ER FFE Pe MAP OF JAPAN SHOWING OLDER NAMES OF DIVISIONS OF TOKUGAWA ERA _SOMETIMES CURRENTLY USED et ? Uy Ture £ a 4 ss Line rant e a nose, ee, Poe ane ey KINAI™ Ae Z (o) tp asa) he ay, 34 f $2 Rebun iQ ua eaey an on i ©) Mt. Daisetsu it ay 2 Mf : re Rishiri Isle Y) (Mé Taisetse) : ; ( HOK Ppt Peer EMU) pa : Paropaera tN 4 Z hy Hae BY Bm t a MAP OF JAPAN SHOWING CURRENT BOTANICAL DIVISIONS AND IMPORT- Aeneas {ANT LOCALITIES a ses Pinger) ) { \ i il bok Ke oN Mi US layachine SPA ORAS EMAC Os is RDN Sone NORTHERN DISTRICT — AM HeayeCh y ae ae ; 4 ef ba i Haye {ou or TOHOKU DISTRICT). Ne ss . Oe \ i \ } % . A \j . i > { A Me sf - 1 xs} } x } é Ai pete Oe % : ee Lake Oze aA sesh ‘ \ \(Ozenuma) } Mt, Haku (Hakusan) Mt. [bukit Nikko) Meng. tats Obi iste ee We pike een al Gata) me Wie i Mf. Yotsu * i (Yatsugatake) = aye Hakone g Oshima Isl. Rae rs is *f—— iyakejima Mi. Senjo j : } { (Senjogofoke) 1 \ err c SHIKOKU ‘ KINKI a, et ee isl. MiSobo | Me cess (Sobosan) Mt Tara” Mt. Kirishima Mt. Takokuma “Tanegashima Lysichiton camtschatcense Schott (Araceae). Edge of pond near Shiobara, Shimotsuke Proy., Honshu. (Photo J. Ohwi, April 30, 1961.) FLORA OF JAPAN (in English) by JISABURO OHWI National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan A combined, much revised, and extended translation by the author of his H AS #H @ i& FLORA OF JAPAN (1953) and AH A HE Wy it ~ 2° BS FLORA OF JAPAN—PTERIDOPHYTA (1957) Edited by Frederick G. Meyer Research Botanist, U.S. National Arboretum and Egbert H. Walker Research Associate, Smithsonian Institution SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WASHINGTON, D.C. 1965 CONTENTS Author’s preface to the English edition Vii Editor’s preface to the English edition ix Introduction 1 Phytogeographical résumé 1 Historical résumé of floristic work in Japan 6 General key to the families 9 Phylum Pteridophyta 21 Phylum Spermatophyta 109 Class 1. Gymnospermae 109 Class 2. Angiospermae 118 Subclass 1. Monocotyledoneae 118 Subclass 2. Dicotyledoneae 359 Reference list of authors’ names 931 Index of Japanese plant names 951 Index of scientific names 984 Index of English names 1067 ili — — a ON US ae TS = SS Co NEN Ss SPS CORTE ONS Ue Se Oe LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES Osmunda asiatica and Asplenium antiquum Dicranopteris linearis and Sphenomeris chinensis Woodwardia orientalis var. formosana and Cyathea boninsimensis Cycas revoluta and Pinus pumila Picea jezoensis var. hondoensis and Pinus thunbergi Sciadopitys verticillata and Cryptomeria japonica Themeda japonica Miscanthus sinensis and Mount Shibutsu from Ozegahara Moor Livistona subglobosa and Crinum asiaticum var. japonicum Betula platyphylla var. japonica and Callianthemum miyabeanum Stauntonia hexaphylla and Machilus thunbergu Pittosporum tobira and Rhus javanica Kandelia candel and Angelica ursina Helwingia japonica and Rhododendron japonicum Viburnum plicatum var. glabrum and Hypochaeris crepidioides Trichosanthes bracteata and Farfugium japonicum FIGURES Carex kobomugi and Carex macrocephala Japonolirion osense Nakai Calanthe oblanceolata Luisia teres Nuphar japonicum Corydalis ochotensis Cardamine appendiculata Potentilla matsumurae Euchresta japonica Polygala reinii Vaccinium sieboldii Primula tosaensis Cynanchum katoi Omphalodes prolifera Salvia japonica Uncaria rhynchophylla Ligularia stenocephala Following page 108 108 108 108 108 108 254 D4 254 468 468 650 650 650 854 854 Page 226 282 350 356 436 478 484 526 558 586 711 722 748 758 779 824 880 aE nay Nite be mat She iat A AUTHOR’S PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH EDITION The original Japanese language edition of my Flora of Japan was published in Tokyo in 1953. This work included the in- digenous and adventive spermatophytes but not the pterido- phytes found in present-day Japan. Various authors have pub- lished floras of our realm, the first were by Europeans who visited Japan under Dutch auspices in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. Under the influence of Europeans our own people began to collect plants in earnest after the middle of the 19th century. Soon thereafter the first flora listing all the plants known at that time was published by Jinzo Matsumura in 1884. Since that time other floras have been produced. My Flora is a culmination of more than 30 years of study. Based largely upon my own field studies, this work is designed as a manual for students and for others less technically trained, who, from time to time, require a reference work to the flora of our islands. The present translation, the only flora of Japan in the English language and the first in a European tongue since Franchet and Savatier’s flora of 1875-79, is an emended and in several respects a revised version of my original work. Inclusion of the pteridophytes (ferns and fern allies), the pho- tographs, and the maps are features of the English version not found in my original Japanese edition. Also included in this English edition are some species recently recorded and not in- cluded in my Japanese edition. The nomenclature in the pres- ent work is in accordance with the International Code (In- ternational Rules Bot. Nom., 1961). I shall be pleased if this English edition of my Flora is found to be useful to others outside my country. The translation might never have been undertaken except for my acquaintance with Leopold A. Charette of Burlington, Vermont, who, as a member of the U.S. Air Force, collected plants in parts of western Honshu and came to me for assistance shortly after Vil publication of my flora in 1953. He urged me to prepare trans- lations of certain genera for him, which I did. Very soon thereafter, I accepted the proposal to translate the entire work for publication in English. I am deeply grateful to Drs. Tetsuo Koyama and Siro Kit- amura for contributing full treatments included here. The former wrote up the Araceae, Eriocaulaceae, and Juncaceae; the latter the Compositae. Much assistance has been generously given by various other Japanese and American botanists. In addition, much of the translation of this English version from my Japanese volume of 1953 was made by Dr. Koyama, a labor for which I am very grateful. I wish to thank my American sponsors for making this translation of my Flora possible and for their continued and devoted interest over the long period since this translation project began in 1954. The Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri, sponsored the first two grants-in-aid received from the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., for translation in Japan of the Japanese text. A third and final grant, again from the National Science Foundation, together with funds provided by the Smithsonian Institution, made publication possible. Final editing and all arrangements for publication were entrusted to Frederick G. Meyer, Takoma Park, Maryland (formerly of the Missouri Botanical Garden), and Egbert H. Walker of the U.S. National Museum, Smith- sonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (retired). To friends and colleagues in my country I wish to extend thanks for provid- ing photographs which appear in the present work and for assisting me in various other ways. JisaBurO OWI National Science Museum, Tokyo January 1965 Lbs att oh we ‘, BN EDITORS’ PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH EDITION The flora of Japan first became known to westerners through the agency of the Dutch East India Company, established in Nagasaki in 1609. The first list of Japanese plants published in Europe was the “Amoenitatum Exoticarum” of Engelbert Kaempfer, published in 1712. Europeans under Dutch auspices continued to study the Japanese flora until Japan was opened to world commerce in 1859. Relatively soon thereafter, and continuing up to the present day, Japanese botanists have been busily engaged in the study of their flora. To agriculturists, foresters, and horticulturists in America and Europe, and in other warm-temperate areas of the world, the Japanese flora long has been an important source of plant materials of economic importance. To botanists, the Japanese flora gained lasting prominence among students of the North Temperate boreal flora with Asa Gray’s now classic paper pub- lished in 1859,* which emphasized the relationships of the Japanese flora to parts of eastern United States. The flora of Japan is perhaps the best known of any country in eastern Asia. Since about 1868, each period of activity has seen new floristic works published. Floras published in Japa- nese by Jinzo Matsumura, Tomitaro Makino, and Takenoshin Nakai, for example, are well known in Japan, although they have been of relatively little use to western botanists, prin- cipally because of language barriers. This English language edition of a Flora of Japan, by Dr. Jisaburo Ohwi, is an attempt to bridge the language barrier. The last floristic work to cover the Japanese archipelago in a western language was Franchet and Savatier’s two-volume “Enumeratio Plantarum in Japonia Sponte Crescentium Huc- usque Rite Cognitarum,” published 1875-79. Unlike other floras of Japan of the past, Dr. Owhi’s work is the first to in- clude synoptical keys of all taxa through the level of the spe- cies. With this English translation, botanists, horticulturists, agriculturists, and others not fluent in the Japanese language +Gray, A. Diagnostic characters of new species of phaenogamous plants, collected in Japan by Charles Wright, Botanist of the U.S. North Pacific Exploring Expedition, with observations upon the re- lations of the Japanese flora to that of North America, and of other parts of the northern temperate zone. Mem. Amer. Acad., n. ser. 6: 377-452, 1859. have available a modern floristic work of Japan which covers the ferns through the phanerograms. We should point out here that the English language edition of this Flora of Japan is an emended account and not merely a verbatim translation of Dr. Ohwi’s original work in Japanese. The Romaji or Japanese vernacular names are included for all taxa listed in this English edition, although to westerners the supplying of a vernacular name for every taxon might seem superfluous. This is due to the relative similarity of west- ern languages to Latin, the basis of the scientific names. But to the nonbotanist in Japan there is a far greater need for a ver- nacular name in Japanese because the great difference between that language and Latin precludes the use of the latter by the uninitiated. The vernacular names supplied by the author have been altered by the junior editor, with the aid of Mr. Hisao Matsumoto of the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., by the insertion of additional hyphens, more than are commonly used by Japanese scholars. In this way the attempt has been made to aid westerners who may be interested in these names to comprehend more readily their structure and meaning. Japanese plants in cultivation often bear the original Romaji name and for this reason inclusion of the Japanese names is justified and useful. In preparing the manuscript for publication, the editors have at all times endeavored to render faithfully and accurately the full intentions of the author, realizing fully the pitfalls of edit- ing another author’s work. All changes, corrections, and addi- tions have been carefully checked by the author himself. Vari- ous specialists in the United States have offered editorial assistance: Agnes Chase (Gramineae); F. A. McClure (Bam- buseae); C. V. Morton (ferns); Lincoln Constance (Umbel- liferae); Robert E. Woodson, Jr. (Apocynaceae and Asclepia- daceae); Rogers McVaugh (Campanulaceae); F. Raymond Fosberg (Rubiaceae); and S. F. Blake (Compositae). Without the full cooperation and cordial relationships between the edi- tors and the author, this project would not have been possible. FREDERICK G, MEYER Ecpert H. Waker, Editors January 1965 FLORA OF JAPAN INTRODUCTION In Europe and North America, many exhaustive floristic works are available, but in our country the lack of such works frequently has been keenly felt by us. Most of the early floristic investigations on the Japanese flora, beginning in the 18th cen- tury, were made by Europeans. Serious study and collecting by Japanese botanists began first in the 1860's. The early published works by our own botanists were mostly regional floristic stud- ies, although several floras of the entire Japanese archipelago from time to time have been published. One of the earliest was that of Jinzo Matsumura, “Nippon shokubutsu mei-i,’ pub- lished first in 1884, which went through nine editions. The “Nippon shokubutsu-dzukan” [“Illustrated Flora of Japan”], by Tomitaro Makino, first published in 1925, went through several editions and reprints, the latest in 1963. The “Nippon- shokubutsu-soran” [“Flora of Japan’”], by Tomitaro Makino and Kwanji Nemoto, first published in 1925, was issued the same year as Makino’s Illustrated Flora. The “Nova Flora Japonica,” by Takenoshin Nakai and M. Honda, 1935-51, un- fortunately was never completed. The writing of my original Japanese edition began in 1947 after more than 30 years’ study on our flora. The aim was to produce a manual for botanists, dendrologists, foresters, and agriculturists, and a guide book for students who require a ready source of taxonomic information about the plants of Japan. The present work enumerates all spontaneous plants inclu- sive of the ferns and fern allies, gymnosperms, and phanero- gams. Synoptical keys are included for all taxa to the level of the species. A conservative interpretation of the taxa has been attempted. In complex groups, such as Sasa, Aconitum, Hosta, and others, where innumerable microspecies have been recorded by specialists, it has not been possible to include these in my Flora. Trivial variations in flower color, horticultural variants, local aberrations in vegetative morphology, such as dwarfs and monstrosities, are generally excluded. Exceptions to this are in instances where garden plants, long known to us, are enumerated as having originated from elements of our indigenous flora. Wherever such garden plants appear, the nomenclature is in accordance with modern usage in the nam- ing of horticultural plants (International Code for Cultivated Plants, 1961). A few plants of Chinese origin, long established in our country, such as Mahonia japonica, Prunus japonica, Ginkgo biloba, Magnolia liliflora, Clematis florida, and some others, are also included. The Engler and Prantl system of classification, as outlined in “Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien,” has been adopted for the phanerogams, and Copeland’s “Genera Filicum” as the guide in the treatment of pteridophytes. The aim was to construct the analytical keys on the basis of phylogeny, but this has not al- ways been practical or possible. Purely artificial keys often have been constructed for the convenience of the user. The diag- noses of the taxa and the keys are based almost wholly on avail- able herbarium specimens. The geographical areas covered in this flora include all of present-day Japan, excluding the Tokara Islands. The Japanese archipelago is divided into eight segments: Hokkaido (includ- ing Rishiri and Rebun islands), northern Tohoku, Kanto, central, Kinki, and western Chugoku districts of Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, including the adjacent islands of Tane- gashima and Yakushima as the southern boundary. I am deeply grateful to the late Dr. G. Koidzumi, my men- tor, for his kind instructions over a long time and to many others for their many valuable suggestions. Dr. Y. Satake, S. Okuyama, and K. Hisauchi have rendered kind assistance to the author in various ways ever since he became a staff member of the National Science Museum. Dr. T. Koyama helped in preparing the drawings, reading proof, and making indexes, as well as in various other ways. In the preparation of accounts of complex plant groups various monographic studies by spe- cialists were very helpful. To all authors of these works the writer is greatly obligated. I wish to mention that the original Japanese edition of this work was partially sponsored by a Publications Subsidy of the Ministry of Education, for which support I am deeply grateful. PHY TOGEOGRAPHICAL RESUME Japan supports a very rich flora in proportion to its size, a circumstance of historical importance in relation to Japan’s early closer relationship with mainland Asia and to its subse- quent development as an insular province with highly distinc- tive geographical characteristics. Historically, the Japanese home islands were a part of the continental landmass of Asia, at least down to the Quaternary Period. For this reason, our flora is most closely related to the Chinese flora, especially to plants of the mountains of China, where many species exist as relicts or as remnants of the much older Tertiary floras. That Japan was not greatly affected by Pleistocene glaciation is a factor which favored the preservation of older floras that might otherwise have vanished. Moreover, the approximately 850- mile length of the land area of Japan, extending over nearly 15 degrees of latitude from about 30° to 45° N. from the sub- tropical belt of the southern areas to the alpine summits of numerous mountain peaks——together with a complex moun- tain system that covers nearly 70 percent of the total land mass, are factors that determine the component elements of the flora. The close proximity of the sea produces an insular climate over much of the country. The warm Japan Current or Black Stream (Kuroshio), as it flows from southwest to northeast along the Pacific side of the archipelago, influences all southern and southeastern areas, giving them a relatively high precipita- tion and little or no frost in areas near the coast. In these south- ern areas are found many plants which occur principally in areas farther south. In the north, the cool Kurile (Oyashio) Current has a pronounced cooling effect on the climate of northern Honshu. Likewise, in our northern areas and on the y) INTRODUCTION higher mountains occur many boreal species extending into this area from more northerly latitudes. WARM-TEMPERATE REGION This area embraces the coastal areas of southern Honshu, Shikoku, and the Pacific side of Kyushu, with a warm-temper- ate to subtropical climate influenced by the warm Japan Cur- rent (Kuroshio) from the southwest Pacific Ocean. This area is dominated largely by evergreen woody species, especially broad-leaved angiosperms. The heavy well-distributed precipi- tation of usually more than 60 inches per annum in this region results in a lush vegetation containing many plants with more southern affinities. Some common plants characteristic of this warm-temperate region are: BROAD-LEAVED EVERGREEN TREES AND SHRUBS Camellia japonica Cinnamomum spp. Cleyera japonica Daphniphyllum macropodum Itea japonica Machilus spp. Myrica rubra Prunus spinulosa Distylium racemosum Elaeocarpus japonicus Elaeocarpus sylvestris Eurya japonica Cryptomeria japonica Pinus densiflora Prunus zippeliana Quercus spp. Symplocos spp. Trochodendron aralioides CoNnIFERS Podocarpus macrophyllus Podocarpus nagi (in the secondary forest