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i

fmim

PRESENTED

BY

Tke Trustees

OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM.

FLOEA OF JAMAICA

VOL. VII.

DICOTYLEDONS

FAMILIES RUBIACE^ TO COMPOSIT^E

cva.

FLORA OF JAMAICA

CONTAINING DESCRIPTIONS OF

THE FLOWERING PLANTS KNOWN

FROM THE ISLAND

BY

WILLIAM FAWCETT, B.Sc.

Formerly Assistant, Department of Botany, British Museum

(Natural History)

Late Director of Public Gardens and Plantations, Jamaica

AND ' ' '^ /

ALFRED BARTON RENDLE, M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S., F.L.S.

Late Keeper of the Department of Botany, British Museum
(Natural History)

VOL. VII. < '.

BY THE LATE ■''

SPENCER LE MARCHANT MOORE, B.Sc, F.L.S.

AND

A. B. RENDLE
DICOTYLEDONS

FAMILIES RUBIACE^ TO COMPOSITE

WITH 100 TEXT ILLUSTRATIONS

3^i^p^.

LONDON :

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE
BRITISH MUSEUM

AND SOLD AT
The British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, S.W.7

AND BY

B. QuARiTCH, Ltd. ; DuLAU & Co., Ltd. ; and
The Oxford University Press, London

1936

{All rights reserved)
Issued 25th July, 1936]

PREFACE

The present volume which continues the systematic account
of the flowering plants of Jamaica has been prepared by
Dr. Rendle.

Owing to the death of Mr. Fawcett, Dr. Rendle has
carried on the work single-handed, and it was not until his
retirement from the Keepership. that he was able to devote
much time to it. My only part has been to read the proofs.

J. RAMSBOTTOM.

Department of Botany,

British Museum (Nature History),
June, 1936.

• ^/.■y

Printed in Oreat Britain by William Clowes and Sons, Limited,
London and BeccUs.

INTRODUCTION

The present volume includes the families of Dicotyledons
characterised by united petals and an inferior ovary. The
delay in production is due to the death of my old friend
and fellow-worker, William Fawcett, which coincided with
the publication of the last volume. I was unable while still
in office at the British Museum to continue the work but
was fortunate in having the services of the late Spencer
Moore, who has prepared the account of the Compositse — a
family to which he had devoted much attention — and the
greater part of the Rubiaceae, his work on that family being
interrupted by his death in 1931. For the rest of the
volume I am responsible.

The volume including the sympetalous families with a
superior ovary (Vol. VI.) is in hand, and will complete the
account of the Dicotyledons. There will remain one other
volume (Vol. II.) to complete the Monocotyledons, excepting
the Orchids which were the subject of the first volume.

Dr. W. R. Maxon, of the United States National Museum,
has in preparation a volume on the Ferns which, it is hoped,
will be ready for publication next year.

I am again indebted for the loan of specimens to the
Government of Jamaica, and to various institutions and
individuals, especially to the Directors of the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew and Edinburgh, the Bristol Museum (for the
continued loan of Dr. Broughton's herbarium), and the
Naturhistoriska Riks-Museum at Stockholm (for the loan
of some of Swartz's original specimens).

The work has been done in the Department of Botany.

vi INTRODUCTION

British Museum, with the permission of the Keeper, Mr. J.
Ramsbottom, who has given me every facility.

The drawings for the illustrations are mainly the work,
under the supervision of Mr. Moore and myself, of Miss
Beatrice 0. Corfe, whose services we were able to secure
after the death in 1929 of Mr. Percy Highley, who had made
the drawings for previous volumes. The earlier illustrations
for the Composite (Figs. 48-56, 58-63, 66-68, and 70-74)
are from Mr. Highley's drawings.

A. B. RENDLE.
March, 1936.

WORKS REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT

(In addition to those enumerated in Vols. III., IV., and V.)

Bold. Fl. Ned. W.-Ind. — Flora voor de Nederlandsch West-Indische

Eilanden. I. Boldingh. Amsterdam. 1913.
Britt. Fl. Amer. Virg.^ — Flora of the American Virgin Islands. N. L.

Britton. Mem. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. I. 1918.
Britt. & Wils. P.-Rico & Virg. Is.— N. L. Britton & P. Wilson in

Scientific Survey of Porto Rico & the Virgin Islands. New York

Academy of Sciences. 1919.

Combs PI. Cub. — Plants collected in the District of Cienfuegos, Cuba,
1895-6. R. Combs. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, VII. No. 7,
1897.

Duss Fl. Ant. Fran?. — Flore phan6rogamique des Antilles Frangaises.
A. Duss. Marseilles. 1897.

Egg. Fl. St. Croix & Virg. — Flora of St. Croix & the Virgin Islands.
H. F. A. Eggers. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 1879.

Fl. Jard. Pays-Bas. — Annales d'horticultiu-e et de botanique ou Flore

Jard. des Pays Bas. Leyden. 1858-62.
Forbes & Hemsl. Ind. Fl. Sin. — Index Florae Sinensis. F. B. Forbes &

W. B. Hemsley. Journal of the Linnean Society. 1886-1905.

Jenn. Is. Pin. — Botany of the Isles of Pines & Cuba. O. E. Jennings
(Annals Carnegie Museum XI. Nos. 1-2. 1917).

La Llave & Lex . Nov. Veg. Descr. — Novorum Vegetabilium descriptiones.

P. de La Llave & J. Lexarza. Mexico. 1824r-25.
Leaf. Philip. Bot. — Leaflets of Philippine Botany. 1906 —
Leopold. — Leopoldinia (Acad. Csesarea Leopoldino-Carolina &c.).

Dresden. 1859—

Macoun Cat. Canad. PI. Catalogue of Canadian Plants. J. Macoun.

Geological Survey of Canada. 1883-1902.
Maza Periant. Cub. — Catalogo de las Periantiadas Cubanas &c. Anales

Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural. XIX., XXIII. Madrid.

1890-95.

N. Amer. Fl. — North American Flora. New York Botanical Garden.
1905—

Presl Prodr. Lob. — Prodromus Monographiae Lobeliacearum. C. B.

Presl. Prague. 1836.
Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. — Proceedings of the Boston Society of

Natural History, Boston, Mass. 1844 —

Sang. Fl. Cub. — Flora Cubana Catalogo. M. Sanguily. Havana.

1901.
Sesse & Moc. Fl. Mex. ed. 2. — Flora Mexicana. M. Sesse & J. M.

Mocino. Mexico. 1894.

viii FLORA OF JAMAICA

Shreve Mont. Rain-For. — ^Montane Rain-Forest. F. Shreve.
Carnegie Institute, Washington. 1914.

Trans. Acad. Sc. St. Louis. — Transactions Academy of Science, St.
Louis. 1860—

Veil. Fl. Flum. Florae Fluminensis &c. J. M. da C. Velloso. Rio de
Janeiro. 1825.

Webb & Berth. Hist. Canar. — Histoire Naturelle des lies Canaries. P.

Barker- Webb & S. Berthelot. Paris. 1835-44.
Wernh. Monog. Sab. — Monograph of the genus Sabicea. H. F. Wem-

ham. London. 1914.
Will. & Cheesm. Fl. Trin. & Tob. — Williams & Cheesman, Flora of

Trinidad & Tobago, II. Pt. I. (Rubiales) Dept. of Agriculture,

Trinidad & Tobago. 1928.

NAMES OF COLLECTORS

(In addition to those cited in previous Volumes)

Rendle, a. B. (1933). Sangster, Mrs. (nee I. Maxwell) 1927.

ADDENDUM.
To follow Lobelia acuminata Sw., page 142.

2*. L. alexia E. Wimmer in Fedde Rep. Sp. Nov. xxxviii. 86
(1935) ; a shrub 2-4 ft. high ; leaves membranous, glabrous,
lanceolate or subobovate-lanceolate, 2-2*5 dm. by 3-5"2 cm.
acuminate, tapering below to the petiole, margin sharply-
toothed, teeth obliquely triangular turned forwards, 2-3 mm.
apart ; raceme 6-10 cm. long ; bracts linear-lanceolate, shorter
than the 3-4 cm. 1. pedicel and often adnate to its base ;
bracteoles above the middle of the pedicel, about 1 cm.
long ; calyx-lobes glabrous, somewhat linear, acute, minutely
toothed, r5-l"7 cm. 1. ; corolla reddish, glabrous, curved,
3 cm. 1., lobes all deflexed, the two lateral somewhat linear,
acute, 1 cm. 1. ; staminal tube pubescent ; anther-tube glabrous
or pubescent. — Tupa conglobata Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 387
(non A.DC.) as regards Wullschlagel's specimen only. Forma
grandiflora Lobelise acuminatse Sw., Urb. Symb. Ant. i. 453.

In shady woods, WuUschldgel 909 (Herb. Vienna).

I have not seen Wullschlagel's specimen. The species seems very
close to L. acuminata Sveartz differing apparently only in the more
pronounced toothing of the leaves.

CORRIGENDA.

read

CORRIGENDA.

For Psychotropium, pp. 86, 89, 106, 111, near bottom of page,
Psychotrophum.

For Stenostoma, p. 60, below middle of page, read Stenostomum.

CONSPECTUS OF THE FAMILIES CONTAINED
IN THIS VOLUME

DICOTYLEDONS {continued)

Stems with open bundles. Leaves net- veined. Floral
parts in fours or fives. Embryo with two cotyledons.

SYMPETAL^. EPIGYNjE.

Families with petals united and ovary inferior.

Fam. 121. Rubiacese. Flowers bisexual (hermaphrodite),
regular, usually in decussate panicles or cymes, sometimes
aggregated into heads. Sepals, petals and stamens 4 or 5,
carpels 2. Calyx-segments crowning the ovary, generally small,
often persistent in the fruit. Corolla generally funnel-shaped,
salver-shaped or rotate. Stamens inserted on the corolla-tube.
Ovary crowned by a more or less developed fleshy disc, usually
2-celled with one to numerous anatropous ovules in each
chamber. Fruit a capsule, berry or drupe. Shrubs or trees
or sometimes herbs with opposite or whorled stipulate entire
leaves.

Fam. 122. Caprifoliaceae. Flowers bisexual, regular or
zygomorphic,* parts usually in fives with often reduction
in the number of the carpels. Calyx small, 5-toothed or -lobed .
Corolla rotate, or tubular and two-lipped. Stamens inserted
on the corolla-tube. Ovary 1-5-celled, with one to many
pendulous ovules in the inner angle of each chamber. Fruit
a berry or one- to several-stoned drupe. Woody plants with
decussate usually exstipulate leaves and cymose showy
flowers.

* Divisible by a longitudinal section into similar halves in one
plane only.

X FLORA OF JAMAICA

Fam. 123. CampanulaceaB. Flowers bisexual, regular
or zygomorphic, parts in fives. Calyx-segments generally
well-developed and persistent in the fruit. Petals variously
united or free nearly to the base. Stamens inserted on the
top of the ovary ; filaments free or united below, anthers
free or united. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, 2-5-celled ;
ovules numerous on axile placentas. Style often with a
crown of pollen-collecting hairs. Fruit a capsule, with
numerous small seeds. Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs,
generally with a milky juice and simple alternate exstipulate
leaves.

Fam, 124. Goodeniaceae. Flowers bisexual, zygomorphic,
in few-flowered cymes, parts in fives with reduction to 2 in
the pistil. Calyx-limb a mere border on the top of the ovary.
Corolla split on one side. Stamens free, inserted on the top
of the ovary. Ovary generally 2-celled, with one erect
anatropous ovule in each cell ; style slender, stigma forming
a collecting cup for the pollen. Fruit a drupe. Herbs or
small shrubs without latex.

Fam. 125. Compositse. Flowers (florets) small, bisexual,
unisexual, or neuter, sessile in heads (capitula) which are
surrounded by small bracts (involucre). Parts generally in
fives with reduction to 2 in the pistil. Calyx-limb absent or
represented by a ' pappus ' in the form of a ring, hairs,
bristles or scales that persist in the fruit. Corolla regular,
two-lipped or ligulate. Stamens inserted on the corolla-
tube, filaments free, anthers united laterally and dehiscing
introrsely. Ovary one-celled with one anatropous ascending
ovule. Style with 2-lobed stigma bearing collecting hairs
on the outer face. Fruit a one-seeded inferior achene often
crowned by the pappus. Herbs or shrubs with generally
alternate, sometimes opposite, exstipulate leaves.

Note. — The descriptions of the Famihes are drawn up with a
view to the determination of Jamaican specimens, and therefore are
not necessarily generally applicable.

KEY TO FAMILIES.

[The figures before the name refer to the number of the family, those
after the name to the page.]

Flowers small, crowded into heads sur-
rounded by an involucre of small
bracts 125. Compoaitce 150

Flowers not thus arranged.
Leaves opposite or whorled.

Stipules present 121. Rubiacece 1

Stipules absent or minute 122. Caprifoliacece 132

Leaves alternate.

Calyx-limbs well developed, persistent
in fruit ; fruit a capsule with

numerous small seeds 123. Campanulacece 136

Calyx-limb obsolete ; fruit a 2-seeded

drupe 124. Goodeniaceoe 148

DICOTYLEDONS

Family CXXI. KUBIACE^.

(Genera 1-35 by Spencer Moore.)

Trees or shrubs, or sometimes herbs, rarely climbing.
Leaves opposite or whorled, simple, entire ; stipules often
united forming a sheath, leaf -like in the tribe Galiece. Flowers
hermaphrodite, regular, usually in panicles or cymes, some-
times aggregated into heads. Calyx-tube united with the
inferior ovary, segments 5-4, generally open in aestivation,
crowning the ovary and often persistent in the fruit. Corolla
generally funnel-shaped, salver-shaped or rotate ; segments
5-4, with valvate, imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens
5-4, inserted on the corolla-tube or at the throat ; filaments
free ; anthers introrse. Ovary crowned by a more or less
developed disk, inferior, rarely haK-inferior, one- to several-,
usually two-, celled ; ovules anatropous, one to indefinite in
each cell ; style filiform, often bifid or divided above. Fruit
a capsule, berry or drupe. Seeds with a straight or curved
embryo, generally in the base or axis of a fleshy, cartilaginous
or horny endosperm.

Species about 4600, mainly in the warmer parts of the
earth but extending into the temperate zones.

CONSPECTUS OF TRIBES AND GENERA.

Ovules many in each cell of the ovary (few in
Lucy a).
Fruit a capsule.

Seeds winged or appendaged I, Cinckonece.

Seeds not winged
Shrubs or trees.

Corolla-lobes valvate in bud II. Condaminece.

Corolla-lobes imbricate in bud III. Rondeletiece.

Small herbs IV. Hedyotidece.

VII.— 1 1

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Fruit indehiscent, berry-like, sometimes
leathery.

Corolla-lobes valvate in bud V. Muaacendem.

Corolla-lobes imbricate or contorted in bud.... VI. Qardeniece.

Ovules solitary in each cell of the ovary.
Ovule pendulous from the top of the cell.
Stamens inserted at or near the throat of the

corolla VII. Ouettardece.

Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-
tube VIII. Chiococcece.

Ovule attached to the septum or to the base of
the cell.

Corolla-lobes contorted or imbricate IX. Ixorece.

Corolla-lobes valvate.

Stipules leaf-like XIV. Qaliece.

Stipules not leaf -like.

Ovule erect from the base of the cell .... XII. Psychotriece.
Oviile attached to the septum.

Fruit fleshy X. Morindece.

Fruit dry XIII. Spermacocece.

Ovules geminate in a one-celled ovary XI. Coussarece.

Tribe I. Cinchonece. Trees or shrubs, sometimes
climbing. Ovules ascending. Seeds numerous,
winged or with a tuft of hairs.
Corolla-lobes valvate in bud.

A shrub or tree 1. Macrocnemuni^

Climbing shrubs 2. Manettia.

Corolla-lobes contorted in bud. Seeds with a

hairy tuft. Epiphytic 3. Hillia.

Corolla-lobes imbricate in bud. A small tree... 4. Exostema.

Tribe II. Condaminece. Trees or shrubs, often

with showy flowers. Corolla-lobes valvate in

bud. Oviiles numerous, placed horizontally.

Corolla widely open, about -5 cm. long 5. Chimarrhis.

Corolla funnel-shaped, 2-5-20 cm. long 6. Portlandia.

Tribe III. RondeletiecB. Trees or shrubs. Corolla-
lobes imbricate or contorted in bud. Ovailes
numerous. Seeds very small.
Capsule loculicidal. Leaves rarely less than

5 cm. long 7. Rondeletia.

Capsule septicidal. Leaves small, crowded, less

than 1 cm. long 8. Rachicallis.

Tribe IV. Hedyotidece. Herbs with small axillary
flowers. Corolla-lobes valvate in bud. Ovules
many or few.

Ovary inferior. Ovules many 9. Oldenlandia.

Ovary half-superior. Oviiles few. A small

prostrate plant with a tuberous root 10. Lucya.

Tribe V. Mtisscendece, Trees or shrubs, some-
times climbing, rarely herbs. Corolla-lobes
valvate.
Inflorescence terminal.

Inflorescence racemose IL Oomalgunia.

Inflorescence capitate 12. Schradera.

RUBIACE^

Inflorescence axillary.

A climbing shrub 13. Sabicea.

A creeping herb 14. Coccocypselum.

Tribe VI. Gardeniece. Shrubs or trees. Corolla-
lobes imbricate or contorted.
Corolla-lobes contorted. Seeds immersed in
pulp.

Inflorescence terminal 18. Casasia.

Inflorescence lateral 19. Randia.

Corolla-lobes imbricate.

Ovary 5-celled 15. Hamelia.

Ovary 2-celled.

Stamens at base of corolla-tube. A spiny

shrub 17. Catesboea.

Stamens at throat of corolla. Herb with

suffrutescent base 16. Hoffmannia.

Tribe VII. GuettardecB. Trees or shrubs. Corolla-
lobes imbricate. Stamens at throat of corolla.
Ovule pendulous from top of the cell. Endo-
sperm absent or scanty.
Calyx-limb cup-shaped. Inflorescence axillary.

Calyx -limb deciduous 20. Guettarda.

Calyx -limb persistent 21. Antirrhosa.

Calyx -limb not cup-shaped. Inflorescence a

terminal panicle 22. Machaonia.

Tribe VIII. Chiococcece. Shrubs rarely trees.
Corolla-lobes valvate, imbricate or contorted.
Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-
tube. Ovule pendulous. Fruit a drupe or
capsule.

Ovary 5-10-celled 23. Erithalis.

Ovary 2-celled.

Corolla-lobes valvate.

A climbing shrub 24. Chiococca.

A tall resinous shrub 25. Phialanthus.

Corolla-lobes imbricate. A glabrous shrub.... 26. Scoloaanthus.
Tribe IX. Ixorece. Shrubs. Corolla-lobes con-
torted or imbricate. Ovule ascending from
the inner angle or lower half of the septum.
A small shrub with leaves in whorls of three .... 27. Strumpfia.

[A large shrub with opposite leaves Coffea.]

Tribe X. Morindece. Shrubs or trees. Corolla-
lobes valvate. Ovule ascending from or near
the base of the septum. Fruit a fleshy com-
pound berry 28. Morinda.

Tribe XI. CotisaarecB. Shrubs or small trees.
Corolla-lobes valvate. Ovary one-celled.

Ovules geminate from base of ovary 29. Faramea.

Tribe XII. Psychotriece. Shrubs or trees, rarely
herbs. Corolla-lobes valvate. Stamens in-
serted at the throat of the corolla. Fruit a
drupe.
Flowers not in heads.

Corolla-tube straight 30. Psychotria.

Corolla-tube more or less curved and swollen

at the base 31. Pcdicourea.

4 FLORA OF JAMAICA

Flowers in heads, with an involucre.

A small creeping herb 32. Oeophila.

A shrub ; flower-heads invested by large,

coloured bracts 33. Cephaelis.

Tribe XIII. Spemiacocece. Herbs or small shrubs.

Corolla-lobes valvate. Ovules attached to

the axile placenta. Fruit dry.
Ovary 2-celled.

Fruit indehiscent 34. Emodea.

Fruit separating into two closed cocci 35. Diodia.

Fruit separating into two cocci which open at

the base 36. Hemidiodia.

Capsule dehiscing, one valve remaining closed 37. Spermacoce.

Capsule dehiscing septicidally 38. Borreria.

Capsule dehiscing transversely 39. Mitracarpus.

Ovary 3 -celled 40. Richardia.

Tribe XIV. Oaliece. Herbs with leaf -like stipules.
Flowers axillary. Stamens inserted at the
mouth of the corolla. Ovule inserted at the
base of the septTim 41. Relbunium.

1. MACROCNEMUM P. Browne.

Trees or shrubs. Flowers in terminal or axillary panicles.
Calyx-tube oblong, crowned by a cup-shaped 5-toothed limb.
Corolla with funnel-shaped tube and 5-lobed limb, the lobes
valvate in bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube,
anthers included, dorsifixed. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform
with 2 ellipsoidal arms ; ovules many, peltately attached to
a fleshy axile placenta. Capsule cylindrical, thinly leathery,
2-celled, with loculicidal valves. Seeds many, minute,
compressed, winged ; endosperm fleshy.

Species 14, natives of the West Indies and tropical
America.

M. jamaicense L. Amcen. v. 413 (1760) ; Sw. Ohs. Bot. 68,
tab. iii. /. 1 ; Lun. Hort. Jam. ii. 277 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 403 ;
Macf. Jam. ii. 214 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 323 ; Wils. in
Rep. Geolog. Jam. 280 ; Standi, in N. Amer. Fl. xxxii. 112.
M. arborescens foliis ovatis &e. Browne Hist. Jam. 165.
(Fig. 1.)

White-Thorn.

Manchioneal, Browne; Masaon ! Liguanea, Broughton ! Dancer !
Bancroft ! Hopewell Gully, St. Ann ; St. Mary ; McNab ! Moist woods,
near White River, St. Mary, Purdie ! Dove Hall, St. Thomas-in-Vale,
Prior ! March 1927 ! Wilson 842 ! Valley of Sulphur River, Bath ;
S.E. foothills of John Crow Mts. ; Harris <&: Britton ! Fl. Jam. 10,583,
10,681 ; Soho, St. Ann, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 12,025.

A tall glabrous shrub or tree up to 40 ft. in damp mountain woods.
Leaves ovate to obovate-oblong, obtuse, rounded or obtuse at base,
papery, mostly 10-18 by 6-8 cm. ; petioles stoutish, 1-6-2 cm. 1.

Macrocnemum

RUBIACE^

Stipules ovate-oblong, very obtuse, as seen 2 cm. 1. (4 cm. Macfadyen),
deciduous. Panicles many-flowered on pedvincles up to 15 cm. 1.,
in flower 6—10 cm. across ; bracts firm, awl-shaped, 2—3 mm, 1 ; pedicels
6 mm. 1. Calyx-tube 8 mm., limb 2 mm. 1. Corolla white, fragrant ;

A, Portion of branch with leaves and

inflorescence x J ; S, stipule.

B, Unopened flower x 2.

C, Corolla cut open x 2.

D, Style X 2.

Fig. 1. — Macrocnemum jamaicense L.

E, Ovary with calyx cut lengthwise
X 4.

F, Fruit X 3.

G, Fruit cut across x 6.
H, Seed x 10.

tube 6 mm. 1. ; lobes broad, reduplicate-valvate, 4 mm. 1. Filaments
inserted near base of corolla-tube, densely hairy in the middle. Style-
arms short, obtuse. Capsule crowned by the persistent calyx-limb,
2-2-6 cm. 1. (Seeds oblong, apiculate at either end, 2 mm. 1.

6 FLORA OF JAMAICA Manettia

2. MANETTIA Mutis.

Slender-stemmed climbing herbs or undershrubs. Stipules
short. Flowers axillary, solitary or in cymes and panicles.
Calyx-tube small, top- or bell-shaped ; limb usually 4-lobed,
sometimes with 4 interposed teeth. Corolla small or rather
large, often salver-shaped ; tube funnel-shaped or cylindrical ;
lobes usually 4, shorter than the tube, valvate. Stamens
usually 4, inserted in the mouth or throat of the corolla,
included or exserted ; filaments short, anthers versatile.
Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform ; stigma entire or bifid ; ovules
numerous. Capsule top-shaped or obovoid, 2-celled,
septicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds small, winged.

Species 80, natives of American tropics and subtropics ;
few in the West Indies.

Leaves leathery. Calyx 4-lobed with 4 interposed

teeth 1. M. Lygistum.

Leaves membranous. Calyx 8-lobed 2. M. uniflora.

1. M. Lygistum (L.) Sw. Prodr. 37 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ.
323 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 362 ; Macf. Jam. ii. 207 ; Griseb. Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 329 ; Wils. in Rep. Geolog. Jam. 280 ; Sprague in
Bull. Herb. Boiss. sir. 2, v. 832 ; Shreve Mont. Rain-For. 34 ;
Wernham in Journ. Bot. Ivii. Suppl. 28 ; Standi, in N. Amer.
Fl. xxxii. 99 ; Urh. Symh. Ant. viii. 663. M. tenuifolia
Macf. torn. cit. 208 (1850) ? Petesia Lygistum L. Syst. ed. 10,
894 (1759). Lygistum axillare Lam. III. i. 286, t. 67, /. 2
(1791) ; Ham. Prodr. 20 ; Hitclic. in Rep. Miss. Bot. Gard. iv.
92. L. flexile fruticosum &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 142, t. 3,
/. 2. A specimen from Browne in Herb. Linn. (Fig. 2.)

St. Mary, Browne ! Wright ! Masson ! Shakespear ! Broughton !
Dancer ! Blue Mt. Peak Purdie ! Portland Gap, Prior ! March 814 !
Catherine's Peak, Eggers 3637 ! Blue Mt. Peak, Hitchcock ; J. P. 880,
2118, Hart ! Maxon <fc Killip 1121 ! Morse's Gap, McNab ! and Harris !
12,412 ; Newhaven Gap, Nichols 65 ! near Cinchona, Shreve. —
Hispaniola.

Nearly glabrous climbing shrub with four-angled branches at first
pubescent. Leaves shortly petioled, ovate, acute or shortly acuminate,
broadly rounded at base, with 4-5 pairs of side nerves, impressed above,
very prominent beneath, leathery, shining, 2-3 by 1-2-5 cm. ; petioles
puberulous, 2-5 mm . 1 . Stipules broadly triangular, puberulous, 1 • 5 cm .
1. Cymes axillary, few-flowered ; flowers shortly stalked. Calyx-
tube oblong-top-shaped; puberulous, 1-5 mm. 1.; lobes 2-4 mm. 1.,
lanceolate, subacute, spreading, with 4 minute teeth interposed.
Corolla blue ; tube cylindrical broadening above, puberulous, 8-10 mm.
1., with a median row of hairs inside ; lobes oblong-ovate, less than half
the length of tube, puberulous. Stamens inserted in mouth or throat
of corolla, included. Style included or exserted ; stigma bifid. Cap-
sule obovoid, 5 mm. 1. Seeds flattened, narrowly ovoid-oblong,
evenly winged all roimd, 2-5 mm. across.

Manettia

RUBIACE^

Two forms of the flower are known, long-styled with corolla-tube
8-8-5 mm, and lobes 2-3 mm. 1., stamens inserted in the throat of the
corolla with very short filaments and exserted style, and short-styled

Fig. 2. — Manettia Lygistum (L.) Sw.

A, Branch with leaves, flowers, and

fruit X t-

B, Flower x 2.

C, Corolla cut open x 2.

D, Ovary with calyx cut lengthwise

and style and stigma x 8.

E, Fruit X 2.

F, Fruit cut across x 4.

G, Seed, x 8.

with corolla-tube of 10 mm. and lobes of 3-3-5 mm., stamens inserted at
the corolla-mouth with longer filaments and included style (Sprague I.e.)

2. M. uniflora H. B. dh K. Nov. Gen. <fc Sp. in. 387 (1818) ;

8 FLORA OF JAMAICA Manettia

DC. torn. cit. 363 ; Urb. Synib. Ant. vii. 545. M. cuspidata
Bert, in Spreng. Syst. ». 415 (1825) ; DC. loc. cit. M. coccinea
Oriseb. PI. Wright. 505, Cat. Cub. 130 & Fl Br. W. Ind. 329
(non Willd. nee Nacibea coccinea Aubl.).

Bertero 2262 (ex Urban) ; Brockenhurst, near Manchester Purdte ! —
Cuba, St. Vincent, Trinidad, Mexico, Central America, Venezuela.

A nearly glabrous climbing shrub. Leaves ovate, acuminate,
obtuse or rounded at base, side-nerves not prominent, membranovis,
mostly 4-6 by 2-3-5 cm. ; petioles slender, 5-10 mm. 1. Flowers
solitary in the axils ; pedicels slender, up to 2 cm. 1. Calyx-tube
ovoid, glabrous, 3-3-5 mm. 1. ; lobes linear-lanceolate, recurved at
tip, 5 mm. 1. Corolla red, about 15 mm. 1. ; tube narrowly funnel-
shaped, hairy within ; lobes oblong-ovate, one-third the length of tube.
Stamens inserted in corolla-throat. Capsule obovoid, 7 mm. 1. Seeds
2-5 mm. across, the wing incised.

3. HILLIA Jacq.

Glabrous epiphytic shrubs, with somewhat fleshy leaves,
membranous stipules soon falling, and large terminal bracteate
flowers, solitary or very few together. Calyx-tube cylindrical,
lobes 2-4, soon falhng, sometimes absent. Corolla large,
salver-shaped ; tube elongated, slightly swollen at the naked
throat ; lobes 4^6, contorted in aestivation. Stamens as
many as corolla-lobes and inserted below its throat ; anthers
subsessile, basifixed, included. Ovary 2-celled ; style fili-
form, included, with 2 short broad arms ; ovules numerous,
peltately attached upon a long fleshy axile placenta. Capsule
cylindrical, 2-celled, septicidally 2-valved. Seeds very
numerous, testa spongy, tailed below and produced into a
long hairy tuft at the other end.

Species 6 or 7, natives of the West Indies and tropical
America.

Leaves cuspidate-actuninate. Corolla 6-lobed L H . parasitica.

Leaves very obtuse. Corolla 4-lobed 2. H . tetrandra.

I. H. parasitica Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Amer. 96, t. 66 (1763) ;
leaves ovate, obtuse at base ; corolla-lobes linear-lanceolate,
obtuse ; style as long as corolla-tube. — K. Schum. in Mart. Fl.
Bras. vi. pt. 6. 203, t. 110 ; Kew Bull. 1893, 256 ; Standi,
in N. Amer. Fl. xxxii. 116 ; Will. S Cheesm. Fl. Trin. &
Tab. a. 6 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 583 & viii. 663 ; Britt. cfc
Wils. P. -Rico d; Virg. Is. vi. 227. H. longiflora Sw. Prodr.
58 (1788) & Obs. Bot. 135 t. v. /. 1 ; Sims in Bat. Mag. t.
721 ; Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 372 ; DC. Prodr. iv 351 ; Macf.
Jam. a. 203 ; Griseb. PI. Carib. 78, PI. Wright. 505, Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 325 & Cat. Cub. 127 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 62 ; Duss
Fl. Ant. Franc. 334 ; Hart Herb. List Trin. 29 ; Bold. Fl.

Hillia

RUBIACE^

Ned. W.-Ind. i. 187. Specimen from Herb. Jacquin in Herb.
Mus. Brit. (Fig. 3.)

Broughton ! Wright ! Bancroft ! Road to Juniper Gap from Old
England, Macfadyen ; J. P. 691, Hart ! Lancaster, Campbell ! above

Fig. 3. — Hillia parasitica Jacq.

A, Portion of plant with leaves and D, Ovary witli calyx cut lengthwise

flowers X f . x 2.

B, Upper part of corolla cut open E, Capsule x f.

X IJ. F, Capsule cut across x 1\.

C, Upper part of style with stigmas G, Seed x 4.

X 4.

Silver Hill Gap Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5773. — Antilles, Venezuela, Ecuador,
Brazil.

A straggling epiphytic shrub growing amongst and over bushes.
Branches often rooting, stout, somewhat fleshy. Leaves shortly

10 FLORA OF JAMAICA HiUia

petioled, mostly 5-10 by 3-5 cm. Stipules ovate to linear-lanceolate,
white, 1-5-nearly 3 cm. 1., the uppermost pair investing the base of
the flower like bracts. Bracteoles broadly ovate, cuspidulate, 4 mm. 1.
Calyx-tube furrowed, about 8 nun. 1. ; lobes lanceolate, 4 mm. 1. or
less, smallest only 1-2 mm. Corolla white, sweet-scented ; tube
slender, 8—10 cm. 1. ; lobes 6, spreading, 3 cm. 1. Capsule obtuse,
pale, 6-8 cm. 1. Seeds brown, about 15 mm. 1., hairy tuft alone 10 mm.l.

2. H. tetrandra Siv. Prodr. 58 (1788) ; leaves obovate or
obovate-oblong, cuneate at base ; corolla-lobes ovate ; style
half as long as corolla-tube. — Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 630 & Ic.
hid. Occ. t. xi. ; Lun. torn. cit. 373 ; DC. loc. cit. ; Griseb.
PI. Wright. 505, Fl. Br. W. Ind. 325 & Cat. Cub. 127 ; Sauv.
loc. cit. ; Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. t. 7355 ; Standi, loc. cit. ;
Urb. torn. cit. 664. Specimen from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Broughton ! Coldspring, Swartz ! Macfadyen ! Moneague, Prior !
Guava Ridge, J. P. 908 Hart ! near Whitfield HaU Works ; Tyre
near Troy ; Harris I Fl. Jam. 5465, 9448. — Cuba, Hispaniola,
Central America.

Epiphjrtic on trees. Branches angular and somewhat fleshy.
Leaves very thin in texture, subsessile, mostly 4-6 by 2-3 cm. Stipules
obovate, 1-2-5 cm. 1. Bracteoles 4, oblong, obtuse, larger pair 5 mm.,
smaller 2-3 mm. 1. Flowers solitary. Calyx-tube furrowed, fleshy,
4 mm. 1. ; lobes 2 or 4, linear, obtuse, about 1 cm. 1. Corolla white,
sweet-scented ; tube 4—6 cm. 1. ; lobes 4, spreading, 1—2 cm. 1. CajJsule
obtuse, 3-5 cm. 1. Seeds as of last species.

4. EXOSTEMA L. C. Rich.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves membranous. Stipules small.
Flowers large, sweet-scented, in terminal corymbs or corym-
bose panicles but sometimes solitary and axillary. Calyx-
tube ovoid or top-shaped ; limb 5-lobed, lobes awl-shaped or
triangular. Corolla salver-shaped with a long slender tube
and 5-lobed limb, the generally elongated linear reflexed
lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens 5, inserted near bottom of
corolla-tube ; filaments elongated, filiform ; anthers linear,
€xserted. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform, clavate or with a
small exserted capitate stigma ; ovules many. Capsule
ovoid to subcylindrical, leathery or woody, 2-celled,
loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds many with a membranous testa
and broad wing.

Nearly 40 species, natives of the West Indies and tropical
America.

Leaves up to 15 cm. 1. Corolla-tube 5 cm. 1 1. E. brachycarpum.

Leaves mostly 6-8 cm. 1. Corolla-tube 2 cm. 1. 2. E. triflorum.
Leaves naostly 3-4-5 cm. 1. Corolla-tube up to

3 cm. 1 3. E. cariboBum,

Exostema RUBIACE^ 11

1. E. brachycarpum {8w.) Eoem. <&; Schult. Syst. Veg.
i. 19 (1819) ; leaves elliptic, obtuse ; inflorescence many-
flowered ; capsule broadly ovoid. — DC. Prodr. iv. 359 ;
Macf. Jam. ii. 205 ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 324 ; Standi, in
N. Amer. Fl. xxxii. 122. Cinchona brachycarpa Sw. Prodr.
42 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 378 ; Vahl Symb. ii. 38 ; Lamh.
Cinch. 28, t. 8 ; Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 391.

Maroon Lance.

North Western Woods, Swartz ; Lindsay ! Wright ! near Troy,
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8787.

A glabrous tree up to 30 ft. Leaves obtuse at base, ample, glossy,
with 8 pairs of rather prominent side-nerves, 7-15 by 4-8 cm. Stijndes
broadly ovate, 7 mm. 1. Flowers several in a terminal corymbose
panicle. Pedicels 5-10 mm. 1. Calyx-tube ovoid, 4-5 mm. 1. ; lobes
very short, broadly awl-shaped. Corolla pale red, 8 cm. 1. before
opening, of which 3 cm. belong to the lobes. Stamens exserted to
2-5 cm. Style clavate, exserted nearly 3 cm. Capsule furrowed,
2 by 1-5 cm. Seeds many, compressed, subulate (Swartz).

2. E. triflorum {W. Wr.) G. Don Gen. Syst. Hi. 481 (1834)
(excl. ref. Lamb.) ; leaves lanceolate, obtuse ; inflorescence
few-flowered ; capsule obovoid-oblong. — Griseh. loc. cit. &
Cat. Cub. 125 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 61 ; Standi, tom. cit. 121.
E. coriaceum Macf. tom. cit. 206 (1850) ? Cinchona triflora
W. Wright in Lond. Med. Journ. viii. 240 (1787) ; Lun.
tom. cii. 393.

Manchioneal, Swartz ! Ibid., Dancer ! Woods in Sixteen -Mile
Walk, Broughton ! March 134. — Cuba.

A glabrous, small tree about 20 ft. Leaves narrowed at base, glossy
with 4 pairs of inconspicuous nerves, 6-10 by 2-5-4 cm. ; stipules
broadly triangular, 3 mm. 1. Flowers in threes in a short terminal
few-jflowered corymb. Pedicels 5 mm. 1. Calyx-tube top-shaped,
4 mm. 1. ; lobes broadly awl-shaped, 1-5 mm. 1. Corolla 4-5 cm. 1. ;
lobes 2-5 cm. 1. Stamens and style as of last. Capsule 2 cm. 1., scarcely
1 cm. broad.

E. coriaceum, Macf. (non Roem. dh Schult.) is probably this species.
It is said to have been found by Prior on Union Hill, St. Arm. No
specimen has been seen.

3. E. caribaeum (Jacq.) Roem. tfc Schult. Syst. v. 18 (1819)
leaves lanceolate, acute ; flowers solitary in the leaf -axils
capsule subcylindrical. — DC. loc. cit. ; Don tom. cit. 480
Macf. tom. cit. 204 ; Griseb. PI. Carib. 78, Fl. Br. W. Ind
324 & Cat. Cub. 125 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 61 ; Egg. Fl. St. Croix
S Virg. 60 ; Hemsl. Biol. Cent. Amer. Bot. ii. 13 ; Stahl Fl
P.-Rico V. 48 ; Hitchc. in Rep. Miss. Bot. Gard. iv. 92
Combs PI. Cub. 427 ; Kew Bull. 1893, 256 ; Duss Fl. Ant
Franc. 333 ; Hart Herb. List Trin. 28 ; Bold. Fl. Ned. W.-Ind
i. 1888 ; Britt. Fl. Amer. Virg. 93 ; Britt. db Millsp. BaMm

12

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Exostema

Fl. 409 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 584 & viii. 664 ; Standi, in N.
Amer. Fl. xxxvi. 120 & Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb, xxiii. 1366 ;
Will. <k Cheesm. Fl. Trin. db Tob. ii. 8; Britt. dh Wils.
P. -Rico & Virg. Is. vi. 228. Cinchona caribaeum Jacq. Enum.
PI. Carib. 16 (1760), Sel. Stirji. Amer. 61 & Obs. Bot. pt. 2. 27,

Fig. 4. — Exostema cariboeum (Sw.) Roem. & Sch.
A, Branch with leaves and flowers X f. D, Capsule x }.

B, Upper part of corolla cut open x }.

C, Ovary with calyx cut lengthwise

X 4.

E, Capsule cut across x 4.

F, Seed x 4.

t. 47 ; L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 245 ; Sw. Obs. Bot. 72 ; Lamb. torn,
cit. 24, t. 4 ; Lun. torn. cit. 391. C. jamaicensis W. Wright
in Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Loud. Ixvii. 506, t. x. (1777). (Fig. 4.)

Caribbee Bark Tree, Jamaica Jesuit's Bark.

On stony ground near sea-shore, St. James and Hanover, and at
Martha Brae, Trelawny, Wright I ; Long Mt. abundant on Salt Pond
Hill, Broiighton 1 Macfadyen ! Dunrobin Castle, St. Thomas, Purdie I

Exostema RUBIACE^ 13

March 669 ! Lucea, Hitchcock ; Westphalia Road, J. P. 1467 Hart !
Norbrook; Long Mountain Road; Campbell I Fl. Jam. 5765, 6120;
Grove near Gordon Town ; Luana Point ; Great Goat Island ; Harris !
Fl, Jam. 6835, 8073, 9314, 9945; Robertsfield, Blue Mts., Miss
Perkins 1213 ! — S. Florida, Bahamas, West Indies, Mexico, Central
America.

A shrub or small tree up to 20 ft. common in dry, stony, calcareous
soil along the coast. Branches torulose from persistent leaf -bases.
Leaves narrowed at base, nervation as of last, 3-5 by 1-2-5 cm. Stipules
awl-shaped, 2-4 mm. 1. Pedicels mostly 4-8 mm. 1. Calyx-tube top-
shaped, 4 mm. 1. ; lobes triangular, 1-5 mm. 1. Corolla white or pale
pink ; tube 2-5-3 cm. 1. ; lobes about as long. Capsule dark and
shining, 15 by 6 mm. Seeds closely packed, suborbicular, 2-5 mm.
across.

Wood said to be useful for cabinet work and turnery. The bark
of these species was formerly used as a febrifuge.

E. SanctSB-Luciae Britten in Journ. Bot. liii. 138 (1915) (E. flori-
bundum Roetn. dc Schult. Cinchona Sanctte-Lucise Kentish. C. fiori-
bunda Sw.) found in many of the Antilles from Cuba to Trinidad is said
by Swartz (Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 375) to occur in Jamaica. It has large
leaves like those of E. brachycarpum but smaller flowers and narrow
capsules. No support for Swartz 's statement has been discovered.

5. CHIMARRHIS Jacq.

Glabrous or pubescent trees. Leaves crowded towards
the end of the branches. Stipules soon falling. Flowers
small, white, sweet-scented, in axillary stalked bracteate
corymbose cymes. Calyx-tube short, bell-shaped ; limb
very short, truncate or denticulate. Corolla with short
broad tube and villous throat ; lobes 5, recurved, valvate
in bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the throat of the corolla ;
filaments exserted, villous below ; anthers dorsifixed. Ovary
2-celled ; style short, obtusely bifid ; ovules many on an
axile peltate placenta. Capsule small, oblong, septicidally
2-valved, the valves ultimately 2-partite. Seeds minute,
more or less compressed, with a reticulate, margined testa
and fleshy endosperm.

Species 5 or 6, natives of the West Indies and tropical
America.

C. cymosa Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Amer. 61 (1763) ; DC. Prodr.
iv. 403 ; Duss Fl. Ant. Franc. 332.

Subsp. jamaicensis Urh. Symb. Ant. i. 411 (1900). C.
cymosa Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 323 (in part) non Jacq. ; Kew
Bull. 1893, 256 ; K. Schum. in. Engl. <Ss Prantl Nat. Pflanzen-
fam. iv. pt. 4, 17, /. 6 ; Standi, in Fl. N. Amer. xxxii. 5 ;
Will, cfc Cheesm. Fl. Trin. <& Tob. ii. 9. (Fig. 5.)

Masson I Road from Moneague to Brown's Town ; Worthy Park,
Prior ! March 1822 ! Wilson 631 ! below Hardware Gap, J. P. 696,.

14

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Chimarrhia

Hart ! Mount James ; above Silver Hill ; St. George's ; near Troy ;
Bachelors Hall, near Bath ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5810, 5828, 6793, 8783,
9449, 10,576 ; Ythanside, Portland, Moore ! Fl. Jam. 10,645.

A glabrous timber tree up to 35 ft. Branches angvilar, somewhat

Fig. 5. — Chimarrhis cymosa Jacq. subsp. jamaicensis Urban.

A, Branch with leaves and Inflores-

cence X |.

B, Flower x 4.

C, Corolla cut open x 4.

D, End of style with stigmas x 4.

E, Ovary with calyx cut lengthwise

x 8

F, Cluster of fruits x f.

G, Capsule x 4.

H, Capsule cut across x 4.
I, Seed X 16,

nodular. Leaves elliptical or obovate, obtuse, narrowed at base, papery,
few-nerved, often with prominent domatia in the nerve-angles, 8-15 by
4-10 cm. ; petioles stout, 7-20 mm. 1. Stipules lanceolate, acuminate,
.2 cm. 1. Cymes compact, many-flowered, about as long as the leaves.

ChimarrUs RUBIACE^ 15

8—15 cm. across, peduncle stout, up to 12 cm. 1., often with a pair of
stipule-like bracts at the top ; pedicels longer or shorter than the calyx.
Calyx-tuhe 2 mm. 1. ; limb truncate, barely -5 mm. 1. Corolla 5-6 mm. 1.,
the tube about 2 mm. Filaments about as long as corolla-lobes ;
anthers oblong, 2 mm. 1. Capsule 5 mm. 1. Seeds with a narrow,
cut margin, about -5 mm. across.

Besides this Jamaica subspecies Urban {I.e.) distingioishes the type
as subsp. genuina, with acute leaves up to 30 cm. 1., somewhat smaller
flowers with longer filaments and small ovate anthers, and smaller
capsules. This is confined to the Lesser Antilles. A third subspecies,
microcarpa from Cuba, has small leaves (5-8 cm. 1.) hairy on the nerves
below, smaller corollas than subsp. jamaicensis, smaller oblong anthers
and capsules only half as long.

6. PORTLANDIA P. Browne.

Glabrous shrubs or small trees growing on limestone.
Leaves leathery. Stipules interpetiolar, slightly united at
base if at all. Flowers solitary or very few together on axillary
peduncles. Calyx-tube obovoid or top-shaped ; lobes 5-7.
Corolla large or largish, funnel-shaped ; lobes generally 5,
broad, reduplicate-valvate in bud. Stamens as many as
corolla-lobes, inserted on the base of the corolla, filaments
connate below, anthers slightly dorsifixed. Ovary 2-celled ;
style emarginate, bifid or 2-armed ; ovules many, inserted
round an elongated fleshy placenta. Capsule ovoid, obovoid
or broadly oblong, leathery, loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds
many, compressed, appendaged at base and with fleshy
endosperm.

Species about 20, natives of Jamaica, Cuba, Hispaniola,
and Mexico.

Corolla 16-20 cm. 1. (10-11 cm. in var. parviflora).

Calyx-lobes leaf-like 1. P. grandiflora.

Corolla under 10 cm. 1.

Calyx-lobes at least 10 mm. 1.

Leaves very broad, cordate at base 2. P. Harnsii.

Leaves rounded at base, not cordate.

Corolla white inside, streaked with rose out-
side 3. P. latifolia.

Corolla crimson 4. P. coccinea.

Leaves narrowed at base. Corolla white 5. P. albiflora.

Calyx-lobes 1-6 mm. 1 6. P. microsepala.

1. P. grandiflora L. Syst. ed. 10, 928 (1760) ; leaves
acute ; calyx-lobes very conspicuous ; corolla white. — Jacq.
Enum. PI. Carih. 16 & *S'e/. Stirjp. Amer. 62, t. 44 ; Sm. Ic.
Pict. vi. ; 8w. Obs. Bot. 69 ; Curt. Bot. Mag. t. 286 ; Lun.
Hort. Jam. ii. 91 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 465 ; Benth. PL Hartweg.
264 ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 324 ; Hitchc. in Rep. Miss. Bot.
Gard. iv. 92 ; Standi, in N. Amer. Fl. xxxii. 11. P. gypsophila
Macf. Jam. ii. 216 1 ; Griseb. loc. cit. (in part) ; S. Moore in

16 FLORA OF JAMAICA Portlandia

Journ. Bot. Ixviii. 108. P. foliis majoribus &c. Browne Hist.
Jam. 164, t. \\.

Wright ! Shakespear ! St. Mary, Piirdie ! Near Spanish Town,
Hartweg ; Cuming 35 ! ? ; Porus, Hitchcock ; near Stewart Town,
Fawcett ! Belle Vue, Stonyhill ; Oxford, near Troy ; Harris ! Fl, Jam.
5878, 8662, 9407 ; near Troy, Miss Perkins 1389 f

Shrub 10 ft. high. Branches subterete as in other species (when
young compressed) with somewhat swollen nodes. Leaves ovate,
shortly cuspidate with acute tip, rounded at base, shining especially
on upper face, 10-16 by 5-10 cm. ; petioles flattened, 5-7 mm. 1.
Stipules very shortly iinited at base, broadly deltoid, acute to rotundate,
5-10 mm. 1. Flowers solitary on stout 1-1-5 cm. 1. pediuicles. Calyx-
tube top-shaped, about 1 cm. 1. ; lobes elliptic to lanceolate, acute,
up to 2-5 by 1-3 cm., but usually smaller. Corolla-tube up to 20 cm. 1.,
funnel-shaped, the lower half 5—15 mm. broad, the upper gradually
enlarged to 5-5 cm. at the mouth ; lobes broadly triangular, obtuse,
about 3 cm. 1. Capsule obovoid, 2-2-5 cm. 1.

Var. parviflora S. Moore in Journ. Bot. Ixviii. 108 (1930).
Corollas only 10-11 cm. 1.

Broughton ! Wright ! Macfadyen ! McNab 77 ! March 2014 !

" The inner bark [of the typical form] is very thin and of a dark
brown colour. Its taste is bitter and astringent and its virtues are
the same as those of the Jesuit's bark. Infused in spirits or wine with
a little orange peel, it makes an excellent stomachic tincture " (Wright).

2. P. Harrisii Britton in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xxxix. 8
(1912) ; leaves rotundate ; calyx-lobes oblong-lanceolate ;
corolla white tinged with rose outside. — Britton op. cit. xli.
22 ; Standi, torn. cit. 9.

Peckham Woods, Upper Clarendon, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,975,
11,046, 11,209, 12,789.

Shrub or slender tree up to 20 ft. Branches with somewhat swollen
nodes. Leaves subsessile, rigidly leathery, shining on both faces, up
to 12-5 by 13-5 cm. Stipules broadly deltoid, obtuse, longitudinally
ribbed, about 10 mm. 1. Flowers 2-5 together in the upper axils ;
peduncles about 10 mm. 1. Calyx-tube top-shaped, 6 mm. 1. ;
lobes acute, 15 by 3-5 mm., crimson. Corolla funnel-shaped ; tube
8-9 cm. 1., 4 cm. wide at the mouth; lobes broadly triangular,
obtuse, 1-5 cm. 1. Capsule obovoid or subspheroidal, 1-7-2-5 cm. 1.

3. P. latifolia Britton db Harris ex S. Moore in Journ.
Bot. ixviii. 108 (1930) ; leaves acute ; calyx-lobes lanceolate ;
corolla white, internally streaked with rose.

Robins ! Wright ! Broughton ! Coast, St. Ann, McNab ! Hall's
Delight, St. Andrew ; Long Mt. near Kingston ; road to Wareka,
Long Mt. ; near Hope Bay ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5698, 6060, 7870, 8922,
12,530, 12,669.

Shrub up to 15 ft. Branches nodulose. Leaves ovate to elliptical,
. shining especially on the upper side, mostly 10-12 by 5-7 cm. ; petioles

Portlandia

RUBIACE^

17

stout, 4 mm. 1. Stipules deltoid, acuminate, longitudinally ribbed,
7-10 mm. 1. Flowers solitary in the upper axils ; peduncles 10-17 mm.
1. Calyx-tube top-shaped, 6 mm. 1. ; lobes 18-25 by 3-5 mm. Corolla
fragrant ; tube funnel-shaped, 4-5-5 cm. 1. ; lobes triangular, very
obtuse, 1-5 cm. 1. Capsule obovoid top-shaped, obscurely angled,
1-5-2-5 by 1-1-2 cm.

4. P. coccinea Sw. Prodr. 42 (1788) ; leaves obtuse ;
calyx-lobes lanceolate or linear -lanceolate, acute ; corolla

Fig. 6. — Portlandia coccinea Sw,

A, Branch with leaves and flowers

X I.

B, Corolla cut open x |.

C, Ovary with calyx cut lengthwise
X 2.

D, CapsTile x f.

crimson with longitudinal whitish furrows internally. — Sw.
Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 384 ; Lun. torn. cit. 92 ; DC. loc. cit. ; Griseb.

vn. — 2

18 FLORA OF JAMAICA Portlandia

lot. cit. ; Standi, torn. cit. 12. Specimen from Swartz in
Herb. Mus. Brit. (Fig. 6.)

Mountain cliffs, W. Jamaica Swartz ! Wright ! Bancroft ! Ipswich,
St. Elizabeth, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 12,505, 12,515.

Shrub up to 10 ft. Branches somewhat compressed with swollen
nodes. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, rounded at base, 8—12 by 4— 7'5
cm. ; petioles broad, 5 mm. 1. Stipules deltoid, acute, 6-7 mm. 1.
Flowers 1-2 in the upper axils ; peduncles about 1 cm. 1. Calyx-tube
oblong-top-shaped, about as long as the peduncle ; lobes 1-5-1 -8 cm. 1.
Corolla with narrow part of tube 15 by 6 mm., mouth 3-5 cm. across ;
lobes 12 mm. 1. Capsule obovoid, 5-ribbed, 1-7 by 1-5 cm.

5. P. albiflora Britton dh Harris ex Standi, in N. Amer. Fl.
xxxii. 12 (1918) ; leaves acute ; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate,
acute ; corolla white inside with rosy tinge outside.

St. John's, Purdie ! March 1087 ! Cane River Valley, Harris !
Fl. Jam. 9637, 9639, 12,532, 12,670. Road to Wareka, Maxon 10,527 !

Shrub or small tree up to 15 ft. Branches nodulose. Leaves
obovate-oblong or narrowly elliptic, cuneate at base, prominently
nerved, 7-10 by 2-5-4'5 cm. ; petioles 3-4 mm. 1. Stipules deltoid,
acute, 6 mm. 1. Flowers solitary or 2-4 in the axils ; peduncles
1-1-5 cm. 1. Calyx-tube top-shaped, 6 mm. 1. ; lobes 10-15 by 1-5-
2-5 mm. 1. Corolla narrowly funnel-shaped ; lower part of tube 1-1-5
cm. 1., 3 mm. broad ; upper part 3-5-5-5 cm. 1., mouth 2-3 cm. across.
Capsule subglobose, 1-3 by 1-3 cm.

6. P. microsepala Urb. in Fedde Rep. xiii. 478 (1915) ;
leaves acute ; calyx-lobes very small, triangular or triangular-
awl-shaped. — Type in Herb. Kew.

St. Ann, Prior ! Union Hill, Moneague, Sturridge !
Branches terete, compressed when yomig. Leaves ovate, somewhat
rounded at base, shining, 10-13 by 5-5-7-5 cm. Stipules deltoid, acute.
Flowers solitary (always ?), on 10-15 mm. 1. peduncles. Calyx-tube
oblong-top-shaped, about 7 mm. 1. ; lobes 1-6 mm. 1. Corolla 6 cm. 1.,
the narrow basal portion nearly as long as the upper which is 4 cm.
across at the mouth. Capsule obovate, 2 by 1-5 cm.

7. RONDELETIA L.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite (occasionally ternate)
leathery or parchment-like, rarely membranous. Stipules
interpetiolar, broad, sheathing or free below. Flowers mostly
white, red or yellow, small or smallish, usually in axillary or
terminal cymes, corymbs or panicles, rarely solitary. Calyx-
tube usually subglobose ; lobes usually 5. Corolla usually
salver-shaped, with a naked or ringed mouth ; lobes usually
5, imbricate in bud. Stamens mostly 5, inserted in the throat
or on the tube of the corolla, included ; filaments short,
anthers dorsifixed. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform, emarginate,
bifid or 2-armed ; ovules many on an axile placenta. Capsule

Rondeletia

RUBIACE^

19

usually globose or subglobose, leathery or papery, loculicidally
2-valved. Seeds numerous, minute, wingless or narrowly
winged or with an appendage at either end ; endosperm fleshy.
Species over 100, natives of the West Indies and the
American continent from Mexico to Colombia.

Flowers in cymose corymbs or panicles, the
bracts small.
Corolla glabrous outside or nearly so.
Leaves sessile often cordate at base.

Leaves large (2-3 dm. I.). Corolla-tube

about 1 cm. 1 1. R. amplexicaulis.

Leaves smaller (I-l-o dm.). Corolla-
tube not -5 cm. 1 2. R. Harriaii.

Leaves petiolate, never cordate at base.

Leaves up to 5 cm. 1., glabrous 3. R. daphnoides.

Leaves larger, shortly hairy on nerves
below.
Corolla-tube 8 mm. 1., twice as long as

lobes 4. R. pallida.

Corolla-tube 12 mm. I., thrice as long

as lobes 5. R. elegans.

Corolla tomentose outside.

Calyx glabrous 6. R. racemosa.

Calyx tomentose.

Calyx-lobes minute, as broad as or
broader than long.
Corolla-lobes almost as long as tube .... 7. R. laurifolia.
Corolla-lobes markedly shorter than
tube.

Leaves glabrous 9. R. polita.

Leaves finely- tomentose beneath .... 8. R. tomentosa.
Leaves pubescent beneath becorQing

glabrous 10. R. tri folia.

Calyx-lobes longer than broad.

Leaves often temate 11. R. impressa.

Leaves always opposite 12. R.hirsuta.

Flowers in dense cymose heads, rarely solitary,
the bracts generally large.
Indumentiun finely silky.

Calyx-lobes longer than tube.

Leaves obovate- oblong or elliptical 13. R. cincta.

Leaves ovate with cordate base 14. R. clarendonensis.

Calyx-lobes not longer than tube 15. R. glauca.

Indumentum not silky.

Flowers solitary 16. R. ligulata.

Heads several-flowered.

Peduncles much longer than heads.

Indumentuna strongly hirsute 17. R. hirta.

Indumentum at most hirsutulous 19. R. umbellulata.

Heads on short pedvmcles 18. R. aaxicola.

Flowers 1-3 together, bracts generally smaller.

Leaves elliptical, pubescent below 20. R. incana.

Leaves obovate-oblong, densely tomentose

below 21. R. ailveatria.

20 FLORA OF JAMAICA RondeUtia

1. R. amplexicaulis Urh. Symb. Ant. v. 68 (1908) ; leaves
opposite, large, sessile, amplexicaul ; calyx-lobes as long as
tube ; corolla-tube about 1 cm. 1. — Standi, in N. Amer. Fl.
XXXV. 68. Type in Herb. Jam.

On banks of shaded streams. Tyre, near Troy, Harris ! FI. Jam.
8567, 8650, 9371.

A handsome shrub 12-15 ft. high. Branchlets stout, soon subterete,
glabrous. Leaves ample, obovate or obovate-oblong, acuminate,
truncate or subcordate at base, parchment-like, glabrous, mostly
20-30 by 9-14 cm. ; side-nerves 10-12 pairs. Stipules firm, triangular,
acute, nearly 1 cm. 1., silky within. Flowers in axillary corymbose
panicles usually shorter than the leaves ; peduncle and branches
compressed, the former 2-5-10 cm. 1. ; bracts linear-lanceolate, about
1 cm. 1., the ultimate narrowly linear, 3 mm. 1. ; pedicels 1-3 mm. I.
Calyx-tube bell-shaped, glabrous or nearly so, 2 nmi. I. ; lobes as long,
linear- awl -shaped. Corolla-tube subcylindrical, glabrous outside, ringed
at mouth, 10-12 mm. 1. ; lobes suborbicular, minutely silky on the face.
Stamens inserted near middle of tube, included. Style short, bifid.
Capsule depressed-globose, 4 mm. across. Seeds winged, about 2 mm. 1.

2. R. Harrisii Urh. Symb. Ant. vi. 43 (1909) ; leaves
opposite, medium-sized, sessile, amplexicaul ; calyx-lobes
shorter than tube ; corolla-tube 3 mm. 1. — Standi, loc. cit.
Type in Herb. Jam. A specimen with corolla in Herb. Kew.
from Miss Perkins.

Wooded Hill N.E. of Dolphin Head ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,310.
Near Troy, Miss Perkins 1365 !

Shrub or small tree up to 12 ft. Branchlets slender, compressed,
afterwards subterete, grey. Leaves obovate-oblong, acute, roimded
or slightly cordate at Ijase, papery, glabrous, mostly 10-16 by 4^6-5 cm. ;
side-nerves 5—7 pairs. Stipules triangular, acute, silky inside, 3 mm. 1.
Flowers in short corymbose panicles ; peduncles 1-5-3 cm. 1. ; pedicels
1-4 mm. 1. ; bracts small. Calyx-tube subglobose, glabrous, 1 mm. 1. ;
lobes triangular, 3 mm. 1. Corolla tawny yellow (Harris) ; tube
widened above, very finely hairy at base ; lobes suborbicular, 1 mm. 1.
Anthers and style included. Capsule and seeds as of last, but seeds
smaller.

The type specimen lent from the Jamaica Herbarium is without a
corolla, and Urban, who did not see one, or at least one in its perfect
state, omits the basal indumentum from his description and gives
apparently (" verisimiliter ") scarcely 7 mm. for the length. In
every other respect the type and the Troy material agree well.

3. R. daphnoides Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 327 (1861) ;
leaves opposite, petiolate, small ; calyx-lobes shorter than
tube ; corolla-tube nearly 4 times as long as lobes. — Standi.
torn. cit. 69. Type in Herb. Kew.

Valley going to Luidas Vale, near Moneague, Prior 469 !

Slender glabrous shrub. Branches longitudinally striate, grey.
Leaves obovate or obovate-oblong, obtusely acute sometimes
emarginate, cuneate at base, thinly papery, mostly 3-5-5-5 by 1-5-2-5
cm. ; side-nerves 4-5 pairs, inconspicuous ; petioles stoutish, about
6 mm. 1. Stipules deltoid, acute, 2 mm. 1. Inflorescence axillary,

Rondeletia RUBIACE^ 21

short, open, few-flowered ; peduncles up to 1 cm. 1. ; pedicels slender,
2-5 mm. 1. ; bracts awl-shaped, up to 5 mm. 1., youngest 1 mm. 1.
Calyx-tube subglobose, barely 1-5 mm. 1. ; lobes triangular, acute,
•3 mm. 1. Corolla apparently reddish; tube subcylindrical, 7 mm. 1.;
lobes suborbicular, 2 mm. 1. Stamens inserted in the corolla-throat,
included. Style bifid. Capsule globose, 4 mm. across (Griseb.).
Seeds with an appendage at each end (Griseb.).

4. R. pallida Britton in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xxxvii. 358
(1910) ; leaves opposite, petiolate ; calyx-lobes as long as
tube ; corolla-tube twice as long as lobes. — Standi, loc. cit.
Type in Herb. N. York Bot. Gard.

S.E. foothills of John Crow Mts., Britton 3992 ; Ibid. Britton d:
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,680, 10,724.

A tree 12-30 ft. high. Branchlets more or less compressed, at first
shortly hairy. Leaves elliptic-oblong, acute, obtuse at base, parchment-
like, when young very shortly and coarsely hairy especially on nerves,
mostly 6-12 by 1-8-4 cm. ; side-nerves 4-6 pairs ; petioles hairy when
young, 1-2 cm. 1. Stipules broadly triangular, acuminate, 3-4 mm. 1.,
silky within. Flowers in short, axillary sparsely-flowered cymose
panicles ; pedtmcles 10-15 mm. 1. ; pedicels 2-5 nma. 1. ; bracts
linear-awl-shaped, 2-3 mm. 1. Calyx-tube bell-shaped, glabrous, 1-5
ram. 1. ; lobes linear-lanceolate, 1 mm. 1. Corolla white or tawny
yellow ; tube subcylindrical, about 8 mm. 1., ringed at mouth ; lobes
suborbicular, 4 nun. 1. Stamens inserted on middle of corolla-tube,
included. Style 2-armed, included. Capsule depressed globose,
4 by 6 mm. Seeds winged.

5. R. elegans Britton in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xxxvii. 358
(1910) ; leaves petiolate ; calyx-lobes shorter than the tube ;
corolla-tube thrice as long as lobes. — Standi, loc. cit. Type
in Herb. N. York Bot. Gard.

E. slopes of S. end of John Crow Mts., Britton 4143 ; Ibid. Britton
d: Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,744, 10,748.

Tree 25-30 ft. high. Leaves as of last, but somewhat larger and
usually with slightly longer petioles. Stipules and inflorescence much
as of l&st. Calyx-tube bell-shaped, finely hairy, 2 mm. 1. ; lobes
triangular, 1 mm. 1. or a little more. Corolla crimson, with tawny
yellow puberulous 12-14 mm. 1. tube, ringed at mouth ; lobes obovate,
4 mm. 1. Stamens inserted near middle of tube. Style 2-armed,
included. Capsule depressed-globose, strongly ribbed, 4 by 5-5 mm.

6. R. racemosa Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 360 (1797) ; leaves
petiolate ; calyx-lobes less than half as long as tube ; corolla
small, with lobes not half as long as tube. — Lun. Hort. Jam.
a. 122 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 407 ; Griseb. op. cit. 326 ; Standi,
torn. cit. 170. Petesia fruticosa, foliis ovatis &c. Browne Hist.
Jam. 143, t. 2, f. 3. Specimens from Swartz in Herb. Stock-
holm and in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Mammee River, Broume ; Swartz ! Macfadyen ! J. P. 1101 Hart !
Jenman ! ; Old England ; Silver Hill ; WaUingford ; near Portland

22 FLORA OF JAMAICA Rondeletia

Gap; woodland above Abbey Green; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5262, 5351,
5463, 5551, 5925, 5962, 6131.

Slender tree 20-30 ft. high. Branchlets subterete, glabrous. Leaves
broadly to rather narrowly elliptic, acute, obtuse at base, papery,
glabrous, mostly 7-12 by 3-5-4-5 cm. ; side-nerves 6-7 pairs ; petioles
1-5-3 cm. 1. Stipules broad, cuspidate-acuminate, silky within,
3 mm. 1. Flowers stalked, axillary, in short open glabrous cymose
panicles 7 cm. 1. ; peduncles about as long as petioles ; bracts small,
awl-shaped. Calyx-tube top-shaped, 2 mm. 1. ; lobes very short,
rotundate. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped, ringed at mouth, 3*5 mm. 1. ;
lobes rotundate, barely 1-5 mm. 1. Stamens very rarely 4 (Swartz),
inserted on middle of tube, included. Capsule ovoid, 4 by 3-5 mm.
Seeds winged.

7. R. laurifolia Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 363 (1797) ; leaves
petiolate ; calyx-lobes shorter than tube ; corolla-tube
short and broad, little longer than the lobes. — Lun. torn. cit.
122 ; DC. loc. cit. ; Griseb. op. cit. 326 ; Stajidl. torn. cit. 70.
Petesia fruticosa foliis ovatis oppositis Brovme Hist. Jam.
143, t. 2, /. 2. Specimens from Swartz in Herb. Stockholm
and in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Hills above Bull Bay and between Sixteen-Mile Walk and St. Mary's,
Browne ; Knight ! Swartz ! St. Mary, McNab ! Mile Gully Mts.,
Manchester, Purdie ! March 1624 ! Fray Woods ; Roaring River
near St. Ann's Bay ; Liberty Hall, St. Ann ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,335,
10,357, 10,359, 10,365.

Shrub or tree up to 40 ft. Branchlets with short internodes, com-
pressed, minutely pubescent, soon becoming terete and glabrous.
Leaves as of last, but petioles under 2 cm 1. Panicles axillary, many-
flowered, minutely pubescent, 5—15 cm. 1. Calyx-tube depressed-
globose, 1 mm. 1. ; lobes half as long, triangular. Corolla small,
white or pale yellow, fragrant ; tube obovoid, ringed at mouth, l'5-2-5
by 2-3 mm. ; lobes suborbicular, 1'3 mm. 1. Stamens inserted in throat
tube, subincluded. Style shortly exserted, bifid. Capsule depressed-
globose, 2 mm. 1. Seeds winged.

8. R. tomentosa Sw. Prodr. 41 (1788) ; leaves occasionally
ternate, petiolate, finely tomentose beneath ; calyx-lobes
shorter than tube ; corolla-lobes barely half as long as tube. —
Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 365 ; Lun. torn. cit. 123 ; DC. torn. cit.
407 ; Griseb. op. cit. 326 ; Standi, torn. cit. 70. Petesia
fruticosa foliis subvillosis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 144. Speci-
mens from Swartz in Herb. Stockholm and in Herb. Mus.
Brit. Specimen from Browne in Herb. Linn.

Hills above Bull Bay and between Sixteen-Mile Walk and St.
Mary's, Browne ; Hills, Sixteen-Mile Walk, Swartz ! Hills above the
lagoons (Ferry), Purdie ! March 649 !

Erect shrub 3 ft. high (7-8 ft. Browne). Branches subterete, pale,
pubescent soon becoming glabrous. Leaves opposite (rarely ternate)
oblong-obovate or elliptical, obtuse or obtusely acute, narrowed at
base, papery, rugulose and at first finely hairy above, finely grey
tomentose beneath, 8-9 by 3-5-4 cm. ; side-nerves 4-5 pairs ; petioles

Rondeletia RUBIACE^ 23

5-10 mm. 1., tomentose. Stipules deltoid, acuminate, hairy on back,
silky within, 3-4 mm. 1. Panicle axillary, about 4 cm. 1., tomentose ;
peduncles 1-2 cm. 1. ; pedicels 0-2 mm. 1. ; bracts minute, awl-shaped.
Calyx-tube subglobose, 1 mm. 1. ; lobes barely half as long. Corolla
white or dark yellow ; tube somewhat dilated above, 4—5 mm. 1.,
ringed at mouth ; lobes suborbicular, barely 2 mm. 1. Stamens
inserted near middle of tube, included. Style included, 2-armed,
3 mm. 1. Capsule depressed-globose, hairy, 3 mm. 1. Seeds with an
appendage at either end.

Var. parviflora/S. Moore inJourn. Bot. Ixviii. Ill (1930).

N.E. slopes of Long Mt., Norman 166 ! in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Differs from type chiefly in its smaller and shorter-styled flowers.
Corolla cream-coloured ; tube 2-5-3 mm. 1. ; lobes 1-5 mm. 1. Style
2 mm. 1. Capsule not seen.

9. R. polita Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 326 (1861) ; leaves
opposite, petioled ; calyx-lobes minute, less than half as
long as tube ; corolla-tube three times as long as lobes. —
Standi, torn. cit. 71. Type in Herb. Kew.

Near St. Ann's Bay, Purdie ! Union Hill, Prior ! Slopes of Dolphin
Head; Fray Woods, Hanover; Harris \ Fl. Jam. 10,273, 10,291,
10,337A. Giddy Hall, St. Elizabeth, Mrs. Sangster 555 !

Small tree, 15—20 ft. Branches subterete, compressed at first,
glabrous. Leaves obovate or oblong-elliptical, obtuse at apex and
base, parchment-like, glabrous, midrib impressed above, prominent
below, side-nerves 4-6 pairs, mostly 6-12 by 2-5-5 cm. ; petioles
about 1 cm. 1. Panicles shorter than the leaves, finely hairy ; peduncles
about as long as petioles ; pedicels 0-3 mm. 1. ; bracts minute, awl-
shaped. Calyx-tube top-shaped, 1-5 mm. 1. ; lobes deltoid, -5 mm. 1.
Corolla-tube cylindrical or subcylindrical, with prominently ringed
mouth, 5 mm. 1. ; lobes suborbicular, 2 mm. 1. Stamens inserted in
middle of tube, included. Style subexserted, 2-armed, rather more
than 5 mm. 1. Capsule globose, bisulcate, finely hairy, 3—4 mm. 1. Seeds
winged, acute at either end.

10. R. trifolia Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Amer. 60, t. 43 (1763) ;
leaves sometimes temate, petiolate ; calyx-lobes broad,
minute, shorter than the tube ; corolla-lobes one-third as
long as tube. — Jacq. Ic. Pict. 33, /. 62 {irifoliata) ; L. Sp. PI.
ed. 2, 1671 ; Lun. torn. cit. ii. 121 ; DC. torn. cit. 408 ; Griseb.
torn. cit. 326 ; Standi, torn. cit. 72. R. thyrsoidea Sw. Prodr.
41 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 358 ; Lun. torn. cit. 121 ; DC.
torn. cit. 407 ; Griseb. torn. cit. 326 ; Standi, torn. cit. 72.
R. microcalyx Krug dh Urb. Symb. Ant. i. 412 (1899) ; Standi,
loc. cit. Specimen from Herb. Jacquin in Herb. Mus. Brit,
and from Swartz in Herb. Stockholm and in Herb. Mus. Brit. ;
type of R. microcalyx in Herb. Jam. (Fig. 7.)

Ferry, Jacquin ! Dry Hills in W. Jamaica Swartz ! Macfadyen !
March 1965 ! Foot of Long Mt. Campbell ! Fl. Jam. 6147 ; near
Wareka ; Mona ; Hall's Delight ; Road to Wareka, Long Mt. ; Hill
behind Perry Quarry ; Cane River Valley ; Road from Constant Spring

24

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Rondeletia

to Bardowie ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6682, 7892, 8428, 8933, 9020, 10,039,
10,060, 10,105, 11,901.

Shrub or slender tree up to 20 ft. Branchlets four-angled, puberulous
or pubescent, soon becoming subterete and glabrous. Leaves obovate-
oblong or elliptical, obtusely acute, obtuse at base, papery, smooth
or somewhat rough above, finely pubescent beneath and becoming
glabrous, mostly 6-10 by 2-4 cm. ; side-nerves 4-5 pairs ; petioles

A, Branch with leaves and flowers

X 5.

B, Flower x 4.

C, Corolla cut open X 6.

D, Upper part of style with stigmas

Fig. 7. — Rondeletia trifolia Jacq.

E, Ovary with calyx cut lengthwise
X 12.

F, Capsule x 4.

G, Capsule cut across x 4.
H, Seed x 6.

channelled, puberulous or pubescent, 1-2 cm. 1. Stipules deltoid, acute,
shortly and appressedly hairy on back ; silky within. Panicles
shorter than the leaves, pubescent ; peduncles about as long as petioles ;
bracts linear-awl-shaped, mostly 2-4 mm. 1. ; flowers few together at
ends of branches, sessile or subsessile. Calyx-tube subglobose, 1 mm. 1. ;
lobes -2 — nearly -5 mm. 1. Corolla reddish or tawny yellow, scentless
(Jacq.), very fragrant at night (Swartz) ; tube about 5 mm. 1., dilated
under the limb and ringed at mouth ; lobes suborbicular, about 1'5
mm. 1. Stamens inserted in middle of tube. Style bifid. Capsule
subglobose, 3-4 mm. across. Seeds winged.

Rondeletia RUBIACE^ 25

With the types of Jacquin and of Swartz before one, it seems
impossible to distinguish between R. trifolia and R. thyrsoidea, although
up to the present time, they have been considered distinct. There are
small differences in the various specimens cited above relating mainly
to the upper face of the leaves, and minute variations in the size of the
tiny calyx-lobes together with a colour-range by no means extensive.
The smallest calyx-lobes are those of R. microcalyx, regarded by
Standley as conspecific with R. thyrsoidea ; but the difference in size
between these and those of typical R. trifolia, for instance, are appre-
ciable with difficulty. In this connection it should be noted that the
calyx-lobes tend to increase in size as the corolla passes.

11. R. impressa Krug <fc Urh. Symb. Ant. i. 412 (1899) ;
leaves opposite or ternate, petiolate ; calyx-lobes shorter
than tube ; corolla-tube about 3 times as long as lobes. —
Standi, torn. cit. 74. Co-types in Herb. Jam. and Herb. Kew.

Cherry Garden, Campbell ! Fl. Jam. 6234 ; Plato ; road to Jack's
Hill; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5532, 11,870.

Shrub up to 12 ft. Branches terete, pale, pubescent. Leaves ovate
or ovate-oblong, acute or shortly acuminate, obtuse at base, papery,
hairy on the nerves above, sparsely pubescent below, side -nerves
4—6 pairs, mostly 5-10 by 2-4 cm. Stipules deltoid, acute, hairy on
back, silky within. Inflorescence few-flowered, shorter than the leaves,
pubescent ; peduncles 1-3 cm. 1. ; pedicels 0-2 mm. 1. ; bracts awl-
shaped, mostly 2-4 mm. 1. Calyx-tube subglobose, about 1-5 nam. 1. ;
lobes barely 1 mm. 1. Corolla tawny yellow ; tube cylindrical, about
6 mm. 1. ; lobes suborbicular, 2 mm. 1. Capsule globose, 4 mm. across.
Seeds winged.

12. R. hirsuta Sw. Prodr. 41 (1788) ; leaves petioled ;
calyx villous, lobes longer than tube ; corolla-tube more
than twice as long as lobes. — Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 371 ; Lun.
torn. cit. 124 ; DC. torn. cit. 408 ; Griseb. torn. cit. 327 ; Standi,
torn. cit. 75 (excl. synn. DC). Specimens from Swartz in Herb.
Mus. Brit, and Herb. Stockholm.

Wright ! Mountains near Bath, Swartz ! Macfadyen ! March 1483 !
St. George's, Fl. Jam. 6792 ! between Mansfield and Devil's River ;
valley of Sulphur River, Bath, Harris dh Britton ! Fl. Jam. 10,573,
10,582.

Erect shrub up to 12 ft. high. Branches compressed or foiir-angled,
hirsute, afterwards becoming terete and glabrous. Leaves ovate or
oblong-ovate, acute or shortly acuminate, usually rounded at base,
parchment-like, pilose-hispidulous chiefly on nerves, side-nerves
5-6 pairs, mostly 7—11 by 3—5 cm. Stipules triangular, acuminate,
appressed-hairy on back, coarsely silky within, 7-13 mm. 1. In-
florescence about as long as the leaves, stalked, coarsely hirsute, few-
branched, each branch bearing a few stalked flowers ; peduncles
slender, 4-8 cm. 1. ; bracts narrow-linear, 5 mm. 1. more or less ; pedicels
about 5 mm. 1. Calyx-tube globose, hairy, 2 mm. 1. ; lobes linear,
5-7 mm. 1. Corolla tawny yellow, sparsely hirsute ; tube narrowly
funnel-shaped, 6 mm. 1., ringed at mouth ; lobes obovate, 2 mm. 1.
(S'tomew* inserted in middle of tube. iS^yZe 2-armed, 4-5 mm. 1. Capsule
depressed-globose, with two furrows, ultimately glabrous, 7 mm. across.
Seeds winged.

26 FLORA OF JAMAICA Rondeletia

13. R. cincta Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 329 (1861) ; leaves
petiolate ; inflorescence capitate ; calyx-lobes twice as long
as tube ; corolla-tube thrice as long as lobes. — Standi, torn,
cit. 75. Type in Herb. Kew.

Summit of Dolphin Head, Purdie ! Ibid., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,272.

A small tree 20 ft. high. Branches compressed, pubescent, becoming
subterete, glabrous and cinereous. Leaves obovate- oblong or elliptical,
obtuse or obtusely acute, narrowed at base, leathery, rather sparingly
hirsute with appressed hairs, afterwards glabrous or nearly so, some-
times nearly glabrous from the first, side-nerves 3-5 pairs, 5-9 by
2-3 cm. ; petioles about 1 cm. 1. Stipules sheathing, rigid, 10-14 mm. 1.,
oblong or ovate, acuminate, finely hairy on back, sUky within. Flowers
white, densely silky outside, in axillary few-flowered cymose heads ;
peduncles stout, sUky, 5-10 mm. 1. ; bracts several, closely investing
the head, silky, outer ovate, 8-10 mm. 1., inner smaller. Calyx-tube
subglobose, 3 mm. 1. ; lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, 6-7 mm. 1.
Corolla-tube broad, cylindrical, ringed at mouth, 9 mm. 1. ; lobes
suborbicular, 3 mm. 1. Stamens and style included. Capsule not seen.

14. R. clarendonensis Britton ex S. Moore in Journ. Bot.
Ixviii. Ill (1930) ; leaves subsessile ; inflorescence capitate ;
calyx-lobes thrice as long as tube ; corolla-tube nearly thrice
as long as lobes. — Type in Herb. Jam.

Peckham Woods, Upper Clarendon, 2500 ft. alt. Harris ! Fl. Jam.
12,774.

Shrub often with trailing stems 10 ft. long. Branches brown-
tomentose, some glabrous and cinereous. Leaves subsessile (petioles
only 2 mm. 1.), ovate or ovate-oblong, cordate at base, apex very obtuse
or rotundate, leathery, glabrous shining and rugulose on upper side,
hairy on under side nerves, mostly 3-4 by 2-3-5 cm. Inflorescence
axillary, peduncled, flowers up to 6 in a cluster ; peduncles erect or
nodding, silky-tomentose, up to 2 cm. 1. ; pedicels about 2 mm. 1. ;
bracts linear, acute, minutely silky, 5-7 mm. 1. Calyx-tube hemi-
spherical, silky, 1-5 mm. 1. ; lobes linear, acute silky below, minutely
sUky in upper part, 6 mm. 1. Corolla white ; tube narrowly funnel-
shaped, silky-tomentose, ringed at mouth, 7 mm. 1. ; lobes 5, sub-
orbicular, 2-5 mm. 1. Stamens and style included. Capsule depressed-
globose, crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes, minutely grey-haired,
5 mm. across. Seeds pale brown, appendaged at one end, 1 mm. 1.

15. R. glauca Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 329 (1861) ; leaves
petiolate, inflorescence capitate ; calyx-lobes as long as tube ;
corolla-tube more than twice the length of lobes. — Standi,
torn. cit. 76. Type in Herb. Kew.

Pedro district, St. Ann, Purdie ! Holly Mount, near Ewarton,
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8881, 8972.

Straggling shrub 8-12 ft. high, with hairiness, branches, leaves and
stipules much as of R. cincta. Flower-heads axillary, few-flowered ;
peduncles 3-8 (rarely 10) mm. 1. ; outer bracts obtuse or acute, 5-7
mm. 1. Calyx-tube broadly obovoid, 4 mm. 1. ; lobes ovate, obtuse,
4 mm. 1. Corolla tawny yellow ; tube broad, ringed at mouth, 8 mm. 1. ;
lobes suborbicular, 3 mm. 1. Stamens and style included. Capsule
depressed-globose, silky, 4-4-5 mm. 1. Seeds winged.

Rondeletia RUBIACE^ 27

16. R. ligulata Urh. Symb. Ant. v. 503 (1908) ; leaves
petiolate ; flowers solitary ; calyx-lobes longer than tube ;
corolla-tube nearly thrice as long as lobes. — Standi, torn. cit.
76. Co-types in Herb. Jam. and Herb. Mus. Brit.

Tyre, near Troy ; Dolphin Head ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8804, 9088,
9248, 9469, 10,668.

Shrub up to 18 ft. high. Branches hirsute with spreading hairs
becoming glabrous and ashy grey. Leaves oblong- oblaneeolate or
elliptical, acute (sometimes obtuse), narrowed at base, parchment-like,
sparsely appressed-hirsute above, more so below especially on the
nerves, side-nerves 3-4 pairs, slender, 4-10 by 2-3-6 cm. ; petioles
hirsute, 5-10 mm. 1. Stipules sheathing, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
densely hirsute on back, silky within, at first closely investing the leaf-
bud but soon falling off ; 12-18 mm. 1. Peduncles 2-8 mm. 1., densely
hirsute ; bracts ovate, acuminate, densely hirsute, outer pair enclosing
the flower-bud, about 12 mm. 1., inner bracts awl-shaped and within
them the short pedicel. Calyx-tube broadly top-shaped, densely hirsute,
2 mm. 1. ; lobes oblong-lanceolate, densely hirsute, about 6 mm. 1.
Corolla-tube crimson, funnel-shaped, ringed at mouth, hirsute, 12 mm. 1. ;
lobes pale yellow, orbicular, 4-5 mm. 1. Stamens and style included.
Capsule depressed-globose, 5 mm. 1. Seeds winged.

17. R. hirta Sw. Prodr. 41 (1788) ; leaves petiolate ; in-
florescence capitate ; calyx hirsute, lobes longer than the
tube ; corolla-tube 3 times as long as lobes. — Sw. Fl. Ind.
Occ. i. 373 ; Ait. Hort. Kew. i. 227 ; Gaertn. Fruct. Hi. 33,
t. dxxxiv ; Lun. torn. cit. 125 ; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 350 ; DC.
torn. cit. 407 ; Griseb. torn. cit. 328 ; Standi, torn. cit. 76 (excl.
syn.). R. hirta var. Aitonii DC. torn. cit. 408. R. hirsuta
var. Aitonii Griseb. torn. cit. 328. Specimen from Swartz
in Herb. Stockholm, and a specimen of var. Aitonii from Herb.
Kew. in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Masson ! Shakespear ! Swartz ! Broughton ! Mcucfadyen I Rocks
near Woburn Lawn, Port Royal Mts. Purdie ! Liguanea Hills, Prior !
March 1483 ! Wilson ! Gordon Town, J. P. 909, 1082, 1215 Hart !
Dover Castle, Eggers 3515 ! Plato Road ; Belvidere, St. Thomas ;
Constant Spring to Bardowie ; Liguanea Ridge, St. Andrew ; Harris !
Fl. Jam. 5529, 10,591, 12,106, 12,203.

Tall shrub or slender tree up to 15 ft. high. Branches hirsute,
becoming glabrous. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate,
rounded or obtuse at base, papery, appressed hairy and somewhat
roughly hairy above, hispidulous especially on the nerves beneath,
side nerves 6 or 7 pairs, mostly 5-16 by 2-6-5 cm. Stipules triangular,
acute, appressed hirsute on back, silky within, 4r-6 mm. 1. Inflorescence
axillary, stalked, 3-branched, each branch supporting a few sessile or
short-stalked flowers ; peduncle hirsute or pilose, 1-5-7 cm. 1. ;
outer bracts foliaceous or all awl-shaped or linear-lanceolate and
5-10 mm. 1. Calyx-tube ovoid, hirsute, 1-5 mm. 1.; lobes awl-shaped,
3-4 mm. 1. Corolla tawny yellow ; tube funnel-shaped, hirsute, with
prominently ringed mouth, 6-7 nmi. 1. ; lobes suborbicular, 2 mm. 1.
Stamens inserted near middle of tube, included. Style short, 2-armed.
Capsule subglobose, ribbed, puberulous, 6 mm. across. Seeds winged.

Swartz says the capsule of this species perfects only 2 seeds, and

28 FLORA OF JAMAICA Rondeletia

Gaertner's figure cited above, shows clearly enough as does examination
of a capsule from Swartz's specimen, that the supposed seeds are really
a compact mass of tiny flat seeds characteristic of the genus implanted
on a large placenta. Swartz makes the same mistake in some other
species. See Jowrn. Bot. Ixvii. 110.

18. R. saxicola Britton in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xxxix. 8
(1912) ; leaves petiolate ; inflorescence short-stalked ; calyx-
lobes rather longer than tube ; corolla unknown. — Standi,
op. cit. 77. Co-types in Herb. N. York Bot. Gard., Herb.
Jam. and Herb. Kew.

Somerset Woods near Mandeville, Harris <k Britton ! Fl. Jam.
10,609.

Shrub 12 ft. high. Branches slender, at first fovir-angled and hirsute,
becoming terete and glabrous. Leaves oblanceolate-oblong, obtuse or
obtusely acute, narrowed at base, papery, appressed hirsutulous
especially on the nerves, side nerves 5-6 pairs, 3-5-9 by 1-5-3 cm. ;
petioles 5-10 mm. 1. Stipules sheathing, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
appressed hirsute on back, 6-10 mm. 1. Inflorescence a close few-
flowered cymose head on a nodding hirsute peduncle 4-8 mm. 1. ;
bracts ovate- to linear-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. 1. Calyx-tube (of fruit)
depressed globose, hairy, 2-5 mm. 1., crowned by the oblong acute
3 mm. 1. lobes.

19. R. umbellulata Sw. Prodr. 41 (1788) ; leaves petiolate ;
inflorescence long-stalked ; calyx-lobes twice as long as tube ;
corolla-tube 4 times as long as lobes. — Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. i.
367 ; Lun. Hort. Jam. ii. 123 ; DC. torn. cit. 407 ; Standi,
torn. cit. 11. R. buxifolia Griseb. torn. cit. 328 (so far as con-
cerns Jamaica) (non Valil). Specimens from Swartz in Herb.
Stockholm and Herb. Mus. Brit.

Swartz ! Stephen Edge, bank of Great River, Westmoreland
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9189.

Shrub 10 ft. high. Branches compressed, shortly hirsute, after-
wards subterete and glabrous. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate,
narrowed at base, papery, nearly glabrous above, hirsutulous on nerves
below, side-nerves 4-6 pairs, 6-9-5 by 2-3 cm. Stipules sheathing,
loose, ovate, caudate-acuminate, coarsely appressed, hairy on both
faces, up to 13 mm. 1. Flotvers sessile or subsessile, in axillary, tri-
chotomotis, few-flowered cymes ; peduncles shortly hirsute, mostly
2-5—5 cm. 1. ; outer bracts foliaceous, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
up to 3 cm. 1. ; inner bracts linear, 1 cm. 1. or less. Calyx-tube broadly
top-shaped, densely hairy, 1-5 mm. 1. ; lobes oblong, appressed hairy,
3 mm. 1. Corolla tawny yellow ; tube slender, dilated at throat, ringed
at mouth, hairy outside, 8-11 mm. 1. ; lobes obovate, 2-2-5 mm. 1.
Stamens and style included. Capsule globose, 5 mm. across. Seeds
winged.

20. R. incana Sw. Prodr. 41 (1788) ; leaves petiolate ;
peduncles short ; calyx-lobes ovate, longer than tube ;
corolla-tube longer than lobes. — Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 369 ;

Rondeletia RUBIACE^ 29

Lun. torn. cit. 124 ; DC. torn. cit. 407 ; Standi, torn. cit. 78.
Arachnimorpha incana Ham. Prodr. 28 (1825) ? Specimens
from Swartz in Herb. Stockholm and Herb. Mus. Brit.

On limestone rocks in the highlands, Swartz !

An erect branching shrub 2-3 ft. high. Branches at first com-
pressed and silky-tomentose, afterwards subterete, glabrous and
cinereoiis. Leaves opposite, elliptical, obtuse at either end, shining
above and glabrous almost from the first, pubescent especially on the
midrib below, side-nerves 4-5 pairs, 5-7 by 2-5—3 cm. ; petioles finely
hairy, 5-15 mm. 1. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, finely silky
back and front, about 7 mm. 1. Inflorescence axillary, peduncled,
shorter than the leaves ; fiowers shortly pedicellate, in clusters of
three ; jieduncle compressed, silky tomentose, 1-2 cm. 1. ; pedicels
up to 7 mm. 1. but usually shorter, together with bracts, calyx and
corolla tomentose. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, about 6 mm. 1.
Calyx-tube ovoid, 3 mm. 1. ; lobes ovate, obtuse, 5 mm. 1. Corolla-
tube narrowly funnel-shaped, ringed at mouth, 10 mm. 1. ; lobes ovate,
4 mm. 1. Capsule globose, tomentose, 7 mm. across.

21. R. silvestris S. Moore in Journ. Bot. Ixviii. Ill (1930) ;
leaves petiolate ; peduncles short ; calyx-lobes lanceolate,
longer than tube ; corolla-tube thrice as long as lobes. —
R. incana Griseb. torn. cit. 328 (non Sw.). Type in Herb.
Kew.

On limestone rocks near Light Hole, St. Ann, Purdie ! Peckham
Woods, Clarendon, at 2500 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 11,030, 11,031.

Straggling shrub up to 9 ft. high. Branches compressed, tomentose,
soon glabrous and cinereous. Leaves obovate-oblong, obtuse or
rotundate, obtuse at base, stiffly leathery, silky-pubescent above
at first afterwards glabrous and shining, densely pale-brown-tomentose
below, side nerves 5-6 pairs, 2-5-5 by 1-5-2-5 cm. Stipules ovate,
acute, rigid, appressed hairy on back, silky within, 6-8 mm. 1. In-
florescence much as of last and with similar indumentum, but flowers
sometimes solitary ; bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, 5-6 mm. 1.
Calyx-tube ovoid, about 3 mm. 1. ; lobes lanceolate, obtuse or obtusely
acute, about 7 mm. 1. Corolla-tube broadened above, 8 mm. 1. ; lobes
ovate, 2-5 mm. 1. Capsule subglobose, 5 mm. across.

R. americana L. is a St. Vincent plant said by Grisebach to occur
also in Jamaica. There being considerable floristic difference between
Jamaica and St. Vincent and no specimens of the species from the
former being known, this is apparently a mistake. The plant is a
shrub with elliptic acuminate leaves, 5-5—10 by 2-5-3 cm., axillary,
rather open, cymose corymbs on slender peduncles as long as or longer
than the leaves, linear calyx-lobes as long as the tomentose tube and
white corollas with slender hairy tube 8 mm. long and about 3 times
the length of the obovate lobes. Although scarcely likely to prove a
native of Jamaica, it should be looked for.

8. RACHICALLIS DC.

Coarse copiously branched shrub or undershrub. Leaves
crowded, small, opposite, sessile, fleshy. Stipules adnate to
the leaf -bases to form a broad thinly leathery sheath. Flowers

30

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Rachicallis

solitary, axillary, opposite, sessile, subtended by 2 bracts.
Calyx-tube half -superior, very small ; lobes 4 sometimes
with interjected teeth. Corolla salver-shaped, glabrous
within ; lobes 4, broad, imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted
in the corolla-throat ; anthers dorsifixed, included. Ovary
half -superior, 2-celled ; style filiform, bifid ; ovules many in
each cell, on a peltate placenta. Capsule subglobose,
septicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds angular, pitted.
One species only, native of the West Indies.

R. americana (Jacq.) Kuntze Rev. Gen. PL ii. 281 (1891) ;
Hitchc. in Rep. Miss. Bot. Gard. iv. 92 ; Jenn. Is. Pin. 264 ;

Fig. 8. — Rachicallis americana (Jacq.) Kuntze.

A, Branch with leaves and flowers

X J.

B, Part of branch showing leaves and

stipules X 4.

C, Flower x 4.

D, Corolla cut open x 4.

E, Ovary with calyx cut lengthwise

x 8

F, Fruit' X 4.

Q, Fruit cut across x 4.

Rachicallis RUBIACE^ 31

Standi, in N. Amer. Fl. xxxii. 41 ; Britt. dh Millsp. Baham.
Fl. 409 ; Urh. Symb. Ant. viii. 661. R. rupestris DC.
Prodr. iv. 434 (1830) ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 330 & Cat.
Cub. 130 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 64 ; Combs Fl. Cub. 428. Hedyotis
americana Jacq. Enum. PI. Carib. 12 (1760). H. rupestris
Sw. Prodr. 29 (1788) ; Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 211. Buchnera
rupestris Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. ii. 1063 (1806). Oldenlandia
rupestris Lam. Encyc. iv. 535. Thymelaea maritima ericae
foliis &c. Sloane Cat. 168 & Hist. ii. 94, t. 202, /. 1. A
specimen from Herb. Jacquin in Herb. Mus. Brit. (Fig. 8.)

Don Christopher's Cave, Sloane Herb. vii. 2 ! Coast, St. Ann,
Purdie ! Runaway Bay, Lord Walsingham ! Near Runaway Bay and
along the coast to Dry Harbour, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,176. — ^Bahamas,
Cuba, Is. Pinos, Cayman, Navassa, Hispaniola, also Cozumel Island,
Yucatan : reported from Bermuda but apparently by mistake.

Erect shrub 1—4 ft. high, on coastal rocks. Branches stout, grey
and silky, becoming white and glabrous. Leaves imbricate, ovate to
oblong, obtuse, thickly fleshy (rigidly leathery when dry), up to 8 by
2 mm. Stipules acute, obtuse or truncate, 2 mm. or more 1., brown,
glabrous or nearly so on back, appressed silky within. Bracts linear-
lanceolate, acute, 3 mm. 1. Calyx-tube depressed-subglobose, nearly
glabrous, 1 mm. 1. ; lobes linear-lanceolate or awl-shaped, silky-ciliate,
2-3 mm. 1. Corolla yellow ; tube funnel-shaped, silky, 5-6 mm. 1. ;
lobes broadly ovate, obtuse, silky on back. Style included, glabrous.
Capsule somewhat compressed, crowned by the prominent calyx-lobes,
depressed-globose, hairy in upper (free) part, 3 mm. 1. Seeds about
•5 mm. 1.

9. OLDENLANDIA L.

Slender, erect or diffuse, glabrous herbs. Leaves opposite,
usually small. Stipules entire or cut. Flowers mostly small,
usually in axillary cymes or panicles, rarely solitary. Calyx -
tube top-shaped or globose ; limb of usually 4 small teeth
or lobes. Corolla small, rotate, funnel- or salver-shaped ;
lobes 4 (5), valvate in bud. Stamens 4 (5), inserted on the
corolla-throat ; anthers dorsifixed, exserted or included.
Ovary 2-celled ; style ending in 2 short arms ; ovules
many with axile placentation. Capsule small, loculicidally
dehiscing at the top of or all down the cell. Seeds several,
small.

Species over 200 in the Old and New Worlds.

Inflorescence of lax, few-flowered, dichotomous

cymes 1. 0. coryrnbosa.

Flowers solitary or densely fasciculate.

Pedicels very short 2. 0. uniflora.

Pedicels longer than the calyx.

Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate 3. O. herbacea.

[Leaves ovate O. crystalUna.]

32

FLORA OF JAMAICA

OlderUandia

1. 0. corymbosa L. Sp. PL 119 (1753) ; leaves usually
longer than the internodes, and many times longer than
broad ; peduncles up to 1 cm. 1. and over ; corolla longer
than calyx. — Lun. Hort. Jam. ii. 18 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 426 ;
Descourt. Fl. Ant. i. 225, I. 50 ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 330 &
Cat. Cub. 130 ; Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. in. 62 ; Egg. Fl. St.
Croix dh Virg. 60 ; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. Hi. 64 ; Kew Bull.
1893, 256 ; K. Schum. in Mart. Fl. Bras. vi. pt. 6. 271 ;
Duss Fl. Ant. Franc. 335 ; Hart Herb. List Trin. 29 ; Jenn.

Fig. 9. — Olderdandia corymbosa L.

A, Portion of plant x %.

B, Flower x 6.

C, Corolla cut open x 6.

D, Ovary with calyx cut lengthwise

x 12.

E, Fruit X 6.

F, Fruit cut across x 6.

Is. Pin. 264 ; Urb. in Fedde Rep. Beih. v. 87 ; Britton Fl.
Amer. Virg. 93 ; Standi, in N. Amer. Fl. xxxii. 19 ; Will, db
Cheesm. Fl. Trin. dk Tob. 12 ; Britt. dc Wils. P. -Rico db Virg.
Is. vi. 224. 0. ramosa Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 424 (1832) ; Wight
Ic. t. 822. Hedyotis corymbosa Lam. Tab. Encyc. i. 272 &
III. <. 61 . Gerontogea corymbosa Cham. <fc Schlecht. in Linncea
iv. 154 (1829). Oldenlandia minor caule teretimo &c. Broume
Hist. Jam. 146. Oldenlandia pedunculis quadrifloris &c.
Plum. PI. Amer. 205, t. ccxii, /. 1. (Fig. 9.)

Oldenlandia RUBIACE^ 33

In barren, savannas, Browne. A weed in cane-fields. Prior !
Castleton, Thompson ! Fl. Jam. 799 ; Castleton District ; Hope
Grounds ; Cornwall, St. Elizabeth ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 7461, 9973b,
11,702, 11,887, 12,554.— Cuba, Is. Pinos, Lesser Antilles, Central and
tropical S. America and Old World Tropics.

Annual branching weed, more or less decumbent. Branches
slender, four-angled, glabroTis. Leaves sessile or subsessile, linear
or linear-lanceolate, acute, usually narrowed at base, rough at the side
on the upper face, mostly 1-5 cm. by 2-7 mm. Stipules minute, ending
in one or more bristle-hke teeth. Flowers axillary, solitary or in open
very few-flowered cymes ; peduncles filiform, 0-1-5 cm. 1. ; pedicels
very slender, usually longer than the flower. Calyx-tube top-shaped,
barely 1 mm. 1., about as long as the triangular acute lobes. Corolla
white, rotate, shghtly exceeding the calyx. Capsule depressed-globose,
2-3 mm. across. Seeds minute, brown.

