Wurdack) 1. Ovary superior (free from hypanthium); fruit capsular. 2. Leaves 1 cm or shorter; flowers 5-merous Tibouchina 2. Leaves 3 cm or longer; flowers 4-merous. 3. Upper leaf-surface strigose; hypanthium densely setose with stalked hairs Pterolepis 3. Upper leaf-surface glabrous; hypanthium glandular- or stellulate-puberulent. 4. Leaves 7-9-veined, 10-20 cm wide Graffenrieda 4. Leaves 5-(or faintly 7-) veined, 2-4 cm wide Nepsera 1. Ovary partly or completely inferior; fruit baccate. 5. Flower invested by 2 pairs of bracts 1. 2-2.0 cm wide Blakea 5. Rower without prominent bracts or with only 1 pair <1 cm wide. 6. Inflorescences on old wood below the leaves, pedicels arising in fascicles directly from the branches Henriettella 6. Inflorescences terminal or in well-defined panicles from upper leaf-axils. 7. Calyx-limb calyptrate, shed as bud expands; flowers pleiostemonous Conostegia 7. Calyx-limb truncate or regularly lobed, persistent at anthesis; flowers with no more than 2x as many stamens as petals. 8. Inflorescences lateral; flowers 4-merous Clidemia 8. Inflorescences terminal or appearing so; flowers 4-6-merous. 9. Anthers rimose (opening by longitudinal slits) Charianthus 9. Anthers opening by apical pores. 10. Leaves moderately appressed-setose above Clidemia hirta 10. Leaves glabrous on upper surface. 11. Mature leaves glabrous or sparsely puberulous beneath, the surface visible between the hairs Miconia 11. Mature leaves completely covered with stellate or lepidote hairs. 12. Bracteoles inconspicuous, <1 mm long, caducous Tetrazygia 12. Bracteoles 2, 6-12 mm long, persistent nearly to anthesis Miconia dodecandra and M. mirabilis Alternate Key (by A.C. Nicolson) 1. Branchlets and inflorescences with tufts of hair at nodes. 2. Flowers 4-merous; anthers rimose (slits) Charianthus purpureas 2. Flowers 5-merous; anthers with apical pores Miconia globuliflora 1. Branchlets glabrous or with vesture not localized at nodes. 3. Herbs. 4. Leaves thin, glabrous; inflorescence diffuse, branches filiform Nepsera aquatica 4. Leaves thicker, pubescent or scabrous; inflorescence not as above. 5. Leaves large (>5 cm), 5-veined; inflorescences not glomerulate; hypan- thium with simple hairs Clidemia 5. Leaves small (<4 cm), 3-veined; inflorescence glomerulate; hypanthium with stalked hairs Pterolepis glomerata 3. Shrubs or trees. 6. Calyx limb calyptrate. 7. Stamens many Conostegia 1. Stamens 10 . Miconia striata 146 Melastomataceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 6. Calyx limb not calyptrate. 8. Flowers with conspicuous bracts. 9. Leaves 3-veined, glabrous; flowers with 2 pairs of bracts, 6-merous Blakea pulverulenta 9. Leaves 5-veined; stellate pubescent beneath; flowers with 1 pair of bracts, 5-6-merous Miconia 8. Howers without conspicuous bracts. 10. Leaves tiny, <1 cm long Tibouchina ornata 10. Leaves >1 cm long. 11. Hypanthium densely setose with coarse, branched hairs; calyx lobes ovate, rigid, erect, persistent Pterolepis glomerata 11. Hypanthium and calyx not as above. 12. Leaves large, >10 cm broad, 1-9- veined Graffenrieda latifolia 12. Leaves not as broad, 3-5-veined. 13. Inflorescences borne below leaves; flowers 4-merous. 14. Plants hirsute; leaves 5-veined . . . CUdemia guadalupensis 14. Plants glabrous; leaves 3-veined . . . Henriettella lateriflora 13. Inflorescences terminal or in leaf axils; flowers 4-5-merous. 15. Mature leaves hirsute above CUdemia 15. Mature leaves glabrous above. 16. Mature leaves pubescent beneath, at least on veins. 17. Pubescence rusty; flowers 5-merous Miconia 17. Pubescence white; flowers 4-merous. 18. Leaves 3-veined, elliptic; inflorescences pyramidal- paniculate Miconia tetrandra 18. Leaves 3-5-veined, ovate-lanceolate; inflorescences corymbiform Tetrazygia 16. Mature leaves glabrous beneath. 19. Leaves ± sessile (petiole 5 mm); base ± cordate Miconia ernstii 19. Leaves distinctly petioled; base rounded, at most. 20. Leaves 3-veined Miconia 20. Leaves 5-veined. 21. Anthers rimose (slit) Charianthus 21. Anthers with apical pores Miconia Blakea Browne Blakea pulverulenta Blakea pulverulenta Vahl, 1794, 3:61. — Domin, 1930b:44. Blakea laurifolia Naudin, 1852:143. Lavande. Epiphytic shrub or tree to 8 m; leaves 3-veined, glabrous, coriaceous, ovate to obovate, short-acuminate, base tapering, to 10 cm X 5 cm; petiole to 1.5 cm; flowers large, fragrant 6-merous, 1 or 2 per axil; pedicel to 4 cm; 4 large bracts to 1.3 cm enclosing bud; sepals 4 mm; petals 1 cm, pink; stamens 12, creamy yellow. Lesser Antilles and Trinidad; locally abundant in moist forests at mid-elevations (400-800 m) of Dominica: Bells {Whitefoord 6143), Boiling Lake (Eggers 614 at GH), Deux Branches {Hodge 3467, Howard 11773), En Haut Jean {Webster 13526), Freshwater Lake {Whitefoord 3854), Laudat {Lloyd 190), Lisdara {Hodge 2368, 2482), Mome Micotrin {Ernst 1472, Gillis 8162, Wilbur 7424), Mome Plat Pays {Gillis 8111), Riversdale {Howard 11773), South Chiltem {Stern & Wasshausen 2488). Rowering March-July. Charianthus D. Don 1. Branchlets and petioles ± setose; leaves ± rugose, white-scurfy beneath along veins C. purpureus 1. Plants not setose; leaves not rugose, glabrescent. 2. Leaves coriaceous, veins often red beneath; inflores- cence a paniculate cyme; flowers large (petals >1 cm long) C. alpinus 2. Leaves not coriaceous, veins not reddish; inflorescence NUMBER 77 Melastomataceae 147 a corymbose cyme; flowers smaller (petals <0.8 cm) C. corymbosus Charianthus alpinus Charianthus alpinus (Swartz) Howard, 1972:401. Melastoma alpinum Swartz, 1788:71, “alpina." Melasloma coccineum L. Richard, 1792:109, “coccinea." Charianthus coccineus (L. Richard) D. Don, 1823:328. — Domin, 1930b:37. — Hodge, 1941:121. Shrub or small tree to 10 m; leaves 5-veined (veins sometimes reddish), ovate-lanceolate, attenuate, base acute to obtuse, dark punctate-glandular beneath, to 12 cm x 6 cm; petiole to 3 cm; inflorescence to 7 cm; flowers bright red; hypanthium to 5 mm; calyx to 3 cm, wavy-lobed, persistent; petals to 1.3 cm; stamens long-exserted; style 2.3 cm; berry ± globose, 8 mm, red but turning black, on 2 mm pedicel. Endemic from Guadeloupe to St. Vincent; on Dominica, an infrequent understory tree at mid- to upper elevations; Bernard Estate (Wasshausen & Ayensu 363), Mome Anglais {Hodge 516), Mome Couronne {Webster 13212), Mome Trois Pitons {Ernst 1499, 2025), Pont Casse {Skog 1580, Wilbur 7788). Collected in flower May-August and in fruit in June-July. Charianthus corymbosus Charianthus corymbosus (L. Richard) Cogniaux in A.L. & A.C. CandoUe, 1891,7:714.— Domin, 1930b:37. Melastoma corymbosum L. Richard, 1792:109, “corymbosa.” Charianthus longifolius Cogniaux in A.L. and A.C. CandoUe, 1891, 7:715. — Domin, 1930b:37. Cre-cre. Shmbby tree to 5 m; leaves 5-veined, ovate-lanceolate, apex attenuate to acuminate, base obtuse to cuneate, glabrescent, gland dots, if present, brownish and inconspicuous, to 19 cm x 11 cm; petioles to 8 cm; inflorescences to 15 cm, long- peduncled; hypanthium 3 mm, sepals 2 mm, both dark red; petals to 8 mm, pinkish; anthers and style to 11 mm, shortly exserted; fruit globose, purple, 6 mm. Endemic from Guadeloupe to Martinique; locally frequent I on Dominica at mid-elevations (300-900 m): Baiac (White- ! foord 3784), Deux Branches {Hodge 3436), Dleau Gommier {Ernst 1664), Laudat-Freshwater Lake area {Beard 236, Burch j 1383A, Chambers 2557, Gillis 8170, Kimber 955, King 6387, i Nicolson 1829, Smith 10227, Wilbur 8359), Layou River heights {Stehli 6331), Lisdara {Hodge 2451), Mome Anglais {Hodge 2256), Mome Colla Anglais {Hodge 515), Mome Negres Marrons {Hodge 1066), Mome Nicholls {Hodge 1931), i South Chiltem {Stern & Wasshausen 2507, Sylvania {Cooper 31, 79, Hodge 515, 1310), Trafalgar Falls {Ernst 1080, Hodge 2021), sine loc. {Eggers 984, Imray 196, E). Rowering and fruiting erratically throughout the year. Hodge (1941:124-127) described three varieties of this species and reported var. typicus at low elevations and longifolius (at mid- to upper elevations) from Dominica, differentiated on the basis of leaf-shape, as well as altitude. Most of the material at US and GH falls loosely in var. longifolius. The species apparently hybridizes with C. pur- pureus. Charianthus purpureus var. rugosus Charianthus purpureus D. Don var. rugosus Hodge, 1941:130. Cre-cre rouge. Dense shmb to 6 m; twigs setaceous, especially at nodes; leaves strongly mgose, veins beneath white-furfuraceous, ovate, short-apiculate, base rounded to obtuse, margins revolute and distally crenulate, to 9 cm x 5 cm; petioles furfuraceous, grooved above, setaceous along edge of grooves, to 2 cm; corymbose cyme short-pedunculate, 8 cm; hypan- thium furfuraceous, to 4 mm; sepals to 3 mm; petals 1 cm, scarlet; anthers barely exserted; fmits purple, globose, 6 mm. Species on the Leeward Islands and Grenada; this variety endemic to Dominica and best developed at summits: Freshwater Lake {Hodge 1751), Mome au Diable {Beard 1474), Mome Micotrin {Hodge 1850), Nicolson 1980), Mome Trois Pitons {Ernst 1215, 2037A, Hodge 509, 1421 (type of var.), Kimber 985, Wilbur 8080). The description is based on the materials cited above. Other materials from lower elevations or not on exposed ridges often deviate and begin to lack the distinctive revolute margins and the strong mgose character, perhaps hybridizing with C. corymbosus (* = hybrids?): Freshwater Lake {Ernst 1784*, King 23*, Smith 10227A, Wilbur 7407*), Mome Diablotins {Chambers 2642*, Whitefoord 5308*), Morne Micotrin {Chambers 2557 A, DeEilipps 153, Wasshausen & Ayensu 317, 334), Mome Plat Pays {Hodge 1685). Howard (1989, 5:541) treated this variety as a full synonym of C. purpureus, commenting that “an extreme form with mgose or buUate leaves, but at lower elevations this intergrades with material he [Hodge] called var. brevisetosus [of Gre- nada].” Clidemia D. Don 1. Rowers 5-merous; calyx-teeth >2 mm long, petals over 5 mm C. hirta 1. Rowers 4-merous; floral parts more minute. 2. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to elliptic, <7 cm broad C. guadalupensis 2. Leaves broadly ovate, >8 cm broad . ... C. umbrosa Clidemia guadalupensis Clidemia guadalupensis (A.R CandoUe) Grisebach, 1857:70. — Domin, 1930b:43. Melastoma verticillatum Vahl, 1797, Eclog., 1:47, “verticillata," non Miller. Clidemia verticillata A.V. Candolle, 1828, 3:160. — Domin, 1930b:43. Sagraea guadalupensis A.P. CandoUe, 1828, 3:170. Sagraea tetragona A.R CandoUe, 1828, 3:171. 148 Melastomataceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Clidemia guadalupensis var. verticillata (A.P. Candolle) Stehle & Quentin in Stehle et al.. 1949, 3:78. [Clidemia tetragona (A.R CandoUe) Foumet, 1978:912, nom. invalid. (Art. 33.2, ICBN).] Shrub to 3 m, sometimes epiphytic; branches rusty- pubescent to glabrescent; leaves 5-veined, scabrous above, ± hirsute on veins beneath, elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, attenuate, base rounded to obtuse, to 25 cm x 7.5 cm; petiole to 4.5 cm; inflorescence racemose, often “sheltered” beneath leaf-blades, to 8 cm, few-flowered, arising from nodes and leaf-axils the whole length of stems; flower to 5 mm, white; fruit to 6 mm, dark blue. Guadeloupe; occasionally common on Dominica in wet forests at mid- to upper elevations (450-1200 m): Bois Diable area {Wilbur 8150), Dleau Gommier {Ernst 1189), Mome Anglais {Wilbur 7967), Mome Couronne {Ernst 1983), Mome Diablotins {Webster 13323), Mome Micotrin {Smith 10271, Webster 13261A, Wilbur 7396), Mome Trois Pitons {Ernst 2038, 2052, Hodge 1210), Mosquito Mountain {Webster 13546), sine loc. {Imray 217 at K, photo at GH). Collected in flower and fruit from March to August. Clidemia hirta Clidemia hirta (Linnaeus) D. Don, 1823:309. — Domin, 1930b:42. Melastoma hirtum Linnaeus, 1753:390, “hirta.” Melastoma elegans Aublet, 1775:427. Clidemia hirta var. elegans (Aublet) Grisebach, 1860:247. Rangout. Weedy, long-hirsute shmb to 2 m; leaves 5-veined, broad-ovate, acuminate, base rounded to cordate, margin ± crenate, to 15 cm x 8.5 cm; few-flowered; hypanthium 3 mm, calyx 3 mm, lobed, persistent; petals 8 mm, white, anthers 6 mm, white or yellow; fmit hirsute, dark blue, 3 mm x 5 mm. Neotropics; common in woods and roadsides of Dominica at low to mid elevations: Bellevue {King 6304), Castle Bruce Road {Cowan 1620), Clarke Hall {Gates Clarke D12, Webster 13198, Wilbur 7366, Concord area {Norstog 3367), Cote d’Or {Nicolson 2055), Deux Branches {Chambers 2505, Ernst 1804), Grand Bay {Wilbur 7607, 8024), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3690), La Plaine area {King 6369, Whitefoord 5367, Wilbur 81 76), Laudat-Freshwater Lake {Gillis 8185), Mome Bmles of Portsmouth {Hodge 520), Syndicate {Whitefoord 3548). Row- ering and fmiting continuously. Clidemia umbrosa Clidemia umbrosa (Swartz) Cogniaux in A.L. & A.C. Candolle, 1892, 7:1019.— Domin, 1930b:43. Melastoma umbrosum Swartz, 1788:72, “umbrosa." Melastoma latifolium Desrousseaux in Lamarck, 1797, Encycl., 4:31, “latifo- lia.” Clidemia latifolia (Desrousseaux) A.P. Candolle, 1828, 3:159. Shrub to 3 m, long-hirsute; leaves 5-veined, margin finely crenulate, broad-ovate, acuminate, base rounded, to 31 cm x 21 cm; petiole to 14 cm; axillary inflorescence to 13 cm in fruit, sparsely flowered; flowers tiny, greenish; hypanthium 2 mm, calyx 0.5 mm, style 4 mm; fruit hirsute, purple, 5 mm. Lesser Antilles; ± common on Dominica in disturbed rainforest, 100-700 m: Bois Diable area {Wilbur 7834), Deux Branches {Ernst 1805, Hodge 2997), Fond Figues River {Ernst 1017), Freshwater Lake {King 6380), Hampstead {Lloyd 638), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3560), L’Imprevue {Narodny s.n.), Laudat {Hodge 1756), Lisdara {Hodge 581, 1010), Magua {Stehli 634), Mome Gombo {Hodge 99, 529), Pont Casse area {Ernst 1284, Wilbur 7535), Providence Valley {Hodge 2048), South Chiltem {Hodge 1481), Springfield {King 6331, Wilbur 7703), Sylvania {Cooper 27, 27A, Hodge 519), Syndicate {Whitefoord 3530, 4380). Apparently flowering and fruiting continuously. Conostegia D. Don 1. Leaves strigulose; calyptra rounded C. icosandra 1. Leaves glabrous; calyptra pointed C. montana Conostegia icosandra Conostegia icosandra (Wikstrom) Urban, 1921c:404. Melastoma icosandrum Swartz ex Wikstrom, 1828:64, “icosandra.” Conostegia subhirsuta A.P. Candolle, 1828, 3:174. — Domin, 1930b:36. Cre-cre grand feuilles. Tree to 9 m; leaves (3-)5-veined, strigulose above, stellate-pubescent along veins beneath, elliptic, short- acuminate, base obtuse to acute, to 15 cm x 7 cm; petiole 1-2 cm; young growth hirsute with long stellate hairs; paniculate cyme to 12 cm; buds ± globose, 8 mm x 6 mm; hypanthium 5 mm; petals to 8 mm, creamy; ripe fruit bluish, globose, 8 mm. Neotropics; locally common on Dominica at low and mid-elevations: Bataca {Stehli 6103), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3618 at GH), Roseau Valley Waterfalls {Hodge 2010), sine loc. {Imray 113 at NY). Conostegia montana Conostegia montana (Swartz) D. Don ex A.P. Candolle, 1828, 3:175. Melastoma montanum Swartz, 1788:69, “montana.” Melastoma calyptratum Desrousseaux in Lamarck, 1797, Encycl., 4:51, “calyptrata.” Conostegia calyptrata (Desrousseaux) D. Don ex A.P. Candolle, 1828, 3:174.— Domin, 1930b:36. Cre-cre bois, cre-cre blanc. Shrub or small tree to 7 m; leaves 5-veined, glabrous, elliptic or oblong, short-acuminate, base acute to obtuse, to 22 cm x 8 cm; petiole 2-6 cm; paniculate cyme to 15 cm, many-flowered; buds cylindric with conical top, 6 mm x 3 mm; hypanthium to 4 mm; petals 4-7 mm; berry blackish, globose, 5 mm. Antilles; common in Dominica at mid-upper elevations, 400-1200 m: Boeri Lake {Whitefoord 4153), Carib Reserve NUMBER 77 Melastomataceae 149 {Stehli 6101, 6105), Castle Bruce road {Cowan 1622), Deux Branches {Chambers 2763, Ernst 1807, Hodge 3126, 3441), La Chaudifere {Hodge 3570), Laudat {Beard 1467, Eggers 621 at GH, s.n., Hodge 1985, Lloyd 188), Lisdara {Hodge 2350), Milton Estate {Hodge 2579), Mome Anglais {Wilbur 7957), Mome Couronne {Webster 13206, 13223, 13230), Mome Diablotins {Webster 13325), Mome Negres Marrons {Hodge 1059), Mome Micotrin {Ernst 1768, 2175, Chambers 2563, 2570, Kimber 949, Nicolson 1992, Stern & Wasshausen 2572, Wilbur 7427), Mome Plat Pays (Wilbur 7879), Mahaut River {Proctor 17512), Pont Casse area {Ernst 1288, Hodge 1197, Webster 13387, Wilbur 7565), Sylvania {Cooper 95, Hodge 3972), Syndicate (Ernst 2000, Whitefoord 4355, 5575), sine loc. {Imray 175 at GH). Graffenrieda A.P. Candolle Graffenrieda latifolia Graffenrieda latifolia (Naudin) Triana, 1871:71. — Domin, 1930b:36. Cycnopodium latifoliwn Naudin, 1845:52. Miconia catalpifolia KranzUn, 1931:153. Tree to 9 m; twigs stout with conspicuous leaf scars; leaves 7-9-veined, broadly ovate to orbicular, short-acuminate, base obtuse, to 20 cm x 20 cm; petiole to 13 cm; panicle terminal, to 30 cm; hypanthium 2.5 mm, sepals 1.5 mm, petals to 5 mm, white; capsule 4 mm x 2.5 mm, ribbed, ± urceolate. Lesser Antilles to northern South America; at mid- to upper elevations (400-800 m) on Dominica: Bois Diable Ridge {Stern & Wasshausen 2547), Castle Bmce Road {Cowan 1600), Diablotins {Lloyd 907), En Haut Jean {Webster 13508), Laudat {Eggers 750), Mome Micotrin {Burch 1363, Ernst 1724, Webster 13240), Mome Plat Pays {Hodge 1739), Pont Casse {Ernst 1127, Wilbur 7764), Sylvania {Cooper 120, Hodge 517, 3852, 3971), sine loc. Krauss s.n., E). Flowering April-July, fruiting June-July. Henriettella Naudin Henriettella lateriflora Henriettella lateriflora (yM^Tnana, 1871:144. — Domin, 1930b:44. Melastoma lateriflorum Vahl, 1797, Eclog., 1:48, “lateriflora." Ossaea lateriflora (Vahl) A.P. Candolle, 1828, 3:169. Henriettea lateriflora (Vahl) Howard [ex Foumet, 1978:914, nom. invalid. (Art. 33.2)] & Kellogg, 1986:246.— Howard, 1988:286. Small tree to 7 m; leaves clustered at ends of branches, glabrous, 3-veined, elliptic, acuminate, base attenuate, to 6.5 cm X 2.5 cm; petiole 1.5 cm; flowers 4-merous, clustered at nodes below leaves, few per cluster; pedicels 1cm; hypanthium and calyx green, 2 mm; corolla 3 mm, white, calyptrate. Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Martinique; collected in Dominica only in vicinity of Freshwater Lake, 800 m; {Eggers 638 at GH, Ernst 2167), sine loc. {Imray 190, 330 at GH). Young flower in August. Miconia Ruiz & Pavon Miconia cornifolia (Desrousseaux) Naudin (incl. Miconia cinnamomifolia (Jacquin) Triana, non Naudin), another Lesser Antillean endemic species, was reported for Dominica by Cogniaux (in A.L. and A.C. Candolle, 1891, 7:765) and Howard (1989, 5:557). This may involve misidentification of Dominican material of variable M. striata (Vahl) Cogniaux. Miconia cornifolia has distinctly larger flowers and a calyptrate calyx. Fmiting specimens are difficult to distinguish. Miconia splendens (Swartz) Grisebach (1860:256) was reported from Dominica by Grisebach (l.c.), based on an Imray collection. The range of this species seems to exclude the Lesser Antilles. This record may be a misidentification, perhaps of M. trichotoma or M.furfuracea. 1. Mature leaf-blades glabrous beneath. 2. Branchlets and inflorescences with tufts of hairs at nodes M. globuliflora 2. Branchlets and inflorescences not as above. 3. Leaves 3-veined, usually >15 cm long. 4. Leaves ± sessile, base ± cordate; petiole 0.5 cm M. ernstii 4. Leaves clearly petioled, base rounded (at most); petiole >1 cm. 5. Rowers 5-merous, mid-sized (petals >5 mm); leaf-apex long -attenuate M. striata 5. Flowers 4-merous, minute (petals to 1 mm); leaf-apex acuminate to short-attenuate M. trichotoma 3. Leaves 5-veined, usually <11 cm long. 6. Leaves small (<6 cm), apex blunt-apiculate M. mornicola 6. Leaves large (>6 cm), apex attenuate to acumi- nate. 7. Leaf-margins usually revolute; sepal lobes round with a dorsal lobed spine M. coriacea 7. Leaf-margins not revolute; sepals triangular, spine indistinct or wanting . . M. globuliflora 1. Mature leaf-blades pubescent beneath, at least on veins. 8. Leaves pubescent beneath only on veins. 9. Leaf-veins pubescent above and beneath; margins crenate-setose; flowers minute . ... M. racemosa 9. Leaf-veins glabrous above; margins entire or serrate; flowers not minute. 10. Flowers large (petals 7 mm); leaves broadly ovate-elliptic, apex acuminate, margins entire M. fuifuracea 10. Flowers small (petals 3 mm); leaf ovate- lanceolate, apex attenuate, margins serrate with sparse setae M. laevigata 8. Leaves pubescent on and between veins. 150 Melastomataceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 11. Leaves 3-veined, white-pubescent beneath; flowers 4-merous M. tetrandra 11. Leaves 5-veined; flowers 5-6-merous. 12. Leaves large, base shghtly cordate-clasping; peti- ole short (<1 cm); flower small M. impetiolaris 12. Leaves <20 cm long; petiole >1 cm; flower large, showy, with 2 white, caducous bracts. 13. Flowers usually 6-merous; hypanthium stellate- pubescent M. dodecandra 13. Flowers usually 5-merous; hypanthium glabrous M. mirabilis Miconia coriacea Miconia coriacea (Swartz) A.P. Candolle, 1828, 3:189. — ^Domin, 1930b:41. — Howard & Kellogg, 1986:239. Melastoma coriaceum Swartz, 1788:70, “coriacea." Shrubby dioecious tree to 6 m; young leaves and shoots sparsely rusty-scurfy; branches sparsely hairy, leaves 5-veined, glabrous, margin usually revolute and obscurely toothed, elliptic, apex acute, base obtuse, to 11 cm x 4.5 cm; petiole to 3 cm; inflorescence terminal, paniculate, to 10 cm; flowers 5- merous, erect, sessile, subtended by obovate, deciduous bracts; hypanthium 3 mm, glandular-dotted; sepals 0.8 mm, with a broad dorsal spine to 0.6 mm; petals 2 mm; fertile stamens 4.5 mm, sterile ones 3 mm; style 3 mm, capitate. Guadeloupe; on Dominica in dwarf forest on summits (900-1400 m): Mome Diablotins {Chambers 2641, Wasshau- sen & Ayensu 410, Webster 13358), Mome Micotrin {Beard 1467 at NY, Nicolson 1979), Mome Nicholls {Beard 250 at GH, Hodge 1904, 1928), Mome Trois Pitons {Beard 631 at NY, Ernst 1216C, 2040, Hodge 497), Mome Watt {Hodge 1904), toward Valley of Desolation {Whitefoord 5492), sine loc. {Fishlock 7). Apparently flowering throughout the year (January, March, May, June, November), fmiting June and August. Miconia dodecandra Miconia dodecandra (Desrousseaux) Cogniaux in Maitius, 1887, 14(4):243. — Howard & Kellogg, 1986:240. Melastoma dodecandrum Desrousseaux in Lamarck, 1797, Encycl., 4:46, “dodecandra." Shmb to 4 m; leaves 5-veined, stellate-pubescent beneath, elliptic, acuminate, base obtuse, to 15 cm x 8 cm; petiole to 5 cm; paniculate cyme stellate-pubescent, to 15 cm, branches sparsely flowered and dichasial; pedicels to 5 mm; flowers 6- merous, enclosed in 2 caducous bracts; hypanthium 4 mm, ± stellate-pubescent; calyx lobes 2 mm, persistent; petals to 5 mm, white; filaments red, 8 mm, anthers yellow, curved, 8 mm; style 10 mm, pubescent, stigma peltate; fruit about 5 mm, purplish. Neotropics; in Dominica only in Freshwater Lake area: {Burch 1462, Chambers 2562, Eggers 562, Ernst 1783, Kimber 935, Smith 10296, Wasshausen & Ayensu 327, Wilbur 7421). Flowering January-June, fruiting March-July. This is similar to Miconia mirabilis and was treated as a synonym of the latter by Howard (1989, 5:562) Miconia ernstii Miconia er/isU't Wurdack, 1965:385. — ^Howard & Kellogg, 1986:240. Shrub or tree to 8 m; leaves 3-veined, glabrous, oblong- elliptic, acute to acuminate, base ± cordate, to 17 cm x 6 cm; petiole <5 mm; inflorescence to 10 cm; flowers 5-merous, sessile; hypanthium 1.5 mm, 10-ribbed; calyx lobes 0.5 mm; petals 2 mm, slightly emarginate, white, reflexed; anthers 1.5 mm, yellow, prominent; young fruits pinkish. Endemic to Dominica, rainforests 700-1100 m: En Haut Jean {Webster 13516), Mome Anglais {Hodge 513, 514), Mome Diablotins {Lloyd 911 at GH), Mome Micotrin {Ernst 1723 type, 1767, 2162), Mome Trois Pitons {Ernst 2032), Mosquito Mountain {Webster 13560). Rowering and fruiting June-August. Miconia futfuracea Miconia furfuracea (Vahl) Grisebach, 1860:257. — Domin, 1930b:39. — Howard & Kellogg, 1986:241. Melastoma furfuraceum Vahl, 1799, Icon., 3, pi. 22, “furfuracea." Cre-cre. Shrubby tree to 5 m; leaves 5-veined, glossy above, msty-pubescent on veins beneath, margins entire or obscurely dentate, broad elliptic, acuminate, base rounded, to 28 cm x 17 cm; petiole 2-9 cm; inflorescence racemose, to 15 cm, sparsely flowered; pedicels 2-4 mm; flowers 5-merous; hypanthium to 7 mm; calyx 1 mm, scarcely lobed; petals 7 mm, white, reflexed; filaments 4 mm, anthers 4 mm; style 8 mm; fruits bright pink, ribbed, turning black, to 1 cm. Guadeloupe, Martinique, and St. Lucia; common “weed” in Dominica in rain forests or cleared areas at low to mid- elevations, 100-800 m: Castle Bruce road {Cowan 1625, Ernst 1020, 1450, Wilbur 7997), Deux Branches {Ernst 1806), En Haut Jean (Webster 13525), Freshwater Lake {Eggers s.n.). La Chaudiere {Hodge 3525), Lisdara {Hodge 510, 511, 2359), Mome Couronne (Webster 13228), Mome Plat Pays {Hodge 1710), Point Lolo {Nicolson 1849, Webster 13382), Pont Casse area {Wilbur 7548, 7736, 8191), South Chiltem (Stern & Wasshausen 2515), Sylvania {Hodge 512, 1083, 3853), Syndicate {Hodge 2705, Whitefoord 3534, 4248), sine loc. Krauss s.n. at E). Rowering Febmary-July, fmiting June- October. Miconia globuliflora Miconia globuliflora (L. Richard) Cogniaux in Martius, 1888, 14(4):418. — Howard & Kellogg, 1986:241. Melastoma globuliflorum L. Richard, 1792:109, “globuliflora." NUMBER 77 Melastomataceae 151 Miconia vulcanica Naudin, 1851:213. — Domin, 1930b:42. Cremanium sieberi Grisebach, 1860:262. Miconia globuliflora var. dominicae Miconia globuliflora var. dominicae Howard & Kellogg, 1986:242. Cre-cre blanc. Dioecious shrub to 4 m; branchlets and inflorescence with tufts of hair at nodes; leaves 3-5-veined, glabrous, margins denticulate-serrulate, oblong-ovate to lanceolate-elliptic, acuminate, base acute to obtuse, to 11 cm x 7 cm; petiole to 8 cm, reddish; inflorescence paniculate, to 12 cm; pedicel 1.5 cm; hypanthium 1.7 mm; calyx 0.5 mm, lobes triangular; petals 1.5 mm, retuse; fertile anthers 3 mm, yellow or purplish, sterile anthers 2 mm, white or orange; pistil 2.5 mm; fruit 3 mm, purple. St. Kitts, Nevis, Montserrat; common on Dominica in montane forests, 600-1400 m: Boeri Lake (Whitefoord 4171), Boiling Lake (Nicolson 2021), Mome Anglais {Hodge 2307), Mome Diablotins {Chambers 2640, Hodge 2814, Nicolson 4082, Whitefoord 4565), Mome Micotrin area {Chambers 2553, DeFilipps 142, Eggers 107, Ernst 1094, 2159, Gillis 8212, King 6378, Nicolson 2106, 2108, 4086, 4087, Smith 10254, 10297, Wilbur 7387), Mome Plat Pays {Hodge 1676), Mome Trois Pitons {Chambers 2589, Ernst 2042, Hodge 500, 1398 (type of var. dominicae), 1406, Wilbur 8089), Trois Pitons River {Nicolson 1947), sine loc. {Imray 215, E). Apparently flowering and fmiting throughout the year. Miconia impetiolaris Miconia impetiolaris (Swartz) D. Don ex A.P. Candolle, 1828, 3:183. — Domin, 1930b:40. — Howard & Kellogg, 1986:244. Melastoma impetiolare Swartz, 1788:70, “impetiolaris." I Shrub to 5 m; branches and inflorescence covered with msty stellate hairs; leaves 5-veined, glossy above, lightly stellate- pubescent beneath, margins irregularly finely denticulate, long-elliptic, attenuate, base slightly cordate-clasping and ± j sessile, to 37 cm x 14 cm; inflorescence paniculate, to 33 cm; j flowers 5-merous, glomemlate along tertiary branchlets; hypanthium stellate-pubescent, 2.5 mm; calyx 1 mm; petals 2 I mm; stamens 6 mm; style 5 mm; fmit 4 mm, dull red. i Neotropics; at lower elevations on northwestern Dominica: ! Milton Estate {Hodge 2536 at GH), Picard Estate {Nicolson 4227), Sugar Loaf {Eggers 747 at GH, 1069). Fmiting ' April-June. 1 Miconia laevigata \ Miconia laevigata (Linnaeus) D. Don in Sweet, 1826:159. — Domin, 1930b:41. — Howard & Kellogg, 1986:244. Melastoma laevigatum Linnaeus, 1759a: 1022, “laevigata." Melastoma virescens Vahl, 1807, Eclog., 3:18. Miconia virescens (Vahl) Triana, 1871:107. i Cre-cre. Shmb (small tree) to 7.5 m; leaves (3-)5-veined, veins lightly stellate-pubescent beneath, ovate-lanceolate, margin denticulate, slightly ciliate, long-acuminate, base rounded to obtuse, to 15 cm X 6 cm; petiole to 3 cm; inflorescence terminal, pyramidal-paniculate, to 15 cm, msty-stellate; flow- ers 5-merous, sessile or pedicel to 2 mm; hypanthium stellate-pubescent, 2 mm; calyx 0.5 mm, spreading; petals 3 mm, white; filaments 2.5 mm, anther 2.5 mm; style 5 mm; fruit blue-black, 3-4 mm. Neotropics; common weed tree on Dominica at lower elevations (below 600 m): Baiac {Whitefoord 3828), Cabrit {Whitefoord 5281), Clarke Hall {Webster 13200), Dublanc {Hodge 2529), Fond Colet {King 6293), Grand Savanne {Stern & Wasshausen 2447), Layou Valley {Chambers 2799, Webster 13278), Lisdara {Hodge 1491), Marigot {Hodge 499), Mount Joy {Hodge 1259), Pointe Baptiste {Beard 1470), Ridgefield Estate {Hodge 2170), Roseau {Krauss 1256), Salybia {Cham- bers 2632), South Chiltem {Hodge 1491, Nicolson 2166), Sylvania {Hodge 501, 1249, 3827), sine loc. {Cooper 33). Rowering December-September, fruiting June-January. This species recognizable by its secund flowers and fruits that are essentially sessile. Miconia mirabilis Miconia mirabilis (Aublet) L.O. WilEams, 1963:574. — Howard & Kellogg, 1986:247. Fothergilla mirabilis Aublet, 1775:441 [in most copies]. [Tamonea guianensis Aublet, 1775:441, not accepted by author.] Diplochita fothergilla A.P. CandoUe, 1828, 3:176. Miconia guianensis Cogniaux, 1886:280, nom. illeg. — Domin, 1930b:39. Tree to 15 m; leaves 5-veined, tan -pubescent beneath, elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, base acute to obtuse, to 21 cm X 8 cm; petiole to 6 cm; cyme paniculate, to 16 cm with flowers few on dichasial branches; pedicels 4 mm; flowers 5-merous, enclosed in 2 white, caducous, obovate bracts; hypanthium to 3 mm, glabrous; calyx to 2 mm, red, persistent; filaments to 8 mm, red to yellow; anthers 4-7 mm, red and yellow; fruit juicy, blue-black, 8 mm. Neotropics; common on Dominica at low to mid-elevations (200-1000 m): Dleau Gommier {Ernst 1973), Dublanc {Hodge 2545), Freshwater Lake {Eggers 103), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3642), Layou Park Estate {Nicolson 1079), Lisdara {Hodge 2318), Milton Estate {Hodge 2545), Mome Anglais {Wilbur 7963), Mome Couronne {Bailey 767, Ernst 1164), Pont Casse area {Hodge 1194, Nicolson 2078, 2079, Proctor 17524, Stern & Wasshausen 2545, Wilbur 7751, 8190), Riversdale {Proctor 25790), Salybia {Hodge 3280), South Chiltem {Stern & Wasshausen 2511), Sylvania {Cooper 28, 78, Hodge 498, 1082, King 6347, Wasshausen & Ayensu 392), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3591), sine loc. {Imray 101 at NY). Rowering November-July, fmiting April-August. 1 152 Melastomataceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Miconia mornicola Miconia mornicola A.C. Nicolson, 1990:120. Dense tree to 3 m; young leaves and branches sparsely rusty-scurfy; leaves 5-veined, glabrous, coriaceous, gland- dotted beneath, margins dentate with incurved teeth, broadly elliptic, abruptly bluntly caudate, base obtuse-acute, 3.5-5 cm X 2.5-3 cm; petiole 1-1.5 cm; inflorescence pyramidal- paniculate, to 7 cm; flowers 5-merous, pedicels 1 mm; hypanthium 1.4 mm, rosy-purple, darker within; calyx white, -1 mm, tube 0.4 mm, sepals triangular, 0.6 mm, persistent; petals white, round, strongly reflexed, fugacious 1.7 mm x 2 mm; stamens 10, 3.5 mm long, broadly spreading at anthesis, filaments 2 mm long, anthers to 1.5 mm, cream, connective with a blunt, basal, bilobed, dorsal tooth to 0.5 mm long and a lobed ventral appendage to 0.2 mm; style exserted before petals open, to 4 mm long, glabrous, stigma scarcely expanded, ovary white, 3-locular, Vs inferior; fruits globular, bluish, 3 mm; seeds 15-20, smooth, 1.1 mm x 0.6 mm. Known only in dwarf forests of Dominican mountain tops; Mome Anglais {Nicolson 4106), Mome Diablotins {Chambers 2643, Lack et al. 1, 2), Mome Trois Pitons {Ernst 1116A, 2041, Hodge 1420). Rowering early December, fmiting late January {Chambers, Nicolson). Miconia racemosa Miconia racemosa (Aublel) A.R CandoUe, 1828, 3:179. — Howard & Kellogg, 1986:249. Melastoma racemosum Aublet, 1775:406, “racemosa.” Shrub to 5 m; leaves 5-veined, ± rugose, pubescent along veins above and below, margins crenate, setose, broad-elliptic, acute to short-acuminate, base obtuse, to 19 cm x 11 cm; petiole to 2 cm; inflorescence paniculate, to 12 cm; flowers 5-merous, sessile; hypanthium 1 mm; calyx 0.5 mm; petals 1.5 mm, pinkish; fruit globular, smooth, dark blue, 3 mm. Neotropics; locally common on Dominica at low to mid-elevations (150-650 m); Clyde River valley {Ernst 2082), Freshwater Lake {Whitefoord 3852), Hungry Hill Estate {Whitefoord 4430), Petit Macoucheri road {Whitefoord 6134), Pont Casse area {Ernst 1285, King 6344, Webster 13397, Wilbur 7561), Sylvania {Hodge 502, Wilbur 7717). Rowering May- August, fmiting July- August, December, and May. Miconia striata Miconia striata (Vahl) Cogniaux in A.L. & A.C. Candolle, 1891, 7:765. — Domin, 1930b:40. — Howard & Kellogg, 1986:251. Melastoma striatum Vahl, 1807, Eclog., 3:14, “striata." Melastoma elongatum Vahl, 1807, Eclog., 3:16, “elongata.” Melastoma semicrenatum L. Richard in Humboldt & Bonpland, 1809a:69, “semicrenata." Tetrazygia semicrenata (L. Richard) Grisebach, 1860:255. Cr6-cre grand bois. Shrub or small tree to 10 m; leaves 3-veined, glabrous. glossy, margins ± dentate, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate to attenuate, base obtuse, to 25 cm x 8 cm; petiole to 4 cm; inflorescence paniculate, to 13 cm, diffuse; flowers 5-merous, pedicels >2 mm; hypanthium, glabrous, white or pink, 2 mm; calyx 1 mm, spreading, irregularly 3-5-split, sometimes ± calyptrate; petals 6 mm, white; filaments 6 mm, glandular; anthers 3 mm, white; style 9 mm; fruit 10-ribbed, purplish, 4 mm. Lesser Antilles; common on Dominica in woodlands to 1 100 m: Belle View {Cooper 173), CaUbishie {Ernst 1557, Hodge 3155), Clarke Hall {Ernst 1261), Carib Reserve {Hodge 3210, Stehli 6389, 6434), Cochrane {Skog 1578), Grand Bay {Wilbur 7918), Hatton Gardens {Hodge 2943, 3032), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3599), La Soie {Eggers 1079), Laudat {Gillis 8181, 8183), L’Imprevue {Narodny s.n.), Lisdara {Cooper 165, Hodge 505), Marigot {Hodge 504), Melville Hall {Hodge 504), Mero {Ernst 1985), Milton {Hodge 2574), Montpelier {Lloyd 573), Mome Anglais {Dupigny s.n., Wilbur 7976), Portsmouth {Hodge 503), Rosalie {Lloyd 708A), Salisbury {Webster 13493), South Chiltem {Hodge 1447, 3875), Sylvania {Hodge 3967, Webster 13408, Wilbur 7711), Syndicate {Whitefoord ' 4338, 4462), Vieille Case {Cowan 1598), sine loc. {Fishlock 24). Rowering February-August, fmiting June, July, January. The leaf nervation character used by Howard (1989, 5:552) to separate Miconia cornifolia (Desrousseaux) Naudin (3- nerved) from M. striata (5-nerved) is weak in that most specimens of M. striata are as 3-nerved as M. cornifolia (see under excluded Miconia). Miconia tetrandra Miconia tetrandra (Swartz) D. Don in Loudon, 1830:174. — Domin, 1930b:42.— Howard & Kellogg, 1986:251. Melastoma tetrandrum Swartz, 1788:72, “tetrandra.” Small tree to 4 m; leaves 3-veined, finely white-stellate pubescent beneath, oblong-ovate, acuminate, base rounded or obtuse, to 20 cm X 8 cm; petiole to 6 cm; inflorescence pyramidal, to 13 cm, white-pubescent; flowers 4-merous; hypanthium 1.5 mm; calyx 0.5 mm; petals white, 2.5 mm; stamens 4 mm; style 4 mm; fmit purplish black, 3 mm. Antilles; at lower elevations on Dominica (to 600 m): CaUbishie {Ernst 1558), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3522 at GH), La Soie {Eggers 749 at GH), Laudat {Eggers 1078), Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2671 at GH), Pont Casse road to Bells {Whitefoord 5845). Rowering October, flowering and fruiting June. Miconia trichotoma Miconia trichotoma (Desrousseaux) A.P. Candolle, 1828, 3:188. — Domin, 1930b:41. — Howard & Kellogg, 1986:252. Melastoma trichotomum Desrousseaux in Lamarck, 1797, Encycl., 4:53, “trichotoma.” Miconia rivoeriae Naudin,! 85 1:170. Cremanium rivoeriae (Naudin) Grisebach, 1860:262. Shrub to small tree to 8 m; leaves 3-veined, glabrous. NUMBER 77 Melastomataceae 153 rugulose, broad-elliptic, acuminate, base rounded to acute, to 21 cm X 10 cm; petiole to 3 cm; inflorescence pyramidal- paniculate, to 15 cm; flower 4-merous; hypanthium and calyx minute, 1 mm; petals 1 mm, white; stamens white, 3 mm; style 2 mm; young fruit pink, turning purple-black, 2 mm. Lesser Antilles; locally common on Dominica, often in rainforest at 150-900 m: Carholm Estate {Ernst 1946), Lisdara {Cooper 153, Hodge 507), Mome Micotrin {Eggers 653, Hodge 1787, King 6385, Wilbur 7451), Mome Trois Pitons {Ernst 2056), Pont Casse area {Wilbur 8179), South Chiltem {Stern & Wasshausen 2500), Sylvania {Hodge 506, 508, 1116), near Syndicate {Ernst 1999, Whitefoord 3894, 4260), sine loc. Cooper 51, Eggers 1001, Imray 210). Flowering January- August, fmiting March, July, and December. Nepsera Naudin Nepsera aquatica Nepsera aquatica (Aublet) Naudin, 1850:28. — Domin, 1930b:34. Melastoma aqualicwn Aublet, 1775:430, "aquatica." Bitter leaf, ti feuille. Scrambling shrubby herb to 1 m; branchlets 4-angled; leaves 5(-7)-veined, serrulate, ovate, base rounded, to 6 cm x 3.5 cm; petiole to 2 cm; cyme terminal, paniculate, sometimes leafy, to 15 cm; hypanthium 3 mm; sepals 2 mm, acute, persistent; petals 6 mm, white; anthers 2.5 mm, purple; capsule round, 3 mm. Neotropics; common on Dominica in moist areas 100-700 m: Bataca {Stehld 6439), Dleau Gommier {Norstog 3375), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3681), Laudat {Hodge 1819, Lloyd 397, Nicolson 2101), Lisdara {Hodge 528 at US & GH), Mome Micotrin {Chambers 2676, Wilbur 7432), Mome Plat Pays (Wilbur 7866), Mome Trois Pitons {Ernst 1010), Pont Casse {Hodge 1221), Portsmouth Mome Bmles {Hodge 529), Riversdale {Proctor 25783), Roseau River hot springs {How- ard 11736), Soufriere {Eggers s.n.). South Chiltem {Hodge 1589, Stern & Wasshausen 2517), Sylvania {Cooper 70, Hodge 1109), Syndicate {Chambers 2652, Whitefoord 3507), Wooten Waven {Eggers s.n. at GH), sine loc. {Bryant 76, Imray 374 at NY). Flowering and fmiting throughout the year. Pterolepis (A.P. Candolle) Miquel Pterolepis glomerata Pterolepis glomerata (Roltb0ll) Miquel, 1840:78. — Domin, 1930b:34. Rhexia glomerata Rollb0ll, 1776:8. Arthostemma glomeratum (Roub0ll) Chamisso, 1835:454. Balier blanc. Sometimes shmbby herb to 1 m; branches 4-angled, pubescent; leaves 3-veined, white-strigose above and below, [ elliptic to ovate, to 3.5 cm x 1.5 cm; petiole 4 mm; flowers I short-pedicelled, axillary or terminal, 1-6 in a glomerule subtended by leaf bracts; hypanthium 6 mm, with verticillate- pedicellate hairs; sepals 6 mm, oblong-ovate, ciliate, erect, persistent in fruit; petals white or pink, 1 cm, fringed with minute, dark glandular hairs, quickly deciduous. Eastern South America and southern Antilles; common weed on Dominica in pastures and wet places at low to mid- elevations: Balata {Nicolson 2012), Clarke Hall {Webster 13194), La Plaine {Wilbur 8166), La Ronde {King 6368), Laudat area {Chambers 2678, Lloyd 934, Nicolson 1830, Wasshausen & Ayensu 326), LTmprevue {Narodny s.n), Lisdara {Hodge 525, 526, 2414, 2415), Marigot {Hodge 527), Mome Trois Pitons {Ernst 1231), Portsmouth Mome Bmles {Hodge 524 at GH, 529 at US), Sylvania {Cooper 95 A, Hodge 521, 523, 1137, 1138), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3504), Wooten Waven {Eggers 508), sine loc. {Bryant 92, Eggers 817, Fishlock 40). Rowering and fmiting throughout the year. Tetrazygia L. Richard ex A.P. Candolle 1. Leaves linear-lanceolate, <2 cm broad; flowers pink T. angustifolia 1. Leaves broad-ovate, >5 cm broad; flowers white or yellow T. discolor Tetrazygia angustifolia Tetrazygia angustifolia (Swartz) A.R CandoUe, 1828, 3:172. — Domin, 1930b:37. Melastoma angustifolium Swartz, 1788:71, “angustifolia.” Miconia angustifolia (Swartz) Grisebach, 1857:217 [69], non Naudin. Cre-cre blanc. Shmb or tree to 7 m, whitish pubemlous with tiny stellate hairs; leaves 3-veined, linear-lanceolate, to 5 cm x 1 cm; petiole 0.8 cm; cyme paniculate, to 5 cm; hypanthium 1.5 mm; sepals 0.5 mm, obtuse; petals 2 mm, rose; berry 3 mm, purplish. Antilles; common on Dominica in dry areas to 400 m: Cabrits {Nicolson 1890), Grand Bay {Wilbur 7910, 8001), Grand Savanne {Stern & Wasshausen 2445), Hampstead {Lloyd 665), L’Anse Noire {Ernst 2100), Pointe Ronde {Ernst 1564), Ridgefield Estate {Hodge 2144), Salisbury (Webster 13492), Syndicate turnoff {Whitefoord 4318), Trois Pitons {Lloyd 786). Rowering and fmiting March, June-August, November. Tetrazygia discolor Tetrazygia discolor (Linnaeus) A.R Candolle, 1828, 3:172. — Domin, 1930b:38. Melastoma discolor Linnaeus, 1759a:1022. Tetrazygia discolor var. villosa Grisebach, 1860:255. Tetrazygia villosa (Grisebach) Cogniaux in A.L. & A.C. CandoUe, 1891, 7:721.— Domin, 1930b:38. Cre-cre blanc. Shrub or small tree to 8 m, densely stellate-white- puberulous; leaves 5-veined, ovate, long-attenuate, base 154 Melastomataceae — ^Meliaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY rounded to obtuse, to 18 cm x 10 cm; petiole to 8 cm; cyme corymbose, to 12 cm; hypanthium 1 mm; calyx 1.5 mm, slightly lobed; petals 2 mm, white or yellow; fruit black, to 7 mm. Lesser Antilles; common on Dominica in woods and roadsides to 600 m: Anse du Me (Wilbur 8305), Bibiay River (Chambers 2724), Blenheim Estate (Cooper 130), Delices (Whitefoord 3697), Deux Branches (Ernst 1668), Fonde Hunte Estate (Whitefoord 4438), Grand Bay (Ernst 1068), Hampstead (Lloyd 659), La Ronde (King 6365), Laudat (Eggers 106, s.n.), Layou River (Ernst 1990, Stern & Wass hausen 2386, Webster 13281), Mome Aux Diables {Wilbur 8056), Petit Soufriere Bay (Stern & Wasshausen 2468), Pointe Guignard {Wilbur 7616), Pointe Michel (Gillis 8136), Rosalie (King 6374, Lloyd 708), Salisbury (Whitefoord 4528), Salybia (Chambers 2630, Hodge 3345), South Chiltem (Hodge 1560, Stern & Wasshausen 2499), Sylvania (Cooper 74), sine loc. (Eggers 741, Imray 56 at K, photo at GH). Flowering throughout the year, ripe fruit in June- August and January. Tibouchina Aublet Tibouchina ornata Tibouchina ornata (Swartz) Baillon, 1878:74. — Howard, 1972:399; 1989, 5:579. Melastoma ornatum Swartz, 1788:69, “ornata." Rhexia strigosa L. Richard, 1792:108. Chaetogastra chironioid.es Grisebach, 1860:267. Tibouchina strigosa (L. Richard) Cogniaux in A.L. & A.C. Candolle, 1891, 7:266. Tibouchina chironioides (Grisebach) Cogniaux in A.L. & A.C. Candolle, 1891, 7:267.— Domin, 1930b:35.— Howard, 1972:400; 1989, 5:577. Shrub to 1 m, sometimes decumbent or matted; branchlets strigose, 4-angled; leaves l(3)-veined, lanceolate to ovate- lanceolate, with semiadnate dorsal bristles, to 8 mm x 2.5 mm; cyme few-flowered; hypanthium 5 mm, strigose; sepals 5 mm, strigose, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, persistent; petals to 1.4 cm, broad-ovate, ciliate, bright magenta; anthers yellow; capsule 7 mm x 4 mm, its netted venation long-persistent. St. Kitts, Montserrat, Guadeloupe; on Dominica at upper elevations, 600-1400 m: near Freshwater Lake (Chambers 2569, Eggers 714 at GH, Ernst 2169, Fosberg 48275, 48276, Hodge 1860 at GH, Lloyd 304, Wasshausen & Ayensu 329, Whitefoord 3796), Wilbur 8244), Mome Trois Pitons (Ernst 1220, Hodge 530 and 1384 at GH, Kimber 973 at GH, Nicolson 1818), Valley of Desolation (Hodge 1936, Whitefoord 5477), sine loc. (Fishlock s.n., Haweis 30). Apparently flowering and fruiting throughout the year but best flowering specimens collected June- August. The narrowly leaved element called Tibouchina chironioides has been regarded as a Dominican endemic by most authors (Cogniaux, Domin, Howard). A key difference used by these authors was expressed by Howard (1989, 5:576) as “leaves clearly acrodromous with 1-2 pairs of basal veins” is effective for distinguishing relatively large-leaved taxa (leaves 1 cm or broader) such as T. cistoides of St. Vincent and weedy T. longifolia. The microphyllous taxa (leaves 0.5 cm or narrower) are easily distinguished from each other by the remarkable bristly hairs on the upper leaf surface, the almost wholly adnate hairs of T. chamaecistus (free only beyond the leaf-margin) vs. the half-adnate hairs of T. ornata and T. chironioides (free well before the leaf-margin). The narrowly leaved aspect called T. chironioides appears to be a repeatedly collected population growing around Freshwa- ter Lake, historically the most accessible high elevation collecting locality of Dominica. Specimens from other locali- ties (Trois Piton and Valley of Desolation) have a different aspect approaching the “classic” T. ornata of other islands, including ovate, triplinerved leaves and spreading, glandular hypanthial hairs (Nicolson 1818, pro parte). While the narrowly leaved population found around Freshwater Lake might be worthy of recognition at some infraspecific rank within T. ornata, it probably should not be regarded as a separate species without more study and material of the more inaccessible populations of Dominican Tibouchina. The report of T. ornata from Antigua (Gillis 8242 at GH) is almost certainly a labeling error and the specimen probably was actually collected on Dominica, as pointed out by Howard (l.c.) and, specifically, around Freshwater Lake. It is possible that this is the correct label information for Gillis 8228, which is cultivated Clerodendron wallichii but was said to come from “near Freshwater Lake on top of mountain.” Meliaceae Sandoricum koetjape (N. Burman) Merrill (including San- doricum indicum Cavanilles), a native of Asia, is cultivated pantropically and in the Roseau Botanic Gardens (Hodge 3947). It has trifoliolate, pubescent leaves and a yellow drupe to 7.5 cm wide. Swietenia, mahogony, has even-pinnate leaves with unequal leaflets and differs from Cedrela in having entirely united staminal filaments and winged seeds 5-9 cm long. Swietenia macrophylla G. King, a Central and South American species, is cultivated at Cassada Gardens (Nicolson 2085) and on the West Cabrit (Nicolson 1912). It has leaflets 7-15 cm x 3-7 cm, not revolute at the base, and capsules 12-15 cm long. Swietenia mahagoni (Linnaeus) Jacquin, native to the Antilles, is cultivated in the Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge s.n.) and on the East Cabrit (Whitefoord 5255). It has smaller (2-7 cm x 1-4 cm) leaflets, revolute at the base and capsules only 6-10 cm long. 1. Leaves 2-3-pinnate; leaflets serrate Melia 1. Leaves 1 -pinnate; leaflets entire. 2. Leaves odd-pinnate Trichilia 2. Leaves even-pinnate. 3. Leaflets unequal at base; filaments free above; seeds winged Cedrela NUMBER 77 Meliaceae 155 3. Leaflets equal at base; filaments entirely united. 4. Leaves without a terminal bud; locules 3-many- ovulate; seeds woody Carapa 4. Leaves with a stalked terminal bud; locules 1-2-ovulate; seeds fleshy Guarea Carapa Aublet Carapa guianensis Carapa guianensis Aublet, 1775, 2(Suppl.):32, pi. 387. Bois carapat, crab wood, I’angelin, wild cashew. Tree to 50 m; leaflets 6-14, glabrous, to 4.8 dm long; capsule globoid, woody, 4-ridged, septifragal; seeds 7-8, pyramidal, 3 cm x 4 cm; flowering and fruiting in December. Neotropics; in Dominican forests 60-300 m: Carib Reserve (Hodge 3332), Layou Park (Nicolson 2133), Melville Hall (Beard 1476). Caribs use the oil from the seeds (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:569). Cedrela Browne Cedrela odorata Cedrela odorata Linnaeus, 1759a:940. — C.E. Smith, 1965:58. Cedrela mexicanaM..Roe.mtt, 1846, 1:137. — ^Wilson in North Amer.R., 1924, 25:293.— Gooding et al., 1965:234. Acajou. Tree to 40 m; leaflets 10-32, entire, glabrous; perianth pubescent; stamens 5; ovary glabrous; capsule ellipsoid, 2.4-4.5 cm long; seeds winged, 1.2-2 cm long; flowers and bruised fruit with strong boiled cabbage smell. Neotropics; on west coast of Dominica at 30 m: Pointe Michel (Nicolson 4044). Cultivated? Guarea Allamand ex Linnaeus, nom. cons. 1. Leaflets with domatia in major vein axils beneath; ovary glabrous G. glabra 1. Leaflets without domatia; ovary pilose G. macrophylla Guarea glabra Guarea glabra Vahl, 1807, Eclog., 3:8. Tree to 20 m, often shorter; leaflets 4-12, entire; petals elliptic to broadly ovate, 7.5-8.0 mm long, white or pink; capsule fleshy (like Clusia), 4-parted with 4 large seeds, each covered with a red aril. Neotropics; in Dominican rainforests 600-1000 m: En Haut Jean (Webster 13524, 13530), Freshwater Lake (Ernst 1772, Hodge 1842, Nicolson 2111, Smith 10233, Stern & Wasshau- sen 2574, Whitefoord 5132), Jean (Ernst 1818), Roche d’Or (Wasshausen & Ayensu 403), above Syndicate (DHN!). Guarea macrophylla Guarea macrophylla Vahl, 1807, Eclog., 3:8. Guarea perrottetiana Adr. Jussieu, 1830:241, 285. Bois arab, bois pistolet. Tree to 20 m; leaflets 6-18, entire; inflorescence racemose, to 25 cm long; petals oblong, 1cm long, pink. Lesser Antilles (var. macrophylla)', in Dominican forests 50-6(X) m: Clarke Hall (Stern & Wasshausen 2393), Syndicate (DHN!, fl. 19 May 1977). Melia Linnaeus Melia azedarach Melia azedarach Linnaeus, 1753:384. Tree or ± herbaceous shrub to 4 m; leaves 2-3-pinnate; leaflets serrate; flowers lavender; fruits yellowish green. Asia but pantropically cultivated; escaping in Dominica: Grand Bay (Ernst 1074), Hatton Garden (Hodge 2939), Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 963), Salisbury (Ernst 1429), Hodge 3947, Nicolson 2039, Wilbur 8333). Trichilia Browne, nom. cons. 1. Leaflets few (1-5); leaf rhachis (incl. petiole) <10 cm long T. pallida 1. Leaflets many (7-11); leaf rhachis (incl. petiole) >20 cm long T. septentrionalis Trichilia pallida Trichilia pallida Swartz, 1788:67. — Pennington, 1981:95. Hedwigia simplicifolia Sprengel, 1822, 3:24. Trichilia simplicifolia (Sprengel) Sprengel, 1826, 3:69. Trichilia diversifolia Adr. Jussieu, 1830:237, 278. Pholacilia diversifolia (Adr. Jussieu) Grisebach, 1860:130. Bois mass6. Shrub or tree to 10 m; leaves (l-)3-5-foliolate; leaflets entire, long-acuminate, glabrous or essentially so; perianth and ovary pubescent; capsule to 1.4 cm long; seeds 1-3, black and partially surrounded by a red arillode. Neotropics; in Dominican rainforest 450-1200 m: Fon Pays (Hodge 2857), Freshwater Lake area (Beard 653, Ernst 2165, Hodge 1980, Stern & Wasshausen 2570), Jean (Webster 13517, 13518), Lisdara (Hodge 2407), Mome Diablotins (Whitefoord 4417), Sylvania (Hodge 3841, Nicolson 1878), Syndicate (Hodge 2889, Nicolson 4165), Trois Pitons (Lloyd 772). Trichilia septentrionalis Trichilia septentrionalis A.C. CandoUe in Martius, 1878, 11(1):220. — Pennington, 1981:126. Cashew montagne. 156 Meliaceae — Monimiaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Tree to 50 m; leaves (5-)7-ll-foliolate; fruits pendulous, rusty tomentose, seed bright red. Northern South America into Panama and Lesser Antilles; rarely collected on Dominica to 2,500 ft [762 m]: Boeri Lake {Nicolson 1958), Syndicate {Whitefoord 4329, 5351, 5864), sine loc. (Ramage s.n. at K, not seen). Sterile material is confusable with Ormosia krugii Urban (Fabaceae). Menispermaceae 1. Leaves cordate to orbicular, peltate; staminate flowers 4-merous; pistillate flowers monomerous Cissampelos 1 . Leaves elliptic to ovate, not peltate; staminate and pistillate flowers 6-merous Hyperbaena Cissampelos Linnaeus Cissampelos pareira Cissampelos pareira Linnaeus, 1753:1031. — ^Rhodes, 1975:446. Dioecious climbing vine; leaves peltate (ours); inflores- cences axillary. Pantropics; in rainforests of Dominica; Bellevue (Eggers 824, Ernst 8241), Laudat {Ramage s.n.). Syndicate {Ernst 2009, Whitefoord 4345), sine loc. {Imray 207). Troupin (1955:140) was the first to show that what Diels (in Engler, 1910, IV.94 (Heft 46):292) called C. pareira var. laevis Diels is, in fact, the typical element of the species. Forman (1968:357), under the then current Code, pointed out that the correct name for what Diels (in Engler, 1910, IV.94 (Heft 46): 288) called C. pareira var. typica was Cissampelos pareira var. hirsuta (A.P. Candolle) Forman. However, Art. 57.3 (Sydney Code) gave an autonym priority over the name of the same date and rank that generated it. Hence, the correct name should be C. pareira var. convolvulacea (Willdenow) ined., the autonym Cissampelos convolvulacea Willdenow (1805, 4:862) var. convolvulacea taking precedence over the name, C. convolvulacea var. hirsuta (A.P. Candolle) Hasskarl, that generated the autonym. I do not accept this taxon or its combination, preferring to follow Rhodes (1975), not recogniz- ing segregates in this variable species. Dominican material has glabrous leaves and fits C. pareira var. pareira, although material with pubescent leaves is reported from the French islands. Dominican specimens at the Harvard Herbaria, Eggers 824 and Imray 207, were annotated as “C. andromorpha DC.” by Donald Rhodes in 1975. They were erroneously attributed to Costa Rica by Rhodes (1975:441) under C. andromorpha, a species otherwise from South America. Hyperbaena Miers ex Bentham, nom. cons. Hyperbaena domingensis Hyperbaena domingensis (A.P. Candolle) Bentham, 1861b:50. — Mathias & Theobald, 1981:89. Cocculus domingensis A.P. Candolle, 1817, 1:528. Dioecious climbing shrub; leaves coriaceous; flowers min- ute, in axillary panicles. West Indies and South America; in Dominica without locality: Imray 453 at K. It is remarkable that this species has not been recollected. Monimiaceae Siparuna glabrescens Siparuna glabrescens (Presl) A.L. Candolle in A.P. Candolle, 1868, 16:648. Citriosma glabrescens Presl, 1845:540 [p. llOin reprint of 1846]. Siparuna wbaniana Perkins, 1901:683. Siparuna scabra Perkins, 1901:684. Bois mal estomac, petit bois marbre. Dioecious, aromatic tree to 12 m; leaves opposite or 3-whorled, minutely punctate, denticulate, the teeth pubescent, blades loosely to densely pubescent with combinations of simple, paired or stellate hairs; flowers axillary, cymose; tepals 5-6, stellate, whitish; berries greenish, ~2 cm across. Dominica, Martinique, and St. Vincent; common in Domin- ica in rainforests and elfin woodlands 400-1000 m: Baiac {Whitefoord 5466), En Haut Jean {Webster 13506), Freshwater Lake area {Burch 1374, Chambers 2576, 2576a, Eggers 18, Ernst 1087, Gillis 8216, Smith 10241, Webster 13249, Wilbur 7420), Lisdara {Cooper 158, Hodge 399, 2321), Mome Anglais {Hodge 2251), Mome Couronne {Webster 13208), Mome Plat Pays {Hodge 1720), Mount Joy {Cooper 56, Hodge 1252), Pont Casse {Proctor 25776), Rosalie Valley {Lloyd 710), South Chiltem {Hodge 1480, Stern & Wasshausen 2516), Sylvania {Hodge 1125), Syndicate {Hodge 2761, Whitefoord 3493), “from the mountains” {Imray 67 at K, type of S. urbaniana). Perkins (1901) recognized three Antillean species with denticulate leaves on the basis of branching of hairs: S. glabrescens (Martinique), S. urbaniana (Dominica), and S. scabra (St. Vincent). Some leaves of Webster 13208 have rather strongly branched hairs, like S. scabra. Other specimens have scarcely branched hairs, like S. urbaniana. Different types of branching may be observed on the same specimen. A fourth species, S. caloneura Perkins (St. Vincent) was segregated for its profoundly serrate leaves. This character appears correlated with age, young leaves being more denticulate and older ones more serrate. In the absence of other characters I accept the oldest name. Howard (1988, 4:245) recognized three species in the Lesser Antilles, two occurring on Dominica: S. glabrescens (plants sparsely stellate pubescent with long, persistent, pilose pubes- cence but becoming glabrate) and S. scabra (plants densely and persistently stellate pubescent). NUMBER 77 Moraceae 157 Moraceae Berg (1978:39) recognized Cecropiaceae as a separate family. The nomenclature of the common edible species of Artocarpus was clarified by Fosberg (1960). Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg (1941:95), including A. incisus and A. communis of authors, the breadfruit, is widely cultivated on Dominica. It is a monoecious tree to 15 m, with pinnately lobed leaves to 5 dm long and a globose, seedless prickly fruit. Seeded forms known as breadnut are also cultivated. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:141, pi. 107) reported medicinal uses. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamarck, including A. integrifo- lius sensu auctt.), has entire leaves and an ellipsoid fruit to 6 dm long. It is cultivated pantropically for ornament and for its edible fruit, less palatable than the breadfruit, in Dominica: Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 918 [972?]). Artocarpus lakoocha Roxburgh, with entire leaves >10 cm across and small fruits to 6 cm across, was cultivated in the Roseau Botanic Garden {Fairchild s.n.) in 1932. Cannabis sativa Linnaeus, sometimes placed in Cannaba- ceae, marijuana, is reported as illegally cultivated in Dominica. No specimens have been located. 1. Leaves palmately lobed, peltate, white-tomentose beneath; all flowers spicate; plants dioecious Cecropia 1. Leaves neither lobed, peltate nor white-tomentose beneath; flowers borne inside a fleshy receptacle; plants monoe- cious Ficus Cecropia Loefling, nom. cons. Cecropia schreberiana Cecropia schreberiana Miquel in Martins, 1853, 4(1):150. Cecropia peltata sensu auctt quoad Antilles Minores, non Linnaeus. Bois canon, trumpet tree, trumpet wood. Dioecious tree to 20 m; leaves peltate, strikingly white beneath; inflorescences digitate. Lesser Antilles; common weed tree in disturbed areas of Dominica from 100-7(X) m but rarely collected: Calibishie {Hodge 3168), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3663), Layou Park {Nicolson 2037), Mome Colla Anglais {Hodge 632), Syndicate {Whitefoord 3958), sine loc. {Taylor 125). Used by Caribs for making catamarans and in medicine (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:553). Ficus Linnaeus Plants woody, with copious milky sap; leaves alternate; stipules deciduous, encircling stem and leaving a conspicuous scar; flowers unisexual, borne inside an enlarged and deeply ! invaginated receptacle (synconium, the fig) with an apical pore j (ostiole) closed by interlocking scales. Members with single figs are true trees while those with paired figs start life as epiphytes (stranglers) and end as trees (banyans). Ficus altissima Blume, with coriaceous leaves strongly triplinerved at base, was collected in Roseau Botanic Garden {Nicolson 4213). Ficus aspera J.G. Forster (including Ficus parcellii Veitch ex Cogniaux & Marchal) with variegated, shallowly toothed, unequal-based leaves was collected in Roseau Botanic Garden in 1932 {Fairchild 2665). 1. Figs solitary, long-stalked (on pedicels 1 cm or longer) F. insipida 1. Figs paired, ± sessile (pedicels to 0.5 cm long). 2. Petioles typically >2 cm long. 3. Leaf ovate (base rounded to truncate and apex acute to acuminate F. citrifolia 3. Leaf obovate (base obtuse and apex rounded) .... F. obtusifolia 2. Petioles <2 cm long. 4. Leaves <4 cm across, acute at apex; ripe fig without raised ring, 3-7 mm thick F. perforata 4. Leaves >4 cm across, blunt or rounded at apex; ripe fig with raised ring around apex, 10-14 mm thick F. trigonata Ficus citrifolia Ficus citrifolia Miller, 1768. — DeWolf, 1960:158. — Berg & DeWolf, 1975:241. Ficus laevigata Vahl, 1805, Enum., 2:183. — ^Little & Wadsworth, 1964:70, pi. 22. Ficus lentiginosa Vahl, 1805, Enum., 2:183. Ficus populnea Willdenow, 1806, 4(2):1141. Ficus populnea var. lentiginosa (Vahl) Warburg in Urban, 1903, 3:476. Ficus populnea subvar. subcuspidata Warburg in Urban, 1903, 3:478. Ficus populoides Warburg in Urban, 1903, 3:479. Ficus lentiginosa var. subcuspidata (Warburg) Domin, 1930c:47. Ficus lentiginosa var. imrayana Domin, 1930c:48. Ficus laevigata subvar. subcuspidata (Warburg) Stehle in Stehle et al., 1937, 1:181. Figue. Tree to 16 m; leaf base cordate to truncate; branches with many aerial roots; figs paired, short- stalked, usually <1 cm thick, thin-walled, yellowish to reddish when ripe. Antilles except Trinidad; common in lowland Dominica to 500 ft [152 m]: Baiac {Whitefoord 3843), Cabrits swamp {Hodge 631, Nicolson 4192), Calibishie {Hodge 3164), Delices {Whitefoord 3710), Grand Savanna {Ernst 1890, 1637), Hatton Garden Estate {Hodge 3010, 3048), La Plaine {Ramage s.n.), Melville Hall {Chambers 2775), Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2656, 2738), Portsmouth {Hodge 3751). Ficus insipida Ficus insipida WUldenow, 1806, 4(2): 11 43.