belt) Lranas Puants oF Rocky Piaces 1n MounTAINS Calamagrostis hakonensis Carex spp. Potentilla spp. Rhododendron spp. StTaGEs OF SUCCESSION IN THE WARM-TEMPERATE REGION The pioneer herbaceous plants which invade cut-over lands consist chiefly of Miscanthus sinensis, M. floridulus, Imperata, Themeda, Smilax china, Lespedeza, Rubus, and Rhododen- dron. The commonest pioneer woody species in many areas are Pinus densiflora, Mallotus japonicus, Clethra barbinervis, Calli- carpa japonica, and deciduous species of Symplocos. In the final stages of forest succession, evergreen species of Quercus and Cinnamomum reappear as climax dominants. CoasraL DuNEs Arundo donax Calystegia soldanella Canavalia lineata Cnidium japonicum Ischaemum aristatum Limonium tetragonum Messerschmidia sibirica Wedelia prostrata Zoysia macrostachys ZONE BETWEEN THE DUNES AND CONIFEROUS FOREST Pittosporum tobira Quercus phillyracoides Rosa wichuraiana Ternstroemia gymnanthera Vitex rotundifolia Euonymus japonicus Eurya emarginata Hibiscus hamabo Juniperus chinensis var. procumbens Litsea japonica SuBTROPICAL ELEMENTS OF SOUTHERN KyusHu, TANEGASHIMA, YAKUSHIMA, AND AOSHIMA Actinidia rufa Hedera rhombea Hosiea japonica Kadsura japonica Clethra barbinervis Euscaphis japonica Idesia polycarpa Mallotus japonicus Prunus jamasakura Prunus lannesiana Piper kadsura Trachelospermum asiaticum Uncaria rhynchophylla Decipuous TREES Ardisia sieboldit Livistona chinensis Caesalpinia nuga Melastoma candidum Cassytha filiformis Messerschmidia argentea Cycas revoluta Microstegium ciliatum Entada phaseoloides Myoporum bontioides Ficus microcarpa Glochidion hongkongense Ipomoea pes-caprae Osheckia chinensis Schefflera octophylla Spinifex littoreus Rhus javanica Rhus succedanea Rhus trichocarpa Styrax japonica Zanthoxylum ailanthoides SHRUBBY AND HERBACEOUS SPECIES Alocasia spp. Ardisia crenata Ardisia seboldii Arundinaria (in forest understory) Arundo donax Broussonetia kaempferi Broussonetia kazinoki Euryale ferox Nelumbo nucifera Nuphar japonicum ” Epilobium pyrricholophum Eriocaulon spp. Lycopus lucidus Miscanthus sacchariflorus Phragmites spp. Debregeasia edulis Dicliptera japonica Fatsia japonica Nandina domestica Pseudopyxts sp. Rhododendron spp. Rubus trifidus Villebrunea frutescens AQuatics Nymphaea tetragona Potamogeton spp. MarsH PLANts Polygonum spp. Rhynchospora spp. Typha spp. Zizania latifolia Kandelia candel Tree-ferns On rocks in fast-running streams in the low mountains of southern Kyushu and Yakushima are found Cladopus and Hydrobryum, both of the Podostemaceae. These are quite re- markable members of the Japanese flora, since these genera are primarily tropical with a distribution centering in India and Malaysia. The Laurisylvae or broad-leaved evergreen forest extends northward along both the Pacific side and the Japan Sea coast of Honshu to about 38° N. latitude, where the deciduous forest species become the dominant element of the woody vegetation. Deciduous forest species, such as Quercus acutissima, O. serrata, Castanea crenata, Acer spp., Carpinus laxiflora, C. tschonosku, Alnus japonica, and A. sieboldiana, are mixed with evergreen species, Evergreen trees native in the vicinity of Tokyo are represented only by a few species of evergreen Quercus, Casta- nopsis, Machilus, and a few others. Areas of continental eastern Asia that correspond most closely with the warm-temperate parts of Japan are the low- land and hilly areas from southern Korea to the Yangtze Val- ley and the mountainous regions of Chekiang, Fukien, Hunan, Szechuan, Kwangsi, Kweichow, and Yunnan, and from For- mosa to the western part of Sikang to the highlands of the Himalayas, Burma, and Indochina. Significant genera found in both China and in Japan include Trochodendron, Loropetalum, Chikusichloa, Cryptomeria, Elli- INTRODUCTION siophyllum, Chionographis, Nandina, Hosiaea, Skimmuia, Stauntonia, Hovenia, Liriope, Ophiopogon, Shibataea, Heteros- milax, and Phaenosperma. Genera such as Buxus, Camellia, Broussonetia, Aulacolepis are distributed even more widely over parts of southeastern Asia and India. While many of the species in the warm-temperate parts of Japan are endemic, very few of the genera are confined to this region. Alectorurus and Neofinetia are believed to be the only genera endemic of the Warm-temperate region of Japan. In the warm-temperate region, endemism at the species level is perhaps best developed in the Fuji Volcanic Range and the Fossa Magna region. These areas, especially the Fuji Volcanic Range, as explained by Dr. F. Maekawa, were subject to a long period of volcanic activity during the Tertiary when they be- came pioneer areas for the development of new taxa. Campa- nula punctata var. microdonta, Carex hachijoensis, Rhododen- dron tsusiophyllum, and Astilbe simplicifolia are examples of endemic taxa found there. ENDEMIc PLANTS OF THE Fuji VoLcANIC RANGE WITH THEIR ViIcARIoUS ANCESTORS IN THE Marntanp (Honsuu, SHIKoKu, AND KyusHu) Polygonum cuspidatum var. terminale Prunus lannesiana var. speciosa Rhododendron tsusiophyllum Saxifraga fortune var. crassifolia Calamagrostis autumnalis Campanula punctata var. mucrodonta Carex doenitzit var. okuboi Carex oshimensis Hydrangea macrophylla var. normalis Styrax japonica var. Lilium auratum var. jippet-kawamurae platyphyllum Weigela coraeénsts var. Meliosma hachijoensis fragrans TEMPERATE REGION The temperate region begins at about 1,000-1,500 m. above sea level in Kyushu and southern Shikoku, thence gradually decreasing in altitude northeastward to the low mountains of the Kanto District. The temperate region descends to sea level at about 38° N. latitude and continues northward along the coastal areas to the southwestern part of Hokkaido, including the southern province of Tokachi. The intermediate forest zone between the warm-temperate and temperate regions are usually dominated by Quercus acutissima, O. serrata, Castanea crenata, and Pinus densiflora. In the temperate region Cryptomeria japonica, Chamaecyparis obtusa, and C. pisifera are widely cul- tivated, but the larger bamboos are no longer very evident. Plants common in the temperate region are: Decipuous TREES Fraxinus sieboldiana Hamamelis japonica Kalopanax septemlobus Magnolia obovata Prunus sargentit Prunus verecunda Quercus mongolica Sorbus alntfoha Sorbus commixta Sorbus japonica Styrax shiraiana Tilia japonica Ulmus laciniata Viburnum furcatum Acer japonicum Acer mono Acer palmatum Aesculus turbinata Alnus hirsuta Betula grossa Betula maximowicziana Betula schmidti Carpinus cordata Carpinus japonica Fagus crenata Fagus japonica Fraxinus mandschurica var. japonica CoNIFERS Abies firma Abies homolepis Larix leptolepis Pinus koraiensis Pinus pentaphylla Pseudotsuga japonica Sciadopitys verticillata Taxus cuspidata Thuja standishit Thujopsis dolabrata Tsuga diversifolia Tsuga sieboldu BROAD-LEAVED EVERGREEN SHRUBS Aucuba japonica Daphniphyllum humile Euonymus fortunei Ilex leucoclada Ilex sugeroki Skimmia japonica Decipuous SHRUBS Hydrangea macrophylla var. acuminata Ilex serrata Kerria japonica Lespedeza spp. Lonicera spp. Sorbus gracilis Spiraea japonica Tripetaleia paniculata Vaccinium spp. Decipuous Lianas Actinidia polygama Akebia quinata Akebia trifoliata Hydrangea petiolaris Rhus ambigua Schizophragma hydrangeotdes Tripterygium regelit Vitis coignetiae HERBACEOUS PLANTS Cacalia spp. Chrysosplenium spp. Circaea spp. Cirsium spp. Gentiana scabra var. buergert Melampyrum laxum Plectranthus trichocarpus Saussurea spp. Trillium spp. Viola spp. ENDEMIC GENERA FOUND IN THE TEMPERATE REGION Anemonopsis (Ranunculaceae) Deinanthe (Saxifragaceae) Glaucidium (Ranunculaceae) Hakonechloa (Gramineae) Kirengeshoma (Saxifragaceae) Peltoboykinia (Saxifragaceae) Ranzania (Berberidaceae) Sciadopitys (Coniferae) Thujopsis (Coniferae) Tripetaleia (Ericaceae) ELEMENTS OF THE WARM-TEMPERATE REGION FOUND IN THE LirToraL ZONE OF THE TEMPERATE REGION Calystegia soldanella Carex hobomugi Carex pumila Imperata cylindrica Ixeris repens Zoysia macrostachya PLaNnTs FouND IN THE TEMPERATE REGION More WIDESPREAD FARTHER SOUTH Arabis stelleri Lathyrus maritimus Linaria japonica Messerschmidia sibirica Rosa rugosa Thermopsis lupinoides PLants CoMMoNLY Founp IN Rocky PLaces ALONG THE Coast Chrysanthemum yezoense Lystmachia mauritiana Sedum kamtschaticum DomINANT CoMPONENTS OF THE CoasTaL FORESTS Pinus thunbergit Quercus dentata Mars PLanTs oF CoasTaL AREAS Aster tripolium Carex rugulosa Carex scabrifolia Fimbristylis subbispicata Triglochin maritimum Aguatic PLants Aldrovanda vesiculosa Brasenia purpurea Myriophyllum spicatum Najas marina Najas minor Nuphar subintegerrimum Potamogeton spp. Ranunculus nipponicus Sparganium spp. Utricularia spp. Vallisneria asiatica INTRODUCTION Marsu PLANts AND OTHERS CoMMON ALONG STREAMS Caltha palustris Carex dickinsit Carex dispalata Cyperus glomeratus Eleocharis spp. Eriocaulon spp. Lycopus untflorus Rhynchospora spp. Scirpus juncoides Scirpus lacustris var. creber Scirpus mitsukurianus Scirpus preslit Scirpus triqueter Scirpus wichurae Sparganium stoloniferum Typha latifolia RELICT SPECIES OF TEMPERATE JAPAN, WHOSE PRINCIPAL DisTRIBUTION Is IN NorTHERN Korea, MANCHURIA, AND AMUR Adenophora palustris Astragalus adsurgens Campanula glomerata Carex cinerascens Carex leiorhyncha Carex lithophila Carex meyeriana Carex neurocarpa Carex onoei Lilium callosum Polygonatum inflatum Senecio flammeus Trigonotis nakaun Triosteum sinuatum Viburnum carlesit The temperate flora of Japan shows close relationship to that of certain areas of mainland eastern Asia, especially with the mountainous areas of southern Korea and the lowlands of cen- tral Korea and the Huan River valley, also with the mountain- ous regions of central China and the high mountains of the Himalaya and Malaysia. GENERA COMMON TO THE TEMPERATE FLORAS OF JAPAN AND THE MAINLAND OF EASTERN ASIA The coastal areas of the Japan Sea side of Honshu, centering around Hokuriku from San’in District as far north as the west coast of Ugo Province, contrast rather sharply in climate with areas of the Pacific Coast at the same latitude. The winters on the Japan Sea side are considerably more humid than those on the Pacific side with much more snow in the mountains and along coastal areas. Coniferous forests of Abies, Picea, and Tsuga are charasteristic of the Pacific side of the country. ENDEMIC or Hokuriku ELEMENTS IN THE FLorA OF JAPAN SEA SIDE Actinidia Euptelea Aimshaea Helwingia Akebia Hosta Aucuba Hovenia Cercidiphyllum Peracarpa Cryptomeria Tricyrtis Dammnacanthus Weigela Deutzia GENERA FOUND IN THE TEMPERATE FLora OF JAPAN WITH OUTLYING Taxa ExTENpDING Across Asia, SOME INTO EUROPE Agrostis hideot Alnus fauriei Berchemia longeracemosa Calamagrostis fauriet Calamagrostis gigas Camellia rusticana Carex aphyllopus Chrysosplenium fauriet Corydalis capillipes Hamamelis japonica vat. obtusata Tlex leucoclada Tris gracilipes Pedicularis nipponica Poa fauriei Ranzania japonica Tripterygium regelit Viola fauricana Adenophora Hedera Adonis Ilex Bothriospermum Pseudostellaria Kengia Syringa Eranthis Thelygonum Forsythia The relationship of the flora of Japan to that of North Amer- ica, especially eastern North America, was first elucidated by Asa Gray in his now classic paper published in the Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (see footnote p. ix). Gray first elcuidated the close affinities that exist be- tween the two areas. This floristic relationship is now explained on a historical basis of a former land-bridge connection be- tween Asia and North America across the Bering Sea in pre- glacial times. Most of the American representatives of genera common to both areas are considered by most authors to be distinct from those in Japan, but in some instances the Ameri- can and Japanese taxa may be distinguished only with diff- culty. GENERA COMMON TO JAPAN AND EASTERN NortTH AMERICA Apios Meehania Boykinia Menispermum Buckleya Menziesia Caulophyllum Muhlenbergia Clethra Osmorhiza Croomia Pachysandra Cryptotaenia Phryma Diarrhena Shortia Diphylleia Stewartia Epigaea Tipularia Hamamelis Torreya Ttea Trautvetteria Leucothoé Tsuga Lespedeza Wisteria Magnolia Zizania Epimedium sempervirens Several gigantic herbaceous plants are found in the wet coastal areas of the Japan Sea side, the most common being Petasites japonicus var. giganteus, Polygonum sachalinense, Cacalia hastata var. orientalis, Urtica platyphylla, Angelica matsumurae, A. edulis, A. ursina, and Filipendula kamtscha- tica. In the mountains near the Japan Sea coast where winter snows are deep, the alpine zone descends to a relatively low elevation and the development of moors is a prominent aspect of the high mountainous districts of this region. Among the common species in wet alpine meadows are Fauria crista-gallz, Tofieldia japonica, Narthecium asiaticum, Phyllodoce aleutica, Boykinia lycoctontfolia, Scirpus caespitosus, Scirpus hondoensis, Juncus beringensis, Geum pentapetalum, Plantago hakusanen- sis, and Primula cuneifolia var. hakusanensis. This mountain flora appears to be most closely related to that of more northern areas in Kamchatka and Alaska where snowfall is heavy and the climate is moist. In the Hokuriku region of the Japanese alps where heavy winter snow weighs down all shrubby vegetation, most of the understory shrubs are nearly prostrate or at least decumbent. The occurrence of broad-leaved evergreen shrubs in this re- gion, such as Ilex leucoclada, Camellia rusticana, Daphniphyl- lum humile, Cephalotaxus harringtonia var. nana, Ilex crenata var. paludosa, is possible because of a protective covering of deep snow in winter. Also found here are Chikusichloa aqua- tica and Diplaziopsis cavaleriana, both represented more widely in the warm-temperate areas of western Japan. BOREAL REGION The boreal region of Japan is characterized by a coniferous forest belt composed of Abies mariesii, A. homolepis, A. mayri- INTRODUCTION 5 ana, A. veitchit, Picea jezoensis, Larix kaempferi, Tsuga d1- versifolia, and Taxus cuspidata, which occurs at altitudes up to 2,000 m, in the western parts of Honshu and Shikoku. In the central district of Honshu this zone occurs from 1,500 to 2,000 m, altitude. In the northern districts of Honshu the coniferous belt is found from 1,000 to 1,500 m. altitude and to near sea level in the eastern and northern parts of Hokkaido. Common plants of this boreal region are: Decipuous TREES Betula playtyphylla Prunus ssiori Sorbus commixta Sorbus matsumurana Acer tschonoskiu Alnus matsumurae Alnus maximowiczit (upper zone) Betula ermanu Decripuous SHRUBS Salix rein Vaccinium yatabet Euonymus tricarpus Oplopanax Japonicus BROAD-LEAVED EVERGREEN SHRUBS Rhododendron brachycarpum Rhododendron degronianum Tlex rugosa Ilex sugerokt HERBACEOUS PLANTS Matanthemum dilatatum Microstylis monophyllos Platanthera ophrydioides Trientalis europaea Circaea alpina var. caulescens Cornus canadensis Epilobium spp. Glyceria alnasteretum LIANAS Actinidia kolomikta Rhus ambigua PLANTs OF CoasTaL DuNES Arabis stelleri var. Artemisia stelleriana Carex gmeliniz Elymus mollis Glehnia littoralis Honkenya peploides Lathyrus maritimus Linaria japonica Matricaria matricarioides Matricaria tetragonosperma Mertensia asiatica Rosa rugosa Scutellaria strigillosa PLANTs OF SEA CLIFFS Chrysanthemum arcticum Potentilla megalantha Trifolium lupinaster PLANTs OF LirroraL Swamps IN CoasTaL AREAS Carex lyngbyet Carex mackenziei Glaux maritima Salicornia europaea Scirpus planiculmis Triglochin maritimum Triglochin palustre AQUATICS Nuphar pumilum Polygonum amphibium Potamogeton heterophyllus Scirpus tabernaemontani Sparganium gramineum PLANTs OF SPHAGNUM Bocs Andromeda spp. Ledum spp. Carex curta Narthecium asiaticum Carex limosa Rhychospora alba Carex middendor ffii Scheuchzeria Drosera angelica Tofteldia japonica Drosera rotundifolia Eriophorum spp. Vaccinium oxycoccus PLANTS OF FRESH-WATER MARSHES AND STREAM-MARGINS Alnus hirsuta Calamagrostis langsdor ffi Epilobium angustifolium Phragmites communis Polygonum sachalinense Salix spp. Scirpus wichurae The genera found in the boreal region mostly are those with a wide circumboreal distribution. Only Pteridophyllum, Dac- tylostalix, and Tripetaleia are endemic of this floristic province. Coniferous forests are widely scattered in the high moun- tains of the Japan Sea side, consisting, when they do occur, mainly of Thuja standishii and Larix leptolepis. Deciduous woody species predominate in the vegetation of this region, include Acer tschonosku, Alnus maximowiczu, Betula ermanit, Hamamelis japonica var., Magnolia salicifolia, and Sorbus matsumurana. In lowlands, especially near the seacoast of eastern Hok- kaido centering in the provinces of Nemuro and Tokachi, fogs in summer are of frequent occurrence as a result of the cold Kurile Current which flows southwestward along the south coast. Moors in this area are well developed. Carex subspatha- cea and C. mackenziez occur in the littoral swamps, the only areas where these plants appear in Japan. In the coastal area are Saxifraga bracteata, Potentilla megalantha, Cochlearia oblongt- folia, Rhododendron parvifolium, and Fritillaria camtschatcen- sis, these having reached our area from farther north. ARCTIC-ALPINE REGION Extensive arctic-alpine areas are not represented in Japan, although treeless tundralike areas of limited extent occur on several mountain peaks scattered over various parts of the country. In the central district of Honshu, the alpine zone occurs at elevations of about 2,500 m. In the northern district of Honshu it begins at about 2,000 m. and at 1,500 m. in Hok- kaido. Characteristically, the alpine zone is represented by a shrubby pine, Pinus pumila, except on the more recent vol- canoes, such as Mount Fuji and Mount Asama. Immediately below the Pinus pumila zone deciduous shrubs are prominently represented, mainly Alnus maximowiczu, Betula ermanit, Pru- nus nipponica, Vaccinium uliginosum, V. axillare, Sorbus sambucifolia, and S. matsumurana, mixed with many high- altitude herbaceous plants. In the alpine zone, the plants con- sist mainly of Ericaceae, Primulaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Gen- tiamaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, and Cruciferae. The genera of the alpine zone mostly are those widely distributed throughout the northern parts of the North- ern Hemisphere. The only endemic genus of the alpine area of Japan is Japonolirion, found on serpentine rocks. Most of the species of alpine plants found in Japan occur also in eastern Si- beria, Alaska, the Aleutians, and Kamchatka, or represent widely distributed circumpolar species. Very little relationship is shown between the alpine plants of Japan and those of the Sino-Himalayan area, although Polystichum lachenense (Fil- ices) and the genus Androcorys (Orchidaceae) occur in both areas. Recent vulcanism in Mount Fuji, Mount Asama, Mount Iwate, Mount Chokai and in some other areas may be responsi- ble for the occurrence of alpine species at lower elevations than on nonvolcanic mountain peaks found elsewhere. Local endemism on Mount Hayachine, Mount Shibutsu, and Mount Apoi is associated with serpentine rocks found on these mountain peaks. The incidence of alpine plants is relatively 6 INTRODUCTION