Recommended by Descourtils as an expectorant and vermifuge.

2. 0. uniflora L. Sp. PL 119 (1753) ; leaves generally
shorter than the internodes ; about twice as long as broad ;
flowers nearly sessile ; corolla shorter than calyx. — Britton <fc
Br. III. Fl. N. U. States Hi. 215,/. 3402 ; Urh. Symb. Ant. iv.
581 ; Jenn. loc. cit. ; Britt. cfc Wils. torn. cit. 225. 0. glomerata
Michx. Fl. Amer. Bor. i. 83 (1803) ; Griseb. Cat. Cub. 130 ;
Sauv. Fl. Cub. 64 ; Gray Fl. N. Amer. i. pt. 2. 27. Hedyotis
glomerata Ell. Sketch i. 188 (1816) ; DC. torn. cit. 421 ; Stahl
Fl. P.-Eico V. 52.

Lacovia, St. Elizabeth, Britton 1495 ! Ibid. Harris ! Fl. Jam.
9973a. — S.E. United States, Cuba, Is. Pinos, Porto Rico.

A weak annual with slender, rather rough branches ascending from
a decumbent root-stock. Leaves subsessile or shortly petioled,
ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse or obtusely acute, rather rough along
the edge and midrib, mostly 5-15 by 2-10 mm. Stipules from a broad
base variously cut, 1-5-3 mm. 1. Inflorescence of axillary, sessile
fascicles, sometimes reduced and even to a solitary flower ; pedicels
shorter than the calyx. Calyx-tube ovoid, rough, 1 mm. 1., about as
long as the ovate or lanceolate lobes. Corolla rotate with very short
tube, white. Capsule globose, rough, 2 mm. across. Seeds minute,
dark.

3. 0. herbacea [L.) DC. Prodr. iv. 425 (1830) ; leaves
about as long as the internodes, much longer than broad ;
flowers on conspicuous peduncles ; corolla shorter than calyx.
— Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 330 ; Sauv. loc. cit. ; Stahl torn. cit.
53 ; Duss loc. cit. ; Bold. Fl. Ned. W.-Ind. i. 187 ; Hart
loc. cit. ; Jenn. torn. cit. 263 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 581 &
viii. 660 ; Standi, tom. cit. 22 ; Will, d; Cheesm. torn. cit. 13 ;
Britt. ds WiU. tom. cit. 224. Hedyotis herbacea L. Sp. PI.
102 (1753).

Cornwall, St. Elizabeth, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9877. — Cuba, Is. Pinos,
Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Lesser Antilles, Tropical America, Old World
Tropics,
vn.— 3

34 FLORA OF JAMAICA Oldenlandia

A branching erect or decumbent, glabrous herb. Branches slender,
four-angled, afterwards subterete. Leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate if
not linear, acute, mostly 2-4 cm. by 1-6 mm. Stipules with very few
small bristly teeth, 1-2 mm. 1. Flowers axillary, solitary ; peduncles
filiform, 5-10 mm. 1. Calyx-tube subglobose, 1-5 mm. 1. ; lobes lanceo-
late, acute, as long as tube. Corolla white ; tube broad, 1 mm. 1.,
as long as the triangular lobes. Capsule depressed-globose, 3 mm.
across. Seeds minute, brown.

[0. crystallina Booth. Fl. Ind. i. 422 (1832) ; leaves generally
longer than the internodes, and about 2-3 times as long as
broad ; corolla shorter than calyx. — DC. torn. cit. 426 ;
Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. in. 65.

Hope Gardens, a weed on the lawns, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 11,844,
11,853 ; introduced from India.

A lowly annual branching from the base, 3-10 cm. high, in habit
and foliage much like O. uniflora. Flowers axillary, usually solitary,
on filiform peduncles about 3 mm. 1., in fruit lengthening to 5 mm. or
even more. Calyx and corolla as of last, but corolla-tube swollen in
lower half. Capsule ovoid, 2 mm. across. Seeds minute, dark brown.]

10. LUCYA DC.

A lowly perennial herb with a small tuberous root. Leaves
opposite, membranous. Stipules minute. Flowers small,
axillary, solitary. Calyx-tube hemispherical ; limb of 4 or 5
lobes with as many alternating small teeth. Corolla rotate,
4- or 5-lobed, lobes valvate in bud. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted
on the corolla-tube, included. Ovary superior in its upper
part, 2-celled ; style short, 2-armed ; ovules few in each
cell on a median axile placenta. Capsule hemispherical,
didymous, 2-celled, with 2 loculicidal valves reflexed after
opening. Seeds few, peltately attached.

One species only, native of the West Indies.

L. tetrandra (L.) K. Schum. in Engl. <fc Prantl Nat.
Pflanzenfam. iv. pt. 4. 27 (1891) ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 581 &
via. 660. L. tuberosa DC. Prodr. iv. 434 ; Griseb. PL
Wright. 506, Fl. Br. W. Ind. 331 & Cat. Cub. 130 ; Sauv.
Fl. Cub. 65. Peplis tetrandra L. Amcen. v. 413 (1759) ;
Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Amer. t. 180, /. 29 ; Lun. Hort. Jam. ii. 275.
Hedyotis tuberosa Sw. Obs. Bot. 136, t. \J. 2 (1791). Dunalia
tuberosa Spreng. Pugill. ii. 25 (1815). D. tetrandra Kuntze
Rev. Gen. PI. ii. 281 (1891). Clavenna tetrandra Standi, in
N. Amer. Fl. xzxii. 24. Ammania hirta foliis parvis &c.
Browne Hist, Jam. 145.

Moxintains between St. Thomas in the Vale and St. Mary's, Browne ;
Wright ! Swartz ! In crevices of limestone cliffs. Cane River Valley,

Lucya

RUBIACE^

35

Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9626, 10,066, 12,316.— Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto
Rico.

A prostrate plant with weak slender caespitose branches up to
15 cm. 1. but often much shorter. Leaves petiolate, ovate or ovate-
oblong, obtuse, narrowed at base, rather rough, mostly 1-2 cm. by

Fig. 10. — Lucya tetrandra (L.) K. Schum ,

A, Portion of plant x f .

B, Flower x 8.

C, Corolla cut open x 8.

D, Ovary with calyx cut lengthwise X 8.

E, Capsule x 4.

F, Capsule cut across x 4.

5-8 mm. ; petioles 3-5 mm. I. Stipules broadly triangular, minutely
toothed, less than 1 mm. 1. Flowers on slender pedicels about as long
as the petioles. Calyx-tube 1 mm. 1. ; lobes awl-shaped, shorter than
the tube. Corolla white ; tube broad, about 1 mm. 1. ; lobes generally

4, triangular, shorter than tube. Capsule rather rough, 2 by 4 mm.
Seeds ovoid, black, 1-5 mm. 1.

[MUSSJENDA.

Generally shrubs. Leaves opposite or ternate. Flowers
in terminal corymbs. Calyx-tube oblong-top-shaped ; lobes

5, of which one is sometimes produced into a broad petaloid
lamina. Corolla salver-shaped ; tube long and slender, hairy
in mouth and throat ; lobes patent, valvate in bud. Stamens
5, subsessile, inserted in the corolla-throat. Ovary 2-celled ;
style elongated, 2-armed ; ovules many in each cell. Fruit
fleshy, indehiscent. Seeds numerous.

Species about 50 in tropics of Old World and Pol3Tiesia.

M. pubescens Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. i. 372 (1810) ; Sims

36 FLORA OF JAMAICA MusscBuda

Bot. Mag. t. 2099 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 371 ; Forbes tfc Hemsl. Ind.
Fl. Sin. i. 379 ; Standi, in N. Amer. Fl. xxxii. 133.

A native of China, said by Standley I.e. to be an escape from culti-
vation in Jamaica. No specimen seen from the island.

An erect shrub. Branches pubescent becoming glabrous. Leaves
ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, narrowed into the short
petiole, appressed strigose -hairy especially on the underside nerves,
mostly 4—12 by 1-5-5-5 cm. Stipules caudate from a broad base,
3-.'> mm. or more 1. Inflorescence a terminal bracteate strigose or
glabrous corymb shorter than the leaves ; flowers few, subsessile.
Calyx strigose ; tube ovoid, 3 mm. 1. ; lobes linear-awl-shaped, about
5 mm. 1., one often expanded into an ovate white blade up to 6 by
4 cm. Corolla yellow ; tube slender, strigose, throat and mouth
densely hairy, 3-4 cm. 1. ; lobes ovate, about one-sixth as long as the
tube. Berry subglobose, nearly glabrous, up to 8 mm. across.]

11. GONZALAGUNIA Ruiz & Pav.
{Gonzalea Pers.)

Herbs, shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite. Flowers
in slender elongated terminal spikes or thyrsi. Calyx-tube
bell-shaped ; limb 4- or 5-lobed. Corolla small, salver-shaped ;
tube longer than limb, with hairy throat ; lobes 4 or 5, outer
valvate, inner imbricate in bud. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted
on the corolla-tube ; filaments short ; anthers dorsifixed,
included. Ovary 2-4-celled ; style included or exserted,
filiform, entire or 2-4-lobed ; ovules many. Fruit a berry
of 2 or 4 cells, or bony or crustaceous pjrrenes. Seeds minute.

Over 20 species, natives of the West Indies and tropical
America.

G. brachyantha (A. Rich.) Urb. Symb. Ant. vii. 400 (1912) &
via. 667. Gonzalea brachyantha A. Rich, in Sagra Cub. xi.
16 (1850). G. Petesia Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 321 (1860),
PI. Wright. 504 & Cat. Cub. 124; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 61. Petesia
spicata 8w. Fl. Ind. Occ. Hi. 1945 (1806) (non Gonzalea
spicata DC. Prodr. iv. 437) ; DC. torn. cit. 395. Duggena
Petesia Standi, in Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. 18, 126 (1916).
D. brachyantha Standi, in N. Amer. Fl. xxxii. 136 (1921).
Specimen from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Lab - lab.

Wright ! Manchioneal Swartz ! Mandeville ; St. Thomas in the
Vale ; Purdie ! Distin ! St. Ann's Bay ; Guy's Hill, Moneague ; Mt.
Diablo; Prior ! Wilson 231 ! Near Whitfield Hall works ; Mansfield ;
near Troy ; Holly Mt., Mt. Diablo ; Schwallenburg, St. Ann ; Wood-
stock near Beaufort, Westmoreland ; slopes of Dolphin Head ; Bath
toCuna Cuna Pass ; Mulgrave, St. EUzabeth; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5179,
6006, 8757, 8973, 9914, 10,280, 10,551, 10,657, 12,381 ; Cockpit Country,
Norman 34 ! — Cuba, Hispaniola.

A bush or tree 12-30 ft. high. Branches four-angled, appressed

Gonzalagunia

RUBIACE^

37

strigose but soon glabrous. Leaves elliptical-lanceolate, acuminate,
narrowed at base into the 5—15 mm. 1. petiole, papery, appressed-hairy
on the underside midrib, mostly 6-10 by 2-4 cm. Stipules caudate
from a broad base, strigose on back, silky within, 4-8 mm. 1. In-
florescence a number of subsessile few-flowered cymes forming a slender

Fig. 11. — Gonzalagunia hrachyantha (A. Rich.) Urb.

A, Branch with leaves and flower- E, Ovary with calyx cut lengthwise

spike X f. X 10.

B, Flower x 8. F, Berry x 6.

C, Corolla cut open x 8. G, Berry cut across x 6.

D, Style X 8.

terminal strigose thyrsus, up to 15 cm. 1. on a short peduncle ; bracts
linear-awl-shaped, 1-5-3 mm. 1. ; pedicels -5-1 mm. 1. Calyx-tube
1-5 mm. 1. ; lobes 4, triangular, one-third as long as tube. Corolla
white or pale yellowish ; tube 2 mm. 1. ; lobes 4, half as long as tube.
Style 4-lobed. Berry globose, 3 mm. across.

38

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Schradera

12. SCHRADERA Vahl.

Epiphytic shrubs. Leaves opposite, petiolate, usually-
leathery. Stipules large, intrapetiolar, sheathing, deciduous.
Flowers in a terminal peduncled head surrounded by a broad
involucre. Calyx-tube broadly top-shaped ; limb cup-shaped,
truncate. Corolla salver-shaped ; tube broad, villous within ;
lobes 5-10, narrow, spreading or reflexed, valvate in bud.
Stamens 5-10, inserted in the corolla-throat ; anthers sub-
sessile, dorsifixed, included or exserted. Ovary 2-4-celled.
Seeds many, minute.

About 10 species, natives of the West Indies and tropical
South America.

S, involucrata {Sw.) K. ScJmm. in Mart. Fl. Bras. vi.

Fig. 12. — Schradera involucrata (Sw.) K. Schum.

A, Branch with inflorescence (flowers C, Flower x 2.

in bud) X f . D, Corolla cut open X 2.

B, Inflorescence x |. E, Berry x 2.

Schradera RUBIACE^ 39

pt. 6. 295 (1889) ; Urb. Symh. Ant. vi. 45. S. cephalotes
Willd. Sp. PL a. 238 (1799) ; DC. Prodr. iv. 443 ; Griseb.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 319. Fuchsia involucrata 8w. Prodr. 62
(1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. ii. 674 ; Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 310.
Urceolaria involucrata Standi, in Fl. N. Amer. xxxii. 132
(1921).

Wright ! Morse's Gap, McNab ! Prior ! March 2000 ! Wilson !
Eggers 3623 ; Manchester, J. P. 719 Hart ! Near Moneague, Blake !
Resource, near Holly Mount, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8894.

A glabrous shrub growing epiphytically on trees (in Harris 8894
over an old stone wall). Branches stout, subterete, pale brown.
Leaves ovate or oblong- obovate, obtuse or acute, tapering at base,
nerves 6-7 pairs, widely arched and anastomosing to form an open
network near the margin, leathery, palely shining, 7-10 by 3-5-4 cm. ;
petioles 8-15 mm. 1. Stipules " spathulate-oblong, blunt, as long as
the petioles " (Grisebach). Head solitary, several-flowered, about
2 cm. in diameter ; peduncle stout, four-angled, 2-4 cm. 1. Involucre
entire, 1 cm. 1., 2 cm. in diameter. Calyx-tube barely 3 mm., limb
4 mm. 1. Corolla white ; tube about 5 mm. 1. ; lobes 7-8, as long as
the tube. Z)is A; prominent. Style 4:-aTined. iJerr^/ 4-celIed, " oblong "
(Swartz), " subglobose, about 12 mm. in diameter " (Standley).

13. SABICEA Aubl.

Mostly climbing shrubs with opposite leaves and usually
broad stipules. Flowers almost always rather small, in
axillary, sessile or stalked, bracteate heads, or corymbose or
umbellate cymes. Calyx-tube somewhat ellipsoid ; lobes
3-6, usually linear or oblong. Corolla usually funnel-shaped ;
lobes 4-5, shorter than the tube, valvate in bud. Stamens
4-5 ; inserted in tube or throat of the corolla ; anthers
dorsifixed, usually included. Ovary 4-5- (rarely 2-) celled ;
styles usually included with 4-5 (rarely 2) linear arms ;
ovules many, on axile placentas. Berry fleshy or leathery,
4-5- (rarely 2-) celled. Seeds numerous, minute.

Over 100 species, natives of tropical America (to
Paraguay), tropical Africa and Madagascar : very few in
the West Indies.

S. hirta Sw. Prodr. 46 (1788) ; DC. Prodr. iv. 439 (in part) ;
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 322 ; Wernh. Monog. Sab. 40, t. xii,
/. 33 ; Standi, in N. Amer. Fl. xxxii. 150. S. aspera K.
Schum. in Mart. Fl. Bras. vi. pt. 6. 306 (1888) (in part) (non
Aubl.) Schwenkfeldia hirta Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 450 (1797) ;
Willd. Sp. PI. i. 982 ; Lun. Hort. Jam. ii. 150.

Masson ! Wright ! Mountain woods in W. of Island, Swartz ;
Bertero 2703 ; Macfadyen ! Manchester Mountains, Purdie ! Askenish
to Dolphin Head ; Cima Cuna Pass, Portland ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9246,
10,278, 10,561.

Scandent shrub 6 ft. high with weak trailing hirsute branches.
Leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, acuminate with obtuse apex, narrowed

40

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Sabicea

at base into the hirsute 7-20 mm. 1. petiole, papery, palely shining
above, hirsute especially on nerves, 7-12 by 2-6-5 cm. Stipules sub-
orbicTilar, sparsely hairy, up to 10 by 12 mm. Cymes iimbellate,
3-flowered ; peduncles about 5 nam. 1. Bracts surrounding the

Fig. 13. — Sabicea hirta Sw.

A, Portion of branch, with leaves and

flowers X f.

B, Flower x 3.

C, Ovary with calyx cut lengthwise x 4.

D, Berry x 2.

E, Beny cut across x 2.

peduncle orbicular to obovate, 5 mm. or more 1. Pedicels 4-8 mm. 1.
Calyx-tube 4 mm. 1. ; lobes lanceolate, acute, ciliate, 5-6 mm. 1. Corolla
white, sparsely hirsute ; tube about 5 mm. 1. ; lobes 5, narrowly
ovate-oblong, 2 mm. 1. Anthers included. Style-arms 5, about 3 mm. 1.
Berry white, round, sparsely hairy, about 7 mm. across.

14. COCCOCYPSELUM Schreber.

Weak creeping herbs. Leaves opposite. Stipules small.
Flowers small, in axillary solitary heads. Berries small,
blue. Calyx-tube ovoid or top-shaped ; lobes 4. Corolla
funnel-shaped with smooth throat ; lobes 4, oblong, valvate
in bud. Stamens 4, inserted in the corolla-tube ; anthers
dorsifixed, included or shortly exserted. Disk 2-lobed.

Coccocypselum

RUBIACE^

41

Ovary 2-celled ; style 2-armed ; ovules many in the cell on a
small axile placenta. Berry 2-celled, many-seeded. Seeds
small, orbicular.

About 25 species in tropical America ; rare in the West
Indies.

Flowering heads usually sessile or subsessile.

Berry 6—8 mm. in diameter 1. C. herbaceum.

Flowering heads stalked. Berry about 4 mm.

in diameter 2. C. Pseudoiontanea.

1. C. herbaceum Aubl. PL Guian. i. 68 (1775) (Cocco-

Fig. 14. — Coccocypselum herbaceum Aubl.

A, Portion of plant x f . C, Corolla cut open x 4.

B, Flower x 4. D, Berry x 1}.

42 FLORA OF JAMAICA Coccocypselum

cipsilum) ; Lam. Encyc. ii. 56 & ///. t. 64. C. repens Sw.
Prodr. 31 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 245 ; Lun. Hort. Jam. i.
205 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 396 ; Chiseh. PI. Carih. 79, PL Wright.
504 & Fl. Br. W. Ind. 322 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 61 ; StaJil Fl.
P.-Rico V. 45 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 585 & viii. 668. C.
Brownei Desv. ex Ham. Prodr. 17 (1825). Tontanea herbacea
Standi, in Fl. N. Amer. xxxii. 147 ; Britt. dh Wils. P.-Rico
tfc Virg. Is. vi. 230. Coccocipsilum herbaceum repens &c.
Browne Hist. Jam. 144, t. 6,/. 1. Specimens from Browne and
Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Frequent in Liguanea and on Mt. Diablo Browne ! Swartz !
Macfadyen ! St. Thomas in the Vale, McNab ! Moneague, Prior !
March 880 ! Pleasant Hill Road, J. P. 1027 Hart ! J. P. 1227 Hart I
Providence ; Prospect Hill ; Brandon Hill Road ; Thompson ; Fl. Jam.
7908, 7941, 8090 ; Cinchona ; Vinegar Hill ; Hollis's Savanna, Upper
Clarendon ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5476, 12,275. Bower Hill near Lucea,
Norrnan 127 ! Near Millbank between Blue and Jim Crow Mts.,
Id. 227 ! Blue Mts., Greenhills to Woodcutter's Gap, Rendle 16 !
Hardware Gap, Rendle 12 ! Flamstead, St. Andrews, Miss Maxwell ! —
Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico.

Pubescent herb with subterete frequently rooting branches. Leaves
petiolate, ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, rounded at the base or
narrowed into the 5-10 mm. 1. petiole, membranous, mostly 2-4 by
1-2 cm. Stipules linear, 3-5 mm. 1. Heads usually 2-3-flowered,
but sometimes flowers solitary. Bracts linear, 3-4 mm. 1. Calyx
puberulous ; tube ovoid, 1 mm. 1. ; lobes linear-awl- shaped, 3 mm. 1.
Corolla pale blue ; tube puberulous, 6 mm. 1. ; lobes half as long as
tube. Berry globose, blue, sparingly hairy, 6-8 mm. in diameter.
Seeds dark, about 1 mm. across.

2. C. pseudotontanea Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 322 (1860).
C. tenue Urb. in Fedde Rep. xiii. 479 (1915). Tontanea
tenuis Standi, in Fl. N. Amer. xxxii. 146 (1921). — Type in
Herb. Kew. ; of C. tenue in Herb. Jam.

Moist bank near Coldspring Gap, Purdie 283 ! Catherine's Peak,
J. P. 1482 Hart !

Herb with much the appearance &c. of C. herbaceum, but the
creeping stems root very seldom. Leaves ovate, acute, rounded at
base, 1*5-3 cm. by 8-18 mm. ; petioles about 5 mm. 1. Stipules
linear, 1-2 mm. 1. Heads 2-3-flowered, on slender peduncles up to
4 cm. 1. Bracts, calyx and corolla as of last. Berry globose, hairy,
about 4 mm. in diameter.

15. HAMELIA Jacq.

Shrubs or trees, with opposite or vertieillate membranous
leaves. Stipules interpetiolar. Flowers yellow or red, sessile
or shortly stalked, usually secund in terminal 2-3-chotomously
branched subscorpioid minutely bracteate cymes. Calyx-
tube top-shaped, ovoid or hemispherical ; lobes 5, short,
persistent. Corolla tubular or narrowly bell-shaped, five-

Hamelia KUBIACE^ 43

angled at least in bud, with a glabrous throat ; limb of 5 short
and broad lobes, erect or spreading, imbricate in bud.
Stamens 5, inserted near the base of the corolla ; anthers
basifixed, usually included. Disk prominent, forming an
umbo to the fruit. Ovary 5-celled ; style filiform, ending in
a narrow, entire stigma ; ovules very numerous on axile
placentas. Berry ovoid or oblong, 5-lobed, 5-celled. Seeds
minute, flattened, round or polygonal, tuberculate.

Nearly 40 species, natives of America from Florida to
Paraguay : few in the West Indies.

Flower pedicels longer than calyx 1. H . chrysantha.

Pedicels absent or short ; flowers usually secund.
Corolla more than 2 cm. 1.

Leaves glabrous or puberulous.

Corolla up to 3-5 cm. 1. Seeds 1 mm. across 2. H. cuprea.

Corolla 4 cm. 1. Seeds -5 mm. across 3. H. ventricosa.

Leaves rough. Corolla 3-4 cm. 1 4. H. scdbrida.

Corolla 2 cm. 1. or less.

Leaves opposite 5. H. axillaris.

Leaves usually whorled.

Leaves ovate or suborbicular, rough 6. H. papillosa.

Leaves obovate-lanceolate, pubescent 7. H. patens.

1. H. chrysantha Sw. Prodr. 46 (1788) ; a shrub ; leaves
usually opposite ; corolla-lobes erect. — Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. i.
444 (excl. sjoi. J acq.) ; DC. Prodr. iv. 442 ; Griseb. Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 320 ; Wernh. in Journ. Bot. xlix. 208 ; Standi, in
N. Amer. Fl. xxxii. 188. Duhamelia chrysantha Pers. Syn.
i. 203 (excl. syn. J acq.). Specimen from Swartz in Herb.
Mus. Brit.

Wright ! Swartz ! St. George's, McNah ! Macjadyen ! Moneague,
Prior ! March 1772 ! Tyre, near Troy, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9365.
Robertsfield, Blue Mts., Miss Perkins 1211 ! Near Troy, Id. 1359 !

A«/irM6 5-6ft.high. ^ranc/ies four-angled, glabrous. Z,ea?;es ovate
to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, narrowed into the 7-15 mm. 1.
petiole, glabrous, mostly 4— 10 by 2-3-5 cm. Cymes usually shorter
than the leaves, few-flowered, glabrous. Pedicels mostly 4-7 mm. L
Calyx-tube hemispherical, 2-5 mm. 1. ; lobes abruptly pointed, 1 mm. 1.
Corolla dark yellow, narrowly funnel-shaped, but little expanded
above, 2 cm. 1. ; lobes ovate, acute, 3 mm. 1. Berry oblong (Swartz).

2. H. cuprea Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 320 (1860) ; small
tree ; leaves opposite or ternate ; corolla-lobes spreading ;
berry ovoid. — Wernh. torn. cit. 209 ; Standi, torn. cit. 187.
H. chrysantha Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 364 (1814) non Sw. Cam-
panula minor frutescens &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 166, t. 14:, f. 1.
Co-types in Herb. Kew. and Herb. Edinb.

Wright ! Liguanea, Broughton ! St. Ann, McNah ! Macfadyen !
March 1772 ! Westphalia, J. P. QQZ, Hart ! Berwick Hill; Roberts-

44

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Hamelia

field ; Great Goat Island ; Cane River Valley ; Stony Hill, St. Andrew ;
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5271, 5376, 7705, 9343, 9635, 12,073 ; Hodges
Land, St. Elizabeth, Miss Maxwell !.

A bushy tree, 15 ft. high. Branches somewhat four-angled, glabrous.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate with acute
tip, narrowed or rounded at base, glabrous, 4—8-5 by 1-5-3-5 cm. ;
petioles 5-10 mm. 1. Cymes few-flowered, shorter than the leaves,
glabrous. Younger flowers sessile or on pedicels about 2 mm. 1. Calyx-
tube top-shaped, 3 mm. 1. ; lobes acute, 1 mm. 1. Corolla orange-
coloured ; tube 2-3-3"5 cm. 1., expanded to 7-9 mm. in width above
the basal constriction ; lobes, 4 mm. 1. Berry 5-7 mm. 1. Seeds
suborbicular, 1 mm. across.

3. H. ventricosa Sw. Prodr. 46 (1788) ; shrub or small

Fig. 15. — Hamelia ventricosa Sw.

A, End of branch in flower x |. C, Ovary with calyx cut lengthwise X 3.

B, Corolla cut open x 5. D, Berry nat. size.

Hamelia RUBIACE^ 45

tree; leaves usually ternate ; corolla-lobes spreading ; berry-
oblong. — Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. ii. 446 ; Lun. loc. cit. ; Sims Bot.
Mag. t. 1894 ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1195 ; DC. torn. cit. 442 ;
Griseb. loc. cit. ; Wernh. torn. cit. 209 ; Standi, loc. cit. Hamelia
grandiflora L'Hdrit. Sert. Angl. 4, t. 1 (1788) ; Ait. Hort.
Kew. ed. 1. i. 229 ; Salisb. Parad. Lond. t. 55. Duhamelia
ventricosa Pers. loc. cit. Nerio affinis arbor &c. Sloane
Cat. 155 & Hist. ii. 63, t. 183, /. 2. Campanula arborescens
foliis ovato-acuminatis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 166. Speci-
men from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Spanish Elm or Prince Wood (Sloane).

Red Hills, Sloane Herb. vi. 60 ! Shakespear ! Wright ! Swartz !
Moneague, Prior ! ; near Port Antonio, Diatin ! ; March 1076 !
Cuming 18 ! 50 ! Near Machfield, Westmoreland, Fawcett ! Fl. Jam.
8750 ; Tyre, near Troy ; Woodstock, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9355, 9867.

Large shrub or small tree 15—18 ft. high. Branches foiir-angled,
glabrous. Leaves elliptical, acuminate with obtuse tip, narrowed into
the 7-20 mm. 1. petiole, puberulous especially on the nerves beneath,
6-15 by 2-4-5 cm. Cymes about as long as leaves, puberulous ; pedicels
mostly shorter than the calyx. Calyx-tube top-shaped, 4 mm. 1. ;
lobes triangular, acute, 1 mm. 1. Corolla yellow, 4 cm, 1., constricted
above the base, 1 cm. or more wide in the upper part ; lobes rotvmdate,
5 mm. 1. Berry 9-12 mm. 1. Seeds polygonal, about -5 mm. 1.

4. H. scabrida Britton in Torreya xii. 31 (1912) ; small
tree ; leaves opposite, upper sometimes ternate ; berry
oblong. — Standi, torn. cit. 185. Type in Herb. N. York. Bot.
Gard.

Fairfield, Manchester, Britton 3147.

A small tree, 13 ft. high. Leaves of small twigs ternate, broadly
ovate, shortly acuminate, rounded or narrowed at base, rough above,
pubescent below ; up to 10 cm. 1. ; petioles up to 2 cm. 1. Flowers
sessile or shortly pedicelled. Calyx-tube bell-shaped, 3-4 mm. 1. ;
lobes with triangular acute tip, 1— 1-5 mm. 1. Corolla yellow, narrowly
funnel-shaped, 3-4 cm. 1. ; lobes obtuse, 3 mm. 1. Berry oblong,
10-14 mm. 1. Seeds 1 mm. 1.

5. H. axillaris Sw. Prodr. 46 (1788) ; shrub ; leaves all
opposite ; corolla-lobes spreading ; berry ovoid-oblong. —
Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 443 ; Lun. tom. cit. 365 ; DC. torn. cit.
442 (and var. appendiculata) ; Wernh. tom. cit. 210 ; Urb.
Symb. Ant. iv. 588 & in Fedde Bep. Beih. v. 88 ; Britton in
Torreya xii. 30 ; Britton Fl. Amer. Virg. 93 ; Will, db Cheesm.
Fl. Trin. d; Tob. 18 ; Standi, tom. cit. 185. H. chrysantha
Jacq. Collect. Hi. 204 (1789) (non Sw.) & Ic. PI. Bar. t. 335.
H. appendiculata Gaertn. Fruct. Hi. 64, t. 191, /. 4 (1805).
H. lutea Bohr ex Smith in Bees Cyclop, xvii. no. 4 (1819) ;
DC. loc. cit. ; Griseb. PI. Carib. 79, Fl. Br. W. Ind. 320,
PI. Wright. 504 & Cat. Cub. 124 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 61 ; Egg.

46 FLORA OF JAMAICA Hamelia

Fl. St. Croix dh Virg. 60 ; Stahl Fl. P. -Rico v. 40 ; K. Schum.
in Man. Fl. Bras. vi. pt. 6, 322 ; Hitclic. in Rep. Miss. Bot.
Gard. iv. 92 ; Sang. Fl. Cub. 44 ; Hart Herb. List. Trin. 29 ;
Wernh. loc. cit. ; Urb. Symb. Ant. viii. 670. Lonicera racemis
revolutis, foliis lanceolatis &c. Plum. PI. Amer. {Burnt.)
212, t. ccxviii, /.I. A specimen from Swartz in Herb.
Mus. Brit.

Wright ! Swartz ! Woods near Bath, Purdie ! March 627 ! Port
Antonio, Hitchcock ; J. P. 1097 Hart ! Claverty Cottage, J. P. 1443
Hart ! Anotto Bay Road ; Tom's River ; Thompson ! Fl. Jam. 6473,
7982 ; Lancaster, Harris «£• Britten ! Fl. Jam. 10,537 ; Near Castleton ;
Golden Valley, near Castleton ; Glasgow near Troy; Harris ! Fl. Jam.
12,086, 12,390, 12,630.— Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Thomas,
St. Croix, Trinidad, Central America, Venezuela, Columbia, and Peru.

Shrub 2-5 ft. high. Branches four-angled, glabrous. Leaves ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate with acute tip, narrowed into the
slender 8-25 mm. 1. petiole, glabrous, mostly 5—10 by 3—5 cm. Cymes
at the forking of the branches, shortly-stalked, very open, the branches
patent, glabrous. Flowers sessile or subsessile. Calyx-tube oblong-
ovoid, 2 mm. 1. ; lobes subulate almost half as long as the tube. Corolla
yellow, 8-10 mm. 1. ; tube narrowly funnel-shaped from a short
and narrow base ; lobes rounded, 1-5 mm. 1. Berry 6 mm. 1. Seeds
polygonal, minutely tuberculate, 1 mm. across.

Because Swartz describes the corollas of his H. axillaris as tubular,
as also are those of his specimen in Herb. Mus. Brit., whereas those
of H. lutea are enlarged above, Wernham regarded the two as distinct
species. But the corollas of Swartz's specimen are all unexpanded,
and those of H. lutea at the same stage are also tubular ; hence there
seems no reason for keeping the two distinct.

6. H. papulosa Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 508 (1908) ; shrub ;
leaves opposite or ternate ; corolla-lobes ascending ; berry
ovoid. — Wernh. torn. cit. 212 ; Britton in Torreya xii. 32 ;
Standi, tom. cit. 186, Co-types in Herb. Jam., Mus. Brit.
& Kew.

Near Troy ; Peckham Woods, Upper Clarendon ; Mulgrave, St.
Elizabeth; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8747, 8959, 10,968, 12,376.

A shrub 10-12 ft. high. Branches four-angled, at first brown and
minutely papillose, afterwards glabrous and cinereous. Leaves ovate
or suborbicular, cuspidate-acuminate with subacute tip, usually rounded
at base, rough above and mainly on the nerves below, mostly 5-6-9
by 3-5-6 cm., the third of a whorl often markedly smaller ; petiole
rough, 5-15 mm. 1. Cymes shorter than the leaves, several-flowered,
the branches ascending and together with the calyx and lower part
of the corolla rather rough ; flowers sessile or shortly stalked. Calyx-
tube obovoid, 4 mm. 1., four times as long as the triangular lobes.
Corolla yellow ; tube funnel-shaped, slightly constricted above the
broad base and then expanded, 18 mm. 1. ; lobes apparently ascending,
rotundate, 3 mm. 1. Anthers with shortly exserted tips. Berry
broadly ovoid, 7 by 6 mm. Seeds oval or oblong, rather coarsely
tubercular, about 1 mm. 1.

Britton {loc. cit.) describes the fruits as being over 1 cm. in diameter :
apparently ripe ones seen were as stated above.

Hamelia RUBIACE^ 47

7. H. patens Jacq. Enum. PI. Carih. 16 (1760) ; shrub ;
leaves usually ternate ; corolla-lobes ascending ; berry oblong,
ovoid. — Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Amer. 72, t. 50 ; L. Sp. PI. ed. 2.
246 ; Sw. Ohs. Bot. 11 ; Ruiz cfc Pav. Prodr. Fl. Per. ii. 68, t.
221, /. a ; Smith Exot. Bot. t. 24 ; Sims Bot. Mag. t. 2533 ;
DC. torn. cit. 441 ; Descourt. Fl. Ant. ii. 155, t. 107 ; Ghriseh.
PI. Carih. 79, Fl. Br. W. Ind. 320, PI. Wright. 504 & Cat.
Cub. 124 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 79 ; Egg. loc. cit. ; Stahl torn. cit.
41 ; Hitchc. loc. cit. ; Kew Bull. 1893, 257 ; Duss Fl. Ant.
FrauQ. 331 ; Combs PI. Cub. 428 ; K. Schum. torn. cit. 321,
1. 136 ; Small Fl. S. E. U. S. 1111 ; Hart Herb. List Trin. 29 ;
Wernh. torn. cit. 214 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 588 & viii. 669, &
in Fedde Rep. Beih. v. 88 ; Britton Fl. Amer. Virg. 92 ; Jenn.
Is. Pin. 267 ; Standi, torn. cit. 190. H. erecta Jacq.
Enum. PI. Carib. 16 (1760) ; Jenn. loc. cit. ; Britton Fl.
Berm. 370 ; Britt. ds Millsp. BaJmm. Fl. 412 ; Standley in
Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb, xxiii. 1380 ; Will. <fc Cheesm. torn,
cit. 18. H. coccinea Sw. Prodr. 46 (1788). Duhamelia
patens Pers. loc. cit. (1805). Lonicera racemis revolutis,
foliis ovatis &c. Plum. PI. Amer. {Burm.) 212, t. ccxviii,f. 2,
Specimen from Swartz of H. coccinea (from Hispaniola) in
Herb. Mus. Brit.

Liguanea, Broughton ! Macfadyen ! March 636 ! Aron's Pen,
Campbell ! Fl. Jam. 5898 ; roadside above Constant Spring ; the
Quarry, near Spanish Town, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 12,403. — Bermuda,
Bahamas, Antilles, Florida and Mexico to Paraguay.

Shrub up to 9 ft. high. Branches four-angled, pubescent becoming
glabrous. Leaves ternate or quatemate rarely quinate, obovate-
lanceolate, acuminate with obtuse tip, narrowed into the 1-5-5 cm. 1.
petiole, softly pubescent especially on the xmderside, 5-14 by 2-5-6*5
cm. Cymes generally shorter than the leaves, several-flowered,
eventually by divergence of the pubescent branches very open ;
flowers secund, sessile or shortly pedicelled. Calyx-tube top-shaped,
pubescent, 3 mm. 1. ; lobes triangular, pointed, 1 mm. 1. Corolla
orange changing to crimson ; tube subcylindrical, but slightly enlarged
above, 1-5 cm. 1. ; lobes ovate, acute, 2 mm. 1. Berry yellow, then red
and finally black, narrowly ovoid, about 7 by 5 mm. Seeds polygonal,
rather coarsely tubercled, -5 mm. across.

A syrup prepared from the fruit is recommended by Descoiurtils as
a remedy for dysentery : the fruit itself is edible and yields on fermen-
tation a pleasant drink. The stem and leaves are used in tanning.

16. HOFFMANNIA Sw.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite or 2-4-nate. Stipules
small, deciduous. Flowers white, yellow or red, rather small,
in axillary few-flowered, subsessile or stalked, sometimes
unilateral, ebracteolate cymes. Calyx-tube oblong to top-
shaped, the small cupular limb with 4 short lobes. Corolla

48

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Hqffmannia

rotate ; tube glabrous within ; lobes 4, imbricate in bud.
Stamens 4, inserted in the throat or mouth of the corolla ;
anthers subsessile, dorsifixed, shortly exserted. Ovary 2-4-
celled ; style filiform, with 2- or 4-armed exserted stigma ;
ovules many. Berry small, ovoid, 2- rarely 4-celled. Seeds
many, minute.

About 50 species, chiefly tropical American ; rare in the
West Indies.

H, pedunculata Sw. Prodr. 30 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. i.
242; Lun. Hort. Jam. 374; DC. Prodr. iv. 400; Macf.

Fig. 16. — Hoffmannia pedunculata Sw.

A, Portion of brancli witli leaves and C, Corolla cut open x 4.

flowers X f . D, Ovary with calyx cut lengthwise x 4.

B, Flower x 4. E, Berry x 4.

Jam. a. 212 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 321 ; Standi, in N. Amer.
Fl. xxxii. 195. H. jamaicensis Spreng. Syst. i. 416 (1825).
Specimen from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Hoffmannia RUBIACE^ 49

Swartz ! Macfadyen ! Near Cinchona, Harris !

A branched herb with suffruticose base. Branches four-angled,
somewhat rough. Leaves opposite, obovate-lanceolate, obtuse, pro-
longed at base into a l'5-3 cm. 1. petiole, papery, rather rough above,
rusty -pubescent especially on the nerves beneath, mostly 7—15 by
3-4 cm. Cymes on peduncles about as long as or exceeding the petioles,
rough like the 3-4 mm. 1. pedicels and the ovoid 2-5 mm. 1. calyx-tube ;
calyx-limb 1'5 man. 1. Corolla yellow with red streaks ; tube 2 mm. 1.,
lobes lanceolate, twice as long as tube. Anthers shortly exserted.
Ovary 2-ceUed ; style exserted, 2-armed. Berry ovoid, scarlet, 6 mm. 1.
Seeds roundish, dark (Swartz).

17. CATESBiEA L.

Spiny glabrous shrubs. Leaves small, opposite, the pairs
often clustered. Stipules deciduous. Flowers small or
large, solitary in the axils, shortly stalked, erect or pendulous,
white. Calyx-tube oblong or ovoid ; limb with 4 awl-shaped
lobes. Corolla funnel- or bell-shaped ; tube glabrous inside ;
lobes 4, broad, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4, rising from the
base of the corolla-tube ; anthers subdorsifixed, included or
shortly exserted. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform ; stigma
bifid, probably eventually 2-armed ; ovules few or many in
the cell. Berry ovoid or globose, crowned by the persistent
calyx-limb, 2-celled, few or many-seeded. Seeds compressed,
angular or round.

Nearly 20 species, natives of the West Indies (including
Bahamas), chiefly Cuba and Hispaniola.

[Flowers pendulous ; corolla 8—14 cm. 1 C. spinosa.]

Flowers not pendulous ; corolla 8 mm. 1 C. parviflora.

[C. spinosa L. Sp. PL 109 (1753) ; Siv. Ohs. Bot. 46 ; Curt.
Bot. Mag. t. 131 ; Mill. Gard. Did. ed. 8 (Catesbaea) ; DC.
Prodr. iv. 401 ; Macf. Jam. ii. 213 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W.
Ind. 317 & Cat. Cub. 122 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 60 ; Combs Fl.
Cub. 428 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. i. 431 ; Britt. <b Millsp. Baham.
Fl. 411 ; Standi, in N. Amer. Fl. xxxii. 210. C. longiflora
Sw. Prodr. 30 (1788). C. latifolia Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 858 (1824) ;
DC. torn. cit. 400 ; A. Rich, in Sagra Cub. xi. 11. C. macrantha
A. Rich. torn. cit. 12, t. 47. Frutex spinosus Buxi foliis
Catesb. Carol, ii. t. 100. A specimen from Herb. Gronov.
and one from Herb. Miller in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Lily Thorn.

Kingston, Prior ! Hope Gardens, Harris ! A native of Bahamas
and Cuba ; in Jamaica an escape from cultivation.

Shrub up to 10 ft. high. Branches glabrous or nearly so ; spines

sharp, ascending, up to nearly 2 cm. 1. Leaves sessile or subsessile,

ovate or obovate, obtuse or rotundate, shining or opaque, leathery,

•7-2-5 by •5-l'5 cm. Pedicels about 4 mm. 1. Calyx-tube narrowly

vn, — 4

60

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Catesbasa

ovoid, as long as the pedicel and a little longer than the limb. Corolla
up to 14 cm. 1. ; tube enlarged in the upper half ; lobes ovate, obtuse,
eventually reflexed, 2-5 cm. 1. Berry subglobose, up to 4-5 by 5-5 cm,,
but often smaller. Seeds sigmoid, brown, 3 mm. l.J

C. parviflora Sw. Prodr. 30 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 236 ;
Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 451 ; DC. torn. cit. 401 ; Macf. loc. cit.
(excl. syn. Vahl) ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 317 (in part) ;
Hitchc. in Bep. Miss. Bot. Gard. iv. 92 (in part) ; Urb. Symb.
Ant. i. 428 & iv. 539. Britt. <fc Millsp. loc. cit. (excl. synn.) ;

Fig. 17. — CateshoRa parviflora Sw.
A, Portion of plant in flower x %. D, Berry x 4.

B, Leaf with stipules

C, Flower x 2.

X 4.

E, Seed x 4.

Britt. & Wils. P. -Rico d: Virg. Is. vi. 234 ; Standi, torn. cit. 24.
Rhamnus foliis buxeis &c. Sloane Cat. 216 & Hist. ii. 100,
t. 207, fig. 1.

Sloane Herb. vii. 33bis (left-hand specimen) ! ; Swartz ; Port
Antonio ; Lucea ; Hitchcock ; coast-line between Portland Point and
Rocky Point, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,193.— Porto Rico.

Coast shruh with slender drooping rather rough branches ; spines
rather weak, patent, 5-10 mm. 1. Leaves mostly in clustered pairs,
orbicular or obovate, rotundate or obtuse at base, shining and rugose
above at least when dry, rigidly leathery, glabrous, 5-8 by 3-6 mm. ;
petioles 1-2 mm. 1. Flowers sessile or nearly so ; calyx-tube narrowly

Catesbcea RUBIACE^ 51

obovoid, as long as the limb with its awl-shaped lobes. Corolla white ;
tube funnel-shaped, 8-10 mm. 1. ; lobes ovate, acute, 4 mm. 1. Ovary
with few ovules. Berry white, the persistent calyx-limb purple,
broadly ovoid, 2-celled, cells 1-4-seeded, 4 by 3-5 mm. Seeds oval,
brown, 2 mm. 1.

The Florida and Bahama specimens referred here by authors, with
differently shaped calyx and smaller corolla and berry, are separated
by Krug & Urban from the typical form above described as var.
aeptentrionalis . Other specimens from Porto Rico and Antigua having
many-ovuled ovary-cells and black berries are C. melanocarpa of the
same authors. (See Urban Symb. Ant. i. 429.)

18. CASASIA A. Rich.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite, in some species
with a large number of crowded side-nerves, leathery.
Flowers of medium size, pedicellate, in rather short terminal
bracteolate cymes. Calyx-tube top-shaped ; limb cup-
shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped ; tube sub-
cylindrical, glabrous inside ; lobes 5, spreading, contorted in
bud. Stamens 5, inserted in the throat or middle of the
corolla ; anthers sessile, included. Ovary 1-celled, style
ending in 2 prominent style-arms ; ovules many on two
parietal placentas. Berry large, woody, many-seeded. Seeds
round, compressed, immersed in pulp.

Species 7 or 8, natives of the Bahamas, Florida and Cuba,
and the two following endemic in Jamaica.

Leaves usually rounded at base. Berries globose .... 1. C. longipes.
Leaves cuneate at base. Berries ovoid 2. C. piricarpa.

1. Gc longipes Urh. Symb. Ant. v. 506 (1908) ; Standi, in
N. Amer. Fl. xxxii. 154. Co-types in Herb. Jam. and Herb.
Kew.

Wild Pomegranate.

Near Troy, at 2500 ft. ; Peckham Woods, Upper Clarendon ; Harris !
FI. Jam. 8816, 9417, 11,119.

A tree 25-30 ft. high. Branches stout, nodulose, transversely ridged.
Leaves at end of the branches, broadly ovate to obovate-oblong, rotun-
date at tip or suddenly and shortly pointed, generally rounded at base
but sometimes narrowed, papery afterwards leathery, shining, with
7-10 rather distant nerves on each side, up to 23 by 13 cm. ; petioles
stout, up to 4-5 cm. 1. Stipules triangular, acute, about 12 mm. 1.
Cyme shorter than the leaves, several-flowered ; branches ascending ;
pedicels 7-10 mm. 1. Calyx-tube top-shaped, 6 mm. 1. ; limb (cup)
3 mm. 1. about double the length of the teeth. Corolla white ; tube
enlarged above, pubescent within below the anther-insertion, 18 mm. 1. ;
lobes lorate-lanceolate, about as long as the tube. Anthers inserted
on the corolla-throat. Style with 2 prominent slightly exserted arms.
Berry on a pedicel about as long as the petioles, globose, 4-5 cm. across,
the pericarp thick and woody. Seeds oval to orbicular, plano-convex,
8-12 mm. broad.

52

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Caaaaia

Fig. 18. — Casasia longipes Urb.

A, End of flowering branch x §.

B, Corolla cut open nat. size.

C, Ovary with calyx cut lengthwise x 2.

D, Fruit X J.

£, Mass of seeds taken from fruit x |.

2. C. piricarpa Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 507 (1908) ; Standi,
loc. cit. Co-types in Herb. Jam. and Herb. Mus. Brit.

Malvern Hill, near Potsdam, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9978 ; Teak Pen,
Clarendon, Strachan !

A tree 25 ft. high, in foliage resembling the last except for the
somewhat shorter petioles and the blade always cuneate at base.
Berry obovate-pyriform, up to 9 by 5-5 cm. Flowers not seen. When
more is known about this plant, it will perhaps be regarded as a variety
of the above.

Randia RUBIACE^ 53

19. RANDIA L.

Trees or shrubs, erect or climbing, sometimes with axillary
or extra-axillary spines. Leaves opposite. Stipules inter-
petiolar, often sheathing. Flowers small to large, axillary or
lateral, solitary or in corymbs or clusters. Calyx-tube ovoid,
obovoid or top-shaped ; limb tubular or cup- or bell-shaped,
truncate, toothed or lobed, often with f oliaceous lobes. Corolla
bell-, funnel- or salver-shaped ; tube short or long, glabrous
or hairy at the throat inside ; lobes 5 (rarely 4) but in few
species more, contorted in bud. Stamens usually 5, inserted
on the throat or mouth of the corolla ; anthers dorsifixed,
included or exserted. Ovary usually 2-celled ; style clavate,
entire or bifid ; ovules many (occasionally few). Berry
2-celled, usually many-seeded. Seeds immersed in pulp,
compressed.

Over 300 species chiefly in the Old World tropics : fewer
in America.

Branches, leaves and flowers glabrous 1. R. aculeata.

Young branches and leaves hairy ; corollas

puberulous 2. R. jamaicenaia.

1. R. aculeata L. Sp. PL 1192 ; Eoem. dh Sch. Syst. v. 246 ;
Griseb. PL Wright. 510, FL Br. W. Ind. 318 & Cat. Cub. 122 ;
Sauv. FL Cub. 60 ; Egg. FL St. Croix db Virg. 60 ; Stahl FL
P. -Rico V. 38 ; Hitchc. in Rejy. Miss. Bot. Card. iv. 92 ; Kew
BulL 1893, 257 ; Duss FL Ant. Frang. 330 ; Small FL S.E.
U. States nil ; Hart Herb. List Trin. 30 ; Bold. FL Ned.
Ind. Occ. a. 102 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 586 & viii. 668 ; Britton
FL Berm. 361 & FL Amer. Virg. 93 ; Will, dh Cheesm. FL
Trin. <k Tob. 23 ; Standi, in N. Amer. FL xxxii. 174. R.
latifolia Lam. Encycl. Hi. 24 (1789) & HI. t. 156, /. 1 ; DC.
Prodr. iv. 385 ; Macf. Jam. ii. 209 ; Hemsl. Biol. Centr.
Amer. Bot. ii. 40. Gardenia Randia Sw. Prodr. 52 (1788),
Obs. Bot. 61 & FL Ind. Occ. i. 526 ; Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2.
i. 370 (1810) ; Sims Bot. Mag. t. 1841 ; Mayc. FL Barb. 117.
G. aculeata Ait. op. cit. ed. 1. i. 295 (1789) ; Lun. Hort.
Jam. i. 426. Musssenda rotundifolia, Sesse & Moc. FL Mex.
ed. 2. 59 (1894). Lycium forte foliis subrotundis &c.
Sloane Cat. 171 & Hist. i. 40, t. 11, /. 4. Randia foliis sub-
rotundis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 143, t, 8, /. 1. Specimens
from Swartz and drawing of Houstoun's in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Indigo Berry, Ink Berry, Box Briar, Prickle
Bush.

Swartz ! Common on dry hills in south side of Island, Macfadyen !
Cuming 88 ! Banks of Hope River, Fawcett ! Mavis Bank ; Roberts-
field ; Shaldon Road ; Hope ; Great Goat Island ; Malvern Hill ;

64

FLORA OF JAMACIA

Randia

Grove, near Hope ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5432, 6569, 9325, 9970, 11,776.—
Bermuda, Bahamas, Florida, Antilles, Mexico to Columbia.

A shrub up to 9 ft. high. Branches four-angled, bearing here and
there a pair of extra-axillary, patent or ascending, sharp spines, 1 cm.
more or less 1. Leaves obovate, or obovate-oblong, rotundate or very-
obtuse, narrowed into a 2-8 mm. 1. petiole, shining, rigidly leathery,
glabrous, mostly 1-4 cm. by 7-25 mm. Stipules acuminate from a

A, Portion of plant x §.

B, Flower x 2.

C, Corolla cnt open x 2.

Fig. 19. — Randia aculeata L.

D, Ovary with calyx cut lengthwise x 4.

E, Berry X 2.

F, Berry cut across x 2.

broad base, 2-3 mm. 1. Flowers lateral, sessile or subsessile. Calyx-
tube narrowly obovoid, 2 mm. 1. ; limb as long, bell-shaped, shortly
toothed. Corolla sometimes 6-merous, salver-shaped, white, fragrant ;
tube broad, hairy in the throat, 4—7 mm. 1. ; lobes ovate, acute, reflexed,
3-5 mm. 1. Stamens 5, inserted in the throat ; anthers subsessile,
subexserted. Style exserted ; stigma fusiform with bifid tip. Berry
globose or ovoid, 6-12-seeded, 7-12 mm. across. Seeds suborbicular,
immersed in blue pulp.

Var. mitis Griseb. loc. cit. ; Egg. loc. cit. R. mitis L.
Sp. PI. 1192 ; Mill. Gard. Did. ed. 8 ; Houst. Beliq. 4,
t. 4 ; Descourt. Fl. Ant. ii. 101, t. 92 ; Macf. torn. cit. 210 ;
Jenn. Is. Pin. 266 ; Britt. d: Millsp. Baluim. Fl. 410 ; Standi.

Randia RUBIACEiE 55

in Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb, xxiii. 1376. R. latifolia Lam.
var. mitis DC. loc. cit. Mussaenda mitis Sesseds Moc. torn. cit.
60. Lycium majus americanum &c. Pluk. Aim. 2'i4t, t. 97,
/. 6. Cacao affinis frutex spinosus &c. Shane Cat. 135 &
Hist. ii. 18. t. 161,/. 1. Specimen from Miller in Herb. Mus.
Brit.

Near Guanaboa, Sloane Herb. v. 61 & 62 ! Wright ! Broughton !
St. Thomas in the East, Macfadyen ; St. Mary, McNab ! J. P. 965 &
1391 Hart ! Claverty Cottage, J. P. 1442 Hart ! The Cottage, Kemble I
Warike Road, Long Mt., Campbell ! Fl. Jam. 5694 ; between Bryans
Hill and Strawberry Hill, Fawcett ! Grandvale, Westmoreland ;
Shingle Heap, St. George's ; Near Troy ; Malvern ; Woodstock, West-
moreland ; Hill N. of Montego Bay ; Rio Minho Valley, 1200 ft. ;
Peckham Woods, Clarendon; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 7096, 7663, 8785, 9810,
9833, 10,322, 10,886, 11,063. John Crow Mts., Harris tt Britton ! Fl.
Jam. 10,711 ; Tyre, Britton 542 !

Shrub or small tree 20 ft. high, usually without spines. Leaves
oblanceolate to obovate and ovate, obtuse or subacute, mostly 3-8 by
1-5-4 cm. Berry ovoid or globose, 10-12 mm. across.

The berries yield a blue dye and a syrup made from them is recom-
mended by Descourtils in certain kinds of dysentery.

2. R. jamaicensis (Spreng.) Krug & Urb. in Symb. Ant. i.
426 (1899) ; Standi, tom. cit. 173. R. jamaicensis var. Camp-
bellii Krug cfc Urb. tom. cit. 427. Gardenia jamaicensis Spreng.
Syst. i. 761 (1825).

Jamaica, without locality, Bertero ; foot of Long Mt. Campbell !
Fl. Jam. 6153 ; Long Mt., North side, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8945 ; road
to Wareka, Maxon 10,529 !

Shrub. Branches usually densely hairy when young ; spines few,
6-10 mm. 1. Leaves small, subsessile, ovate or suborbicular, tip
rotundate or very obtuse, rotundate, subtruncate or slightly cordate
at base, 7-13 mm. 1. and broad, rather rough with very short hairs
above, ciliate on margin, puberulous on nerves below. Flowers lateral,
solitary, 4- or 5-merous. Calyx-limb 2-5 mm. 1., twice or thrice as long
as the triangular teeth. Corolla-tube 5—6 mm. 1., sparsely and minutely
hairy outside, densely villous in throat and at mouth ; lobes ovate,
acute, 3-5-4 mm. 1. Anthers subsessile, inserted in corolla-throat.
Style ending in a subclavate deeply bifid stigma ; ovary with few ovules.

This description is adopted from that of Krug & Urban loc. cit.,
itself drawn up from Sprengel's type. Except for its young branches
being glabrous, there seems no valid difference between the type and
var. Campbellii, but the material to hand is very scanty.

20. GUETTARDA L.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite, rarely ternate.
Stipules interpetiolar. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamo-
dioecious, small or rather large, usually secund and sessile or
subsessile in axillary forked cymes. Calyx-tube ovoid or
globose ; limb tubular or cup-shaped, truncate or irregularly
toothed, deciduous. Corolla salver-shaped, tube cylindrical,

66 FLORA OF JAMAICA Guettarda

elongated, straight or curved ; lobes 4^9, imbricate in bud.
Stamens 4-9, inserted on the throat of the corolla ; anthers
sessile or subsessile, dorsifixed, included. Ovary 4-9-celled ;
style filiform, stigma capitate or ovoid, entire or shortly
lobed. Ovules solitary in the cells, pendulous from the top.
Fruit a usually globose drupe ; exocarp slightly fleshy,
endocarp woody or bony, 4-9-celled, Seeds 4-9, without
endosperm ; embryo with elongated radicle.

Species about 80, chiefly natives of the New World :
many in the West Indies.

Leaves glabrous or at most puberulous above.

Corolla-tube to nearly 4 cm. 1 1. O. loiigiflora.

Corolla-tube up to 1-8 cm. 1 2. G. argentea.

Corolla-tube 6 mm. 1 3. 0. eUiptica.

Leaves rough above 4. 0. acabra.

1. G. longiflora Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 332 (1861) ; leaves
up to 20 cm. 1., more or less silky beneath, the quaternary
nerves running parallel and close together ; bracts ovate. —
Griseb. Cat. Cub. 131 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 65 ; Combs PL Cub.
429 ; Standi, in N. Amer. Fl. xxxii. 248. Type in Herb. Kew.

Browne ! Wright ! St. Thomas, McNab ! Haddon, near Moneague,
Prior 459 ! March 676 !

Tree 30 ft. high. Branches subterete, soon glabrous. Leaves large,
ovate, cordate rotundate or broadly subtruncate at base, shortly
cuspidate with acute tip, parchment-like, glabrous above, finely silky
or nearly glabrous beneath, 12-20 by 9-13 cm . ; petioles silky, 3-7 mm. 1.
Stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute, silky on back, 5 mm. 1. Peduncles
usually shorter than the leaves ; bracts ovate, very fugacious. Flowers
sessile and secund, close together on the branches of the inflorescence
like themselves silky-tomentose. Calyx-tube depressed globose,
furrowed, 1-25 mm. 1. ; limb tubular, truncate or shortly lacerate,
3 mm. 1. Corolla-tube straight or curved, 2'5-nearly 4 cm. 1. ; lobes
6-6, obovate, 5-6 mm. 1. Anthers subincluded. Stigma ovoid, entire.
Drupe not seen.

Grisebach cites only March as the Jamaica collector ; but March's
specimen (at Kew) is without flowers, for the description of which
Grisebach must have relied on Cuban material. Prior's specimens at
Kew, overlooked by Grisebach, are very good except for the fruit
which is still unknown.

2. G. argentea Lam. Encycl. Hi. 54 (1789) (excl. ref.
Cayenne) ; leaves silky beneath with inconspicuous quaternary
nerves ; bracts ovate ; berry wrinkled. — Lam. III. t. 154,/. 1 ;
DC. Prodr. iv. 455 (in part) ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 332
(excl. distrib. ext.) ; Urb. Symb. Ant. vi. 46 ; Standi, torn. cit.
245. G. speciosa L. Syst. ed. 10, ii. 1270 (1759) (ref. Browne)
(non L. Sp. PI. 991). G. ambigua DC. loc. cit. (1830) (excl.
ref. Halesia). Halesia arborescens foliis subrotundis &c.
Browne Hist. Jam. 205, t. 20, f. 1.

Quettarda

RUBIACE^

67

Sixteen-mile Walk, Browne ; Macfadyen ! Portland Gap, Prior !
Moneague, Id. 458 ! Martin's Hill, Manchester, Purdie ! March 654 !
Wilson 190 ! Westphalia Road and near Newcastle, J. P. 1094 Hart !
Norbrook, Campbell ! Silver Hill ; Tweedside Road, St. Andrew ;
Sheldon Road ; Mona Woodland, Slope of Long Mt. ; Peckham Woods

Fig. 20. — Guettarda argeniea Lam.

A, End of flowering branch x f . D, Ovary with calyx, cut lengthwise

B, Flower x 2. x 6.

C, Corolla cut open x 2. E, Drupe x 2.

and Croft's Mt., Upper Clarendon; Harris I Fl. Jam. 5694, 5918,
8851, 10,969, 10,993, 11,197, 11,229; Strawberry Hill, Marble 263!
Halberstadt, Port Royal Mts. Norman 192 !

Silver Wood.

Tall shrub or tree with spreading head up to 30 ft. high. Branches
nodulose, glabrous, at first finely pubescent. Leaves ovate, rotundate

68 FLORA OF JAMAICA Guettarda

or cuspidate-acuminate, with obtuse tip, obtuse, rotundate or shallowly
cordate at base, parchment-like, with 5-G pairs of nerves, glabrous and
shining above, minutely grey (sometimes light brown), silky below,
6-12 by 3-5-9 cm. ; petioles silky, 1-3-5 cm. 1. Stipules awl-shaped
from a broad base, about 5 nun. 1. Peduncles usually shorter than the
leaves, silky. Flowers silky, few, close together, secund at the top
of the silky branches of the inflorescence ; bracts ovate, fugacious.
Calyx-tube ovoid, 1-25 mm. 1., half as long as the tubular, truncate or
slightly lacerate limb. Corolla white ; tube sometimes curved, 12-18
mm. 1. ; lobes 6, ovate-oblong, obtuse, 2-5-3 mm. 1. Stigtna exserted,
ovoid, entire. Drupe globose, conspicuoiisly ridged, 1 cm. across ;
endocarp bony, 4-6-seeded.

6. potarrwpkila Urb. Syrrib. Ant. vi. 47 from Black River, Lacovia
to Elham Wharf, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9851 is probably conspecific, but
its flowers are unknown.

3. G. elliptica Sw. Prodr. 59 (1788) ; leaves rather small,
puberulous, the quaternary nerves not conspicuous ; bracts
linear ; drupe slightly wrinkled. — Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 634 ;
DC. torn. cit. 457 ; Griesh. PI. Wright. 506, Fl. Br. W. Ind.
332 & Cat. Cub. 131 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 65 ; Combs Fl. Cub.
429 ; Small Fl. S.E. U. States, 1112 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv.
590 & viii. 672 ; Britton Fl. Amer. Virg. 93 ; Britt. dh Millsp.
Baham. Fl. 414 ; Standi, in Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb, xxiii.
1384 & in N. Amer. Fl. xxxii. 256 ; Britt. Jb Wils. P. -Rico db
Virg. Is. vi. 236.

Velvet Seed.

In dry woods, Swartz ; Wright ! Lindsay ! Macfadyen ! March
664 ! Wullschldgel ; King's House Back Pasture, Campbell ! Fl. Jam.
5928 ; Near Hope, Hope ! Fl. Jam. 6571 ; Westphalia Road, J. P.
1469 Hart ! Hagley Gap ; Berwick Hill ; Hope ; Mona ; Road to
Wareka ; Luana Point ; Long Mt., South Side ; Lititz Savannah ;
Great Goat Island ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5407, 6518, 6780, 7709, 8842,
9019, 9901, 10,012, 11,723.— Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico,
Virgin Isles, Florida, Mexico.

Shrub or small tree up to 15 ft. Branchlets rather slender, subterete,
grey, soon glabrous. Leaves opposite (uppermost sometimes ternate),
ovate, oblong -obovate or elliptical, rotundate, obtuse or subacute,
parchment-like, with 3-4 pairs of nerves, the quaternary not con-
spicuous, puberulous chiefly on nerves of both faces, 1-5-5-5 by
1-3 cm. ; petioles hairy, 1-5 mm. 1. Stipules lanceolate, acute, 2-4
mm. 1. Flowers silky, few in a contracted finely silky cyme ; peduncles
2-30 mm. 1. ; bracts linear, 2 mm. 1. ; pedicels 1 nun. 1. more or less.
Calyx-tube depressed-globose, 1 mm. 1. ; limb tubular, generally
2-toothed, 2-5 mm. 1. Corolla white ; tube 6 mm. 1. ; lobes 4, ovate,
one-third as long as tube. Drupe globose or subglobose, crimson, at
length nearly black, silky, 5-7 mm. across, 4-(3-6) seeded.

4. G. scabra (L.) Lam. Encycl. Tabl. ii. 218 (1793), t. 154,
/. 3 ; leaves rough with raised points on upper face, the
quaternary nerves inconspicuous ; bracts oblong ; drupe
wrinkled. — Vent. Clioix t. 1 ; Mayc. Fl. Barb. 354 ; DC. torn,
cit. 456 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 332 & Cat. Cub. 131 ;

Guettarda RUBIACE^ 59

Sauv. loc. cit. ; Egg. Fl. St. Croix <&; Virg. 60 ; Hemsl. Biol.
Centr. Amer. Bot. ii. 42 ; Stahl Fl. P.-Rico v. 56 ; Kew Bull.
1893, 257 ; Duss Fl. Ant. Frang. 337 ; Hart Herb. List. Trin.
29 ; Bold. Fl. Ned. W.-Ind. i. 189 ; Britton Fl. Amer. Virg.
93 ; Britt. cfc Millsp. torn. cit. 412 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. viii. 671 ;
Will, d; Cheesm. Fl. Trin. cfc Tob. 25 ; Britt. <&: Wils. torn. cit.
234 ; Standi. N. Amer. Fl. xxxii. 239. G. rugosa Sw. Prodr.
59 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 632 ; Vahl Symb. Hi. 50 ; DC.
loc. cit. ; Griseb. PI. Carib. 80 ; SessdS Mac. Fl. Mex. ed. 2.
217. Matthiola scabra L. Sp. PI. 1192 (1753). De Ponthieu's
specimen from Antigua, type of G. rugosa, is in Herb.
Mus. Brit.

Macfayden ; Manchester, Purdie ; Wilson (all according to
Grisebach, but specimens not found at Kew). — Bahamas, Antilles,
Florida, Mexico, Central America.

A small tree.. Branches terete, at first pubescent. Leaves ovate,
ovate-oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse, rotundate or cuspidate with
mucronate tip, roimded or sometimes shallowly cordate at base,
leathery, scabrid with raised points above, laxly tomentose beneath,
side-nerves 6-7 pairs, mostly 3—10 by 2-5-6 cm. ; petioles pubescent,
5-10 mm. 1. Stipules lanceolate, acuminate, about 5 mm. 1. Cymes
and flowers finely silky ; cymes contracted, the flowers few or several
on peduncles up to 8 cm. 1. but often much shorter. Bracts 3—4 mm. 1.
Calyx-tube subglobose, 1-5 mm. 1. ; limb twice as long, truncate or
shortly and irregularly cut. Corolla, white ; tube slightly enlarged
above, 1-2 cm. 1. ; lobes 5-6, suborbicular, 3-4 nma. 1. Style included.
Drupe globose, wrinkled, finely tomentose, 5 mm. across, 4-(3-6) seeded.

Grisebach is the only authority for the occurrence of this plant in
Jamaica. There are, however, no Jamaica specimens at Kew, as
should be the case, nor in the British Museum, nor in the Jamaica
Herbarium, though judging from its wide distribution in the West
Indies, it is almost certainly indigenous in the island. The species
is easily recognised by the very rough upper face of its stifi leaves.

G. crispiflora Vahl Eclog. Amer. 36, t. 6 (1796) is included by Grise-
bach as from Jamaica. The species was founded on material collected
in Montserrat by Ryan near the end of the 18th century, and is also
known from Dominica, St. Vincent, Martinique and Guadeloupe.
Grisebach gives as the Jamaican collector Dancer, who introduced many
plants into the island while Superintendent of the Bath Garden, and
this may have been one of them, though it is not in the list of such
introductions published by him.

A slender hush, 10 ft. high. ; leaves petiolate, ovate, up to 30 by
20 cm. but visually (sometimes much) smaller, with 11-12 pairs of
nerves, the quaternary inconspicuous, thinly papery and sparsely
pilose ; stipules large, ovate, hairy on back ; cymes short, once-forked,
several-flowered, silky, the peduncles slender, about 2 cm. 1. ; flowers
rather distant, sessile, secund ; bracts minute ; calyx-limb shortly and
regularly toothed ; corolla-tube 1 cm. 1., the limb of 5 laciniate lobes ;
drupe sharply 4-angled and 4-seeded.

No authentic Jamaican specimen is known. The type (Montserrat,
Ryan) is in Herb. Mus. Brit.

60 FLORA OF JAMAICA AntirrhoBa

21. ANTIRRH(EA Comm.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite. Stipules interpetiolar,
deciduous. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, small,
the inflorescence as of Guettarda, sometimes (species not
Jamaican) of small open cymes or the flowers solitary. Calyx-
tube ovoid or oblong ; limb truncate or irregularly 4-5-
toothed or -lobed, persistent on the fruit. Corolla-tube
cylindrical or funnel-shaped, with naked or hairy throat ;
lobes 4-5, short, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4-5, inserted
on the throat of the corolla ; filaments usually short ; anthers
dorsifixed, included or shortly exserted. Ovary 2-10-celled ;
style filiform ; stigma capitate or 2-3-fid, included ; ovules
solitary in the cells, pendulous from the top. Drupe oblong ;
exocarp fleshy, endocarp bony or woody, 2-10-celled. Seeds
elongated, without endosperm.

About 30 species, natives of the West Indies (including
Bahamas), Mauritius, South China, Indian Archipelago and
tropical Australia.

Leaves glabrous or at most puberulous.

Corolla tomentose 1. A.jamaicensia.

Corolla glabrous.

Leaves parchment-like, shining. Corolla-
tube about 5 mm. 1 2. A. lucida.

Leaves leathery, opaque. Corolla-tube &-9 m. 1 ^. A.coriacea.

Leaves velvety tomentose beneath 4. A.tomentoaa.

1. A. jamaicensis (Griseb.) Urh. Symb. Ant. i. 435 (1899) ;
leaves puberulous beneath, with axillary tufts of hairs
{domatia) ; cymes singly forked. — Standi, in N. Amer. Fl.
xxxii. 270. A. bifurcata Benth. db Hook. f. Gen. PI. ii. 100
(1873). Stenostoma bifurcatum Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 333
(1861) (non DC.)

Gold Spoon, Wild Mahogany (Purdie).

Woods at Spitzbergen, Manchester, Purdie ! March 711 ! Above
Silver Hill ; Road to Woodcutter's Gap ; John Crow Mts., 1700 ft..
Peckham Woods, Clarendon ; Soho, St. Ann, 1400 ft. ; Harris ! Fl.
Jam. 5805, 6189, 10,766, 11,114, 11,989.

A spreading tree up to 40 ft. high. Branches somewhat four-angled,
grey, glabrous. Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong or oblong-obovate, ro tun-
date or cuspidate-acuminate with obtuse tip, rounded or obtuse at
base, parchment-like, puberulous on nerves beneath with a small grey
domatium in each of the main axils, nerves 6-8 pairs, rather prominent
beneath, 6-5-14 by 3-9 cm. ; petioles 1-2-5 cm. 1. Stipules triangular,
acute, 7 mm. 1. Cymes few- and close-fiowered ; peduncles up to
6 cm. 1., often much shorter. Flowers sessile, silky. Calyx-tube
broadly oblong, 2 mm. 1. ; limb as long, very shortly toothed. Corolla
greenish yellow tinged with pink ; tube 6 mm. 1., thrice the length of
the ovate lobes. Anthers included. Drupe oblong, minutely hairy,
7-12 mm. 1., 2-seeded.

Timber valuable for flooring and indoor work generally.

Antirrhoea

RUBIACE^

61

2. A. lucida (Sw.) Benth. cfc Hook. J. loc. cit. (1873) ; leaves
glabrous without domatia ; cymes singly forked. — Urb. op.
cit. iv. 591 & via. 673 ; Standi, torn. cit. 271. Laugeria
lucida Sw. Prodr. 48 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 475 ; Vahl

Fig. 2\.— Antirrhoea lucida (Sw.) Benth. & Hook. f.

A, End of branch in flower x |. C, Ovary with calyx cut lengthwise X 6.

B, Flower x 6. D, Drupe x 2.

Symb. Hi. 40, ^ 57 ; Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 459. Malanea nitida
Desr. in Lam. Encycl. Hi. 688 (1789). Stenostomum lucidum
Gaertn. Fruct. Hi. 69, t. 192, /. 3 (1805) ; DC. torn. cit. 460 ;
Griseb. PI. Wright. 507, Fl. Br. W. Ind. 334 & Cat. Cub. 132 ;
Sauv. Fl. Cub. 67 ; Egg. Fl. St. Croix & Virg. 60 ; Stahl Fl.

62 FLORA OF JAMAICA Antirrhosa

P. -Rico V. 59 , Britton Fl. Amer. Virg. 92 ; Britt. d; Millsp.
Baham. Fl. 414 ; Will, dh Cheesm. Fl. Trin. dh Tob. 26 ; Britt.
d; Wils. P.-Bicodh Virg. Is. vi. 237. Stenostomum nitidum
DC. torn. cit. 461 (1830) ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 333 ;
Malanea lucida A. Rich, in Mdm. Nat. Hist. Soc. Paris v.
208 (1834) ; Sagra Cub. xi. 225. Specimen of Laugeria lucida
from Swartz (St. Croix, von Bohr) in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Wright ! Macfadyen ! Grant's Pen, near Albion Estate ; Albion
Mt., St. Thomas, Harris ! Fl. Jam, 10,817, 11,679.

Tree up to 40 ft., all parts glabrous. Leaves ovate-oblong or
elliptical, rotundate or obtuse, obtuse at base, papery, highly lustrous
especially above, nerves 8-12 pairs, very faint, 6-12 by 3-5-6 cm. ;
petioles up to 15 mm. 1. Stipules triangular, acuminate, 6-8 mm. 1.
Cymes shorter than the leaves ; peduncles up to 4-5 cm. 1., usually
shorter. Flowers sessile, rather distant. Calyx-tube oblong, 1-5 nun. 1. ;
limb slightly longer with 5 broad teeth. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped,
3-5 mm. 1. ; lobes oblong, 2-5 mm. 1. Anthers subincluded. Drupe
oblong, about 1 cm. 1., 2 -seeded.

3. A. coriacea (Vahl) Urb. Symb. Ant. i. 436 (1899);
leaves glabrous, without domatia ; cymes doubly forked. —
Urb. op. cit. iv. 591 ; Standi, torn. cit. 272. Laugeria coriacea
Vahl Eclog. Amer. 26 (1796). Guettarda coriacea Pers.
Syn. i. 201 (1805) ; DC. torn. cit. 458 ; Griseb. Pi. Carib. 80.
Stenostomum coriaceum Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 334 ; Britt.
<Sb Wils. loc. cit.

Peg Wood.

Crown Lands near Troy, 2500 ft. ; Peckham Woodland, Clarendon ;
Harris ! Fl. Jam, 8730, 11,070 ; John Crow Mts., 1500 ft., Harris tfc
Britton ! Fl. Jam. 10,772. — Porto Rico [Montserrat, Guadeloupe,
Martinique, Dominica, St. Vincent fide Urban].

Glabrous tree up to 30 ft. high. Leaves ovate, oblong-obovate or
elliptical, obtuse or rotundate at either end, leathery, side-nerves
5-6 pairs, prominent on the underside, 5-10 by 3-5 cm. ; petioles up
to 15 mm. 1. Stipules triangular, obtuse, 5-7 mm. 1. Cymes shorter
than the leaves, twice forked ; peduncles mostly 10-25 mm. 1. ; flowers
rather close together, sessile, secund. Calyx-tube broadly oblong,
barely 1 mm. 1. ; limb twice as long, shortly toothed. Corolla greenish
white, very fragrant, 8-9 mm. 1. (Urban). Drupe narrowly obovoid-
oblong, 7-8 mm. 1., 2-seeded. In the main Urban has been followed
here, but without full conviction owing to the absence of typical
material.

4. A. tomentosa {Sw.) Benth. *is Hook. f. ex Fawc. Fl. PL
Jam. 19 (1893) ; leaves without domatia ; cymes doubly
forked. — Urb. op. cit. vii. 412 ; Standi, torn. cit. 270. Laugeria
tomentosa Sw. Prodr. 48 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 477 ; Lun.
loc. cit. Guettarda tomentosa Pers. loc. cit. (1805). Stenos-
tomum tomentosum DC. tom. cit. 460 (1830) ; Griseb. Fl.
Br. W. Ind. 333. Specimen from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit,
and Herb. Stockholm.

Antirrhoea RUBIACE^ 63

Among shrubs in western parts of the Island, Swartz !

Tall shrub or tree up to 20 ft. Branches terete, soon glabrous.
Leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse at tip and base, parchment-like, glabrous,
nerves 6-7 pairs, prominent beneath, 6-14 by 3-5-7 em. ; petioles
pubescent, 1 cm. 1. or less. Stipules triangular, acute, about 4 mm. 1.
Flowers sessile, at first close together on the short branches of the
cyme which elongate and leave wide intervals between the flowers.
Calyx-tube broadly oblong, limb 5-toothed, the whole (in very early
state) 1 mm. 1. Corolla white, about 5 mm. 1. ; limb 5-fid. Drupe
oblong, 2-seeded (floral details from Swartz).

22. MACHAONIA Humb. & Bonpl.

Shrubs or trees, sometimes spiny. Leaves usually
opposite. Stipules interpetiolar. Flowers small, in terminal,
bracteate, cymose panicles. Calyx-tube ovoid, obovoid or
top-shaped ; limb cup-shaped, 4- 5-partite, the segments
persistent on the fruit. Corolla-tube short, funnel-shaped,
with hairy throat ; lobes 4-5, imbricate in bud. Stamens
4-5, inserted in the corolla-throat or mouth ; filaments short
or long ; anthers dorsifixed, included or exserted. Disk
fleshy. Ovary usually 2-celled ; style filiform, 2-armed ;
ovules solitary, pendulous from the top of the cell. Fruit of
2 trigonous indehiscent 1-seeded cocci, separating from below
upwards from the persistent axis. Seeds elongated,
cylindrical.

About 25 species, natives of the West Indies and tropical
America.

Leaves at least 4 cm. 1. Calyx-Umb 5-lobed 1. M. rotundata.

Leaves not over 3 cm. 1. Calyx-limb usually 4-

lobed 2. M.cymosa.

1. M. rotundata Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 348 (1861)
branches usually unarmed, 3-4 mm. across ; corolla-lobes 5
fruit papillose. — Hitchc. in Bep. Miss. Bot. Gard. iv. 93
Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 513 (fig. G) ; Standi, in N. Amer. Fl.
xxxii. 221.

Wright ! Macjadyen ! Near Holland Bay, Purdie ! also Wilson 384 !
Port Antonio, Hitchcock ; Port Antonio; Port Morant; Harris ! Fl.
Jam. 5996, 10,640.

A shrub in coastal thickets, up to 10 ft. high, unarmed or nearly so.
Branches four-angled, finely pubescent, soon glabrous. Leaves ovate,
obtuse or cuspidate-acuminate with subacute tip, rounded at base,
papery, rather rough above, glabrous beneath, 4^7 by 3-4-5 cm. Stipules
acute from a broad base, 2 mm. 1. Panicles many- and densely-
flowered, about as long as the leaves, up to 10 cm. across, the tri-
chotomous branches pubescent. Calyx-tube narrowly obovoid, nearly
glabrous, 2-5 mm. 1. ; lobes unequal, ovate, obtuse, nearly half as long
as the tube. Corolla white ; tube 2 mm. 1. ; lobes oblong-ovate,
rotundate, about as long as the tube. Stamens included or exserted.

64

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Machaonia

Style exserted. Fruit obovoid, obscurely ribbed, 5 mm, 1., the per-
sistent calyx-lobes erect.

The flowers would seem to be dimorphic, having long and short
stamens and perhaps included as well as exserted styles.

2. M. cymosa {Sw.) Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 348 (1861)
(excl. ref. Shane) (non Griseb. Cat. Cub. 139) ; branches
slender, 2 mm. across, lower ones spiny ; corolla-lobes 4 ;

Fig. 22. — Machaonia cymosa (Sw.) Griseb.

A, Small branch in flower x f . D, Ovary with calyx cut lengthwise x 6.

B, Flower x 6. E, Fruit x 4.

C, Corolla cut open X 6. F, Fruit cut across x 4.

fruit roughly hairy. — Urb. loc. cit. (fig. B) ; Standi, torn. cit.
216. Lippia cymosa Sw. Prodr. 93 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ.
ii. 1066 ; Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 454 ; DC. Prodr. xi. 594. Speci-
men from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Machaonia RUBIACE^E 65

Swartz I Wright ! Masson ! Liguana, Broughton ! Liguana Hills
Prior 480 ! Macfadyen ! Near Hope Grove, St. Andrew ; Hope River
Valley ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6556, 6834, 12,713.

A slender shrub up to 15 ft. high. Leaves small, ovate or ovate-
oblong, obtuse or obtusely acute, rounded or narrowed at base, papery,
glabrous, 1 •5-2-5 by -8-1 -3 cm. ; petioles 1-3 nun. 1. Stipules acute,
2 mm. 1. Panicle short, rather few-flowered, pubescent. Calyx-
tube obovoid, hispidulous, 1-5 mm. 1. ; lobes triangular, acute, as long
as the tube. Corolla white, fragrant ; tube 2 mm. 1. ; lobes broadly
obovate, a little shorter than the tube. Anthers scarcely exserted.
Style exserted. Fruit obconical, somewhat compressed, strongly
4-ribbed, 4-5-5 mm. 1., the calyx-lobes patent or reflexed.

Var. glabrescens aS'. Moore in Joum. Bot. Ixviii. 112 (1930). Habit
and foliage of the type. Branches of the inflorescence at most
puberulous. Calyx-tube and top-shaped fruit sparsely papillose or
glabrous. Spireae congener cymosa &c., Shane Hist. ii. 30, t. 174,
/. 3 & 4.

Cut Throat Gully, near Black River Bridge and St. Jago de la
Vega, Sloane Herb. v. 112 ! Inverness, Lower Clarendon; Harris !
Fl. Jam. 11,964, 12,151.

23. ERITHALIS L.

Glabrous shrubs, more rarely trees. Leaves opposite,
leathery or parchment-like. Stipules broad, sheathing,
persistent, usually apieulate. Flowers rather small, in
axillary or supra-axillary, sometimes terminal, trichotomous
paniculate cymes. Calyx-tube subglobose ; limb ring- or
cup-shaped, truncate or 5-10-toothed, persistent on the fruit.
Corolla salver-shaped or rotate, lobes 5-10, narrow and
recurved, imbricate in bud. Stamens 5-10, inserted at the
base of the corolla ; filaments filiform, united at base ;
anthers basifixed. Ovary 5-10-celled (rarely more) ; style
fleshy, ending in a narrowly clavate entire or minutely lobed
stigma ; ovules solitary in and pendulous from the top of the
cells. Fruit a globose drupe of (usually) 5-10 bony, carti-
laginous or crustaceous pyrenes. Seeds oblong, compressed.

Species 10, natives of the West Indies, one extending to
the Bahamas, South Florida and Central America.

Branches soon terete or subterete. Stipules

apieulate. Corolla-lobes usually 5.
Calyx-limb ring-shaped ; corolla-lobes nearly

4 mm. 1 1. E.fruticosa.

Calyx-limb cup-shaped ; corolla-lobes 8 mm. 1. 2. E. odorifera.
Calyx-limb cup-shaped ; corolla-lobes 4 mm. 1. 3. E. Harrisii.

Branches four-angled. Stipules truncate.

CoroUa-lobes 6-7 (rarely 5) 4. E. quadrangularis .

1. E. fruticosa L. Syst. ed. 10. 930 (1760) ; branches
subterete ; leaves obovate or obovate-oblong, apex rounded
or obtuse, rounded or narrowed at base, leathery or
vn. — 5

66

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Erithalis

parchment-like, shining ; cymes in the upper axils as long
as or a little longer than the leaves ; calyx very small, the
limb minutely toothed ; corolla-lobes 5-8, oblong ; anthers
a little shorter than the filaments ; drupe very small. — Lam.
Encyl. a. 388 & III. t. 159 ; Sw. Obs. Bot. 80 (excl. var.) ;

Fig. 2^.— Erithalis fruticosa L.

A, End of branch in flower x }. D, Ovary with calyx cut lengtliwise X 12.

B, Flower x 6. E, Drupe x 6.

C, Corolla cut open x 6. F, Drupe cut across x 6.

Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 282 ; Descourt. Fl. Ant. iv. 40, t. 242 ;
DC. Prodr. iv. 465 (excl. syn.) ; Griseb. PL Carib. 80, Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 336 (excl. j8) & Cat. Cub. 134 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 68 ;
Egg. Fl. St. Croix d; Virg. 61 ; Stahl Fl. P. -Rico v. 61 (excl.
syn.) ; Hitchc. in Rep. Miss. Bot. Oard. iv. 94 ; Kew Bull.

Erithalis RUBIACE^ 67

1893, 257 ; Duss Fl. Ant. FrauQ. 338 ; Small Fl. S.E.
U. States 1112 ; Urb. in Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell. xv. 269 ;
Bold. Fl. Ned. W.-Ind. i. 190 & ii. 103 ; Urh. Symb. Ant.
iv. 593 & via. 673 (excl. syn.) ; Britton Fl. Amer. Virg. 94
(excl. syn.) ; Britt. <&; Millsp. Baham. Fl. 415 (excl, syn.) ;
Will, dk Cheesm. Fl. Trin. dh Tob. ii. 28 ; Britt. <&; Wils. P.-
Rico d: Virg. Is. vi. 239 ; Standi, in N. Amer. Fl. xxxii. 280.
Erithalis fruticulosa foliis obovatis &c. Browne Hist. Jam.
165, t. 17, /. 3. (Fig. 23.)

Holland Bay, Purdie ! Brown's Town and Moneague, St. Ann,
Prior ! Manchioneal, Wilson ! Montego Bay, Fawcett ! Road to
Wareka ; Pedro Bluff ; Luana Pt. ; Cane River Valley ; Long Mt.,
south side ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9022, 9638, 9718, 9821, 10,004, 12,114 ;
Port Antonio ; Lucea ; Hitchcock ! Montego Bay, Maxon db Killip
1610 ! Moneague, Ridley ! Port Antonio, Norman 237 ! — South
Florida, West Indies, Central America.

Shrub 5-10 ft. high or small tree, on coastal rocks and limestone
cliffs. Leaves mostly 3-5 by 2-5-3-5 cm. ; petioles stout, flattened,
up to 5 mm. 1. Stipules 1-5-3 mm. 1. Peduncles up to 3 cm. 1. ; bracts
ovate, minute ; pedicels 1—3 mm. 1. Calyx-tube barely 1 mm. 1.,
4 times as long as limb. Corolla white, fragrant ; tube 1 mm., lobes
4 mm. 1. Stamens 5 ; anthers nearly 2 mm. 1., filaments a little longer.
Drupe purple, furrowed, 2-2-5 mm. across ; pyrenes 8-12.

Descourtils found an infusion of the bark to be useful in kidney
trouble.

2. E. odorifera Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Amer. 72, t. 173, /. 23
(1763) ; branches subterete ; leaves as of E. fruticosa but
often much larger ; inflorescence as of last ; calyx-tube
larger with well-marked cup-shaped broadly toothed limb
and corolla-lobes more than twice the size ; anthers longer
than the filaments ; drupe fairly large. E. fruticosa Urb.
in Fedde Rep. Beih. 96 (1920) non L. E. fruticosa L. var.
odorifera Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 336 ; Duss loc. cit. and
other authors. Cassine ? foliis obovatis &c. Plum. PL
Amer. {Burm.) 247, t. ccxlix, /, 2.

Carlton, St. Mary, McNab ! Manchioneal, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6061. —
Bahamas, Florida, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Virgin Is., St. Kitts,
Antigua, Dominica, Martinique.

Small tree or shrub on sea-coast rocks. Leaves up to 11 by 6 cm.
Calyx-tube 2 by 2-5 mm. ; limb as long as tube, the teeth deltoid, about
•5 mm. 1. Corolla white, very fragrant ; lobes 8 times the length of
the very short tube. Stamens 5 ; filaments 4 mm., anthers 6 mm. 1.
Drupe purple, furrowed, 3-4 mm. across.

Although united by writers, this and E. fruticosa seem very distinct.
Occasional intermediates are presumedly hybrids between the two.

3. E. Harrisii Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 514 (1908) ; branches
subterete ; leaves ovate, obovate or obovate-oblong, rounded
OT narrowed at base, leathery ; cymes few- or many-flowered,

68 FLORA OF JAMAICA Enthalis

about as long as leaves ; calyx small, limb minutely toothed ;
corolla-lobes 5, oblong ; anthers about as long as filaments ;
drupe very small. — Standi, torn. cit. 281.

Near Troy, 2000 ft. alt. ; Holly Moirnt, Mt. Diablo ; Pedro Bluff ;
Croft's Mt., Upper Clarendon ; Albion Pen, St. Ann ; Harris ! Fl.
Jam. 8743, 8974, 9718, 11,227, 12,015.

Bushy shrub up to 12 ft. high or tree of 25 ft. Leaves 2-5-7-5 by
2-5 cm., midrib prominent on the underside. Stipules 2-3 mm. 1.
Bracts minute, awl-shaped, lower sometimes leaf-like ; peduncles up
to 5 cm. 1., pedicels mostly 1-3 mm. 1. Calyx-tube 1 mm. 1., lobes half as
long. Corolla rotate, white, fragrant ; lobes 5, hairy near the base inside
otherwise glabrous. Filaments hairy at base, 2 mm. 1. ; anthers 2 mm. 1.
Drupe black or pink, prominently furrowed, 6-8-celled, 2-5 mm. across.

Var. angusta S. Moore apud Rendle in Journ. Bot. Ixxiii.
279 (1935) ; leaves small, narrowly oblanceolate or obovate-
oblong, gradually narrowed at base, rotundate at tip, very
lustrous, 2-6 by -G-l-S cm. Type in Herb. Jam.

A low shrub on honeycombed rocks along the sea-beach at Luana
Point, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9821.

4. E. quadrangularis Krug cfc Urh. in Notizbl. Bot. Gard.
Berlin i. 320 (1897) ; branches prominently 4-sided ; leaves
ovate or broadly elliptical, rotundate or very obtuse, rounded
at base, parchment-like or thinly leathery ; inflorescences
about as long as leaves, their branches compressed ; pedicels
longer than the calyx ; calyx-tube as long as the cup-shaped
prominently toothed limb ; corolla-lobes 5-7, oblong ; anthers
shorter than the filaments ; ovary about 20- (16-22-) celled. —
Krug cfc Urb. in Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell. 270, t. ixj. 29 ; Urb.
Symb. Ant. i. 441 ; Standi, torn. cit. 279.

New Green, Mandeville, 2200 ft. ; Peckham Woods, Clarendon ;
Albion Pen, St. Ann ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6318, 11,048, 12,013.

Tree up to 30 ft. high. Leaves opaque or very slightly shining,^
with broad midrib; 8-11(12) by 4-5-7-5(9-5) cm.; petioles stout,
5-10 mm. 1. Stipules not apiculate, 3-5 mm. 1. Bracts minute except
a few lower foliaceous ones up to 3 cm. 1. ; pedicels mostly 5-15 mm. 1.
Calyx-tube 2 mm. 1. Corolla white, turning yellow ; tube 2-5 ram. 1. ;
lobes 14 mm. 1. Filaments 6 mm., anthers 4 mm. 1. Drupe not seen.

24. CHIOCOCCA L.

Glabrous shrubs, often climbing. Leaves opposite, leathery
and shining ; stipules broad, with a hard point. Flowers in
axillary opposite simple or compound racemes. Calyx-tube
ovoid or subglobose ; limb 5-toothed or -lobed, persistent
on the fruit. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped with glabrous
throat ; limb of 5 patent or reflexed lobes valvate in bud.
Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the corolla ; filaments
very shortly connate ; anthers basifixed, usually included.
Disk prominent. Ovary 2- (occasionally 3-) celled ; style
filiform, stigma entire or shortly 2-lobed ; ovules solitary^

Chiococca

RUBIACE^

69

pendulous from the top of the cell. Drupe ovoid or orbicular,
of 2 white leathery pjo-enes. Seeds compressed, with
membranous testa and fleshy endosperm.

Species about 12, natives of Bermuda, the West Indies,
Florida and Mexico to Brazil and Paraguay.

Leaves acute or acuminate. Racemes as long

as leaves 1. C. alba.

Leaves smaller and obtuse. Racemes short,

few-flowered 2. C. parvi folia.

1. C. alba {L.) Hitchc. in Rep. Miss. Bot. Gard. iv. 94 (1893) ;
a tall climbing glabrous shrub ; leaves ovate and ovate -
oblong to lanceolate, usually narrowed at base ; racemes

Fig. 24. — Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc.

A, End of branch in flower x f .

B, Flower x 4.

C, Corolla cut open x 4.

D, Ovary with calyx cut lengthwise x 6.

E, Drupe x 4.

F Drupe cut across x 4.

70 FLORA OF JAMAICA Chiococca

rather lax, about as long as the leaves, usually branched,
many-flowered ; calyx-tube subglobose, equal to or a little
longer than the limb ; corolla-lobes ^ to f the length of the
tube ; stamens included, anthers twice or thrice as long as the
filaments ; drupe orbicular, compressed, white. — Urb. Symb
Ant. iv. 593 & viii. 674 ; Jenn. Is. Pin. 268 ; Britton Fl
Amer. Virg. 94 ; Britt. dc Millsp. Baham. Fl. 416 (in part)
Will, cfc Cheesm. Fl. Trin. dk Tob. ii. 29 ; Standi, in Contrib. U.8^
Nat. Herb, xxiii. 1386 & in N. Amer. Fl. xxxii. 287 ; Britt
d; Wils. P. -Rico <&; Virg. Is. vi. 240. C. racemosa L. Syst. ed
10, 917 (1760) ; Jacq. Enum. 16 & Sel. Stirp. Amer. 36, t. 69
Sw. Obs. Bot. 76 ; Lun. Hort. Jam. ii. 175 ; Descourt. Fl. Ant
iv. 276, t. 292 ; Hook. Exot. Fl. ii. 93 ; Mayc. Fl. Barb. 94
DC. Prodr. iv. 482 ; Griseb. PI. Carib. 81, FL Br. W. Ind
336, PI. Wright. 508 & Cat. Cub. 134 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 68 ;
Egg. Fl. St. Croix cfc Virg. 61 ; Stahl Fl. P. -Rico v. 62 ; Duss
Fl. Ant. Frang. 339 ; Small Fl. 8.E. U. States 1112 ;
Bold. Fl. Ned. W.-Ind. i. 190. Lonicera alba L. Sp. PI. 175
(1753). Jasminum forte folio myrtino &c. Sloane Cat. 160
& Hist. ii. 97, t. 188, /. 3. Lonicera racemis lateralibus &c.
L. Hort. Cliff. 496. Periclymenum racemosum &c. Dill.
Elth. 306, t. 228 ; Mill. Card. Diet. ed. 8, No. 2. Chiococca
sarmentosa foliis myrtineis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 164.
Ligustrum foliis ovatis acuminatis &c. Plum. PI. {Amer.
Burm.) 211, t. ccxviij. 2. (Fig. 24.)

Snowberry, David's Root.

Near St. Jago de la Vega, Sloane Herb. vii. 46 ! between Spanish
Town and St. Faith's ; between Manchioneal and St. Thomas's ;
Browne ! Wright ! Masson ! ; coast of St. Mary, McNab ! Bancroft !
Distin ! ; Ocho Rios, St. Ann, Prior 454 ! ; March 1702 ! Cuming
58 ! Devon, Metcalfe ! Mavis Bank, J. P. 673 Hart ! , Norbrook ;
Long Mt. Road; Campbell \ Fl. Jam. 5762, 6133; near Mande-
ville, Cradwick ! Fl. Jam. 8203 ; Windward Road, Fawcett ! Fl.
Jam. 8439 ; Devon Pen, Thompson ! Fl. Jam. 7962 ; Belle Vue,
Stony Hill ; near Alligator Pond ; near Hope ; Great Goat Island ;
Long Mt., south side ; Peckham Woodland, Clarendon ; Constant
Spring to Bardowie ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5866, 5911, 7231, 8598, 9304,
9611, 11,083, 12,102; Montego Bay, Ridley \ also Nortnan 111!
Balaclava, Orcutt 1468! Y.S., St. Elizabeth, Mrs. Sangster \ Mavis
Bank, St. Andrew, Mrs. Sangster. — Bahamas, Antilles, Florida, Mexico
and Central America.

Branchlets slender, four-angled or terete. Leaves papery, nervation
obscure except for slender midrib, mostly 3-9 by 1-5-3 cm. Stipules,
including the hard point, 2-2-5 mm. 1. Bracts awl-shaped, 1 mm. 1.,
lowest larger. Pedicels slender, up to 5 mm. 1. Calyx-tube 1-25-2
mm. 1. Corolla greenish white or yellow ; tube 4-5-6 mm. 1. ; lobes
ovate-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. 1. Anthers 3 mm. 1. Drupe 4-5 mm.
across. Seeds brown, 4 mm. 1.

There are several forms or races of this widely diffused species,
dependent mainly on size and shape of leaf and length of corolla-lobea
relatively to that of the tube.

Chiococca RUBIACEJi: 71

A decoction of the flowers is said to have anodyne and narcotic
properties : the root contains a bitter recommended by Browne in
rheumatism and venereal disease.

2. C. parvifolia Wullschl. ex Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 337
(1861) ; climbing shrub ; leaves small, ovate or ovate-oblong,
obtuse, sometimes rounded at tip, narrowed at base ; racemes
unbranched, shorter than the leaves, the flowers few and rather
close together ; calyx-tube didymous, a little longer than the
limb ; corolla small, the limb half or two-thirds the length of
the tube ; tip of anthers exserted ; drupe as of last. — Chapm.
Fl. S.U. States 177 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 68 ; Hitchc. loc. cit. ; Kew
Bull. 1893, 257 ; Will, cfc Cheesm. loc. cit. ; Standi, torn. cit.
288. C. racemosa L. var. Sw. Obs. Bot. 76. C. alba Hitchc.
var. parvifolia Urb. Symb. Ant. viii. 675. Chiococca scandens
sarmentis tenuissimis etfere indivisis Browne loc. cit., type of
C. racemosa var. Sw. loc. cit. ; specimens from Browne in
Herb. Linn.

March, 1765 ! Constant Spring, Campbell \ Fl. Jam. 5736 ; Annotto
Bay, Thompson ! Fl. Jam. 6498 ; Watson's Hill, Manchester ; Mal-
vern ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6320, 9648. — Bahamas, Florida, Cuba,
St. Vincent, Tobago, Trinidad.

Leaves papery, nervation obscure except for midrib, 1-5-3 by 1-2
cm. Stipules 1"5 mm. 1. Pedicels 1-5-2 mm. 1. Calyx-tube 1 mm. 1.
Corolla white or purplish ; tube 3 mm. 1. ; lobes oblong, 1-5-2 mm. 1.
Anthers 2 mm. 1., about the length of the hairy filaments.

25. PHIALANTHUS Griseb.

Branching resinous shrubs. Leaves opposite, leathery.
Stipules sheathing. Flowers small, sessile or shortly stalked, in
axillary fascicles. Calyx-tube top-shaped or obovoid ; limb
4:-5-lobed, lobes persistent. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped, short,
throat glabrous or hairy ; lobes 4-5, short, obtuse, valvate
in bud. Stamens 4-5, inserted at the base of the corolla ;
filaments free ; anthers dorsifixed, exserted. Disk ring-shaped.
Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform ; ovule solitary, pendulous from
the top of the cell. Drupe ovoid, 2-celled. Seeds cylindrical.

Species 10, mostly Cuban, 1 extends to Bahamas.
Leaves narrowed in the lower third into the short

petiole ; margin flat or very slightly revolute.

Flowers greenish 1. P. jamaicensis.

Leaves narrowed in the lower sixth ; margin plainly

revolute. Flowers yellowish 2. P. revolutus.

