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Johnston, John Robert

Flora of the islands of

Margarita and Coche,

Venezuela

Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History
Vol. 34, No. 7,

p. 163-312, pi. 23-30.

contributions from the gray herbarium of harvard
university. new series.— no. xxxvii. flora of
the islands of margarita and coche,
venezue;.a. ~

By John Robert Johnston, M.S.

BOSTON:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.

June, 1909.

^^^^ Yaf?;( BOTANIC
ISSUED ^''"^^y^-LBHlTW

No. 7.— CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM

OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. NEW SERIES.— NO.

XXXVII. FLORA OF THE ISLANDS OF

MARGARITA AND COCHE,

VENEZUELA.

BY JOHN ROBERT JOHNSTON, M. S.

Contents.

Page.
General considerations on the flora of Venezuela — Variety of vege-
tative conditions — Desirability of further collecting — Explo-
ration and botanical work ....... 163

Flora of the Island of Margarita 167

Introduction .......... 167

Physical features — Topography — Rainfall and clouds —

Temperature 168

Catalogue of plants ........ 175

The economic plants of Margarita ...... 270

Distribution of the plants — Regional distribution — Group-
ing — Paucity of specimens — Adaptation and barriers to
dispersal — Seasonal distribution ..... 278

Composition of the flora — The cultivated, the cosmopolitan,
and the plants of restricted distribution — The variety of
plants and the groups most largely represented . . . 283

The flora of the Island of Coche 288

Description of the vegetative conditions ..... 288

Catalogue of plants 291

Comparison of the flora of Margarita and Coche with that of other
regions — Methods of comparison — Other Venezuelan
islands — The mainland — The West Indies — Southern

United States 293

Conclusion 301

Literature of geographical and botanical publications . . . 304

General Considerations on the Flora of Venezuela.

Cr. Professor Goebel's ('91) most interesting account of the vegeta-

cr tive conditions to be found on the Cordilleras of Merida in Venezuela

oc is descriptive of an excellent field for botanical research. Within

150 kilometers (93 miles) of the shores of Lake Maracaibo the moun-

163

164 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

tains rise to an altitude of 4000 meters (12,000 ft.) so that a traveler
in {)assing from the Lake up to the mountains traverses the lowland
forests, the higher and barren hills, the rich valleys, the forested
mountain sides and gorges, to the treeless summits, some of which
are cajiped with snow.

In this short range occur all variations from the swampy seashore
and the barren hills to the luxuriant valleys, and the alpine regions.
On the mountain sides occur furthermore at various altitudes not only
quiet gorges in which the woods are dripping with moisture but also
knolls exposed to the fierce winds, often accompanied by great changes
in temperature. A greater variety of vegetative conditions is difficult
to find within so small an area in any other country.

Venezuela may well be considered as consisting of three different
regions: the Andean extending from Lake Maracaibo southwest
over the mountain ranges to Colombia ; the coastal region from Lake
Maracaibo eastward to the Gulf of Paria at Trinidad, including all
the coastal islands and extending inland to the llanos by the Orinoco;
and the third region consisting of the Orinoco district and all of the
extensive and little known forests to the south. While each of these
three divisions shows some of the characteristics of the others, each
has features of interest peculiar to itself, the first region being alpine,
the second consisting of the barren or desert hills of the coast and of
the islands, and the third being characterized by the grassy plains and
forest areas of the llanos and selvas.

Such a variety of conditions as is presented in this country leads
one to expect much of botanical interest. There must be both a
remarkable variety of plants and many interesting adaptations of
the plants to their environments. A number of collections have been
made, but not nearly so many as the conditions warrant, and un-
fortunately the reports of these collections are scattered and incom-
plete. The need for more work on the flora of Venezuela is strongly
felt. Brazil has the elaborate work of Martins ('40-'06) ; the Guianas
those of Schomburgk ('47-'48) and Pulle ('06); Colombia that of
Karsten ('58-'69) and also the recent collections of Smith and Pittier.
The West Indies as a whole have Grisebach's ('64) well known Flora,
and the recent Symbolae Antillanae of Professor Urban ('03). But
in Venezuela, IWng between these lands, no botanical work at all com-
plete has been done.

The first recorded visit of a naturalist to Venezuela is that of Peter

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 165

Loefling (1776). He sailed from Cadiz, February 15, 1754, for Cu-
mana where he spent six months. Then he journeyed to New Bar-
celona, the missions of Piritu, and the river Guyana, where he stayed
three months. Thence he traveled to the missions on the Curoni and
returned to Cumana. In the description of his travels are noted
thirty-four plants occurring about Cumana.

In the years from 1807 to 1825 were published various works by
Humboldt, Bonpland ('14-'29; '14; '08) and Kunth ('l5-'25) describ-
ing the travels of the first two and then giving notes on their observa-
tions. Their list of plants, collected for the most part about Cumana
and along the Rio Negro and Cassiquiari Rivers, comprises some 1200
numbers. !Most of these are now in the herbarium of the IMuseum
of natural history at Paris.

Funck and Linden landed at La Guaira in 1840. Linden went
to Peru while Funck went toward the Orinoco, visiting Cumana,
Guana-Guana, San Augustin where he made a rich collection, the
Grotto de Guacharos, Caripe and its mountains. In 1842 and 1845
he visited Santa Marta, San Sebastian, and Galipan, and thence went
to Cura^oa and to the region of the Silla de Caracas. His plants
are in the Delessert herbarium at Geneva. There is no published
list of them. Linden arrived at Caracas in January, 1842, and in
May of the same year sent plants to Delessert. This collection
(235 species) contained plants from the Silla de Caracas and the
Cerro de Avila. In May, 1842, he left Caracas for the Andes of
Merida. In January, 1843, he sent from Merida to the consul of
France at Maracaibo plants collected in the high Andes of Truxillo
and Merida. Linden's plants of Colombia, which may include his
Venezuelan ones, are at the following places: University of Ghent,
herbarium de Candolle (2066 species), herbarium of the University
at Leipzig, and the herbarium of the Royal museum at Vienna.

There are plants of Funck collected at Caracas at the herbarium
of the Academy of sciences at St. Petersburg (819 species).

Plants of Funck and Schlim (Reich enbach, '54b) collected in
tropical America are in the herbariums of the universities of Ghent
and Leipzig as well as in the Delessert herbarium.

Plants collected by jNIoritz (see Hampe '47a, '47b) are in the British
museum, at the Royal botanical gardens in Berlin, in the herbarium
of the Imperial botanical garden of St. Petersburg, and in that of
the Imperial academy of St. Petersburg, of the Royal museum at
Vienna, and of the University at Leipzig.

166 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Plants of Wagner collected in Panama and Ecuador are in the
royal herbarium of Munich and University of Gottingen. Possibly
these include his Venezuelan plants.

Karsten ('58-'69) who published the extensive flora of Colombia
and the adjacent regions included seventy-nine plants collected in
Venezuela.

Plants collected by Birschel at Caracas are in the Gray herbarium.

Fendler's (see Eaton '61) collections of Venezuelan plants are in the
herbariums of de Candolle, Delessert, Engelmann, Franqueville, Uni-
versity of Dublin, Gray herbarium, and British museum. August
Fendler was a German botanist who lived in Colonia Tovar near
Caracas from 1854-59. His collection comprised nearly 3000 num-
bers. There is no published list excepting that of the ferns and
orchids, and a large part of the plants remain in the herbariums
entirely or partially unidentified. Fendler was at one time an assistant
at the Gray herbarium and his collecting was carried on to some
extent under Dr. Gray's encouragement and patronage. It is be-
lieved that the set of his plants in the Gray herbarium is as nearly
complete as any in existence.

Adolphus Ernst, who for a number of years was secretary of agri-
culture in Venezuela and also a professor at the University of Cara-
cas, has contributed more to our knowledge of the Venezuelan flora
than any other man since Humboldt's time. Ernst had in prepa-
ration a flora of Venezuela but owing to his death in 1899 it was never
completed. He did, however, publish numerous short articles per-
taining to the vegetation. A complete list of these occurs in the
bibliography of his works published at Jena in 1900 (Ernst, '00b).
The more important of these are the lists of the plants of Los Roques
(Ernst, '72a), of La Tortuga (Ernst, '76b), of INIargarita (Ernst, '86),
and the list of ferns and of the orchids of Venezuela. The plants
which he collected appear to be entirely inaccessible today. They
are not to be found in the University museum at Caracas nor in the
old National museum of natural history. It is possible that they have
been sent to various European herbariums. As his lists contain
merely the names of the plants with few or no notes,' their identifica-
tion in some cases must remain a matter of question.

In 1896, Professor H. H. Rusby ('96) and Roy "W. Squires collected
about the lower Orinoco. Their plants are in the New York college
of pharmacy and in the Gray herbarium.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF ]VL\IIGARITA ISLAND. 167

In 1900, Captain Wirt Robinson and Dr. ]\I. W. Lyon, Jr., collected
at La Guaira, Macuto, and San Julian about sixty plants which are
now in the U. S. national herbarium (see Johnston, '08).

In 1901, "uith a party of three others I spent the months of July and
August on the island of Margarita. About 300 species of plants
were collected. On another trip to the same island in 1903, we
increased the known flora of Margarita to 654 species. At the same
time a collection was made on the island of Coche and visits were made
to Carupano, Cumana, La Guaira, and Caracas to compare their
floras. Again in 1907, I was enabled to ^^sit Venezuela although no
collecting was done on INIargarita. Visits to Pampatar on Margarita
and to Carupano, Cumana, Barcelona, Guanta, La Guaira, Caracas,
and Valencia on the mainland, all have been of value to me in com-
paring the flora of Margarita with that of adjacent regions.

It is believed that the above collections comprise all that have been
made in Venezuela ^ith the exception of a few by Venezuelans. In
some cases the data are incomplete and unsatisfactory but they may
nevertheless furnish a basis for further research work along this line.

Floka. of the Island of Makgarita.

Introduction.

The island of Margarita is only a small part of Venezuela, never-
theless its flora has proved to be of considerable interest, particularly
as revealing several new species and as increasing the known geographi-
cal distribution of other species. The island was visited in 1873 by
Dr. Adolphus Ernst who published a report of the plants discovered.
Captain "Wirt Robinson \isited the island in 1898 making a collection
of the birds and mammals. In 1901 a party of four students of Har-
vard university consisting of Austin H. Clark, O. O. INIiller, Walter P.
Jenkins, and myself spent the months of July and August collecting
specimens of animal and plant life. In 1903, through the kindness
of one of the friends of the Gray herbarium of Harvard university,
I was enabled to \'isit Margarita again. This time I was accompanied
by Dr. Albert F. Blakeslee, who devoted himself to the collection of
algae and fungi, and by Clifford Wilson, who assisted us in our work.
These ^^sits to Margarita, which are all that have been reported
of scientific workers, taken together furnish fairly complete data as to
the character of the flora and its vegetative conditions.

168 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Physical Features.

The island- of Margarita as seen from the mainland thirty-two
kilometers distant appears as two conical mountains separated by a
long stretch of lowland. It may be seen on the accompanying map
that it consists of two irregular polygonal areas connected by a narrow
strip of land, each of these areas rising from the lowlands of the plain
to the foothills and mountain ridge of the center, thus giving the
conical appearance in the distance.

Located about eleven degrees north, and sixty-four degrees west,
Margarita is sixty-seven kilometers long and thirty-two wide. It is
eleven kilometers from the desert islands Cubagua and Coche, and
is the largest of the Venezuelan islands that extend along the coast
from Cura9oa to Trinidad. The highest peaks of the two ends are
about forty-two kilometers apart. The relative extent of plains, foot-
hills, and mountains can best be understood by considering the two
ends separately and in detail.

The mountains of the eastern end rise to an altitude of 795 meters
and have many spurs jutting out in different directions. Surrounding
the mountain and its spurs are the valleys and plains which in some
cases extend to the sea. On the eastern and northern sides are what
may be termed outlying mountains which are less extensive than the
central mountain mass, San Juan Mountain, and border directly on
the sea. The top of San Juan Mountain, between the altitudes 650
and 795 meters, is destitute of trees. Bare rock ledges jut out from
beneath the low shrubbery. Occasionally the summit is in clear
sunshine, but quite as often the heavy clouds laden with moisture are
rapidly flitting over, now completely enveloping it, and now exposing
it to the warmth of the sun. Within thirty meters of the top is one
spring on the El Valle side, and fifteen meters below that is another.
Though these are entirely exposed they never seem to dry up. The
dense woods which cover the mountains above 400 meters collect and
retain the moisture of the clouds, thus together with the two springs
furnishing a source for small streams below.

On the map of the island it is shown that the mountain ridge as a
whole not only extends from northeast to southwest, but also rises
gradually from the west in a succession of hills to the highest point
which is iibove El Valle and San Juan, thence lowering a little for a
distance of one and one half kilometers, and then dropping abruptly

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 169

down to the plain near Asuncion. Each of the successively higher
hills of the western end swerve to the south in the form of ridges sloping
gradually to the open plain at San Antonio. From the highest point,
however, there proceeds a very distinctive ridge between San Antonio
and El Valle. This South Hill, as named for the collector's con-
venience, together with a similar hill to the north of El Valle, called
North Hill, curves so as partially to enclose El Valle, the most char-
acteristic valley of the island. Farther around the mountain to the
northeast of it, is the large valley of Asuncion, and northwest of this
is Tacarigua and at the western end again, on the north side, and
opposite El Valle, is the valley of San Juan.

With this system of narrow valleys surrounding the mountain,
it may be expected that there are mountain torrents in the time of
heavy rains, and such is the case. The valleys of San Antonio and of
San Juan, however, have only the dry river beds in ordinary weather,
while the three other valleys alone have permanent streams.

The above-mentioned springs are the source of one river in El
Valle which has been directed into a reservoir at the head of the valley
at an altitude of fifty meters, whence it is piped to the villages of El
Valle and Porlamar. There are ten public and a few private drinking
fountains or "pelas" on the way, a distance of eight kilometers. The
valley forks at its head so that to the northeast occurs a narrow ravine
in which flows a small stream. This is used for laundry purposes,
and is lost in the soil before it reaches the lower valley. There is also
a short distance to the east of this another stream which is confined
to private grounds on which are three concrete reservoirs provided
for it.

The region between El ^'alle and Asuncion valley has no dis-
tinctive features, nor is there any stream. Although down in the
valley of Asuncion proper there is only one stream bed and not much
water, one and one half kilometers or more above the village at an
altitude of 450 meters there are no less than eight stream beds of
which six always contain running water. A trail passing through
the forest at the above altitude from one side of the valley around
the end to the other, furnishes an excellent opportunity to study
these streams. The valley is most curved toward the southeast and
gradually straightens out to the northwest. Beginning from the
southeast the streams or stream beds were numbered in collecting
merelv for convenience, but the numbers may well serve here.

170 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

The first stream has a very shallow and rather indistinct bed.
The land is wet and muddy on both sides of it. The second stream
is a little larger and forms distinct pools at intervals. Below the
trail this river has a very steep bed and appears on the surface only
occasionally from underneath the rocks. Intervening between this
and the next river is a slight elevation which extends as a small ridge
into the valley. On the northwest side of this ridge is a ravine about
twenty meters deep, at the bottom of which runs the third river.
The southeast slope is very steep, the northwest is a gradual rise. A
little farther on is another ravine of similar depth and its southeast
side is almost perpendicular. The northwest slope is gradual. A
short way from this is the third and deepest ravine containing the
fifth river. Another and shallower ravine is near by containing the
sixth river. These four ravines are similar in having a steep slope
on the southeast side and a gradual rise on the opposite side. The
unimportant dry river beds of the seventh and eighth streams are
but a short way farther, very near to the ridge separating the large
Asuncion valley from that of Tacarigua.

The valley of Tacarigua, the next in the series around the moun-
tain, is very long and has steep sides. The one river, the Rio Blanco,
flows down to the bottom of the valley where it is lost eleven or twelve
kilometers from the sea. The water is very impure though from
what source I do not know. It is slightly muddy in color and tastes
similar to a sulphur spring. Adjoining the valley of Tacarigua is
that of San Juan, the last of the series surrounding the mountain.
As this has nothing but a dry river bed it is of little importance.

As has been said, the mountain as a whole is covered by dense
woods. The summit of San Juan Mountain is the only exposed part.
The highest part of all the ridges is covered with shrubs which lower
down gradually give place to small trees and still lower to the very tall
trees. In all parts rocks are projecting in an irregular fashion. Not
even in the densest part of the woods is there a soil of any consider-
able depth, and of course the river beds are extremely rocky. Where
the mountain slope is interrupted by some hill, there the woods stop,
but where the slope is continuous with a valley the woods extend to
a much lower level. This latter condition occurs characteristically
in El Valle and in the valley of Asuncion which are the only two
worthy of detailed consideration.

The woods of El Valle are heavy as low as fifty meters, the height

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 171

of the reservoir, although they are rapidly being cleared off in all
directions. Immediately below this is the extensive coconut grove
reaching down into Porlamar. The configuration of the land about
the village of El Valle makes it an ideal place for botanical study.
.North and South Hills as before mentioned leave the mountain in a
southerly direction and both give off short ridges running toward
each other and also away from each other on the other side.

About a kilometer and a half from the mountain, South Hill turns
to the southeast, and North Hill turns to the southwest, the two stop-
})ing but a short way from each other, thus leaving a narrow entrance
into a nearly enclosed valley. In this small area there are exposures
to all points of the compass. There is one dry river bed extending
from the foot of the mountain to the sea, that is important in the
rainy season. It is here that the heavy vegetation of the valley grows.

Asuncion is the only other valley of importance. The head of it
has been described in the discussion of the mountain rivers. The
lower part is quite open and is continuous with the plains to the sea.
This valley faces to the northeast so that it gets the wind and mois-
ture. The clouds, however, are usually at an altitude of from 400
to 600 meters so that it is only the upper part of the valley that is
extremely moist, the richest part of the island. Otherwise the valley
is similar to any of the lowlands.

Intervening between the valleys, partially surrounding them, and
also standing as outlying features are the hills and small mountains
conspicuous by their red soil and by their desolation. In the case
of the hills attaining the height of 300 meters the summit has a few
scattered trees. Other vegetation is either lacking or restricted to
small patches of dry bushes. The soil is very conspicuously red, or
on a few hills made gray by the preponderance of limestone. It is
loose and easily weathered into small slabs or into a crumbling mass,
which rapidly washes or rolls down the steep hills. At the time of
the heavy showers the hills are gullied everj^'here. As a consequence
of their condition the soil is thin and can maintain only shallow-
rooted vegetation.

From the very nature of the rock it is to be expected that caverns
of some size are to be found. Within twenty meters of the summit
of Bat Cave Peak is a large cave which opens above near the summit,
and also at the side. About one hundred meters from the foot of
the hill there is a hole in the rocks through which I could with diffi-

172 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

culty lower myself. Below was a cave about three meters deep and
large enough to hold several men. Both of these caves are inhabited
by bats, and the lower one contains numerous lizards.

The barrenness of the hills is increased several fold in the plains
excepting at the mouth of a valley. The surface of the plain is un-
dulating only slightly and in few places. It is for the most part
sandy, reddish near the hills and white toward the sea. In places,
notably between San Antonio and the sea, the surface is covered with
irregular broken rock, small fragments, angular, and very little
weathered. By the sea the plains contain several lagoons as may
be noted on the map.

On the plain a mile inland from Juan Griego is a small pond of
brackish water always turbid and used merely for laundry purposes.
At Punta Moreno is a small lagoon connected by a narrow outlet
to the bay of Porlamar. At Punta IMosquito is Laguna Chica sur-
rounded by mangroves. This is about six kilometers long and navi-
gable by sloops. At Punta Mangles and at Punta Piedras are also
small lagoons and mangrove swamps. The lagoon at Punta Piedras
is open to the sea by an inlet about one meter deep and six meters
wide. Inside the mangrove border is a clear circular body of water
about one-half kilometer across.

From the above description of the eastern end, it is hoped that a
good idea of the physical features may be derived. When the dis-
tribution of the plants is discussed the picture of the district will be
more complete. Then one may see along the shore at intervals the
mangrove-bordered lagoons, then stretching inland the sandy plain
dotted with the cactus and low shrubs exposed to the burning sun;
the brown hills with small dead bushes, the valleys with the waving
coconut palms and higher up the green-clad mountain side with
the top reaching into the clouds.

The land intervening between the two ends is for the most part a
large mangrove swamp, open to the sea on the north side and a short
distance on the south side. Although the lagoon is about eleven
kilometers long, it has very little clear water.

The western end of the island is of much less importance than
the eastern. The conditions recorded here are taken from the meager
encyclopedic references and from the observations which I made from
the distant San Juan Mountain and on the Coche-Punta Piedras
voyage and on board the steamship from Porlamar to La Guaira and
also from reports of the natives.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF I\L\RGARITA ISLAND. 173

According to encyclopedias, the mountain peak of this end is 60
meters higher than that of the eastern end. Though in the distance
that looks very probable, it makes little difference in the character
of the vegetation. Little of the mountain range anpvhere approaches
the height of the peak. jNIost of the ridges are very steep and ap-
parently have no forest growth, whatever. Cliffs are exposed in
numberless places. Under such conditions, although the peaks are
often hidden in the clouds there can be little moisture retained and
consequently no springs nor rivers, a condition which agrees with the
reports of the natives. The single town of Macanao on the west
coast is supplied with "posa" water (rainwater and seepage collected
in clay pits) and with imported water. One large ridge with short
spurs runs east and west along the south shore, and to the northeast
is a series of high hills. The only plain is on the northwest side.
The character of the western end as a whole then is similar to that
of the hills and plains of the eastern end.

The above paragraphs give some idea of the topography of Mar-
garita. It seems advisable also to discuss so far as possible the tem-
perature and moisture as they affect the conditions of vegetation.

The above description distinctly suggests that Margarita is a very
dry island. During the time from July 3 to August 22, in 1901,
there were only two heavy rains in El Valle each lasting much less
than an hour, and I did not observe any light showers. This it must
be remembered was during the rainy season on the mainland only
twenty-seven kilometers distant. At this time conditions seemed to
be quite normal. Orange trees and the coconut palms were bearing
fairly well, and the valley bottoms were filled with thriving weeds.

Observations made from Jmie 29 to September 4, in 1903, were
very different. At this time the coconut trees were dying, the oranges
had turned color on the tree when less than half grown, and scarcely
a weed could be found. The island and especially El Valle was in
a bad drought. According to the natives there had been no rain for
two or three and some said even five years. This latter time is shown
to be incorrect by my own observations in 1901, but at any rate it
is suggestive of very little rain for several years past. Records for
1903 are as follows: —

July 14. Heavy rain in Porlamar; very light at El Valle.

July 17. Light showers at El Valle.

August 14. Very heavy rains on the mountain and do-wii through

174 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

El Valle. Trails on the hillside were in many places washed away.
Gullies were deepened considerably. Rained from about midnight
till 10 A. M. of August 15.

August 16. Light showers.

August 21. Very heavy rain in El Valle. The heavy sheets of
rain seemed to ascend one valley to the mountain top and retreat to
ascend the other valley. The rain was very light on the surrounding
hills. During the storm and immediately after it a continuous roar-
ing sound arose from the valley. On investigation this proved to
be the rapid falling of the water down the steep gulches. Farther
down the small streams united and flowed into the "dry river bed."
The two trails running for a distance of a mile from the foot of the
mountain into the plaza at El Valle proved themselves to be veritable
rivers. They were loosely paved with stones and were walled on
each side so that they held in the w^ater well. A half hour after this
rain the trails were still submerged, and uniting with the river near
the plaza they formed a perfect torrent at least until 7.25 p. m.

A very different factor from the rain is the heavy mist which almost
constantly hangs above the mountain. About one third of the time
the mountains above 600 meters are in the clouds. Very often from
night until 6 or 7 A. M. the hills over 300 meters are in the clouds but
they are never cloudy in the daytime except in case of storms. The
clearing of the woods which everywhere seems to be inevitable, is going
on here slowly. Where previously all the vegetation was dripping
with moisture now for the most part conditions are much drier be-
cause trees have been cut down thus allowing the sunlight to enter.

In the preceding paragraphs it is seen that compared with other
tropical districts, Margarita has almost no rainfall. The mainland
in the summer season has a shower nearly every day. So has Trini-
dad off the northeast coast of Venezuela. While my records are
mostly from the south side of the island, yet excursions made to Juan
Griego and that vicinity indicate that it is but slightly better off.

Although the island is desert-like in character yet from the fact
that it gets the northeast trades, a comfortable temperature may be
expected. My records average as follows: at 6 a. m., 29 degrees C;
at 1 p. M., the hottest, 32.4 degrees C. These records are from El
Valle. Porlamar always seemed hotter than this. The coolest is of
course on the mountain top at San Juan Mountain. The average
coolest is 25 degrees C, the single coldest record was 24.5 C. This

JOHNSTOX: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 175

is the most delightful temperature condition imaginable, often cloudy
and always breezy. El Valle is comfortable, but the ^dllages on the
plains are in the da}i:ime very warm. At night it is comfortable
everx-where.

Catalogue of the Plants of Margarita.

Dr. Ernst in his visit to Margarita, in 1873, spent the month of May
collecting at Juan Griego, Santa Ana, and Asuncion. His collection
amounting to 242 different species are the first plants reported from
that island but unfortunately they do not seem to be available for
reference today. Their location is unknown to me; certainlv they are
not accessible in any place in Venezuela.

The only other collections from Margarita and the only ones readily
available for reference today are those made by our parties in 1901
and 1903. In 1901, we collected over 300 different species spending
most of the time from July 4 to August 22 in El Valle and the plains
toward Porlamar, with only occasional trips to Juan Griego, Asuncion,
and Punta Moreno. In 1903, from June 28 to September 4, we found
the region about El Valle in such a drought that for our collections we
had to resort to the mountains for the most of our work. One trip was
made to Juan Griego, Tacarigua, and Asuncion, one to Peilar and
several to Punta ^Moreno and Punta Mosquito. We also made one
excursion to the island of Coche and to Punta Piedras on Maro-arita.
In each of these trips, that of 1901 and that of 1903, between 3000 and
4000 specimens were secured, all of which have been distributed
among the leading herbariums in this country and abroad, the most
nearly complete set being at the Gray herbarium of Harvard univer-
sity. It is unfortunate that the first collection was distributed in an
incomplete and poorly identified condition but it is hoped that the
present listing of the species together with the citation of the collection
numbers and dates may tend to correct any previous errors. In the
main the identifications have been carried on at the Gray herbarium.
Mr. O. O. Miller of the party of 1901 assisted in the identifications of
the collection of that year. The rest of the work, in which I have
been generously assisted by the staff of the Gray herbarium, has
devolved upon me. ]Mr. Oakes Ames identified part of the Orchi-
daceae; Dr. Carl Mez, part of the Bromeliaceae; Dr. Casimir de
Candolle, the Piperaceae; Professor Radlkofer, one of the Sapin-

176 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

aceae; and IVIr. W. R. Maxon has revised the hst of ferns. Professor
I. Urban has made some corrections in my identifications and has
])ubhshed several new species based upon my plants. The collection
of fungi and of algae made by Dr. A. F. Blakeslee has been identified
by Professor W. G. Farlow and is deposited in the Cr\^3togamic
herbarium of Harvard university. This collection is not included in
the following list of Margaritan plants.

To all these who have so generously assisted me and especially to
Professor B. L. Robinson under whose supervision this work has been
done and to JNIiss M. A. Day, librarian of the Gray herbarium, who
has verified the references and otherwise assisted in the bibliographical
work, many thanks are due.

In working out the identifications of the plants listed in the following
catalogue many difficulties were encountered, chief among them being
the great lack of South American plants for comparison, and the
uncertain condition of many South American genera and species.
These difficulties have been overcome to some extent by the assistance,
already referred to, of specialists on certain groups. The bulk of the
plants, however, remained in groups which have not been re\ased for
some time.

The citations to be found in the catalogue, consist of the original
references to the names which are used, a reference to the earliest use
of the specific name, and in addition reference to either or both Grise-
bach's Flora of the British West Indies and Martins' Flora Brasiliensis,
as well as a reference to some published illustration, and when possible
a citation of monographs of the various groups. These are the works
which have been used in conjunction with herbarium specimens to
make the identifications, to determine the character of the species.
From these my idea of the species was obtained and for that reason it
seems desirable to cite them in this list. In addition to these references
I have also given the occurrence of the species in Venezuela as a whole,
this being ascertained by reference both to publications and to speci-
mens. All specimens here reported and collected by Fendler, by
Rusby and Squire, by Robinson and Lyon, by Birschel, and by A. H.
Moore have been personally examined by me and compared with my
own material. Other references than those of species to Venezuela
are taken from publications and are given for only what they may be
worth under such circumstances. The reference to Ernst with some
page number is to Ernst's Estudios sobre la flora y fauna.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 177

After the citation of Venezuelan plants, I have given reference to
the occurrence of the species in Porto Rico as found in Urban's Flora
portoricensis. These citations are based upon Professor Urban's
comparison of my plants with his so that the distribution of the plants
in these two localities is made certain. The last note after a species
is in regard to its general distribution.

The arrangement of the families is as in Engler and Prantl's Pflan-
zenfamilien, and the genera and species are alphabetically arranged
in their respective groups.

While it is to be regretted that each species could not be subjected
to the critical examination of a specialist it is to be hoped that this list
in connection with the distributed plants may be of value in future
work upon the flora of Venezuela.

PTERIDOPHYTA}
GLEICHENIACEAE.

DiCRANOPTERis Bernh.

D. FLEXUOSA (Schrad.) Underw., Bull. Torr. bot. club, vol. 34, p.
254 (1907). Mertensia flexuosa Schrad., Goett. Anz., p. 863 (1824).
M. rigida Kunze, Linnaea, vol. 9, p. 16 (1834). Gleichenia flexuosa
Mett., Ann. Lug. Bat., vol. 1, p. 50 (1863). G. rigida Bommer &
Christ, Bull. soc. bot. Belg., vol. 35, p. 174 (1896).— San Juan Mt.,
alt. 700 m., July 16, Johnston, no. 180. Tropical America.

CYATHEACEAE.

Cyathea Sm.

C. TENERA (J. Sm.) Hook, ex Moore, Ind. Fil., p. 274 (1861).
Alsophila tenera J. Sm., Lond. Journ. bot., vol. 1, p. 666 (1842),
nomen nudum. A. tenera J. Sm. ex Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 1, p. 49
(1846). — Rio Asuncion, alt. 450 m., Johnston, no. 143, July 29.
Also on Trinidad and several of the West Indies.

Hemitelia R. Br.

H. grandifolia (AVilld.) Spreng. Syst., vol. 4, p. 125 (1827).
Cyathea grandifolia Willd., Sp. pL, vol. 5, p. 490 (1810).— El Valle,

1 The identifications in this group are as revised by Mr. W. R. Maxon, who has also
added the synonymy and the notes in regard to the species.

178 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Miller & Johnston, no. 164, in part, Aug. 16; San Juan Mt., alt.
500 m., Johnston, no. 191, July 16. Porto Rico: Urban, Symb. Ant.,
vol. 4, p. 10 (1903). Tropical America.

POLYPODIACEAE.

Elaphoglossum Schott.

E. TOVARENSE (Mett.) Moore, Ind. Fil., p. 369 (1862), name only.
Achrostichum tovarense Moritz ex Eaton, Mem. Amer. acad. arts
and sci., (new series) vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 194 (1860), name only; Kuhn,
Linnaea, vol. 36, p. 60 (1869).— Juan Griego trail, alt. 450 m.,
Johnston, no. 146. Known also from Mexico and Central America.

MoNOGRAMMA Commerson.

M. LiNEARiFOLiA Desv. Mag., Gesellsch. nat, Fr. Berlin, vol. 5, p.
302, pi. 7, fig. 5 (1811). Pleurogramme immersa Fee, 3me Mem., p.
37, pi. 4, fig. 5 (1851-52). Monogramme immersa Hook., Sp. Fil.,
vol. 5, p. 125 (1864).— San Juan Mt., alt. 600 m., Johnston, no.
186, July 2. West Indies and northern South iVmerica.

Campyloneurum Presl.

C. PHYLLiTiDis (L.) Presl, Tent. Pterid., p. 190, pi. 7, fig. 18 (1836).
Pohjpodium phijllitidis L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1083 (1753); Urb., Symb.
Ant., vol. 4, p. 57 (1903), where reported as occurring on IMargarita
Island.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 165, July 30; San Juan
Mt., alt. 400 m., Johnston, no. 151, July 27. Generally distributed
throughout tropical America.

GoNiOPHLEBiuM Presl.

G. CHNOODES (Spreng.) Fee, Gen. Fil., p. 255 (1850-52). Pohj-
f odium chnoodes Spreng., Neue Entdeck., vol. 2, p. 6 (1822).— San
Juan Mt., alt. 600 m., Johnston, no. 193, July 2. Tropical America,
commonest in the West Indies.

G. LORiCEUM (L.) J. Sm. ex Hook., Gen. Fil, under pi. 51 (1840).
Pohjpodium loriceum L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1086 (1753). — Rio Asuncion,
alt. 500 m., Johnston, no. 169, Aug. 12-15. Tropical America gen-
erally. Variable.

G. piLOSELLOiDES (L.) J. Sm. ex Hook., Gen. Fil., under pi. 51

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 179

(1840). Pohjpodimn piloseiloides L., Sp. pL, vol. 2, p. 1083 (1753).
Lopholepis piloseiloides J. Sm. in Seem., Bot. voy. Herald, p. 229
(1854). — Juan Griego trail, alt. 500 m., Johnston, no. 150, July 31.
Tropical America.

G. NERiiFOLiUM (Schkulir) Hook., Gen. Fil., pi. 70 B (1841). Poly-
podium neriifoliuvi Schkuhr, Krypt. Gewachse, vol. 1, p. 14, pi. 15
(1806).— San Juan Mt., alt. 700 m., Johnston, no. 176, Aug. 28.
Tropical America.

G. VACCiNiiFOLiUM (Langsd. & Fisch.) J. Sm. ex Hook., Gen.
Fil., under pi. 51 (1840). Polypodium vaccinii folium Langsd. &
Fisch., Ic. Fil., vol. 8, pi. 7 (1810).— El Valle, Miller <i- Johnston,
no. 159, July 31. Tropical America.

Phlebodium J. Sm.

P. AUREUM (L.) J. Sm., Journ. bot., vol. 4, p. 59 (1841). Poly-
podium aureum L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1087 (1753). — Rio Asuncion,
alt. 500 m., Johnston, no. 170, Aug. 12-15. Widely distributed in
tropical America.

Phymatodes Presl.

P. XEMATORHizox (D. C. Eaton) Underw. ex Maxon, Contrib.
U. S. nat. herb., vol. 10, p. 493 (1908). Polypodium nematorhizon
D. C. Eaton, Bot. gaz., vol. 3, p. 90 (1878). — Juan Griego trail, alt.
500 m., Johnston, no. 147, Aug. 12-15. Known hitherto only from
Trinidad.

P. PROMixuLA Maxon, Contrib. U. S. nat. herb., vol. 10, p. 501
(1908). ? Polypodium salicifolium Willd., Sp. pL, vol. 5, p. 149
(1810), not Vahl (1807).— San Juan Mt., alt. 500 m., Johnston, no.
155 (t}"pe). Tropical America.

Polypodium L.

P. JUBAEFORME Kaulf., Flora, vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 364 (1823). Poly-
podiiim saccatum Fee, Gen. Fil., p. 239 (1850-52). — San Juan Mt.,
alt. 600 m., Johnston, no. 164, July 2. The West Indies and Panama
to Brazil.

P. PECTiXATUM L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1085 (1753).— El Valle, Miller
& Johnston, no. 163; Juan Griego trail, alt. 450 m., Johnston, no.
167, July 19. Tropical America generally.

180 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

P. POLYPODioiDES (L.) A. S. Hitclicock, Rep. Mo. bot. garden,
vol. 4, p. 156 (1893). Acrostichum pohjpodioides L., Sp. pL, vol. 2,
p. 1068 (1753). Polypodium incanum Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Oec, p.
131 (1788).— San Juan Mt., alt. 450 m., Johnston, no. 157, July 6.
Southern and central United States to Argentina.

XiPHOPTERIS Kaulf.

X. SERRULATA (Sw.) Kaulf., Enum. Fil., pp. 85, 300 (1824). Acro-
stichum serrulatuni Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ., p. 128 (1788). Polypo-
dium serndatum Mett., Fil. hort. Lips., p. 30 (1856), not Sw. (1800).
Xiphopteris extensa Fee, lime Mem., p. 14, pi. 19, fig. 3 (1866), not
Polypodium extensum Forst. (1786), Presl (1825), nor Fee (1869).—
Juan Griego trail, alt. 450 m., Johnston, no. 144, Aug. 12-15. Tropi-
cal America generally. Also occurs in Africa.

Adiantopsis Fee.

A. radiata (L.) Fee, Gen. Fil, p. 145 (1850-52). Adiantum
radiatum L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1094 (1753). — San Juan Mt., alt. 400 m.,
Johnston, no. 184, July 6. Not uncommon in the American tropics.

Adiantum L.

A. TETRAPHYLLUM H. & B. ex Willd., Sp. pi., vol. 5, 441 (1810);
Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 45 (1903), where reported as occurring on
Margarita Island. — El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 166, July 25;
Juan Griego trail, alt. 300 m., Johnston, no. 162. Tropical America.

Ceropteris Link.

C. calomelaena (L.) Link, Fil. sp. hort. bot. Berol., p. 141 (1841).
Acrostichum calomelanos L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1072 (1753). Gymno-
gramma calomelanos Kaulf., Enum. Fil., p. 76 (1824). — San Juan
Mt., alt. 550 m., Johnston, no. 182, July 19. Tropical America.
Africa. Escaped from cultivation in Luzon.

C. tartarea (Cav.) Link, Fil. sp. hort. bot. Berol., p. 142 (1841).
Acrostichum tartareum Cav., Descr. pi., p. 242 (1802). Gymno-
gramma tartarea Desv., Mag., Gesellsch. nat. Fr. Berlin, vol. 5, p. 305
(1811).— San Juan Mt., alt. 795 m., Johnston, no. 181, Aug. 28.
Tropical America; uniformly at a higher elevation than the preceding.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 181

Pteridium Scop.

P. CAUDATUM (L.) Maxon, Proc. U. S. nat. mus., vol. 23, p. 631
(1901). Pteris caudata L., Sp. pL, vol. 2, p. 1075 (1753). Pteris
aquilina, var. caudata Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 2, p. 196 (1858). — San
Juan Mt., alt. 790 m., Johnston, no. 177, Aug. 28. Tropics.

ASPLENIUM L,

A. ABSCissuM Willd., Sp. pi., vol. 5, p. 321 (1810). Asplenium
laetum Schkuhr, Kn'pt. Gewachse, vol. 1, p. 65, pi 70 (1809), not Sw.
(1806). A. Schkuhrianum Presi, Tent. Pterid., p. 107 (1836). A.
firmum Kunze, Bot. Zeit., vol. 3, p. 283 (1845). — Juan Griego trail,
alt. 450 ra., Johnston, no. 154, July 29. Tropical America generally.

A. ciRRHATUM Ricli. ex Willd., Sp. pi., vol. 5, p. 321 (1810). .45-
' plenium rhizophorum (simple-pinnate form) of most authors. — Juan
Griego trail, alt. 450 m., Johnston, no. 142, July 31. Tropical Amer-
ica; commonest in the West Indies.