high on Mount Apoi as a result of a lowered summer tem- perature brought on by heavy fog during the growing months of summer. The flora of Rebun Island, adjacent to Hokkaido, is known for the occurrence of floristic elements from Sakhalin as a result of a lowered summer temperature brought on by the cold current that flows southward through the Mamiya Channel. HISTORICAL RESUME OF FLORISTIC WORK IN JAPAN When Linnaeus wrote the first edition of his “Species Plan- tarum” in 1753, he knew only a few of the plants of Japan, all taken from the “Amoenitatum Exoticarum” (1712) of Engelbert Kaempfer (1651-1716). Kaempfer was a German naturalist who lived in Japan from 1690 to 1692 as a medical officer of the Dutch East India Company. The plants listed by Kaempfer were: Chenopodium scoparia, Rhus vernix, Laurus camphora, Thea sinensis, Uvaria japonica, Camellia japonica, Morus papyrifera, Xanthium strumarium, Ficus pumila, Smilax china, Taxus nucifera, Epidendrum moniliforme, Azalea in- dica, etc., all well known among the indigenous plants of Japan. In volume I of Linnaeus’s “Mantissa Plantarum” (1767), Sophora japonica, Prenanthes japonica, and Tussilago japonica were described on the basis of actual specimens collected in 1759 by Christiaan Kleynhoff, a Hollander of German birth. The next year Kleynhoff’s collection was reported upon by N. L. Burman (1734-1793), also of Holland, in his “Flora Indica” (1768). In Burman’s work Azalea rosmarinifolia, Basella japonica, Arnica tussilaginea, and Ficus pyrtfolia are described from Japan as new taxa based upon Kleynhoff’s original speci- mens. C. P. Thunberg (1743-1828), a Swedish naturalist, phys- ician, and disciple of Linnaeus, came to Japan in August of 1775 at the age of 32 years, as a medical officer of the Dutch East India Company. Thunberg traveled from Nagasaki to Yedo (Tokyo) and back before his return home via Java in December of 1776. Thunberg’s Japanese collections amounted to approximately 1,000 species. The best of his collection was from Hakone. The major work of Thunberg culminated in his now classic work “Flora Japonica,” published in 1784, the cornerstone of taxonomic botany in Japan. Thunberg pub- lished separately on parts of his Japanese collections in “Kaempferus Illustratus,” 1-2 (1780, 1783); “Nova Genera Plantarum,” 1 and 3 (1781, 1783), and several other works. Several novelties from his collection were published in “Sup- plementum Plantarum Systematis Vegetabilium” (1781) by the son of Linnaeus and in part 2, volumes 8-14, of the “Natuurlyke Historie” (1773-83) of Martinus Houttuyn. Nearly all of Thunberg’s collections are now preserved in the University of Uppsala in Sweden. Through the Dutch East India Company, established in Nagasaki in 1609, Japanese plants found their way to Europe via Dejima Island, the only Japanese port opened to foreigners at that time. Only ships of Dutch nationality were permitted ‘entry until restrictions were removed in 1859. Floristic studies on the Japanese flora during this period, although of a rela- tively limited scope, were carried on under Dutch sponsorship. Botanical collecting by the Dutch was greatly accelerated after the beginning of the 19th century by the opening of a botanical garden at Buitenzorg (now Bogor) in Java and by the ex- ploits of Siebold and others. Japanese plants from various col- lectors were studied by K. L. von Blume (1796-1862) at Bui- tenzorg. We find that publication on some of Siebold’s early collections began to appear in volume 2 of Blume’s “Bijdran- gen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indie” (1825-26). P. F. von Siebold (1796-1866), of German birth, came to Japan in 1823 when he was 27 years of age as a medical officer of the Dutch East India Company. He remained in Japan until 1829. During his residence of six years he collected assiduously at Nagasaki and vicinity, and in 1826 he traveled to Yedo (Tokyo) and back. Siebold was assisted at various times by the able Japanese naturalists Keiske Ito (1803-1901), Yoan Uda- gawa (1798-1846), and Hobun Mizutani (1779-1833). Upon his return to Europe in 1830, Siebold lived at Leiden and conr- tinued to receive plants from Japan sent through his Japanese acquaintances, from H. Buerger who had earlier collected plants with Siebold, and from Jacques Pierot (1812-41) who visited Japan in 1840. Plants also came from Otto Gottlieb Johan Mohnike (1814-87). For a time Siebold operated the commercial nursery of Siebold & Co. at Leiden and sold many Japanese plants widely over Europe. This undertaking was the most important effort up to this time to introduce Japanese plants into Europe. Ch. F. A. Mooren (1807-58), Joseph De- caisne (1807-82), and Justus Karl Hasskarl (1811-94) made studies on the living plants brought from Japan by Siebold. The principal works published by Siebold on the Japanese flora are his “Plantarum, quas in Japonia Collegit Dr. Ph. Fr. de Siebold, Genera Nova, Notis Characteristicis Delineationi- busque Illustrata Proponunt” (1843) and his “Florae Japonicae Familiae Naturales” (1845-46) both published jointly with J. G. Zuccarini, and his “Flora Japonica” (1826-70) published also under joint authorship with Zuccarini, except for the sec- ond volume, of which F. A. W. Miquel was joint author. Most of the herbarium specimens collected by Siebold are preserved in the Rijksherbarium at Leiden. A somewhat smaller set, pur- chased by Maximowicz, is in Leningrad along with Siebold’s unpublished drawings prepared for the “Flora Japonica.” Siebold’s Japanese collections were cited in several works by other authors, especially by K. L. Blume in the “Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum,” 1-2 (1849-56) and in his “Flora Javae et Insularum Adjacentium Nova Series” (Orchi- daceae), 1858, and by E. G. Steudel in his “Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum,” (1854-55). F. A. W. Miquel published the most amplified account of Siebold’s collection in his “Prolusio Florae Japonicae” (1865-67) issued in his serial “Annales Musei Botanici Lugduno-Batavi.” Heinrich Zollinger, a Swiss botanist who worked in the herbarium at Buitenzorg from 1841 to 1848, published on the Japanese plants he found deposited in the Buitenzorg herba- rium. This work, entitled “Systematisches Verzeichnis der im Indischen Archipel in den Jahren 1842-48 gesammelten, sowie der aus Japan empfangenen Pflanzen” published in Zurich in 1854-55, included an account of the Japanese collections of P. F. W. Goring. Philip Friedrich Wilhelm Goring (1809-79) was a bot- anist of German birth who collected under Dutch auspices at Nagasaki. Goring’s collections were studied by various special- ists, but principally by Zuccarini, who published on them in the periodical “Flora,” volume 29 (1846). Steudel reported on the grasses and sedges, also in volume 29 of “Flora.” The Ger- man botanist H. G. Reichenbach f. published on the orchids in the “Botanische Zeitung,” volume 3 (1845). Some new species based on Goring’s collections were described by N. S. INTRODUCTION 7! Turczaninov, a Russian botanist, in various issues of the “Bul- letin de la Société des Naturalistes de Moscou” for 1846 and 1848. The exact dates of Goring’s Japanese itinerary have not been definitely established. It is known, however, that he was in Java from 1844 to 1856. The middle of the century saw the beginning of a new era of botanical activity in Japan, when foreign plant collectors, other than Dutch, began to visit the country. Among the first can be mentioned S. Wells Williams and James Morrow from the the United States of America who were attached to the Perry Expedition of 1852-54. Collections of plants were made chiefly at Shimoda, a harbor in the southern part of the Idzu Peninsula, and at Hakodate in Hokkaido. In the wake of these collectors came Charles Wright and J. Small, who visited Japan as members of the U.S. North Pacific Exploring (Ringold and Rodgers) Expedition of 1853-56. The collections from these two American expeditions were reported on by Asa Gray under the title “List of Dried Plants Collected in Japan by S. Wells Williams, Esq., and Dr. James Morrow” (1856) and “Diagnostic Characters of New Species of Phaenogamous Plants, Collected in Japan by Charles Wright” (1859). In the latter paper, Gray presented his views on the relationships be- tween the floras of Japan and of eastern North America (see footnote p. ix). C. P. Hodgson, the English consul at Hakodate, 1859-60, sent to W. J. Hooker at Kew his collection from Hakodate and vicinity. Hooker in 1861 published a “Catalogue of Japan Plants, Systematically Arranged” based upon Hodgson’s col- lection. C. J. Maximowicz (1827-91), a Russian botanist, first came to Hakodate in 1860 soon after publication of his “Primi- tiae Florae Amurensis” (1859). Maximowicz’s itinerary in Japan covered at least the following localities as cited on his herbarium specimens: the southwestern part of Hokkaido, Yokohama, Hakone, Mount Fuji, Mount Kuju, Nagasaki, Mount Aso, and Kumamoto. He left Japan in 1864. In 1866 Maximowicz purchased from Siebold’s widow part of his Japanese collections. At this period Maximowicz, through his many acquaintances in Japan, brought together the largest col- lection of Japanese plants made up to this time. Tschonoski Su- gawa (1841-1925), who was Maximowicz’s attendant during his stay in Japan, continued to send many plants to Maximowicz after his departure from Japan. Michael Albrecht, a medical emissary to the Russian consul at Hakodate, offered to Maxim- owicz his collection of plants gathered at Hakodate. In addition to these, much material was sent to Maximowicz by the leading Japanese botanists of the period, including Yasu- sada Tashiro (1856-1928), Yoshio Tanaka (1838-1916), Ryo- kichi Yatabe (1851-99), Jinzo Matsumura (1856-1928), Tokutaro Ito (1868-1941), Kingo Miyabe (1860-1951), and Tomitaro Makino (1862-1957). Maximowicz published his first paper on the Japanese flora in 1866. He continued to publish intermittently from then on until his death in 1891. His most elaborate publications are “Diagnoses breves plantarum novarum Japoniae et Mand- shuriae” (1866-77) and “Diagnoses plantarum novarum Asiaticarum” (1877-93). These were scholarly works, each a great contribution to Japanese botany. It should be men- tioned that Maximowicz made extensive use of the classical work “Somoku-dzusetsu” by Yokusai linuma (1783-1865), the first illustrated flora of Japan (ed. 1, 1856), in which Max- imowicz assigned Latin names to many of the figures. The principal set of Maximowicz’s Japanese collections is in Leningrad, with nearly complete sets at Kew and in Paris. Partial sets exist in the U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C., and in various other herbaria. From 1857 to 1859 C. Wilford, an Englishman, traveled in eastern Asia and visited Japan as well as the north China coastal area, Formosa, and Korea. Wilford’s collection was sent to Kew and was studied later by Maximowicz. Two British horticulturists, James Gould Veitch, who visited Japan from 1859 to 1862, and Robert Fortune, who came in 1861, sent many living plants and seeds to England. Richard Oldham (1837-1864), an Englishman, botanized in the neighborhood of Nagasaki in 1862 and 1863. His collection was studied by Daniel Oliver at Kew, by Miquel in Leiden, and by Maximowicz in Leningrad. Otto Schottmiiller (?-1864) and Max Ernst Wichura (1817-66), as members of a German scientific exploring ex- pedition dispatched to Japan and China between 1859 and 1861, botanized in the Ryukyus, Hokkaido, and Nagasaki in 1860. P. A. L. Savatier, a Frenchman, collected plants in Japan from 1866 to 1871 and again from 1873 to 1876, during his tenure as a medical officer of the Jron Works at Yokosuka. The collections of Savatier were gathered chiefly in Yokosuka and its suburbs, Mount Fuji, Hakone, Atami, Nikko, and Hako- date. Savatier, like his predecessors, obtained assistance from several Japanese botanists of the period, as well as from sev- eral visiting foreigners. Japanese botanists assisting Savatier included Keiske It6, Motoyoshi Ono, Ichiro Saba, and Yoshio Tanaka. The foreigners who collected for Savatier included F. L. Verny (Mount Asama, Tomioka in Kozuke Province, and Niigata), de Brandt, the Prussian minister to Japan (Ha- kodate and Kyushu), a Mr. Robert, an army surgeon (Hako- date), and F. Hilgendorf (chiefly Hakodate). Other names among foreign contributors include Hogg, Kramer, Vidal (Tomioka, Niigata), and Dickins (Atami). The two-volume work by Franchet and Savatier, “Enumeratio plantarum in Japonia sponte crescentium,” published in 1875-79, was the most extensive enumeration up to this time of the plants of Japan. Franchet and Savatier’s flora included a useful biblio- graphical compilation of classical studies on Japanese plants, such as Kwa-wi, Honzo-dzufu, and Somoku-dzusetsu. Savatier prepared a translation of Kwa-wi under the French title “Livres Kwa-wi traduits du japonais avec l’aide de M. Saba” (1873). The first set of Savatier’s Japanese collections is kept in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, in Paris. Par- tial sets are at Kew, in the U.S. National Museum, Washing- ton, D.C., and elsewhere. Several small collections by Europeans were made during the latter part of the 19th century as follows: Emanuel Weiss (1835-70) and J. von Xanthus were members of a Hungarian expedition in 1869-70, led by H. Wawra von Fernsee. Their collections are mainly from Yoko- hama. A publication on their collections was made by A. Kanitz, entitled “Expeditio Austro-Hungarica ad oras Asiae orientalis. Anthophyta quae in Japonia legit beat” (1878). James Bisset (1843-1911), an Englishman, collected in Ja- pan at various times from 1866 to 1886, chiefly in Hakone, on Mount Oyama, and at Yokohama. Spencer le Marchant Moore published on these in parts I and II of his “Alabastra Diversa” in the Journal of Botany British and Foreign (1877-78). Doenitz, a German, visited Japan from 1876 to 1880. He climbed Mount Nantaisan in Nikko in 1875, Mount Fuji in 8 INTRODUCTION 1875, and Mount Kanosan in 1876, and went to Yumoto near Nikko in 1876. J. J. Rein (1835-1918), a German geographer, came to Japan in 1874 and made tours of Mount Ontake in Shinano province, Hakone, Nikko, Shikoku, and Amami-Oshima. His specimens are cited by Franchet and Savatier in their “Enu- meratio.” F. Hilgendorff (1839-1904), a German teacher of zoology, botanized in Japan in connection with his zoological investi- gations. L. H. Doederlein (1855-1936), a German, in company with Yasusada Tashiro visited Amami-Oshima and some other areas of Japan in 1880. His publication “Botanische Mitteil- ungen aus Japan” appeared in Botanisches Centralblatt in 1881. Otto H. Warburg (1859-1938) came to Tokyo in 1887 after collecting previously in Korea, the Tsushima Islands, and the Goto Islands. Charles S§. Sargent, an American botanist, collected in various parts of Japan in 1892. The results of his investigations on the Japanese forest flora were summarized in his “Forest Flora of Japan,” published in 1894. Urbain Faurie (1847-1914), came to Japan in 1874 at the age of 27 years, as a French missionary. Faurie must be ex- tolled as perhaps the most energetic of 19th-century collectors of Japanese plants. His collections of flowering plants and cryptogams, amounting to several hundred thousand herbar- ium sheets, remain as a monumental legacy of his many en- ergetic years spent in the country. Faurie first took up residence at Niigata in 1874. In 1883 he moyed to Hakodate in Hokkaido and began a tour of that part of Japan. In 1897 he lived in Aomori on Honshu. By this time Faurie had collected extensively over much of the coun- try as well as the adjoining areas of the South Kuriles, south- ern Korea, and Amami-oshima. He died from illness in For- mosa in 1914. His collections were sent mostly to the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris. A nearly complete set of Faurie’s collections is also kept in the herbarium of the University of Kyoto. Duplicates were widely dispersed to the leading herbaria of Europe, and large sets exist also in the older herbaria of America. Faurie’s collections of his Niigata period were cited in Franchet and Savatier’s “Enumeratio.” After Franchet’s death the Faurie collections came into the hands of H. Léveillé (1863-1918), who worked on the Cyperaceae. This latter set of Faurie’s collections was purchased by the British Museum (Natural History) in London after Léveillé’s death. Faurie’s collections were studied by many specialists, including B. Ha- yata, T. Nakai, G. Koidzumi, H. Christ (ferns), E. Rosenstock (ferns), C. Christensen (ferns), E. Hackel (grasses), E. Koehne (Rosaceae), M. Petitmengin, G. Kiikenthal (Cypera- ceae), W. Becker (Violaceae), H. de Boissieu (Saxifragaceae and Cruciferae), C. B. Clarke (Cyperaceae), A. Bennett (Potamogetonaceae), G. Bonati (Scrophulariaceae), A. Finet (Orchidaceae), O. von Seemen (Salix), C. K. Schneider (trees), R. Keller, F. N. Williams, and M. T. Masters (Con- iferae). Early in the 20th century many European and American botanists visited Japan, including Hans Hallier (1903), Neth- erlands; E. B. Copeland (1907), U.S.A.; E. D. Merrill (1907), U.S.A.; H. Lecomte (1911), France; G. Finet (1911), France; Adolf Engler (1912), Germany; E. H. Wilson (1914), U.S.A.; and W. T. Swingle (1915), U.S.A. In the latter period of the Tokugawa government the in- troduction into Japan of European and American techniques of taxonomy changed the traditional herbalist approach to botany. Leading this movement were Keiske Ito, Yoshio Ta- naka, and Motoyoshi Ono. A school founded in 1873 as the Kaisei-Gakko, together with the Medical School of Tokyo, were united in 1877 as the new Imperial University of Tokyo, established as a center of Western learning. Here Ryokichi Yatabe (1851-99), who had studied at Cornell University in the United States, lectured on botany with the aid of Jinzo Matsumura and Saburo Okubo as assistant professors. At this time Kingo Miyabe and Tomitaro Makino were engaged in botanical research at the Botanical Institute of the University. The Tokyo Botanical Society, presently the Botanical Soci- ety of Japan, was founded in 1882, with the Botanical Maga- zine of Tokyo as its organ for publication. Outstanding among the taxonomic botanists of the new era in Japan are such names as M. Miyoshi (1861-1939); T. Makino (1862-1957); M. Shirai (1863-1932); K. Shibata (1877-1949); Y. Yabe (1866-1931); B. Hayata (1874-1934); T. Nakai (1882-1952); R. Kanehira (1882-1948); G. Koid- zumi (1883-1953); H. Takeda (1882—); and Y. Kudo (1887- 1932). Botanical publications at the end of the 19th century increased greatly to include floristic studies on the Japanese flora as well as on outlying areas, such as Korea, Formosa, the Bonin Islands, Sakhalin, Manchuria, and China. Collecting expeditions, such as Kudo’s Sakhalin Expedition and Hayata’s Indo-Chinese Expedition, were sent to various parts. Dr. Haya- ta’s, for instance, during his three trips to Indochina, Yunnan, and Siam, sent back several thousand sheets of vascular plants. Among the publications we should mention by the botanists just cited are Miyabe’s “The Flora of the Kurile Islands” (1890); Miyabe and Kudo’s “Flora of Hokkaido and Sag- halien” (1930-34); Yabe’s “Icones Florae Manchuriae” (1914— 22); B. Hayata’s “Icones Plantarum Formosanarum” (1911- 21); Nakai’s various floristic notes on the Korean flora and his critical monographic studies on Aconitum, Viola, Lespedeza, Arisaema, Euonymus, Camellia, Myrsinaceae, Polygonaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Bambuseae, and Pteridophyta; Takeda’s many editions of an “Alpine Flora”; and Koidzumi’s monographs on Rosaceae, Aceraceae, and Morus, and his phytogeographical works. Nakai’s prolific researches resulted in numerous important floristic works not only on the Japanese flora but also of Korea. His Korean Flora, “Chosen Shokubutsu” [ “Flora of Chosen” ] (1914), “Flora Sylvatica Koreana” (1915-39), and his incom- plete “Iconographia Plantarum Asiae-Orientalis” (1935-52) are especially important. The “Nova Flora Japonica” (1938- 51) is an unfinished work, jointly authored with M. Honda, an authority on Japanese grasses. T. Makino edited the “Jour- nal of Japanese Botany” started by him in 1916, and G. Koid- zumi edited the “Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica” started by him in Kyoto in 1932. These two periodicals remain today the leading Japanese journals for phytotaxonomy. The Botanical Magazine of Tokyo in recent years has greatly re- duced its publication of taxonomic papers. The leading centers for botanical research in Japan from about 1930 onward have been the University of Tokyo and the University of Kyoto. The younger taxonomists of present-day Japan are products largely of these two institutions. GENERAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES I. Phylum PTERIDOPHYTA — Shida-Shokubutsu =‘ Vascular Cryptogams Plants without true Howers and seeds, reproducing from spores borne in a sporangium; archegonia and antheridia pro- duced on the same or different prothallia———About 26 families with more than 10,000 species, especially abundant in the Tropics. The sequence of the genera of true ferns follows the classification of Copeland, “Genera Filicum,” 1947, with few exceptions. 