1. P. jamaicensis Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 515 (1908) ; leaves
oblanceolate-spathulate, obtuse, shining, midrib broad,
prominent on underside, nervation obscure ; fascicles um-
bellate, sessile or nearly so, 5-8-flowered ; calyx -tube as long
as pedicel, narrowly top-shaped, both minutely sciu'fy, lobes
spathulate, slightly longer than tube : corolla-tube top-shaped ;

72

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Phialanthtis

lobes triangular-ovate about as long as tube (Urban) ; anthers
slightly exserted ; drupe unknown. — Standi, in N. Amer.
Fl. xxxii. 282.

Road to Wareka 800 ft. alt. ; Long Mt. south side, 900 ft. alt. ;
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9023, 9587.

A tall, slender, resinous shrub 20 ft. high. Branches terete, sparsely
striate, the youngest nodulose from the persistent stipules. Leaves
1-5-3 cm. by 4-10 mm. Stipules hard, pointed, 1 mm. 1. Pedicels
1 mm. 1. Calyx-lobes 1-5 mm. 1. Corolla 1-5 mm. 1. (Urban). Style 3 mm. 1.

2. P. revolutus Urh. in Fedde Rep. xvii. 407 (1921) ; very

Fig. 25. — Phialanthus revolutus Urb.

A, Branch with flowers x |.

B, Flower x 8.

C, Corolla x 8.

D, Corolla spread open x 8.

E, Ovary with calyx cut lengthwise

X 8.

Phialanthus RUBIACE^ 73

like the last, but the strongly revolute leaves, broadest in the
centre (not near the top as in the other), may reach 4 or
even 4-5 cm. in length ; stipules joined above the petiole,
persistent after leaf-fall ; fascicles up to 12-flowered ; pedicels
shorter than calyx-tube, which is obovoid and 1-5 mm. 1. ;
calyx-lobes spathulate, a little shorter than tube. Corolla
1-5 mm. long, tube very short, lobes broadly obovate, ascend-
ing, stamens short, inserted at edge of tube. Drupe unknown.
— Standi, loc. cit. (Fig. 25.)

Healthshire Hills, near Salt Island ; Harris <fc Britton ! Fl. Jam.
10,525.

26. SCOLOSANTHUS Vahl.

Armed or unarmed shrubs. Leaves opposite, sessile,
leathery. Stipules minute, short, truncate, fringed in
Jamaican species. Flowers small, axillary or terminal,
solitary or fasciculate. Calyx -tube ovoid or oblong ; limb
of 4 oblong or awl-shaped persistent lobes. Corolla-tube
funnel-shaped, the throat glabrous ; lobes 4, short, patent,
imbricate in bud. Stamens 4, inserted at the base of the
corolla-tube ; filaments connate below ; anthers basifixed,
partly exserted in Jamaican species. Disk inconspicuous.
Ovary 2-celled ; style ending in a club-shaped bifid or
emarginate stigma ; ovules solitary, pendulous from the top
of the cell. Drupe compressed, ovoid or subglobose, of 1 or
2 pyrenes. Seeds oblong, compressed ; endosperm fieshy.

Species 11, natives of the West Indies, mostly Cuban ; 1 in
Bahamas.

S. multiflorus {Sw.) Krugd; Urb. Symh. Ant. i. 443 (1899) ;
leaves shortly stalked, oval or ovate-oblong, acute or obtuse
(sometimes rotundate at tip), suddenly narrowed at base ;
stipules short, truncate, fringed when young ; fascicles usually
several-flowered, terminal or axillary, from a swollen base,
flowers pedicelled ; calyx-lobes oblong narrowing above,
shorter than the tube ; corolla-tube narrowly funnel-shaped. —
Standi, in N. Amer. Fl. xxxii. 294. S. versicolor Griseb. Fl.
Br. W. Ind. 335 (non Vahl). Ixora ? multiflora Sw. Prodr.
30 (1788) ; DC. Prodr. iv. 489. Chiococca capitata Wernh.
in Journ. Bot. li. 323 (1913). (Fig. 26.)

Wright ! White River near St. Ann's Bay, Prior ! March 1716 !
Forest Hill, St. Elizabeth ; Salem, Llandovery, St. Ann ; Harris !
Fl. Jam. 9762, 10,374.

A glabrous shrub 6-15 ft. high, with very few trifurcate spines
(Urban). jBranc7ie« terete, compressed when young, i eaves sometimes
subverticillate, shining, nervation (except midrib) obscure, 2-4-5 by

74 FLORA OF JAMAICA Scolosanthus

1-2-6 cm. ; petioles 3-6 mm. 1. Stipules 1 mm. 1. Pedicels 1-5 mm. 1.
Calyx-tube narrowly ovoid, 4-angled, compressed, 1-5 mm. 1. ; lobes
1 mm. 1. Corolla tawny yellow ; tube 7 mm., lobes 2 mm. 1. Fila-
ments 4 mm. 1., connate below, anthers pointed, nearly 3 mm. 1. Style
9 mm. 1. ; stigma bifid. Drupe ellipsoidal, white, 5 by 3-5 mm.

Fig. 26. — Scolosanthus multiflorus (Sw.) Krug & Urb.

A, Portion of plant in flower x J. E, Ovary with calyx cut lengthwise

B, Stipules X 4. x 6.

C, Flower x 4. F, Drupe x 4.

D, Corolla cut open x 4.

[COFFEA L.

Shrubs with opposite (rarely ternate) leaves. Stipules
broad, persistent for a time. Flowers in axillary clusters,
sessile or shortly stalked, white, usually sweet-scented ;
bracteoles sometimes cup-shaped. Calyx-tube oblong or
top-shaped ; limb short, truncate or toothed. Corolla salver-
shaped ; tube with glabrous or hairy throat ; lobes 4-10,
oblong, patent, contorted in bud. Stamens 4-10, inserted
in the mouth or throat of the corolla ; anthers dorsifixed.

Cojfea RUBIACE.^ 75

Disk prominent. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform with 2 linear
or awl-shaped arms ; ovules solitary in the cell, at or near
the middle of the septum, amphitropous. Fruit an oblong
or globose berry with 2 leathery or papery pjo-enes convex
on back and deeply furrowed on the axial face. Seeds with
a ventral umbilicus ; testa membranous ; endosperm horny.
Over 40 species, natives of the Old World tropics.

C. arabica L. Sp. PL (1753) ; Browne Hist. Jam. 161 ;
Gaertn. Frud. i. 118, t. 25 ; Sims Bot. Mag. t. 1303 ; Lun.
Hort. Jam. i. 218 ; Descourt. Fl. Ant. viii. 190, t. 564 ; DC.
Prodr. iv. 499 ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 338 ; K. Schum. in
Mart. Fl. Bras. vi. pt. 5, 75, ^. 11 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 595 &
viii. 676.

Broume ! Moneague and St. Thomas in Vale, Prior ! Hope Gardens,
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 11,961. Giddy Hall, St. Elizabeth, Mrs. Songster !
— A native of Arabia and Abyssinia, cultivated in most tropical
countries ; in Jamaica, where it is also naturalised, in hilly country
between 3000 and 4000 ft.

A large shrub or small tree up to 15 ft. Leaves shortly petioled,
ovate-oblong, acuminate with obtuse tip, base obtuse, parchment-like,
glabrous and shining, mostly 7-10 by 3-5 cm. Stipules acuminate,
4-5 mm. 1. Clusters several-flowered; pedicels stout, about 5 mm. 1.,
subtended by lanceolate bracteoles of about the same length. Calyx-
tube oblong, 2 mm. 1. ; limb toothed. Corolla sweet-scented ; tube
8 mm. 1., lobes 5, a little longer than the tube. Stamens 5, on the
corolla-mouth, exserted. Style with long linear arms, exserted.
Berry ovoid, red, about 1 cm. across, usually 2-seeded.

C. liberlca Hiern, a native of West Africa, has larger 6-7-merous
flowers, a berry 1-5 cm. across and larger seeds. It is the source of the
Liberian coffee now largely cultivated. There are specimens in the
Kew Herbarium sent by Harris from Castleton Gardens.]

27. STRUMPFIA Jacq.

A small copiously branched shrub of maritime shores,
with rigidly leathery leaves in whorls of three. Stipules
sheathing, their bases persistent. Flowers very small, in
short axillary racemes. Calyx -tube ellipsoid ; limb of 5 erect
persistent lobes. Corolla deeply 5-partite ; tube very short,
naked at the throat ; lobes 5, oblong-lanceolate, slightly
imbricate. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube ; anthers
subsessile, joined by their connectives to form a column.
Ovary 2-celled ; style glabrous, surrounded bj'' a ring
of hairs at the base ; stigma simple ; ovules solitary,
inserted on the septum close to its base, erect, anatropous.
Drupe globose, with a 1-2-celled putamen. Seeds oblong ;
endosperm fleshy.

Only one species, native of the Bahamas, Greater and
many of the Lesser Antilles, Keys of Florida and Yucatan.

76

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Strumpfia

S. maritima Jacq. Enum. PL Carih. 28 (1760) (excl. ref.
Sloane) & Sel. Stirp. Amer. 218 ; L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 1316
(1763) (excl. ref. Sloane) ; Sw. Obs. Bot. 316 ; DC. Prodr. iv.
469 ; Descourt. FL Ant. in. 260, t. 208 ; Griseh. PL Carib.
81, FL Br. W. Ind. 336 & Cat. Cub. 134 ; Sauv. FL Cub.
68 ; Hitchc. in Rep. Miss. Bot. Gard. iv. 94 ; Duss FL Ant.
FranQ. 338 ; Small FL S.E. U. States, ed. 2, 1113 ; Urb. Symb.

A, Portion of plant x |

B, Stiptdes x 4.

C, Flower x 4.

Fig. 27. — Strumpfia maritima Jacq.

D, Corolla cut open, showing connate
anthers x 4.

E, Ovary with calyx cut lengthwise x 8.

F, Drupe x 4.

Ant. iv. 596 & viii. 676 ; Bold. FL Ned. W.-Ind. i. 191 &
a. 103 ; Jenn. Is. Pin. 268 ; Britt. S Millsp. Baham. FL 418 ;
Standi, in Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb, xxiii. 1387 ; Britt. cfc Wils.
P. -Rico cfc Virg. Is. vi. 243. Thymelsea frutescens rosmarini
folio &c. Plum. Spec. 17. Tournefortia foliis lanceolato-
linearibus &c. Burm. Amer. t. 251, /. 1. Daphne americana
Mill. Diet. ed. 8, No. 9 (type in Herb. Mus. Brit.). (Fig. 27.)

Strumpfia KUBIACE^ 77

Pedro Bluff, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9726.

A shrub or small tree with long trailing branches. Branches stiff,
nodulose from the persistent bases of the stipules, the youngest closely
scurfy-tomentose, internodes very short. Leaves sessile, linear, acute,
•with strongly revolute margins, grey-pubescent on the lower side,
1-2 cm. by 1-2 mm. Stipules rigid, subtriangular from a broad base,
fringed above and spreading, about 1-5 mm. 1. above the connate bases.
Racemes shorter than the leaves, few-flowered ; pedvuicles 3 mm. 1.,
scurfy ; pedicels 1 mm. 1. ; bracts subtriangular, fringed, 1 mm. 1.
Calyx scurfy ; tube and limb each 1 mm. 1., the triangular lobes "5 mm. 1.
Corolla white ; tube barely 1-5 mm. 1. ; lobes obtuse, pubescent,
3 mm. 1. Staminal column 2 mm. 1. Drupe white, crowned by the
persistent calyx, about 3-5 mm. across.

The leaves pounded or used in an infusion or a decoction are spoken
of by Descom'tils as useful in certain kinds of fever.

28. MORINDA L.

Shrubs or trees usually glabrous. Leaves opposite, rarely
ternate. Stipules sheathing at base. Flowering heads
stalked or subsessile, axillary or terminal, sometimes um-
bellate. Flowers usually white. Calyx-tube obovoid or
hemispherical ; limb short, truncate or minutely toothed,
persistent on the fruit. Corolla salver-shaped ; lobes 3-7
(usually 5) valvate in bud. Stamens as many as corolla-
lobes, inserted on the throat or tube of the corolla ; anthers
dorsifixed, included or exserted. Ovary 2- or 4-celled ;
style included or exserted, with 2 linear arms ; ovule solitary
in the cell, ascending from or near the base of the septum.
Fruit a fleshy compound berry (caused by the union of
the calyx-tubes) of many cartilagineous or bony 1 -seeded
pjrenes. Seeds obovoid or kidney-shaped, with fleshy
endosperm.

Species about 70, chiefly Indian and Malayan ; few in
Africa and America.

Leaves not exceeding 10 cm. 1. Heads subsessile 1. M. Royoc.
[Leaves 15-30 cm. 1. Heads manifestly stalked... 2. M. citrifolia.]

1. M. Royoc L. Sp. PI. 176 (1753) ; Jacq. Hort. Vindoh. 6,
t. 16 ; Sw. Ohs. Bot. 78 ; Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 417 ; DC. Prodr.
iv. 448 ; Descourt. Fl. Ant. ii. 251, t. 129 ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W.
Ind. 347 & Cat. Cub. 138 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 71 ; Hitchc. in
Rep. Miss. Bot. Card. 94 ; Bold. Fl. Ned. W.-Ind. ii. 104 ;
Jenn. Is. Pin. 271 ; Britt. &; Millsp. Baham. Fl. 419 ; Urb.
Symb. Ant. viii. 685 & ix. 540. Royoc humifusum, fructu
cupressino Plum. Nov. PI. Amer. Gen. 11. Morinda pro-
cumbens L. Hort. Cliff. 73. Morinda subfruticosa foliis
oblongis &c. Broivne Hist. Jam. 159. (Fig. 28.)

Houstoun ! Shakespear ! Wright ! Broughton ! Masson ! banks of
Hope River, Armstrong \ Yallah River, Prior ! March 1663 ! Oersted !

78

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Morinda

Wilson ! Kingston ; Port Morant ; Lucea ; Hitchcock ; Gordontown,
Ball ! J. P. 1003 Hart ! ; Molynes, Campbell ! Fl. Jam. 5775 ; Wind-
ward Road, Fawcett ! Rockfort ; Alligator Pond ; Hope ; Mona ;
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5817, 6377, 6606, 7890 ; Montego Bay, Norman
103 ! Mountain Side, St. Elizabeth, Mrs. Sangster 554 ! — Bahamas,
Cuba, Hispaniola, Is. de Pinos, Curagoa and neighbouring islands.

A straggling usually glabrous shrub 3 or 4 ft. high, sometimes climb-
ing to 20 ft. among shrubs and trees. Branches rather slender, terete,
pale, striate. Leaves linear-lanceolate, lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong,

Fig. 28. — Morinda Royoc L.

A, Branch with flowers x §.

B, Flower x 3.

C, Corolla cut open x 2.

D, Ovary with calyx cut lengthwise x 0.

E, Fruit X §.

F, Pyrene x 2.

acute, narrowed into the 5-8 mm. 1. petiole, firmly membranous, 5-9 by
1—2-5 cm. Stipules from a broad base suddenly caudate, 2 mm. 1.
Flowering heads 1 cm. across or less on peduncles usually of about 2 mm.,
globose, several-flowered. Calyx-tube obovoid, 3 mm. 1. ; limb barely
a third as long. Corolla white or iiinkish ; tube 6 mm. 1. ; lobes 5,
oblong, obtuse, 3 mm. 1. Stamens inserted in the corolla-throat; anthers
shortly exserted. Style exserted, 5-5 mm. 1. Fruit globose to ovoid up
to 2 cm. across ; pyrenes crustaceous, slightly scurfy, about 5 mm. 1.

Morinda RUBIACE^ 79

[2. M. citrifolia L. Sp. PI. 176 (1753) ; DC. torn. cit. 446 ;
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 347 ; Duss Fl. Ant. Frang. 346 ;
Benth. Fl. Austral. Hi. 423 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. ccxx ; Hiern in
Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. Hi. 191 ; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. Hi. 155 ;
Britton Fl. Amer. Virg. 94 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. viii. 685.

March ex Griseb ; J. P. 622 Hart ! ; sea-coast near Priestman's River,
Harris ! — Native of India, Malaya, tropical Australia. Naturalised
in the West Indies.

A tree, often very large. Branches stout, four-angled or subterete.
Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or obtuse, often subcuspidate with
acute tip, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, papery, palely shining,
up to 30 by 20 cm. but often smaller ; petioles generally 1-2 cm. 1.
Stipules foliaceous, rotundate, 5-10 mm. 1. Heads few- or several-
(up to 24) flowered, solitary or 2-3 together on peduncles often leaf-
opposed and usually 10-15 mm. 1. Calyx-tube hemispherical; limb
truncate. Corolla leathery, white or green ; tube 1 cm. (more or
less) 1. ; lobes usually 5, shorter than the tube. Fruit small or large
(up to 4 cm. across) ; pyrenes crustaceous, wedge-shaped with a broad
head nearly up to 1 cm. across, 2-celled ; seeds 3-5 mm. 1.

For the various uses to which this plant is put see Watt Diet. Econ.
Prod. Ind. v. 261-274.]

29. FARAMEA Aubl.

Shrubs or small trees, usually glabrous. Leaves opposite.
Stipules interpetiolar, sometimes sheathing. Inflorescence
of axillary or terminal panicles or few-flowered open corymbs ;
flowers white, bracteate or ebracteate. Calyx-tube globose
or ovoid ; limb cup-shaped or tubular, truncate, 4-toothed
or 4-lobed, persistent on the fruit. Corolla-tube cylindrical
or funnel-shaped, with naked throat ; lobes 4, patent or
recurved, valvate in bud. Stamens 4, inserted in the throat
or tube of the corolla ; anthers dorsifixed, exserted or in-
cluded. Ovary 1 -celled ; style filiform, usually with 2 linear
arms ; ovules 2, collateral, erect from the base of the ovary.
Fruit leathery, 1 -seeded. Seed usually spheroidal with thin
testa and horny albumen.

A tropical American genus of nearly 120 species.

F. occidentalis {J acq.) A. Rich, in Mim. Soc. Hist. Nat.
Paris V. 176 (1834) cfc Sagra Cub. xi. 25 (non Muell.-Arg.) ;
Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 604 & viii. 685 & in Fedde Rep. Beih. v.
72 ; Jenn. Is. Pin. 270 ; Britton Fl. Amer. Virg. 94 ; Standi,
in Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb, xxiii. 1393 ; Will, ds Cheesm. Fl.
Trin. dh Tob. ii. 30 ; Britt. dh Wils. P. -Rico dh Virg. Is. vi. 252.
F. odoratissima DC. Prodr. iv. 496 (1830) ; Griseb. PI. Carib. 81,
PI. WrigM. 508, Fl. Br. W. Ind. 338 & Cat. Cub. 134 ; Sauv.
Fl. Cub. 68 ; Egg. Fl. St. Croix S Virg. 61 ; Stahl Fl. P. -Rico
V. 66 ; Keiv Bull. 1893, 257 ; Duss Fl. Ant. Frang. 341 ;

80

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Faramea

Hart Herb. List. Trin. 28 ; Bold. Fl. Ned. W.-Ind. i. 193.
F. americana Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. ii. 282 (1891) (excl. cit.
Linn.). Coffea occidentalis Jacg. Enum. PI. Carih. 16 (1760) &
Sel. Stirp. Amer. 67, t. xlvii ; Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 228 ; Mayc. Fl.
Barb. 93. Ixora occidentalis L. Syst. ed. 10, ii. 893 (1760).

A, End of branch in flower x f .

B, Flower nat. size.

C, Corolla cut open nat. size.

Fig. 29. — Faramea occidentalis (Jaoq.) A. Rich.

D, Ovary with calyx cut lengthwise
X 4.

E, Fruit nat. size.

Tetramerium odoratissimum Gaertn. Fruct. Hi. 90, t. 196,/. 1
(1805). Pavetta coffeoides Ham. Prodr. 18. Jasminum forte
arboreum &c. Sloane Cat. 169 & Hist. ii. 97. Pavetta ?
foliis oblongo-ovatis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 142, t. 6, /. 2.
Ixora foliis lanceolato-ovatis &c. Plum. PI. Amer. [Burm.)
150, t.clvi.f. 2. (Fig. 29.)

Faramea RUBIACEJi 81

Wild Jessamine ( Browne) ; Wild Coffee.

Sloane Herb. vii. 11 ! Wright ! Broughton ! Distin ! Macfad.yen !
St. Marv, McNab ! Moneague ; Hills of St. Ann ; Prior 452 ! ; March
1664 ! "^Wilson ! Claverty Cottage, J. P. 981 & Barbican J. P. 1335
Hart ! Constant Spring, Campbell ! Fl. Jam. 5686 ; Ramble to Clare-
mont, Fawcett <&; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 7010 ; Berwick Hill ; Spanish River ;
Grandvale, Westmoreland ; Wallingford ; Battersea Wood near
Christiana ; near Troy ; Tyre woodlands ; near Guy's Hill, St. Ann ;
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5225, 5361, 5451, 5490, 7067, 7665, 8270, 9359,
10,515, 12,043 ; near Troy, Miss Perkins 1351 ! Orcutt ! Giddy Hall,
St. Elizabeth, Miss Maxwell ! — West Indies, tropical S. America.

A glabrous shrub or small tree, 6-20 ft. high. Leaves elliptical,
acuminate, wedge-shaped at base, papery, shining, those of a pair
sometimes unequal in size, 8—16 by 2-5-7 cm.; petioles 4-8 mm. 1.
Stipules broad and sheathing, 2-3 mm. 1., with a slender awn about
5 mm. 1. Corymbs usually shorter than the leaves, axillary or terminal,
peduncled, ebracteate ; pedicels about as long as the flower. Calyx-
tube ovoid, barely 2 mm, 1. ; limb shallow, truncate. Corolla very
fragrant ; tube narrowly funnel-shaped, 1 — nearly 2 cm. 1. ; lobes
lanceolate, long-acuminate, 1 cm. 1. more or less. Stamens inserted in
the throat, included. Stigma bifid. Fruit black, globose, 7 mm. across.

30. PSYCHOTRIA L.

Usually shrubs or small trees, erect or climbing. Leaves
opposite, occasionally 3-4-nate. Stipules free or more or
less united. Flowers usually in terminal corymbs, cymes or
panicles, bracteate or ebracteate. Calyx-tube more or less
ovoid ; limb usually 5-toothed. Corolla-tube cylindrical or
funnel-shaped, straight, glabrous or hairy inside ; lobes
usually 5 (4-6), valvate in bud. Stamens 5 (4-6), inserted
usually on the throat or mouth of the corolla ; anthers
dorsifixed, included or exserted. Ovary 2-celled ; style with
2 linear or awl-shaped arms ; ovules solitary in each cell,
erect from the base. Fruit a berry, or drupe of 2 pjorenes, or
cocci often dehiscing longitudinally on the ventral side. Seeds
convex and smooth or ribbed dorsally, flat or concave
ventrally ; endosperm fleshy or horny, uniform or furrowed
between the ribs and sometimes also on the commissural
(ventral) side. The flowers are often dimorphic, having
included or exserted stamens and styles correspondingly
exserted or included.

Nearly 1200 species in the tropics of both Old and New
Worlds.

§ Notopleura. Pyrenes dorsally compressed, 3-
ribbed, the lateral ribs opposite the commis-
siire. Endosperm without furrows.

Leaves acuminate. Panicles stalked 1. P. uliginosa.

Leaves rounded at apex. Panicles sessile

or nearly so 2. P. discolor.

VII.— 6

82

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Psychotna

Mapourea. Pyrenes plano-convex, uniformly
4-5-ribbed on the back. Endosperm furrowed
between the ribs, uniform or with 2 small
furrows on the commissural side.

A. Stipules free or united only at the base.

a. Stipules 10 mm. long or over.

Leaves to 1 1 cm. broad ; side-
nerves 16-18 pairs 3. P. grandis.

Leaves to 8 cm. broad ; side-
nerves 9-10 pairs 4. P. dura.

Leaves to 5 cm. broad ; side-
nerves 8-10 pairs 5. P. Jenmanii.

Leaves to 4 cm. broad ; side-
nerves 10-12 pairs 6. P. marginata.

b. Stipules generally over 5 and less

than 10 mm. long.
Leaves rigidly leathery ; side-
nerves 8-10 pairs 7. P.clarendonensis.

Leaves parchment-like or thinly
leathery.
Leaves broad at base.

Side nerves 6-8 pairs.

Corolla over 6 mm. 1 8. P. glahrata.

Side-nerves 12-15 pairs.

Corolla only 1-5 mm. 1... 9. P. pusilUflora.
Leaves narrowed at base.
Stipules bilobed. Corolla

under 4 mm. 1 10. P. tenuifolia.

Stipules entire. Corolla

4-5-5 mm. 1 11. P. Danceri.

c. Stipules 5 mm. long or less.

Leaves oblong-ovate or obovate-
oblong.
Leaves to 5-5 cm. broad ; side-
nerves 7— 8 pairs 12. P. Brownei.

Leaves to 6-5 cm. broad ; side-
nerves 8-10 pairs 13. P. Swartzii.

Leaves subrhombic-ovate ; side-

nerves6pairs 14. P. platoensia.

Leaves broadly-elliptical ; side-
nerves 8-9 pairs 15. P. dolphiniana.

Leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceo-
late ; side-nerves 5-7 pairs 16. P. Balhiaiana.
Leaves ovate ; side-nerves 8-9

pairs 17. P. Harriaiana.

Leaves oblanceolate ; side-
nerves 5-7 pairs 18. P. Sloanei.

B. Stipules sheathing, free only at the top if

at all.
o. Panicles stalked.

Plant glabrous or nearly so.
Leaves elliptical, acute ; sti-
pules lanceolate, 5 mm. 1. 19. P. congeata.
Leaves elliptical, acuminate ;

stipules ovate, 4-7 mm. 1.. 20. P. Lunanii.
Leaves ovate ; side-nerves 5—6
pairs.

Stipules ovate, 4 mm. 1 21. P. plicata.

Stipules ovate, 2-5-3 ram. 1. 22. P. Purdiaei.

Psychotria

RUBIACE^

83

Leaves obovate, side-nerves
10-12 pairs.
Stipules to 15 mm. long .... 23. P. aiphonophora.
Plant glabrous except for the rusty-
hairy stipules.

Stipules up to 2 cm. long 24. P. dasyophthalma.

Plant hairy.

Leaves ovate. Stipules 12 mm.

1 25. P. hirsuta.

6. Panicles sessile.

Plant hairy at least in young state.
Leaves obovate ; nerves 10-
12 pairs ; stipules ovate,

10-12 mm. long 26. P. coeloneura.

Leaves lanceolate to ovate ;
nerves 7-9 pairs ; stipules
obovate, to 14 mm. long 27. P. nervosa.
Plant glabrous.

Leaves narrow-lanceolate ;

nerves 10-14 pairs 28. P. Fadyenii.

c. Inflorescence a sessile cymule 29. P. manna.

§ Mapouriopsis. Pyrenes smooth or nearly so,
slightly involute at the commissure. Endo-
sperm extending beyond the commissural
contour.

Leaves up to 20 by 10 cm. Panicle with

flowers in small terminal heads 30. P. fcetida.

Leaves up to 10 by 5 cm. Flowers 2-3
together crowning the panicle

branches 31. P.fcetens.

§ Eupsychotria. Pyrenes ribbed, with a large
broad furrow along the commissure. Endo-
sperm as in § Mapouriopsis.

Bracts vip to 1 cm. or more in length.
Branches glabrous. Leaves up to 14 by

6 cm 32. P. brachiata.

Branches pubescent or puberulous.

Leaves up to 24 by 10 cm. ; side-nerves

11-15 pairs 33. P. Berteriana.

Leaves up to 1 1 by 5 cm. ; side-nerves

6-8 pairs 34. P. involucrata.

Bracts small, exceptionally up to 8 mm. 1.

Branches finely pubescent 35. P. pubeacens.

Branches glabrous.

Peduncle 10-14 cm. 1 36. P. pedunculata.

Peduncle 10 cm. 1. or shorter.

Corolla purple, 6 mm. 1 37. P. corymboaa.

Corolla pale yellow then white, up to

16 mm. 1 38. P. dolichantha.

Corolla white, 4 mm. 1 39. P. patens.

§ Strempelia. Pyrenes slightly ribbed or smooth,
separating along the slightly incurved commis-
sure. Endosperm with shallow dorsal but no
commissural furrows.

Side-nerves of leaf very obscure. Stipules

minute 40. P.Myratiphyllum.

Side-nerves of leaf's underside prominent.

Stipules not minute 41. P.WuUachlaegelii.

84 FLORA OF JAMAICA Psychotria

§ Notopleura, species 1,2.

1. P. uliginosa Sw. Prodr. 43 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. i.
421 ; herbaceous undershrub of damp woods, 2-4 ft. high ;
branches stout, hollow ; leaves large, obovate-oblong, cuspi-
date-acuminate with obtuse tip, narrowed into the petiole ;
stipules lanceolate acuminate ; flowers subsessile in clusters
terminating the branches of axillary stalked trichotomous
panicles shorter than the leaves ; calyx-limb 5-toothed ;
corolla-tube cylindrical, hairy in the centre within ; berry
ovoid, compressed. — Lun. Hort. Jam. ii. 103 ; DC. Prodr
iv. 505 ; Griseh. PI. WrigU. 508, Fl. Br. W. Ind. 340 (excl
var. ^) & Cat. Cub. 134 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 69 ; Kew Bull. 1893
258 ; Duss Fl. Ant. FranQ. 342 ; Hart Herb. List Trin. 30
Bold. Fl. Ned. W.-Ind. i. 192 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 597
vii. 437 & via. 611 ; Will, dh Cheesm. Fl. Trin. dh Tob. ii. 32
Britt. d' Wils. P. -Rico <Ss Virg. Is. vi. 245. P. laevis DC. torn
cit. 505 ; Griseb. PI. Wright. 508 ; Stahl Fl. P. -Rico v. 68
Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 597. Uragoga uliginosa Kuntze Rev.
Gen. PL ii. 963 (1891).

Masaon ! Macfadyen ! March 1527 ! Moneague, Prior ! J.P. 892 &
1148 (Hart) ! ; between Silver Hill and Woodcutter's Gap ; Mansfield ;
below John Crow Peak ; Holly Mount near Ewarton ; Harris ! Fl. Jam.
5277, 6047, 8431, 8900. — ^West Indies, Central America and perhaps
Guiana.

Leaves parchment-like, pale below, lateral nerves 8-12 pairs, 14-24
by 6-5-10 cm. ; petioles 2-5-5 cm. 1. Stipules 7 mm. 1., the persistent
base 2 mm. Panicles usually 6-15 cm. 1. including the 3-5-10 cm.
peduncle. Bracts lanceolate, 5-10 mm. 1. ; bracteoles similar but
smaller. Calyx-tube 1-5 mm. 1. ; limb as long, its teeth triangular,
acute or obtuse. Corolla pale red ; tube 5 mm. 1,, hairy inside at the
staminal insertion ; lobes 1 mm. 1. Berry scarlet, 8 by 6 mm. ; pyrenea
with very prominent dorsal rib.

2. P. discolor Rolfe in Kew Bull. 1893, 258 ; habit of last ;
leaves large, obovate, broadly rounded above, narrowed at
base into a long broad petiole ; flowers subsessile, in short
sessile or subsessile racemose puberulous panicles many times
shorter than the leaves ; calyx-limb 5-toothed ; corolla-tube
broadly cylindrical, hairy at the staminal insertion ; berry
ovoid, compressed. — Urb. Symb. Ant. vii. 437.- P. uliginosa
Sw. var. j8. discolor Griseb. FL Br. W. Ind. 340 (1861). Type
in Herb. Kew.

Moneague, Prior ! between Mansfield and Devil's River, Harris !
Fl. Jam. 10,576.

Leaves parchment-like ; midrib puberulous on the underside, lateral
nerves 8-10 pairs, mostly 20-24 by 9-11 cm. ; petioles 5-7 cm. 1.
Stipular sheath 2-5 mm. 1. Panicles about 3 cm. 1. Bracts broadly
ovate, 2-5 mm. 1. ; bracteoles smaller, ovate. Calyx-tube 1-5 mm. 1.,

Psychotria RUBIACEiE 85

limb as long, its teeth triangular. Corolla white ; tube broad, longer
than the lobes. Berry white, 4 by 3 mm., dorsal rib of pyrenes not
prominent.

§ Mapourea, species 3-29.

3. P. grandis Sw. Prodr. 43 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 417 ;
a tall shrub or small tree with stout hollow branches ; leaves
large, subsessile, obovate, cuspidate with acute or obtuse
tip, gradually narrowed towards the base ; stipules large,
free except at the very base, deltoid, caudate-acuminate ;
flowers in a terminal open panicle on a stalk nearly as long
as the leaves ; calyx-limb as long as the tube ; corolla-tube
funnel-shaped, hairy in the middle inside ; berry spheroidal.
—DC. torn. cit. 517 ; Griseb. PI. Carih. 81, Fl. Br. W. Ind.
340 & Cat. Cub. 135 ; Sauv. loc. cit. ; Stahl loc. cit. ; Urb.
Symb. Ant. iv. 594, vii. 476 & viii. 680 ; Britt. tfc Wils. torn,
cit. 247. P. polyantha DC. torn. cit. 516 (1830). Uragoga
grandis Kuntze torn. cit. 960 (1891).

Masson ! Bath, Prior 440 ! ; Wilson 653 ! Bath to Cuna Cuna Pass,
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,549. — Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Costa Rica.

Leaves parchment -like ; side-nerves 16-18 pairs, up to 30 by II cm. ;
petioles stout, 5 mm. 1. Stipules 13 mm. 1. Panicle including the
stout 15-17 cm. 1. peduncle 25—30 cm. 1., in fruit 11 cm. diam. ; flowers
subsessile, clustered at the ends of the panicle branches. Bracts and
bracteoles minute. Calyx-tube and limb each 1 mm. 1. Corolla-tube
3 mm. 1. ; lobes reflexed, about half as long as tube. Stamens exserted.
Berry scarlet, obscurely ribbed, 5—6 mm. diam. ; endosperm with
shallow dorsal furrows.

4. P. dura Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 340 (1861) (non Sm. in
Herb. Banks ex Griseb. loc. cit. nee Griseb. Cat. Cub. 135) ;
a shrub 10 ft. high with stout hollow branches ; leaves petiolate,
ovate or obovate, cuspidulate or shortly acuminate with very
obtuse tip, obtuse at base, glabrous ; stipules large, free,
suborbicular, leathery, soon deciduous ; panicle stalked, 3-5-
chotomous, about as long as the leaves ; calyx-limb as long
as the tube, teeth 5, broad ; corolla-tube somewhat narrowed
below, hairy at the throat inside ; lobes 5, shorter than the
tube ; berry ovoid. — 8. Moore in Journ. Bot. Ixix. 131 (1931).
P. troyana Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 515 (1908). Type in Herb. Kew.

Moneague, Prior 446 ! ; March 1768 ! Wilson ! Tyre near Troy,
1300 ft. alt., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8561, 8655, 9393.

Leaves parchment-like or thinly leathery, drying grey or reddish,
lateral nerves 9-10 paife, 10-16 by 6-8 cm. ; petioles 4—10 mm. 1.
Stipules 11-12 mm. 1. Panicle up to 15 by 10 cm., the branches very
minutely puberulous ; peduncles 2-10 cm. 1. Bracts small, triangular ;
bracteoles minute. Pedicels 0-1 mm. 1. Calyx minutely puberulous,
1 mm. 1. ; limb as long, its teeth triangular. Corolla white ; tube 4
mm. 1. ; lobes half as long, ovate-oblong. Berry not prominently

86 FLORA OF JAMAICA Psychotria

ribbed, 6-7 by 3-4 mm. ; endosperm with 4 dorsal and 2 small ventral
furrows.

Closely allied to this is Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,656 also from Troy,
with leaves gradually narrowed at base, and very open panicles, 17 by
15 cm. including the 10 cm. long peduncle. It is a tree 25 ft. high of
which fruiting specimens only are to hand, and has been provisionally
described as F. dura var. cuneata S. Moore inJourn. Bot.tom. cit. 132.

5. P. Jenmanii Urh. Symb. Ant. vii. 440 (1913) ; apparently
a shrub, glabrous in all parts ; branches four-angled, after-
wards subterete ; leaves rather large, obovate-oblong, obtuse,
gradually narrowed at base into a stout petiole ; stipules
longer than the petioles, free, ovate, obtuse, leathery ; panicle
stalked, very open, trichotomous, sometimes with a basal
short accessory branch, the few branches making a wide angle
with the axis ; lowest bracts acuminate, the rest smaller and
obtuse ; flowers unknown ; berry oblong-obovoid. Type in
Herb. Kew.

Woods near Brokenhurst, Manchester, Purdie !

Leaves parchment-like, drying dark brown above, greenish grey
below, lateral nerves 8-10 pairs, prominent on the upper face, 10-15
by 4—5 cm. ; petioles up to 8 mm. 1. Stipules drying black, 10 mm. 1.,
the youngest only half as long. Panicle (in fruit) up to 15 by 15 cm. ;
peduncle stout, 7-8-5 cm. 1. Berry rather shallowly 10-ribbed, 6 mm. 1. ;
endosperm with 5 narrow dorsal fvirrows.

6. p. marginata Sw. Prodr. 43 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. i.
400 ; a glabrous shrub up to 6 ft, high ; branches slender,
subterete ; leaves lanceolate, acute or shortly acuminate with
obtuse or acute tip, narrowed into the petiole, bordered by a
very narrow, minutely ciliate, white line ; stipules free,
lanceolate, obtuse, leathery, soon falling, panicle about as
long as or longer than the leaves, stalked, trichotomous, very
open, bracts minute, scarious ; flowers in clusters of 5-8 ;
pedicels slender, longer than the calyx ; calyx-tube a little
longer than the shortly 5-toothed limb ; corolla-tube
cylindrical, hairy within at the throat ; stamens inserted in
the throat ; berry small, spheroidal. — Lun. torn. cit. 516 ;
Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 340 ; Urh. Symb. Ant. vii. 462 ; Will, dh
Cheesm. torn. cit. 36. Uragoga marginata Kuntze torn. cit.
960 (1891). Mjni'stiphyllum marginatum Hitchc. in Rep. Miss.
Bot. Gard. iv. 95. Psychotropium fruticulosum foliis plumbeis
&c. Browne Hist. Jam. 161 ? Specimen from Swartz in Herb.
Mus. Brit. .

Wright ! Swartz ! Wiles ! Macfadyen ! Hopewell Woods, St. Mary,
McNab ! March 1350 ! Port Morant, Hitchcock ; Castleton District,
500 ft. alt., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 11,608 ; Waterworks Glen, Port Antonio,
Norman 236 ! — Cuba, Trinidad, Central America, Colombia.

Leaves parchment-like, drying grey ; side-nerves 10-12 pairs.

Psychotria RUBIACE^ 87

8-16 by 2-5-4 cm. ; petioles about 1 cm. 1. Stipules 10-13 mm. 1.
Panicles 5-10 by 5-12 cm. ; peduncles 4-7 cm. 1. ; branches patent,
slender, up to 7 cm. 1. ; pedicels 1-5-3 cm. 1. Calyx microscopically
floccose, in all 1 mm. 1. C orolla white ; tube 2-5 mm. 1. ; lobes oblong,
1-5 mm. 1. Style exserted or very short. Berry black, barely 4 mm.
diam., strongly ribbed ; endosperm with 4 shallow dorsal and 2 ventral
furrows.

7. P. clarendonensis Urb. Symb. Ant. vii. 443 (1913) ; a
glabrous tree 25 ft. high ; branches spreading, subterete,
enlarged slightly at the nodes, striate at least when dry ;
leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, very obtuse or minutely cuspidu-
late, narrowed into a short petiole, margin slightly revolute ;
stipules free, ovate, rounded above, leathery, soon falling ;
flowers clustered at the ends of a terminal stalked tri-
chotomous panicle about as long as the leaves ; calyx-limb
less than half as long as the tube, shortly toothed or undulate ;
corolla-tube broad, lobes oblong, half as long as the tube ;
stamens inserted in the villous throat, exserted ; fruit not
seen,

Peckham Woods, Upper Clarendon, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,988.

Leaves rigidly leathery, palely shining, side-nerves rather obscure,
8-10 pairs, 3-5-5-5 by 2-5-3-5 cm. ; petioles 3-5 mm. 1. Stipules
6 mm. 1. Panicle including the 2-5-3 cm. 1. peduncle 5-6 cm. 1. and
3-4 cm. diam. Flowers sessile or subsessile. Bracts and bracteoles
broad and very short. Calyx-tube 1-5 mm. 1., limb -5 mm. Corolla-
tube 4 mm. 1., refiexed lobes 2 mm. 1.

8. P. glabrata Sw. Prodr. 43 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 390 ;
a glabrous shrub up to 9 ft. high, occasionally a small tree
of 18-20 ft. ; branches compressed, somewhat tumid at the
nodes ; leaves stalked, ovate, obtuse or shortly cuspidate
with obtuse tip, broadly rounded at base, stipules united
below, ovate, obtuse or rounded above ; panicle stalked,
trichotomous, about as long as the leaves ; flowers shortly
stalked ; calyx-limb as long as tube, the teeth very small ;
corolla-tube cylindrical, longer than the oblong lobes ; stamens
inserted in the hairy throat ; berry ovoid. — Spreng. Syst. i.
14:4: (excl. distrib. Hispan.) ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 341
(excl. syn. and distrib.), non Cat. Cub. 135 ; Urb. Symb.
Ant. vii. 465. Specimen from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Wright ! Swartz ! Mt. Diablo ; Ocho River ; Prior ! Negril, West-
moreland, Purdie ! March 1929 ! Walderston ; Oxford near Troy ;
Stanmore Hill, St. Elizabeth ; Bloomfield near Mandeville ; Harris !
Fl. Jam. 8271, 8657, 9963, 10,614. Prospect, St. Elizabeth, 1000 ft.,
Miss Maxwell !

Leaves parchment-like, slightly shining, drying dark ; lateral
nerves 6-8 pairs, rather obscure, mostly 5-8 by 3-5 cm. ; petioles
6-15 mm. 1. Stipules 3-8 mm. 1. Panicle 5-10 by 4-10 cm. ; peduncle

88 FLORA OF JAMAICA Psychotria

1-4 cm. 1. ; bracts and bracteoles minute ; pedicels 1-2 mm. 1. Calyx
in all 2 mm. 1. Corolla white ; tube 4-5-6 mm. 1. ; lobes 2 mm. 1.
Berry strongly ribbed, 6 mm. 1. ; endosperm with 3 dorsal furrows.

9. P. pusilliflora S. Moore in Journ. Bot. Ixix. 133 (1931) ;
a glabrous shrub 6-10 ft. high ; branches compressed, after-
wards terete ; leaves stalked, ovate, shortly acuminate with
obtuse tip, broad at base ; stipules free except at the base,
ovate, acute, finely rufous hairy on the back, ciliolate on the
margin ; panicle rather lax, about as long as leaves, stalked,
4-5-chotomous below, 3-2-chotomous above ; flowers sessile
or subsessile ; calyx-tube obconic, as long as the bell-shaped
5-toothed limb ; corolla very small, with cylindrical tube with
hairy throat and ovate-oblong obtuse lobes half its length ;
stamens and style included ; berry ellipsoid, 8-ribbed. Type
in Herb. Jam.

Mansfield Bath ; Askenish to Dolphin Head ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6046.

Leaves parchment-like, drying pale greenish grey, side-nerves sub-
horizontal, 12-15 pairs, 5-8 by 3-5 cm. Stipules 8 mm. 1. (at top of
shoot barely half as long). Panicle 10 by 7 cm. including the 3-5 cm.
stalks ; cymules generally composed of a central sessile flower and a
congested cluster of 3—5 flowers crowning each of the two branches.
Calyx 1-5 mm. 1. Corolla white, 1-5 mm. 1. Berry 4-5 by 3-3-5 mm. ;
endosperm with 4 dorsal furrows.

10. P. tenuifolia Sw. Prodr. 43 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. i.
402 ; a glabrous shrub 3-8 ft. high ; branches compressed,
afterwards terete ; leaves broadly elliptical, obtuse or shortly
acuminate with obtuse tip, obtuse at base or gradually
narrowed into the petiole ; stipules free, mostly shorter than
the petioles, broadly ovate, bilobed, with long, subulate-
acuminate lobes ; panicle shorter than the leaves, shortly
stalked or nearly sessile, trichotomous ; flowers clustered,
sessile or shortly stalked ; calyx-tube obovoid, as long as the
5-lobed limb ; corolla-tube short and broad, scarcely as long
as the oblong reflexed lobes, the mouth hairy ; stamens
inserted in the mouth of the corolla, shortly exserted ; berry
oblong (Sw.).— DC. torn. cit. 514 ; Mayc. Fl. Barb. 92 ;
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 341 (in part) & Cat. Cub. 135 (in part) ;
Egg. Fl. S. Croix dh Virg. 61 ; Duss torn. cit. 343 ; Combs PI.
Cub. 430 ; Urb. op. cit. iv. 600 & viii. 680 ; Britton Fl.
Amer. Virg. 94.

Sloane Herb. vi. 56 * ! Morant Bay, Broughton ! Macfadyen !
McNab ! Mayday Mts., Purdie ! Waters ! Wullschlagel. — Greater
Antilles, St. Thomas to Barbados and Grenada ; also Guatemala (Urb.).

Leaves parchment-like, drying dark green, lateral nerves 6-9 pairs,
sometimes with domatia in the axils, 7-15 by 3-5-6 cm. ; petioles
7-20 mm. 1. Stipules 7-9 mm. 1. Panicle up to 6 by 10 cm. ; peduncle

Psychotria RUBIACE^ 89

0-8 mm. 1. ; bracts small. Calyx in all 1-5 mm. 1. Corolla white
(yellow, Broughton) ; tube 1-5 mm. 1., lobes barely 2 ram. Berry
6-8 mm. 1. (Gr.).

Easily recognised by the stipules and the conspicuous hairy tuft
at the mouth of the corolla.

11. P. Danceri Urh. Symh. Ant. vii. 449 (1913) ; apparently
a shrub, glabrous ; branchlets somewhat compressed, fur-
rowed ; leaves oblong-obovate, shortly acuminate, narrowed
into the short petiole ; stipules free, ovate-oblong, obtuse or
rotundate, minutely hairy on the margin, soon falling ; panicle
as long as or a little longer than the leaves, lax, stalked, 3-5-
chotomous ; flowers heterostylous in small cymes crowning
the ultimate branchlets of the panicle, the central flower
sessile, the rest shortly stalked ; bracts ovate, very small ;
calyx-tube narrowly obovoid, as long as the broad minutely
toothed limb ; corolla-tube cylindrical, hairy at the throat
within, as long as the oblong-ovate acute reflexed lobes ;
stamens inserted in the corolla-throat, included or shortly
exserted ; style included or (of long-styled form) exserted ;
berry unknown. Tjrpe in Herb. Kew.

Jamaica, without locality. Dancer !

Leaves rather thinly leathery, drying dark greenish brown above,
paler below; lateral nerves 8-10 pairs, 7-11 by 2-5 cm.; petioles
3-5 mm. 1. Stipules reddish brown, 8 mm. 1. Panicle up to 15 by
10 cm. ; peduncle 4-5-5 cm. 1. ; stalks of flowers up to 2 mm. 1. Calyx
in all 1 mm., corolla in all 4-5—5 mm.

In the absence of fruit the affinity of this is doubtful ; Urban thinks
it may be near P. Balbisiana DC.

12. P. Brownei Spreng. Syst. i. 742 (1825) ; tall shrub
10-15 ft. high ; branches compressed, striate ; leaves petioled,
oblong-ovate or broadly obovate-oblong, obtuse or shortly
cuspidate with obtuse tip, narrowed at base ; stipules free,
broadly ovate, obtuse ; panicle stalked, open, about as long
as the leaves, rather few-flowered ; flowers subsessile or
shortly stalked, usually in terminal clusters of three ; calyx-
tube narrowly ovoid, as long as the limb ; teeth minute ;
corolla-tube cylindrical, longer than the lobes ; stamens
inserted in the throat of the corolla ; berry ovoid. — DC. torn,
cit. 517. P. asiatica Poir. in Lam. Encyl. v. 696 & Lam. III.
t. 161, /. i. (non L.). P. glabrata Urh. Symb. Ant. vii. 475
(non 8w.) . Psychotropium fruticulosum, f oliis amplioribus &c.
Browne Hist. Jam. 160, t. 17,/. 2.

Wright ! banks of Wag Water, St. Mary, McNab ! Westmoreland,
Purdie ! ; Waters ; Stanmore Hill, St. Elizabeth ; Kentucky Hill,
Bluefields Mts. ; edge of Great Morass, Negril ; slopes of Dolphin
Head ; Peckham Woods, Upper Clarendon ; Troy; Harris ! Fl. Jam.
9947, 10.208, 10,245, 10,289, 10,952, 12,594.

90 FLORA OF JAMAICA Paychotna

Leaves parchment-like, drying grey, lateral nerves 7-8 obscure
pairs, mostly 5-10 by 2o-5-5 cm. ; petioles 5-12 mm. 1. Stipules 2-5-5
mm. 1. Panicles in flower about 6 by 5 cm. ; peduncles 1-2-5 cm. 1. ;
bracts and bracteoles very small. Calyx in all 1-5 mm. 1. Corolla
white ; tube 5 mm., lobes 2 mm. 1. Berry 6-7 mm. 1. ; endosperm
with 3 dorsal furrows.

13. P. Swartzii Urh. Symh. Ant. vii. 444 (1913) ; a shrub
10 ft. high ; branches at first compressed, soon subterete ;
leaves obovate or obovate-oblong, cuspidate-acuminate with
obtuse tip, abruptly narrowed into the broad petiole ; stipules
free except at base, triangular, obtusely acuminate (Urb.),
the youngest small, obovate-oblong, obtuse ; panicle about
as long as the leaves, stalked, lax ; flowers unknown ; berry
ovoid, strongly ribbed.

Charliemont near Ewarton, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6709.

Leaves parchment-like, drying dark, grey below, somewhat lustrous,
lateral nerves 8-10 pairs, 9-14 by 4-6-5 cm. ; petioles 10-17 mm. 1.
Stipules (uppermost) 5 mm. 1., dark, leathery. Panicle about 10 by 6
cm. Berry 7 mm. 1. ; endosperm with 5 dorsal and 2 small commissural
furrows.

14. P. platoensis Urb. Symh. Ant. vii. 441 (1913) ; shrub
12 ft. high (Urb.) ; leaves subrhombic -ovate, acuminate,
drawn out at base into a short petiole ; stipules united at base ;
ovate, obtuse or rotundate ; panicle stalked, corymbose, tri-
chotomous, few-branched ; flowers unknown ; berry obovoid,
obtusely 10-ribbed (Urb.).

Plato, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5534.

Leaves parchment-like, drying grey, lateral nerves 6 pairs, midrib
impressed above, 7-9-5 by 3-4-5 cm. ; petioles 5-8 mm. 1. Stipules
3 mm. 1. Panicle about 7 by 4 cm. ; peduncle 2-5 cm. 1. Berry 5-5-5
mm. 1. ; endosperm with 4 dorsal and 2 small ventral furrows (Urb.).

The specimen in Herb. Jam. and that at the British Museum are
even more imperfect than that seen by Urban which, as the type, should
be at Berlin.

15. P. dolphiniana Urb. Symb. Ant. vii. 440 (1913) ; a
glabrous shrub 10 ft. high ; branches soon terete, somewhat
nodular ; leaves broadly elliptical, obtusely acuminate,
gradually narrowed into the petiole ; stipules (very young)
triangular, obtuse ; panicle about as long as the leaves, stalked,
corymbose, trichotomous with few patent branches ; flowers
unknown ; berry ovoid, 8-ribbed, ribs not very prominent.
Type in Herb. Jam.

Wooded hill N.E. of Dolphin Head, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,304.

Leaves papery, drying brown, midrib impressed above, prominent
below, lateral nerves 8-9 pairs inserted on the midrib nearly at a right-
angle, 6-5-10 by 3-4 cm. ; petioles about 1 cm. 1. Stipules barely
2 mm. 1. Panicle about 7 by 7 cm. ; peduncle 2-3 cm. 1. Berry
scarlet, 6-7 mm. 1. ; endosperm with 4 dorsal furrows.

Psychotria RUBIACE^ 91

1(5. P. Balbisiana DC. Prodr. v. 517 (1830) ; a glabrous
shrub up to 10 ft. high ; branches soon terete, striate ;
leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, shortly acuminate with
obtuse tip, narrowed at base ; stipules free except at base,
ovate, obtuse ; panicle stalked, trichotomous, often shorter
than the leaves ; flowers clustered at the ends of the branches ;
bracts minute ; calyx-tube obovoid, not longer than the
minutely toothed limb ; corolla-tube slightly narrowed below,
longer than the lobes, hairy at the throat ; stamens inserted
in the throat, shortly exserted ; berry small, ovoid. — P. lauri-
folia Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 392 (1797) (in part), {nonProdr. 43).
P. lucida Spreng. in Herb. Balb. ex DC. loc. cit. P. androsaimi-
folia Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 341 (1861) ; Urh. torn. cit.
476. Type in Herb. DC. ; of androscemifolia in Herb. Kew.

Shakespear ! Bertero ! Broughton ! March 1435 ! Holland Bay,
Purdie ! Macfadyen ! Near Sheldon, Blue Mts. ; Green Valley ; Dolphin
Head ; Hall's Delight, Blue Mts. ; Long Mountain, 700 ft. alt. ; Cane
River Valley ; Peckham Woods, Upper Clarendon ; Harris ! Fl.
Jam. 5237, 5246, 5386, 5576, 8857, 9262, 10,059, 11,206.

Leaves parchment-like, drying dark grey, faintly shining ; lateral
nerves 5-6 (rarely 7) pairs, mostly 4-5-9 by 2-5-4 cm. ; petioles 6-10
mm. 1. Stipules 2-5 mm. I. Panicles up to 7 by 5 cm. (often wider
in fruit) ; peduncles 2-4 cm. 1. Calyx-tube and limb each 1-75 mm. 1.
Corolla white ; tube 5 mm. 1. ; lobes triangular- oblong, 2 mm. 1.
Berry strongly ribbed, 4-5— 5-5 mm. 1. ; endosperm with 4 dorsal and
2 ventral furrows.

Var. pluricostata S. Moore in Journ. Bot. Ixix. 133 (1931).
Characters of type but leaves with 8-10 pairs of lateral nerves.

Macfadyen ! ; hill behind Ferry Quarry ; Bowerswood Road near
Angel Pen ; Peckham Woods, Upper Clarendon ; Harris ! Fl. Jam.
10,038, 10,527, 11,201.

Var. latifolia S. Moore loc. cit. Leaves drying dark brown,
broader than in type, attaining a width of 5 cm. Type in
Herb. Kew. ,

Macfadyen ! Wilson !

17. P. Harrisiana Urb. Symb. Ant. vii. 446 (1913) ; a tali
glabrous shrub or bushy tree 20 ft. high ; leaves ovate, shortly
acuminate with obtuse tip, obtuse at base ; stipules free
except at the base, ovate, obtusely acute ; panicle stalked,
usually about as long as the leaves, trichotomous, rather open,
flowers about 3 to the cluster, the central flower subsessile,
the lateral stalked ; bracts small ; calyx-tube narrowly
obovoid, as long as the triangularly toothed limb ; corolla-
tube cylindrical, narrowed at the base, hairy in the throat,
lobes triangular, acute, about one-third as long as the tube ;
stamens inserted in throat ; berry ovoid-oblong.

92 FLORA OF JAMAICA Psychotria

Swartz ; Wullschldgel ; Wilson ! near Portland Gap ; Morse's
Gap ; New Forest near Charlottenburg ; Silver Hill ; Hardware Gap,
4000 ft. alt. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5341, 5413, 5421, 5435, 5486, 6796,
8174, 10,111.

Leaves parchment-like, drying dark, opaque, lateral nerves 8-9
pairs, 4—11 by 3-4-5 cm. ; petioles 3-10 mm. 1. Stipules 3-5 mm. 1.
Panicles up to 10 by 6 cm. ; peduncle usually 4-6 cm. 1. ; pedicels of
lateral flowers 1 mm. 1. Calyx-tube and limb each nearly 1 mm. 1.
Corolla-tube 4 mm., lobes 1-5 mm. 1. Berry scarlet, slightly narrowed
at base, moderately ribbed, 6-5-7-5 mm. 1. ; endosperm with 4 dorsal
furrows.

18. P. Sloanei Urb. Symh. Ant. vii. 445 (1913) ; a small tree
25 ft. high ; branchlets somewhat compressed, striate ; leaves
oblanceolate, acute or shortly acuminate, gradually narrowed
into the petiole ; stipules (young) free but closely apposed,
ovate, obtuse, minutely pilose, soon falling ; panicle stalked,
longer than the leaves, trichotomous, open, flowers shortly
stalked, in small clusters at the end of the minutely pulveru-
lent branches ; calyx-tube turbinate as long as the relatively
somewhat prominently toothed limb ; corolla-tube cylindrical,
pulverulent-puberulous, hairy within at the throat, longer
than the oblong, obtuse lobes ; stamens inserted in the throat ;
berry unknown. Specimen in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Near Newcastle ; J. P. 1436 {Hart !) ; near John Crow Peak, 5500 ft,
alt., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6522.

Leaves papery, drying dark but paler on underside ; lateral nerves
5—7 pairs, 5-9 by 2-3-5 cm. ; petioles 5-10 mm. 1. Stipules 2-3 mm. 1.
Panicle 10-12 cm. 1. and broad ; peduncle 3-5 cm. 1. ; lower bracts
small, broad, upper minute ; pedicels about 1 mm. 1. Calyx-tube and
limb each 1 mm. 1. Corolla white, in all 7-5 mm. 1.

19. P. congesta Spreng. ex DC. Prodr. v. 515 (1830) ; a
glabrous shrub or slender straggling tree 15-20 ft. high ;
leaves shortly petioled, elliptical-lanceolate, acute, obtuse at
base ; stipules sheathing, lanceolate, narrowed above, obtuse ;
panicle stalked, longer than the leaves, usually trichotomous,
very lax ; flowers sessile in clusters of 2-4 at the ends of the
branches ; calyx-tube obovoid ; about as long as the 5-toothed
limb ; corolla-tube twice as long as the lobes, hairy at the
throat inside ; berry ellipsoidal. — Urb. torn. cit. 439. P.
celastroides Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 341 (excl. ref. Cuba).
Type in Herb. DC.

Bertero ! Wullschldgel ; between House Hill and Cuna Cuna Gap,
St. Thomas, Maxon 8895 !

Leaves papery, drying brownish grey ; lateral nerves 5-6 pairs,
about 2-5-10 by 1-4 cm. ; petioles 3-5 mm. 1. Stipules 5 mm. 1.
Panicle 7 by 5 cm. ; peduncle barely 2 cm. 1. Calyx 1 mm. 1., the teeth
deltoid. Corolla white, 3-4 mm. 1. Berry 4 by 3-4 mm.

Psychotria RUBIACE^ 93

20. P. Lunanii Urb. Symb. Ant. vii. 468 (1913) ; a shrub
10 ft. high ; branches slender, terete, grey ; leaves elliptical,
acuminate with mucronate tip, narrowed into the petiole ;
stipules sheathing, ovate and obtuse or lanceolate with in-
curved tip ; panicle usually longer than the leaves, stalked,
very lax, 3- rarely 5-chotomous, apparently few-flowered ;
berry ovoid-oblong, 8-ribbed.

Holly Mount, 2600 ft. alt., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8889.

Leaves papery, drying grey-green, lateral nerves 6-7 pairs, 4-7 by
1-5-2-5 cm. ; petioles 6-10 mm. 1. Stipules 4—7 mm. 1. Panicles
5-10 by 5-10 cm. ; peduncles 2-5 cm. 1, Flowers unknown. Berry;
6-7 mm. 1. ; endosperm with 4 dorsal furrows.

21. P. plicata Urh. Symb. Ant. vii. 438 (1913) ; a tree 40 ft,
high ; branches rather stout, striate, grey, the ultimate
internodes only 3-7 mm. 1. ; leaves ovate, obtuse or obtusely
acute, sometimes very shortly acuminate, narrowed at base
into the short petiole ; stipules sheathing, ovate or roundish,
soon splitting, leathery ; panicles stalked, about as long as
the leaves, lax ; berry elliptic-oblong, 10-ribbed. Type in
Herb. Jamaica.

Near Troy, 2200 ft. alt., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9479.

Leaves thinly leathery, drying grey or brownish and always plicate
when dry, lateral nerves 5—6 pairs, rather obscure, 4—7 by 2-5-3 cm. ;
petioles 3-7 mm. I. Stipules 4 mm. 1. Panicles 6-7 by 4^8 cm. :
peduncles slender, 1-5-3 cm. 1. ; pedicels up to 1-5 mm. 1. Berry
7-8 mm. 1. ; endosperm with 4-5 dorsal and 2 small ventral furrows.

In drying the leaves become folded longitudinally, hence the trivial
name.

22. P. Purdisei Urb. Symb. Ant. vii. 439 (1913) ; apparently
a shrub ; branches dark, striate, the ultimate internodes
about 2 cm. 1. ; leaves ovate, obtuse, narrowed at base ;
stipules sheathing, broadly ovate, roundish, hairy within,
soon falling ; panicles longer than the leaves, stalked, tri-
chotomous ; flowers clustered at the ends of the branches,
sessile or shortly stalked ; calyx-tube oblong-top-shaped ;
bell-shaped limb as long, its teeth small and triangular ;
corolla-tube hairy at the throat inside ; lobes shorter than
the tube ; stamens inserted in the throat, anthers shortly
exserted. Type in Herb. Kew,

Portland Woods, Purdie ! Wilson 120 !

Leaves papery, drying brown, lateral nerves 5-6 pairs, 3-5—6 by
1-5-4 cm. ; petioles 5-10 mm. 1. Stipules 2-5-3 mm. 1. Peduncles
2*5-3 cm. 1. ; pedicels -5 mm. 1. Calyx 1-5 mm. 1. Corolla 4 mm. 1.
Style very short. Berry imknown.

23. P. siphonophora Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 516 (1908) ;
a tall glabrous shrub 12 ft. high ; branches at first

94 FLORA OF JAMAICA Psychotria

compressed, afterwards subterete and somewhat swollen at
the nodes ; leaves obovate or obovate-oblong, cuspidate-
acuminate with obtuse or obtusely acute tip, gradually nar-
rowed into the stout petiole ; stipules prominent, united into
a longish bifid sheath but soon separating throughout and
falling off, leathery ; panicle about as long as or shorter than
the leaves, stalked, trichotomous, rather lax ; flowers generally
in clusters of 3, the lateral ones shortly stalked ; bracts
lanceolate, united at base, fugacious ; calyx -tube obovoid, as
long as the shortly and rather broadly toothed or almost
truncate limb ; corolla-tube oblong-funnel-shaped, hairy on
the throat, longer than the oblong lobes ; stamens inserted
in the throat, anthers exserted ; berry ovoid, rather obscurely
ribbed.

Near Troy, 2000 ft. alt., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8760, 9412.

Leaves parchment-like, drying greenish grey or brownish, midrib
broad, lateral nerves 10-12 pairs, rather obscure, 9-14 by 3-5-5-5 mm. ;
petioles 7-10 mm. 1. Stipules drying dark, up to 15 mm. 1. Panicle
6-10 by 5-10 cm. ; peduncle 1-4 cm. 1., pedicels of lateral florets of the
cluster 1 nam. 1. ; lower bracts about 5 mm. 1., upper similar but much
smaller. Calyx-tube and limb each nearly 2 mm. 1. Corolla-tube 6-5
nun. 1. ; lobes 2 mm. 1. Berry 5 mm. 1. ; endosperm with 5 dorsal
fuiTows.

24. P. dasyophthalma Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 341 (1861) ;
except for the stipules a glabrous shrub ; young branches
four-angled, becoming terete ; leaves lanceolate- or obovate-
oblong, shortly acuminate with obtuse or mucronate tip,
cuneate at base ; stipules large, sheathing, lanceolate,
acuminate, free on one side half-way down, shortly rusty
hairy ; panicle somewhat longer than the leaves, stalked,
corymbose, 3-5-chotomous with few branches ; bracts
minute ; flowers sessile, few together in small clusters ;
calyx-tube ovoid, as long as the triangularly toothed limb ;
corolla glabrous outside ; tube broad, constricted at the very
base, longer than the triangular obtuse lobes, hairy on the
throat within ; stamens included ; berry ellipsoidal (Griseb.).
— Urb. op. cit. vii. 446.

Fairfield, Manchester, WuUachldgel ; Mount Pleasant, Stony Hill,
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 11,130.

Leaves papery, drying dark brown, lateral nerves 6-7 pairs, ascend-
ing, 5-7 (-10 Griseb.) by 2-3-5 cm. Stipules up to 2 cm. 1. Panicles
up to 10 by 8 cm., the peduncle 3-5-5 cm. 1. Calyx 1-5 mm. 1. Corolla
4 mm. 1. including the 1 mm. 1. lobes. Anthers nearly 1 mm. ; style
3 mm. 1. Berry 6 by 3 mm. (Griseb.).

25. P. hirsuta Sw. Prodr. 42 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 394 ;
shrub 6-8 ft. high ; young branches slender, densely dark
brown or rufous hirsute soon becoming glabrous ; leaves

Psychotria RUBIACE^ 96

ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, obtuse at base, some-
what rough with coarse appressed hairs above, sparingly-
hirsute on underside nerves ; stipules united below, lanceolate,
obtuse, rufous hairy on back ; panicles longer or shorter than
leaves, stalked, very open, trichotomous, hirsute, flowers
2-3 to the cluster, central flower subsessile ; calyx-tube
ovoid, as long as the relatively broad acutely toothed limb ;
corolla-tube cylindrical, hairy at the throat, longer than the
lobes ; berry ovoid oblong, moderately ribbed. — Lun. Hort.
Jam. a. 103 ; DC. loc. cit. 516 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 341
(excl. ref. Poepp.). Specimen from Swartz in Herb. Mus.
Brit.

Dancer ! Swartz ! Wiles ! Macfadyen ! March 630 ! St. Thomas In
the Vale, Prior ! Wilson 183 ! ; Claverty Cottage, J. P. 973, 1062
{Hart !) ; Hibernia ; valley of Sulphur River, Bath ; Harris ! Fl.
Jam. 5253, 10,584.

Leaves papery, opaque, lateral nerves 7 pairs, prominent on the
underside, 5-12 by 2-5-6 cm. ; petioles densely hairy, 5-15 mm. 1.
Stipules 7-12 mm. 1. Panicles 4—8 cm. diam. ; peduncles 4-10 cm. 1. ;
pedicels of lateral flowers about 1 mm. 1. Calyx-tube 1 mm. 1. ; limb
•75 mm. 1. Corolla-tube 5 mm. 1. ; lobes lanceolate, 1-5 mm. 1. Berry
puberulous, red (Swartz), 6 mm. 1. ; endosperm with 4 dorsal furrows.

26. p. coeloneura Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 519 (1908) ; P.
dolichocarpa Urb. op. cit. Hi. 382 (1903) non K. Schum. in
Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xxv. 686 (1898) ; small shrub 3 ft. high ;
young branches striate beneath a copious rufous hirsute
indumentum afterwards falling off ; leaves obovate or
obovate-oblong, acuminate, narrowed at base, somewhat
rough on the nerves of upper side, rufous hirsute below ;
stipules ovate, obtusely acute, soon splitting and falling,
rufous hirsute on back, panicle sessile, shorter than the leaves,
trichotomous, open, hirsute, few-flowered, flowers stalked,
2-3 together crowning the branches ; berry oblong, slightly
narrowed below. A specimen in flower in Herb. Kew.

St. Ann, Prior 437 ! Holly Mount, near Ewarton, Harris ! Fl.
Jam. 6455.

Leaves papery, drying black above, lateral nerves 10-12 pairs,
impressed on upper side, prominent beneath, 6-10 by 2-5— 4-5 cm.
Stipules 10-12 mm. 1. Panicles 4 by 7 cm. ; pedicels 1-3 mm. 1.
Berry rather sparsely rufous hirsute, becoming glabrous, 10-ribbed,
8-10 mm. 1. ; endosperm with 5 shallow dorsal furrows.

27. P. nervosa Sw. Prodr. 43 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. i.
403 ; shrub 6-8 ft. high ; branches subterete, glabrous or at
first rufous pubescent or puberulous ; leaves lanceolate to
ovate or oblong-obovate, acuminate with obtuse or obtusely-
acute tip, acuminate at base, margin undulate, glabrous or
pubescent or puberulous chiefly on the nerves ; stipules large,

96

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Psychotria

united, sheathing, scarious, obovate or suborbicular, rounded
acute or acuminate, sometimes bifid, marcescent, soon fall-
ing ; panicle short, trichotomous, glabrous to rufous
pubescent ; flowers stalked, in clusters of 2-4 at the end of
the few branches ; calyx-tube narrowly ovoid, longer than
the undulate limb ; corolla-tube somewhat inflated above,
Bubcylindrical below, densely hairy inside above the narrow

Fig. 30. — Psychotria nervosa Sw.
A, End of branch in flower x |. D, Ovary witli calyx cut lengthwise x 8.

B, Flower x 4.

C, Corolla cut open x 4.

E, Fruit X 2.

F, Fruit cut across x 8.

portion of the tube, exceeding the reflexed oblong lobes ;
stamens inserted on the ring of hairs, filaments very short ;
anthers scarcely exserted ; berry narrowly ovoid. — Lun.
Hort. Jam. ii. 104 ; DC. torn. cit. 514 ; Mayc. Fl. Barb. 92 ;
Benth. PI. Hartweg. 264 ; S. Moore in Journ. Bot. Ixix. 132.
P. undata Jacq. Hart. Schoenb. Hi. 5, t. 260 (1798) ; DC.
torn. cit. 513 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 342 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub.
70 ; Stahl Fl. P.-Bico v. 70 ; Kew Bull. 1893, 258 ; Sang.

Psychotna RUBIACE^ 97

Fl. Cub. 46; Small Fl. S.E. U. States 1113; Urb. Symb.
Ant. iv. 598, vii. 454 & viii. 678 ; Jenn. Is. Pin. 269 ; Briiton
Fl. Amer. Virg. 94 ; Britt. <&; Millsp. Fl. Baham. 419 ; Will,
dh Cheesm. Fl. Trin. dh Tob. ii. 37. P. rufescens H. B. & K.
Nov. Gen.S Sp. Hi. 364 (1818) ; DC. torn. cit. 512 ; Griseb.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 342 & Cat. Cub. 135 ; Sauv. loc. cit. ; Stahl
torn. cit. 71 ; Combs PI. Cub. 430 ; Bold. Fl. Ned. W. Ind. i.
192 ; Urb. op. cit. iv. 598. P. hirta H. B. S K. loc. cit.
(1818) ex Urb. op. cit. iv. 598 & vii. 476. P. lanceolata Nutt.
in Amer. Journ. Sc. ser. 1, v. 290 (1822) ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W.
Ind. 342. P. oligotricha, DC. torn. cit. 514 (1830) ex Urb. op.
cit. iv. 598. P. stipulacea Sw. ex DC. loc. cit. (1830). P. porto-
ricensis DC. torn. cit. 515 (1830) ex Urb. op. cit. iv. 598. P.
glabrata Egg. Fl. St. Croix dk Virg. 61 {ex Britton) (non Sw.).
Myrstiphyllum undatum Hitchc. in Rep. Miss. Bot. Gard. iv. 95
(1893). Specimen from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit. (Fig. 30.)

Browne ! Swartz ! Masson ! Wright ! Shakespear ! Broughton !
Wiles ! Prior ! near Stony Hill, Hartweg 1541 ! March 1735 ! Wilson !
J. P. 1090, 1160, 1300, 1392 (Hart \) ; Robertsfield ; Bethlehem, St.
Elizabeth ; Papine Estate ; Mona, 700 ft. alt. ; Malvern, 2200 ft. ;
Corby, Sta, Cruz Mts. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 7702, 8292, 8370, 8836, 9656,
9683 ; near Moneague, Britton 2656 ! Blue Mts. between Vinegar
Hill and Thomson Gap, Miss Perkins 1249 ! Prospect, St. Elizabeth,
1000 ft., Mrs. Songster ! — Florida, Bahamas, West Indies, Central
America, Venezuela, Colombia.

Leaves papery, drying dark brown or dark grey (occasionally
reddish), underside paler, lateral nerves 7—9 pairs, flat above, pro-
jecting below, with domatia in the axils, mostly 5-11 by 2-4-5 cm.
Stipules becoming reddish brown before falling, 6—14 mm. 1. Panicles
generally 3-5 cm. 1. Pedicels at most 1 mm. 1. Calyx-tube 1 mm.,
limb -5 mm. 1. Corolla white ; tube about 4 mm., lobes 2 mm. Disk
prominent. Berry scarlet, rather prominently 10-ribbed, 6-7 rmn. 1. ;
endosperm with 5 dorsal and 2 commissural furrows.

28. P. Fadyenii Urb. Symb. Ant. vii. 470 (1913) ; a nearly
glabrous shrub 8 ft. high ; branches slender, terete, slightly
nodular ; leaves shortly petioled, narrowly lanceolate, acumi-
nate at each end, tip mucronulate ; stipules sheathing, oblong-
ovate, narrowed above, splitting down one side, rufous, soon
falling ; panicles shorter than the leaves, sessile, tri-
chotomously few-branched, branches ending in small, open,
cymose clusters of 2-5 stalked flowers ; calyx-tube top-shaped,
as long as the broad undulate-denticulate, discoloured limb ;
corolla-tube slightly narrowed below, hairy within in the
middle, as long again as the oblong lobes ; stamens inserted
about the middle of the corolla-tube, anthers shortly exserted.
Type in Herb. Jamaica.

Near Troy, 1500 ft. alt., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8541.
Leaves papery, drying dark grey ; midrib prominent, lateral nerves
10-14 pairs, very slender, 5-8 by 1-2 cm. ; petioles about 4 mm. 1.
VII. — 7

98 FLORA OF JAMAICA Psychotria

Stipules 6 mm., ultimately up to 10 mm. 1. Panicles about 3 by 3 cm.
Pedicels about 2 nam. 1. Calyx 2 mm. 1. Corolla white 7 mm. 1. Berry
unknown.

29. P. manna Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 518 (1908) ; a freely
branching shrub 6-10 ft. high ; young branches rather roughs
afterwards terete and smooth ; leaves small, subsessile,
ovate, elliptical or narrowly obovate-oblong, obtuse or obtusely
acute, sometimes shortly acuminate or broadly roundish^
obtuse at base ; stipules very small, sheathing, entire or
shortly toothed, soon splitting and falling oif ; flowers sessile,,
usually three together in a terminal sessile cymule subtended
by small triangular acute bracts ; calyx-tube ovoid, rather
longer than the prominently often unequally 5-toothed limb ;
corolla-tube cylindrical nearly twice as long as the lobes,
hairy at the throat within ; stamens inserted in the throat,
filaments short or longer ; style short and included or long
and exserted, the flowers being dimorphic ; berry narrowly
ovoid, 8-ribbed.

Near Troy ; Tyre, near Troy ; Peckham Woods, Upper Clarendon ;
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8784, 9397, 9483, 10,666, 10,954.

Leaves papery or parchment-like, drying grey, lateral nerves obscure,,
mostly 8-30 by 5-10 mm. ; petioles 1-3 mm. 1. Stipules about 1-^
mm. 1. ; bracts about 1 mm. Calyx 2-5 mm. 1. Corolla white, 5-6
mm. 1. Berry crowned by the prominent persistent calyx-limb, 4-5'
mm. 1. ; endosperm with 4 dorsal and 2 small ventral furrows.

§ Mapouriopsis, species 30, 31.

30. P. fcetida Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 342 (1861) (excl. ref.
Sw.) ; a glabrous shrub ; leaves petioled, ovate or broadly
ovate-oblong, obtuse or cuspidate-acuminate with obtuse tip,
broadly roundish at base, occasionally slightly cordate ;
stipules ovate, acuminate, broadly sheathing ; panicle a&
long as or longer than the leaves, stalked, very lax, 3-6-
chotomous by reason of short accesspry branches ; primary
bracts ovate, acuminate ; flowers sessile, several together
forming small spheroidal bracteate terminal heads ; calyx-
tube obovoid, limb as long with 5 triangular teeth ; corolla-
tube funnel-shaped, longer than the lobes ; berry ellipsoidal. —
Urb. op. cit. vii. 459. Type in Herb. Kew.

Shakespear ! Rio Cobre, St. Catherine, Purdie ! Moneague, Prior
447 ! Wilson 365 !

Leaves papery or thinly leathery, drying grey, lateral nerves 8-10
pairs, forming almost a right angle with the midrib, 7-5-20 by 3-5-10
cm. ; petioles stout, 1-4-5 cm. 1. Stipules 10 mm. 1. with a conspicuous
persistent sheath-base. Panicle up to 30 by 20 cm., but usually shorter
and much narrower ; peduncle 8-10 mm. 1. ; primary bracts 3-4 mm. 1.
Flowering heads 3 by 4^5 mm., the ovate bracts about 1 mm. 1. Calyx
1 mm. 1. Corolla 3 mm. 1. Berry 5 mm. 1.

Psychotria RUBIACE^ 99

31. P. foetens Sw. Prodr. 43 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 396 ;
small tree, 20 ft. high ; branchlets rather slender, soon terete ;
leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse or acute, shortly narrowed
into the petiole ; stipules triangular, abruptly acuminate ;
panicle about as long as the leaves, stalked, 3-5-chotomous
(often with 2 basal accessory branches) ; bracts small, flowers
sessile, 2-3 together at the ends of the branches, calyx-tube
cylindrical, twice as long as the broad, undulate-dentate
limb ; corolla-tube somewhat dilated at base, hairy within
on the throat, lobes a little shorter than the tube ; stamens
inserted in the throat ; berry " small, oblong " (Sw.). — Lun.
Hort. Jam. ii. 104 ; DC. Prodr. v. 516 ; Urh. op. cit. vii. 459.
P. Thompsoniana Urh. op. cit. vi. 48 (1909). Specimen from
Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Broughton ! mountain woods in the south, Swartz ! Castleton
Hill, Thompson ! Fl. Jam. 8028.

Leaves thinly papery, drying grey, lateral nerves 8-9 pairs, 8-10
by 3-5-5 cm. ; petioles 5-10 mm. 1. Stipules 4 mm. 1. Panicles up
to 14 by 9 cm. Calyx-tube 1 mm., limb -5 mm. 1. Corolla white, 3-5
mm. 1. Berry scarlet (Sw.).

§ Eupsychotria, species 32-39.

32. P. brachiata Sw. Prodr. 45 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. i.
415 ; a nearly glabrous shrub 6-10 ft. high ; branches soon
subterete, sulcate with slight nodular swellings ; leaves
obovate-elliptical, more or less abruptly acuminate with
obtuse tip, obtuse at base or more usually gradually narrowed
into the petiole ; stipules ovate, free except at base, bifid,
persistent for a time ; panicle usually about as long as the
leaves, stalked, thyrsoid, the few opposite puberulous
branches forming a right angle with the axis or nearly so ;
primary bracts ovate, obtuse, conspicuous, similar but smaller
hracts subtending the few sessile flowers forming the small
oyme that crowns each branch ; calyx -tube obovoid-oblong,
as long as the bell-shaped truncate ciliolate limb ; corolla
funnel-shaped ; tube longer than the ovate lobes, glabrous
within or nearly so ; stamens inserted near the base of the
corolla, anthers included ; berry ovoid, prominently ribbed. —
Lun. op. cit. 105 ; DC. torn. cit. 515 ; Griseh. PI. Wright. 509,
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 343 & Cat. Cub. 157 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 70 ;
Stahl Fl. P.-Rico v. 72 ; Hart Herb. List Trin. 30 ; Urb.
op. cit. iv. 600 & via. 681 ; Will. <b Cheesm. op. cit. 35.
Myrstiphyllum brachiatum Hitchc. op. cit. 94. Specimen
from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Wright ! Swartz ! Wiles ! Dancer ! Purdie ! Prior ! March 624 !
Wilson 22 \ J. F. 14:12 {Hart I) ; Castleton Hill ; Brandon HUl; Thomp-
son ! Fl. Jam. 8026, 8040 ; Swift River District, Portland, Moore !

100 FLORA OF JAMAICA Psychotria

FI. Jam. 10,645 ; Silver Hill ; Lancaster Wood ; Mansfield woodland ;
road to Holly Mount ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5354, 5602, 5967, 8977.—
Greater Antilles, Trinidad, Central America.

Leaves papery, drying brown or greenish, lateral nerves 7-8 pairs,
6-14 by 3-6 cm. ; petioles 5-20 mm. 1. Stipules pale, 4-6 mm. 1.
Panicles 6-14 cm. 1. ; peduncle 3-5-5 cm. 1. Bracts up to 1 cm. 1.,
the younger progressively smaller. Calyx-tube and limb each about
1 mm. 1. Corolla white, yellowish or purplish; tube 4-5 mm., lobe»
1-5 mm. 1. Berry blue, 4 mm. 1.

33. P. Berteriana DC. Prodr. v. 515 (1830) ; a large shrub
or small tree up to 20 ft. high ; branches stout, puberulous ;
leaves large, broadly oblong-ovate or obovate-oblong, shortly
acuminate, narrowed at base, puberulous chiefly on the nerves ;
stipules shorter than the petioles, united at base, bifid with
deltoid acute segments ; panicles about as long as the leaves,
3-6-chotomous, the branches few, puberulous, ultimate 2-
chotomous, peduncle elongate, bracts linear-lanceolate or
linear ; flowers sessile, heterostyled, in small open cymulcs ;
calyx-tube subglobose, as long as the prominently but un-
equally toothed limb ; corolla-tube cylindrical, a little longer
than the oblong obtuse lobes, hairy at the throat ; stamens
inserted in the throat, filaments short or longer ; berry
spheroidal, prominently 8-ribbed. — Stahl Fl. P.-Rico v. 69 ;
Urh. op. cit. iv. 600, vii. 476 & viii. 681 ; Will, dh Cheesm.
op. cit. 32 ; Britt. cfc Wils. P.-Rico dh Virg. Is. vi. 248. P.
platyphylla DC. torn. cit. 517 (1830) ; Kew Bull. 1893, 258 ;
Urb. op. cit. i. 449 (var. angustior Urh.). P. hebecladoides
Griseb. PI. Wright. 509 (1862). P. pyramidalis Griseb. PL
Wright. 509 (1862) & Cat. Cub. 137 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 70.
Nonatelia pubescens Spreng. Syst. i. 751 (1825).

March 632 ! John Crow Mts., slope below Big Level ; woodlands,,
eastern slope of John Crow Mts. south end, Harris db Britton ! FI. Jam.
10,696, 10,749. — Greater Antilles, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia,
St. Vincent, Trinidad, Central America, Colombia.

Leaves membranous, drying green, midrib broad, fiurowed above,
prominent on underside, lateral nerves 11-15 pairs, 10-24 by S-S-IO'
cm. ; petioles channelled, 1-3 cm. 1. Stipules 6 mm. 1. Panicles
up to 18 by 8 cm. including the 9-10 cm. 1. peduncle. Bracts mostly
3-12 mm. 1. Calyx 2 vara..].. CoroHa white, 3-5 mm. 1. Berry Z raia.
diam.

34. P. involucrata Sw. Prodr. 45 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 413
(excl. ref . Guian.) ; a shrub up to 6 ft. high ; branches slender,
finely pubescent becoming glabrous ; leaves lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate with acute tip, narrowed into
the short petiole, glabrous ; stipules persistent, from a very
short sheathing base, bipartite, the segments awl-shaped ;
inflorescence much shorter than the leaves, of few-flowered
flat heads subtended by conspicuous lanceolate or linear-

Psychotria RUBIACE^ 101

lanceolate bracts ; peduncle short, pubescent ; calyx-tube
cylindrical, longer than the undulate limb ; corolla-tube
funnel-shaped, hairy at throat, lobes oblong, about one-third
as long as tube ; stamens inserted in the throat ; berry
subglobose, 10-ribbed. — Urh. op. cit. iv. 600 & vii. 473 ;
Jenn. Is. Pin. 268 ; Will. <fc Cheesm. op. cit. 34 ; Britt. <fc Wils.
torn. cit. 247. P. capitellata DC. torn. cit. 514 (1830).
P. oligantha A. Gray in Griseb. PI. Wright. 510 (1862). P.
tribracteata Wright ex Griseb. Cat. Cub. 137 (1866) ; Sauv.
Fl. Cub. 70 ; Hart Herb. List Trin. 30. P. Hoflfmanseggiana
Muell.-Arg. in Mart. Fl. Bras. vi. 336 (1881).

Shakespear ! — Cuba, Is. Pinos, Trinidad, Central and northern
South America.

Leaves papery, drying green, nerves 6-8 pairs, 5-11 by 1-5-5 cm. ;
petioles 5—10 mm. 1. Stipules 2 mm. 1. Inflorescence up to 2 by
1-5 cm., but often smaller ; peduncle 5-15 mm. 1. ; bracts 5—20 mm. 1.
Calyx-tube -75 mm., limb 5 mm. 1. Corolla white, 5 mm. 1. Berry
dark blue (Sw.), 4 by 3-5 cm.

In his description Swartz cites Shakespear as having collected
P. involucrata in Jamaica, and Urban states that there is such a
specimen in the Stockholm Herbarium. The corresponding Museum
sheet, however, is marked " America Meridionalis," and as the Stock-
holm specimen was doubtless given by Banks to Swartz during the
latter's sojourn in this country, either the Museum specimen has been
wrongly localised or Swartz was mistaken in supposing his to be fronx
Jamaica. It is suggestive that no later collector has found the plant
in that island.

35. P. pubescens Sw. Prodr. 44 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. i.
425 ; shrub up to 10 ft. high ; branches slender, terete, finely
pubescent becoming glabrous ; leaves ovate or obovate-
lanceolate, acuminate with mucronulate tip, narrowed into
the petiole, pubescent chiefly on the nerves, somewhat rough
on the upper face ; stipules bipartite, base narrow, segments
awl-shaped ; panicles shorter than the leaves, stalked,
trichotomously few-branched, branches rather short, ascending
or patent ; flowers usually in small cymules, sessile ; bracts
small, filiform ; calyx-tube depressed-globose, twice as long as
the 5-toothed limb ; corolla broadly cylindrical, hairy in the
throat ; lobes of limb ovate-oblong, half as long as the tube ;
stamens inserted in the throat, anthers included ; berry
depressed-globose, didymous, 8-ribbed, slightly rough between
the ribs. — Lun. torn. cit. 101 ; DC. torn. cit. 515 ; Griseb. Fl.
Br. W. Ind. 343 & Cat. Cub. 137 ; Sauv. op. cit. 70 ; Hemsl.
Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. ii. 80 ; Combs op. cit. 430 ; Urb. op.
cit. iv. 600, vii. 476 & viii. 681 ; Jenn. op. cit. 268 ; Britton
Fl. Amer. Virg. 94 ; Britt. cfc Millsp. Baham. Fl. 418 ; Standley
"in Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb, xxiii. 1389; Britt. d; Wils. torn,
cit. 248. P. horizontalis Sw. var. cuspidata DC. tom. cit. 515.

102 FLORA OF JAMAICA PsychotHa

Myrstiphyllum pubescens Hitdic. op. cit. 95. Psychotrophum
hirsutum foliis ovatis Browne Hist. Jam. 161 fide Swartz.

Wild Coffee (Wright).

Wright ! Port Royal Mts., Purdie ! St. Ann, McNab ! Mammee
Bay, Prior 445 ! March 1843 ! Wilson 654 ! Port Antonio, Hitchcock ;
Papine Estate ; Stony Hill, Mt. Pleasant ; Cowie Park, near Troy ;
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8379, 11,135, 12,628. Bowerswood Road near
Angel Pen ; valley of Sulphur River, Bath ; Harris <& Britton ! FI.
Jam. 10,528, 10,586 ; Montego Bay, Ridley I — Bahamas, Greater
Antilles, St. Kitts, Central America.

Leaves membranous, drying green, lateral nerves 8-11 pairs, 7-16
by 3-7 cm. ; petioles 5-20 mm. 1. Stipules 3 mm. 1. Panicles up to
6 by 5 cm., the peduncle 1-5-4 cm. 1. Bracts 3 mm. 1. Calyx 1-25
mm. 1. Corolla yellow or yellowish white, 6 mm. 1. Berry black with
blue juice (Sw.), 2-5-3-5 mm.

36. P. pedunculata Sw. Prodr. 44 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ.
i. 4:21 ; a glabrous shrub 9-12 ft. high or small tree up to
20 ft. ; branches stoutish, terete or somewhat four-angled, some-
what nodular, the cortex cinereous; leaves obovate or elliptical,
shortly acuminate with obtuse or mucronulate tip, narrowed
at base into the petiole ; stipules small, united at base, each
with 2 distant short teeth ; panicles short, few-branched,
cymules few-flowered, corymbose, crowning a stout peduncle
usually as long as or longer than the leaves, 3-5-chotomous,
ultimate branches dichotomous ; bracts linear or lanceolate,
the ultimate short and ovate ; flowers sessile ; calyx-tube
depressed-globose, a little longer than the 5-toothed limb ;
corolla-tube funnel-shaped, thrice as long as the ovate-oblong
lobes, pubescent or nearly glabrous, hairy within except at the
throat ; stamens inserted in the throat ; berry subglobose,
didymous, 8-ribbed, rugose. — Lun. torn. cit. 101 ; DC. torn,
cit. 517 ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 343. Psychotrophum
fruticosum foliis ovatis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 160 (ex
descript.). Specimen from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Wright ! in mountain woods, Swartz ! Distin ! Moneague, Prior
426 ! March 635 ! 1942 ! Wilson ! Lancaster ; near Troy ; road to
Holly Mount ; road from Askenish to Dolphin Head ; Black River to
Newmarket ; Kentucky Hill, Bluefields Mts. ; Ipswich, St. Elizabeth ;
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5245, 8745, 8979, 9258, 9396, 9919, 10,207, 12,357 ;
Martin's Hill, near Mandeville, Harris d; Britton ! Fl. Jam. 10,618.

Leaves membranous, drying greenish brown, lateral nerves 8-10
pairs, 7-14 by 3-6 cm. ; petioles 5-15 mm. 1. Stipules 2 mm. 1.
Panicles 1-5-3 cm. L, exclusive of the usually 10-14 cm. 1. pedimcle ;
bracts 2-7 mm. 1., the uppermost about 1 mm. ; pedicels up to 2 mm. 1.
Calyx 1-5 mm. 1., the teeth deltoid. Corolla yellow in bud, white
when fully expanded, 8-10 mm. 1. Anthers elongated, half-exserted.
Berry dark purple (Swartz), 4-5 mm. diam.

37. P. corymbosa Sw. Prodr. 44 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. i.
423 ; a glabrous shrub up to 9 ft. high ; branches rather

Psychotria RUBIACE^ 103

slender, somewhat compressed, afterwards subterete, with
rather short internodes ; leaves lanceolate or elliptic-
lanceolate, acuminate, apex obtuse or acute, narrowed at
base into a slender petiole ; stipules small, deltoid, bilobed,
united below to form a sheath ; panicle corymbose, about as
long as the leaves, stalked, rather laxly trichotomous ; primary
bracts rather prominent, linear, flowers sessile on the
branches of small cymules ; calyx-tube oblately spheroidal,
as long as the 5-lobed limb ; corolla-tube cylindrical, glabrous
within, longer than the oblong lobes ; stamens inserted in
the throat of the corolla, anthers subincluded ; berry
" roundish, contracted at the commissure " (Griseb.). — •
Lun. op. cit. 103 ; DC. torn. cit. 315 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind.
343 ; Shreve Mont. Bain. For. 29, Myrstiphyllum corym-
bosum Hitclic. op. cit. 95. Uragoga corymbosa Kuntze
Bev. Gen. PL ii. 960.

On high mountains, Swartz ! ; Wright ! M assort ! Shakespear 1
Wiles ! Bancroft ! Portland Gap, Purdie ! McNab 65 ! Bath,
Prior 432 ! March 631 ! Blue Mt. Peak, Hitchcock ; J. P. 598, 1090
{Hart !) ; near Cinchona, Fawcett ! Fl. Jam. 6448 ; near Whitfield
Hall Works ; Woodcutters' Gap road ; near Cinchona ; Harris ! Fl.
Jam. 5181, 5572, 9144 ; Cinchona, Clute, 210 ! ; Blue Mts. road,
Clyde to Mt. Pleasant ; near Troy ; Miss Perkins, 1237, 1381 ; Moss-
man's Peak, Maxon, 9692.

Leaves thinly papery, drying brown or green, green below, midrib
impressed above, prominent below, lateral nerves 6-9 pairs, mostly
6-12 by 2-4 cm. ; petioles 5-15 mm. 1. Stipvles 2 mm. \. Panicles up
to 10 by 5 cm., peduncles 3—6 cm. 1., primary bracts about 5 mm. 1.
Calyx in all 2 mm. 1. Corolla purple ; tube 4-5 mm. 1., lobes 1*5 mm.
Berry purple, 5 mm. diam. (Gr.).

38. P. dolichantha Urb. Symh. Ant. v. 517 (1908) ; a
glabrous shrub up to 10 ft. or small tree 20-25 ft. high ;
young branches four-angled, older subterete and nodular,
with grey or pale brown cortex ; leaves obovate-oblong,
cuspidate-acuminate, rarely broadly rotundate, narrowed at
base into the petiole ; stipules persistent, small, sheathing,
each bidentate or almost entire ; panicles rather few-flowered,
corymbose, generally trichotomous, shorter than the peduncle ;
bracts linear or oblong, occasionally foliaceous ; flowers
sessile ; calyx-tube depressed-globose, rather longer than the
triangularly 5-toothed limb ; corolla-tube cylindrical, hairy
in the middle within, thrice as long as the oblong lobes ;
stamens inserted in the glabrous throat, anthers partly ex-
serted ; berry subglobose, broadly ribbed, somewhat wrinkled.

Holly Mount, Mt. Diablo ; Troy ; Peckham Woods, Upper
Clarendon; Mulgrave ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8969, 9399, 10,962, 11,177,
12,370, 12,808.

104 FLORA OF JAMAICA Psychotna

Leaves papery, lustrous above, drying green, midrib broad, lateral
nerves 5-7 pairs, 5-10 by 2-5-5 cm. ; petioles 5-20 mm. 1. Stipules
2 mm. Panicles mostly 5-10 by 4-6 cm. ; peduncle alone 2-5-5 cm. 1.
Bracts mostly 3-8 mm. 1., the uppermost 1-2-5 mm. Calyx 1-75 mm.
1. Corolla pale yellow in bud, afterwards white, 12-16 mm. 1. Berry
4 mm. diam.

39. p. patens 8w. Prodr. 45 & Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 419 ; a
glabrous shrub about 5 ft. high ; branches compressed at
first, with long internodes, afterwards marked with the
prominent persistent bases of fallen leaves ; leaves broadly
elliptical, acuminate, narrowed into a short petiole ; stipules
united at base, each bipartite with narrowly linear, acuminate
segments ; panicles stalked, fastigiate, flexuous, as long as or
shorter than the leaves, the short secund branches opposite
or alternate ; primary bracts absent ; calyx-tube sub-
spheroidal, rather longer than the 5-toothed limb ; corolla-
tube funnel-shaped, glabrous within ; lobes short ; berry
oblately spheroidal, didymous, transversely rugose. — Lun.
torn. cit. 104 ; DC. torn. cit. 515 (excl. ref. S. -Domingo) ;
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 343, PL Wright. 510 & Cat. Cub. 137 ;
Sauv. op. cit. 70 ; Hart Herb. List Trin. 30 ; Urb. op. cit. vii.
472 ; Will, dh Cheesm. Fl. Trin. dh Tob. ii. 34 ; Britt. d; Wils.
P. -Rico <fc Virg. Is. vi. 248. P. flexuosa Willd. Sp. PL i. 966
(1797) ; DC. torn. cit. 510. Palicourea patens Urb. in Fedde
Rep. xviii. 198 (1922). Nonatelia paniculata Aubl. PL
Guian. i. 181, t. 70,/. 2. Uragoga flexuosa Kunize Rev. Gen.
PL ii. 960 & U. patens ii. 962 (1891). Specimen from
Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Blue Mts., Swartz ! Wiles ! Wilson ! — Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto
Rico, Trinidad, Central America to Bolivia and Guiana.

Leaves thinly papery, drying green or brown, green below ; lateral
nerves 5 pairs, mostly 7-13 by 3-5 cm. ; petioles 3-7 mm. 1. Stipules
up to 5 mm. 1., the lobes to 4 mm. Panicle up to 1 1 by 4 cm. ; peduncle
3—7 cm. 1. ; secondary bracts awl-shaped, about 3 mm. 1. Calyx about
1 nun. 1. Corolla white, 4 mm. 1. Berry white, purple or
black, 2-4 mm. diam., commissural furrow extending half-way across
the pyrene ; dorsal furrows of endosperm broad and shallow.

§ Strempelia, species 40, 41.

40. P. Myrstiphyllum Sw. Prodr. 44 (1788) & FL Ind.
Occ. i. 405 ; a freely branching nearly glabrous shrub up to
6 ft. high ; branches at first nodular from the persistent
bases of fallen stipules and rather rough, afterwards subterete
and striate ; leaves small, subsessile, oblanceolate or lanceo-
late-oblong, obtuse at either end ; panicles about as long as
the leaves, stalked, trichotomously few-flowered ; bracts
minute ; flowers sessile or shortly stalked ; calyx-tube

Psychotria RUBIACE^ 105

obovoid, as long as the 5-toothed limb ; corolla-tube cylindri-
cal, longer than the lobes, hairy at the throat ; stamens
inserted on the throat ; berry ellipsoidal, 8-ribbed. — Lun.
loc. cit. 101 ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 344 (excl. ref. Haiti) ;
Urh. op. cit. vi. 51. Myrti folio angusto &c. Sloane Cat.
171 & Hist. a. 102, t. 209, fig. 2. Myrstiphyllum minus,
fruticosum, &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 152. Type in Herb.
Mus. Brit.

Sloane Herb. vii. 24 ! Wright ! Anderson ! Manchester ; St. Ann ;
Purdie ; Macfadyen 3 ! March 1079 ! between Grandvale and West-
moreland ; near Malvern ; Chelsea Hill, Santa Cruz Mts. ; Spur Tree
Hill 2000 ft.; Font Hill, St. EHzabeth ; Harris ! FI. Jam. 7066, 9663,
9693, 9866, 9900, 12,684 ; woods behind Montego Bay, Norman 98 !

Leaves leathery, drying grey, darker above, midrib prominent on
underside, lateral nerves invisible or very obscure, mostly l'5-3 cm. 1.
by 5-13 mm. Stipules 1-5 mm. 1. Calyx 1-5 mm. 1. Corolla white,
5 mm. 1. Berry scarlet, 5—6 mm. 1. ; endosperm with 4 very shallow
dorsal furrows.

41. P. Wullschlaegelii Urb.Symb. Ant. vi. 50 (1909) ; very
like and closely allied to the last from which it differs chiefly
in the smooth young branches, the lateral nerves prominent
on the underside of the leaves and the larger (2'5-3-5 mm. 1.)
stipules. P. Myrstiphyllum Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 344
(Myrtiphyllum) (in part) (non iSw.).

Wullschldgel ; Moneague, Prior !

Urban loc. cit. cites Prior (Alexander) 444 from Moneague for this
— the corresponding specimen at Kew is without a number.

P. laxa Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 407 ; Urb. op. cit. vii. 439 ; of
which no known specimen exists, is perforce excluded.
Urban {loc. cit.) suggests that its affinity may be with
P. plicata.

31. PALICOUREA Aubl.

Shrubs. Leaves opposite, exceptionally ternate or
quaternate. Stipules usually united below, often bicuspidate
or bipartite. Flowers with or without bracteoles, sessile or
shortly stalked, usually in terminal stalked racemose,
corymbose or thyrsoid panicles : they are sometimes
dimorphic. Calyx-tube ovoid or top- shaped ; limb truncate,
5-toothed or 5-lobed. Corolla small or rather large, with
elongated, straight or curved tube often swollen at base,
hairy inside ; lobes 5, valvate in bud. Stamens 5 inserted
on the throat of the corolla ; anthers dorsifixed, included or
exserted. Ovary 2-celled ; style 2-armed ; ovules solitary in
the cell, erect from its base. Berry usually globular, of 2
leathery or crustaceous pyrenes, convex and usually furrowed

106 FLORA OF JAMAICA Palicourea

on the back and flat or nearly so on the ventral side. Seed
with membranous testa and fleshy albumen. Embryo minute.
Nearly 200 species in tropical America.