— DeWolf, 1960:152; 1967:5.— Berg & DeWolf, 1975:232. 158 Moraceae — ^Myricaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Ficus glabrata Kunth, 1817, 2:47. Ficus krugiana Warburg in Urban, 1903, 3:459. Medium tree; leaves lightly scabrid with base rounded; figs solitary, long-stalked, >1 cm thick. Central America to Brazil, Montserrat to St. Vincent; occasional in Dominica from lowlands through rainforest: Belvedere-Delices {Whitefoord 3764), Clarke Hall (Nicolson 2005), Hatton Gardens {Hodge 3073), Layou {Ramage s.n. at BM), Mome Plat Pays summit {Hodge 1692), Picard Estate {Nicolson 4220), Roseau Valley waterfall {Hodge 2009). This species has been misidentified and reported from Dominica as F. laurifolia Lamarck, a synonym of Ficus maxima Miller. True F. maxima apparently does not reach the Lesser Antilles. It lacks the elongate stipules of F. insipida and has a distinctive papery petiolar epidermis that cracks and exfoliates. Berg and DeWolf (1975:232) cited Eggers 6670 (P) from St. Vincent as F. maxima, but a duplicate (US) is clearly F. insipida. Ficus caribaea Jacquin (1767, 2:30) is a possible earlier name for F. insipida, if one interprets “pedunculis simplicibus” as “figs solitary.” This was treated as a name “deserving oblivion” by Warburg (in Urban, 1903, 3:490). The type should be located. Ficus obtusifolia Ficus obtusifolia Kunth, 1817, 2:49. — DeWolf, 1960:163. — Little et al., 1974:118, pi. 292. Urostigma involutum Liebmann, 1851:320. Ficus involuta (Liebmann) Miquel, 1868:298. Ficus urbaniana Warburg in Urban, 1903, 3:459. Ficus involuta var. urbaniana (Warburg) Dugand, 1943:275. Large spreading tree; leaves large, broadly obovate, cuneate ± rounded at base; figs large, paired, sessile, each subtended by several broad involucral bracts. Neotropics, except Greater Antilles; in Dominica near the coast: Belle View {Cooper 14). This and other large-leaved species of Ficus are considered as spirit trees by the Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:553). Dugand (1955:229), with reservations, placed Ficus urbani- ana and his F. involuta var. urbaniana in synonymy of F. involuta. He was under the misapprehension, clarified by DeWolf (1960:163), that F. obtusifolia, the name used here, was a later homonym of F. obtusifolia Roxburgh. However, Roxburgh’s name, a nomen nudum in 1814, was not validly published until 1832. Howard (1988, 4:63) called this Ficus nymphaeifolia Miller. That taxon, with cordate leaf bases, may well include and intergrade with this, but I cannot accept the identification for the Dominican specimen nor Little et al.’s illustration, both with tapering leaf bases. Ficus perforata Ficus perforata Linnaeus, 1775:17. — DeWolf, 1960:154. Ficus americana Aublet, 1775:952. — Rossberg, 1935:580. — Howard, 1988, 4:58. Ficus pallida sensu Grisebach, 1860:151, non Vahl. Ficus omphalophora Warburg in Urban, 1903, 3:487. Ficus sintenisii Warburg in Urban, 1903, 3:464. — Litde & Wadsworth, 1964:74, pi. 24. Small tree to 5 m; leaves obovate to elliptic, small; figs small, paired, shortly pediceled. West Indies, Guatemala to Colombia; in Dominica at mid-elevations from 200-750 m: Castle Bruce Road {Ramage s.n.). Freshwater Lake {Ernst 1731), Lisdara {Cooper 192), Point Michelle {Ramage s.n.), Riversdale {Beard 241), Syndi- cate {Whitefoord 5886), Trois Pitons {Lloyd 770). This is the smallest-leaved Ficus on Dominica. The two competing names, F. perforata and F. americana, include the same Plumier drawing. The Linnaean name was published 23 Jun 1775, Aublet’s name was published on or after June 1775, being far into the second volume, probably after the Linnaean name. Fkus trigonata Ficus trigonata Linnaeus, 1775:17. — DeWolf, 1960:160. — Litde et al., 1974:124, pi. 125.— Berg & DeWolf, 1975:264. Figue rouge. Tree; leaves medium, blunt at apex and rounded to ± cordate at base; figs of medium size, ± sessile, often with rim around the apex. Antilles and continental Caribbean coasts; lower elevations in Dominica; Salybia {Hodge 3271), South Chiltem {Hodge 1567, sterile, provisionally determined by DeWolO- Sterile specimens of this may be indistinguishable from F. obtusifolia. Myoporaceae (by R. DeFilipps) Bontia daphnoides Bontia daphnoides Linnaeus, 1753:638. Shrub or tree to 4 m; stems with conspicuous alternate leaf scars; leaves narrowly elliptic, to 10 cm x 2 cm long, glandular-punctuate; flowers solitary, axillary, pedicellate; sepals acuminate, ciliate; corolla yellow, spotted with purple, the lower lip reflexed, densely red-bearded; drupe ovoid, yellow, 1.0-1. 5 cm long, beaked. West Indies and northern South America; in Dominica in scrub woodlands near beach or in swampland: Cabrits and Prince Ruperts Bay {Hodge 853, 854, 3726, Nicolson 4194, Smith 10338, Wasshausen & Ayensu 380). Myricaceae Myrica pubescens var. caracasana Myrica pubescens var. caracasana (Kunth) A. Chevalier, 1901:208. NUMBER 77 Myricaceae — ^Myrsinaceae 159 Myrica caracasana Kunth, 1817, 2:18. — Staples in Howard, 1988, 4:38. Myrica microcarpa sensu auat., non Bentham. — Urban, 1892:359. Dioecious shrub to tree to 4.5 m, branches with large, white lenticels; leaves densely glandular-punctate below, toothed along upper margin; male spikes 7-12 mm long; drupe to 3 mm long, with waxy papillae. West Indies and northern South America; in Dominica in montane rainforest and elfin woodlands, 1000-1400 m: Mome Anglais {Hodge 2283), Mome Diablotins second summit {Nicolson 4174). Myristicaceae Myristica fragrans Myristica fragrans Houttuyn, 1774:333. Nutmeg, mace. Dioecious tree to 20 m; fruits pendant, fragrant; seed (nutmeg) to 4 cm long with a laciniate, red aril (mace). Native to East Indies, now pantropically cultivated; appar- ently naturalizing in Dominica: Clarke Hall {Ernst 1419), Lisdara {Hodge 407), Ridgefield Estate {Hodge 2210), sine loc. in 1887 {Eggers 568). Nutmeg contains myristicine, a hallucinogenic drug that is dangerous in large amounts (fewer than three seeds). Myrsinaceae (by A.C. Nicolson) 1. Inflorescences ± sessile, <1 cm long Myrsine 1. Inflorescences pedunculate, 2 cm long or longer. 2. Leaves sessile, clasping at base Cybianthus parasiticus 2. Leaves petiolate. 3. Leaves caudate at apex; flowers generally 4-merous Cybianthus 3. Leaves not caudate; flowers generally 5-merous. 4. Inflorescences flat-topped; leaves obovate, acute at base Ardisia 4. Inflorescences cylindric; leaves elliptic to obovate, ± cordate or at least obtuse at base . . . Stylogyne Ardisia Swartz, nom. cons. East Asian Ardisia crenata Sims, with crenulate leaves unlike the other two, was collected in cultivation at Baiac {Whitefoord 5464). It is easily confused with Ardisia crispa (Thunberg) A.L. Candolle, reported by Howard (1989, 6:40) with “recent collections from Dominica.” 1. Inflorescences racemose but flat-topped, axillary A. elliptica 1. Inflorescences corymbose, terminal A. obovota Ardisia elliptica Ardisia elliptica Thunberg, 1798, Nova, 1 19. — Walker, 1976:813. Small tree to 5 m; petiole to 1.5 cm; leaf blade oblanceolate, -10 cm X 3 cm; inflorescences axillary; calyx lobes to 2 mm; petals pink, to 1 cm long. Asia but cultivated as hedge; presumed naturalized in Dominica: Baiac road {Whitefoord 4617), Bellevue {Wilbur 7929), Liberty Estate {Ernst 1609, 1961). Flowers in June and November. J. Pipoly (pers. comm., Jan 1986) said that this should be called Ardisia solanacea Roxburgh (incl. Ardisia humilis Vahl). Ardisia solanacea Roxburgh (1795) is cultivated elsewhere in the Antilles (Jamaica, Gaudeloupe, Martinique) but has larger flowers, free sepals, and lacks the septate anthers of A. elliptica. In Mez’s monograph (in Engler, 1902, IV.236 (Heft 9): 127) A. elliptica appears under the name of A. humilis Vahl, a misapplied name actually applicable to a different species, fide Merrill (1935:298). Ardisia obovata Ardisia obovata Desvaux ex Hamilton, 1825:26. — ^Little & Wadsworth, 1964:430, pi. 202. Ardisia guadalupensis Duchassaing ex Grisebach, 1857:237. — Grisebach, 1861:396.— Stehl6, 1962b:433. Ardisia coriacea sensu Mez in Urban, 1901, 2:397, non Swartz. Shrub or small tree to 10 m; petiole to 1 cm, leaf blades leathery, obovate, tapering to petiole, 15(-20) cm long to 7 cm wide; inflorescence terminal, to 12 cm broad; corollas greenish, 3-5 mm; ripe fruit a fleshy, purple-black, single-seeded drupe, 6-8 mm broad. West Indies; in Dominica a sometimes frequent element of coastal vegetation and lowland forest: Baiac road {Whitefoord 4620), Cabrits {Howard 11753), Calibishie {Hodge 3153), L’Anse Noire {Ernst 1683), Salybia {Hodge 3414), Spanish Mountain below summit {Whitefoord 5668), Vieille Case {Cowan 1599), Walkers Rest {Chambers 2625). Howers in January, fruits in June. Cybianthus Martius, non. cons. Cybianthus antillanus (Mez) Agostini (1980:157), based on Weigeltia antillana Mez (in Urban, 1901, 2:423), is a shrub with an ovate, noncaudate leaf, inflorescence an axillary 1-2-branched raceme and 4-merous flowers. It was described from “Dominica: Ramage; St. Lucia: Ramage; Grenada; Broadway... (v.s. in Herb. Kew, Krug & Urban).” There is no Dominica material at Kew and the original Krug and Urban Herbarium (B) has been destroyed. There is no subsequent report of this species north of St. Lucia. I suspect the Dominica record is either a misidentification or the locality is in error. 1. Corolla rotate; anthers wider than long, erect, apically rounded or emarginate; petioles absent C. parasiticus 160 Myrsinaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 1. Corolla cupuliform; anthers wider than long, distally recurved, apically acute or apiculate; petioles present C. rostratus Cybianthus parasiticus Cybianthus parasiticus (Swartz) Pipoly, 1987:59. Grammadenia parasitica (Swartz) Grisebach, 1861:393. — Stehle, 1962b:438. Ardisia parasitica Swartz, 1788:48. Epiphytic or free-standing shrub to 3 m; leaves sessile, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, to 6 cm x 1 cm, with many dark, linear glands beneath; inflorescence a simple, axillary raceme to 3 cm long; corolla white with purple markings, to 2 mm long. Lesser Antilles; in Dominica in mid- to upper elevation forests: Boiling Lake (Eggers 634), Breakfast River {Hodge 1910), Castle Bruce Road {Cowan 1602), En Haul Jean (Webster 13531), Laudat {Eggers s.n.), Micotrin slopes {Hodge 1845, Smith 10285, 10286, Wasshausen & Ayensu 330, Wilbur 7496), Mome Anglais {Wilbur 7935), Mome Nicholls {Ni- colson 1955), Newfoundland {DeFilipps 159), Pont Casse area {Ernst 1128, Stern & Wasshausen 2554, Webster 13466, Wilbur 7725, 7818), Rosehill {Eggers 115), Sylvania {Beard 248). Cybianthus rostratus Cybianthus rostratus (Hasskarl) Agostini, 1980:155. Ardisia rostrata Hasskarl, 1868:26. Conomorpha peruviana var. rostrata (Hasskarl) Mez in Urban, 1901, 2:422.— Stehle, 1962b:438. Conomorpha peruviana sensu Grisebach, 1861:393 [as to Antillean material], non A.L. Candolle. Small tree to 6 m; leaves elliptic, caudate, to 9 cm x 4 cm, ± ferrugineous-lepidote beneath; inflorescence an axillary simple (sometimes 2-branched) raceme to 4 cm long; fruiting pedicels to 3 mm; fruits dark purple, globose, to 5 mm across. Lesser Antilles; in Dominica in mid-elevation rainforests of western slopes: Hampstead River {Nicolson 4332), Jean {Ernst 1821, Webster 13499), Laudat Eggers 91), Layou River {Cowan 1627, Nicolson 4186), Point Lolo {Ernst 1982), Pont Casse {Stern & Wasshausen 2556), Wilbur 8139), Riversdale {Beard 1455), Rosehill {Eggers 620), Sylvania {Stehli 6313), sine loc. {Eggers s.n.). Myrsine Linnaeus 1. Leaves with pellucid dots beneath; young shoots pubescent M. coriacea 1. Leaves with linear glands and dots beneath; young shoots glabrous M. trinitatis Myrsine coriacea Myrsine coriacea (Swartz) R. Brown ex Roemer & Schultes, 1819, 4:511.^team, 1969:175. Samara coriacea Swartz, 1788:32. Caballeria ferruginea Ruiz & Pavon, 1798a:280. Rapanea ferruginea (Ruiz & Pavon) Mez in Urban, 1901, 2:429. Myrsine laeta sensu Grisebach, 1861:392, non A.L. Candolle. Bois sand, bois gresse, rassade. Tree to 10 m, perhaps dioecious; young branchlets rusty- tomentose, glabrescent; petiole to 1 cm; leaf blades (1) chartaceous and elliptic to lanceolate with acute base and apex, to8cmx2cm,to(2) coriaceous and obovate with rounded apex, to 4 cm X 2 cm; inflorescence on short (0.5-2 mm) annual spurs, to 6 flowers each; pedicels 0.5-0.3 mm; sepals 0.5 mm, fused below; petals erect (staminate flowers) or reflexed (pistillate flowers), 1-1.7 mm, fused at base; anthers virtually sessile, on and shorter than petals; stigma (pistillate flowers) sessile, morel-shaped; fruit a globose berry, to 4 mm, glandular-striate, ripening black. Neotropics; in Dominica in thickets and rainforest from 500 m of western slopes to summits: Bernard Estate {Wasshausen & Ayensu 376), Laudat area {Beard 1468, Chambers 2680, Eggers 569, Hodge 1761, Nicolson 2099, Smith 10285), Lisdara {Cooper 184, Hodge 666, 2375, 2431), Milton Estate {Hodge 2598), Micotrin {Ernst 1097), Mome Couronne (Webster 13211), Mome Diablotins {Chambers 2644, Nicolson 4175, 4176, Webster 13359), Mome Trois Pitons {Chambers 2591), Salisbury {Stern & Wasshausen 2578), Sylvania {Beard 248, Cooper 29, Hodge 1043, 1166, 3819), Syndicate {Whitefoord 5336), sine loc. {Eggers s.n.). Flowers Novem- ber-March, fmits March-June. Collections from higher elevations have shorter, obovate, coriaceous leaves (the "'coriacea” element); those from lower elevations have longer, elliptic, chartaceous leaves (the “ferruginea” element), but intermediates form a gradient. One collection {Gillis 8209) from “coast south of airfield,” then at Melville Hall in northeast, and it, coupled with the collection from Salisbury, suggests that this species may range from sea level on both sides of the island to the summits of its highest mountains, although it is most commonly found in the mid- to higher elevations. Myrsine trinitatis Myrsine trinitatis A. h. Candolle, 1834:108. Rapanea trinitatis (A.L. Candolle) Mez in Urban, 1901, 2:432. — Stehle, 1962b:440. Small tree; petiole to 1 cm long, leaf blades coriaceous, elongate -elliptic (to 7 cm x 1.8 cm), base acute, apex acute but with a rounded tip, the upper surface glossy beneath lighter and with glandular lines and dots; inflorescence to 6-flowered, on perennial spurs to 4 mm long. Lesser Antilles and Trinidad; in montane forest of Dominica ~8(K) m: Mome Plat Pays {Hodge 1733), sine loc. {Imray s.n. (as M. cubana A. DC.), Imray 46 at K, Imray 254 at K). NUMBER 77 Myrsinaceae — Myrtaceae 161 Stylogyne A.L. Candolle 1. Inflorescences terminal S. canaliculata 1. Inflorescences axillary 5. lateriflora Stylogyne canaliculata Stylogyne canaliculata (Loddiges) Mez in Engler, 1902, IV.236 (Heft 9);268. Ardisia canaliculata Loddiges, 1825. Stylogyne smithiorum Mez in Urban, 1901, 2:418. Ardisia clusioides sensu Grisebach, 1861:396 [as to Dominica specimens], non Grisebach [as to Jamaican materials]. Courocoume. Shrub or small tree to 5 m; leaves elliptic to obovate, base rounded, to 30 cm x 10 cm; inflorescence a loose, terminal panicle to 15 cm long; pedicels 3 (flower) to 9 (fruit) cm long; corolla white, 4 mm long; fruits globular, red, 5-6 mm. Martinique to Grenada; in lowland forests of Dominica: Carib Trail {Hodge 3254), Concord {Ernst 1672), Layou River {Beard 1458), Morpo {Chambers 2550), Newfoundland (M- colson 4092), Riversdale {Beard 641), Salybia {Hodge 3363). One specimen label reported that ink is made from the fruits. Stylogyne lateriflora Stylogyne lateriflora (Swartz) Mez in Urban, 1901 , 2:41 8. — Stehle, 1962b:437. Ardisia lateriflora Swartz, 1788:48. Ardisia caribaea Miquel in Martins, 1856, 10:289. Ardisia laurifolia sensu Grisebach, 1861:385, non Jussieu. Slender tree to 10 m; leaves broadly elliptic, to 20 cm x 10 cm; inflorescence a loose, axillary panicle to 8 cm long; corolla pinkish, 4 mm long; fruiting pedicels to 9 mm long; fruits globular, black-purple, 6-7 mm. Lesser Antilles; in rainforests of Dominica from lower to upper elevations; Bataca {Stehle 6406, 6644), Clarke Hall {Nicolson 1824, Stern & Wasshausen 2409), Dleau Gommier {Ernst 2084), En Haut Jean (Webster 13498), Hatton Garden Estate {Hodge 3049), Laudat {Whitefoord 3849), Layou headwaters {Nicolson 4186), Mome Anglais {Hodge 668, Wilbur 7942), Mome Colla Anglais {Hodge 667, 1029, 1184), Mome Diablotins {Nicolson 1919, Webster 13328, Whitefoord 4418), Mome Plaisance Estate {Whitefoord 4690), Petit Coulibri {Whitefoord 6005), South Chiltem {Hodge 1499), Sylvania {Cooper 62), Syndicate (Whitefoord 4473). Myrtaceae The first draft was prepared by Robert DeFilipps. Richard Howard, with the permission of the author, later gave me a copy of Rogers McVaugh’s typescript of the family for Howard (1989, 5:463-532). This typescript was used extensively in preparing the treatment of this difficult family. Eucalyptus is surely grown in Dominica but no collections have been seen. It belongs to a group that have broad, alternate leaves, except for juvenile shoots that may be opposite. Melaleuca linearifolia Smith, an Australian tree with alternate, linear leaves, spicate inflorescences and connate, fascicled stamens, is grown in the Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 3911). Melaleuca quinquenervia (CavaniUes) S.T. Blake is reported for Dominica by McVaugh (in Howard, 5:465). Generic Identification Key 1. Howers few, usually <10 to an inflorescence. 2. Flowers <1 cm across, fasciculate or solitary Eugenia 2. Flower >1 cm across. 3. Rowers ± solitary, axillary; young stems 4-angled Psidium guajava 3. Rowers racemose, terminal; stems terete Syzygium jambos 1. Rowers many, usually >10 to an inflorescence. 4. Hairs medifixed; petals absent; calyx calyptrate, circum- scissile Calyptranthes 4. Hairs usually simple or absent; petals present; calyx splitting irregularly or sepals free. 5. Branchlets winged; petals glabrous outside Pimenta 5. Branchlets not winged; petals pubescent outside. 6. Sepals concrescent in bud, splitting irregularly at anthesis Blepharocalyx 6. Sepals free. 7. Leaves revolute from midrib (concave); anther locules at different levels on each side Gomidesia 1. Leaves flat; anther locules all at same level Myrcia Generic Classification Key (from McVaugh, 1968:414-417) 1. Inflorescence 1 -few-flowered (rarely >30), if compound then racemose, or determinate at the lowest node and regularly dichotomous with sessile flowers in the forks. 2. Embryo eugenioid (massive and undivided) Eugenia 2. Embryo pimentoid (elongated with cotyledons small and inconspicuous at one end) Psidium 1. Inflorescence myrcioid (“paniculate”). 3. Embryo pimentoid (elongated with cotyledons small and inconspicuous at one end). 4. Calyx closed in bud, splitting irregularly at anthesis (into 4); ovules 4-6; inflorescence a panicle but each branch a 3(-7)-flowered dichasium Blepharocalyx 4. Calyx lobes 5 (ours) or 4; ovules 1 or few; inflorescence- truly paniculate Pimenta 162 Myrtaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 3. Embryo myrcioid (cotyledons foliaceous, crumpled and folded about the elongate radicle, filling the large seed). 5. Anthers with two pairs of pollen-sacs at different levels, the upper seeming to open extrorsely and the lower introrsely Gomidesia 5. Anthers with pollen-sacs all at the same level, opening laterally. 6. Calyx closed in bud, calyptrate, circumscissile Calyptranthes 6. Calyx lobes normally developed and present in flower and fruit Myrcia Blepharocalyx Berg Blepharocalyx eggersii Blepharocalyx eggersii (Kiaerskou) Landrum, 1986:121. Marlieriopsis eggersii Kiaerskou, 1890:282. Myrcia splendens sensu Grisebach, 1860:234, as to Lnray specimen cited, non (Swartz) A.R Candolle. Mitranthes eggersii (Kiaerskou) Niedenzu in Engler & Prantl, 1893, III(7):72. Caconier (Ramage), radigonde (Imray). Shrub or tree; leaves lanceolate -elliptic, acuminate, to 4.5 cm X 1.8 cm, venation inconspicuous; inflorescence a dichasial panicle to 5 cm long, terminal on branchlets in Eggers collection at US; calyx irregularly splitting at anthesis into 4 reflexed and deciduous lobes, leaving a short hypanthium; ovary bilocular with 4-6 ovules per locule; fruit ellipsoid, 1 -seeded, with cup-hke hypanthium. Embryo pimentoid, strongly curved. Guadeloupe, St. Vincent, Venezuela, and Brazil; apparently now rare (not collected for a century) in west valleys of Dominica: “at Laiou forest high up,” i.e., Layou River Valley {Ramage s.n. at K), Sugar Loaf {Eggers 723 at US), sine loc. {Eggers 1061 at K) and Imray 100 at K). Flowering April. Calyptranthes Swartz, nom. cons. Calyptranthes fasciculata Calyptranthes fasciculata Berg, 1855:31. Calyptranthes sericea Grisebach, 1860:233. Calyptranthes fasciculata var. genuina Stehle in Stehle et al., 1949, 3:62. Griave, guepois. Shrub or tree to 12 m; leaves lanceolate, long-tapered, to 14 cm X 4 cm; inflorescence and leaf undersurfaces rusty- puberulent with 2-branched hairs; panicles short (to 1.5 cm long); petals 0; fruits globose, ~1 cm diameter. Martinique and Venezuela into Brazil; in Dominican rainforests from 300-925 m: Breakfast River {Hodge 1882), Deux Branches {Hodge 2980 at US), Dleau Gommier {Ernst 2085), En Haut Jean {Webster 13529), Freshwater Lake {Chambers 2575, Ernst 1733, Hodge 1834), Point Lolo {Ernst 1165, 1953), Mome Diablotins {Nicolson 1922, Wasshausen & Ayensu 355, Webster 13344, Whitefoord 4242, 4357), Mome Trois Pitons {Wasshausen & Ayensu 387), sine loc. {Imray 298). Rowering March-June, fmiting June-January. Eugenia Linnaeus A cultivated species, Eugenia uniflora Linnaeus, known as the Surinam cherry, has been collected on Dominica {Imray 576). It would key to E. ligustrina but differs by its more ovate leaves and its larger, ridged, and bright- to dark-red fmits. 1. Flowers ± sessile in leafy axils or at leafless nodes on older wood. 2. Leaves acute to acuminate, >6 cm long E. coffeifolia 2. Leaves obtuse to rounded, <6 cm long E. cordata 1. Rowers pedicelled. 3. Rowers in racemes to 3 cm long, the flowers well-separated. 4. Fruits globose; inflorescence elongate (usually >2 cm) E. domingensis 4. Fruits elongate, often 8-ridged; inflorescence short (usually <2 cm long E. octopleura 3. Rowers solitary or in short racemes (usually much <1 cm) and appearing fasciculate. 5. Rowers solitary and on pedicels >1 cm long; calyx lobes much longer than wide E. ligustrina 5. Rowers several or, if solitary, pedicels <1 cm; calyx lobes about as long as wide. 6. Leaves broad (2x longer than broad or less); inflorescence pubescent; flowers large (calyx lobes (2-)3-5 mm long & wide, disk (2-)3-4 mm long and wide); fruit elongate . . . E. gregii 6. Leaves much narrower; inflorescence glabrous to pubescent; fmit globose. 7. Leaves markedly whitened beneath and black- ened above with drying; young growth silky with bright coppery-red hairs . . . E. albicans 1. Leaves green on both sides; plants glabrous to pubescent, never coppery-silky. 8. Rowers small (larger calyx lobes to 1.5 mm long and wide; floral disk 0.9- 1.5 mm wide); pedicels 1-5 mm. 9. Leaves commonly curved in drying, the mid vein grooved on the upper surface and ± depressed; blades mostly 3-8 cm x 2-4 cm; pedicels and hypanthium densely hispidulous E. hodgei 9. Leaves flat in drying, the midvein flat or slightly elevated; blades mostly 2-5 cm x 1-2 cm wide; branchlets, inflorescence and at least the young leaves puberulent or hispidulous E. monticola 8. Rowers larger (larger calyx lobes 1 .5-4 mm NUMBER 77 Myrtaceae 163 long, disk 2-4 mm wide); pedicels com- monly >5 mm long, glabrous. 10. Lateral leaf venation homogeneous (not differentiated into primary and secon- dary), elliptic -ovate with prolonged taper- ing tips 1-2 cm long, the blade 3-8 cm long; pedicels 10-18 mm long E. confusa 10. Lateral leaf venation heterogeneous (dif- ferentiated into primary and secondary), ovate to elliptic or lanceolate, acuminate but often broadly or obtusely so. 11. Pedicels 3-7(-10) mm long; flowers from leafless nodes, often 8 or more E. lambertiana 11. Pedicels (7-) 15 mm long or more; flowers in axils of leaves of current season, mostly 1-3 E. pseudopsidium Eugenia albicans Eugenia albicans (Berg) Urban, 1895:617. Stenocalyx albicans Berg, 1861:698. Small tree; young growth with coppery hairs; leaves usually <4.5 cm X 9 cm, drying dark above and whitish below; flowers ± fascicled in leaf axils; calyx lobes rounded, large and persistent; fruits red, glossy, a little longer than broad. Guianas into Lesser Antilles; new record for Dominica in windbreak: Syndicate (Whitefoord 5589, 5819). Howering and fruiting March-April. Eugenia coffeifolia Eugenia cojfeifolia A.R CandoUe, 1828, 3:272. Bois piquet. Glabrous shrub or tree to 10 m; leaves large, to 15 cm x 6 cm, usually acuminate; white flowers in sessile clusters; fruit reddish, globose, -0.5 cm diameter, on a short pedicel. Lesser Antilles into NE South America; common to occasional in Dominican rainforest 200-650 m: Freshwater I Lake {Hodge 1966, Nicolson 4145, Read 2009, Wasshausen & I Ayensu 319, Wilbur 8222), Jean {Webster 13504), Layou River road {Cowan 1626), Point Lolo {Ernst 1190), Sylvania {Hodge 483, 2509, 3850), sine loc. {Imray 265 at NY). Flowering February-April, fruiting May-August. Eugenia confusa Eugenia confusa A.P. CandoUe, 1828, 3:272. — Urban, 1895:643. Boisiette. Shrub or small tree; leaves coriaceous, glossy, finely I wrinkled above with undifferentiated lateral venation, elliptic- ovate with narrowly prolonged tips 1-2 cm long, to 8 cm x 4 cm, rounded to cuneate at base; racemes 1-5, bearing 1-3 pairs of flowers on slender pedicels 1-1.8 cm long; disk 2.5-3.5 mm wide; fruit globose. S. Florida and Antilles; known from Dominica only from a sterile collection without locality: Imray 24 at K. Eugenia cordata var. sintenisii Eugenia cordata A.P. CandoUe var. sintenisii (Kiaerskou) Krug & Urban in Urban, 1895:656. Eugenia sintenisii Ydaerskou, 1890:263. — Little et al., 1974:67, pi. 578. Glabrous shrub or tree to 5 m; leaves ± sessile, small, to 4 cm X 2 cm, rounded at apex, rounded to obtuse at base; flowers in sessile clusters. Puerto Rico and Lesser Antilles; in Dominica in dry scrub: W. Cabrit {Hodge 484), E. Cabrit {Nicolson 4202). Eugenia domingensis Eugenia domingensis Berg, 1856:296. Eugenia aerugenia sensu Grisebach, 1860:237, and Urban, 1895:623, non A.P. CandoUe, fide Sandwith, 1934:125. Branchlets and inflorescence rusty-pubescent with 2- branched hairs; leaves coriaceous, glabrate, oblong-elliptic to ovate, to 12 cm X 5.5 cm, acuminate at apex, rounded and then acute at base; racemes 2-5 cm long with 2-5 pairs of widely spaced flowers with pedicels 2-5(-8) mm long; bracteoles persistent, 1.3- 1.8 mm long, obtuse, broadly ovate, united in a cupule beneath the flower; disk 3-4 mm wide; fruits short-ovoid to 1 cm x 1.5 cm (description condensed from McVaugh in Howard, 1989, 5:486). Mostly Greater Antilles; only known for Dominica from an 1860 collection without locality: Imray 377 at K, NY, Imray s.n. at GH. Most similar to E. octopleura. Eugenia gregii Eugenia gregii (Swartz) Poiret in Lamarck, 1813, Encycl., Suppl., 3:126, “greggii.’’ Myrlus gregii Swartz, 1788:78. Tree to 8 m; glabrous except the inflorescence and lower leaf surface; leaves large, to 11 cm x 5.5 cm, obtusely short- acuminate at apex, rounded to obtuse at base, lower surface paler due to scurfy puberulence; midvein convex above; racemes 3-10 mm long, bearing 1-3 pairs of flowers on pedicels 5-10 mm long, the axis and flowers whitish scurfy; disk -4 mm wide; fruit elongate, 1.5-2 cm x 1-1.2 cm. Endemic to Lesser Antilles from Guadeloupe through St. Lucia: known from Dominica only from the original collection in 1777 by John Gregg (Greg). Swartz originally reported it from Antigua but the type (BM) is clearly labeled Dominica. Poiret reported it from Santo Domingo, another error for 164 Myrtaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Dominica. A report from Barbados could be from an introduction. It was collected in southwest Guadeloupe from near Basse Terre and Vieux Fort. Eugenia hodgei Eugenia hodgei McVaugh, 1973:310. Tree to 7.5 m, 10 cm dbh; leaves coriaceous, elliptic to ± orbicular, rounded to obtuse at apex, obtuse at base; flowering at leafless nodes; pedicels 2.5-6.0 mm long, minutely hispidulous; disk 1.5 mm wide. Martinique; in Dominica known only from type at 350 m, said to be a dominant tree of dry slopes due east of Roseau: Badineau Estate, Mome Gay House {Hodge 2230). Eugenia lambertiana Eugenia lambertiana A.R Candolle, 1828,3:270. Eugenia pseudopsidium sensu Grisebach, 1860:238 partim, non Jacquin, fide Urban, 1895:648. Zeb crab, bois dye. Shrub or tree to 10 m; leaves elliptic -lanceolate to ovate, to 10 cm X 4.5 cm, acuminate, rounded to acute at base and decurrent; flowers usually in fascicles at leafless nodes; disk 2-3 mm wide; fruit globose, yellow or orange, 1-2.5 cm in diameter with thin flesh over 1 seed. Guadeloupe to the Amazon basin; rather common in Dominica and roughly separable into two groups: 1. Leaves <10 cm long; calyx lobes large, 2-3 mm long and wide. Interior and west slopes, 300-1000 m: north of Portsmouth {Wasshausen & Ayensu 370), Point Lolo (Ernst 1172), Freshwater & Boeri Lake area (Hodge 1831, Nicolson 1960, Whitefoord5139, Wilbur 8205), Mome Plat Pays (Hodge 1690, Wilbur 7889), Sylvania Estate (Cooper 54, Hodge 1186). Flowers July-November, fruits January-June. 2. Leaves >10 cm long; calyx lobes small and narrow: wind-sheared east coast and interior to 450 m: Borne (Webster 13486), Carib Reserve (Hodge 3258), Castle Bmce trail (Hodge 3336), Hatton Garden on Pagua Bay (Hodge 3056), La Plaine (Wilbur 8173), Rosalie road (Stern & Wasshausen 2473). Rowering April- August, fruiting July. McVaugh (in Howard, 1989, 5:491) found this species “more difficult to delimit satisfactorily than any other member of the Myrtaceae in the Lesser Antilles.” He specifically cited two Dominica collections as suggesting E. pseudopsidium “by its long slender pedicels and large calyx lobes.” One of them, Lloyd 910 at NY (from Mome Diablotins), is one of the few records for E. pseudopsidium (q.v.) on Dominica. Eugenia ligustrina Eugenia ligustrina (Swartz) WiUdenow, 1799, 2:962. Myrtus ligustrina Swartz, 1788:78. Shmb or tree to 7 m; leaves coriaceous, green and shining above, elliptic, to 4.5 cm x 2 cm; flowers solitary; pedicels slender, to 3 cm long; sepals erect in fruit to 5 mm long; fmit red to black, globose, to 8 mm across. Greater Antilles through eastern South America; in Domin- ica a dominant in dry scmb thickets to 180 m; Batali River (Webster 13402), Cabrits (Ernst 1926, Hodge 485, Smith 10308, Whitefoord 6129), Dublanc (Hodge 2528), Grand Savanne (Ernst 1042, Lloyd 842), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2655, 2743). Flowering March-June, fmiting April-July. Eugenia monticola Eugenia monticola (Swartz) A.P. CandoUe, 1828, 3:275. Myrtus monticola Swartz, 1788:78. Eugenia obtusata WiUdenow ex Berg, 1856:32. Eugenia procera sensu Hodge, 1954:23, non Poiretin Lamarck. Hispidulous shmb or tree to 10 m; leaves elliptic to ovate, to 5 cm X 2 cm, the apex blunt, acute to caudate-acuminate the base cuneate to acute; midvein flat or convex above; racemes 3-6(-16) mm long, solitary or 2-3 with 3-4 pairs of flowers on pedicels to 5 mm long; disk -0.9 mm wide; fruit pink, globose, ~5 mm diameter. Greater Antilles into northeastern South America; in Dominica in dry scmb of northwest to 600 m: Dublanc (Whitefoord 4298), west of Syndicate Estate (Ernst 1897), W. Cabrit (Hodge 482), sine loc. (Imray 254 at K). Flowering and fruiting in July. Eugenia octopleura Eugenia octopleura Krug & Urban in Urban, 1895:653. Bois montagne. Shmb or tree to 5 m; branchlets glabrescent; leaves elliptic -ovate to 13 cm x 5.5 cm, acuminate at apex, rounded to acute at base then ± cuneately prolonged; inflorescence yellowish to pale mfous with dense 2-branched hairs, racemes 1-2 cm long with up to 8 flowers on pedicels 3-9 mm long; bracts ovate, acute, 1-1.5 mm long, indurate; bracteoles similar, distinct or slighdy connate; disk 2.5-3 mm wide; fruit red, oblong-obovoid, to 2.5 cm x 1.2 cm, weakly 8-11-ribbed. Guadeloupe to Martinique (perhaps Central America but many differences); in Dominica in rainforest -650 m: Sylvania (Beard 648, 1463, StehM 6312), Syndicate (Whitefoord 4389, 5335), Trois Pitons (Lloyd 771). Fmiting Febmary-April. Urban (1895:653) cit&d Imray 184 p.p. as this species (also under E. lambertiana). Most similar to E. domingensis and also E. chrysobalanoides, which have unbranched hairs. Eugenia pseudopsidium Eugenia pseudopsidium Jacquin, 1760:23. Shmb or tree to 20 m; buds and shoots strigose; leaves ovate-elliptic to 16 cm x 9 cm, acuminate, rounded to acute at base with margins often decurrent; midvein impressed above; NUMBER 77 Myrtaceae 165 flowers usually in axils of new leaves, 1-3 on slender pedicels to 3 cm long; disk 2-4 mm wide; fruit globose, 1-seeded, red or orange-red, to 2 cm wide. (Compiled from McVaugh in Howard, 1989, 5:496.) Hispaniola to Martinique, the same or related species in northeast South America; known from Dominica only from Mome Diablotins (Lloyd 910) and Petit Coulibri track from Soufriere (Whitefoord 6004). The Lloyd collection was discussed as E. lambertiana (q.v.) by McVaugh. The Whitefoord collection was identified by Landrum as “cf. pseudopsidium.” It has pedicels >1 cm long. McVaugh cited (in Howard, 1989, 5:496) Eugenia megalocarpa Urban (1908, 5:444) as a synonym, citing an isotype (Duss 4160) at NY. An isotype at US does not look anything like E. pseudopsidium but is more like Eugenia gryposperma Krug & Urban but with ± sessile leaves rounded at base. The fruits are gone but the pedicels are only 4 mm and on old wood. Gomidesia Berg Gomidesia lindeniana Gomidesia lindeniana Berg, 1858:208. Shrub or small tree, young parts densely covered with coppery pubescence; branchlets flattened; leaves strikingly convex (not flat), elliptic -oblong, acuminate, to 17 cm x 8 cm; panicles coarse and many-flowered; upper and lower pollen sacs overlapping about half their length. Greater Antilles to southeast Brazil; apparently rare in wet interior of Dominica to 1200 m: Mome Anglais summit slopes (Ramage s.n., Wilbur 7937), Roseau valley (Duss 2726). Rowering May-July, fruiting in August. Urban (1895:588) erroneously cited the Duss collection as being from Guadeloupe and misidentified it as Myrcia deflexa. Myrcia A.P. Candolle ex Guillemin 1. Mid vein (in dried leaves) convex on upper surface; hypanthium and floral disk glabrous or essentially so; ovary 3-locular M. citrifolia 1. Midvein impressed or furrowed on upper surface; ovary 2-locular. 2. Roral disk (including staminal ring and summit of ovary) glabrous; hypanthium glabrous or thinly pubes- cent with appressed and partly 2-branched hairs; plants never conspicuously pubescent, usually appearing glabrous to the unaided eye. 3. Petioles (1.5-)2-3 mm thick, the outer layers soon becoming pale and corky, cracking and peeling; lateral veins ± impressed above; bracts indurate, persisting at least through flowering; floral disk 3-3.5 mm wide M. antiliana 3. Petioles usually <1.5 cm thick, without pale exfoliat- ing layers; lateral veins not impressed; bracts falling before buds open; floral disk 1.5-2 mm wide. 4. Leaves elliptic, usually ± rounded at base and prolonged at apex, 5-15 cm long; inflorescence slender and loosely flowered, peduncles and larger branches to 1.3 mm wide and usually terete M. leptoclada 4. Leaves obovate, usually cuneate to acute at base and obtuse to rounded at apex, 3-6 cm long; inflorescence relatively stout, the flowers corym- bosely clustered, peduncles and large branches 1.5- 1.5 mm wide, often noticeably flattened M. platyclada 2. Roral disk densely hairy; hypanthium densely pubes- cent (some persisting in fhiit); plants usually appearing pubescent. 5. Leaves minutely pebbled beneath, the veinlets de- pressed; inflorescence densely scurfy-pubescent with erect hairs intermingled with minute, pale, inflated hairs; calyx lobes pubescent on both sides M. deflexa 5. Leaves smooth or with a raised reticulum of veinlets; inflorescence not scurfy-pubescent; hairs of hypan- thium stiff, pale and appressed. 6. Branchlets and inflorescence (incl. fruits) densely velvety pubescent with erect hairs; leaves obtuse or short-acuminate at apex; calyx lobes pubescent on both sides; disk 3-4 mm wide M. ramageana 6. Branchlets and inflorescence thinly strigose to silky-pilose; fruits glabrous or sparingly strigose; leaves prominently and often narrowly acuminate; calyx lobes ± glabrous inside; disk 2-2.5 mm wide. 7. Hairs of young growth grayish white, sparse, closely appressed; midvein glabrous above; petioles 4-7 mm long; leaves mostly acute to cuneate at base; fruit oblong-ellipsoid M. fallax 1. Hairs of young growth yellowish white, usually abundant and conspicuous, some or many loosely spreading; midvein above with a line of upright bristly hairs; petioles l-3(-4) mm long; leaves mostly rounded to ± cordate at base; fruit subglobose M. splendens Myrcia antiUana Myrcia antiUana McVaugh, 1973:31 1. Myrcia edulis var. dominicana Krug & Urban in Urban, 1895:582. Tree with dbh to 30 cm; leaves large (ours) to24cmxllcm, obtusely short-acuminate at apex, obtuse to rounded at base; inflorescence densely puberulous, flowers ± sessile; disk glabrous; fruit globose. 166 Myrtaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Guadeloupe, St. Lucia, St. Vincent; apparently uncommon in interior rainforests of Dominica at 300-450 m: Brantridge Estate {Ernst 1199), Deux Branches {Hodge 3488), Layou forests {Ramage s.n. at K, lectotype of var. dominicana). Rowering May-June. Myrcia citrifolia Myrcia citrifolia (Aublet) Urban, 1919c:150. Couroupoume, kurupum, ianaua, taka-taka (Carib). 1. Leaf mostly elliptic, base rounded to obtuse, glossy- coriaceous and impressed-punctate above; inflorescence usually terminal with common peduncle short or wanting M. citrifolia var. citrifolia 1. Leaf usually obovate, base acute, not glossy; inflorescence axial with common peduncle > half the inflorescence length M. citrifolia var. imrayana Myrcia citrifolia var. citrifolia Myrtus citrifolia Aublet, 1775, 2(Index):20. Eugenia paniculata Jacquin, 1789, CoU., 2:108. Myrtus coriacea Vahl, 1791, 2:59, nom. iUeg. Myrcia coriacea A.R CandoUe, 1828, 3:243, ncsn. iUeg. Myrcia coriacea var. swartziana Giisebach, 1860:234. Myrcia paniculata (Jacquin) Krug & Urban in Urban, 1895:577. Shrub or small tree; branchlets scantily pubescent with 2-branched hairs; leaves to 8 cm x 5 cm, broad -elliptic to ± orbicular, base rounded to obtuse, apex rounded to obtuse, sometimes retuse; inflorescences pubescent, at terminal 1-2 nodes, the common peduncle short or lacking; disk glabrous; fruit globose, whitish, becoming red then black in maturity. Hispaniola, Puerto Rico into South America; common in Dominica, mostly at lower elevations, particularly along the east coast; Bernard Estate at 630 m {Wasshausen & Ayensu 360), Cabrit Swamp {Ernst 1175), Calibishie {Hodge 3151, 3158, 3159), Carib Reserve {Stehli 6393, Taylor 10), Dublanc {Hodge 2526, Whitefoord 4301), En Haut Jean at 800 m {Whitefoord 5420), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3591), L’Anse Noire {Ernst 1682, 1832, 1835, Wilbur 7520), Layou Valley {Ernst 1157). Rowering February-June, fruiting June- August or later. Myrcia citrifolia var. imrayana Myrcia citrifolia var. imrayana (Grisebach) Stehle in Stehle et al., 1949, 3:57. Myrcia coriacea var. imrayana Grisebach, 1 860:234. Shrub or small tree; branchlets appressed -pubescent to glabrous; leaves to 7 cm x 3.5 cm, obovate (rarely ± orbicular), base acute to obtuse, apex obtuse to rounded, rarely retuse; inflorescence with common peduncle to 6 cm long, lightly puberulent to glabrous; disk glabrous; mature fruit globose, blackish to reddish. Puerto Rico to Grenada; in Dominica on mountains and coastal thickets: Anse du Me {Wilbur 8303), Boeri Lake (Whitefoord 4164), Capuchin (Wasshausen & Ayensu 385), Carib Reserve {Hodge 3324), Freshwater Lake {Ernst 2176, Whitefoord 3818), Grand Bay (Wilbur 8010), Mome Diablotins in elfin woodlands {Whitefoord 4413, 5516), Mome Nicholls {Hodge 1949), Mome Plat Pays {Webster 13491), Mome Trois Pitons {Chambers 2663), Petit Soufriere Bay {Stern & Wasshausen 2469), Roche Marque {Webster 13472), sine loc. {Imray 143 at K, type of var. imrayana), {Imray 148 at K, syntype of var. swartziana). Rowering May-August, fmiting July-March. The pubescence characters of branchlets and peduncles, traditionally used to separate infraspecific taxa of this species, do not seem to work well on our material. There is a great deal of exceedingly complex variation, which might make more sense in the field than in the herbarium. In any case, one should not be surprised if individual specimens are difficult to place. Caribs use the fruits and leaves medicinally (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:593). Myrcia deflexa Myrcia deflexa (Poiret) A.P. Candolle, 1828, 3:244. Eugenia deflexa Poiret in Lamarck, 1813, Encycl., Suppl., 3:124. Myrcia duchassaingiana Berg, 1855:88. Myrcia ferruginea sensu Grisebach, 1860:235, non (Poiret) A.P. Candolle [= Marlieria ferruginea]. Myrcia deflexa var. dussii Krug & Urban in Urban, 1895:588. Bois dubarre. Tree to 12 m; branchlets pubescent with erect hairs; leaves sometimes rather convex (like Gomidesia), elliptic -lanceolate, to 25 cm X 10 cm, acuminate to caudate at apex, rounded to cuneate at base, pubescent beneath particularly on the veins, the veinlets imbedded; inflorescences ± terminal, to 12 cm long, the flowers white, short-pedicelled; calyx lobes pubescent on both sides; disk densely pubescent; mature fruit globose, 1cm wide and long. Cuba to Amazonian lowlands; scattered in Dominica from 15-600 m: L’Anse Noire {Ernst 1829), Pont Casse area {Lloyd 767 at K, Wilbur 7828), South Chiltem {Stern & Wasshausen 2498), Sylvania {Hodge 487, 488), sine loc. {Imray 71, 106, 261 at K). Rowering July, ripe fmit in July. Myrcia fallax Myrcia fallax (L. Richard) A.P. Candolle, 1828, 3:244. Eugenia fallaxh. Richard, 1792:110. Myrcia berberis A.P. Candolle, 1828, 3:254. Myrcia divaricata sensu Grisebach, 1860:234, non (Lamarck) A.P. Candolle. Bois cravier, gin. Tree to 13 m; petiole (4-)5-8 mm; leaves to 13 cm x 4 cm (usually smaller), acuminate, base acute, midvein with ap- pressed pubescence above and below, impressed above; inflorescences with appressed pubescence; disk pubescent; NUMBER 77 Myrtaceae 167 fruits reddish and becoming blue-black, ellipsoid to obovoid, often 2x longer than wide. Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles, and South America to Peru; interior of Dominica, mostly at mid- to upper elevations: Breakfast River {Hodge 1894), Laiou Forest {Ramage s.n.), Laudat to Freshwater Lake area {Chambers 2687, Eggers 1042, Hodge 1833, 1894, Nicolson 4088, Smith 10294, Stern & Wasshausen 2566, Webster 13246, Wilbur 8253), Pont Casse {Lloyd 778), Rosehill near Mome Anglais {Eggers 732), South Chiltem {Ernst 1856), Sylvania {Wilbur 7710), Wallhouse Valley {Eggers 453). Flowering June- August, fruiting Janu- ary-March. The specimens from South Chiltem and Sylvania (both in bud) have remarkably large leaves, matched only by specimens from St. Lucia, which have extraordinarily large fmits (to 3 cm X 1 cm) that McVaugh (in Howard, 1989, 5:509) suggests may represent a distinct species. Myrcia leptoclada Myrcia leptoclada A.R Candolle, 1828, 3:244. Dji-pois, guepois. Tree to 10 m with bark reddish, papery; leaves elliptic and widest at or slighdy below middle, to 14 cm x 4 cm, acuminate at apex, base rounded to obtuse, pubescent along midrib above and below; inflorescence loose and thin-branched; flowers white; disk glabrous; fmits globose. Central America, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Vincent, Grenada, Trinidad; in Dominica, usually in drier areas: Carib Reserve {Hodge 3265), Glasham {Nicolson 2091), Salisbury {Stern & Wasshausen 2588). Rowering August -November. Myrcia platyclada Myrcia platyclada A.R CandoUe, 1828, 3:224. Atdomyrcia dumosa Berg, 1861:656. Myrcia dumosa (Berg) Krug & Urban in Urban, 1895:580. Tree; leaves obovate-oblanceolate, widest beyond middle, to 10 cm X 4.5 cm, obtuse at apex, the base cuneate-attenuate; inflorescence stiff and erect; disk glabrous; fruit ± globose. Guadeloupe to northeastern South America; in Dominican rainforests at 600 m: lower north slope of Trois Pitons {Ernst 1808). Flowering June. Myrcia ramageana Myrcia ramageana Krug & Urban in Urban 1895:586. Small tree to 6 m with deep red heartwood; leaves elliptic, short-acuminate, base rounded, glossy above, to 10 cm x 4 cm; panicles ± terminal, densely pubescent, flowers ± sessile; calyx persistent, incurved in fmit, pubescent on both sides; disk densely pubescent; fmit globose, pubescent, ribbed, black in maturity. St. Lucia; new record for Dominica, known only from Pont Casse area -500 m; path to Mome Couronne from Point Lolo {Ernst 1981, Webster 13233), road to Castle Bmce and Rosalie {Stern & Wasshausen 2558). Flowering June, fruidng late July. Myrcia splendens Myrcia splendens (Swartz) A.R Candolle, 1828, 3:244. — ^McVaugh, 1958:659. Myrtus splendens Swartz, 1788:89. Eugenia divaricata Lamarck, 1789, 3:202. Myrcia divaricata (Lamarck) A.R Candolle, 1828, 3:243. Petite feuiUe, ’ti feuille. Tree to 12 m; leaves to 9 cm x 3 cm, lanceolate to ovate, rounded to ± cordate at base and acuminate, often caudate at apex, midvein impressed, usually bearing a line of erect hairs above; inflorescence loose, densely pubescent with spreading hairs, disk densely pubescent; fruits globose, pink but becoming black. S. Mexico and adjoining countries, Antilles and northern South America to Amazonian Pern; in Dominican rainforests and dry woodlands from 15-525 m: Clarke Hall {Gates Clark D-1, Ernst 1438, 1986, Stern & Wasshausen 2416), Fond Hunte Estate {Whitefoord 4336), Imperial Road {Narodny 3), Milton {Hodge 2589), Mt. Joy {Hodge 489, 1283), Pont Casse {Lloyd 785), South Chiltem {Hodge 1497), Springfield {Ernst 1842). Howering Febmary-August, fruiting April-July. Pimenta Lindley Pimento racemosa Pimenta racemosa (Miller) J.W. Moore, 1933:33. — Landrum, 1986:105. Myrtus caryophyllata sensu Jacquin, 1767, 2:1, non Linnaeus. Caryophyllus racemosus Miller, 1768. Myrtus acris Swartz, 1788:79, nom. iUeg. Pimenta acris Kosteletzsky, 1835:1526, nom. illeg. Amomis caryophyllata Krug & Urban in Urban, 1895:573, nom. iUeg. Bay tree, bay mm tree, black cinnamon; bois dTnde, bois din, asum, hasum (Carib = peeled?). Tree to 13 m; branchlets strongly and acutely angled; leaves aromatic with odor of lemon or citronella (“bay mm”), coriaceous and lustrous, elliptic to obovate, rounded to obtuse at apex, rounded to cuneate at base, to 13.5 cm x 6 cm, midvein impressed above; inflorescences 5-10 cm long, calyx lobes 5, densely pubescent within, disk pubescent; ovules 4-7 in each of 2 locules; fruits obovoid or ellipsoid, -1 cm long, contracted to a thick neck beneath the flaring calyx. Cuba?, Puerto Rico into South America (cultivated there and elsewhere); in Dominica often in coastal thickets to 450 m: Clarke Hall {Ernst 1270), Grand Bay {Ernst 1069), Harford {Morden 6*), La Plaine {Nicolson 2052*), Lisdara {Cooper 187, Hodge 490, 2440*), Marigot {Hodge 492), Petite Soufriere Bay {Stern & Wasshausen 2476), Salybia {Hodge 491, 3220), West Cabrit {Hodge 493, Smith 10324), sine loc. {Imray 268). 168 Myrtaceae — Nyctaginaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Rowering March -May, fruiting July. Our material is the typical variety (four other varieties on Hispaniola). Leaves distilled to make bay rum. Entries marked with an asterisk (*) are reported by their collectors as cultivated. I am reasonably certain that the species is native here. Wood used to make clubs, pestles, and houses; leaves and fruits used to make a tea to cure stomach ache by Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:592). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:143, pi. 142) reported medicinal uses. Landrum (l.c.) considered Myrtus acris Swartz (1788) to be an illegitimate renaming of Myrtus caryophyllata Linnaeus. Swartz, in his later work (to which his 1788 work was a prodromus), stated (1798:910) that he was excluding the Linnaean M. caryophyllata of the East Indies. However, he did include Caryophyllus racemosus Miller and I consider Swartz’s name an illegitimate renaming of the latter. Psidium Linnaeus Psidium guajava Psidium guajava\ATm?i&x%, 1753:470. Guava, goyave, gouyave, balikasi & kuiabu (white var.), balubui & ualiapa (red var.) (Carib). Shrub or small tree with quadrangular branchlets; leaves elliptic, to 10 cm X 5 cm, obtuse at apex, rounded to obtuse at base, lateral veins 12-20 on each side of midvein, impressed above, raised below; inflorescence usually 1 -flowered, pedicels 1-2 cm long; flowers large, to 2 cm across; fruit ± globose, 2-6 cm across, juicy and sweet or acid, many-seeded; seeds horse-shoe-shaped or reniform, embryo pimentoid (hooked or curved). Native to New World, now widely cultivated and escaping; in Dominica common in coastal woods and lowlands, occasional at mid-elevations: Belleview {Taylor 4), Cabrit Swamp {Hodge 494), Carib Reserve {Hodge 3350), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3682), Hatton Gardens {Hodge 3059), Laudat {Lloyd 37), Marigot {Hodge 496), Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2751), Pont Casse {Webster 7563), Portsmouth {Hodge 3746), Sylvania {Hodge 495, Wasshausen & Ayensu 394). An infusion of bark, root and leaves used by Caribs to treat diarrhea or intestinal chill (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:593). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:143, pi. 110) reported medicinal uses. Syzygium Browne ex J. Gaertner Syzygium aromaticum (Linnaeus) Merrill & Perry of the Moluccas, the source of cloves and clove oil, is cultivated near Roseau {Nicolson 4142). The hypanthium is cylindric, 1-1.5 cm long, with triangular calyx-lobes to 4 mm long; the leaves are short-acuminate at apex and tapering to base. I am much indebted to Miss Dulcie Powell, who provided me with a copy of Buee’s account (1798) of the introduction of cloves on Dominica. He planted three clove trees imported from Cayenne in 1789 on his estate, Montpellier (unknown to me but apparently on the east side), and these produced cloves in 1795. In 1791 he bought 14 trees in Martinique. In 1793 he planted seeds and germinated 1500 seedlings. His experiments indi- cated that the trees did best in reddish or yellowish clays, where coffee and sugar did poorly. In addition, Mr. Buee reported importing breadfruit, cinnamon, black pepper, and other fruit trees from Mr. Anderson of the St. Vincent Botanic Garden. These represent some of the earliest documented plant introductions to Dominica. Syzygium malaccense (Linnaeus) Merrill & Perry, the Malay apple, was collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 3922, 3883). It is native to SE Asia and has large leaves to 3 dm long, red flowers, and a pyriform fruit to 9 cm long. Syzygium jambos Syzygium jambos (Linnaeus) Alston, 1931:115. Eugenia jambos Linnaeus, 1753:470. Pomme rose, rose apple. Tree to 20 m; leaves lanceolate, to 20 cm x 5 cm; inflorescence a terminal raceme to 2.5 cm long with 2-4 large, 4-merous flowers on pedicels to 1.5 cm long; fruit depressed- globose, to 4 cm long. Native to Indo-Malayan region; used as windbreak and escaping in Dominica in lowlands; Clarke Hall {Nicolson 1856), Lisdara {Hodge 486, 2432), Mt. Joy {Hodge 1264), north of Portsmouth {Wasshausen & Ayensu 359), South Chiltem {Ernst 1541), Sylvania {Cooper 37, Hodge 1165). Apparently flowering and fruiting year around. Nyctaginaceae Several species of Bougainvillea Commerson ex Jussieu, armed and scrambling shrubs with alternate leaves and small flowers subtended by large, colorful bracts are cultivated pantropically, including Dominica, but no specimens have been seen. Mirabilis jalapa Linnaeus, the four-o’clock, an unarmed herb with opposite leaves and bisexual flowers (opening in the evening) with large, white or magenta, trumpet-like perianths, is cultivated pantropically, including Dominica: Layou River valley near Hillsborough bridge {Ernst 2181), seen in Ports- mouth (DHN!). 1. Herb; flowers bisexual Boerhavia 1. Shrub or tree; flowers unisexual Pisonia Boerhavia Linnaeus Boerhavia erecta Linnaeus was reported for Dominica by Velez (1957:106). It has non-glandular fruits, red-punctate leaves and pink flowers. The record needs confirmation for Dominica. NUMBER 77 Nyctaginaceae — ^Nymphaeaceae 169 1. Capitula many-flowered (4-20); inflorescences puberu- lous, sparingly branched, often with leafy bracts; leaf- margins glabrous or with small curved hairs and a few long, multicellular hairs B. coccinea 1. Capitula few-flowered (1-5); inflorescences glabrous, much branched, without leafy bracts; leaf-margins ciliate with long, multicellular hairs B. paniculata Boerhavia coccinea Boerhavia coccinea Miller, 1768. — Adams, 1972:260. Boerhavia hirsuta Jacquin, 1770, 1:3, pi. 7, nom. illeg. Boerhavia caribaea Jacquin, 1771, 4:5, nom. iUeg. Prostrate perennials with opposite leaves to 4 cm x3.5 cm; flowers maroon. Weed in New World and Africa; along dry west coast of Dominica: Batali {Ernst 1297, 1408, Hodge 3806), Mome Daniel in Roseau (Hodge 3892), Roseau Valley (Lloyd 595). Flowering and fruiting May. Boerhavia paniculata Boerhavia paniculata L. Richard, 1792:105. Prostrate to decumbent perennials with opposite leaves to 7.5 cm X 5 cm; flowers maroon. Pantropical weed; along dry west coast of Dominica: Batali (Chambers 2793), Cabrits (Whitefoord 4017), Canefield (Hodge 468), Grand Savanna (Wilbur 7647), Loubiere (Hodge 3870), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2640), Mome Bmce in Ports- mouth (Hodge 467), Roseau (Nicolson 2084), Soufriere (Lloyd 410). Apparently flowering and fruiting all year. Recent workers, e.g., Adams (1972:261), treated this as Boerhavia diffusa Linnaeus. However, Fosberg (1978:4-5) concluded that 5. diffusa is endemic to Sri Lanka (possibly also southern India). Fosberg’s chosen lectotype has been chal- lenged (see Kellogg in Howard, 1988, 4:177) but not superseded, so the application of the name remains in question. Adjanohoun etal. (1985:145, pi. Ill) reported (as 5. medicinal uses. Pisonia Linnaeus 1. Stems armed with recurved thorns; fruit stipitate-glandular P. aculeata 1. Stems unarmed; fruit eglandular. 2. Leaves petiolate, thin-coriaceous, oblanceolate (to ellip- tic), to 12 cm long P. fragrans 2. Leaves ± sessile, thick-coriaceous, orbicular (to oval), to , 4 cm long P. suborbiculata I Pisonia aculeata i 1 Pisonia aculeata Linnaeus, 1753:1026. 1 I Dioecious, straggling shrub armed with decurved stipular I thorns; fmit stipitate-glandular. Pantropical; locally common in Dominica on dry west coast: Cabrit (Nicolson 4206, Whitefoord 5764), Grand Savanna (Imray 30 at K). The Whitefoord specimen (East Cabrit) was in flower and fruit in April. Stray fruits noted on Hodge 3714 of Pisonia fragrans from the East Cabrit. Pisonia fragrans Pisonia fragrans Dumont de Courset, 1814, 7:1 14. — Kellogg in Howard, 1988, 4:185. Pisonia obtusata Swartz, 1806:1069, non Jacquin. Pisonia inermis Grisebach, 1859:71, partim, non Jacquin. Torrubia fragrans (Dumont de Courset) Standley, 1916a:100. Guapira fragrans (Dumont de Courset) Little, 1968:368. Mapou. Dioecious unarmed shrub or tree to 14 m; staminate perianth pubemlent, to 5 mm long. Neotropics; sometimes common on dry west or northeast coastal woodlands of Dominica to 200 m; Batali River (Webster 13173, 13182), Cabrits (Hodge 3714, Webster 13312), Grand Savanna (Ernst 1038, 1638), Hatton Garden- Salybia (Hodge 3046, 3085, 3224), L’Anse Noire (Ernst 1833), Loubiere (Hodge 3794), Petit Coulibri (Whitefoord 4664, 6038), Woodford Hill (Nicolson 4241). Flowering April-June, fruiting May-July. Pisonia suborbiculata Pisonia suborbiculata Hemsley ex Duss, 1897:62. — Kellogg in Howard, 1988, 4:186. Torrubia suborbiculata (Duss) Britton, 1904:613. Guapira suborbiculata (Duss) LundeU, 1968:84. Dioecious unarmed shrub or tree with small, orbicular leaves. Martinique and St. Lucia; perhaps rare on Dominica in dry woodlands of west coast: Grand Savanna (Stern & Wasshausen 2456). Rowering and fruiting July. Nymphaeaceae (by R. DeFilipps) Nymphaea Linnaeus, nom. cons. Species with nocturnal flowers, Nymphaea rudgeana Meyer (with sinuate-dentate leaves) and N. amazonum Martius & Zuccarini (with entire leaves), occur on both Guadeloupe and Martinique. The Asian crimson-red waterlily, Nymphaea rubra Rox- burgh ex Salisbury, was recently collected at Canefield Estate (Whitefoord 5509). Nymphaea ampla Nymphaea ampla (Salisbury) A.P. Candolle, 1821, 2:54. Castalia ampla Salisbury, 1805, 1, notes to pi. 14. 170 Nymphaeaceae — Olacaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY White waterlily. Aquatic herb; leaves black-mottled below; flowers diurnal. Neotropics to subtropics; attributed to Dominica by Velez (1957:106) on the authority of Stehle. No collections seen. OCHNACEAE (by C. Sastre) 1. Shrub or treelet; stipules entire; flowering in terminal panicles; petals yellow; fruit of 1-5 carpel on a torus Ouratea 1. Herb; stipules laciniate; flowers (1-3) in axillary bos- tryches; petals white; fruit a capsule Sauvagesia Ouratea Aublet, nom. cons. Ouratea guildingii (Planchon) Urban {“Guildingi”), with serrate leaves to 10 cm long, has been collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden (Whitefoord 6122). Ouratea ilicifolia (A.R Candolle) Baillon, with spiny //ex-like leaves, occurs only in the Greater Antilles. The citation for the type locality and other specimens cited by Dwyer (1944: 130) as “Dominica” is an error for the Dominican Republic (Hispaniola). Ouratea longifolia Ouratea longifolia (Lamarck) Engler in Martins, 1876, 12(2);316. Ochna longifolia Lamarck, 1798, Encycl., 4:511. Gomphia longifolia (Lamarck) A. P. Candolle, 1811:417. Bois perdrix. Tree to 9 m; leaves entire, elliptic, 20-40 cm long; flower yellow; immature fruits with green carpels and a spherical, red torus, mature fruits with red carpels and black torus. Guadeloupe; in northern rainforest of Dominica, 100-450 m: Borne {Webster 13485), Dleau Gommier (Nicolson 4059), Hampstead River {Hodge 3667), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3667), Mome Aux Diables {Nicolson 1930), Riversdale {Howard 11765). Fruiting May-June. Sauvagesia Linnaeus Sauvagesia erecta Sauvagesia erecta Linnaeus, 1753:203. Suffrutescent herb to 60 cm; leaves to 6 cm long; stipules conspicuous, laciniate; flowers white. Tropical America and Africa; on Dominica common in open and wet places along roads and disturbed areas in rainforest, 30-850 m: Castle Bruce Road {Cowan 1611), Freshwater Lake-Laudat area {DeFilipps 145, Lloyd 52, Nicolson 1832, Smith 10217, Wilbur 7453), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3650), Lisdara {Hodge 480), Mantipo River {Hodge 479), Marigot {Hodge 478), Mome Plat Pays {Hodge 1709), Pont Casse area {Chambers 2720, Ernst 1192, Wilbur 7735), Ridgefield Estate {Hodge 2211), Sylvania {Cooper 5), Syndicate {Whitefoord 3509). Only the typical subspecies is found on Dominica. The other, Sauvagesia erecta subsp. brownei (Planchon) Sastre (1971:21), is restricted to Cuba, Jamaica, and Belize. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:145, pi. 112) reported medicinal uses of a decoction. Bomstein (in Howard, 1989, 5:3(X)) disagreed with me (Sastre, 1971:5, 27) about the typification. Olacaceae (by R. DeFilipps) 1. Thoms usually present; inner petal surface pilose; stamens 8, anthers linear Ximenia 1. Thoms absent; inner petal surface glabrous or villous only at base; stamens 4, 5 or 10, anthers ovoid or globose. 