1A. Terrestrial or aquatic, never free-floating, always sedentary. 2A. Leaves small, entire, very numerous and imbricate, or quill-like and crowded on a short cormlike stem, or verticillate and connate, forming a sheath around the stem. 3A. Stems conspicuously jointed, sheathed at the nodes; sporangia borne on the inner surface of peltate scales. Fam. 2. Equisetaceae, 3B. Stems not conspicuously jointed; sporangia in the axils of leaves or bracts, sometimes in terminal conelike spikes. 4A. Terrestrial plants with elongate usually leafy or scaly stems (practically naked in Psilotum). ASE SPOMaunies-lochlar- leaves sscaleliceumepiaretr ere crate rele mstelaeh- tte ereteteltetoleteiaie tn ete sieve tetet iota Fam. 1. Psilotaceae, 5B. Sporangium 1-locular; leaves densely imbricate. GAR Beaves withoutsa ligule; spores!allbalikes .\)a5 ome cree ier eile eeiaye ole evercrcieleretalelebere sl shelele Fam. 3. Lycopodiaceae, GBS Leaves ligulate: "spores ofe2ikindsaiayeree aiarctc eines ctelsictets wiciele eiclev bel sists etelereatetovatat-ololare Fam. 4. Selaginellaceae, 4B. Mostly aquatic plants with short thick cormlike stems; leaves densely tufted and forming a rosette; spores of 2 kinds. Fam. 5. Isoétaceae, 2B. Leaves relatively large, flat, mostly toothed or variously compound. 7A. Fronds not 4-foliolate; sporangia not enclosed in basal sporocarps. 8A. Vernation of fronds straight; plants fleshy, lacking sclerenchyma; sporangia with massive walls, with stomata, lacking ANG ANNULUS eerste eres scsicyersts eieceiererevatsle ares ieyailesetesois iclereiersieiai sievercre eveictere sreleiete c(evelelensiece charac Fam. 6. Ophioglossaceae, 8B. Vernation of fronds circinnate. 9A. Huge ferns with stout fleshy globose rhizomes; fronds bipinnate; stipe with an enlarged fleshy joint attached by a stipulelike outgrowth at base, each pinna and the pinnules similarly jointed; sporangia derived from plural cells, withea wrallimore tham di icellathick= 6 citisscccssauretobabice let ecces chaser cledejapcle:ateicuala iegsieekshareystevsuste a Fam. 7. Marattiaceae, 9B. Delicate to large ferns, rarely with a woody treelike stem; fronds variously cut, sometimes undivided, but the stipe with- out a distinct fleshy enlargement or joint at base; sporangia derived from a single epidermal cell, with a wall 1 cell thick. 10A. Annulus rudimentary. UAC elerrestrialGpereniial Sig mses ces cctey-\cisicucre oieneropsvarel batereysaweveraistoney< hokey Aon ester tela cieyoied touche Fam. 8. Osmundaceae, IUBEs Aquaticvannials® (260 cavectcrssciaicss wisccis user a neeeay cate inl chev eretG aalete! Slevascis spo iictorsrsl oman eisyae Fam. 13. Parkeriaceae, 10B. Annulus well developed. 12A. Annulus transverse. USWA. AUT esse Ey SpmeaGeeeetbsontS bo od Ga daacios an bao oC mom OOD aS ROeGeD eo Fam. 9. Schizaeaceae, ISBE Anmiulus seme tans tose spepetere rove teeters oe raleie overs eiewe, sees thas ayare boneyarekarste fevclerezers Fam. 10. Gleicheniaceae, 12B. Annulus oblique or longitudinal. 14A. Blades very thin, mostly 1 cell thick, without specialized epidermis or stomata. Fam. 11. Hymenophyllaceae, 14B. Blades herbaceous, more than | cell thick, with epidermis and stomata. ID AUe Plantineither bairyanorsscal ye, erateriaaeici-ue Cio iickeie miss afer once oer era eave erate Fam. 15. Plagiogyriaceae, 15B. Plant hairy or scaly, or both hairy and scaly. 1GATy) Annulusicomplete; oblique; tree LecuUs Meleisiere ctejsyevelareverere se mieye ini icieleleielclareleversiere Fam. 16. Cyatheaceae, 16B. Annulus interrupted, longitudinal; herbaceous ferns, not or scarcely arborescent. 17A. Margins of the blades reflexed and usually covering the sori, a true indusium lacking, or, if present, the fertile segments not contracted and beadlike or podlike. ...............+-- Fam. 12. Pteridaceae, 17B. Margins of the blades not covering the sori (except in Onoclea and Matteuccia, with dimorphic fronds, the fertile segments provided with a true indusium, contracted and podlike or beadlike). 18A. Sori typically indusiate. 19A. Fronds with elongate sori parallel to the costa or costules. .............. Fam. 18. Blechnaceae, 19B. Fronds without elongate sori, or, if present, these oblique to the costa. ZOAS e Stipe’or pinnae yountedsatibasere nies clei re care tata lotelciete eh teieterelal ele ctehetetalels Fam. 14. Davalliaceae, 20B. Stipe or pinnae not jointed at base. 21A. Rhizomes scaly. 22A. Rhizome scales clathrate, i.e., mostly broad and with dark thickened lateral walls and Colorless! thin’ outer walls: % ek sa ta soya aveiee eve ice oie wid SiR aN ee ah rie ePotene eh PRE Hao otis oueraie Tor RORES Fam. 53. Amaryllidaceae, DD Bsr AS LAMIENLIS Ba tara tati ia aieve whee eer aleve acufazelcnaehaus tala ace varacebolaiwle ole mistecaa is, stlate aint Mitel ee erates Fam. 55. Iridaceae, 24B. Fertile stamens 1 or 2. 2G Asa Stamens anid ipiseilAIstiercts ta\eysteyesazeraiay <=, veeve sheave. ci aisie«t slepereveladePetejeteraretateratstel alelsteyeys Fam. 56. Zingiberaceae, Z26B. “Stamens Ivor:2, fused ttorthestyle:, cytes. oyereiseleverstalo nie ehetelesielalelelaistvterey ele wrctele ayes) s Fam. 58. Orchidaceae, 1B. Plants saprophytic, leafless, or the leaves without chlorophyll. 27A. Ovary superior or nearly so. 28A. Flowers unisexual; carpels many and free, 1-locular and l-ovuled. ............00ceeeueeeeae Fam. 40. Triuridaceae, 28B. Flowers bisexual; carpels 3, connate at least toward the base; ovules many. .......... Fam. 52. Liliaceae (Protolirion), 27B. Ovary inferior. PVN, IG AES Aeon Glee qy reo Gelciis st GisIay oocoocooucouaducoucerEeobouanuuoondodcoaee Fam. 57. Burmanniaceae, 29B. Flowers zygomorphic; fertile stamens 1 or 2, fused to the style. ...........-..- eee esses eee Fam. 58. Orchidaceae, Subclass 2, DicoryLEDONEAE Leaves mostly net-veined; flowers typically 5-merous but variously modified, rarely 3- or 6-merous. 1A. Corolla absent or rudimentary; calyx rarely petallike, sometimes none. 2A. Flowers perfect or unisexual, borne in aments; trees or shrubs. 3A. Flowers of both sexes in aments. 4A. Capsules many-seeded; seeds provided with a tuft of long hairs. ............ cece eee eee eee ceeee Fam. 62. Salicaceae, 4B. Fruit l-seeded, without a tuft of hairs. Ape neriale HOwers SOMtAny Any AXIST Ob DIACES Mele eleieiatslel rateretaeleleintereleteletsisieiere sissies sistetreistereier aioe Fam. 63. Myricaceae, SBagemale Aowers:2 or: S210) AXIS: of) DraCtSay. ovoisyuinveynjeiotoveys xibievevereveie:oseve.e/arets e)aveleys asateioveyerer ciel stererere Fam. 65. Betulaceae, 3B. Flowers of only one sex (staminate) in aments. 6A. Ovary superior; fruit an achene sometimes imbedded in the fleshy or juicy calyx. .............. Fam. 68. Moraceae, 6B. Ovary inferior; fruit a nut, sometimes drupelike. Agee eaves pinnately compound's eacye ss cieieteleiorale ce toinvere care alate ale Vatuiaberareteloieitve ole elsvere rors arate Fam. 64. Juglandaceae, 11 Page 120 124 264 123 118 118 12 GENERAL Key To FAMILIES PAE GEGEN Tas cited \o) eter e trod Aohnd DOO MEIER SO BORD Seo no DAS ae Aa Tina GHOoae rece. tp 0% Fam. 66. Fagaceae, 2B. Flowers not in aments. 8A. Carpels 2 to numerous, free or slightly adherent. 9A. Calyx absent. 10A. Trees or shrubs; flowers in racemes or fascicles. 11A. Leaves palmately veined; flowers unisexual, fasciculate; fruit a follicle. ............ Fam. 89. Cercidiphyllaceae, 11B. Leaves pinnately veined; flowers perfect. 12A. Trees with evergreen leaves; flowers in racemes, carpels sessile, shortly connate and slightly embedded in the receptaclesittruit dehiscemtsy vsceicceceveia croravsievoveliearciecelavetenemellevevoxscontustovarcli ever wveceiere Fam. 87. Trochodendraceae, 12B. Trees with deciduous leaves; flowers axillary in fascicles; carpels wholly free, pedicelled, indehiscent. Fam. 88. Eupteleaceae, HOBSeElerbsawithralracemosesinioresccose ieee eee teen rCeE eee EET cr eEeee eee renee Fam. 59. Saururaceae, 9B. Calyx present. 13A. Leaves opposite; herbs or climbing plants with somewhat woody stems. 14A. Fruit a cluster of follicles or achenes, rarely solitary. ..............eeeeeeeeeeeeeees Fam. 90. Ranunculaceae, 14B. Fruit an aggregation of fleshy carpels forming a berrylike structure. ................. Fam. 81. Phytolaccaceae, 13B. Leaves alternate; trees, shrubs or climbing woody vines. DIA. GWeavest simples ic\z.c. crore «is isis io core ieve.erevs a yeieteray are ayer sic ke lortena e nuais ayebePotaeievers aievevelevet ore parsr ails Fam. 94. Magnoliaceae, 15B. Leaves compound. 16A. ‘Trees and shrubs with pellucid oil-glands; leaves pinnately or ternately compound. ...... Fam. 110. Rutaceae, 16B. Woody climbing plants without pellucid oil-glands; leaves palmately or ternately compound. Fam. 91. Lardizabalaceae, 8B. Carpel 1 or usually more and united into a compound ovary. 17A. Calyx absent; ovary superior. 18A. Plants flat and thalloid, growing on rocks in running water. .............-..-+++++--- Fam. 70. Podostemaceae, 18B. Plants terrestrial or aquatic, with stems and leaves. 19A. Aquatic plants with finely dissected verticillate leaves. ..........-----+-+-+ee-eee Fam. 86. Ceratophyllaceae, 19B. Terrestrial plants, or, if aquatic, the leaves always simple and not verticillate. 20A. Plants dioecious, arborescent, evergreen. ......-.-- eee eee eee eee e eet teens Fam. 114. Euphorbiaceae, 20B. Plants monoecious, deciduous, arborescent, or, if evergreen, the flowers perfect. 21A. Flowers naked, included in a cup-shaped involucre (cyathium), the staminate flowers marginal, the pistillate centralssplantsawithymilkeyay ice well eee ee erence icineciiiett Fam. 114. Euphorbiaceae, 21B. Flowers with a perianth, in spikes or racemes; plants without milky juice. 22A. Root-parasites; leaves scalelike without chlorophyll; inflorescence ovoid to subcylindric, thick, very many Flowered ees, sai Ve veness|as ules sbevensuessswbekes lai oheraboary au Me ieueiec en et Rey Reese em eRene nel gee Fam. 77. Balanophoraceae, 22B. Nonparasitic; leaves with chlorophyll. 23A. Flowers unisexual; plants diminutive with simple opposite leaves, aquatic or in wet places. Fam. 115. Callitrichaceae, 23B. Flowers perfect; plants usually of more robust stature. 24A. Leaves trifoliolate or 3-pinnate; anthers opening by valves. ...............- Fam. 92. Berberidaceae, 24B. Leaves simple; anthers longitudinally dehiscent. 25A. Ovules solitary. 26 Ange Weavestentiressusuallysalternates see eeeeieeciccene einer: Fam. 60. Piperaceae, ZOBylcavesusertate s Oppositessaeerieieicisieiiaeicieteieisie tactician Fam. 61. Chloranthaceae, 2> Bem Ovules several won) panictaleplacentacsie rr essence Fam. 59. Saururaceae, 17B. Calyx present; ovary superior to inferior. 27A. Flowers minute and numerous, entirely enclosed within a thick ovoid or pyriform to globose receptacle (syconium) ; plants swith miley ijuice’, 75, -\chsoyo te) overs ava velere nee Sues ie etey apaielevelevcneoeleerecltorenverttentere Fam. 68. Moraceae (Ficus), 27B. Flowers not enclosed within a receptacle. 28A. Ovary inferior or perianth perigynous and the ovary superior. ZO AnePlantsy parasitic epiphytes: -:reversiseesetescreyohevavalsysiers sae Vee eco een ete Fam. 74. Loranthaceae, 29B. Plants terrestrial. 30A. Whole plant covered with stellate hairs or scales. .............---eeeeeeeeeeees Fam. 143. Elaeagnaceae, 30B. Plants glabrous or pubescent, not stellate. 31A. Calyx actinomorphic, 2- or 3-lobed, or distinctly zygomorphic. 32A. Flowers perfect; stamens 3, 6, or 12; fruit berrylike or capsular, many-seeded. Fam. 75. Aristolochiaceae, 32B. Flowers unisexual; stamens more than 12; fruit an achene. .............. Fam. 152. Theligonaceae, 31B. Calyx actinomorphic, 4- or 5-lobed. 33A. Styles more than 2. SAS, eavesiverticill ates. (fo e:jacc chase ace i sseulh iu op a05 2c te Sato toRe rel HM chatettoneiceea aked encdeeenee cham Fam. 150. Haloragaceae, 34B. Leaves alternate. SIA) UAVS! SIMPLE’, ee. -k.0) 4: areca tetencvassuatecs ie arMtone Svan cmap le ee rome aewee ar ave arava ewaonatets escapees Fam. 82. Aizoaceae, SD Ba wlbeavest pimmate sar. ysycysiepe vet sie echey eh scsne ee PR RNG Se RAVES CUe eA ea ERASI Pot Pay eV es: Se awe a Fam. 104. Rosaceae, 33B. Style 1. BOAY, viSeeds pana mys, «5 isyay s-auctscsyassus tics ee ves ans faites areas ty alors “ays aneteusceve dogs erekeh aster Pevetane Fam. 149. Onagraceae, 36B. Seeds 1 or few. SHAN, ILeeKyes WeReCMMettes AGWENE, 5 o00000cccuescocauns0n0000000000000GG0 Fam. 151. Hippuridaceae, 37B. Leaves alternate or opposite; terrestrial. 38A. Ovules several in each locule of the ovary. ........--.eesseeeeeeeeeeeee Fam. 73. Santalaceae, Page 376 439 438 438 359 439 420 467 581 461 393 438 588 588 402 594 461 359 360 359 384 396 646 397 661 659 421 517 654 661 395 GENERAL Key To FAMILIES 38B. Ovules 1 or 2 in each locule of the ovary. 39A. Stamens inserted! on the calyx tube. ... 0... esse ec eens scceresesseese Fam. 166. Oleaceae, 39B. Stamens inserted on the edge of the disc. ..........+....seeesseeees Fam. 155. Cornaceae, 28B. Ovary superior; perianth hypogynous. 40A. Trees and shrubs. 41A. Anthers opening by valves; plants commonly aromatic. ..........eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Fam. 95. Lauraceae, 41B. Anthers longitudinally dehiscent. ADIN WANTS Venta forblietel Gilaakiaels AcadasdendodocacasuodonncucnsoooenboDOAEaaG Fam. 110, Rutaceae, 42B. Leaves without pellucid oil-glands. 43A. Ovules several to many in each carpel. 44A. Ovary 1-locular; stamens numerous, free. ..........+seesecsesseeeeees Fam. 140. Flacourtiaceae, 44B. Ovary 2- to many-locular; filaments united into a tube. ...............00- Fam. 134. Sterculiaceae, 43B. Ovules 1 or 2 in each carpel. 45A. Ovary 2- to many-locular. Hdd. ILCANCS PNAS @spPESG, HoasandsonoonoanobnedangpodvcbedeoonudosbogS Fam. 166. Oleaceae, 46B. Leaves simple. 47A. Leaves alternate. 48A. Styles 2; ovary 2-locular; capsules bifid. ...............-.0005- Fam. 103. Hamamelidaceae, 48B. Styles 3; ovary 3-locular; capsules not bifid. .............+2.000- Fam. 114. Euphorbiaceae, 47/Bx) heaves Opposites HOWeXS!UNISCXUalay ete nloletatclslayeictateinl-t-lellale) Fam. 179. Orobanchaceae, 194B. Ovary 2- to 5-locular. 198A. Ovary with a solitary ovule in each locule. 199A. Ovary deeply 4-lobed consisting of as many nutlets; style 1, cleft at apex. ...... Fam. 175. Labiatae, 199B. Ovary not lobed; style 1, entire. 1.00... 00sec eee eee ee ee ee eee ne Fam. 174. Verbenaceae, 198B. Ovary with 2 to many ovules in each locule. 200A. Vegetative parts usually with cystoliths; seeds few, each supported by a retinaculum. Fam. 182. Acanthaceae, 200B. Vegetative parts without cystoliths; seeds usually small and many, not supported by a retinaculum. 201A. Shrubs with alternate leaves; fruit a berry or a drupe. .............+-. Fam. 183. Myoporaceae, 201B. Herbs, rarely trees or shrubs, with alternate, opposite or verticillate leaves; fruit usually a dehiscent GCapstile sarees orsteiasebans fava ere tacsvolone eta Slee tera k sleeve elokcteketetoteretotetote Fam. 177. Scrophulariaceae, 193B. ‘Trees or shrubs; corolla essentially regular. ........00seeeeee eee setters eerees Fam. 166. Oleaceae, 192B. Fertile stamens 4 or 5, as many as the lobes of the nearly actinomorphic corolla. 202A. Ovary apparently deeply 4-lobed. PUB, ILGENES- CHOIR oo ovosooano agg oon an dDoUOD ODO GO DOOUDOpOnOUaDUGoOUDUODIDDOGD Fam. 175. Labiatae, DOSBumsseavesnaltenmate yarn tater taretsicreteteloreaie toi cnctetseks Celtel tale tencenetcvel Meenet NareRstetetot= Fam. 173. Boraginaceae, 202B. Ovary not 4-lobed. 204A. Stamens free or nearly free from the corolla. 205A. Scandent shrubs; style simple, 5-lobed. .............0.0000eeeeeeeeeeeeee Fam. 123. Icacinaceae, 205B. Erect or ascending shrubs or trees; styles entire or absent. 206A. Style simple; fruit a capsule; flowers perfect. ...........seeee eee esse ee eeee Fam. 159. Ericaceae, 206B. Style absent; fruit a drupe; flowers usually polygamodioecious. .......... Fam. 120. Aquifoliaceae, 204B. Stamens epipetalous. 207A. Capsule bifid at apex; leaves opposite, with stipules. .............++.++---- Fam. 167. Loganiaceae, 207B. Capsule not lobed until maturity, or a drupe, sometimes a berry; leaves opposite and exstipulate or alternate. 208A. Corolla small and scarious; capsules circumscissile; leaves simple and all radical. Fam. 185. Plantaginaceae, 208B. Corolla not scarious; fruit usually longitudinally dehiscent or sometimes indehiscent. 209A. Leaves opposite. ZilOAWAWioodyaplants seer r Serer ere erer ante reer relent m cers Fam. 174. Verbenaceae, PIOB Se blerbstntecrcteverasieenctace tere bret ehc tears leletcheie ele yetenoiele etoraters tele Giese eter ketene Fam. 168. Gentianaceae, 209B. Leaves alternate. 211A. Plants scandent. 212A. Flowers perfect; fruit usually a capsule, rarely a berry; stigma capitate or bifid. Fam. 171. Convolvulaceae, 212B. Flowers unisexual; fruit a drupe; stigma 5-lobed. .............--... Fam. 123. Icacinaceae, 211B. Plant not scandent. 213A. Stigmas 3; ovary 3-locular; capsule dehiscent, 3-valved. 214A. Herbs with pinnately divided leaves. .........