A. CRiSTATUM Lam., Encyc, vol. 2, p. 310 (1786). Asplenium
cicutariumSw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ, p. 130 (1788); Urb., Symb. Ant.,
vol. 4, pp. 38, 39 (1903), where reported as occurring on Margarita
Island. — El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 162, Aug. 2; Juan Griego
trail, alt. 450 ra., Johnston, no. 161, July 22. American tropics;
reaching its best development in the West Indies.

A. cuNEATUM Lam., Encyc, vol. 2, p. 309 (1786). — Juan Griego
trail, alt. 450 m., Johnston, no. 172, July 31. Tropical America,
the typical form being West Indian. Ascribed also to the tropics of
the Old World.

A. SALiciFOLiuM L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1080 (1753). Asplenium
auricidatum and A. semicordatum of authors, as to W^est Indian
specimens (see Maxon, Contrib. U. S. nat. herb., vol. 10, p. 476
(1908) for synonymy). — Juan Griego trail, alt. 450 m., Johnston,
no. 168, July 31. Tropical America.

A. SERRATUM L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1079 (1753). — San Juan Mt.,
alt. 400 m., Johnston, no. 141, July 6. American tropics. Common.

Blechnum L.

B. occiDENTALE L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1077 (1753); Urb., Symb.
Ant., vol. 4, p. 39 (1903), where reported from Margarita Island. —

182 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 155, Aug. 2; San Juan Mt., alt.
400 m., Johnston, no. 160, July 16. American tropics; ubiquitous.

DiPLAZIUM Sw.

D. ARBOREUM (Willd.) Presl, Tent. Pterid., p. 114 (1836), not of
most authors. Asplenium arboreum Willd., Sp. pi., vol. 5, p. 320
(1810). A. Shepherdi Spreng., Nov. act. acad. Caes. Leop., vol. 10,
p. 231, pi. 17, figs. 5 and 6 (1821). Diplazium Shepherdi Link,
Hort. Berol., vol. 2, p. 70 (1833).— Juan Griego trail, alt. 450 ra.,
Johnston, no. 158, July 29. Tropical America.

D. CRENULATUM Liebm. Vid. selsk. skr., ser. 5, vol. 1, p. 254
(1849). Earlier synonymy much confused: the Linnaean name not
available. Referred under D . striatnm (L.) Presl by Urban (Symb.
Ant., vol. 4, p. 33 (1903) as occurring on Margarita Island. — El
Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 161, Aug. 16; Juan Griego trail, alt..
450 m., Johnston, no. 153, July 29. Tropical America.

D. GRANDIFOLIUM Sw. in Schrad., Journ. bot., 1800, pt. 2, p. 62
(1801). Asplenium grandifolium- Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ, p. 130
(1788). — Juan Griego trail, alt. 450 m., Johnston, no. 159, July 29.
Tropical America.

Dryopteris Adans.

D. AMPLA (H. & B.) Ktze., Rev. gen., vol. 2, p. 812 (1891). Poly-
podium amplum H. & B. ex Willd., Sp. pi., vol. 5, p. 207 (1810). —
El Valle, Miller d- Johnston, no. 169, Aug. 2; Juan Griego trail,
alt. 450 m., Johnston, no. 187 in part, July 29. Tropical America.
Florida.

D. Johnston I Maxon, Contrib. U. S. nat. herb., vol. 10, p. 498
(1908). — Juan Griego trail, alt. 450 m., Johnston, no. 192, July 22
(tj^De). Known also from Trinidad, Jenman; Fendler, no. 54.

D. MEGALODUS (Schkuhr) Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 21 (1903).
Polypodium megalodus Schkuhr, Kr}^:)t. Gewiichse, vol. 1, p. 24, pi.
19b (1806). — El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 164 in part. Tropical
America.

D. PARASITICA (L.) Ktze., Rev. gen., vol. 2, p. 811 (1891).
Polypodium paras Iticum L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1090 (1753). Neph-
rodium parasiticum Desv., INIem. soc. Linn. Paris, vol. 6, p. 260 (1827).
Polypodium molle Jacq., Coll. bot., vol. 3, p. 188 (1789), not Schreb.
(1771), nor All. (1785). Nephrodium molle R. Br., Prod. fl. Nov.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 183

HolL, p. 149 (1810). — Juan Griego trail, alt. 450 m., Johnston, no.
194, July 19. Tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres.
Rare in the southern United States.

D. PUBESCENS (L.) Ktze., Rev. gen., vol. 2, p. 813 (1891).
Polypodium pubescens L., Syst. nat., ed. 10, vol. 2, p. 1327 (1759). —
Juan Griego trail, alt. 450 m., Johnston, no. 195, Aug. 12-15. The
specimens are broader and less produced than the t\'pical Jamaican
form. West Indies.

D. ]Mercurii (A. Br.) Hieron., Hedwigia, vol. 46, p. 335, pi. 5,
fig. 9 (1907). Aspidium Mercurii A. Br. ex Christ., Bull. herb.
Boiss., ser. 2, vol. 6, p. 58 (1906), name only. — Juan Griego trail,
alt. 450 m., Johnston, no. 190, July 29. Determined by Christensen,
who attributes the species also to ^Mexico, Costa Rica, Colombia, and
Ecuador.

[D. TETRAGOXA (Sw.) Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 20 (1903). Poly-
podium tetragonum Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ, p. 132 (1788). — Stated
by Urb., I. c, to grow on ^Margarita Island, a report based upon
material collected by Miller & Johnston in 1901.]

D. viLLOSA (L.) Ktze., Rev. gen., vol. 2, p. 314 (1891). Poly-
podium villosum L., Sp. pL, vol. 2, p. 1093 (1753). Nephrodium
villosum Presl, Rel. Haenk., vol. 1, p. 38 (1825). Juan Griego trail,
alt. 450 m., Johnston, no. 187 in part, July 29. Tropical America.

Meniscium Schreb.

M. RETicuLATUM (L.) Sw. in Schrad., Journ. bot., 1801, pt. 1, p.
274 (1803). Polypodium reticulatum L., Syst. nat., ed. 10, vol. 2,
p. 1325 (1759). Nephrodium reticulatum Keyserling, Pol. Cyath.
herb. Bung., p. 49 (1873). Dryopteris reticulata Urb., S\Tiib. Ant.,
vol. 4, p. 22 (1903).— EI Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 156, Aug. 16;
Juan Griego trail, alt. 450 m., Johnston, no. 166, July 22. Tropical
America.

Olfersia Raddi.

O. CERViNA (L.) Kunze, Flora, vol. 7, pt. 1, p. 312 (1824). Os-
munda cervina L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1065 (1753). Polyhotrya cervina
Kaulf., Enum. Fil., p. 55 (1824). — Juan Griego trail, alt. 450 m.,
Johnston, no. 152, July 31. Tropical America.

Tectaria Cav.

T. heracleifolia CVVilld.) Underw., Bull. Torr. bot. club, vol. 33,
p. 200 (1906). Aspidium her aclei folium Willd., Sp. pi., vol. 5, p. 217

184 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

(1810). Aspidium trifoliatum of authors, in part, not Polypodium
trifoliatum L., based on Plumier's plate 148, see Underw., I. c, p.
199-200.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 168, Aug. 2. Reported
by Urb. (S^Tnb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 23), under the name of Aspidium tri-
foliatum, as occurring ujjon Margarita Island, his determination
being based upon some of Miller & Johnston's material of 1901.
Tropical America generally.

T. PLANTAGiNEA (Jacq.) Maxon, Contrib. U. S. nat. herb., vol. 10,
p. 494 (1908). Polypodium plantaginemn Jacq., Coll. bot., vol. 2,
p. 104, pi. 3, fig. 1 (1788). Aspidium plantagineum Griseb., Abh.
kon. Gesellsch. Wiss. Gottingen, vol. 7, p. 286 (1857). — Juan Griego
trail, alt. 500 m., Johnston, no. 148, July 31. Tropical America.
Variable.

T. PuRDiAEi (Jenman) Maxon, Contrib. U. S. nat. herb., vol. 10,
p. 494 (1908). Aspidium Purdiaei Jenman, Gard. chron., ser. 3,
vol. 22, p. 282 (1897). Nephrodium Sherringiae Jenman, Journ.
bot., vol. 25, p. 99 (1887), not A^. Sherringii Jenman (1879). ^5-
pidium psammisormn C. Chr., Ind. Fil., p. 89 (1905). — El Valle,
Miller & Johnston,' wo. 158, Aug. 10; Juan Griego trail, alt. 450 m.,
Johnston, no. 173, July 31. Known also from Trinidad.

Oleandra Cav.

O. NODOSA (Willd.) Presl, Tent. Pterid., p. 78 (1836). Aspidium
nodosum Willd., Sp. pi., vol. 5, p. 211 (1810). — Juan Griego trail,
alt. 300 m., Johnston, no. 189, July 29. American tropics. Ascribed
also to Africa.

Dennstaedtia Bernh.

D. ORDiNATA (Kaulf.) Moore, Ind. Fil., p. 306 (1861). Dicksonia
ordinata Kaulf., Enum. Fil., p. 226 (1824).— El Valle, Miller &
Johnston, no. 160, Aug. 16; Juan Griego trail, alt. 450 m., Johnston,
no. 185, July 29. Widely distributed in tropical America.

Nephrolepis Schott.

[N. EXALTATA (L.) Schott, Gen. Fil., pi. 3 (1834). Polypodium
exaltatum L., Syst. nat., ed. 10, vol. 2, p. 1326 (1759). — Referred by
Urban, Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 27, to Margarita.]

N. PECTiNATA (Willd.) Schott, Gen Fil., under pi. 3 (1854). Aspi-
dium pectinatum Willd., Sp. pi., vol. 5, p. 223 (1810). — San Juan
Mt., alt. 790 m., JohnMon, no. 149, July 16. Tropics.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 185

N. RivuLARis (Vahl) Mett. ex Krug in Engl., Bot. jahrb., vol. 24,
p. 122 (1897). Polypodimi rividare Vahl, Eel. Am., vol. 3, p. 51
(1807). Aspidium sesquipedale Willd., Sp. pi., vol. 5, p. 230 (1810).
Nephrolepis sesquipedalis Presl, Tent. Pterid., p. 79 (1836). — El
Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 167, Aug. 2; Juan Griego trail, alt.
450 m., Johnston, no. 163, July 22. Tropical America.

HY]VIENOPHYLLACEAE.
Hymenophyllum J. E. Sm.

H. POLYAXTHOS Sw. in Schrad., Journ. 1800, pt. 2, p. 102 (1801).
Trichomanes polyanthos Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ, p. 137 (1788). —
El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 157, July 31; Juan Griego trail, alt.
500 m., Johnston, no. 165, July 2. Porto Rico: Urban, Symb. Ant.,
vol. 4, p. 8. Widespread in the tropics, the typical form being West
Indian.

H. ciLiATUM Sw. in Schrad., Journ. bot., 1800, pt. 2, p. 100 (1801)
et Fl. Ind. Occ, vol. 3, p. 1753 (1806). — This species is reported by
Urban (S}inb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 9) as occurring on ^Margarita, this being
his determination of INIiller & Johnston's material of 1901. The
specimen in question may possibly be referable, however, to Tricho-
manes.

H. KoHAUTiANUM Presl, Hjiiienoph., p. 32 and p. 56 (1843).
Referred by Urban to Margarita. See note on preceding species.

Trichomanes L.

T. ALATUM Sw. in Schrad., Journ. bot., 1800, i)t. 2, p. 97 (1801).—
Ric Asuncion, alt. 450 m., Johnston, no. 145, July 29. Tropical
America: the type from Jamaica. Variable.

T. CRiSPUM L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1097 (1753).— San Juan Mt.,
alt. 600 m., Johnston, no. 171, July 2. Tropical America.

T. MEMBRANACEUM L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1097 (1753). — Juan Griego
trail, alt. 450 m., Johnston, no. 15, Aug. 12-15. Tropical America.

T. POLYPODioiDES L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1098 (1753). T. sinuosum
Rich, ex Willd., Sp. pi., vol. 5, p. 502 (1810); Hook. & Grev., Ic.
Fil., vol. 1, pi. 13 (1831). — Rio Asuncion, alt. 450 m., Johnston, no.
175, Aug. 12-15. Tropical America.

186 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

LYCOPODIACEAE.

Lycopodium L.

L. FUNiFORME Bory in Brongn., Veg. foss., vol. 2, p. 10 (1837);
Spring, Mem. acad. Brux., vol. 15, pt. 6, p. 50 (1842), vol. 24, p. 22
(1849). — San Juan Mt., alt. 600 m., July 2, Johnston, no. 179. Tropi-
cal America; commonest in the West Indies.

L. TAXiFOLiUM Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ, p. 138 (1788). — San
Juan Mt., alt. 600 m., Johnston, no. 156, July 2. Tropical America.

SPERMATOPHYTA.

HYDROCHARITACEAE.

Thalassia Banks.

T. TESTUDiNUM Kou. in Kon. & Sims, Ann. hot., vol. 2, p. 96
(1806); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 507.— Juan Griego, Ernst.
Jamaica and Caribbean Is.

GRAMINEAE.

Anthephora Schreb.

A. HERMAPHRODiTA (L.) Ktze., Rev. gen., vol. 2, p. 759 (1891);
Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 80. Tripsacum hermaphroditum L.,
Syst. nat., ed. 10, vol. 2, p. 1261 (1759). A. elegans Schreb., Beschr.
Gras., vol. 2, p. 105, pi. 44 (1810).— El Valle, Miller & Johnston,
no. 173, July 18. Venezuela: near Villa del Pao, HBK. Nov. gen.
et sp. vol. 1, p. 116; Porto Rico: Urban, /. c. Widely distributed in
tropical America.

Cenchrus L.

C. ECHINATUS L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1050 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 556; Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 2, pt. 2, pi. 43; Cav., Ic. pi.,
p. 462. — Santa Ana, Ernst. Venezuela: near Cumana, HBK. Nov.
gen. et sp., vol. 1, p. 114; Loefling, Reise nach den spanischen Landern,
152-153. Widely distributed in tropical countries.

C. viRiDis Spreng., Syst., vol. 1, p. 301 (1825); Doell in Mart.
Fl. Bras., vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 309; Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 97.— El
Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 186 and 179. Tropical America.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 187

Dactyloctexium "Willd.

D. AEGYPTiUM (L.) Richter, PL Eu., vol. 1, p. 68 (1890); Urb.,
S}Tiib. Ant., vol. 4, p. 104. Cynosurus aegyptius L., Sp. pL, p. 72
(1753). Eleusine aegyptia Desf., Fl. Atl., vol. 1, p. 85 (1798). D.
aegyptiacum Willd., Enum hort. Berol., p. 1029 (1809).— El Valle,
Miller & Johnston, no. 174, July 8. Widely distributed in tropical
countries.

Eragrostis Host.

E. ciLiARis (L.) Link, Hort. Berol., vol. 1, p. 192 (1827); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 532; Doell in ISIart., Fl. Bras., vol. 2, pt. 3, p.
155; Urb., S}Tnb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 108. Poa ciliaris L., Syst. nat., ed.
10, vol. 2, p. 875 (1759). — El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 175, Aug.

15. Venezuela: Ernst in Seem., Journ. bot., vol. 5, p. 295 (1867).
Widely distributed in tropical countries.

Gynerium H. & B.

G. SAGiTTATUM (Aubl.) Bcauv., Agrost., p. 138 (1812); Urb.,
Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 105. Saccharutn sagittatum Aubl., PI. Guian.,
vol. 1, p. 50 (1775). G. saccharoides H. & B., PI. Aequin., vol. 2,
p. 112, pi. 115 (1809).— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 193, July 30.
Venezuela: near Cumana, HBK. Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 1, p. 149.
Widely distributed from ^Mexico and Cuba to Brazil.

ICHNANTHUS BcaUV,

I. FALLENS (Sw.) Munro ex Benth., Fl. Hongk., p. 414 (1861);
Doell in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 290; Urb., S\Tnb. Ant.,
vol. 4, p. 94. Panicum pallens Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ, p. 23
(1788); Steud., Gram., p. 93. — San Juan Mt., alt. 600 m., Johnston,
no. 208, July 16. Venezuela: Ernst, Sobre la flora y fauna, p. 223.
American tropics and East Indies.

Leptochloa' Beauv.

L. FiLiFORMis (Lam.) Beauv., Agrost., p. 71 (1812); Doell in Mart.,
Fl. Bras., vol. 2, pt. 3, p. 93; Urb., S\Tnb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 104. Fes-
tuca filiformis Lam., 111., vol. 1, p. 191 (1791). L. mucronaia Kth.,
Rev. Gram., vol. 1, p. 91 (1829).— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no.

16, July 30. Venezuela: Ernst in Seem., Journ. bot., vol. 5, p. 295
(1867) as L. mucronata. Distributed generally in tropical countries.

188 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

L. viRGATA (L.) Beauv., Agrost., p. 71 (1812); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 538; Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 105. Cynosurus virgatus
L., Syst. nat., ed. 10, vol. 2, p. 876 (1759).— El Valle, Miller &
Johnston, no. 197, July 26. Widely distributed in tropical x\nierica.

Olyra L.

O. latifolia L., Syst. nat., ed. 10, vol. 2, p. 1261 (1759); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 535. — Juan Griego trail, alt. 450 m., Johnston,
no. 314, July 29. Distributed generally in tropical America.

Panicum L.

P. DiVARiCATUM L., Syst. nat., ed. 10, vol. 2, p. 871 (1759); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 551.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 184,
July 30. Venezuela: near Maypurea, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 1,
p. 101. Porto Rico: Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 91. American
tropics.

P. iNSULARE (L.) G. F. W. Mey., Prim. Esseq., p. 60 (1818) ; Urb.,
Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 86. Andropogon insulare L., Syst. nat., ed. 10,
vol. 2, p. 1304 (1759).— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 183, July 20.
American tropics and subtropics.

P. LATIFOLIUM L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 58 (1753). — Juan Griego trail,
alt. 450 m., Johnston, no. 196, Aug. 12-15. Venezuela: Ernst, Sobre
la flora y fauna, p. 223. Distribution general in North America and
West Indies.

P. MAXIMUM Jacq., Ic. pi. rar., vol. 1, pi. 13 (1781); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 549; Doell in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 2, pt. 3, p. 202.—
El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 177, July 7. Venezuela: Ernst,
Sobre la flora y fauna, p. 223. Porto Rico: Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4,
p. 89. Distribution general in tropical America.

P. PANicuLATUM (L.) Nash, Bull. Torr. bot. club, vol. 30, p. 381
(1903); Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 90. Paspalum paniculatum L.,
Syst. nat., ed. 10, vol. 2, p. 855 (1759).— El Valle, Miller & Johnston,
no. 180, July 26. Distribution general in tropical America.

P. PROSTRATUM Lam., Illustr., vol. 1, p. 171 (1791); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 546.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 171, Aug. 6.
Venezuela: Ernst, Sobre la flora y fauna, p. 223. Porto Rico: Urb.,
Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 88. Widely distributed in tropical countries.

P. SANGUINALE L., var. HORizoNTALE (Willd.) Scliweinf., Bull.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 189

herb. Boiss., vol. 2, app. 2, p. 18 (1894:); Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4,
p. 86. Digitaria horizontalis Willd., Enum., vol. 1, p. 92 (1809). —
El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 185, July 10. Distribution general
in tropics.

Paspalum L.

P. CONJUGATUM Berg., Act. Helv., vol. 8, p. 129, pi. 8 (1772) ; Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 541.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 178,
July 26; Juan Griego trail, Johnston, no. 198, Aug. 12-15. Vene-
zuela: near San Fernando de Atabapo and near Bordones, Cumana,
etc., HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 1, p. 91. Porto Rico: Urb., Symb.
Ant., vol. 4, p. 81. Common in tropical countries.

P. COMPRESSUM (Sw.) Rasp., Ann. sci. nat., ser. 1, vol. 5, p. 301
(1825); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 541; Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4,
p. 84. Milium covipressum Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ, p. 24 (1788).
Paspalum platicaulon Poir., Encyc, vol. 5, p. 34 (1804). — Juan
Griego trail, Johnston, no. 197, Aug. 12-15. Venezuela: Ernst, Sobre
la flora y fauna, p. 223. Distribution general in tropical America.

Pharus p. Br.

P. LATiFOLius L., Syst. nat., ed. 10, vol. 2, p. 1269 (1759); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 536; Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 99.— El Valle,
Miller d- Johnston, no. 170, Aug. 2; Juan Griego trail, alt. 400 m.,
Johnston, no. 200, Aug. 12-15. Venezuela: Ernst, Sobre la flora y
fauna, p. 223. Distribution general in tropical America.

Saccharum L.

S. OFFiciNARUM L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 54 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 561. — Cultivated in El Valle and in Asuncion.

Setaria Beauv.

S. GLAUCA (L.) Beauv., Agrost., p. 51 (1812); Urb., Symb. Ant.,
vol. 4, p. 95. Panicum glaucum L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 56 (1753).
Chaetochloa glauca Scribn., U. S. dept. agr., div. agrost., bull. no. 4,
p. 39 (1897).— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 181, July 26. Vene-
zuela: Ernst, Sobre la flora y fauna, p. 223. Tropical countries.

Sporobolus R. Br.

S. DOMiNGENSis (Trin.) Kunth, Enum. pi., vol. 1, p. 214 (1833);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 533. Vilfa domingensis Trin. in Spreng.,

190 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Neue Entdeck., vol. 2, p. 59 (1821). — Pt. Piedras, Johnston, no. 325,
Aug. 6, and at Laguna Chica, Johnston, no. 327, Aug. 10, a much
reduced form. Venezuela: Ernst, Sobra la flora y fauna, p. 223.
Jamaica and Haiti.

S. viRGiNicus (L.) Kunth, Rev. Gram., vol. 1, p. 67 (1829); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 533. Agrostis virginica L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 63
(1753). — Pt. Mosquito, Johnston, no. 326, Aug. 10. Venezuela:
Tortuga, Ernst; Los Roques, Ernst. Widely distributed in tropical
countries.

Teagus Haller.

T. RACEMOSUS (L.) Scop., Introd., p. 73 (1777); Doell in Mart.,
Fl. Bras., vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 122. Cenchrus racemosus L., Sp. pi., vol. 2,
p. 1049 (1753).— Reported by Urban (Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 80) as
occurring on Margarita, a determination based on Miller & John-
ston's material of 1901.

Zea L.

Z. Mays L., Sp. pL, vol. 2, p. 971 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 561 ; Doell in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 31.— Cultivated
in El Valle and Asuncion.

CYPERACEAE.
Cyperus L.

C. DiSTANS L. f., SuppL, p. 103 (1781); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind.,
p. 565; Jacq., Ic. rar., vol. 2, pi. 299; Nees in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 2,
pt. 1, p. 40; Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 112.— El Valle, Miller &
Johnston, no. 182, Aug. 15. Venezuela: Ernst, Sobre la flora y
fauna, p. 223. Widely distributed in tropical countries.

DiCHROMENA Michx.

D. CILIATA Vahl, Enum., vol. 2, p. 240 (1806); Urb., Symb. Ant.,
vol. 4, p. 121. Rhynchospora Vahliana Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p.
577 (1864).— El Vafle, Miller & Johnston, no. 189, July 16; San
Juan Mt., alt. 500 m., Johnston, no. 201, July 2. Venezuela: Ernst,
Sobre la flora y fauna, p. 223. Distribution general from the Southern
United States to Brazil.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 191

Eleocharis R. Br,

E. CAPiTATA (L.) R. Br., Prod., p. 225 (1810); Urb., Symb. Ant.,
vol. 4, p. 117 (Heleocharis). Scirpus capitatus L., Sp. pi., vol. 1,
p. 48 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 570.— El Valle, Miller &
Johnston, no. 191, July 28, and Johnston, no 204, July 21, alt. 300 m.,
near small stream on the North Hill. Venezuela: Ernst in Seem.,
Journ. bot., 1867, p. 290-296. Widely distributed in tropical coun-
tries.

FlMBRISTYLIS Vahl.

F. AUTUMNALis (L.) Roem. & Schult., Syst., vol. 2, p. 97 (1817).
Scirpus autumnalis L., ]Mant., vol. 2, p. 180 (1771); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 571. — San Juan Mt., alt. 650 m., Johnston, no. 311,
Aug. 28. Venezuela: Ernst, Sobra la flora y fauna, p. 226. Widely
distributed from the United States to Brazil.

F. FERRUGiNEA (L.) Vahl, Enum., vol. 2, p. 291 (1806); Urb., Symb.
Ant., vol. 4, p. 118. Scirpus ferrugineus L., Sp. pi., ed. 2, vol. 1,
p. 74 (1762).— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no 188, July 28, and
Johnston, no. 205, July 21. Venezuela: Ernst, Sobre la flora y fauna,
p. 226. Further distribution, tropical and subtropical countries.

FuiREXA Rottb.

F. UMBELLATA Rottb., Dcsc. ct ic. pi., p. 70, pi. 19, fig. 3 (1773);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 573; Nees in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 2,
pt. 1, p. 107; Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 120.— El Valle, Miller &
Johnston, no. 172, July 24. Venezuela: Ernst in Vargasia, 1868-69,
p. 182. Common in all tropical countries.

Mariscus Gaertn.

M. LiGULARis (L.) Urb., S\Tnb. Ant., vol. 2, p. 165 (1900). Cyperus
ligularis L., Amoen. acad., vol. 5, p. 391 (1759) et Sp. pi., ed. 2,
vdl. 1, p. 70.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 194, July 27. Vene-
zuela: Ernst in Seem., Journ. bot., 1867, p. 290-296. Tropical
America and Africa.

Pycreus Beauv.

P. ODORATus (L.) Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 2, p. 164 (1900) et vol. 4,
p. 110. Cyperus odoratus L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 46 (1753), in part. —
El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 195, Aug. 15. Distribution general
in tropical countries.

192 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Rynchospora Vahl.

R. BARBATA (Vahl) Kunth, Enum. pi., vol. 2, p. 290 (1837) ; Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 574. Schoenus barbatus Vahl, Eel., vol. 2, p. 4
(1798).— San Juan Mt., alt. 600 m., Johnston, no. 207, Aug. 28.
Venezuela: Ernst, Sobre la flora y fauna, p. 226. Distribution general
in tropical America.

R. GRACILIS Vahl, Enum., vol. 2, p. 234 (1806); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 574.— San Juan Mt., alt. 600 m., Johnston, no. 310,
July 11. Venezuela: Ernst, Sobre la flora y fauna, p. 226.

Hemicarpha Nees & x\rn.

H. MICRANTHA (Vahl) Britton, Bull. Torr. bot. club, vol. 15, p. 104
(1888). Scirpus micranthus Vahl, Enum., vol. 2, p. 254 (1806).—
El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 196, Aug. 10. Venezuela: Ernst,
Sobre la flora y fauna, p. 226. Distribution general in tropical America.

ScLERiA Berg.

S. BRACTEATA Cav., Ic, vol. 5, p. 34, pi. 457 (1799); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 579. Macrolomia bracteata Schrad. ex Nees in Mart.,
Fl. Bras., vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 182 (1842).— El Valle, Miller & Johnston,
no. 187, July 28; San Juan Mt., alt. 700 m., Johnston, no. 203, July 16.
Venezuela: Ernst, Sobre la flora y fauna, p. 226. Distribution
general in tropical America.

S. HiRTELLA Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ, p. 19 (1788); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 579.— San Juan Mt., alt. 600 m., Johnston, no.
312, Aug. 28. Venezuela: in woods of Javite, HBK., Nov. gen. et
sp., vol. 1, p. 232. Distribution general in tropical America.

S. LITHOSPERMA (L.) Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ, p. 18 (1788).
Scirpus lithospermus L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 51 (1753). — San Juan Mt.,
alt., 600 m., Johnston, no. 328, Aug. 28. Venezuela: Ernst, Sobre
la flora y fauna, p. 226. Distribution general in tropical countries-

PALMAE.

AcROCOMiA Mart.

A. SCLEROCARPA Mart., Hist. nat. Palm., vol. 2, p. 66, pis. 56, 57,
100, fig. 5 (1823-50); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 521.— En route
El Valle to Juan Griego, alt. 400 m., Johnston, no. 221, July 29.
Jamaica, Grenada, Trinidad, Guiana, and Brazil.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 193

Bactris Jacq.

B. FALCATA Johnston, Proc. Amer. acad. arts and sci., vol. 40, p.
683 (1905). — Rio Asuncion, in heavy woods near Juan Griego trail,
Johnston, no. 220, July 16.

Cocos L.

C. NUCiFERA L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1188 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 522; Desc, Ant., vol. 1, pi. 21.— Observed by Loefling,
1754, at Cumana. Widely distributed in tropical countries. There
is a coconut grove extending from El Valle to Porlaraar, and another
large one in the valley of Asuncion.

Phoenix L.

P. DACTYLiFERA L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1188 (1753); Mart., Hist,
nat. Palm. vol. 3, p. 257, pi. 120; Cook, Bull. Torr. bot. club, vol. 28,
p. 528. — Cultivated in El Valle. Widely grown in tropical countries.

Oreodoxa Willd.

O. OLERACEA Mart., Hist. nat. Palm., vol. 3^ p. 166, pi. 156, figs. 1,
2 (1836-1850); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 517.— San Juan Mt.,
alt. 600 m., Johnston, no. 222, July 11. Widely distributed in West
Indies.

Palma Carana: "eine kleine Palme mit facherformigen Blattern,
zur Zeit meines Besuches der Insel, ohne Bliithen und Friichte. Trotz
der Aenlichkeit des Namens glaube ich niclit, dass es Mauritia
Carana Wall, sein konne" (Ernst). This may well be Acrocomia
sclerocarpa above mentioned. An unidentified specimen, no. 347 of
Johnston, July 29, alt. 500 m., on the Juan Griego trail is different
from any of the above.

ARACEAE.
Anthurium Schott.

A. HooKERi Kunth, Enum. pi., vol. 3, p. 74 (1841); Schott, Ic.
Aroid., p. 15-17. — San Juan Mt., alt. 400 m., Johnston, no. 297,
July 11. Venezuela: Ernst, Sobre la flora y fauna, p. 226. Distribu-
tion general in the West Indies.

194 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

A. SCANDENS (Aubl.) Eiigl., in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 78
(1878). Dracontium scandens Aubl., Guian., vol. 2, p. 836 (1775). —
South Hill, El Valle, Johnston, no. 14, July 18. Found on the branches
of trees. Venezuela: Ernst, Sobre la flora y fauna, p. 226. Brazil.

DiEFFENBACHIA Schott.

D. SEGUiNE (Jacq.) Schott, Melet., vol. 1, p. 20 (1832); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 509. Arum seguine Jacq., Enum., p. 31 (1760). —
Rio Asuncion, alt. 400 m., Johnston, no. 214, Aug. 12-15. Venezuela:
Ernst, Sobre la flora y fauna, p. 226. Jamaica, French Ids., Guiana.

Philodendron Schott.

P. EXiMiUM Schott, Oestr. bot. Wochenbl, vol. 3, p. 378 (1853).—
Juan Griego trail, alt. 450 m., Johnston, no. 305, Aug. 12-15. De-
scribed from Brazil. Ernst reported an undetermined species of
Philodendron from Margarita.

BROMELIACEAE.
Aechmea R. & P.

A. Fendleri Andre, Bromel. x\ndreanae, p. 13 (1890); ISIez in
DC., Monog. Phanerog., vol. 9, p. 223 (1896).— South Hill, El Valle,
alt. 335 m., Johnston, no. 335; also on the mountain ridge from San
Juan Mt. to Juan Griego trail, alt. 500-700 m., Johnston, no. 209,
July 2. Venezuela: Ernst, Sobre la flora y fauna, p. 226; between
Petaquira and Colonia Tovar, Fendler, no. 2454, according to ]\Iez,
I. c.

Ananas Adans.

A. SATivus (Lindl.) Schult. f., Syst., vol. 8, p. 1283 (1830); Rheede,
Hort. Mai., vol. 11, pis. 1, 2. Ananassa sativa Lindl. Bot. Reg. vol.
13, under pi. 1068 (1827); Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 591.— Cul-
tivated at El Valle, Tacarigua. Distribution general in the West
Indies and South America.

Bromelia L.

B. PiNGUiN L., Sp. pL, vol. 1, p. 285 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 591 ; Red., Lib, vol. 7, p. 396.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston,
no. 247, July 26, and Johnston, no. 211, July 6. Venezuela: Ernst,
Sobre la flora y fauna, p. 226. Distribution general from Cuba to
Guiana and Colombia.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 195

Chevalieria Gaudich.
C. SP. — Juan Griego, Ernst.

Glomeropitcairnia Mez.

G. erectiflora Mez, Bull. herb. Boiss., ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 233 (1905).

— San Juan Mt., alt. 750 m., Johnston, no. 303. Endemic.

Gravisia Mez.

G. aquilega (Salisb.) Mez in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 3, pt. 3, p. 300
(1892), nomen, et in DC, Monog. Phanerog., vol. 9, p. 173 (1896).
Bromelia aquilega Salisb., Parad., pi. 40 (1805). Aechmea aquilega
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 592 (1864).— South Hill, El Valle, alt.
335 m., Johnston, no. 302, July 10. Venezuela: Ernst, Sobre la
flora y fauna, p. 226; Angostura, Fendler, no. 2455. Distribution
Tobago, Trinidad, and South America.

Guzmaxia R. & p.

G. LiXGULATA (L.) Mcz in DC, Monog. Phanerog., vol. 9, p.
899 (1896). Tillandsia lingulata L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 286 (1753).—
Juan Griego trail, alt. 400-500 m., Johnstoji, no. 301, July 2. Vene-
zuela: Ernst, Sobre la flora y fauna, p. 226. Tropical America.

G. TRICOLOR R. & P., Fl. Per., vol. 3, p. 38, pi. 261 (1802); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 598.— South Hill, El Valle, alt. 300 m., Johnston,
no. 295, Aug. 31. Distribution general from the AVest Indies to
Venezuela and Peru.

Thecophyllum Andre.

T. JoHNSTONEi Mez, Bull. herb. Boiss., ser. 2, vol. 4, p. 872 (1904).

— San Juan Mt., alt. 500 m., Johnston, no. 304, July 6. Endemic.

TiLLAXDSIA L.

T. Lescaillei Wright in Sauv., Fl. Cub., p. 167 (1873). — San
Juan Mt., alt. 600 m., Johnston, no. 313, July 19. Venezuela: Ernst,
Sobre la flora y fauna, p. 226. Cuba.

T. RECURVATA L., Sp. pi., ed. 2, vol. 1, p. 410 (1762); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. AV. Ind., p. 598. Renealmia remrvata L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p.
287 (1753).— Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle, Johnston, no. 219, July 8.

196 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Venezuela: Cumana, HBK., Nov/gen. et sp., vol. 1, p. 291. Distri-
bution general in tropical America.

T. UTRicuLATA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 286 (1753). — San Juan Mt.,
alt. 500 m., Johnston, no. 296, July 27. Venezuela: San Julian,
Robinson & Lyon, July, 1900. The spike is much more crowded
than in the typical form. Distribution general in the West Indies
and Venezuela.

Vriesia Lindl.

V. LONGEBRACTEATA Mez in DC, Monog. Phanerog., vol. 9, p.
568 (1896). — Juan Griego trail, alt. 450-550 m., Johnston, no. 300,
July 2. Venezuela: Ernst, Sobre la flora y fauna, p. 226; between
Petaquira and the sea, Fendler, no. 2449, ace. to Mez, /. c.

V. scALARis Morr., Belg. Hort., vol. 29, p. 301 (1879), also vol. 30,
p. 309, pi. 15 (1880).— San Juan Mt., Johnston, no. 294, July 16.
Venezuela: Ernst, Sobre la flora y fauna, p. 226. Brazil.

WiTTMACKIA Mez.

W. LiNGULATA (L.) Mez in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 3, pt. 3, p. 275
(1892). Bromelia lingulata L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 285 (1753). — South
Hill, alt. 300 m., Johnston, no. 294, July 18. Venezuela: Ernst,
Sobre la flora y fauna, p. 226. West Indies.

COMMELINACEAE.

Athyrocarpus Schlecht.

A. PERSiCARiFOLius (Dclilc) Hemsl., Biol. Cent. -Am. bot., vol. 3,
p. 386 (1885). Commelina persicariaefolia Delile in Red., Lil.,
vol. 8, pi. 472 (1816).— Rio Asuncion, alt. 400 m., Johnston, no. 309,
Aug. 12-15. Venezuela: Ernst, Sobre la flora y fauna, p. 226.
Distribution general in tropical America.

Commelina L.

C. ERECTA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 41 (1753); Dill., Elth., vol. 1, pi. 77.
— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 40, July 8. Venezuela: Ernst,
Sobre la flora y fauna, p. 226. Common in the southern U. S.

C. NUDiFLORA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 41 (1753); Rchb., Hort. bot.,
vol. 2, pi. 136. C. cayennensis Rich., Act. soc. hist. nat. Par., vol. 1,
p. 106 (1792). — Santa Ana, Ernst (reported as C. cayennensis Rich.)
Tropical countries.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 197

LILIACEAE.

Aloe L.

A. VERA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 320 (1753). A. vulgaris Lam.,
Encycl., vol. 1, p. 86 (1783); DC, PI. grasses, pi. 27; Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 582. — Juan Griego, Ernst. Naturalized and culti-
vated in the West Indies.

Smilax L.

S. cuAiANENSis H. & B. ex Willd., Sp. pi., vol. 4, p. 783 (1806).—
San Juan Mt., alt. 600 m., Johnston, no. 134, July 19. Venezuela:
near Cumana and Bordones, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 1, p. 272.

AIVIARYLLIDACEAE.

Agave L.

A. AMERICANA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 323 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 582; Revue horticole, 1862, p. 291.— Santa Ana, Ernst.
Distribution general in West Indies and ^Mexico.

Furcraea Vent.

F. foetida (L.) Haw., S\ti. pi. succ, p. 73 (1812). Agave foctida
L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 323 (1753); Jacq., Ic. pi. rar., vol. 2, pi. 379.
F. gigantea Vent., Bull. soc. philom., vol. 1, p. 65 (1793). Fourcroya
gigantea Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 582 (1864). — Santa Ana, Ernst.
Distribution from the French Ids. to Brazil.

Hymenocallis Salisb.

H. CARiBAEA (L.) Herb., Bot. reg., vol. 7, app., p. 44 (1821). Pan-
cratium caribaeum L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 291 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 583. — Juan Griego trail, alt. 300 m., Johnston, no. 268,
Aug. 14. Venezuela: Ernst, Sobre la flora y fauna, p. 226. West
Indies, Guiana.

Zephyraxthes Herb.
Z. SP.— Bat Cave Peak, El Valle, Johnston, no. 260, July 4.

198 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.
' DIOSCOREACEAE.

DiOSCOREA L.

D. ALATA L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1033 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 587. — Cultivated according to Ernst. Distribution general
in the West Indies. ,

D. POLYGONOiDES H. & B. ex WiUd., Sp. pi., vol. 4, p. 795 (1806).—
Juan Griego trail, alt. 450 m., Johnston, no. 320, Aug. 12-15. Vene-
zuela: between Carichana and Rio Meta, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp.,
vol. 1, p. 274.

IRIDACEAE.

Trimeza Salisb.
T. SP.— San'Juan Mt., alt. 600 ni., Johnston, no. 138, July 11.

MUSACEAE.
Heliconia L.

H. Bihai L., Mant., vol. 2, p. 211 (1771); Griggs, Bull. Torr.
bot. club, vol. 30, p. 656. Musa Bihai L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1043
(1753). — San Juan Mt., alt. 400 m. Venezuela: San Julian, Robin-
son & Lyon, July 20, 1900. Common in tropical America.

H PSiTTACORUM L. f., SuppL, p. 158 (1781); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 600.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 3, July 25; Rio
Asuncion, alt. 450 m., Johnston, no. 210, Aug. 12-15. Venezuela:
in Valle Caripe, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 1, p. 326. West Indies,
Venezuela to Brazil.