Flowers stalked.

Stipules not over 3 mm. 1.

Corolla 8 mm. 1 1, P. crocea.

Corolla 12 mm. 1 2. P. riparia.

Corolla 2-5-3 em. 1 3. P. pulchra.

Stipules 6-8 mim. 1.

Corolla under 1 cm. 1 4. P. barbinervia.

Corolla 1-2-1 -5 cm. 1 5. P. alpina.

Flowers sessile or subsessile in threes at the end

of the panicle-branches 6. P. domingensia.

1. P. crocea (Sw.) Roem. db Schult. Syst. v. 193 (1819) ; a
glabrous shrub 4-10 ft. high ; branches four-angled, somewhat
nodular after the leaves have fallen ; leaves broadly ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate with acute tip, narrowed at base into
the short petiole, slightly hairy on the nerves especially
beneath ; stipules bipartite, the segments linear, acuminate,
entire, base very short ; panicles, including the reddish
peduncle, mostly shorter than the leaves, usually trichotomous
below, dichotomous or irregular above ; bracts filiform, the
upper very small ; flowers stalked, pedicels longer than the
calyx, orange ; calyx-tube slightly longer than the bell-
shaped, triangularly lobed limb ; corolla-tube cylindrical,
slightly curved, gibbous at base and hairy near it inside,
4-5 times as long as the triangular lobes ; stamens inserted
half-way down the corolla-tube, included ; style shortly
exserted ; berry ovoid, 8-ribbed. — Griseb. PL Wright. 510
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 345 (excl. var. y) & Cat. Cub. 138 ; StaU Fl
P.-Rico. V. 78 ; Hitchc. in Rep. Miss. Bot. Gard. iv. 95
Duss Fl. Ant. Frang. 345 ; Hart Herb. List Trin. 29 ; Urb
Symb. Ant. iv. 602 & viii. 683 ; Shreve Mont. Rain. For. 31
Jenn. Is. Pin. 270 ; Will, dh Cheesm. Fl. Trin. dh Tob. ii.
38 ; Britt. d: Wils. P.-Rico <&: Virg. Is. vi. 250. P. coccinea
DC. Prodr. v. 529 (1830). Psychotria crocea Sw. Prodr. 44
(1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 429 ; Lun. Hart. Jam. ii. 102.
Psychotropium fruticosum foliis ovatis, &c. Browne Hist.
Jam. 160, f. 13,/. 1.

Masson ! Dancer ! Macfadyen ! March ! Moneague, Prior ! Wilson !
J. P. 1040, 1468 Hart ! Castleton Hill ; Brandon Hill road ; Thomp-
son I Fl. Jam. 8025, 8079 ; Oxford, near Troy, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9436 ;
Port Morant, Hitchcock ! near Troy, 2000 ft., Miss Perkins, 1928 ! —
West Indies, Trinidad, Colombia, Bolivia.

Leaves papery, lateral nerves 8-12 broadly arching pairs, 6-12 by
2-5-5-5 cm. ; petioles 4-15 mm. 1. Stipules 2-3 mm. 1. Panicles
mostly 5-10 by 3-5 cm. ; peduncle 2-6 cm. 1. ; lower bracts up to

Palicourea RUBIACE^ 107

5 mm. 1., upper about 1 mm. ; pedicels filiform, about 5 mm. 1. Calyx-
tube 1 mm. 1., limb. 75 mm. CoroZtoredor orange, 8mm. 1., lobes 1-5 mm.
1. Berry 4-5 by 4 mm., pyrenes slightly concave on the ventral
side ; endosperm with 4 shallow dorsal and 2 very small ventral
furrows.

2. P. riparia Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. Hi. 224 (1841)
very like the last and regarded by Grisebach as a variety of
it. — P. crocea DC. torn. cit. 526 (1830) ; (non Boem. cfc Sch.)
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 345 (var. riparia) ; Stahl torn, cit
77 ; Duss loc. cit. ; Vrh. op. cit. iv. 602 & Fedde Bep. Beih. v
88; Will.d; Cheesm.loc.cit.; Britt. d:Wils.loc.cit. Chiococca
scandens, sarmentis tenuissimis, &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 164.
Lonicera racemis terminalibus, &c. Plum. PI. Amer. {Burm.)
211, t. ccxvii, /. 1.

Wiles ! near Whitfield Hall Works ; Claverty Cottage ; Harris !
Fl. Jam. 5180, 5203, 6312 ; rocky forest slopes near Flamstead, Maxon,
8678 ! — Cuba, Lesser Antilles, Trinidad, Guiana.

Shrub 6 ft. high. Flowers in a stalked corymb. Corolla 12 mm. 1.
Berry black, 5-6 by 4-5 mm.

3. P. pulchra Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 345 (1861) ; a
glabrous shrub up to 10 ft. or small tree 15 ft. high ; branches
four-angled ; leaves shortly petioled, elliptic-lanceolate or
elliptic-oblong, shortly and obtusely acuminate, obtuse at
base ; stipules from the short sheath bipartite, the segments
linear-lanceolate, acute ; panicles about as long as the leaves,
corymbose, open, stalked, usually trichotomous ; bracts small,
awl-shaped ; pedicels longer than the calyx ; calyx-tube
broadly cylindrical, longer than the 5-lobed limb ; corolla-
tube straight, elongated, widening slightly along the middle,
much longer than the lobes, slightly enlarged at base, glabrous
within ; stamens inserted in the throat of the corolla, exserted,
filaments much longer than anthers ; style exserted, berry
didymous, compressed, ovoid-reniform, very faintly ribbed.
(Fig. 31.)

Wild Lime.

St. Ann, McNab ! Macfadyen ! Moneague, Prior ! Wilson !
March ! Marshall's Penn, Mandeville ; Oxford and Crown Lands near
Troy ; Dolphin Head ; Peckham Woods, Upper Clarendon ; Ipswich,
St. Elizabeth ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6260, 8659, 8728, 9240, 9426, 10,956,
12,368.

Leaves papery, lateral nerves 8-12 pairs, 8-16 by 3-7 cm. ; petioles
5 mm. more or less 1. Stipules 2 mm. 1. Panicles 8-13 by 7-10 cm.
Bracts 1-3 mm. 1. Pedicels 3-10 mm. 1. Calyx-tube 1-5 mm. 1. ;
limb barely 1 mm., divided beyond the middle into triangular lobes.
Corolla pale yellow to rose-violet or mauve, in all 2-5-3-0 cm. 1. Disk
prominent. Berry 4 by 6 mm. ; pyrenes narrowly involute at the
short commissvire.

108

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Palicourea

Fig. 31. — Palicourea pulchra Grlseb.

A, Flowering branch x f . D, Ovary with calyx cut

B, Flower nat. size. lengthwise x 10,

C, Corolla cut open nat. size. E, Fruit nat. size.

4. P. barbinervia DC. Prodr. iv. 530 (1830) ; a shrub or
small tree ; branches four-angled, finely striate ; leaves
petioled, ovate- or obovate-elliptieal, shortly acuminate,
cuneate at base, glabrous except for a line of hairs on each
side of the midrib below ; stipules ovate, bifid, persistent ;
panicles pyramidal, stalked, about as long as the leaves,
3-4-chotomous below, irregularly branched above, pedicels
slender, exceeding the calyx ; calyx-tube somewhat top-
shaped, larger than the patent 5-lobed limb ; corolla densely
pulverulent, tube curved and swollen at base and under the

Palicourea RUBIACEJE 109

limb, glabrous within except for a ring of coarse hairs close
to the base, six times as long as the triangular lobes ; stamens
inserted half-way down the corolla-tube, included ; style (of
flowers examined) exserted ; berry ovoid, 8-ribbed. — Stahl
torn. cit. 79 ; Urh. op. cit. iv. 603 & viii. 683 ; Britt. <Sc Wils.
torn. cit. 251. Psychotria macrophylla and P. lutea &'preng.
fide DC. loc. cit.

Near Moore Town, Portland, Mitchell ! Fl. Jam. 10,071. — Greater
Antilles, Trinidad.

Leaves membranous or papery, lateral nerves 10-12 pairs, sub-
horizontal, not dichotomising, mostly 12-23 by 5-5-10 cm. ; petiolea
stout, 5-15 mm. 1. Stipules up to 8 mm. 1. Panicles 15—20 by 6-9 cm.
including the stout 7-12 cm. 1. pedtmcle ; branches yellow or red,
rather coarse and shortly hairy ; bracts awl-shaped, 2 mm. more or
less 1. ; pedicels mostly 4-10 mm. 1. Calyx-tube 1-5 mm., limb 1 mm.
1. Corolla white, 9-5 mm. 1. ; tube 8 mm., lobes 1-5 mm. 1. Berry
4-5 by 3-4 nam. ; commissure of pyrene but slightly involute ;
endosperm with 4 shallow dorsal furrows.

5. P. alpina {Sw.) DC. Prodr. v. 528 (1830) ; a glabrous
shrub 10-15 ft. high with four-angled branches ; leaves
broadly to somewhat narrowly elliptical, shortly acuminate,
obtuse or rounded at base ; stipules bilobed, the sheath little
more than half as long as the linear-lanceolate acute lobes ;
panicles stalked or sessile, pyramidal, shorter than the leaves,
its branches coloured ; bracts awl-shaped ; pedicels longer
than the calyx ; calyx-tube ovoid, a little shorter than the
bell-shaped 5-lobed limb ; corolla-tube slightly curved,
somewhat swollen at base, nearly three times as long as the
oblong lobes, glabrous within except for a ring of hairs close
to the base ; stamens inserted near the middle of the corolla-
tube ; filaments shorter than the included anthers ; style
(of specimens seen) included ; berry ovoid, compressed,
faintly Tihhed.—Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 345 & Cat. Cub.
138 ; Hitchc. op. cit. 95 ; Urb. op. cit. iv. 602 & viii. 683 ;
Britt. dh Wils. torn. cit. 250. Psychotria alpina Sw. Prodr. 44
(1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 431 ; Lun. torn. cit. 103.

Wright I Masson I McNab I J. P. 894, 1100 (Hart \) ; near
Morse's Gap; near Cinchona; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5299, 9116; Cuna
Cuna Pass, Portland, Harris & Britton ! Fl. Jam. 10,563 ; Blue Mt.
Peak, Maxon, 10,019 ! — Greater Antilles ; Dominica (fide Grisebach).

Leaves papery, lateral nerves 9—13 pairs, prominent on the under-
side, not forking, 7—15 by 3-6 cm. ; petioles 5—10 mm. 1. Stipules
6-8 mm. 1., the sheath alone 3 mm. Panicles 5-10 cm. 1. (exclusive
of the peduncle which may reach 5-5 cm. 1.) and 3—7 cm. wide. Bracts
up to 5 mm. 1., but the upper ones much smaller. Pedicels mostly
3-6 mm. 1. Calyx-tube 1-5 mm., limb 2 mm. 1. Corolla red, yellow,
purple, blue or white (Swartz), 1-2-1-5 cm. 1. ; lobes 5 mm. 1. Berry
4 by 3-5 mm.

110 FLORA OF JAMAICA Palicourea

6. P. domingensis {Jacq.) DC. Prodr. v. 529 (1830) ; an
erect branching glabrous shrub about 6 ft. high ; branches
four-angled, finely striate ; leaves elliptic -lanceolate, obtusely
acuminate, narrowed at base into the slender petiole ; stipules
very small, bipartite with linear-lanceolate segments ;
panicles corymbose, generally shorter than the leaves, stalked,
mostly trichotomous with sessile or shortly stalked flowers in
threes at the end of its branches ; calyx-tube shortly and
broadly cylindrical, half as long as the bell-shaped 5-toothed
limb ; corolla-tube club-shaped, slightly curved, hairless
inside, about twice the length of the patent ovate- or oblong-
lanceolate lobes ; stamens inserted near the middle of the
corolla-tube, their tips exserted ; berry oblately sub-
spheroidal, 8-ribbed, reticulate between the ribs. — Urb. op.
cit. iv. 601 & viii. 682 & in. Fedde Bep. Beih. v. 72 ; Britton
Fl. Amer. Virg. 94. P. tabernsefolia DC. torn. cit. 525 (1830).
P. Pavetta DC. loc. cit. ; Griseb. PI. Wright. 510, Fl. Br. W.
Ind. 346 & Cat. Cub. 13S ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 71 ; Egg. Fl. St.
Croix db Virg. 61 ; Hitchc. op. cit. 95 ; Combs PI. Cub. 431 ;
Duss op. cit. 345 ; Bold. Fl. Ned. Ind. Occ. i. 192 ; Britt. <Sa
Wils. torn. cit. 249. Psychotria domingensis Jacq. Enum. PI.
Carib. 16 (1760) & Sel. Stirp. Amer. 66. P. Pavettee Sw.
Prodr. 45 (1788) ; Lun. torn. cit. 102 ; Maycoch Fl. Barb. 70.
P. tabernsefolia Poir. in Lam. Encycl. v. 704 (1804). Pavetta
pentandra Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 233 (1797). Oestrum nervosum
Mill. Card. Diet. ed. 8, No. 3. Ceraso affinis — fructu caeruleo,
&c. Sloane Cat. 169 & Hist. ii. 95, t. 202, /. 2. Lonicera foliis
lanceolato-ovatis, &c. Plum. PL Amer. (Burm.) 149, t. clvi,f. 1.

Wild Coffee.

Red Hills, Sloane Herb. vii. 8 ! Purdie ; Moneague, Prior ! Wilson !
Wullachldgel ; Port Antonio, Hitchcock ; near Cinchona, Harris I Fl.
Jam. 9144. — ^West Indies.

Leaves membranous or thinly leathery, lateral nerves 8—10 pairs,
not forking towards the margin, 5-12 by 2*5-5 em. ; petioles 5-10 mm.
1. Stipules 2 mm. 1. Panicles 3-7 by 4—5 cm. ; pedicels stout, up to
3 mm. 1. Calyx-tube 1 mm. 1. ; limb 2 mm. 1., its teeth -5 mm. Corolla
white, fragrant ; tube 12 mm. 1., lobes 5-6 mm. Berry black, 4 by
5 mm. ; endosperm with 4 dorsal and 2 minute ventral furrows.

Rudgea caribsea Benth. in Linncea, 1850, 460, a species of the Lesser
Antilles, is cited for Jamaica, a specimen being quoted from Dancer.
But there is no specimen of this species from Dancer at Kew or the
British Museum, and the plant has not been recorded since from
Jamaica.

32. GEOPHILA D. Don.

Small creeping and rooting herbs. Leaves opposite,
petiolate, orbicular or cordate. Stipules broad. Flowers
small, stalked or subsessile in an umbellate bracteate few-

GeopUla RUBIACE^ 111

flowered cluster crowning radical or terminal peduncles, the
bracts forming a loose involucre. Calyx-tube obovoid ; limb
5-7-lobed or -partite with elongated persistent segments.
Corolla narrowly funnel-shaped, hairy at the throat ; lobes
4-7, valvate in bud. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes ;
anthers dorsifixed below the middle. Disk fleshy. Ovary
2-celled. Style 2-armed, included or exserted ; ovule solitary
in each cell, erect from the base. Drupe with 2 plano-convex
ribbed or smooth, long or crustaceous, 1-seeded pyrenes.
Seeds with leathery testa and horny endosperm.

Species about 25 in the tropics of either hemisphere.

G. herbacea (Jacq.) K. Schum. in Engl. <fc Prantl Nat.
Pflanzenfam. iv. 4, 119 (1891) ; stems slender, rooting at
many of the nodes ; leaves cordate or orbicular with cordate
base entire or slightly crenulate ; stipules semiorbicular in
outline, bifid, persistent ; peduncles about as long as the
petioles, glabrous or nearly so ; bracts oblong- or linear-
lanceolate, acuminate ; calyx-tube shorter than the prominent
limb, divided half-way down into equal or unequal linear-
lanceolate segments ; corolla-tube longer than the ovate-
lanceolate lobes ; stamens included ; drupe elliptical, crowned
by the persistent calyx ; pjTenes ovoid-oblong, keeled on the
back.— I7r6. Symb. Ant. iv. 603 & viii. 684 ; Britton FL
Amer. Virg. 94 ; Will. <fc Cheesman Fl. Trin. dh Tob. ii.
40. G. reniformis D. Don Prodr. Fl. Nep. 136 (1825) ; DC.
Prodr. iv. 537 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 347, PL Wright.
510 & Cat. Cub. 139 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 71 ; Egg. Fl. St.-Croix &
Virg. 62 ; Stahl Fl. P.-Rico v. 81 ; Duss Fl. Ant. FranQ.
346 ; Hart Herb. List Trin. 28 ; Britt. 6c Wils. P.-Rico dh
Virg. Is. vi. 251. Psychotria herbacea Jacg. Enum. PL
Carib. 16 (1760) & Sel. Stirp. Amer. 36, t. 67 ; Sw. Obs. Bot.
74 ; Tussac Fl. Ant. i. 83, t. 8 ; Lun. Hort. Jam. ii. 100.
Cephaelis reniformis H. B. cfc K. Nov. Gen. db Sp. Hi. 377
(1818). Mapourea herbacea Muell.-Arg. in Mart. Fl. Bras. vi.
pt. 5, 427 (1881). Geocardia herbacea Standi, in Contrib.
U.S. Nat. Herb. xvii. 444: {1914). Violae folio malabarica, &c.
Rheede Mai. 10, 41, t. 21. Violae folio baccifera &c. Sloane
Cat. 115 & Hist. i. 243. Psychotropium herbaceum repens,
&c. Browne Hist. Jam. 161. (Fig. 33.)

Woods towards Sixteen -Mile Walk, Sloane Herb. iv. Ill ! Shake-
spear ! Wright ! Wiles ! near Manchineal, Purdie ! Distin ! Moneague,
Prior ! Castleton Gardens, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 12,291 ; Bath, Norman,
215 ! — West Indies and tropics of Old and New Worlds.

Leaves membranous, 3-6-nerved from just above the base, 1-5-4 by
1-5-4-5 cm.; petioles with lines of usually short coarse hairs, -5—5 cm.
1. Stipules membranous, 1-5 mm. 1. Peduncles 5-30 mm. 1. Flowers
sometimes solitary, usually 2-3 (occasionally very few more) to the^

112

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Geophila

umbel. Bracts about 3 mm., pedicels 1 mm. 1. Calyx-tube I mm.,
linab 4 mm. 1. Corolla white, in full 1 cm. 1., lobes 2 mm. Drupe
scarlet, 5 mm. I. Pyrenes brown, 3-5—4 mm. 1.

Fig. 32. — Geophila herbacea (Jacq.) K. Schiun.

A, Plant X f.

B, Stipule X 3.

C, Flower x 3.

D, Corolla cut open X 3.

E, Ovary with calyx-tube cut length-

wise X 6.

F, Fruit X 4.

G, Pyrene x 4.

33. CEPHAELIS Sw.

Characters mainly of Psyclwtria. Flowers sessile in
axillary or terminal heads surrounded by two or more, often
large and brightly coloured bracts forming an involucre and
accompanied by bracteoles like the receptacular scales of
Composites.

Species over 100, tropical, chiefly American ; few in
Africa and Asia.

Cephaelis

RUBIACEiE

113

C. elata Sw. Prodr. 45 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 437 ; a
straggling glabrous shrub up to 12 ft. high ; branches stout,
four-angled ; leaves elliptical or obovate-oblong, obtusely
cuspidate-acuminate, produced at base into the short petiole ;

Fig. 33. — Cephaelis elata Sw.

A, End of flowering branch x f .

B, Flower x 2.

C, Corolla cut open x 2.

D, Berry x 4.

E, Same cut across

X 4.

stipules persistent, short, 2-lobed, lobes ovate, obtuse ;
flowering heads usually terminal, stalked, peduncles shorter
than the leaves ; involucral bracts 2, large, reniform, shortly
united at the base, scarlet or purplish ; bracteoles many,
spathulate ; calyx-tube short, cylindrical, as long as the

VII.— 8

114 FLORA OF JAMAICA Cephaelis

undulate limb ; corolla-tube narrowly funnel-shaped ; lobes
5, shorter than the tube ; stamens inserted above the middle
of the corolla ; anthers shortly exserted ; berry ovoid,
pyrenes not prominently ribbed. — Willd. Sp. PL i. 978 ; DC.
Prodr. iv. 533 ; Robins, in Proc. Amer. Acad. xlv. 408, C.
punicea VaU Eclog. Amer. fasc. 1, 19 (1796) (Cephaleis) ;
Willd. torn. cit. 977 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 346. Tapogomia
elata & T. punicea Poir. in Lam. Encyc. vii. 585 (1806).
Uragoga punicea K. Schum. in Engl. S Prantl Nat.
Pflanzenfam. iv. pt. 4. 120 (1891). (Fig. 33.)

Wright ! von Rohr ! March ! Colthurst Run, J. P. 639, Hart !
Tweedside, Campbell ! Fl. Jam. 7203 ; Vinegar Hill ; wooded slope
above Mabess River, 4000 ft. alt. ; Greenhill woodland ; Harris !
Fl. Jam. 5191, 9129, 10,131 ; Hardware Gap, 4000 ft., Nichols 96 !
John Crow Mts., Norman 253 ! Blue Mts., Green Hills, Rendle, 66 !

Leaves papery, lustrous ; lateral nerves 14-18 pairs, not forking,
10-23 by 3-5-7 cm. ; petioles 1-1-5 cm. 1. Stipules 5 mm. 1. Peduncles
stout, up to 10 cm. 1. but often less. Heads (with involucre) up to
7 cm. across. Involucral bracts membranous, about 2-2-5 by 3-3-5 cm. ;
bracteoles reduced in size from without inwards, the innermost
immediately investing the flowers about 5 mm. 1. Calyx-tube and
limb each 1 mm. 1. Corolla white, about 15 mm. 1. in all. Berry
nearly dry, 6 by 3-5 mm. ; pyrenes with a small fiu-row at the com-
missure ; endosperm uniform.

This is said to occur also in Central America and in Guiana, but the
specimens seen from those countries are hardly conspecific with
those from Jamaica.

34. ERNODEA Sw.

Erect or trailing glabrous coastal undershrubs, with
persistent sheathing stipules, and solitary axillary sessile
flowers. Calyx-tube ovoid ; limb generally 4-partite with
narrow persistent segments. Corolla salver-shaped, tube
cylindrical, glabrous within, limb of generally 4 narrow lobes
valvate in bud. Stamens as many as lobes of the corolla &
inserted in its throat, exserted ; anthers dorsifixed. Disk
fleshy. Ovary 2-celled ; style exserted ; stigma subentire.
Ovules solitary in the cell, fixed to the septum. Fruit a
nearly dry berry with 2 plano-convex 1-seeded pyrenes ;
endosperm nearly uniform.

Species 6 (5 perhaps forms only), natives of Florida, West
Indies & Central America.

E. littoralis Sw. Prodr. 29 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 224, <. 4,
/. 3 ; branches four-angled, somewhat swollen at the nodes ;
leaves in decussate pairs upon short lateral branches, sessile,
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, pungent ; stipules from a
broad sheathing base with several filiform lobes ; calyx-tube
somewhat compressed, half the length of the limb with its

Ernodea

RUBIACE^

116

linear-lanceolate segments ; corolla-tube slightly enlarged
above, longer than the linear-oblong, reflexed lobes ; berry-
ovoid, nearly smooth, crowned by the persistent calyx. —
Lun. Hort. Jam. ii. 200 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 575 ; A. Rich, in
Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris v. 156, t. 15, f. 2 ; Griseb. Fl. Br.

Fig. 34. — Ernodea littoralis Sw

A, Branch in flower and fruit X f .

B, Stipule X 2.

C, Flower x 2.

D, Corolla cut open x 2.

E, Ovary with calyx cut lengthwise
X 4.

F, Fruit X 2.

W. Ind. 347 ; Egg. St. Croix da Virg. 62 ; Stahl Fl. P.-Rico
V. 83 ; Hitchc. in Rep. Miss. Bot. Card. iv. 95 ; Duss Fl. Ant.
FrauQ. 347 ; Small Fl.S.E. U. States 1115 ; Britton in Bull.
Torr. Bot. Club 35. 204 ; Bold. Fl. Ned. Ind. Occ. i. 198 & ii.
104 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 605 & viii. 686 ; Britton Fl. Amer.
Virg. 94 ; Britt. dh Millsp. Baham. Fl. 420 ; Britt. dh Wils.

116 FLORA OF JAMAICA Emodea

P. -Rico d; Virg. Is. vi. 253. Thymelsea humilior foliis acutis,
&c. Shane Cat. 168 & Hist. ii. 93, t. 189, figs. 1, 2. Knoxia
littoralis repens &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 140. (Fig. 34.)

Palisades, Port Royal, Sloane Herb. vii. 1 ! shore of Portland,
Browne ; Robinson ! J.P. 1089, Hart I Pedro Bluff ; Cane River
Valley ; Great Goat Island ; sea coast, Negril ; Harris ! Fl. Jam.
9719, 10,054, 10,171, 10,219 ; Pedro Bluif ; coastal rocks near Black
River ; Great Goat Island ; Britton ! 1247, 1365, 1884. — Coasts of
Florida, Bahamas, West Indies, Honduras and Yucatan.

Leaves rigid and somewhat fleshy, 3-5-nerved, 2-4 cm. by 3-5 mm.
Stipules 2-3 mm. 1. Calyx-tube 2 mm. 1., limb 4 mm. including the
3 mm. 1. segments. Corolla white to pink ; tube 10 mm., lobes 7 mm.
1. Berry yellow, slightly fleshy, about 5 by 3 mm. ; pyrenes with 2
furrows on the commissural side, otherwise endosperm uniform.

35. DIODIA L.

Annual or perennial sometimes shrubby herbs. Leaves
opposite or spuriously whorled. Stipules united with the
petioles to form a bristly sheath. Flowers axillary, sessile
or subsessile, small or minute. Calyx-tube ovoid or obovoid ;
limb usually 2-4- (sometimes 5-6-) lobed or toothed, some-
times with interposed small teeth . Corolla-tube funnel-shaped ,
glabrous or hairy at the throat ; lobes usually 4, valvate in
bud. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes, inserted in the
throat of the corolla ; anthers dorsifixed, exserted. Ovary
2- (sometimes 3-4-) celled ; style 2-armed or capitate,
exserted. Ovules solitary in the cells, fixed to the septum.
Fruit of 2 (very seldom 3-4) plano-convex indehiscent cocci ;
albumen homy, minutely furrowed on the commissural side.

Over 30 species, the majority tropical American ; a few
in tropical Africa and Asia.

Cal3rx-lobes 4. Stipules with several bristles.

Leaves linear. Flowers usually solitary 1. D. prostrata.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical. Flowers

up to 5 in the leaf-axils 2. D. aarmentoaa.

Calyx-lobes 2. Stipules with only 2-3 bristles 3. D. simplex.

1. D. prostrata Sw. Prodr. 30 (1788) & FL Ind. Occ. i.
228 ; a copiously branching annual with weak slender
trailing rather rough branches ; leaves opposite, sessile,
linear, acute, rough, with revolute margins ; stipular
sheath about as long as the bristles ; flowers usually solitary,
sessile ; calyx hispid ; tube obovoid, longer than the 4
oblong-lanceolate obtuse lobes ; corolla-tube thrice as long
as the 4 lobes ; stigma capitate ; fruit globose, hispid, the
cocci 3-ribbed on the back. — Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 265 ; Spreng.
Syst. i. 406 (excl. ref. Hispaniola) ; DC. Prodr. iv. 562 ;

Diodia

RUBIACE^

117

Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 348 ; Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot.
vi. 55. Spermacoce annuum foliis linearibus &c. Loefl. It.
Hisp. 201 (fide Swartz). Specimen from Swartz in Herb.
Mus. Brit.

Shakespear ! Swartz ! St. Andrew, McNab ! King's Hoxise Grounds,
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 12,145. — Central America.

Branches a span long or over. Leaves rather rigid, mostly 5-20 by
1-2 mm. Stipules 3 mm. 1., the bristles alone 2 mm. Calyx-tube
1-5 mm. 1., limb 1 mm. Corolla white or mauve, 4 mm. 1. Fruit
2-5 mm. diam.

2. D. sarmentosa Sw. Prodr. 30 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. i.
231 ; a scandent undershrub climbing in thickets to a height
of 6 ft. ; branches four-angled, ultimately glabrous, when

Fig. 35. — Diodia sarmentosa Sw.

A, Portion of plant in flower x J. E, Ovary with calyx cut lengthwise

B, Stipule X 3. x 10.

C, Flower x 8. F, Fruit x 4.

D, Corolla cut open x 8.

118 FLORA OF JAMAICA Diodia

young rather rough or rough ; leaves shortly petioled,
oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, acute, rough or rather rough
especially on the nerves ; stipular bristles longer than the
rough sheath ; flowers 5 or fewer in the axils ; calyx-tube
narrowly ovoid ; lobes linear-lanceolate, acute, longer than
the tube ; corolla about as long as the calyx-limb, divided
half-way down into 4 lobes; style shortly bilobed at apex,
stigmas capitate ; fruit oblong-ovoid, smooth. — Lun. loc. cit. ;
DC. torn. cit. 563 ; Griseb. op. cit. 349 ; Hiern in Oliv. Fl.
Trop. Afr. Hi. 232 ; Egg. Fl. St. Croix <&: Virg. 62 ; StaJil
Fl. P. -Rico V. 86 ; Hemsl. torn. cit. 56 ; K. ScJium. in Mart. Fl.
Bras. vi. pt. 6, 27 ; Duss Fl. Ant. FranQ. 347 ; Urh. Symb.
Ant. iv. 606 & viii. 687 ; Britton Fl. Amer. Virg. 95 ; Bidl.
Fl. Mai. Penins. ii. 174 ; Will. S Cheesm. Fl. Trin. db Tob.
ii. 43 ; Britt. c& Wils. P.-Bico <fc Virg. Is. vi. 254. Aparine
paucioribus foliis semine Isevi Sloane Cat. 50 & Hist. i. 145,
<. 94,/. 2. (Fig. 35.)

Plentifully amongst the woods going from Town to Guanaboa, &c.
Sloane Herb. ii. 123, 124 ! von Rohr 31 ! Masson ! March ! Monea-
gue, Prior ! Claverty Cottage, J. P. 1444, 1471, Hart ! near Guy's Hill,
St. Ann, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 12,040. — West Indies, Trinidad, Mexico,
Central America, Guiana ; also in tropical Africa and Malay Peninsula
and Islands.

Leaves stiff, lateral nerves 4—5 pairs, but little curved, mostly 2-5-
3-5 cm. by 6-10 mm. Stipular sheath 2 mm., bristles 4-5 mm. 1. Bracts
linear-lanceolate, acute, about as long as the calyx-lobes. Pedicels
I mm. 1. Calyx-tube 2 mm. 1.; lobes unequal, 1-5-3 mm. 1. Corolla
white, about 2 mm. 1. Stamens and style shortly exserted. Fruit dark
brown ; cocci 5 nam. 1.

3. D. Simplex Sw. Prodr. 29 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. i.
266 ; a weak, ascending or decumbent herb rooting at the
base and sometimes at the nodes ; stem rather slender,
sparingly branched, four-angled, glabrous ; leaves opposite,
sessile or subsessile, oblong-lanceolate or obovate-oblong,
ciliolate ; stipules broadly sheathing, with usually 2-3 bristles
longer than or as long as the sheath ; flowers solitary, sessile ;
calyx-tube oblong, crowned by 2 oblong awl-shaped lobes ;
corolla funnel-shaped ; limb 4-lobed with acute lobes ;
stamens and bifid style as long as the corolla ; fruit ovoid,
keeled on the back and slightly wrinkled, the calyx-lobes
persistent upon it. — Lun. loc. cit. ; DC. torn. cit. 563 ; Urb. op.
cit. ix. 542. Borreria simplex G^me6. op. CiY. 350. Spermacoce
simplex Fawc. Fl. PI. Jam. 19. Specimens from Swartz in
Herb. Mus. Brit, and Herb. Stockholm.

Among grassy herbage on mountain tops, Swartz ! Lacovia, Britton !
Fl. Jam. 1497 ; pond near Four Paths, Clarendon, Harris db Britton I
Fl. Jam. 10,633.— Is. Pinos (fide Urban), Cuba.

Diodia

RUBIACE^

119

Leaves papery, somewhat rough, mostly 1-3-5 cm. by 5-10 mm.
Stipular sheath scarious, about 2 mm. 1. ; bristles rather coarse, 2-3 mm.
1. Corolla white. Fruit 4 mm. 1., 4 times as long as the persistent
calyx-lobes. Fruits 4 mm. 1. Seeds black, 2-5 mm. 1.

Flowers not seen ; the description taken from Swartz.

36. HEMIDIODIA K. Schum.

Differs from Diodia in its fruit, the membranous cocci of
which separate and open in the lower portion.

One species in tropical America and the West Indies.

H. ocimifolia {Willd.) K. Sch. in Mart. Fl. Bras. vi. pt. 6, 29,
/. lxxii.(1888); Urb. Symb.Ant. iv. 606 & viii. 688 ; Brift. dk Wils.
P. -Rico d- Virg. Is. vi. 254 ; Will. <& Cheesm. Fl. Trin. db Tob,

Fig. 36. — Hemidiodia ocimifolia (Willd.) K. Sch.

A, Portion of plant bearing flower and

fruit X s

B, Flower x 6.

C, Corolla opened x 6.

D, Fruit X 6.

E, Coccus showing ventral opening x 6.

F, Seed x 6.

120 FLORA OF JAMAICA Hemidiodia

ii. 43. Spermacoce ocymifolia Willd. ex Roem. c& Schult.
Syst. Veg. Hi. 530 (1818) ; DC. Prodr. iv. 556. (Fig. 36.)

Masson ! Cuming ! Moneague, Prior ! Claverty Cottage, J.P.
1445, Hart ! — West Indies, Trinidad, Mexico, tropical South America.

A perennial branched herb becoming suffruticose below, up to
7 dm. tall ; branches spreading, somewhat four-angled when young
with puberulous angles, becoming terete, up to 2 mm. thick, dark
purplish when dry. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, up to 4-5 by 1 cm.,
narrowed at base into a short petiole, one-nerved, puberulous or
glabrate, margin and nerves rather rough ; stipular sheath cup-like,
3-4 mm. long, puberulous, bearing numerous bristles about equal to
or exceeding its length. Flowers numerous in a dense sessile cluster
towards one side of the leaf-axils. Calyx-tube cylindrical, puberulous,
lobes 4, short, ovate, united at base into a short open cup, -75 mm. 1.
Corolla-tube slender, cylindric, 1-5 mm. 1., lobes 4, narrow, barely 2 mm. 1. ;
apex blunt, shortly hairy. Stamens exserted, shorter than the corolla-
lobes. Style filiform ; stigma capitate. Fruit shortly stalked, oblong,
2-furrowed, puberulous above, 3-5 mm. long ; cocci papery, separating
and opening in the lower portion. Seeds narrowly oval, furrowed
on back, deep brown-purple, minutely pitted, 2-5-3 mm. 1.

37. SPERMACOCE L.

Annual or perennial herbs with four-angled stem.
Stipules united with the petioles to form a bristly sheath.
Flowers several to many, sessile in the leaf -axils. Calyx-tube
top-shaped ; limb 4-lobed. Corolla funnel-shaped ; lobes 4,
valvate in bud. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes, inserted
on the corolla-tube ; anthers not exserted. Ovary 2 -celled ;
style simple with shortly bifid stigma. Ovules solitary,
fixed to the septum. Fruit leathery or crustaceous, bearing
the persistent calyx-teeth ; one valve closed, the other open ;
seed oblong, shallowly grooved on the ventral side ; endo-
sperm horny.

Three or four species in tropical and subtropical America
and the West Indies.

Leaves rough on upper face. Inflorescence several-
flowered. Capsule crustaceous, hirtellous 1. S. confusa.

Leaves glabrous. Inflorescence many-flowered. Cap-
sule leathery, glabrous 2. S. tenuior.

1. S. confusa Eendle in Journ. Bot. Ixxiv. 12 (1936) ;
an annual herb 30-60 cm. high, stem generally erect from a
vertical tap-root, angles generally rather rough, branches
suberect to spreading, unequal, alternate or opposite ; leaves
lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, narrowing at the
base but scarcely stalked, one-nerved, rough above,
rather rough on the nerves beneath ; stipular sheath short,
truncate, bearing several long thread-like bristles, puberulous ;
flowers 7-13, unilateral ; calyx-tube exceeding the 4-lobed

Spermacoce

RUBIACE^

121

limb ; corolla-lobes ovate, less than half as long as the stout
tube ; stamens inserted on the base of the tube ; capsule
subglobose, crowned by the persistent sepal-limbs ; seed
oblong, scarcely pitted. — S. tenuior Gaertn. Fruct. i.
122, t. 25, fig. 9 (1788) non L. Sp. PI 102 ; Lam. Tab.

Fig. 37. — Spermacoce confusa Rendle.

A, Portion of plant in flower and fruit D, Fruit, the persistent membrane is

X i. seen on tlie left-iiand valve x 8.

B, Flower with bract x 8. E, Seed x 8.

C, Corolla cut open x 8. F, Fruit of S. tenuior L. x 8.

Encyc. et Method, i. 273, t. 62, fi^. 1 (1791) : DC. Prodr. iv
552 ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 349 & Cat. PI. Cub. 141 ; Egg
St. Croix cfc Virg. 62 ; Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. ii. 60
K. Schum. in Mart. Fl. Bras. vi. pt. 6, 34 ; Hitchc. in Miss
Bot. Card. Eep. iv. 95 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 608 & viii. 690 :
Britton Fl. Amer. Virg. 95 ; Britt. cfc Wils. P. -Rico <fc Virg. Is

122 FLORA OF JAMAICA Spermacoce

vi. 256 ; Will. <fc Cheesm. Fl. Trin. dk Tob. ii. 44 ; Rmdle in
Journ. Bot. Ixxii. 333. (Fig. 37.)

McFadyen ! Hope, Prior ! Balaclava, Orcutt 2273 ! Montego Bay,
Norman, 84 ! nr. Kingston, 500 ft., Clute, 11 ! Walkers Pen, Long Mt
Road, 300 ft., Campbell ! nr. Mandeville, 2200 ft. ; Cinchona, 5000 ft.
Inverness, Lower Clarendon, 300 ft.; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6150, 6191
8582, 12,749. — South-eastern United States, Bahamas, West Indies
Trinidad, tropical continental America.

Leaves 2-5—4 cm. rarely to 5 cm., by 2-5 mm. rarely to 1 cm.
stipular sheath about 1 mm. 1., bristles unequal, 1-2 mm. 1. Calyx
tube narrowly top-shaped, 1*5 mm. 1. Corolla white, barely 2 mm. 1
Capsule 2-5 mm. 1. ; persistent sepal-limbs 1 mm. Seed dark chestnut
brown, scarcely 1-6 mm. 1.

2. S. tenuior L. Sp. PI. 102 (excl. ref. to Pluk. Aim.) ;
a perennial glabrous herb with a stout torulose tap-root ;
branches few, alternate, generally ascending, terete below,
four-angled above with four prominent lines, 3-5 dm. long ;
leaves herbaceous, lanceolate or oval-lanceolate, narrowing
towards the acute apex and at base and passing into a short
petiole, one-nerved ; stipular sheath glabrous or slightly
puberulous, bearing several unequal filiform bristles ; flowers
many, crowded in unilateral clusters, very shortly stalked ;
calyx-lobes ovate-triangular, acute, shorter than the tube ;
corolla-lobes narrowly ovate, exceeding the short tube, hairy
at and above the throat ; stamens subsessile near the base
of the tube ; capsule thinly leathery, obovoid to subellipsoid
with fiattish top bearing the often flattened short sepal-limbs
which may become almost obliterated ; seed minutely pitted.
—Rendu torn. cit. 329, t. 607, 608, fig. 3. S. glabra Aud. non
Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i. 82 ; K. Schum. torn. cit. 35 ; Urb.
op. cit. iv. 609 & via. 688. S. riparia Clmm. cfc Schl. in
Linncea Hi. 355 (1828) ; DC. torn. cit. 553 ; Britton S Wils.
tom. cit. 256. S. verticillis tenuioribus Dillen. Hort. Elth.
370, t. 211, f. 359.

Wright ! McNab ! Wilson 275 ! Constant Spring Pond, 600 ft.,
Campbell I Fl. Jam. 6135. — South-eastern United States, Hispaniola,
Porto Rico, Brasil, Uruguay, Paraguay.

Leaves generally 3-5 cm. by 6-12 mm. ; stipular sheath 2-2-5 mm. 1.,
bristles unequal, 1-5-3 mm. 1. Corolla, tube -5 mm. long, segments
1-5 mm., filaments of stamens scarcely -5 mm. Style with thickened
stigma scarcely -5 mm. long. Capsule 2-5-3 mm. long, persistent
sepal-limb 1 mm. or less. Seed about 2 mm. long, deep purple or
chestnut-brown.

38. BORRERIA G. F. W. Meyer.

Annual or perennial herbs sometimes woody at the base,
or suffrutescent. Branches four-angled. Leaves sometimes
apparently whorled. Stipules united with the petioles to

Borreria RUBIACE^ 123

form a bristly sheath. Flowers small, numerous, sessile and
axillary or in terminal heads. Calyx-tube top-shaped to
cylindrical, limb 2- or 4-lobed. Corolla funnel-shaped, lobes
4, valvate in bud. Stamens 4, attached at or below the
mouth of the corolla ; anthers often exserted. Ovary
2-celled ; style simple with shortly bilobed stigma. Ovules
solitary, fixed to the septum. Capsule leathery or membranous,
crowned by the persistent sepal-limbs, septicidal, valves
cohering at the base. Seeds oblong, convex on the back
with a ventral furrow ; endosperm horny.

Species about 80 in the tropics of both worlds but mainly
American.

Seeds transversely furrowed. Calyx-teeth 4 1. B.loevis.

Seeds minutely pitted. Calyx-teeth 2.

A small annual herb with generally oval to
narrowly oval leaves. Anthers subsessile
at the mouth of the corolla 2. B. ocymoides.

Suffrutescent with woody branched stem. In-
florescence dense, terminal, globose, with
sometimes accessory ones in the upper leaf-
axils. Stamens exserted 3. B. verticillata.

A stiff annual herb with a well-marked generally
vmbranched main stem. Leaves long, stiff,
linear- lanceolate. Flowers in dense terminal
and axillary many-fiowered heads 4. B. apinosa.

1. B. Isevis {Lam.) Griseh. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 349 (1861) ;
a herb or suffrutescent below, sometimes scrambling in
bushes, branches spreading or ascending, becoming subterete
at base, glabrous or glabrescent above ; leaves lanceolate to
ovate-lanceolate or ovate, sometimes oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, base cuneate generally passing into a short petiole,
glabrous, or glabrescent or slightly hairy above, shortly hairy
beneath ; stipular sheath glabrescent bearing linear bristles
about equal to it in length ; inflorescence of terminal and
axillary many-flowered sessile clusters ; calyx-tube broaden-
ing upwards, shortly hairy above, bearing 4 short triangular
teeth with intervening fringe ; corolla white, divided to
about the middle into 4 triangular-lanceolate shortly hairy
lobes ; stamens exserted, about equal to the corolla-lobes ;
style slightly exceeding the corolla ; capsule ellipsoidal,
shortly hairy above ; valves papery ; seeds chestnut-
coloured ; transversely furrowed. — Griseh. Cat. PI. Cub. 141 ;
K. Sch. in Mart. Fl. Bras. vi. pt. 6, 43 ; Urb. Symh. Ant. iv.
607 & via. 688 ; Britton Fl. Berm. 365 ; Britt. dk Wils.
P. -Rico dh Virg. Is. vi. 255 ; Will. <& Cheesm. Fl. Trin. d; Tob. it.
44 ; Rendu in Journ. Bot. Ixxii. 332, t. GOS, fig. 4. Spermacoce
Isevis Lam. Tabl. Encyc. et Meth. Bot. i. 273 (excl, ref . to Shane)

124

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Borreria

(1791) ; Poir. in Lam. Encyc. vii. 313 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 556 ;
Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. ii. 59 ; Hitchc. in Miss. Bot.
Gard. Bep. iv. 95. S. sufifrutescens Jacq. Hort. ScJioenbr. t. 322
(1798). S. tenuior Sw. Obs. 43 (non Linn.). Spermacoce
scandens foliis oblongis &c. Browne Hist. Jam.. 141 (excl.

Fig. 38. — Borreria Icevis (Lam.) Griseb.
A, Portion of plant in flower x f . E, Ovary with calyx cut lengthwise

B, Stipule X 2.

C, Flower and bract x 6.

D, Corolla cut open x 6.

F, Fruit x 8.

G, One valve of fruit with seed x 8.
H, Seed x 8.

syn. Linn.). Anonymos Americ. foliis Parietariae scabris &c.
Pluk. Aim. 33, t. cxxxvi.f. 4. (Fig. 38.)

Sloane Herb. xcv. 53 ! xcix. 77 ! Wilson 281 ! Newcastle, J. P. 1471 !
Anotto Bay ; Temple Hall ; Thompson ! Ferry ; Rio Cobre ; Constant
Spring ; Campbell ! Sunning Hill, St. Thomas ; near Ewarton ; King's
House ; Cinchona ; Harris ! St. George's, Bot. Dept. ! Fl. Jam. 6404,
6157, 6162, 6190, 6495, 6712, 6771, 6795, 7919, 8007, 8582 ; Balaclava ;
Sweetwater ; May Pen ; Orcutt 296 ! 702 ! 1496 1 2153 ! near Troy,

Borreria RUBIACE^ 125

2000 ft.; Blue Mts., Thompson Gap; Miss Perkins 1252 ! 1401 !
Chapelton, Ridley ! Cockpit, north of Appleton, Norman 24 ! Giddy-
Hall, St. Elizabeth, Miss Maxwell ! Blue Mts,, near Green Hills,
Rendle, 8 ! 96 ! — Florida, Bermuda, West Indies, Central and tropical
South America.

Varies much in size from under a foot to 4 ft. in height when
scrambling, also in length of branches and width of leaves. Leaves
2-5-5 cm. by 0-6-2-5 cm. ; stipular sheath 4-5 mm. 1. Calyx-tube
3-4 mm. 1. Capsule 2-5-3 mm. 1. Seed 1-5-2 mm. 1.

2. B. ocymoides {Burm. f.) DC. Prodr. iv. 544 (1830) ;
branches slender, spreading from just above the base, glabrous
or sparsely shortly hairy on the angles ; leaves oval to
narrowly oval or oval-lanceolate to lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, acute to subacute, narrowing below into a short
petiole or sessile, glabrous, margin minutely rough ;
stipular sheath short, prolonged into filiform bristles about
equal to it in length ; flowers in small dense terminal heads
and axillary whorls, minute, shortly stalked ; calyx-tube
top-shaped, lobes triangular-subulate from the shallow tube ;
corolla barely exceeding the sepal-limbs, divided below the
middle into ovate -triangular blunt lobes ; anthers in a ring
at the base of the lobes ; style short ; fruit membranous,
urn-shaped ; seeds narrowly oblong, chestnut-brown, finely
pitted. — K. Sch. torn. cit. 48 ; Urb. op. cit. iv. 607 &
mii. 689 ; Britt. & Wils. torn. cit. 255 ; Will, dh Cheesm. loc.
cit. B. parviflora G. F. W. Meyer Prim. Fl. Essequeb. 83
(1818) ; DC. loc. cit. ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 349 & Cat. PI.
Cub. 141 ; Egg. St. Croix S Virg. 62 ; Stahl Fl. P.-Rico v. 91 ;
Hemsl. loc. cit. B. domingensis Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 141,
Spermacoce ocymoides Burm. f. Fl. Ind. 34, t. 13,/. 1 (1768),

Wiles ! March ! Prospect Hill, 2000 ft,, Thompson 7939 ! Castle-
ton Gardens, 500 ft., Harris ! Cuna Cuna Pass, Portland, a roadside
weed, Harris S Britton ! Fl. Jam. 10,891, 11,922, 10,564.— West
Indies, tropical America to the Argentine, tropical Asia,

A weed from a few up to 10 ins. high. Leaves 1-2-5 cm. by 2-10
mm. ; stipular sheath about 1 mm. Heads of flowers 3-4 mm. in
diameter. Flowers a little over 1 mm. long, calyx-tube -5 mm.,
sepal-lobes -5 mm. Fruit 1 mm. long.

3, B. verticillata [L.) G. F. W. Meyer Prim. Fl. Essequib.
83 (1818) ; a common perennial weed up to 3 or 4 ft. high from
a woody tap-root ; branches glabrous, up to 2-5 mm. thick ;
leaves linear-lanceolate to almost linear, apparently whorled
from the development of short shoots in the axils, apex and
base acute to acuminate, shortly stalked, glabrous, mid-nerve
prominent beneath and somewhat rough ; stipular bristles
longer than the sheath ; flowers subsessile or shortly
stalked ; calyx-tube subcylindrical, lobes triangular-awl-

126 FLORA OF JAMAICA Borreria

shaped from a shallow fringed cup ; corolla funnel-shaped,
split to the middle into ovate- triangular spreading lobes ;
stamens exserted, attached at the mouth of the corolla ; style
equal to the corolla ; fruit subglobose ; seed oblong, chestnut-
brown, minutely pitted. — DC. torn. cit. 541 ; Stahl torn. cit. 88 ;
Egg. loc. cit. ; K. Sch. torn. cit. 49 ; Urb. op. cit. iv. 608 &
via. 689 ; Britt. <fc Wils. torn. cit. 255 ; Will. <fc Cheesm.
loc. cit. Spermacoce verticillata L. Sp. PL 102 ; Griseb.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 350 ; Hemsl. torn. cit. 60 ; Hitchc. loc. cit.
Spermacoce fruticulosa atque ramosa Browne, Hist. Jam.
141 ; Sp. verticillis globosis Dill. Hort. Elth. 369, t. 277,
/. 350 ; Linn. Hort. Cliff. 33. Pulegium fruticosum erectum
verticiUis densissimis Sloane Cat. 64 & Hist. i. 170.

Shane Herb. iii. 48 ! viii. 127 ! Maason ! Wright ! von Rohr ! March !
Macfadyen ! Prior ! Gosse ! McNab ! Cinchona, 5000 ft., Clute 192 !
Giddy Hall, St. Elizabeth, Miss Maxwell ! sea-shore, Montego Bay,
Norman 93 ! Balaclava ; ArntuUy ; Orcutt 996 ! 2652 ! roadside near
Mandeville, Rendle 147 ! an ubiquitous weed, J. P. 941 ! 1413 !
Shortwood, 500 ft., Campbell ! Anotto Bay, Thompson ! near Blue-
fields ; weed in cultivated ground, Lilitz Savanna, 300-900 ft. ; Harris !
Fl. Jam. 6121, 7915, 7926, 9909, 11,744. — West Indies, continental
tropical America.

Leaves generally 2-3-5 cm. (1-5-4-5) by 2-5 mm. Flower-heads
about 1 cm. in diam. ; flowers white or yellowish white. Calyx-tube
1'25 mm. 1., lobes 1 mm. 1. Corolla barely 4 mm. 1. Fruit 1-5-2 mm. 1.

4. B. spinosa {L.) Cham, cfc Schlecht. in Linncea iii. 340 ;
stem solitary, up to 3 ft. high, erect from a tap-root or with
short branches from the upper leaf -axils ; glabrous, sometimes
rough on the angles ; leaves tapering acuminate, narrowing
to a subsessile base, glabrous, margin rough, revolute when
dry, nerve prominent beneath ; stipular sheath passing above
into hyaline filaments equal to itself in length ; flower-heads
involucrate (4-8-leaved) ; flowers white, shortly stalked ;
calyx-tube narrowly top-shaped, densely white pubescent
above, lobes 2, linear, opposite, from a shallow white
puberulous tube ; corolla slightly exceeding the calyx,
divided above the middle into triangular-ovate spreading
lobes, glabrous ; stamens equal to the corolla-lobes ; style
equal to the corolla ; capsule oblong, somewhat compressed,
stiffly membranous, white villous above the middle ; seed
narrowly oblong, brown-red, finely pitted. — DC. tom. cit.
542 : Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 350 & Cat. PL Cub. 141 ;
K. Sch. tom. cit. 403. B. densiflora DC. Prodr. iv. 542 (1830)
(e descript.). Spermacoce spinosa Jacq. Enum. Syst. PI.
Carib.&c. 12 (1760) (nomen) ; L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 148 (1762) ;
Hemsl. loc. cit. Spermacoce erecta simplex &c. Browne
Hist. Jam. 140.

Borreria RUBIACE^ 127

Macfadyen ! Grant's Pen, 460 ft., Campbell ! coarse weed, 3 ft.
high. King's House Grounds, 600 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6241, 6945.—
Cuba, Porto Rico, Tobago, Colombia.

Leaves varying much in length and breadth, up to 10 cm. by 6
mm. ; stipular sheath up to 5 mm. 1. Calyx-tube 2 mm. 1., lobes
1-2-5 mm. 1. Fruit 3-4 mm. 1., on a short stalk about 1 mm.

39. MITRACARPUS Zuccarini.

Annual or perennial herbs sometimes woody at the base.
Stem 4-angled with opposite spreading branches, puberulous
to villous. Leaves oblong to lanceolate ; stipules united
with the petioles to form a bristly sheath. Flowers small,
sessile, axillary and in terminal heads. Calyx-tube subglobose,
limb with two long and two short teeth. Corolla tubular,
lobes 4, valvate in bud. Stamens at the mouth of the corolla-
tube. Ovary 2-celled ; style with bifid stigma. Ovules
solitary, fixed to the septum. Capsule membranous sub-
globose, dehiscing transversely, the upper part crowned by
the persistent sepals. Seeds ellipsoid, ventrally 4-lobed by a
cross-shaped furrow.

About 15 species, mainly tropical American, also in tropical
and South Africa and the Pacific Islands.

M. villosus (Sw.) DC. Prodr. iv. 572 (1830) ; an annual
herb sometimes becoming woody at the base ; stem simple
or branched, generally from the base, branches opposite,
puberulous to villous especially beneath the nodes ; leaves
oblong to lanceolate, blunt to acute, mucronate, narrowed at
base to a short petiole or subsessile, upper face and incurved
margin rather rough ; stipular sheath shallow, bristles about
equal to it in length ; flowers shortly stalked ; calyx-tube hairy,
lobes awl-shaped, acute, pilose, connate at base, the longer
rigid, keeled, the shorter hyaline ; corolla-lobes ovate, blunt,
about half the length of the tube ; style about equal to the
corolla. Capsule membranous, the upper dehiscent portion
hairy ; seeds pale brown, minutely pitted. — Griseb. Fl. Br. W.
Ind. 350 & Cat. PL Cub. 143 ; Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. ii. 61 ;
Hitchc. in Miss. Bot. Card. Bep. iv. 96, M. hirtum K. Sch.
in Mart. Fl. Bras. vi. pt. 6, 84 (1888) (excl. syn.), non DC.
Prod. iv. 572 ; Britt. dh Wils. P.-Rico dh Virgin Is. vi. 258 ;
Will. <fc Cheesm. Fl. Trin. <&; Tob. ii. 48. Spermacoce hirta
L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 148 (1762) ; Jacg. Ic. Ear. t. 308. S. villosa
Sw. Prodr. 29 (1788) (excl. syn. Sloane) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 1943.
Spermacoce erecta subhirsuta &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 141.
Specimens from Browne in Linnean Herb, and from Swartz in
Herb. Mus. Brit, and Stockholm. (Fig. 39.)

128

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Mitracarpus

Houstoun ! Masson ! Purdie ! Kingston, Prior ! Flamstead, St.
Andrew, 4000 ft.. Miss Maxwell ! near Walker's Pen by Long Mt.
Road, 300 ft., Campbell ! Mona estate, 500 ft., a weed in pastures,
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6173, 11,862. — West Indies, tropical America.

A, Portion of plant in flower x f .

B, Stipule X 2.

C, Flower, the ovary shown in section

X 10.

Fig. 39. — Mitracarpus villosus (Sw.) DC.

D, Corolla cut open x 10.

E, Fruit, the transverse dehiscence is
indicated x 10.

F, Seed x 10.

Plant generally from 1-3-5 dm. high ; stem 1-3-5 mm. thick at
base. Leaves generally 2-3-5 by 0-5-1 cm., rarely 1-5 cm. Flower
heads up to 1 cm. diam. Calyx-tube barely -5 mm. 1. ; the longer
lobes 2 nam. Fruit less than 1 mm. 1. Seed 0-75 mm. 1.

40. RICHARDIA L.

Diffuse pubescent or rough annual herbs growing in
waste ground ; root torulose. Leaves (in Jamaican species)
lanceolate-oblong to elliptical ; stipules united with the

Richardia

BUBIACE^

129

petioles to form a bristly sheath. Flowers small in a dense
terminal involucrate head. Calyx-tube subglobose ; limb
6-lobed. Corolla narrowly funnel-shaped, six-lobed, lobes
valvate. Stamens attached at the mouth of the corolla.
Ovary 3-celled ; ovules solitary, attached to the septum ;
style simple with trifid stigma. Fruit crustaceous, trigonous,
crowned by the persistent sepals ; separating into indehiscent
cocci. Seed plano-convex ; albumen horny.

Species 9 in the warmer parts of America from the southern
United States to the Argentine.

Fig. 40. — Richardia brasiliensis Gomez.

A, Portion of plant in flower X J. D, Corolla cut open x 6.

B, Stipule X 2. E, Ovary with calyx cut lengthwise x 6.

C, Flower x 4. F, Fruit x 6.

R. brasiliensis Gomez Mem. Ipecac. 31, t. 2 (1801) ; tap-
root woody, torulose ; stem branching at the base, branches
numerous, prostrate to ascending, subterete, more or less
VII.— 9

130 FLORA OF JAMAICA Richardia

densely covered with roughish white hairs ; leaves acute to
subacute, tapering at the base to a short petiole, with
appressed roughish hairs ; stipular bristles about as long as the
sheath ; involucre 4-leaved ; calyx-lobes narrowly triangular,
acute, connate at base, hairy with ciliate margins ; corolla-
lobes spreading, narrowly ovate, acute, shortly hairy at tip ;
fruit obovoid, muricate, dull red ; seed broadly ovoid or
subrotund, brown, smooth. — K. Sch. in Mart. Fl. Bras. vi.
pt. 6, 94 ; Small Flora S.E. United States, ed. 2, 1114. R. pilosa
Ruiz <fe Pav. Fl. Per.d; Chili Hi. 50, t. 21% (1802) (specimen
in Herb. Mus. Brit.). Richardsonia scabra St. Hit. PI. Usuell.
Bras. fasc. viii. t. viii. (1824) non Richardia scabra L. Sp. PI.
330 (specimen from Houstoun in Herb. Mus. Brit.) ; DC.
Prodr. iv. 567 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 351 & Cat. PI. Cub.
143 ; Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. ii. 62 ; Urb. Symb. Ant.
ix. 542. (Fig. 40.)

Macfadyen ! Bancroft ! St. Andrew, Purdie ! March ! Wilaon I
St. Andrew's Hills near Kingston, Prior 428 ! Cinchona, Taylor 4240 !
also Clute 213 ! and Fawceti ! ArntuUy, Orcutt ! Cinchona ; King's
House Grounds, 400 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam.. 5330, 5960, 8583, 12,138.—
Cuba, tropical S. America, S.E. United States, Sandwich Is.

Plant 1-3 dm. high ; stem 2 mm. thick at base. Leaves 2-4 by
•7-2 cm. Flower -he&ds up to 1-5 cm. diam. Calyx-tube barely
1-5 mm. long, limbs 3 mm. Corolla-tube 4 mm. 1. Fruit 2-5 mm. 1.
Seeds barely 2 mm.

41. RELBUNIUM Endl.

Perennial much branched herbs with four-angled slender
stems. Leaves apparently four in a whorl (really opposite
with a pair of leaf-like stipules). Flowers small, solitary or
few in the leaf-axil, enveloped by a leaf-like involucre.
Calyx-tube globose, limb obsolete. Corolla rotate, 4-lobed.
Stamens attached at the mouth of the corolla. Ovary 2-celled ;
style deeply divided ; stigmas capitate. Ovules solitary,
fixed to the base of the septum. Fruit fleshy. Seeds
adhering to the pericarp ; endosperm horny ; embryo
curved,

R. hypocarpium (L.) Hemsl Biol. Centr. Am. ii. 63
(1881-2) ; stem and branches beset with short roughish hairs
and straggling over surrounding vegetation to the height of
2 to 3 ft, ; leaves sessile or subsessile, oval or oval-oblong,
entire, apex shortly cuspidate, convex, margin re volute in
drying, one-nerved, hispid or hirsute above, hirsute on the
nerve beneath ; flower-pedicels slender, axillary, equal to or
a little shorter than the leaf, 1-4 at one node ; leaves of

Relhunium RUBIACE.^ 131

involucre 4, equal or subequal, oval, acute, hirsute, exceeding
or as long as the corolla ; corolla yellow or cream-coloured,
lobes spreading, with shortly hairy margins ; fruit scarlet,
globose indented above, hairy. — K. Sch. in Mart. Fl. Bras,
vi. pt. 6, 112, t. 92 ; Hitchc. in Miss. Bot. Gard. Rep. iv. 96 ;
Greenm. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts d; Sci. xxxiii. 468. Valantia

Fig. 41. — ReVbunium hj/pocarpium (L.) Hemsl.

A, Portion of plant X 3. D, Ovary witli calyx cut lengthwise

B, Flower x 6. x 12.

C, Corolla cut open x 6. E, Fruit x 4.

hypocarpia L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1307 (1759) ; Sw. Ohs. 386.
V. hypocarpa L. Pugill. Jam. PI. 412 (1760) & 8p. PI. ed. 2,
1491 (1763) (specimen in Herb. Linn.). Rubia hypocarpia
DC. Prodr. iv. 591. Galium hypocarpium Griseb. Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 351 (1861). Rubia subhirsuta scandens vel reclinata
Browne Hist. Jam. 141. (Fig. 41.)

132 FLORA OF JAMAICA Relbunium

Broughton ! Wright ! Masson ! Shakespear ! Dancer ! Metcalfe I
McNab 75 ! McNeil's Coffee estate, Eggera 3566 ! Guava Ridge»
St. Andrew, 3600 ft., Miss Maxwell ! Abbey Green, open brushy slope,
Maxon 10,053 ! Cinchona, 5000 ft., Clute 213 ! and Harris 8588 !
Newcastle, 2800 ft. Norman 233 ! near Woodcutter's Gap, Blue Mts.
4800 ft., Rendle 11 !; Catherine's Peak, 6300 ft., Rendle 39! 47 !—
Warmer parts of America from Mexico southward.

Main branches about 1-5 nun. thick. The stiffish leaves vary much
in size, on the main branches -S— 1 cm. by 3-5 mm., smaller on the
branchlets. Leaves of involucre barely 2 mm. long. Corolla about
2-5 mm. across. Fruit 3 mm. broad.

Family CXXII. CAPRIFOLIACE.E.

Shrubs or small trees, rarely climbing (Lonicera). Leaves
opposite, simple, pinnate in Sambucus, usually without
stipules. Flowers hermaphrodite, regular or irregular
(Lonicera), in showy cymose inflorescences. Calyx-tube
united with the inferior ovary, limb generally smaU, 5-toothed
or -lobed. Corolla rotate (tubular and two-lipped in Lonicera),
segments 5. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube, fila-
ments free, anthers generally introrse. Ovary inferior, 1- to
5-celled ; ovules pendulous, one to many in each cell ; style
simple, lobed, or absent. Fruit a berry or drupe. Seeds
with a fleshy endosperm and generally small straight embryo.

Species about 340, mainly temperate to subtropical in
the northern hemisphere.

Corolla regular, rotate.

Leaves simple Viburnum.

[Leaves pinnate Sambucus.]

[Corolla tubular, two-lipped ; Lonicera,]

VIBURNUM L.

Shrubs or small trees, much branched. Leaves simple ;
stipules absent or small. Flowers in terminal or axillary
corymbs, white, fragrant. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla rotate,
5-lobed. Ovary originally 3-celled, becoming one-celled by
abortion with a single seed in the drupe. Style very short,
3 -partite.

Species about 100, mainly in the temperate and subtropical
regions of the northern hemisphere, and the Andes.

Branches and inflorescence stellate-pubescent.

Fruit-ellipsoid to subglobose, 5 mm. long 1. V. villosum.

Fruit oval, 9-10 mm. long 2. V. arboreum.

Branches and inflorescence glabrate, fruit 6 nun. 1. 3. V, alpinum.

Viburnum

CAPRIFOLIACE.E

133

1. V. villosum Sw. Prodr. 54 & Fl. Ind. Occ. 564 ; a shrub
or small tree ; branchlets and inflorescence pubescent with
stellate hairs ; leaves ovate or elliptic, acuminate, base
rounded, shortly stalked, midrib and veins prominent
beneath, surface typically densely stellate-pubescent beneath.

Fig. 42. — Viburnum villosum Sw.

A, Branchlet with inflorescence; h,

stellate hair ; x f .

B, Flower x 6.

C, Corolla cut open x 6.

D, Ovary with calyx cut lengthwise x 10.

E, Drupe x 3.

F, Drupe, upper half of pericarp re-

moved, X 3.

very sparsely stellate-pubescent or glabrate above, stipules
absent ; flowers in large spreading generally 6-7 -rayed
cymes ; calyx-lobes small, ovate-obtuse to subacute, ciliate ;
drupe black, ovoid, broadly ellipsoid or subglobose, crowned
by the short persistent calyx-lobes and the base of the style. —
Lunan Hort. Jam. n. 261 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 327 ; Macf. Fl.

134 FLORA OF JAMAICA Viburnum

Jam. a. 201 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 315 ; Britton in BuU.
Torr. Bot. CI. xxxvii. 351.

Black Wattle.

Shakespear ! Wright ! McNab ! Dancer ! March 1340 ! 1787 !
Woodside, St. Mary ; St. Andrew ; Purdie ! Union Hill, Moneague ;
Tiddenham, St. Ann ; Prior ! Linden 1669 ! Marsh 648 ! Port
Royal Mts., Bancroft ! and Hartweg 1545 ! Robertsfield, J. P. 704 !
Keith Hall ; Brandon Hill, 1000 ft. ; Thompson I Cinchona, 5000 ft. ;
road from Askenish to Dolphin Head, 1400 ft. ; grove near Hope,
800 ft. ; Mt. Pleasant, Stony HiU, 1100 ft. ; Harris I Fl. Jam. 7978,
8046, 9196, 9255, 11,139, 11,777; Cinchona, Miss Perkins 1126!
and Britton 340 ! Bellevue, 4500 ft., Eggers 3768 ! Flamstead, St.
Andrew, 4000 ft.. Miss Maxwell ! Halberstadt, 2500 ft., Norman, 184 !

Leaves generally 7-10 by 4-6 cm. ; petiole '5-1 cm. 1. Cymes
10-15 cm. broad. Calyx-lobes about -5 mm. 1. Open corolla 4-5 mm,
across. Drupe about 5 mm. 1.

Grisebach distinguished varieties glabrescens with leaves glabrate
and subdentatum with leaves rather thick, rugose, subdentate and
undulate, veins impressed above and prominent beneath. N. L.
Britton (I.e.) says : " The species apparently consists of numerous races,
differing in the amount of stellate pubescence, in the shape of the fruit,
and in the length of the stamens. Very densely tomentose bushes
grow in proximity to slightly pubescent ones about Cinchona." The
genus requires careful study in the field.

2. V. arboreum Britton in Bull. Torr. Bot. CI. xxxvii. 351
(1910) ; a tree up to 45 ft. high with straight trunk and spread-
ing branches ; leaves oval-elliptic, glabrous or sparsely
stellate-pubescent above, loosely stellate-pubescent beneath,
apex shortly acuminate, unequally narrowed or obtuse at the
base, veins 5-6 on each side of the midrib, prominent beneath
when dry ; petioles and inflorescence stellate-pubescent ;
flowers as in the other species ; fruit oval narrowing at both
ends, crowned by the broadly ovate ciliate calyx-lobes and
the base of the style.

Wooded rocky hill. Tyre, Cockpit country, Britton 553 ! and Harris
Fl. Jam. 9475 ! Soho, St. Ann, 1400 ft., Harris Fl. Jam. 11,990 !

Leaves dull green, 8-12 by 5-6-5 cm. ; petioles 1-1-5 cm. 1. In-
florescence 8-12 cm. broad. Drupe 9-10 mm. 1., 3 mm. in diameter
when dry.

3. V. alpinum Macf. Fl. Jam. ii. 201 (1850)* ; a large
shrub or small tree to 20 ft. high ; branches and inflorescence
glabrate-papillose, very sparsely stellate-hairy ; leaves ovate
to elliptical, acuminate, base rounded to obtuse, glabrous,
midrib and veins (4-5 each side) somewhat prominent beneath,
slightly impressed above when dry, petiole slender, stipules
absent ; flowers as in F. villosum but inflorescence (5-7 -rayed)
less dense ; drupe ellipsoidal, black when ripe. — Britton torn,
cit. 352 ; Griseb. loc. cit. as V. glabratum Kunth.

* See note vol. V. p. xiv.

Viburnum CAPRIFOLIACE^ 135

Black Wattle.

Wilson ! Waters ! Cinchona, Hart J. P. 897 ! top of Blue Mt. Peak,
J. P. 1202 ! Blue Mts., Prior ! Cinchona, Fawcett ! Peckham Woodland,
Clarendon, 2300 ft. and 2500 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8158, 9197, 11,072,
11,196; Cinchona, Clutc 215! Stony Valley River gulley, Orcutt
5897 !

Leaves up to 12 by 8 cm. Drupe 6 by 4 mm. A plant generally
of higher altitudes than villosum.

A specimen in fruit, road to Holly Mt. 2400 ft. Harris ! Fl. Jam.
8978, " a bush or small tree 20 ft. high " is apparently a more robust
plant and has larger drupes, 7-5-8 by 5 mm. It is perhaps a variety
of the above,

[SAMBUCUS L.

Generally shrubs or trees, branches with a thick pith.
Leaves pinnate, often with small stipules. Flowers small,
white, in much branched corymbs. Calyx small, 3- to 5-toothed.
Corolla rotate 5-lobed. Ovary 3- to 5-celled ; ovules 1,
pendulous in each cell ; style short, 3- to 5-partite. Drupe
3- to 5-celled.

Widely distributed ; about 20 species mainly temperate
and on mountains in the tropics.

S. Simpsonii Eehder in Sargent Trees and Shrubs it. 187
(1911) ; a tree up to 20 ft. high, glabrous except for a
sparse pubescence on the petioles, the backs of the leaflets,
and the inflorescence ; leaves imparipinnate, generally with
two pairs of subsessile leaflets below the terminal one and
two lower pairs of stalked tripinnate leaflets ; leaflets lanceo-
late, rather long acuminate, serrate, 5-10 cm. ; inflorescence
5-rayed, rays much branched forming a large wide-spreading
corymb of white flowers ; sepal-lobes short, orbicular, scarcely
1 mm. 1. ; corolla open, 6-5 mm. across, lobes broadly ovate,
scarcely 3 mm. 1. ; stamens about equal to the corolla ;
ovary 5-celled, ripe fruit (not seen) " black." — Britt. <fc Wils.
P.-Rico <&; Virg. Is. vi. pt. 1, 259. S. canadensis Bello in
Anal. Hist. Nat. Soc. Espan. x. 278 (1881) (non L.) ; Stahl
Fl. P.-Rico vi. 23. S. canadensis var. laciniata von Schwerin
in Urb. Symb. Ant. viii. 692 (1921) (non A. Gray). S. inter-
media Carr. var. insularis von Schwerin in Mitt. Deutsch.
Dendrol. Ges. 1909, 188 & in Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 609.

Castleton district, 500 ft., in flower, Harris ! Fl. Jam, 11,932.
" Very generally naturalised throughout the island." — Native of
south-eastern United States ; apparently widely naturalised in the
West Indies.]

[LONICERA L.

Shrubs, sometimes climbing. Leaves entire, exstipulate.
Flowers in cymes or heads, often connate in pairs by the
ovaries. Calyx-lobes small. Corolla with a long tube and

136 FLORA OF JAMAICA Lanicera

2-lipped 5-lobed limb. Ovary 2- to 3-celled ; ovules many,
pendulous in the inner angle of each cell ; style long, slender.
Berry fleshy, few-seeded.

Species more than 100 ; temperate and warm regions of
the northern hemisphere.

L. confusa DC. Prodr. iv. 333 (1830) ; a twining pubescent
shrub, climbing over shrubs and low trees ; leaves ovate
to ovate-oblong, acute, base rounded, 4-7 by 2-2-3 cm.,
dark green above and glabrescent except on the midrib and
veins, short pubescent beneath ; petiole pubescent, less than
1 cm. long ; flowers fragrant, pubescent, generally in short-
stalked pairs in the axils of the bracts in partial inflorescences
in the upper leaf-axils of the branchlets, the whole forming a
many-flowered paniculate terminal inflorescence ; bracts,
ovary and acute narrow sepal-lobes with short brown hairs ;
corolla white changing to pale orange or yellow, about 4 cm.
long, tube slender, barely 2 mm. in diameter, glandular-
pubescent outside, longer than the lobes, stamens and style
extruded. — Rehder Man. Cult. Trees and Shrubs 837. L.
japonica Andr. Bot. Eep. t. 583 (non Thunh.).

Cultivated at Hope Gardens, 1906 ; Hardware Gap and vicinity,
3000-4000 ft. and abundantly naturalised, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,897.—
Native of China ; planted for its fragrant flowers.]

Family CXXIII. CAMPANULACE^.

Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, generally with milky
juice. Leaves alternate, simple, without stipules. Flowers
hermaphrodite, regular or irregular, often showy, solitary or
in racemes. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, often free in
the upper part ; lobes well-developed. Petals 5, variously
united or free nearly to the base. Stamens 5, generally
springing from the top of the ovary ; filaments free or united
below ; anthers free or imited, introrse. Ovary inferior or
partly inferior, 2- to 5-celled ; ovules numerous, anatropous
on axile placentas ; style simple, open with a crown of pollen-
collecting hairs. Fruit a capsule opening by valves or
loculicidally. Seeds small, numerous, with a straight embryo
and fleshy endosperm.

Species about 1500, mainly temperate and subtropical.

Flowers regular.

Corolla-tube very short 1. Specularia.

Corolla-tube long and slender 2. Isotoma.

Flowers irregular 3. Lobelia.

Specularia

CAMPANULACEJi:

137

1. SPECULARIA Heist.

Small annual herbs with small leaves and small axillary
blue flowers, the earlier smaller with a rudimentary corolla
and cleistogamous. Flowers regular. Calyx-lobes 5, or
fewer in the closed flowers. Corolla rotate or broadly
campanulate, 5-lobed. Stamens free, filaments short, slender ;
anthers free. Ovary 3-celled ; stigmas 3. Capsule narrowly
top-shaped, 3-celled, opening by 3 narrow lateral valves.

Species 10, natives of the Mediterranean region, extending
to Central Europe and North America, with one species
extending to the West Indies and South America.

S. perfoliata {L.) A. DC. Mon. Campan. 351 (1830) &
in DC. Prodr. vii. pt. 2, 290 ; a weak weedy herb, from 6 ins.
to 2 ft. high ; stem simple or branched from near the base,

Fig. 43. — Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC,
A, Plant with flower and fruit x f . C, Ovary with calyx cut lengthwise

B, Flower x 3.

X 3.
D, Fruit X 3.

138 FLORA OF JAMAICA Specularia

stem and branches slender bearing downward pointing short
stiff hairs on the angles ; leaves sessile, orbicular or broadly-
ovate, 1 cm. or less in length, except the lower clasping the
stem with a broad cordate base, apex blunt, margin crenate-
dentate, margin and veins on lower face hirtellous ; calyx-
tube about 4 mm. 1., equal in length to the narrow lanceolate
acuminate lobes ; corolla broadly campanulate in the open
flowers, tube short, lobes spreading, about 7 mm. 1. ; capsule
crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes, about 5 mm. 1. —
Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. ii. 271 ; K. Sch. in Mart. Fl. Bras.
vi. pt. 4, 186; Britt. dh Br. III. Flor. N.U.S. dhc. Hi. 298;
Ritzerow in Flora xcviii. 205 ; Urb. Syrrib. Ant. viii. 699.
Campanula perfohata L. Sp. PI. 169. (Fig. 43.)

Masson ! McNab ! Cinchona, 5000 ft., a weed along roadsides,
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 12,087.^ — Canada and the United States south to
Mexico and S. America. In mountains in Hispaniola and Jamaica.

2. ISOTOMA Lindl.

Perennial herbs. Leaves in West Indian species coarsely
sinuate-dentate. Flowers solitary, axillary, regular. Corolla
with a long slender tube and spreading limb. Stamens in-
serted on the corolla-tube below the mouth, filaments united
above ; anthers united round the style, the two lower tipped
with stiff hairs, the 3 upper larger, naked or bearded. Ovary
inferior, 2-celled ; style long, thread-like ; stigma of 2 broad
lobes. Capsule opening loculicidally at the top within the
persistent calyx-lobes.

Species 8 ; 6 in Australasia, one in the Society Is., one in
the West Indies.

I. longiflora (L.) Presl Prodr. Lob. 42 (1836) ; a flaccid
pubescent leafy herb, 1-2 ft. high, with acrid milky juice ;
stem generally simple, leaves narrowly to broadly oblanceolate,
coarsely sinuate-dentate, acute or obtuse, tapering to the
sessile base, generally 10-13 by 2-4 cm. ; flowers pure white,
pedicel short ; calyx-lobes slender, tapering, about 1 cm. 1. ;
corolla-tube 8-11 cm. 1., lobes oblong-lanceolate about
2 cm. 1. ; all anthers bearded ; capsule ellipsoid, nodding,
about 1-5 cm. 1.—^. DC. in DC. Prodr. vii. pt. 2, 413 ; Griseb. Fl.
Br. W. Ind. 388 & Cat. Cub. 160 ; Egg. St. Croix d; Virg. Is.
67 ; Stahl Fl. P.-Eico vi. 27 ; Hitchc. in Miss. Bot. Card.
Rep. iv. 103 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 617 & viii. 703 ; Britt. dk
Wils. P.-Rico db Virg. Is. vi. 273. Lobelia longiflora L.

Isotoma CAMPANULACE^ 139

8p. PI. 930 ; Jacq. Hist. Stirp. Amer. 219, Ed. pid. 106, t. 200 ;
Sw. Obs. 317 ; Tuss. Fl. Ant. iv. t. 45 ; Descourt. Fl. Ant. Hi.
t. 156. Lobelia foliis lanceolatis dentatis Roy en Lugdb. 241
(1742) ; Plum. Plant. Amer. {Ed. Burm.), t. 253. Kapunculus
aquaticus foliis Cichorei, flore albo, tubulo longissimo
Sloane Cat. 58 & Hist. 158, t. 101, fig. 2. Lobelia foliis

Fig. 44. — Isotoma longiflora (L.) Presl.

A, Upper part of plant in flower x §. C, Ovary cut across x 2.

B, Top of flower cut open nat. size. D, Capsule nat. size.

lanceolatis dentatis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 322. Specimen
from Browne in Herb. Linn. (Fig. 44.)

Sloane Herb. iii. 23 ! Browne ! Houstoun ! Distin ! Port Royal
Mts., Purdie ! Hartweg 1548 ! St. Ann's Bay, Prior ! St. Mary,
McNab ! Burlington, 200 ft. ; Providence, 700 ft. ; Golden Valley,
800 ft. ; Thompson ! Hope, 700 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6476, 6749, 6782,

140 FLORA OF JAMAICA Isotoma

7914 ; Montego Bay, Norman 86 ! Bath, Orcutt 1970 ! — In damp places
at lower elevations. — West Indies.

Tussac (1824) emphasizes the poisonous character of the plant to
man and cattle, and says that it has been largely destroyed by Govern-
ment order in S. Domingo.

3. LOBELIA [Plumier] L.

Annual or perennial herbs, more rarely shrubs. Flowers
axillary or in terminal racemes, irregular, resupinate {i.e. the
stalk becomes twisted through 180° in the open flower).
Corolla two-lipped, the tube split down the (apparently)
upper side, often curved. Stamens free from the corolla ;
anthers united round the style, the two lower only with a stiff
tuft of hairs in Jamaican species. Ovary often only partly
inferior, two-celled ; the style bears a crown of hairs below
the stigma by which the pollen is pushed out of the anther-
tube. Capsule crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes, opening
above the calyx, between the septa.

Species about 200 in tropics and temperate regions.

Section Hemipogon. Annual herb with small leaves

and small blue flowers 1. L. Cliffortiana.

Section Tylomium. Perennial herbs or shrubs with
generally lanceolate acute leaves and many-
flowered racemes of curved flowers.
Raceme more or less elongated.
Bracts not leaf-like.
Flowers glabrous.

Calyx-lobes entire or with a few small
teeth.

Calyx-lobes 1-5-2 cm. long 2. L. acuminata.

Calyx-lobes less than 1 cm. long 3. L. innominata.

Calyx-lobes conspicuously serrate.

Leaves narrowly elliptical-oblong,

crenulate-serrate 4. L. Fawcettii,

Leaves elliptical, denticulate 5. L. grandifolia.

Flowers pubescent.

Leaves lanceolate to oval-lanceolate.

Raceme radial 6. L. aalicina.

Raceme markedly unilateral 8. L. assurgens.

Leaves linear-lanceolate, caudate 7. L. caudata.

Bracts leaf-like 9. L. Martagon.

Raceme few-flowered, congested within a

terminal leaf -rosette 10. L. Harriaii.

1. L. Cliffortiana L. Sp. PL 931 ; an annual glabrous herb ;
stem generally erect, slender, simple or branching from the
base, branches ascending ; leaves ovate, coarsely and un-
equally serrate, apex obtuse to subacute, base subcordate or
narrowing abruptly into the long slender petiole ; racemes

Lobelia

CAMPANULACE^

141

terminal, several- to many-flowered, bracts linear ; calyx-
lobes linear-acuminate, a little shorter than the corolla-tube ;
corolla blue, the apparently lower lip 3-lobed, spreading, upper
lip 2-lobed, suberect ; capsule rather more than half its length

Fig. 45. — Lobelia Cliffortiana L,

A, Upper portion of plant in flower and C, Stamina! tube cut open showing the

fruit X f . included style and stigma x 10.

B, Flower cut lengthwise x 6. D, Capsule open above x 4.

above the calyx-tube. — A. DC. in DC. Prodr. vii. pt. 2, 372 ;
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 385 & Cat. Cub. 159 ; Hitchc. in Rep.
Miss. Bot. Gard. iv. 103 ; Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. ii. 266 ;
Stahl Fl. P.-Rico vi. 28 ; Urh. Symb. Ant. iv. 617 & viii.

142 FLORA OF JAMAICA Lobelia

701 ; Britt. d; Wils. P. -Rico d: Virg. Is. vi. 272. Lobelia caule
erecto, foliis cordatis &c. Linn. Hort. Cliff. 426, t. 26 & Virid.
Cliffort. 90. Specimen in Herb. CMort. in Herb. Mus. Brit.
(Fig. 45.)

Masson ! Houstoun ! Macfadyen ! Purdie ! Moneague, Prior !
St. Mary, McNab ! Wilson ! Roaring River Falls, a weed in pastures ;
Leicesterfield, Upper Clarendon, 1800 ft., a roadside weed ; Castleton
district, a weed ; Golden Grove to Holland Bay, weed in damp
places along roadsides ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,361, 10,845, 10,888,
11,950; Balaclava, Orcutt 597! — Florida, Central America, Cuba,
Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Dominica, Martinique, Trinidad, tropical S.
America.

A weed in pastures and damp places, generally between 12 and
20 ins. high. Leaves thinly papery when dry, blade 2-4 cm. 1. becoming
smaller below the raceme ; petioles 2-2-5 cm. 1. sometimes shorter ;
raceme and thread-like flower-pedicels (up to 1 cm. 1.), lengthening
after flowering to 2 cm. 1. Calyx-tube about 2 mm. 1. Corolla, tube
about 3 nma. 1. and a little over 1 mm. in diam., lobes about 1 mm. 1.
Capsule about 6 mm. 1.

2. L. acuminata Sw. Prodr. 117 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ.
1950 (excl. synonymy) ; shrubby, ^6 ft. high, glabrous ;
stem branched; leaves broadly lanceolate to lanceolate,
acuminate, apex acute, tapering below to, and decurrent on,
the short petiole, margin serrulate ; raceme shorter than the
leaves, dense, radial or unilateral ; bracts linear-tapering,
shorter than the pedicel and adnate to its base ; calyx-lobes
linear-tapering, minutely toothed, 1-5-2 cm. long ; corolla
nearly twice as long as calyx-lobes, white or yellowish white,
sometimes tinged with rose ; staminal tube hairy ; anthers
glabrous except for the stiff beard. — Willd. Sp. PI. 1, 943
(excl. synonymy) ; Bendle in Journ. Bot. Ixxiii. 273.
Rapuntium acuminatum Presl Mon. Lobel. 24 (1836).
Specimen in Herb. Stockholm named by Swartz. (Fig. 46.)

Masson ! Swartz ! Grandvale, Westmoreland, 500 ft. ; damp
shady woods, Tyre, near Troy, 2400 ft. ; steep rocky slope in forest,
Lapland, 2000 ft. ; rocky slope, Kempshot, 1100-1600 ft. ; Ipswich,
St. Elizabeth, 500-750 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 7072, 8832, 9162, 10,334,
12,503.

Stem terete, smooth, -5 cm. or more thick in the upper part. Leaves
membranous, up to 3 dm. by 6 cm ; the degree of serrulation
varies from minutely serrulate to the more marked form shown in the
figure, an extreme case ; petiole somewhat decurrent giving the stem
an angled appearance below the nodes. Raceme up to 10 cm. 1. ;
pedicel about 3 cm. 1. ; bracteoles about the middle of the pedicel,
7 mm. 1. Corolla 3-3-5 cm. 1. Anthers 8-5 mm. 1. Capsule top-
shaped, about 1-5 cm. 1. by I cm. br. Seeds globose, minutely reticulate,
brown, -75 mm. diam.

Lobelia

CAMPANULACE^

143

Fig. 46. — Lobelia acuminata Sw.

A, Inflorescence X f ; leaf in back- B, Flower cut lengthwise x 1\.
ground x i. C, Fruit x IJ.

3. L. innominata Rendle in Journ. Bot. Ixxiii. 274 (1935) ;
herbaceous, 5 ft. high, glabrous ; leaves broadly oblanceolate,
acuminate, acute, tapering below and narrowly decurrent

144 FLORA OF JAMAICA Lobelia

along the short petiole, finely serrulate almost to the base ;
raceme shorter than the leaves, unilateral in flower ; bracts
linear-lanceolate, attached at the base to and shorter than
the pedicel ; calyx-lobes narrowly triangular or tapering from
a triangular base, minutely denticulate, 5-9 cm. 1. ; corolla
2-2-5 cm. 1., " greenish yellow " ; staminal tube hairy ;
anther-connectives sparsely hairy or glabrous. — Tupa acumi-
nata Griseb. ojp. cit. 386 (non A. DC).

Dancer ! woods of Portland, Purdie ! wood below Carron Hall,
St. Mary, ilfciVafe ! 3o\mCro^K Mta.,H arris <Sh Britton ! Fl. Jam. 10,703.

Stem 5-7 mm. thick below the inflorescence. Leaves 2-5-3-8 dm.
by 4-6 cm., petiole about 1 cm. 1. Raceme 15-20 cm. 1. including
the peduncle (4 cm.) ; bracts minutely serrulate, 1 cm. 1. or less,
bracteoles below the calyx-tube, scarcely 3 mm. 1. ; pedicels 2-2-5 cm. 1.
Calyx-tube top-shaped, 1 cm. 1. Androeciurn equal to the corolla.
Capsule broacfly top-shaped, 1 cm. 1., the upper 2 mm. forming a low
dome free within the free part of the calyx-tube (4r-5 mm. 1.). Seeds
globose, plainly minutely reticulate, brown, -7 mm. diam.

4. L. Fawcettii Urb. Symb. Ant. i. 452 (1900) ; a shrub
3-5 ft. high, glabrous ; leaves narrowly elliptic-oblong, shortly
and abruptly acuminate at apex, tapering below and decurrent
along the petiole ; margin with minutely apiculate crenula-
tions, denticulate below, very sparsely shortly hairy on the
back of the well-marked midrib and on the upcurving lateral
veins ; raceme dense, unilateral, much shorter than the
leaves ; bracts linear-acuminate, denticulate, adnate to the
pedicel below and about equal to it ; calyx-lobes linear-
acuminate, irregularly serrulate, 1-5-2 cm. 1. ; corolla shortly
lobed, pale yellow, about twice as long as the calyx-
lobes ; staminal tube pubescent, anther-connectives sparsely
puberulous. — Rendle torn. cit. 276. Tupa conglobata Griseb.
op. cit. '^Sl [non A. DC).

March ! Moneague, Prior ! moist woods, Manchester, Purdie !
near Christiana, Manchester, Fawcett ! Tweedside, Clarendon, 2600 ft. ;
road to Dolphin Head, 1200 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6346, 8141, 9269.

Leaves membranous, 3-4 dm. by 5-5-9 cm. Raceme to 1 dm. ;
pedicels 1-5-2 cm. 1. ; bracteoles beneath the cal5rx-tube, 8-13 mm. 1.
Calyx-tube top-shaped, about 8 mm. 1. Corolla 3-3-5 cm. 1. Androeciurn
2-5 cm. 1. ; anthers 7-5-8-5 mm., beard long. Capsule subhemi-
spherical, scarcely produced beyond the calyx-tube, about 8 mm. diam.
Seeds ellipsoid, dull yellow, very finely minutely reticulate, -7 mm. 1.

5. L. grandifolia Britton in Bull. Torr. Bot. CI. xxxvii. 359
(1910) ; " herbaceous " 3-4 ft. high ; stem stout, somewhat
pubescent ; leaves " flaccid," elliptical, abruptly acuminate,
base cuneate, blade not decurrent on petiole, minutely denti-
culate, pubescent beneath on the broad flat midrib and
numerous upcurved lateral veins ; raceme dense, unilateral,

Lobelia CAMPANULACE^ 145

shorter than the leaves ; bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
glandular-serrate, nearly as long as the pedicels ; flowers
glabrous ; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, glandular-serrate,
1-2-1-5 cm. 1. ; corolla about 2-5 cm. 1. ; staminal tube
pubescent ; anther-connectives loosely puberulous. — Rendle
lorn. cit. 277.

Woodlands, eastern slopes of south end of John Crow Mts. at about
1300 ft., Britton 4194, 4197 ; Harris d; Britton ! Fl. Jam. 10,725.

Leaves 3-5 dm. by 8—12 cm., " glabrous and dull green above,
rather bright green beneath " ; petiole 3-4 cm. 1. Raceme 5-15 cm.
1., peduncle stout, pubescent, 5-15 cm. 1. ; pedicels about 2 cm. 1.
Calyx-tube 8-10 mm. 1. Corolla " yellowish white, greenish yellow
or brownish." Androecium \-5-2 cm. \. ; anthers 7-9 mm., beard long.

6. L. salicina Lam. Encycl. Meth. in. 583 (1789-91) ;
stem glabrous, branched, ■ to 4 ft. high ; leaves glabrous,
narrow lanceolate to lanceolate, tapering to the acute apex
and the very short petiole, serrulate ; raceme radial, long,
many-flowered, puberulous, overtopping the leaves ; bracts
linear-tapering, as long as or longer than the pedicels and
adnate to their base ; flowers velvety ; calyx-lobes short,
awl-shaped, -5 cm. 1. ; corolla " greenish streaked with brown,"
2-5-3 cm. 1. — Urb. Symh. Ant. viii. 702 ; Rendle torn. cit. 273.
L. ensifolia Hitchc. in Miss. Bot. Gard. Rep. iv. 103 (1893).
L. acuminata Willd. Sp. PL i. 943 (1797) (quoad syn. Lam.,
Browne and Sloane) ; Tuss. Fl. Ant. Hi. 116, t. 36 ; Spreng.
Syst. i. 711. Tupa acuminata A. DC. in DC. Prodr. vii. 396
(1839) (quoad syn. Lam.). T. ensifolia A. DC. loc. cit. ;
Griseb. op. cit. 386 & Cat. Cub. 159. Lobelia 2. Foliis
oblongis, angustis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 322. Rapunculus
folio oblongo serrato &c. Sloane Cat. 58 & Hist. i. 158, t. 95.

Woods about Sixteen-Mile Walk and about Guanaboa, Sloane
Herb. iii. 24 ! Purdie ! Mt. Diabolo, Prior ! between Claremont and
Moneague, Fawcett ! Roaring River Falls ; Soho, St. Ann, 1400 ft. ;
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8408, 10,362, 11,996.— Hispaniola, Cuba.

Leaves to 25 by 3 cm. ; petiole 5-7 mm. Raceme 15-25 cm. 1.,
becoming longer in fruit ; pedicels 1-5 cm. 1. Calyx-tube broadly
top-shaped, about 7 mm. 1. Corolla curving above the middle or in
the upper third, united for two-thirds the length, lobes slender, linear.
Stamens equal in length to the corolla. Capsule subglobiilar with a
free subpyramidal cap, less than 1-5 cm. 1. Seeds ellipsoid, light brown,
minutely reticulate, -8 mm. 1.

7. L. caudata Urb. Symb. Ant. i. 454, obs. ii. (1899) ; a
shrub 4 ft. high, stem glabrous, slender, conspicuously notched
with the persistent decurrent leaf -bases ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, tapering into the slender
petiole, somewhat distantly serrate with sharp-pointed slender

vu.— 10

146 FLORA OF JAMAICA Lobelia

teeth, midrib projecting beneath, with a line of short patent
hairs on each side ; raceme radial or unilateral, varying much
in length, carried above the leaves on a rather stout pubescent
peduncle ; bracts flexuose, linear-tapering, distantly toothed
with slender spreading teeth, pubescent, exceeding and not
adnate to the pedicels, uppermost sterile ; flowers puberulous ;
calyx-lobes linear- tapering, 3-4 mm. 1, ; corolla yellow or
greenish white, about 1-5 cm. 1., lobed to the middle. — Rendle
torn. cit. 277. Tupa caudata Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 386 (1861).

Morse's Gap, Blue Mts., Purdie ! McNab ! Portland Road to Vinegar
Hill, Blue Mts., Miss Perkins 1267 ! on rocky slope, near Cinchona,
4800 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 11,778.

Leaves stiff, to 16 by -8 cm. ; petiole about 1 cm. 1. Raceme from
10 cm. lengthening to 7 dm. in fruit. Bracts to 3 cm. 1. ; pedicels
slender, pubescent, 1-5 cm. 1. Calyx-tube hemispherical, puberulous,
•5 cm. 1. Capsule top-shaped, ribbed, puberulous, 8 mm. 1. below the
free part of the calyx-tube, above glabrous, 4 nun. 1. Seeds ellipsoid,
shiny pale brown, -7 mm. 1.

8. L. assurgens L. Amcen. Acad. v. 408 (1760) ; a shrub
3-5 ft. high ; stem thick, angular, glabrous ; leaves lanceolate
to oval-lanceolate, tapering to the acuminate apex and the
base, sessile or decurrent on a very short petiole ; margin
serrulate becoming dentate towards the base with slender
patent pointed teeth, glabrous except for slight pub-
escence along the prominent midrib and bases of the
upcurving veins ; inflorescence tomentose, exceeding the
leaves, sometimes branched, nodding above and markedly
unilateral, flowers numerous, congested, bracts long, much
exceeding the pedicels and adnate to their base, linear-tapering,
the lowermost subfoliaceous ; calyx-lobes narrow, tapering,
1-5-1-7 cm. 1. ; corolla 2-5 cm. 1. ; staminal tube pubescent,
a short tuft of hairs at the base of the anthers, beard short,
connective of three outer anthers pilose. — Sw. Ohs. Bot. 317 ;
Hitchc. loc. cit. ; Rendle, Classif. Fl. PI. ii. 583, fig. 269 &
Journ. Bot. Ixxiii. 276 ; var. jamaicensis Urh. op. cit. i. 453
(1899) & ix. 431 . L. jamaicensis Urh. in Arkiv Bot. K. Svensk.
Vetensk. xxiii. no. 5, 104 (1930). Tupa assurgens A. DC.
in DC. Prodr. vii. pt. 2, 394 (1839); Griseb. op. cit. 387 &
Cat. Cub. 160. Lobelia 3. Major brachiata assurgens &c.
Browne Hist. Jam. 322. Specimen from Browne in Herb.
Linn, named by Linnaeus.

Masson ! O. Don ! base of Blue Mt. Peak, Purdie ! Port Royal
Mts., McNab ! Catherine's Peak, 4000 ft., Eggers 3601 ! Hardware Gap,
4000 ft., Nichols ! near Morse's Gap, Blue Mts. 4943 ft., Miss Perkins
1226 ! near Portland Gap, 6000 ft. ; Green Hill Wood, 3500 ft. ;
Cinchona, 5000 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6306, 7785, 12,453.— Cuba.

Leaves 2-3 dm. by 4-8 cm. Raceme up to 20 cm. 1. carried above

Lobelia CAMPANULACE^ 147

the leaves on a longer or shorter pedvincle ; pedicels about 2-5 cm. 1.,
bracteoles narrow-linear, beneath the flower, about 1-5 cm. 1. Calyx-
tube top-shaped, barely 1 cm. 1. Corolla-lobes about 1 cm. 1. Capsule
broadly top-shaped, about 1-5 cm. 1. Seeds subglobose, dull brown,
very obscurely reticulate, -6 mm. 1.

9. L. Martagon (Griseb.) Hitchc. in Miss. Bot. Gard. Rep.
iv. 103 (1893) ; a shrub up to 4 ft, high, stem stout, glabrous ;
lowest leaves rosulate, cauline crowded, lanceolate, acuminate,
sessile, minutely serrulate with cartilaginous teeth ; raceme
radial on a long pubescent peduncle far overtopping the
leaves ; bracts crowded, foliaceous, lanceolate or oval-lanceo-
late, sessile, the uppermost sterile ; pedicels pubescent, rarely-
exceeding the bracts ; calyx-lobes tapering from a triangular
base, hispid, serrulate, 1-1-2 cm. 1. ; corolla brownish piu-ple,
pubescent, 3-5 cm. 1. ; staminal tube and connectives ciliate-
pubescent. — Rendle inJourn. Bot. Ixxiii. 271. Tupa Martagon
Griseb. loc. cit. (1861).

Blue Mt. Peak, Macfadyen ! and Purdie ! Mt. Diablo, near
Moneague, Prior ! summit of Blue Mt. Peak, 7400 ft., Nichols ! road
to John Grant Peak, J. P. 1285 ! New Haven, Cinchona, 5600 ft.,
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 12,672.

Leaves of rosette 1-5-2 dm. by 2-2-5 cm., cauline 2 dm. by 2-5 cm.
Raceme with peduncle up to 5 dm. 1. ; pedicels 4 cm. 1., increasing to
7 cm. in fruit ; bracteoles beneath the flower linear-tapering, serrulate,
pubescent, 8-12 mm. 1. Calyx-tube top-shaped, 8 mm. 1. Andrcecium
3 cm. 1., anthers 8—9 mm. Capsule bell-shaped below, 8 nam. 1., upper
membranous free portion pyramidal, 5 mm. 1. Seeds ellipsoidal,
dull brown, very obscurely and minutely reticulate, -8 mm. 1.

10. L. Harrisii Urb. Symb. v. 520 (1908) ; a shrub, stems
several from a stout rootstock, to 2 dm. high, notched with
the decurrent corky scars of the fallen leaves ; leaves crowded
in a spreading rosette at the apex of the stem, glabrous,
broadly oblanceolate, acute, tapering to and narrowly
decurrent on the short petiole, margin with large patent
teeth between which are smaller teeth alternating with short
filiform projections, teeth produced into gland-tipped bristles ;
flowers yellow or orange-yellow, in a small terminal cluster,
bracts foliaceous ; calyx-lobes tapering from a broad base
with awl-shaped ciliolate marginal teeth, 8-10 mm. 1. ; corolla
2 cm. 1. ; staminal tube shortly hairy, beard of inner anthers
short, the three outer obsoletely bearded with a few short
hairs. — Rendle loc. cit.