2. Calyx greatly enlarged in fmit; petals free; ovary superior; stamens 10 Heisteria 2. Calyx not enlarged; petals united > half way; ovary half-inferior; stamens 4 or 5 Schoepfia Heisteria Jacquin, nom. cons. Heisteria coccinea Heisteria coccinea Jacquin, 1760:20; 1763:126, pi. 81. — Sleumer, 1984:55. Bois perdrix. Small tree; flowers in 1 -few-flowered fascicles; pedicels glabrous; fruiting calyx red, spreading to 2.5 cm; fmit a dmpe. Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Venezuela; occasional in Dominican rainforests, 340-800 m: Carib Reserve {Hodge 3249), Castle Bmce {Beard 626, Cowan 1603), Deux Branches {Ernst 1674), En Haut Jean {Nicolson 2162, Webster 13514), Glasham {Nicolson 2118), Layou River Road {Cowan 1629), Mosquito Mountain {Webster 13567), Newfoundland {De- Filipps 187), Point Lolo {Chambers 2515, Webster 13378), Sylvania {Hodge 648, 1040). Schoepfia Schreber Schoepfia schreberi Schoepfia schreberi Gmelin, 1791:376. — Sleumer, 1984:29. Codoniwn arborescens Vahl in Rohr & Vahl, 1792:207. Schoepfui americana WUldenow, 1798, 1(2):996, nom. iUeg. Schoepfui arborescens (Vahl) Schultes in Roemer & Schultes, 1819, 5:160.— Crisebach, 1860:310. Shmb or small tree; flowers in 1-4-flowered fascicles; corolla lobes villous at point of insertion of sessile anthers; fruit a dmpe. Northern neotropics; dry west coast of Dominica: Cabrits {Whitefoord 5252), Dublanc {Whitefoord 5027). Fmiting in January. NUMBER 77 Olacaceae — Onagraceae 171 Ximenia Linnaeus Ximenia americana Ximenia americana Linnaeus, 1753:1193. — Sleumer, 1984:89. Usually thorny shrub or small tree; flowers in simple or compound fascicles of 1-many flowers; petal hairs white when fresh, orange when dry; ovary superior; fruit an edible drupe. Tropics and subtropics; new record for Dominica, infrequent on dry west coast: Colihaut {Wilbur 8276). Fruiting in August. Our specimen is of the typical variety. Oleaceae Noronhia emarginata (Lamarck) Du Petit-Thouars, French kenip, was cultivated in the Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 3948). 1. Calyx inconspicuous, -2 mm long; petals united only at base, lobes linear Chionanthus 1. Calyx conspicuous, with linear lobes ~1 cm long; petals united half their length, lobes 6-9, broad . . . Jasminum Chionanthus Linnaeus Dominican specimens are often misdetermined as Chionan- thus {Linociera) domingensis, which has a glabrous and united calyx. With reluctance 1 disagree with Dr. Steam (1977) and restore the original feminine gender of this generic name. 1. Petals margins inrolled, 0.3 mm wide; stamens tipped with an elongate apiculum C. compacta 1. Petals flat, 1.5 mm wide; stamens tipped with a globular gland C. dussii Chionanthus compacta Chionanthus compacta Swartz, 1788:13. — Steam, 1977:356. Chionanthus caribaea Jacquin, 1789, Coll., 2:1 10, pi. 6: fig. 1. i Linociera compacta (Swartz) R. Brown ex G. Don, 1837, 4:52. I Mayepea caribaea (Jacquin) Kuntze, 1891, 1:41 1. ! Linociera caribaea (Jacquin) Knoblauch, 1895:87. — Little et al., 1974:820, pi. j 661. jj Bois fer blanc. ^ Shrub or tree to 6 m (dbh to 6 cm); leaves ovate-lanceolate, attenuate; flowers white, mildly aromatic; fruits black, 1.5 cm I X 1 cm. Guatemala, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico through the Lesser I Antilles into northern S. America; in Dominica on slopes above j coasts; Fond Hunte Estate {Whitefoord 4444), Grand Savanne I {Stern & Wasshausen 2452), Grand Bay {Ernst 1067), Petit j Soufriere Bay {Stern & Wasshausen 2478), Wallhouse {Eggers 1 863). Rowering April (south coast), July (east coast), October (Fond Hunte), December (Wallhouse) and fruiting July (Grand Savanne). Chionanthus dussii Chionanthus dussii (Krug & Urban) Steam, 1977:357. Mayepea dussii Kmg & Urban in Urban, 1892:347. Linociera dussii (Krug & Urban) Knoblauch, 1895:87. — Camp & Monachino, 1939:223. Similar to preceding species except in key characters. Martinique; in Dominica (new record) without locality): Fishlock 15. The specimen flowered in 1915 but no month is mentioned. Fruiting material, such as cited under the preceding species, cannot yet be placed with certainty without flowers. Jasminum Linnaeus Jasminum fluminense Vellozo and Jasminum sambac (Lin- naeus) Aiton are reported as cultivated on Dominica by Howard (1989, 6:81-83). Jasminum multiJJorum Jasminum multiflorum (N. Burman) Andrews, 1807. Nyctanthes multiflora N. Burman, 1768:5, pi. 3: fig. 1. Nyctanthes pubescens Retzius, 1788, 5:9. Jasminum pubescens (Retuus) Willdenow, 1797, 1:37. Trailing shrub; stems pubescent; leaves simple, ~5 cm x 3 cm; flowers white, showy; calyx lobes pubescent. Introduced from Asia; cultivated and occasionally escap- ing(?) in Dominica: Carib Reserve {Hodge 3315), Massacre {Whitefoord 4636), Point Baptiste {Hodge 3134), Sylvania {Howard 11776), cult. Roseau (DHN!). Onagraceae Ludwigia Linnaeus 1. Sepals 5; seeds in single rows (uniseriate) in each locule and embedded in endocarp L. leptocarpa 1. Sepals 4, rarely 5; seeds of at least upper 74 of capsule irregularly massed (multiseriate) in each locule and not embedded in endocarp. 2. Seeds of upper capsule multiseriate and not embedded, those of lower portion uniseriate and embedded; pollen in single grains L. hyssopifolia 2. Seeds all multiseriate and not embedded in endocarp; pollen in tetrads. 3. Capsule 4-angIed, <2 cm long; raphe of seed linear. Vs or less the seed diameter L. erecta 3. Capsule terete, 1. 7-4.5 cm long; raphe of seed inflated, finely transversely ridged, equaling the seed diameter L. octovalvis Ludwigia erecta Ludwigia erecta (Linnaeus) Kara, 1953:292. — Ramamoorthy & Zardini, 1987:96. Jussiaea erecta Linnaeus, 1753:388. I 172 ONAGRACEAE — OXALTOACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Suffruticose herb to 3 m; petals yellow, 3.5-5 mm long. Neotropical weed, introduced elsewhere; Dominica in wet places: Cabrit swamp {Whitefoord 4061), Canefield {Ernst 1900). Ludwigia hyssopifolia Ludwig ia hyssopifolia (G. Don) ExeU in Fernandez & Fernandez, 1957:471. Jussiaea hyssopifolia G. Don, 1832, 2:693. Herb to 1 m; petals yellow, 2-3 mm long. Pantropical weed; common in Dominica along wet roadsides to 550 m: Layou River mouth {Ernst 2155), Pont Casse {Ernst 1237), Ravine Deux Dleau {Ernst 1902). Ludwigia leptocarpa Ludwigia leptocarpa (NuttaU) Kara, 1953:292. Jussiaea leptocarpa NuttaU, 1818, 1:279, “Jussieua.” Suffruticose herb with petals yellow, 5-11 mm long. Pantropical weed; only once collected in Dominica, reported as common in wet meadow: Londonderry Estate {Chambers 2694). Ludwigia octovalvis Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacquin) Raven, 1962:476. Jussiaea si^frulicosa Linnaeus, 1753:388, non Ludwigia suffiuticosa T. Walter. Oenothera oc/ova/vw Jacquin, 1760:19. Jussiaea angustifolia Lamarck, 1789, 3:332. Jussiaea ligustrifolia Kunth, 1823, 6:100. Jussiaea siffruticosa var. ligustrifolia (Kunth) Grisebach, 1860a: 187. Suffruticose herb to 4 m; petals yellow, 3-17 mm long. Pantropical weed; common in Dominica in wet, disturbed areas to 780 m: Balata {Nicolson 2013**), Breakfast River {Hodge 1899), Cabrit swamp {Hodge 461*, Whitefoord 4063*), Canefield {Whitefoord 6095), Clarke Hall {Ernst 1882**, Webster 13195**), Deux Branches {Hodge 3468**), Dleau Gommier {Clarke D-10**), Gommier {Ernst 1992*), Hungry Hill Estate {Whitefoord 4478*), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3631), Laudat {Hodge 1767, Lloyd 220), Layou River mouth {Ernst 1937*), L’Imprevue {Narodny s.n.*), Londonderry {Chambers 2693**), Pont Casse {Ernst 1238**, Wilbur 7560*), Syndicate {Hodge 2714, Whitefoord 3587*), Sylvania {Cooper 68*, Hodge 462, 463*). Two subspecies on Dominica were differentiated by Raven (1964:357): plants with erect hairs and (often) subovate leaves are Ludwigia octovalvis subsp. sessiliflora (Micheli) Raven (1962:476); plants with hairs absent or appressed and leaves lanceolate-linear are subsp. octovalvis. In Dominican material the variation in pubescence can be seen but nothing approach- ing subovate leaves. Collections (US) marked with are regarded as subsp. sessiliflora and those with “**” as subsp. octovalvis. OXALIDACEAE Averrhoa carambola Linnaeus, the star fruit, a tree with sour, five-ridged fruits has been collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 970). Oxalis Linnaeus Oxalis insipida St. Hilaire {Hodge 3940, distributed as 0. dispar N.E. Brown) was cultivated in the Roseau Botanic Gardens, a shrub with leaflets -6 cm long. Lourteig (pers. comm.) regards this as a subspecies of O. psoraleoides. 1. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; leaflets with apex entire to slightly emarginate. 2. Cyme 2-forked, each fork elongating; stem without prominent leaf-scars; petals white to pink (sometimes yellow?) O. barrelieri 2. Cymes fasciculate (± umbellate); stem with prominent leaf-scars; petals yellow O. frutescens 1. Leaves palmately 3-foliolate; leaflets distinctly bilobed at apex. 3. Plants caulescent; flowers yellow; sepals without apical glands O. corniculata 3. Plants acaulescent fi’om underground bulbs; flowers pink; each sepal with 2 apical glands (calluses) .... O. debilis Oxalis barrelieri Oxalis barrelieri Linna&is, 1762:624. — Lourteig, 1975:456. Lotoxalis barrelieri (Linnaeus) Small in North Amer. FI., 1907, 25(1):49. Erect herb; leaflets to 4.5 cm long; petal limbs white to pink, throat yellow. Neotropical but now widely scattered; a common weed on Dominica to 500 m: Cabrits {Nicolson 1905, Smith 10331), Canefield {Hodge 455), Clarke Hall ridge {Webster 13191), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3613), Laudat {Hodge 2056), Lisdara {Hodge 2331), Roseau {Hodge 454), South Chiltem {Ernst 1123, Hodge 1469), Sylvania {Hodge 1110, 1136), Syndicate {Whitefoord 3511, 4464), Wallhouse {Eggers 572). Oxalis sepium St. Hilaire was reported from Dominica by Grisebach (1860:133), based on an Imray specimen (non vidi). Lloyd field notes (NY) indicate that he collected this from Roseau {Lloyd 928) and Soufri^re {Lloyd 423, 430, 456) but the specimens could not be located (NY). This species should be very similar to 0. barrelieri; indeed Veldkamp (in Steenis, 1971, 7:155) makes it a synonym. However, it is supposed to have yellow flowers and O. barrelieri is supposed to have pink flowers with a yellow center. We have one collection from Dominica described with “petals orange-yellow” {Smith 10331). From Lourteig annotations (US) I judge that 0. sepium has fallen into synonymy of O. barrelieri and that 0. barrelieri also has yellow flowers but remain uncertain. NUMBER 77 OXAUDACEAE — PaSSIFLORACEAE 173 Oxalis corniculata Oxalis corniculata Linnaeus, 1753:435. — Eiten, 1955:99. — Lourteig, 1979:98. Oxalis repens Thunberg, 1781:6, 16, pi. 1. Xanthoxalis corniculata (Linnaeus) Small, 1903:667. Spreading and creeping herb; petals yellow. Cosmopolitan weed; along roads and in gardens of Domin- ica: Ridgefield Estate {Hodge 2158), Roseau (Ernst 2147, Hodge 458). The Ernst specimen, with a diminutive and reddish aspect, was annotated by Lourteig as ''Oxalis corniculata L. var. atropurpurea Planchon attacked by fungus.” Bocconia Linnaeus Bocconia frutescens Bocconia frutescens Linnaeus, 1753:505. Glaucous herbaceous shrub to 10 m; sap reddish; inflores- cences many-flowered; petals none. Neotropics; in disturbed places of southwest Dominica: Grand Bay (Eggers 615), Laudat (Lloyd 354), Mome Acouma (Nicolson 1999), near Soufriere village (Ernst 1346), South Chiltem (Hodge 1644). Oxalis debilis var. corymbosa Oxalis debilis Kunth var. corymbosa (A.P. Candolle) Lourteig, 1980:840. Oxalis corymbosa A.P. Candolle, 1824, 1:696. — Denton, 1973:580. Oxalis martiana Zuccarini, 1825:144. lonoxalis martiana (Zuccarini) Small, 1903:665. Herb from small, scaly bulbs; leaflets obcordate; sepals with 2 orange, apical glands (calluses); petals pink. Neotropical but widely cultivated and escaping; in Dominica in shade at mid-elevations: Fond Baron Estate (Ernst 1614), Lisdara (Hodge 2465), Ridgefield Estate (Hodge 2207), Roseau Valley (Lloyd 813), Sylvania (Cooper 21, Hodge 453). PASSIFLORACEAE Passiflora multiflora Linnaeus, of Costa Rica and Greater Antilles, was cited for Dominica by Grisebach (1860:291), based on Linnaeus’ citation of the type locality as “Dominica.” The type locality is surely the Dominican Republic in Hispaniola, as concluded by Killip (1938:77). Passiflora vitifolia Kunth, with large, scarlet flowers and 3-lobed leaves, was cultivated at Lisdara Estate (Hodge 2418). Passiflora Linnaeus Oxalis frutescens Oxalis frutescens Linnaeus, 1753:435. — Lourteig, 1975:461. Lotoxalis frutescens (Linnaeus) Small in North Amer. FI., 1907, 25(1 ):47. Woody subshrub to 7.5 dm; stem branched near top, with prominent leaf-scars; flowers yellow. Neotropics; in dry scrub along central western coast of Dominica: Fonde Hunte Estate (Whitefoord 4453), Gabriel (Wilbur 8231), Grand Savanne (Stern & Wasshausen 2450), Mero (Chambers 2777), Picard Estate (Kimber 902), Tarou Cliffs (Ernst 1705, Webster 13275). Pa PAVER ACEAE 1. Plant spiny; petals present, yellow; seeds numerous . . . Argemone 1. Plant unarmed; petals absent; seed 1 Bocconia Argemone Linnaeus Argemone mexicana Argemone mexicana Lirmaeus, 1753:508. Spiny herb to 1 m; sap yellow, leaves mottled, major veins whitish; inflorescences few-flowered; petals yellow. Cosmopolitan weed; in Dominica in dry scrub woodland along west coast to 180 m; Coulibistri (Ernst 1403, 1657), West Cabrit (Hodge 3707, Whitefoord 3981). 1. Petioles glandular. 2. Leaves unlobed. 3. Stems terete; stipules small, setaceous P. laurifolia 3. Stems quadrangular, winged; stipules large P. quadrangularis 2. Leaves lobed (individual leaves sometimes unlobed). 4. Leaves 5-7-lobed P. serratodigitata 4. Leaves 3-lobed. 5. Leaf margins serrate; bracts and petals present P. edulis 5. Leaf margins entire; bracts and petals absent P. suberosa 1. Petioles eglandular. 6. Stipules and floral bracts pinnatisect P. foetida 6. Stipules setaceous; floral bracts setaceous or absent. 7. Plants pubescent. 8. Leaves with glands beneath, apex shallowly 3- lobed, base truncate to obtuse; seeds with rugulose transverse ridges P. rotundifolia 8. Leaves without glands beneath, apex 2-lobed, base cordate; seeds with smooth transverse ridges P. rubra 7. Plants glabrous. 9. Sepals 1-2 cm long; corona with 2 series of filaments P. andersonii 9. Sepals 2. 5-3.7 cm long; corona with 1 series of filaments P. stenosepala 174 Passifloraceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Passiflora andersonii Passiflora andersonii A.P. Candolle, 1828, 3:326. — Bomstein in Howard, 1989, 5:372. Passiflora biflora sensu Grisebach, 1860:293, non Lamarck. Trois quarts. Plants glabrous; petiole glandless; leaves shallowly 3-lobed; peduncle 2-5 cm long, articulate near the flower; ovary glabrous to pubescent. Lesser Antilles; in Dominica in coastal thickets and disturbed rainforest to 650 m: Bernard Estate (Wasshausen & Ayensu 372), Carib Reserve {Hodge 3348, Stehli 6415), Delices {Whitefoord 3771), L’Anse Noire {Ernst 2078), Mome Plaisance {Whitefoord 5899), Point Lolo {Webster 13379), Salisbury {Whitefoord 4517), sine loc. {Imray s.n.). A decoction of this is used by Caribs to induce lactation (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:590). Passiflora edulis Passiflora edulis Sims, 1818. Passion fruit. Plants glabrous; petiole biglandular at apex; leaves 3-lobed to middle or below, serrate, membranous; ovary glabrous or pubescent; fruit to 5 cm long. Neotropics; probably introduced in Dominica for ornament or fruits and naturalizing: Clarke Hall {Wasshausen & Ayensu 309), Mt. Joy {Hodge 911), seen in fruit 5 Jun 1977 at Fort Shirley (DHN!). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:155, pi. 121) reported firuit juice used against hypertension. Passiflora foetida var. hispida Passiflora foetida var. hispida (Triana & Planchon) Killip in Gleason, 1931:408.— Killip, 1938:494. Passiflora hispida A.P. Candolle ex Triana & Planchon in A.P. Candolle, 1873, 17:172. Mariguja, marie goucha, merekuia, le meku (“monkey’s genitals,” Carib). Stems hispid; petioles glandless; leaves appressed hispid- hirsute, 3(-5)-lobed, margins ± entire or remotely denticulate, ciliate with glandular hairs; ovary glabrous. West Indies, South America, Old World tropics; in Domin- ica in disturbed areas 400-700 m: Mome Trois Pitons {Ernst 1234), Ridgefield {Hodge 2125), Roseau Valley {Lloyd 549), Salybia {Hodge 3193). The fruit is eaten by Caribs, the leaves are used to make a tea for colds and to bathe the sick (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:589). Killip (1938:474-512) recognized 37 varieties in this species, of which three occur in the Lesser Antilles, this one with glabrous ovaries, while vars. foetida and gossypiifolia have pubescent ovaries. Passiflora laurifolia Passiflora laurifolia Linnaeus, 1753:956. — Killip, 1938:365. Water lemon, pomme de liane, merekuia (Carib, cf. Tupi marakuya). Plants glabrous; petiole biglandular at apex; leaves ovate- oblong, to 12 cm long, entire, coriaceous; ovary pubescent; fiuit to 8 cm long. Cultivated in neotropics for fmit and flowers; probably native in Dominica on eastern and northern coastal bluffs: Anse du Me {Hodge 3736), Calibishie {Hodge 3162), Hampstead River {Nicolson 4235), Hatton Garden {Hodge 2945), Petite Soufriere Bay {Stern & Wasshausen 2481), Roseau Botanic Garden {Fairchild s.n.). Walkers Rest {Chambers 2776), Woodford Hill {Ernst 1551). Caribs eat fruits and peel the stems for basketry (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:589). Passiflora quadrangularis Passiflora quadrangularis Linnaeus, 1759a:1248. Barbadine, granadilla. Plants glabrous; stems 4-angled, the angles winged; stipules foliaceous, persistent; petioles 6-glandular at apex, the glands in pairs; leaves unlobed, broadly oblong, to 15 cm x 20 cm; fruit to 30 cm long. Neotropics; cultivated and escaping in Dominica: Milton Estate {Hodge 2772), waterfall below Laudat {Hodge 2002), Ridgefield Estate {Hodge 2165). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:155, pi. 122) reported external medical use of the leaves. Passiflora rotundifolia Passiflora rotundifolia Linnaeus, 1753:957. Plants puberulent; petioles glandless; leaves ± orbicular, obtuse below, repand or emarginate above, entire; corona with 2 series of filaments; ovary pubescent. Lesser Antilles; in interior forests of Dominica to 850 m: Mome Micotrin {Ernst 1091), without locality {Imray s.n. at GH). This is part of the complex including P. andersonii and P. stenosepala. Passiflora rubra Passiflora rubra Linnaeus, 1753:956. — Killip, 1938:217. Passion flower, pomme de liane zombie, trois quarts. Plants pubemlent; petioles glandless; leaves without glands beneath, bilobed, entire, the middle lobe usually suppressed, the base cordate. West Indies and northern South America; in Dominica in moist or dry forest to 550 m: Bataka {Stehli 6371), Carholm NUMBER 77 Passifloraceae — Phytolaccaceae 175 Estate {Ernst 1938), Layou Village {Ernst 1987), Roseau Valley {Lloyd 553), Salybia {Hodge 3284), South Chiltem {Stern & Wasshausen 2526), Sylvania {Hodge s.n., Nicolson 1870), without locality {Taylor 127). A decoction is used by Caribs to induce lactation (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:590). Passiflora serratodigitata Passiflora serratodigitata Linnaeus, 1753:960. — ICillip, 1938:341. Passiflora serrata Linnaeus, 1759a:1248. Feuille carapate. Plants glabrous; petioles 4-glandular; leaves 5-7-lobed below the middle, the margins serrulate. West Indies, South America; in Dominican lowland forests: Layou {Ramage s.n. at BM), Hatton Garden {Hodge 2946), without locality {Imray 96 at K). Passiflora stenosepala Passiflora stenosepala Killip, 1938:145. Plants glabrous; petioles glandless; leaves truncate to shallowly 3-lobed, rounded to truncate at base; coronal filaments in 1 series. St. Lucia and Dominica; in Dominican lowlands: La Chaudiere {Hodge 3589), without locality {Imray 270, photo from K). Closely related to P. andersonii, as noted by Bomstein (in Howard, 1989, 5:385). Passiflora suberosa Passiflora suberosa Linnaeus, 1753:958. — Killip, 1938:88. Passiflora minima Linnaeus, 1753:959. Passiflora angustifolia Swartz, 1788:97. Passiflora hederacea CavaniUes, 1790, 10:448. Passiflora lineariloba J. Hooker, 1851:222. Passiflora villosa Macfadyen [1837, 2:151, nom. invalid, (primed but not distributed)] ex Grisebach, 1860:291. Passiflora suberosa var. minima (Linnaeus) Masters, 1871:630. Passiflora suberosa var. angustifolia (Swartz) Masters, 1871:630. Passiflora suberosa var. hederacea (CavaniUes) Masters, 1871:630. Passiflora suberosa var. lineariloba (J. Hooker) Masters in Martins, 1872, 13(1):579. Passion flower, wild water-lemon. Petiolar glands 2, stipitate; leaves ciliate or not, shape extremely variable, from entire to deeply 3-lobed, margins entire; floral bracts and petals absent; ovary glabrous. Neotropics; in Dominica in moist to dry woodlands to 300 m: Cabrit {Nicolson 1889, Smith 10323), Clarke Hall {Ernst 1265), Deux Granges {Nicolson 2095), Hatton Garden {Hodge 3082), Salybia {Hodge 3082, Stehli 6411). Phytolaccaceae 1. Ovary of 9-16 united carpels, ribbed when dry Phytolacca 1. Ovary of 1 carpel with 1 seed. 2. Rowers sessile or ± sessile (pedicel to 1.5 mm); fruit dry, with hooked awns or tubercles. 3. Inflorescence short, ~4 cm; fruit globoid, tuberculate, spreading from inflorescence axis Microtea 3. Spikes elongate, to 40 cm; fruit linear, with hooked awns, appressed to inflorescence axis . . . Petiveria 2. Flowers on pedicels >3 mm long; fruit fleshy, smooth. 4. Annual shrub; stamens 4; tepals erect in fruit .... Rivina 4. Woody vine; stamens 8-12; tepals deflexed in fruit Trichostigma Microtea Swartz Microtea debilis Microtea debilis Swam, 1788:53. Demoiselle. Herb to 5 cm; fruits to 1.5 mm long, tuberculate. Neotropics; in Dominica a roadside weed in moist areas to 600 m: Carib Reserve {Hodge 3376), Grand Bay {Ernst 1072), Grand Savanna {Ernst 2122), Petit Coulibri {Whitefoord 4678), Pont Casse {Webster 13457a), Portsmouth garden weed (DHN!), South Chiltem {Hodge 1624), Soufriere {Lloyd 402), sine loc. {Eggers 563). Reported as used to make a medicinal tea by Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:556) but misidentified {Hodge 3376) as Rivina humilis. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:157, pi. 123) reported similar medical uses. Petiveria Linnaeus Petiveria alliacea Petiveria alliacea Linnaeus, 1753:342. Kudjuruk or cojorok (patois), ememaiuma, lemuru (Carib). Perennial herb to 1.5 m with garlic odor; achenes armed with 4 deflexed awns, appressed to axis. Neotropics; in Dominica a weed in disturbed lowlands: Clarke Hall {Chambers 2708, Ernst 1690, Stern & Wasshausen 2392), Colihaut {Wilbur 8120), Petit Coulibri {Whitefoord 4660), Salybia {Hodge 3194). Used by Caribs as a charm and medicine (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:556). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:157, pi. 124) reported similar uses. Phytolacca Linnaeus Phytolacca rivin aides Phytolacca rivinoides Kunth & Bouche in Link, Kunth & Bouche, 1849:15. Pokeweed, z’oreilles mulatre, tarikai (Carib). 176 PHYTOLACCACEAE — PiPERACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Herb with loose racemes; carpels 10-16; tepals deciduous; fruits becoming dark purple. Neotropics; in Dominica a weed to 550 m: Bellevue (Taylor 26), Deux Branches (Hodge 2988), Fond Figues River (Ernst 1456), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3581), Lisdara Estate (Cooper 147, Hodge 2458), Mome Jaune (Nicolson 2048), Sylvania (Hodge 1160), Pont Casse (Long & Norstog 3374), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3660), Trois Pitons (Lloyd 779), sine loc. (Fishlock 37, Imray 98 at GH, 214 at K). Caribs boil young leaves as an edible green, said to be good for “dropsy” (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:556). What, in the past (incl. Grisebach, Urban), was called P. icosandra is now called P. rivinoides and what was called P octandra is now called P. icosandra. Two Dominican speci- mens (Ramage s.n. 17 May 1889 (BM) from Mome Barby and Eggers 663 (GOET) from Rosalie) have been annotated as P. icosandra but the note “short racemes of icosandra but tepals deciduous” suggest a need for restudy. Phytolacca icosandra (alias P. octandra), with a distincUy spike-like and densely flowered raceme with persistent tepals, probably is not native in the Lesser Antilles. Rivina Linnaeus Rivina humilis Rivina humilis Linnaeus, 1753:121. Shmb to 1 m; berry red, with erect tepals. Pantropical; in Dominica in disturbed areas on dry west coast to 200 m: Cabrits (Ernst 2094, Smith 10325, Wilbur 8264), Soufriere (Lloyd 436). Trichostigma A. Richard Trichostigma octandrum Trichostigma octandrum (Linnaeus) H. Walter in Engler, 1909, IV.83 (Heft 39):109. Rivina octandra Linnaeus, 1756:9. Villamilla octandra (Linnaeus) J. Hooker in Bentham & J. Hooker, 1880, 3:81. Shmb or liana to 10 m; fruits brown with deflexed tepals. Neotropics; in dry grassland and woodlands of west coast to 180 m: Cabrits (Hodge 3716, Smith 10336), Colihaut (Ernst 1147), Macoucherie (Hodge 3765), Salisbury (Ernst 1762). PIPERACEAE 1. Spikes several on a common peduncle; leaves peltate, 15 cm or more broad Lepianthes 1. Spikes solitary; leaves not peltate or, if so, only to 5 cm broad. 2. Herbs; floral bracts punctate, not fimbriate; stigma 1 Peperomia 2. Vines or shmbs; floral bracts epunctate, fimbriate; stigmas 2-5. 3. Spikes opposite the leaves; leaves acute to rounded . Piper 3. Spikes axillary; leaves cordate to rounded Sarcorhachis Lepianthes Rafinesque Lepianthes peltata Lepianthes peltata (Linnaeus) Rafinesque, 1838:85. — Howard, 1973a:381. Piper peltatumVinnueas, 1753:30, "pelatum." Pothomorphe peltata (Linnaeus) Miquel, 1840:37. PoZ/w/norpAe ji Trelease in Stehle, 1940:61. — Stehle, 1957:615. Mai I’estomac, mal tete, monkey’s hand. Herbaceous shmb to 2 m; leaves broadly ovate, peltate, to 35 cm broad; spikes umbellate on a common peduncle. Neotropics; in Dominica in disturbed areas to 350 m: Bataka (Hodge 3192, Stehli 6098, Taylor 144), Clarke Hall (Ernst 1001), Hatton Garden (Hodge 2942), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3679), Holmwood (Webster 13282), Marigot (Hodge 427, Nicolson 2010), Melville Hall (Hodge 427), Mome Negres Marrons (Hodge 1076), Rosalie Valley (Lloyd 692). Caribs heat the leaves and apply to the head for headaches (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:553). There is a controversy about the correct generic name, essentially a question on the lectotypification of Lepianthes. Howard (1973a:381) cited Piper umbellatum as type but did not make it absolutely clear whether it was of his aceepted name (Lepianthes), of his synonym (Pothomorphe), or of both. Wilbur (1985:288) leetotypified Lepianthes on Lepianthes granulata (Linnaeus) Rafinesque, making it a synonym of Piper and accepted Pothomorphe for this species. Jones and Lamboy (1986:153) objected, supporting Howard’s choice as effeetive and first. Wilbur (1987:113) reinforced his earlier position. I prefer Pothomorphe, being the historically more familiar name, and I agree with Wilbur that Howard’s designation was unclear. However, I accept Lepianthes to concord with the Flora of the Lesser Antilles. Peperomia Ruiz & Pavon 1. Leaves peltate P. hernandiifolia 1 . Leaves not peltate. 2. Leaves typically in whorls of 3, sometimes opposite P. trifolia 2. Leaves alternate. 3. Venation distinctly pinnate. 4. Beak of fmit 0.2 mm long, brown, bent or straight but not hooked, granular . ... P. magnoliifolia 4. Beak of fmit 0.5 mm long, white, straight and hooked at apex, not granular . . . P. obtusifolia 3. Venation distinctly palmate or indistinct 5. Plants repent; leaves to 1.5 cm across; venation indistinct. NUMBER 77 PiPERACEAE 177 6. Leaves elliptic, etc. but not rotund P. tenella 6. Leaves rotund or very nearly so. 7. Stem glabrous, leaves often emarginate, to 0.5 cm across; fruit on stipe 0.8 mm long P. emarginella 7. Stem puberulent; leaves not emarginate, to 1 cm across; fruit not stipitate P. rotundifolia 5. Plants erect; leaves 2 cm wide or more; venation distinctly palmate. 8. Leaves thin, pellucid (translucent), glabrous; leaf-bases cordate to ± cordate P. pellucida 8. Leaves opaque, glabrous or pubescent; leaf- bases cuneate to rounded. 9. Stems and petioles pubescent P. hirtella 9. Stems and petioles glabrous. 10. Leaf apex obtuse to acute; plant incon- spicuously black-punctate, erect and not rooting at nodes P. myrtifolia 10. Leaf-apex acute to acuminate; plants con- spicuously black-punctate (when dry), typically rooting at nodes P. nigropunctata Peperomia emarginella Peperomia emarginella (Wikstrom) A.C. Candolle in A.P. Candolle, 1869, 16:437.— Howard, 1973a:382. Piper emarginellum Swartz ex Wikstrom, 1828:56. Delicate repent herb, often epiphytic; stem glabrous; leaves rotund, to 0.5 cm wide, glabrous to sparsely villous. Neotropics; common in Dominica in wet forests 325-1000 m: Deux Branches (Hodge 3000, 3576, 3492), Hatton Garden (Hodge 409), Laudat (Hodge 1810, Lloyd 212), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3576), Mome Plat Pays (Hodge 1659), Mome Trois Pitons (Hodge 1189, Wilbur 7811), Pont Casse (Chambers 2542), Ravine Deux Dleau (Ernst 1902), Salybia River (Hodge 3242), Trafalgar Falls (Hodge 2013). Peperomia hernandiifolia Peperomia hernandiifolia (Vahl) Dietrich, 1831, 1:157. — Howard, 1973a:384. Piper hernandUfoliumVahl, 1804, Enum., 1:344, "hernandifolium." Repent, puberulent, sometimes epiphytic herb; leaves pel- tate. Neotropics; common in Dominica in rainforest 500-1050 m: Brantridge (Ernst 1195), Freshwater Lake (Whitefoord 4187), Laudat (Eggers s.n., Hodge 1843), Mome Anglais (Fennah 18, Hodge 410, 2310), Mome Micotrin (Wilbur 7464), Mome Negres Matrons (Hodge 1058), Mome Nicholls summit (Hodge 1944), Mome Plat Pays (Hodge 1687, 1705), Mosquito Mountain (Webster 13533), Pont Cassd (Hodge 1192, Wilbur 7800, 8149), Sylvania (Hodge 1100), Trois Pitons River (Nicolson 1948), sine loc. Dudley s.n. Peperomia hirtella Peperomia hirtella Miquel, 1845:414. — Howard, 1973a:384. Peperomia herminieri A.C. Candolle, 1882:316. Peperomia dissitiflora A.C. Candolle, 1898:279. Epiphytic and pubemlent herb; leaves black-punctate, elliptic to ovate, palmately veined. Lesser Antilles; common in Dominica in upland and mossy forests; Central Forest Reserve (Ernst 1182), Freshwater Lake area (Ernst 1788, Hodge 1861, Nicolson 1835, Smith 10240, 10257, Webster 13252, Wilbur 7400), Mome Anglais or Couliaboune (Hodge 416, 420, 2262, Imray 244, Lloyd 212, Wilbur 7965), Mome Diablotins (Hodge 2789, 2820, Nicolson 1917, Webster 13345), Mome Micotrin (Fosberg 48290, Mome Negres Matrons (Hodge 1068), Mome Nicholls (Hodge 1922), Mome Plat Pays (Hodge 1686), Mome Trois Pitons (Hodge 419, 1379), Mosquito Mountain (Webster 13542). Peperomia magnoliifolia Peperomia magnoliifolia (Jacquin) Dietrich, 1831, 1:153. — Howard, 1973a:386. Piper magnoliifolium Jacquin, 1789, CoU., 3:210, "magnoUaefolium." Peperomia conulifera Trelease in Stehle et al., 1948, 2:44. — Stehle, 1957:618. Glabrous herb; leaves elliptic to obovate; fruit beak straight or bent but not hooked. West Indies, northern S. America; in Dominica from 65-600 m: Badineau Estate (Hodge 2237), Clarke Hall (Ernst 1708, Webster 13197), Grand Bay (Wilbur 7917), Hatton Garden (Hodge 3035), La Plaine (Ernst 1908), Lisdara (Cooper 178), Montpelier (Lloyd 583), Mome Colla Anglais (Webster 13433), Petit Coulibri (Whitefoord 6026), Petite Soufriere Bay (Stern & Wasshausen 2480), Roseau (Stehle 6318), Salybia (Hodge 417, 3314), South Chiltem (Hodge 1507, 1550, 1558). Peperomia myrtifolia Peperomia myrtifolia (Vahl) Dietrich, 1831, 1:147. — Howard, 1973a:387. Piper myrtifolium Vahl, 1804, Enum., 1:341. Peperomia rupertiana A.C. CandoUe in A.R Candolle, 1869, 16:413. Peperomia broadwayi A.C. CandoUe in Urban, 1902, 3:240. Succulent often with reddish stems; leaves palmately veined broadly elliptic -ovate, obtuse to acute at apex. Lesser Antilles; in Dominica in dry areas 10-150 m: Cabrits (Nicolson 1896, 4204, Webster 13302, Whitefoord 3996), Clarke Hall (Stern & Wasshausen 2388). A specimen from Fon Pays (1000 m in rainforest), Hodge 2846, has been annotated by R.A. Howard (in 1972) as this species. The habitat seems wrong. The specimen is poor and does not well match any other species. 178 PiPERACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Peperomia nigropunctata Peperomia nigropunctata Miquel, 1843:188. — Howard, 1973a:389. Peperomia acuminata sensu Grisebach, 1860:165, non Ruiz & Pavon, nor (Linnaeus) A.C. Candolle in Urban. Peperomia nemorosa A.C. Candolle in A.P. Candolle, 1869, 16:415. Plants glabrous, conspicuously black -punctate; leaves mostly acuminate, venation palmate; the inflorescence regu- larly 2-branched, one larger and one smaller. West Indies; common in Dominica in rainforests, 100-1140 m: Deux Branches {Hodge 3104, 3426), Freshwater Lake area (Gillis 8317, Hodge 1769, Lloyd 42, 931, Wasshausen & Ayensu 340, Wilbur 7382), Hampstead {Lloyd 630), Jean {Ernst 1823), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3512), Lisdara {Hodge 422, 423), Mome Anglais {Hodge 418, 2242), Mome Plat Pays {Wilbur 7892), Pont Casse {Wilbur 8197), Roche d’Or {Wasshausen & Ayensu 398), South Chiltem {Stern & Wasshausen 2503), Springfield {Wilbur 7685), Sylvania {Hodge 421), Syndicate {^Webster 13319, Whitefoord 3555, 3611), Warner Estate {Ernst 1207). This species may be regarded as P. myrtifolia. The materials could be part of variable populations rather than truly distinct species. Similar P. glabella, with pubescent stems and petioles, has not yet been collected on Dominica. Peperomia obtusifolia Peperomia obtusifolia (Linnaeus) Dietrich, 1831, 1:154. — Howard, 1973a:392. Piper obtusifoliumLinna&is, 1753:30. Glabrous herbs, except for the usually hirtellous peduncles; leaves elliptic to obovate, the fruit beak hooked. Neotropics; in Dominica 500-600 m: Brush {Nicolson 2158), South Chiltem {Hodge 1558). Peperomia pellucida Peperomia pellucida (Linnaeus) Kunth, 1816, 1:64. — Howard, 1973a:392. Piper pellucidum Linnaeus, 1753:30. Z’herbe couresse. Erect, pellucid herb; leaves broadly ovate to deltoid. Pantropical weed; in Dominica in disturbed areas to 550 m: Cabrits {Whitefoord 3574), Clarke Hall {Ernst 1716), Delices {Whitefoord 3689), Hatton Garden {Hodge 3068), Marigot {Hodge 412), Point Carib {Wilbur 8005), Portsmouth {Hodge 411), Roseau {Ernst 2061, Hodge 394), Soufri^re {Lloyd 416), South Chiltem {Hodge 1526), Sylvania {Hodge 1129). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:159, pi. 125) reported medical uses. Peperomia rotundifolia Peperomia rotundifolia (Linnaeus) Kunth, 1816, 1:65. — Howard, 1973a:394. Piper rotundifolium Linnaeus, 1753:30. Chaud fle. Neotropics (and Africa teste Adams); in Dominica 15-725 m: Bataka {Stehli 6898), Carholm {Ernst 1939), Cote d’Or {Nicolson 2056), Deux Branches {Hodge 2974, 3464), Fond Figues River {Ernst 1015), Hampstead {Lloyd 626), Holmwood {Webster 13280), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3526), Milton {Hodge 2868), Mome Colla Anglais {Hodge 414, 1189), Rosalie (Wilbur 7831), Soufriere {Lloyd 469), Syndicate {Wasshausen & Ayensu 347, Whitefoord 3612), Trafalgar Falls {Burch 1392, Gillis 8225, Hodge 2005). The plant is boiled to make tea for colds (Honychurch, 1980:68). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:159, pi. 126) reported similar medical uses. According to Howard (1973a:383), Imray 311 is P. rotundifolia but was misdetermined and reported by Grisebach (1860:164) as P. cordifolia, now regarded as endemic to Jamaica. Peperomia tenella Peperomia tenella (Swartz) Dietrich, 1831, 1:153. — Howard, 1973a:395. Piper tenellum Sv/anz, 1788:16. Epiphytic herb; leaves to 8 mm wide, ciliate. West Indies and northern South America; in Dominica in rainforest to mossy forest 550-1400 m; Mome Anglais {Hodge 2284), Mome Diablotins {Webster 13374), Mome Nicholls {Hodge 1930). Peperomia trifolia Peperomia trifolia (Linnaeus) Dietrich, 1831, 1:173. — Howard, 1973a:395. Piper trifolium Linnaeus, 1753:30. Peperomia ovalifolia W. Hooker, 1825, 3, pi. 165. — Urban, 1920, 8:161. Scandent, villous herb; leaves in whorls of 3 or opposite, to 2 cm long, ciliate. Lesser Antilles; in rainforest 15-1000 m: Clarke Hall {Ernst 4715), Fond Pays {Hodge 2849), Springfield {Ernst 1841), Sylvania {Hodge 415, 1178, Webster 13420, Wilbur 7716), Syndicate {Ernst 1997), Trois Pitons {Lloyd 783). Piper Linnaeus Piper nigrum Linnaeus, the black pepper of commerce, has been collected in the Roseau Botanic Gardens {Hodge 916, Proctor 17525). Piper sanctum (Miquel) Schlechter ex A.C. Candolle (as Piper papantlense A.C. Candolle), a Central American species, was sent to Kew by Imray in 1877 (see Howard, 1973a:407). This introduced species has not been recollected in Dominica. Hodge and Taylor (1957:552) noted that all species of Piper are called doctor bush, including the three most common species, P. aequale, P. dilatatum, and P. dussii. The Caribs consider the plants as charms and the leaves are mbbed on bodies or used in ritual baths. NUMBER 77 PiPERACEAE 179 1. Leaves palmately veined. 2. Leaves <15 cm long P. amalago 2. Leaves well over 15 cm long P. reticulatum 1. Leaves pinnately veined. 3. Leaf base essentially equal. 4. Leaves glabrous beneath; stamens 3 ... P. aequale 4. Leaves crisped-puberulent on veins beneath; stamens 4 P. glabrescens 3. Leaf base distinctly unequal. 5. Inflorescence curved; petiole <0.5 cm long; leaves normally scabrous P. aduncum 5. Inflorescence straight; petiole 1-2 cm long; leaves glabrous (sometimes hirtellous on veins). 6. Fruit round to triangular P. dilatatum 6. Fruit rectangular P. dussii Piper aduncum Piper aduncum Linnaeus, 1753:29. — Howard, 1973a:397. Shrub or small tree to 6 m; petiole 3-7 mm long; inflorescence curved. Neotropics; in Dominica in rainforest around 1(X)0 m: Fon Pays {Hodge 2843). The above specimen is not scabrous on the upper surface but has the distinctive short petioles and strongly curved spikes. The species is common around Syndicate (DHN!) with hirtellous rather than scabrous leaves. Piper aequale Piper aequale Vahl, 1797, Eclog., 1:4, pi. 3. — Stehle, 1957:617. — Howard, 1973a:398. Artanthe aequalis (Vahl) Miquel, 1844:51 1. Piper dominicanum A.C. Candolle in Urban, 1902, 3:205. Doctor bush, malbruk, mal estomac grand bois, la feuille chasse. Shrub to 3 m; leaves 3.5-11 cm wide; spikes to 5 cm long; stamens 3. Neotropics; in Dominica frequent in rainforest 100-1000 m: Bellevue (Taylor 27), Brush (Nicolson 2159), Deux Branches (Ernst 1802, Hodge 2985), Fon Pays (Hodge 2844), Hampstead River (Nicolson 4236), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3600), Layou River Road (Beard 1457, Cowan 1630), Lisdara (Hodge 2330), Magua (Stehle 6339), Mome Anglais (Hodge 424), Mome Plat Pays (Hodge 1699), Petite Macoucherie (Webster 13556), Pont Casse (Chambers 2539, Wilbur 7536), Providence Valley (Hodge 2062), Riversdale (proctor 25791), Salybia (Hodge 3252), South Chiltem (Ernst 1870, Hodge 1446), Sylvania (Cooper 65, Hodge 3844), Syndicate (Hodge 2728, 2759, Whitefoord 3877), sine loc. (Bryant 130). Piper amalago Piper amalago Linnaeus, 1753:29. — Howard, 1973a:399. Enckea sieberiy^(\\xe\, 1844:358. Shrub to 4 m; leaf-blades palmately veined, glabrous, to 14 cm long. Neotropics; in Dominica in dry woodlands -100 m: Clarke Hall (Ernst 1263). This appears to be a new record for Dominica. Piper dilatatum Piper dilatatum L. Richard, 1792:105. Piper bredemeyeri }. Jacquin, 1815, 1:125, pi. 84. Artanthe bredemeyeri (J. Jacquin) Miquel, 1844:429. Doctor bush, feuille mal Testomac. Shrub or small tree to 3 m; stipules immediately deciduous, <2 cm long; leaf-blades to 25 cm long, pubescent on veins below and sometimes above; spikes to 12 cm long; fruit becoming triangular, giving the floral arrangement an increas- ingly spiralled appearance. Neotropics; common in Dominica in open areas of secon- dary forest 30-1000 m; Bellevue (Wilbur 7932), Clarke Hall (Ernst 1003, Nicolson 1825, Webster 13185, Wilbur 7372), Delices (Whitefoord 3751), Indian River mouth (Hodge 3747), Hatton Garden (Hodge 2950), Lisdara (Hodge 426), Mome Aux Diables (Wilbur 8058), Mome Brules (Hodge 425), Pointe Michel (Gillis 8143), Ridgefield (Fennah 25), Salisbury (Whitefoord 4529), Soufribre (Burch 1342), Springfield (Gillis 8157, Wilbur 7676), Stewart River mouth (Wilbur 8025), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3541, 4243). Easily confusable with Piper dussii in young stages. Piper dussii Piper dussii A.C. Candolle in Urban, 1902, 3:190. — Howard, 1973a:402. Piper broadwayi A.C. Candolle in Urban, 1902, 3:191. Shrub or small tree; stipules eventually deliquescing, >2 cm long; leaf-blades to 25 cm; pubescent on veins below; spikes to 15 cm long; fimit becoming elongately rectangular, giving the floral arrangement a whorled appearance. Lesser Antilles; large common weed in Dominica in interior forests 2(X)-1(X)0 m: Carib Reserve (Hodge 3257), SW of Castle Bruce (Wilbur 8320), Deux Branches (Chambers 2505, Hodge 3125), En Haut Jean (Webster 13528), Fon Pays (Hodge 2845), Laudat area (Hodge 1812, Lloyd 236, Smith 10235), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3556), Milton (Hodge 2567), Mt. Joy (Hodge 1293), South Chiltem (Hodge 1492), Sylvania (Hodge 1102, 1311, 1361), Syndicate (Whitefoord 5160), Trois Pitons (Hodge 1193), sine loc. (Cooper 34). The Syndicate specimen was annotated as Piper hispidum Swartz by M.C. Tebbs in 1986. Piper glabrescens Piper glabrescens (Miquel) A.C. Candolle in A.R Candolle, 1869, 16:271. — Howard, 1973a:402. Piper macrophyllum Kunth, 1815, 1 :46, non Swartz. — A.C. Candolle in Urban, 1902, 3:9. 180 PiPERACEAE — POLYGALACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Artanthe glabrescens Miquel, 1845:461. Leaf-base equal, rounded; leaf-blade puberulent below on veins; spike short; stamens 4. Antilles and NE South America; in Dominica to 800 m; Deux Branches {Hodge 3119), Mome Diablotins {Hodge 2788). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:161, pi. 127) reported several medical uses under this binomial but the illustration and description indicate unequal leaf bases and this may be a misidentification of P. dilatatum, a much commoner species. Piper reticulatum Piper reticulatumXJamdi&is, 1753:29. — Howard, 1973a:406. Discipiper reticulatum (Linnaeus) Trelease & Stehld in Stehle, 1946b:283; 1957:616. Doctor bush, malbruk. Shrub with palmately veined leaves to 25 cm x 15 cm. Neotropics; apparently on the east side of Dominica: Bataca {Stehli 6089, 6397), Carib Reserve {Hodge 3226), Petit Coulibri {Whitefoord 4675), sine loc. {Taylor 110). Sarcorhachis Trelease Sarcorhachis incurva Sarcorhachis incurva (Schultes) Trelease, 1927:17. — Stehle, 1957:617. — Howard, 1973a:408. Piper incurvum Sieber ex Schultes, 1822, 1:238. Wild black pepper. Rather succulent epiphyte or climbing vine; leaves ovate, cordate or rounded at base; spikes solitary (in ours), axillary. Guadeloupe to St. Vincent (St. Lucia?); not uncommon in Dominica 300-750 m in forests: En Haut Jean {Webster 13507), Freshwater Lake {Ernst 1485, 1774, Wasshausen & Ayensu 338, Whitefoord 3853), Point Lolo {Nicolson 1852). Plantaginaceae Plantago major Plantago major Linnaeus, 1753:112. Plantain. Perennial acaulescent herb; leaves long-petiolate, ovate, entire or coarsely dentate; spikes equalling leaves; capsule circumscissile at middle. Cosmopolitan weed; in Dominica in disturbed areas: Carib Reserve {Hodge 3366), Lisdara Estate {Hodge 2463), Milton Estate {Hodge 2913), Ridgefield Estate {Hodge 2139), Sylva- nia {Hodge 784), sine loc. {Taylor 124). An infusion of the plant is used as eye medicine by Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:609). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:161, pi. 128) confirmed this and added other medicinal uses. Plumbaginaceae Larger-flowered Plumbago auriculata Lamarck (including Plumbago capensis Thunberg) is cultivated as a low hedge in the Roseau Botanic Garden (DHN!). Howard (1989, 6:54) cited it with an exclamation mark. Plumbago scandens Plumbago scandens Linnaeus, 1762:215. Glabrous, scrambling shrub to 3 m; flowers short- pedicellate, racemose; calyx ribs with long-stipitate glands; corolla salverform, white. Neotropics; in Dominica in low, dry scrubland on west coast: Colihaut {Ernst 1133), Loubiere {Hodge 3874), South Chiltem {Hodge 1625). POLYGALACEAE 1. Herb; stems with short-stipitate glands; leaves linear; fruit a capsule; seeds pubescent Polygala 1. Woody climber; stems pubescent but eglandular; leaves ovate-oblong; fruit a samara; seeds glabrous Securidaca Polygala Linnaeus Polygala hecatantha Urban was reported for Dominica by Velez (1957:111), a perennial with dense racemes, but no materials from Dominica have been found. Polygala planellasi Molinet & Gomez de la Maza was reported to have medicinal uses in Dominica by Adjanohoun et al. (1985:163, pi. 130). This is either a new record of a species apparently only known on Guadeloupe or an undocumented extrapolation. Polygala paniculata Poly gala paniculata Linnaeus, 1759a: 11 54. — Stehle, 1962a:327. Esta fragile, lampoule, zetan grand chemin, titain (thyme), sweet broom. Annual; leaves linear or linear-spatulate; racemes with flowers not overlapping; petals white to pink or purplish. Neotropics; in Dominica a common roadside weed in moist forests from 65-750 m: Bellevue {Taylor 35), Breakfast River {Nicolson 2024), Carib Reserve {Hodge 3385), Clyde River {Ernst 1033), Corona {Bailey 792), Holmwood {Webster 13284), Laudat {Burch 1352, Eggers s.n., Gillis 8165, Lloyd 46), Lisdara {Hodge 333), Marigot {Hodge 433), Milton Estate {Hodge 2602), Mome Micotrin {Chambers 2672, Wasshausen & Ayensu 315), Mome Plat Pays {Gillis 8117), Pont Casse {Skog 1573, Wilbur 7738, 8184), South Chiltem {Hodge 1475), Springfield {Stey steal s.n., Wilbur 7684), Sylvania {Cooper 1, Hodge 434), Syndicate {Whitefoord 3505). NUMBER 77 POLYGALACEAE — POLYGONACEAE 181 The fresh root has a menthol odor. Plants are used for a medicinal tea for respiratory infections by Dominicans (Steys- kal s.n.) and a ritual tea by Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:571). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:163, pi. 129) confirmed this and added other uses. Securidaca Linnaeus, nom. cons. Securidaca diversifolia Securidaca diversifolia (Linnaeus) Blake in Standley, 1923:594. Polygala diversifolia Linnaeus, 1753:703. Heavy climber; stems and leaves pubescent; petals pink to purplish; fruits maple-like. Lesser Antilles and South America; occasional in Dominica to 350 m: Bataka {Stehli 6634), Milton {Hodge 2521), Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 3934), Syndicate {Nicolson 4167). Flowering in April-May. POLYGONACEAE Antigonum leptopus W. Hooker & Amott, a Mexican climbing vine with tendrils, sagittate leaves, and showy pink tepals, was collected in an overgrown lime orchard between Coulibistri and Colihaut {Wilbur 8119) and along the Baiac road from Roseau {Whitefoord 4681), presumably an escape. 1. Tree, shrub or woody climber; flowers unisexual Coccoloba 1. Herb; flowers bisexual Polygonum Coccoloba Browne, nom. cons, 1. Climber C. ascendens 1. Tree or shrub. 2. Leaves orbicular to reniform, never longer than broad. 3. Leaves rugose, pubescent; fruits <1 cm long C. pubescens 3. Leaves smooth, glabrous; fruits >1 cm long C. uvifera 2. Leaves elliptic to ovate, longer than broad. 4. Leaves coriaceous, usually broadest below middle; flowers sessile C. swartzii 4. Leaves thin, usually broadest above middle; flowers shortly pedicelled C. venosa Coccoloba ascendens Coccoloba ascendens Duss ex Lindau, 1890:156. — Howard, 1959a:71. Liane barril, cercle barril. Liana to 15 m; leaves broadly elliptic to ovate. Lesser Antilles to Trinidad; in Dominica occasional in treetops of rainforest and woodlands to 350 m: Bataka {Stehli 6092), Bomes {Nicolson 4238), Castle Bruce road {Cowan 1619), Glasham {Nicolson 2088), La Plaine {Ernst 7361), Newfoundland {Nicolson 4124), Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2669), Riversdale {Howard 11758), Salybia {Hodge 3334). Caribs use the stems in basket-making (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:554). Another climbing species, C. dussii Lindau with older stems flattened, is expected in Dominica. Coccoloba pubescens Coccoloba pubescens Lmnatus, 1759a:1007. — Howard, 1959a:87. Raisinier. Tree to 13 m; leaves chartaceous, 40-80 cm across, pubescent and rugose, apparently deciduous before flowering. The immature aspect with wand-like stems and very large leaves is most commonly seen. Hispaniola to Barbados; not uncommon on Dominica in or near dry woodlands to 350 m: Anse du Me {Wilbur 8298), Cabrit {Nicolson 1891), Calibishie {Hodge 3142), Dublanc {Whitefoord 4303), L’Anse Noire {Ernst 2099), Mero {Read 2029), Pointe Baptiste {Hodge 3499), Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2668). Rowering in April-May, fruiting in August. Coccoloba swartzii Coccoloba swartzii Meisner in A.P. Candolle, 1856, 14:159. — Howard, 1959a:90. Coccoloba diversifolia sensu auctt., non Jacquin. Tree to 20 m; leaves coriaceous, usually broadest below middle; flowers and fruits ± sessile. Jamaica to Barbados; in Dominica in coastal woodland to 500 m: En Haut Jean {Whitefoord 5443), Hampstead {Wilbur 8306), L’Anse Noire {Ernst 2062, Wilbur 7513), Marigot {Howard 11754), Pointe Carib {Wilbur 8002), Salisbury {Stern & Wasshausen 2591), Salybia {Hodge 3404, Nicolson 4139), South Chiltem {Hodge 1583), below Syndicate {Whitefoord 4307). Apparently flowering in July-August, fruits gone by February. Coccoloba uvifera Coccoloba uvifera (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, 1759a:1007. — ^Howard, 1959a:91. Polygonum uviferum Linnaeus, 1753:365. Sea grape, raisin bord-de-mer. Tree to 17 m; leaves coriaceous, glabrous, broader than long. Neotropical strand tree; dominant on Dominica along beaches: Cabrits {Howard 11750), Canefield {Nicolson 1871), Hatton Garden Estate {Hodge 2957), Layou estuary {White- foord 3749), Petit Coulibri {Whitefoord 6059), Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2686), Rosalie Bay {Wilbur 8019), Salybia {Hodge 3316), Scotts Head {Ernst 1330, Hodge 1605, Kimber 891, Lloyd 515, Wilbur 7593). Products from this species have been used by Caribs in a number of ways (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:555). 182 POLYGONACEAE — ^PORTULACACEAE SMrraSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Coccoloba venosa Coccoloba venosa Linnaeus, 1759a:1007. — ^Howard, 1959a:92. Tree to 15 m; leaves membranous, usually broadest above middle; flowers and fruits distinctly pedicelled. Hispaniola to Trinidad; apparently uncommon on Dominica on west coast: between Roseau and Canefield {Hodge 443). Rowering in August. Polygonum Linnaeus 1. Ochreae (petiolar sheaths) without long bristles at apex P. densiflorum 1. Ochreae bearing long bristles at apex. 2. Racemes continuous; tepals epunctate; styles 2; achenes lenticular P. acuminatum 2. Racemes interrupted; tepals glandular-punctate; styles 3; achenes triquetrous P. punctatum Polygonum acuminatum Polygonum acuminatum Kunth, 1817, 2:178. Persicaria acuminata (Kunth) Gomez de la Maza, 1896:278. Perennial, pubescent herb to 2 m; ochreae ciliate; leaves strigose; styles 2; achenes lenticular. Neotropics; cited for Dominica by Velez (1957:111) and known from Guadeloupe and Martinique but no specimens seen from Dominica. Polygonum densiflorum Polygonum densiflorum Meisner in Martins, 1855, 5(1):13. — ^Weatherby, 1923:20. Polygonum glabrum sensu Grisebach, 1860:161, 709, non WiUdenow. Polygonum portoricense Bertero ex Small, 1895:46. Persicaria portoricensis (Small) Small, 1903:377. Perennial, glabrous herb to 1.5 m; ochreae not ciliate; styles 2(-3?); achenes lenticular (or triquetrous?). Pantropical but very uncommon in the Lesser Antilles; only once collected in Dominica: sine loc. {Imray 407 at K). Polygonum punctatum Polygonum punctatum EUiott, 1817, 1:454. Polygonum acre Kunth, 1817, 2:179. Persicaria punctata (Elliott) Small, 1903:379. Annual or perennial, glabrous herb with decumbent stems to 2 m; ochreae ciliate; leaves ciliolate, glandular-punctate; styles 3; achenes triquetrous. Neotropics; in Dominica on wet ground in disturbed areas: Bells {WMtefoord 6148), Clarke Hall Estate (Chambers 2798, Ernst 1695, Stern & Wasshausen 2438), Prince Ruperts Head marsh, i.e., Cabrits swamp (Finlay s.n., 30 May 1792 at K). PORTULACACEAE 1. Leaves with tuft-like axillary hairs; flowers solitary or clustered, sessile; style branches 3-12, free; capsule circumscissile Portulaca 1. Leaves without tufts; flowers panicled, pedicellate; style branches 3, united; capsule 3-valved Talinum Portulaca Linnaeus Portulaca grandiflora W. Hooker was reported to have medicinal uses on Dominica by Adjanohoun et al. (1985:165, pi. 131). Portulaca quadrifida Linnaeus was attributed to Dominica by Velez (1957:111) but no specimens have been seen. It has the flattened leaves of P. oleracea (much smaller) but is conspicuously pubescent, has opposite leaves and pedicelled, tetramerous flowers. Portulaca teretifolia Kunth was attributed to Dominica by Howard (1988, 4:205) with an exclamation mark. It seems to differ from P. pilosa by having much less conspicuous axillary (nodal) hairs and gray seeds. 1. Leaves flat, not linear; plants ± glabrous . . . P. oleracea 1. Leaves ± cylindrical, linear; plants usually conspicuously pubescent with tufts of hairs in axils. 2. Rowers yellow to yellowish; capsule circumscissile below middle; leaves usually <1 cm long P. halimoides 2. Rowers reddish; capsule circumscissile at middle; leaves usually >1 cm long P. pilosa Portulaca oleracea Portulaca oleracea Linnaeus, 1753:445. Purslane, coupie, pourpier. Plants succulent; axillary tufts of hairs inconspicuous; leaves obovate to spatulate; flowers yellowish; capsule circumscissile near middle; seeds black, finely granulate. Pantropical weed; in Dominica near sea level on west coast: Colihaut (Kimber 1071, Lloyd 861), Loubiere (Hodge 3866), Rodneys Rock (DeFilipps 170), Roseau (Ernst 2151). Used by Caribs as a green vegetable and as a poultice for back pains (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:557). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:165, pi. 132) reported more medicinal uses. The Roseau collection (Ernst 2151), found in paving stones and rock walls, needs further study. It is succulent and subglabrous like P. oleracea but has distinctly opposite leaves like P. quadrifida. It could be an aspect of P. oleracea. Portulaca halimoides Portulaca halimoides lAimaeus, 1762:639. — Legrand, 1962:99. Portulaca martinicensis Urban, 1907, 5:342. NUMBER 77 PORTULACACEAE — ^RHEOPHORACEAE 183 Plants with conspicuous axillary tufts of hairs; leaves linear; flowers yellowish; capsule circumscissile well below middle; seeds black, granular. Neotropics; only once collected in Dominica on dry west coast; Colihaut {Lloyd 855). Portulaca pilosa Portulaca pilosa Linnaeus, 1753:445. — Legrand, 1962:80. Plants with conspicuous axillary tufts of hairs; leaves linear; flowers reddish; seeds black, tuberculate. Widespread weed; in Dominica, usually along dry west coast: Carib Reserve {Stehli 6647), Colihaut {DeFilipps 183, Lloyd 861), Grand Savanna {Hodge 3788, Lloyd 838, Wilbur 7670, 7671), Portsmouth {Hodge 441), Scotts Head {Hodge 1622, Lloyd 513). The second Wilbur collection from the Grand Savanna {7671) has remarkably large petals (-1.5 cm long) but otherwise was noted to be like the rest of the population represented by Wilbur 7670. At one point it was thought that this was P. grandiflora W. Hooker, an occasionally introduced and cultivated species, but it does not have the steely gray seeds with stalked tubercles of that species. Adams (1972:267) noted that P. pilosa has petals only 4-6 mm long. Talinum Adanson Talinum paniculatum Talinum paniculatum (Jacquin) Gaeitner, 1791, 2:219. Portulaca paniculata Jacquin, 1760:22. Talinum patens Willdenow, 1800, 2:863. Glabrous herb to 1.2 m; leaves succulent; inflorescence much branched; petals pink. Neotropics; in Dominica along dry west coast: Colihaut {Ernst 1142, Lloyd 854), Loubiere {Hodge 3871), Massacre {Whitefoord 4637), Portsmouth {Hodge 442), Rodneys Rock {Nicolson 4052), Salisbury {Wilbur 8108). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:167, pi. 133) reported medicinal uses of the leaf juice. Ranunculaceae Clematis dioica Clematis dioica\lvm?ie.\is, 1759:1084. Clematis dominicana Lamarck, 1786, 2:45. Clematis dioica var. dominicana (Lamarck) Kuntze, 1885:102. Dioecious or polygamous vine with twining petioles; leaves opposite, 3-5-foliolate; sepals petaloid, 4; achenes with long, plumose style. Neotropics; apparently rare in interior rainforest of Dominica 600-750 m: Baiac {Whitefoord 3832), Mome Colla Anglais {Hodge 408), Sylvania {Hodge 807 of Ipomoea tiliacea includes a few leaves of this species), sine loc. {Imray 117 at K). Hodge 408 was flowering (staminate) in August. Some Imray collections (K) have been annotated by Lourteig as “C. dioica var. brasiliana (DC.) Eichl.,” indicating that they should be 4-5-foliolate (teste Lourteig, 1956:36-37). Among the duplicates of Imray 117 (K), there are 1-, 3-, and 5-foliolate branches. I cannot accept the var. brasiliana, as the key character appears to vary within the same collection. Clematis dominicana was described as having 3-foliolate leaves. Rhamnaceae (by R. DeFilipps) A sterile specimen of Zizyphus sp., Fairchild 2781, was collected in the Roseau Botanic Gardens in 1932 as "Z. oeoplia Mill, aff.” The leaves seem to have tawny pubescence beneath. Asian Zizyphus mauritiana Lamarck (inch Zizyphus jujuba (Linnaeus) Lamarck, non Miller), with stipular thorns and leaves white-tomentose below, may be cultivated in Dominica. 1. Climber with tendrils; leaves alternate; ovary inferior; fruit a 3-winged capsule Gouania 1. Tree or shrub; leaves ± opposite; ovary superior; fruit a drupe Krugiodendron Gouania Jacquin Gouania lupuloides Gouania lupuloides (Linnaeus) Urban, 1910, 4:378. — Whitefoord, 1989:144. Banisteria lupuloides Linnaeus, 1753:427. Gouania domingensis Linnaeus, 1763:1663. — Grisebach, 1860:101. Climbing or trailing shrub; leaves serrate, apex acute; petals 5, hooded. Central America and Antilles; apparently rare on Dominica: Dublanc {Whitefoord 5202), Petit Coulibri on south coast {Whitefoord 4666), sine loc. {Imray 45 at K). Rowering in November, fruiting in January. Krugiodendron Urban Krugiodendron ferreum Krugiodendron ferreum (Vahl) Urban, 1902, 3:314. Rhamnus ferreus Vahl, 1794, 3:41. Condalia ferrea (Vahl) Grisebach, 1860:100. Tree or shrub; leaves entire, apex emarginate; petals absent. Central America and Antilles to Venezuela; apparently rare in Dominica on dry west coast near sea level: Prince Ruperts Head [Cabrits] {Finlay? s.n. at K). Rhizophoraceae The mangrove, Rhizophora mangle Linnaeus, a small tree of tidal mudflats, has not yet been collected on Dominica. As 184 Rhezdphoraceae — Rubiaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Hodge (1964:31) noted, “the common genera of mangrove {Rhizophora, Avicennia, Laguncularia, and Conocarpus) are absent from Dominica, a fact easily accounted for by the lack of sufficient lowland sites on an island where the coastUne is very precipitous.” Actually, Laguncularia racemosa (Combreta- ceae) now has been collected in the Cabrit swamp. Cassipourea guinanensis Cassipourea guinanensis Aublet, 1775, 1:529. — L.O. WiUiams, 1961:369. Legnotis elliptica Swartz, 1788:84. Cassipourea elliptica (Swartz) Poiret in Lamarck, 1811, Encycl., Suppl., 2:131. Cassipourea alba Grisebach, 1857:223(75). Cassipourea elliptica var. alba (Grisebach) Grisebach, 1860:274. Cassipourea elliptica var. pauciserrata Grisebach, 1860:274. Bois agouti, pois die, goyavier. Shrub or tree to 1 1 m, without stilt roots; leaves opposite, ± entire; flowers pedicellate, fascicled in leaf axils; petals white, feathery-villous; style persistent, pubescent. Central America, northern South America, and Antilles; in Dominica occasional in dry thickets to rainforest 20-750 m: Calibishie {Hodge 138), Dublanc {Hodge 2547), Grand Bay {Wilbur 7916), Hungry Hill Estate {Whitefoord 4428), La Fanchette {Chambers 2730), La Plaine {Ernst 1366, Whitefoord 5369, Wilbur 8164), Laudat {Eggers 616, Hodge 2092), Lisdara {Cooper 160), Mome Anglais {Nicolson 4108), Mome Colla Anglais {Hodge 1176), Pagua Bay {Chambers 2626), Petite Soufri^re Bay {Stern & Wasshausen 2479), Pointe Baptiste {Beard 1469), Pointe Carib {Wilbur 7916), Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2675), Ridgefield {Hodge 2123), Roche d’Or {Stern & Wasshausen 2576), Salisbury {Webster 13494), South Chiltem {Hodge 1565), Syndicate {Ernst 1994). Howering January-April, fruiting May-July, new shoots in August. Rosaceae See also Chrysobalanaceae. Howard (1988, 4:319) reported cultivated loquat, Eriobotrya japonica (Thunberg) Lindley, from Dominica with an exclamation mark, indicating he has seen a voucher specimen. Potentilla angelica Leichard, an unarmed herb with radiately 5-foliolate leaves, was once found at Ridgefield Estate {Hodge 2157) growing in a rose bed as a weed from “moss used for packing a shipment of roses from England.” As Howard (1964:281) pointed out, the species does not seem to persist. 