Musa L.

M. paradisiaca L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1043 (1753), subsp. normalis
(O. Ktze.) Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 156 (1903). M. sapientum
Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 599. Subsp. sapientum (L.) Urb.,
Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 156 (1903). M. paradisiaca Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 599.- — Cultivated. Common in tropical countries.

ZINGIBERACEAE.
COSTUS L.

C. GLABRATUS Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ, p. 11 (1788); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W\ Ind., p. 602.— Juan Griego trail, alt. 450 m., Miller &

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 199

Johnston, no. 213, Aug. 12-15. Venezuela: Ernst, Sobre la flora y
fauna, p. 226. Further distribution St. Lucia, Haiti, Guiana.

Renealmia L.

R. LUTEA Johnston, Proc. Amer. acad. arts and sci., vol. 40, p. 683
(1905). — Rio Asuncion, in damp woods along the Juan Griego trail,
Johnston, no. 298, Aug. 12-15. Endemic. Plate 26, fig. 1.

MARANTACEAE.
Calathea G. F. W. Mey.

C. LUTEA (Aubl.) G. F. W. Mey., Prim. Fl. Esseq., p. 10 (1818).
Marania lutea Aubl., Guian., vol. 1, p. 4 (1775). C. discolor G. F.
W. Mey., /. c, p. 7 (1818); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 604.— Juan
Griego trail, alt. 450 m., Johnston, no. 212, July 29. Venezuela:
Ernst, Sobre la flora y fauna, p. 226. Further distribution, Dominica,
Trinidad, Guiana, Colombia.

Maranta L.

M. ARUNDiNACEA L., Sp. pL, vol. 1, p. 2 (1753); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 605. — Rio Asuncion, alt. 400 m., Johnston, no. 206
Aug. 12-15. Distribution general in tropical America.

Stromanthe Sond.

S. TONCKAT Eichl., Berl. phys. Abh., p. 80 (1884). Maranta
tonckat Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 605 (1864).— San Juan Mt.,
alt. 400 m., Johnston, no. 202, July 16. Venezuela: Ernst, Sobre
la flora y fauna, p. 226. Further distribution, Trinidad, tropical
South America.

ORCHIDACEAE.
DiCHAEA Lindl.

D. GRAMiNOiDES (Sw.) Lindl, Gen. et sp. Orch., p. 209 (1833).
Ep'de7idrum graminoides Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ, p. 125 (1788).
D. graminea Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 625 (1864).— San Juan
Mt., alt. 600 m., Johnston, no. 242, July 16. Venezuela: Caracas,
Lindl., /. c, also Bonpl., vol. 2, p. 15, and Ann. bot., vol. 6, p. 823.
Distribution general in tropical America.

200 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

D. MURiCATA (Sw.) Lindl., Gen. et sp. Orch., p. 209 (1833); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 624. Cymhidium muricatum Sw., Act. Ups.,
vol. 6, p. 71 (1799). — El Valle to Juan Griego, alt. 450 m., Johnston,
no. 224, Aug. 12-15. Venezuela: according to Lindl., /. c. Distribu-
tion general in the West Indies.

Elleanthus Presl.

E. ATTENUATUS Johnston, Proc. Amer. acad. arts and sci., vol. 40,
p. 684 (1905). — San Juan Mt., in wet woods at the summit, alt.
640 m., Miller & Johnston, no. 270, July 30, and Johnston, no. 233,
July 6. Endemic. Plate 26, fig. 2.

Epidendrum L.

E. anceps Jacq., Hist. Stirp. Am., p. 224, pi. 138 (1763). E. fus-
catum Sm., Spic. bot., p. 21, pi. 23 (1791); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind.,
p. 617. — El Valle, on rocks of a dry river bed on the mountain side,
Miller & Johnston, no. 269, July 29; Juan Griego trail, alt. 450 m.,
Johnston, no. 232, Aug. 12-15. Venezuela: Ernst, Sobre la flora y
fauna, p. 226. Distribution general from Cuba to Guiana.

E. ATROPURPUREUM Willd., Sp. pi., vol. 4, p. 115 (1805).— El Valle,
Miller & Johnston, no. 212, July 5; Bat Cave Peak, Johnston, no.
226, July 4. Found both in flower and in fruit. In 1901, this species
was found only on North Hill growing on the tree-like cactus Cerent
eburneus. In 1903, there was none in blossom in this place but on the
cliffs above the entrance to Bat Cave, alt. about 300 m., the species
was growing in abundance. West Indies.

E. cocHLEATUM L., Sp. pi., ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 1351 (1703); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 616. — San Juan Mt., alt. 400 m., Johnston, no.
229, July 3. Venezuela: Caracas, see Ann. bot., vol. 6, p. 359.
Distribution general from Mexico to Venezuela.

E. GLOBOSUM Jacq. Enum. pi. Carib., p. 29 (1760); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 619.— San Juan Mt., alt. 400 m., Johnston, no. 230,
July 11. Further distribution, Cuba. to the French Ids.

E. JoHNSTONi Ames, Proc. x\mer. acad. arts and sci., vol. 40, p. 684
(1905).— San Juan INIt., alt. 600 m., Johnston, no. 236, July 2. En-
demic.

E. NOCTURNUM Jacq., Enum. pi. Carib., p. 29 (1760); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 619.— San Juan Mt., alt. 650 m., Johnston, no.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 201

228, July 6. Venezuela: Caracas, see Ann. bot., vol. 6, p. 404.
Distribution general from Cuba to Guiana and Peru.

E. RiGiDUM Jacq., Enum. pi. Carib., p. 29 (1760); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 618.^ Juan Griego trail, alt. 450 m., Johnston, no. 231,
Aug. 12-15. Very few specimens found. Venezuela: Caracas,
see Ann. bot., vol. 4, p. 400. Distribution general in tropical America.

E. SECUNDUM Jacq., Enum. pi. Carib., p. 29 (1760). E. elongatum
Jacq., Ic. pi. rar., vol. 3, p. 17, pi. 604 (1786-1793); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 617.— San Juan Mt., alt. 700 m., Johnston, no. 227,
July 6. Reclining on low shrubs of the mountain top, abundant;
flowers pink. Distribution general from the French Ids. to Venezuela.

HuxTLEYA Batem.

H. sp. — San Juan Mt., alt. 500 m., Johnston, no. 239, July 2.
Only three specimens found.

Maxillaria R. & p.

M. viRGUNCULA Rchb. f., Bonplandia, vol. 2, p. 16 (1854). — San
Juan ]\It., alt. 500 m., Johnston, no. 240, July 2. Venezuela: Caracas,
see Ann. bot., vol. 6, p. 522, and Xenia Orchid., vol. 1, p. 24, pi. 10.

OXCIDIUM Sw.

O. LURiDUM Lindl., Bot. Reg., pi. 727 (1823); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 632.— South Hill, El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 37, July 10;
Tacarigua, alt. 300 m., Johnston, no. 306, Aug. 14. Very few flower-
ing specimens. Venezuela: see Ann. bot., vol. 6, p. 781, and Bonpl.,
vol. 2, p. 13. Widely distributed from Cuba to Venezuela.

Pelexia Poit.

P. ADXATA (Sw.) Spreng., Syst., vol. 3, p. 704 (1826); Urb., Symb.
Ant., vol. 4, p. 164. Satyriuvi adnatum Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ,
p. 118 (1788).— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 116, July 25; San
Juan ]Mt. and Juan Griego trail, alt. 400-500 m., Johnston, no. 243,
July 27. Common but very scattered in the damp woods of the
mountain top. Further distribution, West Indies.

Pleurothallis R. Br.

P. RUSCiFOLiA (Jacq.) R. Br. in Ait., Hort. Kew., ed. 2, vol. 5, p.
211 (1813); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 608. Epidendrum rnsci-

202 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

folium Jacq., Enum. pi. Carib., p. 29 (1760). — Juan Griego trail,
alt. 450 m., Johnston, no. 225, Aug. 12-15. Very abundant, growing
in clusters. Venezuela: Caracas, Ernst, Sobre la flora y fauna, p.
268. Distribution general from Cuba to Guiana and Peru.

P. SP. affinis P. plati/cauli Rchb. f. — Juan Griego trail, alt. 600 m.,
Johnston, no. 241, July 31.

P. JoHNSTONii Ames, Orchidaceae, vol. 2, p. 271 (1908). — San
Juan Mt., alt. 600 m., Johnston, no. 238, July 16. Endemic.

P. SP. San Juan Mt., Johnston, no. 237, July 16.

P. SP. San Juan Mt., Johnston, no. 235, July 11.

P. SP. San Juan Mt., Johnston, no. 234, July 11.

PIPERACEAE.
Peperomia R. & P.

P. GLABELLA (Sw.) A. Dictr., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 156 (1831); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 165. Piper glabelhim Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ,
p. 16 (1788).— Bat Cave Peak, El Valle, alt. 300 m., Johnston, no.
12, July 4. Further distribution, Trinidad, Antigua, and Jamaica.

P. SCANDENS R. & P., Fl. Per., vol. 1, p. 32, pi. 51, fig. b (1798).
P. repens HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 1, p. 65 (1815); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 165. — Santa Ana, Ernst (reported under the name
P. repens HBK.); Rio Asuncion, Johnston, no. 13, Aug. 12-15.
Abundant on the rocks of the rivulet. Widely distributed in tropical
America.

P. viCTORiANA C. DC, var. margaritana C. DC, Proc. Amer.
acad. arts and sci., vol. 40, p. 685 (1905). — Bat Cave Peak, on the
cliffs, alt. 300 m., Johnston, no. 18, July 4. Endemic.

Piper L.

P. JoHNSTONi C DC, Proc. Amer. acad. arts and sci., vol. 40, p.
685 (1905). — Juan Griego trail, alt. 500 m., Johnston, no. 19, July 22.
Endemic.

P. margaritanum C DC, Proc. Amer. acad. arts and sci., vol. 40,
p. 685 (1905).— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 216, Aug. 5; San
Juan Mt., alt. 700 m., Johnston, no. 20, July 11. Endemic.

P. PSEUDO-MOLLicoMUM C DC. in DC, Prod., vol. 17, pt. 1, p. 278
(1869). — Juan Griego trail, alt. 450 m., Johnston, no. 17, July 22.
Further distribution, Peru.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF M.\RGARITA ISLAND. 203

ULMACEAE.

Celtis L.

C. IGUANAEA (Jacq.) Sarg., Silva, vol. 7, p. 64 (1895); Urb., Symb
Ant., vol. 4, p. 194. Rhamnus iguanaeus Jacq., Eiium., p. 16 (1760).
Celtis aculeata Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ, p. 53 (1788). — Santa Ana,
Ernst (reported under the name C. aculeata Sw.) ; El Valle, Miller &
Johnston, no. 116, Aug. 14, along the trail up the mountain. Vene-
zuela: Colonia Tovar, Feiidler, no. 220, 1854-55. Further dis-
tribution, tropical America. Shrub, 2-3 m. high.

Trema Lour.

T. MiCRAXTHA (L.) Blume, Mus. bot. Lugd. Bat., vol. 2, p. 58
(1853?). Rhamnus micranthus L., Syst. nat., ed. 10, vol. 2, p. 937
(1759). Sponia micrantha Dene., Nouv. ann. mus. Par., vol. 3, p.
498 (1834); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 150 (1864).— Santa Ana,
Ernst; San Juan Mt., Johnston, no. 245, July 19. Tropical America.

MORACEAE.

Artocarpus Forst.

A. ixciSA L. f., Suppl., p. 411 (1781); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind.,
p. 152; Desc, Ant., vol. 8, pi. 539. — Asuncion, Ernst. Further dis-
tribution, tropical countries.

Cecropia L.

C. PELTATA L., Syst. nat., ed. 10, vol. 2, p. 1286 (1759); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 153; Desc, Ant., vol. 2, pi. 75.— Santa Ana,
Ernst; San Juan iSlt., Johnston, no. 132. Common in the woods of
the mountain above the Juan Griego trail. Venezuela: Cumana,
HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 2, p. 43. Further distribution, Jamaica
and the Caribbean Ids.

Ficus L.

F. SP.— Santa Ana, Ernst.

PROTEACEAE.
RouPALA Aubl.

R. SP. affinis R. ovali. — Juan Griego trail, alt. 450 m., Johnston
no. 330, Aug. 12-15.

204 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

OLACACEAE.

XlMENIA L.

X. AMERICANA L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1193 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 310.— El Valle, Johnston, no. 40, Aug. 31. Further
distribution, tropical countries.

LORANTHACEAE.

LORANTHUS L,

L. AVicuLARis Mart, ex Schult. f., Syst., vol. 7, p. 132 (1829);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 312.— Santa Ana, Eryist. Further
distribution, tropical America.

L. EMARGiNATus Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ, p. 58 (1788) ; Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 312.— South Hill, El Valle, alt. 300 m., Johnston,
no. 127, July 10. Further distribution, San Domingo.

L. ORiNOCENSis Spreng., Syst., vol. 2, p. 129 (1825); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 311.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 250, Aug.
1; North Hill, El Valle, Johnston, no. 264, July 15, parasitic on
Bourreria exsucca Jacq.; also common on the trees in the plain be-
tween San Antonio and Punta Mosquito. Further distribution,
Trinidad and Venezuela.

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE.

Aristolochia L.

A. RiNGENS Vahl, Symb. bot., vol. 3, p. 99 (1794); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 299; Bot. mag., vol. 94, pi. 5700. — Juan Griego trail,
alt. 450 m., Johnston, no. 131, July 29. Venezuela: near Buenavista
and Los Teques, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 2, p. 147; Colonia
Tovar, Fendler, no. 1063, 1856-57. Jamaica and Colombia.

POLYGONACEAE.

Antigonon Endl.

A. LEPTOPUS Hook. & Arn., Bot. Beech, voy., p. 308, pi. 69 (1840);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 164.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston,
no. 53, Aug. 1. Venezuela: Sacupana, Rushy & Squires, no. 35.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 205

1896. Abundant on fences near dwellings. A garden plant in the
West Indies.

COCOLOBA L.

C. ExcoRiATA L., Syst. nat., ed. 10, vol. 2, p. 1007 (1759). C.
nivea Jacq., Enum. pi. Carib., p. 19 (1760), and Hist. Stirp. Amer.,
p. 115, pi. 78; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 163.— South Hill, El
Valle, Johnston, no. 274, Aug. 31. Further distribution. West Indies.

C. Ernstii Johnston, Proc. Amer. acad., arts and sci., vol. 40, p.
685 (1905) .— South Hill, El Valle, Johnston, no. 250, Aug. 31. Plate
27, fig. 2

CHENOPODIACEAE.

Atriplex L. '

A. cristata H. & B. ex Willd., Sp. pi., vol. 4, p. 959 (1806). Obione
cristata Moq., Chenop. Enum., p. 73 (1840). — Juan Griego, ErnM;
Pt. Moreno, Johnston, no. 316, July 17. Venezuela: at promontory
of Araya, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 2, p. 192.

Chenopodium L.

C. AMBROsioiDES L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 219 (1753); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 60; Fenzl in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 145;
Desc., Ant., vol. 1, pi. 58. — Santa Ana, Ernst. Venezuela: near
Cumana and CocoUar, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 7, p. 191. Further
distribution, tropical countries.

Salicorxia L.

S. FRUTicosA L., Sp. pi., ed 2, vol. 1, p. 5 (1762). S. ambigua
Michx., FL, vol. 1, p. 2 (1803); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 60.—
Juan Griego, Ernst; Pt. Moreno, Johnston, no. 109, July 8. Further
distribution, from United States to Peru.

AMARANTHACEAE.

ACHYRANTHES L.

A. ASPERA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 204 (1753) ; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind.,
p. 62; Wight, Ic. Ind. Or., vol. 5, p. 1777. — Juan Griego, Ernst.
Venezuela: Cumana, Loefling, Reise nach den spanischen Landern,
p. 152-153. Further distribution, tropical countries.

206 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Alternanthera Forsk.

A. CANESCENS HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 2, p. 204 (1817).— Pt.
Moreno, Johnston, no. 317, July 8. Venezuela: Cumana and Bor-
dones, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 2, p. 204. Coche, see page 291.
Abundant about the lagoon at Pt. ^loreno.

A. MUSCoiDES (Sw.) Benth. & Hook, f.. Gen., vol. 3, p. 39 (1880),
by implication, though without the exact combination. Lithophila
miiscoides Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ, p. 14 (1788); Griseb., Fl. Brit
W. Ind., p. 66. — Juan Griego, Ernst. Further distribution, the
Lesser Antilles.

Amaranthus L.

A. CRASsiPES Schlecht., Linnaea, vol. 6, p. 757 (1831); Urb., Symb.
Ant., vol. 4, p. 219.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 29, July 26.
Further distribution, tropical America.

A. PANicuLATUS L., Sp. pi., ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 1406 (1763); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 69; Seubert in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 5, pt. 1, p.
238; Willd., Hist. Am., pi. 2.— Santa Ana, Ernst. Further distribu-
tion, tropical countries.

A. spiNOSUS L., Sp. pL, vol. 2, p. 991 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 68; Seubert in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 239;
Desc, Ant., vol. 5, p. 314. — Santa Ana, Eryist. Further distribution
general, especially in tropical countries.

A. TRiSTis L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 989 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 69; Seubert in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 237; Wight,
Ic. Ind. Or., vol. 2, p. 713.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, nos. 149
and 30, Aug. 21. Further distribution, Jamaica to Trinidad, also in
Chili.

Cyathula Lour.

C. PROSTRATA (L.) BL, Bijdr., p. 549 (1825); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 63; Seubert in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 230. Achy-
ranthes prostrata L., Sp. pi., ed. 2, vol. 1, p. 296 (1762). — Juan Griego
and Santa Ana, Ernst.

GOMPHRENA L.

G. PILOSA (Mart. & Gal.) Moq. in DC, Prod., vol. 13, pt. 2, p.
395 (1849). Mogiphanes pilosa Mart. & Gal., Bull. acad. Brux.,
vol. 10, p. 348 (1843).— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 260, July 28;
and Johnston, no. 106, Julv 14.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 207

Iresine p. Br.

I. ELATiOR Rich, ex Willd., Sp. pi., vol. 4, p. 766 (1806); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 64; Seubert in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 5, pt. 1, p.
226. — Santa Ana, Ernst.

I. LATIFOLIA (Mart. & Gal.) Benth. & Hook, f., Gen., vol. 3, p.
42 (1880). Gomphrena latifolia Mart. & Gal., Bull. acad. Brux.,
vol. 10, p. 349 (1843).— El Valle, Miller & Johmton, no. 67, July 8;
Juan Griego trail, Johnston, no. 107, July 2. Shrub, 1-2 m. high;
stem often 2.5 cm. in diameter near base.

Philoxerus R. Br.

P. VERMicuL^Ris (L.) R. Br., Prod., vol. 1, p. 416 (1810), as vermi-
culata; Krug, Ic. pi., p. 202; Urb., S}Tnb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 223. Gom-
phrena vermicularis L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 224 (1753). — Porlamar,
Miller & Johnston, no. 4, July 31, abundant on the low plains near
the sea; Pt. Moreno, Johnston, no. Ill, July 8.

Telanthera R. Br.

T. FicoiDEA (L.) Moq. in DC, Prod., vol. 13, pt. 2, p. 363 (1849);
Seubert in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 171. Gomphrena ficoidea
L., Sp. pi., j'ol. 1, p. 225 (1753). Altemanthera ficoidea R. Br., Prod.,
p. 417 (1810); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 67.— Juan Griego, Ernst.
Further distribution, tropical America and tropical Africa.

NYCTAGINACEAE.

BOERHAAVIA L.

B. ERECTA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 3 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind.,

p. 69; Schmidt in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 14, pt. 2, p. 370; Jacq., Vind.,

vol. 1, p. 2, pis. 5, 6; Urb., S\Tnb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 224.— El Valle, Miller

& Johiston, no. 204, July 20. Further distribution, Georgia, Florida,

tropical America to the Galapagos Ids.

B. PANicuLATA Rich., Act. soc. hist. nat. Par., vol. 1, p. 105 (1792);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 69; Schmidt in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol.
14, pt. 2, p. 369, pi. 86; Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 224.— El Valle,
Miller & Johnston, no. 203, July 10. Venezuela: Colonia Tovar,
Fendler, no. 1083, 1854-55. Further distribution, tropical America
and the Cape Verde Ids.

208 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

BuGiNViLLAEA Commersoii.

B. sPECTABiLis Willd., Sp. pL, vol. 2, p. 348 (1799). Bougain-
villea spectabilis Schmidt in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 14, pt. 2, p. 350,
pi. 82 (1872).— El Valle, Miller & Johnsion, no. 99, July 31, in a yard.
Further distribution, tropical America. This specimen is almost as
glabrous as B. glabra Choisy.

MlRABILIS L.

M. JALAPA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 177 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 69; Schmidt in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 14, pt. 2, p. 349.—
Santa Ana, Ernst. Further distribution, tropical America.

PiSONIA L.

P. ACULEATA L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1026 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 70; Schmidt in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 14, pt. 2, p. 354.—
Juan Griego, Ernst. Further distribution, tropics.

P. iNERMis Jacq., Select. Am., p. 275 (1763); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 71. — Juan Griego, Ernst; El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no.
231, July 8; Juan Griego trail, alt. 400 m., Johnston, no. 335, Aug.
12-15, also San Juan Mt., alt. 600 m., Johnston, no. 121, Aug. 28.
Venezuela: Colonia Tovar, Fendler, no. 1126, June 20, 1855. Fur-
ther distribution, tropical America.

BATIDACEAE.
Batis L.

B. MARiTiMA L., Syst. nat., ed. 10, vol. 2, p. 1289 (1759); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 61; Jacq., Hist, stirp. Am., p. 260.— Juan
Griego, Ernst; Pt. Moreno, Johnston, no. 108, July 13. Further dis-
tribution, from Florida to Venezuela.

PHYTOLACCACEAE.
Petiveria L.

P. ALLiACEA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 342 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 59; Schmidt in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 14, pt. 2, p. 332; Urb.,
Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 229.— Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle, Miller &

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 209

Johnston, no. 13, July 15. Venezuela: near Bordones, HBK., Nov.
gen. et sp., vol. 2, p. 188; Caracas, Birschel; Colonia Tovar, FendJer,
nos. 865 and 1805, 1854-57. Further distribution, temperate and
tropical America.

RiVINA L.

R. HUMiLis L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 121 (1753); Schmidt in Mart.,
Fl. Bras., vol. 14, pt. 2, p. 336; Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 228. R.
laevis L., Mant., vol. 1, p. 41 (1767); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p.
59. — Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 263, July 8.
Venezuela: Cumana, Loefling, Reise nach den spanischen Landern,
p. 152-153; Colonia Tovar, Fendler, no. 1088, 1854-55; Sacupana,
Rushy & Squires, no. 80, 1896. Further distribution, tropical America.

AIZOACEAE.
Cypselea Turp.

C. HUMiFUSA Turp., Ann. mus. Par., vol. 7, p. 219, pi. 121, fig. 5
(1806); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 56. — Shores of Juan Griego
pond, Johnston, no. 252, Aug. 14. Further distribution, Caribbean
Ids., Haiti to Guadeloupe.

MOLLUGO L.

M. VERTiciLLATA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 89 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 56; Rohrbach in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 14, pt. 2, p. 240;
Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 230. — Juan Griego, Erjist; El Valle,
Miller & Johnston, no. 21, Aug. 10; Juan Griego, Johnston, no. 126,
Aug. 14. This species was seen as a much-branched specimen on the
dry roadside and as few-branched specimens on the shores of the Juan
Griego pond. Venezuela: Cumana, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 6,
p. 20; Loefling, Reise nach den spanischen Landern, p. 152-153.
Common in tropical America.

Sesuvium L.

S. PORTULACASTRUM L., Syst. nat., ed. 10, vol. 2, p. 1058 (1759);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 57; Rohrbach in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol.
14, pt. 2, p. 310. — Juan Griego, Ernst. Venezuela: near Camana,
HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 6, p. 86; Tortuga and Los Roques,
Ernst; near La Guaira, Fendler, no. 62, Aug. 16, 1855.

210 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Trianthema L.

T. PORTULACASTRUM L., Sp. pL, vol. 1, p. 223 (1753); Moench,
Meth., p. 700; Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 231. T. monogijnum L.,
Mant., vol. 1, p. 69 (1767); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 58.— Juan
Griego, Ernsi; El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 12, July 12; Pt.
Moreno, Johnston, no. 110, July 8. Very abundant near the lagoon
at Pt. Moreno. Venezuela: La Guaira, Fendler, no. 64, Aug. 1855.
Further distribution, tropical America.

PORTULACACEAE.

PORTULACA L.

P. HALiMOiDES L., Sp. pi., ed. 2, vol. 1, p. 639 (1762); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 57. P. pilosa a Rohrbach in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol.
14, pt. 2, p. 304.— Ernst. Found in the West Indies.

P. MiLLERi Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 5, p. 344 (1907).— Poriamar,
Miller & Johnston, no. 11 (in part), July 31. Endemic.

P. OLERACEA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 445 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 57. — Common on Margarita, Miller & Johnston. Vene-
zuela: Colonia Tovar, Fendler, no. 61, 1854-55. Widely distributed.

P. PILOSA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 445 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 57; Rohrbach in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 14, pt. 2, p. 303.—
Santa Ana, Ernst.

P. VENEZuELENSis Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 5, p. 344 (1907). —
Poriamar, Miller & Johnston, no. 11 (in part), July 31. Found also
on the mainland by Gollmer, according to Urban.

Talinum Adans.

T. PANicuLATUM (Jacq.) Gaertn., Fruct., vol. 2, p. 219, pi. 128
(1791); Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 231. Portulaca paniculata Jacq.,
Enum., p. 22 (1760). T. patens Willd., Sp. pL, vol. 2, p. 863 (1800);
Ernst, Bot. excurs. Margarita, p. 2. — Juan Griego, Ernst; El Valle,
Miller & Johnston, no. 28, Aug. 1. Venezuela: La Guaira, Fendler,
no. 66, Aug. 16, 1855. Common in tropical iVmerica.

T. TRiANGULARE (Jacq.) Willd., Sp. pi, vol. 2, p. 862 (1800);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 56; Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 231.
Portulaca triangularis Jacq., Enum., p. 22 (1760). — T. racemositm
Rohrbach in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 14, pt. 2, p. 297 (1872).— El
Valle, Miller (f- Johnston, no. 262, July 20. Common in tropical
America.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 211

MENISPERMACEAE.

CiSSAMPELOS L.

C. PAREiRA L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1031 (1753); Griseb., FI. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 10; Desc, Ant., vol. 3, p. 231, pi. 201; Urb., S}Tnb. Ant.,
vol. 4, p. 237.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 151, Aug. 2. Vene-
zuela: near Caripe, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 5, p. 66; Santa
Catalina, Rushy & Squires, no. 138, 1896. Common to all tropical
countries.

ANNONACEAE.

Annona L.

A. RETICULATA L., Sp. pL, vol. 1, p. 537 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 5; Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 13, pt. 1, p. 15; Jacq., Obs., p.
13, pi. 6. — Asuncion, Ernst. Found also in Jamaica, St. Vincent,
and Guadeloupe.

A. SQUAMOSA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 537 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 5; Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 13, pt. 1, p. 14; Jacq., Hist.
Stirp. Am., p. 162; Urb., S\TOb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 242.— El Valle,
Miller & Johnston, no. 51, July 22. Further distribution, tropical
America.

LAURACEAE.

Nectaxdra Roland.

N. CORIACEA (S\v.) Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 281 (1860); Urb.,
S\'Tnb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 249. Laurus coriacea Sw., Prod. veg. Ind.
Occ, p. 65 (1788). N. Willdenoviana Nees, Syst. Laurin., p. 321
(1836).— San Juan Mt., alt. 600 m., Johnston, no. 258, July 11.
Further distribution. West Indies.

N. SP.— San Juan Mt., alt. 600 m., Johnston, no. 336, July 20, and
no. 334, Aug. 28. No. 334 has leaves smooth and the cupule truncate.
It is possibly only N. coriacea in fruit.

Phoebe Nees.

P. ciNNAMOMiFOLiA (HBK.) Nees, Linnaea, vol. 21, p. 488 (1848).
Persea cinnamomifolia HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 2, p. 160 (1817). —
San Juan Mt., alt. 600 ni., Johnston, no. 267, July 11; also no. 258,
July 11, and no. 336, July 20, at 600 m. alt. Distribution general in
American Tropics.

212 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY

PAPAVERACEAE.
Argemone L.

A. MEXiCANA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 508 (1753); Lam., Encycl.,
pi. 452; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 13; Eichler in Mart., Fl. Bras.,
vol. 13, pt. 1, p. 316; Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 250. — Santa Ana,
Ernst; El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 245, July 25. Venezuela:
near Caracas, Fendler, no. 19, Jan. 14, 1854. Further distribution,
Caribbean Ids.

CAPPARIDACEAE.
Capparis L.

C. Breynia L., Syst. nat., ed. 10, vol. 2, p. 1071 (1759); Jacq., Hist.
Stirp. Am., p. 161, pi. 103; Eichler in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 13, pt. 1,
p. 271. C. amygdalina Lam., Encycl., vol. 1, p. 608 (1783); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Lid., p. 17. — Juan Griego, Ernst. Venezuela: Cumana,
HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 5, p. 97; Loefling, Reise nach den span-
ischen Landern, p. 152-153; Valencia, Fendler, no. 2273, Mar. 5, 1857.
Further distribution, tropical America.

C. coccoLOBiiOLiA Mart, ex Eichler in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 13,
pt. 1, p. 284 (1865). C. collina Johnston, Proc. Amer. acad. arts and
sci., vol. 40, p. 686 (1905).— Tree, 5 m. high, on hillside north of El
Valle, Johnston, no. 10, July 15. Further distribution, tropical
America.

C. CYNOPHALLOPHORA L., Sp. pi., ed. 2, vol. 1, p. 721 (1762); Jacq.,
Hist. Stirp. Am., p. 158; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 18; Eichler
in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 13, pt. 1, p. 282.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston,
no. Ill, July 12; North Hill, El Valle, alt. 200 m., Johnston, no. 5,
July 3. A tree, about 5 m. high. Further distribution, tropical
America.

C. JAMAiCENSis Jacq., Enum. pi. Carib., p. 23 (1760), and Hist.
Stirp. Am., p. 160; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 18; Eichler in Mart.,
Fl. Bras., vol. 13, pt. 1, p. 270.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 106,
July 18. Venezuela: Victoria, Fendler, no. 2274, Mar. 4, 1857.
Further distribution. West Indies and Venezuela, The Margaritan
specimen is very closely allied to C. linearis.

C. LINEARIS Jacq., Enum. pi. Carib., p. 24 (1760), and Hist. Stirp.
Am., p. 161.— El Valle, alt. 150 m., Johnston, no. 4, July 3. Tree,
about 3 m. high; the wood brittle. Venezuela: Golfo de Cariaco,

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 213

Punta Araya, and Lagiina Chica, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 5, p.
87. Further distribution, northern South America.

C. PACHACA HBK., Nov. gen. et ps., vol. 5, p. 93 (1821); Eichler
in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 13, pt. 1, p. 281.— Santa Ana, Em^t; El
Valle, Johnston, no. 9, July 3. Venezuela: Cumana, HBK., Nov.
gen. et sp., vol. 5, p. 93. Tree, about 5 m. in height.

C. STEXOSEPALA Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 5, p. 529 (1908).— EI Valle,
alt. 200 m., Johnston, no. 8, July 27. Tree, about 7 m. high; flowers
yellowish outside, purple within. Endemic. Occurs in Coche.

C. TENUisiLiQUA Jacq., Enum. pi. Carib., p. 24 (1760); Eichler
in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 13, pt. 1, p. 278. — El Valle, Miller & Johnston,
no. 9, July 13; also Johnston, no. 6, July 21, and in fruit Aug. 8, alt.
150 m. Venezuela: Colonia Tovar, Fendler, no. 30, Aug. 16. 1855.
Further distribution, Colombia.

C. VERRUCOSA Jacq., Enum. pi. Carib., p. 23 (1760), and Hist.
Stirp. Am., p. 159; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 19.— North and
South Hills, alt. 60-300 m.. El Valle, Johnston, no. 1, July 26. Shrub,
2-3 m. high. Venezuela: Cumana, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 5,
p. 90; Colonia Tovar, Fendler, no. 34 B, Aug. 16, 1855. Further
distribution, tropical America.

Crateva L.

C. GYXAXDRA L., Sp. pL, cd. 2, vol. 1, p. 636 (1762); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 17. — Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle, Johnson,
no. 2, July 1. Venezuela: Cumana, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 5,
p. 86; Turmera, Fendler, no. 1893, Mar. 14, 1857. Common in
tropical America. Tree, about 20 m. high, with a trunk 7 dm. in
diameter at base.

Gynandropsis DC.

G. PEXTAPHYLLA DC, Prod., vol. 1, p. 238 (1824); Eichler in
Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 13, pt. 1, p. 261, pi. 58, fig. 3; Urb., Symb. Ant.,
vol. 4, p. 252.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 73, July 29. Distri-
bution general in tropical countries.

MORISONIA L.

M. AMERiCAXA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 503 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 19.— Santa Ana, Ernst. Venezuela: Colonia Tovar,
Fendler, no. 2472, Jan. 6, 1855. West Indies.

214 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

M. JoHNSTONii Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 5, p. 348 (1907).— El Valle,
alt. 300 m., Johnston, no. 7, July 10. A tree, about 7 m. high; trunk
6 dm. in diameter at base; wood of strong odor, brittle. Endemic.

Steriphoma Spreng.

S. ELLiPTiCA Spreng., Syst., vol. 4, pt. 2, p. 139 (1827); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 20.— EI Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 267,
July 30, and Johnston, no. 3, July 15, alt. 60-300 m. Small tree,
5 m. high. Further distribution, Trinidad and Cumana.

CRUCIFERAE.
Cakile Juss.

C. AEQUALis L'Her. ex DC, Syst., vol. 2, p. 430 (1821); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 14; Deless., Ic., vol. 2, p. 17, pi. 57.— Juan
Griego, Ernst. Venezuela: Ernst, Sobre la flora y fauna, p. 223.
Further distribution, West Indies.

Lepidium L.

L. viRGiNicuM L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 645 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 14. — Santa Ana, Ernst. Common to the West Indies
and eastern United States.

LEGUMINOSAE.
Abrus L.

A. PRECATORius L., Syst. nat., ed. 12, vol. 2, p. 472 (1767); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 190; Desc., Ant., vol. 4, p. 194, pi. 275.— Juan
Griego and Santa Ana, Ernst. Common in tropics.

Acacia Mill.

A. macracantha H. & B. ex Willd., Sp. pi., vol. 4, p. 1080 (1806);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 221; Kunth, Mim., p. 90, pi. 28.— El
Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 114, Aug. 2, and River trail. El Valle,
Johnston, no. 28, July 15. Venezuela: Colonia Tovar, Fendler, no.
362, 1854-55. Slender shrub, 5 m. high; flowers yellow. Further
distribution, tropical America.

A. PANicuLATA Willd., Sp. 1)1., vol. 4, p. 1074 (1806); Griseb.,

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF M.IRGARITA ISLAND. 215

Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 221; Mart., FL Bras., vol. 15, pt. 2, pi. 102.—
Santa Ana, Ernst. Venezuela: Colonia Tovar, Fendler, no. 351,
1854^55. Further distribution, St. Lucia, Cuba, Guiana, and Brazil.

A. TAMARiNDiFOLiA (L.) Willd., Sp. pi., vol. 4, p. 1092 (1806);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 221. Mimosa tamarindifolia L., Sp.
pi., vol. 1, p. 523 (1753).— El Valle, Mi/ler & Johnston, no. 113,
July 15; en route Peilar to Pt. Moreno, Johnston, no. 37, July 8.
Venezuela: Bordones, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 6, p. 277; La
Guaira, Robinson & Lyon, July 12, 1900. Slender shrub, 5 m. high.
Tropical America.

Bauhixia L.

B. cuMANENSis HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 6, p. 321 (1823); Bot.
reg., vol. 14, pi. 1133.— South Hill, El Valle, Miller & Johnston,
no. 70, July 27. Observed on North Hill, Aug. 15, 1903, not in
flower. Venezuela: Bordones, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 6, p.
277. Further distribution, northern South America.

Caesalpinia L.

C. CORIARIA (Jacq.) Willd., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 532 (1799). Libidibia
coriaria Schlecht., Linnaea, vol. 5, p. 193 (1830); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 206. Poinciana coriaria Jacq., Hist. Stirp. Am., p. 123,
pi. 175 (1763). — Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle, Johnston, no. 29.
Further distribution, tropical America.

C. PULCHERRiMA (L.) Sw., Obs., p. 166 (1791); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 205. — Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle, Miller & Johnston,
no. 64, July 22. Common in tropical countries.

Cajanus DC.

C. iXDicus Spreng., Syst., vol. 3, p. 248 (1826); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 191; Urb., S\aiib. Ant., vol. 4, p. 306. Poinciana pulcher-
rima L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 380 (1753). — El Valle, Miller & Johnston,
no. 139, Aug. 6. Venezuela: Caracas, Birschel; Santa Catalina,
Rusby & Squires, no. 191, 1896; Colonia Tovar, Fendler, no. 303,
1854-55. Common in tropical countries.

Calliaxdra Benth.

C. PORTORiCENSis Benth, in Hook., Lond. journ. bot., vol. 3, p. 99
(1844); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 224. Mimosa portoricetisis

216 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Jacq., Ic. pi. rar., vol. 3, p. 20, pi. 633 (1793).— El Valle, Miller &
Johnston, no. 264, July 29. Tropical America.

C. PANLOSiA Johnston, Proc. Amer. acad. arts and sci., vol. 40, p.
686 (1905).— Abundant on hills at alt. 300-600 m.. El Valle to Juan
Griego, Miller & Johnston, no. 58, July 22, and Johnston, no. 27,
July 2. Endemic.

Canavallia DC.

C. OBTUSiFOLiA (Lam.) DC, Prod., vol. 2, p. 404 (1825); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 197; Rheede, Hort. Mai., vol. 8, pi. 43. Dolichos
obtusifolius IjOXQ., Encycl., vol. 2, p. 295 (1786). — Juan Griego, Ernst.
Common in tropical countries.

Cassia L.

C. BiFLORA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 378 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 208; Bot. reg., vol. 16, pi. 1310.— Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle,
Miller & Johnston, no. 61, July 22. Further distribution, tropical
America.

C. EMARGIN4TA L., Sp. pL, vol. 1, p. 376 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 207; Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 274.— El Valle, Miller
& Johnston, no. 201, July 6, and also Johnston, no. 24, July 15.
Growing in the River trail in El Valle and also on the hillside. Vene-
zuela: Cumana, Loefling, Reise nach den spanischen Landern, p. 152-
153. Found also in Jamaica, St. Vincent, and Haiti.

C. FISTULA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 377 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 206; Desc, Ant., vol. 2, p. 231, pi. 125; Urb., Symb. Ant.,
vol. 4, p. 272. — El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 69, July 15. Vene-
zuela: Ernst, Sobre la flora y fauna, p. 226. Further distribution,
tropical countries.

C. NiCTiTANS L., Sp. pi, vol. 1, p. 380 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 211; Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 276. — Margarita, accord-
ing to Urb., /. c, J). 276; Santa x'Vna, Ernst. Distribution general in
American Tropics and Sub-tropics.

C. OBOVATA Collad., Hist. Cas., p. 92, pi. 15 (1816); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 209.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 228, July 26.
Also in Jamaica, according to Griseb., introduced from tropical Africa.