Crevices of rocks in woodland, near Troy, 2300 ft. ; in crevices of
honeycombed limestone. Tyre woods, 2000 ft. ; Harris \ Fl. Jam,
8695, 9395, 10,665.

Leaves 7-15 by 1-5-3 cm., midrib broad, scarcely prominent beneath ;
petiole -5-1-5 cm. Pedicels slender, 1-1-5 cm. 1. ; bracteoles linear-

148 FLORA OF JAMAICA Lobelia

awl-shaped. Calyx-tube shortly top-shaped, about 5 mm. 1. Corolla
curving somewhat above the middle, lobed in the upper third.
Andrcecium 1-8 cm. 1. ; anthers 3-3-5 mm. 1. Capsule broadly cam-
panulate and 5 mm. 1. below, free part short and flat, about 1 mm. 1.,
apiculate with the base of the style. Seeds globose-ellipsoid, pale
brown, minutely reticulate.

Family CXXIV. GOODENIACE^.

Herbs or small shrubs without latex. Leaves generally
alternate, simple, entire, exstipulate. Flowers hermaphrodite,
irregular, axillary, solitary or in few-flowered cymes. Calyx-
limb a mere border on top of the ovary. Corolla 5-lobed,
split on one side. Stamens 5, free, epigynous. Ovary
inferior, 1- to 2-celled ; ovules anatropous and erect, 1 in
each cell ; style slender, stigmas forming a collecting cup
into which the pollen passes before the flower opens. Fruit
a drupe. Seed with a straight embryo surrounded by a fleshy
endosperm.

Species about 300, mainly Australian,

SCiEVOLA L.

Fleshy stout herbs or shrubs. Leaves generally alternate,
entire. Flowers in few- flowered dichotomous cymes. Corolla-
lobes winged, tube villous within. Ovary generally 2-celled ;
stigma surrounded by a hairy indusium.

Species about 60, mostly Australian.

S. Plumierii {L.) Vahl Symb. Bot. ii. 36 (1791) ; a perennial
nearly glabrous shrub up to 6 ft. high, much branched and
often straggling ; branches terete, tough, covered with a
greenish or purplish cortex and marked with the cicatrices of
the fallen leaves ; leaves thick, fleshy, shining, crowded at the
ends of the branchlets, alternate, obovate, entire, apex rounded,
narrowing below into a short narrowly winged petiole, a tuft
of silky hairs in the axil, including the petiole generally
5-8 by 2'5-3-5 cm. ; flowers sessile, 2-5 cm. 1., in axillary
generally 3-flowered cymes rather shorter than the leaves ;
calyx-tube glabrous, subglobose, 4 mm. 1., limb shallowiy
lobed, 1 mm. 1. ; corolla white, glabrous outside, tube filled
with short woolly hairs inside, lobes somewhat spreading,
barely 1 cm. 1., with a pair of crisped membranous wings on
the upper face ; stamens included in the coroUa-tube, filaments
slender, unequal, less than 1 cm. 1., anthers apiculate ; style
stout, exceeding the corolla-tube, cup-like stigma shortly
hairy ; drupe juicy, subglobose, smooth, blue-black, up to
2 cm. long ; endocarp woody, corrugated, 2-seeded. — Descourt.

Sccevola GOODENIACE^ 149

PI. Med. Ant. vii. 92 ; DC. Prodr. vii. 506 ; Griseh. Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 388 ; K. Sch. in Mart. Fl. Bras. in. pt. 3, 766, t. 127 ;
Hitclic. in Miss. Bot. Gard. Rep. iv. 103 ; Guppy PI. Seeds dhc.
W. Indies, 277 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 618 & viii. 703 ; Krause

Fig. 47. — Sccevola Plumierii (L.) Vahl.

A, End of branch with flowers x §. E, Drupe nat. size.

B, Flower x 2. F, Drupe, upper half cut away expos-

C, Corolla cut open x 2. ing the stone, nat. size.

D, Ovary with calyx cut lengthwise x 3.

in Pflanzenreich iv. pt. 277, 120 ; Britt. S Millsp. Fl. Baham.
429. S. Lobelia Murr. Syst. ed. 13, 178 (1774) ; Jacq. Set.
Stirp. Amer., Ed. pict. 213, t. 199 ; Hiern in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr.
Hi. 462 ; Clarke in Hook.f. Fl. Br. Ind. Hi. 421. S. Thunbergii
Eckl. d; Zeyh. Enum. PI. Afr. Austr. 387 ; Sonder in Harv. &

150 FLORA OF JAMAICA Scoevola

Sond. Fl. Cap. in. 605. Lobelia Plumierii L. Sp. PL 929
(1753) not of Herb. Linn. ; Jacq. Hist. Stirp. Amer. 219, t.
179, jig. 88. Lobelia frutescens, portulaca? folio Plum. Nov.
Gen. 21, t. 31 (1703). (Fig. 47.)

Wright ! Purdie ! March 1484 ! Montego Bay, Fawcett ! sea-shore,
Healthshire Hills, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9533. — Tropical sea-shores.

Family CXXV. COMPOSITE.
(By Spencer Moore.)

Herbs, shrubs and sometimes trees. Leaves alternate or
opposite, occasionally whorled, without stipules, entire,
toothed, lobed or variously cut. Flowers (fiorets) usually
small, hermaphrodite, unisexual or neuter, closely compacted
into heads (capitula) which are solitary or arranged in cymes,
corymbs or panicles, each head surrounded by one row or
more of scales or bracts (involucre). Florets crowded on a
flat convex or conical receptacle which is naked, pitted
(alveolate) or furnished with chaffy scales (paleaceous) ; in
the latter case a scale usually subtends each of the florets.
Calyx superior ; limb entirely absent or presumed represented
by a ring, short teeth, awns, scales or bristles crowning the
ovary. Corolla superior, sympetalous, with a long or short
tube and a usually 4- or 5-lobed limb, valvate in aestivation
and regular (actinomorphic) or irregular (zygomorphic) and
then either 2-lipped or strap-shaped (ligulate). Stamens
inserted on the corolla, one opposite each of its lobes ; fila-
ments free or united ; anthers usually united into a tube
surrounding the style, the cells rounded or tailed at base and
dehiscing introrsely. Ovary inferior, 1-celled ; style usually
2-armed, the arms long or short, terete or flattened, obtuse,
acute, truncate or cone-tipped ; ovule solitary, erect from the
base, anatropous. Fruit (achene) 1-celled, 1-seeded, in-
dehiscent, usually dry, crowned by the persistent calyx
(pappus).

Heads are homogamous when all the florets are sexually
similar ; they are heierogamous when the florets are sexually
diverse.

Discoid heads have all the florets tubular and
hermaphrodite.

Disciform heads, with the central florets (disk) herma-
phrodite, have the outer florets female, but the corollas some-
what different from those of the disk though not ligulate.

Radiate heads have the outer florets (ray) ligulate and
female or neuter, the central tubular and hermaphrodite.

COMPOSITJG 151

Radiatiform heads have the outer (female or neuter)
florets different from those of the disk (hermaphrodite) but
not ligulate.

Ligulate heads have all the florets homogamous and
ligulate.

The largest of all the families, comprising over 800 genera
and 12,000 species. Distribution world-wide.

Series A. Central corollas (disk) or all regular, 4-5-fid.

Tribe I. VernoniecB. Heads discoid, homo-
gamous. Anthers sagittate at base. Recep-
tacle naked or pitted. Style-arms more or
less terete, hairy on the back. Leaves very
rarely opposite. Corollas white or purple.
Pappus usually of bristles or scales.

Heads in axillary glomerules. Pappus cup-
like 1. Struchium.

Heads free, stalked or sessile. Pappus

of bristles 2. Vemonia.

Heads in capitiiliform glomeniles.

Pappus of 5 or more bristles all similar .... 3. Elephantopus .
Pappus with 2 bristles longer than the

rest and folded above 4. Paeudelephantopus.

Tribe II. Eupatoriece. Heads discoid, homo-
gamous. Anthers obtuse at base. Recep-
tacle usually naked or pitted. Style-arms
usually long, subterete, papillose. Leaves
usually opposite. Corollas mostly pvu-ple.
Pappus mostly of bristles.
Achenes 5-ribbed.

Anthers truncate at top. Pappus of few

clavate outgrowths 5. Adenoatemma.

Anthers ending in a triangular appendage.

Pappus of scales 6. Ageratutn.

Pappus of bristles.

Involucral scales numerous. Heads

many-flowered 7. Eupatorium.

Involucral scales 4. Heads 4-

flowered 8. Mikania.

Achenes 10-ribbed. Pappus of bristles 9. BrickeUia.

Tribe III. Asteroidece. Heads radiate or
discoid, usually heterogamous. Receptacle
usually naked. Anthers obtuse at base.
Style-arms flattened, crowned by a papillose
appendage. Pappus usually of bristles.
Leaves alternate. Disk-corollas usually
yellow, the ray of the same colour as of
the disk or different.
Heads bisexual.

Pappus cup-like 10. Egletea.

152

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Pappus of bristles.

Heads radiate ; ligules broad 11. Aster.

Heads radiate ; ligules very narrow .... 12. Erigeron
Heads unisexual 13. Baccharis.

Tribe IV. Inuloidcce. Heads radiate or
discoid, usually heterogamous. Receptacle
naked, sometimes scaly. Anthers tailed at
base. Style-arms linear, obtuse, without
appendage. Leaves usually alternate.
Pappus bristly.

Involucral scales herbaceous.

Heads in corymbs 14, Pluchea.

Heads in glomerules 15. Pterocaulon.

Involucral scales scarious 16. Gnaphalium.

Tribe V. Helianthoidece. Heads usually
radiate and heterogamous, (tubifloral and
homogamous in Isocarpha, Eleutheranthcra,
Verbesina and Galea ; tubifloral and hetero-
gamous in Clibadium). Receptacle scaly.
Anthers entire at base or sagittulate. Style -
arms truncate or appendaged. Pappus
usually awned, sometimes absent, rarely
bristly. Leaves opposite or alternate. Disk-
corollas usually yellow and those of ray of
the same colour.
Pappus not scaly.

Scales of receptacle concave or folded.
Achenes mostly not or but slightly
compressed.
Heads small to middle-sized.
Heads unisexual.

Female heads 1-flowered 20. Ambrosia.

Female heads 2-flowered 21. Xanthium.

Heads bisexual.

[Heads 1- (rarely 2-) flowered.... Lagascea.]

Heads many-flowered.

Achenes smooth or nearly so.
Pappus absent.

Achenes invested by the

spinous palese 18. Acanthospermum.

Achenes free.

Heads in corymbose
panicles. Achenes

drupaceous 17. Clibadium.

Heads scattered. Ac-
henes dry.
Heads axillary ses-
sile 22. Enhydra.

Heads peduncled .... 24. Isocarpha.

Pappus cup-shaped 25. Borrichia.

Pappus awned. Persistent

ligules attached to ripe

achenes.

Achenes invested by an

involucral scale and

2 palese 19. Parthenium.

COMPOSITE

153

[Achenes free Zinnia.]

Pappus of 2 or more decid-
uous awnlike bristles .... 28. Melanthera.
Achenes rugose or tubercled.
Anthers connate.

Pappus of 2 short awns

or absent 23. Eclipta.

Pappus of united squa-
mellae with or with-
out 2 awns. Ray

florets fertile 26. Wedelia.

Anthers free.

Pappus of Wedelia. Ray-
florets neuter or ab-
sent 27. Eleutheranthera.

Heads few-flowered 33. Chcenocephaltis.

[Heads large, 4-14 cm. across Tithonia.]

Achenes much compressed, usually
with an awned pappus.
Achenes wingless or nearly so.

Herbs. Outermost florets neuter. 29. Simsia.
Herbs. Outermost florets fertile.. 31. Spilanthes.

Shrubs 32. Salmea.

Achenes winged.

Heads radiate 30. Verbesina.

Heads (of Jamaica sp.) discoid .... 34. Notoptera.
Scales of receptacle flat.
Pappus awned.

Heads sessile. Pappus-awns smooth 35. Synedrella.
Heads stalked. Pappus-awns gener-
ally barbed.

Achenes not beaked 36. Bidens.

Achenes beaked 37. Cosmos.

Pappus absent 38. Chrysanihellum.

Pappus of numerous scales.

Annual herb. Involucral scales few. Re-

ceptacular scales flat 39. Galinsoga.

Shrubs. Involucral scales in several rows.

Receptacular scales concave 40. Galea.

Tribe VI. Helenioidece. Heads usually

radiate and heterogamous. Receptacle

naked. Anthers obtuse at base or sagit-

tulate. Style-arms truncate or appendaged.

Pappus iisually paleaceous or aristate. Leaves

opposite or alternate. Disk -corollas usually

yellow, sometimes white or purple ; of the

ray homochromous. Involucral scales in one

row, generally glandular.

Heads discoid 41. Porophyllum.

Heads radiate.

[Involucral scales united high up Tagetes.]

Involucral scales free 42. Pedis.

Tribe VII. Senecionidece. Heads usually
radiate and heterogamous or discoid and
homogamous. Receptacle usually naked.
Anthers sagittulate or auricled at base.

154 FLORA OF JAMAICA

Style-arms usually truncate, with or without
an appendage. Pappus bristly. Leaves
usually alternate. Disk-corollas mostly
yellow with homochromous ray.

Involucral scales in several rows. Style-
arms of Vemoniece.
Heads radiate . Receptacle shortly fringed.

Leaves opposite 43. Lidbum.

Heads discoid. Receptacle scaly. Leaves

alternate 44. Neuroloena.

Involucral scales in one row. Style-arms

tnuicate, with or without an appendage.

Heads discoid, heterogamous ; outer

florets female. Style-arms truncate.... 45. Erechthites.
[Heads discoid, homogamous. Style-
arms shortly appendaged Emilia.]

Heads radiate and heterogamous or dis-
coid and homogamous. Style-arms

truncate and penicillate 46. Senecio.

Heads usually radiate and heterogamous.
Style-arms with a lanceolate or awl-
shaped appendage 47. Qynoxye.

Series B. Central corollas or all 2-lipped.

Tribe VIII. Mutisiece. Heads homogamous
or heterogamous, the outer florets often
simulating ligules (heads then radiatiform).
Receptacle usually naked or shortly fringed.
Anthers long-tailed at base. Style-arms
connate far up and obtuse or longer and
tnmcate. Pappus bristly.

Scapigerous herbs. Style-arms connate

nearly to the top 48. Chaptalia.

Herbs or shrubs with scattered leaves.

Style-arms truncate 49. Trixia.

Series C. All corollas ligulate.

Tribe IX. Cichoriece. Heads homogamous.
Receptacle naked, fimbrilliferous or pale-
aceous. Anthers sagittate at base. Style-
arms long and thin. Pappus bristly or
paleaceous, rarely absent.

Involucral scales in one row with a few
outside.

[Achenes without pappus Lapsana.]

[Pappus bristly Crepia.]

Involucral scales in 3 or more rows.

[Pappus-bristles plumose Hypochoeria.']

Pappus-bristles simple.

Achenes beaked 50. Lactuca.

[Achenes without a beak Sonchua.}

Struchium

COMPOSITE

166

1. STRUCHIUM P. Browne.

Annual herb, with alternate stalked penninerved leaves.
Heads axillary, discoid, composed of tubular florets, solitary
or in glomerules. Leaves of involucre in about 4 rows, en-
larging from without inwards. Receptacle flat, naked.
Corolla regular ; tube slender, limb 3-4-fid. Anthers sagittate
at base. Style-arms linear, papillose. Achenes 2-4-angled.
Pappus a prominent cartilaginous cup with a very shortly
toothed rim.

A single tropical American species : naturalised in Africa
and East Indies.

S. sparganophorum (L.) Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. i. 366
(1891) ; Hitchc. in Rep. Miss. Bot. Gard. iv. 96 ; Gleason in
Bull. N. York Bot. Gard. iv. 155 ; Britt. Fl. Amer. Virg. 97.

Fig. 48. — Struchium sparganophorum (L.) Kimtze.

A, Portion of branch in flower x j.

B, Head x 4.

C, Floret x 12.

D, Floret cut lengthwise X 12.
£, Achene x 12; p, pappus.

166 FLORA OF JAMAICA Struchium

S. americanum Poir. Encyc. vii. 475 (1806). Ethnlia spar-
gonophora L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 1171 (1763). E. Struchium Sw.
Prodr. in. (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. Hi. 1297. Sparganophorus
Vaillantii Crantz Instit. i. 261 (1766) ; Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 395,
t. 165 ; DC. Prodr. v. 12 ; Sagra Cub. xi. 32 ; Griseb. Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 352 & Cat. Cub. 143 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 74 ; Wils. in
Rep. Geolog. Jam. 281 ; Egg. Fl. St. Croix dh Virg. 62 ; Stahl
Fl. P.-Eico V. 100 ; Duss Fl. Ant. FranQ. 350 ; Combs PI.
Cub. 432 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 618 & viii. 703 ; Hart Herb.
List Trin. 33 ; Jenn. Is. Pin. 278. Struchium herbaceum
subassurgens &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 312. (Fig. 48.)

Lane in Herb. Petiver (Shane Herb, clxii. 26 !) ; The Ferry, Browne ;
Wright ! Distin ! March 1326 ! Moneague, Prior ! Liguanea, Purdie ! ;
Lucea, Hitchcock ; Green Island, St. Catherine ; Belle Vue, near
Spanish Town ; Two Mile Wood, Pen, St. Catherine ; Harris ! Fl.
Jam. 10,254, 11,905, 12,072. Giddy Hall, St. Elizabeth, Miss Maxwell I
— ^West Indies, Trinidad, tropical America.

Yoixng parts puberulous soon becoming glabrous or nearly so.
Branches four-angled, striate. Leaves lanceolate, acute, narrowed
below into the 5-15 mm. long petiole, mostly 6-8 by 2-3-5 cm.,
occasionally up to 12 by 5 cm. or reduced to about 3 by 1 cm., toothed
at the margin or nearly entire, membranaceous, nearly glabrous.
Heads globose, about 5-8 mm. across. Involucral leaves ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, spinulose-acuminate, 3-4 mm. 1., few outermost
narrower and shorter. Corolla white, 2 mm. 1., of which half belongs
to the slender tube. Style minutely papillose above. Achenes callus-
based, with prominent angles, minutely glandular on the faces, 1*5
nmi, 1. Pappus prominent, white, 1 mm. 1.

2. VERNONIA Schreb.

Shrubs or herbs. Leaves alternate, penninerved. Heads
discoid, solitary or in cymes, corymbs or panicles, usually
with many tubular purple, rose or white florets. Involucres
of scales in several rows. Receptacle naked or minutely
pitted. Corolla regular with distinct tube and 5-fid limb.
Anthers sagittate at base. Style-arms linear or awl-shaped,
usually terete, papillose or shortly hairy. Achenes cylindrical
or top-shaped, usually with a hardened (callous) base, angled
or ribbed ; ribs sometimes very obscure. Pappus usually
biseriate, inner series of bristles, outer of usually shorter
bristles or scales.

A large genus of over 1000 species in the tropics and sub-
tropics of both worlds ; rarer in warm temperate regions ;
not native in Australia.

[Section 1 . Stengelia. Involucral scales crowned
with a usually broad membranous
appendage V. anthelmintica.]

Vemonia COMPOSITE 157

Section 2. Lepidaploa, Involucral scales with-
out a membranous appendage. Heads
in scorpioid cymes. Achenes lO-ribbed.
Cymes more or less elongated. Heads
secund, 11-18-flowered.
Leaves acute or acuminate.

Pappus white 1. V. divariccUa.

Pappus brown.

Leaves up to 7 cm. long. Heads

7 by 6 mm., 14^15-flowered ..2. V. acuminata.
Leaves up to 5 cm. long. Heads

5 by 4 mm., 11-flowered 3. V. expansa.

Leaves orbicular or nearly so 4. V. rigida.

Cymes congested. Heads erect or nearly
so.
Leaves rotimdate. Heads 9-10-

flowered 5. V. Harriaii,

Leaves acute or acuminate. Heads

5-8-fiowered 6. V. pluvialis.

[Sections. Tephrodes. Involucral scales with-
out an appendage.
Heads in corymbs. Achenes obscurely,

if at all, ribbed 7. V. cinerea.]

[V. anthelmintica Willd. Sp. PL 1634 (1804) ; erect herb ;
stem branched above, glandular-pubescent ; leaves elliptical,
serrate ; heads erect, few, rather scattered, crowning the
main stem and branches ; pappus pale reddish. — D.C. Prodr.
V. 61 ; Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. in. 236.

Flea Bane.

Green Valley ; Harris Fl. Jam. 5472 ! — An Indian introduction
into Jamaica.

A coarse herb about 3 ft. high. Stem pale, strongly ribbed. Leaves
acute, rather coarsely toothed, narrowed into the 1 cm. (or shorter)
petiole, somewhat scabrid above, paler and pubescent on the nerves
below, 4—10 by 2-4-5 cm. Inflorescence up to 12 by 10 cm., but
usually less, the glandular -pubescent pedvmcles longer or shorter than
the heads. Heads rather large, about 40-fiowered. Involucres
depressed-subhemispherical, 11 by 15 mm. ; scales 4-seriate, oblong
or oblong-ovate with narrower green tips, outer up to 7 mm., inner to
9 mm. 1. Receptacle convex. Corollas pale rose, 11 mm. 1. ; tube
slender, 8 mm. 1. ; lobes narrow oblong. Achenes subcylindrical,
prominently callus-based, 10-ribbed with short appressed hairs on
and between the ribs, 4-5 nun. 1. Pappus, bristles rather coarse and
rough, 7 mm. 1., outer narrow linear scales less than 1 mm. in length.

Used in India as a vermifuge and tonic. " The plant roasted in a
room, or powdered and thrown about the floor, is believed to expel
fleas — hence the popular English name " (Watt).]

1. V. divaricata >Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. in. 1319 (1806) ; branches
tomentose ; leaves usually ovate-lanceolate, acute or acumi-
nate, rounded at base ; flowering branches straight or curved,
bearing secund heads each in the axil of a leafy bract ; pappus
white. — DC. torn. cit. 48 ; Ekm. in Ark. f. Bot. xiii. no. 15,

158

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Vemonia

59 ; Shreve Mont. Bain-For. 22. V. arborescens Sw. torn. cit.
1320 (1806) ; DC. loc. cit. ; Wils. in Eep. Geolog. Jam. 281 ;
Hitchc. in Rep. Miss. Bot. Oard. iv. 96 ; Gleas. in Bull. N.
York Bot. Gard. iv. 180 ; Ekm. loc. cit. ; Shreve loc. cit.
V. arborescens Sw. var. Swartziana Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 353
(1861) (in part) ; Ekm. loc. cit. V. permollis Gleas. tom. cit.
181 (1906) ; Urh. Symh. Ant. vi. 112 ; Ekm. loc. cit. V.
intonsa Gleas. tom. cit. 182 (1906) ; Urh. he. cit. ; Ekm.
loc. cit. ; Shreve loc. cit. V. albicoma Gleas. tom. cit. 185

Fig. 49. — Vemonia divaricata Sw.
A, Branch with inflorescence x f. D, Floret cut lengthwise x 6.

B, Flowering head x 5.

C, Floret x 6.

E, Achene and pappus x 5.

(1906) ; Urb. loc. cit. ; Ekm. loc. cit. V. amaranthina Gleas.
in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xl 307 (1913) ; Ekm. loc. cit. Conyza
arborescens L. Amoen. 406 (1760) non L. Syst. ed. 10, 1213
(1759) ; Sw. Obs. Bot. 304 ; Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 299 ; Ekm.
loc. cit. Conyza fruticosa flore pallide purpureo &c. Shane
Cat. 124 <fc Hist. 257. Eupatorium erectum hirsutum &c.
Browne Hist. Jam. 313. Specimen from Browne in Herb.
Linn. (Fig. 49.)

In cleared woodlands at the Crescent Plantation, Shane Herb. v.
17 ! Barham in Herb. Petiver {Sloane Herb, clxii. 16 !) Houstoun 1

Vernonia COMPOSITE 159

Browne ! Robins ! Shakespear ! Swartz ; Wright ! hedges and road-
sides, Broughton ! McNab ! 47, 48 ; Macfadyen ! St. Mary, Purdie I
March ! 832, 1472 ; Bancroft ! Wilson 238 ! Kingston, Prior !
Gordon Town; Hope River; Eggers 3481! 3490; Lehmann 989!
Distin ! Swainson ! Wullschldgel 875 ; Tussac ; Hansen ; Cinchona
Forest, Shreve ; Hamilton Town, Watt ! Arcadia, Mrs. Sewell ! Mona ;
foot of Long Mt. ; Arnold Road; Campbell I Fl. Jam. 5870, 6091,
6152 ; Providence Road ; Prospect Hill, Thompson ! Fl. Jam. 6746,
7909, 8038 ; Salt Hill Road ; Hope ; Liguanea Ridge ; Harris ! Fl.
Jam. 5622, 6993, 12,207; near Newcastle, Britton<&: Hollick 1788;
Maxon 895; "Greenland," Britton 2897; Green Island, Brittonda
Hollick 2133 ; Chapelton, Ridley I Mandeville, Norman 59 ! Giddy-
Hall ; Flamstead ; Miss Maxwell ! Blue Mts., Green Hills, Rendle 74 !

Shrub 3-4 ft. high. Branches terete, ribbed beneath the brown
tomentum. Leaves on short petioles of 3-7 mm. 1., stiff, somewhat
scabrid and often blistered above, pubescent to densely hirsute below,
mostly 2-5-6-5 by l'5-3-5 cm. Inflorescence a terminal more or less
open scorpioid cyme, nearly straight and several times longer than the
leaves or shorter and sharply curved. Heads 13-17-flowered, 5-6 mm.
across ; bracts diminishing upwards, youngest very small or absent.
Involucre subhemispherical, 5 by 6 mm. ; scales (in 5 rows) oblong
or lanceolate, acute, tomentose to slightly hairy, outer rows small,
inner longer and sometimes purple-tipped, 4 mm. 1. Receptacle
minutely pitted. Corolla light red and violet to pale mauve and
white ; tube slender 4 mm. 1. ; lobes linear-oblong, 2-5 mm. 1. Anthers
and style-arms exserted. Achenes top-shaped, inconspicuously callus-
based, appressed silky, about 1 mm. 1. Pappus scales (of outer row)
narrow, 1 mm. 1. ; bristles rather coarse, deciduous, smooth, white,
about 3 mm. 1.

" The bruised leaves are good against pains and inflammations of
the eyes. The leaves and pappose seeds, because of their being
aromatick, are good in baths to cleanse and scour " (Piso ex Sloane).
[Piso probably refers to a Brasihan species. A.B.R.]

2. V. acuminata Less, in Linncea vi. 663 (1831) ; branches
pubescent or puberulous ; leaves elliptical, acute or acuminate,
narrowed at base ; flowering branches usually sharply curved,
not much longer than the leaves ; pappus brown. — DC. torn,
cit. 47 ; Griseb. loc. cit. ; Wils. loc. cit. ; Ekm. torn. cit. 62.
V. divaricata DC. torn. cit. 48 (1836) (non Sw.) ; Gleas. torn. cit.
185 & Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. xl. 310 ; Ekm. loc. cit. Cacalia
acuminata Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. ii. 969 (1891).

Shakespear ! Wright ! Swartz ; Distin ! Moneague, Prior !
Macfadyen 28 ! Wullschldgel ; J. P. 665, Hart ! Catherine's Peak,
Eggers 3592 ! Mandeville, Panton ! Glasgow, near Troy, Harris !
near Kendal, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8205 ; between Claremont and Moneague,
Fawcett ! Fl. Jam. 8205 ; Hansen.

Shrub 4-6 ft. high. Branches terete, striated, at length glabrous.
Leaves subsessile, finely hairy below, firmly membranaceous, 3-7 by
1-5-2-5 cm. Cymes, the 14-15-flowered heads (especially the upper
ones) rather close together. Bracts like the leaves but much smaller.
Heads obovoid, 7 by 6 mm. Involucral scales 5-rowed, outer rows
small, ovate-oblong, innermost oblong, 5 mm. 1. Receptacle minutely
pitted and silky fringed. Corolla white or pale lavender ; tube
slender, 4 mm. 1. ; lobes narrow 3 mm. 1, Anthers and style-arms

160 FLORA OF JAMAICA Vemonia

exserted. Achenes somewhat top-shaped with very small callous base,
appressed brown-silky, 1-1-5 mm. 1. Pappus-scales very narrow,
barely 1 mm. 1. ; bristles rather coarse, rough, deciduous, 4-5 mm. 1.

3. V. expansa Gleas. in Bull. N. York Bot. Gard. iv. 186
(1906) ; branches terete, markedly striate, brown pubescent
becoming glabrous ; leaves shortly stalked, ovate or ovate-
oblong, acute or shortly acuminate, obtuse at base ; flowering
branches as long as or shorter than the leaves, bearing small
sessile secund heads each subtended by a bract or bractless ;
pappus brown. — Urh. torn. cit. 112 ; Gleas. in Bull. Torr.
Bot. Club xl. 311 ; Ekm. torn. cit. 64.

Near Troy 2000 ft. alt., Harris Fl. Jam. 8796 ! woods, Bluefields
Mt. 2300 ft., BriUon<&; Rollick 1956.

A straggling shrub 8-10 ft. high. Branchlets rather slender, leafy
throughout. Leaves narrowed into the base, firmly membranaceous,
except for the nerves glabrous above, puberulous below, 2-5-5 by
1-3—2-5 cm. ; petioles hairy, 2—3 mm. 1. Cymes greatly curved,
crowded, generally 2-3 cm. 1. Heads 5 by 4 mm., 11 -flowered. In-
volucre campanulate ; scales 4-seriate, ovate-oblong, obtuse, brown,
dark-tipped, glabrous or nearly glabrous, longer innermost 3 vain. 1.
Corolla white, 6 mm. 1. of which half belongs to the narrow lobes.
Anthers and style-arms exserted. Achenes somewhat top-shaped,
densely bristly, 1 mm. 1. Pappus-scales pale, -75 mm. 1. ; bristles
rather rough, 3 mm. 1.

4. V. rigida Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. Hi. 1322 (1806) ; branches,
finely brown-tomentose ; leaves suborbicular, broadly rounded
above, truncate at base ; flowering branches at length
elongated, flexuose, bearing scattered secund heads solitary
or two together in the axil of leaf -like bracts ; pappus brown.
— Lun. op. cit. 300 ; DC. torn. cit. 49 ; Sch. Bip. in Journ.
Bot. i. 233 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 354 (excl. syn.) ; Wils.
loc. cit. ; Ekm. torn. cit. 67 ; S. Moore in Journ. Bot. Ixvi. 162.
V. fruticosa Gleas. in Bull. N. York Bot. Gard. iv. 182 (1906)
(non Sw.). Conyza rigida Sw. Prodr. 113 (1788), Specimens
from Swartz in Stockholm and in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Rare on limestone hills in the north, Swartz !

Shrub. Branches rigid, flexuose. Leaves on short stout tomentose
stalks, nearly orbicular or very broadly ovate (sometimes slightly
emarginate), stiff, drying dark above, grey-green below, at first densely
grey-tomentose but rapidly becoming pubescent or puberulous on
either face, 2-2-8 by 1-8-2-7 cm. (3-4-5 by 2-5-3 cm. Ekman). In-
volucre top-shaped, 10 by 7 mm. (up to 15 mm. Ekman), of 7 rows of
brown leathery scales, those of outer rows short and broadly deltoid,
innermost narrowly ovate-oblong, obtuse, 7 mm. 1. Receptacle
shallowly pitted. Heads 12-fiowered (Swartz). Corolla not seen.
Achenes subcylindrical, callus-based, shortly bristly, 2-5 mm. 1. Pappus,
outer of a few narrowly oblong white scales often minutely toothed and
cut at tip, 1-5 mm. 1., inner of rather coarse, rather rough bristles
slightly swollen at the tip and 6 mm. 1.

Vernonia COMPOSITE 161

5. V. Harrisii ;S^. Moore in Journ. Bot. Ixvi. 164 (1928) ;
branches leafy to the top, clothed in a dark brown tomentum ;
leaves ovate or obovate-oblong, rounded at apex and base ;
flowering branches elongated, straight ; heads in short cymes ;
pappus dark brown.

Peckham Woods, Upper Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam.
12,776. Specimens in Herb. Mus. Brit., Kew. and Jam.

Shrub. Branches elongated (up to 9 ft. 1.), weak, straight, brown-
tomentose. Leaves petioled, stiff, hairy on the nerves, on the upper
face shining and prominently nerved, on both faces covered with sunken
glands, up to 5-5 by nearly 4 cm., but mostly smaller, the uppermost
passing into bracts of the inflorescence ; petioles tomentose, 7 mm. 1.
Cymes scorpioid, short, few-headed. Heads 9-10-flowered, crowded,
erect or nearly so. Involucres 7 by 5 mm., subcylindrical, 4-5-seriate ;
scales oblong-lanceolate, acute, brown with dark top, usually slightly
hairy, the innermost 5 to nearly 6 mm. 1. Receptacle shortly pitted.
Corollas rosy violet. Achenes cylindrical, callus-based, with small
bristles, barely 2 mm. 1. Pappus-sealea narrowly oblong, 1 mm. 1. ;
bristles quickly falling, 4 mm. 1.

6. V. pluvialis Gleas. in Bull. Terr. Bot. Club xl. 312 (1913) ;

branches subterete, striate, puberulous ; leaves lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, narrowed at base ; flowering branches
short bearing crowded cymes of small erect heads ; pappus
brown. — Ekm. torn. cit. 64. V. proclivis Gleas. loc. cit. (1913) ;
Ekm. torn. cit. 65. Baccharis m5a'sinites Griseb. Fl. Br. W.
Ind. 366 (1861) (in part) (non Pers.) ; Wils. loc. cit. Type in
Herb. New York.

McNab I Blue Mt. Peak, J. P. 2120, Morris ! Shreve ; Nichols 120 ;
Morse's Gap, Nichols 20 ! Britton 102 ; Sir John Peak, Britton 203,
3856 ; St. Thomas, Britton 4055 ; Cinchona, Marble 188 ; Morse's
Gap 4900 ft. ; New Haven Gap 5600 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam, 11,634,
11,636.

A trailing shrub. Leaves shortly stalked, usually acute, obtuse or
acute at base, entire or obscurely denticulate, membranaceous, glabrous
or nearly so, mostly 4-5 by 1-2 cm. Cymes 1-5-6 cm. 1. ; the slender
peduncle 1-5 cm. 1., minutely pubescent. Heads 5-8-flowered, solitary
or few together, sessile or subsessile, the leaflike subtending bracts few
and small. Involucres 6-6-5 by 3-4 mm., somewhat top-shaped, of
5-6 rows of brown oblong glabrovis scales, the outer very small, inner-
most 4-5-5 mm. 1. Receptacle minutely pitted. Corolla purple to pale
lavender; tube narrow, 3-5-4 mm. 1. ; lobes narrow oblong, 3 mm. 1.
Anthers subincluded. Style-arms exserted. Achenes somewhat top-
shaped, 5-ribbed, bristly, 1-5 nam. 1. Outer pappus of narrow brown
scales barely 1 mm. 1. ; bristles rather rough, 4 mm. 1.

Var. reducta var nov. Heads smaller than those of type,
5 by 2-5 mm., 5-6-flowered. Scales of involucre narrower,
the innermost 4 mm. 1. Corolla 5 mm. 1., of which half
belongs to the tube. Achenes (immature) 1 mm. 1. Pappus-

VII.— 11

162 FLORA OF JAMAICA Vemonia

scales -5 mm. 1. ; bristles 3 mm. 1. — V. reducta Gleas.
torn. cit. 313 (1913). V. pluvialis Gleas. ex Ekm. loc. cit.
in part.

Sir John Peak, Shreve, Britton 203 ; New Haven Gap, Cinchona,
Britton 151 ! Harris ! Fl. Jam. 11,636.

[V. cinerea [L.) Less, in Linncea iv. 291 (1829) ; herb with
pubescent branches, leaves ovate to lanceolate, pubescent
beneath ; heads small, erect, in terminal lax corymbs exceed-
ing the leaves ; pappus white. — DC. torn. cit. 24 ; Griseb. Fl.
Br. W. Ind. 353 ; Wils. loc. cit. ; Hitchc. torn. cit. 96 ; Duss
op. cit. 351 ; Gleas. in Bull. N. York Bot. Gard. iv. 174 ; Ekm.
torn. cit. 95 ; Britton Fl. Amer. Virg. 97 ; Britton dk Millsp.
Baham. Fl. 436 ; Urh. op. cit. viii. 706. Conyza cinerea L.
Sp. PI. 862 (1753).

Houatoun ! Wilson 232 ; Macfadyen ! Irwin Hills, Wullschldgel ; near
Kingston, Prior ! Clute 20 ! Gordontown, BaH ! Eggers 3421 ! Banana
River, Uggers 3468 ; Hope, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6865, 11,793 ; Castleton,
Lehmann ! near Kingston, Hansen ; Giddy Hall, Miss Maxwell I
Bath; Arntully ; Albion Trail; Orcutt I 1946, 2008, 3912.— Bahamas,
Cuba, Hispaniola, St. Thomas, St. Croix, Guadeloupe, Grenada, Tobago.
An East Indian weed, naturalised generally in the tropics.

An erect or decumbent herb up to 3 ft. high. Leaves shortly stalked,
ovate, obovate or lanceolate, acute or obtuse, narrowed at base,
margin undulate-dentate or entire, puberulous above, grey -pubescent
below, mostly 1-5-5 by 1-3 cm. Inflorescence up to 12 by 17 cm., but
often smaller. Heads on pedvincles often longer than themselves,
14^20-flowered. Involucres campanulate, of 5 rows of linear-lanceolate
actuninate finely pubescent scales, innermost 4 mm. 1., outer smaller.
Receptacle minutely pitted. Corolla raauve to rose-colour, 5 mm. 1.
of which 3-5 mm. belong to the narrow tube. Achenea subcylindrical,
callus-based, obscurely ribbed, with short bristles, 1-5 mm. 1. Pappus,
outer of stiff bristles '3 mm. 1. ; inner bristles quickly falling, rather
rough, 4 mm. 1.

In India used as a febrifuge ; also in conjunctivitis and other
diseases.]

3. ELEPHANTOPUS L.

Herbs. Leaves alternate, penninerved. Heads discoid,
small, few-flowered, collected into globose or ovoid glomerules
usually subtended by broad bracts. Involucre oblong, of a
few imbricate narrow dry scales. Receptacle naked or
minutely pitted. Corolla tubular, regular or nearly so :
limb 5-lobed. Anthers shortly sagittate at base. Style
arms linear. Achenes 10-ribbed, obscurely callus-based.
Pappus of 5 or more rigid bristles or scales in 1 or 2 series.

Over 20 species, chiefly tropical American.

Elephantopus

COMPOSITE
Pappus of 5

163

Glomerules in lax corjrmbs.

bristles 1. E. moUia.

Glomerules in spikes. Pappus of numerous

bristles 2. E. angv^tifolius.

1. E. mollis H. B. dh K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. iv. 26 (1820) ;
leaves scattered, obovate or obovate-oblong, toothed ;
glomerules of heads laxly corymbose, subtended by ovate
bracts. — DC. Prodr. v. 86 ; Sagra Cub. xi. 34 ; Griseh. Fl.

Fig. 50. — Elephantopus mollis H. B. & K,

A, Part of plant in flower x 5.

B, An inflorescence x J.

C, A single head x 4.

D, Head opened x 4.

E, Floret with young achene and

pappus X 8.

Br. W. Ind. 355 & Cat. Cub. 145; Wils. in Rep. Geolog.
Jam. 281 ; Egg. Fl. St. Croix d; Virg. 63 ; Stahl Fl. P. -Rico v.
105 ; Kew Bull. 1893, 259 ; Hart Herb. List Trin. 32 ; Urb.
Symb. Ant. iv. 621 & viii. 101 ; Jenn. Is. Pin. 275 ; Britt. Fl.
Amer. Virg. 97 ; C. F. Baker in Trans. Acad. Sc. St. Louis

164 FLORA OF JAMAICA Elephantopus

xii. 51, tab. ix. fig. F. ; Gleas. in Bull. N. York Bot. Gard. iv.
240 ; Elm. Leaf. Phil. Bot. i. 97. E. tomentosus L. Sp. PI.
1314 (in part) ; Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 281 (non L.) ; Hitchc.
in Pep. Miss. Bot. Gard. iv. 96 ; Duss Fl. Ant. Frang. 352 ;
Hart loc. cit. Scabiosa affinis anomala &c. Sloane Cat. 127 &
Hist. i. 263, tab. 15Q,figs. 1 & 2. Elephantopus erectus foliis
integris &c. Browne Hist. Jam. i. 311. (Eig. 50.)

Elephant's Foot.

Woods near Guanaboa and elsewhere, Sloane Herb. v. 46 ! Lane in
Herb. Petiver {Sloane Herb, clxii. 26 !) ; frequent in many places, N.
side of Island, Browne ! Rio Cobre, Prior I ; March ; Blue Mts. ; Bog
Walk ; Port Morant ; Porus ; Hitchcock ; Cinchona, J. P. 1243 Hart !
Claremont, Fawcett d; Harris Fl. Jam. 7008 ! Blue Mts. Green Hills,
Rendle ! Flamstead, Miss Maxwell ! — West Indian Islands, tropical
and sub-tropical America. Introduced into Philippines from Mexico.

A weed, 2-3 ft. high. Stem stoutish, tomentose or hispid. Leaves
cauline, oblong or oblong-obovate, narrowed into the short petiole,
serrate or serrulate, rough above, softly tomentose below, 6—9 by 3—5 cm.
Glomerules many-headed, up to 2 by 1*5 cm. but more often smaller,
the subtending bracts usually shorter than the glomerule, sessile,
mucronate, serrulate or nearly entire, strongly nerved on both sides
with hispidulous nerves. Heads 4-flowered. Involucre narrowly
cylindrical, of few lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate acuminate pale
shining scales, inner 7 mm. 1., outer shorter. Corolla white, 6-5 mm. 1.
of which 4-5 mm. belong to the slender tube. Style-arms exserted.
Achenes narrowed below, 10-ribbed, minutely hairy between the ribs,
2-3 mm. 1. Pappus of 5 straight rather rough bristles dilated at the
base, 4 mm. 1.

" This plant is a good vulnerary. . . . The leaves are frequently
used instead of Cardmis Benedictus [as a tonic and diaphoretic] among
the inhabitants of the French Islands " (Browne).

2. E. angustifolius Sw. Prodr. 115 (1788) ; stem usually
naked ; leaves elongated, linear-lanceolate ; glomerules sessile
in long simple or branched spikes subtended by ovate to lanceo-
late bracts. — Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1383 ; Lun. tom. cit. 282 ;
Less, in Linncea iv. 327 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 355 ; Wils.
loc. cit. ; Duss loc. cit. ; Kew Bull. loc. cit. ; Hart loc. cit. ;
Urb. op. cit. via. 101. Distreptus angustifolius Cass, in
Diet. Sc. Nat. xiii. 368 (1819). Elephantosis angustifolia
DC. tom. cit. 87 (1836) ; C. F. Baker tom. cit. 54, tab. 15, fig. D.
Orthopappus angustifolius Gleas. tom. cit. 238 (1906). Conyza
inodora, helenii folio &c. Sloane Cat. 123 & Hist. i. 256,
tab. 148, fig. 4.

Mount Diablo, Sloane Herb. v. 10 ! Masson ! Broughton ! near
Barbican, St. Andrew, McNab 43 ! Macfadyen ! Wullschlagel ; among
grasses, road to Constitution Hill ; Norbrook, St. Andrew, Harris !
Fl. Jam. 9025, 10,834 ; Flamstead, Miss Maxwell ! — Cuba, Hispaniola,
Porto Rico, Gaudeloupe, Martinique, St. Vincent, Tobago, Trinidad,
tropical America.

Elephantopus COMPOSITE 165

Herb, 2-4 ft. high. Stem erect, naked or with a few scattered leaves,
pubescent or tomentose. Leaves chiefly basal (rosulate), obtuse,
sheathing at base, crenate to nearly entire, firmly membranaceous,
rather rough on both faces and hairy on the nerves, up to 35 by 3-5 cm.,
usually about 25 by 1-5—2 cm. Glomerules several -headed, about 8 by 6
mm., hairy, 5-10 mm. 1. Heads 3-5-fiowered. Involucre cylindrical,
of few thin pale shining scales, the outer short and broader than the
oblong-lanceolate acute 8 mm. 1. inner. Corolla white ; tube narrow,
6 mm. 1. ; lobes 2 mm. 1. Style-arms exserted. Achenes narrowed
below, lO-ribbed, with short bristles, 2 mm. 1. Pappus of numerous
rough bristles sUghtly dilated at base, 7 nam. 1.

4. PSEUDELEPHANTOPUS Rohr.

Herb. Leaves alternate, penninerved. Heads discoid,
small, few-flowered, sessile, solitary or few together in axiUary
glomerules. Involucre &c. as of Elephantopus. Achenes
10-ribbed, callus-based. Pappus of few bristles, 2 longer
than the rest and folded at the top.

A genus of 1 species often united with the preceding.

P. spicatus {B. Juss.) Rohr in Skrivt. Nat. Selsk. Kjoeb. ii.
pt. 2, 214 (1792) ; C. F. Baker in Trans. Acad. Sc. St. Louis
xii. 54, tab. 9, fig. G ; Gleas. in Bull. N. York Bot. Gard. iv.
242 ; Britt. Fl. Amer. Virg. 97. Elephantopus spicatus B.
Juss. in Auhl. PI. Guian. ii. 808 (1775) ; Sw. Prodr. 115 &
Fl. Ind. Occ. Hi. 1380 ; Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 281 ; Mayc. Fl.
Barb. 337 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 75 ; Kew Bull. 1893, 259 ; Hitchc.
in Rep. Miss. Bot. Gard. iv. 96 ; Combs PI. Cub. 432 ; Duss
Fl. Ant. Frang. 352 ; Flmer Leaf. Philip. Bot. i. 96. Dis-
treptus spicatus Cass, in Diet. Sc. Nat. xiii. 367 (1819) ; DC.
Prodr. V. 87 ; Sagra Cub. xi. 35 ; Griseb. PI. Carib. 84, Cat.
Cub. 145 & Fl. Br. W. Ind. 355; Wils. in Rep. Geolog.
Jam. 280 ; Egg. Fl. St. Croix dh Virg. 63 ; Stahl Fl. P. -Rico
V. 106 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 621 & viii. 107 ; Hart Herb.
List Trin. 31 ; Jenn. Is. Pin. 275. Matamoria spicata La
Llave ds Lex. Nov. Veg. Descr. Fasc. i. 8 (1824). Conyza
major inodora &c. Sloane Cat. 123 & Hist. i. 256, tab. 150,
figs. 3, 4. Elephantopus erectus hirsutus &c. Browne Hist.
Jam. i. 311. (Fig. 51.)

Dog's Tongue.

Rio Cobre, near St. Jago de la Vega ; Guanaboa ; Moneague
Savanna ; Sloane Herb. v. 9 ! Houstoun ! Wright ! Shakespear ! Masson !
common in most parts of Jamaica, Browne ; Moneague, Prior ! Con-
stant Spring ; Bog Walk ; Porus ; Port Morant ; Hitchcock ; near
Gordontown, Ball ! Hope, Harris Fl. Jam. 6936 ! Constant Spring,
Ridley ! Giddy Hall, St. Elizabeth, Miss Maxwell ! dry groimd by
railway, Williamsfield, Manchester, Eendle 158 ! Balaclava, Orcuti
914 ! — West Indies generally, tropical America. Introduced into
Philippines and Japan.

166

FLORA OF JAMAICA Pseudelephantopua

A freely branching erect herb, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves, lower obovate
to obovate-oblong and oblanceolate, rounded or obtuse at tip, narrowed
below into the short, sheathing petiole, margin crenulate or undulate,
firmly membranaceous, somewhat scabrid and often with hispid hairs
on vmderside nerves, naostly 4-10 by 1-5-5 cm. ; upper leaves much
reduced, linear or linear-lanceolate. Olomerules 1-4-headed, sessile
in the axils of the upper leaves. Heads 4-flowered, 10 by 3 mm.
Involucre cylindrical, of few ovate-oblong acute scales, the inner

Fig. 51. — PseudelepfMntopus spicatus (B. Juss.) Rohr
A, Upper part of shoot in flower x 5. D, Head opened

B, Inflorescence

C, Head x 2.

X i.

X 2.
E, Floret with pappus x 4.

8 mm. 1. Corolla white or pale mauve ; tube narrow 4-5 mm. I. ;
lobes barely 4 mm. 1. Style-arms exserted. Achenea narrowed below,
10-ribbed, bristly, 5 mm. 1. Pappus of 2 bristles, twice bent at the top,
somewhat dilated at base, 6 mm. 1. and of 4 or 5 weaker and shorter
(3-5 mm. 1.) bristles straight or nearly so and dilated and often lobed
or pectinate at base.

" The stalks and leaves being hard are made use of for brooms to
sweep houses " (Sloane).

[Rozandra argentea Rottb., a plant of tropical America, the Lesser
Antilles and Porto Rico, was introduced from St. Vincent into the Bath
Garden by Broughton in 1794. There is a Jamaica specimen in the
Banksian Herbarium sent by Dancer ; but whether this came from the

Pseudelephantopus COMPOSITE 167

Garden or was an escape from it or a native plant is iincertain, though,
as we have no other Jamaica record, the latter supposition is improbable.
Grisebach gives it as Jamaican on the authority of Sloane, and Fawcett,
following Grisebach, includes it in his list : but Sloane says he got his
specimen (in Herb. Sloane) at Madeira or one of the Caribbean Islands,
the latter no doubt. Under these circumstances the genus is not
included here ; but future collectors should bear it in mind, as it may
have been overlooked. It is a shrubby plant 3-6 ft. high with long
branches bearing lanceolate or ovate leaves silvery on the underside
and about 5 by 2-5 cm., with glomerules of small 1 -flowered heads in
the axils. The affinity is with Elephantopus.]

5. ADENOSTEMMA Forst.

Herbs, usually glandular-hairy. Leaves opposite. Heads
discoid, in corjnnbs or panicles. Involucre campanulate or
subhemispherical, of 1-2 rows of nearly equal, almost always
free, scales. Receptacle naked. Corolla regular, 5-fid. Anthers
obtuse at base, truncate and unappendaged at top. Style-
arms elongated, usually terete, obtuse. Achenes 5-ribbed.
Pappus of 3-5 stout usually clavate spreading out-growths.

About 10 species, chiefly in tropics of both Worlds.

Decumbent. Leaves small, shallowly toothed.

Petioles slender. Heads 6 mm. across 1. A. Verbesina.

Erect. Leaves large, coarsely toothed or lobulate.

Petioles winged. Heads 8 mm. across 2. A. brasiliensis.

1. A. Verbesina (L.) Sch. Bip. in Journ. Bot. i. 235 (1863) ;
stem slender, rooting at the nodes ; leaves ovate, shallowly
toothed ; heads very few to the corymb, sometimes solitary ;
involucres finely glandular. — Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. ii. 304 ;
Urh. Syvfib. Ant. iv. 622 & viii. 708. A. Swartzii Cass, in
Did. 8c. Nat. xxv. 362 (1822) ; DC. Prodr. v. 110 ; Griseb. Fl.
Br. W. Ind. 356 & Cat. Cub. 145; Wils. in Rep. Geolog.
Jam. 281 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 76 ; Kew Bull. 1893, 259. Cotula
Verbesina L. Amoen. v. 407 (1760). Lavenia decumbens Sw.
Prodr. 112 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. Hi. 1331 ; Lun. Hort.
Jam. i. 440. Chrysanthemum sylvaticum repens &c. Sloane
Cat. 126 & Hist. i. 262, tab. 155, fig. 2. Tanacetum herbaceum
erect um &c. Browne Hist. Jam. i. 316. (Fig. 52.)

Inland woods, Sloane Herb. v. 39 ! Broughton ! Macfadyen !
Wilson ; Morse's Gap, Nichols 159 ! damp places near Vinegar
Hill ; Tyre near Troy ; forest near Hardware Gap ; Harris ! Fl. Jam.
5310, 5745, 5964, 8809, 10,122.— Cuba, Porto Rico, St. Kitts, St.
Vincent, Brazil, Ecuador.

A weak lowly decumbent sparsely glandular-hairy annual
rooting at the lower nodes. Leaves obtuse, broad below but suddenly
narrowed into the slender petiole, toothed or subentire, 1-3*5 by '7-3 cm.
Corymbs mostly 1-4-headed ; heads about 20-flowered, 6 mm. across,

168

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Adenostemma

on slender glandular-hairy peduncles usually longer than the leaves.
Involucre campanulate, 4 by 5 mm. ; scales broadly oblong or oblong-
spathulate, obtuse, sometimes slightly toothed, dark green. Corolla
white, 2 mm. 1. ; tube shorter than the campanulate limb. Style-
arms exserted. Ackencs somewhat cvirved, narrowed at base, minutely
glandular, 2-2-5 mm. 1. Pappus -outgrowths usually 3, often unequal,
clavellate, microscopically papillose, 1 mm. 1. more or less.

Fig. 52. — Adenostemma Verbesina (L.) Sch. Bip.
A, Portion of plant in flower x §. C, Floret, the corolla opened x 12 ; p, pappus.

B, Head x 3.

D, Achene x 12.

2. A. brasilianum (Pers.) Cass. Nat. xxv. 363 (1822) ; stem
erect ; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, sometimes lobulate ;
cor5niibs usually several-headed ; involucre coarsely glandular.
— DC. torn. cit. 112 ; Hook. Ic. PI. 238. Verbesina brasiliana
Pers. Syn. 472 (1805).

In shade on rocky slopes near Troy, Harris Fl. Jam. 12,622 ! —
Tropical South America, Paraguay.

An erect, branched h&b up to 3 ft. high. Stem stout, fistular, like

Adenostemma COMPOSITE 169

the branches coarsely glandular. Leaves obtuse, from the broad base
narrowed into the winged petiole, glandular chiefly on the nerves, up
to 15 by 12 cm., but often less than 10 by 5 cm. Corymbs few- or
several-headed ; heads nearly 50-flowered, 8 mm. across, on slender,
glandular peduncles sometimes only as long as or but little longer than
themselves. Involucre campanulate, 5 by 7 mm. ; scales united at
base, oblong or oblong-ovate, obtuse, coarsely glandular-hairy on back.
Corolla white, 2-5 mm. long ; tube nearly as long as limb. Style-
arms exserted. Achenea narrowed below, coarsely glandular, 2-2-5
mm. 1. PappM« -outgrowths generally 2, clavate, minutely papillose,
about 1 mm. 1.

This is usually considered to be a variety of the widely distributed
A. viscoaum Forst.

6. AGERATUM L.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite, the upper sometimes
alternate. Heads discoid, many-flowered, in corymbs or lax
panicles. Involucre campanulate, of 2-3 rows of narrow equal
or nearly equal scales. Receptacle naked or scaly. Corolla
regular, 5-fid. Anthers obtuse at base, with a terminal
appendage. Style-arms elongated, exserted, terete, obtuse.
Achenes 5-angled and ribbed. Pappus of 5 or more scales,
awned or muticous, free or united at base.

Nearly 30 species, chiefly American from Florida to
tropical South America ; one species widely distributed in
both Worlds.

Pappus of 5 awned scales.

Involucral leaves oblong, shortly pointed,

glabrous 1. A.conyzoides.

Involucral leaves linear-lanceolate, long-
pointed, hairy 2. A. Houatonianum.

Pappus of 5 awnless scales 3. A. latifolium,.

1. A. conyzoides L. Sp. PL 839 (1753) ; leaves ovate,
crenate or crenulate ; heads in terminal corymbs ; involucral
scales oblong ; pappus of 5 equal awned scales, about as long
as the corolla. — Lun.Hort.Jam. i. 62 ; Mayc. Fl. Barb. 322 ;
DC. Prodr. v. 108 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 356 & Cat. Cub.
145 ; Wils. in Rep. Geolog. 281 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 76 ; Stahl
Fl. P. -Rico v. 110 ; Egg. Fl. St. Croix dh Virg. 63 ; Kew Bull.
1893, 259 ; Hitchc. in Rep. Miss. Bot. Card. iv. 97 ; Combs PI.
Cub. 432; Sang. Fl. Cub. 47; Urb.Symb. Ant. iv. 622 & viii. 709;
Hart Herb. List Trin. 81 ; Robins, in Proc. Amer. Acad. xlix.
460; Britt. in Fl. Amer. Virg. 97 & Fl. Berm. 407. A.
hirtum Lam. Encyl. i. 54 (1783). Cacalia mentrasto Veil.
Fl. Flum. 339 & viii. t. 69 (1825). Cacalia conyzoides
Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. ii. 325 (1891). Conyza urticse folio
Sloane Cat. 124 & Hist. i. 258, tab. 152, fig. 2. Eupatorium

170 FLORA OF JAMAICA Ageraium

humile africanum &c. Shane Hist. ii. 381. Specimen from
Browne in Herb. Linn, and one in Hort. Cliffort. in Herb.
Mus. Brit.

Sloane ! Herb. v. 19, 20, 20*1, 20*2 and 24 ; Broume ! March 1354 !
Moneague Hills, Prior I Golden Spring, Thompson ! Fl. Jam. 7985,
8087 ; near Cinchona ; Bull Head Mt. ; Castleton Grounds ; Harris !
Fl. Jam. 11,973, 12,270, 12,514; Sweetwater, Or-c«« 2190 !— Widely-
distributed through the warmer regions of both Worlds.

A usually erect branched annual, 1-3 ft. high. Stem leafy through-
out, like the branches pubescent. Leaves on slender hairy 5-15 nun. 1.
petioles, obtuse, rounded or obtuse at base, membranaceous, hairy
chiefly on the nerves, 2-6 by 1-5-4 cm. Corymbs usually stalked, of
several rather crowded heads ; heads on hairy peduncles 3-8 mm. 1.,
about 50-flowered, 6 mm. across. Scales of involucre shortly acumi-
nate, usually minutely denticulate near the top, membrane-edged,
2-3-nerved, glabrous or nearly so, 5 by 1 mm. Corolla lavender, blue
or white, 2-5-3 mm. 1. Achenes somewhat narrowed below, 5-angled
and ribbed, callus-based, black, glabrous or slightly hairy, 2 mm. 1.
Pappus white, 2-5 nma. 1.

Var. inaequipaleacea Hieron. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xiz. 44
(1894). Pappus with 1-3 awned scales and the rest short
and awnless, otherwise as the type. — Robins, torn. cit.
462.

Jamaica, unlocalised, Herb. Jam. Hart ! (or Morris). — Bahamas,
Is. Pinos, Hispaniola, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia.

2. A. Houstonianum Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8 (1768) ; leaves
ovate, serrate or serrulate ; corymbs terminal ; involucral
scales linear-lanceolate, gradually acuminate ; pappus of 5
equal awned scales. — Robins, torn. cit. 459 & Contrib. Gray
Herb. Ixviii. 5 ; Britt. Fl. Berm. 406. A. mexicanum Sims
Bot. Mag. tab. 2524 (1825) ; Sweet Brit. Fl. Gard. i. tab. 89.
A. conyzoides L. var. mexicanum DC. loc. cit. (1836). Carelia
Houstoniana Kuntze loc. cit. (1891). Type (from Vera Cruz)
in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Banana River, Eggers 3445 ! Cinchona, Clute 190 ! August Town
River, Campbell Fl. Jam. 6268 ! near Cinchona, Harris Fl. Jam.
11,971 ! Morse's Gap, Nichols 33; by the waterside. Hermitage
River, Norman 132 ! Guava Ridge, Miss Maxwell ! — Green Hills to
Woodcutter's Gap, Rendle 13 ! 78 ! — Bermuda, Martinique, Central
America, Brazil, St. Helena : introduced into Annam and South
China.

Annual herb, erect or decumbent, pubescent or nearly glabrous.
Leaves often truncate-cordate at base, otherwise (also the inflorescence)
as of last. Heads about 70-flowered, 6-8 nun. across. Involucre
5 mm. 1. ; scales hairy on the back, 2-nerved. Corolla lilac, blue, white
or yellow, 3-3-5 mm. 1. Achene and pappus as of A. conyzoides.

Ageratum

COMPOSITE

171

3. A. latifolium Cav. Ic. iv. 33, tab. 357 (1797) ; leaves
ovate or ovate-oblong, bluntly dentate ; corymbs terminal ;
involucral scales oblong-lanceolate, acute ; pappus of 5
short, oblong, incised scales. — Britt. <fc Millsp. Fl. Baham.
436 ; Robins, torn. cit. 465 ; Urb. op. cit. viii. 709. A. brachy-
stephanum Regel Gartenfl. in. 245, tab. 108, fig. C. (1854). A.

Fig. 53. — Ageratum latifolium Cav.

A, Tipper part of plant X f . D, Floret cut lengthwise X 12.

B, Head x 4. E, Anther x 12.

C, Floret x 8. F, Achene and pappus x 8.

muticum Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 356 (1861) & Cat. Cub. 145 ;
Sauv. op. cit. 76 ; Wils. he. cit. ; Hitchc. loc. cit. Carelia
brachystephana Kuntze loc. cit. Carelia mutica Kuntze loc.
cit. (Fig. 53.)

March 919 ! Mt. Diablo, Prior ! Wullachlagel ; Blue Mt. Peak,
Hitchcock ; Peckham, Upper Clarendon, Harris Fl. Jam. 12,825 ! —
Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Central and western South America.

172 FLORA OF JAMAICA Ageratum

Annual sparsely hairy herb, 2-3 ft. high. Leaves shortly petioled,
truncate rounded or obtuse at base, 2-4-5 by 1-2-5 cm. Corymbs few-
headed, lax or somewhat crowded. Heads about 30-fiowered (about
40-fiowered, Robinson), 5 mm. across. Involucre 4 mm. 1. ; leaves
glabrous, 2-nerved. Corolla blue, violet or white, barely 2 mm. 1.
Achenes as long as corolla, narrowly cylindrical, slightly hairy on the
5 ribs. Scales of pappus free, white, very obtuse, -5 mm. 1.

7. EUPATORIUM L.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite, penninerved, 3-nerved
(from the base) or triplinerved (from above the base),
upper ones sometimes alternate. Heads discoid, usually
rather small, in corymbs or panicles or solitary. Involucre of
scarious scales in few or several rows. Receptacle flat, convex
or shortly cylindrical, usually naked, sometimes hairy or
scaly. Corolla regular, tubular below, limb 5-lobed or 5-
toothed. Anthers obtuse at base and with an apical appendage.
Style-arms exserted, elongated, obtuse, often expanded at the
tip. Achenes strongly 5-ribbed, crowned by a pappus of
numerous fine bristles in a single series.

A large genus of about 1000 species, mostly American from
United States to Chile and Argentina. Fewer in Asia ; very
rare in Africa ; absent from Australia.

Receptacle glabrous, flat or but slightly raised,

or linear.

§ Cylindrocephala. Heads cylindrical ; in-

volucral scales in several series, closely

appressed, firmly scarious, shed at

maturity. Receptacle flat or nearly

so.

Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate. Heads

about 1 cm. long 1. E. odoratum.

Leaves linear-lanceolate. Heads slightly

exceeding -5 cm. in length 2. E. ivcefolium.

§ Subimbricatse. Heads cylindrical or more
or less campanulate ; involucral scales
in few rows, very unequal, not closely
appressed, persistent till fall of achenes.
Receptacle linear, narrow, flat or
slightly convex.
Heads cylindrical. Receptacle narrow.
Bristles of pappus fine. Involucral
scales obtuse.
Leaves with translucent glands and
lines.
Branches glabrous. Leaves lanceo-
late, serrulate 3. E, Dalea.

Branches hairy. Leaves ovate or

ovate-lanceolate, serrate 4. E. parviflorum.

Eupatorium

COMPOSITE

173

Leaves without translucent glands
and lines.
Leaves penninerved, narrowed at

base 5.

Leaves triplinerved, broad at base 6.
Bristles of pappus coarse. Involucral

scales rotundate 7.

Heads campanulate. Receptacle flat or
slightly convex.
Leaves amplexicaul.

Branchlets puberulous 8.

Branchlets hirsute 9.

Leaves stalked 10.

§ EximbricataB. Heads campanulate ; in-
volucral scales subequal, in 1 or 2 rows,
but slightly imbricated ; receptacle flat
or nearly so.
Shrubby. Branches rough, with short
hairs or puberulous.

Leaves with a few coarse serratures 11.

Leaves entire or undulate 12.

Shrubby. Branches rusty-hairy.

Hairs glandular 13.

Hairs simple.

Leaves 3 -nerved (from the base).
Indumentum rather coarse. In-
volucral scales linear-oblong 14.

Indumentum velvety, Involucral

scales oblong 16.

Leaves triplinerved (from above the
base).
Branches rusty-velvety. Leaves

ovate 16.

Branches sparingly rusty. Leaves

lanceolate 17.

Leaves penninerved.

Leaves parchment-like, rounded at

base 18.

Leaves parchment-like, narrowed

at base 19.

Leaves leathery, very broad-based 20.
Herbaceous annual 21.

§ Praxells. Receptacle strongly convex,
hemispherical, columnar or conical.
Leaves 3-nerved, rounded at base. In-
volucre 10 by 4^5 mm.
Mainly glabrous. Leaves somewhat

leathery 22.

Hairy. Leaves firmly membranous .... 23.
Leaves triplinerved, suddenly contracted

at base. Involucre 8 by 5*5 mm 24.

Receptacle hairy, convex.
§ Hebeclinium.

Leaves broadly cordate, long-petioled 25.

E. critoni forme.
E. tetranthum.

E. platychcetum.

E. Dolphini.
E. cordifolium.
E. tnontanum.

E. nervosum.
E. gracilipes.

E. glanduloaum.

E. corylifolium.
E. villosum.

E. triste.
E. riparium,.

E. Hartii.

E. schizanthum,.
E. hamm^itocladum,.
E. m,icrostem,on.

E. rigidum.

E. heteroclinium.

E. Maxweliice.

E. macrophyllum.

174

FLORA OF JAMAICA Eupatonum

Fig. 54, — Eupatorium macrophyUum L.

A, Portion of plant in flower x %. D, Floret x 12.

B, Head of flowers x 4. E, Anthers x 12.

C, Hairy receptacle x 5. F, Achene x 12.

1. E. odoratum L. Syst. ed. 10, 1205 (1760) ; leaves
broad from coarsely toothed to nearly entire, 3-nerved
corymbs densely headed ; heads 1 to nearly 1-5 cm. long. — Sw
Obs. Bot. 300 ; Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 371 ; Mayc. Fl. Barb. 321
DC. Prodr. v. 143 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 358 & Cat. Cub
146 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 76 ; Wils. in Rep. Geolog. Jam. 280
Egg. Fl.St. Croix dh Virg. 63 ; Stahl Fl.P.-Rico 111 ; Hitchc.
in Rep. Miss. Bot. Card. iv. 97 ; Kew Bull. 1893, 259 ; Duss
Fl. Ant. FrauQ. 354 ; Sang. Fl. Cub. 48 ; Hart Herb. List
Trin. 32 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 623 & viii. 710 ; Robins, in
Proc. Amer. Acad. Iv. 280, 346, Ix. 46 & Contrib. U.S. Nat.
Herb, xxiii. 1444 (cum sjti.) ; Britton Fl. Amer. Virg. 97 &
FL Berm. 388 ; Britton do Millsp. Fl. Baham. 438. E.

Eupatorium COMPOSITE 175

conyzoides Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, No. 14 (1768) ; Vahl
Symh. Hi. 96 ; DC. he. cit. ; Griseb. II. cc. ; Sauv. loc. cit. ;
Wils. loc. cit. ; Staid op. cit. 110 ; Hitclic. loc. cit. ; Sang. loc.
cit. E. floribundum H. B. cfc K. Nov. Gen. dh Sp. iv. 118,
t. 344 (1820) ; DC. loc. cit. E. conyzoides Mill. var. floribunda
Hieron. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xxxvi. 463 (1905) & var. tam-
billense Hieron. torn. cit. 464. Eupatoria conyzoides folio
molli &c. Pluk. Aim. 141, t. 177, /. 3. Conyza fruticosa,
folio hastato &c. Sloane Cat. 124 & Hist. i. 257. Eupatorium
odoratum hirsutum «&.c. Browne Hist. Jam. 313. Specimen
from Browne in Herb. Linn.

Archangel, Christmas Rose, Jack-in-the-Bush,
Bitter Bush.

Sloane Herb. v. 12 ! Browne ! Houstoun ! Broughton ! Aguatta
Vale, Metcalfe ! Manchester, Purdie ! Distin ! Macfadyen ! Gosse ;
Moneague, Purdie ! Mandeville, Panton ! Constant Spring ; Port
Morant ; Hitchcock ; near Cinchona, Fawcett Fl. Jam. 8219 ! Salt Hill
Road ; Hope ; Hope Road ; Hope Grounds ; John's Hall, Upper
Clarendon; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5618, 6999, 8216, 8224, 12,833. Pleasant
Hill, Blue Mts., Miss Perkins 1260 ! Balaclava, Orcutt 678 ! — West
Indies and continental America from Florida to Paraguay.

A straggling, openly branching bush, 4—8 ft. high. Branches
pubescent or nearly glabrous, multistriate. Leaves on slender stalks
usually 1-2 cm. 1., rhombic-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acimai-
nate, truncate or cuneate at base, pubescent or puberulous chiefly on
the nerves, copiously glandular on the lower face, mostly about 5-7
by 2-3 cm., upper often smaller. Corymbs terminal, many-headed,
5-10 cm. across. Peduncles usually shorter than the 14-25-fiowered
heads. Involucre 9 by 2-5 mm., of oblong, obtuse or subacute, pale
3-nerved scales in 4-5 rows, the lowest short, the uppermost about
7 mm. 1. and sometimes linear. Corolla pale blue, pale lavender or
white, 5 mm. 1. Achenes narrowed below, hairy on ribs or glabrous,
4-5 mm. 1. Pappus as long as achene ; bristles dirty white, rather
rough.

" It is counted as an admirable vulnerary being only beaten and
applied, having cvired one who was lanc'd through the body at the
taking of the Island " (Sloane). It has also been used as an
emmenagogue .

2. E. ivsefolium L. Syst. ed. 10, 1205 (1760) ; leaves
narrow, toothed, 3-nerved ; corymbs loosely headed ; heads
about 7 mm. l.—Sw. Obs. Bot. 301 ; DC. tom. cit. 146 ;
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 359 & Cat. Cub. 146 ; Sauv. loc. cit. ;
Wils. loc. cit. ; Duss op. cit. 355 ; Robins, in Proc. Amer. Acad.
Iv. 275, Ix. 4A & Ixi. 37 ; Urb. op. cit. viii. 711. Specimen from
Browne in Herb. Linn.

Lane in Herb. Petiver (Sloane Herb, clxii. 18 !) ; Browne ! Wright !
Swartz ! Macfadyen ! — Cuba and Lesser Antilles, S. United States to
Brazil and Paraguay.

A small branching shrub. Branches slightly rough or glabrous,
striate. Leaves hnear-lanceolate, acute, narrowed at base into the short

176 FLORA OF JAMAICA Eupatorium

petiole, distantly toothed, nerves slightly rough, mostly 3-5 by -5-1 -5
cm. Corymbs terminal, trichotomous, 5—10 cm. across. Heads about
20-flowered, stalked. Involucre 6-7 by 3-5— 4 mm. ; scales 4-5-
seriate, oblong, obtuse, puberulous and sometimes denticulate at top,
3-striate, outer short, innermost 5 mm. 1. Corolla purplish, 3 mm. 1.
Achenes narrowed at base, glabrous or nearly so, 3 mm. 1. Pappus
pale brown, 4 mm. 1.

3. E. Dalea L. Syst. ed. 10, 1204 (1760) ; shrub up to
15 ft. ; leaves lanceolate ; heads 3-5-flowered ; bristles
of pappus fine.— Sw. Obs. Bot. 298 & Fl. Ind. Occ. Hi. 1300 ;
Lun. torn. cit. 369 ; Hitchc. loc. cit. ; Shreve Mont. Rain-For.
22. Critonia Dalea DC. torn. cit. 140 (1836) ; Griseh. Fl.
Br. W. Ind. 362 ; Wils. loc. cit. Dalea fruticosa, foliis oppositis
&c. Browne, Hist. Jam. 239 t. 34, /. 1, Specimen from
Browne in Herb. Linn.

Lower hills of Liguanea, Browne ! Wright ! Macjadyen ! Man-
chester, Purdie ! Blue Mt. Peak, Hitchcock ; Hope River, Eggers
3488 ! Long Moimtain Road, Campbell Fl. Jam. 6118 ! Near Gordon
Town ; Hope River ; Long Mountain ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6667, 8235,
8867, 9059, 10,007. Giddy Hall, St. Elizabeth, Miss Maxwell !—
Cuba ?

Cigar Bush.

A slender, glabrous shrub of grateful odour, 10-15 ft. high.
Branches terete, brown, striate. Leaves acute or acuminate, narrowed
into the 8-10 mm. 1. petiole, serrulate, penninerved, filled with trans-
lucent dots and short lines, 7-12 by 1-5-4 cm. Heads few together,
sessile, in open panicles up to 20 cm. across, composed of slenderly
stalked corymbs. Involucre 5 by 1-5 nam. ; scales 4-rowed, rather
loose, brown, 3-striate, middle scales about half as long as the 4 mm.
1. innermost. Corolla white, 3 mm. 1. ; tube nearly twice as long as
limb. Achene pointed below, hairy between the 5 prominent ribs,
3 mm. 1. Pappus -hv'milea rather rough, dirty white, 3-5 mm. 1.

4, E. parviflorum Sw. Prodr. Ill (1788) ; shrub or small
tree ; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, serrate ; heads 2-3-
flowered ; bristles of pappus fine. — Sw. Obs. Bot. 299 & Fl.
Ind. Occ. Hi. 1299 ; Lun. torn. cit. 370 ; Hitchc. loc. cit. ; Shreve
loc. cit. Critonia parviflora DC. torn. cit. 140 (1836) ; Griseb.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 362 ; Wils. loc. cit.

Masson ! Moneague and Rio Cobre ; Prior \ Macfadyen ! St. Mary,
McNab ! Distin ! Wilson 235 ! mountains of Manchester, Purdie !
Port Antonio, Hitchcock ; Portland Gap ; Silver Hill ; River Head
near Ewarton ; Clydesdale ; near Morse's Gap ; Tyre, near Troy ;
near Cinchona ; Walderston, Manchester ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5461,
6627, 6700, 7005, 8198, 9069, 9142, 9511, 12,858; Trafalgar, Blue
Mts., Miss Perkins 1184 !

Shrub of 10 ft. or small tree up to 25 ft., odourless. Branches
pubescent or puberulous, brown, striate. Leaves narrowed at the
obtuse tip, obtuse or rotundate at base, penninerved, on 1-2 cm. 1.
stalks, nearly glabrous, with translucent glands and lines, mostly
10-16 by 4—9 cm. Inflorescence as of the last, the panicles open, up to

Eupatorium COMPOSITE 177

20 cm. across, but often much less. Involucre 5 by nearly 2 mm. ;
scales as of the last, innermost 4 mm. 1. Corolla white, 3 mm. 1.
Achenes narrowed below, 2 mm. 1., slightly hairy upon and between
the ribs. Pa^^Ms -bristles dirty white, rather rough, 3 mm. 1.

5. E. critoniforme Urb. Symb. Ant. i. 458 (1900) ; bushy-
shrub, 12-15 ft. high ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate ; heads 4-5-
flowered ; bristles of pappus fine. — Shreve loc. cit. Co -types
in Herb. Jam. & Herb. Mus. Brit.

J. P. 1043, 1360 (Hart !); below Vinegar Hill, St. George's ; near
Vinegar Hill Gap ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6335, 6734.

Nearly glabrous. Leaves narrowed into the 1-2 cm. 1. petiole,
entire or undulate, penninerved, eglandular, 6-12 by 3-4-5 cm.
Panicle up to 10 cm. across, the branches crowned by laxly headed
corymbs. Heads sessile. Involucre 5-5 by 3-5 mm. ; scales as of the
last two. Corolla 3 mm. 1. Achenes somewhat top-shaped, very
prominently ribbed, glabrous and shining, 3 mm. 1. Pappus as of last.

6. E. tetranthum Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 360 (1861) ;
trailing shrub ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
triplinerved ; heads 4-fiowered ; bristles of pappus fine. —
Wils. loc. cit ; Urb. op. cit. i. 459. Specimens in Herb, Kew.
authenticated by Grisebach.

Sedburgh Woods, Manchester ; Purdie ! Macfadyen ! Wullschldgel.

A loose trailing shrub, up to 16 ft. Branches striate, glabrous or nearly
so. Leaves stalked, obtuse, broad at base, without glands or
transparent lines, mostly 2-5-7 by 1-3-5 cm. Inflorescence an open
panicle of slenderly stalked few-headed corymbs. Heads 3-5 by
2-5 cm. Involucre 2-5 by 2 mm. Corolla 2 mm. 1. Achenes somewhat
top-shaped, slightly rough on the ribs, about 1 mm. 1. Pappus -hnntles
rather rigid, rather rough, pale brown, barely 2 mm. 1.

7. E. platychsetum Urb. in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin viii.
23 (1921) ; tall bush ; leaves as of E. Dalea ; heads 3-4-
flowered ; bristles of pappus coarse.

Holly Moimt, Mt. Diablo, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8985.

Bush 20 ft. high. Leaves lanceolate, nearly entire or serrulate.
Panicles about 10 cm. across, of few branches, the branchlets crowned
by few-headed corymbs. Heads sessile. Involucre 5 by 2-5 mm. ;
scales 4-seriate, rotundate, prominently 3-striate, innermost 3-5 mm.
1. Corolla 3 mm. 1. Achenes narrowed at base, shining, glabrous,
2 mm. 1. Pappus -hairs rather rough, dirty white, 3 mm. 1.

The rotundate involucral scales and the pappus afford an easy
means of distinguishing this species.

8. E. Dolphini Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 522 (1908) ; shrub ;
branches puberulous ; leaves sessile, shining, nearly glabrous ;
heads about 50-flowered.

Dolphin Head, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9250.

Shrub up to 6 ft. high. Branches striate. Leaves ovate, shortly
acuminate, cordate and amplexicaul at base, 5-nerved, coarsely serrate,
VII.— 12

178 FLORA OF JAMAICA Eupatorium

hairy on nerves below, papery, 4-7 by 2-5-4 cm. Panicle about as
long as leaves, 3-furrowed, pubescent ; branchlets crowned by a few-
headed corymb. Involucre slightly hairy, 4 by 6 mm. ; scales 4-seriate,
usually 3-striate, oblong, outermost acute, the rest obtuse or rotundate,
iimermost 3-5 mm. 1. Corolla lavender- blue, 2 mm. 1. Achenes
narrowed below, slightly hairy, barely 3 mm. 1. Pajopw* -bristles rather
rough, pale brown, 2-5 nun. 1.

9. E. cordifolium 8w. Prodr. Ill (1788) ; branchlets
hirsute ; leaves coarsely hirsute below ; heads about 45-
flowered, in a short congested corymb ; involucre hairy. —
Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. in. 1309 ; Lun. torn. cit. 371 ; DC. torn. cit.
162 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 359 ; Wils. he. cit. ; Urb. op.
cit. i. 463. Specimen from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit.

On limestone rocks in mohtane situations, Swartz !

Shrub, 3 ft. high. Branchlets with dark brown hairs. Leaves sessile
or almost so and slightly amplexicaul, cordate, acute, triplinerved,
rough above, mostly 4-5-7 by 3-5-5. Inflorescence subsessile, about
2 cm. across, of a few closely-placed heads. Heads subsessile, about
7 mm. across. Involucre narrowly campanulate, 5 by 6 mm. ; scales
4-seriate, linear-oblong ; outer acute, about half as long as the obtuse
5 mm. 1. inner, 3-striate, hairy on the back. Achenes glandular, about
2 mm. 1. PapjoMs -bristles rather rough, pale brown, 2-5 mm. 1.

10. E. montanum Sw. Prodr. Ill (1788) ; branches
coarsely hairy ; leaves hairy below ; panicles about as long
as leaves, the corymbs open ; heads about 15-flowered ;
involucre puberulous. — Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. Hi. 1311 ; Lun.
torn. cit. 371 ; DC. torn. cit. 157 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind.
359 ; Wils. loc. cit. Eupatorium fruticosum, assurgens &c.
Browne op. cit. 313. Specimen from Swartz in Herb. Mus.
Brit.

In highlands, Swartz ! Browne ; interior of St. Ann, Purdie !
Cascade Rock, Fl. Jam. 8157 !

Shrub 3—4 ft. high. Leaves shortly stalked, cordate, acute or shortly
acuminate, dentate-serrate or serrulate, triplinerved with a pair of
basal accessory nerves, shining and rough above, hairy below
especially on the nerves, mostly 7-12 by 3-7 cm. Panicles spreading,
up to 17 by 17 cm., but may be much smaller ; branches brown-
pubescent ; corymbs several-headed. Heads about 25-fiowered, 4 mm.
across. Involucre campanulate, 2-5 by 3 mm. ; scales in 3 rows, oblong,
obtvise, 3-striate, the 3 mm. I. innermost about twice as long as the
outer. Corolla whitish, 2 mm. 1. Achenes narrowed below, slightly
rough on the ribs, 2 mm. 1. Pop^M« -bristles as long as achenes, rather
rough, dirty white.

11. E. nervosum Sw. Prodr. Ill (1788) ; shrubby ;
branches slender, somewhat rough with short hairs ; leaves
lanceolate to ovate, coarsely serrate, triplinerved ; heads
16-20-flowered.— ^t^. Fl. Ind. Occ. Hi. 1307 ; DC. torn. cit.
169 (in part) ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 361 (in part) ; WiU.
loc. cit. ; Hitchc. loc. cit. Imperfect material in Herb. Kew.

Eupatorium COMPOSITE 179

In the movintains, March 1872 ! Lucea, Hitchcock.

Shrub 4-5 ft. high. Leaves usually ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
aciuninate, obtuse or rounded at base, with a few coarse serratures on
either margin, rough on both sides, 4-7 by 2-3 cm. ; petioles 3-4 mm.
1. Inflorescence an open panicle of many cor5anbs, the filiform branches
hairy. Involucre 1-2-seriate, the scales linear, acute. Corolla whitish.
Achenes a trifle shorter than the whitish pappus.

The only specimens seen are on a sheet at Kew authenticated by
Grisebach ; but as these are without flowers Swartz's description has
necessarily been made use of. The Haiti plant de Candolle and
Grisebach refer to this species is surmised by Urban {Fedde Rep. xvii.
49), and no doubt correctly, to be conspecific with his E. gibbosum.

12. E. gracilipes Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 522 (1908) ; climbing
shrub ; branches puberulous ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, not
toothed, triplinerved ; heads 12-16-flowered. — E. celtidi-
folium Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 361 (in part) (non Lam.) ; Wils.
loc. cit.

Macjadyen ! Guava Ridge Road below 11th mile, Harris ! Fl.
Jam. 7773.

10-12 ft. high. Branches striate, finely hairy between the striae.
Leaves more or less long-acximinate, obtuse at apex, rather suddenly
contracted into the 10-15 mm. 1. petiole, entire or nearly so, glabrous,
8-5-12 by 3-5-5 cm. Panicle lax, about as long as the leaves, 10-12 cm.
across ; corymbs on slender branchlets, several-headed. Heads
3-5 mm. across. Involucre 2 by 2-5 mm. ; scales oblong, obtuse, 2-3-
striate, puberulous and ciliolate, innermost rather more than 2 mm. 1.
Corolla white tinged with blue, fragrant, 2 mm. 1. Achenes somewhat
top-shaped, about as long as corolla, obscurely glandular. Pappus-
bristles rather rough, pale brown, barely 2 mm. 1.

13. E. glandulosum H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. d; Sp. iv. 122,

<. 346 (1820) ; shrubby; branches densely glandular ; leaves
ovate-rhombic, coarsely serrate or crenate, 3-nerved ; heads
50-flowered more or less. — Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 360 ;
Robins, in Proc. Amer. Acad. Iv. 85. E. adenophorum Spreng.
Syst. Hi. 420 (1826) ; DC. torn. cit. 164 ; Wils. loc. cit. ;
Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. ii. 91. E. americanum Hort.fide
Bailey Cyclop. 560 ; Bot. Reg. t. 1723.

March 1499 ! Wilson 844 ! Blue Mts. near Mt. Hybla, St. Andrew,
Miss Perkins 1022 ! Morse's Gap, Nichols 28 ! Hardware Gap, Davis !
— Mexico ; natiu-alised in Pacific Islands and Madeira.

A thick bush 3—4 ft. high. Branches terete, closely pubescent with
short rusty glandular hairs. Leaves on stalks of 5-20 mm., acute or
obtuse, truncate or cuneate at base, puberulous on the nerves beneath,
3-8 by 1*5-5 cm. Panicles as long as or longer than the leaves,
glandular hairy ; corymbs long-stalked, minutely bracteate, each
composed of several stalked heads. Heads 6 mm. across. Involucre
4 by 6 mm. ; scales lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, sometimes incised
at top, 2-3-striate, about 3 nmi. 1. but a few shorter. Corolla white,
3-5 mm. 1. Achenes narrowed at base, black, with a covering of very
short hairs between the ribs, 2 mm. 1. Pappus 3 mm. 1., bristles pale
brown, rather rough.

180 FLORA OF JAMAICA Eupatorium

14. E. corylifolium Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 361 (1861) ;
branches rusty-hirsute becoming glabrous ; leaves ovate,
serrate, 3-nerved ; heads about 25-flowered. — Wils. loc. cit. ;
Shreve loc. cit. Type in Herb. Kew.

Maaaon ! Macfadyen ! Coldspring, St. Andrew, March 1500 !
Wilson 855 !

Branches rather slender, striate. Leaves on rusty-hirsute stalks of
8-15 mm. 1., acute, rounded or obtiise at base, serrate or crenate-
serrate, entire near base, shortly hairy on nerves below, 2-5-4'5 by

1 •5-2-5 cm. Panicles about 6 cm. across ; branches rusty-hirsute.
Corymbs stalked, few-headed. Heads 6 mm. across. Involucre 5 by
4 mm. ; scales linear-oblong, obtuse, obscurely striate, hairy on back.
Corolla barely 3 mm. 1. Achenes narrowly fusiform, slightly hairy,

2 mm. 1. Pappus as long as corolla ; bristles rather rough, whitish.

15. E. villosum Sw. Prodr. Hi. (1788) ; shrub with rusty-
velvety branches ; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, 3-nerved ;
heads 8-18-flowered. — Vahl Symb. Hi. 95 ; Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ.
Hi. 1305 ; Lun. torn. cit. 371 ; DC. torn. cit. Y12 ; Griseb.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 361 & Cat. Cub. 147 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 11 ;
Wils. loc. cit. ; Hitchc. loc. cit. ; Chapm. Fl. S. U. States, ed.
3, 216 ; Combs PI. Cub. 432 ; Urb. op. cit. i. 462 & iv. 624 ;
Jenn. Is. Pin. 280 ; Britton 60 Millsp. Baham. Fl. 438.
E. triste Stalil Fl. P. -Rico t;. 113 (non DC). Conyza fruticosa
cisti odore &c. Sloane Cat. 123 & Hist. i. 257, t. 151, fig. 2.

Bitter Bush.

Red Hills near Guanaboa ; Mt. Diablo ; Sloane Herb. v. 11 & 12 !;
Shakespear ! Masson ! Wright \ Broughton \ Distin ! Guy's Hill, St.
Mary, Purdie ! March 1740 ! Moneague, Prior ! Pamell ! Morris !
Mandeville, Panton ! Lucea ; Porus ; Hitchcock ; South Camp Road,
Campbell Fl. Jam. 6086 ! near Cinchona, Fawcett Fl. Jam. 8220 !
Tyre, near Troy ; Hollis's Savannah ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9089, 12,242 ;
coastal region E. of Montego Bay, Maxon dh Killip 1614 ! Balaclava,
Orcutt ! 896, 1456. — Florida, Bahamas, Cuba, I. de Pinos, Cayman,
Porto Rico (S. Domingo ?).

Shrub up to 6 ft., occasionally reaching 15 ft. Leaves distantly
toothed to undulate, obtuse, rounded at base, usually finely velvety
especially on the imderside, 2-6 by 1-3 cm. ; petioles rusty, 5-10 mm.
1. Panicle up to 8 cm. across, often less ; corymbs several-headed ;
pedicels filiform, 3-5 mm. 1. Heads 6 mm. across. Involucre ovoid,
scales oblong, obtuse, obscurely striate, hairy on back, 2-2-5 mm. 1.
Corolla funnel-shaped, pale lavender or whitish changing to tawny,
barely 3 mm. 1. ^c/tenes sparsely glandular-hairy, 1-5 mm. 1. Pappus
2 mm. 1. ; bristles rather rough, dirty white.

"... bitter-bush is regarded as very efiicaceous in cholera, and
also in typhus and typhoid fevers, and in smallpox ; it is also reputed
to be a good cholagogue " (Bentl. <& Trim. Med. PI. Hi. 147).

16. E. triste DC. Prodr. v. 166 (1836) ; tall shrub ; branches
rusty-velvet ; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, triplinerved ;
heads 10-20-flowered.— (?me*. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 361 ; Wils.
loc. cit. ; Hitchc. loc. cit. E. ceanothifolium Spreng. Syst. Hi.
418 (1826) (in part). E. lucidum Shreve loc. cit. ? (non Ort.)

Eupatonum COMPOSITiE 181

Bitter Bush.

Lane in Herb. Petiver (Shane Herb, clxii. 14 !) Wright ! ; Bertero !
Macfadyen ! March ! McNab ! Bancroft ! Port Royal, Manchester,
Wullschldgel (fide Grisebach) ; Blue Mt. Peak, Hitchcock ; J. P. 643
(Hart ?) ; Alston, Mandeville, Panton ! Yallahs Valley ; Clydesdale ;
near Cinchona; near Morse's Gap; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5621, 7001,
9135, 11,697.

Shrub up to 10 ft. high, with a woody stem over 2 in. in diameter.
Leaves rarely oblong, serrate or crenate to undulate, obtuse, rovmded
at base, from velvety especially below to nearly glabrous, 3—6-5 by
l"5-4 cm. ; petioles rusty, 5—15 mm. 1. Panicles 6-10 cm. across ; its
branches rusty-hairy ; corymbs rather open, of few heads on peduncles
of 5-7 mm. Heads 7 mm. across. Involucre obovoid ; scales narrow-
oblong, obtuse, pubescent on back, 5-6 mm. 1. Corolla funnel-shaped,
whitish, fragrant, barely 4 mm. 1. Achenes black, shortly hairy,
3*5 mm. 1. Pappus 4 mm. 1. ; bristles dirty white.

For medicinal properties see the preceding species.

17. E. riparium Regel Gartenfl. xv. 324, t. 525 (1866) ; a
lowly undershrub ; branches soon glabrous or nearly so ;
leaves lanceolate, triplinerved ; heads 25-28-flowered. —
Begel op. cit. xvii. 12 ; Robins, in Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb,
xxiii. 1464. E. Harrisii Urb. op. cit. i. 460 (1900).

Cinchona, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5624, 7812 ; Cinchona, Clute 207 !
no locality. Miss E. K. Francis ! plentiful on track. Green Hills to
Woodcutter's Gap, Blue Mts., Rendle 17 ! Catherine's Peak, Rendle 50 !

1—2 ft. high. Branches slender, at first minutely rusty, afterwards
glabrous. Leaves acuminate, narrowed at base, serrate above the
middle, slightly rough on the nerves ; mostly 3-7 by 1-2 cm. ; petioles
5-15 mm. 1. Corymbs terminal or from the upper axils, rather open,
few-headed. Heads slenderly stalked, 5 mm. across. Involucre
4 mm. 1. ; scales oblong, obtuse or acute, membrane-edged, 2-striate.
Corolla white, 3 mm. 1. Achenes narrowed below, slightly hairy,
1-5 mm. 1. Pappus 3 mm. \. ; bristles shortly barbellate,* dirty white.

The home of this plant, well-known in cultivation, is uncertain.
Regel thinks it to be the " mountains of America," and Robinson
includes it among the Eupatoriums of Mexico. If this be correct, it
is most probably an escape at Cinchona. [A very aggressive weed on
the track from Green Hills to Woodcutter's Gap, Blue Mts., in February
1933. Also m Bermuda. A. B. Rendle.]

18. E. Hartii Urb. Symb. Ant. Hi. 395 (1903) ; shrub ;
branches coarsely and shortly tomentellous ; leaves ovate-
oblong, rounded at base, penninerved ; heads 14-16-flowered.
Co-types in Herb. Jam. & Herb. Mus. Brit.

Blue Mt. Peak, Harris ! Fl. Jam. sine no. ! Hart 657 (fide Urban).

Branches at first rusty-tomentellous, afterwards glabrous. Leaves
generally small, ovate-oblong rarely ovate, serrate or serrulate, at base
entire and revolute on to the rusty petiole, parchment-like, shortly and
coarsely hairy chiefly on nerves of underside, 2-4-5 by 1-2-5 cm.
Inflorescence short, 2-5-4-5 cm. across, of a few rather close corymbs
crowning the branches. Heads shortly stalked, 8 mm. across.
Involucre of oblong, obtuse, thick, obscurely 3-6-striate, membrane-

* Beset with shorter and stiffer hairs.

182 FLORA OF JAMAICA Eupatorium

edged scales 5'5 mm. 1, Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-5 mm. 1. Achenes
narrowly cylindrical, shortly hairy on the ribs, 3 mm. 1. Pappus
3-5 nam. 1. ; bristles shortly barbeUate, dirty white.

19. E. schizanthum Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 361 (excl. ref.
Sloane) ; shrub ; branches rusty-tomentose ; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, narrowed at base, penninerved ; heads 5-8-
flowered. — Wils. loc. cit. Type in Herb. Edinb.

Unlocalised, McNab !

Leaves obtuse, cuneately narrowed into the 5-7 mm. 1. rusty petiole,
usually crenulate or undulate, parchment-like, rough above, hairy on
the nerves below, mostly 3—7 by 1-5— 2-5 cm. Panicle terminal, shorter
than the larger leaves, 6 cm. across, rusty-hairy. Heads stalked,
about 5 mm. across. Involucre usually of 6 oblong obttise obscurely
striate membrane-edged hairy scales, barely 5 mm. 1., 2 of them
smaller. Corolla 2 mm. 1. Achenes narrowed below, glandular,
3-3"5 mm. 1. Pappus 3 mm. 1. ; bristles rather rough, dirty white.

20. E. hammatocladum Robins. <fc Britton in Proc. Amer.
Acad. Iv. 246 (1918) ; shrub ; branches rusty-tomentellous ;
leaves broadly obovate, penninerved ; heads 5-7-flowered.

Peckham woods. Upper Clarendon, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 12,795.

A shrub 9 ft. high. Branches ultimately glabrate. Leaves opposite
or 3-4-nate (very rarely subopposite) on rusty 5-15 mm. 1. petioles,
sometimes suborbicular, dentate-vmdulate in the upper part, entire
below, glabrous and shining above, hairy on the nerves below, mostly
5-6-5 by 4-5 cm. Panicle terminal, about as long as leaves, 7 cm.
across. Corymbs of a few rather closely set sessile or shortly stalked
heads. Involucral scales oblong, obtuse, usually ciliolate and
membrane-edged, 2-3-striate, 3 mm. 1. Corolla whitish, glandular,
4 mm. 1. Achenes subcylindrical, glandular on and between the ribs,
2 mm. 1. Pappus 4 mm. 1. ; bristles rather coarse, barbellate, pale
brown.

21. E. microstemon Cass, in Did. Sc. Nat. xxv. 432 (1822) ;
annual herb ; leaves small, ovate, crenate, 3-nerved ; heads
15-27-flowered. — Urb. op. cit. iv. 625 & viii. 714 ; Robins,
in Proc. Amer. Acad, xxxii. 48, liv. 266 & 295, Iv. 69,
Ixi. 58 & Ixviii. 255. E. paniculatum Schrad. in Comm. Gott.
vi. 130 (1828) non Mill. Gard. Did. ed. 8. 15 ; Schlecht. in
Linncea Litt.-Ber. 1833, 26 ; DC. torn. cit. 167 ; Griseb. Fl.
Br. W. Ind. 362 ; Hitchc. loc. cit. ; Wils. loc. cit. ; Duss
op. cit. 356 ; Hart Herb. List Trin. 32. E. Berterianum
Colla in Mem. Acad. Tor. xxxiii. 130, t. 8 (1829). E. guada-
loupense DC. tom. cit. 170 (1836).

Houstoun ! Wright ! Bogwalk ; Poms ; Port Antonio ; Hitchcock ;
Devon Pen; Ward's Rock; Thompson \ Fl. Jam. 7964, 8019; Castle-
ton district; Glasgow, near Troy ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 12,148, 12,639;
Balaclava, Orcuit ! 709, 1454, 2303. — Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Lesser
Antilles, tropical America.

Eupatorium COMPOSITE 183

Herb frequently branching, 1—3 ft. high. Branches slender,
puberulous becoming glabrous. Leaves (upper usually alternate)
ovate or ovate-deltoid, obtuse, narrowed into the slender petiole,
membranaceous, mostly 2-5-5 by 1-5-4 cm. Panicles terminal or lateral,
lax, several -headed. Heads stalked, 4 mm. across. Involucre of
oblong obtuse 3-6-striate glabrous pale green scales, 4 mm. 1., a
few outer smaller and acute. Corolla white, 2 mm. 1. Achenes
narrowed below, minutely hairy, 1-5 mm. 1 . Pappus 2 mm. 1. ; bristles
rather rough, white.

22. E. rigidum Sw. Frodr. Ill (1788) ; glabrous under-
shrub ; leaves ovate, coarsely and remotely serrate, rough ;
heads 25-30-flowered. — Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. in. 1313 ; Lun. torn,
cit. 321 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 357 ; Wils. loc. cit.
Oochnium rigidum DC. torn. cit. 134 (1836). Specimen from
Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Limestone hills in the north, Swartz !

Undershrub, 1| ft. high. Branches leafy throughout. Leaves
shortly petioled, ovate (uppermost ovate-lanceolate), obtuse or acute,
rounded at base, margin with a few coarse serratures (of smaller leaves
nearly entire), 3-nerved, nerves prominent beneath, somewhat leathery,
rough, immersed glands very numerous on the lower face, mostly
2-4 by 1-2-5 cm. Heads solitary or very few at the ends of the
branches, stalked, 25-30-fiowered (Swartz). Receptacle narrowly
obovoid, glabrous, 2 mm. high. Involucre 10 by 5 mm., narrowly
ovoid-oblong ; scales 3-seriate, pale and shining with 4-6 dark striae in
the upper half, innermost about 7 mm. 1. Corolla 4-5 mm. 1., pale
violet (Swartz). Achenes very narrow, somewhat rough on the ribs,
5 mm. 1. Pappus as long as the corolla ; bristles shortly barbellate,
dirty white.

23. E. heteroclinium Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 358 (1861) ;
undershrub ; branches hairy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
serrate, rough ; heads about 50-flowered. — Wils. loc. cit.
Specimens authenticated by Griesbach in Herb. Kew. & Herb.
Edinb.

Macfadyen ! March 918 ! McNab 53 ! Liguanea Hills and Blue
Mts., Prior ! J. P. 1014 (Hart).

Apparently up to about 3 ft. high. Stem and branches terete,
shortly and rather roughly hairy. Leaves 'small, on hairy petioles
4-8 mm. 1., obtuse, broad at base, 3-nerved, serrate or serrulate except
near base, firmly membranous, rough especially on the upper face,
mostly 1-5-3 by 1-1-5 cm. Receptacle narrowly oblong-obovoid,
1-5 mm. high. Heads 5 mm. across, very few at the ends of the
branches, peduncles 3-10 mm. 1. Involucre subcylindrical, 10 by
4 mm. ; scales 7-seriate, closely imbricate, ovate-oblong, obtuse,
uppermost linear, 8 mm. 1., hairy at top, all but the 3-striate upper-
most 5-6-striate. Corolla purple, 4 mm. 1. Achenes narrowed at base,
somewhat rough on the ribs, 4-5 mm. 1. Pappus 4 mm. 1. ; bristles
rather rough, pale straw-coloured.