1. Stems unarmed; leaves simple, entire; fruit a drupe .... Prunus 1. Stems armed with prickles; leaves pinnately compound, leaflets serrate; fruit an aggregate of drupelets Rubus Prunus Linnaeus Prunus pleuradenia Prunus pleuradenia Grisebach, 1860:231. — Howard, 1988, 4:322. Tree to 15 m; leaves -10 cm x 5 cm, basal glands of lower leaf surface usually closer to margin than midrib and a httle above the base; flowers white, in unbranched racemes. Lesser Antilles; apparently rare in Dominica in montane forests at 700 m: Laudat {Chambers 2688). Rubus Linnaeus Rubus rosifolius Rubus rosifolius J.E. Smith, 1791, 3, pi. 60, "rosaefolius" . — Howard, 1988, 4:325. Praise, wild raspberry. Sprawhng, armed ± herbaceous shrub; leaves pinnately compound; petals white; fruit red. Native of Southeast Asia, naturalized in West Indies and elsewhere; common in Dominica at midelevations: Laudat {Ernst 1476, Lloyd 48, Nicolson 1973, Smith 10252), LTm- prevue {Narodny s.n.), Lisdara {Hodge 581), Massacre River waterfalls {Hodge 1346), Mome Gombo {Eggers s.n.), Roseau River canyon {Fairchild s.n.). South Chiltem {Hodge 1488), Trois Pitons {Hodge 580), Wallhouse {Eggers s.n.). Syndicate (DHN!). Fruits reported to be used to make jam. Said to have been imported from Guadeloupe. Apparently the Eggers collections (1880, 1881) are the first from Dominica. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:167, pi. 134) reported leaf infusion use against tachycar- dia. Howard (l.c., 324) attributed double-flowered Rubus coronarius (Sims) Sweet to Dominica without an asterisk. All specimens at hand seem to single-flowered. Rubiaceae This family is easily recognized by opposite (even whorled), entire and stipulate leaves and inferior ovary. The following key is artificial, avoiding the important but difficult character of the number of ovules per locule, the aim being to aid identification. Lyman B. Smith prepared the initial draft for this family and Joseph Kirkbride, Jr., reviewed a later draft. Coffee is much cultivated in Dominica. Cojfea arabica Linnaeus tends to have smaller leaves (<20 cm long) than the others, a calyculus with small leafy appendages, acute stipules, and leaves that are cuneate at the base and acuminate at the apex: Lisdara {Cooper 156), South Chiltem {Ernst 1315), Sylvania {Cooper 69, Hodge 2500). Coffea canephora var. robusta (Linden ex De Wil deman) Chevalier tends to have leaves >20 cm long, calyculus with large, leafy appendages, acute stipules and leaves rounded to NUMBER 77 Rubiaceae 185 obtuse at the base and blunt at the apex (incl. bluntly acuminate): Clarke Hall {Ernst 1418), Syndicate road {White- foord 5676, 5677). Cojfea liberie a Bull ex Hiem has leaves >20 cm long, calyculus without leafy appendages, obtuse stipules, and leaves cuneate at base and blunt at apex: Clarke Hall {Ernst 1420), Peineville {Kimber 851), Syndicate {Whitefoord 3887), and is reported as escaping at Clarke Hall {Stern & Wasshausen 2441) and Lisdara {Cooper 155). Pentas lanceolata (Forssk^) Defiers, an African subshrub with showy, terminal, red to lilac inflorescences, was collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 783[1]) and at Baiac {Whitefoord 5451). Posqueria latifolia (Rudge) Roemer & Schultes, a South American tree with pendulous white corollas >10 cm long, was collected in the Roseau Botanic Gardens {Hodge 3925). Sipanea pratensis Aublet, a South American subshrub with pink corollas and linear calyx lobes, was reported for Dominica (Standley in North Amer. FI., 1921, 32:93). Vangueria madagascariensis Gmelin has been identified from material {Ernst 1415) “presumed cultivated at Springfield Estate.... Said to be called tamarind,” and {Whitefoord 3747) “Roadside above Canefield airport, trunk 60 cm diameter.” Whitefoord (1989:147) reported that it is cultivated for the fruits, marketed as “tamarins des Indes.” Excluded Rubiaceae Ernodea littoralis Swartz was attributed to Dominica by Howard (1964, mss.). This species apparently does not occur south of Guadeloupe and seems characteristic of coralline limestone substrate, absent from Dominica. Hamelia patens Jacquin was reported from Dominica by Grisebach (1861:320), based on an Imray collection that could not be located. Elias (1976:106) said the southernmost Antillean occurrence is Martinique, where it is cultivated. I believe the Dominica record to be based on a misidentification (or, possibly, from cultivation); for example, I have seen a few specimens of Palicourea crocea, a very common species of Dominica, misidentified as H. patens. 1. Rowers sessile, in clusters or pedunculate heads. 2. Inflorescence a pedunculate head of sessile flowers. 3. Heads axillary, without subtending involucre; ovaries fused in fruit Morinda 3. Heads terminal, involucrate; ovaries free in fruit. 4. Involucral bracts free; fruit blue; leaves thin .... Psychotria urbaniana 4. Involucral bracts united; fruit white; leaves thick Schradera 2. Inflorescence a cluster of sessile flowers. 5. Stipules 2-lobed; leaves >3 cm wide Psychotria aubletiana 5. Stipules many-toothed; leaves <2 cm wide. 6. Fruit circumscissile Mitracarpus 6. Fruit separating into 2 cocci, not circumscissile. 7. Cocci separating, indehiscent or opening at bottom; terminal flower clusters usually smaller than axillary clusters Diodia 1. Cocci partially separating, at least 1 opening at top; terminal clusters of flowers usually larger than axillary clusters Spermacoce 1. Rowers pedicellate or, if sessile, in branching inflorescences. 8. Plants small herbs; leaves <3 cm long. 9. Leaves 4-whorled Relbunium 9. Leaves paired. 10. Leaves cordate; berries partially united Geophila 10. Leaves linear or, if cordate, <0.5 mm x 0.5 mm Hedyotis 8. Plants not as above. 11. Rower solitary. 12. Rower terminal Hillia 12. Rower axillary. 13. Leaves several cm across Exostema caribaeum 13. Leaves several mm across Hedyotis callitrichoides 11. Rowers several in a branched inflorescence. 14. Inflorescence secund (flowers facing to one side). 15. Inflorescence elongate, with minor branches; flower and fruits on pedicels to 0.5 cm long Gonzalugunia 186 Rubiaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 15. Inflorescences rather broad, with 2 or 4 main branches; flowers and fruits sessile. 16. Inflorescence pubescent Guettarda 16. Inflorescence glabrous. 17. Stipules free; inflorescence branches equaling the peduncle Antirhea 17. Stipules united in a tube; inflorescence branches much shorter than the peduncle Neolaugeria 14. Inflorescence not secund. 18. Inflorescence ± sessile (peduncle to 1 cm), tightly or not branched. 19. Plants twining vines; calyx foliose, conspicuous Manettia 19. Plants shrubs or small trees; calyx truncate, inconspicuous. 20. Leaves <3 cm long, rounded; plants often armed with stipular spines Randia 20. Leaves >10 cm long, acute; plants unarmed. 21. Flowers white, at leafy nodes; stipules persistent Coffea 21. Flowers yellow or red, at leafless nodes; stipules deciduous . . . Ixora 18. Inflorescence long-pedunculate or, if short, then loosely branched. 22. Inflorescences strictly terminal. 23. Flowers >2 cm long; peduncle branched at or near base. 24. Calyx toothed; fruit an elongate capsule Exostema 24. Calyx truncate; fruit a spherical to ellipsoid berry. 25. Rowers white, 4-merous; stamens included; ovary and fruit <1 cm long Faramea 25. Flowers yellow, 5-merous; stamens exserted, reflexed; ovary and fruit >1 cm long Genipa 23. Flowers <2 cm long; peduncle unbranched. 26. Peduncle red; flowers yellow; inflorescence ± corymbose Palicourea 26. Peduncle green; flowers white or pink; inflorescence pyramidal. 27. Inflorescence short (<6 cm); stipules fimbriate .... Rudgea 27. Inflorescence longer than 6 cm; stipules not fimbriate. 28. Ovule/seed apical and pendulous Chione 28. Ovule/seed basal and ascending Psychotria 22. Inflorescences axillary. 29. Calyx deeply toothed, persistent. 30. Plants glabrous; fruit a berry; sprawling shrubs or vines Chiococca 30. Plants pubescent; fruit a capsule; trees Rondeletia 29. Calyx shallowly toothed to truncate. 31. Plants succulent herbs; flowers sessile Psychotria 31. Plants woody; flowers pedicellate. 32. Tree; fruit capsular; leaves 15 cm or longer; stipules large, deciduous Chimarrhis 32. Shrubs or pendant epiphytes; fruit berries; leaves <15 cm long; stipules small, persistent. 33. Leaves rounded; shrubs near seacoast Erithalis 33. Leaves acute; pendant epiphytes in interior Psychotria guadalupensis Antirhea Commerson ex Jussieu Antirhea coriacea Antirhea coriacea (Vahl) Urban, 1899, 1:436. — Standley in North Amer. FI., 1934, 32:272. Laugeria coriacea Vahl, 1797, Eclog., 1:26. Acouquoi, aukakua (Carib). Small tree to 5 m; leaves glabrous, ovate-elliptic; cymes helicoid with many fragrant, white to pink flowers; calyx 4-lobed. Jamaica through Lesser Antilles; in Dominica an understory tree of rainforest, 300-800 m: Carib Reserve? (Taylor 100), NUMBER 77 Rubiaceae 187 Glasham (Nicolson 2009), Lisdara {Cooper 186), Mome Plat Pays ridge {Hodge 1732), Warner to Pointe Lolo road {Ernst 1955), Syndicate {Whitefoord 3892). Hodge and Taylor (1957:610) reported the wood is used for posts, the fruits are eaten by birds, and the bark may be used for washing sores. Chimarrhis Jacquin Chimarrhis cymosa Chimarrhis cymosa Jacquin, 1763:61. — Standley in North Amer. R., 1918, 32:5. — Steyermark, 1965:184. Bois riviere. Medium to large tree to 10 m; stipules to 3 cm, soon deciduous and leaving a circular scar; leaves obovate, to 40 cm long, with white tufts at juncture of lateral veins and midrib; inflorescence large, with fragrant, white flowers; fruits capsu- lar. Typical subspecies from Guadeloupe to St. Vincent (other subspecies in Jamaica and Cuba, teste Steyermark); common in mid-elevations of Dominica from lowlands to 800 m: Bataca {Stehli 6365), Clyde River {Ernst 1028), Delices {Whitefoord 3709), Deux Branches {Hodge 2986), Freshwater Lake {Nicolson 1839), Indian River {Hodge 3749), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3624), Lisdara {Hodge 2476), Milton {Hodge 2576), Mome Colla Anglais {Hodge 695, 891), Pont Casse {Webster 13478, Wilbur 8137), Portsmouth {Hodge 3749), Providence Valley {Hodge 2065), Roche d’Or {Stern & Wasshausen 2582), Roseau Valley Waterfalls {Hodge 2007), Syx\dicatc{Whitefoord 3595), sine loc. {Cooper 38, Fishlock 10). The wood is yellow, used for boards (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:610). Chiococca Browne Chiococca alba Chiococca alba (Linnaeus) Hitchcock, 1893:94. — Standley in North Amer. R., 1934, 32:287.— Steyermark, 1972:380.— Howard, 1989, 6:398. Weak shmb or vine with yellowish flowers and striking white berries. 1. Inflorescence >3.5 cm long, peduncle 1. 2-3.0 cm long; flowers usually 9-27; leaves acute, 5-11 cm x 2.0-4.5 cm subsp. alba 1. Inflorescence usually <3.5 cm long, peduncle 0.4-1. 5 cm long; flowers usually 5-8; leaves obtuse, 2-6 cm x 1-3 cm subsp. parvifolia 1 Chiococca alba subsp. alba \ I Lonicera alba Linnaeus, 1753:175. I Chiococca racemosa Linnaeus, 1759a:917. I Widely distributed in neotropics but apparently rare in I Lesser Antilles; in Dominica only in one ravine: Grand Savanne near Salisbury {Wilbur 8346). Chiococca alba subsp. parvifolia Chiococca alba subsp. parvifolia (Grisebach) Steyermark, 1971:138; 1972:381. Chiococca parvifolia WuUschlaegel ex Grisebach, 1861:337. — Standley in North Amer. R., 1934, 32:288.— Howard, 1989, 6:399. Agouti vine, ti buanda, buenda, branda. Antilles; common in Dominica in lowlands and along coasts: L’Anse Noire {Ernst 1685, Wilbur 7516), Anse du Me {Ernst 1556), Cabrit Swamp {Nicolson 1895, Smith 10312), Carib Reserve {Hodge 3283, Stehld 6390), Castle Bmce {Ramage s.n.). Fern ViUa {Hodge 2129), Grand Bay {Ernst 1076, Wilbur 7902), Grand Savanne {Stern & Wasshausen 2451), Hampstead {Lloyd 672, 639), La Plaine {Wilbur 8163), Marigot {Hodge 683), Roche Marque {Webster 13474), below Syndicate {Whitefoord 4308), Woodford Hill Bay {Wilbur 8311), sine loc. {Fishlock 55). Rowers are mixed with those of Petraea kohautiana to brew a tea used by Caribs as an abortive (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:611). Chione A.P. Candolle Chione venosa Chione venosa (Swartz) Urban, 1911, 4:594. — Standley in North Amer. R., 1934, 32:292. Jacquinia venosa Swartz, 1788:47. Psychotria megalosperma Vahl, 1807, Eclog., 3:3, pi. 21, nom. illeg. inch Jacquinia venosa Swartz, 1788. Chione glabra A.R CandoUe, 1830, 4:461. Bois anda. Tree to 10 m; stipules deltoid, deciduous; inflorescence paniculate, loose; pedicels -1 cm long; calyx a ± truncate rim; corolla white, with short, rounded lobes; anthers basally attached to elongate filaments; fmit a ridged berry >1 cm long. Scattered from Jamaica to Trinidad; apparently rare and to be sought in Dominica: Layou Rats {Ramage s.n.), sine loc. {Imray 326 at K, Imray s.n. at GH). In Guadeloupe from seaside to 800 m, a useful timber in Grenada. Confusable with Erithalis, but leaves not obovate, and Psychotria, but flowers rather longer-stalked and ovule position different. Diodia Linnaeus Diodia apiculata (Willdenow ex Roemer & Schultes) Schumann was attributed to Dominica by Velez (1957: 1 12), as Diodia rigida Chamisso & Schlechtendal. The species has extremely narrowly linear leaves and the awns of the stipules are glabrous. No collection from Dominica has been seen and its presence is unlikely. 188 Rubiaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Diodia ocymifolia Diodia ocymifolia (Willdenow) Bremekamp, 1934:305, “ocimifolia" . — Steyermark, 1972:791. Spermacoce ocymifolia WiUdenow in Roemer & Schultes, 1818, 3:530. Hemidiodia ocymifolia (Willdenow) Schumann in Martius, 1888, 6(6):30, pi. 72, "ocimifolia" . — Adams, 1972:732. Wild spinach. Herbaceous perennial with stipular awns ciliate to apex; stem terete with 2 lines of pubescence; axillary inflorescences sessile; fruit of 2 cocci, each with a basal ventral opening. Neotropical but spreading weed; common in Dominica in disturbed areas along roads or river beds: Carib Reserve {Hodge 4008), Deux Branches {Chambers 2771, Hodge 3491), Fond Figues bridge {Ernst 1022), Freshwater Lake {Fosberg 48272, Hodge 1866), Grand Bay {Wilbur 8029), Hampstead {Lloyd 608), Layou River mouth {Fosberg 48303), Milton Estate {Hodge 2590), Montpellier {Lloyd 591), Pont Casse {Wilbur 7730), Sylvania {Hodge 3984). Erithalis Browne Erithalis fruticosa Erithalis fruticosa Linnaeus, 1759a:930. — Standley in North Amer. FI., 1934, 32:280.— Adams, 1972:715. Erithalis odorifera Jacquin, 1763:72, pi. 173: fig. 23. — S. Moore & Rendle in Fawcett & Rendle, 1936, 7:67. Erithalis fruticosa var. odorifera (Jacquin) Grisebach, 1861:336. Erithalis fruticosa subsp. odorifera (Jacquin) Steyermark, 1973:248; 1974:870. Bois chandelle, bois flambeau, black torch, tuli (= torch in Carib). Small tree with obovate to elliptic leaves; stipules persistent, usually with a medial apiculum; inflorescence cymose and loose, long-pedunculate, borne in outer second to third leaf axils; petals white to cream, with elongate lobes and a short tube; calyx ± truncate; berries longitudinally ridged. Essentially Caribbean; common in Dominica at low eleva- tions, particularly in windswept vegetation along east coast: East Coast {Chambers 2610, Ernst 1921, Hodge 684, 3063, Nicolson 1991, Stehl^ 6648, Webster 13471, Wilbur 7528, 8328), North Coast {Cooper 129, Ernst 1553, Lloyd 607, Wasshausen & Ayensu 381, Wilbur 7517, 8304), South Coast {Ernst 1073, Webster 13450, Wilbur 8020), West Coast {Ernst 1432, Gillis 8132, Stern & Wasshausen 2399, Whitefoord 4021, 4300). Hodge and Taylor (1957:611) noted that the wood is hard and useful for posts. The wood is split and bound in torches 3-4 ft [1 m] long and 3-4 in [7-10 cm] thick and bum for about two hours. Steyermark (1974:870), Gillis (1976:81), Correll and Correll (1982:1388), and Howard (1989, 6:406) recognized a taxo- nomic distinction between Erithalis fruticosa and E. odorifera. Steyermark treated them as subspecies, Gillis as species, the Corrells as varieties, and Howard as species. Steyermark emphasized contrasts in flowers, Gillis emphasized characters in leaves and flowers, the Corrells emphasized floral and stipular characters, and Howard emphasized floral characters. Materials from the northern Caribbean seem to be smaller- flowered and -leaved {E. fruticosa, type locality: Jamaica) and materials from the Lesser Antilles appear to be generally larger-flowered and -leaved {E. odorifera, type locality: Martinique). Surprisingly, the most southerly materials, Cu- rasao and Venezuela, approach the northerly materials. I am inclined to agree with Little et al. (1974:930): “This is a variable species with races differing in leaves, flowers and fruits.” For purposes of this work I recognize only one taxon. Most Dominican materials are intermediate with a few representatives of each extreme but Howard (l.c.) only attributed E. odorifera to Dominica. Exostema (Persoon) L.C. Richard ex Humboldt & Bonpland Rowers >5 cm long; fruit a many-seeded capsule. 1. Rowers solitary in axils, white; leaves <10 cm long E. caribaeum 1. Flowers in terminal cymes, pink to purple; leaves >10 cm long E. sanctae-luciae Exostema caribaeum Exostema caribaeum (Jacquin) Schultes in Roemer & Schultes, 1819, 5:18. — Standley in North Amer. FI., 1921, 32:120. Cinchona caribaea Jacquin, 1760:16. Shrub or small tree to 5 m; stipules persistent, acute; flowering June-August with a vaniUa fragrance. Caribbean; occasional in Dominica in scrublands along west coast: Cabrits {Ernst 1927, Whitefoord 4042), Gabriel {Wilbur 8240), Grand Savanne {Lloyd 828), Stern & Wasshausen 2457), Pointe Ronde {Ernst 1561, Hodge 2745). Collected in fruit without leaves in April. Exostema sancta-luciae Exostema sanctae-luciae (Kenli&h) Britten, 1915:138, "Exostemma." Cinchona sanctae-luciae Kentish, 1784:52. Cinchona floribunda Swartz, 1788:41. Exostema floribundum (Swartz) Schultes in Roemer & Schultes, 1819, 5:19. — Standley in North Amer. FI., 1921, 32:122. Quina, chinna rouge, bois amer, utauaho (Carib). Tree to 12 m; leaves elliptic -15 cm x 7 cm; stipules tubular, obtuse. Guadeloupe(?) to St. Vincent; occasional in Dominica in wet, open woodlands from 100-1000 m: Carib Reserve {Taylor 147), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3609), Concorde {Nicolson 4063), Freshwater Lake {Eggers 542), Hatton Garden {Hodge 3018), Lisdara {Cooper 52, 164), Providence Valley {Hodge 2047), South Chiltem {Ernst 1110, Stern & Wasshausen 2490), Syndicate {Hodge 2909, Whitefoord 3656), sine loc. {Imray NUMBER 77 Rubiaceae 189 s.n.. Cooper 54, 54A, Ramage s.n.). Flowers December- March, Howard (1989, 6:412) said that Greater Antillean materials previously identified with this species are best assigned to Exostema ellipticum Grisebach. A decoction is used as an emetic and purgative by Caribs and the wood for paddles (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:611). Faramea Aublet Faramea occidentalis Faramea occidentalis (Linnaeus) A. Richard, 1829:96; 1834:176. — Steyermark, 1967:384. Ixora occidentalis Linnaeus, 1759a:893. Line rod, cafe marron. Small tree to 8 m; stipule with awn longer than tube; inflorescence terminal, often several from the same node; corollas elongate, purple in bud, pinkish white and fragrant at anthesis, promptly deciduous; berries spherical, dark purple to black. Neotropics; occasional to common in Dominica in wet interior, 100-700 m: La Chaudiere {Hodge 3594), La Plaine area {Ernst 1363, Nicolson 4125), Pont Casse area {Ernst 1801, Howard 11759, Lloyd 755, Wilbur 8286, 8319), east of Salisbury {Stern & Wasshausen 2585, Webster 13555), Sylvania {Hodge 688, 689, 690, 1153), Syndicate {Hodge 2616, Wasshausen & Ayensu 350, Whitefoord 3539, 3549), sine loc. {Imray 247). Genipa Linnaeus Genipa americana Genipa americana Linnaeus, 1759a:931. — Standley in North Amer. R., 1921, 32:156. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964:512, pi. 243. Genip, alasibikai (by Carib men), saua (by Carib women). Medium tree; leaves obovate-oblanceolate, glossy, clustered on branch ends; stipules acute, deciduous; corolla pale yellow, 5-lobed, ~2 cm long and 3 cm across; style exserted; fruits ~6 cm long, brown, thick-walled, many-seeded. Neotropics; only plants known to me in Dominica are just south of Portsmouth: by highway 3 miles [5 km] south of Portsmouth {Nicolson 4190), bottom of road to Hungry Hill {Whitefoord 5910). Said not to occur on Dominica by Beard (1944:65). Not known to foresters, perhaps introduced by Caribs. Hodge and Taylor (1957:611) discussed at length how the Caribs use it as source of blue skin stain and an ingredient in treating yaws. Geophila D. Don, nom. cons. Geophila repens Geophila repens (Linnaeus) Johnston, 1949a:281. — Steyermark, 1972:395. Rondeletia repens lirmaeus, 1759a:928. Psychotria herbacea Jacquin, 1760:16. Geophila herbacea (Jacquin) Schumann in Engler & Prantl, 1891, IV(4):1 19. Petit caapi tourtelle. Creeping herb with cordate leaves, white flowers, and red berries. Neotropics; occasional ground cover or weed of damp, disturbed areas in lowlands of Dominica: Carib Reserve {StehU 6423), Clarke Hall {Ernst 1581, Nicolson 2003, Stern & Wasshausen 2404). A ritual bath is made from this by Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:612). An Asiatic element, illustrated by Rheede (1690:10, pi. 21), was cited in the original protologues of both Rondeletia repens Linnaeus and Psychotria herbacea Jacquin, both apparently typified on neotropical elements. See Nicolson et al. (1988:221) for synonymy and a summary. Howard (1989, 6:416) expressed reservations. Gonzalagunia Ruiz & Pavon, nom. cons. Gonzalagunia hirsuta Gonzalagunia hirsuta (Jacquin) Schumann in Martins, 1889, 6(6):291. — Howard, 1973b:456. Justicia hirsuta Jacquin, 1760:11. Lygistum spicatum Lamarck, 1792, Tabl., 1:286. Gonzalagunia spicata (Lamarck) Gomez de la Maza, 1 894:289. — Steyermark, 1972:313. Duggena spicata (Lamarck) Standley, 1916b:126; in North Amer. R., 1921, 32:135. Bois cabrit. Herbaceous shrub to 4 m; stipules lanceolate to linear; inflorescence terminal, arching, secund; calyx lobes 4(15), linear; corolla white; fruits white, turning purple, dicoccous. Hispaniola to northern South America; a common weed in Dominica in disturbed and wet areas: Clarke Hall {Ernst 1975, Stern & Wasshausen 2407, Wilbur 7363), Freshwater Lake area {Chambers 2670, Lloyd 195, Ernst 1722, Smith 10249), Grand Bay {Wilbur 8023), Lisdara {Hodge 681, 2341), Londonderry {Chambers 2517), Melville Hall {Hodge 682), Pont Casse area {Ernst 1018), Nicolson 1848, Skog 1572, Webster 13383, Wilbur 7535, 7544), Portsmouth {Ernst 1055), Sylvania {Cooper 25), Syndicate {Whitefoord 3529), sine loc. {Imray 244, Cooley 8711). On 20 May 1977 (Syndicate Estate) I noted flowering specimens at 580 m to be of two kinds, with style exserted and stamens in throat or vice versa. Guettarda Linnaeus Flowers sessile and secund. 1. Leaves oblong-obovate, to 3 cm long; inflorescence 3-6-flowered G. odorata 190 Rubiaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 1. Leaves ovate-elliptic, >5 cm long; inflorescence many- flowered. 2. Leaves >15 cm long, glabrous above, pubescent below only on veins; stipules broad, >1 cm long G. crispiflora 2. Leaves to 10 cm long, scabrous above, tomentose below; stipules narrow, <1 cm long G. scabra Guettarda crispiflora Guettarda crispiflora Vahl, 1797, Eclog., 1:36, pi. 6. — Standley in North Amer. FI., 1934, 32:233.-4Steyermark 1972:367. Small tree to 12 m (noted 5 cm dbh at 1 1(X) m on Diablotins); peduncles once-forked with elongate branches; corollas fringed, white to pink; fruits turgid, becoming 4-angled when dry. Montserrat to Grenada (other subspecies in South America); occasional in Dominica in interior, 600-1000 m: Mome Micotrin area {Chambers 2737, Ernst 1089, 2174, Wass hausen & Ayensu 333, Webster 13258, Wilbur 8198), Mome Diablot- ins {Hodge 2798, Whitefoord 4561), Rosalie {Eggers 636), sine loc. {Imray s.n.). Guettarda odorata Guettarda odorata (Jacquin) Lamarck [1792, Tabl., 1, pi. 154: fig. 4, sine nom.], 1819, Tabl., 2:219. — Standley in North Amer. FI., 1934, 32:259. — Steyermark, 1972:360. Laugieria odorata Jacquin, 1760:16. Guettarda parviflora Vahl, 1798, Eclog., 2:26. — Standley in North Amer. H., 1934, 32:257. Guettarda parvifolia Swartz, 1806:1958. Shrub to 4 m with few-flowered cymes to 2 cm long; coroUas white, margins entire; fruits turgid, not ridged when dry. West Indies (not Jamaica) to Isla Marguerita; occasional to abundant in Dominica north of the Grand Savanne: south slopes of Batali River {Ernst 1643), Gabriel slopes {Wilbur 8241, 8273), sine loc. {Imray s.n.). Flowering June-August, fruiting in August. Steyermark (1972:360) re-lectotypified Laugieria odorata Jacquin on Cuban material, rather than on Colombian material (= G. divaricata) as previously done by Standley. Guettarda scabra Guettarda scabra (Linnaeus) Ventenat, 1803:1, pi. 1. — Lamarck [1792, Tabl., 1, pi. 154: fig. 3, sine nom.], 1819, Tabl., 2:218. — Standley in North Amer. n., 1934, 32:239.— Steyermark, 1972:365. Matthiola scabra Linnaeus, 1753:1 192. Guettarda rugosa Swartz, 1788:59. Pasture wattle, bois savanne. Shrub or tree to 10 m; inflorescence 4-branched; flowers crowded, petals white to pink, entire; fruits spherical. Neotropical into Venezuela; common to occasional in Dominica near coasts to 200 m: East coast {Ernst 1369, Hodge 3186, Stehli 6381, 6419), North coast {Ernst 1686, 1830, Hodge 698, 3139, Lloyd 663, Wilbur 7519, 8300), West coast from Capuchin to Grand Savanne {Ernst 1391, Hodge 3497, 3787, Lloyd 726, Nicolson 1913, Stern & Wasshausen 2448, 2540, Wasshausen & Ayensu 383, Webster 13405, Whitefoord 4488, Wilbur 7650), South coast {Wilbur 7904). Used for living fences. Hedyotis Linnaeus Small herbs with capsular, bilocular, loculicidal fruits. 1. Leaves tiny (2-3 mm long), rotund; flowers solitary H. callitrichoides 1. Leaves 1-2 cm long, lanceolate-linear; flowers paired or in cymes. 2. Rowers usually paired in leaf axils, pedicels >1 cm long H. commutata 2. Rowers several, in peduncled cymes, pedicels <1 cm long H. corymbosa Hedyotis callitrichoides Hedyotis callitrichoides (Grisebach) W.H. Lewis, 1961:222. — Whitefoord, 1989:146. Oldenlandia callitrichoides Grisebach, 1862a:506. — Standley in North Amer. n., 1918, 32:11. Oldenlandiopsis callitrichoides (Grisebach) TerreU & W.H. Lewis, 1990:185. Scattered in northern neotropics; an easily overlooked herb, often in cracks of terraces or stairs: La Plaine {Whitefoord 5374), South Chiltem Estate {Ernst 1873). Hedyotis commutata Hedyotis commutata J.H. & J.A. Schultes in Roemer & Schultes, 1827 [Jul], 3(Mant.): 134.— Whitefoord, 1989:146. Hedyotis lancifolia Schumacher, 1827 [month?]:72. — Howard, 1989, 6:424. Oldenlandia lancifolia (Schumacher) A.R Candolle, 1830, 4:425. — Steyermark, 1972:309. — Verdcourt in Milne-Redhead & PoUiill, 1976, Rub., 292. Widespread weed; new record for Dominica: Trafalgar Falls road {Whitefoord 4589). It is assumed that Hedyotis commutata was published before H. lancifolia. Hedyotis corymbosa Hedyotis corymbosa (Linnaeus) Lamarck, 1792, Tabl., 1:272. Oldenlandia corymbosa Linnaeus, 1753:119. — Steyermark, 1972:309. Pantropical weed; occasional in Dominica in exposed or disturbed places: Baiac road {Whitefoord 4361), Cabrits {Whitefoord 4037), Clarke Hall {Ernst 1503), Goodwill {Ernst 1279), Roseau streets {Ernst 2148, in a diminutive and dense aspect), Scotts Head {Ernst 1333, Wilbur 7600), Soufriere {Lloyd 406, not seen), Tarou cliffs {Nicolson 1966), Wallhouse {Eggers 571). NUMBER 77 Rubiaceae 191 Adjanohoun et al. (1985: 169, pi. 136) reported medicinal use (as Oldenlandia corymbosa L.) as a decoction syrup to treat grippe. Hillia Jacquin Hillia parasitica Hillia parasitica Jacxjuin, 1760:18. — Standley in North Amer. H., 1921, 32:116.— Steyermark, 1972:291. Hillia longiflora Swartz, 1788:58, nom. Uleg. Sprawling shrub or liana with solitary, terminal, (4-)6-lobed flowers ~10 cm long; leaves acuminate, leathery; stipules 3 cm X 1 cm, soon deciduous; fruit an elongate (to 6 cm) capsule with hairy seeds. Northern neotropics; common to occasional in Dominica in interior forests, 450-1150 m: Bellevue {Taylor 33), Boiling Lake {Hodge 1939), Carib Reserve {Hodge 3237), Concorde Valley {Hodge 3110), Pointe Lolo {Webster 13386), Laudat- Freshwater Lake area {Chambers 2690, Ernst 1098, Gillis 8161, Hodge 1802, 1839, Lloyd 164, Nicolson 1840, Smith 10256, Webster 13239, Wilbur 7389), Pont Casse area {Ernst 1012, Stern & Wasshausen 2557, Webster 13469, Wilbur 7816, 7845), Syndicate {Hodge 2587). Ixora Linnaeus Ixora macrothyrsa (Teijsmann & Binnendijk) T. Moore has been collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 974, 3952). This may be a misidentification of Ixora casei Hance or Ixora dujfii T. Moore, true 7. macrothyrsa being apparently unknown in cultivation. 1. Leaves sessile; inflorescence terminal; flowers to 5 cm long I. coccinea 1. Leaves shortly but clearly petiolate; inflorescence axillary (on old wood); flowers to 1 cm long I.ferrea Ixora coccinea Ixora coccinea Linnaeus, 1753:110. — Fosberg & Sachet, 1989:487. Petit z’icaque. Shrub with rounded to ± amplexicaul leaf-bases; color forms from yellow to red. Asiatic species now widely cultivated; cultivated in Domin- ica but collected once on windswept east coast: Castle Bruce trail between Salybia and Gaulettre River {Hodge 3333), cult, in Roseau Bot. Garden as /. lutea {Fairchild 2668) and 7. chinensis {Fairchild s.n). Ixora ferrea Ixora ferrea (Jacquin) Bentham, 1850:447. — Standley in North Amer. FI., 1934, 32:299.— Steyermark, 1967:352. Sideroxyloides ferreum Jacquin, 1763:19, pi. 175: fig. 9. Bois pichette, bois crapaud. Small tree to 12 m; flowers axillary in 1-3-flowered cymes, pink to orange-red outside and white within. West Indies and Venezuela; infrequent in Dominica but pervasive in eastern subcoastal woodlands and interior to 750 m: Brush {Nicolson 2157, Wasshausen & Ayensu 405), Castle Bruce {Ramage s.n.). La Plaine area {Chambers 2727, Ernst 1913), Laudat-Freshwater Lake area {Chambers 2681), Mome au Diable {Nicolson 1931, Wasshausen & Ayensu 371), Lisdara {Cooper 159, 159A, Hodge 2391, 2473), Mome Plat Pays {Wilbur 7870), Pointe Lolo {Ernst 1172, 1548), Red Gully {Hodge 2510), Sylvania {Hodge 1035), Syndicate {Whitefoord 4359). Manettia Mutis ex Linnaeus, nom. cons. Manettia dominicensis Manettia dominicensis Wemham, 1918:37. — Standley in North Amer. FI., 1921, 32:98. Manettia calycosa sensu Grisebach, 1861 :330, as to Dominican specimen cited. Twining vine; calyx 4-lobed, the lobes -2.5 mm broad at base, tapering, persistent, -6 mm long; corolla white, -1 cm long, tubular. Guadeloupe to St. Vincent (St. Lucia?); occasional in Dominica but only in one area: Freshwater Lake vicinity {Chambers 2745, Eggers 53, Ernst 1092, 2172, Fosberg 48274, Ramage s.n., Wasshausen & Ayensu 324, Webster 13257, Wilbur 7392), sine loc. {Imray 65, 216). Chung (1967:277) designated material in an envelope attached to Imray 65 (GOET) as lectotype of Manettia calycosa Grisebach, a distinctive species with red flowers and broad calyx lobes known only from Hispaniola, Colombia, and Venezuela. Chung explained the type as “the corolla and two capsules in the envelope should be the type. The branch with leaves and capsules is M. dominicensis Wemh.” This lectotypi- fication perhaps is superseded because its provenance is unknown and is surely from one or two other specimens that have been recognized as taxonomically different. Grisebach ’s protologue for M. calycosa is a mixture of characters and specimens that can be attributed to M. calycosa or M. dominicensis. Usage is established and 1 see no reason to change the historic application of the names. Grisebach said “HAB. Dominica!, Imr., in the mountains: a form with ovate-lanceolate calyx lobes; [Haiti!, Venezuela!, 555].” What he meant was simply that this taxon (called “form”) has ovate to lanceolate calyx-lobes and was collected by Imray in Dominica (included in the coverage of his flora) and occurs outside the coverage of the flora (cited in square brackets) in Haiti (actually a Schomburgk collection at Kew) and Vene- zuela {Fendler 588). It is reasonably evident from his description and the syntypes that Grisebach placed more weight on the flowering specimens (from Haiti and Venezuela) than on the fruiting specimen (from Dominica). Hence, I have no 192 Rubiaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY problem following all subsequent workers in excluding the Dominican material from lectotypification of M. calycosa Grisebach. The apparent emphasis in Grisebach’s habitat discussion on Dominica is merely an artifact of the Flora he was writing, his species concept was of the non-Dominican materials. Having gone this far, I also note that Steyermark (1972:238), identified Fendler 588 as Manettia calycosa var. karstenianum Schumann. This implies that the Haitian material cited by Grisebach should be recognized as the lectotype of M. calycosa Grisebach. This proves to be a Schomburgk collection (K). The flowering and fruiting material in the envelope on the Imray specimen retained by Grisebach at Goettingen, designated as lectotype by Chung, may be a mixture taken from the Haitian (Schomburgk) and Venezuelan (Fendler) collections. In view of the confusion and mixtures involved, I accept the Schom- burgk specimen at Kew as the superseding lectotype of M. calycosa Grisebach. Howard (1989, 6:433) reached the same position. Mitracarpus Zuccarini Mitracarpus hirtus Mitracarpus hirtus (Linnaeus) A.R CandoUe, 1830, 4:572. — Nicolson, 1977a:573. Spermacoce hirta Linnaeus, 1762:148. Spermacoce villosa Swartz, 1788:29. Mitracarpus villosus (Swartz) Chamisso & Schlechtendal ex A.R Candolle, 1830, 4:52.— Steyermark, 1972:782.— Verdcourt, 1975:322.— Ward, 1976:679. Annual herb with lanceolate ovate or elliptic, ± sessile leaves and dense, axillary, sessile flowers; calyx persistent, of 2 longer and 2 shorter teeth; capsule circumscissile; seed with a ventral cross. Northern neotropics into Florida; common but often over- looked weed in Dominica in dry, disturbed areas; Delices (Whitefoord 3672), Dublanc (Whitefoord 4292), Fond Hunte Estate (Whitefoord 4456), Grand Savanne {Nicolson 1946, mixed with Spermacoce eryngioides var. questelii), Layou Valley {Ernst 1524), Montpelier {Lloyd 586). Mitracarpus hirtus is similar to Spermacoce but may be distinguished by its circumscissile capsule and cross-bearing seed. There has been controversy regarding whether the correct name for this species is M. hirtus or M. villosus. The fundamental question is whether A.R Candolle included the type of Spermacoce hirta Linnaeus (1762) in his Mitracarpus hirtus (where he indirectly referred to it) or excluded it by placing it in his M. villosus when he stated under the latter, "Sp. hirta Jacq. ic. rar. t. 308 et forte Linn.” A proposal to revise the Code to define exclusion “by explicit inclusion of the type in another taxon” passed. De Candolle’s suggestion that "5. hirta . . . Linn.” perhaps belongs in M. villosus does not constitute explicit exclusion of the type of S. hirta Linnaeus from Mitracarpus hirtus. Morinda Linnaeus Morinda citrifolia Morinda citrifolia Linnaeus, 1753:176. — Adams, 1972:700. Feuille froide. Succulent shrub or tree to 5 m; stipules ovate, rounded; inflorescence axillary, a head with united ovaries; flowers white; fruit fleshy, becoming whitish with age. Native of tropical Asia, widely naturalized in neotropics; common in Dominica near beaches: Botanic Garden {Hodge 900), Cabrit swamp {Hodge 710), Canefield {Nicolson 2074), East coast {Chambers 2548, Ernst 1469, Gillis 8151, Hodge 2954, 3319, Whitefoord 3763, Wilbur 7986), Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2690), Scotts Head {Hodge 1647, Kimber 889, Webster 13444). Used for wrapping rheumatic joints (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:612. Neolaugeria Nicolson Neolaugeria resinosa Neolaugeria resinosa (Vahl) Nicolson, 1979:121. Laugeria resinosa Vahl, 1797, Eclog., 1:27. — Standley in North Amer. H., 1934, 32:277. Stenostomum resinosum (Vahl) Grisebach, 1861:334. Terebraria resinosa (Vahl) Sprague, 1932:349. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964:524, pi. 525. Small tree or shrub to 5 m; leaves glossy and viscid; venation paxillate (with strikingly elongate areoles) and brochidodro- mous (loop-veined near margin); stipules ± persistent, tubular, ~2 mm long, ciliate, resinous; inflorescences pedunculate, borne in upper axils, bifurcate with secund, greenish white flowers; fruits greenish. Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and St. Vincent; occasional in Dominica to 500 m; Hungry Hill Estate {Whitefoord 4427), Pointe Carib {Wilbur 8008), Soufriere Bay {Stern & Wasshausen 2482), South Chiltem {Ernst 1866), Sylvania {Webster 13410). Palicourea Aublet Palicourea alpina (Swartz) A.P. Candolle was attributed to Dominica by Grisebach (1861:345), based on Imray collec- tions. This is believed to be a misidentification because P. alpina seems to be restricted to the Greater Antilles and, possibly. Central America. Palicourea alpina has more curved lateral veins to 1 cm apart and stipules with a tube 2-3 mm long, while P. crocea has straighter lateral veins >1 cm apart and stipules with tubes to 1 mm long. Some Antillean specimens have been determined as Pali- courea riparia Bentham but are indistinguishable from P. crocea. Adams (1972:729) synonymized the species but Steyermark (1972:738) recognized Palicourea crocea var. riparia (Bentham) Grisebach as restricted to northern South America. NUMBER 77 Rubiaceae 193 Palicourea crocea Palicourea crocea (Swartz) Schultes in Roemer & Schultes, 1819, 5:193. — Steyermark, 1972:737. Psychotria crocea Swartz, 1788:44. Shrub or tree to 6 m; leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends; stipule with tube ~1 mm long and 4 teeth 1-3.5 mm long (in ours); inflorescence terminal, thyrsoid, axis and pedicels usually red, occasionally yellow or orange. The typical variety is Antillean, others extend to Bolivia; one of the most common (and most frequently collected) plants in Dominica in lower to middle elevations, 50-6(X) m, occasion- ally to 1300 m: Northeast and East coast {Chambers 2611, Ernst 1904, Hodge 687, 3406, 3562, Lloyd 667, Nicolson 4072, Stehli 6415, Whitefoord 3760, Wilbur 7525), Diablotins area {Hodge 2585, 2601, 2818, Lloyd 906, Webster 13333, 13544, Whitefoord 3494), Pont Casse to Sylvania area {Cooper 6, Ernst 2050, Fosberg 48301, Hodge 686, 1188, 1298, Nicolson 1846, Wilbur 7545, 7712, 7758, 8315), Freshwater Lake area {Chambers 2671, Gillis 8160, Hodge 1870, 1929, Smith 10301, Wilbur 7433, Southern end {Ernst 1316, Gillis 8119, Hodge 699, 1660, 1498, 2384, Howard 11737, Lloyd 10, Stern & Wasshausen 2408, 2497, Webster 13201), sine loc. {Cooley 8785). There is a correlation between leaf size and altitude; specimens from higher elevations have smaller leaves than those from middle and lower elevations. Psychotria Linnaeus, nom. cons. Psychotria nervosa Swartz (as Psychotria lanceolata Nut- tall) was attributed to Dominica by Grisebach (1861:342) based on an Imray collection. The species is distinguishable by a tubular but deciduous stipule, shortly petiolate leaves, and a subsessile inflorescence. The Imray specimen has not been checked but no collections attributable to P. nervosa have been seen. 1. Flowers sessile, in axillary clusters or terminal bracteate heads. 2. Flowers in axillary clusters P. aubletiana 2. Rowers in terminal, pedunculate heads surrounded by broad bracts P. urbaniana 1. Flowers pedicellate or, if sessile, in branching inflores- cences. 3. Herbs with thick, succulent stems; leaves >10 cm broad, rounded or shortly acuminate at apex; inflorescences strictly axillary. 4. Inflorescences shorter than petioles; fruit white P. discolor 4. Inflorescences longer than petioles; fruit red P. uliginosa 3. Plants with woody or herbaceous stems, but not succulent; leaves <10 cm broad; inflorescences terminal but irregularly axillary. 5. Plants epiphytic; leaves fleshy P. guadalupensis 5. Plants terrestrial; leaves membranous or leathery. 6. Calyx clearly lobed, the teeth as long or longer than broad; stipules with 2 teeth as long as tube of stipules, persistent P. berteriana 6. Calyx essentially a truncated rim, the teeth only tiny points; stipules not toothed or with teeth shorter than stipule-tube. 7. Stipules persistent, only 2 mm long; vein-axils with white, pubescent domatia where lateral veins join the midrib P. microdon 1. Stipules soon deciduous, 5 mm long; vein axils often with glabrous pocket-domatia. 8. Calyx essentially truncate; stipules blunt; inflorescence peduncle elongate P. mapourioides 8. Calyx shortly but conspicuously toothed; stipules lanceolate, often bifid; inflorescence peduncle short P. tenuifolia Psychotria aubletiana Psychotria aubletiana Steyermark, 1972:694. Cephaelis axillaris Swartz, 1788:45, non Psychotria axillaris Willdenow, nor VeUozo. Shrub to 1.5 m with sessile, axillary heads of white flowers and blue fruits. Lesser Antilles; common in Dominica on forest floors above 1000 m (replacing P. urbaniana of lower elevations): Mome Anglais {Hodge 700, 2272, Wilbur 7943), Mome Diablotins {Webster 13324, Whitefoord 4436), Laudat {Lloyd 124), Mome Trois Pitons {Chambers 2481, Ernst 2026, Hodge 701, 1390, Wasshausen & Ayensu 388, Wilbur 8094), Mome Nicholls {Hodge 1934, Nicolson 2019), Mosquito Mountain {Webster 13552), sine loc. {Imray s.n., 278). Psychotria berteriana Psychotria berteriana A.R CandoUe, 1830, 4:515. — Steyermark, 1972:534. Psychotria platyphylla A.R Candolle, 1830, 4:517. Shmb or small tree to 10 m; stipules persistent, ~2 mm long but with 2 broad, lateral teeth ~2 mm long; inflorescences terminal, long-pedunculate, loosely branching, pubescent; calyx teeth as long as hypanthium; corolla white; fruits turning black, spheroid, longitudinally ridged, capped with persistent calyx teeth and subtended by 1 or more bracts. Northern neotropics; occasional to common in Dominica in interior rainforest, 100-1000 m; Boeri Lake {Whitefoord 4155), Fon Pays {Hodge 2838), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3606, 3630), Pont Casse area (Sylvania to Deux Branches), {Cham- bers 2519, Ernst 1286, 1941, Hodge 711, 2968, 3114, 3120, 3489, 3970, Nicolson 2119, 4039, Proctor 25784, Wilbur 7550, 7551, 8192), Syndicate {Whitefoord 3594, 4351). 194 Rubiaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Psychotria discolor Psychotria dwco/or (Grisebach) RoBe, 1893:258. — Adams, 1972:723. Psychotria uliginosa var. discolor Smith ex Grisebach, 1861:340. Psychotria caribaea Urban, 1913, 1:431. Succulent herb to 2 m; stipules broad, rounded, and deciduous; leaves large, obovate, attenuate below, rounded above; inflorescence short, axillary, puberulent; flowers and fruits white. Jamaica, Guadeloupe, Martinique; known in Dominica only from the vicinity of Freshwater and Boeri Lakes in dense shade, -800 m: {Chambers 2586, Ernst 1721, 1856, 2168, Wilbur 8201). Remarkably similar to P. uliginosa in habit but the inflorescence is totally different. 1 find no useful distinction between Jamaican P. discolor and Lesser Antillean P. caribaea and have synonymized the latter. Joseph Kirkbride, a specialist in Rubiaceae, pointed out (pers. comm.) that this species is, as Urban said in describing P. caribaea, very similar to Psychotria macrophylla Ruiz & Pavon of Central and South America. Perhaps this taxon is, at best, only an Antillean subspecies of P. macrophylla with a subsessile inflorescence. Psychotria guadalupensis Psychotria guadalupensis (A.R Candolle) Howard, 1966:139. — Steyermark, 1972:569. Viscoides pendulum Jacquin, 1763:73, pi. 51: fig. 1. Psychotria parasitica Swartz, 1788:44, nom. superfl. Loranthus guadalupensis A.P. Candolle, 1830, 4:294. Loranthus portoricensis A.R CandoUe, 1830, 4:293. Mapouria parasitica Schumann in Engler& Prantl, 1891, IV(4):112. Psychotria pendula (Jacquin) Urban, 1900, 1:445, non J. Hooker. Pendant and often succulent epiphyte; stipules papery, tubular- truncate, 1-2 mm long, eventually lost; inflorescences usually terminal, loose, often red; flowers white; fruits red, turning black. Antilles into South America; frequent in Dominica from 100-1300 m, particularly fleshy on ridges and summits: La Chaudiere {Hodge 3640), Mome Diablotins {Fishlock s.n., Hodge 2615, 2905, Webster 13350, Whitefoord 4235, 5746), Pont Casse area from Sylvania to Deux Branches and to summit of Trois Pitons {Chambers 2593, 2607, Cooper 91, 195, Ernst 1211, Haweis 29, Hodge 714, 717, 1044, 1409, 1737, 3103, Lloyd 38 (and/or 411), Nicolson 1808, 2126, Skog 1574, Wilbur 7722, 7806, 8102), Freshwater Lake area {Burch 1467, Eggers 52, 670, Hodge 1792, Smith 10299, Wasshausen & Ayensu 341), Boiling Lake area {Hodge 1927), Southern area {Beard 251, Hodge 715, 716, 1456, 2286, Stern & Wasshausen 2504, Wilbur 7926), sine loc. {Imray 134). Steyermark (1972:569) cited both P. guadalupensis subsp. guadalupensis (corolla 6-7 mm long) and Psychotria guadalu- pensis subsp. grosourdyana (Baillon) Steyermark (corolla 2.5-4 mm) for Dominica. All corollas measured on Dominican specimens appeared to be 5-6 mm long, except for Wilbur 7722 (fruiting) on which the only open corolla found was 4.5 mm (a duplicate at NY was annotated by Steyermark as subsp. grosourdyana). Howard (1989, 6:446) pointed out that corolla length may be associated with heterostyly. Psychotria mapourioides Psychotria mapourioides A.P. Candolle, 1830, 4:509. — Steyermark, 1972:457.— Howard, 1989, 6:446. Mapouria guianensis Aublet, 1775:175, pi. 67, not Psychotria guianensis (Aublet) Rusby, based on Palicourea guianensis Aublet. Psychotria nitida Willdenow, 1798, 1:963, nom. superfl. Psychotria mapuria Schultes in Roemer & Schultes, 1 8 1 9, 5 : 1 87, nom. superfl. Psychotria floribunda sensu Grisebach, 1861:340, non Kunth, fide Steyermark, 1972:457. Shrub or tree to 9 m; stipules deciduous, >1 cm long, blunt or rounded; inflorescence terminal, typically long-pedunculate; calyx truncate, rim ciliate with tiny teeth much shorter than hypanthium; fruit turning red. Antilles into northern South America; occasional in Domin- ica from near sea level to 750 m: East coast from Salybia to Rosalie {Chambers 2631, Ernst 1677, Hodge 3313, Nicolson 4133, StehU 6642, Stern & Wasshausen 2483), Mome aux Diables area {Wasshausen & Ayensu 377, Wilbur 8065), Syndicate {Ernst 2003, Wasshausen & Ayensu 344, Whitefoord 3537, 5622), Jean {Webster 13496), Sylvania {Hodge 712), Freshwater Lake area {Gillis 8168, Lloyd 210, 217, 260), Southwest area from Roseau to Mome Plat Pays {Cooper 1 75, Lloyd 689, Nicolson 2098, Stern & Wasshausen 2492, Webster 13490), sine loc. {Imray s.n.). This treatment is provisional because neither the taxonomy nor the nomenclature is settled. Steyermark does not quite dispose of the oldest name, Psychotria floribunda Kunth, and it is not clear that P. mapourioides sensu Steyermark reaches the Lesser Antilles. Psychotria microdon Psychotria microdon (A.P. Candolle) Urban, 1928, 9:539. — Steyermark, 1972:446. Rondeletia microdon A.P. Candolle, 1830, 4:408. Psychotria pinnularis Sesse & Mo9ino, 1892:57. Shmb to 2 m; stipules persistent, 1-2 mm long, ciliate; inflorescence terminal, loose; calyx ± tmncate; flowers white. Antilles into South America and Costa Rica; apparently a new record for Dominica where it is occasional in dry woodlands along west coast: northern Grand Savanna {Ernst 1639), lower Layou Valley {Ernst 1509, 2179). Psychotria tenuifolia Psychotria tenuifolia Swartz, 1788:43. — Britton & Wilson, 1925, 6:247. Shmb or small tree; stipules deciduous, acute, and often bifurcate; inflorescences short-peduncled; calyx with deltoid lobes. NUMBER 77 Rubiaceae 195 Antilles; occasional in Dominica, 500-700 m (or lower?): Freshwater Lake area {Eggers 1103, Hodge 1813), Mome Colla Anglais (Webster 13423), Soufriere (Lloyd 475), South Chiltem (Hodge 1465), sine loc. (Imray s.n. at NY). Similar to and easily confused with P. mapourioides A.P. Candolle because (1) its distinctive calyx lobes are not available on fruiting specimens, (2) its distinctive stipules are often all lost, and (3) the character of long- vs. short-peduncle may not be consistent. The Imray specimen here was misidentified by Grisebach, as P. floribunda, and by Urban, as P. nitida. Psychotria uliginosa Psychotria uliginosa Swartz, 1788:43. — Steyermark, 1972:558. Succulent shrub ~1 m tall; stipules persistent, broad, and rounded; inflorescences long-peduncled, axillary; flowers white; fruits red, becoming black. Neotropical; occasional to common in interior of Dominica, 450-900 m: Syndicate to Diablotins area (Nicolson 4085, Wasshausen & Ayensu 346, Webster 13334, Whitefoord 4247), central area from Jean through Glasham and NW Trois Pitons to Sylvania (Cooper 30, Ernst 2051, Hodge 1170, Southwest area from Laudat to South Chiltem (Cooper 150, Hodge 685, 691, 1443, 2066, 2260, Stern & Wasshausen 2520), sine loc. Imray 173. Remarkably similar to P. discolor but differing in inflores- cence and fruit color. Psychotria urbaniana Psychotria urbaniana Steyermark, 1972:671. Cephaelis swarlzii A.R Candolle, 1830, 4:534, not Psychotria swartzii Urban [= P. glabrata Swartz, endemic to Jamaica]. Shrub to 3 m, woody at base; stipule teeth equal; midrib of leaves glabrous below; inflorescence terminal, long-peduncled; bracts blue to purple; flowers white, fruits blue. Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Martinique; extremely common herbaceous shrub in interior of Dominica, 300-1000 m: Northwest area (Hodge 2621, 2821, 2842, 3601, Whitefoord 3604), East side (Hodge 8246), Pont Casse area (Chambers 2516, Cowan 1632, Ernst 1287, Fosberg 48294, Hodge 678, 679, 1071, 1383, 2990, 3973, Nicolson 1806, Skog 1565, Webster 13224, Wilbur 7543, 7772, 8182), Freshwater Lake area (Beard 1425, 1456, Eggers 525, Fosberg 48291, Hodge 1921, Lloyd 43, Smith 10219, Wilbur 7405), Southwest area (Beard 1456, Cooper 44, Hodge 677, 680, 1665, 2400, Stern & I Wasshausen 2513). I A mid-elevation species that is replaced at higher elevations I by Psychotria aubletiana. 1 Very similar to P. muscosa (Jacquin) Steyermark from j Guadeloupe into northern South America, which is expected in I Dominica. This species has short-peduncled inflorescences, 2 stipule teeth larger than the others, and the midrib puberulent below along the midrib. Randia Linnaeus Two cultivated species, each with showy corollas 6-10 cm long have been recorded from Dominica: (1) Randia formosa (Jacquin) Schumann, presently called Rosenbergiodendron formosum (Jacquin) Fagerlind, has elongate, needle-like calyx teeth (Roseau Botanic Garden: Fairchild 2664, Hodge 913)\ (2) Randia maculata A.P. Candolle, presently called Rothmannia longiflora Salisbury, with a subtmncate calyx was mentioned by Howard (1964, mss.) but no voucher has been seen. Randia aculeata Randia aculeata Linnaeus, 1753:1192. — Standley in North Amer. FI., 1934, 32:174.— Steyennark, 1972:339. Randia mitis Linnaeus, 1753:1192. — Britton & Wilson, 1925, 6:231. Randia aculeata var. mitis (Linnaeus) Grisebach, 1861:381. Shmb or tree to 6 m, typically with 2 stipular spines at each node; flowers terminal on lateral spurs; calyx ± truncate with tiny teeth; corolla white, densely pubescent in the throat. Neotropics into northern South America; common in Dominica along dry west coast, occasional in wetter areas: Carib Reserve (Hodge 3296), Blenheim (Cooper 131), Cabrits (Nicolson 1892, Whitefoord 4041), Grand Savanna from Gabriel to Mero (Chambers 2507, Ernst 1888, Stern & Wasshausen 2446, Webster 13177, Wilbur 8242), Hampstead (Lloyd 669), Hatton Garden (Hodge 3062), South Chiltem (Hodge 1632), Grand Bay (Ernst 1065), Rosalie Valley (Lloyd 718). Most of our material has rather medium-sized leaves and fits R. aculeata f. aculeata as defined by Steyermark (1972:341). Plants from the driest localities have smaller leaves (R. aculeata f. minor) and those from the wettest localities have larger leaves (R. aculeata f. mitis). Relbunium (Endlicher) J. Hooker Relbunium guadalupense Relbunium guadalupense (Sprengel) Urban, 1912, 7:416. — Ehrendorfer, 1955:538. Rubia guadalupensis Sprengel, 1825, 1:397. Galium hypocarpium sensu Grisebach, 1861:351, as to material from Dominica, non Endlicher. Low scrambling herb; leaves 1 cm x 0.3 cm, 4-whorled; fmits dicoccous, reddish orange, subtended by 4 free bracts. Scattered in Lesser Antilles to British Guayana (teste Ehrendorfer); on mountain summits of Dominica: Mome Diablotins (Nicolson 4164). Rondeletia Linnaeus Rondeletia odorata. Jacquin, with subcordate, subsessile 196 Rubiaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY leaves and a bright red, corymbose inflorescence, was collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 934), Rondeletia parviflora Rondeletia parviflora Poiret in Lamarck, 1804, EncycL, 6:252. Rondeletia arborescens Grisebach, 1861:327. — Standley in North Amer. FI., 1918, 32:73. Rondeletia stereocarpa Grisebach, 1861:327. — Standley in North Amer. H., 1918, 32:73. Quina, chinna blanc. Shrubby tree to 7 m; stipules ± persistent, 0.5-0.75 mm long, ± acute-obtuse; leaves obovate-oblanceolate, petiole 1-3 cm long; flowers ± glabrous to densely pubescent, yellowish to reddish. Several Lesser Antilles from Guadeloupe south; occasional to common understory tree, 400-1200 m: Boiling Lake {Beard 252*), Freshwater Lake area {Ernst 1100*, 1730*, Nicolson 1974*, 2105*, Stern & Wasshausen 2567*, Whitefoord 3816* , 3868*, Wilbur 7449*, 8221*), Mome Anglais {Hodge 2313*), Pont Casse area {Ernst 1796, 1812, Hodge 696, 1113, 1122, 3839, Lloyd 769, Nicolson 1853, Webster 13380, 13463, Wilbur 7785, 8283), Providence Valley below Laudat {Hodge 2070), Trois Pitons {Ernst 2029*), Rosehill {Eggers 678), Southwest area {Cooper 46, 168, Ernst 1109, Hodge 2358, Stern & Wasshausen 2496, Wilbur 7887, Syndicate {Hodge 2712, 2902, Whitefoord 3623, 3901), sine loc. {Imray 80* at GH, 774*, 776 at NY). There are two extremes in Dominica that have traditionally been treated as distinct species. The asterisk (*) is used above to denote the upland aspect (7?. parviflora). The other is the midland aspect {R. stereocarpa). These may be distinguished by the following key. 1. Leaf-blades 6-13 cm long, obovate; petiole ~1 cm long; flowers reddish; inflorescence broad, <5 cm long R. parviflora 1. Leaf-blades 13-22 cm long, oblanceolate; petiole 2-3 cm long; flowers yellowish; inflorescence elongate, >5 cm long R. stereocarpa The midland aspect occurs in Dominica from 400-700 m and the upland aspect above 700 m. However, there is not a discontinuity in the variation and at 7001100 m the characters break down. Although the extremes are quite different, it is my opinion that these are incipient species, not yet sufficiently distinct to warrant taxonomic recognition. Rondeletia martinicensis Krug & Urban from Martinique appears to be a more pilose aspect, represented on Dominica by Whitefoord 3868 (upland) and Wilbur 8283 (lowland). Rudgea Salisbury Rudgea citrifolia Rudgea citrifolia (Swartz) Schumann in Engler & Prantl, 1891, IV(4):1 16. Psychotria citrifolia Swartz, 1788:43. Rudgea caribaea Bentham, 1850:460. Bois peti, bois patat, bois pichette. Shrub or medium tree to 8 m; sheathing portion of stipules ± persistent, ~2 mm long, the lateral clusters of 4-6 awns soon deciduous; inflorescence terminal, short-peduncled; calyx shallowly toothed; corolla white, long- pubescent inside; fruits becoming orange, finally brick-red, 1.2 cm x 0.6 cm; seeds 2, longitudinally ridged. Several Lesser Antilles from Guadeloupe south; common in interior from 100 m (east side) to 1000 m (west side): Northwest area {Ernst 1993, Hodge 2664, 2907, 3516, 3665, Nicolson 1928, Wasshausen & Ayensu 351, Whitefoord 3558, 4232, Wilbur 8061), Jean {Stern & Wasshausen 2577, Webster 13511), Pont Casse area {Ernst 1168, Hodge 693, 2979, 3822, Webster 13231, Wilbur 7789, 7843, 8181), East side {Cowan 1606, Ernst 1372, Hodge 3259, Webster 13484, Wilbur 8312), Laudat {Eggers 1015, Lloyd 209), South area {Cooper 163, 179, Eggers 780, Hodge 694, 2381, 2382, Stern & Wasshausen 2495, 2523), sine loc. {Imray s.n. at NY). Schradera Vahl, nom. cons. Schradera exotica Schradera exotica (Gmelin) Standley, 1929:286. — ^Nicolson, 1977b:447. Urceolaria exotica Gmelin, 1791:390. — Standley in North Amer. R., 1921, 32:132. Schradera capitata sensu Vahl, 1797, Eclog., 1:35, pi. 5 [as to Montserrat material, not as to synonym. Fuchsia involucrata Swartz]. Schradera capitata Vahl ex WiUdenow, 1799, 2:238, non Vahl. Urceolaria capitata Fritsch, 1894:288, nom. superfl. Schradera vahlii Steyermark, 1964:277, nom. superfl. Schradera vahlii var. acuJifolia Steyermark, 1964:277. Succulent liana or shrubby tree to 7 m; stipules membranous, >1 cm long, rounded, deciduous, lower half united; inflores- cence terminal, a pedunculate head subtended by a peltate involucral bract; flowers white; berries white and fleshy. Hispaniola to Grenada; in frequent to common in Dominica on slopes and summits 400-1140 m: Mome aux Diables {Nicolson 1935), En Haut Jean {Webster 13513), Pont Casse area from Deux Branches to Castle Bruce turnoff {Ernst 1671, Stern & Wasshausen 2546, Wilbur 7749), Laudat to Freshwater Lake area {Gillis 9220, Lloyd 185, Smith 10289, Whitefoord 4166, Wilbur 7394), Breakfast River {Hodge 1892), Mome Nicholls {Hodge 1933), Mome Anglais {Hodge 697, 719, 2268), South Chiltem {Hodge 1459), lower slopes of Mome Plat Pays {Wilbur 7855), Syndicate {Whitefoord 3524, 4266). Spermacoce Linnaeus The generic concept used here includes Borreria, following Verdcourt (1975:302) and Fosberg and Powell (in prep, as of Aug 1990). I am indebted to Dr. Fosberg, who annotated the Dominica specimens of this difficult genus. NUMBER 77 Rubiaceae 197 1. Leaves usually 1 or more cm wide. 2. Stipules sheathing; inflorescences becoming >1 cm across; seeds transversely grooved; septum between cocci persistent, finally free-standing S. assurgens 2. Stipules not sheathing; inflorescences <1 cm across; seeds longitudinally pitted; septum splitting or dissolv- ing S. ernstii 1. Leaves rarely >0.5 cm wide. 3. Leaves with conspicuous scabrosities on midrib below S. eryngioides 3. Leaves not as above. 