+-200ee+eeeee Fam. 172. Polemoniaceae, 214B. Depressed shrublets or subherbaceous with undivided, entire or serrate leaves. Fam. 156. Diapensiaceae, 213B. Stigmas 1-5; ovary 1- to 5-locular (when 3-locular the capsules indehiscent). 215A. Ovary 2- or 3-locular; terrestrial plants. 216A. Ovules many; leaves pubescent, glabrous or spiny, not characteristically scabrid or hispid. Fam. 176. Solanaceae, 216B. Ovules 4; leaves characteristically scabrid or hispid, sometimes glabrous, never spiny. Fam. 173. Boraginaceae, 215B. Ovary 1-locular; terrestrial or aquatic plants. 217A. Terrestrial or aquatic herbs; corolla-lobes convolute, induplicate or valvate in bud. Fam. 168. Gentianaceae, 217B. ‘Terrestrial or epiphytic shrubs or herbs; corolla-lobes imbricate in bud. Fam. 180. Gesneriaceae, 175B. Ovary inferior or semi-inferior. 218A. ‘Tendril-bearing, climbing herbs with unisexual flowers; fruit a pepo. ............--.--- Fam. 191. Cucurbitaceae, 218B. Tendrils absent; fruit never a pepo. 219A. Anthers not united. Page 813 819 812 810 766 762 816 818 790 728 766 755 606 693 598 734 819 762 735 751 754 GENERAL Key To FaMiIcies 220A. Stamens many, more than twice as many as the corolla lobes; trees or shrubs. ........ Fam. 164. Symplocaceae, 220B. Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes or fewer. 221A. Stamens free or nearly free from the corolla. 222A. Woody plants; stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes. 223A. Filaments free to the base; anthers dehiscing by apical pores. ......++++++eeeeeees Fam. 159. Ericaceae, 223B. Filaments united at base; anthers longitudinally dehiscent. ..............2+-+++ Fam. 165. Styracaceae, 222B. Herbs or shrubs. 224A. Stigma indusiate; shrubs (in ours), without milky juice. ..............+22-- Fam. 193. Goodeniaceae, 224B. Stigma not indusiate; herbs (in ours), with milky juice. ..............+--- Fam. 192. Campanulaceae, 221B. Stamens epipetalous. 225A. Fertile stamens 1—4, fewer than the corolla-lobes. 226A. Terrestrial herbs; flowers small, many, in corymbs or cymes; ovary wholly inferior. Doom El owersawit Hout nvolicressmaerctcdeieteialclelereisialeicieleleversteleicterelelaisie| alevefelereveterete Fam, 189. Valerianaceae, 22D ROW ersvIDVOLICKALC na ecelete rate: everelelelevers Wie nial ore aieleleis(e sve sterere/chevereleleiesacsielers ere Fam. 190. Dipsacaceae, 226B. Aquatic herbs; flowers solitary in axils of leaves; ovary semi-inferior. ..........- Fam, 178. Pedaliaceae, 225B. Fertile stamens as many or twice as many as the corolla-lobes. 228A. Leaves alternate. 229 AcmblantsnwoadyvOvanyeinreriolestetetelelerereteteleletelsterarelolersievataleteyereretelelsietere Fam. 72. Olacaceae (Schoepfia) 229 Reese lants, Ler bvaccousslOVALyASU DCI Lematertnleleiejeleretsietelstetateretcteieletciat-valelatelstaralalayate Fam. 168. Gentianaceae, 228B. Leaves opposite or verticillate. 230A. Leaves simple or pinnately compound; fertile stamens as many as the corolla-lobes. 231A. Stipules present, interpetiolar or intrapetiolar, becoming leaflike (Galium); flowers actinomorphic. Fam. 186. Rubiaceae, 231B. Stipules minute or absent; flowers zygomorphic or actinomorphic. ....... Fam. 187. Caprifoliaceae, 230B. Leaves ternately compound; fertile stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes. ... Fam. 188. Adoxaceae, 219B. Anthers united. 232A. Flowers variously arranged, not in involucrate heads; fruit a capsule. ............. Fam. 192. Campanulaceae, 232B. Flowers in involucrate” heads; fruit a cypselate achene, usually with a scaly, hairy, or plumose pappus. Fam. 194. Compositae, 19 Page 725 693 727 854 848 843 845 810 395 735 820 833 843 848 855 CRNA Pa see JOH ie eet tg OY i. cGrecany Phylum PTERIDOPHYTA Ferns and Fern Allies Fam. 1. PSILOTACEAE Marsusa-ran Ka __ Psilotum Family Frequently epiphytic, herbaceous, erect or pendulous perennials with dichotomously branched creeping rhizomes; leaves (branch-tips) flattened and leaflike or scalelike; sporangia homosporous, solitary and terminal on the branch-tips, rather large and prominent, 2- or 3-locular and 2- or 3-lobed; spores many——Two genera with about 3 species, in the Tropics and sub- tropics. 1. PSILOTUM Sw. Martsusa-ran Zoku Rhizomes wiry, creeping, branched; stems simple in the lower half, much forked toward the top into slender flattened or triquetrous branchlets; leaves (branch tips) scalelike, minute, 3- or 2-ranked; sporangia coriaceous, sessile, depressed at apex, 3Jocular, 3-lobed, loculicidally split; spores oblong, 1-ribbed———Two species, of wide distribution, mostly in warmer regions. 1. Psilotum nudum (L.) Beauv. Lycopodium nudum angia depressed-globose, about 2 mm. across, 3-grooved and L.; P. triquetrum Sw—Matsuza-Ran. Rhizomes 1-2mm._ obtusely 3-angled——Epiphytic on tree trunks or on rocky across, brown-villous; stems 10-35 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. thick, cliffs; Honshu (Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; erect, slender, green, glabrous, loosely scaly, dichotomously rare-———s. Korea, Ryukyus, Formosa, China, and generally in forking in upper half; sterile scales entire, the fertile bifid; spor- _ the Tropics. Fam. 2. EQUISETACEAE = Toxusa Ka __ Horsetail Family Perennial herbs with creeping rhizomes; stems green, all alike or of two kinds (the sterile stems green, the fertile without chlorophyll), simple or branched, grooved, with a ring of smaller cavities around the central cylinder; leaves very small, con- nate and forming a sheath above the nodes, the sheaths with as many teeth as the grooves on stems; spikes terminal, the stipitate-peltate sporangiophores spirally arranged on a common axis; spores all alike, green, provided with 4 elastic, hygroscopic, clavate bands.——A single genus. 1. EQUISETUM L. = Toxusa Zoxu Characters of the family—About 23 species, nearly cosmopolitan, absent in Australia. 1A. Spikes obtuse to subacute, not apiculate; stems annual. 2A. Stems dimorphic, the fertile whitish or flesh-colored, soft and succulent, the sterile green and branched. 3A. Internodes nearly smooth or with minute scabrid tubercles; teeth of primary sheaths brown throughout, those on the branches sub- Wiate-trian pt lane isc. avsiceoviielsiora eel elaystaevel eos) atelekeye: s,c stata to incslelele eoisseins = of e co-che. ousbevete eh eforauon tere ster mieiete s ateleiate 1. E. arvense 3B. Internodes minutely spiny on the ridges; teeth of primary sheaths with broad, scarious, white margins, those on the branches |synovete LhTAVs lo (1s) EPC ey ee DRI IS OIE Con Gictod ait mere Cn oid DOU cred create mene hU 5 Sdcicioden tong 2. E. pratense 2B. Stems all alike, green. 4A. Stems spinulose on the ridges; teeth of primary sheaths with very broad membranous margins; branches spreading or drooping. 5A. Sheaths of branches with erect deltoid teeth; branches simple. ............--- ese eeeeccrcceeccccscessecs 2. E. pratense 5B. Sheaths of branches with spreading subulate-linear teeth; branches ramulose, drooping above. .............. 3. E. sylvaticum 4B. Stems smooth, with minute tubercules; teeth of primary sheaths with scarious margins; branches ascending, usually simple. 6A. Primary sheaths loose, with 10 or fewer broadly lanceolate teeth rather prominently scarious on the margin; stems with Slenderacentralicavitismarertsyettetererctelteteie aeieerst\catiel eke reir ienencsLerotee ciel oletetereneitecastetecercistain) ateletelecatel mes olel intetenere 4. E. palustre 6B. Primary sheaths tight, with 15-20 subulate-lanceolate teeth scarcely or very narrowly scarious on margin; stems with a large Central cavleyperrereeuctas Coy auhe rue teleae taieus tree eke oteene nae aeaiaetel aenetnicfotetcvaiel chatnvocena hate venetetotale stetatetatete sreteteieretietetars 5. E. fluviatile 1B. Spikes apiculate to obtuse; stems evergreen. 7A. Teeth caducous. 8A. Sheaths nearly as wide as long, becoming blackish at both ends, with 12-30 caducous teeth; stems mostly simple. .. 6. E. Ayemale 8B. Sheaths longer than wide, pale green, with 5-15 caducous teeth; stems branched at least near base. ........ 7. E. ramosissimum 7B. Teeth persistent. Ave Stemsibolowstceth elongate, oUchMon pera to ana DrOaCemarnretetsteterciatetatefepste etetatalvelit siete baleiatets slstcte/articiers/ 4. S. tamariscina 4B. Stems not tufted, creeping or ascending. 5A. Main stems without green leaves, shallowly subterranean, wiry, with small scarious scales, unbranched at base, branched in upper (Se OORT Coy CeIn Boer on A COMO AE CORBET not METIS BEeIICOM TROD ACO ccd ob Onan AMOS ear do biumoc ada s 5. S. pachystachys 5B. Main stems with green leaves, ascending or creeping at ground level, branched from the base. 6A. Stems erect to ascending, with aerial roots in the lower half, deep green above, 6-9 mm. wide. ............ 6. S. doederleinit 6B. Stems prostrate, creeping on the ground. 7A. Bracts all alike, loosely arranged, or if two forms present then the larger ones in the same plane as the large leaves, entire, ciliolate, or obsoletely toothed. 8A. Stems long-creeping, loosely leaved, scantily forked. .................2...0eeeeee ene 7. S. remotifolia var. japonica 8B. Stems short-creeping, rather densely leaved, prominently forked. 9A. Fertile branches sparsely branched, the leaves not smaller than the bracts; bracts abruptly acuminate; stems and sterile branches 4-6 mm. wide; sterile leaves of upper plane cuspidate, ..........00eecceeeeesccesseees 8. S. nipponica 9B. Fertile branches simple or once forked at tip, scapiform, the leaves smaller than the bracts; bracts acute; stems and sterile branches 2.5-3.5 mm. wide; sterile leaves of upper plane obtuse to acutish, not cuspidate. ............ 9. S. helvetica 7B. Bracts of two forms, densely arranged, the smaller ones in the same plane as the larger leaves, spine-toothed. 10A. Stems mat-forming, densely leaved, 3-5 mm. wide; spikes 1.5-3 mm. wide. ...............-.0-- 10. S. heterostachys 10B. Stems long-creeping, loosely leaved, 7-8 mm. wide; spikes 2.5-3 mm. wide. ..............-....- 11. S. boninensis 1. Selaginella selaginoides (L.) Link. Lycopodium selaginoides L.; S. spinosa Beauy.m—KokE-suGIRAN. Stems creeping and appressed to the ground, slender, 3-5 mm. wide, with short ascending branches; leaves multifarious, all alike, spreading, rather loose, more dense in upper part, lanceolate, 2-3 mm. long, acute, minutely spine-tipped, remotely ciliate, the midrib obsolete; fertile stems erect from a creeping base, scapiform, 5-8 cm. long, inclusive of the spike, simple; leaves of fertile stems similar to the sterile ones; spike solitary, erect, 1-2 cm. long, pedunculate, rather densely bracteate; bracts multifarious, similar to the sterile leaves but slightly larger, spreading to ascending, 3.5-5 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, prominently serrate-ciliate; sporangia globose. June-July. Alpine slopes; Hokkaido, Honshu (centr. to n. distr.); rather rare—Kuriles, Kamchatka, Siberia to Europe, and N. Amer- ica. 2. Selaginella sibirica (Milde) Hieron. SS. rupestris forma sibirica Milde; S. schmidti Hieron———Ezo-No-HIMo- KazuRA. Stems rather short, much branched, forming a dense mat, the branchlets ascending; leaves all alike, multifari- ous, persistent, subulate-linear, about 2 mm. long, 0.5 mm. wide, abruptly acuminate, filiform-tipped, ciliate, gray-green, narrowly and deeply grooved on back, appressed or ascending and incurved at tip when dried; spikes 4-angled, sessile, the bracts all alike, in 4 rows, narrowly deltoid, 1.5-2 mm. long, short awn-tipped, ciliate; megaspores with prominent primary reticulations——Rocks; Hokkaido (Hidaka and Kitami Prov. including Rebun and Riishiri Isls.); rare——Sakhalin, n. Korea, e. Siberia to Alaska. 8. Selaginella shakotanensis (Franch.) Miyabe & Kudo. S. rupestris sensu auct. Japon., non Spring; S. rupestris var. shakotanensis Franch—Htimo-Kazura. Stems creeping, much branched, forming small dense mats, the branchlets short, ascending, dark gray-green; leaves persistent, all alike, multifarious, subulate-linear, 1-1.3 mm. long, about 0.3 mm. wide, acute, ciliate, appressed or ascending, incurved and white- filiform at tip, narrowly and deeply grooved on back, slightly concave on inner side; spikes as thick as the sterile ones, 4- angled, the bracts narrowly deltoid-ovate, about 1.5 mm. long, ciliate, short awn-tipped; megaspores with prominent primary and secondary reticulations—Rocks in mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu (Tango, Yamato and Iwashiro Prov. northeastw.); rare-——Sakhalin and s. Kuriles. 4. Selaginella tamariscina (Beauv.) Spring. Lycopo- dium tamariscinum Beauv.; S. involvens sensu auct. Japon., non Spring (?); S. vettchti MacNab; S. involvens var. veitchii SELAGINELLACEAE Pi (MacNab) Bak.—Iwa-nipa. Evergreen; stems densely tufted, densely leaved, ascending to spreading, 5-12 cm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide, branched, gray-green on upper side, pale green beneath, flat, the branches sparingly forked in one plane; roots all at the base, interwoven to form a simple or rarely few- branched false stem to 15 cm. long; leaves of two forms, in 4 rows, ascending, the larger or lower ones ovate, 1.5-2 mm. long, short-acuminate, filiform-tipped, serrulate, the margins cartilaginous, the smaller or upper leaves slightly smaller, sub- erect, scarcely oblique; spikes slightly narrower than the sterile branchlets, regularly 4-angled, the bracts ovate-deltoid, about 1.5 mm. long, acuminate, awn-tipped, serrulate, green, white- cartilaginous on margin——Shaded rocks; Hokkaido (Oshima Proy. including Okushiri Isl.), Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; rather common.—kKorea, Ryukyus, Formosa, Philippines and China to n. India. 5. Selaginella pachystachys Koidz. S. caulescens sensu auct. Japon., non Spring; S. japonica Moore ex MacNab, non Miq,; S. caulescens var. japonica (Moore) Bak——Kata-HIBA. Plant pale green, sometimes rubescent; basal stems slender, shallowly creeping, unbranched at base, branched on upper part, 0.5-0.7 mm. across, whitish, with ovate scarious scales about 1 mm. long; aerial stems 8-20 cm. long, erect from an ascending base, 15-30 cm. long, unbranched in lower half, pinnately much branched above in one plane, flat, frondlike, the branches 3-10 cm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide, the branchlets 1.5-2 mm. wide, flat, densely leaved; leaves on aerial stems rather loose, all alike in the petiolelike lower part, dimorphic on upper part; leaves of lower plane ovate to broadly so, about 1.5 mm. long, acute, oblique, serrulate-ciliolate at least on the upper side near base, those of the upper plane 1/2-1/3 as long as the lower ones, appressed, ovate, cuspidate, the midrib prom- inent on upper side; bracts uniform, dense, in 4 rows, deltoid- ovate, about 1 mm. long, cuspidate, minutely serrulate toward base——Mountains; Honshu (Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shi- koku, Kyushu; common.—s. Korea, Ryukyus, Formosa, and (?) China. 6. Selaginella doederleinii Hieron. S. atroviridis sensu auct. Japon., non Spring——ONI-KURAMAGOKE. Stems erect to ascending, flexuous, much branched, to 30 cm. long or more, deep green above, pale green beneath, 1.5-2.5 mm. across, or 6-9 mm. wide including the leaves, 3-grooved on upper side, the rhizophores to 10 cm. long on the lower half; branches forked; leaves of lower plane larger, narrowly oblong- ovate, denticulate, slightly oblique, spreading, rounded at base on upper side, those of upper plane appressed, ovate, about 1.5 mm. long excluding the short-awned tip, denticulate; fertile branchlets 4-angled, the bracts all alike, ascending, deltoid- ovate, 1.5-2 mm. long, denticulate, green——Woods in low- lands and hills; Honshu (Izu Isls.), Kyushu (Koshiki, Yaku- shima, Tanegashima)——Ryukyus, Formosa, China, and Indochina. 7. Selaginella remotifolia Spring var. japonica (Miq.) Koidz. S. japonica Miq.; S. kraussiana sensu auct. Japon., non A. Br—kKuramacoke. Stems long-creeping, loosely leafy, 0.5-0.7 mm. wide, or 5-6 mm. wide inclusive of the leaves; branches short, 1-3 times forked, 3-5 cm. long, prostrate, with ascending tips, densely leafy; leaves of the lower plane hori- zontally spreading, flat, ovate, about 3 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, acute or acutish, rounded at base, entire, those of the up- per plane appressed, 2-2.5 mm. long, short-acuminate, strongly auriculate at base; fertile branchlets slender, scarcely more than 1 mm. across, 4-angled, the bracts deltoid-lanceolate, suberect, about 1.3 mm. long, gradually acuminate, entire or obsoletely denticulate——July-Oct. Damp woods in hills and lowlands; Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; rather common.—tThe typical variety occurs in Formosa, China, and Malaysia. Selaginella uncinata (Desy.) Spring. Lycopodium unci- natum Desv.m—KonTERI-KURAMAGOKE. Leaves iridescent, those of the upper plane cuspidate. Frequently cultivated in greenhouses———China. 8. Selaginella nipponica Fr. & Sav. S. savatieri Bak.; S. hachijoensis Nakai ——TacHI-KURAMAGOKE, Delicate herb; stems weak, appressed-creeping, densely leafy, 4-6 mm. wide; leaves of lower plane broadly ovate, 2-2.5 mm. long, spreading or slightly recurved, acute, slightly unequal, obsoletely ciliate, rounded on upper margin near base, those of the upper plane narrowly ovate, about 1 mm. long, cuspidate, denticulate; fer- tile branches 5-10 cm. long, erect, scapiform, simple to sparsely branched, the bracts abruptly acuminate; leaves on fertile branches all alike or slightly dimorphic, more densely disposed than on sterile branches, ovate; sporangia in axils ——May-July. Damp shaded places in lowlands and hills; Honshu (Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; common.—kKorea and China. 9. Selaginella helvetica (L.) Link. Lycopodium helve- ticum L.; S. mariesii Bak.—Ezo-No-HIME-KURAMAGOKE. Delicate herb; stems and branches short, 2.5-3.5 mm. wide, appressed to the ground, forming a loose mat; leaves of lower plane spreading to slightly deflexed, oblong to ovate-oblong, 1.2-1.7 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, obtuse to subacute, loosely ciliolate, pale green, slightly dilated on upper margin at base, those of upper plane narrowly ovate, obtuse to sub- acute, about 1 mm. long, ascending; fertile branches erect, sim- ple or once forked, scapiform, 4-8 cm. long, the leaves all alike, ovate, 1.2-1.5 mm. long, acute, ciliolate, pale yellow-green, ascending, rather loosely disposed; spikes slender, solitary or in pairs, 1-3 cm. long, the bracts membranous, similar to the leaves of the scape, obliquely spreading——July—Aug. Alpine slopes; Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu; rare.—-s. Kuriles, Korea, China, Siberia to Asia Minor, Europe. 10. Selaginella heterostachys Bak. S. recurvifolia Warb.; S. integerrima sensu auct. Japon., non Spring—— Hime-TacH-KuRAMAGOKE. Closely resembling No. 8 in habit, but differing in the more numerous sterile leaves of the upper plane, more rounded at base, the keeled bracts dimor- phic, strongly differing from the leaves on the fertile branches, and the more numerous somewhat flattened spikes; leaves of lower plane on branches and stems ovate, 2-3 mm. long, ob- tusish to acute, oblique at base, white-margined, those of up- per plane narrowly deltoid-ovate, rounded at base, nearly equi- lateral; spikes 7-25 mm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, dorsiventral, the bracts of two forms, many, dense, the longer ones deltoid- lanceolate, ciliolate, acuminate, keeled, the smaller ones slightly keeled July-Oct. Honshu (Izu Isls., Kinki Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu——Ryukyus, Formosa, China, and Indochina. 