C. occiDENTALis L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 377 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 209; Desc, Ant., vol. 2, p. 277, pi. 135; Urb., Symb.
Ant., vol. 4, p. 273. — Santa Ana and Asuncion, £?•/?*/; El Valle, il/;7/er

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 217

& Johnston, no. 60, July 11. Venezuela: Cumana, Loefling, Reise
nach den spanischen Landem, p. 152-153. Common in tropical
countries.

C. oxYPHYLLA Kunth, Mimos., p. 129, pi. 39 (1819-24).— El
Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 62, Aug. 5. Venezuela: on Mt. Cocol-.
lar, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 6, p. 342; La Guaira, Robinson &
Lyon, July 6, 1900. Further distribution, Mexico to Ecuador.

C. SERiCEA Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ, p. 66 (1788), and Fl. Ind.
Occ, vol. 2, p. 724; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 209; Mart., Fl.
Bras., vol. 15, pt. 2, p. 116, pi. 35. — ^ El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no.

56, July 5. Further distribution, Cuba to Panama and Brazil.

C. STEXOCARPA Vog., Syii. Cass., p. 68 (1837).— El Valle, Miller &
Johnston, no. 210, July 14. Venezuela: Colonia Tovar, Fendler,
no. 321, 1854-55. Very closely allied to C. nictitans L., if not iden-
tical with it. Found also in Brazil.

C. ToRA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 376 (1753). C. ohtusifolia L., Sp. pi.,
vol. 1, p. 377 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 209.— Santa Ana,
Ernst. Further distribution, tropical countries.

CENTROSE^LV Benth.

C. BRASiLiANUM Benth., Ann. Wien. Mus., vol. 2, p. 118 (1837);
Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 15, pt. 1, p. 128, pi. 34. Bradburya brasiliana
Ktze., Rev. gen., vol. 1, p. 164 (1891). — Asuncion, Miller & JohnMon,
no. 54, Aug. 9. Venezuela: Colonia Tovar, Fendler, no. 1778, 1856-

57. Found also in Brazil.

C.viRGiNiANUM (L.) Benth., Ann. Wien. Mus., vol. 2, p. 120 (1837),
Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 300. Clitoria virginiana L., Sp. pi.,
vol. 2, p. 753 (1753) ; Bot. reg., vol. 13, p. 1047. Bradburya virginiana
Ktze., Rev. gen., vol. 1, p. 164 (1891).— El Valle, Miller & Johnston,
no. 256, Aug. 15. Further distribution, tropical America and Nigeria.

Cercidium Tulasne.

C. spiNOSUM Tulasne, Arch. mus. Par., vol. 4, p. 134 (1844).— -El
Valle, alt. 200 m., Johnston, no. 31, July 3. Shrub, 3 m. high; trunk
2 dm. in diameter at base; bark green; stem thorny; flowers yellow.
Further distribution, Brazil.

C. VIRIDE (Karst.) Taub. in Engl. & Prantl, Naturl. Pflanzenfam.,
vol. 3, pt. 3, p. 172 (1892). Rhetinophloeiim viride Karst., Fl. Columb.,
vol. 2, p. 25, pi. 113 (1862).— Santa Ana, Ernst. Found in northern
South America.

218 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Clitoria L.

C. Ternatea L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 753 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 192; Garden, vol. 38, p. 132, pi. 765; Urb., Symb. Ant.,
vol. 4, p. 299.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 55, July 15, and
Johnston, no. 36, July 15. Tropical countries.

Cracca Benth.

C. caribaea Benth. ex Oerst. in Kjoeb. Vidensk. meddel., p. 9,
(1853); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 183.— El Valle, Miller &
Johnston, nos. 135 & 141, July 27 and Aug. 2, respectively. Further
distribution, tropical America.

Crotalaria L.

C. iNCANA L., Sp. pL, vol. 2, p. 716 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 180; Cav., Ic, pi. 322; Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 281.—
SsLTita, Ansi, Ernst; El Yalle, Miller & J ohjiston, no. 50, July 8. Fur-
ther distribution, tropical America and tropical Africa.

Des.manthus Willd.

D. viRCxATUs Willd., Sp. pi., vol. 4, p. 1047 (1806); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 218. — Santa Ana, Ernst. Further distribution,
temperate and tropical America and East Indies.

Desmodium Desv.

D. ScoRPiURUS (Sw.) Desv., Journ. bot., vol. 1, p. 122 (1813);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 187; Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 293.
Hedysarum Scorpiiirus Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ, p. 107 (1788). —
El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 214, July 12. Further distribution,
tropical America and Society Ids.

D. spiRALE (Sw.) DC, Prod., vol. 2, p. 332 (1825); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 188. Hedysarum spirals Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ,
p. 107 (1788). — Santa Ana, Ernst. Further distribution, tropical
countries.

D. supiNUM (Sw.) DC, Prod., vol. 2, p. 332 (1825); Urb., Symb.
Ant., vol. 4, p. 290. Hedysarum supimim Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ,
p. 106 (1788). D. incammi DC, Prod., vol. 2, p. 332 (1825).— El
Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 123, July 14. Further distribution,
tropical countries.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 219

DOLICHOS L.

D. sp. — Ernst.

Enterolobium Mart.

E. CYCLOCARPUM (Jacq.) Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 226 (1860).
Mimosa cyclocarpa Jacq., Frag., p. 30, pi. 34, fig. 1 (1809). — Santa
Ana, Ernst. Occurs also in Jamaica and Venezuela.

Eriosema Desv.

E. CRiNiTUM (HBK.) G. Don, Syst., vol. 2, p. 348 (1832). Gli/cine
crinita HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 6, p. 421 (1823). — Santa Ana,
Ernst. Further distribution, tropical America.

Erythrixa L.

E. corallodendru.m L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 706 (1753); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 199.— El Valle, Johnston, no. 259, July 16. Vene-
zuela, according to Ernst in World's Columbian exposition at Chicago.
Further distribution, from Mexico to Brazil.

Gliricidia HBK.

G. LUTEA Johnston, Proc. Amer. acad. arts and sci., vol. 40, p. 687
(1905). — On dry hillside, El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 246, and
Johnston, no. 34, Aug. 15. Endemic. Plate 30, fig. 1, la-d.

Hymenea L.

H. CouRBARiL L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1192 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 213. — El Valle, Johnston, no. 290, Aug. Venezuela:
near Carichana, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 6, p. 322. Further
distribution, Cuba, Panama, Guiana.

Inbigofera L.

I. SUBULATA Vahl ex Poir., Suppl., vol. 3, p. 150 (1813); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 181.— El Valle, Miller ct- Johnston, no. 142, July
26. Further distribution, ^Mexico to Venezuela and in East Indies.

I. suffruticosa Mill., Gard. diet., ed. 8, no. 2 (1768). I. Anil L.,
Mant., vol. 2, p. 272 (1771); Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 181.— Santa
Ana, Ernst; El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 52, July 26, and Johnston,
no. 35, July 24. Further distribution, temperate and tropical countries.

220 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Inga Scop.

I. iNGOiDES (Rich.) Willd., Sp. pi., vol. 4, p. 1012 (1806); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 228. Mimosa ingoides Rich., Act. soc. hist. nat.
Par., vol. 1, p. 113 (1792). — Juan Griego trail, alt. 400 m., Johnston,
no. 26, Aug. 12-15. Tree, about 20 m. high. Further distribution,
West Indies and Guiana.

I. MACRANTHA Jolinston, Proc. Amer. acad. arts and sci., vol. 40,
p. 687 (1905).— On Juan Griego trail, alt. 400 m., Johnston, no. 25,
July 11. Endemic. Plate 28, fig. 1.

LONCHOCARPUS HBK.

L. LATiFOLius (Willd.) HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 6, p. 383
(1823); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 199. Amerimnum latifolium
Willd., Sp. pi., vol. 3, p. 909 (1803).— Santa Ana, Ernst. Further
distribution, tropical America.

L. VELUTiNUS Benth. in Seem., Bot. voy. Herald., p. Ill (1853). — ■
El Valle, Johnston, no. 23, July 7. Further distribution. Central
America.

L. viOLACEUS (Jacq.) HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 6, p. 383 (1823),
in note; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 200. Robinia violacea Jacq.,
Enum. pi. Carib., p. 28 (1760). — El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no.
257, July 21; and Johnston, no. 22, Aug. Further distribution,
tropical America. Tree, about 15 m. high.

Machaerium Pers.

M. STRIATUM Johnston, Proc. Amer. acad. arts and sci., vol. 40, p.
688 (1905).— North Hill, El Valle, Johnston, no. 124. Aug. 8. En.
memic. Plate 28, fig. 2.

Mimosa L.

"M. FASTiGiATA W." acc. to Ernst (a combination wholly obscure
and probably due to some clerical error). — Santa Ana, Ernst.

Myrospermum Jacq.

M. frutescens Jacq., Enum. pi. Carib., p. 20 (1760); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 204. — Juan Griego, Ernst. Venezuela: near
Parapara and on the banks of the Rio Guarico, HBK., Nov. gen.
et sp., vol. 6, p. 372. Further chstribution, Trinidad and Colombia.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 221

NissoLiA Jacq.

N. WiSLiZENi Gray, Journ. Linn, soc, vol. 5, p. 25 (1861). Chaeto-
cahjx Wislizeni Gray, PI. Wright., vol. 1, p. 51 (1852).— El Valle,
Miller & Johnston, no. 259, Aug. 4. Further distribution, Mexico.

Parkinsonia L.

P. ACULEATA L., Sp. pi., p. 375 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p.
204; Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 277.^ Asuncion, Ernst; El Valle,
Miller & Johnston, no. 63, July 20. Venezuela: Cumana, Loefling,
Reise nach den spanischen Landern, p. 152-153. Found in all tropical
countries.

Peltophorum Walp.

P. acutifolium, n. comb. Caesalpinia acutifolia Johnston, Proc.
Amer. acad. arts and sci., vol. 40, p. 686 (1905). Peltophorum
Suringari Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 5, p. 363 (1908).— On the hillside,
El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 200, Aug. 15, and Johnston, no.
33, Aug. 3. Found also on Aruba and Curafoa.

Phaseolus L.

P. LUNATUS L., Sp. pL, vol. 2, p. 724 (1753); DC, Prod., vol. 2,
p. 393; Benth. in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 15, pt. 1, p. 181; Urb., Symb.
Ant., vol. 4, p. 308. — Margarita according to Urban, /. c. Distribu-
tion general in tropical and temperate countries; cultivated.

P. SP. — Ernst.

P. SP.— El Valle, Miller &• Johnston, no. 57, July 26. Possibly
this is a specimen of the above P. lunatus.

PiTHECOLOBiuM Mart.

P. LiGUSTRiNUM (Jacq.) Klotzsch ex Benth., Trans. Linn, soc,
vol. 30, p. 571 (1875). Mimosa ligustrina Jacq., Fragm., p. 29, pi.
32, fig. 6, not Vahl.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 242, July 30,
and no. 121; Johnston, no. 38, July 1. Tree, about 8 m. high, and
1.2 dm. in diameter at its base. Further distribution, American
tropics.

P. UNGUis-CATi (L.) Benth. in Hook., Lond. journ. bot., vol. 3,
p. 200 (1844); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 226. Mimosa unguis
cati L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 517 (1753). — Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle,

222 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Johnston, no. 43, July 14. Venezuela: Cumana, Loefling, Reise
nach den spanischen Landern, p. 152-153. A slender tree, about 5 m.
high, branching copiously and growing in clumps. Common in
tropical America.

Platymiscium Vog.

P. POLYSTACHYUM Benth. in Seem., Bot. voy. Herald., p. Ill, pi.
21 (1853). P. platystachyum Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 200 (1860).
— Santa Ana, Ernst. Further distribution, St. Vincent, Trinidad,
Panama, and Venezuela.

POINCIANA L.

P. REGiA Boj. ex Hook., Bot. mag., pi. 2884 (1829); Urb., Symb.
Ant., vol. 4, p. 278.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 59, July 29.
Common in tropical countries.

Prosopis L.

P. JULIFLORA (Sw.) DC, Prod., vol. 2, p. 447 (1825); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 217. Mimosa juliflora Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ,
p. 85 (1788). P. cumanensis HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 6, p. 310
(1823).— Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle, Johnston, no. 42, July 15.
A tree, about 5 m. high, with wide-spreading top. Further distribu-
tion, Mexico to Guayaquil, also Jamaica.

Rhynchosia Lour.

R. MINIMA (L.) DC, Prod., vol. 2, p. 385 (1825); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 190; Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 307. Dolichos mini-
mus L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 726 (1753). — El Valle, Miller & Johnston,
no. 118, July 19. Common in tropical countries.

Stylosanthes Sw.

S. HUMiLis HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 6, p. 506, pi. 594 (1823).—
Asuncion, Miller & Johnston, no. 68, Aug. 9. Venezuela: near
Carichana, HBK., /. c.

S. viscosA Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ, p. 108 (1788); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 188.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 268, July 30;
Pt. Mosquito, Johnston, no. 249, Aug. 10. Further distribution,
tropical America.

Tamarindus L.

T. INDICA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 34 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind.,
p. 213; Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 270.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston,

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 228

no. 65, July 21. Venezuela: Cumana, Loefling, Raise nacli den
spanischen Landern, p. 152-153. Common to all tropical countries.

Tephrosia Pers.

T. ciNEREA (L.) Pers., S>ti., vol. 2, p. 328 (1807); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 182; Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 283. Galega cinerea L.,
Syst. nat., ed. 10, vol. 2, p. 1172 (1759). — Santa Ana, Juan Griego,
Ernst; El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 136, July 20. Further
distribution, tropical America.

Teramnus Sw.

T. UNCiXATUS (L.) Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ, p. 105 (1788);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 193. Dolichos iincinatus L., Sp. pi., ed.
2, vol. 2, p. 1019 (1763). — Juan Griego, Santa Ana, Ernst. Further
distribution, tropical America.

ViGNA Savi.

V. VEXiLLATA (L.) A. Rich, in Sagra, Cub., vol. 10, p. 191 (1845);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 195. Phaseolus vexillatus L., Sp. pi.,
vol. 2, p. 724 (1753). — Santa Ana, Ernst. Distributed generally in
tropical countries.

ZoRXiA Gmel.

Z. DiPHYLLA (L.) Pers., Syn., vol. 2, p. 318 (1807); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 185. Hedysarum diphyllum L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p.
747 (1753). — Santa Ana, Ernst. Further distribution, general in
tropical countries.

OXALIDACEAE.

OXALIS L.

O. Barrelieri Jacq., Oxal., p. 24, pi. 3 (1794); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 133.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 122, July 30.
Further distribution, tropical America.

O. Plumieri Jacq., Oxal., p. 23 (1794). 0. frutescens Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 133 (1859), not L.— San Juan Mt., alt. 795 m.,
Johnston, no. 128, July 6. Further distribution, Dominica, St.
Vincent, and INIartinique.

224 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

ERYTHROXYLACEAE.

Erythroxylum p. Br.

E. HAVANENSE Jacq., Stirp. Am., p. 135, pi. 87, fig. 2 (1763). E.
ovainm Cav., Diss., p. 404, pi. 233 (1789); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind.,
p. 113. — Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle, River trail, Johnston, no. 72,
Aug. 20. Slender tree, 5 m. high; flowers small, white. Further
distribution, Dominica, Trinidad, Guiana, and Bahia.

Stigmatophyllum Juss.
S. SP. — Santa Ana, Ernst.

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE.

GUAJACUM L.

G. ARBOREUM (Jacq.) DC., Prod., -vol. 1, p. 707 (1824). Zijgo-
phyllum arhoreum Jacq., Stirp. Am., p. 130, pi. 83 (1763). — Santa
Ana, Ernst; El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 20, July 6; Johnston,
no. 30, Aug. 8. Common on the road between Porlamar and Juan
Griego byway of Asuncion. Further distribution, tropical America.

G. OFFICINALE L., Sp. pL, vol. 1, p. 381 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind, p. 134. — Pt. Mosquho, Johnston, no. 117, Aug. 10. Vene-
zuela: Ernst, Sobre la flora y fauna, p. 226. Distribution general
from Cuba to Venezuela.

Kallstroemia Scop.

K. MAXIMA (L.) Wight & Arn., Prod., vol. 1, p. 145 (1834); Torr.
& Gray, Fl. N. Amer., vol. 1, p. 213; Engl, in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 12,
pt. 2, p. 71; Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 315. Tribulus maximus'L.,
Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 386 (1753).— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 7,
July 12; Juan Griego pond, Johnston, no. 292, Aug. 14. Venezuela:
near Cumana, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 6, p. 11. Further distri-
bution, tropical America.

Tribulus L.

T. terrestris L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 387 (1753), var. cistoides (L.)
Oliv., Fl. trop. Afr., vol. 1, p. 284 (1868); Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4,
p. 315. T. cistoides L., Sp. pL, vol. 1, p. 387 (1753).— Santa Ana,

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 225

Ernst; El Valle, Miller d- Johnston, no. 98, July 20; Johnston, no.
32, Aug. 3. Distribution general in tropics.

RUTACEAE.
Amyris p. Br.

A. MARiTiMA Jacq., Enum. pi. Carib., p. 19 (1760); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 174; Sargent, Silva N. Amer., vol. 1, p. 85, pi. 36.—
San Juan Mt., alt. 500 m., Johnston, no. 277, Aug. 28. Further dis-
tribution, tropical America.

Citrus L.

C. AuRANTiUM L., Sp. pL, vol. 2, p. 782 (1753); Desc, Ant., vol. 1,
p. 181, pi. 38.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 39, July 11. Culti-
vation general in tropical and sub-tropical countries.

ESENBECKIA HBK.

E. piLOCARPOiDES HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 7, p. 248, pi. 655
(1825).— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 226, July 25. Venezuela:
near Quetepe, HBK., /. c. Distribution general in tropical America.

Zanthoxylum L.

Z. Pterota (L.) HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 6, p. 3 (1823). Fagara
Pterota L., Syst. nat., ed. 10, vol. 2, p. 897 (1759). F. lentiscifolia
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 137 (1859), not Willd.— Santa Ana,
Ernst. Further distribution, southern United States, West Indies to
Trinidad.

SIMARUBACEAE.

Castela Turp.

C. DEPRESSA Turp., Ann. mus. Par., vol. 7, p. 79, pi. 5 (1806). —
Juan Griego, Ernst. Further distribution, San Domingo.

C. NiCHOLSONi Hook., Bot. misc., vol. 1, p. 271, pi. 55 (1830).
C. erecta Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 140 (1859), not Turp.— El
Valle, Miller & Johnsto7i, no. 236, July 18; Pt. Moreno, Johnston,
no. 118, July 8. Further distribution, Texas, Antigua.

226 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

SURIAXA L.

S. MARiTiMA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 284 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 58. — Juan Griego, Ernst; Pt. Mosquito, Johnston, no. 284,
Aug. 10. Distribution general in tropics.

BURSERACEAE.
BuRSERA Jacq.

B. siMARUBA (L.) Sarg., Gard. and for., vol. 3, p. 260 (1890) and
Silva N. Amer., vol. 1, p. 97, pis. 41, 42; Urb., Synib. Ant., vol. 4, p.
324.— South Hill, El Valle, alt. 270 m., Johnston, no. 270, July 3.
Venezuela: Ernst, Sobre la flora y fauna, p. 226. Further distribution,
West Indies, Panama. Tree, about 7 m. high; wood odorous and
bitter.

MELIACEAE.

Melia L.

M. AzEDARACH L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 384 (1753); Urb., Symb. Ant.,
vol. 4, p. 325.— Cuhivated, El Valle, MiUer & Johnston, no. 112,
July 18. Venezuela: valley of Aragua, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp.,
vol. 5, p. 218. Distribution general in tropical countries.

Trichilia p. Br.

T. HIRTA L., Syst. nat., ed. 10, vol. 2, p. 1020 (1759); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 129. T. spondiodes Jacq., Enum. pi. Carib.,
p. 20 (1760). — Santa Ana, Ernst. Further distribution, Jamaica,
Cuba.

MALPIGHIACEAE.
Heteropteris HBK.

H. LAURiFOLiA (L.) Juss., Ann. sci. nat., bot., ser. 2, vol. 13, p.
276 (1840); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 119. Banisteria kmrifolia
L., Sp. pi, ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 611 (1762).— South Hill, El Valle, alt.
300 m.. Miller & Johnston, no. 46, Aug. 1; Juan Griego trail, alt.
300. m., Johnston, no. 54, Aug. 14. Further distribution, Jamaica,
Cuba, and Porto Rico.

H. PURPUREA (L.) HBK, Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 5, p. 164 (1821),

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 227

in obs.; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 119. Banisteria purpurea L.,
Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 427 (1753). — El Valle, climbing over a hedge of
Clerodendron molle, Johnston, no. 55, July 9. Flowers light purple
or pink. Venezuela: near Cumana, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 5,
p. 164. Further distribution, West Indies and Venezuela.

IVIalpighia L.

M. GLABRA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 425 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 116. — Juan Griego and Santa Ana, Ernst. Further dis-
tribution, tropical America.

M. PUNiciFOLiA L., Sp. pi., ed. 2, vol. 1, p. 609 (1762), var. vul-
garis Xdz., Gen. Malpigh., p. 8 (1899).— El Valle, Miller & Johnston,
no. 253, Aug. 11; Johnston, no. 130, Aug. 30. Distribution general
in tropical America.

POLYGALACEAE.

Securidaca L.

S. cordata Johnston, Proc. Amer. acad. arts and sci., vol. 40, p.
688 (1905).— North Hill, El Valle, alt. 250 m., Johnston, no. 60, Aug.
8. Endemic.

EUPHORBIACEAE.

ACALYPHA L.

A. MACROSTACHYA Jacq., Hort. Schoenb., vol. 2, p. 63, pi. 245 (1797);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 47. — San Juan Mt., alt. 400 m. ; Johnston,
no. 122, July 6. A single group of this species was found growing
among Heliconia Bihai. Distribution general- in northern South
America.

Adellv L.

A. RiciNELLA D., Syst. nat., ed. 10, vol. 2, p. 1298 (1759), and PI.
Jam. Pugill., p. 29; Browne, Jam., pi. 36, fig. 3. — Santa Ana, Ernst.
Further distribution, Jamaica, Cuba.

Argithamxly Sw.

A. CAXDICAXS Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ, p. 39 (1788); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 44; Juss., Euph., pi. 7. — Juan Griego and Santa
Ana, Ernst. Further distribution, West Indies and Caribbean Ids.

228 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

A. ERUBESCENS Johiiston, Proc. Amer. acad. arts and sci., vol. 40, p.
689 (1905).— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 213, July 22; Johnston,
no. 58, Aug. 21. Endemic. Plate 30, figs. 4, 4a-c, 5, 5a-c.

Croton L.

C. CHAMAEDRiroLius Lam., Encycl., vol. 2, p. 215 (1786); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 41; Muell. Arg. in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 11, pt.
2, p. 271; Desc, Ant., vol. 7, p. 491. — Santa Ana, Ernst. Further
distribution. West Indies, Panama, Guiana.

C. FLAVENS L., Syst. nat., ed. 10, vol. 2, p. 1276 (1759), and PI. Jam.
PugilL, p. 28; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 38.— El Valle, Miller &
Johnston, no. 38, July 15; Johnston, no. 45, Aug. 8. Further dis-
tribution, Jamaica, Trinidad, St. Thomas.

C. GLANDULOSUS L., Syst. nat., ed. 10, vol. 2, p. 1275 (1759);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 41; Muell. Arg. in Mart., Fl. Bras.,
vol. 11, pt. 2, p. 267; Jacq., Ic, vol. 1, p. 104; Urb., Symb. Ant.,
vol. 4, p. 343.— Hillside, El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 5, July 11.
Further distribution, temperate and tropical America.

C. HELicoiDEUS Muell. Arg., Linnaea, vol. 34, p. 97 (1865-66). — •
El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 232, July 30; Johnston, no. 339,
Aug. 8. Found also in St. Vincent.

C. LOBATUS L., Sp. pL, vol. 2, p. 1005 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 42; Muell. Arg. in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 11, pt. 2, p. 237;
Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 343.— Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle, Miller
& Johnston, no. 120, July 16. Venezuela: near Bordones, HBK.,
Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 2, p. 90. Distribution general in tropical
America.

C. MARGARiTENSis Johnston, Proc. Amer. acad. arts and sci., vol.
40, p. 689 (1905). — Among shrubs near summit of San Juan INIt.,
alt. 700 m., Johnston, no. 50, Aug. 28. Endemic. Plate 30, figs. 3
and 3a. *

C. Milleri Johnston, Proc. Amer. acad. arts and sci., vol. 40, p. 690
(1905).— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 229, July 18; Johnston,
no. 48, Aug. 10. Common on the plains between El Valle and Pt.
Mosquito. Endemic. Plate 30, figs. 2, 2a-d.

C. NiVEUS Jacq., Enum. pi. Carib., p. 32 (1760); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 40. — Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no.
107, July 20. Further distribution, Jamaica, Dominica, Colombia.

C. OVALIFOLIUS Vahl in West, Bidr. Ste. Croix, p. 307 (1793);

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 229

Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 41.— Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle,
Miller & Johnston, no. 199, July 14; Johnston, no. 46, Aug. 31.
Further distribution, West Indies and Venezuela.

C. POPULiFOLius Mill., Gard. diet., ed. 8, no. 7 (1768), as Populi
folia; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 41.— San Juan Mt., alt. 500 m.,
Johnston, no. 47, Aug. 28. Further distribution, West Indies.

C. PSEUDOCHiNA Schlecht., Linnaea, vol. 5, p. 84 (1830), as Pseudo-
China; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 39. — Santa Ana, Ernst. Further
distribution, tropical America.

Euphorbia L.

E. BUXiFOLiA Lam., Encycl., vol. 2, p. 421 (1786); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 53; Muell. Arg. in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 11, pt. 2, p.
681. — Juan Griego, Ernst; Pt. Mosquito, Johnston, no. 44, Aug. 10.
Found growing on the dunes of shifting sands. Further distribution,
tropical America.

E. HYPERiciFOLiA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 454 (1753); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 54; Muell. Arg. in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 11, pt. 2,
p. 677. — El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 109, July. Var. lasio-
CARPA Griseb., /. c, p. 54 (1859). E. lasiocarpa Klotzsch, Nov. act.
nat. cur., vol. 19, suppl. 1, p. 414 (1843). — Santa Ana, Ernst.
Venezuela: near Cumana, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 2, p. 56
(typical form) ; Loefling, Reise nach den spanischen Landern, p. 152-
153. Common in tropical countries.

E. PETiOLARis Sims, Bot. mag., vol. 23, pi. 883 (1806).— El Valle,
Miller & Johnston, no. 235, July 18. Also from Island of St. Thomas.

E. piLULiFERA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 454 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 54; Muell. Arg. in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 11, pt. 2, j). 684.—
El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 108, July. Common in tropical coun-
tries.

E. THYMiFOLiA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 454 (1753); Burm. f., Fl. Ind.,
p. 112; Muell. Arg. in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 11, pt. 2, p. 684. E.
macuJata Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 53, not L.— El Valle, Miller &
Johnston, no. 150, Aug. 9; Juan Griego, at the pond and on the sea-
shore, Johnston, no. 251, Aug. 14. Widespread in tropical countries.

HiPPOMANE L.

H. Mancinella L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1191 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 50. — Juan Griego, Ernst; Pt. Moreno, Johnston, no. 261,

230 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

July 13. Venezuela: Cumana, Loefling, Reise nach den spanischen
Landern, p. 152-153. Further distribution, Cuba to Venezuela and
Panama.

HURA L.

H. CREPITANS L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1006 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 50; Muell. Arg. in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 11, pt. 2, p. 632.—
Asuncion, Ernst. Further distribution, Cuba, Brazil.

Jatropha L,

J. CuRCAS L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1006 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 36; Muell. Arg. in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 11, pt. 2, p. 487.—
Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 237, July 24.
Venezuela: Nova Andalusia, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 2, p. 104.
Distribution general in tropics.

J. GOSSYPiFOLiA L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1006 (1753); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 36; iMuell. Arg. in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 11, pt. 2,
p. 491; Urb., Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 350. — Santa Ana, Ernst; El
YaWe, Miller & Johnsto7i, no. 27, July 11. Venezuela: near Cumana
and La Guaira, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 2, p. 104. Distribution
general in tropical America.

J. URENS L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1007 (1753), var. stimulosa (Michx.)
Muell. Arg. in DC, Prod., vol. 15, pt. 2, p. 1101 (1862). J. stimulosa
Michx., Fl., vol. 2, p. 216 (1803).— Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle,
Miller & Jolmstoyi, no. 48, July 8; Johnston, no. 57, Aug. 3. Vene-
zuela: near Cumana, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 2, p. 106. La
Guaira, Robinson & Lyon, July 12, 1900. Common in American
tropics.

Manihot Adans.

M. UTiLissiMA Pohl, PI. Bras. Ic, vol. 1, p. 32, pi. 24 (1827);
Muell. Arg. in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 11, pt. 2, pp. 457, 707; Urb.,
Symb. Ant., vol. 4, p. 350. Janipha Manihot HBK., Nov. gen. et
sp., vol. 2, p. 108 (1817); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 37.— El Valle,
Miller & Johnston, no. 102, July 24. Widely cultivated in the hills
and on the plain by Asuncion. Commonly cultivated in American
tropics and subtropics.

Pedilanthus L.

P. TiTHYMALOiDES (L.) Poit., Ann. mus. Par., vol. 19, p. 390, pi.
19 (1812); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 52. Euphorbia tiihymaloides

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 231

L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 453 (1753).— Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle, Miller
& Johnston, no. 31, July 10; Johnston, no. 59, July 27. Slender
shrub, aboui 1 m. high, with red flowers. Venezuela: Ernst, Sobre
la flora y fauna, p. 226; between Bordones and Cumana, HBK., Nov.
gen. et sp., vol. 2, p. 63; La Guaira, Robinson & Lyon, July 6, 1900.
Further distribution. West Indies.

Phylkinthus L.

P. NiRURi L., Sp. pL, vol. 2, p. 981 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 34; Muell. Arg. in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 11, pt. 2, p. 53, 705.—
Santa Ana, Ernst; Juan Griego trail, alt. 400 m., Johnston, no. 140,
Aug. 14. Further distribution, tropical countries.

RiciNUS L.

R. COMMUNIS L., Sp. pL, vol. 2, p. 1007 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 37; Muell. Arg. in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 11, pt. 2, p. 420.—
Santa Ana, Ernst. Venezuela: Cumana, Loefling, Reise nach den
spanischen Landern, p. 152-153. Further distribution, tropics.

Sebastiania Spreng.

S. CORNICULATA (Juss.) Muell. Arg. in DC., Prod., vol. 15, pt. 2,
p. 1168 (1862) and in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 11, pt. 2, p. 551. Micro-
stachys corniculata Juss., Euphorb. Tent., p. 49 (1824); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 49. — Margarita according to Ernst. Further
distribution, Trinidad and northern South America.

Tragia L.

T. voLUBiLis L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 980 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 48; Muell. Arg. in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 11, pt. 2, p. 412.—
Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 15, July 24; Juan
Griego trail, Johnston, no. 253, July 31. Further distribution. West
Indies and tropical South America.

Genera Euphorbiacearum adhuc indeterminata.

EuPHORBiACEA Actinostemoui affinis. — Johnston, no. 332 and 333,
alt. 400 m., July 29.

EuPHORBiACEA Argithamniae affinis. — Miller & Johnston, no. 251,
Aug. 3.

232 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

ANACARDIACEAE.

Anacardium L.

A. occiDENTALE L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 383 (1753); Jacq., Hist.
Stirp. Am., p. 124; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 176.~ Reported by
Ernst. Cultivated in the Asuncion valley. Distribution general in
tropical countries.

Mangifera L.

M. iNDiCA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 200 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 176. — Cultivated extensively. Common to all tropical
countries.

Mauria Kuntli.

M. HETEROPHYLLA HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 7, p. 13, pi. 606
(1825). — Juan Griego and Santa Ana, Ernst. Venezuela: Colonia
Tovar, Fendler, no. 174, 1856-57. Further distribution, Colombia
and Peru.

Spondias L.

S. LUTEA L., Sp. pL, ed. 2, vol. 1, p. 613 (1762); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 175. — Cultivated according to Ernst. In the market
place of El Valle also. Venezuela: Cumana, Loefling (1754), Reise
nach den spanischen Landern, p. 152-153. Common to all tropical
countries.

CELASTRACEAE.
Elaeodendron Jacq.

E. SP. Johnston, no. 307. Related to E. xi/locarpum DC, Prod.,
vol. 2, p. 11, from St. Thomas. Similar to no. 926 of P. Sintenis's
Plantae Portoricenses (1885) determined by I. Urban. Differs in
having broader leaves, which are often orbicular and very broad at
the base. In general the leaves are larger than in E. xi/locarpum.

Myginda Jacq.

M. Rhacoma Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ, p. 39 (1788); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 146. — Juan Griego, Ernst. Venezuela: near
Laguna Chica, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 7, p. 67. Florida, Jamaica,
Cuba.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 233

M. SP. San Juan Mt., alt. 600 m., Johnston, no. 282, Aug. 28.
Allied to M. latifolia Sw. and M. Grisebachii Sarg. Leaves in this
form larger than those of the others, obovate, entire, sometimes 5 cm.
long and 3 em. wide, the base often obtuse, decurrent into a short
petiole, the apex rounded, obtuse or minutely retuse; flowers on the
plan of four.

SAPINDACEAE.
Cardiospermum L.

C. Halicacabum L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 366 (1753); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 122; Desc, Ant., vol. 4, pi. 241.— Santa Ana, Ernst;
El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 208, July 20, Venezuela: Ernst.
Sobre la flora y fauna, p. 226. Common in tropical countries.

Melicocca L.

M. BiJUGA L., Sp. pi., ed. 2, vol. 1, p. 495 (1762); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 127.— El Valle, Miller d- Johnston, no. 128, July 18.
Further distribution, tropical America.

Paullinia L.

P. CuRURU L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 365 (1753); Desc, Ant., vol. 3,
pi. 181.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 239, July 30; Tacarigua,
Johnston, no. 66, Aug. 14. Distribution general in West Indies.
Not the same as Serjania nodosa as claimed by. some authors, for the
fruit is pyriform and not at all alate.

( Sapindus L.

S. Saponaria L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 367 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 126. — Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no.
127, July 18. Further distribution, Jamaica, and Venezuela.

Talisia Aubl.

T. OLiVAEFORMis (HBK.) Radlk., Sitzb. math.-phys. Akad.,
Muench., vol. 8, p. 342 (1878). Melicocca olivaeformis HBK., Nov.
gen. et sp., vol. 5, p. 130 (1821).— Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle, alt.
300 m., Johnston, no. 299, July 4. Further distribution, Colombia.

Urvillea HBK.

U. ULMACEA HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 5, p. 106, pi. 440 (1821).—
El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 23, July 31. Venezuela: near
Caracas, HBK, /. c. Further distribution, tropical America.

234 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

RHAMNACEAE.

ZiziPHUs Juss.

Z. sp. — El Valle, River trail, Johmton, no. 269, July 15. A tree,
about 7 m. high, with wide-spreading top. Related to Z. mexicana
Rose, Contrib. U. S. nat. herb., vol. 1, p. 315. Differs in having
leaves more broadly oval, more rounded at base, and distinctly three-
nerved. The margin is almost the same in each.

VITACEAE.

Cissus L.

C. siCYOiDES L., Syst. nat., ed. 10, vol. 2, p. 897 (1759); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 102; Desc, Ant., vol. 7, pi. 481.— Santa Ana,
Ernst; El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 244, Aug. 1. Further dis-
tribution, tropical America.

TILIACEAE.

CORCHORUS L.

C. ACUTANGULUS Lam., Encycl., vol. 2, p. 104 (1786); Wight, Ic.
pi. Ind. Or., vol. 3, p. 739; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 97.— El
Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 97, July 11. Common to all tropical
countries.

C. HiRSUTUS L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 530 (1753); Jacq., Hort. Vind.,
vol. 3, pi. 57; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 97. — Juan Griego, Ernst.
Further distribution, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Venezuela.

C. siLiQUOSUS L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 529 (1753); Jacq., Hort. Vind.,
vol. 3, pi. 59; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 97. — Santa Ana, Ernst.
Further distribution, southern United States and tropical America.

Triumfetta L.

T. Lappula L., Sp. pL, vol. 1, p. 444 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 95. — Santa Ana, Ernst. Venezuela: Colonia Tovar, Fendler,
no. 1918, 1856-57. Further distribution, Mexico, West Indies
Panama, and Cape Verde Ids.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 235

MALVACEAE.

Abutilon Hill.

A. CRISPUM (L.) G. Don, Gen. syst., vol. 1, p. 502 (1831); Wight,
Ic. pi. Ind. Or., vol. 1, pi. 68; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 79; Schu-
mann in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 12, pt. 3, p. 382. Sida crispa L. Sp.
pL, vol. 2, p. 685 (1753).— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 71;
Juan Griego, Johnston, no. 271, Aug. 14. Venezuela: Colonia Tovar,
Fendler, no. 97, 1854-55. Common in tropics.

A. UMBELLATUM (L.) Swect, Hort. Brit., ed. 1, p. 53 (1827); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 78. Sida umbellata L., Syst. nat., ed. 10, vol. 2,
1145 (1759); Jacq., Hort. Vind., vol. 1, pi. 56.— El Valle, Miller
& Johnston, no. 152, July 7. Further distribution, Jamaica, St.

Thomas.

Bastardia HBK.

B. viscosA HBK., Xov. gen. et sp., vol. 5, p. 256 (1821); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 80; Schumann in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 12, pt. 3,
p. 360. — Asuncion, Ernst. Venezuela: near Cumana, HBK., /. c. ;

Colonia Tovar, Fendler, no. 2543, 1856-57. Distribution, Cuba to
Brazil and Peru.

ClENFUEGOSIA Cav.

C. HETEROPHYLLA (Vent.) Garckc in Bonplandia, vol. 8, p. 150
(1860). Redutea heterophylla Vent., Descr. pi. jard. Cels, pi. 11 (1800).
— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 66, July 5. Further distribu-
tion, tropical America.

GOSSYPIUM L.

G. BARBADENSE L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 693 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
AV. Ind., p. 86; Gurke in :\Iart., Fl. Bras., vol. 12, pt. 3, p. 582.— El
Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 207, July 31. Venezuela: Cumana,
Loefiing, 1754. Common in tropical America.

Malvastrum Gray.

M. SPICATUM Gray, Mem. Amer. acad. arts and^sci., n. s., vol. 4,
p. 22 (1849); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 72; Schumann in Mart.,
Fl. Bras., vol. 12, pt. 3, p. 271. — Santa Ana, Ermt. Venezuela:
Colonia Tovar, Fendler, no. 118, 1854-55. Further distribution,
tropical countries.

236 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Pavonia Cav.

P. spiNiFEX Cav., Diss., vol. 3, p. 133, pi. 45 (1787); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 82; Giirke in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 12, pt. 3, p. 480.—
Juan Griego, Ernst. Venezuela: near Caripe, HBK., Nov. gen. et
sp., vol. 5, p. 280. Further distribution, tropical America.

SiDA L.

S. ACUTA Burm. f., Fl. Ind., p. 147 (1768); Schumann in Mart.,
Fl. Bras., vol. 12, pt. 3, p. 325. S. carpinifoHa L. f., SuppL, p. 307
(1781); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 73.— Santa Ana, Errist. Dis-
tribution general in tropical countries.

S. ciLiARis L., Syst. nat., ed. 10, vol. 2, p. 1145 (1759); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 73; Schumann in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 12, pt. 3,
p. 283. — Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 209,
Aug. 9. Distribution general in tropical America.