24. E. Maxwellise S. Moore in Journ. Bot. Ixvi. 165 (1928) ;
apparently an undershrub ; branches hispidulous ; leaves

184 FLORA OF JAMAICA Eupatorium

ovate-lanceolate, serrate, triplinerved, scabrous ; heads about
50-flowered. Type in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Flamstead, Miss Maxwell !

Branches soon becoming rough by falling off of the hairs. Leaves
much like those of the last, but triplinerved, broad at base and suddenly
narrowed into the 5—15 mm. 1. petiole, up to 2-5 cm. broad. Heads
3 together at the ends of the branches, on hairy peduncles 5—10 mm. 1.
Receptacle narrowly oblong-obovoid, 1—1-5 mm. high. Involucre
narrowly oblong-obovoid, 8 by 5-5 mm. ; scales 7-seriate, closely
imbricate, mostly ovate-oblong or obovate, rotundate, pale green with
5-7 very dark striae, uppermost linear-oblong, obtuse, 3-striate, hairy
at tip and 7 mm. 1. Corolla &c. as of last.

25. E. macrophyllum L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1175 (1763) ;
shrub ; branches finely velvety, strongly striate ; leaves large,
on long stalks, cordate, 3-nerved ; heads 35-50-flowered. —
Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. in. 1303 ; Sauv. op. cit. 76 ; Maza Periant.
Cub. 72 ; Kew Bull. 1893, 259 ; Urb. op. cit. iv. 622, viii.
709 & Fedde Rep. Beih. v. 66 ; Britton Fl. Amer. Virg. 97 ;
Robins, in Proc. Amer. Acad. Iv. 329. Eupatorium molle
Sw. Prodr. Ill (1788). Hebeclinium macrophyllum DC.
torn. cit. 136 (1836) ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 356 ; Wils.
loc. cit. ; Egg. loc. cit. ; Stahl op. cit. 109 ; Duss op. cit.
353 ; Hart loc. cit. Ageratum guianense Aubl. PI. Chiian.
Hi. 800 (1775) ; Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. Hi. 1303. Coleosanthus
tilisefolius Cass, in Diet. Sc. Nat. xxiv. 519. Eupatorium
foliis cordatis acuminatis &c. Plum. PI. Amer. {Burm.) 121,
t. cxxix. (Fig. 54.)

Wright ! Liguanea, Broughton ! St. Ann, Prior ! March 1034 !
Distin ! Colthurst Run, J. P. 1449 (Hart !) ; Claverty Cottage, J. P.
977 & 2124 {Hart\); St. George's, Watt I Arcadia, Mrs. Sewell I
Brandon Hill, Thompson Fl. Jam. 8047 ! Ithanside, Portland,
A. Moore Fl. Jam. 10,647 ! Soho, St. Ann, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 12,028.—
Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Lesser Antilles, American continent from
Mexico to Paraguay.

Shrub 3-6 ft. high. Branches terete, velvety with minute tawny
hairs. Leaves opposite, upper alternate, suddenly cvmeately narrowed
into the 1-5-5 cm. 1. velvety petiole, simply or doubly crenate or
crenulate, membranous, hairy on the nerves above, minutely velvety
especially on the nerves beneath, mostly 4r-10 by 2-5—12 cm. Panicles
generally as long as or longer than the leaves, 5-7 cm. across, the heads
crowded at the ends of rather short tawny branches. Heads subsessile,
5 mm. across, 35-50-flowered (50-75 Robinson). Receptacle hemi-
spheroidal, finely hairy. Involucre narrowly campanulate ; scales
6-seriate, rather closely imbricate, outermost ovate and very short,
the rest lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute or obtuse (innermost
barely 5 mm. 1.), 2-5 -striate, puberulous on back, pale straw-coloured.
Corolla whitish or lavender, filiform, 2 mm. 1. Achenes with a narrow
foot, sparsely and minutely hairy, 1-25 mm. 1. Pappus up to 3 mm.
1. ; bristles rather rough, pale.

Eupatorium COMPOSITE 185

Doubtful Species.

E. reticulatum Desv. ex Ham. Prodr. PI. Ind. Occ. 52
(1825). " Jamaica." The short description is inadequate
for determination.

8. MIKANIA Willd.

Shrubs or herbs, mostly climbing. Leaves opposite,
generally stalked. Heads discoid, usually 4-flowered, in
spikes, racemes or corymbose panicles. Involucre oblong, of
4 nearly equal generally striate scales. Receptacle naked.
Corolla regular with a tube and campanulate 5-fid limb.
Anthers obtuse at base ; tip with an appendix. Style-arms
long, exserted. Achenes 5-ribbed. Pappus of numerous
bristles united at the base.

Species over 200, almost all American.

Heads in dense racemosely arranged spikes 1. M. hastata.

Heads in racemes forming a panicle 2. M. Swartziana.

Heads in glomerules crowning the branches of a

panicle 3. M. brachycarpa.

Heads in compound usually dense corymbs.

Flowering heads 13 mm. long 4. M.jamaicensis.

Flowering heads 8-9 mm. long.

Leaves broad at base 5. M. troyana.

Leaves cordate at base 6. M. cordifolia.

Flowering heads 4-5 mm. long 7. M. micrantha.

1. M. hastata Willd. Sp. PL Hi. 1742 (1804) ; leaves
deltoid-hastate on long petioles ; inflorescences as long as or
longer than the leaves ; spikes 3 — several to each inflorescence ;
flowering heads 4 mm. 1. — Spreng. Syst. Hi. 421 ; DC. Prodr.
V. 190 ; Griesb. PL WrigU. 512, Fl. Br. W. Ind. 362 & Cat.
Cub. 147 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 11 ; Wils. in Rep. Geolog. Jam.
281 ; Maza Periant. Cub. 270 ; Sang. Fl. Cub. 48 ; Urb.
Symb. Ant. v. 215 ; Hart Herb. List Trin. 32 ; Robins, in
Contrib. Gray Herb. Ixiv. 53. Eupatorium hastatum L.
Syst. ed. 10, 1204 (1759) ; Sw. Obs. Bot. 299 ; Lun. Hort.
Jam. i. 370. Eupatorium Houstonis Mill. Gard. Diet. ed.
8, n. 16 (non L.) (1786). E. Houstoni Lun. lac. cit. (1814).
Willoughbya hastata Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. ii. 372 (1891).
Kleinia scandens &c. Broume Hist. Jam. 316, t. 34, /. 3.

Sloane Herb. ii. 103 ! Houstoun ! Wright ! St. Thomas in the East
and Manchioneal, Browne ; Manchester, Purdie ! Prior ! — Cuba,
Trinidad, Venezuela.

A shrub. Branches strongly striate soon becoming glabrous.
Leaves acute, broadly truncate or very openly cordate at base, denti-

186 FLORA OF JAMAICA Mikania

culate or undtilate, 3-nerved, glabrous or nearly so, mostly 3-7 by
2—5 cm. ; petioles slender, 1—3 cm. 1. Panicles axillary, up to about
8 cm. 1. ; bracts at the base of the branchlets 2-5 mm. 1. ; main spike
2-6 cm. 1., the lateral shorter. Bracteolea narrowly obovate, oblong,
obtuse 2 mm. 1. Involucral scales oblong, obtuse, 3 mm. 1. Corolla
white, fragrant, 2 mm. 1. Achenes narrowed below, rather rough,
1-5 mm. 1. Pappus 2 mm. 1. ; bristles rather rough.

This and several other species of Mikania are known under the
name Guaco ; they are reputed to be of value in the treatment of
dysentery and for the bites of snakes, &c.

2. M. Swartziana Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 363 (1861), excl.
ref . Cuba ; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, shortly stalked ;
inflorescences longer than the leaves ; racemes patent ;
flowering heads 3 mm. 1. — Sch. Bip. in Seem. Journ. Bot. i.
235 ; Wils. loc. cit. ; Urb. torn. cit. 216 (in part). Eupatorium
Houstonis Sw. Obs. Bot. 300 (1791) (non L.) Willoughbya
Swartziana Kuntze torn. cit. 373.

Wright ! Manchester, Purdie !

Glabrous shrub. Branches terete, smooth, striate. Leaves on
stalks of 5-12 mm., acute, obtuse or rounded at base, entire or undulate,
triplinerved, firmly membranous, mostly 5-8 by 2-5-4-5 cm. Racemes
mostly 2-5 cm. 1. Bracts, lower leafiike but greatly reduced, the rest
awl-shaped less than 5 mm. 1. Bracteoles small, much shorter than the
slender 2-4 mm. 1. pedicels. Heads 4 by nearly 3 mm. Involucral
scales oblong, obtuse, ciliolate, 3-striate, 3 mm. 1. Corolla 2-25 mm.
1. ; tube rather broad as long as the campanulate limb ; lobes of limb
•5 mm. 1. Achenes slightly narrowed at base, rather rough with short
hairs, nearly 1-5 mm. 1. Pappus 2 mm. 1. ; bristles rather rough,
pale reddish.

The Cuban plant referred here by Grisebach and Urban, with its
leathery leaves, narrower involucral scales, corolla with a narrower
tube and smaller glabrous achenes has been described as M. Lindenii
S. Moore in Journ. Bot. Ixvi. 166. Wright's specimen would seem to
have been that examined by Swartz.

3. M. brachycarpa Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 220 (1907) ; leaves
petioled, ovate ; inflorescences longer than the leaves,
lateral and terminal ; glomerules stalked, densely headed ;
flowering heads 7 mm. 1. — Robins, in Contrib. Gray Herb.
Ixiv. 21. Co-types in Herb. Jam. and Herb, Mus. Brit.

Macfadyen ! road to Vinegar Hill, Harris Fl. Jam. 9126 !

A tall, nearly glabrous climber growing over trees. Branches
strongly striate, soon becoming glabrous. Leaves lengthily caudate-
acuminate, obtuse at tip, shallowly cordate or broadly rotundate and
produced on to the petiole at base, entire or denticulate below the middle,
triplinerved with a pair of accessory nerves nearer the base, papery,
glabrous except for the nerves, 5-9-5 by 2 -5-6 -5 cm. ; petioles finely
hairy, 1-2 cm. 1. Panicles thyrsoid, up to 13 by 6 cm., branches
finely hairy ; bracts usually narrow, about 8 mm. 1. Olomerules
closely many-headed. Bracteole beneath the head, oblong, obtuse,
finely hairy, 2 mm. 1. Heads sessile or subsessile. Involucral scales
oblong, rottindate, leathery at base, 2-3-striate, nearly glabrous, 4 mm.

Mikania COMPOSITE 187

1. Corolla funnel-shaped, greenish white, barely 5 mm. 1. Achenes
sparsely and minutely glandular, 1-5 mm. 1. Pappus -bristles 4-5-5 mm.
1., rather rough, pale tawny.

var. Purdieana Urb. loc. cit. ; leaves markedly cordate at
base and not produced on to the petiole, 5-7-nerved.
Involucral scales 2 mm. 1. — M. latifolia Griseb. Fl. Br. W.
Ind. 363 (in part) (non Sm.).

Westmoreland, Purdie (in Herb. Kew. ex Urban).

Not found in Herb. Kew. Urban thinks it may prove to be a
distinct species ; and if the involucral scales are only 2 mm. long,
there seems no escape from this view.

4. M. jamaicensis Robins, in Contrib. Gray Herb. Ixiv. 12
(1922) ; leaves ovate-cordate, obtuse, 3-nerved, tomentose
below ; corymbs several-headed, as long as or longer than
the leaves ; flowering heads 13 mm. 1, Tjrpe in Herb. Kew.

Claverty Cottage, 2000 ft., J. P. 984, Morris !

A climber with rather stout tomentose branches becoming glabrous
and striate. Leaves (upper only seen) petioled, entire, leathery,
slightly rough above, about 3-5 by 3 cm., petioles tomentose, 10-15 mm.
1. Inflorescence stalked, tomentose, up to 7 by 6 cm. ; corymbs
stalked, rather open, several-headed ; bracts leaflike but reduced ;
bracteoles linear or linear-lanceolate, about as long as the involucres.
Involucral scales broadly oblong, obtuse or rotundate, tomentose on
back or down middle alone, 8 mm. 1. Corolla 7 mm. 1. ; tube hardened,
2-5 mm. 1. ; lobes of limb 1-5 mm. 1. Achenes slightly narrowed below,
sprinkled with minute glandular hairs, 6 mm. 1. Pappus as long as
achene ; bristles rough, pale brown.

Maxon's9839, 10,237and 10,569 in the U.S. National Herbariiun, from
Blue Mt. Peak and Main Ridge Gap (5000-5300 ft.), so far as can be told
without flowers or fruit, are to be referred here. The leaves are much
larger than those of the type, unfortunately only a scrap, the largest
measuring 10 by 9 cm. on petioles 4-5 cm. 1., the uppermost 3 -5-5 -5 by
3-4-5 cm. on 10-15 mm. 1. petioles. In other respects the specimens
in question agree closely with the type. The loftier habitat of these
specimens should be noted.

5. M. troyana Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 226 (1907) ; leaves long-
stalked, deltoid-ovate, 3-nerved ; corymbs in panicles usually
longer than the leaves ; flowering heads 8 mm. 1. (Fig. 55.)

Wright ! near Troy, 2000 ft., Harris Fl. Jam. 8822 !

A high climber growing over bushes. Branches subterete, strongly
striate, like the inflorescence minutely riisty-tomentose. Leaves on
tomentose stalks about 2 cm. 1., deltoid-ovate, obtuse, 3-nerved from
the very broad sometimes slightly cordate base, entire or slightly
denticulate near the bottom, closely and very finely hairy, especially
beneath, 5—8 by 3—7 cm. Inflorescences lateral and terminal, about
10 by 16 cm., stalked, the stalks about as long as or longer than the
leaves. Lower bracts small, ovate ; upper lanceolate. Cory nibs
stalked, rather openly several-headed. Heads stalked ; bracteoles
beneath the heads linear-lanceolate, 4-5 mm. 1. Involucral scales

188

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Mikania

oblong, obtuse, obscurely striate, hairy on back, 6 mm. 1. Corolla
white, 7 mm. 1., lobes linear-lanceolate about as long as the tube.
Achenes (ripe not seen) narrowed below, glabrous, 3-5 nun. 1. Pappus-
bristles rather coarse, rather rough, reddish, 5-6 mm. 1.

Fig. 55

A, Portion of plant in flower x S

B, Group of three heads x 2

bracteoles.

■Mikania troyana Urb.

C, Head x 4.
b, D, Floret x 6.

6. M. cordifolia Willd. Sp. PL in. 1746 (1804) ; leaves
petioled, ovate, cordate at base, 3-nerved ; inflorescences
usually longer than the leaves, of several-headed corymbs ;
flowering heads 9 mm. 1. — DC. torn. cit. 189 ; Duss Fl. Ant.
FrauQ. 358 ; Urh. op. cit. iv. 626, v. 227 & viii. 716 ; Britton
Fl. Amer. Virg. 98 ; Robins, in Contrib. Gray Herb. Ixiv. 41
&c. M. suaveolens H.B.K. Nov. Gen. d; Sp. iv. 135 (1820).
M. gonoclada DC. torn. cit. 199 (1836) ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W.
Ind. 364 & Cat. Cub. 147 ; Wils. loc. cit. ; Egg. Fl. St.

Mikania COMPOSIT.^ 189

Croix cfc Virg. 63 ; Staid Fl. P. -Rico. v. 115 ; Combs PL
Cub. 432 ; Sang. op. cit. 49. Willoughbya cordifolia Kuntze
loc. cit. Cacalia cordifolia L. f. Suppl. 351 (1781).

Manchester, Pur die ! Macfadyen I Prior 379 ! Wilson 237 !
Gosse ! Yallahs Valley, Harris Fl. Jam. 7794 !

A scandent shrub. Branches four-angled or subterete, pubescent or
puberulous. Leaves on petioles 2-8 cm. 1., more or less cordate at
base rarely truncate, obtuse or acute rarely acuminate, entire or toothed
(rarely lobulate) near the base, membranous, rough or finely hairy
especially underneath, mostly 3—8 by 2—6 cm. Corymbs stalked,
rather openly several-headed, about 6—10 cm. across ; bracts leaflike
but greatly reduced. Heads stalked. Bracteoles beneath the heads,
linear-lanceolate, about 4 mm. 1. Involucral scales oblong, acute or
acuminate, often 1 -striate, minutely hairy on back, about 7 mm. 1.
Corolla white, 6 mm. 1., tube as long as the narrowly funnel-shaped limb.
Achenes 3-4 mm. 1. , glabrous. Pappus as long as corolla ; bristles rather
rough, pale or reddish.

7. M. micrantha H.B. & K. Nov. Gen. db Sp. iv. 134 (1820) ;
leaves stalked, cordate or ovate-hastate, 3-nerved ; panicles
usually open and longer than the leaves ; flowering heads
4-5 mm. 1. — DC. torn. cit. 196 ; Robins, in Contrib. Gray Herb.
Ixiv. passim. M. orinocensis H.B. d; K. loc. cit. (1820) ; DC.
loc. cit. ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 364 (excl. syn.) & Cat. Cub.
147 ; Sauv. op. cit. 78 ; Wils. loc. cit. ; Hitchc. in Rep. Miss.
Bot. Card. iv. 97 ; Kew Bull. 1893, 259 ; Combs op. cit. 433 ;
Hart loc. cit. M. scandens Auct. (non Willd.), Bak. in Mart.
Fl. Bras. vi. pt. 2, 248 ; Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. ii.
104 ; Urb. op. cit. iv. 627 & v. 229 ; Bold. Fl. Ned. W. Ind.
106. Willoughbya scandens & normalis Kuntze op. cit.
372 (1891) & var. orinocensis Kuntze loc. cit. Conyza folio
hastato &c. Sloane Cat. 124 & Hist. i. 258, t. 153, /. 1 & 2.

Sixteen-Mile Walk, Sloane Herb. v. 21 ! Masson ! Ferry River,
Broughton ! hills near Kingston ; Hope Estate ; Prior ! Purdie !
Dover, Metcalfe ! Banana River, Eggers 3431 ! Kingston; Constant
Springs; Blue Mts. ; PortMorant; Porus; Lucea; Hitchcock ; Avcadia,
Mrs. Sewell ! Spanish River ; Hope ; Hope Groimds ; near Kendal ;
marsh near Black River ; Peckham, Upper Clarendon ; Harris ! Fl.
Jam. 5490, 7004, 8160, 8178, 8226, 9934, 12,829. Giddy Hall, St.
Elizabeth, Miss Maxwell ! ArntuUy, Albion trail, Orcutt 3901 ! —
Antilles, American continent (tropics).

A shrub climbing over bushes and small trees. Branches slender,
striate, glabrous or puberulous. Leaves cordate with a deep or a broad
sinus, sometimes ovate and subhastate, acute or acuminate, coarsely or
slightly toothed especially towards the base rarely entire, glabrous or
nearly so, mostly 4r-10 by 2-5-6 cm. (rarely up to 12 by 8 cm.) ; petioles.
2-9 cm. 1. Panicles axillary and terminal, on long pedimcles, usually
6-10 cm. across ; bracts few, leaflike but greatly reduced. Corymbs
few-headed. Heads stalked. Bracteoles beneath the heads, lanceolate
or linear, about 2 mm. 1. Involucral scales oblong-obovate or broadly
oblong, usually broad at apex with a small point, 3-striate, glabrous
or ciliolate, 3—4 mm. 1. Corolla white (noted in one case as " greenish
yellow "), 2-5-3 mm. 1. ; tube about as long as the broadly campanulate

190 FLORA OF JAMAICA Mikania

limb. Achenes linear- oblong, slightly narrowed at base, with minute
sessile pellucid glands between the ribs, 1-2-1-8 mm. 1. Papjnis-haira
few, rather rough, pale brown or reddish, 2-5 mm. 1.

Var. congesta. (Bak.) Robins, in Contrib. Gray Herb. Ixiv. 43 &
111 (1922) ; heads sessile or subsessile, more or less collected
into glomerules about 1-3 cm. across. — M. congesta DC. torn,
cit. 197 (1836) ; Griseb. Cat. Cub. 147 ; Stahl op. cit. 117 ;
Duss op. cit. 359. M. scandens var. congesta Bak. op. cit.
249, t. 69.

Masson ! imlocalised. — Cuba, Porto Rico, Martinique, Colombia,
Bolivia, Brazil. M. scandens Willd., to which the Jamaica plant and
others of both New and Old Worlds are referred by authors, is a North
American species with larger heads, longer and narrower, pointed
involucral scales, larger lavender-purple corollas and longer achenes.
See Robinson torn. cit. 24.

9. BRICKELLIA Ell.

Herbs or under shrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate,
stalked or sessile. Heads discoid, arranged in panicles.
Involucre campanulate or oblong, of striated scales in several
series, outer smaller. Receptacle flat or convex, naked,
glabrous or hairy. Corolla regular, narrowly tubular, 5-fid.
Anthers obtuse at base with an appendage at top. Style-arms
long, exserted. Achenes 10-ribbed. Pappus of smooth,
rough, barbellate or shortly plumose bristles,

A genus of nearly 100 species, chiefly North and Central
American.

B. diffusa {Vahl) A. Gray Plant. Wright. Pt. i. 86 (1852) ;
annual herb ; leaves opposite or alternate, acuminate,
toothed ; heads on long very slender stalks forming a broad
open panicle ; heads narrow, 6-12-flowered. — Griseb. Fl.
Br. W. Ind. 356 ; Wils. in Rep. Geolog. Jam. 281 ; Hart Herb.
List Trin. 31 ; Robins, in Contrib. Gray Herb. xxiv. 211,
xxxix. 200 & Monogr. 25 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. viii. 1\1.
Eupatorium diffusum Vahl Symb. Hi. 94 (1794) ; Sw. Fl.
Ind. Occ. Hi. 1301 ; DC. Prodr. v. 174 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 76.
E. capillare Desv. ex Ham. Prodr. 51 (1825). E. leptopodum
Gardn. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 478 (1846). Bulbostylis
diffusa DC. Prodr. vii. 268 (1838). Coleosanthes diffusus
Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. ii. 328 (1891). (Fig. 56.)

Wright ! Westmoreland, Purdie ! Liguanea Hills, Prior ! St.
Andrew, March 1319 ! Macfadyen ! Banana River, Eggers 3436 !
roadsides, Gordon Town, Harris Fl. Jam. 6987 ! — Cuba, Hispaniola,
Trinidad, Galapagos Is., Central and tropical South America.

2-8 ft. high. Branches striated, glabrous or nearly so. Leuves
often alternate, very broadly ovate or deltoid, cordate or truncate at

Brickellia

COMPOSITE

191

base often suddenly narrowed into the petiole, crenate-serrate, 3-
nerved, glabrous except for fine hairs on the nerves, mostly 2-5—8 by
2-6-5 em. ; petioles slender, -5-5 cm. 1. Panicles longer than the
leaves, axillary or terminal ; branches alternate, patent, very slender,

Fig. 56. — Brickellia diffusa (Vahl) A. Gray.

A, Upper part of plant

B, Head x 2.

X ?.

C, Floret x 12.

D, Anthers X 32,

bearing a few heads at the end ; bracts, lower leafiike but reduced,
upper very small. Stalks of heads -5-2 cm. Involucre oblong, 7-5 mm.
1. ; scales 5-seriate, the outer short, the inner linear-lanceolate, acute,
2-3-striate, pale green. Corolla greenish white (pale blue, Eggers),
4 mm. 1. Achenes slightly narrowed at base, finely hairy, incon-
spicuously 10-ribbed beneath the hairs, barely 2 nun. 1. Pappus.
4 mm. 1. ; bristles few, smooth, white.

10. EGLETES Cass.

Small herbs. Leaves alternate, toothed or lobed. Heads
usually solitary and arising opposite the leaves, radiate ;
florets of the ray female, of the disk hermaphrodite.

192

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Egletes

Involucre campanulate ; scales 2-3-seriate ; outer series
herbaceous, the inner membranous. Receptacle convex,
naked. Ray-corollas ligulate, in one series, exserted from or
shorter than the involucre ; disk-corollas numerous, regular,
tubular, with a 3-5-toothed limb. Anthers obtuse at base.
Style-arms of the hermaphrodite florets short, flattened, with
a very short appendage. Achenes oblong, compressed,
ribless. Pappus a shallow entire cup crowning the achene.
A typical American genus of 6 species.

E. prostrata (Sw.) Kuntze Rev. Gen. PL ii. 334 (1891) ; a
more or less prostrate herb, the young parts with an arachnoid
clothing afterwards thrown off ; leaves sessile, obovate,
serrate ; heads on stalks as long as or longer than the leaves,
in flower about 1 cm. across. — Bold. Fl. Ned. W. Ind. ii.

Fig. 57. — Egletes prostrata (Sw.) Kuntze.

A, Portion of plant x |. D, Disk-floret x 6.

B, Head in section x 3. E, Antiiers and style x 10.

C, Bay-floret x 6. F, Achene x 6.

106 ; Britton Fl. Amer. Virg. 98 ; Urh. Symb. Ant. viii.
717. E. domingensis Cass, in Did. Sc. Nat. xiv. 265 (1819) ;
DC. Prodr. vi. 42 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 380 ; Kew Bull.
1893, 259 ; Duss Fl. Ant. Frang. 373. Matricaria prostrata
JSw. Prodr. 114 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. Hi. 1366. Specimen
from Swartz (Cura9ao, v. Rohr) in Herb. Mus. Brit. (Fig. 57.)

EgUtes COMPOSITE 193

St. Ann's Bay, Prior ! March 825 ! — Hispaniola, Lesser Antilles,
Curagao, Aruba.

Lateral branches ascending from the prostrate main stem. Leaves
rotundate at top, gradually narrowed into the base, coarsely or rather
finely serrate, 1-5-2-5 by •7-1-2 cm. Peduncles mostly 1-3 cm. 1.
Involucre 4 by 6 mm. ; scales finely arachnoid and almost glabrous ;
outermost series herbaceous, lanceolate, acute, 3 mm. 1. ; the 2 inner
series a little longer. Ligules several, exserted, oblong, white, 4 mm. 1.
Corolla of hermaphrodite flowers 2 mm. 1. ; limb as long as the hairy
tube. Style-arms exserted. Achenes broader above, covered with fine
sessile glandular hairs, 1'25 mm. 1. ; cupular pappus hard, glabrous,
barely half as long as the achene.

11. ASTER L.

Perennial herbs, rarely annual. Leaves alternate, entire,
toothed or divided. Heads radiate ; ray-florets 1-2-seriate,
usually female and fertile ; disk-florets hermaphrodite,
usually fertile. Involucre campanulate ; scales imbricate
in 3-4 rows. Receptacle flat or convex. Ray-corollas
ligulate ; those of disk numerous, regular, tubular with a 5-fid
limb. Anthers obtuse at base. Style-arms of the disk-
florets flattened, crowned with a short or longish papillose
appendage. Achenes usually compressed, 1^-ribbed or
ribless. Pappus-bristles in 2-3 rows.

Over 700 species with head-quarters in N. America.

A. exilis Ell. Sketch ii. 344 (1824) ; erect herb, frequently
branching ; glabrous or nearly so ; leaves, lower lanceolate
or linear-lanceolate, upper linear ; flowering heads 6 mm.
across. — DC. Prodr. v. 247 ; Gray Fl. N. Amer. i. pt. 2, 203 ;
Chapm. Fl. S. U. States, ed. 3, 225 ; Combs Fl. Cub. 433 ;
Britt. dh Br. III. Fl. U. States 382 ; Britt. dk Millsp. Fl.
Baham. 441. A. subulatus Michx. Fl. Bor.-Amer. ii. Ill
(1803) (in part). A. inconspicuus Less, in Linncea v. 143
(1830). Tripolium subulatum Nees Gen. ds Sp. Ast. 156
(1833) (in part) ; DC. torn. cit. 254 (in part).
Erigeron strictus Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 365 (1864) (non
DC). Type of F. strictus Griseb. in Herb. Edinb. (Fig. 58.)

McNah 75 ! Spanish Town Road ; Plato Road ; swamp near
Ferry ; below Newcastle ; roadside ditches, Cokely near Castleton ;
Harris \ Fl. Jam. 6559, 6649a, 8196, 10,144, 12,154; Flamstead,
Miss Maxwell ! — Bahamas, Cuba, Mexico, S.E. United States.

Herb up to 5 ft. Leaves sessile, lower occasionally serrulate, up to
15 by 1-5 cm. ; upper gradually smaller and 2-5 mm. broad. Heads
stalked, in open panicles with reduced leaf -like bracts. Involucral
scales in 3 rows, linear-lanceolate, acvuninate, glabrous or sometimes
ciliolate, 5 mm. 1., outer shorter. Ray -florets numerous ; ligules
vu.— 13

194

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Aster

exserted, oblong, bluish, purple or white, 2-5-3 mm. 1. ; disk-florets
several, their corollas 3-5 mm. 1. Achenes slightly hairy, 1-1'5 mm. 1.
Pappus 3 mm. 1. ; bristles rather rough, white.

■ Fig. 58.— Aster exUit Ell.

A, Portion of plant x i. D, Disk-floret x 8.

B, Head X 4. E, Anthers and style x 32.

C, Ray-floret x 12.

12. ERIGERON L.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves radical or cauline and
alternate, entire or divided. Heads radiate ; florets of the
ray female, 2- or more-seriate, fertile ; of the disk herma-
phrodite, usually fertile. Involucre campanulate ; scales in
1-3 rows. Receptacle generally flat and naked. Ray-
corollas ligulate, with narrow ligule sometimes wanting ;
those of disk generally numerous, regular, tubular with a

Erigeron COMPOSITiE 195

usually 5-fid limb. Anthers obtuse at base ; style-arms,
achenes and pappus as of Aster.

Over 400 species chiefly in temperate and montane
countries of both Worlds.

Ray-florets not or but little exceeding the
involucre.
Heads on long peduncles, few or solitary.

Cauline leaves linear, small 1, E. cuneifolius.

Cauline leaves like radical but smaller .... 2. E. jamaicensia.
Heads panicled.

Heads in flower 6—7 mm. long 3. E, bonariensis.

Heads in flower 3-4 mm. long 4. E. canadensis.

Ray-florets greatly exceeding the involucre .... 5. E. Karvinskyanus.

1. E. cuneifolius DC. Prodr. v. 288 (1836); radical leaves
rosulate, oblong-spathulate, entire, rarely toothed, cauline
small, linear ; peduncles usually longer than the leaves. —
Stahl Fl. P. -Rico v. 119; Egg. Fl. St. Croix dh Virg. 63;
Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 627 & viii. 718 ; Jenn. Is. Pin. 281 ;
Britt. Fl. Amer. Virg. 98. E. jamaicensis Sw. Obs. Bot. 305,
t. viii. f. 2 (1791) (non L.) ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 364 &
Cat. Cub. 148 ; Wils. in Rep. Geolog. Jam. 281 ; Combs Fl.
Cub. 433. Aster jamaicensis Less, in Linncea v. 144 (1830).

Wright ! Masson ! Macfadyen ! Hanover, Purdie ! St. Mary,
McNab ! J. P. 2096, Hart ! Castleton Gardens, Thompson Fl. Jam.
8004 ! Ashkenish to Dolphin Head ; Castleton Gardens ; Hope
Gardens; Hope Grounds; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,275, 11,925, 11,970,
12,088; Giddy Hall, Mrs. Songster ! Balaclava, Orcutt 1451 !— Cuba,
Is. Pinos, Porto Rico, Virgin Islands.

A puberulous annual. Stem slender, simple or branched above,
4—12 in. high. Leaves sessile, radical, obtuse or rotundate, gradually
narrowed below, slightly toothed rarely pinnatifid, mostly 2—4 cm. by
7—10 mm. ; cauline leaves distant, lower sometimes linear-spathiilate,
5-10 mm. 1. Heads at the ends of the branches, on filiform pedvmcles
sometimes several cm. 1., 5 by 6 mm. when in flower. Involucral
scales 2-seriate, linear, acute, outer nearly 3 mm., inner barely 4 mm. 1.
Ray -florets in 2 series ; ligides white, 1-5 mm. 1. Achenes hairy, 1 mm.
1. Pappus pale reddish or dirty white ; bristles few, rough, barely
3 nam. 1.

2. E. jamaicensis L. Syst. Veg. ed. 10, ii. 1210 (1759) ;
pubescent herb ; radical leaves rosulate, oblong-spathulate,
pinnatifid ; cauline lobulate ; stalks of heads shorter than
the leaves. — Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 614 ; DC. torn. cit. 288 ;
Sauv. Fl. Cub. 79 ; Wils. loc. cit. ; Hitchc. in Rep. Miss. Bot.
Card. iv. 98 ; Sang. Fl. Cub. 49 ; Urb. op. cit. viii. 719.
E. rivularis Sw. Prodr. 113 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Dec. Hi. 1346 ;
Lun. torn. cit. 615 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 365 & Cat. Cub.
149. Senecio minor bellidis majoris folio Sloane Cat. 125 &
Hist. i. 260, t. 152,/. 3. Senecio tomentosus &c. Browne Hist.

196

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Erigeron

Jam. 320. A specimen from Browne in Herb. Linn. ; and
from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit. (Fig. 59.)

Banks of the Cobre at St. Jago de la Vega, Sloane ! Herb. v. 24 !
Browne ! Broughton ! Cedar Valley, Purdie ! Cascade of Falls River,
Prior ! Port Antonio ; Poms, Bog Walk ; Hitchcock ; Green River

Fig. 59. — Erigeron jamaicengis L.

A, Portion of plant in flower x f.

B, Head x4.

C, Ray-floret x 10.

D, Disk-floret x 10.

E, Antliers and stigma x 10.

Fording ; Troy ; Castleton District ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6263, 7399,
8672. — Cuba, Hispaniola.

Stems 1 or 2 ascending from the rootstock, branched above, up to
1 ft. high. Radical leaves sessile, gradually narrowed below, with
2-4 mucronate lobes on either side, pubescent, up to 10 by 2 cm.,
usually smaller ; cauline like them but smaller. Inflorescence a
terminal few-headed corymb. Heads 6 by 7 mm., on slender pubescent
stalks up to 2 cm. 1. Involucral scales linear, acuminate, hairy on back.

Erigeron COMPOSITE 197

outer 2 mm., imier 4 mm. 1. Ray-florets 1 -seriate, shortly exserted,
narrowly oblong, white, 5 mm. 1. Achenea hairy, 1-5 mm. 1. Pappus
3 mm. 1. ; bristles few, rough, pale brown or dirty white.

3. E. bonariensis L. Sp. PI. ii. 863 (1753) ; erect herb ;
leaves lanceolate, entire, sometimes pinnatifid ; panicle
racemose ; heads in flower nearly 1 cm. across. — DC. torn. cit.
289 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 365 ; Wils. loc. cit. ; Kew Bull.
1893, 259 ; Duss Fl. Ant. FrariQ. 360 ; Hart Herb. List
Trin. 32 ; Urh. op. cit. iv. 628 & viii. 719.

Houstoun ! Manchester, Purdie ! Distin ! Moneague, Prior ! J. P.
938 Hart ! — Florida, Antilles, Central and South America.

Stem up to 4 ft. high, leafy throughout, often branched, coarsely
pilose. Leaves sessile, acute, lower broader and sometimes toothed
or pinnatifid, upper entire, roughly pubescent or nearly smooth, up to
8 cm. 1. but usually smaller, upper gradually reduced to 2*5 cm. or less.
Panicle terminal, thyrsoid ; bracts leaf -like. Heads stalked, up to
7 mm. 1. Involucral scales 2-seriate, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, hairy
on back, 4-5-5 mm. 1., outer shorter. Ray-florets very numerous ;
corollas shortly exserted, filiform, 4 nun. 1., ligule very inconspicuous ;
disk-florets fewer, 4 mm. 1. with 5-toothed limb. Achenes minutely
hairy, 1 mm. 1. Pappus 4 mm. 1., of few rough white bristles.

4. E. canadensis L. Sp. PI. ii. 863 (1753) ; leaves linear-
lanceolate or linear, usually entire ; panicle racemose ;
flowering heads barely 5 mm. across. — Nutt. Gen. N. Amer.
PI. ii. 148 ; DC. torn. cit. 289 ; Griseb. PI. Carib. 85, PI.
Wright. 513, Fl. Br. W. Ind. 365 & Cat. Cub. 149 ; Sauv. op.
cit. 79 ; Egg. op. cit. 64 ; Stahl op. cit. 121 ; Gray Fl. N.
Amer. 221 ; Wils. loc. cit. ; Hitchc. loc. cit. ; Kew Bull. loc.
cit. ; Duss loc. cit. ; Sang. loc. cit. ; Hart loc. cit. ; Urb. op.
cit. iv. 628 & viii. 719. E. pusillus Nutt. loc. cit. Leptilon
canadense Britt. dh Br. Ul. Fl. N. U. States Hi. 391 (1898) ;
Small Fl. S.E. U. States, ed. 2, 1231 ; Britt. Fl. Berm.
394. Leptilon pusillum Britton in Torreya xiv. 198 (1914),
Fl. Amer. Virg. 98 & Fl. Berm. 395 ; Britt. dh Millsp. Fl.
Baham. 443. Specimens from Hort. Cliffort. in Herb. Mus.
Brit.

Canada Fleabane.

Wright ! Wilson 243 ! Macfadyen ! Orange Bay ; Castleton Road ;
Scott's Hall ; Thompson ! Fl. Jam. 6496, 6745, 8103. Arcadia, Mrs.
Sewell ! Castleton ; Mt. Hybla ; Grove near Hope ; Harris ! Fl. Jam.
57,11,772; FredholmZZll. Giddy Hall, Mias MaxweM ! Balaclava ;
Montego Bay ; Orcutt ! 854, 2220. — Native of temperate N. America ;
widely naturalised.

Stem erect, leafy, hairy or glabrous, up to 3 ft. high. Leaves sessile,
linear-lanceolate, upper linear, acute, smooth or slightly rough, up to
10 cm. 1., upper mostly 2-3 cm. 1. Panicle terminal, thyrsoid, much
longer than the leaves, with leaf-like bracts. Heads stalked.
Involucral scales in 3 rows, linear-lanceolate, acute, 3-5 mm. 1., outer

198 FLORA OF JAMAICA Erigeron

shorter. Corolla of ray-florets as of last, 2-5 mm. 1., of disk-florets
2-5 mm. 1. with 4-toothed limb. Achenes 1 mm., pappiis 2 mm. 1.

E. canadensis " has been found a useful remedy in the treatment of
diarrhoea, dysentery and dropsical complaints" (Bentl. db Trim.
Med. PI. 149).

5. E. Karvinskyanus DC. Prodr. v. 285 (1836) ; leaves
oblanceolate and 3-lobed or linear-lanceolate and entire,
heads on long stalks, solitary, terminal or axillary, in flower
2 cm. across. — Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. ii. 124 ; Blake
in Contrib. Gray Herb. Hi. 30 ; Standley in Contrih. U.S. Nat.
Herb, xxiii. 1499. E. mucronatus DC. loc. cit. (1836) ;
Urb. op. cit. viii. 720.

Roadside banks, Walderston ; Silver Hill Gap ; Harris ! Fl. Jam.
8281, 11,881 ; Flamstead, Miss Maxwell ! Catherine's Peak, Rendle 42 !
— A native of Mexico, Central America and Venezuela : " naturalised
in all hill districts " Harris ; also in Guadaloupe and San Domingo.

Herbaceous perennial, glabrous or nearly so. Stems erect or ascend-
ing, simple or sparingly branched, leafy throughout. Leaves sessile,
oblanceolate, generally 3-lobed, mucronate, upper smaller, linear-
lanceolate, entire or toothed, lower mostly 2-5— 3-5 by 1— 1'5 cm.,
upper 1-2 cm. by 2-3 mm. Peduncles slender, up to 7 cm. 1. In-
volucral scales 3-seriate, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly hairy
on back, 3 mm. 1., outer shorter. Ray-florets numerous, in 2 series,
exserted ; ligules linear-oblong, white, 4-5 mm. 1. ; disk-florets
numerous ; corollas 2-5 mm. 1. Achenes slightly hairy, 1 mm. 1.,
half the length of the few dirty white pappus-bristles.

13. BACCHARIS L.

Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, occasionally
reduced to scales, entire, toothed or lobed. Heads discoid,
dioecious, of numerous hermaphrodite or female florets, the
latter only fertile. Involucre oblong to hemispheric ; scales
in several series. Receptacle fiat or convex, generally naked
or minutely pitted. Hermaphrodite corollas regular, tubular
with 5-lobed limb ; female slender with 5-toothed or entire
limb. Anthers obtuse at base. Style-arms of*the hermaphro-
dite florets awl-shaped, papillose on back, or styles truncate
or club-shaped. Achenes somewhat compressed, 5-10-ribbed,
of the hermaphrodite florets aborted. Pappus-bristles of the
female numerous, in one or more series ; of the hermaphrodite
few and straight or wavy.

A New World genus of nearly 400 species, mostly
tropical.

Broad-leaved shrub. Leaves obovate or obovate-

oblong, entire 1. B. dioica.

Bush-like shrub with small or minute leaves 2. B, scoparia.

Baccharis COMPOSITE 199

1. B. dioica Vahl Symb. Hi. 98, t. 74 (1794) ; shrub up to
10 ft. ; leaves crowded along the branches, triplinerved ;
heads usually few together in glomerules at the end of the
branches.— (?rt5e&. PI. Carih. 85 & Fl. Br. W. Ind. 366 (in
part) ; Wils. JRep. Geolog. Jam. 281 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. in.
406 & viii. 722 ; Heering in Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 247 ; Britt.
Fl. Amer. Virg. 98 ; Britt. <fc Millsp. Fl. Baham. 445.
B. Vahlii DC. Prodr. v. 411 (1836) ; Egg. Fl. St. Croix dh
Virg. 64. Gundlachia domingensis Bold. Fl. Ned. W. Ind.
199 (in part) (non A. Gray).

Purdie ! St. Andrew, McNab ! Holly Mount, Mt. Diablo Harris !
Fl. Jam. 9009. — Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, St. Croix, Montserrat.

Somewhat viscid especially the young parts. Branches angular.
Leaves occasionally subopposite, petiole-like below, decurrent, broadly
rotundate and sometimes retuse above, entire, glandular and slightly
fleshy, 1-5-3 by 1-1-5 cm. Inflorescence about as long as leaves, up
to about 1-5 cm. across. Heads sessile ; male 4 by 5 mm., about
20-flowered ; involucre obovoid, the scales 4-5-seriate, membrane-
edged, outer ovate-oblong, 2 mm. 1., inner oblong, 3 mm. 1. ; corolla-
lobes shorter than the slender tube ; style shortly exserted, club-shaped ;
pappus 3 mm. 1., bristles barbellate at tip, white : female heads 7 by
4 mm., about 50-flowered ; involucre ovoid-oblong, scales 6-seriate,
outer ovate-oblong, 2 mm. 1., innermost linear, 4 mm. 1. ; corolla
5-toothed ; style-arms exserted ; achene oblong, 10-ribbed, glabrous,
nearly 2 mm. 1. ; pappus 3 ultimately 6 mm. 1. ; bristles rather rough,
reddish.

2. B. scoparia {L.) Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. Hi. 1339 (1806); broom-
like viscid shrub, up to 10 ft., usually less ; leaves small or
minute ; heads solitary at the end of the branches. — Pers.
Syn. a. 425 ; DC. torn. cit. 424 ; Griseb. Fl. Ind. Occ. 366 ;
Wils. loc. cit. ; Hitchc. in Rep. Miss. Bot. Gard. iv. 98 ;
Heering in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xxvii. 467 & in Urb. op. cit. v.
248 ; Shreve Mont. Rain-For. 22. Chrysocoma scoparia L.
Amoen. v. 404 (1759). Galea scoparia L. Syst. ed. 12, Hi.
234 (1768) ; Sw. Obs. Bot. 302 ; Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 520.
Chrysocoma ? arborea, ramosissima &c. Browne Hist. Jam.
316, t. 34, /. 4. Specimen from Browne in Herb. Linn.
(Fig. 60.)

Mountain Broonx Tree, Bitter Broom.

Houstoun ! Wright ! Browne ! Liguanea, Swartz ! Bertero 2074 ;
Port Royal, McNab ! Bancroft ! Port Royal Mts. Purdie ! St.
Thomas East, Wilson ! St. Andrew Hills, Prior ! Wullschldgel 414 !
J. P. 644 {Hart !) ; Newcastle, Eggers 3569 ! Blue Mt. Peak, Hitchcock ;
Cinchona Fawcett ! Fl. Jam. 9041 ; Cinchona ; Clydesdale ; below
Flamstead ; Resource ; Holly Mount ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6628, 7000,
9028, 9042, 9113, 12,200; Guava Ridge, Miss Maxwell !

Stem erect and stoutish below, copioTisly branched above, ultimate
branches barely 1 mm. thick. Leaves scattered, linear-oblong, 1 -nerved,

200

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Baccharis

sometimes very small, usually less than 1 cm. 1. and about 2 mm. broad,
but reaching 1-5 cm. by 5 mm. and then with a single tooth on each
side. Male heads 5 by 3 mm., about 20-flowered ; involucre sub-
hemispherical, scales 5-8eriate, outer ovate, 1-1-5 mm. 1., inner oblong,
2 mm. 1. ; corolla 2-5 mm, 1., lobes shorter than tube ; style clavate ;
pappus 2-5 mm. 1., bristles dirty white; Jemale heads 4 by 2 mm.,
10-flowered ; involucre ovoid-oblong, scales 5-6-seriate, outer ovate.

Fig. 60. — Baccharis scoparia (L.) Sw.

A, Flowering branches of female

(front) and male plants x %.

B, Male head x 6.

C, Female head x 10.

D, Male floret x 12.

E, Same ; anthers and style x 25.

F, Female floret x 14.

1-5 mm. 1. innermost oblong-lanceolate, 3 nun. 1. ; corolla 5-toothed ;
style-arms exserted ; achenes oblong, 10-ribbed, glabrous, 1-5 mm. 1.,
pappus at length 5 mm. 1., bristles pale brown.

Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8421 & 12,202 from Castleton Gardens, is a
bush 12 ft. high with obtuse leaves sometimes toothed or lobulate and
paniculate heads, otherwise much like B. dioica. It is B. halimifolla
L. forma subintegrifolia Heering in Urb. op. cit. v. 243.

Pluchea COMPOSITE 201

14. PLUCHEA Cass.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed,
rarely pinnatifid. Heads usually in terminal corymbose
cymes, discoid, heterogamous, outer florets in several rows,
female and fertile, central florets generally few, hermaphrodite,
sterile. Involucre ovoid or campanulate, scales few- or
several-seriate. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla of female
florets filiform, shortly 3-fid or toothed ; of hermaphrodite
florets tubular, 5-lobed. Anthers tailed at base. Styles of
hermaphrodite florets entire or bifid, papillose, of female
ending in 2 linear arms. Achenes 4-5-angled. Pappus-
bristles several or many, 1 -seriate.

About 40 species in the warmer regions of both hemi-
spheres.

Shrub. Leaves entire or nearly so. Involucres

tomentose 1. P. odorata.

Herbaceous undershrub. Leaves serrate.

Involucres pubescent 2. P. purpurascens.

1. P. odorata (Desv.) Cass, in Diet. Sc. Nat. xlii. 3 (1826) ;
branches brown-tomentose ; flowering heads broadly ovoid. —
Descourt. Fl. Ant. Hi. 299, t. 217 ; DC. Prodr. v. 452 ; Griseb.
PL Carib. 86, PL Wright. 513, FL Br. W. Ind. 366 & Cat.
Cub. 150 ; Sauv. FL Cub. 79 ; Wils. in Bep. Geolog. Jam.
281 ; Egg. FL St. Croix <fc Virg. 64 ; Stahl FL P.-Bico v.
122 ; Hitchc. in Bep. Miss. Bot. Card. iv. 98 ; Kew BulL
1893, 259 ; Combs PL Cub. 433 ; Duss FL Ant. FranQ. 361 ;
Sang. FL Cub. 49 ; Hart Herb. List Trin. 83 ; Bold. FL Ned.
W.-Ind. 200 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 629 & viii. 722 ; Small
FL S.E. U. St. ed. 2, 1235 ; Jenn. Is. Pin. 276 ; Britton Fl.
Amer. Virg. 98 & FL Berm. 389 ; Britton <Ss Millsp. Baham.
FL 445 ; Standi, in Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb, xxiii. 1510.
Conyza odorata L. Syst. ed. 10, 1213 (1760) (in part) ; Sw. Obs.
Bot. 304 & FL Ind. Occ. Hi. 1343. Baccharis odorata
Desv. in Ham. Prodr. 52 (1825) ; Mayc. Fl. Barb. 324.
(Fig. 6.1.)

Sweet scented Fleabane, Riverside Tobacco
(March).

Prior ! Purdie ! March ! St. Andrew, McNab ! Wullschldgel !
Blue Mts. Hitchcock; J. P. 1244 {Hart I); Sheldon; delta of Hope
River; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5619, 10,050 ; near Montego Bay, Ridley \
Guava Ridge, Miss Maxwell ! — Florida, Bermuda, Bahamas, Antilles,
Mexico to Venezuela.

Coarse shrub 4r-6 ft. high. Branches stoutish, striate beneath the
tomentum. Leaves petioled, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, mucronulate.

202

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Pluchea

rounded or narrowed at base, entire or with a very few minute teeth,
roughish and puberulous above, tomentose beneath, mostly 5-13 by
2-5-4-5 cm. Corymbs many-headed, usually at least 10 cm. across ;
heads crowded, stalked, 6 by 5 mm. ; flowers dirty white or lavender.
Involucre 5-seriate ; outer scales ovate, obtuse, about 2 mm. I.,
innermost oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5 mm. 1. Hermaphrodite florets
about 10, corollas narrowly funnel-shaped, 4 mm. 1. ; style exserted,
bifid. Corollas of female florets 3-5 nun. 1. ; style-arms shortly
exserted. Achenes -5 nun. 1. Pappus -hviatleB smooth, dirty white,
3 ram. 1.

According to Descourtils used by negroes as a stomachic and
alexipharmic.

Fig. 61. — Pluchea odorata (Desv.) Cass.

A, End of branch in flower x f . D, Hermaphrodite floret x 12.

B, Head x 4. E, Antliers x 12.

C, Female floret x 12.

2. P. purpurascens {Sw.) DC. Prodr. v. 452 (1836) ; branches
pubescent ; flowering heads hemispherical. — Griseb. PI. Carih.
85, Fl. Br. W. Ind. 367 & Cat. Cub. 150 ; Chapm. Fl. 8. U.S.
ed. 3, 238 ; Sauv. loc. cit. ; Wils. loc. cit. ; Egg. loc. cit. ; Stahl

Pluchea COMPOSITE 203

op. cit. 123 ; Duss op. cit. 362 ; Sang. loc. cit. ; Bold. loc. cit. ;
Urb. II. cc. & Fedde Rep. Beih. v. 58 ; Small loc. cit. ; Jenn.
loc. cit. ; Britton II. cc. ; Britt. <fc Millsp. op. cit. 446. Conyza
odorata L. loc. cit. (in part). C. purpurascens 8w. Prodr. 112
(1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. Hi. 1342; Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 300.
Placus purpurascens Maza Periant. Cub. 273 (1890). Conyza
major odorata &c. Sloane Cat. 124 & Hist. i. 258, t. 152,/. 1.
Conyza odorata minor &c. Broume Hist. Jam,. 318. Conyza
foliis lanceolatis &c. Plum. PI. Amer. (Burm.) 85, t. xcviii.
Specimen in Herb. Brit. Mus. from Hort. Cliffort. & in Herb.
Linn, from Browne.

Wild Tobacco.

Liguanea, Sloane ! frequent in all low marshy lands, Browne !
Shakespear ! in ditches and wet places, Broughton ! Prior ! Purdie !
Distin ! Macfadyen ! St. Andrew, McNab ! March ! ferry, Spanish
Town Road ; Passage Fort ; Campbell ! Fl. Jam. 5849, 6272 ; sea-
coast near Falmouth, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 7223. — Distrib. as of last.

Under shrub 2—3 ft. high. Branches usually rather slender, striate.
Leaves as of last, but generally smaller, toothed (sometimes minutely)
and pubescent beneath. Corymbs smaller and fewer-headed than of
last ; heads on slender stalks, 5 by 5 mm. ; flowers purple. Involucre
4-seriate ; outer scales ovate, 2 mm. 1., inner oblong-lanceolate, acute,
4 mm. 1. Hermaphrodite florets about 7 ; corolla 3-5—4 mm. 1., tube
narrowly campanulate above ; style exserted, shortly bifid. Female
florets as of last but achenes 1 mm. 1.

"It is kept by some people among their cloaths, and is said to
preserve them from moths and other vermin " (Browne).

15. PTEROCAULON EU.

(including Monenteles).

Herbs sometimes sullrutescent below, usually more or less
tomentose. Leaves alternate, decurrent. Heads in terminal
globose or spicately arranged glomerules, discoid, hetero-
gamous. Involucre ovoid or campanulate ; scales in few
series. Receptacle flat or nearly so, naked or hairy or
sometimes scaly. Florets and fruit as of Pluchea.

About 25 species, the true Pterocaulon restricted to the
New World.

Glomerules arranged in interrupted cylindrical

spikes 1. P. virgatum.

Glomerules in more or less spheroidal globose

masses 2. P. alopecuroideum.

1. P. Virgatum {L.) DC. Prodr. v. 454 (1836) ; leaves
linear-lanceolate, entire or nearly so ; heads few together,
occasionally solitary, sessile. — Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 367
(in part) ; Urb. in Fedde Rep. Beih. 58 ; Britt. Fl. Amer.
Virg. 98. Gnaphalium virgatum L. Syst. ed. 10, 1211 (1759).
Conyza virgata L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1206 (1763) ; Sw. Fl. Ind.

204 FLORA OF JAMAICA Pterocatdon

Occ. in. 1345 (in note) ; Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 299. Chlaenobolus
virgatus Cass, in Diet. Sc. Nat. xlix. 340 (1827) ; Small Fl.
S.E. U. States 1236. Helichrysum caule alato &c. Shane
Cat. 125 & Hist. i. 260, t. 152, /. 5. Conyza angustifolia
subincana &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 318. Conyza foliis
ensiformibus &c. Plum. PI. Amer. {Burm.) 86, t. xcviii. f. 2.
Specimen from Browne in Herb. Linn.

Golden cudweed, golden tufts, and golden
locks.

Dry savannas near Mr. Batchelor's and over the Rio Cobra by the
Angels, Sloane ! Lane in Herb. Petiver {Sloane Herb, clxii. 17 !) Mt.
Diablo, Brovme ! March I a weed in pasture near Spanish Town,
Harris ! Fl. Jam, 12,048.— Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Jan, St. Croix,
Texas and Mexico to Paraguay.

Plant about 2 ft. high, branching from the base. Branches rather
slender, winged, pale grejash- or brownish-tomentose. Leaves obtuse,
mostly 3-7 cm. 1. and 3-6 mm. broad, the lower ones sometimes reaching
15 mm. across, papery, green above (drying black) tomentose below.
Qlomerules iisually 3- or 4-headed ; heads 7 by 5 mm. Involucre
campanulate, 3-seriate, tomentose; outer scales oblong, 2 mm. 1.,
irmer linear, acuminate, 5 nam. 1. Corollas of outer (female) florets
filiform 5-5 mm. 1. ; of hermaphrodite (very few), narrowly funnel-
shaped, 4-5 mm. 1. Achenes hairy, 1 mm. 1. Papptis -hriatlea smooth,
brownish white, 6 mm. 1.

" The whole plant is drying and restringent, which makes it good
against all sorts of fluxes and catarrhs. It is good in quinsies and all
ulcers " (Barham).

2. P. alopecuroideum (Lam.) DC. Prodr. v. 454 (1836) ;
leaves oblong or oblong-ovate, serrulate ; glomerules many-
headed, the lower ones often crowning short branches. — •
Griseb. PI. Carib. 86 & PI. Wright 513 ; Stahl Fl. P.-Bico
V. 124 ; Urb. in Fedde Bep. Beih. 58. Conyza alopecuroides
Lam. Encyc. ii. 93 (1786) (in part) ; Conyza alopecuroidea
Sw. tom. cit. 1344 (1806). Chlsenobolus alopecuroides
Cass. tom. cit. 339 (1827). Conyza alopecuroidea helenii
folio &c. Plum. Cat. 9 & PI. Amer. (Burm.) t. 98, /. 1.
One of Browne's specimens in Herb. Linn, belongs here,
(Fig. 62.)

'Browne ! Rockspring, St. Mary, McNab ! Macjadyen \ Prospect
Hill, Thompson ! Fl. Jam. 7942 ; Hope ; Mt. Airy ; Harris ! Fl. Jam,
6568, 7455. — Antilles, South America.

A weed 2 ft. high. Branches stout, rather broadly winged,
tomentose. Leaves apiculate, up to 9-5 by 3-5 cm., sometimes only
3 by 1-5 cm. or even less, papery, tomentose below. Olomerules
spheroidal, in full flower about 2 cm. across ; heads 10 by 5 mm.
Involucre and floral details as of P. virgatum.

These two species have often been confused, or regarded as forming
a single species. Citations are therefore restricted to such as are
accompanied by a description, which leaves no doubt as to the plant
the writer had in mind.

Pterocaulon

COMPOSITE

205

Fig. 62. — Pterocaulon alopecuroideum (Lam.) DC.

A, End of flowering branch x }.

B, Head x 2.

C, Female floret x 10.

D, Hermaphrodite floret X 10.

E, Anthers and style x 12.

16. GNAPHALIUM L.

Herbs. Leaves alternate, entire. Heads usually in
terminal or axillary cymes or glomerules, discoid, hetero-
gamous, florets all fertile, outer in several rows female, central
fewer and hermaphrodite. Involucre ovoid or campanulate ;
scales scarious in several series. Receptacle flat or raised,
naked or minutely pitted. Corolla of female florets filiform,
of hermaphrodite tubular with 5-fid limb. Anthers tailed
at base. Styles of hermaphrodite florets ending in 2
subterete truncate arms. Achenes terete or slightly com-
pressed. Pappus-bristles l-seriate, free or slightly united
at base.

Species nearly 200 : distribution world-wide.

206 FLORA OF JAMAICA Gnaphalium

Heads in simple or branched spikes 1. G. americanum.

Heads in corymbs.

Leaves tomentose on both sides. Heads

ovoid 2. G. aJbescena.

Leaves rough above, tomentose below. Heads

campanulate 3. G. domingenae.

1. G. americanum Mill. Gard. Did. ed. 8, No. 17 (1768)
(excl. syn. Sloane) ; erect herb ; leaves tomentose below ;
spikes as long as or longer than the leaves. — Sw. Prodr. 112
(excl. syn. Sloane) & Fl. Ind. Occ. Hi. 1336 ; Lun. Hort. Jam.
i. 255 ; DC. Prodr. vi. 234 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 380 &
Cat. Cub. 157 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 82 ; Wils. in. Eep. Geolog.
Jam. 281 ; Stahl Fl. P.-Rico v. 147 ; Maza Periant. Cub.
273. Gnaphalium spicatum Lam. Encyc. ii. 151 (1786) ;
Urb. Symb. Ant. viii. 724. Gnaphalium erectum spicatum
&c. Browne Hist. Jam. 318. Type, Houstoun's specimen in
Herb. Mus. Brit.

Cassidony, Cudweed, Goldylocks, Cotton-
weed.

Houatoun ! Liguanea Mts., Browne ; McNab 64 ! Purdie ! J. P.
2083 {Hart !) ; Cinchona, Nicholls ! Flamstead, Miss Maxwell ! —
Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Central America.

A small herb, \ ft. or so high. Stem simple, tomentose. Leaves
sessile, oblanceolate, obtuse, minutely silky above, tomentose beneath,
lower up to 7 by 1 cm. , upper gradually smaller. Spikes woolly, very
shortly branched below with interpolated leaves, simple above, up to
6 in. 1. often shorter. Heads sessile, 5 by 3 mm. Involucre narrowly
ovoid ; scales 3-seriate, pale brown, outer ovate, acute, about 2-5 nun.
1., inner oblong or linear, acute, 4-6 mm. 1. Female florets numerous,
hermaphrodite, about 5 with 3 mm. 1. corolla. Achenes -5 mm. 1.
Pappus 3 mm. 1. ; bristles rather rough, white.

In spite of the fact that Miller has omitted the collector's name,
Houstoim.'s specimen (from Jamaica !) is taken as the type of this, as
it agrees perfectly with Miller's description and is the only Jamaica
GnapJialium which does so. The Houstoun sheet has been inscribed
" Gnaphalium americanum Mill. Diet." in an unrecognised hand, and
inunediately beneath it Swartz has endorsed the naming. By some
curious mischance Miller quoted for his plant Sloane's Gnaphalium ad
stoRchadem citrinam accedens, and says fm-ther that it " grows natvirally
in France, Italy and Spain." But Sloane's specimen (Herb. v. 27)
came from Madeira and in fact is G. luteo-album L. In these circum-
stances Urban, disregarding the " americanum " and seeing that the
alleged synonym is not a New World plant, rejects Miller's name and
adopts in its place Lamarck's.

2. G. albescens 8w. Prodr. 112 (1788) ; leaves narrowed
towards base, drying grey above ; florets numerous in the head,
very few hermaphrodite. — Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. Hi. 1334 ; Lun.
lac. cit. ; DC. tom. cit. 228 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 380 ;
Wils. loc. cit. ; Hitchc. in Rep. Miss. Bot. Gard. iv. 98.
Gnaphalium domingense Urb. loc. cit. (in part). Gnaphalium

Gnaphalium

COMPOSITE

207

caule fruticoso &c. Plum. PL Amer. (Burm.) 114, t. cxxiv.
Masson's sheet in Herb. Mus. Brit, authenticated by Swartz.
(Fig. 63.)

Lane in Herb. Petiver {Sloane Herb, clxii. 17 !) ; Maason ! among
rocks, Liguanea, Broughton ! Bancrojf ! Liguanea Hills, Prior ! Blue
Mt. Peak, Hitchcock ; Cinchona Plantation, J. P. 661, Hart ! near
Cinchona, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6991. (Fig. 63.)

Plant 1-2 ft. high. Stem covered with a thick tomentiim. Leaves

Fig. 63. — Gnaphalium albescens Sw.
A, End of branch in flower x f . D, Stamens and style x 14.

B, Head

C, Hermaphrodite floret x 14.

E, Female floret x 14.

sessile, linear-oblanceolate, acute tip mucronate, tomentose on both
sides but especially below, mostly 2-5 cm. 1. and 4^8 mm. broad.
Corymbs up to 10 cm. across, often less. Heads sessile, 4 by 3 mm.
Involucral scales 5-6-seriate, outer ovate, inner ovate-oblong or oblong,
about 3 nam. 1. Female florets about 40, corolla 3 mm. 1. ; herma-
phrodite 3-4, corolla barely 3 mm. 1. Achenes -5 mm. 1. Pappus 3 mm.
1. ; bristles rather rough, white.

208 FLORA OF JAMAICA Gnaphalium

3. G. domingense Lam. Encyc. ii. 743 (1786) ; leaves
oblanceolate or linear-lanceolate, not or but slightly narrowed
at amplexicaul base ; florets about 60 per head, of which
several are hermaphrodite. — DC. torn. cit. 227 ; Griseb. Fl.
Br. W. Ind. 380 ; Wils. loc. cit. ; Urb. loc. cit. (excl. syn.).

Port Royal Mts., McNab 55 ! Macfadyen ! March 812 ! Flamstead,
Miss Maxwell ! — Hispaniola.

About 2 ft. high. Leaves mucronate, minutely toothed, sometimes
at first cobwebby above but soon rather rough and dark above when
dry, 2-7 cm. 1., -5-1 cm. broad. Corymbs up to 10 cm. across. Heads
6 by 5 mm. Involucral scales 5-6-seriate, outer series ovate, acute,
inner oblong, obtuse, female florets about 50 ; hermaphrodite
7—10 (5-13). Corolla and achene as of last.

[LAGASCEA Cav.

Annual herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate,
entire or toothed. Heads 1- very rarely 2-flowered, globose
or campanulate glomerules closely surrounded by floral
leaves ; florets all hermaphrodite and fertile. Involucre of
5 herbaceous scales connate into a 5-fid tube. Corolla
exserted from the involucre, narrow below, cylindric above,
5-lobed. Anthers slightly produced at base. Style-arms
elongated, hairy. Achenes oblong, narrowed below, slightly
compressed. Pappus a small toothed or fringed cup or
ring, 2 or 3 of the teeth sometimes growing out into short
awns.

Species 16, Mexican ; one introduced into tropical and
subtropical America and India.

Lagascea mollis Cav. in An. Cienc. Nat. vi. 332, t. 44 (1803) ;
DC. Prodr. v. 91 ; Griseb. Cat. Cub. 145 ; Kew Bull. (1893)
259 ; Combs PI. Cub. 433 ; iSang. Fl. Cub. 49 ; Bold. Fl. Ned.
W.-Ind. i. 200 & ii. 107 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 631 ; Bak. in
Mart. Fl. Bras. vi. pt. 3. 142. Nocca mollis (Noccsea) Jacq.
Fragm. 58, t. 85, /. 11 (1809) ; Cass, in Diet. Sc. Nat. xxv.
103 ; Robins, in Contrib. Gray Herb. xx. 471 ; Britt. Fl. Amer.
Virg. 98. (Fig. 64.)

Sandy Gully ; South Camp Road ; Campbell ! Fl. Jam. 6024, 6082 ;
roadside, Mandeville, Britton <fc Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,598. Hope
Road, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 11,798. — Cuba, Porto Rico, St. Thomas,
Saba, St. Martin, Anguilla, St. Kitts, St. Vincent, Cura9ao, Mexico to
tropical South America.

A branching roadside weed up to 3 ft. high. Branches covered with
a harsh grey pubescence, at length rough. Leaves petioled, 3-nerved,
ovate, acute or aciuninate, truncate-rotundate at base, pubescent
above, silky tomentose below, mostly 2-5-9 by 1-6 cm. Olomerules
1-1-5 (rarely 2) cm. across, on stalks sometimes up to 10 cm. 1. Floral
leaves about 6, ovate-oblong or oblong, unequal, villous, 5-7 (rarely

Lagascea

COMPOSITE

209

up to 12) mm. 1. Heads numerous, closely packed. Involucre
cylindrical, 6 by 2 nun., villous, the awl-shaped ciliate lobes 2 mm. I.
Corolla white, 5-5 mm. 1. Achenea closely invested by the involucre,
narrowly ovoid, black, 3 mm. 1. Pappus minute.]

Fig. 64. — Lagascea mollis Cav.

E, Style X 8.

F, Fruiting head x 4.

G, Achene x 4.

A, Portion of plant x J.

B, Glomerule of flowering heads x 2

C, A single head x 3.

D, Anthers x 8.

17. CLIBADIUM L.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire or toothed.

Heads small, in terminal corymbose panicles, discoid, hetero-

gamous, outer florets female and fertile ; central florets

hermaphrodite and sterile. Involucre ovoid or subglobose,

vn. — 14

210

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Clibadium-

of few broad closely imbricated scales. Receptacle naked
in the centre or scaly throughout. Corolla of female florets
funnel-shaped, 3-5-toothed ; of hermaphrodite campanulate^
5-lobed. Anthers entire at base or nearly so. Style of
hermaphrodite (sterile) florets scarcely divided, of female
2-armed. Achenes broad, without pappus, at length
drupaceous, those of the hermaphrodite florets narrow and
empty.

Species about 30 in tropics of the New World.

Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate 1. C. aurinamense.

Leaves ovate 2. C. terebinthaceum,

I. C. surinamense L. Mant. 294 (1771) ; leaves lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, triplinerved. — DC. Prodr. v. 505 ; Duss

Fig. 65. — Clibadium surinamenge L.

A, End of flowering branch x J. D, Inner sterile (hermaphrodite) floret

B, Head x 4. x 6.

C, Outer fertile (female) floret x 6. E, Achene x 6.

Clihadium COMPOSITE 211

Fl. Ant. FrauQ. 362 ; Hart Herb. List Trin. 31 ; 0. E. Schulz
in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xlvi. 617 & in Urb. Symb. Ant. vii. 78
(cum syn.) & viii. 726. Clibadium asperum DC. torn. cit. 506
(1836) ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 367 ; Wils. in Rep. Geolog.
Jam. 281 ; Kew Bull. 1893, 259. Trixis aspera Sw. Prodr.
115 (1788). Trixis scabra Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. Hi. 1378 (1806).
(Fig. 65.)

Liguanea, Broughton ! Distin ! Cuming ! Scott's Hall, Thompson !
Fl. Jam. 7935 ; Tyre, near Troy ; Woodstock near Beaufort, Westmore-
land ; Askenish near Lucea ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8674, 9886, 10,299. —
Hispaniola, Martinique, St. Vincent, Grenada, Tobago, Trinidad,
Central America to Guiana.

Shrub, 3-12 ft. high. Branches striate, covered with a short rough
pubescence. Leaves acvuninate, narrowed at base, serrulate, thinly
papery, rough above, pubescent especially on the nerves below, mostly
9-12 by 2-5-4 cm. ; petioles rough-pubescent, 1-2 cm. 1. Inflorescence
many-headed, shorter than the leaves, with rough pubescence. Heads
sessile or subsessUe, globose, about 5 mm. across. Involucral scales 3
or 4, ovate, membranous, striate, rough on back, white (sometimes
violet, O. E. Schulz), 4 mm. 1. Eeceptacular scales much like those of
the involucral. Florets white ; female 3-6, corolla 2-5 mm. 1., ovary
ovoid, hairy at top, 1-5 mm. 1. ; hermaphrodite florets 6-13, corolla
3-3-5 mm. 1., narrowly campanulate above the narrow basal part,
lobes hairy outside, ovary hairy, 1-5-3 mm. 1. Achenes obovoid,
slightly hairy at top, 3 by 2-5 mm.

2. C. terebinthaeeum {Sw.) DC. Prodr. v. 506 (1836) ;
leaves ovate, subpenninerved (2 lateral nerves stronger than
the rest). — Griseb. op. cit. 368 ; Wils. loc. cit. ; Hart loc. cit. ;
0. E. Schulz in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xlvi. 623 & Urb. Symb. Ant.
vii. 83. Clibadium Alexandri Griseb. op. cit. 368 (1861) ;
Hitchc. in Rep. Miss. Bot. Gard. iv. 98. Trixis terebinthacea
Sw. Prodr. 115 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. Hi. 1375; Lun.
Hort. Jam. ii. 340. Specimen from Swartz in Herb. Mus.
Brit. Type of C. Alexandri Griseb. in Herb. Kew.

Shakespear ! west Jamaica, in rocky valleys, Swartz ! Bertero ;
Guy's Hill, Moneague ; Prior ! Cima Cuna Pass, Wilson 238 !
Catherine's Peak, and near Bellevue, Eggers 3585, 3794 ; Blue Mts.
and Blue Mt. Peak, Hitchcock; near Cinchona; Tyre, near Troy;
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 7356, 9463.— Costa Rica, Colombia.

Coarse shrub about 8 ft. high. Branches roughly pubescent.
Leaves ample, acute or acuminate, rounded or shortly cuneate at base,
serrulate, thinly papery, rough albove, rough-pubescent below, 10-20
by 4-5-9 cm. ; petioles rough-pubescent, 1-5-4 cm. 1. Inflorescence as
of last. Heads broadly ovoid, 6 mm. 1. Involucral scales 3, ovate,
rough on back, 2-3 mm. 1. Outer receptacular scale broad, inner
(subtending the hermaphrodite florets) shorter and narrower. Florets
white ; female 7-12, hermaphrodite 5-10. Other characters as of
last, except that the hermaphrodite ovaries are hairy at the top alone,
and the achenes are somewhat smaller.

212 FLORA OF JAMAICA Acanthospermum

18. ACANTHOSPERMUM Schrank.

Annual herbs. Leaves opposite, toothed, lobed or
pinnatifid. Heads at first very small, solitary and sessile
or nearly so in axils or forks of the branches, radiate, hetero-
gamous ; florets of ray female and fertile, of disk hermaphro-
dite and sterile. Involucre of 4-6 1 -seriate herbaceous scales
and several inner ones each enveloping one of the ray achenes.
Receptacle convex, scaly. Corolla of ray-florets with a short
ligule, of disk-florets campanulate or funnel-shaped. Anthers
slightly produced at base. Style of hermaphrodite florets
club-shaped, hairy. Achenes of ray-florets oblong, smooth,
without pappus, closely invested each by one of the enlarged
barbed, prickly or spiny inner involucral scales ; of the disk
small and empty.

Species 8, from Massachusetts to Uruguay ; 2 established
in the Old World.

A. humile (Sw.) DC. Prodr. v. 522 (1836) ; Griseb. Fl.
Br. W. Ind. 369 & Cat. Cub. 153 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 80 ;
Wils. in Bep. Geolog. Jam. 281 ; Bold. Fl. Ned. W. Ind. i.
201 ; CoTnhs PI. Cub. 433 ; Jenn. Is. Pin. 277 ; Britt. d:
Millsp. Baham. Fl. 447 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. viii. 726 ; Blake
in Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. xx. 386. Melampodium humile
8w. Prodr. 114 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. Hi. 1370; Maza
Periant. Cub. 276. Centrospermum humile Less. Syn. 217
(1832). Specimen from Swartz (Hispaniola) in Herb. Mus.
Brit. (Fig. 66.)

Wright ! Manchester, Purdie ! March 1033 ! Bancroft ! Diatin I
Spanish Town, Prior ! Montego Bay, McCatty ! Green Valley ; on
sand near the beach, Long Acre Point, W. of Black River ; Harris !
Fl. Jam. 5456, 5733, 9964; Giddy Hall, Mrs. Sangster !— Cuba, Is.
Pinos, Hispaniola, St. Martin, St. Croix, Panama ; introduced into
Florida.

A frequently branching, erect or decumbent herb up to 2 ft. but often
much less. Stem rough or roughly hairy. Leaves sessile, ovate, obtuse,
dentate-serrate sometimes lobulate, abruptly petiole-like in the lower
half or third, rather rough, especially on the nerves beneath, mostly
2-3 by l'5-2 cm. Outer involucral scales 5, obovate, acute, ciliate at
edge, 3*5 mm. 1. Florets of ray 5-7 ; ligule ovate, toothed at apex,
yellowish, 1-25 mm. 1. Florets of disk 5-8 ; scales oblong-spathulate,
incised at top, barely 1-5 mm. 1. ; corolla as long as scale, spreading
above the tubular base. Involucral scales enclosing the ripe achenes
4 mm. 1., cuneate, trigonous with booklets along the borders and 2
terminal, strong, diverging spines, one hooked the other straight, and
3-5-4 mm. 1.

Acanthospermum COMPOSITE

213

Fig. 66. — Acanthospermum humile (Sw.) DC.

A, Portion of plant in flower x f. D, Floret of ray x 8; I, ligule.

B, Head opened x 4. E, Achene opened X 8.

C, Disk-floret x 16.

19. PARTHENIUM L.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire to pinnately cut.
Heads small, in terminal panicles, radiate, heterogamous ;
florets of ray few, female and fertile, of disk hermaphrodite
and sterile. Involucre campanulate, of few broad scales, the
outer sometimes smaller than the inner. Receptacle more
or less raised, with scales surrounding the disk-florets. Corolla
of female florets with a short ligule ; of the male regular,
funnel-shaped, 5-toothed. Anthers entire at base. Styles of
the disk-florets unbranched. Achenes of the ray compressed,
keeled, crowned by the persistent ligules and surrounded by
an involucral scale and 2 lateral concave receptacular scales.
Pappus of 2-3 short or elongated, weak or stronger awns.

About 16 species, mainly Mexican.

2U

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Parthenium

P. Hysterophorus L. Sp. PI. 988 (1753) ; Sw. Obs. Bot.
360 ; Lun. Hort. Jam. ii. 279 ; Mayc. Fl. Barb. 335 ; DC.
Prodr. V. 532 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 369 & Cat. Cub. 153 ;
Sauv. Fl. Cub. 80 ; Wils. in Rep. Geolog. Jam. 281 ; Egg. Fl.
St. Croix <&; Virg. 64 ; Stahl Fl. P.-Rico 157 ; Lefroy Bot.
Berm. 86 ; Kew Bull. 1893, 259 ; ComJbs Fl. Cub. 433 ; Duss

Fig. 67. — Parthenium Hysterophorus L.

A, Portion of plant x f. D, Disk-floret with scale, p, x 18.

B, Head x 6. E, Antliers and style of disk-floret

C, Floret of ray with receptacular scale, x 24.

p, ligule, I, and awns, a x 18.

Fl. Ant. Frang. 365 ; Sang. Fl. Cub. 50 ; Hart Herb. List
Trin. 33 ; Bold. Fl. Ned. W.-Ind. i. 201 & ii. 107 ; Urb.
Symb. Ant. iv. 632 ; Small Fl. S.E. U. St. ed. 2, 1247 ; Jenn. Is.
Pin. 277 ; Britt. Fl. Amer. Virg. 98 & Fl. Berm. 398 ; Britt.
dk Millsp. Baham. Fl. 448 ; Sims in Bot. Mag. t. 2275.
Argyrochseta bipinnatifida Cav. Ic. iv. 54, t. 378 (1797).

Parthenium COMPOSITE 215

Villanova bipinnatifida Ort. Hort. Matr. 48 (1797). Artemisia
humilior &c. Shane Cat. 127 & Hist. i. 263. Parthenium
subhirsutum, ramosum &e. Browne Hist. Jam. 340.
Specimen in Hort. Cliffort. in Herb. Mus. Brit. (Fig. 67.)

Wild Wormwood, Bastard Feverfew, Mugwort.

Spanish Town, Shane Herb. v. 45 ! Browne ; Wright \ Broughtort !
Wiles ! Gosse ! Kingston, Prior ! Gruat Valley, Manchester, Purdie !
Arcadia, Mrs. Sewell ; Hope ; Hope Road ; the Quarry, Spanish
Town; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5701, 6565, 6762, 8181, 8212, 8371 ; Giddy
Hall, St. Elizabeth, Miss Maxwell ! May Pen, Orcutt 314 ! and Balaclava
2282 ! by railway, Williamsfield, Manchester, Rendle, 159 ! — Bermuda,
Bahamas, West Indies, Florida and Texas to Chile and Argentina :
introduced into the Old World.

An annual weed of roadsides and waste places, about 2 ft. high.
Stem branched, strongly striate, pubenilous, soon glabrous or rather
rough. Leaves sessile, bipinnatifid with obtuse ultimate segments,
puberulous or pubescent especially below, up to 12 by 7 cm. but tisually
much smaller. Heads on slender stalks 1 cm. 1. or less, the loose panicle
up to about 10 cm. across. Involucral scales 2 -seriate, ovate, obtuse,
outer entire, hairy on back, 2 by 1-5 mm., inner hairy and denticulate
at top, elsewhere glabrous. Scales of receptacle oblong-clavate, coarsely
mealy, nearly 2 mm. 1. Ligule of ray-florets suborbicular, white,
1 mm. 1. Corolla of disk-florets 1-2 mm. 1, Achenes 2 by 1-2 nun.,
broadly obovoid, black, hairy at top, with 2 slender recurved awns
their own length.

An infusion of the plant used in the form of a bath, is spoken of as
a valuable vulnerary by the old writers.

20. AMBROSIA L.

Herbs, sometimes shrubby at base. Leaves opposite
(occasionally temate) or alternate, entire to pinnately cut.
Heads monoecious, male or female, male several-flowered in
spikes or racemes, female 1-flowered, solitary or in glomerules
below the male. Involucre of males cup-shaped, 5-12-lobed,
herbaceous ; receptacle scaly ; corolla regular, campanulate,
5-fid ; anthers obtuse at base ; style undivided, enlarged at
top. Involucre of females closed and joined, usually with
tubercules or small prickles near the top and contracted
above into a short beak surrounding the style ; corolla
absent ; style deeply divided into 2 long narrow arms.
Achenes broad and thick, without pappus, closely surrounded
by the persistent hardened involucre.

Species about 15, chiefly American.

Stem erect or ascending. Lower leaves bipin-
natifid. Male heads of fully-grown racemes
rather loosely arranged 1. A. paniculcUa.

Stem creeping. Lower leaves tripinnatifid.

Male heads closely packed 2. A. hispida.

216 FLORA OF JAMAICA Ambrosia

1. A. paniculata Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. ii. 183 (1803) ;
leaves pubescent or rough, segments lanceolate, the terminal
one acuminate or acute. — DC. Prodr. v. 527 ; 0. E. Schulz in
Urb. Symh. Ant. vii. 84 & viii. 727 ; Britt. ds Millsjp. Baham.
Fl. 432. A. elatior Sw. Ohs. Bot. 359 (1791) ; Lun. Hort.
Jam. ii. 298. A. artemisifolia elatior Descourt. Fl. Ant. i.
239, t. 55. A. artemisifolia L. var. jamaicensis Griseb. Fl.
Br. W. Ind. 370 (1861). A. psilostachya Griseb. loc. cit.
(in part) (non DC.) (1861). A. artemisisefolia Hemsl. Biol.
Centr. Amer. Bot. 150 (in part) (non DC.) ; Hitchc. in Rep.
Miss. Bot. Gard. iv. 99, Ambrosia elatior foliis artemisise &c.
Sloane Cat. 38 & Hist. Jam. i. 125. Ambrosia erecta ramosa
&e. Browne Hist. Jam. i. 340.

W i 1 d T a n s y.

Dry River and elsewhere, Sloane Herb. ii. 78 ! Wright ! Dancer !
McNab ! Blue Mt. Peak, Hitchcock ; Mt. Hybla, Harris ! Fl. Jam.
7259 and Miss Perkins 1239 ! — Florida, Bahamas, Hispaniola.

An annual weed up to 4 ft. Stem frequently branching, striate,
rough-pubescent. Leaves diminishing in size from below upwards,
lower opposite or temate, on hairy 2-3 cm. 1. petioles, bipinnatifid,
up to 10 cm. 1 ; segments pinnatifid, up to 4 cm. 1., becoming smaller
upwards, acute, terminal segment 1-2 cm. 1. Racemes numerous,
panicled, up to 10 cm. 1. or even more. Male heads recvuved, on short-
slender stalks, 3 mm. across ; florets about 12 ; scales filiform, 1-5 mm.
1. ; corollas yellow, 2 mm. 1. ; style slightly enlarged at top. Female
heads 3-8 together in the axil of a small lanceolate entire leaf and
subtended each by an ovate or oblong bract 1-2 mm. 1. Involucre
with its beak 2 mm. 1. ; tubercles up to 8, sometimes almost absent.
Style-arms 2 nun. 1. Achenes keeled, 2-2-5 mm. 1.

A powerful vulnerary employed in baths and fomentations : other
uses are mentioned by Barham and by Descoiu-tils.

var. peruviana 0. E. Schulz in Urb. Symb. Ant. vii. 87
(1911) ; leaf -segments obtuse or rotundate, uppermost
segment 5 mm. 1. or less. Male heads 4 mm. across ; florets
about 25. Female heads up to about 20 together, some often
at the top of a short peduncle. — A. peruviana Willd. Sp. PI.
iv. 377 (1805) ; Urb. op. cit. iv. 632. A. psilostachya Griseb.
loc. cit. (in part) (non DC). — Cuba, Porto Rico, Peru.

Wright ! Moneague, Prior ! March 875 ! Giddy Hall, Misa
Maxwell !

Wormwood according to Miss Maxwell.

2. A. hispida Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. ii. 743 (1814) ; seg-
ments of the hispid leaves very short, the terminal segment
rounded. — DC. loc. cit. ; Hitchc. he. cit. ; Small Fl. S.E.
U. St. ed. 2, 1150 ; Bold. Fl. Ned. W.-Ind. i. 201 ; Urb. loc.
cit. ; O. E. Schulz in Urb. op. cit. vii. 90 & viii. 728 ; Jenn. Is.
Pin. 284 ; Britt. do Millsp. loc. cit. A. crithmifolia DC. torn.

Ambrosia

COMPOSITE

217

cit. 525 (1836) ; Griseb. he. cit. & Cat. Cub. 154 ; Sauv. Fl.
Cub. 80; Mam Periant. Cub. 278; Sang. Fl. Cub. 50.
(Fig. 68.)

Barton's, St. Catherine, Thompson I Montego Bay, conunon in
graveyards near the sea, O. H. Leader in Utt. — Florida, Bahamas,
Cuba, Is. Pinos, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Saba, St. Martin, St. Kitts,
Barbados, Central America. ,

Fig. 68. — Ambrosia hispida Pursh.

A, Upper part of plant x |.

B, A glomenile of female heads and a

male head; i, involucre; x 4.

C, Male floret detached with scale,

p, X 12.

D, Anthers and style from male floret

X 12.

E, A female head with bract, b ; i, in-

volucre; X 12.

F, Ovary and style x 8.

Perennial. Stem striate, together with the branches and leaves
coarsely hispid. Leaves up to 5 cm. 1., usually shorter, lower tri-
upper bipinnatifid, segments making an open angle with the rhachis,
short terminal segment about 3 mm. 1. ; petioles hispid, up to 1 cm. 1.
Racemes solitary or few, up to 10 cm. 1. Male heads closely packed,
subsessile, 4 mm. across, about 20-flowered ; involucre strigose ; scales
filiform or linear, 1-5-2 mm. 1. ; corollas 2-2-5 mm. 1. ; style thickened
at top. Female heads several together (up to 10) ; bracts broadly ovate,
about 4 mm. 1. Involucre with 1-5 short spines, strigose, with beak
£•5 mm. 1. Achenes 2-5-3 mm. 1., black and shining.

218

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Xanthium

21. XANTHIUM L.

Coarse annuals. Leaves alternate, deeply toothed or
lobed. Heads unisexual, monoecious, axillary or terminal,
discoid. Male heads globose, many-flowered ; female
beneath the male, 2-flowered. Male involucre of few short
scales ; receptacle cylindrical, scaly ; filaments united
throughout, anthers obtuse at base ; style undivided. Female
involucre completely closed round the florets, 2-beaked at
apex and spiny on the back. Corolla absent. Style-arms
long and slender, each pair exserted from a beak. Achenes
obovoid, without pappus, enclosed in the persistent hardened
apparently 2-celled involucre.

About 25 species, chiefly American.

Fig. 69,

A, Portion of plant x }.

B, Male head with involucre, I, x 3,

C, Same in long, section x 3.

D, Male floret with scale x 5.

■Xanthium chineme Mill.

£, Stamens from male and style-
arms from female floret x 8.

F, Female head (2-flowered) X 3.

G, Same In long, section x 3.
H, Fruit cut across x J.

Xanthium COMPOSITE 219

X. chinense Mill. Gard. Did. ed. 8, No. 4 (1768) ; Millsp. db
Sherff in Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Bot. iv. 17 (cum syn.). X.
echinatum Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 632 & viii. 728 (non Murr.).
Type in Herb. Mus. Brit. (Fig. 69.)

Hopewell, St. Mary, McNab ! Distin ! Green Valley ; Watson's
Hill, Manchester ; Troy ; Harris ! FI. Jam. 5454, 6267, 8537. — Bermuda,
Bahamas, West Indies, Ontario and Nebraska to Mexico.

Herh 1-3 (sometimes 6) ft. high. Stem striate, rough. Leaves
broadly ovate to suborbicular, 3-5-lobed, cordate or cordate-truncate
at base, coarsely toothed, 3-nerved, green on both sides, rough or rough-
pubescent. Up to 12 by 18 cm. but often much smaller ; petioles
rough, 5-10 cm. 1. Male heads 8 mm. across ; involucral scales lanceo-
late, ciliate, 1*5 mm. 1. ; receptacular scales spathulate, acute, 4 mm.
I. ; corolla 3 mm. 1. Fruit ovoid, dark green or reddish, the central
body nearly glabrous, 10-15 by 7-9 mm. ; beaks straight or curved,
hooked at tip, pubescent below, 3-6 mm. 1. ; spines mmaerous, glabrous
or sparsely hairy below, straight, hooked at tip, about as long as
the beaks.

[ZINNIA L.

Herbs or underskrubs. Leaves opposite, entire. Heads
conspicuous, solitary at the top of the branches, heterogamous,
radiate ; florets all fertile, those of the ray 1 -seriate, female, of
the disk hermaphrodite. Involucre cylindrical or campanu-
late, of broad, closely imbricated scales in 3 or more series.
Receptacle raised, bearing complicate scales embracing the
disk-florets. Ray-florets with a usually broad, entire,
persistent ligule. Corolla of disk-florets cylindrical, 5-fid.
Anthers obtuse at base. Style-arms linear, obtuse or acute.
Achenes compressed or triquetrous, striate. Pappus of
1-3 short awns, of the female sometimes absent.

Species about 15, S. United States to Chile and Brazil,
but mostly Mexican — the following and 1 or 2 others occur
in warm countries including several West Indian Islands as
escapes from cultivation.

Z. multiflora L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1269 (1763) ; DC. Prodr. v.
535; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 370; Wils. in Rep. Geolog.
Jam. 281 ; Egg. Fl. iSt. Croix d; Virg. 64 ; Stahl Fl. P.-Eico
V. 127 ; Duss Fl. Ant. FranQ. 365 ; Robins, ds Greenm. in
Proc. Amer. Acad, xxxii. 19 (cum syn.) ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv.
633 & viii. 728. Crassina multiflora Kuntze Rev. Gen. PL
ii. 331 ; Britt. Fl. Amer. Virg. 98 ; Britt. <&; Millsp. Baham.
Fl. 448 ; Bot. Mag. t. 149. (Fig. 70.)

Yallahs River, Prior ! J. P. 623 Morris ! Lititz Savannah, common
in old cultivated grounds and along roadsides, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 1 1,729.
— Florida and Texas to Venezuela and Bolivia.

Erect annual, up to 2 ft. high. Stem sparsely hairy, some-
what rough. Leaves subsessUe, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, broad at

220

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Zinnia

base, 3-nerved, rough on both faces, mostly 3-5-5 cm. by 7-15 imn.
Heads to 3-5 cm. across. Involucre 12 by 9 mm. ; scales 3-seriate,
broadly oblong, rotimdate at tip, striate, lowest 5 mm., uppermost
10 mm. 1. Ligulea exserted, ovate, emarginate, 8-10 mm. 1., red.

Fig. 70. — Zinnia muUiflora L.

A, Portion of plant x i.

B, Head in section x f .

C, Floret of ray x 4.

D, Floret of disk x 5.

E, Aclienes of ray and disk x 3.

Receptacular scales barely 1 cm. 1. Corolla of disk-florets 4 mm. 1.
Achenea linear-oblong, compressed, somewhat rough on the striae, those
of the ray awnless and 9-10 mm. 1., of the disk somewhat broader,
1-awned, 7-8 mm. 1.]

22. ENHYDRA Lour.

Marsh herbs. Leaves opposite, sessile or subsessile.
Heads axillary, sessile or shortly stalked, heterogamous,
radiate ; ray-florets female and fertile ; disk-florets herma-
phrodite, fertile or the innermost sterile. Involucre of 4

Enhydra

COMPOSITiE

221

broad herbaceous scales in 2 series. Receptacle convex with
scales investing the florets. Ray-florets with a very short and
relatively broad 3-4-toothed ligule. Corolla of disk-florets
tubular, 5-fid. Anthers obtuse at base. Style-arms of the
disk-florets linear, obtuse, hairy. Achenes surrounded by the
persistent scales, oblong, often compressed, without pappus.
Species about 8 in the tropics of both Worlds.

E. sessilis {Sw.) DC. Prodr. v. 637 (1836) ; Griseb. Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 369 ; Wils. in Rep. Geolog. Jam. 281 ; Bak. in Mart.
Fl. Bras. vi. pt. 3, 169, t. Iv. f. 2 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv.

Fig. 71. — Enhydra sessilis (Sw.) DC.

A, Branch in flower x f. E, Ray-floret with scale x 8.

B, Head x 4. F, Same, scale removed, x 8.

C, Disk-floret with scale x 8. G, Achene x 8.

D, Same, scale removed, x 8.

633 & via. 729 ; Jenn. Is. Pin. 277. E. sessilis var. sub-
cuneata DC. loc. cit. ; Griseb. Cat. Cub. 153. Eclipta sessilis
Sw. Prodr. 114 (1788). Meyera sessilis Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ.
Hi. 1364 (1806). (Fig. 71.)

222 FLORA OF JAMAICA Enhydra

Wright ! Wullschldgel ; Montego Bay to Round Hill Bluff,
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,348. — Cuba, Is. Pinos, Hispaniola, Porto Rico.

Stem up to 2 ft., hollow, frequently rooting below, puberulous
especially under the nodes. Leaves obovate-oblong, obtuse, broad and
often slightly amplexicaul but sometimes narrowed at base, coarsely
toothed, mostly 2-5-4 by 1 to nearly 2 cm., glabrous or puberulous.
Heads generally solitary the opposite axil being empty, 7-10 mm.
across. Involucral scales ovate, obtuse ; outer pair 7 by 5 mm.,
inner pair smaller, at most puberulous. Scales of receptacle striate,
hairy at top, 3-5-4 mm. 1. Ligule of ray-florets obovate, 3-toothed,
•5 mm. 1. Corolla of disk-florets 2 mm. 1. Achenes compressed,
oblong, narrowed at base, glabrous, 3 mm. 1.

23. ECLIPTA L.

Herbs. Leaves opposite. Heads axillary, stalked,
usually solitary or two together, heterogamous, radiate ;
florets of ray female, fertile or sterile, of disk hermaphrodite
and fertile. Involucre campanulate, of few herbaceous scales
in 2 series. Receptacle flat or slightly raised, scaly ; scales
subtending the florets, inner very narrow or absent. Ray-
florets with an exserted ligule ; corolla of disk-florets tubular,
4-5-fid. Anthers obtuse at base. Style-arms of the disk-
florets with a short, obtuse appendage. Achenes cylindrical
or slightly compressed, rugose, flat at top or with 2 short
awns.

A small genus of 4 or 5 species, mainly American and
Australian : one a weed of wide distribution in both hemi-
spheres.

E. alba (L.) Hassk. PL Jav. Ear. 528 (1848) ; Griseb. FL
Br. W. Ind. 370 & Gat. Cub. 154 ; Egg. FL St. Croix <fc Virg.
64 ; Stahl FL P.-Rico v. 132 ; Duss FL Ant. Frang. 366 ;
Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 633 & viii. 729 ; Hart Herb. List Trin.
31 ; Bold. FL Ned. W.-Ind. i. 202 & ii. 108 ; Jenn. Is. Pin.
277. E. erecta L. Mant. 286 (1771) ; Sw. Obs. Bot. 311 ;
Kew Bull. 1893, 260. E. punctata L. loc. cit. (1771) ; Mayc.
FL Barb. 330. Verbesina alba L. Sp. PL 902 (1753) ; Britt.
Fl. Amer. Virg. 98 & Fl. Berm. 399 ; Britt. dh Millsjp,
Baham. Fl. 449. Eupatoriophalacron album Hitchc. in
Rep. Miss. Bot. Card. iv. 99. (Fig. 72.)

Browne ! on roadsides everjrwhere, Broughton ! Wiles ! Danger !
Distin ! Macfadyen \ Port Morant, Hitchcock ; J. P. 2112 Hart !
Mona Estate, Campbell ! Fl. Jam. 5868 ; Troy, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6674,
8560 ; Castleton, Thompson ! Fl. Jam. 8009 ; Robertsfield, Blue Mts.,
Miss Perkins 1210 ! Balaclava, Orcutt 1491 ! — Widely distributed in
warmer parts of both hemispheres.

Stem slender, rather rough. Leaves sessile, lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, mucronulate, narrowed at base, entire or remotely denticu-
late, rough on either side, mostly 2-5-7 by -5-2 cm. Heads sometimes

Eclipta

COMPOSITE

223

3 in an axil, stalks slender, scaberulous, 1 •5-4-5 mm. 1. ; heads white,
about 8 mm. across. Involucral leaves ovate, acute, 3'5— 4 mm. 1.,
rather rough on back. Scales of receptacle, outer narrowly linear,
inner filiform, 2-5 mm. 1. Ligule of ray-florets linear, bidentate,
barely 2 mm. 1. Corolla of disk-florets 1-5 mm. 1. Achenes oblong,
very rugose, awnless, 2 mm. 1.

Fig. ^72. — Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk.

A, Portion of plant in flower x }. D, Disk floret x 12.

B, Head x 2i. E, Antiiers x 20.

C, Floret of ray x 12. F, Achene x 8.

24. ISOCARPHA R.Br.

Herb. Leaves opposite or alternate, entire or toothed.
Heads rather small, many-flowered, solitary or few together
crowning a long peduncle, homogamous, discoid ; florets all
hermaphrodite. Involucre of few scales in 2-3 series.
Receptacle conical with complicate scales surrounding the
florets. Corollas regular ; tube widened above, 5-lobed.
Anthers obtuse at base. Style-arms terete, slender, hairy.
Achenes 4-5-angled, truncate and without pappus.

Six species natives of tropical America.

224

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Isocarpha

I. oppositifolia (L.) R. Br. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 110
(1818) ; DC. Prodr. v. 107 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 376 ;
Wils. in Eep. Geolog. Jam. 281 ; Hart Herb. List Trin. 32 ;
Johnston in Contrib. Gray Herb, xxxvii. 267 ; Britt. ds Millsp.
Baham. Fl. 450 ; Blake in Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. xxii.

Fig. 73. — Isocarpha oppositifolia (L.) R. Br.

A, Portion of plant x |. D, Anthers x 14.

B, Head cut lengtliwise x 4. E, Ripe acliene x 8.

C, Floret x 12.

614. I. angustata Griseb. loc. cit. Santolina oppositifolia
L. Syst. ed. 10, 1207 (1759). Galea oppositifolia L. Sp. PL
ed. 2, 1179 (1763) ; Sw. Obs. Bot. 302 & Fl. Ind. Occ.
Hi. 1328 ; Lun. Hort. Jam. 364. Santolina ? erecta &c.
Browne Hist. Jam. 315. Specimen from Browne in Herb.
Linn. (Fig. 73.)

Sloane Herb. v. 15a ! Lane in Herb. Petiver {Sloane Herb, clxii.
25 !), Hoiistoun ! Liguanea, Browne ! Broughton I Swartz ! Mac-
fadyen ! Wilson ! sea-coast, Trelawny, Purdie ! cascade of Falls

Isocarpha COMPOSITE 225

River, Prior ! Hagley Gap ; near Brook Lodge ; near Falmouth ;
Great Goat Island ; Cane River Valley, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5448, 6664,
7268, 9312, 10,061 ; between Kingston and Morant Bay, Fawcettl Fl.
Jam. 8248 ; Arntully, Albion Trail, Orcutt 3906 !— Bahamas, Cuba,
Trinidad, Margarita, Curasao, Texas to Venezuela and Colombia.

Erect, pubescent, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves usually opposite, sessile,
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed at base, entire or
nearly so, up to 10 by 2-5 cm. but usually much smaller. Heads top-
shaped, 6-10 mm. 1., solitary or 2-5 together, sessile or shortly stalked ;
common stalk 3-18 cm. 1. Involucral scales 2-seriate, obovate-oblong,
acute or obtuse, strongly 2-nerved, hairy and glandular on back,
3-4 mm. 1. Receptacular scales oblong-spathulate, mucronulate, ciliate
and glandular in upper part, 3-5 mm. 1. Corolla white, 2-5 mm. 1.
Achenes oblong, narrowed at Ijase, 5-angled, dark, 2 mm. 1.

25. BORRICHIA Adans.

Shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire or nearly so. Heads
stalked, solitary in the forks or at the end of the branches,
heterogamous, radiate ; florets of ray female, of disk herma-
phrodite, all fertile. Involucre hemispherical, of hard scale-
leaves in 2 or 3 series. Receptacle slightly raised, with
rigid concave scales round the florets. Corolla of ray
ligulate ; ligule 2-3-toothed or subentire ; of disk tubular,
5-toothed. Anthers entire at base or nearly so. Style-arms
of disk-florets swollen and hairy above. Achenes oblong,
3- or 4-sided. Pappus a short toothed cup.