11. Selaginella boninensis Bak. S. longicauda Warb.; S. somae Hayata—Hrpacoke. Stems long-creeping, pros- trate, slender, loosely leafy, 7-8 mm. wide inclusive of the leaves, the branches creeping, simple to thrice forked; leaves of the lower plane membranous, narrowly oblong-ovate, 34 mm. long, acute, cordate at base, horizontally spreading, green, toothed, those of the upper plane ovate, 2-2.5 mm. long, cus- 28 SELAGINELLACEAE; ISOETACEAE; OPHIOGLOSSACEAE pidate, rounded at base, appressed; spikes dorsiventral, 2.5-3 mm. wide, the bracts of upper plane larger, obliquely spread- ing, broadly deltoid-lanceolate, about 2 mm. long, acuminate. —Reported to occur in Honshu (Hachijo Isl. in Izu Prov.); rare.—Bonins, Formosa, and Philippines. Fam. 5. ISOETACEAE = Mruzvu-nma Ka Small grasslike or sedgelike perennial herbs, aquatic or of wet places; stem a short thick cormlike axis becoming grooved or lobed with age; leaves tufted, linear, with septate air-canals, with 1 central and often 4 or more peripheral vascular bundles, the leaf-base spoon-shaped with a small persistent ligule inside above the cavity; sporangia in the cavity at base of the leaves, covered with a velum, of two kinds, the megasporangia usually on the outer leaves, the microsporangia on inner ones; megaspores tetrahedral, variously sculptured or spined——One genus, of about 60 widely distributed mostly temperate species, Quillwort Family absent or rare in the Tropics. 1. ISOETES L. Characters of the family. Mizu-nira Zoku 1A. Megaspores (under a lens) deeply and subequally alveolate; corms 3-lobed at base; leaves 20-100 cm. long; velum absent; slowly run- ning water of streams and ditches. ....................-. BRAD ACTER BORO cor coon Ar ANomoos oGuoUucRouSG 1. I. japonica 1B. Megaspores densely spiny all over; corms 2-lobed at base; leaves 5—20 cm. long; velum orbicular to elliptic; shallow water of lakes and fens biers je an bOoOboOS UC oMEa pon boncsotsesbocoaedosueE J. Isoétes japonica A. Br. J. edulis Sieb. ex Mig— Mrzu-nira. Aquatic perennial herb; corms 3-lobed at base, 1-5 cm. across, densely rooting on inner side of the lobes; leaves tufted, many, slender, usually 20-100 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide at base, gradually narrowed to an obtusish tip, bright green, subterete in transverse section, the phyllopodia white, nearly square to ovate, 4-15 mm. long, 5-12 mm. wide, thinly membranous on margin, closely imbricate; velum absent; lig- ule thinly membranous, cordate-deltoid, 3-8 mm. long, attenu- ate-acuminate; megaspores white, globose, with 3 commissures in one hemisphere, deeply and subregularly alveolate-—— Slowly running water of streams and ditches; Honshu, Shi- koku, Kyushu; rather rare-——Korea. 2. Isoétes asiatica (Makino) Makino. I. echinospora sae eRe inset es REM rice oranc Honor mrctaclonzzad iC aae var. astatica Makino——HiMe-Mizu-NIRA. Small dark green aquatic herb; corms 5-15 mm. across, 2-lobed at base, densely rooting on inner side of the lobes; leaves 10-30, tufted, erect or ascending, subulate, 5-20 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide near the middle, gradually narrowed to an obtusish tip, subterete, with a narrow flat face inside, the phyllopodia deltoid, 4-7 mm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, closely imbricate, membranous on mar- gin, white; velum orbicular to elliptic with a suborbicular to elliptic opening at base extending to the middle; ligule cordate- suborbicular or broadly cordate; megaspores white, globose, marked in one hemisphere with 3 commissures, densely spiny. Shallow water of lakes and ponds; Hokkaido, Honshu (centr. and n. distr.) ; rare——s. Sakhalin. « Fam. 6. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Hana-yasuri Ka Mostly terrestrial (rarely epiphytic) scaleless herbs with short fleshy stems; leaves solitary or few, straight or bent, with a sterile foliar segment at base and an apical spicate or paniculate nonfoliar fertile part; sporangia bivalvate, relatively large, without an annulus.—Four genera, with about 90 species, of wide distribution. Grapefern Family 1A. Sporangia connate, forming a simple spike; foliar (sterile) leaf simple, entire or forked, with reticulate veins. ...... 1. Ophioglossum 1B. Sporangia free, in panicles; foliar (sterile) leaf often much dissected and toothed, with free veins. ..............-..-- 2. Botrychium 1. OPHIOGLOSSUM L. Hana-yasurt Zoku Rhizomes erect, fleshy, sometimes tuberous; sterile and fertile leaves arising from a common stipe, the sterile foliar leaf simple or sometimes forked at the tip, entire, reticulately veined, the fertile spike terminal, simple, pedunculate; sporangia marginal, coalescent in 2 ranks, transversely dehiscent——About 30 species, of wide distribution in both hemispheres. 1A. Epiphytic on tree-trunks, evergreen, with solitary or paired fertile spikes on upper side of an elongate entire or forked ribbonlike StErile Erm dares ayactayey ossiictase ie, si aieye ie ie us sake suhar Re Toh panerve eas hase e or VSS TENSIVE a oie aetee Tee, Sere IE Oa CoN orewctnieye mvetonete ce 1. O. pendulum 1B. Terrestrial, with a solitary terminal fertile spike and a lower simple, entire sterile blade, the latter sometimes much reduced or absent. 2A. Sterile blade present; stipes 1-3 together. 3A. Sterile blade broadly linear to oblong or navicular, narrowly cuneate at base; exospore with rough reticulation. .... 2. O. zhermale 3B. Sterile blade ovate, elliptic, or nearly orbicular. 4A. Sterile blade usually distinctly petiolate; exospore with rough reticulation. .....................-------- 3. O. petiolatum 4B. Sterile blade sessile or short-petiolate; exospore with fine reticulations and the spores apparently smooth under magnification. 4. O. vulgatum 2B.) Sterile'bladevabsent: stipes: 5=7 togethers) ara ae:tysie nisi se a soecs) zim nisi sinioranyinis ate a ae ley teralave evs lel ekttene ciate eee etersee pacers 5. O. Rawamurae 1. Ophioglossum pendulum L. Ophioderma pendulum (L.) Presi——Kosu-ran. Evergreen pendulous rhizomatous epiphyte; sterile blades tufted, green, rather fleshy, linear to ribbonlike, 30-80 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, obtuse to rounded at apex, slightly narrowed toward the base, flat, unlobed or more often 1 or 2 times forked at tip, entire or subentire, mar- OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 29 gins somewhat whitish, the nerves slender, parallel in lower half, the veinlets anastomosing; peduncle of fertile blade on the upper side of frond near the middle, arcuate, rather stout, thickened above, simple or once forked, 1-4 cm. long; fertile spikes linear, straight, slightly flattened, with a deep groove on each side, 5-10 cm. long, 5-6 mm. wide, obtuse with a small blackish mucro at apex.——Tree trunks; Kyushu (Yaku- shima); rather rare——Ryukyus, Formosa, Philippines, Mal- aysia to India, Polynesia, and Australia. 2. Ophioglossum thermale Komar. 0. vulgatum var. thermale (Komar.) C. Chr.; O. littorale Makino; O. nippont- cum var. littorale (Makino) Nishida ex Ohwi——Hama-Hana- yasurI. Stipes 7-20 cm. long; sterile blade broadly linear to oblong or navicular, 1-3 (-5) cm. long, 0.3-1 cm. wide, obtuse to acute at apex, narrowly cuneate at base, sessile or indistinctly short-petiolate; venation fine, with small oblong areoles and a few secondary free veinlets——Apr—Dec. Wet sandy sea- shores; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu-——Formosa and Kamchatka. Var. nipponicum (Miyabe & Kudo) Nishida. O. nippont- cum Miyabe & Kudo; O. japonicum Prantl, non Thunb.; O. angustatum Maxon; O. savatieri Nakai——Ko-HaNa-YAsuRI. Sterile blade thinner, usually oblong, sometimes elliptic, more often lanceolate, 2.5-6 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, distinctly short- petiolate. Sunny ground in inland areas; Hokkaido, Hon- shu, Shikoku, Kyushu=—Korea and China. 8. Ophioglossum petiolatum Hook. Fuyi-ana-yasurt. Stipes 8-20(-30) cm. long; sterile blade ovate to broadly so, or oblong, 1.5-6 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, usually distinctly petio- late; areoles rather large, without intermediate veinlets—— Apr.—Nov. Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu.—Tropical Asia, Korea, Ryukyus, Formosa, Bonins, Hawaii, Micronesia, and tropical America. 4. Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Hrrowa-HANa-YasuRi. Stipes 15-30 cm. long; sterile blade fleshy and softly herba- ceous, ovate to deltoid-ovate, rarely oblong, 6-12 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, usually sessile, with a cordate to sometimes truncate base embracing the base of peduncle of the sporophyll, the venation with oblong areoles and sometimes with secondary areoles and numerous secondary connecting veinlets——Apr— July. Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu—Widely dis- tributed in the temperate areas of the N. Hemisphere. 5. Ophioglossum kawamurae Tagawa. SaKURAJIMA- HANA-yAsURI. | Small somewhat tufted herb with short erect rhizomes; sterile blade wholly suppressed; fertile spike broadly linear, 3-10 mm. long, cuspidate; peduncle slightly thickened at apex, green July-Aug. Kyushu (Sakurajima); rare. 2. BOTRYCHIUM Sw. Hana-warasl Zoku Rhizomes short, erect or ascending, with rather fleshy roots; sterile blade sessile or petiolate, pinnately or ternately divided, the segments toothed, with free veins; fertile blades 1-3 times pinnately divided; ultimate branchlets with 2 rows of naked sporangia; sporangia free, rather coriaceous, globose, mostly sessile, without an annulus, opening transversely into 2 valves—— A cosmopolitan genus with about 30 or more species. 1A. Small glabrous herbs, usually not more than 20 cm. high, of alpine regions; sterile blade simply pinnate or ternate, not more than 8 cm. long. 2A. Sterile blades oblong to ovate, simply pinnate to ternate, the pinnae oblong, obovate, or flabellate, obtuse. 3A. Sterile blade sessile or nearly so, pinnate, inserted at or above the middle of the stipe, the pinnae 7-11. ..........- 1. B. lunaria 3B. Sterile blade petiolate, inserted near the top of the stipe; pinnae fewer. .....-..-+-+++--eeeeee 2. B. simplex var. tenebrosum 2B. Sterile blades deltoid, sessile, the lowest pair of pinnae largest, the blade apparently ternately divided, the pinnae lanceolate, acute. 3. B. lanceolatum 1B. Larger herbs more or less hairy on the buds, usually 15-60 cm. high or more, of mountains and lowlands; sterile blade ternate, the segments 2-pinnate or ternately 2-pinnate, 3-30 cm. long. 4A. Sterile blade petiolate, usually evergreen. 5A. Segments of the sterile blade obtuse, the ultimate segments mucronate- to crenate-toothed. 6A. Fertile stalk without a sterile frond or scale of the previous year at base; sterile segments scarcely to very slightly white- Miia ime te paver ppera Stee aerate ce cletovets ete ec ottielca/e eve skegstavaretafatevetatelare coset tells totsie alone ete lstelsovorste) stetmiaavele/ eves 4. B. ternatum 6B. Fertile stalk with a sterile frond or white membranous scale of previous year at base; sterile segments more or less white- margined. 7A. Plant 15-30 cm. high; sterile blade 3- or 4-ternate, 5-10 cm. long, 6-12 cm. wide. ...........-+.+-++5> 5. B. robustum 7B. Plant 8-13 cm. high; sterile blade 2- or rarely 3-ternate, 2.5—4 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide. ..........--.- 6. B. multifidum 5B. Segments of the sterile blade acute, the ultimate segments mucronate- to aristulate-toothed. 8A. Sterile blade aristulate-toothed; lowest posterior lobe of the pinnules of sterile blade flabellate-orbicular, decurrent on the rachis of the main segment beyond the base of the pinnules, .........-... eee eee e eee eee cette 7. B. japonicum 8B. Sterile blade mucronate-toothed; lowest posterior lobe of the pinnules of sterile blade obliquely cuneate and sometimes only slightly decurrent, not entirely so on the rachis of the main segment. .....---.---+-+eeseeeeseeeereees 8. B. nipponicum 4B. Sterile blade sessile, deciduous. 9A. Fertile panicle once pinnate, linear or cylindric, scarcely broadened at base, scarcely or not overtopping the sterile blade; pinnae with an accessory lobe on the posterior side below the insertion of the pinnae. ..........+-.+seeeeeeeeeeeee 9. B. strictum 9B. Fertile panicle compound, pyramidal, broadened at base, longer than and overtopping the sterile blade; pinnae without an acces- sory lobe on the posterior side below the insertion of the pinnae. ..........- 020s eee eee e seen ee eeeee 10. B. virginianum 1. Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. Osmunda lunaria L. —Hime-wana-warast. Glabrous rather fleshy herb 5-25 cm. high; stipe solitary, covered with brown membranous slightly fibrous sheaths at base; sterile blade at or above the middle of the stipe, simply pinnate, 3-6 cm. long, 1.2-2.2 cm. wide, sessile or nearly so; pinnae 7-11, flabellate, reniform, or broadly cuneate, 7-13 mm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, truncate to cuneate and entire on lower margin, crenulate or rarely incised on upper margin, palmately veined, short-petiolulate; fertile spike 1.5-6 cm. long, on a peduncle twice as long—July- 30 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Sept. Sunny alpine slopes; Hokkaido, Honshu (centr. and n. distr.) ; rare———Korea, Kuriles, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, Siberia, Himalayas, Europe, N. and S. America. 2. Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc. var. tenebrosum (A. A. Eaton) Clausen. B. tenebrosum A. A. Eaton——Koxe- HANA-WARABI. _— Delicate glabrous herb, 4-6 cm. high (in ours); stipes very slender; sterile blade obovate, sometimes ovate, 3-5 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, usually ternate (in ours), the petiole about 1-2 mm. long, the segments obovate or cune- ate, obscurely undulate on upper margin, few-nerved; fertile part consisting of a short slender peduncle with few pairs of sporangia.—Aug. Mossy forests in high mountains; Honshu (Mount Yatsugatake in Shinano); very rare——e. N. America and Europe (Austria). 8. Botrychium lanceolatum (Gmel.) Angstr. Osmunda lanceolata Gmel.; B. palmatum Presl; B. rutaceum vat. triparti- tum Ledeb.—M I1yaMaA-HANA-WARABI. Rather fleshy gla- brous herb 6-20 cm. high, with brown membranous withering sheaths at base; sterile blade below the fertile panicle, sessile, deltoid, 2-3 cm. long and as wide, pinnately divided, the seg- ments linear to lanceolate, pinnately lobed to entire, sessile, ob- tuse, the lowest lateral segments pinnately veined, 1.5-2 cm. long; fertile panicle rather dense, pyramidal, subsessile or very shortly pedunculate, usually not longer than the sterile blade. Aug. Alpine regions; Honshu (centr. distr.); very rare. —Sakhalin, n. Kuriles, Kamchatka, Siberia to Europe, and N. America. 4. Botrychium ternatum (Thunb.) Sw. Osmunda ter- nata Thunb.——Fuxyu-No-HANA-waraBI. _ Rather fleshy ever- green herb 15-40 cm. high, very sparsely long-hairy or gla- brate; stems naked at base, the bud hidden, hairy; sterile blade thick-herbaceous, 5-angled in outline, 3- or 4-ternate, 4-15 cm. long, 5-20 cm. wide, glabrous or nearly so, the primary and secondary segments petiolulate, ovate or ovate-deltoid, ob- tuse, the ultimate segments ovate, lobed, crenate- to mucronate- toothed, obtuse, the petiole rather stout, arising immediately above the base, 3-15 cm. long; fertile panicle long-pedunculate, erect, pyramidal, 4-10 cm. long, dense——Sept.—Nov. Thickets and grassy places in lowlands and low mountains; Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; rather common.—Ryukyus, Formosa, China to the Himalayas. 5. Botrychium robustum (Rupr.) Underw. B. rutae- folium var. robustum Rupt.; B. multifidum (Gmel.) Rupr. var. robustum (Rupr.) C. Chr.; B. matricariae sensu auct. Japon., non Spring —Ezo-FUYU-NO-HANA-waRaBI. Rather fleshy herb 15-30 cm. high, thinly long-hairy or rarely glabrate; stems with a whitish basal sheath or scale, or with last year’s sterile blade persistent; sterile blade thick-herbaceous, 5-angled in outline, 3- or 4-ternate, 5-10 cm. long, 6-12 cm. wide, petiolate, the segments obtuse, the ultimate ones ovate, lobed, crenulate- to mucronate-toothed, the petiole arising immediately above the base; fertile panicle long-pedunculate, pyramidal, dense, 4-8 cm. long—Aug.—Oct. Hokkaido, Honshu (mountains of centr. and n. distr.) ——Korea, Manchuria, Ussuri, Sakhalin, Kuriles, Kamchatka to Alaska. 6. Botrychium multifidum (Gmel.) Rupr. Osmunda multifida Gmel.; B. matricariae (Schrank) Spreng.; O. matri- cariae Schrank; B. rutaceum Sw.; B. rutaefolium A. Br. AZUSA-HANA-WARABI. Similar to the preceding but smaller, 8-13 cm. high, very thinly white-hairy to glabrescent; stems usually with a whitish membranous basal scale, sometimes with last year’s sterile blade persistent; bud white-hairy; sterile blade 3- or 5-angled in outline, 2 or 3 times ternate, 25-4 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, the segments deltoid-ovate, obtuse, the ultimate segments ovate, obtuse, pinnately lobed, crenate-toothed, the petiole 3-6 cm. long, arising immediately above the base; fer- tile panicle rather dense, pyramidal, 2-3 cm. long, the peduncle 7-12 cm. long——Aug. Mountains; Honshu (Shinano Prov.) ; very rare——Europe to Siberia, and N. America. 7. Botrychium japonicum (Prantl) Underw. B. dauci- folium var. japonicum Prantl—O-ana-warasi. Stout slightly hairy herb 25-40 cm. high; stems naked at base (rarely with an old persistent frond attached); sterile blade herba- ceous, 5-angled in outline, petiolate, 8-15 cm. long, 10-20 cm. wide, 3 or 4 times ternate, the pinnae deltoid or deltoid-ovate, acute to subacuminate, petiolulate, the pinnules oblong-ovate to broadly lanceolate, pinnately lobed to parted, acuminate, aristu- late-toothed, the lowest basal lobe flabellate-orbicular, the peti- oles 5-15(—20) cm. long, stout, green to brownish or yellowish, arising 3-10 cm. above the base of the stem; fertile panicle 7-15 cm. long, yellow-brown to brown, the peduncle erect, rather stout, slightly longer to twice as long as the sterile blade —— Sept—Nov. Honshu (Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu. 8. Botrychium nipponicum Makino, AKs-HANA-WARABI. Similar to the preceding but more fleshy and red-brown tinged, very thinly hairy or glabrous; stems naked at base; sterile blade 5-angled in outline, 8-15 cm. long, 10-20 cm. wide, 3 or 4 times ternate, the pinnae and pinnules petiolulate, acute to acuminate, obtuse at the tip, the ultimate segments deltoid- lanceolate, pinnately lobed to parted, mucronate-toothed, the lowest basal lobes decurrent beyond the base of the segment but not inserted on the main rachis, the petioles 7-12 cm. long, arising 2—5 cm. above the base of the stem; fertile panicle 3-15 cm. long, narrowly pyramidal, twice as long as the sterile blade——Oct.