S. RHOMBiFOLiA L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 684 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 74; Schumann in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 12, pt. 3, p. 337.—
Santa Ana, £r?i5i Venezuela: near Cumana, Lo^/mgr, 1754; HBK.,
Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 5, p. 261. Found in tropical countries.

S. spiNOSA L., Sp. pi. 5, p. 261, vol. 2, p. 683 (1753), var.
ANGUSTiFOLiA (Lam.) Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 74 (1859);
Schumann in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 12, pt. 3, p. 298. S. angustifolia
Lam., Encycl., vol. 1, p. 4 (1783). — Asuncion, Miller & Johnston, no. 6,
July 30. Found in tropical countries.

Thespesia Soland.

T. populnea (L.) Soland. ex Correa in Ann. mus. Par., vol. 9,
p. 290, pi. 8, fig. 2 (1807) ; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 87. Hibiscus
populneus L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 694 (1753). — Juan Griego, Ernst.
Further distribution, tropical countries.

WissADULA Medic.

W. PERiPLOCiFOLiA (L.) Griseb., Cat. pi. Cuba, p. 25 (1866).
Sida periplocifolia L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 684 (1753).— El Valle, Miller
& Johnston, no. 126, Aug. 31. Further distribution, Jamaica.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 237

BOMBACACEAE.
Bomb AX L.

B. CTOiANENSE HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 5, p. 300 (1821). — Santa
Ana, Ernst. Venezuela: near Cumana, HBK., /. c. There are
several Bombax trees occurring in El Valle, but no specimens were
collected.

STERCULIACEAE.

GuAZUMA Adans.

G. ULMiFOLiA Lam., Encycl., vol. 3, p. 52 (1789); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 91. — Santa Ana, Ernst. Distributed from Cuba to Brazil.

Helicteres L.

H. BARUENSis Jacq., Enum. pi. Carib., p. 30 (1760), and Hist. Stirp.
Am., p. 236; Schumann in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 12, pt. 3, p. 20.—
Santa Ana, Ernst. Venezuela: Vargas, Flora, p. 192. Further dis-
tribution, tropical America.

Melochia L.

M. TOMENTOSA L., Syst. nat., ed. 10, vol. 2, p. 1140 (1759); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 93.— Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle, Miller & John-
ston, no. 44, July 5; Juan Griego trail, Johnston, no. 56, July 31.
Shrub, 1 m. high; flowers pink or purplish. Venezuela: near Cumana,
HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 5, p. 323; Caracas, Birschel; Colonia
Tovar, Fendler, no. 2289, 1856-57. Further distribution, tropical
America.

Waltheria L.

W. AMERICANA L., Sp. pL, vol. 2, p. 673 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 95.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 202, July 8. Vene-
zuela: near Bordones and Cumana, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 5,
p. 333; Colonia Tovar, Fendler, nos. 110 and 112, 1854-55. Widely
distributed in tropical countries.

MARCGRAVIACEAE.

Caracasia Szyszyl.

C. tremadexa (Ernst) Szyszyl. in Engl, et Prantl, Naturl. Pflan-
zenfam., vol. 3, pt. 6, p. 164 (1893). Vargasia iremadena Ernst, Var-

238 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

gas consid. como bot., p. 23 (1877). — Alt. 700 m., San Juan Mt.,
Johnston, no. 279, Aug. 28. A shrub, 2 m. high. Venezuela: near
Caracas, Ernst, May, 1876.

GUTTIFERAE.
Clusia L.

C. FLAVA Jacq., Enum. pi. Carib., p. 34 (1760), and Hist. Stirp. Am.,
p. 272; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 107.— San Juan Mt., alt. 700
m., Johnston, no. 133, July 31. Occurs also in Jamaica.

BIXACEAE.

BiXA L.

B. Orellana L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 512 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 20; Eichler in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 13, pt. 1, p. 433, pi.
87. — Santa Ana, Ernst; Juan Griego trail on open hillside, alt. 300
m., Johnston, no. 11, July 2. Shrub, 3— 4 m. high. — -Venezuela:
Cumana, Loe fling, 1754. Found in tropical countries.

VIOLACEAE.
Hybanthus Jacq.

H. oppositifolius (L.), n. comb. Viola oppositifolia L., Sp. pi., ed.
2, vol. 2, p. 1327 (1763). lonidium oppositifolium Roem. & Schult.,
Syst., vol. 5, p. 395 (1819).— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 124,
July 6. Venezuela: Colonia Tovar, Fendler, no. 2419, 1856-57;
Cumana, Loefling according to Roem. & Schult., /. c.

RiNOREA Aubl.

R. marginata (Tr. & Planch.) Rusby in herb. Alsodeia margi-
nata Triana et Planchon, Ann. sci. nat., bot., ser. 4, vol. 17, p. 127
(1862).— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 225, July 27; San Juan
Mt., alt. 300 m., Johnston, no. 120, Aug. 28. Further distribution,
Colombia.

Sauvagesia L.

S. ERECTA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 203 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 112.— San Juan Mt., alt. 795 m., Johnston, no. 90, Aug. 28.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 239

Venezuela: near Caripe and Cumanacoa, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp.,
vol. 5, p. 389; Colonia To\&r, Fe7idler, no. 2319, 1856-57. Distribu-
tion general in tropics.

FLACOURTIACEAE.

Casearia Jacq.

C. PARViFOLiA Willd., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 628 (1799); Jacq., Hist.
Stirp. Am., p. 127; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 23.— South Hill,
El Valle, Johnston, no. 129, Aug. 31. Distributed from Cuba to
Guiana.

C. guianensis (Aubl.), n. comb. Iroucana guianensis Aubl., PI.
Guian., vol. 1, p. 329, pi. 127 (1775). Casearia ramiflora Vahl, Spiib.,
vol. 2, p. 50 (1791) ; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 24.— El Valle,
Miller & Johnston, no. 19, Aug. 5. Distributed from Cuba to Bahia.

C. SPIRALIS Johnston, Proc. Amer. acad. arts and sci., vol. 40, p.
691 (1905).— El Valle, River trail, Johnston, no. 283, Aug. 30. En-
demic.

C. SYLVESTRis Sw., Fl. Ind. Occ, vol. 2, p. 752 (1800).— El Valle,
Miller & Johnston, no. 105, July 18; San Juan Mt., alt. 500 m., John-
ston, no. 266, July 19. Further distribution, tropical America.

Xylosma Forst. f.

X. NiTiDUM (Hellen.) Gray ex Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 21
(1859). Hisingera nitida Hellen., Vet. akad. handl. Stockh., 1792,
p. 32, pi. 2 (1792). — Santa Ana, Ernst. Distributed in tropical
America.

TURNERACEAE.

TURNERA L.

T. DIFFUSA Willd. ex Schult., Syst., vol. 6, p. 679 (1820).— El
Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 266, July 30, and Johiston, no. 288,
July 15. Further distribution, Brazil, West Indies, and Central
America.

T. ULMiFOLiA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 271 (1753). — Asuncion, Miller &
Johnston, no. 223, July 30. Further distribution, tropical America.

240 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

PASSIFLORACEAE.
Passiflora L.

P. FOETiDA L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 959 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 294. — Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no.
85, July 9, and Johnston, no. 63, Aug. 3. Venezuela: Cumana,
Loe fling, 1754; in Prov. Cumana, in Sierra de Chacao, and near the
town of Fernando de Apure, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 2, p. 138;
Colonia Tovar, Fendler, no. 475, 1854-55. Distribution general in
tropical America.

P. LAURiFOLiA L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 956 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 293. — Juan Griego trail, alt. 450 m., Johnstoyi, no. 289,
Aug. 12 to 15. Further distribution, tropical America.

P. MONTICOLA Johnston, Proc. Amer. acad. arts and sci., vol. 40,
p. 692 (1905). — Climbing over low shrubs at the mountain top, alt.
700 to 795 m., San Juan Mt., Johnston, no. 64, July 11. Endemic.

P. NiTENS Johnston, Proc. Amer. acad. arts and sci., vol. 40, p.
692 (1905).— El Valle, South Hill, Johnston, no. 65, Aug. 31. En-
demic.

CARICACEAE.

Carica L.

C. Papaya L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1036 (1753); Griseb., Fl.^Brit. W.
Ind., p. 290. — In Asuncion valley. Venezuela: Cumana, Loefling,
Reise nach den spanischen Landern, p. 152-153. Cultivated in all
tropical countries.

LOASACEAE.
Mentzelia L.

M. ASPERA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 516 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 298. — Juan Griego, Ernst. Venezuela: Colonia Tovar,
Fendler, no. 453, 1856-57. Further distribution, in tropical America.

BEGONIACEAE.

Begonia L.

B. scandens Sw., Prod., p. 86 (1788).— Juan Griego trail, alt. 400
m., Johnston, no. 291, July 31. Further distribution. West Indies,
Brazil, Peru.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 241

CACTACEAE.
Cereus MilL

C. CARiPENSis (HBK.) DC, Prod., vol. 3, p. 467 (1828). Cactus
caripensis HBK., Nov. gen. et. sp., vol. 6, p. 66 (1823). — South Hill,
El Valle, alt. 300 m., Johnston, no. 217, July IS. Further distribu-
tion, Mexico.

C. EBURNEus Salm-Dyck, Obs. bot., p. 6 (1822). — • El Valle, John-
ston, no. 342, July 27. Further distribution, Cura9oa and Chili.

C. Jamacaru DC, Prod., vol. 3, p. 467 (1828).— Tacarigua,
Johnston, no. 341, Aug. 15. Further distribution, Brazil.

C MARGARiTENSis Johnston, Proc. Amer. acad. arts and sci., vol.
40, p. 693 (1905).— El Valle, on the hillside, Johnston^ no. 344, July
27. Endemic.

C SwARTZii Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 301 (I860).— Santa Ana,
Ernst. Found also in Jamaica.

Mammillaria Haw.

M. SIMPLEX Haw., S\ii. pi. succ, p. 177 (1812); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
\V. Ind. p. 300. — Juan Griego, Ernst. Further distribution, Haiti
and Venezuela.

Melocactus Link & Otto.

M. coiMMUNis Link & Otto in Verb, preuss. Ver. Gartenb., vol. 3,
p. 417, pi. 11 (1827); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 300.— Juan
Griego, Ernst; El Valle, plain by sea. Miller & Johnston, no. 272,
Aug. 3; Pt. Moreno, Jo/««5toH, no. 343, Aug. 10. Further distribu-
tion, West Indies.

Opuntia Mill.

O. leptocaulis DC in Mem. mus. Par., vol. 17, p. 118 (1828). —
En route El Valle to San Antonio, Johnston, no. 340, Aug. 3. Further
distribution, Mexico.

O. Tuna Mill., Gard. diet., ed. 8, no. 3 (1768); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 302. — Common ever}^4iere on the plains and hillsides.-
El Valle, Johnston, no. 218, July 4. Common in tropical America.

Pereskia Mill.

P. OPUNTiAEFLORA DC. in Mem. mus. Par., vol. 17, p. 76, p .
19 (1828).— Pt. Moreno, Johnston, no. 216. Further distribution,
Mexico.

242 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

P. SP., reported by Ernst at Santa Ana, is probably the above.
Rhipsalis Gaertn.

R. CASSUTHA Gaertn., Fruct., vol. 1, p. 137, pi. 28 (1788); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 302 as cassytha. — El Valle, Johnston, no. 16.
Found hanging from the branches of trees; fruit becoming white.
Further distribution, tropical America.

THYIMELAEACEAE.
Daphnopsis INIart. & Zucc.

D. americana (Mill.), n. comb. Laurus americana Mill., Diet.,
ed. 8, no. 10 (1768). Daphne tinifolia Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ,
p. 63 (1788). Daphnopsis tinifolia Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 278
(I860).— Juan Griego trail, alt. 450 m., Johnston, no. 257, Aug. 14.
Further distribution, Jamaica.

LYTHRACEAE.

ROTALA L.

R. DENTiFERA (Gray) Koehne in Engl., Bot. Jahrb., vol. 1, p. 161
(1881). Avnnannia dentifera Gray, PL Wright., vol. 2, p. 55(1853).
— Juan Griego, Johnston, no. 276, Aug. 14. Further distribution,
Mexico.

RHIZOPHORACEAE.

Rhizophora L.

R. Mangle L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 443 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 274.- — Laguna Chica, Johnston, no. 246, Aug. 10, also at Pt.
Piedras, and at Laguna Grande. Venezuela : Ernst, Sobre la flora y
fauna, p. 223. Common to tropical countries.

MYRTACEAE.
Myrcia DC.

M. CORIACEA (Vahl) DC, Prod., vol. 3, p. 243 (1828); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 234. Mijrtus coriacea Vahl., Spnb., vol. 2, p. 59
(1791).— San Juan Mt., alt. 780 m., Johnston, no. 263, July 6. These

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF IMARGARITA ISLAND. 243

specimens differ from the tj'pical form in having ova! leaves with
short bhmt points, and in having narrow calyx-lobes. Further dis-
tribution, West Indies.

PSIDIUM L.

P. GUAJAVA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 470 (1753). P. Guava Radd.
ace. to Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 241 (I860).— El Valle, Miller &
Johnston, no. 140, July 14, and Johnston, no. 244, July 2. A'enezuela:
Cumana, Loefling Reise nach den spanischen Landern, p. 152-153.
Common to tropical countries.

COMBRETACEAE.

COMBRETUM L.

C. SECUNDUM Jacq., Enum. pi. Carib., p. 19 (1760).— Santa Ana,
Ernst. Further distribution, Trinidad, Venezuela, Colombia, Guiana.

COXOCARPUS L.

C. ERECTUS L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 176 (1753); Jacq., Hist. Stirp.
Am., p. 78; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 277. — Juan Griego, Ernst;
Laguna Chica, JohnMon, no. 215, Aug. 10. Further distribution,
tropical America and tropical Africa.

Laguxcularia Gaertn.

L. RACEMOSA Gaertn. f., Fruct., vol. 3, p. 209, pi. 217, fig. 3 (1805);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 276. — Juan Griego, Ernst; Laguna
Chica, Johnston, no. 247, Aug. 10. Further distribution, tropical
America and tropical Africa.

QUISQUALIS L.

Q. iNDiCA L., Sp. pi., ed. 2, vol. 1, p. 556 (1762).— El Valle, Miller
& Johnston, no. 91, July 29. Cultivated in ^Margarita from ti'opical
Asia.

Terminalia L.

T. BucERAS (L.) Wright in Sauv., Fl. Cub., p. 38 (1873). Bucida
Buceras L., Syst. nat., ed. 10, vol. 2, p. 1025 (1759).— San Juan :\It.,
Johnston, no. 275, Aug. 28. Further distribution, tropical America.

244 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

MELASTOMACEAE.
Blakea p. Br.

B. MONTicoLA Johnston, Proc. Amer. acad. arts and sci., vol. 40,
p. 693 (1905). — Abundant on the exposed top of San Juan Mt., alt.
700 to 795 m., Johnston, no. 51, July 6. Shrub, 1-2 m. high, branch-
ing copiously; flowers pink. Endemic. Plate 27, fig. 1.

Clidemia D. Don.

C. NEGLECTA D. Don, Mem. Wern. soc, vol. 4, p. 307 (1823);
Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 14, pt. 4, p. 483.— El Valle, alt. 600 m., Miller &
Johnston, no. 33, July 25. Further distribution, Peru and Brazil.

MicoNiA Ruiz & Pav.

M. LAEVIGATA (L.) DC, Prod., vol. 3, p. 188 (1828). Melastoma
laevigata L., Sp. pi., ed. 2, vol. 1, p. 559 (1762).— El Valle, Miller &
Johnston, no. 119, July 24; San Juan Mt., alt. 600 m., Johnston, no.
52, July 11. Venezuela: Colonia Tovar, Fendler, no. 22Q2, 1856-57.
Further distribution, tropical America.

M. PRASiNA (Sw.) DC, Prod., vol. 3, p. 188 (1828). Melastoma
prasina Sw., Fl. Ind. Occ, vol. 2, p. 777 (1800). — Juan Griego trail,
alt. 450 m., Johnston, no. 53, Aug. 12-15. A slender tree, about 7
m. high, with small white flowers. Further distribution, tropical
America.

ONAGRACEAE.

JUSSIAEA L.

J. suFFRUTicosA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 388 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 273. — Juan Griego, Miller & Johnston, no. 45, Aug. 9.
Common to tropical countries.

ARALIACEAE.
GiLiBERTiA Ruiz & Pav.

G. ARBOREA (L.) March, in Durand & Pittier, Bull. soc. bot. Belg.,
vol. 30, p. 281 (1891). Aralia arborea L., PI. Jam. Pugill., pt. 2, p. 11,
and Syst. nat., ed. 10, vol. 2, p. 967 (1759). Dendropanax arhoreum

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 245

Dene. & Planch., Rev. hort., ser. 4, vol. 3, p. 107 (1854). — Juan
Griego trail, alt. 450 m., Johnston, no. 112, July 31. Further dis-
tribution, tropical America. A tree, 20 m. high, with a clear trunk,
which is 10 m. high and 35 cm. in diameter. Spread of foliage about
15 m.

Oreopanax Dene. & Planch.

O. CAPiTATUM (Jacq.) Dene. & Planch., Rev. hort., ser. 4, vol. 3,
p. 108 (1854). Aralia capitata Jacq., Hist. Stirp. Am., p. 89 (1763). —
Juan Griego trail, alt. 450 m., Johnston, no. 308, Aug. 12-15. Vene-
zuela: Colonia Tovar, Fendler, nos. 1320 and 526, 1854-55; Funk &
Sehlim, no. 91, according to Seemann, Journ. bot., vol. 3, p. 270.
Further distribution, Jamaica and Brazil.

ERICACEAE.
Vaccinium L.

V. LATiFOLiUM B. & H. f., Gen., vol. 2, p. 575 (1876), by implica-
tion. Thibaudia latifolia Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 143 (1859).—
San Juan Mt., alt. 700 m., Johnston, no. 272, Aug. 28; also found on
Juan Griego trail, alt. 450 m., July 31. Further distribution, Trinidad.

PLUMBAGINACEAE.

Plumbago L.

P. CAPENSis Thunb., Prod. pi. Cap., p. 33 (1794).— El Valle,
in a garden, Miller & Johnston, no. 117, July 29. Cultivated in Marga-
rita from South Africa.

P. SCANDENS L., Sp. pi., ed. 2, vol. 1, p. 215 (1762); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 390.— Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle, Miller & John-
ston, no. 36, July 17. Venezuela: lower Orinoco, Rusby & Squires,
no. 68, 1896. Tropical America.

SAPOTACEAE.

ACHRAS L.

A. Zapota L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1190 (1753); Jacq., Hist. Stirp. Am.,
p. 57, pi. 61. Sapota Achras Mill., Gard. diet., ed. 8, no. 1 (1768);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 399.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no.

246 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

103. Cultivated in El Valle, Asuncion, and Tacarigua. Found in
tropical countries.

BUMELIA S\v.

B. CUNEATA Sw., Fl. Ind. Occ, vol. 1, p. 496 (1797); Griseb., Fi.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 401; Jacquinia petiolata Johnston, Proc. Amer.
acad. arts and sci., vol. 40, p. 693 (1905). — Pt. ISIosquito, east of
Laguna Chica, Johnston, no. 273, Aug. 10, and Coche, Aug. 5. Dis-
tribution general in West Indies.

OLEACEAE.

. LiXOCIERA Sw. ■

L. CARiBAEA (Jacq.) Knobl., Bot. Centralbl., vol. 61, p. 87 (1895).
Chionanthus caribaea Jacq., Coll., vol. 2, p. 110 (1788). Linociera
eompacta R. Br., Prod., p. 523 (1810); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p.
405.— Juan Griego trail, alt. 350 m., Johnston, no. 136, July 2. Tree,
10 m. high. Further distribution, tropical x\merica.

GENTIANACEAE.

COUTOUBEA Aubl.

C. DENSiFLORA Mart., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 2, p. Ill, pi. 185 (1826);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 423.— San Juan Mt., alt. 650 m., John-
ston, no. 123, July 6. Further distribution, tropical America. Flowers
white.

APOCYNACEAE.

EcHiTES P. Br.

E. SECUNDiFLORA A. DC. in r>C., Prod., vol. 8, p. 457 (1844).—
San Juan Mt., alt. 750 m., JohnMon, no. 137, July 11. Venezuela:
Colonia Tovar, Fendler, nos. 1033, 1034, 1854-55. Further distribu-
tion, Mexico.

E. SUBSAGITTATA Ruiz & Pav., Fl. Per., vol. 2, p. 19 (1799) ; Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 413. — Santa Ana, Ernst. Further distribution,
tropical America.

E. UMBELLATA Jacq., Enum. pi. Carib., p. 13 (1760), and Hist.
Stirp. Am., p. 30; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 414. — Santa Ana,
Ernst. Further distribution, West Indies.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 247

Xerium L.

X. Oleander L., Sp. pL, vol. 1, p. 209 (1753).— El Valle, Miller &
Johnston, no. 209, July 11. Cultivated for ornament in all warm
countries.

Plumeria L.

P. ALBA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 210 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind.,
p. 411. — Santa Ana, Ernst. Venezuela: near Cumana and Caracas,
HBK., X^ov. gen. et sp., vol. 3, p. 230. Distributed from Cuba to the
French Ids.

P. caracasaxa Johnston, Contrib. U. S. nat. herb., vol. 12, p. 108
(1908).— El Valle, Miller d- Johnston, no. 100, July 24. Venezuela:
between Caracas and La Guaira, alt. 500 m., Femller, no. 1026, Aug.
16, 1855; La Guaira, Robinson & Lyon, July 13, 1900.

Rauvolfla. L.

R. Lamarkii DC, Prod., vol. 8, p. 337 (1844); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 408.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 43, July 5, and
Johnston, no. 135, July 15. Further distribution, West Indies.

Tabernaeiioxtana L.

T. AMYGDALiFOLLA. Jacq., Enum. pi. Carib., p. 14 (1760); Bot.
reg., vol. 4, p. 338. — El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 90, and John-
ston, no. 68, July 1. Venezuela: Colonia Tovar, Fendler, no. 1029,
Mar. 13, 1855. Further distribution, tropical America. Varying
from a tree about 8 meters high with a trunk 1 decimeter in diameter
at its base to a diffuse shrub in form.

T. PSYCHOTRiFOLiA HBK., Xov gen. et sp., vol. 3, p. 227 (1818);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 409. — Santa Ana, Ernst. Venezuela:
Sacupana, Rmhy & Squires, no. 85, 1896. Further distribution,
Trinidad.

Thevetl\ Adans.

T. NEREiFOLL\ Juss. ex Steud., Nom., ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 680 (1841);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 407; Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 6, pt. 1, pi. 10.
— Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle, garden. Miller & Johnston, no. 101,
July 31. Distribution, tropical America.

248 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.
ASCLEPIADACEAE.

ASCLEPIAS L.

A. CURASSAVICA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 215 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 419; Desc, Ant., vol. 2, p. 191, pi. 116.— Santa Ana,
Ernst; El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 84, July 11. Venezuela: near
Cumana, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 3, p. 190; Consejo, Fendler, no.
1037, Mar. 13, 1855; Sacupana, Rushy & Squires, no. 26, April, 1896.
Further distribution, tropical America.

Calotropis R. Br.

C. PROCERA (Willd.) Dryand. in Ait. f., Hort. Kew., ed. 2, vol. 2, p.
78 (1811); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 420; Bot. reg., vol. 21, pi.
1792. Asclepias procera Willd. Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 1263 (1798).—
Juan Griego, Ernst; El Valle, Miller d: Johnston, no. 252, July 6.
Venezuela: La Guaira, Fendler, no. 1053, Aug. 16, 1855. Common
in tropical countries.

DiTASSA R. Br.

D. SUBULATA Johnston, Proc. Amer. acad. arts and sci., vol. 40, p.
694 (1905). — San Juan INIt., climbing over low shrubs at the summit,
alt. 740 m., Johnston, no. 262, July 6. Endemic.

Ibatia Dene.

I. MARiTiMA (L.) Dene, in DC., Prod., vol. 8, p. 599 (1844). Cynan-
chum maritimum L., Mant., p. 54 (1767); Jacq., Hist. Strip. Am., p.
83, pi. 56. Ibatia muricata Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 421 (1861).—
Juan Griego, Ernst. Further distribution, West Indies, Venezuela.

Marsdenia R. Br.

M. MACULATA Hook., Bot. mag., pi. 4299 (1847); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 422.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 17, July 18, and
Johnston, no. 67, Aug. 8. A vine hanging from trees. Further dis-
tribution, Central America and Colombia.

Metastelma R. Br.

M. ScHLECTENDAHLii Dcne. in DC, Prod., vol. 8, p. 513 (1844);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 417. — El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no.
14, July 14. Venezuela: according to Ernst in Seem., Journ. bot.,
vol. 5, p. 294 (1867). Further distribution, tropical America.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 249

Sarcostemma R. Br.

S. GLAUCA HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 3, p. 194, pi. 229 (1818).

— Santa Ana, Ernst. Venezuela: near La Guaira, Maiqueti, and
Cabo Blanco, HBK., /. c.

CONVOLVULACEAE.

CUSCUTA L.

C. AUSTRALis R. Br., Prod., p. 491 (1810). C. obtmiflora HBK.,
Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 3, p. 122 (1818); Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 7, p. 380,
pi. 127; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 476.— Santa Ana, Ernst. Dis-
tributed from Florida to Peru.

EVOLVULUS L.

E. AREXICOLA Johnston, Proe. Amer. acad. arts and sci., vol. 40,
p. 694 (1905). — Along the trail from Porlamar to San Antonio, Miller
& Johnston, no. 218, Aug. 2. Endemic.

E. FiLiPES Mart., Flora, vol. 24, pt. 2, Beibl., p. 100 (1841).— El
Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 16, Aug. 9. Further distribution,
Brazil.

E. iNCANUS Pers., Syn., vol. 1, p. 288 (1805). E. sericeus Sw.,
Prod. veg. Ind. Occ, p. 55 (1788); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 475.

— Santa Ana, Ernst. Distribution general in tropical America.

E. MUCRONATUS Sw. ex Wikstr., Vet. akad. handl. Stockh., p. 61
(1827); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 475.— Santa Ana, Ernst.
Distributed from Porto Rico to Peru.

Ipomoea L.

I. Batatas Poir.,Encycl., vol. 6, p. 14 (1804); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 468. Cultivated, according to Ernst. Commonly cultivated
in warm climates.

I. PES-CAPRAE (L.) Sweet, Hort. suburb. Lond., p. 35 (1818);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 470. Convolvulus pes caprae L., Sp. pi.,
vol. 1, p. 159 (1753). Ipomoea biloba Forsk., Fl. Aeg>q3t.-Arab., p. 44
(1775). — Juan Griego, Ernst. Venezuela: Colonia Tovar, Fe?7dler,
no. 937, 1854-55. All tropical countries.

I. CARNEA Jacq., Enum. pi. Carib., p. 13 (1760); Griseb., Fl. Brit.

250 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY

W. Ind., p. 469.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 79, July 18, and
Johnston, no. 80, Aug. 8, and no. 39. Further distribution, Nica-
ragua, Jamaica, Colombia.

I. cocciNEA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 160 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Britt. W.
Ind., p. 472.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 75, July 19. Vene-
zuela: Colonia Tovar, Fendler, nos. 933, 2075, 1854-57. Further dis-
tribution, temperate and tropical countries.

I. QuAMOCLiT L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 159 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 472.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 76, July 12. Vene-
zuela: near Cumanacoa and Angostura, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol.
3, p. 110. Further distribution, tropical countries.

I. siNUATA Orteg., Hort. Matr. dec, 84 (1798). /. dissecta Pursh
ace. to Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 467. — Asuncion, Miller & John-
ston, no. 78, Aug. 9. Venezuela: Ernst in Seem., Journ. bot., 1867,
p. 290-296. Further distribution, tropical countries.

I. TRiFiDA G. Don, Gen. syst., vol. 4, p. 280 (1838).— El Valle,
Miller d- Johnston, no. 77, July 16. Venezuela: La Victoria, Fendler,
no. 2074B, Nov. 21, 1856. Further distribution, tropical America.

I. TUBEROSA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 160 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 467. — Santa Ana, Ernst. Further distribution, tropical
countries.

Jacquemontia Choisy.

J. viOLACEA (Vahl.) Choisy in Mem. soc. phys. Genev., vol. 8, p.
61 (1838). Convolvulus violaceus Vahl, Symb., vol. 3, p. 29 (1794).
C. pentanthos Jacq., Coll., vol. 4, p. 210 (1790); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 474.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 80, July 12. Vene-
zuela: Ernst in Seem., Journ. bot., 1867, p. 293. Further distribution,
Cuba and Mexico to Peru.

BORRAGINACEAE.

BOURRERIA P. Br.

B. EXSUCCA Jacq., Enum. pi. Carib., p. 14 (1760); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 482. — Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no.
10, July 8, and Johnston, no. 86, July 15. A slender tree, 3 to 4 m.
high. Further distribution, St. Vincent, Colombia, Venezuela.

CORDIA L.

C. ALBA (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult., Syst., vol. 4, p. 466 (1819);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 478. Varronia alba Jacq., Hist. Stirp.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 251

Am., p. 41 (1763).— El Valle, MUler & Johmton, no. 72, July G, and
Johnston, no. 87, July 24. Venezuela: Ernst, Sobre la flora y fauna,
p. 227; La Guaira, Fendler, no. 921, Aug. 16, 1855. A slender tree, 5
m. high. Further distribution, tropical America.

C. CYLiNDRiSTACHYA (Ruiz & Pav.) Roem. & Schult., Syst., vol. 4,
p. 459 (1819); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 480. Varronia cijlindro-
stachya Ruiz & Pav., Fl. Peruv., vol. 2, p. 23, pi. 147 (1799).— Juan
Griego, Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 26, July 4,
and Johnston, no. 85, July 15. Further distribution. Lower California,
^Yest Indies to Uruguay.

C. DISCOLOR Cham., Linnaea, vol. 4, p. 482 (1829) — San Juan Mt.,
alt. 570 m., Johnston, no. 296, July 19. Leaves narrower than in the
t^'jiical specimen. Further distribution, Brazil and Bolivia.

C. GERASCANTHUS Jacq., Hist. Stirp. Am., p. 43, pi. 175 (1763);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 478. — Santa Ana, Ernst. Venezuela:
Colonia Tovar, Fendler, no. 2054, 1856-57. Further distribution,
West Indies, Guatemala to Brazil.

C. GLOBOSA (Jacq.) HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 3, p. 76 (1818);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 481. Varronia globosa Jacq., Enum.
pi. Carib., p. 14 (1760).— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 221, July
18; Asuncion, Johnston, no. 84, July 9. Slender bush, 2-3 m. high.
Venezuela: Ernst, Sobre la flora y fauna, p. 227. Further distribu-
tion, tropical America.

C. RETICULATA Vahl, Eclog. iVm., vol. 3, p. 5 (1807); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 479. — Juan Griego, Ernst. Further distribution.
West Indies, Venezuela.

C. Sebestena L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 190 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 478; Jacq., Hist. Stirp. Am., p. 42. — Juan Griego, Ernst;
El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 219, July 26. Further distribution.
West Indies to Guiana and Colombia.

Heliotropium L.

H. cuRASSAVicuM L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 130 (1753); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 486. — Juan Griego, Ernst. Venezuela: Tortuga,
Ernst in Seem., Journ. bot., vol. 14, p. 179 (1876). Common to
tropical countries.

H. filiforme HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 3, p. 86, pi. 204 (1818);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 486.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no.
148, Aug. 8; Juan Griego, Johnston, no. 331, Aug. 14. Venezuela:
at Rio Apure, between the towns of El Diamente and San Fernando,

252 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 3, p. 86. Further distribution, American
tropics.

H. iNDicuM L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 130 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 485. — Juan Griego, Santa Ana, Asuncion, Ernst; El Valle,
Miller & Johnston, no. 206, July 5, and Johnston, no. 49, July 15.
Found in all tropical countries.

H. PARViFLORUM L., Mant., vol. 2, p. 201 (1771); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 485.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 32, July 7, and
Johnston, no. 93, Aug. 8; also found at Juan Griego. Further dis-
tribution, tropical America.

TOURNEFORTIA L.

T. GNAPHALODES R. Br., Prod., p. 496 (1810), by implication;
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 483. — Juan Griego, Ernst.; Ft. Moreno,
Johnston, no. 105, July 8. Further distribution, Florida, Bahamas,
West Indies. A shrub, 0.5-1 m. high, growing in the loose sand near
the sea.

T. HiRSUTissiMA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 140 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 483.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 47. Venezuela:
near Cumana and Bordones, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 3, p. 80.
Further distribution, tropical America.

T. ixcANA Lam., Illust., vol. 1, p. 417 (1791);' Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., ji. 485. — Santa Ana, Ernst. Further distribution, Cuba, Haiti.

T. scANDENS Mill., Gard. diet., ed. 8, no. 4 (1768).— El Valle, Miller
& Johnston, no. 2, Aug. 2, and no. 249, July 20, and Johnston, no.
254, July 27. Further distribution, Jamaica.

T. voLUBiLis L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 140 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 484. — Santa Ana, Ernst. Further distribution, tropical
America.

T. SP. Shrubby; leaves oval, entire, glabrous on upper side, pilose
on loM-er side, with acuminate apex and rounded unequal base, 4 cm.
wide and 8 cm. long, and smaller; petiole 5 to 10 mm. long: inflorescence
cymose, reddish-pubescent ; calyx-lobes narrowly acute. — El Valle
to San Juan, Johnston, no. 83, July 11.

VERBENACEAE.

AviCENNIA L.

A. NiTiDA Jacq., Enum. ])1. Carib., p. 25 (1760), and Jacq., Hist.
Stirp. Am., p. 177. — Pt. INIosquito, Johnston, no. 139, Aug. 10.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 253

Venezuela: Ernst, Sobre la flora y fauna, p. 223. Further distribu-
tion, Cuba to Brazil, tropical Africa.

BouCHEA Cham.

B. Ehrenbergii Cham, in Linnaea, vol. 7, p. 253 (1832); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 493.— El Valle, Miller & Johiston, no. 205, July
20. Venezuela: La Guaira according to Schauer, Linnaea, vol. 20,
p. 478. Further distribution, tropical America.

ClTHAREXYLUAI ^Nlill.

C. QUADRANGULARE Jacq., Enum. pi. Carib., p. 26 (1760); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 497; Jacq., Hort. Vind., vol. 1, pi. 22.— Santa Ana,
Ernst. Further distribution, West Indies, Guiana.

Clerodexdrox L.

C. MOLLE HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 2, p. 244 (1817).— El Valle,
Miller & Johnston, no. 8, July 30; en route El Valle to Asuncion,
Johnston, no. 82, July 9. A form with small flowers, especially a
small calyx. Short spines occur in some axils. Further distribution,
Peru and Galapagos Ids.

Duraxta L.

D. Plumieri Jacq., Hist. Stirp. Am., p. 186, pi. 176, fig. 76 (1763);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 498. — Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle,
Miller & Johnston, no. 115, July 15. Venezuela: Cumana, Moritz,
no. 424, according to Schauer, Linnaea, vol. 20, p. 482. Further dis-
tribution, tropical America.

Laxtaxa L.

L. Camara L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 627 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 495; Desc, Ant., vol. 4, p. 330, pi. 304.— Santa Ana, Ernst;
El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 95, July 6. Venezuela : Caracas
and Valencia, Moritz, according to Schauer, Linnaea, vol. 20, p. 481 ;
Colonia Tovar, Fendler, no. 860 (in part), Jan. 31, Feb. 23, 1854;
Sacupana, Rusby & Squires, no. 4; Paloma, Rushy & Squires, no.
312; Caracas, A. H. Moore, ]Mar. 16, 1899; San Julian, Robinson &
Lyon, July 17, 1900. Distribution general in tropical America.

L. LiLACiXA Desf., Cat. hort. Par., ed. 3, p. 392 (1829); Schauer
in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 9, p. 261, pi. 44, fig. 1. L. striata, var. lilacina

254 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 496 (1861).— El Valle, Miller & Johnston,
no. 94. Venezuela: Caracas, Moritz, according to Schauer, Linnaea,
vol. 20, p. 481. Distributed from Mexico to Brazil.

L. RETICULATA Pers., Syn., vol. 2, p. 141 (1807); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 496; Ernst, Bot. Excurs. Margarita, p. 7. L. Selloiviana
Link & Otto, Ic. pi. sel. Berol., p. 107, pi. 50 (1S2S).— Santa Ana,
Ernst. Further distribution, West Indies, Venezuela.

L. TRiFOLiA L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 626 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 496. — Santa Ana, Ernst. Venezuela: Aragua, E. Otto &
Moritz, according to Schauer, Linnaea, vol. 20, p. 481. Further dis-
tribution, tropical America.

LippiA L.

L. GEMiNATA HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 2, p. 266 (1817); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 495.— Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle, Miller &
Johnston, no. 125, Aug. 16, and Johnston, no. 81, Aug. 8. Further
distribution, tropical America. A spreading bush, 1 m. high.

L. MiCROMERA Schauer in DC, Prod., vol. 11, p. 587 (1847);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 495. — Juan Griego, Ernst. Venezuela:
Angostura, Moritz, according to Schauer, Linnaea, vol. 20, p. 480.
Distributed from West Indies to Guiana.

Priva Adans.

P. LAPPULACEA (L.) Pers., Syn., vol. 2, p. 139 (1807). F. echinata
Juss., Ann. mus. Par., vol. 7, p. 69 (1806); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind.,
p. 493. Verbena lappulacea L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 19 (1753). — Santa
Ana, Ernst; El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 96, July 9. Further
distribution, tropical America.

Stachytarpheta Vahl.

S. cajanensis Vahl, Enum., vol. 1, p. 208 (1804); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
yV. Ind., p. 494. — Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no.
93, July 6, and Johnston, no. 92, Aug. 8. Venezuela: near Cumana,
Bordones, and Caripe, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 2, p. 280; Guayre
River, Moritz, and Orinoco, S. Ayres, according to Schauer, Linnaea,
vol. 20, p. 478. Further distribution, tropical America.

S. JAMAiCENSis (L.) Vahl, Enum., vol. 1, p. 206 (1804); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 494. Verbena jamaicensis L., Sp. pL, vol. 1,
p. 19 (1753). S. indica Vahl, Enum., vol. 1, p. 206 (1804); Griseb.,

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 255

Fl. Brit. ^Y. Ind., p. 494. Verbena indica L., Sp. pi., ed. 2, vol. 1,
p. 27 (1762) .— El Valle, Miller & Johistoii, no. 92, July 5. Venezuela :
near Cumana, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 2, p. 279. Further distri-
bution, tropical countries.

LABIATAE.

CoLEus Lour.

C. AMBOiNicus Lour., Fl. Cochinch., vol. 2, p. 372 (1790); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 487. Pledranthus aromaticus Roxb., Hort.
Bengal., p. 45 (1814). C. aromaticus Benth. in Wallich, PI. As. rar.,
vol. 2, p. 15 (1831); Bot. reg., vol. 18, pi. 1520.— Santa Ana, Ernst.
Introduced into the West Indies from the East Indies.

Hyptis J acq.

H. CAPiTATA Jacq., Coll., vol. 1, p. 102 (1786), and Ic. rar., vol. 1,
pi. 114; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 488.— Santa Ana, Ernst.
Further distribution, tropical America, Manila.

H. PECTiNATA (L.) Poit., Ann. mus. Par., vol. 7, p. 474, pi. 30
(1806); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 489. Ne'peta 'pectinata L.,
Syst. nat., ed. 10, vol. 2, p. 1097 (1759).— El Valle, Miller & Johnston,
no. 110, July 24. Further distribution, tropical America, East Indies.