4. Leaves verticillate, linear, <2 mm wide. 5. Low, spreading or cushion-forming woody shrubs; leaves to 6 mm long, ± sessile, flat, rounded at base S. berteroana 5. Erect herbs with woody base; leaves lanceolate to linear, 2-6 cm long, membranous S. verticillata 4. Leaves 2-4 at node, lanceolate, >2 mm wide. 6. Calyx lobes 2 S. mauritiana 6. Calyx lobes 4. 7. Leaves 5x longer than broad; cocci unequal, 1 with 3 calyx lobes and closed, the other with 1 calyx lobe and open S. confusa 7. Leaves 3x longer than broad; cocci equal and open S. prostrata Spermacoce assurgens Sperrmcoce assurgens Ruiz & Pavon, 1798, 1:60, pi. 92. — Verdcourt, 1983:547. Spermacoce si^frutescens Jacquin, 1801, 3:40, pi. 322. Borreria laevis sensu auctt., not as to basionym. — Steyeimark, 1972:818. Leaves paired, scabrid; inflorescences many-flowered; co- rolla longer than calyx, pilose on inner surface; stamens included; capsule hirtellous above; cocci attached, equal, both opening at top with partial septum becoming free-standing; seeds dark brown, with striking transverse grooves. Neotropical; a common weed along roads and in disturbed soil on Dominica to 800 m: Clarke Hall {Ernst 1517, 1528), Coulibistri (Wilbur 8334), Freshwater Lake (Foster g 48277, Wilbur 7422, Whitefoord 3851), Laudat (Hodge 1804, Lloyd 41, Vdez 3594), Lisdara (Hodge 708), Melville Hall (Hodge 707), Milton (Hodge 2591), Mome Aux Diables (Wilbur 8043B), Mt. Joy (Hodge 1275), Ridgefield (Hodge 2154), Roseau (Hodge 704, Lloyd 930), South Chiltem (Hodge 1466), Sylvania (Hodge 709), Syndicate (Ernst 1570). Seen at Syndicate in shady places, Diodia being in open places. Fosberg and Powell (in prep.) report that the basionym of the usual name for this species, Borreria laevis, does not apply. They provide an ample description from Lamarck’s type of Spermacoce laevis (from Santo Domingo). Lamarck’s species has been identified with Spermacoce tenuior Linnaeus by Verdcourt (1983:545). Spermacoce berteroana Spermacoce berteroana Howard, 1988:287. Woody herb, stems spreading, 4-angled; leaves sessile, ovate, small (to 6 mm x 3 mm); flowers ± capitate at branch ends, subtended by 4 leaves; calyx lobes 3; corolla to 2.5 mm long; capsule 1.5 mm; seeds ellipsoidal, black, foveolate, 1.2 mm long. Endemic to northern Lesser Antilles; near northeast coast of Dominica: “moors near Woodford Hill” (Hodge 3501). My effort to recollect this around Woodford Hill failed. 1 did not find any habitat I would call “moors.” The specimen looks like something to be found near the sea, rather fleshy, etc. Spermacoce confusa Spermacoce confusa Rendle, 1936 [Jan]:12. — Fawcett & Rendle, 1936 [Jul], 7:120.— Gillis, 1974a:185.— Nicolson, 1977b:446. Spermacoce tenuior sensu auctt. plur., non Linnaeus. — Gaertner, 1788, 1:122, pi. 25: fig. 9. — Bacigalupo, 1972:344, fig. 1. Leaves paired, rough above; inflorescences few-flowered; calyx lobes equal; stamens included; capsules crustaceous, hirtellous, the cocci attached, unequal, one with 3 calyx lobes and closed, the other with one calyx lobe and open; seeds glossy, brown, finely reticulate. Neotropics; roadside weed in Dominica: Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2639). Spermacoce ernstii Spermacoce ernstii Fosberg & PoweU in Fosberg & Sachet, 1980a:29. Z’herb acouette. Leaves opposite; inflorescences small, rather few-flowered; calyx lobes ± equal, blunt; corolla equaling calyx lobes; stamens included; capsule with a few hairs; cocci attached, equal, both finally opening by splitting of the septum; seeds glossy, brown, minutely and shallowly pitted (rather than reticulate), >1 mm long. Neotropics, introduced and spreading in the Pacific; roadside weed in Dominica: Carib Reserve (Hodge 3372), Grand Bay road (Ernst 1717), road between Soufriere village and Pointe Michel (Ernst 1341, mixed with S. assurgens that it superfi- cially resembles). South Chiltem (Hodge 1513). Spermacoce eryngioides Spermacoce eryngioides (Chamisso & Schlechtendal) Kuntze, 1898, 3(2):123. Borreria eryngioides Chamisso & Schlechtendal, 1828:316. Borreria ocymoides sensu auctt., pro parte minore, not as to type. Leaves whorled but two distinctly larger at each node, linear-lanceolate, revolute; inflorescence small but many- 198 Rubiaceae — Rutaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY flowered; calyx lobes unequal, those opposite the septum larger and more persistent than those at the septum; corolla equaling calyx lobes; stamens included; capsule with a few hairs; cocci attached, equal, both finally opening by splitting of the septum; seeds glossy, dark brown, finely reticulate. Neotropics; common to occasional weed in disturbed places of Dominica, to 450 m: Canefield {Whitefoord 5507, 6091), Clarke Hall (Ernst 1548A), Grand Savanne (Nicolson 1946), Pont Casse (Ernst 1243), Sylvania (Cooper 12). Our material is Spermacoce eryngioides var. questelii Fosberg & Powell (in prep.), recognizable by the striking scabrosities on the lower surface of the midrib, the corolla not exceeding the calyx, and the strictly erect habit of the plant. Specimens are commonly misdetermined as Borreria ocymoi- des (see Spermacoce prostrata) from which it differs by the revolute leaf margins and erect habit and, sometimes, as B. verticillata from which it differs by its shorter and broader leaves. In Dominica the species can be recognized by the scabrosities on the midrib below. Spermacoce mauritiana Spermacoce mauritiana Gideon in Verdcourt, 1983:547. Borreria repens A.R Candolle, 1 830, 4:544. Spermacoce repens (A.P. Candolle) Fosberg & Sachet, 1980a:30, non Chamisso & Schlechtendal. Spermacoce ocymoides sensu auctt., non N. Burman. Borreria ocymoides sensu auctt., not as to type of basionym. Weak annual; stems with crisped hairs on wing-like angles; leaves elliptic, ~2x longer than broad, with marginal hairs; calyx lobes 2, equal; capsule 2-valved; seeds chestnut brown, strongly reticulate with raised ribs, the fovea wider than long. Pantropical; new record for Dominica: near Freshwater Lake (Whitefoord 41 72 at BM). Spermacoce prostrata Spermacoce prostrata Aublet, 1775:58, pi. 20: fig. 3. — Fosberg & Powell (in prep.). Borreria ocymoides sensu most American authors, as Steyermark, 1972:815, "ocimoides," not as to basionym. Spermacoce ocymoides N. Burman, 1768:34, pi. 13: fig. 1. Leaves small and usually paired; inflorescence few- flowered; stamens included; calyx lobes unequal, acuminate; capsule glabrous; cocci attached, equal, both opening by splitting of the septum; seeds dark brown and minutely foveolate. Apparendy pantropical; common weed in Dominica along roads to 450 m: Hampstead (Ernst 1555), Hatton Garden Estate (Hodge 3071), Mome Aux Diables (Wilbur 8071), Mome Plaisance (Whitefoord 4505), near beach at north end of Portsmouth (DHN!), road to Syndicate (DHN! , with rust fungi). Fosberg and Powell (in prep.) have determined that the basionym of the usual name for this species does not apply and pertains to an apparently endemic Malesian species. Sperma- coce prostrata seems to be the earliest name applicable to Borreria ocymoides in its usual but misapplied sense. Spermacoce verticillata Spermacoce verticillata Linnaeus, 1753:102. Borreria verticillata (Linnaeus) Meyer, 1818:83. Suffrutescent herb; leaves whorled, 2 commonly longer than others, linear; inflorescence many-flowered; calyx lobes un- equal, deciduous; stamens exserted; capsule glabrous; cocci attached, equal, each with a large dorsal calyx lobe, both opening by splitting of the septum; seeds dark brown, reticulate. Neotropics and Africa; occasional to common in xerophytic scrub along west coast of Dominica and a roadside weed on the north side: Bomes (Nicolson 4221), Grand Savanne (Ernst 1389, Hodge 3795, Lloyd 834, Wilbur 7625), Mero (Webster 13274). This could be the medicinal plant called Borreria densiflora DC. by Adjanohoun et al. (1985:169, pi. 135). Rutaceae Punctate dots on leaves are distinctive in this family. Barrett and Rhodes (1976) published an excellent paper on the relationships of many cultivated citrus. Citrus aurantiifolia (Christman & Panzer) Swingle, the lime, is the basis of lime industry, initiated in Dominica by Dr. John Imray and is the basis of the nickname “limey” for British sailors (given limes to prevent scurvy): orchards around Roseau (Morden 10). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:171, pi. 137) reported medicinal usages. Citrus maxima (J. Burman) Merrill (including Citrus grandis Osbeck), the pomelo or shaddock, is the main crop cultivated at Syndicate Estate (DHN!, Whitefoord 4136, 5879). For a nomenclatural discussion see Scora and Nicolson (1986). Citrus X paradisi Macfadyen, the grapefruit, was reported by Howard (1964, mss.). Citrus X sinensis (Linnaeus) Osbeck, the sweet orange, was collected in Dominica (1932) in a variegated aspect: (Fairchild 2714). Other citrus are undoubtedly grown on Dominica, such as the lemon, the citron, and the tangerine. I have probably eaten them or seen them for sale; however, I dare not trust my memory and can only say they are not yet documented for Dominica. Murraya exotica Linnaeus, the orange jessamine, was cited for Dominica with an exclamation mark by Howard (1988, 4:560). Triphasia trifoliata (N. Burman) Wilson, the lime-berry, has been collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 3916 (misidentified as Carissa grandiflora), Whitefoord 5656). 1. Leaves opposite, compound; flowers bisexual; fruit a drupe NUMBER 77 Rutaceae 199 Amyris 1. Leaves alternate, usually compound; flowers unisexual; fruit of dry, dehiscent follicles Zanthoxylum Amyris Browne Amyris elemifera Amyris elemifera Linnaeus, 1759a: 1000. Shrub or small tree to 8 m; leaves opposite, leaflets 3 or 5, glabrous; petals glandular. West Indies and Central America; in Dominica along the dry west coast: Badineau Estate {Hodge 2232), Cabrits (Ernst 2097, Whitefoord 3994), Grand Savanne (Stern & Wasshausen 2454, 2458), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2654). Zanthoxylum Linnaeus Zanthoxylum spinosum (Swartz) Swartz was attributed to Dominica by Grisebach (1860:137) as Tobinia spinosa (Linnaeus) Desvaux ex Hamilton. As suggested by Howard (1988, 4:567), the Dominican material collected by Imray is probably misidentified. 1. Leaflets pubescent, at least below. 2. Hairs simple; carpels 5 Z. martinicense 2. Hairs stellate; carpels 2 or 3 Z. microcarpum 1. Leaflets glabrous. 3. Leaves simple Z. monophyllum 3. Leaves compound. 4. Leaf-rhachis winged; leaflets <2 cm long Z. spin if ex 4. Leaf-rhachis not winged; leaflets >2 cm long. 5. Leaflets 6-16; flowers 5-merous Z. caribaeum 5. Leaflets 2-7, commonly 3; flowers 3-merous Z. punctatum Zanthoxylum caribaeum Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lamarck, 1786, 2:39. Fagara caribaea (Lamarck) Krug & Urban in Urban, 1896:562. L’epine. Medium tree to 10 m with stout spines; follicles 5, on stipes 1-3 mm long. Neotropics; in interior of Dominica and along west: Clarke Hall (Ernst 1974, Nicolson 2001, Stern & Wasshausen 2417), Laudat (Hodge 2034), Petit Coulibri (Whitefoord 6008, seen at Syndicate and near Woodford Hill, DHN!). Flowering April, fruiting in July. Zanthoxylum martinicense Zanthoxylum martinicense (Lamarck) A.R CandoUe, 1824, 1:726. Fagara martinicensis Lamarck, 1792, Tabl., 1:334, no. 1635. — Poiret in Lamarck, 1812, Encycl., Suppl., 2:627. Large tree with stout spines; follicles connate below or to middle, with prominent glands. Neotropics; in lowlands of Dominica: Cabrit Swamp (Ernst 1181), Clarke Hall (Stern & Wasshausen 2439). Flowering in April, fruiting in July. Zanthoxylum microcarpum Zanthoxylum microcarpum Grisebach, 1860:138. Fagara microcarpa (Grisebach) Krug & Urban in Urban, 1896:570. L’epineux, I’epineux Wane. Shrub or tree to 10 m with stout spines; follicles solitary or paired, with prominent glands. Neotropics; in lowlands of Dominica to 500 m: Badineau Estate (Hodge 2224), Carib Reserve (Hodge 3370), Fond Hunte Estate (Whitefoord 4309), Layou River mouth (Stern & Wasshausen 2486), South Chiltem (Ernst 1875), Woodford Hill Bay (Wilbur 8308). Rowering at 500 m in July, fruiting near sea level in July- August. Originally described from Dominica. Doubtfully distinct from Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lamarck (teste Wilson in North Amer. R., 1911, 25(3): 196). Zanthoxylum monophyllum Zanthoxylum nwnophyllum (Lamarck) Wilson, 1910:86. Fagara ntonophylla Lamarck, 1792, Tabl., 1:334. Zanthoxylum ochroxylum A.R Candolle, 1824, 1:725. Shrubby tree to 6 m; the only unifoliolate Zanthoxylum in the flora. West Indies and northern South America; in Dominica in dry west coastal woods and scrub: Badineau Estate (Hodge 2225), Canefield (Whitefoord 6098), Gabriel (Wilbur 8234), Grand Savanne (Wilbur 7655), Hillsborough Estate (Webster 13288), Macoucherie Estate (Nicolson 2044), Mero (Ernst 1144A, 1428), Salisbury (Whitefoord 4530). Rowering April-June, fruiting July-October. Zanthoxylum punctatum Zanthoxylum punctatum Vahl in West, 1793:310. Fagara trifoliata Swartz, 1788:33. Zanthoxylum ternatum Swartz, 1797:570. Zanthoxylum trifoliatum (Swartz) Wright, 1828:240, non Linnaeus. Tobinia ternata (Swartz) Hamilton, 1825:56. Tobinia punctata (Vahl) Grisebach, 1860:137. Shrubby tree; leaflets 2-7, often 3; carpels 2. West Indies; occasional in Dominica in dry scrub of west coast: Cabrits (Hodge 652, 3702, 3704, Whitefoord 3998, 4019, 5990), St. Joseph (Webster 13272). Rowering May-June, fruiting July-October. 200 Rutaceae — Sapindaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Zanthoxylum spinifex Zanthoxylum spinifex (Jacquin) A.R CandoUe, 1824, 1:728. Fagara 5pim/ex Jacquin, 1801, Fragm., 10, pi. 6: fig. 2. Fagara microphylla Desfontaines ex Hamilton, 1825:21. Spiny shmb to 4 m; leaf-rhachis winged, leaflets small, with two callose gland beneath at the base. West Indies and South America; common in Dominica in dry scrub of west coast: Gabriel {Wilbur 8233), Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2747). Rowering in April (apparently with few leaves), fruiting in August. Sabiaceae (by R. DeFilipps) Meliosma herbertii Meliosma herbertii Rolfe, 1893:244. — ^Litde & Wadsworth, 1964:314, pi. 144. Sept ans. Buttressed tree to 20 m; leaves alternate, entire or toothed (juvenile), acuminate or caudate; inflorescence a panicle of small (2 mm wide) flowers; sepals ciliate; stamens 5, 3 sterile. West Indies and northern South America; in rainforests of Dominica, 300-550 m: Aux Delices {Nicolson 2138), Sylvania {Hodge 3845), Syndicate {Whitefoord 5585), sine loc. {Taylor 132). Flowering in May, shiny black fruits in March. Caribs use the wood chiefly for posts (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:579) but the wood is said to be suitable for cabinetry. Sapindaceae Blighia sapida Koenig was cultivated in the Roseau Botanic Gardens {Hodge 980). Melicoccus bijugatus Jacquin, called kenip, was growing along the driveway to Daniel Greene’s house, Canefield Estate {Nicolson 4219, Whitefoord 6115), fruiting in June 1977, flowering April 1988. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:173, pi. 139) reported use of leaf tea against fever. 1. Vines, usually with tendrils. 2. Leaves temately decompound; inflorescence a corymb; fruit thin-walled, inflated Cardiospermum 2. Leaves once-compound; inflorescence a raceme; fruit thick-walled, not inflated Paullinia 1. Trees or shrubs, tendrils absent. 3. Leaves simple; capsule 3-winged Dodonaea 3. Leaves compound; capsule not winged. 4. Leaflets 3 Allophyllus 4. Leaflets 4-12. 5. Leaflets alternate, the apices acute to rounded; fruit dehiscent, 3-angled, tomentose Cupania 5. Leaflets tending to be paired, the apices acuminate; fruit indehiscent, globoid, glabrous . . . Sapindus Allophyllus Linnaeus Allophyllus racemosus Allophyllus racemosus Swam, 1788:62. — ^Whitefoord, 1989:144. Schmidelia occidentalis Swartz, 1798:665, non Schmidelia racemosa Linnaeus. Ornitrophe occidentalis (Swartz) WUldenow, 1799, 2(1):323. Allophyllus occidentalis (Swartz) Radlkofer, 1890:230. Shrub to small tree; leaflets 3, puberulent and irregularly, shallowly toothed; inflorescences ± racemose; fruits globoid, ~1 cm across. Antilles; roadside on Dominica: Fonde Hunte Estate {Whitefoord 4400). Leenhouts (1967) regarded Allophyllus as comprising a single, variable species {Allophyllus cobbe (Linnaeus) Raeu- schel), with locally recognizable “races.” He noted (1967:343) that this Antillean element is similar to several neotropical “species.” Both Ornitrophe occidentalis (Swartz) Willdenow and Allophyllus occidentalis (Swartz) Radlkofer are nomenclatu- rally superfluous (based on the same type as Allophyllus racemosus Swartz, 1788) but, being based on a legitimate basionym, Schmidelia occidentalis Swartz, 1798, are legitimate under Art. 63.3 {ICBN). Cardiospermum Linnaeus Cardiospermum microcarpum Cardiospermum microcarpum Kunth, 1821, 5:104. Cardiospermum halicacabum sensu auctt. not Linnaeus. Cardiospermum halicacabum var. microcarpum (Kunth) Blume, 1849, 3:183. Batard persil. Low-climbing vine; leaflets serrate to deeply lobed; fruit inflated, with membranous wings, pubescent. Pantropical; in coastal thickets of Dominica to 250 m: Portsmouth {Hodge 654), Roseau Valley {Lloyd 557, White- foord 4616), Salybia {Hodge 3289), Soufriere village {Ernst 1338), Springfield {Krauss 1260). Caribs crush leaves in water to make a refreshing drink (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:578). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:171, pi. 138) reported similar medicinal usages. True C. halicacabum Linnaeus has larger capsules, 3-4 cm across instead of 1-2 cm, and may occur on Dominica. Cupania Linnaeus 1. Capsule ± globose, lobes rounded C. americana 1. Capsule triangular, lobes acutely angled . . . C. triquetra Cupania americana Cupania americana Linnaeus, 1753:200. Tree to 15 m; leaflets 4-8, 20-25 cm long; fruit tomentose, 3-lobed. NUMBER 77 Sapindaceae — Sapotaceae 201 West Indies and northern South America; in Dominica in margins of rainforests, 15-50 m: Clarke Hall {Beard 658, Ernst 1439). Fruiting in May. Cupania triquetra Cupania triquetra A. Richard in Sagra, 1845, 10:1 19. Leaflets 5-15 cm long; fruits sharply 3-angled. Greater and some Lesser Antilles; reported for Dominica by Howard (1989, 5:141). Dodonaea Miller Dodonaea viscosa Dodonaea viscosa (Linnaeus) Jacquin, 1760:19. Ptelea viscosa Linnaeus, 1753:1 18. Shrubby tree to 5 m; fruit ± orbicular, with two membranous wings. Pan tropical; mentioned for Dominica for pioneer zone on beaches beyond limit of storm wave action by Hodge (1954:22) and expected, even in dry scrub, but no specimens seen. Paullinia Linnaeus 1. Leaf rhachis winged; fruit with 3-4 erect apical lobes P. pinnata 1. Leaf rhachis unwinged; fruit with 3 spreading apical wings P. vespertilio Paullinia pinnata Paullinia pinnata Linnaeus, 1753:366. High-climbing vine; leaf rhachis winged; leaflets 5, toothed; fruits clavate, turning red, with 3-4 erect apical lobes to 1 cm long; seeds black with white aril. Pantropical; in Dominica only in NW comer: Portsmouth {Krauss 1678, Whitefoord 5297), Prince Ruperts Bay {Hodge 655), Swamp Gutter near Cabrits {Ernst 2098, Whitefoord 4036, Wilbur 8259). Flowering June-August, fruiting August-January. Paullinia vespertilio Paullinia vespertilio Swartz, 1788:64. — Howard, 1989,5:150. Paullinia sphaerocarpa sensu Grisebach, 1860:124, as to Imray specimen, non L. Richard ex Jussieu. Paullinia microsepala Radlkofer, 1895:253. High-climbing vine; leaf rhachis unwinged; leaflets 5, toothed; fruits red, clavate with 3 wings spreading ~1 cm from apex, said to represent the devil with 2 horns and a goatee; seed solitary, black with a white aril. Lesser Antilles; probably common in Dominica in rain- forests -450 m but hard to collect from tree tops unless trees are felled: Dleau Gommier {Nicolson 4094), sine loc. {Eggers 1043 at K, Imray s.n. at K). Sapindus Linnaeus Sapindus saponaria Sapindus saponaria Linnaeus, 1753:367. Soapberry, soap tree, bois savonette, tulsi (by Carib men), lulum (by Carib women). Tree to 12 m; leaflets 6-12, tending to be paired, entire, oblong-lanceolate, rounded to acuminate, pubescent below, glabrous above; fruit with globoid cocci, often only 1-2 cocci maturing. Neotropics; in Dominica on dry west coast (possibly also on east coast): Macoucherie {Chambers 2512). Rowering January. Caribs use the bark and fruits for soap, a decoction of bark is used against dysentery, and the fruits are stmng for necklaces (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:578). I wonder if this species is native to Dominica. Macoucherie is also the sole locality of introduced Cananga. The specimen corresponds to Sapindus saponaria f. inaequalis (A.P. Can- dolle) Radlkofer (in Millspaugh, 1898:402), with unwinged petioles and rhachis and unequal leaflets. Sapotaceae (by A.C. Nicolson) Members of this family commonly have milky sap. This family of large trees is somewhat intractable due to the few collections that associate flowers, fruits, and leaves. Mimusops elengi Linnaeus of the East Indies has been collected in the Roseau Botanic Gardens {Hodge 905). It has broadly oblong leaves 5-12 cm long, 1-4 axillary flowers on pedicels to 1 cm long, a biseriate calyx {4+4 lobes), corolla lobes with evident paired petalloid appendages, and seeds with a short, subbasal scar. Vitellaria paradoxa Gaermer (including Butyrospermum parkii Kotschy) is an African species with petioles to 10 cm long, large, obovate leaves to 30 cm long with prominent secondary venation, pedicels to 2 cm long, a biseriate calyx (4-i4 lobes), petals without appendages and a long seed scar, cultivated in the Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 3888). Excluded Sapotaceae Bumelia retusa Swartz of the Greater Antilles and Yucatan, reported from Dominica by Grisebach (1861:401), is based on a misidentification of an Imray collection (GH, K) of Sideroxylon foetidissimum. Eertile Material 1. Sepals 6, biseriate (3-1-3); seed scar long, lateral and <5 mm wide Manilkara 202 Sapotaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 1. Sepals 4-12, usually 5, not biseriate or, if so then 2+2 (some Pouteria); seed scar short or, if long and lateral then at least 5 mm wide. 2. Staminodes absent; endosperm present; seed scar long Chrysophyllum 2. Staminodes present or if absent then endosperm absent. 3. Seed scar short, basilateral Sideroxylon 3. Seed scar long, lateral. 4. Endosperm present Micropholis 4. Endosperm absent Pouteria Vegetative Material 1. Leaves broadest above the middle (obovate). 2. Leaves large, >10 cm long, not leathery; secondary venation prominent (raised) Pouteria 2. Leaves mostly <10 cm long, coriaceous; venation inconspicuous. 3. Petioles 1.5-2.5 cm long; pedicels glabrous, to 2 cm long Manilkara bidentata 3. Petioles <1.5 cm long; pedicels puberulent. 4. Branchlets slender (1-2 mm thick); leaves scat- tered; pedicels to 1 cm long Micropholis 4. Branchlets stout (2-5 mm thick); leaves tending to be clustered at branchlet ends; pedicels 1-1.5 cm long Pouteria pallida 1. Leaves widest at or below middle. 5. Petioles >1.5 cm long. 6. Petioles thicker (>1 mm), < half the blade length Manilkara zapota 6. Petioles very slender (to 1 mm thick), usually > half the blade length Sideroxylon foetidissimum 5. Petioles <1.5 cm long. 7. Leaves narrowly ovate, ~3x longer than wide, bases attenuate; pedicels <0.5 cm long; flowers 4-8, clustered at nodes, mostly below leaves Sideroxylon salicifolium 7. Leaves broad-ovate, to 1.5x longer than wide, bases acute to obtuse; pedicels >0.5 cm long; flowers mostly in leaf axils. 8. Secondary venation conspicuous on lower leaf surfaces; corolla -twice the calyx length Chrysophyllum 8. Secondary venation generally inconspicuous on lower leaf surfaces; corolla equaling the calyx Micropholis Chrysophyllum Linnaeus Chrysophyllum cainito Linnaeus, the star apple, is cultivated on Dominica. It has leaves heavily rusty pubescent below, flowers 8-16 in axillary fascicles and subglobose fruits to 8 cm thick: Lisdara {Hodge 665, 2499), Springfield Estate {Nicolson 2115). Flowering in August, fruiting in November and March. Chrysophyllum oliviforme Linnaeus was reported as culti- vated on Dominica by Howard (1989, 6:59). Chrysophyllum argenteum Chrysophyllum argenteum Jacquin, 1760:15. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964:436, pi. 205. Chrysophyllum glabrum tacquin, 1760:15. Cynodendron argenteum (Jacquin) Baehni, 1965:143. Bois camite, bouis. Tree to 20 m with milky sap; petioles -1 cm long; leaves silvery-pubescent beneath, elliptic -oblong, ± chartaceous, base cuneate-rounded, apex acuminate, 5-15 cm long; flowers 1-8 in axillary fascicles; fruits glabrous, ovoid, to 2 cm long. West Indies, northern South America; common in Dominica in secondary forests below 700 m: Boetica {Ernst 1914), Bomes {Nicolson 4243), Carib Reserve {Hodge 3368), Castle Bruce {Ramage s.n.), Delices {Whitefoord 4112), Green Hill Estate {Wilbur 8285), Laudat {Hodge 1955), Layou River {Stern & Wasshausen 2389), Lisdara Estate {Cooper 181), Melville Hall {Hodge 649), Petit Coulibri {Whitefoord 4668), Stonefield {Ernst 1676), Syndicate {Nicolson 4073), sine loc. {Hodge 923 at GH). Flowering June-July. Wood used for canoe paddles by Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:595). Manilkara Adanson, nom. cons. 1. Leaves broadly ovate, length <2x the width, apex rounded or slightly apiculate to retuse; corolla lobes each with 2 narrow lateral appendages M. bidentata 1. Leaves oblong -ovate, length >2x the width, apex broadly acute; corolla lobes without appendages .... A/, zapota Manilkara bidentata Manilkara bidentata (A.L. Candolle) Chevalier, 1932:270. — Cronquist, 1945a:553.— LMe & Wadsworth, 1964:444, pi. 209. Mimusops bidentata A.L. Candolle in A.R Candolle, 1844, 8:204. Achras nitida Sesse & Mopno, 1894:85. Mimusops riedeliana Pierre in Duss, 1897:387. Manilkara nitida (Sesse & Mo9ino) Dubard, 1915:18. Bullet weed, balata. Tree to 15 m with sympodial branching and stout twigs with rounded leaf-scars; leaves clustered at ends of twigs, 6-15 cm long; petioles 1.5-3.0 cm long; flowers 1-8 in axillary clusters; pedicels 1-2 cm long, glabrous; sepals 6, acute; fruit globose, glabrous, usually 1 -seeded; seeds dark, sharp -pointed, with an elongate, narrow seed scar -half the seed length. Puerto Rico and Hispaniola through the Lesser Antilles (into South America?); in windswept northern coastak woodlands of Dominica: Calibishie {Hodge 3181), Capucin {Whitefoord 5803), Roseau Botanic Gardens {Hodge 909), sine loc. {Taylor 104, 152 sterile with very long and acute leaves). Seeds picked up at Syndicate appear to be this species (DHN!). NUMBER 77 Sapotaceae 203 Fruits and timber used by Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:595). Manilkara zapota Manilkara zapota (Linnaeus) van Royen, 1953:410. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964:446, pi. 210. — Moore & Steam, 1967:383 [extensive discussion of nomenclature]. Achras zapota Linnaeus, 1753:1190, as to type. Achras mammosa Linnaeus, 1762:469, nom. iUeg. Calocarpum mammosum Pierre in Urban, 1904, 5:98. Sapodilla. Tree to 15 m; petioles 0.5-3.0 cm long; leaves tufted at ends of stout, sympodial branches, 6-13 cm long; pedicels equaling petioles; fruit globose, large, 5-6-seeded, tasting of cinnamon; seeds dark, flat, seed scar narrow, -^3 the seed length. Central America but now widely cultivated in tropics; planted in Dominica and (escaping?) on west coast: Dublanc {Nicolson 4113), Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 914), sine loc. {Imray 4 at K). Micropholis (Grisebach) Pierre Micropholis guyanensis Micropholis guyanensis (A.L. CandoUe) Pierre, 1891:40. — Howard, 1989, 6:61. Sideroxylon guyanense A.L. Candolle in A.P. Candolle, 1844, 8:182. Chrysophyllum microphyllum sensu Grisebach, 1861:398, as to Dominica specimen cited, non Jacquin. Micropholis chrysophylloides Pierre, 1891:38. — Cronquist, 1946b:254. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964:448, pi. 211. Micropholis imrayaruz Pierre, 1891:39. Micropholis dominicensis Pierre in Urban, 1904, 5:122. Caimite. Leaves blunt-apiculate, ovate-obovate, rusty or silvery pubescent beneath; fruits ovoid, to 1 cm long, style persistent. Northern South America into Central America and Lesser Antilles to Puerto Rico; occasional in forests of Dominica: Mome Diablotins {Lloyd 912, Whitefoord 4400), Newfound- land {Nicolson 4126), Sylvania {Hodge 1316), Trois Pitons {Lloyd 759, 762), sine loc. {Imray 181 at GH). Pouteria Aublet Pouteria sapola (Jacquin) Moore & Steam (1967:383; Litde et al., 1974:792, pi. 647), the mammee sapote or sapote a creme, has been collected in the Roseau Botanic Gardens {Hodge 993). It has subsessile flowers, like P. seme car pifolia, but the leaf-base is cuneate and the tertiary veins are inconspicuous. It also has 8-12 sepals, unlike the other species of the genus in Dominica. See Moore and Steam (l.c.) for an extensive discussion of the nomenclature. 1. Sepals 5 P. pallida 1. Sepals 4. 2. Rowers long -pedicellate (pedicels 1-1.5 cm) P. multiflora 2. Flowers ± sessile (pedicels <0.5 cm) P. semecarpifolia Pouteria multiflora Pouteria multiflora (A.L. Candolle) Eyma, 1936:164. — Cronquist, 1946b:279.— Uttle & Wadsworth, 1964:452, pi. 213. Lucuma multiflora A.L. Candolle in A.P. Candolle, 1844, 8:168. Radlkoferella multiflora (A.L. Candolle) Pierre, 1890:21. — AubreviUe, 1961:185. Pain d’epice, penny-piece. Tall tree; petioles short (1-2.5 cm); leaves large (10-20 cm long), obovate, apex obtuse-rounded, base acute-apiculate, secondary lateral veins parallel, distant; flowers 1-8 in axillary clusters; pedicels ~1 cm long; sepals 4, persistent, ca 5 mm long; corolla ~1 cm long; fmit green to yellowish, smooth, hard, spheroidal, ~5 cm thick, 1 -seeded (ours); seed brown, smooth, 3 cm X 2 cm; seed scar broad (2 cm across), rough. West Indies; occasional dominant tree in rainforests of Dominica: Layou {Ramage s.n.). Syndicate Estate {Nicolson 4172). Fmiting at end of May. Pouteria pallida Pouteria pallida (C. Gaertner) Baehni, 1942:352. — Cronquist, 1946b:269. — Howard, 1989, 6:64. Lucuma pallida C. Gaertner, 1807:130. Oxythece fabrilis Pierre in Urban, 1904, 5:160. Oxythece pallida (C. Gaertner) Cronquist, 1946a:467. Neoxythece pallida (C. Gaertner) AubreviUe, 1961:183. Planchonella pallida (C. Gaertner) Baehni, 1965:67. Balate, ballata, bullet. Large tree with milky sap; petioles ~1 cm long; leaves leathery, to 15 cm long; flowers in clusters of 2-10, pedicels 1-1.5 cm long; sepals 5; fruits ellipsoid, 4-7 cm x 2 cm; seeds l(-2), hght-colored, blunt, 2. 5-4.0 cm x 1.3-1.5 cm, seed scar broad (1 cm across), -as long as seed. Guadeloupe to St. Lucia; occasional at midelevations of Dominica: Brantridge Estate {DeFilipps 1890), Carib Reserve {Hodge 3273), Governor Estate {Nicolson 4188), lower Hampstead River (DHN! , fruits eaten), Pont Casse {Ernst 1 798, Lloyd 760), sine loc. {Fishlock 29, 54, Imray s.n. at GH, Imray 103 at K, Taylor 105). Timber and fruits valued by Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:595). Pouteria semecarpifolia Pouteria semecarpifolia (Pierre) Pierre in Urban, 1904, 5:108. — Cronquist, 1946b:284. Guapeba? semecarpifolia Pierre, 1891:43. Contrevent. Tree to 15 m, sympodially branching; petioles to 2 cm long; 204 SAPOTACEAE — SCROPHULARIACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY leaves large, (to 30 cm long), obovate, apex acute-apiculate, base obtuse to ± truncate, secondary lateral veins light-colored, prominent, with perpendicular network of light-colored tertiary veins (also notable in dried material, above and below); pedicels 1-2 mm; calyx and corolla ~5 mm long. Dominica to St. Vincent; occasional canopy free in rain- forests of Dominica at midelevations: Aux Delices {Nicolson 2137), Castle Bruce {Beard 655, Ramage s.n. at BM). Sideroxylon Linnaeus 1. Venation eucamptodromous, tertiary veins horizontal or reticulate; corolla lobes entire S. foetidissimum 1. Venation brochidodromous, tertiary veins parallel to secondaries and descending from margin; corolla lobes with larger medial segment and 2 lateral segments S. salicifolium Sideroxylon foetidissimum Sideroxylon foetidissimum Jacquin, 1760:15. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964:455, pi. 214.— Howard, 1989, 6:68. Mastichodendron foetidissimum (Jacquin)}i.J. Lam, 1939:521. Acomat St. Christophe, aukuma (Carib). Tree to 20 m with scaly bark; leaf-blades ovate-elliptic, cuneate -rounded at the slightly emarginate base, apex rounded- acuminate, 5-15 cm long; pedicels to 1 cm long; fruit ovoid, yellow, to 2.5 cm long. West Indies; in Dominica as a timber tree at lower elevations (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:595); sine loc. {Imray 3, Jones s.n. both at K), the latter specimen is likely from the Roseau Botanic Garden where Jones was Director. Two arguments have been put forward that Lam’s generic name, Mastichodendron, was in validly published. Cronquist (1946b:246) said that it lacked a Latin description. However, the taxon is not new but a transfer of Sideroxylon sect. Mastichodendron Engler (1890, IV(1):144) by indirect refer- ence (through citation of Dubard, 1912:81). Van Royen (1960:123) suggested that Lam regarded the name as provi- sional but this does not seem to be true under the Code’s definition (Art. 34.1(b)). Sideroxylon salicifolium Sideroxylon salicifolium (Linnaeus) Lamarck, 1794, Tabl., 2:42. — Howard, 1989, 6:69. Achras salicifolia Linnaeus, 1762:470. Bumelia salicifolia (Linnaeus) Swartz, 1788:50. — Steam, 1968:285. Bumelia pentagona Swartz, 1788:50. Sideroxylon pentagonum (Swartz) A.L. Candolle in A.R CandoUe, 1844, 8:185. Dipholis salicifolia (Linnaeus) A.L. Candolle in A.P. Candolle, 1844, 8:188. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964:441, pi- 208. — Foumet, 1978:1447. Acomat batard. Slender tree, 3-20 m; leaves narrowly ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-12 cm long; flowers cream, fragrant; ripe fruits greenish purplish to black, ~6 mm thick. West Indies and Central America; in Dominica on dry west coast: Grand Savanne {Beard 664). SCROPHULARIACEAE Angelonia angustifolia Bentham, locally called “Mauve” or “orchid,” is presumed to be only in cultivation and was collected in Bataka {Hodge 3382) and Portsmouth {Nicolson 4197). It is an erect herb with linear leaves 7-8 cm long and showy, purple flowers. Torenia fournieri Linden ex Fournier was collected {Hodge 813) as a “weed in gravelly drain, probably escape” at Sylvania. 1. Plants erect, of dry habitats. 2. Leaves alternate; sepals linear Capraria 2. Leaves opposite or temately whorled; sepals ovate. 3. Leaves temate; floral pedicels much longer than calyces Scoparia 3. Leaves opposite; floral pedicels much shorter than calyces. 4. Leaves coarsely toothed, broadest at base; bracts leafy, much longer than calyces Alectra 4. Leaves entire, broadest near the middle; bracts tiny, much shorter than calyces Buchnera 1. Plants creeping or trailing, of wet habitats. 5. Sepals very unequal. 6. Flowers whitish; bracteoles 2, at the top of the pedicel; leaves oblanceolate Bacopa 6. Flowers yellow; bracteoles 2, at the base of the pedicel; leaves elliptic Mecardonia 5. Sepals ± equal. 7. Calyx lobes linear (hair-like) Stemodia 7. Calyx lobes broad. 8. Stamens 4 or 2 -i- 2 staminodes; leaves serrate or if entire then with pedicel distincUy longer than calyx Lindernia 8. Stamens 2; leaves entire and pedicel shorter than calyx Micranthemum Alectra Thunberg Alectra aspera Alectra aspera (Chamisso & Schlechtendal) L.O. Williams, 1972:1 18. Pedicularis melampyroides L. Richard, 1792:1 1 1. Glossostylis aspera Chamisso & Schlechtendal, 1828:23. Scrophularia fluminensis VeUozo, 1829:263; 1831:6, pi. 87. Alectra brasiliensis Bentham in A.R Candolle, 1846, 10:339, nom. iUeg. Alectra melampyroides (L. Richard) Kuntze, 1891, 2:458, non Bentham. Melasma melampyroides (L. Richard) Pennell ex Britton & Wilson, 1925, 6:188. Alectra fluminensis (VeUozo) Steam, 1971:635. — Howard, 1989, 6:300. NUMBER 77 SCROPHULARIACEAE 205 An erect, hispid herb to 1 m; leaves coarsely toothed, broadest at base; flowers ± sessile; calyx lobes broad; corolla yellow. Neotropics; a roadside weed in interior of Dominica: Baiac {Whitefoord 5463), between Pont Casse and Deux Branches {Ernst 1665, Nicolson 2130), Freshwater Lake (Eggers 601), Ridgefield {Hodge 2164), Syndicate {Whitefoord 4460, 5868), sine loc. {Eggers 985). Bacopa Aublet, nom. cons. Bacopa monnieri Bacopa monnieri (Linnaeus) Pennell, 1946:94. — Philcox, 1979:679. Lysimachia monnieri Linnaeus, 1756:9. Gratiola monnieri (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, 1759a [Jun]:851; 1759 [Nov], Amoen., 4:306, “monnieria." Bramia monnieri (Linnaeus) Drake, 1893:142, “nwnniera." Stamens 4; bracteoles 2, below calyx; corolla white to lilac; leaves sessile, spatulate. Neotropics, now pantropical; reported for Dominica by Velez (1957:113) based on his own recognizance. The species is expected, although not yet confirmed, on Dominica. Buchnera Linnaeus Buchnera floridana Buchnera floridana Gandoger, 1919:217. — Philcox, 1965:304. — Adams, 1972:667. Erect herb (drying black); leaves hispid, linear-lanceolate, 3-veined; flowers in a loose, terminal spike; calyx pubescent, shorter than capsule. Southeastern U.S. to Jamaica, scattered in Central America and West Indies; new record for Dominica: “rainforest area about 2 miles [3 km] south of Pagua Bay” {Long & Norstog s.n., 28 Sep 1971 at US). The locality would be along the main road from the airport (then at Melville Hall) to Roseau at less than 100 m. The species is presumably adventive. Capraria Linnaeus Capraria biflora Capraria biflora Linnaeus, 1753:628. — Grisebach, 1862:427. Goatweed, du the pays. Leaves all alternate, oblanceolate, narrowly tapered and upper half coarsely toothed; calyx lobes deeply divided, narrow, commonly ciliate; corolla (flowers) white. Neotropical weed; in western Dominica near seacoast in disturbed places: Cabrits {Hodge 3706, Whitefoord 4076), Colihaut {Ernst 2119), Scotts Head {Hodge 1612, Webster 13451, Tarou cliffs {Nicolson 2007). Caribs make a tea of this against diarrhea (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:605). Adjanohoun et al. (1985) reported other medicinal uses. Plants from the beach {Hodge 1612, Nicolson 2007) are much more pubescent than those from higher elevations. Lindernia Allioni 1. Leaves sessile; calyx divided > halfway to base; 2 innermost stamens fertile, outer 2 staminodes clavate L. rotundifolia 1. Leaves at least shortly petiolate; calyx divided about to middle; all 4 stamens fertile, outer 2 ± smaller. 2. Pedicel much longer than calyx; calyx 2.5-4 .0 mm long, equaling the ovoid capsule L. Crustacea 2. Pedicel shorter than calyx; calyx 6-10 mm long, shorter than the elongate capsule L. diffusa Lindernia Crustacea Lindernia Crustacea (Linnaeus) F. Mueller, 1882, 1:97. — Philcox, 1968:17. Capraria Crustacea Linnaeus, 1767b:87. Leaves petiolate, ovate, serrate, often reddish beneath; pedicels ~1 cm long; flowers blue; capsule equaling the calyx (enclosed). Introduced weed from Old World, now widely distributed; in Dominica a weed in fields or along roads: Aivoici {Stehld 6436 in part), Baiac road {Whitefoord 4630), Castle Bruce {Wilbur 7979), Clarke Hall {Ernst 1520, Webster 13409 in part), Delices {Whitefoord 3681), Grand Bay road {Hodge 814), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3648), Lisdara {Hodge 2459), Portsmouth {Hodge 816), road to Rosalie from Castle Bruce junction {Ernst 1903), Sylvania {Hodge 815, mixed with Stemodia verticil - lata). Lindernia diffusa Lindernia diffusa (Linnaeus) Wettstein in Engler & Prantl, 1891, IV(3b):79. — Adams, 1972:665. Vandellia diffusa Linnaeus, 1767b:89. — Grisebach, 1862:430. More or less prostrate herb; leaves ovate, serrate, petiolate, often red beneath; flowers ± sessile, white; capsule becoming longer than calyx. Neotropical weed; in Dominica on rocks in streams or in wet places: Bataka {StehU 6093), Deux Branches {Hodge 3470), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3523), Layou River mouth {Ernst 1519), Laudat {Eggers 697), north slope of Trois Pitons by road {Ernst 1241 A), Salybia {Stehl^ 6383). Lindernia rotundifolia Lindernia rotundifolia (Linnaeus) Alston, 1931:214. — Adams, 1972:665. Gratiola rotundifolia Linnaeus, 1771:174. Lindernia microcalyx Pennell & Stehle in Stehle et al., 1937, 1:217. — Howard, 1989, 6:308. 206 SCROPHULARIACEAE — SiMAROUBACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Leaves sessile, ovate to rotund, entire to occasionally toothed; pedicels elongate; calyx deeply lobed; corolla with bluish tube and lobes white with blue spots; stamens 2, staminodes clavate. Widely distributed in the Neotropics, according to Howard (I.C.): in wet and disturbed places of Dominica: Cabrit swamp {Ernst 1174, Hodge 819, Whitefoord 4051), Clarke Hall in river bed {Webster 13407), Freshwater Lake {Whitefoord 3865), Goodwill waterfront {Ernst 1849), Pont Casse roadside {DeFilipps 186), Sylvania {Hodge 818, 1329). During a visit (9 August 1990), Ms. D.Q. Lewis (Ames, Iowa) dissected Sri Lankan material called L. rotundifolia and concluded that its characters, especially that the staminodes lack the distal segment, were identical with the New World material called L. microcalyx. Mecardonia Ruiz & Pavon Mecardonia procumbens Mecardonia procumbens (Miller) Small, 1903:1065, 1338. — D’Arcy, 1979:240. Erinus procumbens Miller, 1768. Lindernia dianthera Swartz, 1788:92, nom. iUeg. Bacopa procumbens (Miller) Greenman, 1907:261. — ^Edwin, 1971:481. Mecardonia dianthera Pennell, 1946:87. Leaves ovate, serrate near apex, cuneate-obtuse at base; pedicel base with bracteoles; calyx 5-parted, the outer 3 larger than inner 2; corolla yellow. Widespread weed; in wet areas of Dominica: Cabrit swamp {Ernst 1928), Canefield {Ernst 1901, Whitefoord 4086). Micranthemum Michaux, nom. cons. Micranthemum umbrosum Micranthemum umbrosum (GmeUn) Blake, 1915:131. — D’Arcy, 1979:242. — Stehle, 1962c:24. [Anonymos umbrosa Walter, 1788:63, “umbros[.^P nom. inval.] Globifera umbrosa Gmelin, 1191:32, “Umbros.” Diminutive creeping herbs; leaves tiny, entire; pedicels short; calyx deeply 4-parted; corolla 4-lobed; stamens 2; fruit ± globose, exceeding the calyx. Eastern North America to Argentina; in wet places of Dominica: Soufriere {Lloyd 404). Scoparia Linnaeus Scoparia dulcis Scoparia dulcis Linnaeus, 1753:116. Balier doux (sweet broom). Leaves opposite to temate, oblanceolate, cuneate, and entire at base, coarsely serrate near apex; calyx deeply 4-parted; flowers white. Pantropical to subtropical; a common weed in Dominica: Cabrit Swamp {Ernst 1176), Carib Reserve {Hodge 3325), Clarke Hall {Ernst 1513), Grand Savanne {Wilbur 7660), Hatton Gardens {Hodge 2938), Magua {Taylor 140), Marigot {Hodge 820), Mt. Joy {Hodge 1262), Soufriere {Lloyd 412, 427), Sylvania {Hodge 821). Plant used medicinally by the Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:606). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:175, pi. 141) reported several medicinal uses. Stemodia Linnaeus, nom. cons. Stemodia durantifolia (Linnaeus) Swartz was attributed to Dominica by Britton, according to Velez (1957:113). Britton (in Britton and Wilson, 1925, 6:184) cited “Antigua to Trinidad.” No Dominican specimens of this taxon have been seen. It is superficially similar to Capraria or Scoparia but the leaves are auriculate and clasping at the base. Stemodia verticillata Stemodia verticillata (MiUer) Hassler, 1909:110. — Stehle, 1962c:25. — D’Arcy, 1979:260.— Whitefoord 1989:148. Erinus verticillatus Miller, 1768. Capraria humilis Aiton, 1789, 2:354. Stemodia parviflora W.T. Aiton, 1812, 4:52, nom. iUeg. Stemodiacra verticillata (Miller) Kuntze, 1891, 2:466. Lendneria humilis (Aiton) Minod, 1918:240. Lendneria verticillata (Miller) Britton in Britton & Wilson, 1925, 6:184. — Adams, 1972:663. Prostrate herb; leaves serrate; flowers blue, axillary, shortly pedicelled; calyx deeply 5-lobed, longer than rotund capsules; stamens 4 (2 as long as style, 2 longer). Neotropical weed; found on Dominica in wet, disturbed places near houses: Sylvania {Hodge 815, mixed with Lindernia Crustacea), Syndicate hut {Whitefoord 5573). SiMAROUBACEAE Suriana maritima Linnaeus (sometimes placed in the Surianaceae), a shrub with simple, linear leaves, was mentioned by Hodge (1954:22) for Dominica as typical of upper beaches. This is true on other islands, including Guadeloupe and Martinique, but no collections have been seen from Dominica. 1. Leaflets opposite; carpels free but styles connate Picrasma 1 . Leaflets usually alternate; carpels fused or completely free. 2. Inflorescences and leaf rhachises pubescent; leaflets usually 9 or less, attenuate at apex; stamens 5; ovary unlobed, 2-3-locular Picramnia 2. Inflorescences and leaf rhachises glabrous; leaflets usually 10 or more, obtuse at apex; stamens 10; ovary of 5 free carpels Simarouba NUMBER 77 SiMAROUBACEAE — SOLANACEAE 207 Picramnia Swartz, nom. cons. Picramnia pentandra Picramnia pentandra Swartz, 1797:220. Tan, bois tan, bitterbush. Shrubby, dioecious tree to 10 m; inflorescence branching, ± racemose; perianth 5-merous; petals linear; carpels 2-3, united; stigma 2-3-cleft. South America to Horida; in rainforests of Dominica 250-1000 m: Bataka {Hodge 3191, Taylor 11), Fon Pays on Mome Diablotins {Hodge 2861), South Chiltem {Hodge 1506, 1566, 1568), Wooten Waven {Eggers 577). Flowering March, fruiting September. The Caribs mash the leaves in water to obtain a mauve dye used in coloring baskets (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:566). The Eggers collection was distributed under the misidentification of Picramnia antidesma Swartz, a more western species with 3 stamens not reaching the Lesser Antilles. Picrasma Blume Picrasma excelsa Picrasma excelsa (Swartz) Planchon, 1846:574. — Howard, 1988, 4:572. Quassia excelsa Swartz, 1788:67. Rhus antillana Eggers, 1879:41. Picrasma antillana (Eggers) Urban, 1908, 5:378. Aeschrion antillana (Eggers) Small in North Amer. R., 1911, 25(3):233. Picraena antillana (Eggers) Fawcett & Rendle, 1920, 4:201. Bitter ash, simaruba. Tree to 10 m; leaflets opposite, rounded at base. Lesser Antilles; southern Dominica: Petit Coulibri {White- foord 4674), Wallhouse {Eggers 85 at K), sine loc. {Jones s.n. at K, Taylor 103). Rowering in February. The Caribs soak the wood to obtain the bitter principle for medicinal purposes (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:567). Simarouba Aublet, nom, cons. Simarouba amara Simarouba amara Aublet, 1775:860, pi. 331-332. — Howard, 1988, 4:574. Bois blanc. Large and dioecious tree to 30 m with silvery bark and white wood (hence, bois blanc); petals broad; styles free, spreading. Neotropics; common in Dominica in disturbed areas and in forests 70-700 m: Bibiay {Nicolson 4130), Laudat {Beard 1466, Hodge 1957, 2055), Lisdara {Cooper 161, Hodge 2430), Rosalie {Ernst 1370), Sylvania {Hodge 3849, Wasshausen & Ayensu 391), Trois Pitons {Hodge 1195), sine loc. {Fishlock 38). Rowering January-March, fruiting May-June. An important tree used for timber and charcoal (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:567). Occasionally misidentified as Simarouba glauca Swartz of Central America and northern Antilles. SOLANACEAE (by W.G. D’Arcy) Lycopersicon esculentum Miller, nom. cons., the tomato, is cultivated on Dominica and it is likely that it escapes, although no collections have been made. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:179, pi. 145) reported medicinal uses. Nicotiana tabacum Linnaeus, tobacco, is cultivated on Dominica {Taylor 151) and its use by the Caribs was discussed by Hodge and Taylor (1957:604). It is a viscid herb with large, sessile leaves, panicles of cup-like flowers, and dry capsules. It may naturalize at Syndicate {Whitefoord 5178). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:179, pi. 146) reported the leaf infusion is drunk to treat several things. 1. Rowers >3 cm long, longer than broad. 2. Stamens 4; corolla tube <1.5 cm wide at mouth; calyx less than 2 cm long Brunfelsia 2. Stamens 5; corolla tube >1.5 cm wide at mouth; calyx more than 3 cm long. 3. Corolla whitish or yellow with conspicuous green or brown lines outside, the limb bowl-shaped (urceo- late); high climbing vine Solandra 3. Corolla white or purple without contrasting lines, the limb spreading; herb or shrub. 4. Shrub; not fruiting Brugmansia 4. Herb; commonly with spiny or bumpy fruit Datura 1. Rowers <3 cm long, mostly broader than long. 5. Corolla salverform; stamens 4; fruit a capsule Browallia 5. Corolla rotate or tubular; stamens 5; fhait a berry. 6. Roral tube > half the flower length; shrubs or trees. 7. Flowers broadly tubular, <1.2 cm long, the mouth spreading; stamens and style exserted Acnistus 1. Flowers narrowly tubular, >1.5 cm long, the mouth tightly closed; stamens and style included Cestrum 6. Roral tube < half the flower length; herbs, shrubs, or vines. 8. Flowers yellow; herbs Physalis 8. Flowers white, blue, or purple; herbs, shrubs, or vines. 9. Calyx with 10 teeth arising just below truncate apex; unarmed, pubescent, woody vines Lycianthes 9. Calyx with 5 teeth arising from apex or none; herbs, shrubs or, if vines, then either glabrous or spiny. 10. Anthers blue, purplish, or yellow, opening by longitudinal slits Capsicum 10. Anthers yellow, opening by terminal pores, sometimes also by short, longitudinal slits Solanum 208 SOLANACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Acnistus Schott Acnistus arborescens Acnistus arborescens (Linnaeus) Schlechtendal, 1832:67. — Hunziker, 1960:236.— LitUe et al., 1974:866, pi. 686.— Hunziker, 1982:85. Atropa arborescens Linnaeus, 1756:10; 1759, Amoen., 4:307. Dunalia arborescens (Linnaeus) Sleumer, 1950:124. Batard sirio, siyou. Large shrubs, twigs often tomentose; leaves ovate or elliptical, entire; flowers clustered on stems; pedicels slender, 1-2 cm long; flowers whitish, 9-14 mm long; berry orange, -8 mm across. Widespread but sporadic in neotropics; midlands of Domin- ica at edges of woods and forming roadside thickets, 150-750 m: Colla Anglais {Hodge 1148, Webster 13430), Delices {Whitefoord 3770), Freshwater Lake area {Chambers 2685, Eggers 803, Ernst 1086, Hodge 1791, 2030, Lloyd 126, Smith 10288, Wasshausen & Ayensu 318, Wilbur 7447), Soufriere road {Burch 1339), South Chiltem {Hodge 1531), Syndicate {Ernst 2010), sine loc. {Cooper 42). Browallia Linnaeus Browallia amerkana Browallia americana Linnaeus, 1753:631. — D’Arcy, 1973:576. Browallia demissa Linnaeus, 1759a:1118. Herbs; leaves ovate or elliptic, entire; flowers solitary, pedicels 2-6 mm long; flowers blue or violet, rarely white, salverform, the limb 1-2 cm across; capsule ~9 mm long, enclosed by the ribbed calyx. Neotropical weed; common in Dominica on roadsides and in fields: Bellevue {Hodge 2351), between Fern Villa and Mome Gay {Hodge 2209), between Fond Baron Estate and Pichelin {^rnst 1587), Laudat {Lloyd 239), Layou River {Chambers 2797, Ernst 2180), Lisdara Estate {Hodge 796, 797), Montpe- lier {Lloyd 588), Mome Colla Anglais {Hodge 1028), Soufriere {Lloyd 476), Sylvania {Cooper 83), Syndicate {Ernst 1998, Whitefoord 4463), Wallhouse {Eggers s.n. in 1880), sine loc. {Eggers 507). Brugmansia Persoon Brugmansia suaveolens Brugmansia suaveolens (Willdenow) Berchtold & Presl, 1823, 1:45. — Lockwood, 1973:281. Datura suaveolens Humboldt & Bonpland ex WiUdenow, 1809, Enum., 227.— Bristol, 1966:240. Shrubs; leaves ovate, entire; pedicels solitary, stout; flowers pendulous, large and showy; calyx tubular, 5-pointed; corolla to 30 cm long, broadly tubular, white or pink. Native of South America, widely cultivated as an ornamen- tal, sometimes escaping; known in Dominica as an escape: Wallhouse {Eggers 622), “along banks of a river, 2000 ft” {Jones 12 at K). Separation of the woody Brugmansia from herbaceous Datura was justified by Lockwood (1973) on the basis of fimits and seed coat. Plants from cultivated stocks are not known to set fruit. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:177, pi. 144) reported (as Datura suaveolens) that the dried flowers, smoked in cigarettes, are hallucinogenic. Brunfelsia Linnaeus Brunfelsia americana Brunfelsia americana Linnaeus, 1753:191. — Little et al., 1974:868, pi. 687. — Plowman in Hawkes et al., 1979:479. Brunfelsia fallax Duchassaing ex Grisebach, 1857:242. Rain tree, empoisonneur, peep zombie. Glabrate shrub or small tree; leaves thick, entire, blunt or round-tipped; petioles short; pedicels solitary, short and stout; calyx 5-9 mm long, blunt-toothed; corolla showy, white but fading yellow, fragrant, salverform, the tube 3-7 cm long, the limb 2-5 cm across; berry round, 1-2 cm across, yellow, thick-skinned. Hispaniola to Trinidad; in Dominica mostly at lower elevations on windward coast: Carib Reserve area {Hodge 3298, Stehli 6375, 6382, 6643, 6710), between Capucin and Bellevue {Wasshausen & Ayensu 384), Cabrits {Hodge 3720 at US), Hatton Garden {Hodge 3183, 3209), road to Laudat {Burch 1344A), Melville Hall {Ernst 1679), Pagua Bay {Burch 1401, Wilbur 7532), Roseau Botanic Gardens {Hodge 1001), Sophia Bay and Walkers Rest {Chambers 2623), Vieille Case {Beard 663). Hodge and Taylor (1957:603) reported the ripe berries were used by the Caribs as a poison. The name Brurfelsia americana has been misapplied to several different horticultural species that have longer corolla tubes, shorter corolla limbs, and different calyces. Some may be cultivated on Dominica. Capsicum Linnaeus Capsicum annuum Capsicum annuum Linnaeus, 1753:188. — D’Arcy & Eshbaugh, 1974:98. Capsicum frutescens Linnaeus, 1753:189. Capsicum annuum vat. frutescens (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 1891, 2:449. Capsicum baccatum sensu Grisebach, 1862:436, non Linnaeus. Red pepper, piment, bird pepper. Slender, erect or sprawling herb or weak shrub; leaves ovate, entire, sparingly pubescent; pedicels mostly solitary, stiff; calyx truncate or with minute (<0.5 mm) teeth; corolla white, greenish white or bluish white, divided about halfway; anthers blue to purple; fruit globose, conical or cylindrical, red orange or purple, erect or deflexed, edible but often pungent, large in cultivated plants. Neotropical weed often widely cultivated as a vegetable; NUMBER 77 SOLANACEAE 209 collected in Dominica in woodlands: Layou River valley {Ernst 1264), Soufriere {Lloyd 435), South Chiltem {Hodge 1556)-, seen around houses but not collected. Cultivated by Caribs for relish, seasoning, and medicinal purposes (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:603). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:175-177, pi. 142-143) reported medicinal uses for both Capsicum annuum and C.frutescens. Plasticity and selection have largely obscured relationships in cultivated peppers. Characters of fruits, long used to separate species, have proven unreliable. Recent workers (as Howard, 1989, 6:271) have separated Capsicum annuum (bell pepper) from C. frutescens (shrubby chili pepper), and their wild counterparts, including Capsicum annuum var. aviculare (Dierbach) D’Arcy & Eshbaugh. More recendy, workers have found the wild progenitors of the two cultivated peppers to be largely inseparable and recognize only one species, C. annuum. The Dominican collections seen, all wild, correspond to C. annuum swi. frutescens (Linnaeus) Kuntze. Two other peppers are probably cultivated in Dominica: Capsicum annuum var. annuum, the common garden bell pepper, and Capsicum chinense Jacquin, a pepper with thick-walled, often pink fruits. Cestrum Linnaeus The following species, both with showy inflorescences to 10 cm long, are presumed to be only cultivated: Cestrum diurnum Linnaeus (LitUe et al., 1974:876, pi. 691), with clustered flowers and corolla <2 cm long, was cultivated in the Roseau Botanic Gardens {Hodge 965). Cestrum nocturnum Linnaeus, with scattered flowers and corollas 2 cm long or longer, was cited for Dominica from an Imray collection by Grisebach (1862:444). 1. Leaves drying leathery, lateral veins plane and inconspicu- ous beneath; corolla glabrous within; stamens bent or with teeth at point of insertion C. laurifolium 1. Leaves drying membranaceous, lateral veins elevated and conspicuous beneath; corolla mosdy pubescent within; stamens straight, lacking teeth. 2. Mature leaves mostly <10 cm long; staminal fdaments 0.5 mm free C. alternifolium 2. Mature leaves mostly >10 cm long; staminal fdaments 1. 5-5.0 mm free. 3. Mature leaves puberulent beneath; young growth copiously finely pubescent C. latifolium 3. Mature leaves glabrous beneath; young growth sparingly pubescent or glabrate C. megalophyllum Cestrum alternifolium Cestrum alternifolium (Jacquin) O. Schulz in Urban, 1907, 6:270. — Francey, 1935:211. Ixora alternifolia Jacquin, 1760:12. Cestrum vespertinum Linnaeus, 1771:206. Shrub or tree to 6 m; mature leaves sparingly puberulent beneath, to 5 cm long, elliptic; peduncle short, pubescent; flowers greenish, ± sessile; calyx to 3 mm long, pubescent outside; corolla tubular, ~2 cm long, narrow with a small, but distinct apical bulb, pubescent within, tomentose at base; fdaments glabrous, unappendaged, 0.5 mm; berry to 1.5 cm long, obovoid, black. Widespread in Caribbean area from Mexico to Panama and from Venezuela, north to Puerto Rico; in interior of Dominica: Mome Rouge {Whitefoord 6044), Mt. Couliaboune [Mome Anglais] {Eggers 526), Pointe Michel {Ramage s.n. in 1888), sine loc. {Eggers 815, Imray 352). Cestrum latifolium Cestrum latifolium Lamarck, 1794, Tabl., 2:5. — Francey, 1935:289. Shrub or tree to 12 m; twigs tomentulose; leaves broadly elliptic, pubescent on veins and lamina beneath, to 25 cm long; peduncle short, pubescent; flowers numerous, loosely clus- tered; pedicels to 1.5 mm; calyx campanulate or urceolate, 1-2 mm long, pubescent; corolla tube yellowish-white, to 2.2 cm long, slender but broadening apically, pubescent inside at base and sometimes upwards; filaments 1. 0-2.5 mm, barbellate at point of insertion; berry obovoid, juicy, 5-9 mm long, shiny black. Neotropics from Mexico to Brazil; in Dominica near coast: Milton {Hodge 2554), Syndicate road near Middletown {Whitefoord 5674). Cestrum laurifolium Cestrum laurifolium L’Heriter, 1788:69, pi. 34. — O. Schulz in Urban, 1909, 6:256. — Francey, 1935:334. Shrub to 4 m; leaves soon glabrescent, ± coriaceous, oblong, elliptic or wider above middle, to 17 cm long, the midrib prominent, lateral veins 9-12 on each side, nearly straight, branching and loop-connected near margin, inconspicuous beneath; peduncles <10 mm long; flowers congested, short- pedicellate; calyx tubular, -3 mm long; corolla tube white, 0.7- 1.6 mm long, the lobes yellowish, 0.6 mm long; berry dark purplish. Widespread in Antilles; in north of Dominica: Cabrit swamp {Whitefoord 5284), Manicou River {Ernst 1058), Vieille Case {H. Nichols 8), Portsmouth {Krause 56, teste O. Schulz et Francey). Ed. Note: L’Heriter’s species name is legitimate, although he cited two earlier synonyms. The first is Cestrum venenatum N. Burman (6 Apr 1768a:5), known today as Acokanthera venenata (N. Burman) G. Don of the Apocynaceae. However, L’Heritier specifically excluded it, “Synonymon Burmanni excludatur.” Burman cited no synonymy. The other synonym, Cestrum venenatum Miller (16 Apr 1768), is an illegitimate later homonym of Burman ’s name. 210 SOLANACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Cestrum megalophyllum Cestrum megalophyllum Dunal in A.P. CandoUe, 1852, 13(1):638. — O. Schulz in Urban, 1909, 6:274. — Francey, 1935:312. Cestrum macrophyllum sensu Grisebach, 1862:443, in part, non Ventenat. Cafe marron, bois cabrit. Shrub or tree to 8 m, soon glabrescent; leaves elliptic or obovate, to 30 cm long, veins elevated beneath, 5-10 on each side, arching upwards; peduncle short, mostly unbranched, to 1.5 cm long; corolla tubular, 1.0-1. 