-Noy. Honshu (Kanto Distr.); rare. 9. Botrychium strictum Underw. Osmundopteris stricta (Underw.) Nishida—Nacaso-No-HANA-WARABI, NAGABO-NO- NATSU-NO-HANA-WaRABI. Deciduous, thinly hairy to nearly glabrous herb, 30-80 cm. high; stems terete, rather stout, slightly thickened, commonly with a membranous ovate entire brown scale 2-3 cm. long at base; sterile blade sessile, ternately divided, the main lateral branches ovate, 15-30 cm. long, 10— 20 cm. wide, bipinnate, short-acuminate, short-petiolate, the rachis narrowly winged; pinnae acuminate, sessile, the pinnules oblong-ovate, toothed, pinnatiparted, the terminal primary seg- ment deltoid; fertile panicle linear-cylindric, 10-30 cm. long, scarcely or not overtopping the sterile blade——Aug.—Oct. Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; rare——Korea and China. 10. Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Osmunda vir- giniana L.; Osmundopteris virginiana (L.) Small; B. gracile Pursh—Narsu-No-HANA-WaRaBI. Deciduous, thinly hairy rather soft herb, 30-60 cm. high; stems with a brown mem- branous scale 2-3 cm. long at base; sterile blade sessile, ter- nately divided, green, the main lateral branches ovate, 10-20 cm. long, 5-15 cm. wide, short-acuminate, short-petiolulate, bi- pinnate; pinnae lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, the pinnules oblong to narrowly ovate, pinnately lobed and toothed, sessile or somewhat adnate on the prominently winged rachis, the primary terminal segment deltoid; fertile panicle ovate to broadly lanceolate, 7-13 cm. long, compound, longer than and overtopping the sterile blade——May-June. Woods; Hok- kaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; rather rare—Korea, Man- churia, China, Himalayas, Siberia to Europe, and N. America. MaraTTIACEAE; OSMUNDACEAE 31 Fam. 7. MARATTIACEAE Terrestrial; fronds with circinnate vernation, compound, joined on the rhizome or short stem by the enlarged stipulelike base of the stipe; pinnae jointed at base; sporangia in elongate or round dorsal sori, the sporangia separate, derived from several cells, opening by a ventral longitudinal split——Four genera, with about 150 species, widely distributed in the Tropics of both hemi- spheres. Ryusintat Ka = Marattia Family 1. ANGIOPTERIS Hoffm. RywtsintTal Zoku Large ferns with short stout stems; fronds bipinnate, the veins free; sori dorsal, near the margin, the sporangia usually 7 to 13, in 2 rows, contiguous but not coherent. Madagascar to Polynesia and Japan. A complex genus represented by more than 100 species according to some authors or reduced to a single species by others. 1. Angiopteris lygodiifolia Rosenst. A. fauriei Hieron.; A. oschimensis Hieron.; A. sakura Hieron.; A. evecta sensu auct. Japon., non Hoffm.; A. suboppositifolia sensu auct. Japon., non De Vriese——Rytsintat. Nearly glabrous, with a short stout stem or rhizome; fronds tufted, to 1.5 m. long or sometimes longer; stipes stout, fleshy, terete, green, about 2.5 cm. thick above the base, the basal portion dilated, obovate-orbicular, rounded on back, with a semirounded auri- cle on each side at top; blades oblong-ovate to ovate, bipinnate, to 1 m. long, 50-60 cm. wide; pinnae 3-6 pairs, alternate, the rachis swollen and jointed at base; pinnules 15-25 pairs, Fam. 8. OSMUNDACEAE ZENMAI Ka alternate, narrowly to broadly lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, acuminate, broadly cuneate to subtruncate at base, subsessile, minutely toothed, green above, paler beneath, the costa prominent on both sides, the veinlets many, parallel, spreading, distinct, usually once forked; sori oblong, about 1.5 mm. long, with 7-13 sessile ellipsoidal sporangia, each with an opening on the inner side, solitary on the veinlets near the margin of the pinnae-——Woods in low mountains; Honshu (Izu Isls., Izu Peninsula, Kii and Ise Proy.), Shikoku, Kyushu; rarer eastw.—Ryukyus and Formosa. Osmunda Family Terrestrial with erect or ascending large scaleless rhizomes; fronds with circinnate vernation, pinnately divided, the veins free; sporangia large, maturing simultaneously, the annulus incomplete, with thick cells on one side near the tip, dehiscent by a vertical slit across the apex. Guinea; Osmunda of wide distribution. 1. OSMUNDA L. Three genera and about 20 species, 2 of the genera confined to S. Africa, Australia, and New ZENMAI ZOKU Fronds dimorphic; fertile pinnules terminal, medial, or occupying the whole blade; sporangia marginal on much-reduced pinnules.—Species about 15, nearly cosmopolitan, absent in Australia. 1A. Sterile blade ovate, bipinnate; pinnae and pinnules few, the pinnules lanceolate to narrowly ovate, minutely toothed. 2A. Pinnules of sterile blade obliquely truncate to rounded at base, sessile, chartaceous to membranous. ........++-++++ 1. O. japonica 2B. Pinnules of sterile blade acuminate to cuneate at base, sometimes indistinctly petiolulate, coriaceous to chartaceous. .... 2. O. lancea 1B. Sterile blade lanceolate, pinnate; pinnae many, coarsely acute-toothed or pinnatiparted. 3A. Fronds deciduous, chartaceous to herbaceous; pinnae pinnatiparted, nearly truncate and sessile or subsessile at base. 4A. Fertile pinnae on separate fronds, red-brown; sterile pinnae green, paler beneath, acuminate; woolly hairs red-brown. 3.0. asiatica 4B. Fertile and sterile pinnae on the same blade, the fertile medial; sterile pinnae slightly glaucescent especially beneath, acute; woolly hairs of young plants light brown. ...........2+++e:- BEE AOTC ODOR TORIC DDC TICIOC CORO OC EnGeK 4. O. claytoniana 3B. Fronds evergreen, coriaceous, lustrous; pinnae coarsely acute-toothed, long-acuminate, narrowed to a petiolelike base; fertile pinnae itis FETA A A OrtcnooIG lot + Ue OS OE OBICIC Obi ao ccc oc oe 1. Osmunda japonica Thunb. O. regalis sensu auct. Japon., non L.; O. regalis var. japonica (Thunb.) Milde; O. regalis var. biformis Benth.; O. biformis (Benth.) Makino; O. nipponica Makino——ZeEnMat. _ Rhizomes short, ascending, stout, covered with bases of old withered leaves, the woolly hairs cinnamon-brown, mixed with blackish ones, soon decidu- ous; fronds dimorphic, sterile fronds to 1 m. long, tufted; stipes stramineous, smooth, with a chartaceous wing on each side near base; blades ovate or triangular-ovate, bipinnate, glabrous or nearly so; pinnae 20-30 cm. long, oblong-ovate, the lower ones short-petiolulate; pinnules oblong to broadly lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, obtuse to acute, obliquely trun- cate and rounded at base, minutely toothed, green above, glaucescent beneath, sessile, the costa distinct, penninerved, the veinlets spreading, parallel, 1-3 times forked; fertile fronds 20-50 cm. long, rising among the sterile fronds, the sporophylls paniculate, erect, rather loose, cinnamon-brown.—Apr.—May Bao Oi Sb Ae bor Mito COE. Bip Ob Hetaciied } ermincka cio 5. O. banksifolia (-Oct.). Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; common. —s. Sakhalin, Korea, Ryukyus, Formosa, China to the Him- alayas. 2. Osmunda lancea Thunb. 0. japonica Houtt., non Thunb.; Osmundastrum lanceum (Thunb.) Pres]}—Yasua- ZENMAI. Closely resembling the preceding but somewhat smaller and less densely woolly; sterile fronds to 1 m. long; pinnules slightly thicker, linear-lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, acuminate to cuneate at base, petiolulate (sessile in var. lati- pinnula. Tagawa)—Apr—-May. Hokkaido (s. distr.), Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; rather rare. 8. Osmunda asiatica (Fern.) Ohwi. 0. cinnamomea sensu auct. Japon., non L.; O. cinnamomea var. foktensis Copel.; O. cinnamomea var. asiatica Fern.; Osmundastrum cinnamomeum var. fokiense (Copel.) Tagawa——Yamaporl- ZENMAI. | Rhizomes stout; woolly hairs red-brown, mixed with some blackish ones in the fertile areas, soon deciduous ex- 32 OsMUNDACEAE; SCHIZAEACEAE; GLEICHENIACEAE cept at base of pinnae; sterile fronds tufted, erect, green; stipe shorter than the blade, flattened and dilated near base; blades oblong-lanceolate, 30-60 cm. long, 12-20 cm. wide, abruptly contracted and short-acuminate at apex, not or very shortly narrowed at base; pinnae many, horizontally spreading, linear- lanceolate, 16-23 mm. wide, acuminate, pinnatiparted, sessile on the posterior side, truncate and subsessile on the anterior side; segments rather numerous, oblong-ovate, 4-7 mm. wide, sub-entire, obtuse to rounded at the tip, 1-nerved, the veinlets slender, usually once forked, pinnately arranged; fertile blades several, central, erect, strict, narrow, the pinnae ascending, red-brown, soon withering after spore dissemination ——May- July. Wet places; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; lo- cally abundant. s. Kuriles, Sakhalin, Amur, Ussuri, Man- churia, Korea, China, and Formosa. 4, Osmunda claytoniana L. Osmundastrum claytoni- anum (L.) Tagawa——Onrzenmat. _ Closely allied to the preceding, the woolly hairs light brown; sterile blades acute; pinnae somewhat glaucescent beneath; fertile pinnae olive- brown to blackish in interrupted pairs in the middle portion of the blade; sterile blades 15-25 cm. wide; pinnae 2-3 cm. Fam. 9. SCHIZAEACEAE Kanrkusa Ka wide, the segments 6-8 mm. wide———May-July. Wet places; Honshu (centr. distr.); locally abundant——Korea, Man- churia, Ussuri, and e. N. America; a variety occurs in For- mosa and sw. China to the Himalayas. 5. Osmunda banksiifolia (Pres!) Kuhn. Nephrodium banksiaefolium Presl; Plenasium banksiaefolium (Pres!) Presl; O. javanica sensu auct. Japon., non Bl. SHIROYAMA-ZENMAI. Rhizomes stout, erect or ascending; woolly hairs scanty, red- brown, early deciduous; sterile fronds evergreen, 1-1.5 m. long, tufted; stipes lustrous, brownish, with a wing on each side near base; blades oblong-lanceolate, simply pinnate; pinnae 10-20 pairs, coriaceous, linear-lanceolate, 15-25 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, gradually long-acuminate, narrowed to a petiolelike base, coarsely acute-toothed, obliquely spreading, jointed at base, except the terminal one, lustrous, glabrous, slightly thickened and whitish on the margin, the costa and veinlets raised on both sides, the veinlets 1-4 times forked, parallel, obliquely spreading; fertile pinnae medial, linear-cylindric, 7-10 cm. long, dark brown—June-Dec. Wet places; Hon- shu (Izu Proy.), Shikoku, Kyushu-——Ryukyus, Formosa, s. China, Indochina, and Malaysia. Climbing Fern Family Terrestrial; rhizomes creeping or ascending; fronds often scandent and much elongate; sporangia marginal, sometimes ap- parently superficial, with a complete distal annulus, opening by a longitudinal slit——Four genera, with about 150 species, chiefly in the S. Hemisphere, 1 in our area. 1. LYGODIUM Sw. Kanr-xusa Zoku Rhizomes creeping, hairy; rachis of fronds much elongate, twining; pinnae alternate, pinnately or palmately divided, short- petiolulate; veins usually free; sporangia subtended by an outgrowth simulating an indusium, in 2 rows on margin of the ulti- mate segments; spores tetrahedral—A bout 40 species, in New Zealand, S. Africa, Asia, Malaysia, Polynesia, and 1 species in e. N. America. J. Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. Ophioglossum japonicum Thunb.; Hydroglossum japonicum (Thunb.) Willd. —Kanvrxusa. Scandent; rhizomes creeping, 3-4 mm. across, densely covered with soft blackish hairs about 1 mm. long; rachis much elongate, twining, 2-striate, pale brown, lustrous; pinnae alternate, with a pair of pinnate segments and a hairy bud at the tip of a short petiolule, the segments deltoid to ovate, ternately 1- or 2-pinnate, with the rachis puberulent in upper part; sterile pinnae thinly chartaceous, often 3- to 5-lobed to -parted, minutely toothed, the terminal lobe or seg- ments elongate deltoid- to linear-lanceolate, to 60 mm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, acute to obtuse; veins obliquely ascending, once to thrice forked, the veinlets ending in the marginal teeth; sporangia in 2 closely adjacent rows on margin beneath the ultimate segments——Aug.—Jan. Thickets and hedges in low- lands and low mountains; Honshu (Kanto Distr., Shinano, Etchu Prov. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; common— Ryukyus, Formosa, Korea and China. Fam. 10. GLEICHENIACEAE Terrestrial ferns with long-creeping rhizomes; fronds often falsely forked by the abortion of the terminal bud, the lateral branches usually again dichotomous, the ultimate branches pinnatifid or pinnate-pinnatifid; veins free, pinnate, simple or forked; sori exindusiate, dorsal, the sporangia 4-15, with a complete oblique annulus, opening by a longitudinal slit. Six genera, with about 130 species, of wide distribution in the Tropics and subtropics. Urayiro Ka — Gleichenia Family 1A. Plant with jointed hairs on rhizomes and buds; pinnae pinnatiparted. .......... 2.2... eee e eee eee eee ee eee eee 1. Dicranopteris 1B. Plant with flattened paleae on rhizomes and buds; pinnae bipinnatiparted. ...........--..0+eeeeeee eee e eee eee 2. Gleichenia 1. DICRANOPTERIS Bernh. Ko-suipa Zoku Rhizomes with jointed hairs; fronds evergreen, the primary rachis elongate, the lateral branches several times dichotomous, usually with a pair of foliaceous stipulelike outgrowths at the base of each fork, the secondary rachises naked, only the ultimate branches (and the stipulelike branches) leafy; veins 2-4 times forked; sori superficial, usually with 6 or more sporangia———A pantropic genus with about 10 species, also in New Zealand. toma (Thunb.) Bernh.; G. dichotoma (Thunb.) Hook.; D. linearis var. dichotoma (Thunb.) Holttum——Ko-suia. Rhizomes firm, terete, wiry, 3-4 mm. across, with sparse 1. Dicranopteris linearis (Burm. f.) Underw. Polypo- dium lineare Burm. f.; Gleichenia linearis (Burm. f.) C. B. Clarke; P. pedatum Houtt.; P. dichotomum Thunb.; D. dicho- GLEICHENIACEAE; HyMENOPHYLLACEAE 33 brown jointed hairs while young; stipes pale brown, terete; fronds sometimes more than 1 m. long, firm; ultimate branches (pinnae) chartaceous, linear- to oblong-lanceolate, pinnatiparted, 15-30 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, gradually acute, obtuse at the tip, sessile, green above, glaucous beneath; seg- ments many, nearly horizontally spreading, linear, 3-4 mm. wide, obtuse to retuse, entire, slightly hairy beneath, the hairs 2. GLEICHENIA J. E. Smith jointed, brown, soon deciduous, pinnately veined, the veins 2-4 times forked, slightly raised on both sides; sori small, rounded, solitary near the middle portion of the uppermost vein——Oct.Jan. Dry thin woods and thickets; Honshu (Iwaki and Echigo Prov. westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; common. Korea, Ryukyus, Formosa, China, and widely distributed in the Tropics and subtropics, also in Australia. Urajiro Zoku Rhizomes long-creeping, firm, scaly while young; fronds large, stipitate, pinnate or falsely forked; pinnae bipinnatiparted; veins once forked; sori superficial, with about 4 sporangia——About 10 species, Malaysia to India and Japan, 1 in tropical America. 1A. Scales ciliate; pinnules nearly horizontally spreading, glaucous and glabrous beneath; ultimate segments narrowly oblong, obtuse; GETS (iss Sat oosgenonnodcoudectooporoonddaconsopeanobons soda sda pd Coe DONO DOD OOSNIDOOeNOUODI000NO ile (ee glauca 1B. Scales entire; pinnules obliquely spreading, slightly glaucous with scattered glandular hairs beneath; ultimate segments broadly linear, cuspidate; stipes flattened and with 2 longitudinal ridges to the base. ......+.+-seeeeeeeeee reese eee eee eneees 2. G. laevissima 1. CGleichenia japonica Spreng. Polypodium glaucum Houtt.; G. glauca (Houtt.) Hook., non Sw.; Dicranopteris glauca (Houtt.) Underw.; Diplopterygium glaucum (Houtt.) Nakai; Hicriopteris glauca (Houtt.) St. John——Unrayjio. Rhizomes long-creeping, terete, 5-6 mm. across, wiry, densely scaly while young; stipes terete; scales lanceolate-deltoid, 6-7 mm. long, caudate, ciliate, lustrous, dark brown; fronds scaly while very young, the dormant terminal bud densely scaly, rufous to dark brown, ciliate; pinnae chartaceous, opposite, 50-100 cm. long, 20-30 cm. wide, bipinnatiparted, green, slightly lustrous above, glaucous beneath, glabrous; pinnules many, horizontally spreading, linear-lanceolate to broadly linear, 15-30 mm. wide, sessile, pinnatiparted, the ultimate seg- ments spreading, narrowly oblong, obtuse; costa impressed above, the costules slender; veins once forked; sori median; on Fam. 11. HYMENOPHYLLACEAE the anterior branches of the veins——Nov.—Jan. Dry, thin woods; Honshu (Iwaki and Echigo Prov. westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; common.—Korea, Ryukyus, Formosa, China, the Tropics of Asia, Australia, and Polynesia. 2. Gleichenia laevissima Christ. G. kiusiana Makino; Dicranopteris laevissima (Christ) Nakai; Diplopterygium lae- vissimum (Christ) Nakai; Hicriopteris laevissima (Christ) St. John——Kaneko-supa. —_ Closely allied to the preceding; scales brown to yellow-brown, membranous, entire, glabrous; stipes with a narrow flat face and 2 longitudinal ridges to the base; pinnules obliquely spreading, the ultimate segments broadly linear, acute or cuspidate, green above, slightly glau- cous and with short subclavate minute glandular hairs be- neath——Oct.—Noy. Kyushu; rare-——China, Indochina, and Philippines. Koxe-suinosu Ka _ Filmyfern Family Epiphytic or terrestrial ferns; rhizomes slender, long-creeping, nearly naked or with jointed hairs; fronds usually small, thin, without stomata, usually with circinnate vernation, very rarely straight in extremely reduced fronds; veins nearly always free; sporangia in marginal sori elevated with a slender receptacle surrounded by a cup-shaped sometimes 2-valved indusium; an- nulus complete; spores tetrahedral to globose——About 34 genera, with about 650 species, chiefly in the Tropics and subtropics, few in colder regions. 1A. Indusium 2-valved; rhizomes very scantily hairy; fronds fulvous to brownish green. Doc ltimatersepments (of tie) Dladesentiressnyetavel-eielereislaielarererelayeielatatelebavstaterele eteraicfersreterosaleteterelerslereiavsjoinlatetajalalelsterelshe)a]niefe 1. Mecodium ae em letidtersepmicnts: of the pladesttootued amarcier'4 of sbeterel che oie taveieteicke =/afoloiete) shots. cYela clots eis 4. A. normale 6B. Pinnae nearly equilateral. 8A. Rachis dark brown throughout. 9A. Rachis obtuse on back, without gemmae. ....... a SAE UR BG, A a a re aca etre sole 5. A. trichomanes 9B. Rachis with 3 brown narrow wings, sometimes gemmate in upper part. ..........--..-----++--e> 6. A. tripteropus 8B. Rachis brown only on lower part. 10A. Teeth of the pinnae obtuse; fronds uniform, the pinnae 3-6 mm. long. ..........--..+-seeee eee eeees 7. A. viride 10B. ‘Teeth of the pinnae mucronate; fronds often more or less dimorphic, the pinnae 6-35 mm. long. ...... 8. A. incisum 5B. Blades narrowly deltoid, bipinnate in lower portion, the lowest pinnae largest. ............+++++-++eeeeees 9. A. coenobiale 2B. Stipes green throughout, rarely brown at base, dull. 11A. Sori solitary on the 1-veined ultimate pinnules. 12A. Fronds at most 30 cm. long. 13A. Blades lanceolate, the rachis prolonged, rooting and forming a plantlet at the tip; pinnae usually simply pinnate. 