Leonotis R. Br.

L. NEPETiFOLiA R. Br. in Ait. f., Hort. Kew., ed. 2, vol. 3, p. 409
(1811); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 492.— Santa Ana, Ernst; El
Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 74, July 19. Common in tropical
countries.

Salvia L.

S. cocciNEA Juss. ex Murr., Comm. Goetting., vol. 1, p. 86, pi. 1
(1778); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 490.— Santa Ana, Ernst. Fur-
ther distribution, tropical America.

S. occiDENTALis Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ, p. 14 (1788); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 490. — Santa Ana, Ernst. Further distribution,
tropical America.

S. TiLiAEFOLiA Vahl, Symb. bot., vol. 3, p. 7 (1794). — Santa Ana,
Ernst. Venezuela: valley of Caracas, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 2,
p. 299 (as S. fimbriata). Further distribution, Mexico.

256 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

SOLANACEAE.

Bassovia Aubl.

B. CILIATA Johnston, Proc. Amer. acad. arts and sci., vol. 40, p.
694 (1905).— El Valle, River trail, Miller & Johnston, no. 255, July
15, and Johnston, no. 75, Aug. 30.

Brachistus Miers.

B. Pringlei Wats., Proc. Amer. acad. arts and sci., vol. 25, p. 159
(1890).— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 35, July 27. Further dis-
tribution, Mexico, Central America, and Colombia.

Brunfelsia L.

B. HoPEANA (Hook.) Benth. in DC, Prod., vol. 10, p. 200 (1846) ;
Griseb., Fl. Brit. \V. Ind., p. 432; Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 8, pt. 1, p. 261,
pi. 43. Franciscea Ho'peana Hook., Bot. mag., pi. 2829 (1828). —
El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 265, Aug. 2, and Johnston, no. 71,
Aug. 31 on South Hill. Further distribution, Trinidad, Brazil.

Capsicum L.

C. ANNUUM L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 188 (1753); Desc, Ant., vol. 6, p.
172, pi. 422.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 81, July 24. Vene-
zuela: Cumana, Loefling, Reise nach den spanischen Liindern, p. 152-
153. All tropical countries.

C. BACCATUM L., Mant, vol. 1, p. 47 (1767); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 436; Desc, Ant., vol. 6, p. 177, pi. 423.— El Valle, Miller &
Johnston, no. 82, July 12. Venezuela: between Cumana and Bor-
dones, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 3, p. 49. Found in all tropical
countries.

C. frutescens L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 189 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 436; Lam., Encycl., pi. 116. — Cultivated, according to
Ernst. Venezuela: near Bordones, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 3,
p. 48. Found in all tropical countries.

Cestrum L.

C. VESPERTiNUM L., Mant., vol. 2, p. 206 (1771); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 443; Jacq., Hort. Schoenbr., vol. 3, pi. 328. — River trail,
El Valle, Johnston, no. 285, Aug. 30. Further distribution, West
Indies to Panama, Peru, and Brazil.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 257

Datura L.

D. Metel L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 179 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Jnd., p. 434; Bot. mag., vol. 35, pi. 1440.— El Valle, Miller & John-
ston, no. 83, July 30. Further distribution, tropical America, tropi-
cal Africa, Spain.

D. Tatula L., Sp. pi., ed. 2, vol. 1, p. 256 (1762); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 434; Sweet, Brit. fl. gard., vol. 1, pi. 83.— Santa Ana,
Ernst. Further distribution, tropical and temperate countries.

Lycium L.

L. SALSUM Ruiz & Pav., Fl. Per., vol. 2, p. 46, pi. 183 (1799).—
El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 153, July 31, and Johnston, no. 61,
Aug. 3. Further distribution, Peru.

Lycopersicum Hill.

L. HuMBOLDTii (Willd.) Dunal, Solan., p. 112 (1813); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W, Ind., p. 436. Solanum Humboldtii Willd., Hort. Berol., p.
27, pi. 27 (1804).— Cultivated, according to Ernst. Distributed
from Mexico to Brazil.

NiCOTIAXA L.

N. Tabacum L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 180 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 434. — Cultivated. Widely grown in temperate and tropical
countries.

Physalis L.

P. PERUVIANA L., Sp. pi., ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 1670 (1763); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 435. — Santa Ana, Ernst. Widely distributed in
temperate and tropical countries.

Solanum L.

S. ACULEATissiMUM Jacq., Coll., vol. 1, p. 100 (1786); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 442. — Santa Ana, Ertist. Further distribution,
tropical America.

S. HiRTUM Vahl, Symb. bot., vol. 2, p. 40 (1791).— Santa Ana
Ernst.

S. LANCEAEFOLiUM Jacq., ColL, vol. 2, p. 286 (1788). — San Juan
Mt., alt. 790 m., Johnston, no. 69, July 6. Slender shrub, ascending,
1-1.5 m. high. Further distribution, West Indies, Venezuela.

258 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

S. MARGARiTENSE Jolinstoii, Proc. Aiiier. acad. arts and sci., vol.
40, p. 695 (1905). — El Valle, a single ascending stem branching
copiously near the top, found at the side of the River trail, Johnston,
no. 315, Aug. 20. Plate 29, fig. 2.

S. NIGRUM L., Sp. pL, vol. 1, p. 186 (1753). S. nodiflorum Jacq.,
Ic. pi. rar., vol. 2, p. 11, pi. 326 (1781); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p.
437. — Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle, Johnston, no. 73, July 16. Vene-
zuela: Cumana, Loefling, Reise nach den spanischen Landern, p.
152-153. A low herb, about 5 dm. high. Temperate and tropical
countries.

S. POLYGAMUM, Vahl, Symb. bot., vol. 3, p. 39, pi. 55 (1794) ; Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 442.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 143, July
18. Further distribution, Trinidad, St. Thomas, St. Croix.

8. Seaforthianum Andr., Bot. rep., vol. 8, pi. 504 (1799-1811).
— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 104, July 18. Further distribu-
tion, tropical America.

S. TRiSTE, Jacq., Enum. pi. Carib., p. 15 (1760); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 437. — Juan Griego trail, alt. 450 m., Johnston, no. 70,
July 22. Venezuela: near Cumanacoa and Guanaguana, HBK.^
Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 3, p. 34. Further distribution, tropical America.

S. VERBASCiFOLiUM L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 184 (1753); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 438.— Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle, Miller & John-
ston, no. 222, and Johnston, no. 74, July 15. Venezuela: near Cumana,
HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 3, p. 30; Ernst in Seemann's Journ. bot.,
vol. 3, p. 319. Further distribution, tropical America to East Indies.
A low shrub, about 1 m. high.

S. UMBRATILE Johustou, Proc. Amer. acad. arts and sci., vol. 40,
p. 695 (1905). — Rio Asuncion, in the heavy woods along the trail
to Juan Griego, Johnston, no. 321, July 22.

SCROPHULARIACEAE.

Beyrichia Cham. & Schlecht.

B. scuTELLARioiDES Benth., Scroph. Ind., p. 9 (1835), in note;
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 429; Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 8, pt. 1, pi.
50, fig. 2.— Santa Ana, Ernst. Further distribution, Trinidad, Ven-
ezuela, Brazil.

Capraria L.

C. BiFLORA L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 628 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 427; Desc, Ant., vol. 4, p. 313, pi. 300.— Santa Ana, Ernst,

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 259

reported as C. mexicana; El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 41, July
30, and Johnston, no. 265, Aug. 8. Venezuela: nearCumana, HBK.,
Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 2, p. 354. Further distribution, tropical America
and tropical Africa.

Ilysanthes Rafin.

I. RiPARiA Rafin., Ann. nat., p. 13 (1820). — Juan Griego, John-
ston, no. 125, Aug. 14. Further distribution, tropical America.

SCOPARIA L.

S. DULCis L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 116 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 427. — Juan Griego, Ernst; El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no.
144, Aug. 11, Venezuela: between Caracas and Bordones, HBK.,
Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 2, p. 354; Cumana, Loefling, Reise nach den
spanischen Landern, p. 152-153. Further distribution, tropical coun-
tries.

BIGNONIACEAE.

BiGXOXIA L.

B. ACUMiXATA Johnston, Proc. Amer. acad. arts and sci., vol. 40,
p. 696 (1905).— El Valle, Johnston, no. 345. Endemic. Plate 29,
figs. 1, la, lb.

B. AEQUiNOCTiALis L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 623 (1753); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 448; Plum., Ic. Burm., pi. 55. — El Valle, John-
ston, no. 78, Aug. 8. Further distribution, tropical America. A \'ine
or sprawling shrub.

B. SP. — El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 154, Aug. 6. Leaves
trifoliolate, glabrous, smooth; calyx cupulate; margin undulate,
shortly 5-parted; corolla purple, 5-lobed, slightly 2-lipped, about
2.5 cm. long.

B. SP. — El Valle, Johnston, no. 77, Aug. 15. Calyx cupulate,
with 5 procurrent short teeth; corolla purple, 5-lobed, slightly 2-
lipped, 3-5 cm. long.

Crescextia L.

C. CuJETE L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 626 (1753); Jacq., Hist. Stirp.
Am., p. 175; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 445. — Santa Ana, Ernst;
El Valle, Johnston, no. 248. A tree, about 4 m. high, with wide-
spreading top and trunk 2.5 dm. in diameter at the base. Common
to tropical America.

260 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY

Macfadyena a. DC.

M. CORYMBOSA Griscb., Bonplandia, vol. 6, p. 10 (1858). — ■ El
Valle, Johnston, no. 255, July 24. Distributed from Panama to
equatorial Brazil.

Tabebuia Gom.

T. RUFESCENS Jolinston, Proc. Ainer. acad. arts and sci., vol. 40,
p. 696 (1905).— San Juan Mt., alt. 500 m., Johnston, no. 79, July 2.
Endemic.

Tecoma Juss.

T. STANS (L.) Juss., Gen., p. 139 (1789); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind.,
p. 447. Bignonia stans L., Sp. pi., ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 871 (1762).— El
Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 220, July 18, and Johnston, no. 76, July
24. Venezuela: Mt. Cocollar, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 3, p. 144.
Further distribution, Mexico and West Indies.

MARTYNIACEAE.
Craniolaria L.

C. ANNUA L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 618 (1753); Jacq., Hist. Stirp. Am.,
p. 173; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 466.— El Valle, Miller & John-
ston, no. 89, July 12. Venezuela: Ernst, Sobre la flora y fauna, p.
227; llanos of New Barcelona, HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 3, p. 153.
Distribution, New Mexico to Venezuela.

GESNERIACEAE.
Drymonia Mart.

D. serrulata (Jacq.) Mart., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 3, p. 59 (1829).
D. bicolor Lindl., Bot. reg., vol. 24. pi. 4 (1838). Besleria serrulata *
Jacq., Hort. Schoenb., vol. 3, p. 21 (1798).— Rio Asuncion, alt. 400-
500 m., Johnston, no. 278, Aug. 12-15. Found in the West Indies.

LENTIBULARIACEAE.
Utricularia L.

U. ALPiNA Jacq., Enum. pi. Carib., p. 11 (1760). U. montana
Jacq., Hist. Stirp. Am., p. 7, pi. 6 (1763); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind.,

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 261

p. 390. — San Juan Mt., alt. 600 m., Miller & Johnston, no. 271, Aug.
2, and Johnston, no. 223, July 2. Further distribution, tropical
America.

ACANTHACEAE.

DiANTHERA L.

D. SECUNDA (Vahl) Griseb., Goett. Abh., vol. 7, p. 246 (1857).
Justicia secunda Vahl, Symb. bot., vol. 2, p. 7 (1791). — San Juan Mt.,
alt. 795 m., Johnston, no. 89, July 2. Further distribution, tropical
America.

Jacobixia Moric.

J. PAUCiFLORA (Nees) Benth. & Hook, f., Gen., vol. 2, p. 1115
(1876). Sericographis pauciflora Nees in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 9,
p. 110 (1847).— South Hill, El Valle, alt. 300 m., Johnston, no. 19,
July 27. Further distribution, Brazil.

RUELLIA L.

R. TUBEROSA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 635 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 452.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 88, July 12. Vene-
zuela: Colonia Tovar, Fendler, no. 799, Aug. 16, 1855. Further
distribution, tropical America.

SiPHONOGLOSSA Oerst.

S. PiLOSELLA (Nees) Torr., Bot. Mex. bound., p. 124 (1859).
Monechma Pilosella Nees in DC., Prod., vol. 11, p. 412 (1847).— El
Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 227, July 26. Further distribution,
Texas, Mexico, and St. Thomas.

RUBIACEAE.
Basanacaxtha Hook. f.

B. TETRACAXTHA (Cav.) Hook. f. in Benth. & Hook, f.. Gen., vol.
2, p. 83 (1873). Mussaenda tetracaniha Cav., Ic, vol. 5, p. 20, pi.
435 (1799). — Santa Ana, Ernst. American tropics.

Cephaelis Sw.

C. MUSCOSA (Jacq.) Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ, p. 46 (1788); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 347. Morinda muscosa Jacq., Hist. Stirp. Am.,

262 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

p. 65, pi. 45 (1763).— San Juan Mt., alt. 500 m., Johnston, no. 113,
July 11. Further distribution. West Indies, Guiana to Brazil. A
slender shrub, 0.5-1 m. high.

Chiococca p. Br.

C. MiCRANTHA Johnston, Proc. Amer. acad. arts and sci., vol. 40,
p. 696 (1905). — San Juan Mt., in woods above South Hill, alt. 400
m., Johnston, no. 115, July 27. Endemic. Plate 29, figs. 3, 3a,
3b, 3c.

C. RACEMOSA Jacq., Hist. Stirp. Am., p. 68 (1763); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 336.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 42, July 15,
on bank of the River trail; Tacarigua, Johnston, no. 119, Aug. 15.
Widely distributed in tropical America.

Chomelia Jacq.

C. SPiNOSA Jacq., Enum. pi. Carib., p. 12 (1760), & Hist. Stirp.
Am., p. 18. — Santa Ana, Ernst.

COUTAREA Aubl.

C. hexandra (Jacq.), n. comb. Portlandia hexandra Jacq., Hist.
Stirp. Am., p. 63, pi. 182, fig. 20 (1763). Coutarea speciosa Aubl.,
Pl. Guian., vol. 1, p. 314, pi. 122 (1775); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind.,
p. 323. — Santa Ana, Ernst. Widely distributed in tropical America.

DiODIA L.

D. RiGiDA (HBK.) Cham. & Schlecht., Linnaea, vol. 3, p. 341
(1828); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 348. Spermacoce rigida HBK.,
Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 3, p. 342 (1818). — Santa Ana, Ernst. Further
distribution, West Indies to Paraguay.

Erithalis p. Br.

E. FRUTicosA L., Syst. nat., ed. 10, vol. 2, p. 930 (1759); Griseb.
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 336. — Juan Griego, Ernst. Further distribu-
tion, tropical America.

GoNZALAGUNiA Ruiz & Pav.

G. HiRSUTA (Jacq.) Schum. in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 6, pt. 6, p. 291
(1889). Justicia hirsuta Jacq., Enum. pl. Carib., p. 11 (1760).

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 263

Gonzalea spicata DC, Prod., vol. 4, p. 437 (1830); Griseb., Fl. Brit;
^Y. Ind., p. 321.— El Valle, Miller l- Johnston, no. 217, July 24.
San Juan Mt., Johnston, no. 100, July 11. Distribution general in
tropical America.

GUETTARDA L.

G. PARVIFLORA Sw., acc. to Ernst, by which, however, is probably
meant G. parvifolia Sw., Fl. Ind. Occ, vol. 3, p. 1958 (1806); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 333.— Santa Ana, Ernst.

G. SCABR.^ Lam., Tabl. encycl., vol. 2, p. 218^ pi. 154, fig. 3 (1793).
— San Juan Mt., alt. 600 m., Johnston, no. 114, July 19. Tree, 6 m.
high; wood very brittle. Distribution general in tropical America.

HiLLiA Jacq.

H. PARASITICA Jacq., Enum. pi. Carib., p. IS (1760), and Hist. Stirp,
Am., p. 96, pi. 66. H. longifiora Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ, p. 58
(1788); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 325.— San Juan Mt., alt. 550 m.,
Johnston, no. 41, July 16. Shrub, 2-4 m. high; flowers waxy, white.
Further distribution, ^Mexico, West Indies, Colombia.

PSYCHOTRIA L.

P. GLABRATA Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ, p. 43 (1788); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. \V. Ind., p. 341.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 215,
Aug. 15; Juan Griego trail, alt. 450 m., Johnston, no. 337, Aug. 12-15.
Further distribution, Jamaica, Antigua, Cuba.

P. HORizoxTALis Sw., Prod. veg. Ind. Occ, p. 44 (1788); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 344.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 49, July 27.
Further distribution, tropical America.

Raxdia L.

R. ACULEATA L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1192 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 318.— South Hill, El Valle, Johnston, no. 280, Aug. 31.
Venezuela: Ernst in Seem., Journ. bot., vol. 5, p. 292 (1867). Dis-
tribution general in West Indies.

Spermacoce L.

S. tenuior L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 102 (1753) excl. s}ti. Dill.; Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 349.— El Valle, Miller d- Johnston, no. 198,
July 15; Juan Griego trail, Johnston, no. 99, Aug. 12-15. Widely
distributed in tropical America.

264 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

S. VERTiciLLATA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 102 (1753). — Santa Ana,
Ernst. Distributed in tropical America and Africa.

CUCURBITACEAE.

Anguria L.

A. UMBROSA HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 2, p. 121 (1817); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 289. — Juan Griego trail, alt. 450 m., Johnston,
no. 287, Aug. 12-15. Venezuela: near Bordones and Cumana,
HBK., /. c. Further distribution, Mexico, Trinidad, Venezuela.

Anguriopsis Johnston.

A. MARGARiTENSis Johnston, Proc. Amer. acad. arts and sci.,
vol. 40, p. 697 (1905).— Along the roadside from El Valle to San
Antonio, Johnston, no. 286, Aug. 8. Climbing over such shrubs as
Lycium salsum and Cereus ehurneus.

Ceratosanthes Adans.

C. TUBEROSA J. F. Gniel., Syst., p. 102 (1791); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 289.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, nos. 258, 248; Taea-
rigua, Johnston, no. 62, Aug. 14. Further distribution, Grenada,
Martinique, Venezuela.

CiTRULLUs Forsk.

C. VULGARIS Schrad. ex Eckl. & Zeyh., Enum., p. 279 (1835);
Duthie & Fuller, Field and gard. crop, vol. 2, pis. 55, 56. — Culti-
vated.

CucuMis L.

C. Melo L. Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1011 (1753).— El Valle, Miller &
Johnston, no. 87. Cultivated.

C. Anguria L., Sp. pL, vol'. 2, p. 1011 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 288; Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 6, pt. 4, p. 16.— El Valle, Miller &
Johnston, no. 224, July 14. Distribution general in tropical America.

CUCURBITA L.

C. Pepo L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1010 (1753); Desc, Ant., vol. 5, pi.
323. — Cultivated, according to Ernst.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 265

Melothria L.

M. PERVAGA (Macf.) Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 289 (1S60).
Landersia perraga Macf., Fl. Jamaic, vol. 2, p. 142 (1837). — Santa
Ana, Ernst. Distribution general in tropical America.

MOMORDICA L.

M. Charantia L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1009 (1753); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 287.— Santa Ana, Enist; El Valle, Miller & Johnston,
no. 86, July 12. Widely distributed in tropical countries.

CAMPANULACEAE.

Centropogon Presl.

C. suRiNAMENSis (L.) Presl, Prod, monog. Lobel., p. 48 (1836);
Paxt., Mag., vol. 13, p. 149; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 385. Lobelia
surinamensis L., Sp. pi., ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 1320 (1763). — San Juan Mt.,
alt. 750 m., Johnston, no. 88, July 6. Further distribution, St.
Vincent, Trinidad, and tropical South America.

GOODENIACEAE.

SCAEVOLA L.

S. Plumierii Vahl, Symb. bot., vol. 2, p. 36 (1791); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 388.— Pt. Mosquito, Johnston, no. 319, Aug. 10.
Venezuela: Tortuga, Ernst, Fl. Chelon. in Journ. bot., vol. 14, p. 178.
Widely distributed in tropical countries.

COMPOSITAE.

AcANTHOSPERMUM Schrank.

A. AUSTRALE (Locfl.) Ktze., Rev. gen., vol. 1, p. 303 (1891). A.
brasilum Schrank, PI. rar. hort. Monac, vol. 2, p. 53 (1819). A.
xanthioides DC., Prod., vol. 5, p. 521 (1836); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 369. Melampodium australe Loefl., It. Hisp., p. 268 (1758). —
Santa Ana, Ernst. Further distribution, W>st Indies, Venezuela,
Guiana to Buenos Aatcs.

266 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Ageratum L.

A. CONYZOIDES L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 839 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 356. — Santa Ana, Eryist. Common in tropical countries.

Baccharis L.

B. RHEXioiDES HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 4, p. 66 (1820). — -El
Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 230, July 30; San Juan Mt., alt. 600 m.,
Johnston, no. 98, Aug. 28. Further distribution, Peru, Brazil.

BiDENS L.

B. PiLOSA L., Sp. pi., vol. 1, p. 832 (1753). B. leucantha Willd.,
Sp. pi., vol. 3, p. 1719 (1804); Plum., Ic. Burm., pi. 53; Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 373. — Santa Ana, Ernst. Distribution general
in tropical countries.

Blainvillea Cass.

B. BAHiENSis (DC.) Baker in Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 177,
pi. 57 (1882). Oligogyne bahiensis DC, Prod., vol. 5, p. 629 (1836).—
El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 131, July 20. Further distribution,
Brazil.

Clibadium L.

C. surinamensis L., Mant., vol. 2, p. 294 (1771). C. asperum DC,
Prod., vol. 5, p. 506 (1836); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 367.— Santa
Ana, Ernst. Distribution general in tropical America.

ECLIPTA L.

E. ALBA (L.) Hassk., PI. Jav. rar., p. 528 (1848); Griseb., Fl. Brit.
W. Ind., p. 370. E. erecta L., Mant., vol. 2, p. 286 (1771). Verbesina
alba L., Sp. pL, vol. 2, p. 902 (1753).— Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle,
Miller & Johnston, no. 241, July 30. Widely distributed in temperate
and tropical countries.

Elephantopus L.

E. sPiCATus B. Juss. ex Aubl., PI. Guian., vol. 2, p. 808 (1775).
Distreptus spicatus Cass., Diet. sci. nat., vol. 13, p. 367 (1819) ; Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 355. — Santa Ana, Ernst. Venezuela: Caracas,
according to Sch. Bip., Linnaea, vol. 20, p. 519. Widely distributed
in tropical America.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 267

Eleutheranthera Poit.

E. OVATA Poit. ex Steud., Norn., ed. 2, vol 1, p. 549 (1841).— El
Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 132, July 18. Distributed in tropical
America.

Erigeron L.

E. SPATHULATUS Valil in West, Bidr. Ste-Croix, p. 303 (1793);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 365. — Rio Asuncion, alt. 450 m., John-
ston, no. 324, July 29. Further distribution, Antigua, and Virgin Ids.

EUPATORIUM L.

E. BALLOTAEFOLiUM HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 4, p. 121 (1820);
Mart., Fl. Bras., vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 380. — El Valle, Miller & Johnston,
no. 234, July 15; San Juan Mt., alt. 500 m., Johnston, no. 94, July 19.
Venezuela: Colonia Tovar, Fendler, no. 653, 1854-55; La Guaira,
Robinson & Lyon, July 12, 1900. Further distribution, Colombia,
Brazil.

E. iRESiNOiDES HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 4, p. 106, pi. 340 (1820);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 360.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston,
no. 129, July 30; San Juan Mt., alt. 500 m., Johnston, no. 95, July
19. Widely distributed in West Indies, Panama, Venezuela. A
thick shrub, 2-3 m. high.

ISOCARPHA R. Br.

I. opposiTiFOLiA R. Br., Trans. Linn, soc, vol. 12, p. 110 (1816);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 376.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no.
138, July 10. Further distribution, Bahamas, Jamaica, Trinidad.

Lactuca L.

L. iNTYBACEA Jacq., Ic. pi. rar., vol. 1, pi. 162 (1781-1786). Brachij-
ramphus intybaceus DC, Prod. vol. 7, pt. 1, p. 177 (1838); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 384.— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 25, July 27,
and Johnston, no. 351, Aug. 12-15. Widely distributed in tropical
countries.

MiKANIA Willd,

M. AMARA Willd., Sp. pi., vol. 3, p. 1744 (1804).— En route El
Valle to Juan Griego, Johnston, no. 104, Aug. 12-15. Further distri-
bution, Martinique, Bolivia.

268 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Parthenium L.

P. Hysterophorum L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 988 (1753); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 369.— Santa Ana, Erjist; El Valle, Miller & Johiston,
no. 233. Venezuela: near Caracas and on the banks of the Orinoco,
HBK., Nov. gen. et sp., vol. 4, p. 259. Widely distributed in temperate
and tropical America.

Pluchea Cass.

P. ODORATA (L.) Cass., Diet. sci. nat., vol. 42, p. 3 (1826); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 366. Conyza odorata L., Syst. nat., ed. 10, vol. 2,
p. 1213 (1760).— Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle, Miller & Johnston,
no. 1, July 21, and Johnston, no. 318. Distribution general in tropical
America.

PoROPHYLLUM Adans.

P. RUDERALE (Jacq.) Cass., Diet. sci. nat., vol. 43, p. 56 (1826);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 379. Klelnia ruderalis Jacq., Enum.
pi. Carib., p. 28 (1760), as rudealis. — Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle,
Miller & Johnston, no. 130, July 24. Distribution general in tropical
America.

Senecio L.

S. soNCHiFOLiA (L.) Moench, Meth. suppl., p. 231 (1802). Cacalia
sonchifolia L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 835 (1753). Emilia sonchifolia DC,
Prod., vol. 6, p. 302 (1837).— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, no. 137,
July 19. Widely distributed in tropical countries.

SONCHUS L.

S. OLERACEUS L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 794 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. 384. — Santa Ana, Ernst. Widely distributed in temperate
and tropical countries.

Spilanthes Jacq.

S. OCYMIFOLIA (Lam.) A. H. Moore, Proc. Amer. acad. arts and sci.,
vol. 33, p. 531 (1907). Bidens ocymifolia Lam., Encycl., vol. 1, p. 416
(1783). Spilanthus exasperata Jacq., Ic. pi. rar., vol. 3, p. 15, pi. 584
(1786-93).— Rio Asuncion, alt. 450 m., Johnston, no. 102, Aug. 12-15.
Venezuela: Caracas, Birschel; Colonia Tovar, Fendler, no. 691,
1854-55. Distribution general in tropical America.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 269

Synedrella Gaertn.

S. NODiFLORA Gaertn., Fruct., vol. 2, p. 456, pi. 171 (1791); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 377. — Santa Ana, Ernst. Distribution genera
in tropical America.

Trixis p. Br.

T. RADiALE (L.) Lag., Amen, nat., vol. 1, p. 36, in obs. (1811),
combination implied but not specifically made; Hook. f. & Jacks.,
Ind. Kew., vol. 2, p. 1131 (1895). Perdicium radiale L., Sp. pi., ed.*2,
vol. 2, p. 1248 (1763). Trixis frutescens P. Br. ex Spreng., Syst.,
vol. 3, p. 501 (1826); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 383; Ernst, Bot.
Excurs. Margarita, p. 6.— Santa Ana, Ernst; El Valle, Miller &
Johnston, no. 24, Aug. 1. Widely distributed in tropical America.

Yerbesina L.

V. ALATA L., Sp. pL, vol. 2, p. 901 (1753); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind.,
p. 374; Sims., Bot. mag., pi. 1716. — Santa Ana, Ernst. Distribution
general in tropical America.

Vernonia Schreb.

V. ARBORESCENS (L.) Sw., Fl. Ind. Occ, vol. 3, p. 1320 (1806);
Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 353; Plum., Ic. Burm., pi. 130, fig. 2.
Conyza arborescens Ij., Syst. nat., ed. 10, vol. 2, p. 1213 (1759). — San
Juan Mt., alt. 500 m., Johnston, no. 96, July 19. Flowers blue;
stem 2-3 m. high. Distribution general in tropical America.

V. MiLLERi Johnston, Proc. Amer. acad. arts and sci., vol. 40, p.
698 (1905).— Summit of South Hill, alt. 300 m.. Miller & Johnston,
no. 254, July 31, and Johnston, no. 329, Aug. 31. Endemic.

V. scoRPioiDES (Lam.) Pers., Syn., vol. 2, p. 404 (1807); Griseb.,
Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 353. Conyza scorpioides Lam., Encycl., vol. 2,
p. 88 (1786).— El Valle, Miller & Johnston, nos. 133, 134, July;
Juan Griego trail, Johnston, nos. 322, 323, July. Venezuela: Cara-
cas, according to Seh. Bip., Linnaea, vol. 20, p. 510. Further dis-
tribution, Trinidad and tropical South America.

Wedelia Jacq.

W. buphthalmoides Griseb., Goett. Abh., vol. 7, p. 235 (1857). —
El Valle, Miller & Johnston, nos. 145, 146, and 147, July and Aug.

270 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Shrubby, spreading, 0.3 to 1 m. high. Further distribution, West
Indies.

W. CARACASANA DC. Prod., vol. 5, p. 541 (1836); Griseb., Fl.
Brit. W. Ind., p. 371.— San Juan Mt., alt. 600 m., Johnston, no. 97,
July 11. Venezuela: near Caracas, Vargas, no. 97, 1829; Birschel;
A. H. Moore, Mar. 16, 1899; Colonia Tovar, Fendler, nos. 682,
683, in 1854-55, and 1961, Jan. 25, 1857; La Guaira, Robinson
& Lyon, July 6. Further distribution, Trinidad, Panama.

WuLFFiA Neck.

W. BACCATA (L. f.) Ktze., Rev. gen., vol. 1, p. 373 (1891). Coreop-
sis baccata L. f., SuppL, p. 380 (1781). Helianthus ? sarmentosus
Rich., Act. soc. nat. hist. Par., vol. 1, p. 112 (1792). Wulffia steno-
glossa DC, Prod., vol. 5, p. 563 (1836); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind.,
p. 372.— San Juan Mt., alt. 500 m., Johnston, no. 101, July 19.
Bush, 1-1.5 m. high. Further distribution. West Indies, Guiana to
Peru.

Economic Plants of Margarita.

The most important of the plants, which are cultivated on Mar-
garita, is the coconut palm. Although there are only the two large
groves, one completely filling the lower part of El Valle and the other
extending through Asuncion valley, yet they furnish a large part of
the coconuts used on the island. The huts of the poor people are
constructed of the leaves, and the fruit constitutes an important part
of their food. The cultivation of these groves consists merely in keep-
ing the undergrowth down and in maintaining irrigation ditches.

The next most important vegetable product of the island is cassava
made from Manihot utilissima. Fields of this are usually upon a
hillside and it is abundantly grown in such places in El Valle. There
is, however, in Asuncion, one large field of cassava on the plain.
The cultivation of this plant on the hillside, which is preferable on
account of loose soil and good drainage, is rendered difficult by the
steepness of the slopes. Planting is done by setting out cuttings from
the stem each about 15 cm. (6 in.) long, that are placed in rows about
1.5 m. apart. The earth is heaped in small ridges between the rows
and the plants so as to form ridges about each plant, thus serving to
hold whatever water may come down. In some parts, a single row
of stones extends between each two rows of plants, in that way forming

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 271

a sort of a stone wall about each plant. This contrivance is to prevent
the heavy rains from washing all the soil down the hillside. When the
crops are mature, the roots are gathered and treated in the customary
way, bruised, mashed, and the poisonous juice pressed out. The
dried remainder is grated into meal and made into cassava bread
which is sold in large, thin, circular disks.

Indian corn is grown very little upon the island, and then it is used
mostly for fodder. A few acres were given up to its cultivation at an
altitude of 500 m. in 1901. In 1903, however, the same space was
entirely occupied by a rank growth of Cordia cylindristachya and
other weeds.

The bread-fruit tree, Artocarpus incisa, is to be found in Asuncion
valley. Bananas and plantains are to be had in moderate amount
and only fair in quality.

Dates grow in sufficient abundance for the needs of the natives.
There are probably a half dozen mature trees in El Valle. The foot
of the mountain with its moist soil and extremely hot atmosphere is a
good place for growing the trees.

The cashew-nut (Anacardium occidenfale) and the hog-plum
(Spondias lutea) are to be found sparingly near Asuncion.

Maranta arimdinacea, the arrowroot plant, grows in the woods
above Asuncion but it is not cultivated.

The mamon {Melicocca hijuga) and the toco (Crataeva Tapia) are
often eaten and sometimes found for sale in the market-place.

The mango is the most abundant fruit in Margarita and though
of inferior quality is largely used by all the people.

There are orange trees in El Valle, Asuncion, and Tacarigua, those
from the last place being superior. The few bitter orange and the
lime trees are of little importance.

Good sapodillas or nisperos grow both in El Valle and at Asuncion.

A poor quality of pineapple is to be found in the market in season.
There are several pineapple fields on the hillsides of El Valle.

Sugar cane grows well in very few places on the island. There are
several small cane-presses, turned either by hand or by burro. The
product is for home consumption, and there is not enough of it to
supply the people. Most of the sugar that is used is brought over
from Cumana in the form of large brown cakes called papelon. The
cane-juice may be found in the market in a slightly fermented con-
dition when it is known as guarapo.

272 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

The following fruits and vegetables grow in El Valle and at Asuncion
though sparingly, not being cultivated to any extent: Annona reticulata,
the custard-apple; Malpighia punicifolia a small fruit not used much;
Cajamis indicus, the pigeon pea; Dolichos sp., a pea; Phaseolus
vulgaris, a bean; Psidium guajava, from which guava jelly is made;
Passi flora laurifolia, the belle-apple; Dioscorea alata, a yam; Cucu-
mis Melo and C. Anguria, both small melons; Physalis peruviana,
the "tomato"; Tamarindus indica, the tamarind, quite abundant
in El Valle.

The foregoing plants may be considered as the only ones of much
economic importance to the inhabitants; that is, they are the only ones
that are cultivated or made much use of. As a matter of fact the
number of plants that are found growing on Margarita and that are
important commercially on the mainland and elsewhere is rather large.
The list contains a few specimens of timber trees, of medicinal plants,
of plants producing resins and gums, and other products such as dyes
and tannins. The fact that these do grow upon Margarita suggests
that they might be cultivated in greater abundance. That they are
not found in greater quantities, while of course due largely to the
physical conditions of the island, is also owing to the ignorance and
lack of care on the part of the inhabitants. This is strikingly illus-
trated in two or three small private haciendas where such things as
grapes, egg-plants, tomatoes, and peppers are successfully cultivated.
The fact that so many of the plants furnish useful products suggests
the possibility that Margarita may be made more productive than it is
at present; for that reason it is desirable to enumerate them here
together with their uses.

INIaterial for the following has largely been drawn from La Exposi-
cion nacional de Venezuela en 1883 by A. Ernst; the World's Colum-
bian Exposition in Chicago — Venezuela ; and Medicinal plants of
Caracas by A. Ernst in Seemann's Journal of botany for 1865.

WOODS.

Anacardium occidentale. Wood strong and durable. Little
used, as its fruit is of more importance. Trees scarce.

Achras Zapota. Nispero. Wood very hard, strong, and heavy,
of a reddish color and taking a beautiful polish. Chiefly valued for
its fruit. Trees abundant.

.lOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 273

BouRRERiA EXSUCCA. Wood good but little used. This is a
small tree averaging between 3 and 5 m. in height. Fairly common.

BuRSERA siMARUBA. Soft and resinous wood. Common on hilltop.

Caesalpinia coriaria. Dividive. On the mainland a large tree
reaching sometimes a height of 30 m. with a clear trunk 10 m. high.
On Margarita and on Coche it occurs as bushes about 2 m. higli. The
wood is very heavy, strong, and fine-grained. The sapwood is whitish
yellow, the heartwood black and almost as hard as iron. Rather
scarce.

Capparis pachaca. Ajicito. A small tree with a light-colored
wood of not much hardness, used for cabinet work. Very few trees.

Cassia fistula. Canafistula. Wood of a flesh-color, heavy, hard,
and strong but not much used. Few trees.

Clusea rosea. Copey. Wood of a reddish color, rather heavy,
used considerably on Margarita for building-posts, but not much
elsewhere. Common.

CoRDiA ALBA. Caujaro. Attains a height of 12 to 15 m. with a
trunk 4 to 5 m. high. A tolerably good wood for building purposes.
Only a few trees.

Crataeva gynandra. Toco. Very light and soft, generally of
a whitish color though sometimes showing reddish veins. Sawn into
boards for boxes. Common in El Valle.

Crescentia Cujete. Taparo. Wood yellowish white, close-
grained, and rather hard and strong. The tree is of medium size.
Common.

GuAJACUM arboreum. Vera. A large tree }aelding a wood sim-
ilar to the following.

GuAJACUM officinale. Guayacan. Wood exceedingly hard and
tough, the fibers crossing each other, so that it does not split. The
sap wood is of a yellowish color; the heart wood is brown with dark
greenish veins and markings. Used for turnery work. Both of these
trees are abundant.

GuAZUMA ulmifolia. Guacimo. Of a grayish white color with a
somewhat reddish hue and occasionally some dark veins; it is fibrous,
not very fine-grained, and comparatively light.

Hippomane Mancinella. Manzanilla de playa. Good wood,
durable and heavy, fine grain, annual rings distinct, and pores numer-
ous. Few trees.

HuRA crepitans. Johillo. Wood light and soft, of fibrous texture,
durable under water, and color white. Few trees.

274 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Hymenaea Courbaril. Algarrobo. A very hard and heavy-
wood, of dark yellowish color with some greenish veins; it has straight
fibers and is free of knots, so that it can be easily worked. It is used
especiall^^ for crushing-wheels and similar things in coffee estates.
Height usually 20 to 25 m., with a clear trunk 7 to 8 m. On Margarita,
however, the only specimens observed were very low trees.

Laguncularia racemosa. Mangle amariUo. Wood hard and
heavy, fibrous and compact in texture. Color gray with many black
points. Common about the lagoons.

LoNCHOCARPUS SP. Mahomo. Very hard and elastic. The spe-
cies on Margarita are from 15 to 20 m. high. Few trees.

INIalphigia punicifolia. Wood very compact, light, not very
durable, of a clear brown color. Few trees.

Melicocca bijuga. Mamon. Wood hard and heavy, compact
and close-grained, color yellowish with very narrow and somewhat
darker veins. Its fruit is usually valued more highly than the wood.
Common.

Morisonia sp. Wood white, soft and light. Scarce.

Nectandra coriacea. Very strong and resistent, not heavy, with
good grain, and a more or less agreeable odor. Is easy to work, being
used in carpentry and cabinet work. Scarce.

Oreopanax capitatum. Candelero. Wood whitish, brittle and
light. Scarce.

PisoNiA iNERMis. Wood of little weight, light in color, good for
use under water. Common.

Rhizophora Mangle. Mangle Colorado. Wood red, strong, and
heavy. Much used for rafters. Very abundant about lagoons.

Tabernaemontana psychotrifolia. Berraco. The wood is
fibrous, not very hard, and of an olive color, sometimes with darker
veins. It is easily worked and takes a good polish. Common.

Other trees found in small numbers on Margarita and not much used
are Inga ingoides, Guettarda scabra, Morisonia Johnstonii,
Acacia macracantha, and Linociera latifolia.

FIBER PLANTS.