Species 5 or 6, Bermuda, West Indies, S. United States to
Mexico and Peru.

B. arborescens (L.) DC. Prodr. v. 489 (1836) ; Griseb. Cat.
Cub. 86 & Fl. Br. W. Ind. 371 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 80 ; Wils.
in Rep. Geolog. Jam. 281 ; Egg. Fl. St. Croix <fc Virg. 65 ;
Stahl Fl. P.-Rico v. 134 ; Duss Fl. Ant. Frang. 366 ; Millsp.
Fl. Yucat. 53 ; Chapm. Fl. S. U. States ed. 3, 245 ; Combs PI.
Cub. 434 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 634 & viii. 730 & Fedde
Rep. Beih. v. 60 ; Bold. Fl. Ned. W.-Ind. i. 202 ; Jenn. Is.
Pin. 277 ; Britt. Fl. Berm. 400 & Fl. Amer. Virg. 99 ; Britt.

cfc Millsp. Baham. Fl. 450. B. frutescens DC. loc. cit. (so
far as regards the Sloane citation) ; Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer.
Bot. a. 169 (in part). B. argentea DC. loc. cit. (1836).
Buphthalmum arborescens L. Syst. ed. 10, ii. 1227 (1759).
B. frutescens Sw. Obs. 315 (1791) (non L.) ; Lun. Hort. Jam. ii.
25. Chrysanthemum fruticosum maritimum &c. Sloane Cat.
125 & Hist. i. 260. Buphthalmum subfruticosum maritimum

&c. Browne Hist. Jam. 320. Buphthalmum fruticosum &c.
Plum. PI. Amer. {Burm.) 96, t. cvi,f. 2. Specimens from Hort.
Clififort. in Herb. Mus. Brit., and from Browne in Herb.
Linn. (Fig. 74.)
VII.— 15

226

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Borrichia

Samphire, Seaside Ox-eye, Seaside Tansy
(Antigua).

Seaside rocks, St. Christopher's Cave near Sevilla, Shane Herb. v.
31 ! ; common in St. James Parish, Browne ! near Port Morant,
Broughton ! Holland Bay, Purdie ! Macfadyen ! March 1698 !
Wilson 388 ! seacoast near Falmouth ; coast road Montego Bay to
Lucea ; Old Redoubt, Bluefields Bay ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 7171, 9237,
9975. — Florida, Bermuda, Bahamas, West Indies, Yucatan.

Branching shrub of coastal rocks, up to 5 ft., silvery tomentose or
glabrous. Branches striate, marked with the persistent bases of

-Borrichia arborescens (L.) DC.

E, Anthers and style x 8.
r, Achene of ray-floret x 3.
G, Ditto of disk-floret x 3.

oblanceolate or oblanceolate-

Flg. 74.-

A, Portion of plant x §.

B, Head in section x 2.

C, Ray-floret x 4.

D, Disk-floret x 4.

recent leaves. Leaves sessile, entire,
linear, mucronate, leathery, 2-5-4-5 cm. 1., 5-8 (rarely 12) mm. broad.
Heads in flower up to 2-5 cm. across, yellow ; stalks stout, 1 ■5-4-5
cm. 1. Involucral scales in 3 series ; outer oblong-ovate, obtuse, rugose
below, 1 cm. 1. ; innermost oblong, 9 mm. 1. Scales of receptacle
oblong -spathulate, rotundate, 7 mm. 1. Ligules exserted, broadly
oblong, 3-toothed, 7 mm. 1. Corolla of disk-florets 6 mm. 1. Achcnes
of ray-florets 3-8ided, 3-5 mm. 1. ; of disk-florets a little longer, but
4-sided and narrower. Pappus 1 mm. 1.

For remarks on the dispersal of this plant Guppy's Plants, Seeds
and Currents in W. Indies and Azores should be consiilted.

Wedelia COMPOSITE 227

26. WEDELIA Jacq.

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, usually toothed
or lobed. Heads small, stalked, solitary, axillary or terminal,
heterogamous, radiate ; florets of ray female, of disk herma-
phrodite, all usually fertile. Involucre campanulate ; scales
few, 2-seriate, outer series herbaceous, inner membranous at
least below. Receptacle flat or convex, the scales investing
the disk-florets. Ray-florets with ligulate corolla ; ligule
generally 2-3-toothed. Corolla of disk-florets tubular, 5-
toothed or 5-lobed. Anthers entire at base or shortly
sagittulate. Style-arms of disk-florets linear, hairy in their
upper part. Achenes thick, angled, rarely narrowly winged.
Pappus cup-shaped, toothed or divided into small scales,
sometimes with 1 or 2 short caducous awns, sometimes a
mere ring or obsolete.

Species about 70 in the warmer parts of both hemi-
spheres.

Stem glabroiis or nearly so. Leaves fleshy,

from 3-5 cm. 1 1. W. trilobata.

Stem hairy. Leaves membranous, not more

than 2-5 cm. 1 2. W. gracilis.

1. W. trilobata (L.) Hitchc. in Rep. Miss. Bot. Gard. iv.
99 (1893) ; leaves slightly narrowed at base if at all ; achenes
5 mm. 1. — 0. E. Scliulz in Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 634, vii. 95 &
via. 730 ; Urb. in Fedde Rep. Beih. v. 60 ; Jenn. Is. Pin.
277 ; Britt. Fl. Amer. Virg. 99 ; Britt. <&; Millsp. Baham. Fl.
45. W. carnosa Pers. Syn. ii. 490 (1807) ; Cass, in Diet. 8c.
Nat. xlvi. 409 ; DC. Prodr. v. 538 ; Sagra Cub. xi..52 ; Griseb.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 371 & Cat. Cub. 154 ; Wils. in Rep. Geolog.
Jam. 281 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 80 ; Egg. Fl. St. Croix dh Virg.
65; Stahl Fl. P.-Rico v. 135; CJiapm. Fl. S. U. States
ed. 3, 246 ; Kew Bull. 1893, 260 ; Duss Fl. Ant. Frang.
366 ; Sang. Fl. Cub. 50 ; Hart Herb. List Trin. 33. Silphium
trilobatum L. Syst. ed. 10, ii. 1233 (1759) ; Lun. Hort. Jam.
ii. 25. Stemmodontia trilobata Small Fl. S.E. U. St. ed. 2,
1262 (1903). Chrysanthemum palustre, repens &c. Shane
Cat. 126 & Hist. i. 262, t. 155, /. 1. Buphthalmum hirsutum
foliis trilobis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 321. Buphthalmum
caule repente &c. Plum. PI. Amer. {Burm.) 96, t. 107, /. 2.
Specimen from Browne in Herb. Linn. (Fig. 75.)

Creeping Ox-eye.

Rio Cobre and elsewhere, Sloane Herb. v. 38 ! Lane in Herb.
Petiver (Sloane Herb, clxii. 22 !) ; Houstoun ! frequent in all low
marshy grounds, Browne ! Wright ! Liguanea, McNab 60 ! Moneague,

228

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Wedelia

Prior ! March 824 ! Distin ! Cuming 75 ! Port Antonio, Harshberger
87, 104, 110; Blue Mts. Rothrock ; Navy Island, Millspaugh ; Con-
stant Spring ; Bog Walk ; Port Morant ; Port Antonio ; Hitchcock ;
J. P. 620 Morris ! Scott's Hall ; Brandon Hill ; Brandon Hill Road ;
Thompson ! Fl. Jam. 6806, 8080, 8081 ; Castleton, Harris ! Fl. Jam.
12,125; Giddy Hall, Miss Maxwell \ Balaclava, Orcutt 1495! and
Bath, 1959 ! — Florida, Bahamas, Antilles, Central America, Colombia.
A creeping plant of marshes and ditches, rising to about 1^ ft.
high. Ste?n four-angled, glabrous or nearly so, but often hirsute at
the nodes, prominently marked below by the scars of fallen leaves.

Fig. 75.— Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hltchc,

A, Upper part of plant x f.

B, Head in section x 2.

C, Ray-floret with scale x 4.

D, Disk-floret with scale x 4.

E, Stamens x 8.

F, Style-arms x 8.

G, Achene of ray x 4.
H, Achene of disk x 4.

Leaves 5-7-7 cm. 1., 1-5-5 cm. broad, obovate or obovate-oblong,
mucronate, obtuse at base, 3-lobed or (except for the crenulate
margins) entire or nearly so, rough on both faces ; lateral lobes short
and rounded, entire or like the terminal lobe crenulate. Peduncles
slender, as long as or longer than the leaves, pubescent or puberulous.
Heads yellow, in flower about 2 cm. across. Outer involucral scales
obovate, obtvise, rough on the nerves, about 12 mm. 1. ; inner narrower,
acute, ciliate, 8 mm. 1. Receptacular scales oblanceolate, ciliolate,
7 mm. 1. Ligules broadly oblong, 3-toothed, 9 mm. 1, Corolla of

Wedelia COMPOSITE 229

disk-florets 5 mm. 1. Achenes obovoid, rugose, 5 mm. 1., those of ray
with a slender 2 mm. 1. foot, of disk 3-sided, acute at base. Pappus
of irregular short united scales.

2. W. gracilis Pers. Syn. ii. 490 (1807) ; leaves usually
petiole-like at base ; achenes 4 mm. 1. — DC. loc. cit. ; Sagra
torn. cit. 53 ; Griseb. II. cc. ; Wils. loc. cit. ; Sauv. loc. cit. ;
Combs PI. Cub. 434 ; Sang. loc. cit. ; 0. E. Schulz in Urb.
op. cit. iv. 634, vii. 99 & viii. 731.

Moneague, Prior 395 ! Wullschldgel ; near Kingston, Hansen ;
Jackson Town, Miss Barrett ! swampy places, Troy ; Savannah,
Upper Clarendon; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8667, 11,110. — Cuba, Hispaniola,
Porto Rico.

Creeping, ^ ft. or so high, sometimes 1 ft. Stem slender, pilose or
pubescent, sometimes hispid. Leaves obovate or suborbicular,
mucronate, 3-lobed, lateral lobes mostly entire, terminal lobe toothed,
rough, 1-2-5 cm. 1., 7-23 mm. broad. Peduncles much longer than the
leaves, pubescent. Heads yellow, in flower 1*5 cm. across. Involucre
as of last, but scales narrower and shorter. Florets as of last but
ligules only 7 mm. 1. Achenes narrower than those of last, 4 mm, 1,

27. ELEUTHERANTHERA Poit.

Annual herb. Leaves opposite, subentire. Heads shortly
stalked, axillary or terminal, solitary or few together,
homogamous, discoid, the few florets all hermaphrodite but
sometimes heterogamous with florets shortly ligulate and
neuter. Involucre campanulate, of few sub-biseriate
herbaceous scales. Receptacle convex, scaly ; scales sur-
rounding the florets. Corolla tubular, 5-fid. Anthers free,
sagittulate at base. Style-arms linear, hairy on the back.
Achenes thick, smooth or rough, slightly 2-3-sided, sur-
mounted by a small ciliate cup with sometimes 2-3 short
awns.

E. ruderalis {8w.) Sch. Bip. in Bot. Zeit. xxiv. 165 (1866)
Beitfr. Fl. Argent, i. 31, t. 11 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 63 &
viii. 732 ; Hart Herb. List Trin. 32 ; Jenn. Is. Pin. 211
Britt. Fl. Amer. Virg. 99. E. ovata Poit. ex Steud. Nomencl
ed. 2, i. 549 (1840) ; Kew Bull. 1893, 260. Melampodium ?
ruderale 8w. Fl. Ind. Occ. Hi. 1372 (1806) ; DC. Prodr. v
521. Ogiera triplinervis Ca^s. in Bull. Sc. Philom. 32 (1818)
DC. torn. cit. 546. Wedelia discoidea Less, in Linncea vi. 728
(1831) ; Egg. Fl. St. Croix db Virg. 65. Kigelia ruderalis Sch.
Bip. in Linncea xxi. 245 (1848). Tetranthus ruderalis Griseb.
PI. Carib. 86 (1857). Ogiera ruderahs Griseb. PI. Wright.
513 (1860), Fl. Br. W. Ind. 369 & Cat. Cub. 153; Wils.
in Rep. Geolog. Jam. 281 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 80 ; Stahl Fl.

230

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Eleutheranthera

P.-Bico V. 126 ; Duss Fl. Ant. FrariQ. 363. Conyza minor
procumbens &c. Shane Cat. 124 & Hist. 259, t. 153, /. 3.—
Specimen from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit. (Fig, 76.)

Everywhere in open woods, Sloane Herb. v. 22 ! waste places,
south of the Island, Swartz ! Moneague, Prior ! — Bahamas, West
Indies, Central America, Brazil.

Branching herb from a few inches to 1| ft. high, rough or pubescent.

Fig. 76. — Eleutheranthera ruderalis (Sw.) Sch. Bip.

A, Portion of plant x f.

B, Flowering head x 4.

C, Same in section x 4.

D, Floret with scale x 6.

E, Stamens, nearly free x 16.

F, Style-arms x 16.

G, Ripe achene x 4.

sometimes nearly glabrous. Leaves petioled, ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
obtuse, rounded or obtuse at base, triplinerved, margin imdulate or
crenulate, 1-5-6 by 1-3-5 cm. Peduncles filiform, 3-15 mm. 1. Heads
in flower 5-6 mm. across. Involucral scales oblong-ovate, obtuse,
hispid on back, 5 mm. 1. lieceptacular scales oblong incised at top,
4 mm. 1. Corolla 2 mm. 1. Achenes narrowly obovoid, minutely hairy
or glabrous, 3 mm. 1.

Tithonia COMPOSITE 231

[TITHONIA Desf.

Usually annual herbs, sometimes shrubby. Leaves
alternate, occasionally opposite, entire or lobed, triplinerved.
Heads conspicuous, solitary, lateral, on a long peduncle,
heterogamous, radiate ; florets of ray neuter, of disk herma-
phrodite. Involucre hemispherical, scales in 2-5 rows, ribbed
and leathery below, herbaceous or papery above. Receptacle
convex, with persistent scales embracing the disk-florets.
Ray-florets with exserted and emarginate or 3-toothed ligule ;
corolla of disk-florets narrow below, cylindrical above, 5-fid.
Anthers sagittulate at base. Style-arms slender with a
linear-lanceolate hairy appendage. Achenes oblong, four-
angled. Pappus of free or connate small scales with or
without 1 or 2 awns, sometimes absent.

Species 10, natives of Mexico and Central America.

Leaves usually entire. Involucral scales in 2
rows, those of the inner row with acute
herbaceous tip 1. T. rotundifolia.

Leaves usually 3-5-lobed. Involucral scales in
4 rows, the innermost row with rounded or
obtuse papery tip 2. T. diveraifolia.

1. T. rotundifolia {Mill.) Blake in Contrib. Gray Herb. Hi.
41 (1917) ; annual, up to 6 ft. high ; flowering heads 4-8 cm.
across. — Blake in Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. xx. 426. T. uniflora
Gmel. Syst. ii. 1259 (1796). T. tagetiflora Desf. in Ann.
Mus. Paris, i. 46, /. 4 (1802) ; DC. Prodr. v. 584 ; Bot. Reg.
vii. t. 591; Kew Bull. 1893, 260. T. speciosa Hook, ex
Griseb. Cat. Cub. 155 (1866) ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 81 ; Duss Fl.
Ant. FranQ. 367. Tagetes rotundifolia Mill. Gard. Did. ed.
8, No. 4 (1768). Helianthus speciosus Hook. Bot. Mag. sub
t. 3295 (1834). Leighia ? speciosa DC. torn. cit. 583 (1836).
Urbanisol tagetifolius Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. ii. 370 (1891).

Moneague, Prior ! a weed along roadsides near Grand Vale, West-
moreland, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9763 ; Orcutt 4543 ! — Mexico to Panama :
an escape from cultivation also in West Indies, Venezuela and
Brazil.

Stem erect, terete, striate, hoarily pubescent at first then glabrate.
Leaves alternate, deltoid-ovate, acuminate, broad-based but narrowed
into the 2-14 cm. 1. petiole, crenate or serrate, sometimes 3-lobed to
the middle, rough especially on vmderside, 7-27 by 4-19-5 cm. (Blake).
Peduncles stout, enlarged under head, pubescent, afterwards glabrate
except at top, up to 30 cm. 1. Involucral scales subequal, herbaceous
in upper half, ovate-oblong, acute, minutely pubescent, about 1-5
cm. 1. Receptacular scales lanceolate, acuminate, 1-5 cm. 1. Ligulea
yellow or orange, ovate, 3-toothed, about 2-5 cm. 1. Corolla of disk-
florets 9 mm. 1. Achenes somewhat compressed, appressedly pilose.
5-5 mm. 1. ; awns 2, deciduous, 3-5 mm. 1. ; scales free, 2-5 mm. 1.

232 FLORA OF JAMAICA Tithonia

2. T. diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray in Proc. Amer. Acad,
xix. 5 (1883) ; perennial ; 9 to 20 ft. or more high ; flowering
heads up to 14 cm. across. — Trim. Fl. Ceyl. Hi. 39 (1895) ;
Blake in Contrih. U.S. Nat. Herb. xx. 434. Mirasolia diversi-
folia Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. ii. 168, t. 47 (1881).
Urbanisol tagetifolius var. diversifolius Kuntze loc. cit.

South Mexico to Costa Rica ; introduced but now widely spread in
gardens and as an escape in waste places, Hope Grounds, Harris !
Fl. Jam. 11,877 ; banks of Yallahs River, Miss Maxwell ! — An escape
from cultivation also in the Old World (Ceylon, Sikkim, Tenasserim,
tropical Africa).

Stem four-angled, strongly striate, hairy at first, then glabrate.
Leaves alternate, obovate or obovate-oblong, 3-5-lobed (sometimes
entire), acuminate, decurrent into the biauriculate 2-10 cm. 1. petiole,
crenate or serrate, rough above, pubescent below, 7-20 by 4r-18'5 cm.
(Blake). Peduncles as of last. Involucral scales very vmequal ;
outermost oblong-ovate, acute, leathery almost throughout, 5—8
mm. 1. ; the rest gradually longer up to 17 mm. including the papery tip.
Receptacular scales obovate, suddenly pointed, 12 mm. 1. Ligules
golden yellow, broadly oblong, 3-toothed, up to 6 cm. 1. (Blake).
Corolla of disk-florets 7-5 mm. 1. Achenes compressed, clothed with
closely appressed hairs, 6 mm. 1. ; awns 2, about 3 mm. 1. ; crown of
scales connate at base, 2 mm. 1.]

28. MELANTHERA Rohr.

{Melananthera Michx.)

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, stalked, toothed
or lobed. Heads axillary or terminal, stalked, homogamous
and discoid or heterogamous and radiate ; ray-florets female
or neuter, those of the disk hermaphrodite. Involucre
hemispherical ; scales 2-3-seriate, herbaceous, but inner often
dry. Receptacle convex, scaly ; scales concave. Corollas of
ray-floret ligulate ; of disk tubular, 5-fid. Anthers obtuse or
minutely sagittulate at base. Style-arms with an acute, hairy
appendix. Achenes thick, somewhat compressed or 3-edged.
Pappus of 2 or more unequal stiff ciliated awnlike bristles,
soon falling, sometimes absent from achenes of the ray.

Species nearly 50, tropical and subtropical American and
African.

M. aspera (Jacq.) Rendle comb. nov. M. deltoidea Michx.
Fl. Bor. Amer. ii. 107 (1803) ; DC. Prodr. v. 545 (in part) ;
Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 372 (in part) ; Wils. in Rep. Geolog.
Jam. 281 ; 0. E. Schulz in Urb. Symb. Ant. vii. 122. Bidens
nivea L. Amcen. v. 381 (1760), non L. Sp. PI. 833 (1753);
Sw. Obs. Bot. 296 ; Lun. Hort. Jam. ii. 184. Galea aspera
Jacq. Coll. ii. 290 (1788) & Ic. PI. Ear. Hi. 15, t. 5S3. Amellus
ramosus, foliis ovatis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 317, Type of
B. nivea in Herb. Linn, from Browne. (Fig. 77.)

Melanthera

COMPOSITE

233

Bull-bay River and Port Royal district, Browne ! cultivated grass-
lands, in south of Island, Swartz ; McNab ! Macfadyen ! Wilson !
Wullschldgel ; near Ocho River, Prior ! Parnell ! Watson Hill,
Fawcett ! Fl. Jam. 8399 ; Lititz Savannah, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 11,739 ;
Giddy Hall, Miss Maxwell ! Bath, Orcutt 1948 ! — Yucatan (O. E.
Schulz), but according to others this has a much wider distribution
(in the Antilles and continental America).

Shrubby, 2-3 ft. high. Branches rather slender, four-angled, rough.

Fig. 77. — Melanthera aspera (Jacq.) Bendle.
A, Portion of plant x f. E, Anthers x 8.

B, Head in section x 2.

C, Scale X 4.

D, Floret with scale x 4.

F, Style-arms x 8.

G, Achene x 4.

Leaves ovate-oblong, mucronate, hastate at base, unequally serrate,
triplinerved, rough on both faces, up to 8 by 3*5 cm. ; upper often
lanceolate and 3-6 by 1-2-2 cm. ; petioles mostly l-2'5 cm. 1. Heads
discoid, about 1 cm. across. Peduncles up to 10 cm. 1., but usually
shorter. Involucre broadly campanulate ; scales in 2—3 series, ovate,
acute, herbaceous, very rough on back, 4 nmi. 1. Receptacular scales
obovate (inner narrower) shortly acuminate, 4-5-5 mm. 1. Corolla
3-5 mm. 1. Achenes 3 by 2 nmi., 'crowned by a minute ciliated rim,
dark brown. Pappus bristles 2-4, 1-3 mm. 1.

234

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Simsia

29. SIMSIA Pers.

Annual or perennial herbs or shrubby. Leaves opposite,
upper usually alternate, toothed or lobed, 3-nerved or tripli-
nerved. Heads rather small or of medium size, paniculate
(sometimes very few or solitary), heterogamous, radiate or
discoid, florets of ray neuter, of disk hermaphrodite.
Involucre campanulate, scales 3-4:-seriate, herbaceous or

G

Fig. 78. — Simsia jamaicenais Blake.

A, Upper part of plant x J.

B, Head in section x 2.

C, Ray-floret x 3.

D, Disk-fioret x 3.

E, Antliers x 8.

F, Style X 8.

G, Achene X 3.

leathery. Receptacle slightly raised ; scales boat-shaped,
dry and membranous, acuminate, persistent after fall of
achenes. Ray-florets (when present) with a 2-toothed usually
yellow ligule ; disk-corollas tubular, 5-fid. Anthers minutely
sagittulate at base. Style-arms with a hispidulous appendage.
Achenes (of disk) much compressed, obovate or oblong,
wingless, usually 2-awned.

Species 24, in Texas, Mexico and Central America : few
in W. tropical America and 1 in Argentina.

Simsia COMPOSITE 235

S. jamaicensis Blake in Proc. Amer. Acad. xlix. 388 (1913).
(Fig. 78.)

Near Kingston, Clute 2 ; King's House Grounds ; Hope Road ;
Hope Grounds ; Long Mountain Road ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6953,
6989, 8228, 10,001.

A branching weedy perennial up to 8 ft. high. Branches pale,
terete, striate, rough with hispid hairs. Leaves, lower opposite, ovate,
acute, tnincate at base and suddenly narrowed into the petiole, dentate-
serrate, 3-nerved, rough and microscopically glandular on both faces,
up to 13 by 11 cm. but usually smaller, rough above and below ; upper
smaller, alternate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate. Heads in flower
about 1-5 cm. across, rather few in an open erect cymose panicle ;
stalks rough, 5-40 mm. 1. Involucral scales 2-seriate, oblong, subacute,
thinly leathery below, rough on back, 15 mm. 1. Receptacular scales
closely investing the ovary, oblong-obovate, about 10 mm. 1. Ligules
0-10, obovate, 4-5 mm. 1., white. Disk-corollas enlarged above, about
6 mm. 1. Achenes 6 by 2-5 mm., dark with black spots, appressedly
hairy ; awns subequal, about 4 mm. 1.

The recent discovery of this plant in easily accessible habitats
suggests that it may be a mutation of the closely allied S. adenophora
Blake.

30. VERBESINA L.

Herbaceous or shrubby. Leaves opposite or alternate,
stalked or sessile, usually toothed or lobed. Heads in corymbs
or solitary or very few on long peduncles, radiate and hetero-
gamous with fertile or sterile ray-florets or discoid and
homogamous. Involucre hemispherical or campanulate ;
scales 2-6-seriate, herbaceous or dry. Receptacle con-
vex or conical ; scales complicate or concave. Ray-corollas
ligulate, entire or 2-3-dentate, those of disk with a short tube
and longer 5-fid limb. Anthers obtuse at base. Achenes
broad, much compressed, with winged margins. Pappus of
2 deciduous or persistent usually straight awns.

Species over 100, New World, chiefly continental, from
Virginia to Argentina.

Lowly herb. Heads very few on long stalks.

Longer awn of pappus hooked 1. V. alata.

Shrubby herb, up to 12 ft. Heads in dense

corymbs. Both awns of pappus straight.... 2. V. pinnatifida.

1. V. alata L. Sp. PL ii. 901 (1753) ; branches winged ;
leaves toothed ; peduncles usually 5-10 cm. 1. — Mill. Gard.
Diet. ed. 8, No. 1 ; Sw. Ohs. Bot. 313 ; Lun. Hort. Jam. ii.
256 (elata) ; Bot. Mag. t. 1716 ; H. B. &, K. Nov. Gen. <&;
Sp. iv. 202 ; DC. Prodr. v. 617 ; Griseh. PL Carib. 87, Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 374 & Cat. Cub. 155 ; Wils. in Rep. Geolog. Jam.
281 ; Sauv. FL Cub. 81 ; Egg. Fl. St. Croix dh Virg. 65 ;

236

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Verbesina

Stahl Fl. P.-Rico v. 131 ; Duss Fl. Ant. FrariQ. 369 ; Ccrnibs
PI, Cub. 434 ; Robins, dh Greenm. in Proc. Amer. Acad, xxxiv.
537 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 638, v. 260 (var. genuina) & viii.
734. Tepion alatum Britt. in Bull. N. York. Bot. Gard. viii.

Fig. 79. — Verbegina alata L.

A, Upper part of plant x }. E, Receptacular scale x 7.

B, Head in section x 2. F, Stamens x 8.

C, Kay-floret x 6. G, Style X 8.

D, Disk-floret x 6. H, Acheno X 2.

408 & Fl. Amer. Virg. 99. Chrysanthemum cannabinum
americanum &c. Sloane Cat. 126 & Hist. i. 261. Verbesina
foliis oblongo-ovatis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 319. Hort.
Cliffort. specimen in Herb. Mus. Brit, and specimen from
Browne in Herb. Linn. (Fig. 79.)

Verbesina COMPOSITiE 237

Black River, St. Dorothy's parish, Shane ! Herb. v. 34, 35 !
Browne ! Masson ! about Bath, very rare, Broughton ! Moneague,
Prior ! McNab ! St. Thomas in the East, Purdie ! Wilson 250 !
Holly Mount, near Ewarton ; Roaring River Falls ; Soho, St. Ann ;
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6457, 8890, 10,360, 12,021 ; Knowsley Park, Devon,
Wood ! Fl. Jam. 3180 ; Giddy Hall, Miss Maxwell ! Balaclava, Orcutt
1461 ! — Cuba, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Croix, Guadeloupe,
Curagao.

A rough weed in pastures, up to 1 ft. or so high. Branches striate,
the wings 2-3 mm. wide. Leaves alternate, sessile, ovate or ovate-
oblong (upper smaller and lanceolate), narrowed at the decurrent base,
obtuse (tip mucronvilate), dentate or dentate-serrate, penninerved, up
to 20 by 11 cm., usually smaller, e.g. 8 by 4 cm., rough on both faces.
Heads sometimes solitary, radiate, in flower about 1 cm. across, orange.
Involucre 2-3-seriate ; scales narrowly oblong, subacute, herbaceous
above, rough on back, 2-5-4 mm. 1. Eeceptacular scales narrow, folded,
3-5 mm. 1. Ligules included, only 1-5 mm. 1. Disk-corollas 3 mm. 1.
Achenes sparingly glandular-hairy, 4 mm. 1., dark with paler ciliated
wings sometimes 1 mm. wide. Pappus-awns, shorter about 1-5 mm.,
longer 2-5-3 mm. 1.

Said to occur also on the American continent. The only specimen
seen bearing this out is a small one collected by Shakespear, and
localised as " America Meridionalis," but probably meaning one of
the Caribbees which Shakespear also visited.

2. V. pinnatiflda Sw. Prodr. 114 (1788) (excl. syn. Plum.) ;
branches wingless ; leaves pinnatifid ; peduncles rarely more
than 1 cm. 1. — Lun. torn. cit. 257 (excl. descript. Cav.). V.
gigantea Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. Hi. 1368 (in part) ; DC. torn. cit.
615 (in part) ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 374 (in part) ; Hitchc.
in Rep. Miss. Bot. Gard. iv. 100 ; Robins, d; Greenm. torn cit.
561 (non Jacq.) ; Urh. op. cit. v. 264. Santolina assm-gens
major &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 315. A specimen (collector
unnamed) in Herb. Mus. Brit, authenticated in Swartz's
hand.

Common in most parts of the Island, Browne ; in mountain thickets,
Swartz ; WuUschldgel ; Distin ! Moneague, Prior ! Wilson 241 !
J. P. 1046 Morris ! Bog Walk, Hitchcock ; Guava Ridge, Eggers
3520 ! near Halberstadt ; Hope Groimds ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6729,
8180.

Shrubby and coarse, 8-12 ft. high. Branches terete, strongly
striate, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves alternate, lower 1-1^ ft. 1.,
segments several, usually lobed or pinnatifid, obovate or oblong-
lanceolate, mucronate, rough above, pubescent below, frequently
10-20 cm. 1. ; upper leaves gradually reduced in size and with fewer
segments ; petioles auricled at base. Corymbs many-headed, often
20 cm. across or more, branches rough or hispid. Peduncles usually
7-10 mm. 1., with a small linear bract here and there. Heads radiate
or discoid, 7 mm. across. Involucre 2-seriate ; scales oblong, subacute,
rough on back, 5 mm. 1. Receptacular scales folded, narrowly obovate-
oblong, hairy at top, 6 mm. 1. Ligules when present very few, shortly
exserted, 4 mm. 1., white. Disk-corollas 4 mm. 1. Achenes minutely
hairy, 6 mm. 1. ; wings pale, ciliolate, 1 mm. or more wide.

238 FLORA OF JAMAICA Spilanthes

31. SPILANTHES Jacq.

Herbs usually annual. Leaves opposite, entire or toothed.
Heads mostly rather small and long-stalked, axillary or
terminal, radiate and heterogamous with female ray-florets or
discoid and homogamous. Involucre short, campanulate ;
scales 1-2-seriate, herbaceous or partly dry. Receptacle
convex, subcolumnar or conical ; scales folded. Ligules,
when present, usually short, entire or 2-3-toothed. Disk-
corollas tubular, with enlarged 4-5-fid limb. Anthers obtuse
at base. Style-arms truncate. Achenes usually flattened,
wingless. Pappus of 1-3 bristle-like awns or absent.

Species about 70 in warmer parts of both Hemispheres
especially the Western.

Leaves entire. Heads discoid. Achenes con-
spicuously awned 1. S. urens.

Leaves denticulate. Heads radiate. Shortly

awned 2. S. uliginoaa.

1. S. urens Jacq. Enum. PL Carib. 28 (1760) ; leaves
linear- or oblong-lanceolate ; peduncles longer than the
leaves ; heads about 10 mm. across, — Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Amer.
214, t. 126,/. 1 ; L. Syst. ed. 10, 533 ; Spreng. Syst. in. 444 ;
DC. Prodr. v. 625 ; Griseb. PI. Carib. 88 & Fl. Br. W. Ind.
376 ; Bak. in Mart. Fl. Bras. vi. pt. 3, 233 ; Hitchc. in Rep.
Miss. Bot. Card. iv. 100 ; Kew Bull. 1893, 260 ; Duss Fl.
Ant. Frang. 370 ; A. H. Moore in Proc. Amer. Acad. xlii.
628 & Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xlv. 426 ; Bold. Fl. Ned. W.-Ind. ii.
108 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. viii. 733. Cotula Spilanthus L. Mant.
i. 116 (1767). Bidens angustifolia Lam. Encyl. i. 416 (1783).
Ceratocephalus urens Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. ii. 326 (1891).

Montego Bay, McCatty ! Port Morant ; Port Antonio ; Lucea
Hitchcock ; Jackson Tower, MouUon- Barrett ; Bowden, MiUspaugh
2028 ; mangrove swamps at Port Antonio ; near Black River ; Lucea
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6025, 9756, 10,263 ; Montego Bay, Ridley ! Fal
mouth Road, Montego Bay, Norman 130 ! Black River, Miss Max
well ! — Hispaniola, Martinique, St. Vincent, Cura9ao, tropical America

A nearly glabrous trailing herb, the ascending leafy branches ^ ft
high or less. Leaves sessile, mostly linear-lanceolate, a few lower ones
rarely obovate, obtuse, triplinerved, about 4^8 by 1-1-5 cm. Heads
solitary (rarely two), subglobose, white ; peduncles up to 10-12 cm. 1.,
often shorter. Involucre 2-seriate ; scales ovate-oblong, obtuse,
6 mm. 1. Receptacle subcoliunnar ; scales oblong-ovoid, tip crested,
4 mm. 1. Corollas hairy at base, 2 mm. 1. Achenes obovate-oblong,
dark with pale rim, sparingly hairy, 2'5-3 mm. 1. ; awns unequal,
enlarged basally, 1-1 -5 mm. 1.

2. S. uliginosa Sw. Prodr. 110 (1788) ; leaves lanceolate ;
peduncles about as long as leaves ; heads 5-6 mm. across. —

Spilanthes

COMPOSITE

239

Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. in. 1291 ; Lun. Hort. Jam. ii. 191 ; DC.
torn. cit. 624 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 376 ; Wils. loc. cit. ;
Kew Bull. 1893, 260 ; Hitchc. loc. cit. 21 ; Duss loc. cit. ;
Hart Herb. List Trin. 33 ; A. H. Moore torn. cit. 537 ; Bold.

Fig. 80. — Spilanthes uliginosa Sw,

A, Upper part of plant x f .

B, Head in flower x 4.

C, Head in section x 4.

D, Bay-floret x 7.

E, Disk-floret with scale x 7.
r, Anthers x 16.
G, Style X 16.
H, Achene x 8.

Fl. Ned. W.-Ind. i. 203. Spilanthes Acmella Murr. var.
uliginosa Bak. he. cit. (1884). AcmeUa uliginosa Cass, in
Diet. Sc. Nat. xxiv. 351. Ceratocephalus Acmella Kuntze
var. uliginosa Kuntze loc. cit. (1891). Specimen from Swartz
in Herb. Mus. Brit. (Fig. 80.)

240 FLORA OF JAMAICA Spilanthea

Marshy places in the south, Swartz ! Westmoreland Mts., Purdie !
Macfadyen ! Wilson 247 ! swampy pastures, Low Layton, Metcalfe \
Lucea ; Port Morant ; Hitchcock ; St. Ann's Bay, Churchill ; between
Constant Spring and Annotto Bay, Britton 830 ; near Port Antonio,
Fredholm 3059 ; Port Antonio, Wright 35 ; Castleton, Thompson !
Fl. Jam. 8005 ; Castleton District ; New Market ; Castleton grounds ;
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 7457, 9959, 9960, 12,513.— St. Eustatius, St.
Christopher, Guadeloupe, St. Vincent, Grenada, Tobago, Trinidad,
Central America and Brazil.

A branching, glabrous or puberulous, roadside or marsh annual up
to about 1 ft. high. Leaves shortly petiolate, mostly lanceolate,
obtuse or subacute, crenulate or denticulate, triplinerved, usually
2-5 by •5-l'5 cm. ; petioles 4 mm. 1., more or less. Cymes few-headed,
very lax. Heads ovoid, yellow ; stalks filiform, 1-5 cm. 1. Involucral
scales subuniseriate, ovate, acute, 2 mm. 1. Ligules entire or minutely
toothed, 1 mm. 1. Achenes 1'5 mm. 1., narrowly obovate-oblong,
2-3-edged, dark, with pale ciliate edges and crowned by 2 minute
bristle-like awns -5 mm. 1.

32. SALMEA DC.

Erect or climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire,
toothed or lobed. Heads rather small, in terminal or axillary
cymose panicles, discoid, homogamous. Involucre campanu-
late or top-shaped ; scales 2-5-seriate, membranous or dry.
Receptacle conical or columnar ; scales folded. Corollas
regular, tubular, enlarged above, 5-toothed. Anthers shortly
sagittulate at base. Style-arms papillose at top. Achenes
greatly compressed, dark and with or without a pale border,
usually ciliate, crowned by 2 subequal awns.

Species 7, in West Indies and continental America from
Mexico to Paraguay.

Glabrous or nearly so. Involucral scales

indurated I, S. scandena.

Stem and leaves rufous-hairy. Involucral scales

submembranous 2. S. sessilifolia,

1. S. scandens (L.) DC. Cat. Hort. Monsp. 141 (1813) ;
leaves stalked ; involucral scales 2-3-seriate, acute or obtuse,
ciliolate. — E. Brown in Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 112 ; Sims
Bot. Mag. t. 2062 ; DC. Prodr. v. 493 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 81 ;
Hitchc. in Rep. Miss. Bot. Card. iv. 100 ; Urb. Symb. Ant.
V. 256 & in Fedde Rep. Beih. v. 58 ; Blake in Journ. Bot. liii.
197. S. eupatoria DC. Cat. Hort. Monsp. 141 (1813). S.
grandiceps Cass, in Did. Sc. Nat. zlvii. 88 (1827) ; Griseb. PI.
Wright. 514, Fl. Br. W. Ind. 375 & Cat. Cub. 155 ; Wils. in
Rep. Geolog. Jam. 281 ; Stahl Fl. P. -Rico v. 139. S. parviceps
Cass. loc. cit. (1827) ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 375 ; Hart
Herb. List Trin. 33. Bidens scandens L. Sp. PI. 833 (1753) ;
8w. Obs. Bot. 297 ; Lun. Hort. Jam. ii. 184. Verbesina

Salmea

COMPOSITE

241

scandens Klatt in Leopold, xxv. 106 (1889). Bidens foliis
oppositis &c. L. Hort. Cliff. 399. Bidens suffruticosus,
vimineus &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 317. Eupatorium foliis
cordato-ovatis &c. Plum. PI. Amer. {Burm.) 86, t. cxix. Type

Fig. 81. — Salmea scandens (L.) DC.

A, Upper part of plant x J. D, Floret with scale x 5.

B, Head x 3. E, Stamens and style x 14.

C, Head cut lengthwise x 3. F, Ripe achene x 7.

from Hort. Cliffort. in Herb. Mus. Brit., also specimen from
Browne in Herb. Linn, named in Solander's hand. (Fig. 81.)

Sloane Herb. v. 16 ! Lane in Herb. Petiver (Sloane Herb, clxii.
25 !) ; frequent on hills above Bull Bay, Browne I Swartz ; Wright \
Macfadyenl Purdiel Mt. Diablo; Moneague; Priori; Wilson 240 I
VII.— 16

242 FLORA OF JAMAICA Salmea

Blue Mts. ; Blue Mts. Peak ; Porus ; Hitchcock ; Eggers 3477 ;
Cinchona ; AmtuUy ; Fl. Jam. 645, 1209 (Hart !) ; Charlemont, near
Ewarton ; near Vinegar Hill ; near Kendal ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6620,
6660, 8179. Giddy Hall, Miss Maxwell !— Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto
Rico, Trinidad and Mexico to Bolivia and Paraguay.

A climber up to 30 ft. ; sometimes procumbent and 6—12 ft. high.
Branches strongly striate, glabrous or slightly hairy. Leaves ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, rounded or narrowed at base,
repand-denticulate or entire, papery or thinly leathery, triplinerved,
mostly 4—10 by 1-5— 3-5 cm. ; petioles 5—15 mm. 1. Inflorescences
several- or many-headed, rather open, up to 10 cm. across ; peduncles
5-15 mm. 1., rarely more, glabrous or puberulous. Heads top-shaped,
5-7 mm. across, white. Involucral scales 2-3-seriate, oblanceolate-
oblong, acute or obtuse, about 4 mm. 1. Receptacle conical, up to
5 mm. high ; scales acute, 5 mm. 1. Corollas 2 mm. 1. Achenes oblong,
with narrow pale ciliate margin, 2-3 mm. 1.

2. S. sessilifolia G^me6. Fl. Br. W.-Ind. 375 (1861) ; leaves
subsessile ; involucral scales 5-seriate, obtuse, hairy on
back. — Wils. loc. cit. ; Urb. torn. cit. 258 ; Blake torn. cit. 198.
Type in Herb. Kew.

Westmoreland Hills, Purdie !

Branches stoutish, striate, densely rufous-hirsute. Leaves sub-
sessile, ovate, acuminate, broad-based, repand-denticulate, obscurely
triplinerved, leathery, hairy especially below, somewhat shining
above, 5-10 by 3-5 cm. Corymbs open, several-headed, about 6 cm.
across. Heads hemispherical, 6 mm. across. Involucral scales 5-seriate,
ovate, rotvmdate, strongly nerved, 4 mm. 1. Receptacular scales
spathulate, 2 mm. 1. Florets very immature.

33. CHiENOCEPHALUS Griseb.

Tall shrubs. Leaves alternate, toothed, rarely lobed.
Heads rather small, stalked, few-flowered, in terminal open
corymbose panicles, discoid and homogamous. Involucre of
very few scales in one row. Receptacle small with concave
or folded scales. Corolla tubular, with enlarged 5-fid limb.
Anthers minutely sagittulate at base. Style-arms with an
acute hairy appendage. Achenes compressed, winged,
crowned by 2 awns.

Species 11, 6 continental (Ecuador, Peru, Argentina), the
rest endemic in Jamaica.

Branches winged. Leaves obovate-oblong, the

older 3 dm. or more long 1. C. petrobioidcs.

Branches terete. Leaves linear-lanceolate to
oblong-obovate, up to 1 dm. long.
Leaves smooth. Scales of receptacle rounded

at tip. Achenes obsciirely winged 2. C. venosus.

Leaves slightly rough above. Scales pointed

at tip. Achenes prominently winged 3. C. propinquus.

Leaves rough on upper or both faces.

Leaves at most shallowly toothed 4. C. rupestris.

Leaves coarsely toothed to lobed 5. C. lobatus.

Chcenocephalus COMPOSITE 243

1. C. petrobioides Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 374 (1861) ;
panicles up to 20 cm. across ; wings of achenes very narrow. —
Wils. in Rep. Geolog. Jam. 281 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. in. 413 &
V. 527. Type in Herb. Kew.

Martin's Hill, Manchester, Purdie ! Wullschldgel ; near Troy ;
Ipswich, St. Elizabeth ; Peckham Woods, Upper Clarendon ; Harris !
Fl. Jam. 8806, 12,502, 12,778.

Arborescent shrub up to 20 ft. high, glabrous or nearly so, with
naked stem 5 cm. thick. Branches clustered at top of stem, strongly
striate, including the narrow wings about 5 mm. thick. Leaves sessile
or subsessile, decurrent, obovate-oblong, gradually narrowed to base,
acute (sometimes cuspidate), coarsely toothed to repand-denticulate
in the upper part, leathery or papery, glabrous, lower up to 35 by 9 cm.,
upper 10 by 3 cm. more or less. Panicles very broad with linear bracts
4—12 mm. 1. Heads 12-16-fiowered, 8 mm. across, white. Involucral
scales linear- oblong, obtuse, reflexed, 5 mm. 1. Receptacular scales
obovate, rounded at top, 7 mm. 1. Corolla 6 mm. 1. Achenes oblong-
obovate, appressedly hairy, 3-4 mm. 1. ; wings ciliolate ; awns unequal,
1-1-5 mm. 1.

2. C. venosus Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 525 (1908) ; panicles
about 10 cm. across ; scales of involucre broad ; of receptacle
rounded at tip ; achenes almost wingless.

John Crow Peak, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9109.

Shrub 6 ft. high. Branches striate, glabrous, 3-4 mm. across.
Leaves shortly stalked, oblanceolate, acute (tip mucronate), narrowed
at base, callus-toothed in the upper part, papery, glabrous, 5-10 by
1 •5-2-5 cm. Pan^'cie -branches shortly hispidulous ; bracts narrow.
Heads about 16-fiowered, 8 mm. across. Involucral scales broadly
oblong, obtuse, ciliolate, 6 mm. 1., of the receptacle oblong-obovate,
like the involucral slightly hairy on back, 5-5 mm. 1. Corolla 5 mm. 1.
Achenes obovate with scarcely visible wing, 3 mm. 1. ; awns nearly
equal, about 2-5 mm. 1.

3. C. propinquus Britton in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xxxvii.
360 (1910) ; panicles about 5 cm. across ; scales of involucre
oblong, of receptacle pointed at top ; achenes broadly winged.
Type in Herb. N. York Bot. Gard. ; specimen in Herb. Jam.

Yardley Chase, Santa Cruz Mts., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9672 ; Yardley
Chase, Britton 1144.

Shrub 9 ft. high. Leaves as of last, but slightly rough on upper face.
Panicle narrow, few-headed. Heads about 18-flowered. Involucral
scales obtuse, 5 nun. 1., of receptacle obovate, 4 nun. 1. Achenes
obovate, 4 mm. 1., rough, with a broad ciUolate wing ; awns 1*5-2
mm. 1. Otherwise as in C. venosus.

4. C. rupestris Urb. Symb. Ant. Hi. 412 (1903) ; heads very
few-flowered. Scales of involucre shorter than those of the
receptacle. — Urb. op. cit. v. 527.

Hope River, ^'g'Q'ers 3571 ! Mavis Bank, in crevices of rocks ; Bridge
Hill ; Newcastle road, on rocky banks ; Falls River below Stoneleigh ;
near Content Gap, north side ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 7793, 7795, 7797,
7809, 7811, 9125.

A straggling shrub 8-12 ft. or more high. Branches striate, at first
harshly pubescent, becoming glabrous. Leaves shortly stalked, oljlanceo-

244

FLORA OF JAMAICA

ChcBnocephalus

late to lanceolate obovate, mucronate, gradually narrowed to base,
callus-toothed to serrulate, papery, rough above, harshly pubescent
below, mostly 6-12 by 1*5-4 cm. Panicles usually 10-20 cm. across,
hispidiilous ; bracts small, lanceolate to linear. Heads 6— lO-flowered,
6 mm. across, whitish, fragrant. Involucral scales ovate, obtuse,
1*5-3 mm. 1. Receptacular scales folded, obovate-oblong, rounded at
top, like the involucre densely and shortly hairy on back, 5 mm. 1.
Corollas 4 mm.l. Achenes obovate, hairy, 5 mm. l.,with well-marked
ciliate wings ; awns nearly equal, 3—4 mm. 1.

5. C. lobatus Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 526 (1908) ; heads about
20-flowered ; involucral scales longer than those of the
receptacle. (Fig. 82.)

Fig. 82. — Chamocephalus lobatus Urb.

A, Upper part of plant x f.

B, Head x 2.

C, Head in section x 2.

D, Floret with scale x 4

£, Stamens x 8.

F, Style-arms x 8.

G, Achenes x 4.

CJMBnocephalm COMPOSITE 245

Cane River Valley ; Albion Mt., St. Thomas ; Harris ! Fl. Jam.
9510, 10,058, 11,652, 12,152.

Shrub 6-10 ft. high. Branches as of last. Leaves sessUe, oblanceo-
late to narrowly obovate, mucronate, gradually narrowed at base,
lobed and coarsely toothed, rough on both faces, 5—10 by 1-2-5 cm.
Panicles usually less than 10 cm. across, otherwise as of last. Heads
7-8 mm. across, white. Involucral scales refiexed, shortly hairy,
7 mm. 1. Scales of receptacle folded, pointed, 5-6 nmi. 1. Corollas
4 mm. 1. Achenes as of last, but nearly glabrous and with shorter
awns (some are very narrowly winged or even wingless).

Var. brachyphyllus Urb. torn. cit. 527 ; leaves shorter and
less drawn out at base, coarsely toothed not lobed, 2-5-4
cm. 1. ; involucral scales a little shorter and erect.

Road to Wareka, Long Mt., south side, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,005.

34. NOTOPTERA Urb.

Erect or climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire or
toothed. Heads small to medium, in terminal or axillary
simple or panicled cymes, discoid and homogamous or radiate
and heterogamous with outermost florets sterile. Involucre
of oblong to ovate scales in 2-5 series. Receptacle convex
with folded scales. Disk-corollas narrowed below, 5-fid.
Anthers sagittulate at base. Style-arms without an append-
age, hairy at tip. Achenes of ray 3 -sided, narrowly 3 -winged,
3-awned ; of disk compressed, on the outer side narrowly
winged if at all and with a simple or winged short awn, on the
inner broadly winged in the upper part and with a longer
winged awn.

Besides the one here noticed, the genus consists of 7 species
in Mexico and Central America.

N. hirsuta {Sw.) Urb. Symb. Ant. ii. 466 (1901) ; Blake in
Journ. Bot. liii. 225. Bidens hirsuta Sw. Prodr. 110 (1788) &
Fl. Ind. Occ. in. 1295. Salmea hirsuta DC. Cat. Hort.
Monsp. 141 (1813) ; R. Br. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 112 ;
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 375 ; Wils. in Eep. Geolog. Jam. 281.
Eupatorium vestitum Spreng. Syst. Hi. 416 (1826). Hopkirkia
hirsuta Spreng. torn. cit. 444 (1826). Specimen from Swartz
in Herb. Mus. Brit. (Fig. 83.)

Sloane Herb. v. 15a ! Lane in Herb. Petiver {Sloane Herb, clxii. 15 !)
Shakespear ! Wright ! Swartz ! Hector's River, Manchester, Purdie !
Moneague, Prior ! Macfadyen ! Wilson ! Banana River, Eggers 3458 !
Hall's Delight ; Cane River Valley ; Little Goat Island, Old Harbour
Bay; Albion Mt.,St. Thomas; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8427, 10,062, 10,158,
11,682.

A climber over bushes and trees, reaching 30 ft. high. Stem near
ground several inches in diameter with corky cortex. Branches slender.

246

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Notoptera

pale, finely pubescent to tomentose. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, acviminate with mucronate tip, rounded or cordate at base,
undulate or minutely serrulate, rough or roughish above, finely grey-
tomentose beneath, 6-5-10 by 2-5-4-5 cm. ; petioles densely softly
hairy, 1 cm. 1. Cymes about as long as the leaves, axillary or terminal,

Fig. 83.— Notoptera hirstUa (Sw.) Urb.
A, Portion of plant x }, D, Anthers x 8.

B, Head in section x 2.

C, Floret with scale x 4.

E, Style-arms x 8.

F, Eipe achene x 4.

stalked, several-headed, the branches tomentose ; pedicels 0-2'5
mm. 1. Heads discoid, few-flowered, white, odorous. Involucre short,
3-4-8eriate ; scales oblong, obtuse, tomentose on back, outermost
1 mm . , inner 2-2-5 mm . 1 . Scales of receptacle pointed, 5 mm . 1 . Corollas
4-5 mm. 1. Achenes compressed, oblong, narrowed at base, sparsely

Notoptera COMPOSITE 247

glandular, narrowly winged on both edges, with a short, simple awn
and a longer broadly winged one.

Eggers 3458 is the type of Urban's (loc. cit.) var. Eggersii of this
species, characterised chiefly by having the leaves rounded at the base,
not cordate. But Swartz's type has also rounded leaves and Blake's
view {loc. cit.) that the variety is not worth keeping up is adopted.

35. SYNEDRELLA Gaertn.

Annual herbs. Leaves usually opposite, serrate or sub-
entire. Heads small, solitary or several together, axillary or
terminal, usually sessile, heterogamous and radiate, ray-
florets female, disk hermaphrodite. Involucre of few scales,
outermost usually leaf -like. Receptacle with nearly flat
scales among the florets. Ray-corollas ligulate, ligule short
and broad, those of disk tubular and 4-fid. Anthers minutely
sagittulate. Style-arms with hairy appendage. Achenes
compressed, 2-3-awned, of the ray with crested, of the disk
with entire wings.

Species 2, the second a native of Ecuador.

S. nodiflora {L.) Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 456, t. lllj. 7 (1791) ;
Hook. Exot. Fl. t. 60 ; Less. Syn. 233 ; DC. Prodr. v. 629 ;
Griseb. PI. Carib. 88, PL Wright. 514, Fl. Br. W. Ind. 337 &
Cat. Cub. 156 ; Wils. in Rep. Geolog. Jam. 281 ; Egg. Fl. St.
Croix dh Virg. 66 ; Stahl Fl. P. -Rico v. 143 ; Kew Bull. 1893,
260 ; Combs PI. Cub. 434; Duss Fl. Ant. Frang. 371 ; Sang.
Fl. Cub. 51 ; Hart Herb. List Trin. 33 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv.
639 & via. 735 ; Britt. Fl. Amer. Virg. 99 ; Britt. dh Millsp.
Baham. Fl. 452. Verbesina nodiflora L. Cent. PI. i. 28 (1755) ;
Sw. Obs. Bot. 312 ; Lun. Hort. Jam. ii. 256 ; Mayc. Fl.
Barb. 331. Ucacou nodiflorum Hitchc. in Rep. Miss. Bot.
Gard. iv. 100. Chrysanthemum conyzoides nodiflorum &c.
Sloane Cat. 126 & Hist. i. 262, t. 154, /. 4. Verbesina erecta
hirsuta &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 319. Specimen from Browne
in Herb. Linn. (Fig. 84.)

Sloane Herb. v. 36 ! Houstoun ! common everywhere in the low-
lands, Browne ! Wright ! Broughton ! McNab ! Bancroft ! Moneague
and Kingston, Prior ! Kingston ; Port Morant ; Porus ; Hitchcock ;
vicinity of Kingston, Clute 8 ! Hope ; Norbrook, St. Andrew ; Harris !
Fl. Jam. 6636, 6874, 6972, 10,832 ; Giddy Hall, Miss Maxwell ! Bala-
clava, Orcutt 1555 ! — Florida, West Indies, tropical America : nattiralised
in the Old World.

A branching weed about 1 ft. high. Branches slender, pubescent or
nearly glabrous. Leaves stalked, ovate, obtuse or cuspidate, narrowed
at base, serrate to nearly entire, triplinerved, 3-9 by 1-5-5 cm. ; stalks
winged, up to 3 cm. 1. but usually much shorter. Heads mostly 1-3
together, occasionally more, yellow. Involucre cylindrical ; scales 2,
ovate-oblong, obtuse, hairy on back, 7-5-8 mm. 1. Scales of receptacle
obtuse ; outer obovate-oblong, inner oblong, 6 mm. 1. Corolla of the
4-5 ray -florets 4 mm. 1., barely half belonging to the ovate ligule ; of

248

FLORA OF JAMAICA

SynedreUa

the usually 6-10 disk-florets 2 mm. 1. Achenes dark ; those of the ray
obovoid-oblong, 4 mm. 1. without the straight 1 mmi. 1. awns, including
the pale crested wings 3 mm. across ; of disk oblong, narrowed at base,
barely 1 mm. broad, 3-5 mm. 1., with diverging awns of equal length.

Fig. 84. — SynedreUa nodiflora (L.) Gaertn.

A, Upper part of plant x }. E, Stamens x 14.

B, Head in flower x 2. F, Style-arms x 14.

C, Ray-floret with scale x 4. G, Achene of ray x 4.

D, Disk-floret with scale x 4. H, Achene of disk x 4.

36. BIDENS L.

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite (uppermost some-
times alternate), toothed or more or less divided. Heads
mostly medium-sized or rather large, solitary ot few at the

Bidena COMPOSITE 249

end of the branches, sometimes in panicles, radiate and hetero-
gamous (rarely discoid and homogamous) ; ray-florets 1-
seriate, usually neutral, those of the disk hermaphrodite and
fertile. Involucre of few 1-2-seriate usually herbaceous
scales. Receptacle flat or slightly raised, with flat scales
subtending the florets. Ray-florets usually conspicuously
ligulate ; ligules entire or denticulate at top ; disk-florets
tubular, 5-fid. Anthers entire at base or minutely sagittulate.
Style-arms of disk-florets hairy and appendaged at top.
Achenes compressed or 4-angled, usually linear or linear-
oblong, sometimes shortly narrowed at top (not beaked)
and crowned with 2-4 (-6) awns usually provided with
upward- or downward-pointing hooks.

Upwards of 100 species in temperate and tropical regions
of both Worlds.

Annual herbs.

Leaves bipinnate. Achenes narrowed above,

4^6-awned 1. B. cynapiifolia.

Leaves simply pinnate. Achenes not nar-
rowed above, usually 2 -awned 2. B. pilosa.

Shrubby climbing species.
Leaves pinnate.

Leaflets serrate 3. B. reptans.

Leaflets pinnatisect 4. B. dissecta.

Leaves simple.

Leaves broad-based, crenate-serrate or

serrulate 5. B. Shrevei.

Leaves cuneate at base, coarsely serrate .... 6. B. clarendonensis.

1. B. cynapiifolia jy.5. dh K. Nov. Gen. dk Sp. iv. 185 (1818) ;
outer scales of receptacle oblong-lanceolate, achenes much
longer than the involucre. — Spreng. Syst. in. 454 ; DC
Prodr. V. 603 ; Griseb. PL Carib. 87 ; 0. E. Schulz in Urb
Symb. Ant. vii. 128, 736, & in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. I. Suppl. 185
Britt. Fl. Amer. Virg. 99 ; Britt. cfc Millsp. Baham. Fl. 453
B. bipinnata West Ste. Croix 302 (1793) (non L.) ; Lun. Hort
Jam. a. 183 ; Mayc. Fl. Barb. 321 ; Griseb. PL Wright. 514
FL Br. W. Ind. 373 (in part) & Cat. Cub. 155 ; Sauv. Fl
Cub. 81 ; Egg. Fl. St. Croix d; Virg. 65 ; Hitchc. in Rep. Miss
Bot. Card. iv. 100 ; Kew Bull. 1893, 260 ; Combs PL Cub. 435
Duss Fl. Ant. Frang. 369 ; Hart Herb. List Trin. 31 ; Urb.
op. cit. iv. 640.

Spanish Nettle.

Very common especially in the mountains, Lunan ; Macfadyen !
Hope Estate, Kingston, Prior ! Wilson 255 ! Constant Spring, Hitchcock ;
Hope Road, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8182 (in part) ; Balaclava, Orcutt 1557 !
— Bahamas, Antilles.

An erect, openly branching herb up to 6 ft. Branches rather slender,
four-angled, striate, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves (uppermost some-
times alternate) stalked, bipinnate, with 2-3 pairs of lateral segments ;

260

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Bidena

terminal segment ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, Tosually 2-5 cm.
by 5-20 mm. ; lateral segments much shorter and relatively broader,
all segments rather coarsely serrate, membranous and slightly rough.
Heads few, about 25-flowered, on stalks up to 8 cm. 1. but \isually

Fig. 85. — Bidena Shrevei Britton.

A, Upper part of plant x |.

B, Head in section x IJ.

C, Ray-floret with scale x 3.

D, Disk-floret with scale x 3.

E, Stamens x 6.
P, Style-arms x 6.
G, Ripe achene x 3.

shorter ; in flower 5-7 nun. across. Involucral scales linear, acute,
slightly hairy, 5-6 mm. 1. Outer scales of receptacle, acute, many-
nerved, 4 mm. 1. ; inner narrower, 5 nun. 1. Ray-florets 4 or 5, sterile ;
ligules short, obovate, 5-nerved, white or pale yellow, 4 mm. 1. Corolla
of disk-florets 3-4 nun. 1. Achenes linear, slightly narrowed at

Bidens COMPOSITE 261

top, striate, nearly glabrous, about 10-12 mm. 1. (sometimes longer),
inner nearly straight, outer curved, with pappus of usually 4
2-5-3 mm. 1. awns with downward-pointing hooks ; a very few
marginal achenes are broader and hairy and about 7 mm. 1. with
awns 1-2 mm. 1.

2. B. pilosa L. Sp. PL 832 (1753) ; outer scales of receptacle
broad with hyaline margin ; achenes but little longer than
the involucre. — Spreng. op. cit. 453 ; Mayc. loc. cit. ; DC. torn,
cit. 597 ; Griseb. PL Carib. 87 ; Kew BulL 1893, 260 ; Hitchc.
op. cit. 101 ; Britt. in BulL Torr. Bot. Club xxxv. 343 ; Urb.
op. cit. iv. 639 & viii. 131 ; 0. E. Schulz in Urb. Symb. Ant.
vii. 133 ; Britt. FL Berm. 402 (in part) ; Britt. S Millsp. loc.
cit. (in part). B. leucantha Griseb. FL Br. W. Ind. 373 (1861)
(non Willd.). B. leucantha Willd. forma discoidea Griseb.
PL Wright. 513 (1862); var. pilosa Griseb. Cat. Cub. 155
(1866).

McNab ! Distin ! Cinchona, J. P. 1270 Hart ! Moneague, Britton. —
Antilles, warmer regions of both Worlds.

Annual herh, §-6 ft. Branches four-angled, striate, loosely hairy
or almost glabrous. Leaves all opposite, stalked, sparsely hairy ; lowest
undivided, ovate, acute, serrate ; middle ones with 1-3 pairs of pinnae,
the leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, truncate at base,
coarsely serrate ; terminal leaflet up to 7-5 by 3 cm., the rest smaller ;
youngest leaves smaller and simple. Heads discoid, about 30-flowered,
in flower 7-10 mm. across. Involucral scales linear-oblong, subacute,
hairy at base, ciliate, 4^5 mm. 1. Outer scales of receptacle broadly
oblong, 4 mm. 1. ; inner linear, 5 mm. 1. Corolla 4 nam. 1. Achenes
linear, straight or nearly so, slightly hairy, outer 5—6 ram., inner 7— 8-5
mm. 1. Atvns generally 2, with downward-pointing hooks (of outer
florets sometimes 3 or more), 1-5-3 mm. 1.

Var. dubia 0. E. Schulz in Urb. op. cit. vii. 135 (1911) &
in Fedde Rep. Beih. v. 47 ; heads with 4-7 short ovate white
or yellow, 5-nerved 3 mm. 1. ligules ; stamens sometimes
reduced ; style sometimes absent. — Britt. FL Amer. Virg. 99.
Kerneria dubia Cass, in Diet. Sc. Nat. xxiv. 398 (1822). B.
chinensis Willd. Sp. PL Hi. 3 (1804) (non B. pilosus var.
chinensis L.). Bidens foliis ternatis &c. Plum. PL Amer.
(5wm.)42, f. liii,/. 1.

Hope Road; Castleton district ; Harris I Fl. Jam. 8182 (in part),
12,115; Green Hills, Blue Mts., roadside weed, Rendle 95 ! May Pen,
Orcutt 313 ! Sweetwater, 2159 !— St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. Eustatius,
Barbados, Grenada and in the Old World passim.

Var. radiata Sch. Bip. in Webb d; Berth. Hist. Canar. Hi.
pt. 2, 242 (1836-40) ; heads conspicuously radiate, ray-
florets 5-6, sterile, the ligules obovate, white, 8-nerved,
8-10 mm. 1. ; achenes usually 2-awned. — Urb. op. cit. mii.

262 FLORA OF JAMAICA Bidens

IZl & in Fedde Rep. Beih. v. 47. B. pilosa var. alba 0. E.
Schulz in Urb. op. cit. vii. 136 (1911). B. leucantha Willd.
Sp. PI. Hi. 1719 (1804) ; Mayc. op. cit. 320 ; DC. torn. cit.
598 ; Griseb. PI. Carib. 87, Fl. Br. W. Ind. 373 (in part), PI.
Wright, ii. 513 & Cat. Cub. 155 ; Sauv. op. cit. 435 ; Duss
op. cit. 368 ; Sang. Fl. Cub. 51 ; Hart he. cit. ; Jenn. Is. Pin.
211 ; Britt. Fl. Berm. 402 (in part), Britt. <fc Millsp. op. cit.
453 (in part). B. alba DC. torn. cit. 605 (1836). Coreopsis
alba L. Sp. PI. 908 (1753). Bidens foliis quinatis &c. Plum.
PI. Amer. {Burnt.) 43, t. 53, /. 2.

Macfadyen ! March 803 ! Wilson 436 ! Mt. Diablo, Prior 400 !
Pamell ! Cinchona, J. P. 1458 Hart ! Bog Walk ; Blue Mt. Peak ;
Poms; Hitchcock; Port Antonio, ChurchiU ; Arcadia, Mrs. Sewell I
on the coast at Annotto Bay and Buff Bay, Thompson ! Fl. Jam. 6468,
7927 ; Montego Bay, Britton ; Green Hills, Blue Mts., Rendle 8 ! —
Antilles and mixed with type in tropics generally.

3. B. reptans {L.) G. Don in Sweet Hort. Brit. ed. 3, 360
(1839) ; leaflets coarsely serrate ; achenes hairy. — Hitchc.
op. cit. 101 ; Urb. op. cit. iv. 640 ; 0. E. Schulz in Urb. op.
cit. vii. 139. B. Coreopsidis DC. torn. cit. 599 (1836) ; Griseb.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 373 (in part), PI. Wright, ii. 514 (in part) &
Cat. Cub. 155 (in part) ; Sauv. loc. cit. ; Stahl Fl. P.-Rico v.
129 ; Duss op. cit. 368 ; Sang. loc. cit. ; Shreve Mont. Rain-For.
22. B. Coreopsidis DC. var ? reptans DC. loc. cit. & var.
incisa DC. loc. cit. B. incisa G. Don loc. cit. B. rubrifolia
A. Rich, in Sagra Cub. xi. 55 (1850) (non H. B. <fc K.) ; Griseb.
Cat. Cub. 155; Sauv. loc. cit.; Kew Bull. 1893, 260. Core-
opsis reptans L. Syst. ed. 10, 1228 (1759). C. incisa Ker
Bot. Reg. i, 1. 1 (1815). Chrysanthemum trifoliatum scandens
&c. Sloane Cat. 125 & Hist. i. 261, t. 154, /. 2 & 3. Coreopsis
scandens, foliis serratis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 321. T3rpe of
C. reptans from Browne in Herb Linn.

Red Hills near Guanaboa ; Mt. Diablo and elsewhere ; Sloane
Herb. v. 33 ! Houstoun ! Browne ! Shakespear ! Bertero ; O. Don !
Broughton ! McNab ! Distin ! Manchester, Purdie ! Kingston ;
Coffee region, Blue Mts.; Priori March 1196! Wilson \ Oossel
Metcalfe ! Quashi Hill, Eggers 3437 ! Blue Mt. Peak, Hitchcock ; near
Kingston, Hansen ; Cinchona Plantations, Morris J. P. 937 ! Amtully
Morris ! J. P. 1213 ! Constant Spring, Campbell Fl. Jam. 6441 !
Liguanea Ridge, St. Andrews ; Yallahs Valley ; Hagley Gap, St.
Thomas; Harris I Fl. Jam. 5617, 12,209, 12,303; Giddy Hall, Miss
Maxwell ! Balaclava, Orcutt 1452 ! — Cuba, Porto Rico, Antigua,
Martinique, St. Vincent, Barbados and Mexico to Venezuela and
Colombia.

A branching climber among shrubs and trees, up to 20 ft. Branches
twining, subterete, striate, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves petioled,
mostly 3-5-foliolate ; terminal leaflet ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
usually 2-4-5 cm. 1., lateral leaflets shorter and relatively broader, all

Bidens COMPOSITJE 253

broad-based, coarsely serrate, finely pubescent or puberulous on the
underside ; petioles slender, 1—4 cm. 1. Heads radiate, about 30-
flowered, when fully expanded over 2 cm. across. Involucral scales
linear, subacute, slightly hairy, 5—6 mm. 1. Outer scales of receptacle
linear, subacute, 6-7 mm. 1. ; inner much narrower. Ray-florets 5-8,
sterile, the ligule obovate-oblong, 10-12-nerved, yellow, about 9 mm. 1.
Disk-corollas 5 mm. 1. Achenes linear, slightly narrowed below,
four-angled and somewhat compressed, hispidulous with very short
bulbous-based hairs, 8-10 mm. 1. ; awns 2, about 2 mm. 1., very
divergent, with a few usually downward-pointing small weak hooks.

Var. tomentosa 0. E. Schulz in Urb. op. cit. vii. 141 (1911) ;
branches pubescent ; leaves white-tomentose on lower
face.^ — ^B. incisa Sherff in Bot. Gazette Ivi. 494 (1913) (non
G. Don).

Don ! McNab ! Cinchona, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 11,649, 12,327 ;
Nicholas 137 ; Britton 73.

4. B. dissecta Sherff in Bot. Gaz. Ivi. 493 (1913) ; leaves
with 3-4 pairs of pinnatisect leaflets, the ultimate segments
mostly entire, otherwise as of last. — B. reptans G. Don
var. dissecta 0. E. Schulz op. cit. 142 (1911).

Moy Hall, Blue Mts., Harris Fl. Jam. 5420 ; Amtully, Morris J. P.
1212 ! ; Cedar Valley, St. Thomas, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 12,302.
The type of this, Harris 5420, I have not seen.

5. B. Shrevei Britton in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxxvii. 359
(1910) ; serratures of leaf mucronate ; achenes with 2 awns
nearly half their length. — Shreve op. cit. 22, 30 ; 0. E.
Schulz op. cit. 142. Type in Herb. N. York Bot. Gard.
(Fig. 85.)

Shakespear ! Lunatic Asylum grounds ; near Cinchona ; Fawcett !
Fl. Jam. 6112, 8221, 8221a; Catherine's Peak, Harris \ Fl. Jam.
6735 ; Cinchona, Shreve.

A frequently branching, glabrous climber. Branches four -angled,
coarsely striate. Leaves all simple, petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, rounded or truncate at base, crenate-serrate or serrulate, 5-10 by
1-5-3 cm. ; petioles slender, mostly 1 •5-2-5 cm. 1. Heads few or several
at the ends of the branches on slender stalks up to 6 cm. 1., but
usually shorter, radiate, about 25-flowered, in flower about 3 cm. across.
Involucral scales linear-oblong, subacute, 3-nerved, sparsely hairy,
about 8 mm. 1. Receptacular scales oblong, obtuse, 9-10 mm. 1. Ray-
florets about 8, sterile, the ligules obovate or obovate-oblong, obtuse^
9— 12-nerved, yellow, 15 mm. 1. Corollas of disk-florets 7 mm. L
Achenes linear, compressed, curved above, covered with very short
hispidulous hairs, about 10 mm. 1. Awns 2, divaricate, with downward-
pointing small hooks, 4—5 mm. 1.

6. B. clarendonensis £n«o?i in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xxxix.9
(1912) ; serratures of leaf gland-tipped ; achenes with 1 or 2
very short awns. Type in Herb. N. York. Bot. Gard.

254 FLORA OF JAMAICA Bidens

Peckham Woods, Upper Clarendon, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,987,
11,180.

A trailing, glabrous shrub, with stems over 12 ft. long. Branches
foiir-angled, striate. Leaves ovate, acute, rather abruptly cuneate at
base, margin with coarse gland-tipped teeth, firmly membranous,
nervation rather prominent, mostly 5-7 by 3-4 cm. ; petioles 1-5-2
cm. 1. Heads few at the ends of the branches on peduncles 6-15 mm. 1.,
radiate, about 2o-flowered, about 3 cm. across in flower. Involucral
scales linear- oblong, obtuse or subacute, 3-nerved, 8 mm. 1. Recep-
tacular scales oblong, obtuse (inner narrower), rough-edged, strongly
nerved, 7-5 mm. 1. Ray-florets about 5 ; ligules ovate-oblong, lO-nerved,
about 13 mm. 1. Disk corollas 5 mm. 1. Achenes linear, four-angled,
slightly compressed, rather rough, 8-10 mm. 1. Axvns 1 or 2 with few
downward-curved small hooks, 1-1-5 mm. 1.

37. COSMOS Cav.

Characters of Bidens, but achenes produced above into a
beak.

Besides the following, nearly 20 tropical American species,
chiefly Mexican.

C. caudatus H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. cfc Sp. iv. 240 (1820) ; DC.
Prodr. V. 606 ; Griseb. PI. Carib. 87, Fl. Br. W. Ind. 373 &
Cat. Cub. 155 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 81 ; Wils. in Rep. Geolog. Jam.
281 ; Egg. Fl. St. Croix db Virg. 65 ; Stahl Fl. P.-Rico v.
130 ; Hitchc. in Rep. Miss. Bot. Card. iv. 100 ; Kew Bull. 1893,
260 ; Combs PL Cub. 435 ; Duss Fl. Ant. Frang. 369 ; Sang.
Fl. Cub. 51 ; Hart Herb. List Trin. 260 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv.
641 & via. 737 ; Britt. Fl. Amer. Virg. 99. Cosmea caudata
Spreng. Syst. Hi. 615 (1826). (Fig. 86.)

Bancroft ! Liguanea Hills, Prior I Wilson 154 ! Spring Garden,
Mrs. E spent \ Constant Spring ; Blue Mts. ; PortMorant; Hitchcock;
Cherry Garden, Campbell ! Fl. Jam. 5910; Resource, Harris ! Fl. Jam.
6139 ; Brandon Hill, Thompson ! Fl. Jam. 8076 ; between Flamstead
and Good Hope, Miss Maxwell ! — West Indies ; naturalised in Florida
and Central America ; an escape from cultivation in tropical America
and Asia.

A branching glabrous herb up to 3 ft. high. Branches pale, striate.
Leaves bipinnatisect, up to 8 cm. 1. but usually shorter, the segments
linear-lanceolate, mucronate, terminal one about 2 cm. 1. ; petioles
slender, 1 cm. or morel. Heads few, about 3 cm. across, on pedicels of
10-20 cm. 1. but often shorter. Involucral scales of outer series linear
lanceolate, acuminate, ciliolate, 5 mm. 1. ; inner nearly twice as long
oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse, finely striolate, membrane -edged
Ray-florets few, neuter ; ligules exserted, obovate, 2-3-toothed, rose
coloured, 13 mm. 1. ; disk-fiorets more numerous ; corollas yellow
8 mm. 1. Receptacular scales ovate-oblong, 12 mm. 1. Achenes narrow
4-angled, 1 cm. 1., tapering into a rough beak of equal length ; awns
slender, diverging, 3 mm. 1.

Cosmos

COMPOSITE

255

Fig. 86. — Cosmos caudatus H. B. & K.

A, Upper part of plant x f . E, Stamens x 6.

B, Head in section x |. F, Style and arms x 6.

C, Ray-floret with scale x 3. G, Head with ripe achenes x

D, Disk-floret with scale x 3. H, Achene x 2.

38. CHRYSANTHELLUM L. C. Rich.

Annual herbs. Leaves radical and cauline (the latter
alternate), lobed or pinnatifid. Heads small, stalked, solitary
or terminal or in the axils of the upper leaves, radiate, hetero-
gamous, ray-florets female, those of the disk hermaphrodite,
all fertile. Involucre campanulate, of few membranous scales.
Receptacle flat with flat scales. Ray-corollas several, ligulate ;
disk-corollas with short tube and campanulate 5-fid limb.
Anthers obtuse at base. Style-arms (of the disk-florets)

256

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Chrysanthellum

ending in an awl-shaped appendage. Achenes more or less
compressed, flat or minutely 2-toothed at top, innermost
slightly winged. Pappus absent.
Species 8 or 9, chiefly American.

C. americanum (L.) Vatke in Bremen Abhandl. ix. 122 (1885) ;
Hitchc. in Bep. Miss. Bot. Gard. iv. 101 ; Urh. Symb. Ant. v.
266 & via. 735. C. procumbens L. C. Rich, in Pers. Syn. ii.
471 (1807) ; DC. Prodr. v. 630 ; Griseb. PI. Wright. 514, Fl.

Fig. 87. — ChrysantheUum americanum (L.) Vatke.

A, Plant X f.

B, Head in section X 3.

C, Ray-floret x 6.

D, Disk-floret with scale x 6.

E, Stamens x 14.

F, Style-arms x 14.

G, Eipe outer, H, inner achene x 4,

Br. W. Ind. 377 & Cat. Cub. 156 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 81 ;
Oreenm. in Proc. Amer. Acad, xxxix. 114. Anthemis
americana L. Sp. PI. 895 (1753). Bidens apiifolia L. Sysl.
ed. 10, 1203 (1760). Verbesina mutica L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1273
(1763) ; Sw. Obs. Bot. 314 ; Lun. Hort. Jam. ii. 256 ; Lam.

Chrysanthellum COMPOSITE 257

III. t. 686, /. 2. Chrysanthemum palustre minimum &c.
Sloane Cat. 126 & Hist. i. 263, t. 155,/. 3. Anthemis minima
arvensis &c. Brouone Hist. Jam. 320. Specimens from
Houstoun ex Herb. Gronovius and from Browne in Herb.
Linn. (Fig. 87.)

Common in moist places, Sloane Herb. v. 42 ! frequent in all the
savannahs, Browne ! Houstoun ! Masson ! Shakespear ! Swartz \
Wiles ! Liguanea Plains ; St. Mary ; McNdb ! 46, 57 ; cultivated fields
and roadsides, Broughton ! Luidas Vale, Prior ! Distin ! Bancroft \
Macfadyen ! Wilson 469 ! Port Morant ; Lucea ; Hitchcock ; King's
House ; Long Acre Point, West of Black River ; Constant Spring to
Bardowie ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8280, 9965, 12,107 ; Giddy Hall, St. Eliza-
beth, Miss Maxwell ! — Cuba, Hispaniola, Central America, Venezuela.

Erect or prostrate glabrous herb up to 1| ft. long, but usually much
shorter (sometimes under 3 in.). Leaves small, petioled, pinnatifid
with entire or toothed segments, up to 2 by 1-5 cm. ; petiole of radical
leaves up to 3 cm. 1., of the cauline much shorter. Peduncles slender,
eventually 3-6 cm. 1. Heads 7-10 mm. across, yellow. Involucrai
scales broadly oblong, obtuse, scarious-edged, striate, 4 mm. 1. Recepta-
cular scales linear, 3 mm. 1. Ray -florets about 12 ; ligules oblong,
bifid, 3 mm. 1. Corolla of disk 2-5 mm. 1. Achenes narrowly obovoid,
3 mm. 1., outer almost 3-angled, wingless ; inner much compressed and
very narrowly winged.

39. GALINSOGA Ruiz & Pav.

Annual herbs. Leaves opposite, entire or toothed. Heads
small, stalked, solitary or few, terminal or in the upper axils,
heterogamous, radiate, ray-florets female, of disk herma-
phrodite, all fertile. Involucre campanulate, of few broad
membranous scales. Receptacle raised, with flat scales
subtending the florets. Ray-corollas few ; ligules short, entire
or toothed. Disk-corollas tubular, 5-fid. Anthers obtuse at
base. Style-arms of the disk-florets shortly appendaged.
Achenes angular (outer sometimes compressed) ; pappus of
8-16 linear or spathulate, awned or awnless scales, of the ray-
florets sometimes fewer or absent.

Species about 5, tropical American. The following is now
naturalised in tropical and temperate regions of both Worlds,

G. parviflora Cav. Ic. Hi. 41, t. 281 (1794) ; DC. Prodr. v.
677 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 379 ; Robins, in Proc. Amer.
Acad. xxix. 325 ; Small Fl. S.E. U. St. ed. 2, 1285 ; Britt. Fl.
Berm. 402 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. viii. 738. (Fig. 88.)

McNab ! March 916 ! Mountain Industry, Eggers 3439 ! J. P. 990
(Hart !) ; Cinchona ; Hardware Gap; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8586, 10,115;
Guava Ridge, Miss Maxwell ! — Central and South America ; introduced
into United States and Bermuda and into the Old World : a probable
introduction into Jamaica. It is reported also from Hispaniola.

Branched herb, 1-2 ft. high. Branches with hispidulous hairs,

becoming glabrous. Leaves shortly petioled, ovate, acute or shortly

acuminate, broad at base, toothed or serrulate, triplinerved, sparingly

hairy or glabrous, up to 5 by 3-5 cm., but often much smaller especially

VII.— 17

258

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Qalinsoga

the upper ones. Peduncles slender, 1-2-5 cm. 1. Heads 5 mm. across.
Involucral scales ovate, obtuse, 2-5 mm. 1. Receptacular scales linear-
lanceolate, acute, 3 mm. 1. Bay-florets 4 or 5 ; ligules ovate, 3-fid,

Fig. 88. — Galinsoga parviflora Cav.

A, Portion of plant x f.

B, Head x 4.

C, Ray-floret with scale x 6.

D, Disk-floret with scale X 6.

E, Anthers and style-arms x 24.

F, Achene x 6.

1'5 mm. 1., white ; disk-corollas 1 mm. 1. Achenes narrowly top-shaped,
minutely papillate, l'5-2 mm. 1. Pappus of 16 or fewer linear-
lanceolate ciliated scales 1 mm. 1., some of them ending in short awns.

40. GALEA L.

Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, entire, toothed
or lobed. Heads stalked in terminal or axillary cymes or
solitary, heterogamous, radiate (rarely discoid and homo-

Galea

COMPOSITE

259

gamous), florets of ray female, of disk hermaphrodite, all
fertile. Involucre hemispherical, campanulate or cylindrical,
the scales in several rows. Receptacle more or less raised ;
scales concave. Ray-florets few or numerous ; ligules
exserted, usually toothed. Disk-corollas tubular, 5-fid.
Anthers sagittulate at base. Style-arms obtuse. Achenes
angled, cylindrical, or obovoid, crowned by a pappus of few
or several (up to 20) scales.

Species about 100, tropical and subtropical American.

C. jamaicensis L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 1179 (1763) ; Sw. Obs. Bot.

E

Fig. 89. — Calea jamaicensis L.

A, Portion of plant x f . E, Anthers x 8.

B, Head x 2. F, Style x 8.

C, Head in section x 2. G, Achene x 4.

D, Floret with scale x 4.

260 FLORA OF JAMAICA Galea

302 ; Lun. Hort. Jam. ii. 363 ; R. Brown in Trans. Linn.
Soc. xii. 108 ; DC. Prodr. v. 672 ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind.
379. C. cordifolia Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. Hi. 1326. Santolina
jamaicensis L. Syst. ed. 10, 1027 (1759). Conyza fruticosa
Cisti odore &c. Sloane Cat. 124 & Hist. i. 257, t. 151, /. 3.
Santolina subhirsuta &c. Brotvne Hist. Jam. 315. iype
specimen from Browne in Herb. Linn. (Fig. 89.)

Mt. Diablo and near Guanaboa, Sloane Herb. v. 14 & 15 ! ; Browne !
Swartz ! Liguanea, Brotighton ! Macfadyen ! R. Cobra ; Hope Estate,
Prior ! Wilson ! Charlemont near Ewarton ; Mount Airy ; Cane
River Valley ; Albion Movmt, St. Thomas ; Lititz Savannah ; Harris !
Fl. Jam. 6702, 7459, 10,057, 10,064, 11,653, 11,763.

A freely branching shrub up to 9 ft., but xisually smaller. Branches
when young covered with a short rough tawny pubescence which falls
off afterwards. Leaves shortly petioled, ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, rounded or obtuse at base, entire or sparsely
toothed, triplinerved, thinly leathery, rough on both faces, 2-4 by
1—2-5 cm. Heads discoid, 6 mm. across, about 15-flowered, usually
2-4 together on pedicels about 5 mm. 1. at the end of the branches.
Involucre campanulate ; scales 4-seriate, ovate, obtuse, straw-coloured,
striate, rough on the back, 5 mm. 1. Receptacular scales ovate, acute,
toothed, 6 mm. 1. Corolla 5 mm. 1., yellow. Achenes narrowed below,
sparsely hairy, 2 mm. 1. Pappus-scales about 16, linear- tapering, 3
mm. 1.

Var. parvifolia S. Moore in Journ. Bot. Ixvii. 130 (1929) ;
leaves very small, obtuse or subacute, never acuminate,
10-15 by 5-8 mm.

Cane River Valley, below the Falls, Harris ! Fl.- Jam. 10,064.

41. POROPHYLLUM Vaill.

Glabrous, glandular herbs. Leaves alternate (the lower
sometimes opposite), entire or nearly so, often glaucous.
Heads medium to rather small, stalked, solitary and terminal
or in terminal open corymbs, discoid, homogamous, all the
florets hermaphrodite and fertile. Involucre subcylindrical
or narrowly campanulate, of few scales in one series.
Receptacle naked. Corolla with a slender tube and narrowly
campanulate 5-fid limb. Anthers obtuse at base. Style-
arms linear, hairy at the top. Achenes linear, striate. Pappus
of rough or barbellate bristles in 1-2 rows.

Species about 50, Argentina to California.

P. ellipticum {L.) Cass, in Did. 8c. Nat. xliii. 56 (1826) ; DC.
Prodr. V. 648 ; Griseb. PI. Carib. 88 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. i. 467,
iv. 642 (var, genuinum Urb.) & viii. 739 ; Robins, in Proc.
Amer. Acad. xlix. 549. P. ruderale Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind.
379 (1861) (in part, non Cass.). P. Porophyllum Kuntze
Rev. Gen. PI. Hi. 168 (1898) ; Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. xxxiv. 184 ;

Porophyllum

COMPOSITE

261

Britt. Baham. Fl. 456 & Fl. Amer. Virg. 99. Cacalia Poro-
phyllum L. Sp. PL 834 (1753) ; Sw. Obs. Bot. 298. Kleinia
ruderalis Jacq. Enum. PI. Carib. 28 (1760), Bel. Stirp. Amer.
215, L 127 & Ic. Pict. t. 195 ; Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. Hi. 1293.
(Fig. 90.)

Fig. 90.-

A, Portion of plant x f .

B, Head x |.

C, Floret x 2i.

-Porophyllum ellipticum (L.) Cass.

D, Anthers and style-arms x 10.

E, Achene x 2J.

Liguanea, Broughton I Kingston ; Ewarton, Prior I King's House,
J. P. 1110 Morris [ Eggers 3476; Hector's River; Glasgow, near
Troy; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6004, 12,631 ; Guava Ridge, Miss Maxwell !—
Bahamas, Antilles, tropical America.

Erect herb up to 3^ ft. high. Stem terete, striate. Leaves petioled,
ovate to oblong, obtuse or acute, crenate or vmdulate with a few large
glands in the crenatures or on the limb, up to 5 by 2-5 cm., but often
much smaller especially the upper ones ; petioles slender, -5-4 cm. 1.
Heads about 30-flowered, solitary or few in an open corymb, about

262 FLORA OF JAMAICA Porophyllum

13 mm. across ; peduncles swollen under the head, 2-4 cm. 1. In-
volucral scales 5, narrowly linear-lanceolate, shortly aciuninate, with
linear glands reaching the top, 18 mm. 1. Corolla 13 mm. 1., green or
purplish. Style-arms exserted. Achenes slightly narrowed at both
ends, 8 mm. 1. Pappus -bristles rather rough, white.

Cassini distinguished two closely allied species of Porophyllum, one
(P. ellipticum) with obtuse, crenate, glandular leaves, the other (P.
ruderale) having the leaves acuminate and eglandular. Urban, his
view confirmed by Robinson, regards these as conspecific. He calls
the former var. genuinum ; this, besides the characters just given, has
glandular lines upon the involucral scales running from bottom to
top, whereas in the other {P. ellipticum var. ruderale) the glands are at
the bottom only. All the Jamaica specimens seen belong to the former
of these. Swartz {Prodr. 110) claims P. ruderale (" Cacalia ruderalis ")
for Jamaica, as well as {Obs.Bot. 298) P. ellipticum (" Cacalia Poro-
phyllum, ") ; but as no Swartz specimen is available, the point must
remain uncertain. Without seeing specimens it is inadvisable to quote
further references for the two varieties. Bydberg ignores these varieties;
and this seems reasonable as there are intermediate forms between them.

[TAGETES L.

Annual, glandular herbs. Leaves opposite or alternate,
usually pinnatisect. Heads small to large, stalked, solitary
or in open corymbs, heterogamous, radiate ; ray-florets few
(occasionally 1-3 or absent), female, of disk hermaphrodite,
all fertile. Involucre subcylindrical or campanulate, of
several 1 -seriate scales connate nearly throughout. Receptacle
flat, naked or slightly pitted. Ray-corollas with entire or
retuse 5-fid exserted or included ligule. Corolla of disk-
florets tubular, 5-fid. Anthers obtuse at base. Style-arms
of the disk-florets long, obtuse. Achenes linear, callus-based.
Pappus of few heteromorphous scales, long and aristate or
short and truncate.

About 35 species of tropical and subtropical America,
2 or 3 of which are naturalised, or escapes from cultivation,
in many parts of the Old World.

T. patula L. Sp. PL 887 (1753) ; Sims Bot. Mag. t. 150 ;
Mayc. Fl. Barb. 327 ; DC. Prodr. v. 643 ; Sang. Fl. Cub. 52 ;
Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 642 & viii. 739 ; Rydb. N. Amer. FL
xxxiv. 154 ; Britt. FL Amer. Virg. 100. Linnean specimens
in Hort. Cliff, in Herb. Mus. Brit.

French Marigold.

Tyre near Troy, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9464, a garden escape. — Cuba,
Porto Rico, Virgin Islands, Barbados, Mexico and Central America.

An openly branching, glabrous, natvu-alised weed, 1| ft. high.
Branches hollow, striate. Leaves sessile or subsessile, ovate in outline,
mostly 4-5 by 3-4 cm., with usually 5-7 pairs of oblong-lanceolate,
acute, sharply serrulate segments which, like the involucral scales,
bear scattered immersed glands. Heads in flower 3-4 cm. across,
solitary or very few at the ends of the branches, on stalks about 4-6 cm. 1.

Tagetes COMPOSITE 263

swollen vmder the head. Involucres glaucoiis, 15 by 8 mm. with 5
short deltoid obtuse teeth. Ray -floret ligules exserted, suborbicular,
retuse, about 1 cm. 1., yellow or orange. Corolla of disk-florets 12 mm. 1.
Style-arms exserted. Achenes compressed, striate, sparsely and
miinutely glandular, 7 mm. 1. Pappus of 2 long 8-10 rain, scales ; and
2 short and broad about half as long.]

42. PECTIS L.

Annual or perennial aromatic herbs. Leaves opposite,
usually linear and with stiff marginal hairs below the middle.
Heads small to medium, stalked, solitary or in corymbs,
heterogamous, radiate, ray-florets female, those of disk
hermaphrodite, all fertile. Involucre cylindrical or cam-
panulate, of few free 1 -seriate glandular scales. Receptacle
naked. Ray-corollas with exserted entire or 3-toothed
ligules ; those of the disk tubular, with an enlarged regular
or irregular, 5-lobed limb. Anthers obtuse at base. Style-
arms short and obtuse. Achenes linear, striate ; pappus of
few or many bristles, hair-like or scaly below, occasionally
of small scales.

Species nearly 100, from Nebraska to Argentina, chiefly
Mexican and Central American ; several in the West Indies.

Involucral scales 8.

Pappus of short scales some of which may be

bristle-like above 1. P. Swartziana.

Involucral scales 5.

Pappus of bristles scaly below.
Heads sessile or shortly stalked.

Glands on underside of leaf scattered 2. P. ciliaris.

Glands on underside of leaf in two rows .... 3. P. linearifolia.

Heads on long stalks 4. P.febrifuga.

Pappus bristly, bristles sometimes with an

obscure basal dilatation 5. P. florihunda.

Pappus of 2-4 awl-shaped hard divergent bristles 6. P. linifolia.

1. P. Swartziana Less, in Linncea vi. 711 (1831) (excl. ref.
Swartz) ; leaves with 1-3 pairs of basal bristles and a few
scattered glands on the underside. — DC. Prodr. v. 99 ; Griseb.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 378 (excl. reff. Plum, ds Swartz) ; Fernald in
Proc. Amer. Acad, xxxiii. 69 ; Sang. Fl. Cub. 52 ; Urb.
Symb. Ant. v. 269 & viii. 739 ; Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. xxxiv.
201 ; Jenn. Is. Pin. 288. P. patula Linn. f. ex DC. loc. cit.
(1836). P. pratensis C. Wright in Sauv. Fl. Cub. 81.

Macfadyen ! — Cuba, Hispaniola, Mexico to Bolivia.

Erect branching herb, 3-8 in. high. Branches divaricate, slender,
slightly rough. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, mucronate, mostly 1-2-5
cnx. 1. Heads 3 mm. across, usually solitary, on peduncles mostly

264

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Pedis

1-2-5 cm. 1., 17-20-flowered. Involucral scales 8 (rarely 7), linear-
oblong, obtuse or subacute, 3'5-4 mm. 1. Ray-florets 6-8 ; ligules
oblong-ovate, toothed, 2 mm. 1. Disk-florets 8-12 ; corollas 2 mm. 1.
Achenes sparsely and shortly hairy, 2-5 mm. 1. Pappus of ray-florets a
small laciniate cup about -3 mm. deep ; of disk-florets 5 or 10 laciniate
scales (sometimes united at base) about -6 mm. 1., of which some may
end in a bristle about 2 mm. 1.

2. P. ciliaris L. Syst. ed. 10, 1221 (1760) ; DC. torn. cit.
100 (excl. synn.) ; leaves with 3 or 4 pairs of marginal
bristles below the middle and scattered glands on the under-
side.— Griseh. op. cit. 378 & Cat. Cub. 156 ; Sauv. loc. cit. ;

Fig. 91.-

A, Portion of plant x j.

B, Head x 3.

C, Ray-floret x 4.

D, Disk-floret x 4.

-Pedis ciliaris L.

E, Antliers and style x 10.

F, Achene of ray-floret x 4.

G, Achene of disk-floret x 4.

Pedis COMPOSITE 265

Sang. loc. cit. ; Combs Fl. Cub. 435 ; Urb. op. cit. iv. 643,
V. 277 & via. 740 ; Rydh. torn. cit. 200. P. anceps Less, in
Linncea vi. 715 (1831). Hieracium minimum &c. Shane
Cat. 123 & Hist. i. 255, t. 150,/. 1. H. erectum minimum &c.
Broijone Hist. Jam. 311. Specimen from Browne in Herb.
Linn. (Fig. 91.)

Town savannah, Sloane Herb. v. 7 ! common in the road between
Spanish Town and Sixteen-Mile Walk, Browne ! Swartz \ Broughton !
Liguanea Plains, McNab 45 ! Purdie ! Macfadyen ! Shortwood,
Campbell ! Fl. Jam. 5749 ; Constant Spring ; above Hope Mines ;
Two-Mile Wood Pen, St. Catherine ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5796, 6827,
12,067. — Cuba, Hispanioia, Porto Rico.

An erect or spreading weed 4 in. to nearly 1 ft. high. Branches with
lines of rough hairs. Leaves linear-oblong or linear, acute, rough,
especially at the margin, mostly 1-5— 2-5 cm. Heads in flower 4 mm.
across, about 12-(9-17)-flowered, solitary or few, sessile or subsessile
among the uppermost leaves, yellow. Involucral scales broadly oblong,
rotundate, 6 mm. 1. Ray-florets 5 ; ligules linear-lanceolate, minutely
toothed, 2-2-5 mm. 1. Disk-florets usually about 8-10 (4-12) ; corolla
3 rmn. 1. Achenes with short appressed hairs, 3 mm. 1. Pappus-
bristles of ray generally 2 or 3, of disk usually 5, rough, 3 mm. 1., some
often shorter.

3. P. linearifolia Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 276 (1907) ; leaves
usually with 3 or 4 pairs of marginal bristles, and glands upon
the underside in two rows, one under each margin. — Rydb.
tom. cit. 201. P. linifolia Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 378 (non L.
nee Less.). P. ciliaris Fernald tom. cit. 66 ; Small Fl. S.E.
U. St. ed. 2, 1296 (non L.).

Macfadyen ! Giddy Hall, St. Elizabeth, Miss Maxwell ! — Florida.

Branching herb 4 in. to upwards of 1 ft. high. Branches slender,
with rows of short, rough hairs. Leaves linear, obtuse or mucronulate,
involute margins rather rough, mostly 1—2-5 cm. 1. Heads in flower
3 mm. across, subsessile or on short stalks at most 4-5 mm. 1., 11-12-
flowered, solitary or very few together, yellow. Involucral scales
oblong, acute or obtuse, strongly keeled, 5 mm. 1. Ray-florets 5 ;
ligules narrowly obovate-oblong, toothed, barely 2-5 mm. 1. Disk-
florets 6 or 7 ; corollas 2 mm. 1. Achenes 3 mm. 1., rather rough upon
the edges. Pappus -bristles of ray-florets 2, of disk 5, basal part lanceo-
late, ciUate, about 1 mm. 1. with a rather longer aristate terminal part.

4. P. febrifuga van Hall in Fl. Jard. Pays-Bas. iv. 33
(1861) ; leaves with 3-5 pairs of marginal bristles and few
small glands on the underside. — Urb. op. cit. v. 279 ; Bold.
Fl. Ned. W.-Ind. i. 205 & n. 109 ; Rydb. tom. cit. 202 ; Britt.
Fl. Amer. Virg. 99. P. linifolia Less. tom. cit. 709 (1831)
(excl. syn.) ; DC. tom. cit. 99 ; Egg. Fl. St. Croix db Virg. 66
(non L.).

Hope Grounds, Fawcett ! Fl. Jam. 8302 ; Hope Gardens ; King's
House Groimds ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8616, 12,139; Papine, Ridley ! —
Virgin Isles, Curasao, Aruba, Colombia.

266 FLORA OF JAMAICA Pectis

A low, copiously branching herb up to | ft. high. Branches slender,
somewhat rough. Leaves linear, mucronulate, mostly -5-1 -5 cm. 1.
Heads in flower 3 mm. across, 11-18-flowered, in few-headed open
corymbs, yellow ; peduncles filiform, generally 1-5-2 cm. 1. Involucral
scales oblong, acute, 5 mm. 1. Ray-florets 5 ; ligules oblong, toothed,
2-5 mm. 1. Disk-fl/irets usually about 10 ; corollas 2-5 mm. 1. Achenes
minutely rough along the edges, barely 3 mm. 1. Ray-pappus of 2,
disk usually of 5 lanceolate, often incised scales about 1 mm. 1., pro-
duced into rough bristles 3 times their length.

5. P. floribunda A. Rich, in Sagra Cub. xi. 36 (1850) ;
leaves with usually 2 or 3 pairs of bristles on the rough
margin near the base and scattered glands on the underside. —
P, elongata Urh. op. cit. v. 283 & viii. 741 ; Rydb. torn. cit.
210 ; Jenn. op. cit. 28 (non H.B. dh K.). P. Plumieri
Oriseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 378 (1861) (excl. ref. Plum.) & Cat.
Cub. 156 ; Hitchc. in Rep. Miss. Bot. Gard. iv. 101 ; Sang,
loc. cit. Type in Herb. Paris ; of Plumieri in Herb.
Edinb.

Verbena Grass.

St. Mary, McNab ! Lucea, Orgill ! Barhcroft ! Hansen ; between
Yallahs and Morant Bay ; King's House pasture ; Fawcett ! Fl. Jam.
7453 ; Halberstadt, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6662 ; Flamstead, Miss Max-
well ! — Cuba, Isle of Pines (Central America ?).

Branching herb from 4 in. to 2 ft. or more high. Stem erect, woody
at base ; branches four-angled, rough at the nodes. Leaves linear,
acuminate, mostly 1-4 (rarely 6) cm. 1. Heads 3 mm. across, 11-12-
flowered, piuple. Involucral scales linear, acute, 5-6 mm. 1. Ray-
florets 5 ; ligules linear-lanceolate, minutely toothed, 2-2-5 mm. 1.
Disk-florets 6 (rarely 7) ; corolla 2-5 mm. 1. Achenes glabrous or slightly
hairy, 2-5 mm. 1. Pappus -bristles of ray-florets 3-5 (rarely 6), of disk-
florets 8, very slightly expanded if at all at the base, rough, 4-4-5 mm. 1.,
but one or more sometimes shorter.