5 cm long, greenish white, tomentose basally within; stamens tomentose at point of insertion and at base; berry obovoid, ~8 mm long, black. Guatemala to Ecuador, Venezuela into the Lesser Antilles; common in Dominica in interior forests, especially along streams: Castle Bruce road (Cowan 1623, Ramage s.n. in 1889), Deux Branches (Chambers 2764, Hodge 3121, 3457), Grand Bay (Eggers 617), Freshwater Lake area (Eggers 875, Hodge 1766, 1965, 1981, 2019, Lloyd 216, Nicolson 2107, Ramage s.n. in 1888), Layou River (Chambers 2517, Ernst 1005, Nicolson 4184), Lisdara (Cooper 154, 180, Hodge 2334, 2367, 2404), South Chiltem (Hodge 1546), Sylvania (Cooper 96, Hodge 1362), Syndicate (Hodge 2762, Wasshausen & Ayensu 352, Whitefoord 3580, 5171), sine loc. (Bryant 115, Imray 197). Datura Linnaeus Datura inoxia Datura inoxia MiUeT, 1768. — Safford, 1921:179. — Barclay, 1959:254. Datura metel sensu Grisebach, 1862:434, el auctt., non Linnaeus. Erect, finely soft and glandular pubescent herb; leaves ovate, sinuate; pedicels solitary, stout; calyx tubular, pubescent; corolla white, tubular, to 20 cm long, opening at night; capsule pendulous, globose, with soft spines, 2.5-4. 5 cm across. Neotropics, now a widespread weed; in Dominica on the west coast (between Batali River and Coulibistri (Ernst 1396). Ed. Note: Miller’s original spelling of the Latin adjective for what he translated as “harmless” was “inoxia,” implying not (in-) acid (oxy), rather than not (in-) harmful (noxia). My instinct would be to correct the orthographic error but the author objected. Other species may occur in Dominica. Datura stramonium Linnaeus is a common weed in the Antilles and has glabrate leaves with pointed lobes and an erect fruit. Datura metel Linnaeus (inch Datura fastuosa Linnaeus, 1759) is an Old World species sometimes cultivated and escaping (attributed to Dominica by Velez, 1957:114) and has violet flowers and dull, stout bumps on the indehiscent fruit. Species of Datura contain highly poisonous alkaloids used in medicine. Lycianthes (Dunal) Hassler Lycianthes pauciflora Lycianthes pauciflora (Vahl) Bitter, 1919:341. Solanum paucflorum Vahl, 1797, Eclog., 1:20. — O. Schulz in Urban, 1909, 6:190. Solanum neglectum Dunal, 1813:177. Solanum speciosum Dunal, 1813:179. Shrub or woody vine; twigs reddish stellate-tomentose to glabrescent; leaves entire, ovate; pedicels slender, fasciculate; calyx 10-ribbed and 10-dentate, the teeth reflexed in fruit; corolla greenish, rotate, 1.0- 1.3 cm long; berry globose, orange, 1.0- 1.4 cm across. Guadeloupe to Trinidad; in interior of Dominica: Carholm Estate (Ernst 1942), Lisdara (Hodge 806), near Prince Rupert [Cabrits?] (Eggers 896), Syndicate (Ernst 2002, Whitefoord 3531, 3634), sine loc. (Cooper 53). Physalis Linnaeus All species of Physalis have edible berries and some are grown elsewhere for jams and sauces. The leaves and unripe fruits are poisonous! 1. Fruiting calyx weakly 5- 10-angled; flowering calyx with deltoid teeth; pedicels mostly longer than the flowering calyx P. angulata 1. Fruiting calyx strongly 5-angled; flowering calyx with narrow teeth; pedicels about as long as the flowering calyx. 2. Plants glabrate; fruiting calyx glabrous . . . P. cordata 2. Plants pubescent; fruiting calyx pubescent P. pubescens Physalis angulata Physalis angulata Linnaeus, 1753:183. — ^Waterfall, 1967:216. ?Physalis linkiana sensu Grisebach, 1862:436, an Nees? Glabrate herb with angled stems; leaves ovate, margins sinuate or toothed; pedicels solitary, nodding, longer than the flowering calyx; calyx short-cylindric, deltoidly lobed; corolla rotate, yellow with a dark eye; anthers bluish; fruiting calyx weakly 5- 10-angled, glabrate, loosely enclosing berry. Neotropics, now a widespread weed; in Dominica on roadsides and in fields: Anse Noire (Shillingford & Ernst 288), Massacre (Whitefoord 4633), Melville Hall (Burch 1332). It is not certain whether Grisebach was referring to this species or the following in reporting P. linkiana. The bladder with obsolete keels would seem to indicate P. angulata but the lanceolate-acuminate calyx lobes are more appropriate to P. cordata. While others treat Physalis linkiana Nees in the synonymy of P. angulata. Waterfall argued that the name should be abandoned. NUMBER 77 SOLANACEAE 211 Physalis cordata Physalis cordata Miller, 1768. — Waterfall, 1967:235. Physalis turbinataMe.^kas , 1780:189, pi. 4. — Howard, 1989, 6:285. ?Physalis linkiana sensu Grisebach, 1862:436, an Nees? Pock. Glabrate herb; leaves ovate to elliptic, shallowly toothed; pedicels solitary, nodding, about as long as flowering calyx; calyx conical, the teeth soon becoming narrow; corolla rotate, yellow with a dark eye; anther bluish; fruiting calyx strongly 5-angled, glabrous, loosely enclosing the berry. Neotropical weed; in fields of Dominica: Canefield (M- colson 2148). Physalis pubescens Physalis pubescens Linnaeus, 1753:183. Herb with stems long-pilose below, villous upwards; leaves ovate to elliptic, toothed or sinuate, pubescent overall; pedicels solitary, nodding, equaling the flowering calyx; corolla yellow with a dark eye; anthers blue; fruiting calyx strongly 5-angled, pubescent at least on the ribs. Neotropical weed, now widespread; in Dominica in dis- turbed places: between Fond Baron Estate and Pichelin on road to Grand Bay {Ernst 1593), Soufriere {Lloyd 471), sine loc. {Bryant 66). Solandra Swartz Solandra longiflora Tussac, with corolla tube 1.5x-2.5x as long as the calyx, included stamens, and a globose berry, was collected in a garden in Roseau {Nicolson 4208). Solandra grandiflora Solandra grandiflora Swartz, 1787b:300. — Bemardello & Hunziker, 1987:648. Solandra minor Grisebach, 1862:433. Swartsia grandiflora (Swartz) GmeUn, 1791:360. Solandra macrantha Dunal in A.P. CandoUe, 1852, 13(1):533. Glabrous woody vine, sometimes high climbing; leaves obovate, elliptic or rotund, mucronulate; pedicels solitary, stout, short; calyx tubular, sometimes angled, 5-9 cm long, 3-5-parted halfway or more; corolla funnelform, the tube narrow 0.7x-1.5x as long as calyx, the limb campanulate, with 5 round, entire to erose, spreading lobes, whitish or yellowish, outside with 5 greenish ribs; stamens ± exserted; berry conical, apiculate. Antilles, cultivated elsewhere; in interior of Dominica: ^ Brush, above Jean {Nicolson 2165), South Chiltem {Hodge 1646), sine loc. {Imray 141), Syndicate towards Milton i {Whitefoord 5975). i This species is widely cultivated and sometimes blooms j when only 30 cm tall. Leaves and flowers of some species of Solandra are poisonous but the fruits of some are edible. Solanum Linnaeus Solanum melongena Linnaeus, eggplant or belogene, is cultivated by Caribs for fruits chiefly eaten after boiling (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:604). This herb has copious stellate pubescence, ovate leaves, bluish flowers and large fruits. 1. Inflorescence branched once or more. 2. Vines; flowers blue or purple (rarely white); fruits red S. seaforthianum 2. Shrubs; flowers white; fruits yellow. 3. Leaves glabrous S. triste 3. Leaves conspicuously stellate-pubescent. 4. Plants unarmed; inflorescence many-branched near apex; leaves entire; fruits held above the leaves S. rugosum 4. Plants armed; inflorescence 1 -more-branched near base into racemes; leaves sinuate or toothed; fruits held at side of the stem S. torvum 1. Inflorescence unbranched, racemose or ± umbellate. 5. Leaves pubescent with stellate hairs. 6. Woody vines with hooked spines; leaves entire or the lobes pointed S. lancifolium 6. Herbs or shrubs, unarmed or with straight spines; leaves entire or the lobes rounded S. racemosum 5. Leaves glabrate or with straight hairs. 7. Plants without spines (a few hooks sometimes present on stem angles); leaves glabrate, when present the hairs fine S. americanum 1. Plants with straight spines; leaves pubescent with coarse hairs, at least on the margins. 8. Leaves pubescent on the margins, glabrate else- where; flowers white; fruit red, the pericarp <4 mm thick; seeds broadly winged . ... S. capsicoides 8. Leaves copiously pubescent all over; flowers mauve; fhiit yellow, the pericarp >4 mm thick; seeds unwinged S. mammosum Solanum americanum Solanum americanum Miller, 1768. — Edmonds, 1972:103. — D’Arcy, 1973:735; 1974:834.— Symon, 1981:37. Solanum nigrum sensu auctt. mult., non Linnaeus. Solanum nodiflorum Jacquin, 1788, Coll., 1:100. Solanum caribaeum Dunal in A.P. Candolle, 1852, 13(1):48. Solanum nigrum var. nodiflorum (Jacquin) Gray, 1878:228. Solanum nigrum var. americanum (Miller) O. Schulz in Urban, 1909, 6:160. Solanum americanum var. nodiflorum (Jacquin) Edmonds in Steam, 1971:634. Common nightshade, herbe amere, zeb amere. Glabrate or pubescent unarmed herb; stems sometimes angled; leaves ovate, entire or shallowly toothed; contracted 212 SOLANACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY raceme lateral to stem; flowers small, to 1 cm across; corolla white with 5 deltoid lobes; anthers stout; berry shiny black, held upright, the calyx reflexed. A nearly cosmopolitan weed; common in Dominica on roadsides, in fields and disturbed lands; Fern Villa {Hodge 2169), Layou {Hodge 801), Lisdara {Hodge 2453), Mome Anglais {Hodge 800), Mome Plat Pays (Wilbur 7888), Pont Casse {DeFilipps 164), Salybia {Hodge 3086, 3221), South Chiltem {Ernst 1320), Sylvania {Hodge 798, 799, 1088, 1365), Trafalgar {Shillingford 209), windward coast {Bryant 124). Sold in local markets as a culinary green (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:605). The unripe fmits are toxic! Adjanohoun et al. (1985:181, pi. 147) reported several medicinal uses. Ed. Note: There are taxonomic and nomenclatural prob- lems involved with Solanum americanum Miller and Solanum nodiflorum Jacquin, both names being widely used in recent floras. Most specialists agree that these diploid elements are specifically distinct from hexaploid Solanum nigrum Linnaeus. Solanum capsicoides Solanum capsicoides AiHioni, 1773:12. — Symon, 1981:101. Solanum aculeatissimum sensu O. Schulz in Urban, 1909, 6:206, et auctt., non Jacquin. Solanum ciliatum Lamarck, 1794, Tabl., 2:21. — D’Arcy, 1974:842. Batard balagien. Herb to 80 cm with copious straight spines; stems green or purplish; leaves ovate to orbicular, sinuate to pinnatifid, ciliate with simple hairs; racemes short, lateral to stem; pedicels glandular-hispid; calyx lobed 2/3, the lobes narrow; corolla white, deeply lobed, 1. 4-2.0 cm across; anthers narrow, 6 mm long; berry red, globose, 1. 5-5.0 cm across, with a fleshy skin. Native in eastern Argentina or Brazil, now widespread; in Dominica a weed of roadsides and disturbed areas: Delices {Whitefoord 3691), Fern Villa {Hodge 2219), between Fond Baron & Pichelin {Ernst 1586), La Plaine {Nicolson 2068), Lisdara {Hodge 2369), Petit Savanne {Whitefoord 6072). Fruits of this species and S. mammosum are used in some countries to poison cockroaches. Solanum lancifolium Solanum lancifolium Jacquin, 1788, CoU., 2:286, "lanceaefolium." Solanum scabrum Vahl, 1797, Eclog., 1:22, non Miller. Solanum houstonii Dunal, 1813:243. Herbaceous or woody vine, armed with hooked spines; leaves lanceolate-elliptic, entire or sinuate-dentate, glabrate to stellate-tomentose, armed on the midrib; raceme short, lateral to stem; calyx 1-2 mm long; corolla white or purplish with deep, narrow lobes 7-12 mm long; anthers slender; berry shiny red or range, juicy, 6-12 mm across. Sporadic in neotropics north of Andes, becoming a noxious weed; in interior forests of Dominica: Bataca {Stehli 6106, 6401), En Haut Jean {Nicolson 2163, Webster 13512), Laudat {Eggers 684), Mome Colla Anglais {Hodge 1171), sine loc. {Imray 585). Solanum mammosum Solanum mammosum Linnaeus, 1753:187. — Symon, 1981:103. Pilose herb armed with flat, straight spines; leaves broadly ovate, sharply toothed or lobed; raceme short, few-flowered, lateral to stem; calyx narrowly lobed to near the base; corolla violet with deep, narrow lobes 3-4 cm across; anthers slender; berry yellow, ovoid or pyriform, often with 1-more nipple-like protrusions from the base. Neotropics but widely cultivated as a curiosity; in Dominica on roadsides, perhaps also cultivated: Bellevue {Eggers 685). Solanum racemosum Solanum racemosum Jacquin, 1760:15. — O. Schulz in Urban, 1909, 6:223. — D’Arcy, 1974:857. Solanum igneum Linnaeus, 1762:270. Solanum racemosum var. igneum (Linnaeus) O. Schulz ex Boldingh, 1909 [Jul]:178.— O. Schultz in Urban, 1909 [Dec], 6:225. Slender shrub to 2 m, sometimes armed with straight spines; leaves lanceolate to ovate, to 20 cm long; raceme slender, lateral to stem, to 8 cm long; corolla white with deep, narrow lobes to 1 cm long; stamens tightly coherent in a slender tube to 8 mm long; berry red, juicy, 6-8 mm across. Windward Islands and adventive northward; common in Dominica near the coast, especially in dry areas: Batali River (Webster 13172), Cabrit {Nicolson 1887, Hodge 802, 3728, Smith 10327, Whitefoord 3986), Carib Reserve {Stehl6 6391), Castaways Hotel {Stern & Wasshausen 2429), Grand Savanne {Wilbur 7669), Loubiere {Hodge 3859, 3865), Mero {Nicolson 4046), Pointe des Fous {Ernst 1792), Pointe Ronde {Ernst 1566, Hodge 2699, 2744, 2748), Roseau Valley {Lloyd 559, 811), Salisbury (Chambers 2813, Ernst 1381), South Chiltem and Scotts Head {Hodge 1609, Stern & Wasshausen 2536, Wilbur 7588), sine loc. {Imray 356). The name Solanum igneum referred to coastal plants with smaller leaves and formidable spines. Such are not considered taxonomically distinct from unarmed, inland plants. Solanum racemosum is closely related to S. bahamense and several other species of the northern Antilles, which differ in flower color and leaf venation. Fruits of these species are sometimes eaten. Solanum rugosum Solanum rugosum Dunal in A.R Candolle, 1852, 13(1):108. — O. Schulz in Urban, 1909, 6:179.— UtUe & Wadsworth, 1964:488, pi. 231.— Roe, 1967:369. Solanum asperum sensu Grisebach, 1862:438, non L. Richard. Solanum verbascifolium sensu auctt., non Linnaeus. Unarmed shrub to 5 m; leaves ovate, to 25 cm long, scabrous above, stellate-pubescent beneath; inflorescence many- NUMBER 77 SOLANACEAE — STERCULIACEAE 213 flowered, held above the foliage; calyx deeply lobed, pubes- cent; corolla white, 1.5 cm across, obtusely lobed about halfway; fruits globose, yellow, 9-11 mm across, mostly pubescent but ultimately glabrous. Antilles and Belize to Brazil; in Dominica at forest edges and disturbed areas in the interior: Grand Bay (Eggers 787), Lisdara {Hodge 2421), Mome Diablotins {Hodge 2773), Pont Casse {Nicolson 2129), Syndicate {Nicolson 4189, Webster 13321). Solarium seaforthianum Solanum seaforthianum Andrews, 1808. — Symon, 1981:67. Slender, glabrous, unarmed vines; leaves both entire and pinnatisect or compound, the lobes ovate, the terminal the largest; panicle terminal, many-flowered, showy, pendant, to 20 cm long; corolla blue or violet (white), 2-5 cm across, the lobes deep and lanceolate; anthers stout; berry globose, red, juicy, 3-5 mm across. Widespread in Caribbean area, sometimes cultivated; in Dominica on the north coast, also cultivated: between Wesley and Woodford Hill {Ernst 2091), Roseau Botanic Gardens {Hodge 3913, cult.). Solanum torvum Sotanum torvum Swartz, 1788:47. — O. Schulz in Urban, 1909, 6:233. — Hepper in Dassanayake, 1988, 6:376. Solanum ficifolium Ortega, 1800:1 16. Batarde melogene, batard belagien, balengene, wild egg- plant. Sparingly armed shrub or tree to 5 m; leaves ovate, to 25 cm long, sinuate to pinnatifid with rounded sinuses, stellate- tomentose; inflorescence lateral to stem, branched into 2 several-flowered cymes; pedicels slender, dark, glandular; calyx with straight glandular hairs; corolla white, 1. 5-2.5 cm across, lobed V3 way; anthers slender; berry globose, 1.0- 1.5 cm across, yellow, mucilaginous, glabrous. Neotropics but now widespread; common in Dominica on roadsides and other disturbed areas: Bellevue {Taylor 30, Hodge 805), Cabrits {Hodge 803), Castle Bruce {Wilbur 7982), between Fond Figues and Raymondstone Rivers {Ernst 1453), Laudat area {Hodge 1799, Lloyd 206), Layou River valley {Hodge 804), Wilbur 7368), L’Imprevue {Narodny s.n. in 1949), Pointe Guignard {Wilbur 7617), between Salybia and Gaulettre River {Hodge 3349), South Chiltem {Hodge 1461), Soufriere {Beard 1159), Sylvania {Cooper 81, Hodge 1164, Nicolson 1868), Syndicate {Whitefoord 3519), sine loc. {Imray 110). Roots are used in preparing a tea to treat venereal disease by Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:605). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:181, pi. 148) reported about the same for use of leaves and flowers. Solanum triste Solanum triste Jacquin, 1760:15. — Foumet, 1978:1291. — Whitefoord, 1989:148. Glabrate shrub to 3 m; leaves elliptic -lanceolate, entire, to 28 cm long; inflorescences short, almost opposite leaves; corolla white; anthers to 4 mm long; berry yellow. Venezuela, Martinique; new record in SE Dominica to 250 m: Delices (Whitefoord 3769 at BM). Staphyleaceae Turpinia occidentalis Turpinia occidentalis (Swartz) G. Don, 1832, 2:3. Staphylea occidentalis Swartz, 1788:55. Sureau marron, bois sureau marron. Tree to 25 m; leaves opposite, pinnately compound, leaflets 5-11, elliptic -lanceolate to ovate, shallowly serrate, glabrous; inflorescence a terminal panicle; petals white, often erose; fruit with 3 persistent styles, green but becoming black or dark purple, indehiscent. Central America, Jamaica, and Lesser Antilles; occasional in rainforests of Dominica 400-1050 m: Laudat {Eggers 696), Mome Diablotins at 1050 m (DHN!), Rosalie Valley {Beard 237), South Chiltem {Stern & Wasshausen 2493), Sylvania {Beard 1462), Syndicate at 350 m (DHN!). Rowers in March, fruits in July. STERCULIACEAE (R. DeFilipps) Cola nitida (Ventenat) Schott & Endlicher, the cola nut from Africa, is cultivated at Clarke Hall {Ernst 1414, Nicolson 1827). It is apetalous like Sterculia but has only a short androphore. Cola acuminata (Palisot de Beauvois) Schott & Endlicher, also a source of cola, with each cotyledon divided in two, has not been confirmed on Dominica, although it is commonly cultivated elsewhere and sterile Hodge 998 could be it. We follow Keay (1958:329) in separating these easily confused species. Bomstein (in Howard, 1989, 5:279) doubted the determination of Ernst 1414. Kleinhovia hospita Linnaeus, a shrubby red-flowered spe- cies with entire leaves from Asia and cultivated for its unusual bladdery fmits, has been collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 904, Hony church 231). Theobroma cacao Linnaeus, cacao or kabu (Carib), a small, cauliflorous tree of continental neotropics with 5-petaled flowers and entire leaves, is cultivated in Dominica for its seeds, the source of chocolate: Clarke Hall {Ernst 1421). Hodge and Taylor (1957:583) commented on the Caribs’ usages. 1. Leaves or leaflets entire (sometimes deeply lobed); petals none Sterculia 1. Leaves serrate; petals 5. 214 Stercuuaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 2. Tree to 20 m; petals each with a 2-cleft apical appendage; fruit woody, indehiscent, warty Guazuma 2. Herb or shrub to 4 m; petals not appendaged; fruit dehiscent, not warty. 3 . Petals pink-purple; ovary 5 -locular ; capsule 5 -coccoid Melochia 3. Petals yellow-orange; ovary 1-locular; capsule 2- valved Waltheria Guazuma Adanson Guazuma ulmifolia Guazuma ulmifolia Lamarck, 1789, 3:52. — Little & Wadsworth, 1964:338, pi. 156. Tree to 20 m; branches horizontally spreading; leaves 6-10 cm long; inflorescences erect; petals yellow. Neotropics; occasional in Dominica in disturbed areas of lowlands to 650 m: above Colihaut (Ernst 1898), Delices (Whitefoord 3711), Hungry Hill (Whitefoord 4482, 4483, 5909), upper Rosalie Road (Wilbur 8148), Walkers Rest (Chambers 2774), La Plaine road (Ernst 1923), Salybia (Nicolson 4137), Syndicate (DHN!). Rowering July-October, fruiting February-July. Melochia Linnaeus Velez (1957:115) reported collecting Melochia hirsuta CavaniUes on Dominica. This species, a synonym of Melochia villosa (Miller) Fawcett & Rendle, is not reported from the Lesser Antilles, according to Goldberg (1967:285). The correct name is Melochia spicata (Linnaeus) Fryxell (based on Malva spicata Linnaeus), according to Fryxell (1988:457). 1. Leaves densely tomentose, whitish below; common M. tomentosa 1. Leaves sparsely pubescent, green below; apparently rare on Dominica. 2. Inflorescence ± sessile, axillary; capsule not winged M. nodiflora 2. Inflorescence pedunculate, leaf-opposed; capsule winged M. pyramidata Melochia nodiflora Melochia nodiflora Swartz, 1788:97. — Goldberg, 1967:271. Shrub to 4 m; leaves 3. 5-7.5 cm long. Neotropics, including Guadeloupe and Martinique; appar- ently only once collected in Dominica: sine loc. (Imray 123 at K). Melochia pyramidata Melochia pyramidata Lirmaeus, 1753:674. — Goldberg, 1967:337. Herb or shrub to 2 m; leaves 2-6 cm long; distinctive inflated fruits. Neotropics; apparently rare on Dominica or rarely collected: Wallhouse (Eggers 652), sine loc. (Imray 100 at GH). Melochia tomentosa Melochia tomentosa Linnaeus, 1759a:1140. — Goldberg, 1967:327. Shrub to 3 m; leaves 1-6 cm long. Neotropics; frequent in Dominica along dry west coast: Batah River mouth (Chambers 2787), Colihaut (Ernst 1140), Coulibistri (Wilbur 8338), Gabriel (Wilbur 8271), Grand Savanne (Ernst 2125, Lloyd 833), Webster 13406). Sterculia Linnaeus Sterculia foetida Linnaeus, the Indian almond with radiately compound leaves, has been collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden (Nicolson 4211). Nicolson’s notes indicate that large trees of Sterculia alata Roxburgh have been observed in the Roseau Botanic Garden. Sterculia caribaea Sterculia caribaea R. Brown in Bennett, Horsfield & R. Brown, 1844:228. Mahaut cochon, mahaut doux. Major tree (dbh to 3 m); leaves to 3 dm long, glabrate below; flower with united petaloid sepals (no petals), cream with reddish center. Lesser Antilles; common in Dominica in forests 100-1000 m: Cabrits (Howard 11756), Cassada Gardens (Nicolson 2086), Deux Branches (Hodge 2966, 3462), Freshwater Lake (Eggers 686, Ernst 1492, Nicolson 1845, Wasshausen & Ayensu 310, Webster 13266), Grand Bay (Eggers 997), Lisdara (Hodge 2354), Melville Hall (Hodge 541), Mome Cola Anglais (Hodge 542), Pont Casse (Wilbur 7832), west of Rosalie (Ernst 1350), Sylvania (Hodge 1144), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3496). Flower- ing September-June, fruits young in July, mature in October. Hodge and Taylor (1957:583) reported the Caribs use split (not sawn) planks in making dugouts (gommier, Dacryodes excelsa, used for better canoes). Rope is made from bark fibers or, when mixed with the gomme of gommier and boiled in shark oil, used in caulking dugouts. Juvenile shoots have deeply 3-5-lobed leaves, reminiscent of Sterculia apetala (Jacquin) Karsten of the Greater Antilles, which are consistently 5-lobed and tomentose below. Waltheria Linnaeus Waltheria indica Waltheria iruiica Linnaeus, 1753:673. — Fosberg & Sachet, 1975a: 19. Waltheria americarux Linnaeus, 1753:673. Herb or shrub to 2 m; leaves densely pubescent; flowers NUMBER 77 Stercuuaceae — Theaceae 215 yellow, densely compacted. Neotropical weed; in Dominica along west and northeast coasts: Dublanc {Whitefoord 4282), Grand Savanne {Ernst 1390, 2131, Hodge 3780, Wilbur 7653), Imperial Road near coast {Lloyd 784), Pointe Baptiste {Hodge 3741), Pointe Guignard {Wilbur 8122), Pointe Ronde {Chambers 2657). We follow Fosberg and Sachet (1975a: 19) in treating the neotropical densely velutinous aspect as a variety, Waltheria indica var. americana (Linnaeus) R. Brown ex Hosaka, rather than as a species distinct from the more thinly pubescent aspect of the Old World. Styracaceae Styrax glaber Styrax glaber Swartz, nSS-J4,“glabrum" . — Gonsoulin, 1974:233. — Howard, 1974:334.— Stehle, 1962b:443.— Nicolson & Steyskal, 1976. Morisonia imrayi Grisebach, 1859:19, fide Urban, 1892:338. Bois dore. Lepidote tree to 6 m; leaves elliptic -obovate, glabrous above, densely lepidote and paler beneath; calyx truncate and 5-denticulate; petals 5, white, lepidote on outer surface, tomentose on inner; stamens 10, anthers linear; fruit ellipsoid, 2 cm long, beaked. Lesser Antilles; apparently rare in interior forests of Dominica at 600 m: Mome Couronne {Webster 13203), sine loc. {Imray 295 at GOET). Symplocaceae Symplocos Jacquin 1. Leaves to 2 cm broad, attenuate at base; inflorescence 4-7 cm long; stamens free, adnate to corolla base; ovary 3-locular S. guadeloupensis 1. Leaves 3-6 cm wide, usually obtuse at base; inflorescence to 1.5 cm long; stamens united, attached at top of corolla tube; ovary 4-5-locular S. martinicensis Symplocos guadeloupensis Symplocos guadeloupensis Krug & Urban in Urban, 1892:337. — Brand in Engler, 1901, IV.242 (Heft 6):30.— Stehle, 1962b:442.— Mai, 1986:9. Tree to 3 m; leaves oblanceolate, yellowish when dry; flowers white. Previously known only from Guadeloupe and Grenada; locally common in Dominica near top of Mome Diablotins at 1350 m: {Chambers 2645, Webster 13362, DHN!). Flowering in January, fmiting in June. Symplocos martinicensis Symplocos martinicensis Jacquin, 1760:24. — Brand in Engler, 1901, IV.242 (Heft 6):85.— Stehle, 1962b:441.— Mai. 1986:15. Symplocos apiculala Brand in Engler, 1901, IV.242 (Heft 6):85. — Stehle, 1962b:442. Graines bleues, cacarat. Medium tree to 12 m (dbh 50 cm); leaves elliptic -ovate; flowers white, fragrant; fmits blue. Honduras, Jamaica, Puerto Rico to Brazil; frequent in midlands of Dominica (60-)450-800 m: Baiac {Whitefoord 4608), Bomes (DHN!), Breakfast River {Hodge 1884), Du- blanc {Hodge 2553), La Plaine {Whitefoord 5408, 5417), Laudat-Freshwater Lake area {Chambers 2691, Hodge 1959, Nicolson 1963, Smith 10274, Webster 13247), Lisdara {Cooper 143, Hodge 2426, 2433), Londonderry {Chambers 2612), Mome Anglais {Hodge 2253), Riversdale {Beard 242), Salybia {Hodge 3096), South Chiltem {Hodge 1586, Stern & Wasshau- sen 2510), Sylvania {Cooper 32, Hodge 1111), Syndicate {Nicolson 4075, Whitefoord 3907, 4576). Rowering October- June, fmiting January-July. The wood is used for timbers, posts, boards and shingles. Study of type {Duss 2236) and topotype material {Questel 2283) of S. apiculata Brand indicates that the stamens are 3-seriate and fall within S. martinicensis. Study of type material {Duss 4202) of Symplocos urbaniana Brand from Guadeloupe indicates that its leaves are broad, thick-coriaceous, and unlike anything hitherto found on Dominica. Theaceae 1. Leaves distichous, serrate or crenate, ovate or lanceolate; flowers functionally unisexual (plants dioecious), fascicu- late; sepals entire, ciliate Freziera 1. Leaves spiralled, entire, obovate; flowers bisexual, soli- tary; sepals glandular-denticulate, eciliate Ternstroemia Freziera Willdenow, nom. cons. 1. Leaves broadly ovate, base cordate, pubescent below F. cordata 1. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, base cuneate, glabrous below F. undulata Freziera cordata Freziera cordata Tulasne, 1847:334. — Kobusld, 1941:462. Tree to 3 m; leaves broadly ovate and ± amplexicaul, to 13 cm X 7 cm; flowers white, tinged with red. Guadeloupe and Martinique; rare (endangered species?) on mountain tops in Dominica: Mome Anglais {Wilbur 7939), Trois Pitons {Hodge 2274). Rowering March-July. Kobuski (l.c.) thought the species was destroyed on Mt. Pelee (Martinique) by the 1902 emption but it was recollected in 1960 {Proctor 21752). The top of Mome Anglais was cleared for aerial survey purposes around 1964, presumably after Wilbur’s collection, perhaps destroying it there. 216 Theaceae — ^Thymelaeaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Freziera undulata Freziera undulata (Swartz) Willdenow, 1799, 2:1179. — Swartz, 1800:974. — Kobuski, 1941:464. Eroteum undulatum Swartz, 1788:85. Freziera e/ega/w Tulasne, 1847:336. Freziera undulata var. elegans (Tulasne) Krug & Urban in Urban, 1896:543. — Kobuski, 1941:465. Shrub or tree to 10 m; leaves narrowly lanceolate and tapering at base, to 17 cm x 4 cm; flowers white or pinkish. Endemic to Lesser Antilles; locally common in Dominica on summits and occasional at lower elevations: Boeri Lake {Wilbur 8195), Freshwater Lake-Laudat area {Eggers 632, Nicolson 1290), Mome Diablotins {Wasshausen & Ayensu 408), Mome Micotrin {Nicolson 1983), Pont Casse {Ernst 1290, Wilbur 8177), Mome Trois Pitons {Chambers 2592, Ernst 1212, Hodge 1392, Lloyd 732, Wilbur 8081). Rowering November-August (aU year?), fruiting August-December (only Eggers 632 and Wilbur 8195). There are two aspects of this species, treated by Kobuski (l.c.) as varieties: (1) var. elegans, the summit aspect with strongly zig-zagged twigs, leaves tufted near ends of twigs, and smaller leaves (to 8 cm x 2 cm) often subequal at base; (2) var. undulata, the midland aspect with straighter twigs, leaves not tufted, and larger leaves (to 17 cm x 4 cm) often unequal at base. However, there are intermediates and I suspect the differences are ecologically rather than genetically determined. Ternstroemia Mutis ex Linnaeus f., nom. cons. 1. Peduncles to 2 cm long; locules 3, 2-ovulate; stigma 3-parted, evolute T. elliptica 1. Peduncles 2-8 cm long; locules 2, 5-20-ovulate; stigma simple T. peduncularis Ternstroemia elliptica Ternstroemia elliptica Swartz, 1788:81. — Kobuski, 1943:63. See key characters. St. Kitts, Guadeloupe and Dominica; reported only once for Dominica: sine loc. {Imray 280 at GH, 380 at K). Ternstroemia peduncularis Ternstroemia peduncularis A.R Candolle, 1822b:409. — Kobuski, 1943:73. Ternstroemia obovalis A. Richard in Sagra, 1845, 10:221. Ternstroemia peduncularis \ar. stenophylla Krug & Urban in Urban, 1896:526. Shrub or tree to 5 m; leaves oblanceolate-obovate; flowers solitary, axillary, strongly aromatic, sepals pink, petals orange. Antilles; occasional in Dominica on open slopes to 300 m: Grand Bay {Ernst 1070), Grand Savanne {Stern & Wasshausen 2459, 2541), sine loc. {Imray 469). Rowering April-July. Theophrastaceae Clavija longifolia (Jacquin) Mez of northern South America, with long serrate leaves, red-orange flowers and glandular staminodia, has been collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 3945). Jacquinia armillaris Jacquinia armillaris Jacquin, 1760:15. — Mez in Urban, 1901, 2:442. — Howard, 1973b:455. Jacquinia arborea Vahl, 1797, Eclog., 1:26. — Gooding et al., 1965:320. — Adams, 1972:563.— Uttle et al., 1974:762, pi. 628. Jacquinia armillaris var. arborea (Vahl) Grisebach, 1861:397. Jacquinia barbasco Mez in Engler, 1903, IV.236a (Heft 15):32, nom. Uleg. — Stehle, 1962b:440. Mai bois chandelle. Shmb or tree to 3 m; leaves ± verticillate near branch-tips, spatulate or obovate, pellucid-punctate; inflorescence ra- cemose; flowers white, aromatic; sepals eciliate; stamens 5, anther apices narrowly but deeply lobed; staminodia 5, petalloid; berry green, becoming orange (or red?). West Indies (except Bahamas and Trinidad); in Dominica in wind-sheared woodlands on east coast: L’Anse Noire {Ernst 2080), Salybia {Chambers 2634), La Plaine {Ramage s.n. at GH). Rowering January, fruiting August. I Mez (in Engler, l.c.) adopted J. barbasco “(Loefling)” Mez, i believing that Chrysophyllum barbasco Loefling (1758) pro- ] vided the earliest available epithet. However, as Howard (1973b:455) pointed out, Loefling only cited “Barbasco” as a vernacular name, not as part of a binomial (“Chrysophyllum. j Barbasco” (p. 204) and “Chrysophyllo fructu adfinis...; vulgo \ Barbasco” (p. 277)). In publishing more extensively on his J. I! armillaris, Jacquin later (1763:53) included a reference to |i Loefling. i| Setting aside J. berteri Sprengel, a species with smaller j leaves and shorter inflorescence with reflexed pedicels, it is | generally considered that there are two other species in the ' West Indies, one with ciliate sepals (called Jacquinia armillaris Jacquin by Mez (1901), and one with eciliate sepals (called jj| Jacquinia revoluta Jacquin by Mez (1901, 1903). The first I question is whether Mez was correct in treating /. armillaris as having eciliate sepals and the second question is whether Mez was correct in treating J. arborea Vahl (1797, Eclog., 26) as its j synonym. If the (lecto?)type of either name actually has ciliate sepals, J. revoluta Jacquin will fall into its synonymy. Without having seen the types, I am following Mez (1901) ■ and assuming that his dispositions are correct. In any case, all cited (three) Dominican specimens have eciliate sepals. Thymelaeaceae Daphnopsis americana subsp. caribaea Daphnopsis americana subsp. caribaea (Grisebach) NevEng, 1959:315. Daphnopsis caribaea Grisebach, 1860:278. NUMBER 77 Thymelaeaceae — Tiuaceae 217 Mahaut, bitter mahoe, maho pimente. Dioecious shrubs or trees to 15 m with a bitter inner bark; leaves temate, lanceolate to elliptic, ± coriaceous; inflorescence and calyx tube pubescent, ± umbellate at tips of a branching axis; flowers white, 4-merous, female without petals, male with tubular flowers and 8 stamens; fruit a drupe. Northern South America through Lesser Antilles into Puerto Rico and into southern Central Ameriea; common in Dominica in thickets and forests, 50-700 m: Baiac {Whitefoord 4609), Bomes (DHN!), Carib Reserve {Hodge 466, 3274, Stehl^ 394, Taylor 21, Chattanooga {Hodge 885), Hampstead {Lloyd 666), Laudat {Lloyd 353, Nicolson 120), Londonderry {Chambers 2622), Point Lolo {Ernst 1958), Rosalie {Stern & Wasshausen 2467), South Chiltem {Ernst 1871, Hodge 1534), Sylvania {Hodge 464, 465, Webster 13409, Wilbur 7709), Woodford Hill Estate {Ernst 1549). Rowering April-August, fruiting July-October; most specimens are male. The bark is used for rope and a tea is used ritually by Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:591). Other subspecies of D. americana (Miller) J. Johnston occur in the Greater Antilles, South and Central America. Tiliaceae Dr. W. Meijer and Mr. Manuel Martinez (University of Kentucky) generously shared their as yet unpublished exper- tise. Berrya cubensis (Grisebach) Gomez de la Maza (as Carpodiptera floribunda Urban) was collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden {Hodge 954). 1. Fruits linear-oblong, unarmed, dehiscent; leaves unlobed Corchorus 1. Fruits ± globose, bristly, indehiscent; leaves often lobed Triumfetta Corchorus Linnaeus Corchorus olitorius Linnaeus, the East Indian source of jute, a species with basal teeth of leaves prolonged into hairs, was collected in Dominica in 1929: [Cocoa?] Centre {Anonymous s.n. at K, from University of Birmingham). It is known to escape but not confirmed in Dominica. Excluded Corchorus Corchorus aestuans Linnaeus, another species with pro- longed basal teeth (like C. olitorius), was reported for ' Dominica by Velez (1957:115) but Martinez (1981:49) I reported it in the main Lesser Antilles only from Montserrat, St. ! Vincent, Grenada, and Barbados. I Corchorus hirsutus Linnaeus, a densely stellately pubescent I species, was attributed to Dominica by Velez (1957:115 but, I according to Martinez (1981:22, fig. 2c), it has not been collected south of St. Barthelemy, except in Aruba, Curasao, and Bonaire. Corchorus hirtus Linnaeus, a very hirsute species but with simple hairs, was reported for Dominica by Vdlez (1957:115) but Martinez (1981:103) reported it in the main Lesser Antilles only from Guadeloupe and Martinique (Duss collections). Corchorus orinocensis Kunth, a glabrate species with 2-3 locules, was attributed to Dominica by Urban (1910, 4:382) but Martinez (1981:64) reported it in the main Lesser Antilles only from Martinique and Guadeloupe (where it has not been recently recollected). Bomstein (in Howard, 1989, 5:191) treated this as a synonym of Corchorus hirtus Linnaeus. Corchorus siliquosus Corchorus siliquosus Linnaeus, 1753:529. Shrub to 2 m; leaves glabrous, often small; corolla yellow; capsule blunt (with seeds to apex), 2-locular, locules not partitioned between seeds. Neotropics; in Dominica a weed at low elevations: Cabrits {Ernst 2093, Whitefoord 5267, 5292), above Clarke Hall {Ernst 1529), sine loc. {Imray s.n. at GH). Rowering in August, fruiting in January-May. Triumfetta Linnaeus Triumfetta lappula Linnaeus, with no petals and 10 stamens, was reported for Dominica by Velez (1957: 1 15) but there is no confirmation. 1. Flower buds cucullate, apical parts swollen above a constriction; stamens 10-15; fruit bodies 3-4 mm broad and densely tomentose, spines glabrescent T. rhomboidea 1. Rower buds rounded at apex; stamens (10)15-30; fruit bodies (3)5-6 mm broad and glabrous. 2. Rower buds 14-18 mm long; petals (12)15-20(30) mm long; stamens 25-30; fruit spines glabrescent T. grandiflora 2. Rower buds 5-9 mm long; petals 6-10 mm long; stamens (10)15-20(30); fruit spines retrorsely pilo- sulose T. semitriloba Triumfetta grandiflora Triumfetta grandiflora Vahl, 1798, Eclog., 2:34. — Grisebach, 1859:96. — Lay, 1950:363. Small tree to 4 m; remarkable for its large flowers and fruits. Neotropics; in Dominica at midelevations: Syndicate {Ernst 2103, Whitefoord 3953), sine loc. {Imray 55, 362 at K). Triumfetta rhomboidea Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacquin, 1760:22. — Adams, 1972:455.— Bomstein in Howard, 1989, 5:197. 218 Tiljaceae — Ulmaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Bartramia indica Linnaeus, 1753:389, non Triumfetta indica Lamarck. Triumfetta bartramia Linnaeus, 1759a: 1044, nom. iUeg. — Lay, 1950:382. Shrub to 2 m; a distinctive species with cucullate buds and a small, densely tomentose fruit body. Neotropics but now a pantropical weed; in Dominica at low elevations: La Plaine (Nicolson 2066), Portsmouth (DHN!), Roseau {Krauss 1251). The above synonymy is traditional but Bartramia indica Linnaeus is not yet firmly lectotypified. At least one Linnaean specimen (620.3 LINN from Surat) is almost certainly Triumfetta glabra Rottler (in Sprengel, 1825, 2:450, type from Batticaloa in Ceylon) not T. rhomboidea. Bomstein (in Howard, l.c.) cites a Hermann specimen (BM) as type but does not mention who, when, and where it was so designated. Triumfetta semitriloba Triumfetta semitriloba Jacqmn, 1760:22. — Lay, 1950:373. Triumfetta althaeoides sensu Grisebach, 1859:96, and Lay, 1950:371, as to Imray material from Dominica, non Lamarck. Small shrubby herb to 1 m, a rather unremarkable species. Pantropical; common in Dominica to 550 m: Cabrits (Hodge 540, Whitefoord 4078), Dublanc (Whitefoord 5199), London- derry (Chambers 2616), Mero (Chambers 2781), Mt. Joy (Hodge 1289), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2734), Portsmouth (Whitefoord 5191), Ridgefield (Hodge 2151), South Chiltem (Hodge 1579), Sylvania (Cooper 75), sine loc. (Imray 157, 221 at GH as “Imary”). Turneraceae Turnera ulmifolia Linnaeus, distinguished by 2 basal leaf-glands and flowers 4 cm across, was attributed to Dominica by Velez (1957:115). I exclude this as yet unconfirmed record. Piriqueta cistoides Piriqueta cistoides (Linnaeus) Grisebach, 1860:298. — Omduff, 1970:494. Turnera cistoides Linnaeus, 1762:387. Stellately villous, often sprawling herb to 1 m; leaves eglandular, <1 cm across; flowers yellow-orange, <1 cm across. West Indies and South America; common but scattered weed in open areas of Dominica near the west and north coasts: Grand Savanne (Ernst 1051, 1388, 2141, Hodge 3797, Wilbur 8354), L’Anse Noire (Ernst 2076), Roseau (Lloyd 736), Rosehill (Eggers 695), St. Aromant (Lloyd 566), Sugar Loaf (Eggers 949). Urban (1883:73) credited publication of this name to Meyer ex Steudel (1841, 2:724, see also 344). However, Steudel’s ''Piriqueta cistoides Meyer” is based on Turnera cistoides Hort., non Linnaeus, and must be regarded as a nomen nudum. Ulmaceae 1. Plants usually armed with stipular thorns; leaves serrate above the middle, not scabrous; pistillate flowers solitary or in few-flowered fascicles; stigmas 2-cleft; drupe 8-12 mm long Celtis 1. Plants unarmed; leaves completely serrulate, scabrous; pistillate flowers in cymes; stigmas uncleft; drupe 3 mm long Trema Celtis Linnaeus Celtis iguanaea Celtis iguanaea (Jacquin) Sargent, 1895, 5:64, “iguanaeus." Rhamnus iguanaeus Jacquin, 1760:16. Celtis aculeata Swartz, 1788:53, nom. iUeg. — Grisebach, 1860:149. A ± scandent shrub to 12 m; branches flexuous, each node armed with short, decurved stipular thorns; staminate flowers borne in racemose cymes. Neotropics; occasional but forming thickets in exposed places of western Dominica: Cabrits (Nicolson 4200), Loubiere (Hodge 3863), Mome Daniel, north of Goodwill (Ernst 1840, Hodge 3889). Rowering May-July. Trema Loureiro Although Loureiro used feminine gender, Greek trema, cited by Loureiro, is neuter. Trema domingensis Urban was attributed, with doubt, to Dominica and Martinique by Urban (1920, 8:164). The doubt seems justified, this entire-leaved species apparently being endemic to Hispaniola. 1. Leaf-blades usually <6 cm long, reticulate venation prominent beneath, the apex acute-acuminate T. lamarckianum 1. Leaf-blades usually >7 cm long, the reticulate venation not prominent beneath, the apex acuminate-attenuate T. micranthum Trema lamarckianum Trema lamarckianum (Roemer & Schultes) Blume, 1856, 2:58. — Grisebach, 1860:150. Celtis lamarckiana Roemer & Schultes, 1820, 6:31 1. Sponia lamarckiana (Roemer & Schultes) Decaisne, 1834:498. Shrub or small tree to 2.5 m; leaves rather small, ± equal at base. West Indies; locally common on Dominica on dry slopes: Pointe Guignard (Wilbur 8134), Rosalie Valley [?] (Lloyd 722), Soufriere Village (Ernst 1965), sine loc. (Imray 414 at K). Flowering July. NUMBER 77 U LM ACEAE — U RTICACEAE 219 Trema micranthum Trema micranthum (Linnaeus) Blume, 1856, 2:58. — Grisebach, 1860:150. Rharrmus micrarUhus Linnaeus, 1759a:937. Celtis mollis Humboldt & Bonpland ex Willdenow, 1806, 4:996. Sponia mollis (WUldenow) Decaisne, 1834:498. Sponia micrantha (Linnaeus) Decaisne, 1 834:498. Trema molle (Willdenow) Blume, 1856, 2:58. — Grisebach, 1860:150. Shrub or tree to 3 m; leaves rather large, unequal at base; fruits turning orange. Neotropics; occasional in Dominica in dry areas: ridge north of Clarke Hall {Ernst 1530), ridge south of Clarke Hall (Stern & Wasshausen 2423), Hungry Hill (Whitefoord 4426), “inner Cabrite of Prince Ruperts Head. Dominica. 25 June 1792” {[Finlay] s.n. at K), Trafalgar road {Whitefoord 4646), sine loc. {Imray 467 at K). Flowering May-July, fruiting in November. Urticaceae 1. Leaves opposite Pilea 1. Leaves alternate. 2. Inflorescences elongate or branching. 3. Herbs with glabrous stems; style hooked in fruit Laportea 3. Shrubs with pubescent stems; style none or not hooked. 4. Cystoliths radiate on upper leaf surfaces; stinging hairs none; flowers sessile and clustered along branched spikes; pistillate calyx 0 (ours) but pistil subtended by 2 tiny bracts Gyrotaenia 4. Cystoliths scattered on upper leaf surface; stinging hairs often present; flowers shortly stipitate and clustered at apices of dichotomously branched panicles; pistillate calyx equaling pistil, 4-lobed, accrescent and fleshy in fruit Urera 2. Inflorescence in axillary glomerules. 5. Shrubs; leaves markedly unequal in size at alternate nodes Boehmeria 5. Herbs; leaves ± equal at alternate nodes. 6. Leaves entire, ovate to rotund Rousselia 6. Leaves serrate, lanceolate Phenax Boehmeria Jacquin Boehmeria ramiflora Boehmeria ramiflora Jacquin, 1760:31. — Grisebach, 1860:160. Dioecious or monoecious non-stinging shrub or tree to 6 m; leaves alternate, serrate, acuminate-attenuate, markedly un- equal at alternate nodes, the smaller leaves shortly petioled; flowers in compact axillary clusters. Circumcaribbean; common in Dominica in moist, disturbed areas 65-1000 m: Clarke Hall {Ernst 1004), Deux Branches {Hodge 3115), Fon Pays {Hodge 2851), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3578), Laudat {Gillis 8194), Lisdara {Cooper 166, Hodge 645, 2408), Milton {Hodge 2883), Mome Aux Diables {Wilbur 8067), Mome Micotrin {Chambers 2686, Wilbur 8250), Mome Plat Pays {Wilbur 7847), Pointe Guignard {Wilbur 7613), Pont Casse {Lloyd 787, Webster 13457), Rosehill {Eggers 515), South Chiltem {Hodge 1548, Nicolson 2174), Springfield (Wilbur 7674), Sylvania {Hodge 644), Syndicate {Whitefoord 3498), Trafalgar road {Whitefoord 4641). Gyrotaenia Grisebach Gyrotaenia crassifolia Gyrotaenia crassifolia (Weddell) Urban, 1918a:159. — Kellogg in Howard, 1988, 4:74. Urera crassifolia WeddeU, 1852:18; 1856:161. — Grisebach, 1860:155. — Stehle et al., 1937, 1:185. Large, dioecious, suffmtescent, and non-stinging herb to 6 m; stipules 2-3 cm long, united into a bicarinate ligule, soon deciduous; leaves alternate, ovate, to 30 cm x 20 cm, serrate; male plants with inflorescences near apex, female plants with inflorescences remote from apex; male calyces with 4 broad, imbricate, and ciliate sepals; female calyx 0 with 2 tiny glandular-ciliate bracts clasping the edges of the flattened pistil; stigma capitate-penicillate; achenes imbedded in swollen fmiting rhachis. Guadeloupe and Martinique; rare in ravines of interior forests of Dominica: Boeri Lake {Whitefoord 4139 {4x longer than broad) P. forsythiana 3. Leaves ovate (<3x longer than broad) P. parietaria 1. Leaves toothed, pubescent (except P. semidentata). 5. Vegetative parts glabrous, very succulent P. semidentata 5. Vegetative parts (at least stems) pubescent, never succulent. 6. Plants erect, not rooting at nodes; leaves elliptic - ovate, bases cuneate-rounded, to 8 cm long, pubes- cent or glabrous above P. inaequalis 6. Plants creeping and rooting at nodes; leaves rotund or broadly ovate-elliptic, bases rounded, to 2 cm long, pubescent above P. nummulariifolia Pilea forsythiana Pilea forsythiana Weddell in A.R Candolle, 1869, 16:111. — Urban, 1907, 5:300. Pilea mornicola Urban, 1907, 5:305. Glabrous, erect herbs; leaves entire, lanceolate. Guadeloupe to Martinique; occasional in Dominica in interior ravines or clearings 500-1000 m; Brantridge (Ernst 1196), Castle Bmce track (Hodge 1235), Laudat (Lloyd 222), upper Layou (Stehli 6311), Massacre River waterfalls (Hodge 1025, 1027), Pont Casse (Proctor 25775), Sylvania (Cooper 119), Trafalgar Falls (Ernst 1082), sine loc. (Velez 3549). Dominican specimens with smallest and narrowest leaves could be treated as P. mornicola Urban, such as Cooper 119, Ernst 1196 (“on wet rocks”), Hodge 1235 (“on boulders”), Proctor 25775 (“on boulders”), StehU 6311 (“humus”) and Vilez 3549. It has not been studied in the field but it appears that the small and narrow-leaved aspect may involve epiphytic or epilithic specimens with minimal nutrients. It would also be interesting to compare closely related P. forsythiana (lanceolate leaves) and P. parietaria (ovate leaves) in the field. Pilea inaequalis Pilea inaequalis (Poiret) WeddeU, 1852:229. — Kellogg in Howard, 1988, 4:82. Urtica inaequalis Jussieu ex Poiret in Lamarck, 1816, Encycl., Suppl., 4:222. Pilea pubescens sensu Grisebach, 1860:159, non Liebmann. Erect, pubescent, epiphytic or terrestrial herb to 4 dm; leaves serrate, base cuneate to rounded, sometimes quite purple in same population with green-leaved specimens. Neotropics; common in Dominica in moist rainforest and gullies 20-1000 m: Boeri Lake (Whitefoord 4142), Brantridge (Ernst 1197), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3530), Clarke Hall (Webster 13399), Deux Branches (Hodge 3118), Dleau NUMBER 77 Urticaceae 221 Gommier {Ernst 2086), Freshwater Lake {Smith 10260), Jean {Ernst 1817), Laudat {Lloyd 50), Lisdara {Hodge 641, 2406, 2411, 2464), Massacre Falls {Hodge 1024), Mome Anglais {Hodge 640), Mome Bruce in Roseau {Hodge 642), Mome Diablotins {Nicolson 1915, 1916, Webster 13337), Mome Micotrin {Ernst 1775, Wilbur 7452), Mosquito Mountain {Webster 13535, 13536), Point Lolo {Ernst 1206), Pont Casse {Long & Norstog 3403, Wilbur 7815), Salybia {Hodge 3239), South Chiltem {Ernst 1313, Hodge 1547), Syndicate {Ernst 2018, Hodge 2888, 2894, Whitefoord 3617, 3618), Trafalgar Falls {Hodge 1996). After surveying US materials of the Pilea pubescens-P. caribaea-P. obtusata-P. inaequalis complex, I concluded: (1) P. pubescens Liebmann (type from Brazil) occurs from South through Central America reaching Cuba and the southern Lesser Antilles (where it is called P. caribaea Urban). This species tends to have rotund to subcordate leaf-bases. (2) Specimens with more obtuse to cuneate leaf-bases tend to be annotated as P. inaequalis if they are smallish and as P. obtusata Liebmann if they are larger. Pilea microphylla Pilea microphylla (Linnaeus) Liebmann, 1851:296. Parietaria microphylla Linnaeus, 1759a; 1308. Urlica trianthemoides Swanz, 1787a:68. Pilea microphylla var. trianthemoides (Swartz) Grisebach, 1860:155. Glabrous, spreading to erect, monoecious or dioecious herbs to 3 dm; leaves elliptic to obovate. Neotropics; in Dominica in moist, disturbed areas (including masonry) to 550 m: Baiac {Whitefoord 5460), Clarke Hall {Ernst 1697), Delices {Whitefoord 3674), Grand Bay {White- foord 6080), Hatton Garden {Hodge 3013), Laudat {Lloyd 230), Lisdara {Hodge 637), Loubiere {Hodge 3873), Mt. Joy {Hodge 1296), Ridgefield {Hodge 2171), South Chiltem {Hodge 1537), Sylvania {Hodge 638). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:183, pi. 150) reported use of tea against colic. Larger specimens {Hodge 1537, 3013, 3873) are sometimes identified as P. microphylla var. trianthemoides and smaller ones {Hodge 1296, 2171) as var. microphylla. The difference may be habitat rather than genetic. Pilea nummulariifolia Pilea nummulariifolia (Swartz) Weddell, 1852:255, “ nummular iaefolia.” Urtica nummulariifolia Swartz, 1787a:63, pi. 1, “nummular if olia." Repent, dioecious herb with stems rooting at nodes; leaves rotund, serrate but with rounded teeth. Neotropics; in Dominica in disturbed areas to 500 m; Grand Bay {Wilbur 7922), South Chiltem {Hodge 3880, 1591), Trafalgar Falls {Ernst 1085). Pilea parietaria Pilea parietaria (Linnaeus) Blume, 1856, 2:48. Urtica parietaria Linnaeus, 1753:985. Urtica ciliaris Linnaeus, 1759a: 1266. Pilea ciliaris (Linnaeus) Weddell, 1852:209. — Grisebach, 1860:156. Erect, monoecious herbs to 6 dm; leaves elliptic, lance- ovate, or ovate; male inflorescence capitate, female branching. Neotropics; common in Dominica in moist, shady areas from midlands to elfin woodland, 400-1400 m; Bellevue {King 6307), Castle Bmce {Cowan 1607), Freshwater Lake-Laudat area {Chambers 2673, Eggers 841, Ernst 1771, 2166), Hodge 1772, 1781, 1862, 1878, Lloyd 163, Nicolson 2103, Smith 10233, Whitefoord 3858, Wilbur 7436), Massacre River waterfalls {Hodge 1023), Mome Anglais {Hodge 2267, 2271, 2304, Nicolson 4103), Mome Diablotins {Chambers 2639, Hodge 2801, Webster 13335, Whitefoord 4559, 5726), Mome Plat Pays {Hodge 1662), Trois Pitons {Ernst 1214, Hodge 1391, 1418), Springfield {Wilbur 7690), Syndicate {Ernst 2017), sine loc. {Imray 373 at GH). Ernst 1214 from the summit of Trois Pitons may be a new species, teste Dr. Howard. Whitefoord specimens {3858 and 4559) were determined by Kellogg in 1985 as Pilea rivoriae Weddell. Kellogg (in Howard, 1988, 4:79) keys P. parietaria as having “inflorescences < leaves; bracts of staminate inflorescences minute” and P. rivoirae as having “inflores- cences > leaves; bracts of staminate inflorescences > 1 mm long.” Pilea semidentata Pilea semidentata (Poiret) Weddell, 1852:215. Urtica semidentata Jussieu ex Poiret in Lamarck, 1816, Encycl., Suppl., 4:222. Pilea e/eganj Weddell, 1852:215. — Grisebach, 1860:157. Pilea semidentata var. major Weddell in A.P. Candolle, 1869, 16:142. Erect, monoecious herb to 5 dm; leaves succulent, elliptic to oblanceolate, serrate near and above middle, the lower portion sometimes entire, blades to 11 cm long. West Indies: in Dominica on coastal and inland exposed slopes and stream banks to 550 m: Anse du Me {Wilbur 8044), Baiac {Whitefoord 4615), Boetica River {Ernst 1909, 1916), Brookhill {Ernst 1158), Clarke Hall {Stern & Wasshausen 2406), Colihaut {Ernst 2112), Grand Bay {Wilbur 7920), Laudat {Lloyd 362), Layou River Valley {Webster 13279), Ravine Grassa {Webster 13452), Roseau River {Beard 1129), Salybia {Hodge 636), Trafalgar Falls {Hodge 639). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:185, pi. 152) reported this plant is said to be toxic to man. Rousselia Gaudichaud Rousselia humilis Rousselia humilis (Swartz) Urban, 1905, 4:205. Urtica humilis Swartz, 1785:34. Urtica lappulacea Swartz, 1787:69. 222 U RTICACEAE — V ERBENACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Rousselia lappulacea (Swartz) Gaudichaud, 1830:503. Monoecious, non-stinging herb to 4 dm; leaves alternate, entire, acute to rounded, the blades to 3 cm long; flowers in compact axillary clusters. Greater Antilles; cited for Dominica by Grisebach (1860:160), based on an Imray collection, and subsequently by Urban (1920, 8:181) and others. I have grave doubts that this species is on Dominica, because this is the only Lesser Antillean record south of St. Barthelemy. Could the Imray specimen be misidentified, say a Pilea microphyllal Urera Gaudichaud Urera caracasana Urera caracasana (Jacquin) Gaudichaud ex Grisebach, 1860:154. Urtica caracasana Jacquin, 1789, PL, 1:71, pi. 396. Monoecious, often stinging shrub to 4 m; pistillate flowers pedicellate and separate; staminate flowers in terminal glom- erules. Neotropics; apparently rare in Dominica and only known from areas slightly above Syndicate at 700-800 m: Mome Diablotins (Ernst 2012, Hodge 2781, Whitefoord 4546). It is superficially similar to Gyrotaenia crassifolia in vegetative condition but lacks the radiate cystoliths of that species. Kellogg (in Howard, 1988, 4:92) attributed the combination to “Steudel, Nomencl. Bot. ed. 2, 2:734. 1841.” Alas, the combination is under Urtica, not Urera, Steudel citing the latter as a synonym of Urtica. Verbenaceae (by A.C. Nicolson) Faradaya splendida Mueller, a vine with elliptic, apiculate leaves and large (4 cm) flowers, was reported from Dominica by Moldenke (1971:363) but was omitted in his later list (1980:100). Gmelina arborea Roxburgh was reported for Dominica by Moldenke (1971:363) but was omitted in his later list (1980:100). Gmelina philippensis Chamisso (Gmelina hystrix Schultes ex Kurz), a shrub, sometimes with axillary spines, elliptic leaves, and large, yellow flowers was cited as “currently cultivated” on Dominica and other islands by Howard (1989, 6:214). Holmskioldia sanguinea Retzius, a lax shrub with spreading, orbicular 2 cm broad calyx and red, cylindric corolla 2 cm long, was reported as “naturalized” on Dominica (Eggers 1451, without locality). It has not been recollected. Tectona grandis Linnaeus f., the teak of Asia, a tree with elliptic -ovate leaves stellate-tomentose beneath and large terminal, profusely branching cymes and small flowers was collected at Woodford Hall (Ernst 2092) and in a small plantation on West Cabrit (Whitefoord 3988). 1. Rowers sessile, in a spike or head. 2. Rowers in an elongate spike >5 cm long Stachytarpheta 2. Rowers in heads (sometimes a spike <3 cm long). 3. Erect shrub; calyx truncate or shallowly toothed; fruit drupaceous Lantana 3. Shrub or prostrate creeping herb; calyx 2-toothed; fruit dry Lippia 1. Rowers pedicelled, in a raceme, cyme or panicle. 4. Inflorescence a branching cyme or panicle. 5. Leaves 3-foliolate (ours) Vitex 5. Leaves simple. 6. Inflorescence narrowly pyramidal Cornutia 6. Inflorescence about as long as broad. 7. Calyx ± truncate Aegiphila 1. Calyx distinctly lobed Clerodendrum 4. Inflorescence a raceme. 8. Herb; leaves ± serrate Priva 8. Tree, shrub or climber; leaves entire or undu- late. 9. Calyx lobes and pedicels >1 cm long; climber Petrea 9. Calyx lobes and pedicels <1 cm long; tree or shrub. 10. Calyx truncate, subtending a black drupe; leaves ovate to elliptic Citharexylum 10. Calyx with acute lobes 0.5 mm long, enveloping an orange drupe; leaf apices attenuate Duranta Aegiphila Jacquin Aegiphila martinicensis Aegiphila martinicensis Jacquin, 1767, Obs., 2:3. Bois cabrit (report of bois chandelle may involve confusion with Erithalis fruticosa of Rubiaceae). Shrub or small tree to 6 m; leaves elliptic to ovate, 8-18 cm X 3-8 cm, apex acuminate, primary veins arching and prominent; cymes paniculate, to 12 cm x 12 cm; calyx ± truncate (wavy-margined), 2 mm; corolla regular, white to cream, tube to 1 cm, lobes to 0.5 cm; stamens (or style) exserted to 5 mm; drupe with 4 1 -seeded pyrenes, yellow-orange, subtended by saucer-like calyx, 0.4 mm long. Neotropics; occasional in woods all over Dominica but generally in drier habitats: Cabrits (Nicolson 1901), Clarke Hall (Stern & Wasshausen 2440, Webster 13189), above Colihaut (Ernst 1895), Freshwater Lake area (Ernst 1095, Smith 10236, NUMBER 77 Verbenaceae 223 10298, Stern & Wasshausen 2564), Hampstead {Lloyd 606), Layou Valley (Nicolson 4183, StehM 6329), L’Imprevue {Narodny s.n.), Lisdara {Cooper 167), Mome Diablotins {Hodge 2802, Whitefoord 3500, 5722), Petite Macoucherie {y/ebster 13557), Petite Soufriere Bay {Stern & Wasshausen 2484), Point Lolo {Nicolson 1847), Rasade {Nicolson 4041), Salybia {Hodge 3093), South Chiltem {Hodge 1549), Sylvania {Cooper 60, 80), Woodford Hill {Nicolson 4242). Rowering March -November, fruiting January-July. Material from higher elevations (including summit of Diablotins) generally has larger leaves and flowers. Moldenke (1980:100) reported Aegiphila martinicensis var. oligoneura (Urban) Moldenke for Dominica. Leaves are used in a ritual bath by Caribs and fruits are used as bait for snaring birds (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:600). Citharexylum Linnaeus Citharexylum caudatum Linnaeus, with secondary veins broad-arching from midrib and slightly longer pedicels, was reported for Dominica by Adams (1972:633), perhaps an error for the Dominican Republic, because C. caudatum is a Central American species extending into the Greater Antilles. Citharexylum fruticosum Linnaeus was reported from Dominica by O. Schulz (in Urban, 1909, 4:535), Britton and Wilson (1925, 6:146), and Moldenke (1980:100). This species, if distinct from C. spinosum, is primarily found in the Greater Antilles and may extend through the Lesser Antilles into South America. It is supposedly distinguished from C. spinosum by more chartaceous leaves with secondary and tertiary venation more conspicuous and flowers with shorter pedicels. Domini- can specimens approximating these leaf characters {Wilbur 7379, 8236, 8263) have been cited by Moldenke (1975a:200) as C. spinosum. Moldenke (1980:100) also reported Citharexylum fruticosum var. subvillosum (Moldenke) Mold- enke and Citharexylum fruticosum var. villosum (Jacquin) Moldenke for Dominica. Citharexylum spinosum Citharexylum spinosum Linnaeus, 1753:625. — Moldenke, 1975a:200. Citharexylum quadrangulare Jacquin, 1760:26. — Grisebach, 1862:497. Bois cotlette, cotlette. Tree to 15 m; twigs usually quadrangular; leaves membra- nous to chartaceous, broadly to narrowly elliptic, 15(-20) cm X 5(-8) cm, apex acute or obtuse, base obtuse to tapering, venation ± prominent; petioles 1-3 cm, sometimes pinkish; inflorescence a raceme 10-20 cm long; pedicels to 2 mm; calyx campanulate, ± truncate, 2-3 mm long; corolla fragrant, white, salverform, tube to 6 mm, pubescent within, lobes round, spreading, to 3 mm long; drupe round, fleshy, with 2 2-seeded I pyrenes, orange but turning black, 0.7-1 cm long. 1 Antilles to northern South America, cultivated elsewhere; common in Dominica to 500 m on drier west side: Cabrits {Hodge 871, Nicolson 1883, 1900, Whitefoord 3990, 4009, Wilbur 8263), Clarke Hall {Wilbur 7379), Gabriel {Wilbur 8236), Lisdara {Hodge 872, 2467), Mero {Ernst 1752, Stern & Wasshausen 2436), Prince Ruperts Head {Finlay s.n. at K), St. George Parish {Gillis 8149), sine loc. {Imray 100 at K). Rowering May-November, fruiting July-March. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:185, pi. 152) discussed the medicinal uses of a Dominican plant called Citharexylum fruticosum, which may be misidentified. Clerodendrum Linnaeus Clerodendrum buchananii (Roxburgh) Walpers {“bucha- nani") was reported for Dominica by Moldenke (1980:100), perhaps an error for Martinique, because Dominica is not cited for the distribution of cultivated material on p. 348 and Martinique is. It is similar to C. specisossimum Morren. Clerodendrum paniculatum Linnaeus was reported for Dominica by Howard (1989, 6:220) but the basis of his record wasn’t given. This species was not attributed to Dominica by Moldenke (1971, 1980). Clerodendrum ugandense Prain, with two-toned blue flow- ers, has been collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden {Fairchild 2673, Hodge 1005). Clerodendrum wallichii Merrill {Clerodendrum nutans Wallich ex D. Don, non Jack), with apiculate leaves obovate to oblanceolate, a small purple calyx and large white flowers, is an Asiatic species occasionally cultivated in the neotropics. A Dominican collection {Gillis 8228) from “near Freshwater Lake on top of mountain” probably involves a location error, because that area is improbable for this cultivated plant. It is possible that this is the correct label information for Gillis 8242, which is Tibouchina ornata supposedly but surely erroneously from Antigua. 1. Armed with short recurved spines at petiole bases; leaves ovate to elliptic; flowers white; native . . . C. aculeatum 1. Unarmed; escaping from cultivation. 2. Leaves ovate to elliptic. 3. Corolla tube white, >5 cm long C. indicum 3. Corolla tube red, <3 cm long . ... C.x speciosum 2. Leaves cordate or deltoid. 4. Leaves deltoid; flowers white and pink, in dense cymes C. philippinum 4. Leaves cordate; flowers scarlet in loose panicles C. speciosissimum Clerodendrum aculeatum Clerodendrum aculeatum (Linnaeus) Schlechtendal, 1831:750. — Grisebach, 1862:500. Volkameria aculeata Linnaeus, 1753:637. Dense, slightly puberulent shrub to 2.5 m; leaves subtended by stout, recurved stipular spines to 8 mm long; leaves entire. 224 Verbenaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY elliptic, 1.0-5. 5 cm x 0.5-2.5 cm; petiole to 1 cm; inflorescence an axillary cyme; pedicels slender, to 1 cm; calyx tube 1 cm, lobes 1 cm, acute, spreading; corolla white, tube 2 cm, lobes 0.7 cm, rounded; filaments purple, exserted 2 cm; drupe with 2 (usually) 1-seeded pyrenes. Neotropics; common in Dominica along west coast: Cabrits {Hodge 3701, Nicolson 1888), Colihaut {Ernst 1138, Kimber 1066), Mome Bruce {Lloyd 733), Pointe Ronde {Hodge 2698), Pringles Bay {Whitefoord 3734), Salisbury {Stern & Wasshau- sen 2424, Wilbur 8109), Swamp Gutter {Hodge s.n., Wilbur 8261), Woodbridge Bay (Webster 13294). Flowering and fruiting April-November. Clerodendrum indicum Clerodendrum indicum (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 1891, 2:506. — Moldenke in Dassanayake, 1983, 4:426. Siphonanthus indicus Linnaeus, 1753:109, “indica.” Clerodendrum siphonanthus W.T. Alton, 1812, 4:65, nom. iEeg. Herb or shrub to 1.2 m; branches slender, ribbed; leaves ± sessile, verticillate, oblong-lanceolate, to 15 cm x 3 cm, apex acute to acuminate, base tapering; inflorescence a large, leafy, terminal panicle of numerous cymes; pedicels to 3 cm; calyx 1 cm, lobes ovate-acute; corolla white, tube to 14 cm, very slender, lobes 1.5 cm, rounded; stamens long-exserted; drupe fleshy, globose, shining blue-black, 1 cm long. East Indies, cultivated and naturalizing elsewhere; said to be a common weed in banana and coconut groves of Dominica: Stewarts River (Wilbur 8028), sine loc. {Imray 153 at K). Howering July. Clerodendrum philippinum Clerodendrum philippinum Schauerin A.R Candolle, 1847, 11:667. — Howard & PoweU, 1968:54. Clerodendrum fragrans van multiplex Sweet, 1 826:322. Clerodendrum fragrans van pleniflora Schauer in A.R Candolle, 1847, 1 1 :666. Clerodendrum philippinum f. pleniflora (Schauer) Moldenke, 1978a:260. Clerodendrum philippinum f. multiplex (Sweet) Moldenke, 1978b. Moselle, rosa alba. Shrub to 1 m, puberulent; leaves deltoid, 10-22 cm x 8-22 cm, apex acute, margins ± dentate; petiole 8-15 cm; inflorescence a compact terminal cyme to 7 cm broad; calyx tube 7 mm, lobes 8 mm, lanceolate, reddish; corolla white and pink, fragrant, double (ours), fruits not set. China, pantropically cultivated and naturalizing; cultivated but escaping and weedy in cleared areas of Dominica to 450 m: Delices {Whitefoord 3694), La Plaine {Nicolson 2050), Lisdara {Hodge 865), South Chiltem {Ernst 1302). Flowering May, August, September, and November. Caribs use the scent of the flowers as a headache remedy (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:600). Moldenke (in Dassanayake, 1983, 4:472) finds it difficult to decide the nomenclature for the three formae he accepts: (1) fully single-flowered, (2) mixed single- and double-flowered. and (3) fully double-flowered. From Howard and Powell’s (1968) description of the lectotype of the species (“many of the flowers. . .are single, others are semi- to fully double ...”), it appears that the second is the typical element, i.e., f. subfertile Moldenke. Our material appears to be f. multiplex. Clerodendrum speciosissimum Clerodendrum speciosissimum Morren, 1836:322, pi. 68. — ^Moldenke in Dassanayake, 1983, 4:444. Shrub to 2 m; leaves pubescent, broad-cordate, to 25 cm x 25 cm, apex acute; petiole to 14 cm; inflorescence a terminal panicle; calyx to 7 mm, lobes acute, persistent, red, ± fleshy; corolla scarlet, tube 2 cm long, lobes rounded, 1.5 cm; ripe drupe dark blue, 4-lobed, 7 mm broad. Oceania, cultivated pantropically; cultivated in Dominica and perhaps escaping: Bellevue {Cooper 176), Cote d’Or {Nicolson 2057), west of Rosalie {Ernst 1359). Howering and fruiting May-November. The authorship of this binomial has been traditionally cited as Van Geert ex Morren. Morren only said (translated from French) “Clerodendron speciosissimum has received this name from the gardeners of Ghent (des jardiniers gantois),” not attributing it to Van Geert. Further on, Morren stated that it first flowered at the house of M. Van Geert, florist of Ghent. However, Van Houtte previously used the name (L’Hortic. Belg., 3:248, 1836), without a description, announcing that a drawing was being prepared and would appear in the next issue. Because no direct attribution is given by the validating author (Morren) and both Van Houtte and Van Geert have claims for being one of the gardeners of Ghent mentioned, it seems better not to use the “ex” citation. Clerodendrum x speciosum Clerodendrum X speciosumDombTam, 1869 [month?]. — Lemaire, 1869 [May]. [Clerodendrum speciosum Teijsmann & Binnendijk, 1866:386, nom. nud.] Clerodendrum thompsoniae f. speciosum Voss in Siebert & Voss, 1894:830, “thomsonae.” Clerodendrum umbellatum var. speciosum (Dombrain) Moldenke, 1937:1. Low weedy shrub; leaf broad-elliptic to 14 cm x 7 cm, apex acuminate, base rounded; petiole 2 cm; inflorescence an axillary cyme to 18 cm broad; calyx 1.5 cm, cleft ^3, becoming red; corolla red, tube 2 cm, lobes to 1 cm, rounded; fruit unknown. Pantropically cultivated; occasional and escaping in Domin- ica: La Plaine {Whitefoord 5364), Roseau {Wolf 15), Walkers Rest (Chambers 2618). This taxon has been cultivated for over a century and was first described as a hybrid between African C. thomsoniae and C. splendens. Its taxonomy is still unclear and its nomenclature chaotic. The epithet speciosum was first used by Teijsmann and Binnendijk (1866:386) as a nomen nudum. Either Dombrain (month unknown) or Lemaire (May) first validly published the NUMBER 77 Verbenaceae 225 binomial in 1869. Later workers did not treat it as a hybrid but at some infraspecific rank in one species or another. More recently, Moldenke (letter of 22 Apr 1978) agreed with Voss’ disposal, an option mentioned by Moldenke (in Dassanayake, 1983, 4:439). Moldenke (1980:100) appeared to regard this as Clerodendrum umbellatum Poiret. Pending a detailed study or revision we maintain the predominant usage. It is presumed that C. "thomsonae” is named for a woman whose last name was Thomson, which is augmented (thorn - soniae) under Art. 73.10 (I CBN). If demonstrably named for a man, the epithet is correctable to thomsonii. Cornutia Linnaeus Cornutia pyramidata Cornutia pyramidata Linnaeus, 1753:628. — Grisebach, 1862:501. — Moldenke, 1975b:339. Bois cassave. Finely tomentose shrub or tree to 8 m; twigs and branches strongly 4-angled; leaves broad-elliptic, to 15 cm x 7 cm, apex apiculate, base attenuate into 1-2 cm petiole; inflorescence a narrow terminal panicle to 19 cm x 7 cm; pedicels 3 mm; calyx 1.5 cm, ± truncate; corolla irregular, lavender, tube 1 cm, lobes 6 mm; fertile stamens 2, staminodes 2; drupe black, with 1 4-locular pyrene. Central America and West Indies; common in Dominica below 600 m: Antrim (Nicolson 1877), Bataca (Stehli 6413), Cabrits (Whitefoord 3992), Carib Reserve (Hodge 3275, Taylor 19), Castle Bruce (Wilbur 7981), Fonde Hunte Estate (White- foord 4450), Grand Bay (Wilbur 7900), Grand Savanne (Stern & Wasshausen 2453), Hampstead (Lloyd 602), L’Anse Noire (Wilbur 7515), Salisbury (Wilbur 8110), Swamp Gutter (Hodge 867, Wilbur 8254), Sylvania (Hodge 868), Warner (Ernst 1956), Woodford Hill (Ernst 1550, Wilbur 8309). Flowering vigorously June-July, fruiting August-October. The fruit juice is used as a blue (red if boiled with lime) ink or dye and the leaves are one of the ingredients in a tea to treat pain of a retroverted uterus (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:600). Duranta Linnaeus Duranta stenostachya i Duranta stenostachya TodiTO, 1860:26. — Moldenke, 1980:100. ' Duranta plumieri sensu Grisebach, 1862:498, as to Dominica material, non Jacquin. I Duranta erecta sensu Urban, 1911, 4:536, as to Dominica material, non Linnaeus. Duranta repens sensu auctt., as to Dominica material, non Linnaeus. , Shrub or small tree to 2.5 m; branchlets ± 4-angled, with ! occasional corky lenticels; petiole 1 cm; leaves ovate- [ lanceolate, to 14 cm x 3.5 cm, apices long-attenuate, bases j rounded; racemes unbranched, to 20 cm; pedicel 4 mm; calyx I to 5 mm, ribbed, ± truncate but with 1 mm teeth, persistent in i fruit; corolla irregular, lavender, tube 8 mm, lobes 5 mm; fruit globular, yellow, enclosed by yellowish beaked calyx, 1 cm long. Martinique; occasional in Dominica at mid-elevations or montane (1200 m); Bernard Estate (Wasshausen & Ayensu 361), Mome Diablotins (Whitefoord 3927, 4434), South Chiltem (Stern & Wasshausen 2491). Rowering June-July. Lantana Linnaeus Apomixis and polyploidy play a part in the evolution and reproduction in this genus; workers relying on morphological characters (Moldenke and others) have described large num- bers of taxa at specific and lower ranks. New approaches (Stirton, 1977), utilizing ecology, cytology, as well as morphology, are recognizing even more infraspecific taxa. This treatment accords with Sander’s paper (1987) and treatment in Howard (1989, 6:226). Sanders (1987) recognized the unarmed higher elevation material with subglabrous leaves as a distinct species, L. hodgei. Essentially he has redefined L. camara of Dominica into three entities: high elevation L. hodgei, and lower elevation L. urticifolia and L. camara with many intermediates (regarded as hybrids). These three taxa are difficult to recognize (requiring study under magnification of hairs, their frequency, kinds, and distribution on various leaf surfaces). Moldenke (1980: 101) did not recognize L. urticifolia as occurring on Dominica. 1. Roral bracts >2 mm broad; inflorescence rhachis about the same diameter as the peduncle; flowers lilac, pink or white, with or without yellow eye. 2. Leaves usually <5 cm long; inflorescence small; bracts white-sericeous L. involucrata 2. Leaves usually >5 cm long; inflorescences larger, elongating; bracts coarsely hairy ....... L. radula 1. Roral bracts <1 mm broad; inflorescence rhachis thicker than the peduncle; flowers usually yellow to red. 3. Hairs on upper leaf surface usually occurring on all veins including areolar veinlets, usually abundant and crowded, at least along crevice between major veins and laminar surface, filiform (sometimes gland-tipped), not geniculate (bent) toward base but spreading from veins surface or erect on laminar surface . ... L. urticifolia 3. Hairs on upper leaf surface mostly restricted to veins, sparse and remote, tapering (conical), bent toward base with distal ^/3 held parallel to vein (or leaf) surface. 4. Leaf-blade 1.2x-1.6x longer than wide, base truncate to cordate upper surface dull, moderate green, becoming strigose or scabrous; hairs scattered, stout; lower surface with hairs scattered to moderately abundant, stout and bent but with tip held above surface; secondary and lesser veins keeled L. camara 4. Leaf-blade 1.7x-2.5x longer than wide; base usually 226 Verbenaceae SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY attenuate; upper surface lustrous, dark green, smooth; hairs scattered and stout, restricted to veins (and 1 in each areole center); lower surface with hairs very sparse, weak and strongly appressed; secondary and lesser veins not or weakly keeled L. hodgei Lantana camara Lantana camara Linnaeus, 1753:627. Lantana aculeata Linnaeus, 1753:627. Lantana camara var. aculeata (Linnaeus) Moldenke, 1934:9; 1980:100. Ramgoat leaf. Shrubs, sometimes armed; leaves ovate, serrate, usually with pubescence restricted to veins below; flowers yellow to red; bracts linear; head capitate to slightly elongate. Pantropical weed; common in Dominica at lower elevations: Grand Savanne (Wilbur 7665). Sanders (in Howard, 1989, 6:228) commented that this easily hybridizes and that hybrids with L. urticifolia have both the geniculate, stout hairs of L. camara and the slender, straight hairs of L. urticifolia mixed on the lower leaf surface. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:187, pi. 153) reported medicinal uses on Dominica of a plant called Lantana camara. Lantana hodgei Lantana hodgei Sanders, 1987:343. Rambling shrub, recognizable on Dominica by being essentially glabrous. Martinique (perhaps elsewhere); apparently frequent at mid-elevations (to 900 m) on Dominica: Laudat to Freshwater Lake (DeFilipps 147, Ernst 1728, Fosberg 48269 [type of L. hodgei], Hodge 1808, Lloyd 201, Nicolson 2102, Smith 10216, Whitefoord 3801), Sylvania (Cooper 5, Hodge 861, 1038, 1115), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3652, 5617). The following collections were cited by Sanders (1987:348) as intermediates with L. urticifolia, presumably hybrids: Belfast (Shillingford 120 at MO), Marigot (Hodge 858 p.p. at GH), Belle View (Hodge 860 at GH), Milton Estate (Hodge 2592 at GH). It seems that L. hodgei could be an upper elevation aspect of “camaroid” Lantana, responding to lower insolation (more rain and clouds) and higher humidity. Lantana involucrata Lantana involucrata Linnaeus, 1756:22. Lantana odorata Linnaeus, 1767a:418. — Grisebach, 1862:496. Lantana involucrata vat. odorata (Linnaeus) Moldenke, 1941:53; 1980:100. Shrub; leaves elliptic, to 4 cm x 2 cm, scabrous above, densely pubescent and gland-dotted beneath, margins finely crenulate; bracts sericeous, ovate, acute, distinctly shorter than corolla tubes; corolla pink to pale lavender; fruit reddish-violet. Essentially Caribbean; very common in Dominica along dry west coast: Batali River (Chambers 2792, Webster 13401), Cabrits (Hodge 3724, Whitefoord 3983), Canefield (White- foord 6125), Dublanc (Whitefoord 4279), Grand Savanne (DeFilipps 173, Ernst 1635, Kimber 909, Lloyd 832, Nicolson 2046, Wilbur 7627), Loubiere (Krauss 1250), Petit Coulibri (Whitefoord 6006), Pointe Guignard (Wilbur 8121), Pointe Michel (Ramage s.n. at K), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2740), St. Joseph (Whitefoord 5685), Scotts head (Lloyd 530), Solomon’s Slide (Hodge 3867), South Chiltem (Hodge 1617) sine loc. (Fishlock 50 at K), Imray 50 at K). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:187, pi. 154) reported medicinal uses. Reports of Lantana reticulata Persoon from Dominica are probably attributable to this species. Fishlock 50 approaches L. radula Swartz (q.v.). Sanders (in Howard, 1989, 6:229) commented: “Further research may show that var. odorata should be recognized as a separate species.” Lantana radula Lantana radula Swartz, 1788:92. — Moldenke, 1980:100. Bom la Vierge. Shrub with hairy twigs; leaves broad-ovate, to 5 cm x 3 cm; bullate and scabrous above, densely hairy and orange-glandular beneath, base acute, apex obtuse; bracts coarse-hairy, broad- ovate, densely overlapping, apiculate, often reflexed; corolla white with yellow eye, tube slighdy exceeding bracts; fruits pale purple. Lesser Antilles into Venezuela; rare in Dominica at low to mid-elevations: En Haut Jean (Whitefoord 5427), Grand Savanne (StehU 6396 in part), Jean (Ernst 1815a), Salisbury (Whitefoord 4521), Tapis Vert (Nicolson 2155). Dominican reports of Lantana trifolia Linnaeus are probably attributable to this species, which appears to be a Lesser Antillean replacement. Lantana fucata var. antillana Moldenke was attributed to Dominica by Moldenke (1980:100). A specimen from Roseau (Krauss 1255) was annotated as this by Moldenke in 1968. This specimen (US) was determined by R. Sanders in 1987 as “Probably Lantana involucrata x radula." Lantana urticifolia Lantana urticifolia Miller, 1768. Lantana arida Britton, 1910:357. Arching to ± scandent, sometimes armed shrubs to 3 m tall; leaves ovate, serrate, usually with felt-like pubescence below; flowers yellow to red; bracts linear; head capitate to slightly elongate. Neotropics; in Dominica at lower elevations and common but technically a new record: Cabrits (Hodge 855 at GH, NY, Whitefoord 5593), Delices (Whitefoord 3787), Dublanc (Hodge 2535 at GH, Whitefoord 4280, 4281), Lisdara (Hodge 8571, NUMBER 77 Verbenaceae 227 860), Marigot {Hodge 555! p.p.), Milton {Hodge 2592), Mome Bruce {Hodge 859\), Mome Brules of Portsmouth {Hodge 856 at GH), Ridgefield {Hodge 2177\ at GH), Salybia {Hodge 32011 at GH), South Chiltem {Hodge 1584), sine loc. {Eggers 86 at K, Imray 95, 229! at K). Rowering and fruiting throughout the year. Collections marked with an exclamation mark (!) were cited by Sanders (1987) as being unadulterated L. urticifolia. Others are either hybrids or were not seen by Sanders. Sanders regarded this species as hybridizing on Dominica with L. hodgei (q.v.). However, that does not seem to me to be as big a problem as the possibility that there is introgression with L. camara. It seems that the Dominican material being called L. urticifolia is not nearly so “felty” on the lower leaf surface as it is elsewhere. In dry habitats this (and L. camara) can be well armed with recurved prickles, the aculeata aspect. Lippia Linnaeus Lippia micromera Schauer, a thyme-scented shrub with subserrate leaves 1 cm x 0.6 cm and a short-peduncled inflorescence, has been collected from cultivation at Ports- mouth {Hodge 862 at GH) and along the Trafalgar Falls road {Whitefoord 4590). Lippia strigulosa Lippia strigulosa Martens & Galeotti, 1844:319. — Adams, 1972:631. Phyla strigulosa (Martens & Galeotti) Moldenke, 1947:233. Lippia reptans sensu auctt. as to Dominican material, non Kunth. Weedy trailing herb, rooting at nodes; leaves spatulate, 1. 0-2.5 cm X 0.5-1.5 cm, with -4 pairs of coarse teeth on distal ^3 of leaf-margin, veins ± prominent; inflorescence capitate, 0.7 long on 4-5 cm peduncle; calyx compressed, split abaxially to base, pubescent along lateral ribs; corolla purplish. Neotropics; rarely collected on Dominica: Melville Hall {Ernst 1573). Moldenke (1980:101) called this Phyla strigulosa var. sericea (Kuntze) Moldenke. Petrea Linnaeus Petrea kohautiana Petrea kohautiana Presl, 1845:99. — Moldenke, 1938:26; 1980:101. Petrea volubilis Jacquin, 1763:180, pi. 1 14, et auctt., ncm Linnaeus. Purple wreath. Liana; leaves scabrous, broad-elliptic, 12-20 cm x 7-12 cm, apiculate or rounded, base rounded; petioles very short (5 mm); raceme terminal, pedicels 1-2 cm; calyx deeply 5-lobed, persistent, light blue, tube puberulous, lobes 1.5 cm; corolla 5-lobed, 1.5 cm, dark blue. Lesser Antilles, cultivated elsewhere; occasional vine in forests of Dominica: Carib Trail from Riversdale to Deux Branches {Howard 11757), Bernard Estate {Wasshausen & Ayensu 357), Blenheim River mouth {Hodge 870), Grand Bay {Ernst 1075), Hampstead {Beard 1475), La Chaudiere {Hodge 3651), Pagua River {Ernst 1972), Wallhouse River {Eggers s.n.). Caribs use the flowers in an abortifacient tea (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:601). Priva Adanson Priva lappulacea Priva lappulacea (Linnaeus) Persoon, 1806, 2:139. Verbena lappulacea Linnaeus, 1753:19. Priva echinacea Jussieu, 1806:69, nom. illeg. — Grisebach, 1862:493. Weedy herb to 1 m; leaves broad-ovate to triangular, to 6 cm X 4 cm, acuminate, base truncate, margins serrate to crenate; petiole to 3 cm; inflorescence a spiciform raceme to 20 cm; calyx inflated in fruit, to 6 mm, covered with hooked hairs; corolla 6 mm, 5-lobed, pink or white; fruit of 2 echinate cocci, each 2-celled. Neotropics; a common weed in Dominica at lower eleva- tions: Batali River {Ernst 2120), Cabrits {Whitefoord 3984), Goodwill {Wilbur 7571), Layou Valley {Ernst 1273, Webster 13192), Mero {Chambers 2783), Mome Bmce {Hodge 873). Moldenke (1980:101) also accepted Priva lappulacea f. albiflora Moldenke as occurring on Dominica. Stachytarpheta Vahl, nom. cons. 1 . Corollas usually light blue, scarcely exceeding calyx; floral bracts linear-subulate; spikes 1-2 mm broad 5. cayennensis 1. Corollas usually dark blue to violet, much exceeding calyx; floral bracts ovate to lanceolate; spikes 2-4 mm broad. 2. Roral bracts ovate-lanceolate, scariously margined mostly above middle; leaf teeth obtuse . 5. jamaicensis 2. Roral bracts lanceolate-subulate, scariously margined below middle; leaf serrations acute . . . . S. urticifolia Stachytarpheta cayennensis Stachytarpheta cayennensis (L. Richard) Vaht, 1804, Enum., 1:208, “caja- nensis" . — ^Moldenke, 1980:101. Verbena cayennensis L. Richard, 1792:105. Suffmtescent herb to 1 m; leaves broad -elliptic, to 4 cm x 2.5 cm, apex rounded to obtuse, base tmncate to tapering to 5 mm petiole, margins shallowly obtuse-serrate; terminal spikes to 20 cm long; corolla light blue to white (reported as deep purple in Hodge 876), scarcely exceeding calyx. Neotropics; locally common in Dominica at low to mid- elevations: Carib Reserve {Hodge 3305), Lisdara {Hodge 875A), Milton {Hodge 2595), Mome Bmce {Hodge 876), 228 V ERBENACEAE — VlTACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Soufriere (Lloyd 458), South Chiltem (Ernst 1121), Sylvania (Cooper 72, Hodge 874), Syndicate (Whitefoord 4532), sine loc. (Imray 154). Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (Linnaeus) Vahl, 1804, Enum., 1 :206. — Moldenke, 1980:101. Verbena Jamaicensis Linnaeus, 1753:19. Cymburus urticifoUus Salisbury, 1806, sub pi. 53, nom. Uleg., “urticaefoUus." Woody herbs to 1 m; leaves scabrous above, elliptic, to 9 cm X 4.5 cm, apex obtuse, base decurrent to petiole V2 the leaf length, teeth obtuse, antrorse (pointing forward); spikes to 35 cm; corolla dark blue (ours), much exceeding calyx, limb to 1.2 cm broad. Neotropical weed; in Dominica at low to mid-elevations: Cabrits (Whitefoord 4077), Colihaut (Ernst 1135), Delices (Whitefoord 3669), La Savanne (Whitefoord 4516), Lisdara (Cooper 144, Hodge 2417), Mero Valley (Kimber 931), Milton (Hodge 2596), Salybia (Hodge 3213), Soufriere (Lloyd 449), South Chiltem (Ernst 1122, Hodge 1486), Syndicate (White- foord 3502). Caribs are said to use this and the previous species for medicinal and ritual purposes (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:601). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:189, pi. 155) reported several medicinal uses. Stachytarpheta urticifolia Stachytarpheta urticifolia Sims, 1816, “urticaefolia." Cymburus urticifoUus sensu Salisbury, 1806, as to illustration, not as to type. Suffrutescent herb; leaves broadly elliptic, to 5 cm x 3 cm, apex acute, base decurrent to slender 1 cm petiole, teeth acute, ± divergent; spikes to 35 cm; corolla violet, much exceeding calyx. Native to Asia, apparenUy introduced elsewhere, such as Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles; in rainforests of Dominica at mid-elevations: Delices (Whitefoord 3670), Laudat (Lloyd 234), Lisdara (Hodge 875B), Pont Casse (Wilbur 7780), Ridgefield Estate (Hodge 2184). Sims’ binomial must be treated as a new name, not a new combination, under Art. 72, Note 1 (ICBN), because the epithet-bringing synonym, Cymburus urticifoUus Salisbury, is an illegitimate renaming of Verbena jamaicensis Linnaeus. Sims explicitly excluded the Linnaean species. Vitex Linnaeus Howard (1989, 6:244) indicated a report of Vitex incisa Lamarck being cultivated on Dominica. This is generally regarded as a synonym of Vitex negundo Linnaeus. Vitex divaricata Vitex divaricata Swartz, 1788:93. — Moldenke, 1980:101. Bois lezard. Shrub or tree with peeling bark; leaves (l-)3-foliolate, leaflets elliptic, to 10 cm x 6 cm, acute, base rounded; petioles to 9 cm, petiolules 1 cm; inflorescence an axillary panicle, few-flowered; corolla blue, Umb 1 cm broad; drupe with 1 4-locular pyrene. West Indies; in Dominica at lower to mid-elevations: Clarke Hall (Ernst 1713), Pointe Michel (Ramage s.n), sine loc. (Fairchild s.n., Imray 144, 264, 348 at K). Hodge and Taylor (1957:602) said that the Caribs use the timber and that the burnt bark serves to treat ulcers. ViOLACEAE Viola stipularis Viola stipularis Swartz, 1788:1 17. Spreading herb, erect to 3 dm; stipules fimbriate, longer than petioles; sepals auricled at base; petals pinkish, lavender or bluish-white. Lesser Antilles and northern South America; occasional in Dominica in openings at or near summits, 1100-1400 m, of the two highest mountains: Mome Diablotins (Nicolson 4081, Webster 13366, Wasshausen & Ayensu 409), Mome Trois Pitons (Hodge 432, Ernst 1225, Wilbur 8085), sine loc. (Krauss s.n. at GH). The Krauss collection indicates climbing of a major mountain of Dominica more than 150 years ago. VlTACEAE Leea indica (N. Burman) Merrill, an herbaceous shrub with bipinnate leaves, was recendy collected in fruit in the Roseau Botanic Gardens (Whitefoord 6120). The genus is often put in its own family, Leeaceae. Vitis vinifera Linnaeus, the grape, has been observed in cultivation in Mrs. Didier’s garden and at Canefield (DHN!). Cissus Linnaeus According to Velez (1957:117) Cissus trifoliata (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, with trifoliolate and fleshy leaves, occurs in Dominica. This has not been confirmed and seems unlikely. Cissus verticillata Cissus verticillata (Linnaeus) Nicolson & Jarvis, 1984:727. Viscumverticillatum Linnaeus, 1753:1023; 1759a:1289; 1763:1452. Cis^ity iicyoitfej Linnaeus, 1759a:897; 1762:170. — Grisebach, 1860:102. Phoradendron verticillatum (Linnaeus) Druce, 1914 [Feb]:422, non Fawcett & Rendle [for latter, vide Phoradendron trinervium]. Corde quate. Vine with leaf-opposed tendrils; leaves simple, cordate to deltoid, slightly serrate, membranaceous; inflorescences leaf- opposed; calyx red; petals 4, cream, quickly deciduous; fmit purple. NUMBER 77 VlTACEAE — ^ZYGOPHYLLACEAE 229 Neotropics; usually in lowlands of Dominica: Cabrits (Wasshausen & Ayensu 379, Whitefoord 4015), Clarke Hall (Ernst 1691, Stern & Wasshausen 2413), Laudat (Gillis 8190), Salisbury (Ernst 1426, Nicolson 2040), Salybia (Hodge 3297). Zygophyllaceae (by R. DeFillips) Guaiacum ojficinale Linnaeus, the lignum vitae of the West Indies and northern South America, is grown for its resin and strong wood. It is a small tree with blue flowers and fruit with 2-5 winged angles: Canefield Estate house (DHN! fl. June 1977), Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 942). Tribulus cistoides Linnaeus was reported for Dominica by Velez (1957: 118). The genus resembles Kallstroemia but fruits have 5 spiny angles. It rarely occurs on sandy and calcareous substrates of Marie Galante and Martinique and possibly might be found on Dominica. Kallstroemia Scopoli Kallstroemia pubescens (G. Don) Dandy was reported for Dominica by Velez (1957:118), as Kallstroemia caribaea Rydberg. This species, with smaller flowers and pilose fruits, has much the same distribution as K. maxima and is expected on Dominica. Kallstroemia maxima Kallstroemia maxima (Linnaeus) W. Hooker & Amott, 1838, 6:282. — Porter, 1969:97. Tribulus maximus Linnaeus, 1753:386. Procumbent weedy herb; leaves opposite, with 6 or 8 leaflets; sepals hirsute; petals yellow or whitish; fruit with 10 tuberculate angles, glabrous. 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Index to Scientific and Vernacular Names (Synonyms in italics) Abelmoschus esculentus (Linnaeus) Moench, 139 moschatus Medikus, 139 Abricotier bois, 114 Abrus precatorius Linnaeus, 94 Abutilon crispum (Linnaeus) Medikus, 140 indicum (Linnaeus) Sweet, 139 Acacia famesiana (Linnaeus) Willdenow, 94 guadalupensis A.P. CandoUe, 94 jupunba Willdenow, 110 muricata (Linnaeus) Willdenow, 94 letusa (Jacquin) Howard, 94 riparia sensu auctt., 94 tortuosa (Linnaeus) Willdenow, 94 westiana A.P. Candolle, 94 Acajou, 155 Acalypha amentacea Roxburgh subsp. witkesiana (J. Mueller) Fosberg, 81 arvensis Poeppig, 81 chamaedrifolia (Lamarck) J. MueUer, 81 corensis Jacquin, 82 hispida N. Burman, 81 wilkesiana J. Mueller, 81 Acanthaceae, 15 Acanthocereus pentagonus sensu auctt., 59 tetragonus (Linnaeus) Hummelinck, 58 Acanthospermum hispidum A.P. Candolle, 33 Achimenes longiflora A.P. Candolle, 1 17 Achras mammosa Linnaeus, 203 nitida Sesse & Mo9ino, 202 salicifolia Linnaeus, 204 zapola Linnaeus, 203 Achyranthes aspera Linnaeus, 19 var. indica Linnaeus, 19 indica (Linnaeus) Miller, 19 obtusifolia Lamarck, 19 prostrata Linnaeus, 21 AcmeUa uliginosa (Swartz) Cassini, 33 Acnistus arborescens (Linnaeus) Schlechtendal, 208 Acokanthera venenata (N. Burman) G. Don, 209 Acomat batard, 204 Acomat blanc, 116 Acomat St. Christophe, 204 Acouquoi, 186 Acrodiclidium dominicense Meisner, 125 sericeum Grisebach, 125 Actinostemon caribaeus Grisebach, 81 concolor (Sprengel) J. Mueller var. caribaeus (Grisebach) J. Mueller, 81 Adenanthera pavonina Linnaeus, 94 Adenoropium gossypiifolium (Linnaeus) Pohl, 86 Adipera bicapsularis (Linnaeus) Britton & Rose ex Britton & Wilson, 1 12 Adventina ciliata Rafinesque, 40 Aegiphila martinicensis Jacquin, 222 var. oligoneura (Urban) Moldenke, 223 Aeschrion antiliana (Eggers) Small, 207 Aeschynomene americana Liimaeus, 95 var. glandulosa (Poiret) Rudd, 95 sensitiva Swartz, 95 spicata Poiret, 102 African marigold, 30 African tulip-tree, 49 Ageratum conyzoides Linnaeus, 33 Agouti vine, 1 87 Aizoaceae, 18 Aku ha, 82 Akuliarani, 82 Alasibikai, 1 89 AlauaU, 82 Albizia lebbeck (Linnaeus) Bentham, 95 Alectra aspera (Chamisso & Schlechtendal) L.O. Wil- liams, 204 brasiliensis Bentham, 204 fluminertsis (VeUozo) Steam, 204 melampyroides (L. Richard) Kuntze, 204 Aleurites moluccana (Linnaeus) Willdenow, 79 AUamanda cathartica Linnaeus, 24 AUophyUus cobbe (Linnaeus) Raeuschel, 200 occidentalis (Swartz) Radik ofer, 200 racemosus Swartz, 200 AUoplectus cristatus (Linnaeus) Martius var. brevicalyx Morton, 117 Alstonia scholaris (Linnaeus) R. Brown, 24 Altemanthera brasihana (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 19 brasiliana sensu auct., 19 dentata Scheygrond, 19 ficoidea (Linnaeus) Palisot de Beauvois, 20 flavescens Kunth, 19 flavogrisea (Urban) Urban, 19 halimifoUa (Lamarck) Standley, 20 paronychioides St. Hilaire, 20 sessiUs (Linnaeus) R. Brown ex A.P. Candolle, 20 tenella CoUa, 20 subsp. flavogrisea (Urban) Mears & Veld- kamp, 19 Althaea racemosa Swartz, 141 Aly si carpus vaginalis (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle, 95 Amanoa caribaea Krug & Urban, 81 Amaranthaceae, 18 Amaranthus blitum Linnaeus, 20 crassipes Schlechter, 20 dubius Martius ex TheUung, 20 gracilis Desfontaines, 20 polygonoides Linnaeus, 20 spinosus Linnaeus, 20 viridis Linnaeus, 20 Ambrosia cwnanensis Kunth, 33 hispida Pursh, 33 paniculata Michaux var. cumanensis (Kunth) O. Schulz, 33 var. peruviana (Willdenow) O. Schulz, 33 paniculata sensu auctt., 33 peruviana Willdenow, 33 Amherstia nobihs WaUich, 89 Ammannia coccinea Rottb0U, 134 Amomis caryophyllata Krug & Urban, 167 Amperephis mutica Kunth, 34 Amphebecis violacea Schrank, 34 Amphdophium paniculatum (Linnaeus) Kunth, 49 250 NUMBER 77 251 Amphitecna latifoUa (Miller) Gentry, 48 Amyris elemifera Linnaeus, 199 hexandra Hamilton, 58 Anacardiaceae, 21 Anacardium excelsum (Kunth) Skeels, 21 occidentale Linnaeus, 21 Anadenanthera peregrina (Linnaeus) Spegazzini, 95 Andira inermis (W. Wright) Kunth ex A.R CandoUe, 96 var. sapindoides (A.R CandoUe) Giisebach, 95 sapindoides (A.R CandoUe) Bentham, 95 Andrographis paniculala (N. Burman) WaUich ex Nees, 15 Anethum graveolens Linnaeus, 23 Angelonia angustifoUa Bentham, 204 Aniba bracteata (Nees) Mez, 124 ramageana Mez, 124 Anneslia tergemina (Linnaeus) Britton & Rose, 97 Annetto, 52 Annona dodecapetala Lamarck, 135 glabra Linnaeus, 22 montana Macfadyen, 22 muricata Linnaeus, 22 muscosa Jacquin, 23 palustris Linnaeus, 22 reticulata Linnaeus, 22 squamosa Linnaeus, 22 Armonaceae, 22 Anonymos umbrosa Walter, 206 Anredera leptostachys (Moquin) Steenis, 48 vesicaria (Lamarck) C. Gaertner, 48 Antidesma bunius (Linnaeus) Sprengel, 79 Antigonum leptopus W. Hooker & Amott, 181 Anti rhea coriacea (Vahl) Urban, 186 Apiaceae, 23 Apocynaceae, 24 AquifoUaceae, 26 Arachis hypogaea Linnaeus, 89 AraUa capitata Jacquin, 27 Araliaceae, 27 Aralie montagne, 28 Ardisia canaliculata Loddiges, 161 caribaea Miquel, 161 clusioides sensu Grisebach, 161 coriacea sensu Mez, 159 crenata Sims, 159 crispa (Thunberg) A.L. CandoUe, 159 eUiptica 'Ihunberg, 159 guadalupensis Duchassaing ex Grisebach, 1 59 humilis Vahl, 159 lateriflora Swartz, 161 laurifolia sensu Grisebach, 161 obovata Desvaux ex HamUton, 159 parasitica Swartz, 160 rostrata Hasskarl, 160 solanacea Roxburgh, 159 Argemone mexicana Linnaeus, 173 Argusia gnaphalodes (Linnaeus) Heine, 53 Argyreia nervosa (N. Burman) Bojer, 69 tiliifolia (Desrousseaux) Wight, 74 Aristolochia anguicida Jacquin, 28 trUobata Linnaeus, 28 Aristolochiaceae, 28 Arrabidaea chica (Humboldt & Bonpland) Verlot, 49 Arrete negre, 96 Artanthe aequalis (Vahl) Miquel, 179 bredemeyeri (J. Jacquin) Miquel, 179 glabrescens Miquel, 1 80 Artemisia absinthium Linnaeus, 30 vulgaris Linnaeus, 30 Arthostemma glomeratum (RottbpU) Chamisso, 153 Artocarpus altUis (Parkinson) Fosberg, 157 heterophyUus Lamarck, 157 lakoocha Roxburgh, 157 Asclepiadaceae, 28 Asclepias curassavica Linnaeus, 28 maritima Jacquin, 29 nivea Linnaeus var. curassavica (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 28 physocarpa (E. Meyer) Schlechter, 28 procera Aiton, 28 Asteraceae, 29 Asuru, 167 Asystasia gangetica (Linnaeus) T. Anderson, 15 Ateramnus hypoleucus (Bentham) Rothmaler, 85 Atropa arborescens Linnaeus, 208 Aukakua, 186 Aukuma, 204 Aulomyrcia dumosa Berg, 167 Averrhoa carambola Linnaeus, 172 Avicennia, 184 Avocado, 128 Ayapana tripUnervis (Vahl) King & Robinson, 30 Aydendron Grisebach, 124 bracteatum'He.&s, 124 sericeum (Nees) Grisebach, 125 Babara, 77 Baccharis cotinifolia (WUldenow) Urban, 34 pedunculata (MUler) Cabrera, 34 speciosa A.R CandoUe, 34 Bacopa monnieri (Linnaeus) PenneU, 205 procumbens (MUler) Greenman, 206 Bad job, 65 Baikiaea insignis Bentham subsp. minor (OUver) J. Leonard, 89 Baillieria sylvestris Aublet, 37 Baksa, 34 Balanophoraceae, 47 Balata, 202 Balate, 203 Balaubakuru, 85 Balengene, 213 BaUe, 142 BaUer Wane, 153 BaUer bois, 87 BaUer doux, 206 BaUer savane batard, 116 BaUer verveine, 116 BaUkasi, 168 BaU head, 121 BaUata, 203 BaUota suaveolens Linneiem, 121 Balsa, 52 Balsaminaceae, 47 Balubui, 168 Bambarat, 77 Banisteria diversifolia Kunth, 138 longifolia Swartz, 137 lupuloides Linnaeus, 183 pubera L. Richard, 138 purpurea Linnaeus, 137 Barbadine, 174 Barleria lupuUna Lindley, 15 pyramidata Lamarck, 15 Barringtonia asiatica (Linnaeus) Kurz, 128 Bartramia indica Linnaeus, 218 Basellaceae, 48 BasiUque, 122 Basimum, 122 Bastard gommier, 58 Bastard mahogany, 95 Bata, 59 Batard balagien, 212 Batard belagien, 213 Batard persU, 200 Batard sirio, 208 Batarde melogene, 213 252 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Bauhinia acuminata? Linnaeus, 96 excisa (Grisebach) Hemsley, 96 guianensis Aublet, 96 monandra Kurz, 96 purpurea Linnaeus, 96 racemosa Lamarck, 96 splendens Kunth, 96 tomentosa Linnaeus, 96 variegata Linnaeus, 96 Bay rum tree, 167 Bay tree, 167 Beach morning-glory, 71 Beaumontia grandiflora (Roxburgh) WaUich, 24 Beefsteak plant, 81 Beefwood, 63 Begonia domingensis sensu Grisebach, 48 dominicalis A.L. Candolle ex Grisebach, 48 glabra Aublet, 48 heracleifoUa Chamisso & Schlechtendal, 48 humdis Alton, 48 macrophylla Lamarck, 48 obliqua Linnaeus, 48 odorata WiUdenow ex Link, 48 scandens Swartz, 48 suaveolens sensu A.L. CandoUe, 48 Begoniaceae, 48 BeUschmiedia pendula (Swartz) Hemsley, 125 BeU pepper, 209 BeUis ramosa Jacquin, 38 Belogene, 211 Benthamantha caribaea (Jacquin) Kuntze, 99 Bergamot mint, 120 Bemardia corensis (Jacquin) J. MueUer, 82 Berrya cubensis (Grisebach) Gomez de la Maza, 217 Besleria cristata Linnaeus, 117 fihpes Urban, 118 f. glaberrima Morton, 1 1 8 f. toior Morton, 118 f. pilicaulis Morton, 118 guadalupensis A.P. CandoUe, 119 imrayi J. Hooker, 118 lutea Linnaeus, 118 var. imrayi (J. Hooker) Urban, 118 var. intermedia Urban, 118 melittifolia Lirmaeus, 119 p>etiolaris (Grisebach) Urban, 118 solanoides Kunth, 118 Biancaea sepiaria (Roxburgh) Todaro, 96 Bidens alba (Linnaeus) A.R CandoUe, 34 var. radiata (C. Schultz) BaUard, 34 cynapufoUa Kunth, 34 pilosa Linnaeus var. radiata C. Schultz, 34 reptans (Linnaeus) G. Don, 34 Bignonia aequinoctialis Linnaeus, 50 chica Humboldt & Bonpland, 49 leucoxylon Linnaeus, 50 pallida Lindley, 51 paniculata Linnaeus, 49 pentaphylla Lirmaeus, 51 Stans Linnaeus, 52 unguis-cati Lirmaeus, 50 Bignoniaceae, 48 Bird pepper, 208 Bitter ash, 207 Bitter leaf, 153 Bitter mahoe, 217 Bitter shrub, 84 Bitterbush, 207 Bixa oreUana Linnaeus, 52 Bixaceae, 52 Black apple, 77 Black cinnamon, 167 Black pepper, 168, 178 Black torch, 188 Black-eyed pea, 115 Blakea laurifolia Naudin, 146 pulverulenta Vahl, 146 Blechum brownei Jussieu, 15 f. puberulum Leonard, 15 pyramidatum (Lamarck) Urban, 15 Blepharocalyx eggersii (Kiaerskou) Landrum, 162 BUghia sapida Koenig, 200 Blue mahoe, 140 Blutaparon vermiculare (Linnaeus) Mears, 18 Bocconia fmtescens Linnaeus, 173 Boehmeria ramUlora Jacquin, 219 Boerhavia caribaea Jacquin, 169 coccinea MUler, 169 diffusa Linnaeus, 169 erecta Linnaeus, 168 hirsuta Jacquin, 169 paniculata L. Richard, 169 Bogenhardia crispa (Linnaeus) Kearney, 140 Bois agouti, 1 84 Bois amer, 188 Bois anda, 1 87 Bois anglais, 23 Bois arab, 155 Bois bande, 88 Bois bande rouge, 88 Bois blanc, 207 Bois bre, 55 Bois cabrit, 189,210, 222 Bois camite, 202 Bois canon, 157 Bois capitaine, 133 Bois carapat, 155 Bois cassave, 225 Bois chandeUe, 188, 222 Bois chica, 67 Bois cicerou, 110 Bois cote, 76 Bois cotelette, 76, 223 Bois crapaud, 16, 191 Bois cravier, 166 Bois d’Inde, 167 Bois diable, 65 Bois din, 167 Bois dore, 215 Bois du vin, 137 Bois dubarre, 166 Bois dye, 164 Bois fer blanc, 171 Bois flambeau, 188 Bois flot, 52 Bois foumi, 27 Bois gommier, 58 Bois gresse, 160 Bois immortelle, 104 Bois jaune, 124 Bois lait, 25, 26 Bois lait de montagne, 25 Bois lezard, 228 Bois mal estomac, 156 Bois marble, 125 Bois masse, 136, 155 Bois montagne, 164 Bois moricipre, 137 Bois patat, 196 Bois perdrix, 170 Bois peti, 196 Bois pian, 23 Bois pichette, 191, 196 Bois pipirit, 110 Bois piquet, 163 Bois pistolet, 1 55 Bois riviere, 1 87 Bois rouge, 76 Bois sand, 160 Bois savanne, 190 Bois savonette, 201 Bois sureau matron, 213 Bois tan, 137, 207 Bois violin, 23 Boisiette, 163 Bom la Vierge, 226 Bombacaceae, 52 Bombax occidentale Sprengel, 52 pentandrum Linnaeus, 52 pyramidale CavaniUes ex Lamarck, 52 Bontia daphnoides Linnaeus, 158 Boraginaceae, 53 Borreria densiflora DC., 198 eryngioides Chamisso & Schlechtendal, 197 laevis sensu auctt., 197 ocymoides sensu auctt., 197, 198 NUMBER 77 253 repens A.R Candolle, 198 verticillaia (Linnaeus) Meyer, 198 Borrichia arborescens (Linnaeus) A.R Candolle, 30 Bottle gourd, 75 Bougainvillea, 168 Bouis, 65, 202 Bouis poU, 65 Bourreria domingensis sensu Miers, 53 recurva Miers, 53 succulenta Jacquin, 53 Boussingaultia leptostachys Moquin, 48 Bouton, 33 Bouton blanc, 38 Brachypterys ovata (CavanUles) Small, 138 Bradburya pubescenseniham) Kuntze, 98 virginiana (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 98 Bramia monnieri (Linnaeus) Drake, 205 Branda, 187 Brassica integrifolia (Vahl) Schulz, 57 integrifolia Ruprecht, 57 juncea (Linnaeus) Czemajew, 57 oleracea Linnaeus, 57 willdenovii Boissier, 57 Brassicaceae, 57 Breadfruit, 157, 168 Breadnut, 157 Breynia disticha J.R. & J.G. Forster, 79 indica Linnaeus, 61 Broad bean, 90 Brossaea coccinea Linnaeus, 78 BrowalUa americana Linnaeus, 208 demissa Linnaeus, 208 Brownea latifoUa Jacquin, 89 rosa Otto, 89 Brugmansia suaveolens (WiUdenow) Berchtold & Presl, 208 Brunfelsia americana Linnaeus, 208 fallax Duchassaing ex Grisebach, 208 Bryonia americana Lamarck, 75 guadalupensis Sprengel, 75 BryophyUum calycinum Salisbury, 74 pinnatum (Lamarck) Oken, 74 Buchenavia capilata (Vahl) Eichler, 68 tetraphyUa (Aublet) Howard, 68 Buchnera floridana Gandoger, 205 Bucida buceras Linnaeus, 68 capilata Vahl, 68 Buddleia davidii Franchet, 131 Buenda, 187 Bullet, 203 Bullet weed, 202 Bullock’s heart, 22 Bumeha pentagona Swartz, 204 retusa Swartz, 201 salicifolia (Linnaeus) Swartz, 204 Bunchosia glandulosa (CavanUles) A.R CandoUe, 136 lindeniana Adr. Jussieu, 136 nilida sensu Niedenzu, 136 polystachia (Andrews) A.R Candolle, 136 Bursera gummifera Linnaeus, 58 simamba (Linnaeus) Sargent, 58 Burseraceae, 58 Bush clock -vine, 17 Butea frondosa Koenig ex Roxburgh, 89 monosperma (Lamarck) Taubert, 89 Butterfly bush, 131 Butyrospermum parkii Kotschy, 201 Byrsonima coriacea (Swartz) A.R Candolle \ar. spicata (Cavandles) Niedenzu, 137 crassifolia (Linnaeus) Kunth, 137 crassifolia sensu Grisebach, 137 cuneata (Turczaninov) Wilson, 136 lucida (Miller) A.R Candolle, 136 martinicensis Krug & Urban ex Duss, 137 spicata (CavaniUes) A.R Candolle, 136 trinitensis Adr. Jussieu, 137 Caapi, 72 Caballeria ferruginea Ruiz & Pav^n, 160 Cabbage, 57 Caca poule, 24 Cacalia porophyllwn Linnaeus, 44 sonchifolia Linnaeus, 39 Cacao, 213 Cacarat, 215 Cachelain grand bois, 64 Cachima, 22 langue boeuf, 22 Cachiman falaise, 67 Cachiman marron, 67 Caconier, 162 Caconnier blanc, 1 10 Caconnier rouge, 110 Cacoyer, 102 Cactaceae, 58 Cactus cochenillifer Liruiaeus, 59 dillenii Ker, 59 intortus Miller, 59 pentagonus Lirmaeus, 59 royenii Linnaeus, 59 strictus Haworth, 59 letragonus Linnaeus, 59 Caesalpinia bonduc (Linnaeus) Roxburgh, 96 bonducella (Linnaeus) Fleming, 96 coriaria (Jacquin) WUldenow, 96 crista Linnaeus, 96 decapetala (Roth) Alston, 96 ferrea Martius, 96 pulcherrima (Lirmaeus) Swartz, 97 sepiaria Roxburgh, 96 Cafe marron, 189, 210 Caimite, 203 Cajan cajan (Linnaeus) Huth, 97 Cajanus cajan (Linnaeus) Millspaugh, 97 Cakile, 57 Calabash, 49 Calea aspera Jacquin, 41 Calebasse coucou, 49 Calebasse rond, 49 CaUiandra haematocephala Hasskarl, 97 tergemina (Lirmaeus) Bentham, 97 Calocarpum mammosum Pierre, 203 CaloUsianthus frigidus (Swartz) GUg, 117 Calonyction aculeatum (Linnaeus) House, 70 Calophyllum antiUanum Britton, 66 brasiliense Cambessedes var. antiUanum (Britton) Standley, 66 calaba Jacquin, 66 calaba Lirmaeus, 66 calaba sensu auctt., 66 jacquinii Fawcett & Rendle, 66 Calopogonium mucunoides Desvaux, 89 Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton, 28 Calyptranthes fasciculata Berg, 162 var. genuina Stehle, 162 sericea Grisebach, 162 Campanulaceae, 129 Camphor tree, 123 Cananga caribaea (Urban) Britton, 23 odorata (Lamarck) J. Hooker & Thomson, 22 Canavalia ensiformis (Linnaeus) A.R Candolle, 97 maritima (Aublet) Urban, 97 maritima Du Petit-Thouars, 97 oblusifolia A.R Candolle, 97 rosea (Swartz) A.R Candolle, 97 Candlenut, 79 CaneUa alba Murray, 60 winterana (Linnaeus) Gaertner, 59 CaneUaceae, 59 Cannabaceae 157 254 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Cannabis saliva Linnaeus, 157 Cannonball tree, 128 Cantaloupe, 74 Canterbury bells, 117 Cape honeysuckle, 49 Capi, 72 Capitaine bois, 134 Capparaceae, 60 Capparis ampUssima Lamarck, 60 baducca Linnaeus, 60 coccolobifolia Martius ex Eichler, 61 cynophaUophora Linnaeus, 60 [var.] acutifolia BeUo, 60 var. latifolia Grisebach, 61 cynophaUophora sensu auctt., 61 eustachiana Jacquin, 60 flexuosa (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, 61 f. hastata (Jacquin) Dugand, 61 frondosa Jacquin, 60 hastata Jacquin, 61 indica (Linnaeus) Drace, 61 portoricensis Urban, 60 rheedei A.P. Candolle, 61 Capra ria biflora Linnaeus, 205 Crustacea Linnaeus, 205 humilis Aiton, 206 CaprifoUaceae, 63 Capsicum annuum Linnaeus, 208 var. annuum, 209 var. aviculare (Dierbach) D’Arcy & Esh- baugh, 209 \ax.frutescens (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 208 baccatum sensu Grisebach, 208 chinense Jacquin, 209 frutescens Linnaeus, 208 Caquehn, 66 Carapa guianensis Aublet, 155 Carapate, 79 Carapite, 81 Cardamine fontana Lamarck, 57 Cardiospermum halicacabum Linnaeus var. microcarpum (Kunth) Blume, 200 halicacabum sensu auctt., 200 microcarpum Kunth, 200 Carica dpapaya Linnaeus, 63 Caricaceae, 63 Carissa eduUs (ForsskSl) Vahl, 24 macrocarpa (Ecklon) A.L. Candolle, 24 Carpodiptera Jloribunda Urban, 217 CaryophyUaceae, 63 Caryophyllus racemosus Miller, 167, 168 Casearia decandra Jacquin, 1 16 parviflora Jacquin, 116 parvifolia WUldenow, 1 1 6 sylvestris Swartz, 116 Cashew, 21 Cashew montagne, 1 56 Cassava, 79 Cassia alata Liimaeus, 112 bacillaris Linnaeus f., 112 Linnaeus, 112 fistula Linnaeus, 89 glandulosa Linnaeus, 98 var. swartzii (V/ikstrom) Macbride, 98 grandis Linnaeus f., 90 hirsuta Linnaeus, 113 javanica Linnaeus var. indochinensis Gagnepain, 90 obtusifolia Linnaeus, 113 occidentalis Linnaeus, 1 13 polyadena A.R CandoUe, 98 swartzii Wikstrom, 98 tora Linnaeus, 113 Cassipourea alba Grisebach, 184 elliptica (Swartz) Poiret, 184 var. alba (Grisebach) Grisebach, 184 var. pauciserrata Grisebach, 1 84 guinanensis Aublet, 184 Cassytha fiUformis Linnaeus, 124 Costal ia ampla Salisbury, 1 69 Castor bean, 79 Casuarina equisetifolia Linnaeus, 63 litorea Linnaeus ex Fosberg & Sachet, 63 Casuarinaceae, 63 Cat’s whiskers, 120 Catalpa longissima (Jacquin) Dumont de Courset, 49 Catharanthus roseus (Linnaeus) G. Don, 24 Cattle tongue, 43 Cayaponia americana (Lamarck) Cogniaux, 75 Cecropia peltata sensu auctt., 157 schreberiana Miquel, 157 Cecropiaceae 157 Cedrela mexicana M. Roemer, 155 odorata Linnaeus, 155 Ceiba occidentalis (Sprengel) BurkiU, 52 pentandra (Linnaeus) Gaertner, 52 var. caribaea (A.P. Candolle) Bakhuizen van den Brink, 52 Celastraceae, 63 Celastrus grenadensis Urban, 63 racemosus (Reissek) Loesener, 63 var. trinitensis Urban, 63 Celosia argentea Linnaeus, 20 paniculata Linnaeus, 21 Celtis aculeata Swartz, 218 iguanaea (Jacquin) Sargent, 218 lamarckiana Roemer & Schultes, 218 mollis Humboldt & Bonpland ex Willdenow, 219 Centella asiatica (Linnaeus) Urban, 23 erecta (Linnaeus f.) Femald, 23 Centratherum muticum (Kunth) Lessing, 34 punctatum Cassini, 34 violaceum (Schrank) Gleason, 34 Centropogon berterianus (Sprengel) A.L. Candolle, 129 Centrosema plumieri (Persoon) Bentham, 98 pubescens Bentham, 98 virginianum (Linnaeus) Bentham, 98 Cephaelis axillaris Swam, 193 swartzii A.P. Candolle, 195 Cephalocereus nobilis (Haworth) Britton & Rose, 59 royenii (Linnaeus) Britton & Rose, 59 Ceratostema smilacifolium (Grisebach) Hoerold, 78 Cerbera manghas Linnaeus, 24 Cercle barril, 181 Cerdana alliodora Ruiz & Pav^n, 53 Cereus nobilis Haworth, 59 Cestrum altemifolium (Jacquin) O. Schulz, 209 diumum Linnaeus, 209 latifolium Lamarck, 209 laurifoUum L’Heriter, 209 macrophyllum sensu Grisebach, 210 megalophyUum Dunal, 210 noctumum Linnaeus, 209 venenatum N. Burman, 209 vespertinum Linnaeus, 209 Chaetocalyx scandens (Linnaeus) Urban, 98 vincentina (Ker) A.P. Candolle, 98 Chaetogastra chironioides Grisebach, 154 Chamaecrista, 98 glandulosa (Linnaeus) Greene, 98 var. swartzii (Wikstrom) Irwin & Bameby, 98 nictitans (Linnaeus) Moench var. diffusa A.P. Candolle) Irwin & Bameby, 98 polyadena (A.P. Candolle) Britton, 98 swartzii (Wikstrom) Britton, 98 Chamaesyce articulata (Aublet) Britton, 82 balbisii (Boissier) Millspaugh, 82 hirta (Linnaeus) Millspaugh, 82 hypericifolia (Linnaeus) Millspaugh, 82 hyssopifolia (Linnaeus) Small, 82 NUMBER 77 255 prosirata (Aiton) Small, 83 thymifoUa (Linnaeus) MUlspaugh, 83 Chandeliere, 17 ChaptaUa nutans (Linnaeus) Polakowsky, 35 Chardon b6ni, 23 Charianthus alpinus (Swartz) Howard, 147 coccineus (L. Richard) D. Don, 147 corymbosus (L. Richard) Cogniaux, 147 longifolius Cogniaux, 147 purpureus D. Don var. rugosus Hodge, 147 Chataignier ’ti coco, 77 Chataignier ’ti fay, 77 Chataignier grand fay, 77, 78 Qiaud fl6, 178 Chayote, 75 Chelonanthus frigidus (Swartz) Urban, 1 17 Chenille plant, 81 Chenopodiaceae, 64 Chenopodium ambrosioides Linnaeus, 64 murale Linnaeus, 64 Ctuli pepper, 209 Chimarrhis cymosa Jacquin, 187 Chinna 'olanc, 196 Chitma rouge, 188 Chiococca alba (Linnaeus) Hitchcock, 1 87 subsp. alba, 187 subsp. parvifoUa (Grisebach) Steyermark, 187 parvifolia WuUschlaegel ex Grisebach, 187 racemosa Linnaeus, 187 Chionanthus caribaea Jacquin, 171 compacta Swartz, 171 dussii (Krug & Urban) Steam, 171 Chi one glabra A.R Candolle, 187 venosa (Swartz) Urban, 187 Chloranthaceae, 64 Christmas pops, 69 Christmas vine, 69 Christmas wreath, 69 Chiistophine, 75 Chromolaena corymbosa (Aublet) King & Robinson, 35 impetiolaris (Grisebach) Nicolson, 35 integrifoUa (Sprengel) King & Robinson, 35 macrodon (A.R Candolle) Nicolson, 35 mononeura (Urban) King & Robinson, 36 odorata (Linnaeus) King & Robinson, 36 tiigonocarpa (Grisebach) King & Robinson, 36 Chrysobalanaceae, 64 Chrysobalanus cuspidatus Grisebach ex Duss, 65 icaco Linnaeus, 65 ChrysophyUum argenteum Jacquin, 202 cainito Linnaeus, 202 glabrum Jacquin, 202 microphyllum sensu Grisebach, 203 oliviforme Lirmaeus, 202 Chrysothemis pulcheUa (Donn ex Sims) Decaisne, 117 Cicca antiliana Adr. Jussieu, 86 Cinchona carifwea Jacquin, 188 floribunda Swartz, 188 sanctae-luciae Kentish, 188 Cineraria lucida Swartz, 44 Cirmamomum burmanni (C. & T. Nees) Nees ex Blume, 123 camphora (Lirmaeus) Presl, 123 verum Presl, 123 zeylanicum Garcin ex Blume, 123 Cinnamon, 123, 168 Cionandra cuspidala Grisebach, 75 Cissampelos convo/vu/ucea WiUdenow, 156 pareira Linnaeus, 156 var. hirsuta (A.R Candolle) Forman, 156 Cissus repens Lamarck, 134 sicyoides Lirmaeus, 134, 228 trifoUata (Lirmaeus) Linnaeus, 228 verticiUata (Lirmaeus) Nicolson & Jarvis, 134, 228 Citharexylum caudatum Lirmaeus, 223 fruticosum Lirmaeus, 223 var. subvillosum (Moldenke) Moldenke, 223 var. vUlosum (Jacquin) Moldenke, 223 quadrangulare Jacquin, 223 spinosum Linnaeus, 223 Citriosma glabrescens Presl, 156 CitmUus lanatus (Thunberg) Matsumura & Nakai, 75 vulgaris Schrader, 75 Citrus aurantiifolia (Christman & Panzer) Swingle, 198 grandis Osbeck, 198 maxima (J. Burman) Merrill, 198 xparadisi Macfadyen, 198 xsinensis (Linnaeus) Osbeck, 198 Clavija longifoUa (Jacquin) Mez, 216 Clematis dioica Lirmaeus, 183 var. dominicana (Lamarck) Kuntze, 183 dominicana Lamarck, 1 83 Qeome aculeata Lirmaeus, 62 ciliata Schumacher, 62 gynandra Linnaeus, 62 icosandra Lirmaeus, 62 pentaphylla Linnaeus, 62 polygama Linnaeus, 62 rutidosperma A.R Candolle, 62 serrata Jacquin, 62 sfjeciosa Rafinesque, 62 spinosa Jacquin, 62 viscosa Lirmaeus, 62 Qerodendrum aculeatum (Lirmaeus) Schlechtendal, 223 buchananii (Roxburgh) Walpers, 223 fragrans Willdenow var. multiplex Sweet, 224 var. pleniflora Schauer, 224 indicum (Lirmaeus) Kuntze, 224 nutans Wallich ex D. Don, 223 paniculatum Linnaeus, 223 philippinum Schauer, 224 f. multiplex (Sweet) Moldenke, 224 f. pleniflora (Schauer) Moldenke, 224 sipkonanthus W.T. Aiton, 224 speciosissimum Morren, 224 speciosum Teijsmann & Binnendijk, 224 xspeciosum Dombrain, 224 thompsoniae I. Balfour f. speciosum “(Teysmatm & Binnendyk)” Voss, 224 ugandense Prain, 223 umbellatum Poiret, 225 var. speciosum (Dombrain) Moldenke, 224 waUichii MerrUl, 223 Qibadium badieri (A.R Candolle) Grisebach, 37 erosum (Swartz) A.R Candolle, 36 sylvestre (Aublet) BaiUon, 36 terebinlhinaceum (Swartz) A.R Candolle var. badieri A.R Candolle, 37 vargasii A.R Candolle, 37 CUdemia guadalupensis (A.R Candolle) Grisebach, 147 var. verticiUata (A.R Candolle) Stehle & (Juentin, 148 hirta (Linnaeus) D. Don, 148 var. elegans (Aublet) Grisebach, 148 latifolia (Desrousseaux) A.R Candolle, 148 tetragona (A.R Candolle) Foumet, 148 umbrosa (Swartz) Cogniaux, 148 verticiUata A.R Candolle, 147 Qinopodium chamaedrys Vahl, 122 martinicense Jacquin, 122 CUtoria falcata Lamarck, 99 glycinoides A.R Candolle, 99 rubiginosa Jussieu ex Persoon, 99 tematea Lirmaeus, 99 virginiana Lirmaeus, 98 Clove, 168 Clusia alba Jacquin, 66 major Lirmaeus, 66 mangle L. Richard ex Planchon & Triana, 67 minor Lirmaeus, 66 plukenetii sensu Hodge, 66 plukenetii Urban, 66 venosa sensu Grisebach, 67 Qusiaceae, 65 Cnidoscolus urens (Linnaeus) Arthur, 83 256 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Coc chien, 108 Coccoloba ascendens Duss ex Lindau, 181 diversifolia sensu auctt., 181 pubescens Linnaeus, 181 swartzii Meisner, 181 uvifera (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, 181 venosa Linnaeus, 1 82 Cocculus domingensis A.R CandoUe, 156 Cochlospennaceae, 68 Cochlospermum regium (Schrank) Pilger, 68 vitifolium (Wdldenow) Willdenow ex Sprengel, 68 Cocklebur, 47 Cockscomb, 21 Coco negre Hebrew, 114 Coco poule, 27, 55 Coco-plum, 65 Codiaeum variegatum (Linnaeus) Adr. Jussieu, 79 Codonium arborescens Vahl, 170 Coffea arabica Linnaeus, 1 84 canephora Pierre ex Froehner var. robusta (Linden ex De Wildeman) Chevalier, 184 Uberica Bull ex Hiem, 185 Coffee, 184 Coffee senna, 113 Coholba, 95 Cojorok, 175 Cola acuminata (PaUsot de Beauvois) Schott & Endlicher, 213 nitida (Ventenat) Schott & Endlicher, 213 Coleus amboinicus Loureiro, 120 blumei Bentham, 120 Collandra petiolaris Grisebach, 118 Columnea hirsuta Swartz, 119 scandens Linnaeus, 118, 119 var. vincentina Morton, 118 Combretaceae, 68 Combretum laxum Aublet, 68 rotundifoUum L. Richard, 68 Common nightshade, 211 Compositae, 29 CondaUa ferrea (Vahl) Grisebach, 183 CondyUdium iresinoides (Kunth) King & Robinson, 37 Cotmaraceae, 69 Connarus grandifolius Planchon, 69 Conocarpus, 184 racemosa Linnaeus, 68 Conomorpha peruviana A. L. Candolle var. rostrata (Hasskarl) Mez, 160 peruviana sensu Grisebach, 160 Conostegia calyptrata (Desrousseaux) D. Don ex A.P. Candolle, 148 icosandra (Wikstrom) Urban, 148 montana (Swartz) D. Don ex A.P. CandoUe, 148 subhirsuta A.P. CandoUe, 148 Conradia ventricosa (Swartz) Martius ex G. Don, 119 Contrevent, 203 Ccmvolvulaceae, 69 Convolvulus aculeatus Linnaeus, 70 alatus HamUton, 73 brasiliensis Lirmaeus, 71 dissectus Jacquin, 73 fastigiatus Roxburgh, 72 hederaceus Linnaeus, 71 nil Linnaeus, 7 1 nummularius lirmaeus, 70 obscura lirmaeus, 71 pennatus Desrousseaux, 71 pentanthos Jacquin, 72 pentaphyllus Linnaeus, 13 pes-caprae Lirmaeus, 71 phyllomega VeUozo, 7 1 ruber Vahl, 72 tiliaceus WUldenow, 72 tiliifolius Desrousseaux, 74 umbellatus Linnaeus, 73 Conyza apurensis Kunth, 37 bonariensis (lirmaeus) Cronquist, 37 canadensis (Linnaeus) Cronquist, 37 var. pusUla (Nuttall) Cronquist, 38 carolinensis Jacquin, 43 cinerea Lirmaeus, 46 lobata Lirmaeus, 42 pedunculata MUler, 34 subspathulata Cronquist, 37 symphytifolia MiUer, 42 Copaiba, 84 Copaie, 84 Cqraifera guianensis Desfontaines, 90 Coral tree, 104 Corchorus aestuans Lirmaeus, 217 hirsutus Linnaeus, 217 hirtus Lirmaeus, 217 oEtorius Linnaeus, 217 orinocensis Kunth, 217 siUquosus lirmaeus, 217 Corde caco, 137 Corde quate, 228 Cordia aUiodora (Ruiz & Pavon) Oken, 53 cinerascens A.P. Candolle, 54 collococca Linnaeus, 54 curassavica Roemer & Schultes, 54 curassavica sensu auctt., 54 cylindristachya (Ruiz & Pavon) Roemer & Schultes var. cinerascens (A.P. Candolle) Grisebach, 54 dasycephala (Desvaux) Kunth, 54 divaricata Kunth, 54 elliptica sensu auctt., 55 gerascanthus sensu Grisebach, 53 globosa (Jacquin) Kunth, 54 laevigata sensu auctt., 55 martinicensis (Jacquin) Roemer & Schultes, 54 nesophila Johnston, 54 polycephala (Lamarck) Johnston, 55 reticulata Vahl, 55 salviifolia sensu auctt., 54 sebestana Lirmaeus, 54 sulcata A.P. Candolle, 55 tetraphylla Aublet, 68 ulmifolia Jussieu, 55 Coreopsis alba Linnaeus, 34 baccata lirmaeus f., 47 Comutia pyramidata Lirmaeus, 225 CoroniUa scandens Linnaeus, 98 Corossol, 22 Cosmos caudatus Kunth, 30 sulphurous CavartUles, 30 Cotlette, 53, 223 Coton blanc, 139 Cotcai noir, 139 Cotyledon pinnata Lamarck, 74 Coupie, 182 Courasotte, 22 Courbaril, 105 Courocoume, 161 Couroupita guianensis Aublet, 128 Couroupoume, 166 CoviUea racemosa Bojer ex W. Hooker, 90 Crab wood, 1 55 Crabs’ eyes, 94 Cracca caribaea (Jacquin) Bentham, 99 purpurea lirmaeus, 1 15 Crassocephalum crepidioides (Bentham) S. Moore, 39 Crassulaceae, 74 Cre-cre, 147, 150, 151 blanc, 148, 151, 153 bois, 148 grand bois, 152 grand feuilles, 148 rouge, 147 Cremanium rivoeriae (Naudin) Grisebach, 152 sieberi Grisebach, 151 Crepis japonica (Linnaeus) Bentham, 47 Crescentia cujete Linnaeus, 49 Cresson, 57 NUMBER 77 257 Crilonia dominicensis King & Robinson, 38 macropoda A.R Candolle, 38 Crossandra infundibuliformis (Linnaeus) Nees, 15 Crotalaria anagyroides Kunth, 100 falcata Vahl ex A.R Candolle, 100 incana Linnaeus, 99 lotifoUa Linnaeus, 100 micans Link, 100 mucronata Desvaux, 100 obovata G. Don, 100 pallida Alton, 100 var. obovata (G. Don) Polhill, 100 pumila Ortega, 99 retusa Linnaeus, 100 speclabdis Roth, 100 stipularia Desvaux, 100 striata A.R Candolle, 100 vasculosa WalUch ex Bentham, 99 verrucosa Linnaeus, 100 zanzibarica Bentham, 99 Croton astroites Dryander, 83 astroites sensu Hodge, 83 balsamifer Jacquin, 84 betuUnus Vahl, 83 bixoides Vahl, 83 chamaedrifolius Lamarck, 81 coryUfolius Lamarck, 84 Havens Linnaeus, 84 var. balsamifer (Jacquin) J. Mueller, 84 glandulosus Linnaeus var. hirtus (L’Heritier) J. Mueller, 84 helicoides J. Mueller, 83 hirtus L’Heritier, 84 lobatus Liimaeus, 84 niveus sensu auctt., 83 Crown-of -thorns, 85 Cruciferae, 57 Cucumber, 74 Cucumis melo Linnaeus, 74 sativus Linnaeus, 74 Cucurbita maxima Duchesne ex Lamarck, 74 mixta Pangalo, 74 moschata (Lamarck) Duchesne ex Poiret, 74 pepo Linnaeus, 74 Cucurbitaceae, 74 Cunoniaceae, 76 Cupania americana Linnaeus, 200 triquetra A. Richard, 201 Cuphea balsamona Chamisso & Schlechtendal, 135 carthagenensis (Jacquin) Macbride, 135 hyssopifolia Kunth, 134 melanium (Linnaeus) R. Brown ex Steudel, 135 micrantha Kunth, 135 parsonsia (Linnaeus) R. Brown ex Steudel, 135 strigulosa Kunth, 135 subsp. nitens Koehne, 135 Cuscuta americana Linnaeus, 69 Cushaw, 74 Custard apple, 22 Cyathula achyranthoides (Kunth) Moquin, 21 prostrata (Linnaeus) Blume, 21 Cybianthus andUanus (Mez) Agostini, 159 parasiticus (Swartz) Pipoly, 160 rostratus (Hasskarl) Agostini, 160 Cycnopodium latifolium Naudin, 149 Cydista aequinoctialis (Linnaeus) Miers, 50 Cymburus urticifolius Salisbury, 228 urticifolius sensu Salisbury, 228 Cynanchum maritimum (Jacquin) Jacquin, 29 parviflorum Swartz, 29 Cynodendron argenteum (Jacquin) Baehni, 202 Cynomorium cayennense Swartz, 47 CyriUa antillana Michaux, 76 racemiflora Linnaeus, 76 Cyrillaceae, 76 Cytisus cajan Linnaeus, 97 Dacryodes excelsa Vahl, 58 hexandra (Hamilton) Grisebach, 58 Dalbergia ecastaphyUum (Linnaeus) Taubert, 101 heptaphylla Poiret, 108 pentaphylla Poiret, 108 Dalechampia scandens Linnaeus, 84 Daphnopsis americana (Miller) J. Johnston subsp. caribaea (Grisebach) Nevhng, 216 caribaea Grisebach, 216 Datura fastuosa Linnaeus, 210 inoxia Miller, 210 metel Linnaeus, 210 metel sensu Grisebach, 210 stramonium Linnaeus, 210 suave olens Humboldt & Bonpland ex WiUde- now, 208 Delonix regia (W. Hooker) Rafinesque, 101 Demoiselle, 175 Dendrocereus nudiflorus (Engelmann) Britton & Rose, 58 Dendropemon caribaeus Krug & Urban, 131 Dendrophthora buxifolia (Lamarck) Eichler, 132 eUiptica (Gardener) Krug & Urban var. platyphylla Krug & Urban, 131 Desay, 1 12 Desmanthus virgatus (Linnaeus) WiUdenow, 101 Desmodium adscendens (Swartz) A.R Candolle, 101 axiUare (Swartz) A.P. Candolle, 102 var. acutifolium (Kuntze) Urban, 102 var. axillare, 102 canum Schinz & TheUung, 102 incanum A.P. Candolle, 102 procumbens (Miller) Hitchcock, 102 purpureum (Miller) Fawcett & Rendle, 103 scorpiurus (Swartz) Desvaux, 103 spirale A.P. Candolle, 102 supinum A.P. Candolle, 102 tortuosum (Swartz) A.P. Candolle, 103 triflorum (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle, 103 Dianthera androsaemifolia (Nees) Grisebach, 16 pectoralis (Jacquin) Murray, 16 secunda (Vahl) Grisebach, 16 Dichapetalaceae, 76 Dicliptera assurgens (Linnaeus) Jussieu, 15 martinicensis (Jacquin) Jussieu, 15 sexangularis (Linnaeus) Jussieu, 15 Didymopanax attenuatus (Swartz) Marchal, 28 DiU,23 DUlenia indica Linnaeus, 76 suffruticosa (Griffith) MarteUi, 76 DiUeniaceae, 76 Dioclea molUcoma Ducke, 103 reflexa sensu Urban, 103 Diodia apiculata (WUldenow ex Roemer & Schultes) Schumann, 187 ocymifolia (WUldenow) Bremekamp, 188 rigida Chamisso & Schlechtendal, 1 87 Diospyros blancoi A.L. Candolle, 76 digyna Jacquin, 76 discolor WUldenow, 76 ebenaster Retzius, 77 ebenaster sensu auctt., 77 ebenum Koenig, 76 embryopteris Persoon, 76 malabarica (Desrousseaux) Kosteletzky, 76 revoluta Poiret, 77 Dipholis salicifolia (Linnaeus) A.L. Candolle, 204 Diplochita fothergilla A.P. CandoUe, 151 Discipiper reticulatum (Linnaeus) Trelease & Stehle, 180 Distrephus spicatus (Aublet) Cassini, 44 Ditremexa hirsuta (Linnaeus) Britton & Rose ex Britton & WUson, 113 occidentalis (Linnaeus) Britton & Rose ex Britton & WUsot, 1 13 258 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Dji-pois, 167 Doctor bush, 179, 180 Dodonaea viscosa (Linnaeus) Jacquin, 201 DoUcholus reticulatus (Swartz) MUlspaugh, 111 DoUchos lablab Linnaeus, 107 luteolus Jacquin, 115 maritimus Aublet, 97 minimus Linnaeus, 111 obtusifolius Lamarck, 97 pruriens Linnaeus, 109 pwpweus Linnaeus, 107 repens Linnaeus, 115 roseus Swartz, 97 rotundifolius Vahl, 97 ruber Jacquin, 105 urens Linnaeus, 109 Dohocarpus calineoides (Eichler) GUg, 76 coriaceus (Martius & Zuccarini) Gilg, 76 Doxantha unguis-cati (Linnaeus) Miers, 50 Drymaria cordata (Linnaeus) WiUdenow ex Schultes, 63 Drypetes glauca Vahl, 84 Du the pays, 63, 205 Duggena spicata (Lamarck) Standley, 1 89 Dunalia arborescens (Linnaeus) Sleumer, 208 Duran ta erecta sensu Urban, 225 plumieri sensu Grisebach, 225 repens sensu auctt., 225 stenostachya Todaro, 225 Durio zibethinus Murray, 52 Dussia martinicensis Krug & Urban ex Taubert, 103 Ebenaceae, 76 Echinops fruticosus Linnaeus, 44 Echites quinquangularis Jacquin, 25 Eclipta alba (Linnaeus) Hasskarl, 38 erecta Linnaeus, 38 prostrata (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, 38 punctata Linnaeus, 38 Egg plant, 211 Egletes prostrata (Swartz) Kuntze, 38 Elaeocarpaceae, 77 Elaphrium simaruba (Linnaeus) Rose, 58 Elder, 63 Elephantopus mollis Kunth, 38 var. bracteosus Domin, 38 var. capitulatis Domin, 38 spicatus Jussieu ex Aublet, 44 Ememaiuma, 175 Emilia coccinea sensu auctt., 39 fosbergii Nicolson, 39 sonchifolia (Linnaeus) A.R Candolle, 39 Empoisonneur, 208 Enallagma latifolia MiUer, 48 Enckea sieberi Miquel, 179 Endlicheria sericeaNees, 125 Enicostema verticillatum (Linnaeus) Engler ex GUg, 116 Enivre, 37 Entada gigas (Linnaeus) Fawcett & Rendle, 1 03 pwlyphylla Bentham, 104 polystachya (Linnaeus) A.R Candolle, 104 Entadopsis polyphylla (Bentham) Britton, 104 polystachya (Linnaeus) Britton, 104 Enydria aquatica VeUozo, 119 Epigaea cordifolia Swartz, 78 Epinard, 20 Episcia melittifolia (Linnaeus) Martius, 119 f. guadalupensis (A.R CandoUe) Stehle, 119 Erechtites agrestis (Swartz) Standley & Steyermark, 39 cacalioides (Sprengel) Lessing, 39 hieraciifolia (Linnaeus) Rafinesque ex A.R Candolle, 39 var. cacalioides (Sprengel) Lessing ex Grise- bach, 39 valerianifoUa (Sprengel) A.R CandoUe, 39 Ericaceae, 78 Erigeron bonariensis Linnaeus, 37 canadensis Linnaeus, 37 chinensis Jacquin, 37 karwinskianus A.R. CandoUe, 40 polycladus Urban, 40 pusillus NuttaU, 37 spathulatus Vahl, 37 Erinus procumbens MUler, 206 verticillatus MUler, 206 Eriobotrya japonica (Thunberg) Lindley, 1 84 Eriodendron anfractuosum A.R CandoUe var. caribaeum A.R CandoUe, 52 ErithaUs fruticosa Linnaeus, 188 subsp. odorifera (Jacquin) Steyermark, 188 var. odorifera (Jacquin) Grisebach, 1 88 odorifera Jacquin, 1 88 Emodea Uttoralis Swartz, 1 85 Eroteum undulatum Swartz, 215 Ervatamia coronaria (Jacquin) Stapf, 24 cumingiana (A.L. CandoUe) Markgraf, 24 pandacaqui (Poiret) Richon, 24 Eryngium foetidum Linnaeus, 23 Erythrina coraUodendron Linnaeus, 104 var. bicolor Krukoff, 104 jxteppigiana (Walpers)Cook, 104 Erythroxylaceae, 79 Erythroxylum havanense Jacquin, 79 ovatum CavanUles, 79 squamatum Swartz, 79 Esta fragile, 1 80 Ethulia sparganophora Linnaeus, 44 Eucalyptus, 161 Eugenia aerugenia sensu Grisebach, 163 albicans (Berg) Urban, 163 coffeifolia A.R CandoUe, 163 confusa A.R CandoUe, 163 cordata A.R CandoUe var. sintenisU (Kiaerskou) Krug & Urban, 163 deflexa Poiret, 166 divaricata Lamarck, 167 domingensis Berg, 163 fallax L. Richard, 166 gregU (Swartz) Poiret, 163 gryposperma Krug & Urban, 165 hodgei McVaugh, 164 jambos Linnaeus, 168 lambertiana A.R CandoUe, 164 Ugustrina (Swartz) WUldenow, 164 megalocarpa Urban, 165 monticola (Swartz) A.R CandoUe, 164 obtusata WUldenow ex Berg, 164 octopleura Krug & Urban, 164 paniculata Jacquin, 166 procera sensu Hodge, 164 pseudc^sidium Jacquin, 164 pseudopsidium sensu Grisebach, 164 sintenisU Kiaerskou, 163 uruflora Linnaeus, 162 Eupatorium atriplicifolium Lamarck, 35 celtidifolium Lamarck, 41 cotinifolium WiUdenow, 34 impetiolare Grisebach, 35 integrifolium Bertero ex Sprengel, 35 iresinoides KunUi, 37 f. integrum Domin, 37 macrodon A.R CandoUe, 35 macrophyllum Linnaeus, 40 macropus Urban, 38 magdalenae Stehle, 38 microstemon Cassini, 40 mononeurum Urban, 36 odoratum Linnaeus, 36 plicalum Urban, 41 trigonocarpum Grisebach, 36 NUMBER 77 259 triplinerve Vahl, 30 Euphorbia articulata Aublet, 82 cyathophora Murray, 85 geniculata Ortega, 85 heterophylla Linnaeus, 85 hirta Linnaeus, 82 hypericifoUa Linnaeus, 82 hyssopifolia Linnaeus, 83 leucocephala Lotsy, 85 maculata Linnaeus, 83 milii Des Moulins var. splendens (Bojer ex Hooker) Ursch & Leandri, 85 prostrata Aiton, 83 pulcherrima WUldenow ex Klotzsch, 85 rubricunda Blume, 83 thymifolia Linnaeus, 83 Euphorbiaceae, 79 Euxolus viridis (Linnaeus) Moquin, 20 Evolvulus convolvuloides (WUldenow) Steam, 70 nummularius (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, 70 sericeus Swartz, 70 tenuis Choisy subsp. longifoUus (Choisy) Ooststroom, 69 Excoecaria caribaea (Grisebach) Grisebach, 81 cochinchinensis Ijoureiro, 79 farinosa Grisebach, 85 Exogonium repandum (Jacquin) Choisy, 72 solanifolium (Linnaeus) Britton, 73 Lixostema caribaeum (Jacquin) Schultes, 188 ellipticum Grisebach, 189 floribundum (Swartz) Schultes, 188 sanctae-luciae (Kentish) Britten, 188 Fabaceae, 89 Fagara caribaea (Lamarck) Krug & Urban, 199 martinicensis Lamarck, 199 microcarpa (Grisebach) Krug & Urban, 199 microphylla Desfontaines ex Hamilton, 200 monophylla Lamarck, 199 spinifex Jacquin, 200 trifoliata Swartz, 199 Faradaya splendida Mueller, 222 Faramea occidentaUs (Linnaeus) A. Richard, 189 Fat pork, 65 FeuiUe carapate, 175 FeuUle chasse, 179 FeuiUe froide, 192 FeuiUe mal I’estomac, 179 Ficus altissima Blume, 157 americana Aublet, 158 aspera J.G. Forster, 157 caribaea Jacquin, 158 citrifoUa MUler, 157 glabrata Kunth, 158 insipida WiUdenow, 157 involuta (Liebmann) Miquel, 158 var. urbaniana (Warburg) Dugand, 158 krugiana Warburg, 158 laevigata Vahl, 157 subvar. subcuspidata (Warburg) Stehle, 1 57 lentiginosa Vahl, 157 var. imrayana Domin, 157 var. subcuspidata (Warburg) Domin, 157 maxima MiUer, 158 nymphaeifoUa MUler, 158 obtusifoUa Kunth, 158 omphalophora Warburg, 158 pallida sensu Grisebach, 158 parcellii Veitch ex Cogniaux & Marchal, 157 perforata Linnaeus, 158 populnea WUldenow, 157 subvar. subcuspidata Warburg, 157 var. lentiginosa (Vahl) Warburg, 157 populoides Warburg, 157 sintenisii WaibuTg, 158 trigonata Linnaeus, 158 urbaniana Warburg, 158 Fige kakUn, 66 Figue, 157 Figue rouge, 158 Fioria vitifoUa (Linnaeus) Mattei, 139 Fireman, 89 Flacourtia cataphracta Roxburgh ex WiUdenow, 1 15 indica (N. Burman) MerrUl, 116 jangomas (Loureiro) Raeuschel, 115 sepiaria Roxburgh, 116 Flacourtiaceae, 115 Flamboyant, 101 Flame tree, 101 Fleischmannia microstemon (Cassini) King & Robinson, 40 Flemingia grandiflora Roxburgh ex Rottler, 18 strobiUfera (Linnaeus) W.T Ait«i, 104 Fleurya aestuans (Linnaeus) Gaudichaud, 220 Fon bazin, 122 FothergUla mirabilb Aublet, 151 Four-o’clock, 168 Fraise, 184 Frangipani, 25 French basUique, 122 French kenip, 171 French marigold, 30 Freziera cordata Tulasne, 215 elegans Tulasne, 215 undulata (Swartz) WiUdenow, 215 var. elegans (Tulasne) Kmg & Urban, 215 Fromager, 52 Fromboisin, 122 Fuchsia involucrata Swartz, 196 Funtumia elastica (Preuss) Stapf, 25 Galactia dubia A.R CandoUe, 104 longiflora Amott, 105 mbra (Jacquin) Urban, 105 striata (Jacquin) Urban, 105 var. tenuiflora (WiUdenow) Burkard, 104 tenuiflora (WiUdenow) Wight and Amott, 104 Galba, 66 Galega caribaea Jacquin, 99 Galinsoga caracasana (A.R CandoUe) C. Schultz, 40 ciliata (Rafinesque) Blake, 40 quadriradiata Ruiz & Pavon, 40 GaUum hypocarpium sensu Grisebach, 195 Galphimia gracUis Battling, 135 Garcia nutans Rohr, 79 Garcinia buchananii Baker, 67 eduUs (Planchon & Triana) ExeU, 67 humUis (Vahl) Adams, 67 lateriflora Blume, 67 mangostana Linnaeus, 67 moreUa (Gaertner) Desrousseaux, 67 Garden balsam, 47 Garden croton, 79 Gaultheria coccinea (Linnaeus) Urban, 78 domingensis Urban, 78 sphagnicola L. Richard, 78 swartzii Howard, 78 Gayoides crispum (Linnaeus) SmaU, 140 Genip, 189 Genipa americana Linnaeus, 189 Gen ti ana aphylla Jacquin, 1 17 verticillata Litmaeus, 116 Gentianaceae, 1 16 Geophila herbacea (Jacquin) Schumann, 189 repens (Linnaeus) Johnston, 189 Gerascanthus alliodorus (Ruiz & Pav6n) Borhidi, 53 collococcus (Litmaeus) Borhidi, 54 reticulatus (Vahl) Borhidi, 55 sulcatus (A.R CandoUe) Borhidi, 55 Gesneria ventricosa Swartz, 119 Gesneriaceae, 117 Gin, 166 GUricidia sepium (Jacquin) Kunth ex Walpers, 105 Globifera umbrosa Gmelin, 206 Glossostylis aspera Chamisso & Schlechtendal, 204 260 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Gloxinia perennis (Linnaeus) Fritsch, 117 Glycine abrus Linnaeus, 94 labialis Linnaeus f., 1 15 phaseoloides Swartz, 111 reticulata Swartz, 111 striata Jacquin, 105 vincentina Ker, 98 Gmelina arborea Roxburgh, 222 hystiix Schultes ex Kurz, 222 phQippensis Chamisso, 222 Goatweed, 205 Golden shower tree, 89 Gombo marron, 143 Gombo montagne, 143 Gomidesia hndeniana Berg, 165 Gomme I’incense, 58 Gommier, 58 Gommier beni, 58 Gommier jaune, 58 Gommier rouge, 58 Gomphia longifolia (Lamarck) A.P. CandoUe, 170 Gomphrena brasiliana Linnaeus, 19 dentata Moench, 19 globosa Linnaeus, 18 sessilis Linnaeus, 20 Gonocalyx smilacifolius (Grisebach) A.C. Smith, 78 Gonolobus martinicensis Decaisne, 29 scandens Urban, 29 Gonzalagunia hirsuta (Jacquin) Schumann, 1 89 spicata (Lamarck) Gomez de la Maza, 189 Gooseberries, 86 Gossypium barbadense Lirmaeus, 139 var. brasiUense (Rafinesque) FryxeU, 139 hirsutum Linnaeus, 140 var. marie -galante (Watt) J.B. Hutchinson et al., 140 marie -galante ’Watt, 140 Gouania domingensis hinnaeus, 183 lupuloides (Linnaeus) Urban, 183 Gouyave, 168 Goyave, 168 Goyavier, 184 Graffenrieda latifoha (Naudin) Triana, 149 Graines bleues, 215 Graines d’eglise, 94 Graines en bas feuiUes, 87, 88 Grammadenia parasitica (Swartz) Grisebach, 160 GranadUla, 174 Grape, 228 Grapefruit, 198 GraptophyUum pictum (Linnaeus) Griffith, 15 Gratiola mormieri (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, 205 rotundifolia Lirmaeus, 205 Griave, 162 Gros tete, 121 Guaiacum officinale Linnaeus, 229 Guapeba ?semecarpifolia Pierre, 203 Guapira fragrans (Dumont de Courset) Little, 169 suborbiculata (Duss) LundeU, 169 Guarea glabra Vahl, 155 macrophylla Vahl, 155 perrotletiana Adr. Jussieu, 155 Guatteria caribaea Urban, 23 ouregou sensu Grisebach, 23 Guava, 168 Guazuma ulmifoha Lamarck, 214 Guepois, 162 Guepois, 167 Guettarda crispiflora Vahl, 190 odorata (Jacquin) Lamarck, 190 parviflora Vahl, 190 parvifolia Swartz, 190 rugosa Swartz, 190 scabra (Linnaeus) Ventenat, 190 Guilandina bonduc Lirmaeus, 96 bonducella Linnaeus, 96 crista (Linnaeus) Small, 96 Gumbo, 139 Gumbo Umbo, 58 Gumbo zombie, 140 Gustavia augusta Linnaeus, 128 Guttiferae, 65 Gymnanthes farinosa (Grisebach) Webster, 85 hypoleuca Bentham, 85 var. farinosa (Grisebach) Pax & Hoffmaim, 85 var. latifolia J. MueUer, 85 Gynandropsis gynandra (Linnaeus) Briquet, 62 pentaphylla (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle, 62 Gyrocarpus americanus Jacquin, 1 19 Gyrotaenia crassifolia (Weddell) Urban, 219 Haemadictyon venosum Lindley, 25 Haematoxylum camprechianum Linnaeus, 105 Haloragaceae, 119 HameUa patens Jacquin, 185 Hasuru, 167 HebecUnium macrophyUum (Linnaeus) A.P. CandoUe, 40 Hedwigia simplicifolia Sprengel, 155 Hedyosmum arborescens Swartz, 64 Hedyotis caUitrichoides (Grisebach) W.H. Lewis, 190 commutata J.H. & J.A. Schultes, 190 corymbosa (Linnaeus) Lamarck, 190 lancifolia Schumacher, 190 Hedysarum adscendens Swartz, 101 axillare Swartz, 102 canum Gmelin, 102 ecastaphyllum Lirmaeus, 101 hamatum Lirmaeus, 113 incanum Swartz, 102 procumbens MUler, 102 purpweum MUler, 103 racemiferum Gmelin, 102 racemosum Aublet, 102 scorpiurus Swartz, 103 spirale Swartz, 102 strobiliferum Linnaeus, 104 supinum Swartz, 102 tortuosum Swartz, 103 triflorum Lirmaeus, 103 vaginale Lirmaeus, 95 Heisteria coccinea Jacquin, 170 Helenium quadridentatum LabUlardiere, 30 Helianthus armuus Lirmaeus, 30 HeUotropium angiospermum Murray, 55 curassavicum Linnaeus, 55 fruticosum sensu Grisebach, 56 humile (Lirmaeus) R. Brown ex Roemer & Schultes, 56 indicum Lirmaeus, 55 inundatum Swartz, 55 parviflorum Linnaeus, 55 procumbens MUler, 55 tematum Vahl, 56 Helosis cayennensis (Swartz) Sprengel, 47 Hemidiodia ocymifolia (WUldenow) Schumarm, 188 Hemigraphis altemata (N. Burman) T. Anderson, 15 colorata (Blume) HaUier, 15 Henriettea lateriflora (Vahl) Howard & KeUogg, 149 HenrietteUa lateriflora (Vahl) Triana, 149 Herbe amere, 211 Herissantia crispa (Linnaeus) Brizicky, 140 Hemandiaceae, 119 Herpetica alata (Linnaeus) Rafinesque, 112 NUMBER 77 261 Heteropteris laurifolia (Linnaeus) Adr. Jussieu, 137 longifolia (Swartz) Niedenzu, 137 var. borealis Niedenzu, 137 var. martinicensis Niedenzu, 137 platyptera A.R Candolle, 137 var. martinicensis (Niedenzu) Macbride, 137 purpurea (Linnaeus) Kunth, 137 Hevea brasiliensis (Kunth) J. Mueller, 79 Hibiscus abelmoschus Linnaeus, 139 elatus Swartz, 140 esculenlus Linnaeus, 139 furcellatus Lamarck, 140 pemambucensis Arruda, 140 populneus Linnaeus, 142 rosa-sinensis Linnaeus, 140 var. schizopetalus Dyer, 140 sabdariffa Linnaeus, 140 schizopetalus (Dyer) J. Hooker, 140 tiliaceus sensu auctt., 140 tulipiflorus J. Hooker, 143 vitifolius Linnaeus, 139 Hikaku, 65 HiUia longiflora Swartz, 191 parasitica Jacquin, 191 Hippobroma longiflora (Linnaeus) G. Don, 129 Hippocratea caribaea Urban, 120 volubilis Linnaeus, 119 var. caribaea (Urban) Stehle & Quentin, 120 Hippocrateaceae, 1 19 Hippomane mancinella Linnaeus, 85 Hirtella triandra Swartz, 65 Hog-plum, 22 Holarrhena antidysenterica Wallich ex A.L. Candolle, 24 Holmskioldia sanguinea Retzius, 222 Holosteum cordatum Linnaeus, 63 Homalium racemosum Jacquin, 116 Honteuse, 109 Hornemannia racemosa Vahl, 78 smilacifolia (Grisebach) J. Hooker, 78 Horse bean, 97 Horsebean, 97 Hufelandkt pendula (Swartz) Nees, 125 Hura ^ crepitans Linnaeus, 79 1 Hydnocarpus I Sleumer, 115 ■ pentandra (Hamilton) Oken, 115 I wightianus Blume, 115 j Hydrocotyle , asiatica Linnaeus, 23 erecta Linnaeus f., 23 rotundifolia Roxburgh, 23 siblhorpioides Lamarck, 23 umbellata Linnaeus, 23 verticillata Thunberg, 23 Hydrolea spinosa Linnaeus, 120 Hydrophyllaceae, 120 Hyeronima caribaea Urban, 86 clusiodes sensu Urban, 86 laxiflora (Tulasne) J. Mueller, 85 Hymenaea courbaril Linnaeus, 105 Hyperbaena domingensis (A.P. Candolle) Bentham, 156 Hyptis atrorubens Poiteau, 121 capitata Jacquin, 121 lanceolata Poiret, 121 mutabilis (L. Richard) Briquet, 120 pectinata (Linnaeus) Poiteau, 121 spicata Poiteau, 120 suaveolens (Linnaeus) Poiteau, 121 verticillata Jacquin, 121 lanaua, 166 Ibatia maritima (Jacquin) Decaisne, 29 muricata Grisebach, 29 Idea attenuata Rose, 58 heptaphylla Aublet, 58 Lkaku, 65 Ilex guianensis (Aublet) Kuntze, 26 maefadyenii (Walpers) Rehder, 26 subsp. ovata (Grisebach) Nicolson, 26 var. caribaea Stehle & Quentin, 26 var. occidentalis (LjOesener) Moscoso, 26 macoucoua Persoon, 26 montana (Swartz) Grisebach, 26 var. lanceolata Grisebach, 26 var. occidentalis Ijoesener, 26 var. orientalis Ijoesener, 26 var. ovata Grisebach, 26 nitida (Vahl) Maximowicz, 26 occidentalis sensu Macfadyen, 27 sideroxyloides (Swartz) Grisebach, 27 var. occidentalis Ijoesener, 27 Immortelle, 104 Impatiens balsamina Linnaeus, 47 Indigofera endecaphylla Jacquin, 106 hartwegii Rydberg, 106 spicata ForsskSl, 106 suffruticosa Miller, 106 tinctoria Linnaeus, 106 Inga dominicensis Bentham, 106 fagifolia (Linnaeus) WiUdenow ex Bentham, 107 fagifolia G. Don, 107 ingoides (L. Richard) WiUdenow, 106 laurina (Swartz) WiUdenow, 107 vera WUldenow, 106 lonoxalis martiana (Zuccarini) SmaU, 173 Ipomoea aegyptia Linnaeus, 73 alba Linnaeus, 70 altissima Martius ex Choisy, 73 angulata Lamarck, 71 batatas (Linnaeus) Lamarck, 72 bona-nox Linnaeus, 70 brasiliensis (Linnaeus) Sweet, 71 campanulata Lirmaeus, 74 capparoides Choisy, 7 1 camea Jacquin, 70 subsp. fistulosa (Choisy) D. Austin, 70 coccinea sensu auct., 71 demerariana sensu Grisebach, 71 dissecta (Jacquin) Persoon, 73 fastigiata (Roxburgh) Sweet, 72 filiformis Jacquin, 73 fistulosa Martius ex Choisy, 71 hamiltonii G. Don, 73 hederifoUa Linnaeus, 71 impterati (Vahl) Grisebach, 71 nil (Linnaeus) Roth, 71 obscura (Lirmaeus) Ker, 71 palustris (Urban) Urban, 72 pentaphylla (Linnaeus) Jacquin, 73 pes-caprae (Lirmaeus) R. Brown, 71 subsp. brasiliensis (Lirmaeus) Ooststroom, 7 1 phyUomega (VeUozo) House, 71 polyanthes Roemer and Schultes, 73 pterodes Choisy, 73 quamoclit Linnaeus, 71 repanda Jacquin, 72 rubra (Linnaeus) Murray, 72 rubra (Vahl) MUlspaugh, 72 var. alboflavida Urban, 72 var. palustris Urban, 72 setifera Poiret, 72 sinuata Ortega, 73 solanifolia Lirmaeus, 73 stolonifera Gmehn, 71 tamnifolia Lirmaeus, 73 tiUacea (WiUdenow) Choisy, 72 umbellata (Lirmaeus) Meyer, 73 Iresine canescens WiUdenow, 21 celosia Linnaeus, 21 celosioides Lirmaeus, 21 diffusa Humboldt & Bonpland ex WUldenow, 21 herbstii Hooker, 21 paniculata (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 21 Irlbachia frigida (Swartz) Maas, 116 Isotoma longiflora (Lirmaeus) Presl, 129 Ixora alternifolia Jacquin, 209 casei Hance, 191 coccinea Linnaeus, 191 262 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY duffiiT. Moore, 191 ferrea (Jacquin) Bentham, 191 macrothyrsa (Teijsmann & Binnendijk) T. Moore, 191 occidenlalis Linnaeus, 1 89 Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don, 49 Jacquemontia penlanthos (Jacquin) G. Don, 72 solanifoUa (Linnaeus) HaUier, 73 tamnifolia (Linnaeus) Grisebach, 73 Jacquinia arborea Vahl, 216 armillaris Jacquin, 216 var. arborea (Vahl) Grisebach, 216 barbasco Mez, 216 revoluta Jacquin, 216 venosa Swartz, 1 87 Jasminum fluminense Vellozo, 171 multiflorum (N. Burman) Andrews, 171 pubescens (Retzius) WUldenow, 171 sambac (Linnaeus) Aiton, 171 Jatropha curcas Linnaeus, 86 gossypiifoUa Linnaeus, 86 integerrima Jacquin, 86 multifida Linnaeus, 86 podagrica W. Hooker, 86 wens Linnaeus, 83 Jumbie bead, 94 Jumbie coffee, 113 Jussiaea angustifolia Lamarck, 172 erecta Linnaeus, 171 hyssopifolia G. Don, 172 leptocarpa NuttaU, 172 ligustrifolia Kunth, 172 suffruticosa Linnaeus, 172 var. ligustrifolia (Kunth) Grisebach, 172 Jusdcia androsaemifolia (Nees) Lindau, 16 betonica Linnaeus, 16 carthaginensis Jacquin, 16 hirsuia Jacquin, 189 nitida Jacquin, 16 paniculataN. Burman, 15 pecloraUs Jacquin, 16 secunda Vahl, 16 spicata Ruiz & Pavon, 17 Jute, 217 Kabu, 213 Kakhn, 67 Kakuti, 24 Kalabuli, 138 Kalanchoe Integra (Medikus) Kuntze, 74 pinnata (Lamarck) Persoon, 74 Kallstroemia caribaea Rydberg, 229 maxima (Linnaeus) W. Hooker & Amott, 229 pubescens (G. Don) Dandy, 229 KaurubaU, 105 Kenip, 200 Kickxia elastica Preuss, 25 Kidney bean, 90 Kidney cotton, 139 Kingwood, 134 Kleinhovia hospita Linnaeus, 213 Kleinia ruderalis Jacquin, 44 Koanophyllon celtidifolium (Lamarck) King & Robinson, 40 Kohleria bogotensis (Nicholson) Fritsch, 1 17 hirsuta (Kunth) Regel, 117 Krugiodendron ferreum (Vahl) Urban, 183 Kudjuruk, 175 Kuiabu, 168 Kulabule, 113 Kulura, 67 Kumaka, 52 Kunami, 37 Kurupum, 166 L’angeUn, 95, 155 L’ anise, 23 L’epine, 199 L’epine, 96 L’epineux, 199 L’epineux blanc, 199 La glu, 89 La gluie, 89 Labiatae, 120 Lablab niger Medikus, 107 purpureus (Linnaeus) Sweet, 107 Lactuca sadva Linnaeus, 41 Lady gommier, 58 LagaUe, 66 Lagascea mollis Cavardlles, 30 Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standley, 75 Lagerstroenrua speciosa (Linnaeus) Persoon, 134 Laguncularia racemosa (Linnaeus) C. Gaertner, 68 Laica, 69 Lamiaceae, 120 Lampoule, 180 Lantana aculeata Linnaeus, 226 arida Britton, 226 camara Linnaeus, 226 var. aculeata (Linnaeus) Moldenke, 226 fucata Lindley var. andUana Moldenke, 226 hodgei Sanders, 226 involucrata Linnaeus, 226 var. odorata (Linnaeus) Moldenke, 226 odorata Linnaeus, 226 radula Swartz, 226 redculata Persocm, 226 tiifolia Linnaeus, 226 urdcifoUa Miller, 226 Laportea aestuans (Linnaeus) Chew, 220 Laugeria coriacea Vahl, 186 resinosa Vahl, 192 Laugieria odorata Jacquin, 190 Launaea intybacea (Jacquin) Beauverd, 30 Lauraceae, 123 La went ia longiflora (Linnaeus) Petermann, 129 Laurier, 126 Laurier badinier, 127 Laurier blanc, 126 Laurier bord de mer, 125 Laurier caca, 125, 126 Laurier cip, 126 Laurier de rose, 124 Laurier fer, 126 Laurier fedde, 126 Laurier isabelle, 124, 126 Laurier mabui, 127 Laurier madame, 125 Laurier marbre, 127 Laurier muscat, 128 Laurier neglesse, 127 Laurier noir, 127 Laurier pete, 125 Laurier riverside, 126 Laurier rouge, 124 Laurier yaboca, 126 Laurier zaboca, 126 Laurus coriacea Swartz, 126 leucoxylon Swartz, 127 martinicensis Jacquin, 127 membranacea Swartz, 127 patens Swartz, 128 peruiula Swartz, 125 winterana Linnaeus, 59 Lavande, 146 Lawsonia inermis Linnaeus, 134 Le meku, 174 Lecythidaceae, 128 Leea indica (N. Burman) Merrill, 228 Leeaceae, 228 Legnotis elliptica Swartz, 1 84 Leguminosae, 89 Leiphaimos aphylla (Jacquin) GUg, 117 Lele, 53 Lemuru, 175 Lendneria hwnilis (Aiton) Minod, 206 verticillata (Miller) Britton, 206 Lendbulariaceae, 128 NUMBER 77 263 Leonotis nepetifolia (Linnaeus) W.T. Aiton, 121 Leonunis sibiricus Linnaeus, 122 Lepianthes granulata (Linnaeus) Rafinesque, 176 peltata (Linnaeus) Rafinesque, 176 Lepidagathis alopecuroidea (Vahl) R. Brown ex Grisebach, 17 Lepidium virginicum Linnaeus, 57 Leptopharyngia elegans (Stapf) Boiteau, 24 Lettuce, 41 Leucaena glauca sensu Bentham, 107 latisiliqida sensu Gillis, 107 leucocephala (Lamarck) de Wit, 107 Leucas martinicensis (Jacquin) W.T. Aiton, 122 Liane barril, 181 liane cacao, 137 Liane caco, 69 liane douce, 71 Liane pak, 104 Liane paques, 104 Licania hypoleuca sensu Grisebach, 65 leucosepala Grisebach, 65 tematensis J. Hooker ex Duss, 65 Licaiia sericea (Grisebach) Kostermans, 125 Lignum vitae, 229 Lima bean, 90 Lime, 198 lime-berry, 198 Lindemia Crustacea (Lirmaeus) F. Mueller, 205 dianthera Swartz, 206 diffusa (Linnaeus) Wettstein, 205 microcalyx Pennell & Stehle, 205 rotundifolia (Linnaeus) Alston, 205 Line rod, 189 Linociera caribaea (Jacquin) Knoblauch, 171 compacta (Swartz) R. Brown ex G. Don, 171 dussii (Krug & Urban) Knoblauch, 171 Lippia micromera Schauer, 227 replans sensu auctt., 227 strigulosa Martens & Galeotti, 227 Lisianthius frigidus Swartz, 116 lithophUa muscoides Swartz, 18 Lobelia areolata L. Richard ex Jussieu, 130 berteriana Sprengel, 129 cardinaUs Linnaeus, 129 cirsiifolia L-amarck, 130 cUffortiana Linnaeus var. xalapensis (Kunth) Gray, 130 digitalifolia (Grisebach) Urban, 130 flavescens (A.L. Candolle) Wimmer, 130 infesta (Grisebach) Urban, 130, 131 kraussii Graham, 130 longiflora Linnaeus, 129 mollis Graham, 130 persicifolia Lamarck, 129 stricta sensu Sastre, 130 stricta Swartz, 130, 131 xalapensis Kunth, 130 Lobeliaceae, 129 Lochnera rosea (Linnaeus) Reichenbach ex Spach, 24 Loganiaceae, 131 Logwood, 105 Lonchocarpus benthamianus Pittier, 107 caribaeus Urban, 107 domingensis (Persoon) A.P. Candolle, 108 heptaphyllus (Poiret) A.P. CandoUe, 108 latifolius Kunth ex A.P. Candolle, 108 pentaphyllus (Poiret) A.P. CandoUe, 108 punctatus Kunth, 108 roseus (MiUer) A.P. CandoUe, 108 Lonicera alba Linnaeus, 187 Loranthaceae, 131 Loranthus americanus Linnaeus, 134 guadalupensis A.P. CandoUe, 194 martinicensis Presl ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes, 134 piperoides Kunth, 133 portoricensis A.P. Candolle, 194 Lotoxalis barrelieri (Linnaeus) SmaU, 172 frutescens (Linnaeus) SmaU, 173 Lucuma multiflora A.L. Candolle, 203 pallida C. Gaertner, 203 Ludwigia erecta (Linnaeus) Kara, 171 hyssopifolia (G. Don) ExeU, 172 leptocarpa (NuttaU) Kara, 172 octovalvis (Jacquin) Raven, 172 subsp. sessUiflora (MicheU) Raven, 172 suffmticosa T. Walter, 172 Luffa aegyptiaca MUler, 75 Luluru, 201 Lycianthes paucUlora (Vahl) Bitter, 210 Lycopersicon esculentum MiUer, 207 Lygistum spicatum L.amarck, 1 89 Lysimachia monnieri Linnaeus, 205 Lythraceae, 134 Lythrum carlhagenense Jacquin, 135 Ma kuti, 90 Mace, 159 Macfadyena unguis-cati (Linnaeus) Gentry, 50 Machaerium lunatum (Linnaeus f.) Ducke, 101 MacroptiUum lathyroides (Linnaeus) Urban, 108 Madame ti poule, 97 Madjini, 85 MagnoUa plumieri Swartz, 135 MagnoUaceae, 135 Mahaut, 217 Mahaut cochon, 214 Mahaut doux, 214 Mahaut noir, 23 Maho pimente, 217 Mahoe cousin, 143 Mahoe doux, 140 Mahogony, 154 Maitre bois, 134 Mai bois chandeUe, 216 Mai dormi, 82 Mai estomac grand bois, 179 Mai I’estomac, 176 Mai nomme, 82 Mai tete, 176 Malache scabra B. Vogel, 141 spicata Kuntze, 141 Malachra alceifoUa Jacquin, 140 capitata Linnaeus, 141 Malay apple, 168 Malbruk, 179, 180 MaU, 89 Mallotonia gnaphalodes (Linnaeus) Britton, 53 Malpighia coccigera Linnaeus, 138 cuneata Turczaninov, 136 emarginata Sesse & Mo^ino ex A.P. CandoUe, 138 lucida MUler, 136 polystachia Andrews, 136 punicifoUa Lirmaeus, 138 spicata CavanUJes, 136 Malpighiaceae, 135 Malva americana lirmaeus, 141 spicata Linnaeus, 214 Malvaceae, 138 Malvastrum americanum (Linnaeus) Torrey, 141 coromandeUanum (Linnaeus) Garcke, 141 Malvaviscus arboreus CavanUles, 138 Mamey, 67 Mammea americana Linnaeus, 67 humilis Vahl, 67 Mammee sapote, 203 Mammee-apple, 67 Man gommier, 58 Manchineel, 85 Manettia calycosa Grisebach, 191 264 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY var. karstenianum Schumann, 192 calycosa sensu Grisebach, 191 dominicensis Wemham, 191 Mang blanc, 67, 88 Mang jaune, 67 Mang rouge, 67 Mangifera indica Linnaeus, 21 Mango, 21 Mangrove, 183 Manihot esculenta Crantz, 79 Manilkara bidentata (A.L. Candolle) Chevalier, 202 nitida (Sesse & Mo^ino) Dubard, 202 zapota (Linnaeus) van Royen, 203 Manioc, 79 Mapou, 55, 169 Mapouria guianensis Aublet, 194 parasitica Schumann, 194 Marbuy, 125 Marcgravia Uneolata Krug & Urban, 143 rectiflora Triana & Planchon, 144 var. Triana & Planchon, 144 spiciflora Jussieu, 144 trinitatis Presl, 144 umbeUata Linnaeus, 144 Marcgraviaceae, 143 Margaritaria nobihs Linnaeus f., 86 var. antillana (Adr. Jussieu) Stehle & Quen- tin, 86 Marie goucha, 174 Mariguja, 174 Marijuana, 157 Mania racemosa Swartz, 67 Marjoram, 120 Marheriopsis eggersii Kiaerskou, 162 Marsdenia dussii Schlechter, 29 Marsypianthes chamaedrys (Vahl) Kuntze, 122 hyptoides Martius ex Bentham, 122 Martynia angulosa Lamarck, 144 annua Linnaeus, 144 diandra Gloxin, 144 Martyniaceae, 144 Mastichodendron foetidissimum (Jacquin) H.J. Lam, 204 Matelea maritima (Jacquin) Woodson, 29 Materebe, 143 Matricaria prostrata Swartz, 38 Matthiola scabra Linnaeus, 190 Mauricif, 137 Mauve, 204 Mayepea caribaea (Jacquin) Kuntze, 171 dussii Krug & Urban, 171 Maytenus elliptica (Lamarck) Krug & Urban ex Duss, 64 guyanensis Klotzsch ex Reissek, 64 laevigata (Vahl) Grisebach ex Eggers, 64 racemosa Reissek, 63 Mecardoitia dianthera Pennell, 206 procumbens (MiUer) Small, 206 Medicinier blanc, 86 Medicinier noir, 86 Medicinier rouge, 86 Meibomia axillaris (Swartz) Kuntze var. acutifolia Kuntze, 102 incana (A.P. Candolle) VaU, 102 purpurea (Miller) VaU, 103 scorpiurus (Swartz) Kuntze, 103 supina Britton, 102 tortuosa (Swartz) Kuntze, 103 triflora (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 103 Melaleuca Unearifolia Smith, 161 quinquenervia (CavaniUes) S.T. Blake, 161 Melanthera aspera (Jacquin) Steudel ex Small, 41 var. glabriuscula (Kuntze) Parks, 41 deltoidea Michaux, 41 nivea (Lirmaeus) Small, 41 Melasma melampyroides (L. Richard) Pennell ex Britton & Wilson, 204 Melastoma alpinum Swartz, 147 angustifolium Swartz, 153 aquaticum Aublet, 153 calyptratum Desrousseaux, 148 coccineum L. Richard, 147 coriaceum Sv/artz, 150 corymbosum L. Richard, 147 discolor Linnaeus, 153 dodecandrum Desrousseaux, 150 elegans Aublet, 148 elongatum Vahl, 152 furfuraceum Vahl, 150 globuliflorum L. Richard, 150 hirtum Linnaeus, 148 icosandrum Swartz ex Wikstrom, 148 impetiolare Swartz, 151 laevigatum Linnaeus, 151 lateriflorum Vahl, 149 latifolium Desrousseaux, 148 montanum Swartz, 148 ornatum Swartz, 154 racemosum Aublet, 152 semicrenatum L. Richard, 152 striatum Vahl, 152 tetrandrum Swartz, 152 trichotomum Desrousseaux, 152 umbrosum Swartz, 148 verticillatum Vahl, 147 virescens Vahl, 151 Melastomataceae, 144 MeUa azedarach Linnaeus, 155 MeHaceae, 154 Melicoccus bijugatus Jacquin, 200 MeHosma herbertii RoUe, 200 Melocactus intortus (Miller) Urban, 59 Melochia hirsuta CavaniUes, 214 nodiflora Swartz, 214 pyramidata Linnaeus, 214 spicata (Linnaeus) FryxeU, 214 tomentosa Linnaeus, 214 villosa (MUler) Fawcett & Rendle, 214 Melon pumpkin, 74 Melothria guadalupensis (Sprengel) Cogniaux, 75 pendula Linnaeus, 75 pervaga Grisebach, 75 Menispermaceae, 156 Mentha X piperata Linnaeus, 120 var. citrata (J.H. Ehrhart) Briquet, 120 pulegium Linnaeus, 120 spicata Linnaeus, 120 Menthe grand chemin, 121 Merekuia, 174 Merremia aegyptia (Linnaeus) Urban, 73 cissoides (Lamarck) HaUier, 73 dissecta (Jacquin) HaUier, 73 quinquefoUa (Linnaeus) HaUier, 73 umbeUata (Linnaeus) HaUier, 73 Metastehna parviflorum (Swartz) R. Brown ex Schultes, 29 suberosum Grisebach, 29 Metopium brownei (Jacquin) Urban, 21, 58 toxiferum (Lirmaeus) Kmg & Urban, 21 MicheUa champaca Lirmaeus, 135 Miconia angustifolia (Swartz) Grisebach, 153 catalpifolia KranzUn, 149 cinnamomifolia (Jacquin) Triana, 149 coriacea (Swartz) A.P. CandoUe, 150 comifoUa (Desrousseaux) Naudin, 149, 152 dodecandra (Desrousseaux) Cogniaux, 150 emstii Wurdack, 150 furfuracea (Vahl) Grisebach, 150 globuUflora (L. Richard) Cogniaux, 150 var. dominicae Howard & KeUogg, 151 guianensis Cogniaux, 151 impetiolaris (Swartz) D. Don ex A.P. CandoUe, 151 laevigata (Linnaeus) D. Don, 151 mirabUis (Aublet) L.O. WUUams, 151 momicola A.C. Nicolson, 1 52 racemosa (Aublet) A.P. CandoUe, 152 rivoeriae Naudin, 152 splendens (Swartz) Grisebach, 149 striata (Vahl) Cogniaux, 152 NUMBER 77 265 tetrandra (Swartz) D. Don, 152 trichotoma (Desrousseaux) A.P. Candolle, 152 virescens (Vahl) Triana, 151 vulcanica Naudin, 151 Micranthemum umbrosum (GmeUn) Blake, 206 Micropholis chrysophylloides Kerre, 203 dominicensis Pierre, 203 guyanensis (A.L. Candolle) Pierre, 203 imrayana Pierre, 203 Microtea debUis Swartz, 175 Mikania badieri A.P. Candolle, 41 cordifoUa (Linnaeus f.) WiUdenow, 41 hookeriana A.P. Candolle, 41 var. badieri (A.P. Candolle) Robinson, 41 imrayana Grisebach, 41 latifoUa J.E. Smith, 42 f. dominicensis Urban, 42 var. dominicensis (Urban) Domin, 42 micrantha Kunth, 42 ovalis Grisebach, 42 scandens (Linnaeus) WiUdenow, 42 scandens sensu Urban, 42 MUkwood, 26 Milky bush, 25 MUle branche, 86 Mimosa arenosa (WiUdenow) Poiret, 108 casta Linnaeus, 108 ceratonia Linnaeus, 109 dominiciana Desvaux, 108 fagifolia Linnaeus, 107 farnesiana Linnaeus, 94 ingoides L. Richard, 106 laurina Swartz, 107 lebbeck Linnaeus, 95 leucocephala Lamarck, 107 muricata Linnaeus, 94 paniculata Vahl, 94 peregrina Linnaeus, 95 plena Linnaeus, 110 polystachya Linnaeus, 104 pudica Linnaeus, 109 retusa Jacquin, 94 lergemina Linnaeus, 97 ungMis-catt Linnaeus, 110 virgata Linnaeus, 101 Mimusops bidentata A.L. CandoUe, 202 elengi Linnaeus, 201 riedeliana Pierre, 202 MirabiUs jalapa Linnaeus, 168 Mirasolia diversifolia Hemsley, 45 Mirette, 56 Mitracarpus hirtus (Linnaeus) A.P. CandoUe, 192 villosus (Swartz) Chamisso & Schlechtendal ex A.P. CandoUe, 192 Mitranthes egger^n (Kiaerskou) Niedenzu, 162 Mitreola petiolata (Gmelin) Torrey & Gray, 131 Moghania strobilifera (Linnaeus) St. HUaire ex Kuntze, 104 Mombin, 22 Momordica charantia Linnaeus, 75 lanata Thunberg, 75 Monimiaceae, 156 Monkey’s hand, 176 Monodora tenuifolia Bentham, 22 Moquilea leucosepala (Grisebach) R.O. WiUiams, 65 Moraceae, 157 Morin da citrifolia Linnaeus, 192 Morisonia americana Linnaeus, 63 flexuosa Linnaeus, 61 imrayi Grisebach, 215 Moronobea coccinea sensu Grisebach, 67 MoseUe, 224 Mountain I’epine, 109 Mucuna pruiiens (Linnaeus) A.P. CandoUe, 109 f. cochinchinensis (Loureiro) Backer, 109 sloanei Fawcett & Rendle, 109 urens (Linnaeus) Medikus, 109 Murraya exotica Linnaeus, 198 Musk melon, 74 Mustard, 57 Myoporaceae, 158 Myrcia antUlana McVaugh, 165 berberis A.P. CandoUe, 166 citrifolia (Aublet) Urban, 166 var. citrifoUa, 166 var. imrayana (Grisebach) Stehle, 166 coriacea A.P. CandoUe, 166 var. imrayana Grisebach, 1 66 var. swartziana Grisebach, 166 deflexa (Poiret) A.P. CandoUe, 166 var. dussii Krug & Urban, 166 divaricata (Lamarck) A.P. CandoUe, 167 divaricata sensu Grisebach, 166 duchassaingiana Berg, 166 dumosa (Berg) Krug & Urban, 167 edulis (Berg) Krug & Urban var. dominicana Krug & Urban, 165 faUax (L. Richard) A.P. CandoUe, 166 ferruginea sensu Grisebach, 166 leptoclada A.P. CandoUe, 167 paniculata (Jacquin) Krug & Urban, 166 platyclada A.P. CandoUe, 167 ramageana Krug & Urban, 167 splendens (Swartz) A.P. CandoUe, 167 splendens sensu Grisebach, 162 Myrica caracasana Kunth, 159 microcarpa sensu auctt., 159 pubescens Kunth var. caracasana (Kunth) A. Chevalier, 158 Myricaceae, 158 MyriophyUum aquaticum (VeUozo) Verdcourt, 119 brasiliense Cambessedes, 119 Myristica fragrans Houttuyn, 159 Myristicaceae, 159 Myrodia turbinata Swartz, 52 Myrsinaceae, 159 Myrsine coriacea (Swartz) R. Brown ex Roemer & Schultes, 160 laeta sensu Grisebach, 160 trinitatis A.L. CandoUe, 160 Myrtaceae, 161 Myrtus acn's Swartz, 167, 168 caryophyllata Linnaeus, 168 caryophyllata sensu Jacquin, 167 citrifolia Aublet, 166 coriacea Vahl, 166 gregii Swartz, 163 ligustrina Swartz, 164 monticola Swartz, 164 splendens Swartz, 167 Na kabu, 95 Nalubuno, 65 Napoleonaea imperiaUs Palisot de Beauvois, 128 miersii J. Hooker, 128 Nasturtium aquaticum Garsault, 57 fontanum Ascherson, 57 officinale R. Brown, 57 Nautilocalyx meUttifoUus (Linnaeus) Wiehler, 1 19 var. guadalupensis (A.P. CandoUe) Foumet, 119 Nectandra antillana Meisner, 127 coriacea (Swartz) Grisebach, 126 discolor sensu Grisebach, 127 dominicana (Meisner) Mez, 126 globosa (Aublet) Mez, 127 krugUyicz, 127 martinicensis (Jacquin) Mez, 127 membranacea (Swartz) Grisebach, 127 patens (Swartz) Grisebach, 128 sanguinea sensu Grisebach, 126 Negro coffee, 113 Neolaugeria resinosa (Vahl) Nicolson, 192 Neoxythece pallida (C. Gaertner) AubrevUle & PeUegrin, 203 Nepeta pectinata Linnaeus, 121 266 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Nepsera aquatica (Aublet) Naudin, 153 Neptunia plena (Linnaeus) Bentham, 110 pubescens Bentham, 110 Nerium oleander Linnaeus, 24 NetUe, 220 Neurolaena lobata (Linnaeus) Cassini, 42 Nhakere haho, 113 Nicotiana tabacum Linnaeus, 207 Niopa peregrina (Linnaeus) Britton & Rose, 95 Nivrage, 37 Nocca mollis (CavaniUes) Jacquin, 30 Nopalea cochenillifera (Linnaeus) Salm-Dyck, 59 Norantea spiciflora (Jussieu) Krug & Urban, 144 Noronhia emarginata (Lamarck) Du Petit -Thouars, 171 Nutmeg, 159 Nyctaginaceae, 168 Nyctanthes multiflora N. Butman, 171 pubescens KeXmis, 171 Nymphaea ampla (Salisbury) A.P. Candolle, 169 mbra Roxburgh ex Salisbury, 169 Nymphaeaceae, 169 Ochna longifolia Lamarck, 170 Ochnaceae, 170 Ochroma lagopus Swartz, 52 pyramidale (Lamarck) Urban, 52 Ocimum americanum Linnaeus, 122 basiUcum Linnaeus, 122 campechianum Miller, 122 camtm Sims, 122 gratissimum Linnaeus, 122 micranlhum WiUdenow, 122 sanctum Linnaeus, 122 tenuiflorum Linnaeus, 122 Ocotea cemua (Nees) Mez, 126 coriacea (Swartz) Britton, 126 dominicana (Meisner) Howard, 126 eggersiana Mez, 126 imrayana Mez, 126 jacquinii Mez, 127 krugii (Mez) Howard, 127 leucoxylon (Swartz) Lanessan, 127 martinicensis Mez, 127 membranacea (Swartz) Howard, 127 patens (Swartz) Nees, 128 rodiaei (Schomburgk) Mez, 128 Odontonema cuspidatum (Nees) Kuntze, 16 nitidum (Jacquin) Kuntze, 16 tubiforme (Bertoloni) Kuntze, 16 Oenothera octova/vis Jacquin, 172 Okra, 139 Olacaceae, 170 Oldenlandia callitrichoides Grisebach, 190 corymbosa Linnaeus, 190 lancifolia (Schumacher) A.P. Candolle, 190 Oldenlandiopsis callitrichoides (Grisebach) Terrell & W.H. Lewis, 190 Oleaceae, 171 Oleander, 24 Onagraceae, 171 OpercuUna alata Urban, 73 altissima (Choisy) Meisner, 73 hamiltonii (G. Don) Austin & Staples, 73 pterodes (Choisy) Meisner, 73 Opuntia cochenillifera (Linnaeus) Miller, 59 dillenii (Ker) Haworth, 59 ficus-indica (Linnaeus) MiUer, 59 stricta (Haworth) Haworth, 59 var. dillenii (Ker) L. Benson, 59 Orange, 198 Orange jessamine, 198 Orchyllium alpinum (Jacquin) Barnhart, 128 Oreodaphne cernua Nees, 126 dominicana Meisner, 126 jacquinii Meisner, 127 leucoxylon (Swartz) Nees, 127 Oreopanax capitatus (Jacquin) Decaisne & Planchon, 27 dussii Krug & Urban ex Duss, 28 Origanum majorana Linnaeus, 120 Ormosia dasycarpa G. Jackson, 110 krugii Urban, 110, 156 mcMiosperma (Swartz) Urban, 1 10 Ornitrophe occidentalis (Swartz) WUldenow, 200 Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miquel, 120 spicatus (Thunberg) Backer et al., 120 Osmia odorata (Linnaeus) C. Schultz, 36 Ossaea lateriflora (Vahl) A.P. Candolle, 149 Ouratea guddingii (Planchon) Urban, 170 ilicifolia (A.P. CandoUe) BaiUon, 170 longifolia (Lamarck) Engler, 170 OxaUdaceae, 172 OxaUs barrelieri Linnaeus, 172 comiculata Linnaeus, 173 corymbosa A.P. Candolle, 173 debiUs Kunth var. corymbosa (A.P. Candolle) Lourteig, 173 frutescens Linnaeus, 173 insipida St. Hilaire, 172 martiana Zuccarini, 173 repens Thunberg, 173 sepium St. Hilaire, 172 Oxandra laurifoUa (Swartz) A. Richard, 23 Oxythece fabrilis Pierre, 203 pallida (C. Gaertner) Cronquist, 203 Pachyrrhizus angulatus L. Richard, 90 erosus (Linnaeus) Urban, 90 Pachystachys coccinea (Aublet) Nees, 17 coccinea sensu auctt., 17 riedeliana Nees, 17 spicata (Ruiz & Pavon) Wasshausen, 17 Padang-cassia, 123 Pain d’epice, 203 PaUcourea alpina (Swartz) A.P. Candolle, 192 crocea (Swartz) Schultes, 193 var. riparia (Bentham) Grisebach, 192 guianensis Aublet, 194 riparia Bentham, 192 Panax attenuatus Swartz, 28 Papaveraceae, 173 Papaya, 63 Para rubber tree, 79 Parietaria microphylla Linnaeus, 221 sonneratii Poiret, 220 Parkin sonia aculeata Linnaeus, 90 Parmentiera cereifera Seemann, 49 Parrot’s feather, 1 19 Parthenium hysterophoms Linnaeus, 43 Passiflora andersonii A.P. Candolle, 174 angustifolia Swartz, 175 biflora sensu Grisebach, 174 eduUs Sims, 174 foetida Linnaeus var. hispida (Triana & Planchon) KUlip, 174 hederacea CavanUles, 175 hispida A.P. Candolle ex Triana & Planchon, 174 laurifolia Linnaeus, 174 lineariloba J. Hooker, 175 minima Linnaeus, 175 multiflora Linnaeus, 173 quadrangularis Linnaeus, 174 rotundifoUa Linnaeus, 174 rubra Linnaeus, 174 serrata Linnaeus, 175 serratodigitata Linnaeus, 175 stenosepala KiUip, 175 suberosa Linnaeus, 175 NUMBER 77 267 var. angustifolia (Swartz) Masters, 175 var. hederacea (Cavanilles) Masters, 175 var. lineariloba (J. Hooker) Masters, 175 var. minima (Linnaeus) Masters, 175 villosa Macfadyen ex Grisebach, 175 vitifolia Kunth, 173 Passifloraceae, 173 Passion flower, 174, 175 Passion fruit, 174 Pasture wattle, 190 Pata, 59 Patate bord la mer, 7 1 Patchouli, 120 PaulUnia microsepala RadUcofer, 201 pinnata Linnaeus, 201 sphaerocarpa sensu Grisebach, 201 vespertiho Swartz, 201 Pavecka, 75 Pavonia fruticosa (Miller) Fawcett & Rendle, 141 paludicola Nicolson, 141 racemosa Swartz, 141 scabra (B. Vogel) Ciferri, 141 spicata Cavanilles, 141 spinifex (Linnaeus) Cavanilles, 141 typhalaea (Linnaeus) Cavanilles, 141 Paw-paw, 63 Peanut, 89 Pecds elongata Kunth, 43 var. floribunda (A. Richard) D.J. Kiel, 43 humifusa Swartz, 43 linifolia Linnaeus, 43 Pedicularis melampyroides L. Richard, 204 Pedilanthus tithymaloides (Linnaeus) Poiteau, 79 Peep zombie, 208 Peltophorum hnnaei Bentham, 90 Penny-piece, 203 Pennyroyal, 120 Pentadesma butyracea Sabine, 65 Pentarhaphia longiflora Lindley, 119 Pentas lanceolata (ForsskSl) Defiers, 185 Peperomia acuminata sensu Grisebach, 178 broadwayi A.C. Candolle, 177 conulifera Trelease, 177 dissitiflora A.C. Candolle, 177 emargineUa (Wikstrom) A.C. Candolle, 177 herminieri A.C. Candolle, 177 hemandufoUa (Vahl) Dietrich, 177 hirteUa Miquel, 177 magnoliifolia (Jacquin) Dietrich, 177 myrtifolia (Vahl) Dietrich, 177 nemorosa A.C. Candolle, 178 nigropunctata Miquel, 178 obtusifoUa (Linnaeus) Dietrich, 178 ovalifolia W. Hooker, 178 pellucida (Linnaeus) Kunth, 178 rotundifoUa (Linnaeus) Kunth, 178 rupertiana A.C. Candolle, 177 tenella (Swartz) Dietrich, 178 trifoUa (Linnaeus) Dietrich, 178 Pepper grass, 57 Peppermint, 120 Pereskia aculeata MiUer, 58 Persea americana Miller, 128 glaberrima Mez, 128 urbaniana Mez, 128 Persicaria acuminata (Kunth) Gomez de la Maza, 182 portoricensis (Small) Small, 182 punctata (Elliott) Small, 1 82 Petit bois marbre, 156 Petit caapi tourtelle, 189 Petit z’icaque, 191 Petite feuille, 167 Petiveria aUiacea Linnaeus, 175 Petrea kohautiana Presl, 227 volubilis Jacquin et auctt., 227 Phaseolus adenanthus Meyer, 115 lathyroides Linnaeus, 108 lunatus Linnaeus, 90 vulgaris Linnaeus, 90 Phenax sonneratii (Poiret) Weddell, 220 vulgaris Weddell, 220 Philoxerus vermicularis (Linnaeus) Smith, 1 8 Phlomis nepetifolia Linnaeus, 121 Phoebe, 124 Pholacilia diversifolia (Adr. Jussieu) Grisebach, 155 Phoradendron anceps (Sprengel) Gomez de la Maza, 132 chrysocarpum Krug & Urban, 132 chrysocladon A. Gray, 132 flavens Grisebach, 132 var. australe Trelease, 132 hartii Krug & Urban, 133 herminieri Trelease, 134 hexastichum A.P. Candolle) Grisebach, 133 latifolium Grisebach, 133 var. saururoides (A.P. Candolle) Grisebach, 133 mardnicense (A.P. Candolle) Grisebach, 133 mucronatum (A.P. Candolle) Krug & Urban, 133 myrtilloides (Willdenow) Grisebach, 133 myrtilloides sensu Grisebach, 131 piperoides (Lamarck) Trelease, 133 tiinervium (Lamarck) Grisebach, 133 undulatum (Pohl) Eichler, 1 34 verticillatum Fawcett & Rendle, 133, 228 Phthirusa caribaea (Krug & Urban) Engler, 131 Phyla strigulosa (Martens & Galeotd) Moldenke, 227 var. sericea (Kuntze) Moldenke, 227 Phyllanthus addus (Linnaeus) Skeels, 86 amarus Schumacher, 87 antillanus (Adr. Jussieu) J. Mueller, 86 brasiliensis (Aublet) J. Mueller var. oblongifolius J. Mueller, 88 brasiliensis sensu Stehle & Quendn, 88 caribaeus Urban, 87 caroHniensis Walter var. antillanus J. Mueller, 87 conami sensu auctt., 88 epiphyUanthus Linnaeus, 86 megapodus Webster, 87 mimosoides Swartz, 87 niruri Linnaeus, 88 nobilis (Linnaeus f.) J. Mueller, 86 subglomeratus Poiret, 88 tenellus Roxburgh, 88 urinaria Linnaeus, 88 PhysaUs angulata Linnaeus, 210 cordata Miller, 2 1 1 hnkiana Nees, 210 linkiana sensu Grisebach, 210, 21 1 pubescens Linnaeus, 211 turbinata Medikus, 21 1 Physic nut, 86 Phytolacca rivinoides Kunth & Bouche, 175 Phytolaccaceae, 175 Picraena antillana (Eggers) Fawcett & Rendle, 207 Picramnia antidesma Swartz, 207 pentandra Swartz, 207 Picrasma antillana (Eggers) Urban, 207 excelsa (Swartz) Planchon, 207 Pigeon pea, 97 PUea ciliaris (Linnaeus) Weddell, 221 elegans Weddell, 221 forsythiana Weddell, 220 inaequaUs (Poiret) Weddell, 220 lanceolata Weddell, 220 microphyUa (Linnaeus) Liebmann, 221 var. triantkemoides (Swartz) Grisebach, 221 mornicola Urban, 220 nummularufolia (Swartz) Weddell, 221 parietaria (Linnaeus) Blume, 221 pubescens sensu Grisebach, 220 rivoriae Weddell, 221 semidentata (Poiret) Weddell, 221 var. major Weddell, 221 Pilocereus nobilis (Haworth) K. Schumann, 59 Pilosocereus nobilis (Haworth) Byles & Rowley, 59 royenii (Linnaeus) Byles & Rowley, 59 Piment, 208 268 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Pimenta acris Kosteletzsky, 167 racemosa (Miller) J.W. Moore, 167 Pin tree, 52 Pink cassia, 90 Pinkshower cassia, 90 Pin zona calineoides Eichler, 76 coriacea Martins & Zuccarini, 76 Pipe-shank, 129 Pipe-zombi, 129 Piper aduncum Linnaeus, 179 aequale Vahl, 179 amalago Linnaeus, 179 bredemeyeri J. Jacquin, 179 broadwayi A.C. CandoUe, 179 dilatatum L. Richard, 179 dominicanum A.C. CandoUe, 179 dussii A.C. CandoUe, 179 emarginellum Swartz ex Wikstrom, 177 glabrescens (Miquel) A.C. CandoUe, 179 hernandiifoliwn Vahl, 177 hispidum Swartz, 179 incurvum Sieber ex Schultes, 180 macrophyllum Kunth, 179 magnoliifolium Jacquin, 177 myrtifolium Vahl, 1779 nigrum Linnaeus, 1789 obtusifolium Linnaeus, 178 papantlense A.C. CandoUe, 178 pellucidum Linnaeus, 178 peltatwn Liimaeus, 176 reticulatum Linnaeus, 180 rotundifolium Linnaeus, 178 sanctum (Miquel) Schlechter ex A.C. CandoUe, 178 tenellwn Swartz, 178 trifolium Linnaeus, 178 Piperaceae, 176 Piptadenia peregrina (Linnaeus) Bentham, 95 Piriqueta cistoides (Linnaeus) Grisebach, 218 Piscidia carthagenensis Jacquin, 110 Pisonia aculeata Linnaeus, 169 fragrans Dumont de Courset, 169 inermis Grisebach, 169 obtusata Swartz, 169 suborbiculata Hemsley ex Duss, 169 Pistache, 89 Pistacia simaruba Linnaeus, 58 PitheceUobium dulce (Roxburgh) Bentham, 110 jupunba (WiUdenow) Urban, 110 micradenium Bentham, 1 10 unguis-cati (Linnaeus) Bentham, 110 Planchonella pallida (C. Gaertner) Baehni, 203 Plantaginaceae, 180 Plantago major Linnaeus, 180 Plantain, 180 Plectranthus amboinicus (Loureiro) Sprengel, 120 scuteUarioides (Linnaeus) R. Brown, 120 thunbergii Bentham, 120 verticUlatus (Linnaeus f.) Druce, 120 Pluchea caroUnensis (Jacquin) G. Dot, 43 odorata (Linnaeus) Cassini, 43 odorata sensu auctt., 43 purpurascens (Swartz) A.P. CandoUe, 43 symphytifolia (MUler) GUUs, 42 Plukenetia volubUis Linnaeus, 88 Plumbaginaceae, 180 Plumbago auriculata Lamarck, 1 80 capensis Thunberg, 1 80 scandens Linnaeus, 180 Plumeria alba Linnaeus, 25 mbra Linnaeus, 25 Pock, 21 1 Pogostemon heyneanus Bentham, 120 Poinciana pulcherrima Linnaeus, 97 regia Bojer ex W. Hooker, 101 Poinsettia cyathophora (Murray) Klotzsch & Garcke, 85 heterophylla (Linnaeus) Klotzsch & Garcke, 85 pulcherrima (Klotzsch) R.C. Graham, 85 Poirier, 5 1 Poirier blanc, 5 1 Pois die, 1 84 Poix doux, 107 marrons, 106 Pokeweed, 175 Polanisia viscosa (Linnaeus) A.P. CandoUe, 62 Polyboea corensis (Jacquin) Klotzsch ex EndUcher, 82 Polygala diversifolia Linnaeus, 181 hecatantha Urban, 180 paniculata Linnaeus, 180 planeUasi Molinet & Gomez de la Maza, 1 80 Polygalaceae, 180 Polygonaceae, 181 Polygonum acre Kunth, 182 acuminatum Kunth, 182 densiflorum Meisner, 182 glabrum sensu Grisebach, 182 portoricense Bertero ex SmaU, 1 82 punciatum ElUott, 1 82 uviferum Linnaeus, 181 Polyscias cumingiana (Presl) Femandez-VUlar, 27 filicifolia (E. Fournier) L.H. BaUey, 27 Pomelo, 198 Pomme cooUe, 75 Pomme de Uane, 174 Pomme de Uane zombie, 174 Pomme gros, 66 Pomme noix, 21 Pomme rose, 168 Pommier, 103 Pongamia pirmata (Linnaeus) Pierre, 90 Porana paniculata Roxburgh, 69 PorophyUum elUpticum Cassini, 44 ruderale (Jacquin) Cassini, 43 Portulaca grandiflora W. Hooker, 1 82 haUmoides Linnaeus, 182 martinicensis Urban, 182 oleracea Linnaeus, 182 paniculata Jacquin, 183 pilosa Linnaeus, 183 portulacastrum Linnaeus, 18 quadrifida Lirmaeus, 182 teretifoUa Kunth, 182 Portulacaceae, 182 Posqueria latifoUa (Rudge) Roemer & Schultes, 185 Possira simplex Swartz, 114 PotentUla angeUca Leichard, 1 84 Pothomorphe dussii Trelease, 176 peltata (Linnaeus) Miquel, 176 Pourpier, 182 Pouteria multiflora (A.L. CandoUe) Eyma, 203 paUida (C. Gaermer) Baehni, 203 sapota (Jacquin) Moore & Steam, 203 semecarpifoUa (Pierre) Pierre, 203 Prenanthes japonica Lirmaeus, 47 Prestorua quinquangularis (Jacquin) Sprengel, 25 Prickly pear, 59 Prinos lanceolatus Macfadyen, 26 macfadyenii Walpers, 26 montanus Swartz, 26 sideroxy hides Swartz, 27 Pristimera caribaea (Urban) A.C. Smith, 120 Priva echinacea Jussieu, 227 lappulacea (Linnaeus) PersoOT, 227 f. albiflora Moldenke, 227 Prockia crucis Linnaeus, 1 16 Protium attenuatum (Rose) Urban, 21, 58 Prunus pleuradenia Grisebach, 184 Pseudelephantopu s spicatus (Aublet) C.F. Baker, 44 NUMBER 77 269 Pseuderantherum carruthersii (Seemann) Guillaumin var. atropurpureum (Bull) Fosberg, 15 Psidium guajava Linnaeus, 168 Psittacanthus americanus (Linnaeus) Martius, 134 dominicensis Domin, 134 martinicensis (LA. & J.H. Schultes) Eichler, 134 Psychotria aubletiana Steyermark, 193 axillaris WiUdenow, 193 berteriana A.P. Candolle, 193 caribaea Urban, 194 citrifolia Swartz, 196 crocea Swartz, 193 discolor (Grisebach) RoBe, 194 floribunda Kunth, 194 floribunda sensu Grisebach, 194 guadalupensis (A.P. Candolle) Howard, 194 subsp. grosourdyana (Baillon) Steyermark, 194 guianensis (Aublet) Rusby, 194 herbacea Jacquin, 189 lanceolata NuttaU, 193 macrophyUa Ruiz & Pavon, 194 mapourioides A.P. Candolle, 194 mapuria Schultes, 194 megalosperma Vahl, 187 microdon (A.P. Candolle) Urban, 194 nervosa Swartz, 193 nitida WiUdenow, 194 parasitica Swartz, 194 pendula (Jacquin) Urban, 194 pinnularis Sesse & Mofino, 194 platyphylla A.P. CandoUe, 193 swarlzii Urban, 195 tenuifolia Swartz, 194 uliginosa Swartz, 195 var. discolor Smith ex Grisebach, 194 urbaniana Steyermark, 195 Ptelea viscosa Linnaeus, 201 Pterocarpus draco Linnaeus, 1 1 1 officinalis Jacquin, 1 1 1 sapindoides A.P. CandoUe, 95 Pterolepis glomerata (RottbpU) Miquel, 153 Pumpkin, 74 Purple wreath, 227 Purslane, 182 Quamoclit pennata (Desrousseaux) Bojer, 71 Quararibea turbinata (Swartz) Poiret, 52 Quassia excelsa Swartz, 207 Queen’s flower tree, 134 Quina, 188, 196 QuisquaUs indica Linnaeus, 68 Radigonde, 162 Radikoferella multiflora (A.L. CandoUe) Pierre, 203 Rain tree, 90, 208 Raisin bord-de-mer, 181 Raisinier, 181 Ramgoat leaf, 226 Randia aculeata Linnaeus, 195 var. mitis (Linnaeus) Grisebach, 195 formosa (Jacquin) Schumann, 195 maculata A.P. CandoUe, 195 mitis Linnaeus, 195 Rangout, 148 Ranunculaceae, 183 Rapanea ferruginea (Ruiz & Pavon) Mez, 160 trinitatis (A.L. CandoUe) Mez, 160 Raputia heterophylla A.P. CandoUe, 5 1 Raquette, 59 Raspberry, 184 Rassade, 160 Rauvolfia biauriculata J. MueUer, 25 lamarckii A.L. CandoUe, 25 viridis Roemer & Schultes, 25 Red bean, 90 Red pepper, 208 Reichardia decapetala Roth, 96 Relbunium guadalupense (Sprengel) Urban, 195 Rhabdadenia biflora (Jacquin) J. MueUer, 24 Rhamnaceae, 183 Rhamnus ferreus Vahl, 183 iguanaeus Jacquin, 218 laevigatas Vahl, 64 micranthus Linnaeus, 219 Rheedia lateriflora Linnaeus, 67 Rhexia glomerata Rottb0ll, 153 strigosa L. Richard, 154 Rhizophora mangle Linnaeus, 183 Rhizophoraceae, 183 Rhus antillana Eggers, 207 metopium Linnaeus, 58 Rhynchosia erythrinoides Schlechtendal & Chamisso, 1 1 1 minima (Linnaeus) A.P. CandoUe, 111 phaseoloides (Swartz) A.P. CandoUe, 1 1 1 reticulata (Swartz) A.P. CandoUe, 111 Rhytiglossa androsaemifolia Nees, 16 Richeria grandis Vahl, 88 Ricinus communis Linnaeus, 79 Ringworm shrub, 112 Rittera grandiflora Vahl, 1 1 4 Rivina humUis Linnaeus, 176 octandra Linnaeus, 176 Robinia Candida (A.P. CandoUe) Roxburgh, 114 rosea MiUer, 108 sepium Jacquin, 105 vto/acea Jacquin, 108 Rochefortia cuneata Swartz, 53 spinosa (Jacquin) Urban, 53 Roi bois, 134 Roi de I’arbre, 134 Rolandra argentea RottbpU, 44 fruticosa (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 44 Rollinia muscosa (Jacquin) BaiUon, 23 Rondeletia arborescens Grisebach, 196 martinicensis Krug & Urban, 196 microdon A.P. CandoUe, 194 odorata Jacquin, 195 parviflora Poiret, 196 repens Liimaeus, 189 stereocarpa Grisebach, 196 Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (Linnaeus) Hayek, 57 Rosa alba, 224 Rosaceae, 184 Rose apple, 168 Rosenbergiodendron formosum (Jacquin) Fagerlind, 195 Rothmannia longiflora SaUsbury, 195 Rou-cou, 52 RousseUa humUis (Swartz) Urban, 221 lappulacea (Swartz) Gaudichaud, 222 Royal poinciana, 101 Rubia guadalupensis Sprengel, 195 Rubiaceae, 184 Rubus coronarius (Sims) Sweet, 184 rosifoUus J.E. Smith, 184 Rudgea caribaea Bentham, 196 citrifolia (Swartz) Schumann, 196 RueUia alopecuroidea Vahl, 17 blechum Linnaeus, 15 coccinea (Linnaeus) Vahl, 17 picta Loddiges, 17 tuberosa Linnaeus, 17 Rutaceae, 198 Ruyschia clusiifoUa Jacquin, 144 Sabiaceae, 2(X) Sabinea carinalis Grisebach, 112 270 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY Sagotia triflora (Linnaeus) Ehichassaing & Walpers, 103 Sagraea guadalupensis A.P. CandoUe, 147 letragona A.R CandoUe, 147 Salvia coccinea EtUnger, 123 densiflora Bentham, 123 occidentaUs Swartz, 123 serotina Linnaeus, 123 splendens SeUow ex Nees, 123 Samanea saman (Jacquin) MerriU, 90 Samara coriacea Swartz, 160 Sambucus canadensis Linnaeus, 63 var. laciniata Gray, 63 intermedia Carriere var. insularis Schwerin, 63 simpsonii Rehder, 63 Sandbox tree, 79 Sandoricum indicum CavaniUes, 154 koetjape (N. Burman) MerriU, 154 Sapindaceae, 200 Sapindus saponaria Linnaeus, 201 f. inaequalis (A.R CandoUe) Radlkofer, 201 Sapium caribaeum Urban, 89 SapodUla, 203 Sapotaceae, 201 Sapote creme, 203 Sarcorhachis incurva (Schultes) Trelease, 180 Saua, 189 Sauvagesia erecta Linnaeus, 170 subsp. brownei (Planchon) Sastre, 170 Savonette, 94, 107, 108 Schefflera attenuata (Swartz) Frodin, 28 SchlegeUa axiUaris Grisebach, 50 Schmidelia occidentalis Swartz, 200 racemosa Linnaeus, 200 Schnella excisa Grisebach, 96 splendens (Kunth) Bentham, 96 Schoepfia americana WUldenow, 170 arborescens (Vahl) Schultes, 170 schreberi GmeUn, 170 Schradera capitata sensu Vahl, 196 capitata Vahl ex WiUdenow, 196 exotica (Gmelin) Standley, 196 vahlii Steyermark, 196 var. acutifolia Steyermark, 196 Schwartzia spiciflora (Jussieu) Beddell, 144 Sciadophyllwn capitatum (Jacquin) Grisebach, 27 Scc^aria dulcis Linnaeus, 206 ScopoUa chinensis (Loureiro) Clos, 115 Scrophularia fluminensis VeUozo, 204 Scrophulariaceae, 204 ScuteUaria coccinea Kunth, 123 havanensis Jacquin, 123 purpurascens Swartz, 123 ventenatii W. Hooker, 123 Sea almond, 68 Sea grape, 181 Seaside mahoe, 140 Sebastiania hexaptera Urban, 89 hypoleuca Bentham var. farinosa (Grisebach) J. MueUer, 85 Sec cacao, 137 Sechium edule (Jacquin) Swartz, 75 Securidaca diversifoUa (Linnaeus) Blake, 181 Semen contre, 64 Senacia elliptica Lamarck, 64 Senecio cacalioides Fischer ex Sprengel, 39 hieraciifolius Linnaeus, 39 lucidus (Swartz) A.P. CandoUe, 44 valerianifolius Link ex Sprengel, 39 Senegalia guadalupensis (A.P. CandoUe) Britton & Rose, 94 muricata (Linnaeus) Britton & Rose, 94 westiana (A.P. CandoUe) Britton & Rose, 94 Senna alata (Linnaeus) Roxburgh, 112 bacUlaris (Linnaeus f.) Irwin & Bameby, 112 bicapsularis (Linnaeus) Roxburgh, 112 hirsuta (Linnaeus) Irwin & Bameby, 113 multijuga (L. Richard) Irwin & Bameby, 112 obtusifoUa (Linnaeus) Irwin & Bameby, 1 13 occidentaUs (Linnaeus) Link, 113 sophera (Linnaeus) Roxburgh, 112 tora (Linnaeus) Roxburgh, 113 Sept ans, 200 Sesbania grandiflora (Linnaeus) Poiret, 90 sericea (WiUdenow) Link, 90 Sesuvium portulacastrum (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, 18 Shaddock, 198 Sida acuta N. Bunnan, 142 carpinifolia Linnaeus f., 142 cordifoUa Linnaeus, 142 crispa Linnaeus, 140 fruticosa MiUer, 141 glabra MUler, 141 glomerata CavaniUes, 142 gluiinosa CavaniUes, 141 indica Linnaeus, 139 retusa Linnaeus, 142 rhombifoUa Linnaeus, 142 var. retusa (Linnaeus) Grisebach, 142 spinosa Lirmaeus, 141 urens Linnaeus, 142 Sideroxyloides /erre«m Jacquin, 191 Sideroxylon foetidissimum Jacquin, 204 guyanense A.L. CandoUe, 203 pentagonum (Swartz) A.L. CandoUe, 204 saUcifoUum (Linnaeus) Lamarck, 204 SUphium trilobatum Linnaeus, 46 SUverseed gourd, 74 Simarouba amara Aublet, 207 glauca Swartz, 207 Simaroubaceae, 206 Simaruba, 207 Sinapis cuneifolia Roxburgh, 57 integrifolia Vahl, 57 integrifolia WiUdenow, 57 juncea Linnaeus, 57 Sipanea pratensis Aublet, 185 Siparuna glabrescens (Presl) A.L. CandoUe, 156 scabra Perkins, 156 urbaniana Perkins, 156 Siphocampylus berterianus (Sprengel) G. Don, 129 Siphonanthus indicus Linnaeus, 224 Sisymbrium nasturtium -aquaticum Linnaeus, 57 Siyou, 208 Skiophila melittifolia (Linnaeus) Hanstein, 119 Shpper plant, 79 Sloanea berteriana Choisy ex A.P. Candolle, 77 caribaea Krug & Urban ex Duss, 77 dentata Linnaeus, 77 massonii Swartz, 78 truncata Urban, 78 Snowbush, 79 Soap tree, 201 Soapberry, 201 Solanaceae, 207 Solandra grandiflora Swartz, 211 longiflora Tussac, 211 macrantha Dunal, 211 minor Grisebach, 211 Solanum aculeatissimum sensu auctt., 212^, americanum MUler, 211 var. nodflorum (Jacquin) Edmonds, 21 1 asperum sensu Grisebach, 212 capsicoides AUioni, 212 NUMBER 77 271 caribaeum Dunal, 21 1 ciliatum Lamarck, 212 ficifoHum Ortega, 213 houstonii Dunal, 212 igneum Linnaeus, 212 lancifoUum Jacquin, 212 mammosum Linnaeus, 212 melongena Linnaeus, 21 1 neglectwn Dunal, 210 nigrum Linnaeus, 212 van americanum (Miller) O. Schulz, 211 van nodiflorum (Jacquin) Gray, 21 1 nigrum sensu auctt. mult., 21 1 nodiflorum Jacquin, 211, 212 pauciflorum Vahl, 210 racemosum Jacquin, 212 van igneum (Linnaeus) O. Schulz ex Bold- ingh, 212 rugosum Dunal, 212 scabrum Vahl, 212 seaforthianum Andrews, 213 speciosum Dunal, 210 torvum Swartz, 213 triste Jacquin, 213 verbascifolium sensu auctt., 212 Solenostemon scutellarioides (Linnaeus) Codd, 120 Sonchus agrestis Swartz, 39 oleraceus Linnaeus, 44 Sophora monosperma Swartz, 110 tomentosa Linnaeus, 90 Sou marque, 112 Soursop, 22 Sow-thistle., 44 Sparganophorus sparganophorus (Lirmaeus) Jeffrey, 45 vaillantii Crantz, 45 Spathodea campanulata Palisot de Beauvois, 49 Spearmint, 120 Spermacoce assurgens Ruiz & Pavon, 197 berteroana Howard, 197 confusa Rendle, 197 emstti Fosberg & Powell, 197 eryngioides (Chamisso & Schlechtendal) Kuntze, 197 van questeUi Fosberg & Powell, 198 hirta Linnaeus, 192 mauritiana Gideon, 198 ocymifolia Willdenow, 188 ocymoides'i^. Burman, 198 ocymoides sensu auctt., 198 prostrata Aublet, 198 repens (A.P. Candolle) Fosberg & PoweU, 198 si^utescens Jacquin, 197 tenuior Linnaeus, 197 tenuior sensu auctt., 197 verticUlata Linnaeus, 198 villosa Swartz, 192 Spigeila anthelmia Linnaeus, 131 Spilanihes uliginosa Swartz, 33 Spondias lutea Linnaeus, 22 mombin Linnaeus, 22 Sponia lamarckiana (Roemer & Schultes) Decaisne, 218 micrantha (Linnaeus) Decaisne, 219 mollis (Willdenow) Decaisne, 219 Stachytarpheta cayermensis (L. Richard) Vahl, 227 jamaicensis (Linnaeus) Vahl, 228 urticifolia Sims, 228 Staphylea occidentalis Swartz, 213 Staphyleaceae, 213 Star apple, 202 Star fruit, 172 Stemodia durantifoUa (Lirmaeus) Swartz, 206 parviflora W.T. Aiton, 206 verticUlata (MUler) Hassler, 206 Stemodiacra verticUlata (MUler) Kuntze, 206 Stemonacanthus coccineus (Linnaeus) Grisebach, 17 Stenocalyx albicans Berg, 163 Stenostomum resinosum (Vahl) Grisebach, 192 Sterculia alata Roxburgh, 214 apetala (Jacquin) Karsten, 214 caribaea R. Brown, 214 foetida Linnaeus, 214 Stercuhaceae, 213 Steriphoma eUipticum (A.P. CandoUe) Sprengel, 60 Stictocardia ulUfoUa (Desrousseaux) HaUier, 74 StigmaphyUon cor'. ' 'i ■ . V ■ t. ' ' ■■/ M' I. ' ■■)■ V I REQUIREMENTS FOR SMITHSONIAN SERIES PUBLICATION Manuscripts intended for series publication receive substantive review (conducted by their originating Smithsonian museums or offices) and are submitted to the Smithsonian Institution Press with Form SI-36, which must show the approval of the appropriate authority designated by the sponsoring organizational unit. Re- quests for special treatment — use of color, foldouts, case-bound covers, etc. — require, on the same form, the added approval of the sponsoring authority. Review of manuscripts and art by the Press for requirements of series format and style, completeness and clarity of copy, and arrangement of all material, as outlined below, will govern, within the judgment of the Press, acceptance or rejection of manuscripts and art. 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