All of the following grow rather sparsely in Margarita : —
Agave Americana. Cocuy.

BoMBAX ceiba. Ceiha. The fibers are short and are used solely
for stuffing pillows, etc.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 275

Bromelia Pinguin. Maya.

GossYPiUM BARBADENSE. Algodon. Many hammocks are hand-
made from cotton on Margarita. See Ernst : La Exposicion nacional
de Venezuela en 1883, pages 560, 561 for quotation describing method
of making hammocks according to A. A. Level, La Margarita, pages
Ixviii and Ixix.

MuSA PARADisiACA. Platano.

TOURNEFORTIA HIRSUTISSIMA. NigUO.

Tragia volubilis. Pringamosa Morada.

Palma Carana so called by the natives and mentioned by Ernst.
Its specific identity is doubtful. The leaves are used to make brooms,
ropes, etc.

GUMS AND RESINS.

AcHRAS Zapota. Gum Chicle. Milk juice obtained by incision
in bark. Tapping may occur once in three years without danger to
life of tree. The raw milk is boiled and then allowed to harden into
the gum. Used for chewing gum.

BuRSERA GUMMIFERA. Resina indio desnudo.

Cercidium viride. Resna de cuica 6 yabo. This resin exudes
from the bark of the stem and branches, covering them in a continu-
ous layer. It is used by soap manufacturers.

Clusea rosea. Resina de Copey.

Hymenaea Courbaril. Resina de algarrobo. The resin exudes
from the stem and roots of the tree and is often found in a semi-fluid
state in the soil. It may be used for making varnish, like copal. Is
used for incense.

Spondias lutea. Goma de joho.

DYES AND TANNIN.

BiXA ORELLANA. Onoto. The seeds are covered with a deep red
pulp which hardens when dry, and being separated from the seeds
forms the arnatto of commerce, used by dyers and varnish-makers
also for coloring cheese and butter. The South American Indians
paint their bodies with it.

Caesalpinia coriaria. Dividive. The pods contain from 30 to
40% tannin and form an important article of exportation from several
ports of Venezuela.

276 PROCEEDINGS; BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY

Cecropia peltata. The bark may be used for tanning.

Indigofera suffruticosa. Formerly much used in making
indigo.

Persea gratissima. The bark of this might be used for tanning
leather.

RhiZOPHORA Mangle. Contains from 22 to 33% of tannin
according to the age of the tree, and likewise a pigment which colors
the leather.

MEDICINAL PLANTS.

Abrus precatorius. Substitute for licorice in India. Is a
poison and a medicine.

Acacia macracantha.. Corteza de Cuji. Astringent.

Agave Americana. Raiz de Cocuy. Purgative.

Anacardium occidentale. Root is purgative, the green fruit
astringent. In the middle layer of shell of fruit is an oily liquid
capable of poisoning the skin, and turning black on exposure. This
is used as an indelible ink.

Annona muricata. Root }aelds a fish poison.

Annona squamosa. Bark has drastic properties.

Argemone mexicana. Cardo santo. Used as a mild cathartic
and in cases of intermittent fever, and dropsy.

Aristolochia ringens. Congrina. For rheumatism.

Asclepias curassavica. The root is a diuretic and carminative,
in large doses a cathartic and an emetic.

Bastardia viscosa. Chivatera 6 fistulera. Aromatic. The pow-
der is said to cure fistula.

BiXA ORELLANA. The red arillus is used in soups and sauces.

Brunfelsia Hopeana. The dried root and stem used for chronic
muscular rheumatism.

Bursera gummifera. Indio desmido. Used for rheumatism.

Casipyloneurum phyllitidis. Lengua de sierpe. Antisy|3hilitic.

Capparis jamaicensis and Capparis cynophallophora. Root
bark possesses blistering properties and may be taken internally as a
diuretic.

Capsicum baccatum. The berries used as caustics, and the
leaves bruised and mixed with tallow, are applied to tumors to pro-
mote sup])uration.

Capraria biflora. The root is a tonic.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 277

Carica Papaya. The juice from the fruit aids in digestion.

Cassia biflora. Leaves soaked in water make a refreshing
draught, principally taken in fever caused by insolation, but also in
intermittents.

Cassia fistula. Caiiafistula. Mild purgative.

Cassia occidentalis. Brusca. Febrifuge and astringent. The
seeds roasted give a drink similar to coffee.

Ceratosanthes tuberosa. Raiz de pepino. Emetic.

CissAMPELOs Pareiky. Diuretic.

CoRDiA GERASCANTHUS. Cantaro. Sudorific and pectoral.

CosTUS SPiCATUS. Raiz de Caiia de la India. Antisiphilitic.

Craniolaria annua. Escorzonera. The seeds are used against
the irregularities of the blood, the root is a purgative and cooling.

Dactyloctenium aegyptium. Raiz de Guarataro. Diuretic.

DiEFFENBACHiA SEGUINE. Decoction made from stem, thickened
with gum arabic is used in cases of gonorrhea.

GuAZUMA ULMIFOLIA. Guasimo. Mucilaginous, refreshing and
healing.

HiPPOL'^NE IVIancinella. Fish poison from juice. Caustic,
emetic, cathartic.

Hymenaea Courbaril. The dried pulp of the fruit is a pectoral.

Jatropha Curcas. Pinon. Emetic.

Jatrophii gossypifolia. Tivatua. Emetic.

Lantana Camara. Cariaquito encarnado. Diuretic and re-
freshing. The root is used against gonorrhea.

Mangifera indica. Seed is anthelmintic; juice of trunk anti-
syphilitic; bark and leaves astringent.

Melia Azedarach. Decoction of bark is an anthelmintic for the
removal of the round worm.

Melochia tomentosa. Bretonica. Used in the infirmities of the
eyes.

Parthenium Hysterophorum. Large doses have an antipjTetic
effect.

Pedilanthus TiTHY:\iALorDES. The milky sap is an emetic.

Persea gratissima. Astringent kernel, cut in pieces, roasted,
and reduced to powder, good for diarrhea and dysentery.

Petiveria alliacea. Raiz de Mapurite. Antispasmodic and
vermifuge.

Phyllanthus Niruri. Laxative and alterative, especially against
jaundice.

278 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Plumbago scandens. Guajjote. Rubefacient.

PoRTULACA OLERACEA. Decoction is anthelmintic and refreshing.

PoRTULACA PILOSA. Verdolaga salvaje. A bitter and tonic.

ScoPARiA DULCis. Raiz de escobilla. A decoction used to restrain
diarrhea and vomiting.

SiDA RHOMIFOLIA. Escobtt blatica 6 babosa. The root is a diuretic.

Spondias lutea. Corteza de Jobo. A decoction is used to cauterize
stubborn ulcers.

Stachytarpheta jamaicensis. Verbena. A bitter, tonic, and
febrifuge.

Trixis radiale. Juan de la Calle. Antirheumatic.

TuRNERA DIFFUSA. Contains damiana, a stimulant tonic; in large
quantities a laxative.

TuRNERA ULMIFOLIA. Carminative and tonic.

Distribntion of the Plants.

It may easily be seen from the description of the physical features
of the island that the variety of the vegetative conditions is very great
and also that the conditions for vegetative growth are much more
favorable in the rainy than in the dry season. The distribution of the
plants is naturally determined by their adaptation to particular con-
ditions.

Bordering the sandy beaches are bushes of Tournefortia gnapha-
lodes and Suriana maritima, both of these being narrow-leaved, and
the former being Avoolly-pubescent. Croton flavens is a similar plant.
Next inland occur the low spiny bushes of Castela Nicholsoni. The
small and long-rooted Euphorbia buxifolia grows in the sand dunes
and near by are the small trees of Bumelia cuneata and Guaiacum
officinale. On the exposed rocky shores by Juan Griego, Euphorbia
thyviifolia grows in abundance in almost no soil.

The region nearest in character to the seashore is the lagoon. This
is often bordered by Rhizophora Mangle, Laguncularia racemosa,
and Avicennia nitida, all shrubby or aborescent plants. On clear
sandy stretches by the lagoons and sometimes partly submerged in
the water are the low succulent plants, Batis, Salicornia, and Trian-
thema. Mingled with these in the drier places are Alternanthera
canescens and Iresine portidacoides , both having a low sprawling habit.
On the muddy shores of the brackish pond near Juan Griego grow the

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 279

tiny Cypselea humifusa, Euphorbia thymifolia, Ilysanthes riparia;
and small specimens of Mollugo verticiUata.

Inland from these wastes are the plains covered with the melon
cactus, the flat-stemmed Opuntia, the symmetrical tree-like Pereskia,
and the candelabra-shaped, tall Cereus eburneus. All these are thorny
and more or less fleshy plants. In addition are the arborescent
acacias, and Capparis cynophallophora; the shrubby Croton jiavens,
Croton Milleri, Jatropha gossypifolia, and Jatropha urens, and the
small shrub Stylosanthes.

The desolation of the plains is emphasized on the hills by the addi-
tion of great stretches of Agave and Aloe which make the regions
almost inaccessible. The high parts of the hills have dense growths
of bushes, as Cordia cylindristachya, C. globosa, Securidaca, Capparis
verrucosa, and Heteropteris laurifolia. Then scattered over the hills
are the small trees of Capparis cynophallophora, C. linearis, Bursera,
and Steriphoma. Along the hilltops are a few larger trees of INIori-
sonia and Clusia. These trees have leathery and very large leaves
in all cases except Bursera and Capparis linearis. The undergrowth
among the trees on the hills consists of the green-stemmed Pedi-
lanthus, the bushy Brunfelsia, and the bromeliaceous plants Aechmea
and Thecophyllum. Here are a few epiphytes as Oncidium, the cac-
tus Rhipsalis, a few Polypodiums, some of the Bromeliaceae, and
A nthurium scandens.

The vegetation of the valleys, with the exception of Asuncion and
El Valle, is similar in general to that of the hills and the plains.
These two valleys have groves of coconut, mango, sapodilla, and orange
trees, and in consequence afford a good place for the growth of annual
plants. The river beds and arroyas are the most interesting places in
the valleys. The only large river bed on the island is that extending
from the mountain through El Valle to the sea at Porlamar. It is bor-
dered with such trees as Crataeva Tapia, Guajacum arboreurn, Loncho-
carpus, Pithecolobium, and Bombax, all with tall gray trunks. There
are many bushes, some half-climbers, Chiococca, Cestrum, Malpighia
purpurea, Solanum, Acacia, and Marsdenia. The arroyas or gullies
high up in the valleys have the small tree Tecoma, the shrub Cordia
globosa, and the vine Bignonia.

The mountain furnishes varied situations and conditions for the
growth of plants. In general it is forested from 300 m. nearly to the
summit ; in the valleys the woods grow at a lower altitude also. The

280 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

trees which make up the forest are Bombax, Clusia rosea, Cecropia,
Inga, Gihbertia, Linociera, and the palms Acrocomia, Oredoxa, and
Bactris, all these being trees of a more or less straight trunk. The
crooked trees of 500 m. altitude or more are Guettarda, Hellia, Pisonia,
Nectandra, Phoebe, Psychotria, and Clusia lutea. At the summit
of the mountain are the dwarfed Clusia lutea, the wide-spreading
Blakea, Vaccinium, and Myrcia.

Among the trees of the lower altitudes there is little undergrowth,
consisting of the ferns or orchids. At an altitude of 400 m. on the
San Juan trail there is a small marshy area covered with Helicon ia
Bihai and at one side is Acalypha. At an altitude of 500 m. in the
Asimcion valley, that is, the northeast side of the island, there is con-
siderable undergrowth. In the woods, Dioscorea, Smilax, Piper;
by the "rios," Athyrocarpus, Costus, Calathea, Renealmia; and on
the rocks and trees, Philodendron, Anthurium, and Dieffenbachia,
together with many terrestrial and epiphytic ferns and orchids, may be
found. Various members of the Gramineae are scattered throughout
the woods. In open thickly grown places is Scleria bracteata; by
rivulets are Cyi^erus, Scirpus, Eleocharis, and a few other Cyj^eraceae.
Drymonia serrulata is one of the vines among the trees by the "rio."
Gonzalugania and Chiococca micrantha at lower altitudes have slender
ascending or climbing habits. Above 500 m. the melastomaceous
Clidemia and Miconia are to be found. The deep ravines are char-
acterized by the abundance of ferns, especially one ravine by the tree-
fern, Cyathea.

The wooded mountain top between 600 and 700 m. has practically
no undergrowth. The low trees already mentioned are crooked and
crowded together. They are covered with moss which is saturated
with moisture. On the trunks may be found Polypodium jubaeforme
and Xiphopteris serrulata, but practically nothing else, unless it is Lyco-
podium and mosses. Above 700 m. or on the exposed part of the
mountain top is a great variety of plants. The bromeliaceous genus
Glomeropitcairnia is found growing thickly over parts of the top.
The delicate Utricularia is abundant in the rich and moist humus.
The tiny shrub Sauvagesia, the \dne Echites, and the sprawling
Epidendrum secundum, the erect Epidendrum nocturnum, the beautiful
Centropogon, several passion-flowers, the gentian Coutoubea, the
silver fern and several sedges cover the top of the mountain. Such
in general is the distribution of the plants according to regions.

JOHNSTON: FLORA. OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 281

In connection with this discussion there is an interesting field for
study in the distribution of the individual species of plants whether
in groups or singly, whether in one place or scattered in many, and
whether on one slope and not on another.

The species of plants found on the seashore and by the lagoons are
without exception growing in groups with but little intermixture.
Almost any of the plants illustrate this, Rhizophora, Avicennia, Batis,
Salicornia, and Trianthema. The species growing on the plains are
found in abundance though well interspersed with other species. So
far as was discovered Opuntia leptocaidis was growing in abundance
but over only a small area to the west of Porlamar. Similarly, Croton
Milleri was localized though well mixed with other plants. Many
of the plants were to be found in different locations, which, however,
had similar moisture conditions. This was even more accentuated
in the valleys and hillside than on the plains. While many plants
could be found in a fairly large quantity, the majority of the hillside
plants occurred in small numbers. Some plants which were found
only on the south slope of a hill might be found on the south slope of
another hill but not on the north side. Further detailed exploration
might tend to generalize this statement but the conditions as given were
rather striking to me. For example, Steriphoma elliptica occurs on
the south slope of South Hill and on the south slope of North Hill but
not on the other parts of the island so far as explored. Bauhinia
cumanensis occurs similarly. Cases of isolation are Securidaca only
on the north side of North Hill, Hymenea Courbaril on the south side
of South Hill and Pedilanthus on the summit of South Hill.

The instances in which only two or three plants of a species were
found are few and it must be admitted that a thorough examination
of the hills and valleys in a better season would probably show more
of the plants. Notwithstanding this the paucity of specimens was only
too apparent to me when collecting, and it seems to be a fact that in the
majority of cases (striking exceptions are Tribulus, Stach^-tarpheta,
Jatropha, and Croton) the number of plants of the individual species is
very much smaller than is the case with our common plants of the United
States. Only one plant was found of Chiococca micrantha, a half
dozen near together of Securidaca, a single one of Hymenea, a single
tree of Acacia macracantha in San Antonio valley and three or four
along the river trail of El Valle, three plants of Oncidium luridum,
three of Huntleya, and three of Elleantlnis attenuatus. The list

282 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

might easily be extended and with a more thorough study might
furnish an interesting question as to the rapidity of muhiplication of
these plants and as to the means by which they hold their own among
the more rapidly multiplying plants. As to the question why certain
plants are found on one slope and not on another, the palms as an
example may explain. At an altitude of 500 or more meters, palms
of various kinds are scattered about among the other forest vegetation.
This occurs, however, only on slopes to the northeast, that is, exposed
to the northeast trades. The opposite sides at this high altitude
present an ordinary forest front undotted by a single palm. Moisture,
then, either by its immediate presence or in its relation to the winds
very probably is a factor in the distribution of all the plants.

So far as methods of distribution are concerned it may be said that
there are very few special adaptations to dispersal. Cenchrus echinatus
seems to be the only one adapted for dispersal by means of its prickly
fruit, which adheres to animals. The various members of the Bigno-
niaceae and of the Asclepiadaceae are suited for wind dispersion as
are also Goss\"pium and Botabax. Of course there is no limit to the
carrjing of seeds by birds from one valley to another so that the
absence or presence of moisture is probably the most potent factor
restricting the mountain plants to the mountain and the lowland
plants to the lowlands.

The further question as to the distribution of the plants according
to season is quite as interesting as the distribution of the plants in the
various topographical regions. There is a striking difference in the
appearance of the plains, the hills, and the valleys as seen in the rainy
season and in the dry. In the rainy period the fields are carpeted with
green and the bushes and trees are heavy with foliage and bright with
blossoms. In the dry season the fields are almost devoid of stick or
leaf and many bushes and trees are to every appearance dead. When
the rains come on in July or August, Tribulus ierresiris and Kalstroe-
mia maxima cover the roadsides and plains; Stack y tar pheta coccinea
and S. jamaicensis, Sperviacoce tenuior, Argemone inexicana, Asclepias
curassavica, and many others form a rank growth of weeds in the
coconut groves and cane fields ; various shrubs of the hillside, Capparis
verrucosa, Cassia cmarginata, Bauhinia cumanensis, and others are
out in leaf and in flower; and the climbing shrubs and vines form a
luxuriant growth along the "rio" beds. In the dry season only a few
of these plants can be found in flower. It is noteworthy that in several

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 283

cases the flowers appear before the leaves on shrubs; for example,
Cercidium viride, Gliricidia hitea, several Bignonias, Erythrina,
Cassia emarginata, and Pedilanthus tithymaloides.

In pleasing contrast to the plains, the mountain summit is constantly
clothed in green vegetation and many blossoms are always to be found.
The presence the year round of the moisture-laden clouds accounts for
this difference between the mountain top and the plains. The latter
have only a few months (August to February) of green vegetation,
with the remainder of the season characterized by gray lifeless bushes
and trees and by an utter lack of low herbs.

The foregoing represents in brief the distribution of the plants on
Margarita. The discussion has been more suggestive than exhaustive.
A thorough exploration of the island according to scientific methods
in such work would yield va'nable information not particularly in
regard to Margarita but from the point of view of the life history of
the plants themselves. As evinced in the above paragraphs the
following topics have seemed to the writer of paramount importance
in considering the plant distribution: occurrence of the plants in
regions of different vegetative conditions; occurrence in groups or
scatteringly; and the effect of the seasons both on the occurrence of
the plants in different regions and on the abundance of the plants.

Composition of the Flora.

In order to compare the vegetation of Margarita and Coche with that
of the adjacent regions in as thorough a way as is desirable, it is neces-
sary to have a full understanding of the composition of the vegetation.

The purpose of studying the flora of these islands from an economic
as well as a purely scientific point of ^^ew, has necessitated cataloguing
the cultivated plants. These may or may not be native of the region
but in either case they are so widely cultivated in all of tropical America
and some of them commonly in the East Indies that for the purposes
of comparing floras they must be entirely disregarded. Of those that
come under this head the following have been included in the catalogue
of plants. Although they are not all cultivated in Margarita yet they
are in many other places (see Alph. De CandoUe, Geographic bot.,
vol. 2, p. 981-983):

Achras Zapota Ananas sativa

Agave americana Annona reticulata

Anacardivun occidentale Annona squamosa

284 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY

Antigonon leptopus
Artocarpus incisa
Buginvillea spectabilis
Capsicum annuum
Carica papaya
CitruUus vulgaris
Citrus Aurantium
Cocos nucifera
Crescentia Cujete
Cucumis Angaria
Cucumis Melo
Cucurbita Pepo
Dioscorea alata
Ipomoea Batatas
Ipomoea tuberosa
Mangifera indica
Manihot utilissima

Maranta arundinacea
Momordica Charantia
Musa paradisiaca
Nerium oleander
Nicotiana Tabacum
Phaseolus vulgaris
Phoenix dactylifera
Physalis peruviana
Plumbago capensis
Psidium guajava
Quisqualis indica
Ricinus communis
Saccharum officinarum
Spondias lutea
Tamarindus indica
Thevetia nereifolia
Zea Mays

The above list of forty names includes plants cultivated for orna-
ment as well as those of more practical value. Out of the 634 plants
of Margarita and Coche this leaves 590 as constituting the wild plants
of the islands. But of this number many are found to be plants of
widespread distribution. Undoubtedly some are native and yet
many have been introduced. Margarita is one of the oldest known
and longest settled (1525) parts of America, hence the opportunities
for introduction have been great. The plants found in this catalogue
and more or less common in all tropical countries are as follows:

Achyranthes aspera
Ageratum conyzoides
Amaranthus paniculatus
Amaranthus spinosus
Amaranthus tristis
Bidens pilosa
Caesalpinia pulcherrima
Cajanus indicus
Calotropis procera
Canavallia obtusifolia
Capraria biflora
Capsicum baccatum
Capsicum frutescens
Cassia fistula
Cassia occidentalis
Cassia Tora
Cenchrus echinatus
Chenopodium ambrosioides

Cissampelos pareira
Clitoria Ternatea
Conocarpus erectus
Crotolaria incana
Cyperus distans
Cyperus ligularis (Mariscus)
Dactyloctenium aegyptiuiu
Datura Metel
Datura Tatula
Desmanthus virgatus
Desmodium incanum
Eclipta alba
Eleocharis capitata
Eragrostis ciliaris
Fuirena umbellata
Heliotropium curassavicum
Heliotropium indicum
Hyptis capitata

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND.

285

Hyptis pectinata
Indigofera suffruticosa
Ipomoea coccinea
Ipomoea Quamoclit
Ipomoea sinuata
Jatropha Curcas
Jussiaea suffruticosa
Laguncularia racemosa
Leonotis nepetaefolia
Leptochloa mucronata
Panicum prostratum
Parkinsonia aculeata
Paspalum conjugatum
Passiflora foetida
Pisonia aculeata

Psidium guajava
Rhizophora Mangle
Sauvagesia erecta
Scaevola Plumieri
Scoparia dulcis
Senecio sonchifolia
Sesuvium portulacastruni
Sonchus oleraceus
Solanum verbascifolium
Sporobolus virginicus
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis
Suriana maritima
Telanthera ficoides
Tribulus cistoides
Ximenia americana

These widely distributed plants are, of course, common enough in
most of tropical America in their respective habitats. With the ex-
ception of the sedges, grasses, and ferns, most of the above plants are
found about the valleys and along the routes of travel. The exceptions
are made because the groups mentioned require the moisture that is
found in Margarita only above the valleys in the mountains.

Excluding both the cultivated plants and those of general tropical
distribution, there are left but 524 whose habitat is restricted to the
American tropics. Margarita is a continental island, belonging to
Venezuela. The question naturally arises whether the most of its
flora pertains to that part of the American tropics or to the West
Indies. A study of the remainder of the plants makes it very evident
that the flora still retains its general character in that the majority
of the species are common both to the West Indies and to South
America. The exceptions to this are worth noting and are as fol-
lows : —

Common to West Indies.

Tillandsia Lescaillei
Epidendrum globosum
Pelexia adnata
Peperomia glabella
Coccoloba excoriata
Loranthus emarginatus
Cypselea humifusa
Annona reticulata
Oxalis Plumieri
Castela Nicholsoni
Heteropteris laurifolia

Common to South America.

Anthurium scandens
Philodendron eximium
Aechmea Fendleri
Gravisia aquilega
Vriesia scalaris
Stromanthe tonckat
Piper pseudo-moUicomum
Alternanthera canescens
Alternanthera muscoides
Loranthus orinocensis
Steriphoma elliptica

286 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY

Common to West Indies.

Adelia Ricinella
Argithamnia candicans
Croton helicoideus
Croton populifolius
Abutilon umbellatum
Wissadula periflocifolia
Clusia flava
Cereus caripensis
Cereus Swartzii
Opuntia leptocaulis
Pereskia opuntiaeflora
Daphnopsis americana
Rotala dentifera
Myrcia coriacea
Bumelia cuneata
Echites secundiflora
Echites umbellata
Tournefortia gnaphalodes
Tournefortia incana
Tournefortia scandens
Rauvolfia Lamarkii
Drymonia serrulata
Psychotria glabrata
Randia aculeata
Erigeron spathulatus
Wedelia buphthalmoides

Common to South America.

Bauhinia cumanensis
Centrosema brasilianum
Cercidium spinosum
Myrospermum frutescens
Esenbeckia pilocarpoides
Sebastiana corniculata
Talisia olivaeformis
Caracasia tremadena
Hybanthus oppositifolius
Rinorea marginata
Cereus eburneus
Cereus Jamacaru
Combretum secundum
Clidemia neglecta
Vaccinium latifolium
Tabernaemontana psychotrifolia
Evolvulus filipes
Cordia discolor
Clerodendron molle
Brunfelsia Hopeana
Lycium salsum
Beyrichia scutellarioides
Macfadyena corymbosa
Jacobinia pauciflora
Baccharis rhexioides
Eupatorium ballotaefolium
Vernonia scorpioides
Wedelia caracasana

Maxillaria virgi^ncula

In this list of the plants of limited distribution there are thirty-
seven to be found in the West Indies or jNIexico and forty in South
America. To this last number there should be added the forty-two
endemic species. The flora of Margarita may then be said to consist
of the following elements in the given proportions: —

Cultivated plants 40

Cosmopolitan plants 66

Common to tropical America 419

Limited to West Indies 37

Limited to South America 82

Total

644

The great variety of plants in IVIargarita is for the most part in
widely separated genera and families. It is seldom that there are

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 287

more than two or three species in any one genus. The well marked
exceptions to this are the large tropical genera Panicum, Epidendrum,
Piper, Euphorbia, Croton, Cassia, and Solanum. The 644 species are
distributed among 398 genera and in 98 families, the larger proportion
being among the choripetalous groups.

The families having the largest representation in the flora are as
follows : —

Genera

Species

Leguminosae

41

65

Compositae

25

30

Euphorbiaceae

14

31

Gramineae

15

25

Rubiaceae

13

17

Solanaceae

11

23

Verbenaceae

11

19

Bromeliaceae

11

15

Members of the Leguminosae are the most common pLtnts. Every-
where these shrubs and trees with their often numerous small leaflets
are to be found. These have also some of the most striking flowers,
as the Poinciana, the Caesalpinias, Tamarindus, the Cassias, and
Calliandra.

The paucity of the Compositae, on the other hand, and the incon-
spicuous character of their flowers are remarkable when compared
with the traits of the group in other regions, either tropical or temperate.
In Margarita the family is chiefly represented by insignificant weeds.

The lack of grasses and sedges, of course, is very striking to a trav-
eler from the temperate regions. There is no such thing as turf and
the few grasses that are to be found are rather scattered.

One of the families that is largely represented in individuals if not
in species is the Cactaceae, a group which covers the plains for miles.
On ]\Iargarita there are twelve species of this family distributed in
six genera. Of these, five are more or less tall and candelabra-
shaped, with little or no secondary branching; two are melon-shaped,
one (Pereskia) is a low much-branched tree, and one (Rhipsalis) is a
small cord-like epiphyte.

Another family, that of the Bromeliaceae, is characteristic not
because of its few individuals but because of their striking colors
and general appearance. All of the representatives of the eleven
genera and fifteen species possess a rosette habit and more or less
fleshy leaves. Their colors, too, are attractive.

288 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Other groups characteristic of tropical regions and to be found on
Margarita are the Melastomaceae, Aroideae, Piperaceae, Lorantha-
ceae, and such members of the FiHces as Trichomanes, Hymeno-
phyllum, and Cyathea.

Thus it may readily be seen that the variety of plants is rather
great. One finds all conditions from that in which the halogens and
other xerophytes of the seashore and plains are found to that of the
mesophytes in the moist mountain regions, and not alone terrestial
plants but also many epiphytes and a few phanerogamic parasites.

Flora of the Island of Coche.
Description of the Vegetative Conditions.

The island of Coche is a typical desert island and, so far as re-
ported, had never been visited by a botanist. The conditions exist-
ing on such an island were of great interest to me, and the fact that two
new species of plants were found together with the fact that few
descriptions of such an island are on record, makes it seem desirable
to describe the flora of Coche and the vegetative conditions in such
detail as may be possible.

It was through the kindness of friends at Porlamar, Margarita,
that I was enabled with a companion, Dr. A. F. Blakeslee, to visit
Coche. The party, in charge of Sr. Antonio and Sr. Guilarte, left
Porlamar at noon, Aug. 4, 1903, in a sloop, and reached San Pedro
on the western end of Coche shortly after nightfall. Although the
sign over one doorway proclaimed "Restaurant" within, yet the
proprietor refused to furnish either food or shelter. Fortunately,
our companions had friends there so that rooms in different houses
were assigned where hammocks, which had been brought along, could
be slung. The meals were picked up as well as could be done at the
stores. Drinking water cost two and one-half cents a liter. It was
found that this water was brought over from Porlamar and from the
mainland. Water was to be had from pits on the shore but it was un-
desirable for drinking purposes.

On the morning of the 5th of August Dr. Blakeslee and I traversed
the low shore of this end from the south point to the north. The beach
stretches for a kilometer and a half to the northwest into a narrow spit
of land. On this extent of lowland is a salt lake, where great piles of
salt are gathered for shipment. Beyond the lake itself for another

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 289

kilometer the beach extends eastward, still a dazzling white. In one
portion of the lake, the bottom is covered with a pink animal growth
while the rest is a clear blue The presence of quicksands prevented
any close examination of the lake.

Inland from the beach on this end the hills rise gradually and are
rounded. In general, the hilltops are hard, covered with loose stone
and sand. A few hilltops are entirely '\\'ithout soil, merely a mass of
loose broken fragments of rock with no vegetation. The surface
inland is rolling, there being no level surface of any extent. From the
hilltops to the hollows or small valleys, the surface gradually gets
sandier until at the bottom it is a clear stretch of sand free from any
stones.

The seashore on the southwest side presents a contrast to that on the
west. The beach is about a meter in width for three kilometers or
more, and gravel and stony cliffs rise abruptly to the height of twenty-
five or thirty meters. From the top of the cliffs the inland surface
does not rise over thirty meters higher. About three kilometers from
San Pedro the cliffs are lower, and here show abundance of hard rock.
The lower part of the cliff and also huge boulders broken off are
smoothly worn and dark red or broA\Ti in color. At the eastern ex-
tremity of the south shore, the beach stretches to the southwest in a
long narrow spit of land.

The total length of the island is about twelve kilometers, and breadth
three kilometers. From almost any of its hills can be seen Margarita,
at the nearest point wdthin eight kilometers ; and to the south the high
mountain ranges show distinctly on the mainland about twenty-four
kilometers away. The village of San Pedro is composed entirely of
homes of ordinary fishermen and of the pearl fishers. There is a
church, a graveyard, and seventy-five to a hundred houses besides sev-
eral stores. The eastern extremity of the island is used for the pearl-
fishing business but there is no village there.

No mention of rain on the island has been made because the existence
of any at any time was not apparent. The natives claimed there
never was any. As a matter of fact at the time of this visit there was a
slight mist in the afternoon during the passing of a heavy thunder-
storm on the coast of the mainland. This mist was barely perceptible
and of course not sufficient to furnish water in any quantity. No
streams or springs exist on the island. The unweathered condition of
the rocks suggests the great lack of rain, while the presence of the sand

290 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

in the hollows rather than on the hilltops may be entirely accounted
for by the wind movements. The rounded hills are wind worn, and
there are no gullies due to rushing water. It is noticeable that it
is the northern shore that has the gradual slope, and the southern
that is precipitous. This of course is due to the fact that the prevalent
wind is from the northeast rather than from the south.

As to the vegetation that occurs on such an island it is either adapted
to a life on the salt seashore or suited to withstand extreme drought
inland. The land spit on the eastern end is bordered on the inside
shore by mangroves. The beach about the "salina" or salt lake
produces the customary Batis, Salicornia, Trianthema, and Alter-
nanthera. On the inland side of the salt plain the bushes of Castela
are abundant. Cassia hispidula is scattered here also. Pavonia
cochensis is abundant in the sandy valley back of San Pedro. The
valleys are characterized by the low Pereskia trees, the Acacias, and
Gomphia, Guaiacum, Pithecolobium, and the largest of the trees,
Bumelia cuneata, about three meters high. The smaller plants here
are Jatropha gossypifoUa, Solanum polyacanthos in the valleys; Croton,
Argithamnia, Opuntia, Melocactus, and Waltheria on the rocky
hillsides or hilltops; and in the most rocky as well as in sandy places
Stt/losanthes viscosa, the most abundaiit plant on the island.

Of all the foregoing plants only one, Argithamnia cochensis, is ex-
ceptional in color. This is dark red throughout. The other plants
are gray at least as to the trunk and stem, and the leaves are a gray-
green and either protected by dense pubescence or are leathery.

There appeared to be no plants of economic importance on the
island. A few straggling palms are in the village of San Pedro, but
they appeared to be neither in flower nor in fruit.

At the time of our visit, the only plants in bloom were Stylosanthes,
Caesalpinia, and Bumelia. On Gomphia many dried remnants of
fruits still remained. This, together with the fact that several trees
showed signs of budding, suggests that at another time more flowers
and possibly more plants might be found. As a matter of fact no
annuals were collected, but all were plants with extremely long and
woody roots. Some specimens of Stylosanthes which were but 8 cm.
in height above ground had roots 22 cm. long.

This collection while meager in its specimens probably repre-
sents well the flora of the island. The result may be summarized as
follows : —

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 291

Species of Plants 37

Genera 33

Families 21

Endemic species 2

Following is a list of the plants of Coche, those numbered being
collected and the others merely noted. Citations are given for those
plants which I found only on Coche, citations for the others being
referred to the list of IMargaritan plants.

Catalogue of Plants.
GRAjVIINEAE.

Sporobolus virgixicus (L.) Kunth. — On Margarita also.

BROMELIACEAE.

TiLLAXDSiA RECURVATA L. — No. 14. On INIargarita also.
T. UTRicuLATA L. — No. 15. On Margarita also.

LORANTHACEAE.

Phoradendron rubrum (L.) Nutt., Journ. acad. Phila., n. s.,
vol. 1, p. 185 (1848); Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 314. Viscnm
rubrum L., Sp. pi., vol. 2, p. 1023 (1753). — Xo. 10. Distribution
general in tropical America.

CHENOPODIACEAE.

Atriplex cristata H. & B. — On INIargarita also.
Salicorxia fruticosa L. — Xo. 9. On Margarita also.

AiNIARAXTHACEAE.

Alternanthera caxescexs HBK. — On Margarita also.
GoMPHREXA piLOSA (Mart. & Gal.) INIoq. — Xo. 13. On Marga-
rita also.

BATIDACEAE.

Batis maritima L. — Xo. 16. On Margarita also.

AIZOACEAE.
Triaxthema portulacastrum L. — On INIargarita also.

292 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

CAPPARIDACEAE.

Capparis sp. — No. 1.

Capparis stenosepala Urb. — No. 2. On Margarita also.

LEGUMINOSAE.

Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd. — No. 3. On Margarita
also.

Cassia hispidula Vahl, Eclog. Am., vol. 3, p. 10 (1807); Mart.,
Fl. Bras., vol. 15, pt. 2, p. 131. — No. 4. Further distribution,
Mexico.

Pithecolobium unguis-cati (L.) Benth. — No. 11. A tree,
3 m. high, top wide-spreading. On Margarita also.

Stylosanthes viscosa Sw. — No. 6. On Margarita also.

ZoRNiA bracteata (Walt.) Gmel., Syst., p. 1096 (1791). — Anony-
mos bracteata Walt., Fl. Car., p. 181 (1788).— No. 5. Further dis-
tribution. North America and South Africa.

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE.

GuAJACUM OFFICINALE L. — No. 19. On Margarita also.

SIMARUBACEAE.

Castela Nicholsoni Hook. — On Margarita also.

EUPHORBIACEAE.

Argithamnia cochensis Johnston, Proc. Amer. acad. arts and
sci., vol. 40, p. 688 (1905).— No. 12. Endemic.

Croton flavens L. — No. 7. On Margarita also.

Jatropha gossypifolia L. — On Margarita also.

J. URENS, var. STiMULOSA Muell. Arg. — - On Margarita also.

MALVACEAE.

Pavonia cochensis Johnston, Proc. Amer. acad. arts and sci., vol.
40, p. 690 (1905).— No. 18. Endemic.

STERCULIACEAE.
Waltheria AMERICANA L. — No. 24. On Margarita also.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 293

OCHNACEAE.

GoMPHiA PYRiFOLiA Griscb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind., p. 105 (1859).— No.
20. A tree, about 3 m. high.

TURNERACEAE.
TuRNERA DIFFUSA Willd. — No. 21. On Margarita also.
CACTACEAE.

Cereus margaritensis Johnston. — • On Margarita also.

C. EBURNEUS Salm-Dyck. — On Margarita also.

Melocactus communis Link & Otto. — No. 22. On Margarita.

Opuntia Tuna Mill. — • On Margarita also.

Pereskia opuntiaeflora DC. — On Margarita also.

RHIZOPHORACEAE.

Rhizophora Mangle L. — On Margarita also.

MYRSINACEAE.

Jacquinia Berterii Spreng., Syst., vol. 1, p. 668 (1825) — Further
distribution, San Domingo. A tree, about 3 m. high.

#

SAPOTACEAE,

BuMELiA CUNEATA Sw. — On Margarita also.

SOLANACEAE.

Lycium salsum Ruiz. & Pav. — No. 8. On Margarita also.
SoLANUM POLYACANTHOS Lam., Illust., vol. 2, p. 23 (1793). — No. 17.

Comparison of the Flora of Margarita and Coche with that
OF Other Regions.

Two different points of view may be taken in comparing the floras
of various regions : one consists of a study of the lists of plants col-
lected from the regions in question, and the other consists of a study
of the types of vegetation. In using the former method one need only

294 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

resort to the collection of plants in the various herbariums and to the
lists of plants published in various books and journals; in this way
the distribution of the plants is discovered, the knowledge of which
is valuable both to the taxonomist and the biologist. In this method
the research worker must either for himself consult all the plants in
the herbariums and represented in the lists and must verify their
identification or else depend for their value upon the person identify-
ing the plant or publishing its name. It is not necessary to see the
plant growing. The species are all units and are well represented as
such by mere names.

In using the second method of comparative study, that of consider-
ing types of vegetation, one encounters a very different proposition.
Types represent groups of plants and groups which do not necessarily
consist of separate species, in fact a type of vegetation may be made up
of a number of species. Types of vegetation, then, can be represented
only very indefinitely by published lists of names of plants or by the
plants themselves as they occur mounted on herbarium sheets. It is
true that names are in use to designate certain types of vegetation,
terms such as xerophyte, hydrophyte, mesophyte, and others of more
restricted meaning; and it is certain that these terms picture to one
at all familiar with such work definite features in the vegetation.
Moreover, the characteristics of any t^'jDe of vegetation are often so
well shown in the species constituting that type that one can by ex-
amining herbarium*specimens very commonly determine to what type
of vegetation the plant in question belongs.