6. p. linifolia L. Syst. ed. 10, 1221 (1759) ; leaves with
2-4 basal bristles and glands scattered or in a single row on
the underside. — Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 308 ; Lam. III. t. 684 ;
DC. torn. cit. 99 ; Fernald tom. cit. 85 ; Britt. in Bull. N.
York Bot. Gard. Hi. 453 ; Urb. op. cit. iv. 643, v. 285 & viii.
741 ; Rydb. tom. cit. 215 ; Bold. op. cit. 110 ; Britt. Fl. Amer.
Virg. 99. P. punctata Jacq. Enum. PI. Carib. 28 (1760),
Sel. Stirp. Amer. 216, t. 128 & Ed. Pict. t. 196 ; Sw. Obs. Bot.
308 ; Griseb. PI. Carib. 84, PL Wright. 514, Fl. Br. W. Ind.
377 & Cat. Cub. 156 ; Sauv. op. cit. 82 ; Egg. loc. cit. ; Hitchc.
loc. cit. ; Stahl Fl. P.-Rico v. 146 ; Kew Bull. 1893, 260 ;
Duss Fl. Ant. Frang. 371. Pectidium punctatum Less, in
Linncea vi. 707. Hieracium fruticosum &c. Sloane Cat. 123 &
Hist. i. 255, t. 149,/. 3. Tagetes ? minor, caule subdiviso &c.
Broume Hist. Jam. 319. Specimen from Browne in Herb.
Linn.

Pectis COMPOSITE 267

Shane Herb. v. 6 ! Lane in Herb. Petiver {Sloane Herb, clxii. 13 !) ;
Browne ! Broughton ! McNab ! Parnell ! Macfadyen ! Hope Estate,
Prior ! Liguanea, Purdie ! Bancroft ! Distin ! Lucea, Hitchcock ;
J. P. 893, 1189 {Hart !); Sheldon Road; near Grove; Hope Grounds;
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5450, 6828, 12,127 ; Giddy Hall, St. Elizabeth, Miss
Maxwell ! Arntully, Albion trail, Orcutt 3909 ! — Bahamas, West
Indies, Galapagos Is., and Arizona to Venezuela and Colombia.

An erect, branching weed, 2—4 ft. high. Branches slender, striate,
glabrous. Leaves linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate, acute, up to
6 cm. 1. but usually much shorter. Flowers mostly solitary, on filiform
usually 1-2-5 cm. 1. stalks. Heads 3 mm. across, 6-9-fiowered, yellow
or purple. Involucral scales linear, obtuse, 5—6 mm. 1. Ray-florets
4 or 5 ; ligules ovate, minutely toothed, 1 mm. 1. Disk-florets 2-4 ;
corollas 3 mm. 1. Achenes minutely hairy or glabrous, about 5 mm. 1.
Pappus -bristles usually 3, sometimes 4 or 2, subulate-aristate, soon
diverging, 1 •5-2-5 mm. I.

Pyrethrum Parthenium (L.) Sm. (Matricaria Parthenium L.) is cited
by Grisebach as introduced into Jamaica from Europe. The only
specimen seen, collected by McNab at Dalmeny, is in Herb. Edinb.
Bot. Gard. It is a perennial herb up to 2 ft., with pinnatisect leaves,
having deeply cut segments, stalked radiate heads about 1 cm. across,
the short and broad rays white, the disk yellow, and small ribbed
achenes without a pappus.

43. LIABUM Adans.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire toothed or
lobed, usually tomentose beneath. Heads rather large to
rather small, solitary or in a corymb or panicle, heterogamous
and radiate or ray less and homogamous, florets all fertile.
Involucre campanulate or hemispherical, the scales in several
rows. Receptacle minutely pitted or fringed. Ray-corollas
ligulate ; ligules exserted, several or many, usually narrow,
entire or toothed ; those of disk with a narrow tube and
cylindrical 5-fid limb. Anthers sagittate at base. Style-
arms linear, obtuse, hairy. Achenes oblong. Pappus 1-2-
seriate, of rough or barbellate bristles sometimes some-
what scaly.

Species over 100, Mexico to Argentina, rare in West Indies ;
many Andine.

L. umbellatum {L.) Sch. Bip. in Journ. Bot. i. 236 (1863) ;
Urh. Symb. Ant. v. 265 & viii. 142 ; Shreve Mont. Bain- For.
22 & 34. L. Brownei Cass, in Diet. Sc. Nat. xxvi. 203 (1823) ;
Less, in Linncea vi. 697 ; DC. Prodr. v. 97 ; Griseb. PI. Wright.
615 & Fl. Br. W. Ind. 383 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 82. Amellus
umbellatus L. Syst. ed. 10, 1225 (1760) ; Sw. Obs. Bot. 310 ;
Lun. Hort. Jam. ii. 307. Solidago ? villosa, incana &c,
Browne Hist. Jam. 320, t. 33,/. 2. Tjrpe specimen from Browne
in Herb. Linn. (Fig. 92.)

268

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Liabum

Wound Worth (Lunan).

Sloane Herb. v. 7 ! Brovme I Masson ! Shakeapear ! St. Mary,
McNab ! Macfadyen ! Mt. Diablo, Prior ! Bancroft ! Wilson ! St.
George's Gap, Purdie I Cinchona, J. P. 1066 {Hart !) ; Leicesterfield,
Upper Clarendon, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,844. — Cuba, Hispaniola.

Coarse herb up to 3 ft. Stem simple, naked above, coarsely striate,

Fig. 92. — Liabum umbdlatum (L.) Sch. Bip.

A, Upper part of plant x |. E, Anthers x 8.

B, Head x 2. F, Style-arms x 8.

C, Ray-floret x 4 (the ligule Is shown as too long). G, Achene x 4.

D, Disk-floret x 4.

tomentose. Leaves near base of stem, petioled, ovate, truncate-
rotundate or cuneate at base, margin glandular-toothed, thinly cob-
webby afterwards, glabrous above, tomentose below ; petioles winged
in upper part, amplexicaul, tomentose, up to 2 cm. 1. Heads yellow, in
flower 1(>-13 mm. across, in corymbose umbels greatly overtopping
the leaves ; peduncles longer or shorter than the heads. Involucre
broadly campanulate ; scales 4-seriate, ovate- to linear-lanceolate,

Liabum COMPOSITE 269

acute, of outer series about 1 mm. 1., size increasing inwards, innermost
scales 5-5 mm. 1. Receptacle fringed. Ray-florets numerous in several
rows ; ligules linear, 2-5 mm. 1., the filiform tube more than twice that
length. Disk-floreta few ; corollas 6 mm. 1. Achenes callus-based,
minutely hairy, 2 mm. 1. Pappus -bristles mmaerous, 2-seriate, light
brown, rather rough, 6 mm. 1.

44. NEUROLiENA R. Br.

Tall shrubby plants. Leaves alternate, entire toothed or
3-lobed. Heads rather small, in terminal corymbose panicles,
homogamous, discoid, all florets hermaphrodite and fertile.
Involucre campanulate ; scales in 3-4 rows, membranous.
Receptacle flattish, with membranous scales. Corollas with
slender tube and 5-fid limb. Anthers sagittulate at base.
Style-arms slender, bearing tufts of short hairs. Achenes
oblong. Pappus of numerous bristles in 1-2 rows.

Besides the following, there are 3 or 4 species in Mexico
and Central America.

N. lobata (Sw.) R. Br. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 120 (1818) ;
DC. Prodr. vi. 292 ; Griseb. PI. Carib. 88, Fl. Br. W. Ind.
381 & Cat. Cub. 157 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 82 ; Stahl Fl. P.-Eico
V. 148 ; Kew Bull. 1893, 260 ; Duss Fl. Ant. FranQ. 373 ;
Sang. Fl. Cub. 53 ; Robins, in Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist,
xxxi. 248 ; Hart Herb. List Trin. 32 ; Bold. Fl. Ned. W.-Ind.
i. 205 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 644 & viii. 743 & in Fedde Rep.
Beih. V. 58 ; Jenn. Is. Pin. 288 ; Britt. Fl. Amer. Virg. 99 ;
Britt. db Millspaugh Baham. Fl. 457. Conyza lobata L. Sp.
PL 862 (1753). Calea lobata Sw. Prodr. 113 (1788) & Fl.
Ind. Occ. Hi. 1324 ; Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 363 ; Sims Bot. Mag.
t. 1734. Eupatorium valverdianum Klatt in Bull. Soc. Bot.
Belg. xxxi. 188 (1892). E. chrysocephalum Klatt Bot. Beibl.
Leopold. 2 (1895). Virga aurea major &c. Sloane Cat. 125 &
Hist. i. 260, t. 152, /. 4. Santolina erecta subhirsuta &c.
Browne Hist. Jam. 315. Conyza foliis hastatis &c. Plum. PI.
Amer. (Burm.) 84, t. xcvi. — Houstoun's type (from Vera
Cruz) in Herb. Mus. Brit., also specimen from Hort. Cliifort.
(Fig. 93.).

Halbert Weed, Bitter Wood, Bitter Bush»
American Golden Rod, Cow Gall.

Road to Moiuitain River, Sloane Herb. v. 25 ! Browne ; Blue Mts.,
Swartz ! Broughton ! Moneague, Prior ! Purdie ! Macfadyen ! J. P.
1068, 1241 {Hart !) ? ; Bull Head, Fawcett ! Fl. Jam. 8463 ; Clare-
mont, Fawcett & Harris ! Fl. Jam. 7007 ; Doll Wood ; Holly Motmt,
Mt. Diablo; Ramble, Claremont; near Troy; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5625,
7007, 8463, 8503, 8754 ; near Troy ; Wallingford, Blue Mts. ; Miss
Perkins ! 1361, 1473 ; Cook's Bottom, near Ipswich, Maxon& Killip
1450 ! Water Works Glen, Port Antonio, Norman 234 ! — West Indies,
Mexico to Colombia.

270

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Neurokena

Coarse, shrubby weed up to 12 ft. high, but usually less. Branches
terete, strongly striate, rough-pubescent becoming glabrous. Leaves
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acuminate, tip mucronate,
narrowed into the petiole ; entire or toothed, lower often 3-lobed,
rough above, pubescent on lower face, 5-24 by 2-5-8 cm., sometimes
even larger ; petioles pubescent, 1 cm. 1. or less. Panicles many-
headed, generally shorter than the (longer) leaves up to about 10 cm.

Fig. 93.— Neurokena lobata (Sw.) R. Br.

A, Portion of plant x |. D, Anthers x 8.

B, Head x 3. E, Style-arms X 8.

C, Floret with nearly flat scale x 4. F, Achene x 4.

across often less. Pedicels slender, with few, small, scattered bracts,
mostly longer than the heads. Heads yellow, in flower 6 mm. across.
Involucrnl scales oblong, obtuse, in 4 rows, outer rows very small, the
rest gradually larger, innermost 6-5 mm. 1., 3-nerved. Receptacular
scales linear-oblong, 5-5 mm. 1. Corollas 5 mm. 1. Anthers exserted.
Achenes slightly narrowed below, callus-based, glabrous, barely 2
nun. 1. Pappus -bristles smooth, 4-5 mm. 1.

Neurolcma COMPOSITE 271

Bitter Wood is so called from its excessive bitterness. ... Of late
bedsteads and presses are made of it, to prevent bugs, cockroaches and
worms breeding . . . ; neither do the workmen care for working it,
it bittering their mouths and throats. ... It is a most noble wound-
herb, restringent and healing all sores and ulcers (Barham).

It is an excellent bitter and much used in America, where a spirituous
infusion of the tops is generally kept in most plantations, which is often
administered as an active warm stomachic (Browne).

45. ERECHTHITES Raf.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, entire to
pinnatifid. Heads in terminal corymbs, discoid, hetero-
gamous, outer florets in 2 or more rows, female ; inner
hermaphrodite, all usually fertile. Involucre cylindrical, of
numerous narrow scales in one row with sometimes a few
small ones (calyculus) outside. Receptacle flat, naked.
Corollas of outer florets filiform, of inner tubular and 5-fid.
Anthers obtuse at base. Style-arms of the hermaphrodite
florets truncate. Achenes oblong. Pappus of numerous
long silky bristles.

Species about 18, in America (Canada southwards),
Australia and New Zealand ; one introduced into Asia.

E. hieracifolia (L.) Eaf. ex DC. Prodr. vi. 294 (1837) ;
Griseb. PL Carib. 88, PL Wright. 514, FL Br. W. Ind. 381 &
Cat. Cub. 157 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 82 ; Egg. Fl. St. Croix <&; Virg.
66 ; Macoun Cat. Can. PI. i. 262 ; Stahl FL P.-Rico 150 ;
Duss FL Ant. FranQ. 374 ; Hart Herb. List Trin. 32 ; Small
Fl. S.E. U. St. ed. 2, 1300 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 644 & viii. 743 ;
Jenn. Is. Pin. 288 ; Britt. FL Amer. Virg. 100 ; Britt. d;
Millsp. Baham. Fl. 458. E. prsealta Raf. Fl. Ludov. 65
(1817) ; Less, in Linncea vi. 411. E. cacalioides Less, in
Linncea v. 395 (1832). Senecio hieracifolius L. Sp. PL 866
(1753) ; Sang. Fl. Cub. 53. S. cacalioides Fisch. ex Spreng.
Nov. Prov. 37 (1819). Sonchus agrestis Sw. Prodr. 110 (1788)
& Fl. Ind. Occ. Hi. 1289 ; Lun. Hort. Jam. ii. 182 ; Mayc.
Fl. Barb. 319. Sonchus Isevis Cord. hist. &c. Sloane Cat. 122
& Hist. i. 255. Specimen from Hort. Cliff, in Herb. Mus. Brit.,
and from Browne in Herb. Linn. (Fig. 94.)

Sloane Herb. v. 1 ! Browne ! Shakespear I Broughton ! St. Ann,
Prior ! March 1492 ! Disiin I Claremont, Fawcett dk Harris ! Fl. Jam.
7035 ; Castleton Hill, Thompson ! Fl. Jam. 8024 ; New Green near
Mandeville ; Castleton ; Glasgow near Troy ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6279,
10,890, 12,637 ; Balaclava ; Sweetwater ; Orcutt ! 1459, 2154.— West
Indies, Central America ; introduced into the Old World.

A weed along roadsides and in waste places. Stem erect, simple or
branched, up to 3 ft. high, hollow, striate, coarsely and sparsely hairy

272

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Erechthites

or glabrous. Leaves sessile, oblong- or linear-lanceolate, obtuse
to acuminate, often auricled at base, coarsely toothed or pinnatifid
with triangular acute segments, glabrous or sparsely hairy, mostly
4-12 by 1-4 cm. Corymbs shorter than the leaves, congested at the
ends of the branches, 3-6 cm. across. Peduncles coarsely hairy.

Fig. 94. — Erechthites hiezacifolia (L.) Kaf.

A, Upper part of plant x f .

B, Head x 2J.

C, Hermaphrodite (left) and female

florets X 4.

D, Anthers x 10.

E, Style-arms x 10.

F, Achene x 4.

usually shorter than the heads. Heads in flower 7 mm. across, white.
Involucre glabrous or coarsely hairy ; scales barely 1 cm. 1., with a few
small ciliate ones outside. Outer florets in several rows ; corollas
slightly enlarged at top, 1 cm. 1. ; inner florets somewhat longer with
well-marked limb. Achenes ribbed, slightly hairy, 3 mm. 1. Papptis-
hristles smooth, white, 10 mm. 1.

Emilia COMPOSITE 273

[EMILIA Cass.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, entire
toothed or pinnatifid. Heads on long peduncles, solitary or
few in a lax corymb, homogamous, discoid, all florets herma-
phrodite and fertile. Involucre cylindrical, the narrow scales
in one row with no calyculus outside. Receptacle flat and
naked. Corolla tubular with an elongated cylindrical 5-fid
limb. Anthers obtuse at base. Style-arms with a short
appendage. Achenes oblong, sub terete or ribbed. Pappus
of numerous silky bristles.

About 23 species, in tropical Asia and Africa, the two
following naturalised in the New World.

Scales of involucre 10-13 mm. long 1. E. sonchifolia.

Scales of involucre 7 mm. long 2. E. sagittata.

1. E. sonchifolia {L.) DC. Prodr. vi. 302 (1837) ; Griseb
PL Carih. 88, PL Wright. 514, FL Br. W. Ind. 381 & Cat
Cub. 157 ; Sauv. FL Cub. 82 ; Egg. FL St. Croix dh Virg. 66
Stahl FL P.-Rico v. 151 ; Kew BulL 1893, 260 ; Hitchc. in
Rep. Miss. Bot. Card. iv. 101 ; Duss FL Ant. Frang. 374
Sang. FL Cub. 53 ; Hart Herb. List Trin. 32 ; Urb. Symb
Ant. iv. 644 & viii. 743 ; Small FL S. U. St. ed. 2, 1374 ; Jenn
Is. Pin. 288 ; Britt. FL Berm. 397 & FL Amer. Virg. 100
Britt. <fc Millsp. Baham. FL 457. Cacalia sonchifolia L. Sp.
PL 835 (1753). Senecio sonchifolius Moench Meih. Suppl. 231
(1802) ; Bold. FL Ned. W.-Ind. i. 206. (Fig. 95.)

Cupid's Shaving Brush.

Moneague, Prior ! near Kingston, Lehmann 974 ! J. P. 119
{Hart !) ; Arcadia, Mrs. Sewell ; near Green Hills, Blue Mts., Rendle
103 ! Ward's Rock, Thompson ! Fl. Jam. 8020 ; Mt. Lebanon ;
Long Acre Point, W. of Black River ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6648.

Annual weed, glabrous or nearly so, 1 ft. high or less. Leaves
glaucous, lower lyrate, toothed, upper sagittate, amplexicaul, toothed
or lobed, up to 10 by 4 cm,, but usually smaller. Corymbs longer than
the leaves, very few-headed ; peduncles slender, 2-5—10 cm. 1. Heads
4r-7 mm. across, about 40-fiowered, crimson. Involucral scales free
except at the somewhat swollen base, 10-13 mm. 1. Corollas 10 mm. 1.
Achenes strongly ribbed, rough, 3 mm. 1. Pappus -bristles smooth,
6 mm. 1.

2. E. sagittata (Vahl) DC. Prodr. vi. 302 (1837) ; Egg. he.
cit. ; Duss loc. cit. ; Hart loc. cit. ; Urb. op. cit. iv. 645 & viii.
744 ; Britt. Fl. Berm. 397 & Fl. Amer. Virg. 100. Cacalia
sagittata Vahl Symb. Hi. 91 (1794). Senecio sagittatus Hieron.
in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xix. 64 (1896).

Agualla Vale, Metcalfe ! Castle ton, Lehmann ! vicinity of Kingston,
VII.— 18

274

FLORA OF JAJVIAICA

Emilia

Clute 9 ! Cinchona, Taylor 4228 ! Balaclava ; Sweetwater ; Orcutt !
907, 2152.

Very similar to the last except that the involucral scales are only
about 7 mm. 1., so that the corollas easily overtop them.]

Fig. 96. — Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC.

A, Plant X i. D, Anthers x 8.

B, Head x 2. E, Style-arms x 8.

C, Floret x 4. F, Achene x 5.

46. SENECIO L.

Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees. Leaves alternate, entire
lobed or pinnatifid. Heads small to large, usually corymbose
or solitary, heterogamous and radiate, the ray-florets female,
the disk hermaphrodite, or discoid and homogamous, all

Senecio COMPOSITE 275

florets usually fertile. Involucre cylindrical to hemi-
spheroidal ; scales in one row free or more or less united at
first, leathery, withered at tip, often with a few smaller at the
base outside (calyculus). Receptacle flat or slightly raised,
naked, minutely pitted or fringed. Corolla of ray-florets
ligulate, of disk tubular and 5-fid. Anthers obtuse or sagittu-
late at base. Style-arms of the disk-florets truncate (some-
times obtuse) and with a tuft of hairs. Achenes subterete
or 10-ribbed. Pappus of numerous smooth or rough or shortly
barbellate bristles.

Species about 3000, world-wide.

Leaves pinnatifid 1. S. laciniatua.

Leaves entire or at most toothed.

Leaves tomentose beneath 2. S. discolor.

Leaves glabrous on both faces.
Leaves at most minutely toothed.

Erect shrubs. Leaves obovate or obovate-

lanceolate 3. S. Swartzii.

Climbing shrub. Leaves ovate or oblong-
lanceolate 4. S. Hollickii.

Leaves coarsely toothed.

Leaves narrowed at base. Involucres 6-5-7

mm. 1 5. S. Fadyenii.

Leaves rounded at base. Involucres 9-5-10

mm. 1 6. 8. dolichanthtia.

1. S. laciniatus {Sw.) DC. Prodr. vi. 411 (1837); leaves
decurrent, up to 22 cm. 1. Heads yellow, 26-flowered. —
Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 382 ; Wils. in Rep. Geolog. Jam. 282 ;
Slireve Mont. Rain-For. 37. Cineraria laciniata Sw. Fl.
Ind. Occ. in. 1352 (1806). Gynoxys laciniata Less. Syn. 390
(1832).

Swartz ! Blue Mt. Peak, Macfadyen ! Ibid., Harris !

A tall shrub (" under-tree " Shreve). Branches stout, striate with
short rough hairs or glabrous. Leaves large, obovate in outline,
pinnatifid with triangular acute coarsely toothed segments, the
lowest segments greatly reduced, rough on both faces, 10-22 by 4r-9 cm. ;
petioles swollen at base, 2-3 cm. 1. Corymbs usually shorter than the
leaves, densely headed, the open branches like the involucres rough.
Heads numerous, radiate, 6 mm. across. Peduncles usually shorter
than the heads, bracteate. Involucral scales with obtuse, hairy tips,
6 mm. 1. ; calyculus of very few scales. Receptacle minutely fringed.
Ray-florets 6 ; ligules ovate-oblong, 3-toothed, 4 mm. 1. Disk-florets
about 20 ; corollas 8 mm. 1. Style-arms of hermaphrodite florets
obtuse, with a tuft of hairs. Achenes glabrous, 1-5 mm. 1. Pappus-
bristles rather rough, white, 7-5 nun. 1.

2. S. discolor (Sw.) DC. Prodr. vi. 412 (1837) ; leaves not
deciu'rent, at most 12 by 4 cm. Heads white ; florets 15-18.
— Griseb. loc. cit. ; Hitchc. in Rep. Miss. Bot. Gard. iv. 101 ;

276

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Senecio

Wils. loc. cit. Cineraria discolor Sw. Prodr. 114 (1788) &
Fl. Ind. Occ. in. 1358 ; Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 301 ; Sims Bot.
Mag. t. 2647, Specimen from Houstoun in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Houstoun ! Shakeapear ! Lindsay I Liguanea, Broughton ! Port
Royal, McNab ! Purdie ! Mt. Diablo, Prior ! Waters ! Manchester,
March 859 ! Gordon Town, Eggers 3492 ! Clute 16 ! Poms, Hitchcock;
Norwood, Campbell ! Fl. Jam. 6042 ; Salt Hill Road ; grove near
Gordon Town ; Peckham Woodland, Clarendon ; Cumberland, Upper
Clarendon; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5626, 8425, 11,068, 12,854. Mandeville,
Norman 72 ! Guava Ridge, Miss Maxwell ! Green Hills, Blue Mts.,
Rendu 88 !

A straggling shrub up to 12 ft. high. Branches subterete, striate,
with a cobwebby indumentum soon disappearing. Leaves petioled.

Fig. 96. — Senecio SwarUii DC.

A, Branch in flower x f .

B, Head x 2.

C, Ray-floret x 4.

D, Disk-floret x 4.

E, Anthers and style-arms x 6.

F, Head in section showing achcnes

and receptacle (r) x 2.

G, Achene x 4.

Senecio COMPOSITJE 277

lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, tip mucronate, rounded
and sometimes slightly cordate at base, repand-denticulate with
revolute margin, leathery, glabrous above and together with the
inflorescence and 10-15 mm. 1. petioles white-tomentose below, 5-12
by 1-5-4 cm. Corymbs many-headed, rather open, usually shorter
than the leaves. Peduncles bracteate, about as long as or shorter than
the heads. Heads radiate, 4 mm. across, sweet-scented. Involucre
calyculate ; scales 8-9, acute, 4-5 mm. 1. Receptacle naked. Bay-
florets 3-6 ; ligules ovate, 2 mm. 1. Disk-florets about 12 ; corollas

4 mm. 1. Achenes slightly hairy, 2 mm. 1. Pappus 3-5 mm. 1. ; bristles
rather rough, white.

3. S. Swartzii DC. Prodr. vi. 411 (1837) ; leaves not de-
current, narrowed into the petiole, up to 16 by 5 cm. Heads
yellow, florets 8-14. — Griseb. loc. cit. ; Wils. loc. cit. ; Shreve
op. cit. 29. Cineraria glabra Sw. Prodr. 113 (1788) ; Lun.
op. cit. i. 300. Cineraria glabrata Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. Hi. 1354
(1806). Gynoxys glabrata Less. loc. cit. (1832). (Fig. 96.)

Masson ! Moneague, Prior ! Manchester ; Westmoreland ; Pur die !
Macfadyen ! March 1707 ! Manchester, Jenman ! 85, 100 ; John
Crow Peak, J. P. 1248 [Hart !) ? ; Old England, St. Andrew ; near
Troy ; Holly Mount ; lower slopes of Dolphin Head ; Harris ! Fl. Jam.
8649, 8892, 10,294.

Glabrous shrub up to 10 ft. Branches subterete, striate. Leaves
obovate or obovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, tip mucronate ; entire
or distantly minutely toothed, 8-16 by 2-5-5 cm. ; petiole 1-2-5 cm. 1.
Corymbs many-headed, rather dense, shorter than the leaves.
Peduncles as long as or shorter than the heads, sparsely bracteate.
Heads radiate, barely 1 cm. across. Involucral scales 6-10, 7 mm. 1.
Receptacle shortly fringed. Bay-florets 3-6 ; ligules obovate-oblong,

5 mm. 1. Disk-florets 5-8 ; corollas 8 mm. 1. Achenes ribbed, glabrous
or pilose at top, barely 3 mm. 1. Pappus -bristles rather rough, white,
7 mm. 1.

4. S. Hollickii Britton ex Greenm. in Ann. Miss. Bot.
Gard. Hi. 201 (1916) ; leaves not decurrent, rounded at base,
up to 7 by 4 cm. Heads orange ; florets 10-11. Type in
Herb. N. York Bot. Garden.

Union Hill, near Moneague, Britton ds Hollick 2729 ; Ramble, near
Claremont, Fawcett d; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 7032 ; Soho, St. Ann ; Peck-
ham, Upper Clarendon ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 11,983, 12,820; Mt. Diablo,
Ridley ! near Troy, Miss Perkins 1386 !

A climbing shrub up to 20 ft. Branches subterete, coarsely striate,
puberulous soon glabrous. Leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acute,
entire with revolute margin, parchment-like, mostly 4-7 by 2-5-4 cm. ;
petioles about 5 mm. rarely 10 mm. 1. Corymbs about as long as the
leaves, many-headed, rather dense. Peduncles shorter than the in-
volucres, pubescent. Heads radiate, 6 mm. across. Involucral
scales 8, acute, 7-5 mm. 1. Receptacle shortly fringed. Ray-florets 4 ;
ligules obovate-oblong, 4 mm. 1. Disk-florets 6-7 ; corollas 7 mm. 1.
Achenes ribbed, hairy especially in the upper part, barely 3 mm. 1.
Pappus -bristles rather rough, white, 6 mm. 1.

278 FLORA OF JAMAICA Senecio

5. S. Fadyenii Criseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 382 (1861) ; leaves
not decurrent, shallowly callus-toothed, up to 14 by 5 cm.
Heads yellow, florets 5-8. — Wils. loc. cit. ; Shreve op. cit. 36.
Type in Herb. Kew.

Macfadyen ! Blue Mts., Shreve ; Blue Mts., near Vinegar Hill,
Miss Perkins 1244 ! ? (specimen unsatisfactory).

A glabrous shrub. Leaves oblanceolate or oblanceolate-oblong,
acute, narrowed gradually into the petiole, shallowly callus-toothed
in the upper part, membranous, 10-14 by 4-5 cm. ; petioles 2-5-3 cm. 1.
Corymbs as long as or shorter than the leaves, many-headed, rather
dense. Heads radiate, 4 mm. across. Involucral scales 5, obtuse,
6-5—7 mm. 1. Receptacle shortly fringed. Ray-florets 2—3 ; ligules
lanceolate, about 3-5 mm. 1. Disk-florets 3-5 ; corollas 6 mm. 1.
Achenes nearly glabrous, 1-5 mm. 1. Pappus -bristles rather rough,
white, 6 mm. 1.

6. S. dolichanthus S. Moore in Journ. Bot. Ixvii. 130 (1929) ;
leaves not decurrent, coarsely callus-toothed, up to 14 by
6-5 cm. ; heads yellow ; florets 6. — S. Fadyenii Griseb. var.
dolichanthus Krug <fc Urb. in Urb. Symb. Ant. i. 470.

Monkey Hill, J. P. 1359 {Hart !) ; near Woodcutter's Gap, Port
Royal Mts. ; near Vinegar Hill ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5113, 6352.

A glabrous shrub up to 10 ft. high. Branches stoutish, striate.
Leaves obovate or obovate-oblong, mucronate, rounded or obtuse at
base, coarsely toothed to below the middle, 10-14 by 4-6-5 cm. ;
petioles flattened, 2-5-4-5 cm. 1. Corymbs somewhat open, many-
headed, generally shorter than the leaves. Peduncles stout, shorter
than the heads ; bracts very few, small. Heads radiate 5-6 mm. across.
Involucral scales 5—6, obtuse, 9-5—10 mm. 1. Receptacle shortly fringed.
Ray-florets 2 ; ligules obovate-oblong, 3-toothed, 4-5 mm. 1. Disk-
florets 4 ; corollas 10 nun. 1. Achenes strongly ribbed, nearly glabrous,
2 mm. 1. Pappus -bristles rough, white, 8 mm. 1.

S. vulgaris L., the common Groundsel, occvu^ as a weed in culti-
vated grovmd. It is an annual up to 1 ft. high with pinnatifid, amplexi-
caul leaves and small .heads of yellow florets without a ray. Besides
Jamaica it has been reported from Bermuda, Cuba, Hispaniola and the
United States. It is widely distributed in the Old World.

47. GYNOXYS Cass.

Characters of Senecio but style-arms ending in a lanceolate
or awl-shaped appendage. Shrubs or small trees, the leaves
of most species opposite.

Species more than 30, mostly natives of tropical South
America.

G. incana (Sw.) Less. Syn. 390 (1832) ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W.
Ind. 381 ; Wils. in Rep. Oeolog. Jam. 281 ; Hitchc. in Rep,
Miss. Bot. Gard. iv. 101. Cineraria incana Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ.
Hi. 1356 (1806). Senecio jamaicensis DC. Prodr. vi. 412.
(Fig. 97.)

Oynoxys

COMPOSITE

279

Masson ! Wright ! Broughton ! St. Ann's Bay, Prior ! Portland,
Purdie ! Blue Mt. Peak, Mac/odj/ew ! St. Mary, McA^aft ! Port Antonio,
Hitchcock : St. George's, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5539, 6406 ; Bath, Orcutt
2026 !

A shrub 12 ft. high with cobwebby clothing. Branches stout,
striate. Leaves alternate, sessUe or subsessile, obovate-oblong or lanceo-
late, acute or acuminate, mucronate, pinnatisect at base with triangular

Fig. 97. — Gynoxys incana (Sw.) Less.

A, Portion of plant x f . D, Disk-floret x 3.

B, Head x 2. E, Anthers and style-arms x

C, Ray-floret x 3. F, Achene x 4.

segments, 10-25 by 5-7 cm., segments mostly 7-14 mm. 1. Corymbs
stalked, dichotomous, many-headed, generally shorter than the
leaves ; peduncle up to 5 cm. 1., usually much shorter. Heads about
1 cm. across, 12-20-flowered, yellow. Involucral scales 10-12, oblong,
acute, membrane-edged, striate, 7 mm. 1. Receptacle shortly fringed.
Ligules 4—6, linear, 6 mm. 1. Corollas of disk-florets leathery at base,
10 mm. 1. Achenes callus-based, slightly hairy, 1-5 mm. 1. Pappus-
bristles united at base, smooth, white, 8 mm. 1,

280 FLORA OF JAMAICA Chaptalia

48. CHAPTALIA Vent.

Scapigerous herbs. Leaves radical, entire toothed or
lyrate, tomentose beneath. Heads medium to small, many-
flowered, solitary on a naked scape, heterogamous, radiate,
outer florets female and fertile, inner hermaphrodite and
fertile, or the central ones (or all) sterile. Involucre cam-
panulate, usually of narrow scales in 3 or more rows.
Receptacle flat or slightly raised, naked. Outer corollas
ligulate with a toothed or 3-fid ligule ; middle ones short and
filiform, those of disk tubular with a 2-lipped limb, the outer
lip usually shortly 3-fid and the inner more deeply 2-fid.
Anthers drawn out at base into long glabrous or hairy tails.
Styles of the hermaphrodite florets 2-fid with obtuse arms.
Achenes fusiform or oblong ; produced into a beak. Pappus
of numerous rough or barbellate bristles.

About 50 species, N. Carolina and Texas to Argentina and
Chile ; few in West Indies.

Leaves lyrate.

Terminal segment of leaf 4^10 cm. 1 1. C. nutans.

Terminal segment of leaf 1-2 cm. 1 2. C. pumila.

Leaves very faintly toothed, otherwise entire 3. C. dentata.

1. C. nutans {L.) Polak. in Linncea xli. 582 (1877) ; heads
rather large on a stoutish scape ; achenes markedly shorter
than the beak. — Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. ii. 255 ; Hitchc.
in Rep. Miss. Bot. Gard. iv. 102 ; Kew Bull. 1893, 260 ;
Bold. Fl. Ned. W.-Ind. i. 206 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. Hi. 419, iv.
645 & via. 746 ; Britt. Fl. Amer. Virg. 100. Leria nutans
DC. in Ann. Mus. Paris xix. 68 (1812) & Prodr. vii. 42
Less, in Linncea v. 131 ; Griseb. PI. Carib. 88, PI. Wright. 515
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 383 & Cat. Cub. 158 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 83
Egg. Fl. St. Croix dh Virg. 66 ; Stahl Fl. P.-Rico v. 152
Hart Herb. List Trin. 32. Tussilago nutans L. Syst. ed. 10
1214 (1760) ; Sw. Obs. Bot. 305 ; Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 259
Mayc. Fl. Barb. 324. Thysanthema nutans Kuntze Rev. Gen.
PI. ii. 369 (1891) ; Small Fl. S.E. U. St. ed. 2, 1309. Dens
leonis folio subtus incano &c. Shane Cat. 123 & Hist. i. 255, t.
150, f. 2. Leontodon foliis radicalibus &c. Broivne Hist. Jam.
310. Specimen from Browne in Herb. Linn, named in
Linnseus's hand. (Fig. 98.)

Guanaboa, Shane Herb. v. 8 ! Browne ! Liguanea, Broughton \
Hopewell, St. Mary, McNab ! Moneague, Prior ! Port Antonio ;
Porus; Hitchcock; Cinchona pastures J. P. 1412 {Hart !); Farm Hill,
Fawcett ! near Troy, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8752 ; Giddy Hall, Miss
Maxwell ! — West Indies, S. United States to Argentina.

Leaves 5-20 by 2-5-5 cm., repand-toothed, terminal segment ovate.

Chaptalia

COMPOSITE

281

lower segments short and broad sometimes scarcely distinguishable ;
petiole dilated at base, tomentose, 1—2 cm. 1. Scape tomentose, 10-40
cm. 1. Heads nodding, 2 cm. across, in fruit up to 3 cm. Involucre
cobwebby ; scales 3—4 seriate, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, innermost
15 mm. 1. Ray-florets numerous ; ligules exserted, linear, 2— 3-toothed,
5 mm. 1., rose-colour. Disk-florets numerous; corollas 10 mm. 1. ;

Fig. 98. — Chaptalia nutans (L.) Polak.

A, The plant x f . D, Anthers x 6.

B, Flowering head nat. size. E, Style-arms x 6.

C, Florets, of ray (r), intermediate (i), F, Ripe achene with pappus x 3.

dlskW) X 2.

limb 2-lipped. Achenes ftisiform, puberulous, 3 mm. 1. ; beak more
than twice as long. Pappus -bristles rather rough, pale brown, 1 1 mm. 1.

" The decoction . . . is good against convulsions, takes away gripes,
and is a remedy against all sorts of cold " (Sloane).

" It is reckoned an excellent diuretic, and is used as such by many
people " (Browne).

2. C. pumila [Sw.) Fawc. Fl. PI. Jam. 22 (1893) ; heads
small, on a filiform scape ; achenes almost as long as the beak.
— Urb. op. cit. in. 420. Leria pumila DC. II. cc. ; Less. Syn.

282 FLORA OF JAMAICA Chaptalia

121 ; Oriseb. PI. Wright. 515, Fl. Br. W. Ind. 383 & Cat. Cub.
158 ; Sauv. loc. cit. Tussilago pumila aS^i^ . Prodr. 113 (1788) &
Fl. Ind. Occ. 1350 ; Lun. torn. cit. 260. Specimen from Swartz
in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Coldapring, Swartz ! Wilaon ! Bryan's Hill, Harris (ex Urban) ;
Iron Face, Chester Vale ; St. Helen's Gap, Cinchona ; Harris ! Fl.
Jam. 10,033, 10,935 ; Morse's Gap, Nichols 47 ! Flamstead, Miss
Maxwell ! — Cuba.

Leaves up to 3 cm. 1. ; terminal segment ovate or ovate-oblong,
repand-denticulate, 2-3 cm. by 7-13 mm. 1., lower segments few, very
small, occasionally absent ; petiole 5-10 mm. 1. or a little more. Scape
very slender, soon becoming glabrous, 5-18 cm. 1. Heads erect (some-
times nodding) 7 mm. across, in fruit 1 cm. Involucre glabrous or
cobwebby ; scales 3-seriate, linear, acute, innermost 7 mm. 1. Eay-
florets about 20 ; ligules exserted, linear, entire or toothed, 3 nmi. 1.,
white. Disk-florets ahont 10 ; corollas 5 mm. 1. ; intermediate filiform
florets numerous. Achenes narrowly fusiform, puberulous, 2-5 mm. 1.,
the beak about 3*5 mm. Pappus -bristles rather rough, pale brown,
4 mm. 1.

3. C. dentata {L.) Cass, in Diet. Sc. Nat. xxvi. 104 (1823) ;
heads of medium size on a long scape ; achenes half as long
again as the beak. — DC. Prodr. vii. 41 ; Urh. op. cit. Hi. 419,
iv. 646 & via. 747 ; Jenn. Is. Pin. 289 ; Britt. cfc Millsp.
Baham. Fl. 460. C. albicans Vent, ex Steud. Nomencl. ed. 2,
i. 344 (1840) ; Combs Fl. Cub. 436. Leria dentata Spreng.
Syst. Hi. 502 (1826) ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 383. L. albicans
DC. II. cc. ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 383 & Cat. Cub. 156 ;
Suav. Fl. Cub. 83. Tussilago dentata L. Sp. PL ed. 2, ii.
1213 (1763). T. albicans Sw. Prodr. 113 (1788) & Fl. Ind.
Occ. Hi. 1343 ; Lun. torn. cit. 260. Thyrsanthema dentata
Kuntze loc. cit.

Masson ! Bertero ; Distin ! Wilson ! Wullschldgel ; Mona Wood-
land, slope of Long Mt., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8856 ; St. Elizabeth, Miss
Maxwell ! — Bahamas, Cuba, Is. Pinos, Porto Rico, Florida.

Leaves oblanceolate or oblanceolate-oblong, obtuse, gradually
narrowed below, margin narrowly re volute, entire except for scattered
very minute teeth, 5-10 by 1-2 cm. ; petioles dilated at base, about
1-5-5 cm. 1. Scape 10-30 cm, 1., cobwebby, soon glabrous. Heads
usually erect, 10 mm. across, in fruit 1-5 cm. Involucre tomentose ;
scales 3-seriate, hnear-lanceolate, acute, innermost 9 mm. 1. Ray-
florets numerous ; ligule linear, minutely toothed, 4 mm. 1., white.
Disk-floret corollas 7 mm. 1. Achenes narrowly fusiform, puberulous,
3-4 mm. 1. ; beak 4-6 mm. 1. Pappus -bristles rather rough, pale red-
brown, 9 mm. 1.

49. TRIXIS P.Browne.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, usually entire or
toothed. Heads mostly of middle size, several- or many-
flowered, usually in corymbose panicles, homogamous, corollas

Trixis

COMPOSITE

283

all similar or outer forming a ray, all florets fertile. In-
volucre campanulate or subcylindrical, the scales mostly in
2 rows, the outer row the smaller. Receptacle flat, naked or
fringed. Corolla 2-lipped ; outer lip 3-toothed, inner 2-fid
or 2-partite. Anthers tailed at base. Style-arms truncate.
Achenes oblong or linear, 5-ribbed, narrowed above or beaked.
Pappus-bristles numerous, 2-3-seriate, rather rough.

Species about 50, Mexico to Argentina and Chile ; few in
West Indies.

T. radialis (L.) Urb. Symb. Ant. viii. 748 (1921).— T.
frutescens Spreng. Syst. Hi. 501 (1826) ; Less, in Linncea v.

Fig. 99.— Trixis radialis (L.) Urb.

A, Flowering branch x 5.

B, Head in section x 2.

C, Empty head showing receptacle

X 2

D, Floret of ray x 4.

E, Floret of disk x 4.

F, Anthers and style x 6.

G, Achene and pappus x 4.

284 FLORA OF JAMAICA Trixia

33 ; DC. Prodr. vii. 68 ; Griseb. PL Wright. 515, Fl. Br. W.
Ind. 383 & Cat. Cub. 159 ; Sauv. Fl. Cub. 84 ; Hitchc. in
Rep. Miss. Bot. Card. iv. 102 ; Combs PI. Cub. 436 ; Hart
Herb. List Trin. 33 ; Robins, ds Greenm. in Proc. Amer. Acad,
xl. 13; Bold. Fl. Ned. W.-Ind. ii. 110. Inula Trixis L.
Amoen. v. 406 (1759) & Syst. ed. 10, 1219. Perdicium radiale
L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, ii. 1248 (1763) ; Sw. Obs. Bot. 307 ; Lun.
Hort. Jam. ii. 59. Solidago fruticosa Mill. Gard. Did. ed. 8,
31. Pulmonaria Jam. salicis folio &c. Shane Hist. i. 255.
Trixis frutescens foliis nitidis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 312,
t. 33,/. 1. Specimen of /. Trixis from Browne in Herb. Linn.
(Fig. 99.)

Sloane Herb. v. 3 ! Lane in Herb. Petiver {Sloane Herb, clxii. 11) ;
common in the savannahs about Kingston, Browne ! Macfadyen !
Blue Mts., Hitchcock ; J. P. 1324 (HaH !) ; Up Park Camp, Campbell !
Fl. Jam. 6134 ; Hope River ; near Wareka ; Long Mt., S. Side ; Harris !
Fl. Jam. 6942, 8233, 8606, 10,009— Cuba, Hispaniola, Trinidad,
Margarita, Mexico to Venezuela.

A trailing shrub 4r-8 ft. high. Branches pubescent except in the
pulvinate axils, but quickly becoming glabrous. Leaves shortly
petioled, oblong-ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, acute with mucronate
tip, obtuse or narrowly rotundate at base, entire or distantly minutely
toothed, pubescent on underside, 4—10 by 2-3-5 cm., upper ones usually
much smaller ; petioles swollen at base, pubescent, 3-5 mm. 1. Corymbs
as long as or shorter than the leaves, leafy, few-branched, several-
headed, together with the short pedtmcles pubescent. Heads radiati-
form, about 12-flowered, in flower about 1 cm. across, yellow. In-
volucral-scales 8, leathery, in one row (with two or three accessory
herbaceous ones outside), oblong, obtuse or subacute, puberulous on
back, tomentose at tip and on margin, 8-10 mm. 1. Receptacle covered
with small fringed scales. Outer corollas, tube 5 mm. 1. ; outer lip ovate-
oblong, 6 mm. 1., inner 5 nun. 1., bipartite with linear segments ; inner
corollas similar but with shorter lips. Achenes linear, not beaked,
shortly rough, hairy, 4-6 mm. 1. Pappus -bristles very pale brown,
9 mm. 1.

[LAPSANA L.

Annual herbs. Leaves alternate, toothed or pinnatifid.
Heads small, in open panicles, homogamous, all florets fertile,
the corollas ligulate, 5-toothed at the top. Involucre cam-
panulate or subcylindrical ; scales in one series with a few
small ones outside. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers sagit-
tate at base. Achenes oblong, subterete, many-ribbed,
glabrous, roimded at the top and without pappus.

Species under 10, natives of cooler parts of the Old
World.

L. communis L. Sp. PI. ii. 811 (1753) ; DC. Prodr. vii.
76 ; Sm. cfc Sowerb. Engl. Bot. ed. 2, vi. 57, t. 1104 ; Griseb.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 384; Wils. in Rep. Geolog. Jam. 282;

Lapsana COMPOSITE 285

Macoun Cat. Canad. PI. 273 ; Hitclic. in Rep. Miss. Bot.
Gard. iv. 102 ; Britt. S Br. III. Fl. N. U. St. Hi. 262 ; Urb.
Symb. Ant. viii. 748.

Blue Mts. Prior ! Blue Mt. Peak, Hitchcock ; Cinchona, Taylor
4256 ! Clute 201 ! Fawcett ! and Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5623, 8587 ;
Catherine's Peak, Eggers 3610 ! J. P. 1269 (Hart !).— Introduced also
from the Old World into Canada and Northern United States : reported
recently from Hispaniola.

A naturalised glabrous weed, 2-3 ft. high. Leaves ovate, lower often
lyrate with ovate -rotundate, repand-toothed or lobulate, terminal
segment of about 5 by 4 cm., the lower segments few, rounded, very
small. Panicle very loose, few-headed, peduncles longer than the
8-12-flowered yellow heads. Involucral scales 8, oblong, obtuse,
keeled on the back and barbellate at tip, 6-5 mm. 1. Ligules exserted,
oblong, 5-5 mm. 1. Achenes curved, keeled on one side, 3-5 mm. 1.]

[CREPIS L.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves radical or cauline
and alternate, coarsely toothed or pinnatifid, sometimes
entire. Heads small or medium-sized, solitary or in an open
panicle, homogamous, the corollas ligulate, 5-toothed, fertile.
Involucre campanulate or subcylindrical, inner scales in one
row, subequal, with some smaller outside. Receptacle flat
or concave, naked or shortly fringed. Anthers sagittate at
base. Achenes linear-oblong, terete or angled, many-ribbed,
narrowed or beaked at the top. Pappus-bristles numerous,
rather rough.

Species about 200, natives chiefly of the Old World, fewer
in America.

C. japonica (L.) Benth. Fl. Hongk. 194 (1861) ; Britt. Fl.
Berm. 380. Prenanthes japonica L. Mant. 107 (1767) ;
Thunb. Fl. Jap. 303. Chondrilla japonica Lam. Encycl. ii. 79
(1786). Youngia japonica DC. Prodr. vii. 194 (1838).

Castleton ; Castleton Grounds ; Mandeville ; near Walderstein ;
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,932, 11,963, 12,884, 12,909; Mt. Diablo, Ridley I
Giddy Hall, Miss Maxwell ! Balaclava ; Sweetwater, St. James ;
Orcutt ! 596, 598, 1455, 2204. — A weed of east Asia ; naturalised also
in Hispaniola.

A nearly glabrous annual, \-l\ ft. high, in gardens and along road-
sides. Leaves shortly petioled, mostly radical, lyrate with ovate or
ovate-oblong terminal segment, usually 3-6 by 2-5 cm., irregularly
coarsely crenate or lobulate ; lower segments much smaller, triangular,
acute oi' obtuse, sometimes absent altogether. Panicles longer than
the leav(3s, very loose, many-headed ; the branches filiform with a few
small bi-acts ; peduncles longer or shorter than the heads. Heads
about 20-flowered, 5 mm. across, yellow. Involucral scales 6-7,
linear-lanceolate, acute, in fruit strongly keeled on the back, barely
5 mm. 1. ; outer broader and very small. Corollas with oblong 2-5
mm. 1. ligules. Achenes oblong-ellipsoid, slightly narrowed at either

286 FLORA OF JAMAICA Crepis

end, subterete, glabrous, 1'5 nun. 1. Pappus -bristles rather rough,
3 mm. 1.]

[HYPOCH^RIS L.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves radical, entire, toothed
or pinnatifid. Heads medium to rather large, solitary or
few, upon a branched scape, homogamous, all florets ligulate
and fertile ; ligules 5-toothed, yellow. Involucre campanulate
or subcylindrical ; scales in 3 or more rows. Receptacle flat
with scales subtending the florets. Anthers sagittate at
base. Achenes linear or oblong, terete or somewhat com-
pressed, 10-ribbed, usually produced into a beak. Pappus-
bristles plumose, sometimes with shorter simple ones also.

Species about 50, Old World and South America.

H. glabra L. Sp. PL 811 (1753) ; Curt. Fl. Land. t. 145 ;
Bah. in Mart. Fl. Bras. vi. pt. 3, 331 ; Macoun Cat. Canad.
PL 284 ; Britt. cfc Br. lU. FL N.U. States Hi. 265.

Cat's Ear.

A weed among grass and in moist places, naturalised at Cinchona,
Blue Mts., J. P. 1221 Hart ! also Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8581, 10,927 and
Clute 223 ! — Europe and N. Africa ; naturalised or a casual in Maine,
Vancouver Island and farther south on the Pacific coast, also in S.
America to Argentina and Uruguay.

Annual, J— 1 ft. high, sometimes more. Leaves sessile, oblong,
obtuse, lobed (sometimes pinnatifid), smooth, mostly 4^12 by 1-2 cm.
Scales much longer than the leaves, few-headed. Heads many-
flowered, in flower about 10 mm. across. Involucre subcylindrical ;
scales in several rows, linear-oblong, acute, the innermost about 10 mm.
1., afterwards 15 mm. or even more. Scales slender, about 2 cm. 1.
Achenes oblong, terete, minutely rough, black, 4 mm. 1. ; beak of the
outer florets about as long or shorter or absent, of the inner florets
twice as long or even more. Pappus 8 mm. 1., the dirty white bristles
pluntiose, a few outside ones shorter and simple.]

[The Dandelion, Taraxacum officinale Vill., occurs " as a weed
among grasses and in waste places." It is a low scapigerous herb with
rosulate oblong-obovate runcinate leaves, with rather large heads, the
corollas ligulate and yellow, and beaked achenes with a pappus of
smooth bristles. There are two specimens in Fl. Jam. — J. P. 933 Hart !
and Harris ! 10,926 — the latter and probably the other also from
Cinchona.]

50. LACTUCA L.

Annual or perennial herbs sometimes of shrubby habit.
Leaves radical and (the upper ones) alternate, entire, coarsely
toothed or pinnatifid. Heads in panicles, homogamous, all
florets fertile, the corollas ligulate, 5-toothed, white, yellow or
blue. Involucre cylindrical ; scales in few rows, the inner-
most elongated, the outer ones gradually smaller or few and

Lacttcca

COMPOSITE

287

short. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers sagittate at base.
Achenes usually oval or oblong, more or less compressed,
short- or long-beaked, ribbed. Pappus of numerous smooth
bristles.

Species nearly 100, chiefly in the cooler regions of the
northern hemisphere.

Achenes oval, flat 1. L. jamaicensis.

Achenes linear-oblong, subterete 2. L. intyhacea.

1. L. jamaicensis Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 384 (1861) ;
peduncles about as long as the heads ; ligules white ; achenes
with smooth ribs. — Wils. in Rep. Geolog. Jam. 282 ; Stahl

Fig. 100. — Lactuca jamaicensis Griseb.

A, Portion of plant x f .

B, Head x 2.

C, Floret x 3.

D, Anthers and style-arms x 6.

E, Ripe achene and pappus x 4.

288 FLORA OF JAMAICA Lactuca

Fl. P.-Rico V. 153 ; Hitchc. in Rep. Miss. Bot. iv. 102. Type
in Herb. Kew. (Fig. 100.)

March 2004 ! McNab ; Wullachldgel (ex Griseb.) ; Blue Mt.
Peak, Hitchcock ; Castleton, J. P. Hart I Burlington ; Devon Pen ;
Thompson ! Fl. Jam. 6491, 7972 ; Hope Grounds, Harris ! Fl. Jam.
11,010. Sweetwater, Orcutt 2189 !— Porto Rico (ex Stahl).

Shrubby, 4 ft. high, glabrous. Stem erect, stout, striate. Lower
leaves obovate in outline or oblanceolate, acute, shortly auricled at
base, coarsely lobed or toothed, the lobes triangular and together with
the teeth mucronate, about 12 by 3'5-4 cm. ; upper leaves linear- or
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, amplexicaul, entire or minutely toothed,
sometimes with one or few lateral lobes, about 6-10 by 1-5-2-5 cm.
Panicles up to 6 dm. 1. ; branches patent or ascending, each bearing
several rather distant heads on stalks usually as long as the involucres
and provided with small bracts. Heads about 20-flowered, in flower
about 1 cm. across ; ligules oblong, 8 mm. 1. Involucre broadly
cylindrical, afterwards campanulate ; scales 3-4-seriate, innermost
oblong, obtuse, scarious-edged, about 1 cm. 1., the rest ovate and much
smaller. Achenes very fiat, 3-ribbed on one face, black, 3 mm. 1. ;
beak 1 mm. L, pilose at top. Pappus -bristles 5 mm. 1.

2. L. intybacea Jacq. Ic. PI. Rar. i. 16, t. 162 (1781) ;
peduncles shorter than the heads ; ligules yellow ; achenes
with rough ribs. — Less, in Linncea vi. 724 ; Hemsl. Biol.
Centr. Amer. Bot. ii. 262 ; Hitchc. loc. cit. ; Johnst. in Proc.
Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. xxxiv. 267 ; Bold. Fl. Ned. W.-Ind. i.
207 & ii. 110 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 647 & viii. 760 ; Britt.
Fl. Amer. Virg. 96 ; Britt. dk Millsp. Balmm. Fl. 430.
Phoenixopus intybaceus Less. Syn. 137 (1832), Brachy-
ramphus intybaceus DC. Prodr. vii. 177 (1838) ; Griseb. PI.
Carib. 88, Fl. Br. W. Ind. 384 & Cat. Cub. 159 ; Sauv. Fl.
Cub. 84 ; Egg. Fl. St. Croix dh Virg. 66 ; Duss Fl. Ant.
Frang. 376.

Sloane Herb. v. 1* ! between Kingston and Morant Bay, Fawcett !
Fl. Jam. 8250 ; near Falmouth ; Lititz Savanna, 600 ft. ; Harris !
Fl. Jam. 7234, 12,900. — Bahamas, Antilles, Central America and
Venezuela.

Annual herb up to 3 or 4 ft. Leaves much as of last, but upper ones
like the lower only much smaller and broadly amplexicaul. Panicles
much longer than the leaves, of few ascending distantly flower-bearing
branches. Peduncles subsessile or short. Heads about 20-flowered,
in flower 6 nun. across ; ligules oblong, 4 mm. 1. Involucres as of last ;
innermost scales 8-5 mm. 1. Achenes narrower than those of last, few-
ribbed, very shortly beaked, finely warted, 3-5 mm. 1. Pappus-
bristles 6 mm. 1.

[SONCHUS L.

Annual or perennial herbs, or shrubby. Leaves radical
or alternate, entire toothed or pinnatifid. Heads usually in
corymbs or panicles, homogamous, all florets fertile ; corollas

Sonchus COMPOSITE 289

ligulate, 5-toothed, yellow. Involucre campanulate or ovoid ;
scales in several rows, the inner gradually longer. Receptacle
flat, naked. Anthers sagittate at base. Achenes oval to
linear, more or less compressed, without a beak, ribbed and
sometimes wrinkled. Pappus of numerous smooth bristles.

Species nearly 50, natives of the Old World : two or three,
including the following, widely naturalised in the New World.

S. oleraceus L. Sp. PI 794 (1753) ; Mayc. Fl. Barb. 319 ;
Sm. dk Sowerh. Engl. Bot. ed. 2, vi. 43, t. 843 ; Griseb. PI.
Carib. 88, Fl. Br. W. Ind. 384 & Cat. Cub. 159 ; Sauv. Fl.
Cub. 84 ; Stahl Fl. P.-Rico v. 154 ; Hitchc. in Rep. Miss.
Bot. Card. iv. 102 ; Kew Bull. 1893, 260 ; Duss Fl. Ant.
Frang. 375 ; Johnst. in Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. xxxiv. 268 ;
Bold. Fl. Ned. W.-Ind. 207 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 647 & viii.
749 ; Britt. Fl. Berm. 381 & Fl. Amer. Virg. 96 ; Britt. dh
Millsp. Baham. Fl. 430. Sonchus asper laciniatus Shane
Cat. 123 & Hist. i. 255. Sonchus foliis ciliatis &c. Browne
Hist. Jam. 311.

Sow-Thistle.

Near St. Jago de la Vega, Sloane Herb. v. 2 ! in every fallow field,
Browne ; J. P. 934 Hart ! Cinchona, J. P. 1154, 1253 Hart ! Arcadia,
Mrs. Sewell ! — Naturalised in Bermuda, Bahamas, West Indies, N.
and S. America.

Annual herb. Lower leaves petioled (upper sessile), up to 15 cm. 1.,
runcinate or lyrate-pinnatifid (sometimes entire), the segments sharply
toothed ; uppermost leaves oblong-lanceolate with auricled base.
Cory7nbs few-headed, shorter or longer than the leaves, glandular-
hispid, 3-5 cm. across. Heads many-flowered, in flower about 1 cm.
across ; ligules linear-oblong, 4 mm. 1., pale yellow. Involucre
narrowly ovoid, scales 4-seriate, linear-lanceolate, acute, innermost
9 mm . 1 . , outermost short . A chenes oblong, finely wrinkled between the
ribs, 2-5-3 mm. 1. Pappus 5 roxa.. 1.

Sonchus asper Hill is closely allied to the above and hke it has
become widely naturalised in the New World. It differs from
S. oleraceus in the strongly spinous toothing of its leaves, and its
achenes smooth between the ribs. A Jamaican specimen quoted by
Grisebach, is in Herb. Kew. collected by March.]

vn.— 19

INDEX

(Synonyms in italics)

PAGE

AcANTHOSPERMUM Schrank . 212
humile (Sw.) DC. (fig.

66) 212

Acmdla uliginosa Cass. . . 239

Adenostemma Forst. . . 167

brasilianum (Pers.) Cass. 168

Swartzii Cass. . . . 167

Verbesina (L.) Sch. Bip.

(fig. 52) 167

viscosum Forst. . , . 169

AOERATtTM L 169

brCtchystephanum Begel . 171

conyzoides L 169

guianense Aubl. . . . 184

hirtum Lam 169

Houstonianum Mill. . . 170

latifolium Cav. (fig. 53) . 171

mexicanum Sims . . . 170

muticum Griseb. . . . 171

Ambrosia L 215

artemisicefolia Hemsl. . 216

crithmifolia DC. . . . 216

elatior Sw 216

elatior foliis artemisice dec.

Sloane 216

erecta ramosa dec. Browne 216

hispida Pursh (fig. 68) . 216

paniculata Michx. . . 216

peruviana Willd. . . . 216

psilostachya Griseb. . . 216

Amdlus ramosus, foliis ovatis

dkc. Browne 232

umbellatus L 267

American Golden

Rod 269

Ammania hirta foliis parvis

dkc. Browne 34

Antirrhoea Comm. ... 60

bifurcata Benth. <fc Hook.f. 60

coriacea (Vahl) Urb. . . 62

jamaicensis (Griseb.) Urb. 60
lucida (Sw.) Benth. &

Hook. f. (fig. 21) . . 61
tomentosa (Sw.) Benth.

& Hook, f 62

Anonymos Americ. foliis

Parietarice scabris dec. Pluk. 124

PAGE

Anthemis americana L.

256

minima arvensis dec.

Browne

257

Aparine paucioribus foliis

semine Icevi Sloane ,

118

Arachnimorpha incana Ham. .

29

Archangel. . . . .

175

Argyrochceta bipinnatifida Cav.

214

Artemisia humilior dsc. Sloane.

215

Aster L

193

exilisEll. (fig. 58). . .

193

inconspicuus Less.

193

jamaicensis Less. .

195

subulatus Michx. .

193

Baccharis L

198

dioica Vahl ....

199

halimifolia L

200

myrsinites Griseb. .

161

odorata Desv

201

scoparia (L.) Sw. (fig. 60).

199

VahliiDC

199

Bastard Feverfew

215

BiDENS L

248

alba DC

252

angustifolia Lam. .

238

apiifolia L

256

bipinnata West

249

chinensis Willd. .

251

clarendonensis Britton .

253

Coreopsidis DC. .

252

cjmapiifolia H. B. & K. .

249

dissecta SherfE.

253

foliis oppositis dbc. L. .

241

foliis quinatis d:c. Plum. .

252

foliis ternatis dbc. Plum. .

251

hirsuta Sw

245

incisa G. Don ....

252

incisa Sherff ....

253

leucantha Griseb. .

251

leucantha Willd. .

252

nivea L

232

pilosa L

251

reptans (L.) G. Don .

252

rubrifolia A. Rich.

252

scandens L

240

291

292

FLORA OF JAMAICA

PAGE

BiDENS — continued.

Shrevei Britton (fig. 85) . 253
suffruticosus, vimineus dbc.

Browne 241

BitterBroom . . . 199

Bitter Bush . 175, 180, 181,

269

B i 1 1 e r W o o d . . . . 269

Black Wattle . . 134, 135

BoEREKiA G. F. W. Meyer . 122

densiflora DC. . . . 126

domingensis Griseb. . . 125

laevis (Lam.) Griseb. (fig.

38) 123

ocymoides (Burm. f.) DC. 125

parviflora G. F. W. Meyer 125

simplex Griseb. . . . 118
spinosa (L.) Cham. &

Schlecht 126

verticillata (L.) G. F. W.

Meyer 125

BoRRiCHiA Adans 225

arborescens (L.) DC. (fig.

74) 225

argentea DC 225

frutescens DC. . . . 225

BoxBriar 53

Brachyrampus intybaceus DC. 288

Brickellia Ell 190

diffusa (Vahl) A. Gray

(fig. 56) 190

Biichnera rupestris Sw. . . 31

Bulbostylis diffusa DC. . . 190

Buphthalmum arborescens L. . 225

caule repente dbc. Plum. . Ill

frutescens Sw 225

fruticosum (She. Plum. . 225
hirsutum foliis trilobis dsc.

Broume 227

subfruticosum maritimum

(fee. Browne .... 225

Cacalia acuminata Kuntze . 159

cordi folia L. f. . . . 189

conyzoides Kuntze . . 169

mentrasto Veil. . . . 169

Porophyllum L. . . . 261

ruderalis Sw 262

sagittata VaM .... 273

sonchifolia L 273

Cacao affinis frutex spinosus

d;c. Sloane 55

Galea L 258

aspera Jacq 232

cordifolia Sw 260

jamaicensis L. (fig. 89) . 259

Galea — continued.

lobata Sw

oppositifolia L. . . .

scoparia L

CAMPANULACEiE . . .

Campanula arborescens foliis

ovato-acuminatis <i;c. Broume

minor frutescens dkc.
Broume ....

perfoliata L. . . .
Canada Fleabane.
CAPRIFOLIACE^ . .
Cardia brachystephana Kuntze

Houstoniana Kuntze .

mutica Kuntze
Caribbee Bark Tree
Casasla. a. Rich. .

longipes Urb. (fig. 18)

piricarpa Urb. .
Cassidony.
Cassine ? foliis obovatis dbc

Plum

Catesb^a L

latifolia Lindl. .

longiflora Sw. .

macrantha A. Rich.

melanocarpa Krug & Urb,

parviflora Sw. (fig. 17)

spinosa L

Cat'sEar.
Centrospermum humile Less
Cephaelis Sw

elata Sw. (fig. 33)

punicea VaM .

reniformis H. B. & K.
Ceraso affinis — fructu cceruleo

dsc. Sloane ....
Ceratocephalus Acmella Kuntze

urens Kuntze .
Cestrum nervosum Mill.
CasNOCEPHALTJS Griseb. .

lobatus Urb. (fig. 82)

petrobioides Griseb. .

propinquus Britton .

rupestris Urb.

venosus Urb. .
Chaptalia Vent. .

albicans Vent. .

dentata (L.) Cass. .

nutans (L.) Polak. (fig. 98)

pumila (Sw.) Fawc. .
Chimarrhis Jacq. .

cymosa Griseb.

cymosa Jacq. (fig. 5) .
Chiococca L

alba (L.) Hitchc. (fig. 24)

capitata Wemh.

PAQB

269
224
199
136

45

43

138

197

132

171

170

171

12

51

51

52

206

67

49

49

49

49

61

50

49

286

212

112

113

114

111

110

239

238

110

242

244

243

243

243

243

280

282

282

280

281

13

13

13

68

69

73

INDEX

293

PAGE

Chiococca — continued.

parvifolia Wullschl. . . 71
racemosa L. . . . 70, 71
sarmentosa foliis myrtineis

dec. Browne .... 70
scandens, sarmentis tenuis-

simis <i:c. Browne . . 107

Chlcenobolus alopecuroides Cass. 204

virgatus Cass 204

Chondrilla japonica Lam. . . 285

Christmas Rose . . 175

Chrysanthellum L. C. Rich. 255

americanum (L.) Vatke

(fig. 87) 256

procumbens L. C. Rich. . 256
Chrysanthemum cannabinum

americanum dhc. Sloane . . 236
conyzoides nodiflorum d;c.

Sloane 247

fruticosum maritimum &c.

Sloane 225

paJustre minimum dkc.

Sloane 257

palustre repens <i;c. Sloane 227
sylvaticum repens t&c.

Sloane 167

irifoliatum scandens t&c.

Sloane 252

Chrysocoma ? arborea, ramosis-

sima (kc. Browne . . . 199

scoparia L 199

CigarBush . . . . 176

Cinchona brachycarpa Sw. . 11

caribceum J acq. ... 12

floribunda Sw. ... 13

jamaicensis W. Wr. . . 12

Sanctce-Lucim Kentish . 13

triflora W. Wr. . . . 11

Cineraria discolor Sw. . . . 276

glabra Sw 277

glabrata Sw 277

incana Sw 278

laciniata Sw 275

Clavenna tetrandra Standi. . 34

CUBADIUM L 209

Alexandri Griseb. . . . 211

asperum DC 211

surinamense L. (fig. 65) . 210

terebinthaceum (Sw.) DC. 211
Coccocipsilum herbaceum repens

dec. Browne 42

CoccocYPSELUM Schreber . 40

Brownei Desv. ... 42

herbaceum Aubl. (fig. 14) 41

pseudotontanea Griseb. . 42

repens Sw 42

tenue Urb 42

PAGE

COFFEA L 74

arabica L 75

liberica Hiern .... 75

occidentalis Jacq. ... 80

Coleosanthes diffusus Kuntze . 190

tilicefolius Cass. . . . 184

COMPOSITiE 150

Conyza alopecuroides Lam. . 204

alopecuroidea Sw. . . . 204
cdopecuroidea helenii folio

<i:c. Plum 204

angustifolia subincana cfcc.

Browne 204

arbor escens L 158

cinerea L 162

foliis ensiformibus dkc.

Plum 204

foliis hastatis <fec. Plum. . 269
foliis lanceolatis <fec.

Plum 203

folio hastato tfcc. Sloane . 189
fruticosa cisti odore d;c.

Sloane .... 180, 260
fruticosa flore pallide pur-
pur eo dec. Sloane . . 158
fruticosa, folio hastato ckc.

Sloane 175

inodora, helenii folio dbc.

Sloane 164

lobata L. 269

major inodora due. Sloane 165

major odorata dec. Sloane 203
minor procumbens dbc.

Sloane 230

odorata L 201, 203

odorata minor d;c. Browne 203

purpurascens Sw. . . . 203

rigida Sw 160

urticce folio Sloane . . 169

virgata L 203

Coreopsis cdba L. . . . . 252

incisa Ker 252

reptans L 252

scandens, foliis serratis dkc.

Browne 252

Cosmea caudata Spreng. . . 254

Cosmos Cav 254

caudatus H. B. & K.

(fig. 86) 254

Cotton-weed . . . 206

Cotula Spilanthus L. . . . 238

Verbesina L 167

Cow Gall 269

Crassina multiflora Kuntze . 219

Creeping Oxeye . . 227

Crepis L 285

japonica (L.) Benth. . . 285

294

FLORA OF JAMAICA

PAGE

Critonia Dalea DC. ... 176

parviflora DC. . . . 176

Cudweed 206

Cupid's Shaving

Brush 273

Daleu fruticosa, foliis oppositis

tfec. Brovme 176

Dandelion . . . . 286

Daphne americana Mill. . . 76

David'sRoot . . . 70
Dens leonis folio subtus incano

cfec. Sloane 280

Distreptus angustifolius Cass.. 164

spicatus Cass 165

DiodiaL 116

prostrata Sw 116

sarmentosa Sw. (fig. 35) . 117

simplex Sw 118

Dog'sTongue . . . 165

Duggena brachyantha Standi. . 36

Petesia Standi. ... 36

Duhamelia chrysantha Pers. . 43

patens Pers 47

ventricosa Pers. ... 45

Dunalia tetrandra Kuntze . . 34

tuberosa Spreng. ... 34

EcijptaL 222

alba (L.) Hassk. (fig. 72) . 222

erectaL 222

punctata L 222

sessilis Sw 221

Egletes Cass 191

domingensis Cass. . . 192
prostrata (Sw. ) Kuntze

(fig. 57) 192

Elephantopus L 162

angustifolius Sw. . . . 164
eredus foliis integris <&c.

Browne 164

eredus hirsutus d:c.

Broume 165

mollis H. B. & K. (fig. 50) 163

spicatus B. Juss. . . . 165

tomentosus L 164

Elephantosis angustifolia DC. . 164

Elephant's Foot , . 164

Eleuthekantheea Poit. . . 229

ovata Poit 229

ruderalis (Sw.) Sch. Bip.

(fig. 76) 229

Emilia Cass 273

sagittata (Vahl) DC. . . 273
sonchifolia (L.) DC. (fig.

95) 273

Enhydea Lour.

sessUis (Sw.) DC. (fig. 71)
Erechthites Raf.

cacalioides Less. .

hieracifolia (L.) Raf. (fig
94) . .

proealta Raf.
Erigeron L.

canadensis L.

cuneifolius DC

bonariensis L.

jamaicensis L. (fig. 59)

jamaicensis Sw.

Karvinskyanus DC. .

mucronatus DC. .

pusillus Nutt. .

rivularis Sw. .

strictus Oriseb.
Erithalis L

fruticosa L. (fig. 23) .

fruticosa Urb. .

fruticulosa foliis obovatis
<&c. Broume .

Harrisii Urb. .

odorifera Jacq.

quadrangularis Krug

Urb

Ernodea Sw

littoralis Sw. (fig. 34)
Ethulia spargonophora L. .

Struchium Sw. .
Eupatoria conyzoides folio molli

<Scc. Pluk. . . .
Eupatoriophalacron album

Hitchc. . . .

EUPATORIUM L. . .

adenophorum Spreng.

americanum Hort.

Berterianum Colla.

capillare Desv.

ceanothifolium Spreng.

cdtidifolium Griseb. .

chrysocephalum Klatt .

conyzoides Mill.

cordifolium Sw.

corylifolium Griseb.

critoniforme Urb.

Dalea L. . . . ,

diffusum Vahl

dolphini Urb. .

erectum hirsutum d:c.
Browne ....

floribundum H. B. <fc K.

foliis cordatis acuminatis
&c. Plum. .

foliis cordato-ovatis d;c
Plum.

page
220
221
271
271

271
271
194
197
195
197
195
195
198
198
197
195
193
65
65
67

67
67
67

68
114
114
156
156

175

222
172
179
179
182
190
180
179
269
174, 175
178
180
177
176
190
177

158
175

184

241

INDEX

295

Etjpatoeium — continued.

fruticosum, assurgens <fec.

Browne ....
glandulosum H. B. & K
gracilipes Urb.
guadaloupense DC.
hammatocladum Robins

& Britton
Harrisii Urb. .
Hartii Urb.
hastatum L.
heteroclinium Griseb,
Houstoni Lun.
Houstonis Mill.
Houstonis Sw.
humile africanum <S;c

Sloane .
ivsefolium L. .
leptopodum Gardn.
Iticidum Shreve
macrophyllum L. (fig. 54)
Maxwellise S. Moore
microstemon Cass.
molle Sw. .
montanum Sw.
nervosum Sw.
odoratum L. .
odoratum hirsutum dhc.

Browne ....
paniculatum Schrad. .
parviflorum Sw. .
platychaetum Urb.
reticulatum Desv.
rigidum Sw. .
riparium Regel
schizanthum Griseb. .
tetranthum Griseb. .

triste DC

triste Stahl ....
valverdianum Klatt
vestitum Spreng. .
vUlosum Sw. .
ExosTEMA L. C. Rich. .
brachycarpum (Sw.)

Roem. & Schult.
caribaeum (Jacq.) Roem

& Schult. (fig. 4)
coriaceum Macf. .
floribundum Roem. <fc

Schult

Sanctae-Luciae Britten
trifloram (W. Wr.) G. Don

PAGE

178
179
179

182

182
181
181
185
183
185
185
186

169
175
190
180
184
183
182
184
178
178
174

175
182
176
177
185
183
181
182
177
180
180
269
245
180
10

11

11
11

13
13

11

Fabamea Aubl 79

americana Kuntze . . 80
occidentalis (Jacq.) A.

Rich. (fig. 29) . . . 79

K

Faramea — continued.

odoratissima DC. .
FleaBane.
French Marigold
Frutex spinosus Buxi foliis

Catesb

Fuchsia involucrata Sw.

Galinsoga Ruiz & Pav. .

parviflora Cav. (fig. 88)
Galium hypocarpium Griseb.
Gardenia aculeata Ait. .

jamaicensis Spreng. .

Randia Sw.
Geocardia herbacea Standi. .
Geophila D. Don .

herbacea (Jacq.)
Schum. (fig. 33) .

reniformis D. Don
Gerontogea corymbosa Cham. <

Schlecht

Gnaphalium L. . . .

albescens Sw. (fig. 63)

americanum Mill.

caule fruticoso Aic. Plum.

domingense Lam.

domingense Urb. .

erectum spicatum dkc
Broivne ....

spicatum Lam.

virgatum L. . . .
Golden Cudweed .
GoldenLocks
GoldenTufts . .
GoldSpoon .
Goldylocks .
GoNZALAGUNiA Ruiz & Pav.

brachyantha (A. Rich.
Urb. (fig. 11) . .
Gonzalea Pers

brachyantha A. Rich. .

Petesia Griseb.

spicata DC.
GOODENIACE^ . . .
Groundsel

GUETTARDA L

ambigua DC. .
argentea Lam. (fig. 20)
crispiflora Vahl
coriacea Pers. .
elliptica Sw.
longiflora Griseb. .
potamophila Urb. .
rugosa Sw.
scabra (L.) Lam. .
speciosa L. ...
tomentosa Pers.

296

FLORA OF JAMAICA

PAGE

Oundlachia domingensis Bold. . 199

Gynoxys Cass 278

glabrata Less 277

incana (Sw.) Less. (fig. 97) 278

laciniata Less. . . . 275

Halbert Weed . . .
Halesia arborescens foliis sub-

rotundis tSbc. Browne.
Hamelia Jacq.

appendiculata Gaertn.

axillaris Sw.

chrysardha Jacq. .

chrysantha Lun. .

chrysantha Sw.

coccinea Sw.

cuprea Griseb. .

erecta Jacq.

grandiflora UHerit.

lutea Rohr .

papulosa Urb.

patens Jacq. .

scabrida Britton .

ventricosa Sw. (fig. 15)
Hebeclinium macrophyllum DC,
Hedyotis americana Jacq

corymbosa Lam.

glomerata Ell. .

herbacea L. .

rupestris Sw. .

tuberosa Sw.
Helianthus speciosus Hook
Helichrysum caule alato d:c

Sloane

Hemidiodia K. Schum. .

ocimifolia (WiUd.) K

Schum. (fig. 36)

Hieracium erectum minimum

dsc. Browne ....

fruticosum dsc. Sloane

minimum dec. Sloane .
HiLLiA Jacq

longiflora Sw. .

parasitica Jacq. (fig. 3)

tetrandra Sw. .

HOFFMANNIA Sw. .

jamaicensis Spreng. .

pedunculata Sw. (fig. 16)
Hopkirkia hirsuta Spreng.
Hypocilekis L. ...

glabra L

Indigo Berry
Ink Berry.

269

56
42
45
45
45
43
43
47
43
47
45
45
46
47
45
44

184
31
32
33
33
31
34

231

204
119

119

265

266

265

8

8

8

10

47

48

48

245

286

286

53
53

PAOB

Inula Trixia L 284

IsocARPHA Br 223

oppositifolia (L.) R. Br.

(fig. 73) 224

IsoTOMA Lindl 138

longiflora (L.) Presl (fig.

44) 138

Ix(yra foliis lanceolato-ovatis

dhc. Plum 80

? multiflora Sw. ... 73

occidentalis L. ... 80

Jack-in-the-Bush . 175
Jamaica Jesuit's

Bark 12

Jasminum forte arboreum <fcc.

Sloane 80

forte folio myrtino die.
Sloane 70

Kerneria dubia Cass. . . . 251

Kigdia ruderalis Sch. Bip. . 229

Kleinia ruderalis Jacq. . . 261

scandens d:c. Broume . 185
Knoxia littoralis repens <fcc.

Browne 116

Lab-lab 36

Lactuca L 286

intybacea Jacq. . . . 288
jamaicensis Griseb. (fig.

100) 287

Lagascea Cav 208

mollis Cav. (fig. 64) . . 208

Lapsana L 284

communis L 284

Laugeria coriacea Vahl . . 62

lucida Sw 61

tomentosa Sw 62

Lavenia decumbens Sw. . . 167

Leighia ? speciosa DC. . . 231

Leontodon foliis radicalibus die.

Browne 280

Leptilon canadense Britt. cfc Br. 197

pusillum Britton . . . 197

Leria albicans DC 282

dentata Spreng. . . • 282

nutans DC 280

pumila DC 281

Liabum Adans 267

Brownei Cass 267

umbellatum (L.) Sch. Bip.

(fig. 92) 267

INDEX

297

Ligustrum foliis ovatis

acuminatis dec. Plum. . . 70

LilyThorn . . . . 49

Lippia cymosa Sw. ... 64

Lobelia (Plum.) L. . . . 140

acuminata Sw. (fig. 46) . 142

acuminata Willd. . . . 145

assurgens L 146

caudata Urb 145

caule erecto, foliis cordatis

dkc. Linn 142

Cliffortiana L. (fig. 45) . 140

ensifolia Hitchc. . . . 145

Fawcettii Urb. . . . 144
foliis lanceolatis dentatis

<Scc. Browne, .... 139
foliis lanceolatis dentatis

d;c. Roy en .... 139
foliis oblongis, angustis die.

Browne 145

frutescens, portulacce folio

Plum 150

grandifolia Britton . . 144

Harrisii Urb 147

innominata Rendle . . 143

jamaicensis Urb. . . . 146

longiflora L 138

major brachiata assurgens

dsc. Browne .... 146
Martagon ( Griseb. )

Hitchc 147

Plumierii L 150

salicina Lam 145

LONICEBA L 135

alba L 70

confusaDC 136

foliis lanceolato - ovatis,

d:c. Plum 110

japonica Andr. , . . 136

racemis lateralibus dkc. L. . 70
racemis revolutis, foliis

lanceolatis dsc. Plum. . 46
racemis revolutis foliis

ovatis dbc. Plum. . . 47
racemis terminalibus, d:c.

Plum 107

LrrcYA DC 34

tetrandra (L.) K. Schum.

(fig. 10) 34

tuberosa DC 34

Lycium forte foliis subrotundis

d;c. Sloane 53

majus americanum dec.

Pluk 58

Lygistum axillare Lam. . . 6
flexile fruticosum dsc.

Browne 6

PAGE

Machaonia Humb. & Bonpl. . 63
cymosa (Sw.) Griseb. (fig.

22) 64

rotundata Griseb. . . 63

Mackonemum p. Br. ... 4
arborescens foliis ovatis die.

Browne 4

jamaicense L. (fig. 1) . 4

Malanea lucida A. Rich. . . 62

nitida Desv 61

Manettia Mutis 6

coccinea Griseb. ... 8

cuspidata Bert. ... 8

Lygistum (L.) Sw. (fig. 2) 6

tenuifolia Macf. ... 6

uniflora H. B. & K. . . 7

Mapourea herbacea Muell. -Arg. Ill

Maroon Lance ... 11

Matamoria spicata La Llave <fe

Lex 165

Matricaria Parthenium L. . 267

prostrata Sw 192

Matthiola scabra L. ... 59

Melampodium humile Sw. . 212

? ruderale Sw 229

Melananthera Michx. . . . 232

deltoidea Michx. . . . 232

Melanthera Rohr. . . . 232
aspera (Jacq.) Rendle (fig.

77) 232

Meyera sessilis Sw 221

MiKANiA Willd 185

brachycarpa Urb. . . 186

congesta DC 190

cordifolia (Linn, f.) Willd. 188

gonoclada DC. . . . 188

hastata (L.) Willd. . . 185

jamaicensis Robins. . . 187

latifolia Griseb. . . . 187

Lindenii S. Moore . . 186

micrantha H. B. & K. . 189

orinocensis H. B. d; K. . 189

scandens Auct 189

scandens Willd. . . . 190

suaveolens H. B. d; K. . 188

Swartziana Griseb. . . 186

troyana Urb. (fig. 55) . 187

Mirasolia diversifolia Hemsl. . 232

MiTKACAKPUS Zuccarini . . 127

hirtus K. Schum. . . . 127
villosus (Sw.) DC. (fig.

39) 127

Monentdes LabiU 203

MORDSTDA L 77

citrifolia L. .... 79

procumbens L. ... 77

Royoc L. (fig. 28) . . 77

298

FLORA OF JAMAICA

MOKiNDA — continued.

subfruticosa foliis oblongia
dec. Broivne ....
Mountain Broom Tree
Mug wort
MUSS-SNDA L

mitis Sessi dk Moc.

pubescens Ait.

rotundifolia SessS tfc Moc
Myrstiphyllum brachiatum
Hitchc

corynibosum Hitchc. .

marginatum Hitchc. .

minus fruticosum die.
Brovme ....

pubescens Hitchc. .

undatum Hitchc. .
Myrti folio angusto dkc. Sloane

Nacibea coccinea Aubl. .
Nerio affinis dsc. Sloane
Neubol^na R. Br.

lobata (L.) R. Br. (fig. 93)
Nocca Cav

mollis J acq.
Nonatelia paniculata Avhl.

pubescens Spreng.
NOTOPTERA Urb. .

hirsuta (Sw.) Urb. (fig. 83)

77
199
215
35
55
35
53

99
103

105

102

97

105

8
45
269
269
208
208
104
100
245
245

Ogiera ruderalis Oriseb. . . 229

triplinervis Cass. . . . 229

Oldenlandia L 31

corymbosa L. (fig. 9) . 32

crystallina Roxb. ... 34

glomerata Michx. ... 33

herbacea(L.)DC.. . . 33
minor caule teretimo &c.

Browne 32

pedunculis quadrifloris die.

Plum 32

ramosa Roxb 32

rupestris Lam. ... 31

uniflora L 33

OocXinium rigidum DC. . . 183

Orthopappus an^ustifolius

Oleas 164

Palicoubea Aubl. . . . 105

alpina (Sw.) DC. ... 109

barbinervia DC. . . . 108

coccinea DC 106

crocea DC 107

crocea (Sw.) Roem. &

Schult 106

domingensis (Jacq.) DC. . 110

PAGE

Palicourea — continued.

patens Urb 104

Pavetta DC 110

pulchra Griseb. (fig. 31) . 107

riparia Benth. . . . 107

taberncefolia DC. . . . 110

Parthenium L 213

Hysterophorus L. (fig. 67) 214
subhirsutum, ramosum dsc.

Broume 215

Pavetta coffeoides Ham. . . 80
^foliis oblongo-ovatis d;C.

Broume 80

pentandra Sw. , . . 110

Pectidium punctatum Less. . 266

Pectis L 263

anceps Less 265

ciliaris Femaid . . . 265

ciliarisL. (fig. 91). . . 264

dongata Urb 266

febrifuga van Hall . . 265

floribunda A. Rich. . . 266

linearifolia Urb. . . . 265

linifolia Griseb. . . . 265

linifolia Less 265

linifolia L 266

patula L.f. .... 263

Plumieri Griseb. . . . 266

pratensis C. Wright . . 263

punctata Jacq. . . . 266

Swartziana Less. . . . 263

PegWood 62

Pephlis tetrandra L. . . . 34

Perdicium radiate L. . . . 284
Peridymenum racemosum dhc.

Dill 70

Petesia fruticoaa, foliis ovatis

dhc. Browne 21

fruticosa foliis ovatis

oppositis Broivne . . 22
fruticosa foliis subvillosis

dkc. Browne .... 22

Lygistum L 6

spicata Sw 36

Phialanthus Griseb. ... 71

jamaicensis Urb. ... 71

revolutus Urb. (fig. 25) . 72

Phosnizopus intybaceus Less. . 288

Placus purpurascens Maza . 203

Pluchea Cass 201

odorata (L.) Cass. (fig. 61) 201

purpurascens (Sw.) DC. . 202

POROPHYLLUM VaiU. . . . 260
ellipticum (L.) Cass. (fig.

90) 260, 262

Porophyllum Kuntze . . 260

ruderale Griseb. . . 260, 262

INDEX

299

PAGE

PAGE

PORTLANDIA P. Br.

. . 15

PsYCHOTRiA — continued.

albiflora Britton & Harris 18

Harrisiana Urb. .

. 91

coccinea Sw. (fig. 6)

. . 17

hebecladoides Griseb. .

. 100

foUis majoribus

cfcC.

herbacea Jacq. .

. Ill

Browne .

. . 16

hirsuta Sw.

. 94

grandiflora L. .

. . 15

hirta H. B. d: K. . .

. 97

gypsophila Macf. .

. . 15

Hoffmanseggiana Muell.

Harrisii Britton .

. . 16

Arg. . . . .

. 101

latifolia Britton .

. . 16

horizontalis Sw.

101

microsepala Urb. .

. . 18

involucrata Sw. .

100

Prenanthes japonica L.

. . 285

Jenmanii Urb.

86

Prickle Bush

. . 53

Icevis DC

84

Prince Wood

. . 45

lanceolata Nutt.

97

PSEUDELEPHANTOPTTS Rol

ir . 165

laurifolia Sw. .

91

spicatus (B. Juss.) Rohr

laxa Sw

105

(fig. 51) . . .

. . 165

lu^ida Spreng.

91

Psychotrophum fruticc

sum

Lunanii Urb. .

93

foliis ovatis <i:c. Browne

102, 106

lutea Spreng. .

109

hirsutum foliis ovatis

macrophylla Spreng. .

109

Browne .

. . 102

manna Urb

98

fruticulosum, foliis art

ripli-

marginata Sw.

86

oribus dec. Browne

. 89

Myrstiphyllum Griseb.

105

fruticulosum foliis p

lum-

Myrstiphyllum Sw. .

104

beis die. Brovme

. . 86

nervosa Sw. (fig. 30) .

95

herbaceum repens.

<fcc.

oligantha A. Gray

101

Browne .

. . Ill

oligotricha DC.

97

PSYCHOTRIA L. . .

. . 81

patens Sw

104

alpina Sw.

. 109

Pavettce Sw

110

androscemifolia Griseb

. 91

pedunculata Sw. .

102

asiatica Poir. .

. 89

platoensis Urb.

90

Balbisiana DC.

. 91

platyphylla DC.

100

Berteriana DC.

. 100

plicata Urb

93

brachiata Sw. .

. 99

polyantha DC.

85

Brownei Spreng. .

. 89

portoricensis DC. .

97

capitellata DC.

. 101

pubescens Sw.

101

cdastroides Griseb.

. 92

Purdiaei Urb

93

clarendonensis Urb.

. 87

pusilliflora S. Moore .

88

coeloneura Urb. .

. 95

pyramidalis Griseb.

100

congesta Spreng. .

. 92

rufescens H. B. da K.

97

corymbosa Sw.

. 102

siphonophora Urb.

93

crocea Sw. .

. 106

Sloanei Urb

92

Danceri Urb. .

. 89

stipvlacea Sw

97

dasyophthalma Grisel

). . 94

Swartzii Urb

90

discolor Rolfe .

. 84

taberncefolia Poir.

110

dolichantha Urb. .

. 103

tenuifolia Sw

88

dolichocarpa Urb. .

. 95

Thompsoniana Urb. .

99

dolphiniana Urb. .

. 90

tribracteata Wright

101

domingensis Jacq.

. 110

troyana Urb

85

dura Griseb. .

. 85

uliginosa Sw

84

Fadyenii Urb.

. 97

undata Jacq

96

flexuosa Willd.

. 104

Wullschlaegelii Urb. .

105

f oetens Sw. .

. 99

Pterocattlon Ell

203

foetida Griseb.

. 98

alopecuroideum ( Lam .

glabrata Egg. .

. 97

DC. (fig. 62) . . .

204

glabrata Sw. .

. 87

virgatum (L.) DC.

203

glabrata Urb. .

. 89

Pulegium fruticosum erectum

grandis Sw.

. 85

verticillis densissimis Shane

126

300

FLORA OF JAMAICA

PAGE

Pttlmonaria Jam. salicis fdio

cfcc. Sloane 284

Pyrethrum Parthenium (L.)

Sm 267

Rachicallis DC 29

americana (Jacq.) Kuntze

(fig. 8) 30

rupestris DC 31

Randia L 53

aculeata L. (fig. 19) . . 53
foliis svbrotundis dbc.

Browne. 53

jamaicensis (Spreng.)

Krug & Urb. i . . 55
latifolia Lam. . . . 53, 55

mitis L 54

Rapuncvlus aquaticus foliis

Cichorei, dhc. Sloane . . 139
folio Mongo serrato <kc.

Sloane 145

Rapuntium acuminatum Presl 142

Relbunium Endl 130

hypocarpium (L.) Hemsl.

(fig. 41) 130

Rhamnus foliis buxeis d:c.

Sloane 50

RlCHABDIA L 128

brasiliensis Gomez (fig. 40) 129

pilosa Ruiz <fe Pav. . . 130

scabra L 130

Richardsonia scabra St. Hil. . 130

Riverside Tobacco . 201

RONDELETIA L 18

americana L 29

amplexicaulis Urb. . . 20

buxifolia Griseb. ... 28

cincta Griseb 26

clarendonensis Britton . 26

daphnoides Griseb. . . 20

elegans Britton ... 21

glauca Griseb. ... 26

HarrisiiUrb 20

hirsutaSw. . . . 25,27

hirtaSw 27

impressa Krug & Urb. . 25

incana Griseb 29

incana Sw 28

laurifolia Sw 22

ligulata Urb 27

microcalyx Krug db Urb. . 21

pallida Britton ... 21

polita Griseb 23

racemosa Sw 21

saxicola Britton ... 28

RoNDELETiA — Continued.

silvestris S. Moore

thyrsoidea Sw.

tomentosa Sw.

trifolia Jacq. (fig. 7) .

umbellulata Sw. .
Royoc humifusum, fructu

cupressino Plum.
Rozandra argentea Rottb.
RUBIACE^ ....
RuJ)ia hypocarpia DC.

subhirsuta scandens vel
reclinata Browne
Rudgea caribaea Benth. .

29
32
22
23

28

77

166

1

131

131

110

Sabicea Aubl 39

aspera K. Schum. . . 39

hirta Sw. (fig. 13) . . 39

Sambucus L 135

canadensis Bdlo . . . 135

intermedia Carr. . . . 135

Simpsonii Rehder . . 135

Samphire 226

Santolina assurgens major d;c.

Browne 237

erecta subhirsuta dkc.

Broume 269

? erecta d;c. Broume . . 224

jamaicensis L. ... 260

oppositifolia L. . . . 224

suhhirsuta tkc. Broume . 260

SalmeaDC 240

eupatoria DC 240

grandiceps Cass. . . . 240

hirsuta DC 245

parviceps Cass. . . . 240

scandens (L.) DC. (fig. 81) 240

sessUifolia Griseb. . . 242

Sc^vola L 148

Lobelia Murr 149

Plumierii (L.) Vahl (fig.

47) 148

Thunbergii Eckl. <fc Zeyh. 149

Scabiosa affinis anomala dbc.

Sloane 164

SCHRADERA Vahl .... 38

cephalotes Willd. ... 39
involucrata (Sw.) K.

Schum. (fig. 12) . , 38

Schwenkfeldia hirta Sw. . . 39

ScoLOSANTHUS Vahl ... 73
multiflorus (Sw.) Krug &

Urb. (fig. 26) . . . 73

versicolor Griseb. ... 73

Seaside Ox-eye . . 226

INDEX

301

78)

&c.

Seaside Tansy
Senecio L. . . .

cacalioides Fisch.

discolor (Sw.) DC

dolichanthus S. Moore

Fadyenii Griseb. .

hieracifolius L.

HoUickii Britton .

jamaicensis DC. .

laciniatus (Sw.) DC.

minor bellidis majoris folio
Sloane

sagittatus Hieron. .

sonchifolius Moench

Swartzii DC. (fig. 96)

tomentosus die. Browne

vtdgaris L.
Silphium trilobatum L.
Silver Wood.
SiMSiA Pars.

adenophora Blake .

jamaicensis Blake (fig,
Snowberry
Solidago fruticosa Mill.
Solidago ? villosa, incana

Browne ....
SONCHUS L. ...

agrestis Sw.

asper Hill .

asper laciniatus Sloane

foliis ciliatis dkc. Browne

Icevis Cord. hist, dkc
Sloane

oleraceus L.
Sow-Thistle .
Spanish Elm.
Spanish Nettle
Sparganophorus Vaillantii

Crantz.
Specularia Heist.

perfoliata (L.) A. DC
(fig. 43) . .
Spekmacoce L. .

annuum foliis linearibus
d:c. Loejl.

confusa Rendle (fig. 37)

erecta simplex die. Browne

erecta subhirsuta d;c
Browne .

fruticulosa atque ramosa
Browne .

glahra Attct.

hirta L

Icevis Lam.

ocymifolia Willd. .

ocymoides Burm. f.

riparia Cham, ds Schl

page
226
274
271
275
278
278
271
277
278
275

195
273
273

277
195
278
227

57
234
235
235

70
284

267
288
271
289
289
289

271
289
289
45
249

156
137

137
120

117
120
126

127

126
122
127
123
120
125
122

PAGE

Spekmacoce — continued.

scandens foliis oblongis dc.

Browne 124

simplex F awe. . . . 118

spinosa Jacq 126

suffrutescens Jacq. . . 124

tenuior Gaertn. . . . 121

tenuior L 122

tenuior Sw 124

verticillata L 126

verticillis globosis Dillen. . 126
verticillis tenuioribus

Dillen 122

villosa Sw 127

Spilanthes Jacq 238

Acmella Murr. . . . 239

uliginosa Sw. (fig. 80) . 238

urens Jacq 238

Stemmodontia trilobata Small . 227

StenostomumbifurcatumGriseb. 60

coriaceum Griseb. ... 62

lucidum Gaertn. ... 61

nitidum DC 62

tomentosum DC. ... 62

Stkuchium p. Browne . . 155

americanum Poir. . . 156
herbaceum subassurgens

<fcc. Browne . . . . 156
sparganophorum ( L. )

Kuntze (fig. 48) . . 155

Strumpfia Jacq 75

maritima Jacq. (fig. 27) . 76

Sweetscented Flea-
bane 201

Synedbella Gaertn. . . . 247
nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. (fig.

84) 247

TagetesL 262

? minor, caule subdiviso

dkc. Browne .... 266

patula L 262

rotundifolia Mill. . . . 231
Tanacetum herbaceum erectum

(fee. Broume 167

Tapogomia elata Poir. . . . 114

punicea Poir 114

Taraxacum oflBcinale Vill. . . 286

Tepion alatum Britton . . . 236
Tetramerium odoratissimum

Gaertn 80

Tetranthus ruderaiis Griseb. . 229
Thymelcea frutescens rosmarini

folio die. Plum 76

302

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Thymdcea — continued.

humilior foliis acutis, dbc.
Sloane .

maritima ericce foliis &c.
Sloane ....
Thyrsanthema dentata Kuntze

nutans Kuntze
TiTHONIA Desf.

diversifolia (Hemsl.) A
Gray ....

rotundifolia (Mill.) Blake

speciosa Hook.

tagetifolia Desf.

uniflora Gmel. .
Tontanea herbacea Standi.

tenuis Standi. .
Tournefortia foliis lanceolato

linearibus dec. Burm.
Tbixis p. Browne .

aspera Sw.

frutescens foliis nitidis dkc.
Browne . . . .

radiaHs Urb. (fig. 99)

scabra Sw. . . . .
Tripolium subukttum Nees
Trixis terebinthacea Sw.
Tupa acuminata A. DC. .

acuminata Griseb.

assurgens A. DC.

caudata Griseb.

conglobata Griseb.

ensifolia A. DC.

Martagon Griseb.
Tussilago albicans Sw.

dentata L. .

nutans L. .

pumila Sw.

Ucacou nodiflorum Hitchc.
Uragoga corymbosa Kuntze

flexuosa Kuntze

grandis Kuntze

marginata Kuntze

patens Kuntze .

punicea K. Schum.

uliginosa Kuntze .
Urbanisol tagetifolius Kuntze
Urceolaria involticrata Standi.

Valantia hypocarpa L.

hypocarpia L. .
Velvet Seed .
Verbena Graas

116

31

282
280
231

232
231
231
231
231
42
42

76
282
211

284
283
211
193
211
145
144
146
146
144
145
147
282
282
280
282

247
103
104

85

86
104
114

84
231

39

131

131

58

26

PAGE

Verbesina L

235

alata L. (fig. 79) . .

235

alba L

222

brasilianu Pers.

168

erecta hirsuta &c. Browne

247

foliis oblongo-ovatis die

Browne ....

236

gigardea Sw. .

237

mutica L

256

nodiflora L. . . .

247

pinnatifida Sw.

237

scandens Klatt

240

Vernonia Schreb. . . .

156

acuminata Less. .

159

albicoma Gleas.

158

amaranthina Gleas.

158

anthelmintica Willd. .

157

arborescens Sw.

158

cinerea (L.) Less. .

162

divaricata DC.

159

divaricata Sw. (fig. 49)

157

expansa Gleas.

160

fruticosa Gleas.

160

Harrisii S. Moore .

161

intonsa Gleas. .

158

permollis Gleas.

158

pluvialis Gleas.

161

proclivis Gleas.

161

reducta Gleas. .

162

rigida Sw

160

Viburnum L

132

alpinum Macf . .

134

arboreum Britton

134

glabratum Kunth .

134

villosum Sw. (fig. 42)

133

Villanova bipinnatifida Ort.

214

Violce folio baccifera Aic

Sloane

111

folio malabarica, d;c

Bheede ....

111

Virga aurea major dec. Sloane

269

Wedelia Jacq

227

carnosa Pers. .

227

discoidea Less.

229

gracilis Pers. .

229

trilobata (L.) Hitchc. (fig

75)

227

White Thorn . .

4

Wild Coffee . . 81, 1(

)2, 110

Wild Jessamine

81

WildLime. . . .

107

Wild Mahogany

60

Wild Pomegranate

51

Wild Tansy . . .

216

Wild Tobacco . .

203

INDEX

303

Wild Wormwood .

. 215

Willoughbya cordifoUa Kuntze 189

hastata Kuntze.

. 185

normalis Kuntze .

. 189

scandens Kuntze .

. 189

Stvartziana Kuntze

. 186

Wormwood

. 216

Wound Worth .

. 268

PAGE

Xanthium L 218

219
219

chinense Mill. (fig. 69)
echinatum Urb.

Youngia japonica DC.

285

Zinnia L 219

multiflora L. (fig. 70) . 219

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