So far it may be seen that one can by research among collections
and lists of plants obtain both a fair idea of the species of plants from
any particular region and some knowledge of the tyj^e or types of
vegetation found in that region. So much can be done at home. The
types, however, represent groups, and as the groups are often com-
posed of many species which have one feature in common but often
have a wide range in size, outline, method of branching, and color,
it is impossible to give a complete and at all real picture of a locality
without considering these various features, characteristics which can
be ascertained only by traveling among the regions in question and
by viewing personally the types of groups or composites of species
as they are growing together in the various localities. The modifica-
tions of groups are so great that it is necessary to visit many localities
and to visit the same localities at various times of the year before one
can obtain a true knowledge of the chara( ter of the vegetation.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 295

III order then to make an intelligent and thorough comparison of
the flora of ^Margarita and Coche with that of other regions about the
Caribbean Sea, it would be necessary for one to have access to speci-
mens of plants and lists of plants collected in all lands bordering the
Caribbean and also to have traveled in those regions. So far as the
lists of plants and the collections are concerned it must be said that
despite the many visits of American botanists to the West Indies and
tropical .America, and despite their intense activity in the United
States, there is yet very much to be known about the plants in those
regions. Parts of iSIexico and of Central America are being well
worked over. Colombia and Venezuela have had so little work done
on them that comparison of lists of their plants is almost valueless.
The West Indies as a whole have the useful works of Grisebach and
of Professor Urban but these contain no lists of plants of the individual
islands, so that they are scarcely to be used in comparative work.
A few of the American botanists frequent ^Mexico and parts of Central
America, a very few have visited Colombia, still fewer Venezuela, and
some frequent Cuba, Ha\1:i, Porto Rico, and Jamaica. Seldom is the
traveling extensive or in more than one region. Both plant and ani-
mal surveys of the United States are fairly thorough through many
parts, but in tropical America and the west Indies, biologically closely
related to our southern States, little such systematic work has been
done.

In view of the situation as above discussed it is perhaps particularly
desirable that I make such a complete comparison of the flora of
Margarita and of Coche as may be possible with that of other regions,
especially considering that I have what I believe to be a complete
list of all plants ever collected ui or recorded from Venezuela and
also that I have been enabled to visit personally many parts of Vene-
zuela, British Guiana, and Panama, and many of the W'est Indian
islands.

In a preceding chapter on the composition of the flora of Margarita,
it would seem that the vegetation of Margarita partook equally of the
nature of the W^est Indian and of the South American elements.
This appearance I believe to be due to the large proportion of cosmo-
politan plants present. In reality Margarita is, as would be expected,
distinctly South American in its flora as will appear in the following
pages.

The two islands under discussion, Margarita and Coche, are the

296 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY

most eastern of all those along the northern coast of Venezuela. The
other islands to be considered are Testigos, Blanquilla, Orchilla,
Los Aves, Los Roques, Cubagua, Tortuga, Aruba, Buen Ayre, and
Curafoa, the respective positions of which may be seen by referring
to the accompanying map of the Carribean Sea and its surrounding
lands (PI. 23). All of these islands are identical in topographical
features with the plains and hills of Margarita.

Of this group Cubagua is eight and one half kilometers (5.25 mi.)
from Margarita and twice the distance from Coche, of which it is
almost a counterpart in size and physical characteristics. No botani-
cal research has been made upon it, though I have passed very near
the shore several times and have observed that it has the same barren
features that Coche possesses. There is no water on the island and
never has been any within historical time, and though in the early
sixteenth century it was the site of a thriving city of Spanish pearl-
fishers, at present there may be seen only a few fishers' huts.

The next nearest island is La Tortuga, ninety kilometers (60 mi.)
from Margarita and the same distance from the coast of Venezuela.
The island is twenty kilometers (12 mi.) from east to west and ten
kilometers (6 mi.) from north to south. It is merely a raised coral
reef and presents the appearance of a low waste of land with an al-
most level surface and a very narrow beach. The vegetation as re-
ported by Ernst consists of sixty-nine different species of plants largely
common to American tropics of which, however, twenty-three are not
to be found on Margarita.

The islands Los Aves, Testigos, and Blanquilla, so far as is known,
have never been visited by a botanist. Los Aves consists of a number
of small rocky and barren islets midway between Buen Ayi'e and
Los Roques. They have been noted solely as a source of guano. The
vegetation would naturally be very scanty. Testigos is a small group
eighty kilometers (50 mi.) north of Margarita; and Blanquilla which
is somewhat larger, being twenty-five kilometers in circumference,
is seventy kilometers north of Margarita. Though there are no
recorded visits to these islands, the flora may be assumed to be very
scanty and to consist for the most part of cosmopolitan seashore
plants.

Los Roques is a group of islands one hundred and thirty kilometers
(80 mi.) from the coast of Venezuela and consists of a dozen or more
rocky islands none over a kilometer in length. The flora is entirely

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 297

that of a tropical seashore, and is similar to that of Tortuga and Coche
and the coast of Margarita, though more limited. As reported by
Ernst there are twenty-four different species, of which Cyperus
hrunneus, Cyperus caesius, Eragrostis prolifera, and Opuntia spino-
sissima have not been reported from either Margarita or Coche. Two
of these, Cyperus caesius and Opuntia spinosissima, are not found on
Tortuga. It will be noticed, however, that these are of wide dis-
tribution.

The three western islands l^'ing off the coast of Venezuela belong
to the Dutch Republic. The most important work that has been
done upon them botanically was by Suringar ('86). He lists, however,
scarcely a dozen plants from Aruba and Buen Ayre. From the
character of these two islands one is led to expect a flora similar
to that of Cura9oa though more limited. Buen Ayre is about forty
kilometers (25 mi.) east of Cura^oa and has an area of twenty-four
thousand hectares (85 sq. mi.), while Aruba is nearly seventy kilo-
meters west of Cura9oa with an area of seventeen thousand hectares
(69 sq. mi.).

Cura^oa is the one of this group upon which some botanical work
has been done. Several botanists have \dsited the islands, the most
notable of whom was perhaps Suringar. As determined from his
list of Cura9oan plants (117 species), fifty have not been reported
from Margarita. To be sure Suringar's list is not taken to be at all
complete of the flora of Cura9oa. Simons ('68) has published a much
longer list but unfortunately the names are in a great part old ones and
quite impossible to identify for certain with those at present in use.
Even considering this list, Margarita has over four hundred plants not
on Cura^oa. This difference in the flora is due to marked contrast in
physical conditions and to their difference in geographical position. In
physical condition Cura^oa resembles the plains and hills of Margarita,
and has a vegetation similar to theirs, but the heavy woods and the
varied vegetation of the mountain tops are to be found in Margarita
only. In geographical position, although they are both coastal islands
and are on nearly the same parallel, yet they are five hundred kilo-
meters (300 mi.) apart and Cura9oa is ninety kilometers (50 mi.) from
the coast of Venezuela. It is probable that complete exploration of
both islands would show more resemblances between them, but
according to present knowledge, the differences in physical conditions
and in geographical situation alone may well account for the differences
in the floras.

298 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

All of these islands extending along the north coast of Venezuela
not only resemble each other very much but they are also like the
coast of the mainland. There are to be found much the same species
constituting the seashore flora, the flora of the lagoon, of the wild
cactus-covered hills, and of the few fertile coconut valleys. This is
well illustrated by almost any part of the north coast. Carupano is
in a long narrow valley with arid hills on each side. Cumana is on a
sandy plain at the foot of the hills. Guanta is in a small valley with
the appearance of a perpetual drought on every side. La Guaira
is on a hillside by the edge of the sea and the hill is a brown and sun-
baked exposure although it is broken here and there by green valleys
and by a green mountain rising above. A short way inland but
still in the coastal region between Caracas and Valencia and about
the Lake of Valencia trees are scarce or lacking, the mountains are
brown and clothed only in small shrubs or in dry grass, and in the
valley are scorching sandy plains with here and there the shade of a
tree.

These islands are similar to the coastal land as naturally they
should be, having been in early times a part of the coast and yet thcjre
is a vast country behind the coast to which they are not at all like.
The mountain region of the Andes, anywhere from one thousand to
four thousand meters high, the grassy plains of the Orinoco, and the
forests to the south present features vastly different in every respect.
Unfortunately our knowledge of their flora is very limited. Many
plants were described as new from Humboldt's travels, but since that
time there have been few collections and fewer plants described. It
is krK)'s\ai that there are many plants which are common to the rest of
the tropics. Altogether our information is one-sided as tending to
show the cosmopolitan rather than the characteristic plants. I hav(i
compiled a list of all the published names of Venezuelan plants W'hich
comprises some three thousand names. That some of these are
names which may not be in good standing today cannot be denied,
but I have at least made reasonably sure that they represent nearly
three thousand different species.

Out of the six hundred and thirty-four Margaritan plants two
hundred and ninety-five have not been published as occurring any-
where else in Venezuela. Inasmuch as many of these are cosmopolitan
plants it shows not the peculiarity of the Margaritan flora but the small
amount of work that has been done on the mainland.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 299

Close to the mainland but yet not considered one of the Venezuelan
Islands is Trinidad Ipng to the northeast of Venezuela. In general
the flora and vegetative conditions of the island are similar to those
of the mainland. There is a large collection of well identified plants
at the St. Clair experiment station at Port-of-Spain and I had the
opportunity of comparing my first collection with them. From this I
foimd that one hundred and seventy-nine ^Nlargaritan plants were not
in the Trinidad herbarium and one hiuidred and sixty-one were there.
Unfortunately it has been impossible for me to compare the remainder
of my plants. Of those plants that were not in the Herbarium the
majority were of wide distribtition. Of the plants of restricted
distribution, however, the greater number were Venezuelan rather
than pertaining to the West Indies.

Trinidad presents a distinct contrast in the appearance of its vegeta-
tion to that of the islands of the north coast. The latter are dry as
is the adjacent coast. Trinidad, however, resembles and is really a
part of the east coast, characterized, by low land, well watered, and
heavily wooded. Thus appears the east coast of Venezuela and of
British Guiana, green with luxin-iant vegetation, broken here and
there, to be sure, with sandy stretches and low hills, but in effect with
a truly tropical verdure. Trinidad has a series of hills across the low
end of the island and a range of low mountains across the northern
end. The regions about these hills are in many places heavily covered
with forests. Across the middle of the island is a belt of almost
unbroken savannah land much used for grazing and for cane crops.
Both on the eastern and on the western side are extensive swamp
lands. Only in isolated and restricted areas are there any arid dis-
tricts at all resembling those of Margarita.

The entire chain of small islands extending from Trinidad north-
ward is with few and unimportant exceptions similar in vegetative
conditions to Trinidad. For the most part they consist of well culti-
vated plains and green-clad hills and mountains. Porto Rico at the
northern end of this chain of islands and the easternmost of the Great
Antilles presents features somewhat different. With the exception
of a narrow plain about the island, the surface of Porto Rico is tm-
dulating and broken into sharp hills and ridges from one end to the
other. In marked contrast to Trinidad, Porto Rico has very little
forest land and only a few small savannahs. Moreover, the waste
lands, barren or cactus-covered, along the south shore are comparable

300 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

with the wastes of Margarita. This northern island is perhaps in a
condition midway between that of the coast and coastal islands of
Venezuela and that of Trinidad, the former being in a condition of
drought and the latter in a state of excessive moisture for much of the
year. In regard to the species of plants, there is of course a vast
difference. Professor Urban's Flora Portoricensis is very complete
so far as published. In it are sixty-one plants to be found on Marga-
rita, although the author does not refer more than twenty-five to the
island, these references being only from my first collection of plants.
As many as this is naturally to be expected from the wide distribution
of many of the plants. Moreover, there are fully five hundred plants
of INIargarita not to be found on Porto Rico, and of course many
more on the much larger island not on Margarita.

In the small Cayman Islands farther west in the region of the Great
Antilles there is also a diversity from Margarita. These islands con-
sist of Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, and Cayman Brae, two hun-
dred and eighty-nine kilometers (180 mi.) northwest of Jamaica and
about the same distance south of the center of Cuba. Grand Cayman
is twenty-seven kilometers from east to west, six to eight wide at the
eastern end and eleven to thirteen kilometers (7 to 8 mi.) wide at the
western end. There is no elevation exceeding fifty meters (150 ft.).
Some forest land is present, and in the center is considerable boggy
soil suggesting the presence of sufficient moisture for much vegetative
growth. Collections of plants have been made on the Caymans by
Professor C. F. Millspaugh and by Mr. W. Fawcett. From the total
of two hundred and twenty-eight species constituting these lists eighty-
four are found on Margarita. Five hundred and eighty Margaritan
plants are not found on the Caymans. This suggests a distinctly
different flora notwithstanding the presence of so many plants of wide
distribution. This difference can be accounted for partially in the
vegetative conditions, but in the main it is due to geographical position,
the Cayman Islands being some seventeen hundred kilometers north-
west of Margarita. IVIoreover in comparing the flora of the Cayman
with that of the other Venezuelan islands or with Trinidad the same
result is obtained.

It is impossible to make a definite comparison of the plants of
Jamaica and Cuba with those of Margarita, for the lists are so incom-
plete. It must suffice to say that from the material available for com-
parison it is certain that a very large part of the plants of Jamaica and

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 301

Cuba is not to be found in northern Venezuela excepting of course the
flora common to all tropical countries. The vegetative conditions of
these islands can be said to differ from portions only of Venezuela.
The waste plain west of Kingston is dupHcated in the plain of Mar-
garita. The valleys and ridge of the Blue Mountains resemble those
of the coast range above Caracas in Venezuela. The barren moun-
tains about Santiago de Cuba are identical in appearance with range
after range extending from Caracas to Valencia. The rolling land
that occupies the most' of Cuba with its cane fields and tobacco fields
is similar to that of the interior of Venezuela. There still remains in
Cuba some of the virgin forest. In fact there is considerable of it
and it suggests that of the more nearly equatorial countries. Only in
a limited way, however, does it begin to compare with a truly tropical
forest. Such vegetation as is to be found along the shores of the
Orinoco, Essequibo, and the iVmazon is nowhere to be found among
the northern islands.

Further north than the islands of Jamaica and Cuba, in subtropical
Florida there are naturally many changes from the tropics. Some
districts approach in their wild luxuriance of vegetation that of coun-
tries near the equator and on the other hand there are to be found
some stretches barren as the desert regions of the Venezuelan islands.
As a whole, however, the individual species making up the t}'pe of
vegetation have changed. The difference in temperature of the
regions sets a limit upon the distribution of the species. In passing,
it is of interest to note that notwithstanding the great differences in
species, exclusive of cultivated plants there are ninety-seven different
species occurring in both southern Florida and Margarita.

Conclusion.

In writing the foregoing pages three objects have been foremost in
my mind: to catalogue the plants of Margarita, to describe its vegeta-
tive conditions, and to compare its flora with that of adjacent regions.

The catalogue of the species comprises 644 names, all of the plants
that have been reported from Margarita. Collections, however, have
been made only on part of the eastern end and during only a part of
the year (jNIarch, July, August, and the first four days in September)
thus leaving opportunity for much additional work. It is doubtful
if this catalogue comprises much more than three fourths of the entire

302 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

flora of the island. Forty-two new species, including two new genera,
have been discovered on the island.

The vegetative conditions of Margarita are much more varied than
those of the other islands. Margarita has both a rich mountain flora
and also the flora of arid plains and hills. Cura9oa and the others
possess only arid vegetative conditions.

In regard to the comparison of the flora with that of adjacent re-
gions, it is much to be regretted that data are so insufficient as to lessen
the value of any comparison and in some cases actually to prohibit it.
The flora of Margarita comprises all the plants found on Coche with
three exceptions. The other small islands are probably similar in this
respect. La Tortuga has twenty-three out of sixty-nine plants not to
be found on Margarita and Los Roques has four out of twenty-eight
not on ]\Iargarita. Though it is impossible to speak accurately of
Cura9oa, to judge by the references cited on previous pages there are
about four hundred plants there of which one hundred are not on
Margarita.

Although there is a large list (240) of plants of Margarita not pub-
lished as occurring in Venezuela, it is probable that a large proportion
of them do. The vegetation on the mainland (near Carupano and
Cumana) opposite Margarita is identical in appearance with that of
Margarita.

Trinidad has a very large flora, yet over two hundred Margaritan
plants have not been reported from there, and are not in the Herbarium
of the Trinidad botanical gardens.

The entire chain of islands to the east of the Caribbean Sea possesses
a vegetation consisting of many species not to be found on ISIargarita.
It is of a much more luxuriant character. In the extensive flora of
Porto Rico so far as can be ascertained there are less than one hundred
INIargaritan plants to be found. Most of these are common to the
American tropics.

In the flora of the Cayman islands it is seen that out of their two
hundred and twenty-eight species only eighty-four are on Margarita.
The reference to the plants of the southern United States similarly
shows about a hundred from Margarita which are, however, cosmo-
politan.

In the comparison of the flora with that of other regions about the
Caribbean Sea it is evident that the flora of Margarita is largely com-
posed of plants common to many parts of the American tropics. It

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 303

is also seen in studying the distribution of the individual plants that
Margarita contains twice as many plants which are characteristic of
South Anaerica as are characteristic of the West Indies. And finally,
it is still as clearly evident from comparing it with other islands about
the Caribbean Sea that while Margarita has some plants common to
all of the islands, yet as a whole it has a flora quite distinct from the
northern islands and at the same time closely approaching that of the
Venezuelan islands and the north coast of the mainland.

304 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

LITERATURE.

To show the more important pubUcations on the exploration, botanical col-
lecting, and geography of Venezuela, the following bibliography is added.

Geography of Venezuela.

Note. — The following are selected from a list of about fifty books on Venezuela, and
include, it is believed, all that are of any value to the botanical worker.

Anonymous.

'24. Letters written from Colombia during a journey from Caracas to

Bogotd. G. Corvie & Co.: London, 1824, 208 pp., map.

Gives description of the route as to forests, meadows and cliffs, as to
agriculture, towns, etc.

'73. Memoria de la Direccion general de estadistica al Presidento de
los Estados Unidos de Venezuela en 1873. Impr. Nacional: Caracas,
1873, 3 vols.
Very complete as to geography and commerce.

Andr6, Eugene.

'04. A naturalist in the Guianas. Scribner's Sons: New York, 1904,
310 pp., 32 pis., map.
Andr6 went on two expeditions up the Orinoco and Caura Rivers.

B6nard, Charles.

'97. Le V^nezu^la. Impr. G. Gounouilhou: Bordeaux, 1897,106 pp.,
map.

Gives heights of mountains, length of rivers and drainage area, table
of temperatures, agriculture, and animals.

Caulin, Antonio.

1779. Historio coro-graphica natural y evangelica de la Nueva Anda-
lucia, prov. de Cumana, Guayana y vertientes del rio Orinoco. J
De San Martin: Madrid 1779, 482 pp., 3 pis., map.
A natural history, including descriptions of the rivers.

Cazeneuve, Paul de and Francois.

'88. Les Etats-Unis de V^n^zu^la. Sauvaitre : Paris, 1888, 300 pp.,

map.

A good map, a very good guide containing population of many cities,
courses and lengths of many rivers, medicinal plants, and history.

Codazzi, Agustin.

'41. Resumen de la geografia de Venezuela. Impr. de H. Fournier y
Compia: Paris, 1841, 648 pp.
The most complete geographical work on Venezuela.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 305

Dauxion-Lavaysse, Jean Francois.

'20. A statistical, commercial, and political description of Venezuela,
Trinidad, Margarita, and Tobago. G. & W. B. Whittaker: London,
1820, 479 pp.
Contains an interesting sketch of Margarita.

Duane, William.

'26. A visit to Colombia in the years 1822 and 1823. Venezuela, p.
1-351. T. H. Palmer: Philadelphia, 1826, 632 pp.
Gives a good description of the hills and the valleys, and the wooded
and the barren regions between Caracas and Colombia.

Engel, Franz.

'88. Auf der Sierra Nevdda de Merida. A. G. Richter: Hamburg,

1888, 36 pp. Sammlung gemein verstandlicher wissenshaftlicher
Vortrage, n. f., series 3, no. 58.

Ernst, Adolphus.

'68-'69. Ascension a la Sierra Nevada de Merida, Feb. 18, 1868. Var-

gasia. Caracas, 1868-69, p. 199-202.
'84;-'86. La Exposicion Nacional de Venezuela en 1883. Impr. de la

Opinion Nacional: Caracas, 1884—86, 2 vols., map.

Gerstacher, Friedrich.

'68-69. Neue Reisen durch die Vereinigten Staaten, Mexico, Ecuador,
West-indien und Venezuela. H. Castenoble: Jena, 1868-69, 3 vols.
Chapters on La Guaira, Caracas, Valley of Aragua, llanos, San Fernando
de Apure, Apure River, Orinoco River, and mines at Angostura.

Goering, Anton.

'93. Vom tropischen Tieflande zum ewigen Schnee. Eine malerische
Schilderung des schonsten Tropenlandes. A. Fischer: Leipzig, 1893,
54 text figs., 12 colored pis.

Though rough sketches, the illustrations of this work give some idea
of Maracaibo, Merida, and Mucuchies.

Hiunboldt, Alexander, and Bonpland, Aime.

'14-'29. Personal narrative of travels to the equinoctial region of the
new continent, during the years 1799-1804, translated by Helen M.
Williams. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown: London,
1814-29, 7 vols.

Contains descriptions of the country about Cmnana, Cumanacoa, and
San Fernando de Apure.

'14. Voyage aux regions equinoxiales du nouveau continent. F. Schoell :
Paris, 1814, 3 vols., 2 atlases.
Contains full description of route.

Kol, H. van.

'04. Naar de Antillen en Venezuela. A. W. Sijthoff: Leiden, 1904,
552 pp.
Description of Curagoa. Good illustrations of islands.

306 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Landaeta Resales, Manuel.

'89. Gran recopilacion geografica, estadistica, e historica de Venezuela.
Impr. Bolivar: Caracas, 1889.

Lennep Coster, G. van.

'42. Aanteekeningen, gehouden gedurende mijn verblijf in de West
Indien in de jaren 1837-40. J. F. Schleijer: Amsterdam, 1842, 359 pp.
Chapters on Cura^oa, Aruba, Bonaire, and Venezuela.

L4vel, Andre Aurelio.

'81. Esbozos de Venzuela I. Margarita. Caradas, 1881, p. 26-50.

Morisse, Lucienne.

'04. Excursion dans I'Eldorado (El Callao). Association d'imprim-
eurs: Paris, 1904, 474 pp., 4 maps, diagram.

Only popular work treating of the country between Ciudad Bolivar
and British Guiana. Pertains particularly to the mining regions.

Ober, Fred A.

'91. The Knockabout club on the Spanish Main. Estes and Lauriat:
Boston, 1891, 239 pp.

A story incidentally giving much information valuable to a traveler
new to the country.

Paez, Ramon.

'68* Travels and adventures in South and Central America. C. Scrib-
ner & Co.: New York, 1868, 473 pp., map.
Description of llanos and life of llaneros.

Pocaterra, Jaime D.

'64. Derrotero del Golfo de Venezuela 6 soco de Maracaibo. Impr.
de S. Hallet: New York, 1864, 32 pp.
Description of shores, winds, and currents of Lake Maracaibo.

Robinson, J. H.

'22. Jom-nal of an expedition 1400 miles up the Orinoco and 300 up the
Arauca. Black, Young, and Young: London, 1822, 397 pp.
Of little value so far as descriptions are concerned.

Roncayolo, L.

'94. Au Venezuela, 1876-1892. P. Dupont: Paris, 1894, 208 pp.
Excellent photographs, chapter on Merida, etc.

Sievers, Wilhelm.

'88a. Die Cordillere von Merida nebst Bemerkungen iiber das kari-

bische Gebirge. Geogr. Abhand., vol. 3, no. 1. Holzel : Wien, 1888, 238

pp., geolog. chart.

Good chapters on rivers, lakes, climate, vegetation, agriculture, etc.
Bibliography especially good on geology.
'88b. Venezuela. L. Friederichsen & Co.: Hamburg, 1888, 359 pp.,

map.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 307

Full description of paramo region, of alpine or mountain regions in
general, and of llanos. Good geography of Venezuela.
'96. Zweite Reise in Venezuela in den Jahren 1892-93. L. Friederich-

sen & Co.: Hamburg, 1896, 327 pp., map.

Contains a good map of coast and islands from Coro to Trinidad.

Maps.

The maps in W. Sievers's works noted above are of special value. In
addition may be noted the following: —

'88. Texte at carte commerciale des Etats-Unis de Venezuela avec

notice descriptive Imprimerie Chaix: Paris, 1888.
97-98. Orinoco-Essequibo Region. Map 2. Senate doc, vol. 9,
no. 91, pt. 4, 1897-98.

There are also a number of coast charts issued by the U. S. hydrographic
office.

Vegetation of Venezuela.

Anonymous.

'64. Indicacion de algunos de los principales objetos de historia natural,

es decir: minerales, vegetales y animales — para la exhibicion 1864.

Imprenta de lo Estados Unidos de Venezuela, por Felix e Bigotte,

Caracas, 1864, 22 pp.
'93. World's Columbian exposition at Chicago. The United States of

Venezuela in 1893. Pub. by order of government of Venezuela.

New York, 1893.
'04. International bureau of American republics. Venezuela. Wash-
ington, D. C, 1904, 604 pp., map, illustr.

Excellent in every way.

Bellermann, F.

'94. Landschafts- und Vegetations-Bilder aus den Tropen Siid-Amerika's
nach der Natur gezeichnet von Prof. F. Bellermann. R. Friedlander &
Sohn: Berlin, 1894, 24 pis.

lUust. of Cumana, La Guaira, Caracas, Merida, and vicinities. Text
by H. Karsten.

Braun, A.

'58. Ubersicht der Characeen aus Columbien und Guyana. Monatsber.
konigl. preuss. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, 1858, p. 354—367.

Caulin, Antonio.

1779. Historio coro-graphica. Madrid, 1779.

Chapters on the trees, fruits, medicinal plants, gums, resins, balsam,
various animals, and rivers.

Dozy, F.

'54. Prodromus florae bryologicae Surinamensis. Accedit pugillus
specierum novarum florae bryologicae Venezuelanae. Arnz & Co.:
Diisseldorf, 1854, 54 pp., 19 pis.

308 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Eaton, Daniel C.

'61. Filices Wrightianae et Fendlerianae. Mem. Amer. acad. arts and
sci., new ser., 1861, vol. 8, pt. 1, p. 192-220.
As an appendix to this is Orchideae Wrightianae et Fendlerianae.

Ernst, Adolphus.

'65a. On the medicinal plants of Caracas, Venezuela, and their Vene-
zuelan names. Seemann's Journ. of bot., 1865, vol. 3, pp. 143-150,
277-284, 306-322.
201 plants of Venezuela mentioned.

'65b. Plants growing in the streets of Caracas. Seemann's Journ. of
bot., 1865, vol. 3, p. 322-323.

'66a. Formas caracteristicas de la flora venezolana. Las palmas.
El Porvenir, Caracas, 1866, vol. 1, no. 6; vol. 2, no. 7, vol. 3, no. 8.

'66b. List of Venezuelan woods, with their Venezuelan names and
specific gravity. Seemann's Journ. of bot., 1866, vol. 4, p. 359-360.
Gives names of 48 plants, 24 of which are on Margarita.

'67a. On the plants common to the southern LTnited States and Vene-
zuela. Seemann's Journ. of bot., 1867, vol. 5, p. 290-296.
There are 2684 plants in Chapman's Flora ; of these 283 are in Venezuela.

'67b. On the plants cultivated or naturalized in the valley of Caracas,
and their vernacular names. Seemann's Journ. of bot., 1867, vol. 5,
p. 264-275, 287-290.

'68-'69a. Los Helechos de la Flora Caracasana. Vargasia, Caracas,
1868-69, p. 100-103.

'6&-'69b. Plantas interesantes de la flora Caracasana. Vargasia, Cara-
cas, 1868-69, p. 178-194.

'72a. Verzeichniss der auf der venezuelanischen Inselgruppe Los Roques
im Sept., 1871 beobachten Pflanzen. Bot. Zeit., 1872, vol. 30, p. 539-
541.

'72b. Sertulum Naiguatense; Notes on a small collection of alpine
plants from the smnmit of Naiguata, in the mountains of Caracas.
Trim., Journ. of bot., Sept. 1872, vol. 10, p. 261-264.

'74. Observationes aliquot in plantas nonnullas rariores vel novas florae
Caracasanae. Flora, 1874, vol. 57, p. 209-215.
Some of these plants were collected by Sr. Fermin Toro of Caracas;

24 plants mentioned, 6 of these new species of Ernst and 1 of Toro.

'76a. Descriptive catalogue of the Venezuelan department at the Phila-
delphia International exhibition, 1876. McCalla & Stavely: Philadel-
phia, 1876, 55 pp.

'76b. Florula Chelonesiaca. Trim., Journ. of bot., London, 1876, vol.
14, p. 176-179.
Thirty-one out of the 69 plants occur also on Margarita.

'77a. Estudios sobre la flora y fauna de Venezuela. Imprenta Federal :
Caracas, 1877, 330 pp.
This work is also found in Primer anuario estadistico de Venezuela ano

de 1877, Impr. Nacional: Caracas. Lists 412 orchids and 399 ferns

and fern allies.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISLAND. 309

'77b. Vargas consid. como bot., Caracas, 1877. A paper presented to

the society of physical and natural sciences in Caracas, 1877.
'79. Enumeracion de las plantas mas notables que fueron observadas

en la excursion a Naiguatd. Repertorio Caraqueno, 1879, p. 141-146.
'86. Eine botanische Excursion auf der Insel Margarita. Nederl. kruidk.

arch. Nijmegen, 1886, vol. 4.
'92. La vegetacion de los Pdramos de los Andes Venezolanos. Boletin

del Ministerio de obras publicas, Caracas, 1892, no. 157, p. 159-163,

Feb., March.
'00a. Sertulum Aturense, 6 sea, lista de una pequena coleccion den plantas

que recojio el Sr. Alfredo John, hijo, en Octubre de 1887 cerca de Atures,

Alto Orinoco. Revista cientif. de la L'niversidad Central de Venezuela,

Caracas, 1900. vol. 1, p. 219-223.
'00b. Bibliographia (Prof. Dr. phil. A. Ernst, Caracas, Venezuela, 1865-

99) L^niversitats-Buchdrucherer, J. Neuenhalm: Jena, 1900 (?)

Goebel, K.

'91. Die Vegetation der venezolanischen Paramos, in Pflanzenbiologische
Schilderungen, 1889-93, pt. 2, no. 1. N. G. Elwert: Marburg, 1891,
Prof. Goebel visited many of the higher mountains about Merida and

collected some plants.

Hamipe, E.

'47a. Bericht iiber die Hepaticeae welche Hr. Moritz in Columbien sam-

melte und dem koniglichen Herbarium in Schonberg iiberlieferte, nach

der Synopsis Hepaticarum und den Moritzschen Nummern aufgefiihrt.

Linnaea, 1847, vol. 20, p. 321-336.

Lists 48 plants of Venezuela.
'47b. Ein Referat iiber die columbischen Moose, welche von Herrn

Moritz gesammelt worden. Linnaea, 1847, vol. 20, p. 65-98.

Lists 70 plants of Venezuela.

Hegelmaier, Friedrich.

'68. Die Lemmaceen. Eine monographische Untersuchung. Wilhelm
Engelmann: Leipzig, 1868, 169 pp., 16 pis.

Humboldt et Bonpland.

'08. Plantae aequinoctiales. F. Schoell: Paris, 1808, 2 vols., 140 pis.

Humboldt, Bonpland, et Kunth.

'15-'25. Nova genera et species plantarum. F. Schoell: Paris, 1815-25, 7
vols. Vol. 7 contains summaries entitled "Flora provinciarum Novae
Andalusiae Venezuelae, nee non Planitiei Barcinonensis," and "Flora
Orinoci et fluminis Nigri" the two containing 1170 Venezuelan plants.

Johnston, J. R.

'05. New plants from the Islands of Margarita and Coche, Venezuela,

Proc. Amer. acad. arts and sci., 1905, vol. 40, p. 683-698.
'08. Plants collected in the vicinity of La Guaira, Venezuela. Contrib.

U. S. nat. herb., 1908, vol. 12, pt. 2, p. 105-111.

310 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Karsten, H.

'48. Auswahl neuer und bliihender Gewiichse Venezuelas. Berlin, 1848,

4to, 12 pis.
'58-'69. Florae Columbiae terrarumque adjacentium specimina selecta,
etc., 1858-69.

Klotzsch, Joh. Friedr.

'47a. Beitrage zu einer Flora der Aequinoctial-Gegenden der neuen Welt.
Linnaea, 1844, vol. 18, pp. 515-556, 667-709; 1847, vol. 20, p. 337-
432, 446-542.

'47b. Nachtrage zu den Lycopodineis und Filicibus, welche im 18 Bandee
der Linnaea p. 515-556 unter der Ueberschrift : " Beitrage zu einer Flora
der Aequinoctial-Gegenden der neuen Welt" veroffentlicht wurden.
Linnaea, 1847, vol. 20, p. 433-445.
Lists 34 plants of Venezuela.

Kunth, Karl.

'39. Bemerkungen iiber die Familie der Piperaceen. Linnaea, 1839,
vol. 13, p. 561-726.

Landaeta Resales, Manuel.

'89. Gran recopilacion geografica, estadistica, e historica de Venezuela.
Impr. Bolivar: Caracas, 1889, 2 vols.

Vol. 1, p. 68-72, contains a list of Venezuelan plants under their ver-
nacular names.

Loefling, Peter.

1776. Reise nach den spanischen Liindern in Europa und America in den
Jahren 1751 bis 1756. Berlin und Stralsund, 1766, 406 pp.

Maury, P.

'89. Enumeration des plantes du Haut-Orenoque recoltees par MM. J.
Chaffanjon et A. Gaillard. Journ. de botanique, Paris, 1889, vol. 3,
pp. 129, 157, 196, 209, 260, and 266.

Patouillard, N., and Gaillard, A.

'87. Champignons du Venezuela et principalement de la region du Haut-

Or^noque, r^coltes en 1887 par M. A. Gaillard. Bull. soc. mycol. de

France, 1887, vol. 3, pp. 7-46, 92-129.

The fungi were collected about Caracas, Ciudad Bolivar, and San
Fernando de Atabapo, 278 species in all.

Reichenbach, H. G., fil.

'54a. Die Wagener'schen Orchideen. Bonplandia, 1854, vol. 2, p. 9-26.
'54b. Orchideae Schlimianae. Bonplandia, 1854, vol. 2, p. 277-284.

The majority of Schlim's orchids were collected at Ocaila and Pamp-
lona, Colombia.
'58-'00. Xenia orchidacea, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Orchideen.

Leipzig, 1858-1900, 3 vols.

JOHNSTON: FLORA OF MARGARITA ISL.AND. 311

Rusby, H. H.

'96. Concerning exploration upon the Orinoco. Alum, journ. coll.
pharm., N. Y., 1896, vol. 3, p. 185-191.

Schiller, G. W.

'57. Catalog der Orchideen-Sammlung von G. W. S. zu Ovelgonne an der
Elbe. Hamburg. Ed. 3, 1857.

Seemann, Berthold.

'64-'67. Revision of the natural order Hederaceae. Seemann's Journ.
of bot., vols. 2, 3, 4, and 5.
Contains a number of Venezuelan plants.

Simons, G. J.

'68. Beschrijving van het eiland Cura^ou. G. S. Temper Oosterwalde,
1868, p. 156.

Suringar, W. F. R.

'86. Nederlandsch-West-Indische expeditie, verslag en reisverhaal.
Tijdschr. Nederl. aardrijskundig genootschap. Amsterdam, ser. 2.,
1886, pt. 3, afd. versl. en meded., pp. 45-90, 355-394, 511-545.

Villavicencio, R.

'80. La Republica de Venezuela, bajo el punto de la geografia y topo-
grafia medicas y dela demografia. A Rothe: Caracas, 1880.
Chapter on flora is excellent, describing the distribution.

WeddeU, H. A.

'55. Chloris Andina essai d'une flore de la region alpine des Cordilleres de
I'Amerique du Sud. P. Bertrand: Paris, 1855.

Addenda.

Botanical works referred to other than Venezuelan.

Fawcett, W.

'89. Plants collected in the Cayman Islands. Bull. bot. dept. Jamaica,
1889, no. 11, p. 6-7, Feb.

Grisebach, A. H. R.

'64. Flora of the British West Indian islands. Lovell Reeve & Co.:
London, 1864.

Martins, Karl F. P.

'40-'06. Flora brasiliensis. Monachii and Lipsiae, 1840-1906, 15 vols.,
plates.

Millspaugh, C. F.

'00. Plantae Utowanae. Publ. Field Col. mus., no. 43, bot. ser., 1900,
vol. 2, no. 1, p. 1-135.

312 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

PuUe, A. '

'06. An enumeration of the vascular plants known from Surinam,
together with their distribution and synonymy. E. J. Brill: Leiden,
1906, pp. 555, 17 pis., map.

Schomburgk, R.

'47-'48. Reisen in Britisch-Guiana in den Jahren 1840-44. Leipzig:
J. J. Weber, 1847-48, 3 vols, illustr., map.

Urban, I.

'03. Flora portoricensis, in Symbolae Antillanae, vol. 4, p. 1-352. Fra-
tres Borntraeger: Lipsiae, 1903.
Only through Euphorbiaceae.

Printed June, 1909.

Johnston. — Flora of Margarita Island.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE 23.

Map of Caribbean Sea and its bordering lands.

Johnston. — Flora of Margarita Island.

PLATE 24.

Map of Margarita, Coche, and Cubagua. Modified from map no. 2035 issued
by the U. S. hygrographic survey.

Johnston. — Flora of Margarita Island.

PLATE 25.

Fig. 1. Road from Asuncion to Juan Griego.
Fig. 2. Road from Porlamar to Asuncion.

Johnston. — Flora ok Margarita Island.

Plate 2.5.

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Vol. 34.

Johnston. — Flora of Margarita Island.

PLATE 26.

Fig. 1. Renealmia lutea.
Fig. 2. Elleanthus attenuatus.

loHNSTox. — Flora <ik Margarita Island.

Plate 26.

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Vol 34.

Johnston. — Flora of Margarita Island.

PLATE 27.

Fig. 1. Blakea monticola.
Fig. 2. Coccoloba Ernestii.

TuHNSTox. — Flora of Margarita Island.

Plate 27.

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Vol. 34.

Johnston. — Flora of Margarita Island.

PLATE 28.

Fig. 1. Inga macrantha.
Fig. 2. Machaermm striatum.

JiiHNSTOx. — Flora of Margarita Island.

Plate 28.

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Vol. 34.

Johnston. — Flora of Margarita Island.

PLATE 29.

Fig. 1. Bignonia acuminata.

Fig. la. Corolla opened to show stamens.

Fig. lb. Calyx and style.

Fig. 2. Solanum margaritense, a single flower.

Fig. 3. Chiococca micrantha, inflorescence with buds.

Fig. 3a. Flower minus corolla.

Fig. 3b. Mature ovary and old calyx.

Fig. 3c. Interpetiolar stipule.

Johnston. — Flora of Margarita Island.

Plate 29

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.. Vol. 34.

Johnston. — Flora of Margarita Island.

PLATE 30.

Fig. 1.

Gliricidia lutea, standard of corolla.

Fig. la and lb. Wings of corolla.

Fig. Ic.

Calyx and stamens.

Fig. Id.

Keel of corolla.

Fig. 2.

Croton Milleri, pistillate flower.

Fig. 2a.

Ovary and style.

Fig. 2b.

Petal of staminate flower.

Fig. 2c.

Staminate flower.

Fig. 2d.

Stamens.

Fig. 3.

Croton margaritensis, staminate flower.

Fig. 3a.

Pistillate flower.

Fig. 4.

Argithamnia erubescens, corolla of pistillate flower.

Fig. 4a.

Petal of pistillate flower.

Fig. 4b.

Pistillate flower.

Fig. 4c.

Ovary.

Fig. 5.

Corolla of staminate flower.

Fig. 5a.

Staminate flower.

Fig. 5b.

Petal of staminate flower.

Fig. 5c.

Stamens.

loHNSTuN. — Flora of Margarita Island.

Plaie 30.

la.

2b

4:a

V4C

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Vol. 34.

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