10. A. prolongatum 13B. Blades ovate to broadly so, the tail at tip 1-4 cm. long, not gemmate; lower pinnae bipinnate to bipinnatiparted. 12B. Fronds large, 50-100 cm. long. ...............-...- 11. A. ritoense Ora rl OC a ct TM ere ee ced 12. A. trigonopterum 11B. Sori few to many on the few- to many-veined ultimate pinnules. 14A. Pinnae less than 7 cm. long. 15A. Pinnules oblong to oblanceolate or obovate, sparsely toothed or lobed; fronds relatively large, (10—) 20-60 cm. long. 16A. Blades herbaceous, 3-30 cm. long, 1.5-13 cm. wide, with acute to obtuse teeth. 17A. Blades not gemmate, 2- to 4-pinnate. 18A. Blades oblong-ovate, 3- or 4-pinnate. IQA Blades}5—lb)cmilong ae e aera: LOBE) Blades) 15-35, cmlongs sees ee eee 18B. Blades broadly lanceolate, 2-pinnate. ........ oat MBB es cartes dase honoree Aen lane reaeap ey tees Reve tena ey een 13. A. sarelit SOU U OTTO CHOON nod RdSaGeschondowouabGoes 14. A. wilfordi cob de a YORGLSIS vga nual BOG tele pe ie VE AUNTS ALOR ETS 15. A. pseudowilfordiu 17B. Blades with a gemma on the rachis, cut into unequally incised and toothed pinnae. .............. 16. A. yoshinagae 16B. Blades membranous, 2—10(—15) cm. long, 1—3(—4) cm. wide, with a few obtuse often mucronate-tipped teeth. 17. A. varians 15B. Pinnules coriaceous, flabellate to rhombic-orbicular, minutely toothed toward the tip, entire at base; fronds small, 3-10 cm. oto aR OG GO AA aan Oba top abd cia to OMAR ono hA Bolo Gedees Gorton no UMouEeTa ce badG 18. A. ruta-muraria 14B. Pinnae 10-17 cm. long. 20A. Pinnae unlobed to pinnately parted; sori mostly in 2 series on the pinnae. ...........+.eee cece cece sees 19. A. wright 20B. Pinnae 2- or 3-pinnate; sori solitary on the pinnules or teeth. ...............00000eceeeeeeeeeee 12. A. trigonopterum 1B. Blades simple. 21A. Blades without a submarginal connecting vein. 22A. Blades narrowly oblanceolate; stipes less than 10 cm. long; sori mostly facing the anterior side of the blade. 23A. Blades appressed crenate-toothed in upper half; veins obliquely spreading. .............--...-2e+eees 20. A. griffithianum 23B. Blades subentire to remotely undulate-toothed; veins suberect to ascending. ...................++---eeee 21. A. ensiforme 22B. Blades lanceolate, cordate; stipes 10-20 cm. long; sori paired, face to face. ............000eceeeeeeeeeee 22. A. scolopendrium 21B. Blades with a submarginal connecting vein, large, 70-100 cm. long; sori closely parallel, altars facing anteriorly. 23. A. antiquum 1. Asplenium cheilosorum Kunze ex Mett. Hymen- asplenium cheilosorum (Kunze) Tagawa; A. heterocarpum Wall. ex Hook——Usuza-Kujaku. Rhizomes creeping, scaly, 2-2.5 mm. across; fronds slender; stipes 10-15 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. across, purple-brown to dark brown, lustrous, smooth except at base; scales on rhizomes and at base of stipes lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, long-acuminate, spreading, black- brown, minutely spinulose near tip; blades broadly linear to linear-lanceolate, 20-40 cm. long, 3-4 cm. wide, gradually long-acuminate, slightly narrowed at base, smooth, simply pinnate, the rachis lustrous, sulcate on upper side; pinnae rather many, thinly herbaceous to membranous, semiovate, 5-8 mm. wide, obtuse, somewhat dimidiate, spreading, sub- sessile, nearly straight from base to the top, entire on posterior margin except for 1 or 2 teeth near tip, the anterior side toothed, nearly straight to slightly arcuate, broadly cuneate at base; teeth on sterile pinnae mostly regular, ovate, subobtuse; fertile pinnae slightly larger, often bidentate at the tip, the ASPLENIACEAE 93 costa very slender, close to the posterior margin, pinnately veined on anterior side, the median ones once-forked, ending in a tooth; sori on the teeth, few to a pinna; indusia 1.5-2.5 mm. long——Kyushu (Yakushima and Tanegashima)—\ Formosa, China, Indochina to India, and Malaysia. 2. Asplenium unilaterale Lam. Hymenasplenium unt- laterale (Lam.) Hayata; A. resectum Smith—Host-suipa. Rhizomes long-creeping, scaly, 15-3 mm. across; stipes slender, remote, 12-20 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. across, lustrous, purple- to chestnut-brown, glabrous except for few scales at base; scales on rhizomes and at base of stipes lanceolate, 2-3 mm. long, long-acuminate, tardily deciduous, dark brown, with few obsolete teeth on upper margin; blades broadly linear to lanceolate, 18-30 cm. long, 3.5-6(-8) cm. wide, abruptly to gradually long-acuminate, not or very slightly narrowed at base, glabrous, the rachis with deciduous hairlike dark brown scales while young, lustrous, deeply sulcate on upper side; pinnae rather many, thinly herbaceous to mem- branous, spreading, lanceolate to broadly so, 4-10 mm. wide, subacute to obtuse, toothed toward the tip, entire toward the base, short-petiolulate, the costa slender, sometimes dark pur- ple-brown beneath, close to the posterior margin near base, the veins mostly once-forked; sori dorsal, sparse, linear; indusia 2-6 mm. long, nearly straight, very rarely diplazioid-—— Honshu (s. Kanté through Tokaido to s. Kinki Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu—Ryukyus, Bonins, Formosa, Malaysia, China to India, Africa, Polynesia, and Hawaii. 8. Asplenium oligophlebium Bak. 4. fauriei Christ —KAMIGAMo-sHIDA, Hime-cHAsEN-SHIDA. Rhizomes short, erect to ascending, often clothed in the remains of old stipes, the scales rather scanty, lanceolate, about 1 mm. long, purple- brown, acuminate; fronds smooth, rather small; stipes crowded, 2-8 cm. long, 0.6-1 mm. across, glabrous, lustrous, deep purple-brown; blades narrowly lanceolate, 7-15 cm. long, 1.5-3.5 cm. wide, the rachis dark purple-brown, lustrous, slender, often prolonged and gemmate at the tip; pinnae thinly herbaceous, squarrose-lanceolate to semideltoid, 7-15 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, obtuse, obliquely cuneate at base, sessile, with scattered coarse obtuse teeth, entire on posterior margin of lower portion, the costa slender, the veins few, simple to once forked; sori few on a pinna; indusia 1-2 mm. long——Honshu (Hokuriku to Kinki and Chigoku Distr.), Shikoku, Kyushu—Ryukyus. 4, Asplenium normale Don. A. opacum Kunze— NourI-ToRA-No-0. Rhizomes short, with chartaceous, lanceo- late, dark brown scales about 1.5 mm. long; fronds tufted; stipes 1-2 mm. across, dark purple- to chestnut-brown, lustrous, 3-15 cm. long, naked; blades broadly linear to linear-lanceo- late, 10-40 cm. long, 15-40 mm. wide, the rachis dark purple- brown, lustrous, sulcate on upper side, often prolonged and gemmate at tip; pinnae spreading, obliquely oblong to nar- rowly oblong-ovate, 5-10 mm. wide near base, the lower ones deflexed, obtuse to rounded, sessile, crenately toothed at the tip, entire toward the base, often obsoletely auricled on anterior side; sori few to a pinna, straight; indusia 1-4 mm. long, very rarely diplazioid——Honshu (Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu——Ryukyus, Formosa, s. China to India. 5. Asplenium trichomanes L. 4. trichomanoides Houtt——Cuasen-sHipA. | Rhizomes short, erect, with the remains of old stipes, and with linear-lanceolate, acuminate scales about 3 mm. long; fronds deep green, nearly naked, tufted; stipes 1-5 cm. long, chestnut-brown, lustrous, very narrowly winged or angled, flat on upper side, obtuse on back; blades linear to broadly so, 10-25 cm. long, 12-20 mm. wide, gradually narrowed to an obtuse tip, slightly narrowed at base, the rachis lustrous, narrowly winged, obtuse to sub- acute, not winged on back; pinnae nearly all alike, firmly herbaceous, elliptic, ovate or oblong, 4-8(-10) mm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, spreading, rounded at apex, obliquely cuneate at base, obtusely toothed; sori usually less than 10 to a pinna; indusia about 1.5 mm. long. On rocks; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu-———Formosa to the Himalayas, Caucasus, Europe, S. Africa, Australia, N. and S. America. 6. Asplenium tripteropus Nakai. A. anceps var. prolt- ferum Nakai——Inu-cuasen-suipa. Closely allied to the pre- ceding, the stipes and rachis somewhat stouter, narrowly winged on back and margin, sometimes gemmate on upper part of rachis; rhizomes short, the scales lanceolate, about 3 mm. long, short-acuminate; fronds tufted; stipes 1-8 cm. long, chestnut-brown, lustrous, with 3 narrow brown wings; blades linear to broadly so, 7-25 cm. long, 15-25 mm. wide, gradually narrowed to an obtuse tip, slightly narrowed at base; pinnae oblong or oblong-ovate, sometimes elliptic, 5-13 mm. long, 3-6 mm. wide near base, rounded at the tip, obliquely cuneate at base, obtusely toothed, spreading, sessile; sori 2-10 on a pinna; indusia 1-2 mm. long——Honshu (Sagami and Etchu Proy., Kinki Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu=—\For- mosa and China. 7. Asplenium viride Huds. A. trichomanes var. ramo- sum \.—Ao-cuasen-sHipa. Rhizomes short, ascending, the scales linear-lanceolate to broadly linear, about 3 mm. long, entire, gray-brown; fronds tufted, glabrous; stipes erect, 2-5 cm. long, 0.5-1 mm. across, chestnut-brown, lustrous at least on lower half, green at tip, shallowly sulcate on upper side; blades suberect, linear to linear-lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, obtuse, not or slightly narrowed at base; pinnae 10-17 pairs, herbaceous, rhombic-ovate to rhombic-orbicular, 3-6 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, obtuse to very obtuse, oblique and broadly cuneate at base, with few obtuse teeth near tip, entire near base, sessile or very short-petiolulate, the costas and veins very slender, inconspicuous on both sides, the veins usually once forked; sori 2-6 on a pinna, on the lower portion of veins, subcostal; indusia 1-1.5(—2) mm. long——On rocks in alpine regions; Hokkaido, Honshu (centr. and Kanto Distr.), Shikoku (Mount Tsurugi in Awa Prov.); rare—— Sakhalin, Formosa to the Himalayas, Europe, and N. America. 8. Asplenium incisum Thunb. 4. elegantulum Hook. —Tora-No-o-suipa. | Rhizomes short, ascending, the scales membranous, broadly linear, 3-4 mm. long, gray-brown, en- tire; fronds smooth, somewhat dimorphic, the sterile ones smaller, 5-15 cm. long, with a short stipe 1-3 cm. long, the fertile erect, larger, 30 cm. long or more, with stipes 2-5 cm. long; blades oblanceolate, 7-30 cm. long, 2-7 cm. wide, acumi- base, the sterile fronds pinnate to bipinnatiparted, the fertile ones 2- or 3-pinnatiparted, the rachis green on upper side, mostly chestnut-brown beneath near base; pinnae herbaceous, very short-petiolulate or sessile, spreading, acutely to obtusely mucronate-toothed, the median fertile pinnae lanceolate-del- toid, 6-35 mm. long, 7-15 mm. wide near base, obtuse to acute, pinnately parted to pinnate, the lower pinnae reniform to orbicular, 5-10 mm. long and as wide, cordate at base, un- lobed or shallowly 3-lobed; sori few, nearer the costa or costule than the margin; indusia 1-2 mm. long——Lowlands and 94 ASPLENIACEAE low mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; com- mon.— Sakhalin, s. Kuriles, Kamchatka, Ryukyus, Korea, Manchuria, and China. 9. Asplenium coenobiale Hance. A. fuscipes Bak.; A. toramanum Makino—Kurocane-sHipA. Rhizomes short, erect, with a tuft of old stipes, the scales chartaceous, broadly linear, 4-5 mm. long, black-brown, entire; fronds tufted, with minute capitate hairlike scales while young; stipes erect, terete, nearly black, lustrous, 3-10 cm. long, 0.2-0.5 mm. across; blades narrowly deltoid, 4-8 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide, long- attenuate, subacute to obtuse at the tip, bipinnate in lower portion, simply pinnate in upper portion, the rachis sulcate on upper side; lower pinnae spreading, firmly herbaceous, nar- rowly oblong-ovate, 8-20 mm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, obtuse, sessile, the upper pinnae obliquely spreading, the lowest anterior pinnules slightly larger than the others; pinnules ob- liquely elliptic to oblong, 3-6 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, obtuse, often slightly imbricate, obtusely few-toothed, slightly de- current; veins and costules slender; sori solitary to few on the upper portion of the pinnules, subcostular; indusia 1-2 mm. long—Calcareous rocks; Shikoku; rare—China and Indo- china. 10. Asplenium prolongatum Hook. A. achilleifolium sensu auct. Japon., non Liebm. nec C. Chr.; A. rutaefolium sensu auct. Japon., non Kunze HINOKI-SHIDA. Rhizomes short, ascending, covered with basal remains of old stipes, the scales narrowly lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, acuminate, dark brown, with a narrow brown sparsely spined margin; fronds tufted; stipes flattened, sparsely scaly while young, 10-25 cm. long, the scales about 1 mm. long, spread- ing; blades 10-20 cm. long inclusive of the prolonged rachis gemmate at the tip, broadly lanceolate, bipinnate, the rachis green, flattened, with a slender raised midrib on upper side; pinnae 10-18 pairs, ascending, oblique, oblong to ovate, 15-40 mm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, obtuse, simply pinnate, petiolulate; pinnules about 5 pairs, herbaceous, ascending, linear, 5-10 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, obtuse, entire, the lower ones rarely 2 parted in vigorous fronds, l-veined; sori solitary on the pin- nules, linear; indusia 3-7 mm. long— Wet shaded rocks in mountains; Honshu (Izu and Kii Prov.), Shikoku, Kyushu. —s. Korea, Ryukyus, Formosa, China to India. 11. Asplenium ritoense Hayata. A. davallioides Hook., non Tausch; Humata dareoidea Mett.; A. dareoideum (Mett.) Makino, non Desv. KOZAKI-SHIDA. Rhizomes short, rather stout, ascending; stipes few together, green, flattened, sparsely scaly on the lower half, 7-20 cm. long, the scales linear-lanceolate, 3-6 mm. long, acuminate, spreading, dark brown, remotely few-spined; blades 2- or 3-pinnate, ovate to broadly so, 10-18 cm. long, 4-10 cm. wide, prolonged at the tip to a simply pinnate tail 1-4 cm. long, the rachis green, flat, with a rather broad slightly raised midrib on upper side; pinnae ascending, petiolulate the lower ones bipinnate to bipin- natiparted, larger, ovate-deltoid, 2.5-9 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, prolonged and simply pinnate at the tip, the petiolules 3-8 mm. long; pinnules thickly herbaceous, linear-oblong to lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, subacute to obtuse, the apical mostly arcuately spreading, entire or rarely bifid, green on both sides, slenderly 1-veined; sori solitary on a pinnule; indusia 2-3(-4) mm. long——Moist shaded places; Honshu (s. Kanto through Tokaido to s. Kinki Distr.), Shikoku, Kyushu.—s. Korea (Quelpaert Isl.), Ryukyus, Formosa, and s. China. 12. Asplenium trigonopterum Kunze. A. mertensi- anum Kunze——OBANO-HINOKI-SHIDA. Rhizomes stout, as- cending; fronds 50-100 cm. long; stipes stout, light green, grooved on upper side toward tip, naked on upper portion, with pale brown, lanceolate scales 8-10 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide at base; blades narrowly ovate-oblong, 3- or 4-pinnati- parted, glabrous; pinnae 10-15 pairs, obliquely spreading, 12-17 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, 2- or 3-pinnate; pinnules firmly herbaceous, ascending, green, slightly paler beneath, the sterile ones narrowly rhombic-ovate, 15-30 mm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, subobtuse, cuneate at base, more or less irregularly ob- tuse-toothed, often parted in lower half, the fertile pinnules finely and pinnately cut, the segments ascending, broadly linear, 5-10 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, 1-veined, entire, the rachis flattened, green, with a slender raised midrib on upper side; sori solitary on the pinnules or teeth; indusia linear, 3-5 mm. long——Honshu (Hachijo Isl.); rare———Bonins and Formosa. 13. Asplenium sarelii Hook. A. saulii Hook. ex Bak.; A. blakistoniti Bak—Kosa-No-HINOKI-SHIDA. Rhizomes short, erect to ascending, scaly; stipes pale green, 1.5-10 cm. long, slender, sparsely scaly on lower half while young, the basal scales lanceolate, 2-4 mm. long, long-attenuate, fili- form at the tip, those on upper part of stipe and on blade very sparse, fugacious, hairlike; blades ovate to narrowly so, 5-15 cm. long, 2.5-6.5 cm. wide, bipinnate, acute to short-acuminate, not narrowed at base; pinnae spreading, deltoid-lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm. wide, acute to short-acuminate, short-petiolulate; pinnules spreading to ascending, ovate to rhombic-ovate, ob- tuse to subacute, cuneate at base, short-petiolulate, cut nearly to the base into a few segments; ultimate pinnules herbaceous, broadly oblanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, cuneate at base, with a few acute teeth and sometimes lobes on upper margin, entire at base; sori few on a pinnule, ascending; indusia 1.5-3 mm. long——Honshu (Kanto through Tokaido to Kinki Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu.—Ryukyus, Korea, China to the Himalayas. Var. pekinense (Hance) C. Chr. A. pekinense Hance; A. sepulchrale Hook.; A. abbreviatum Makino—Toxtwa-Tora- No-o. Stipes usually about 5 cm. long; blades broadly lan- ceolate, nearly 15-30 mm. wide, acute; pinnae deltoid to broadly ovate, acute to obtuse, subsessile, the pinnules slightly thicker, slightly broader, more closely arranged, and less cuneately narrowed at base——Occurs with the typical variety. 14. Asplenium wilfordii Mett. Tarachia wilfordi (Mett.) H. Itc——Aocane-sHwa. Rhizomes ascending to short-creeping, clothed with basal remains of old stipes; fronds tufted; stipes firm, pale green to purplish, dull, 2-grooved on upper side, 10-25 cm. long, about 1.5 mm. across, very sparsely scaly in upper part, densely so at base, the scales linear-lanceo- late, 3-6 mm. long, deep brown, gradually narrowed to a long filiform tip, entire; blades oblong-ovate to ovate, 15-35 cm. long, 4-10 cm. wide, acute to short-acuminate, nearly glabrous, 3- or 4-pinnatiparted; pinnae 8-10 pairs, obliquely spreading, deltoid-ovate, acuminate, petiolulate; lower pinnules petiolu- late; ultimate pinnules firmly herbaceous, oblanceolate-cuneate, 4-7 mm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, ascending, unlobed or deeply 3-fid, usually bidentate at the tip, deep green above, whitish green beneath; veins 1-3 in the segments, nearly parallel, slender, often once forked at the tip; sori 1-3 to a segment; indusia linear, 1-3 mm. long, closely parallelHonshu (Izu Prov. through Tokaido to Kinki Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu—Ryukyus, Formosa, and s. Korea. 15. Asplenium pseudowilfordii Tagawa. 4. calcicola ASPLENIACEAE 95 H. Ité, non Tagawa——Oxutama-suipa. _ Intermediate be- tween the preceding and No. 16 but differing in the bipinnate blades; rhizomes short-creeping to ascending, with many stipes, the scales linear-lanceolate, 4-6 mm. long, long-acumi- nate, entire, dark brown; stipes 5-15 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. across, green, slightly flattened, sulcate on upper side, often dull purplish beneath, sparsely scaly, the scales spreading, deciduous, broadly linear, 2-3 mm. long; blades broadly lanceolate, 10-20 cm. long, 3.5-7 cm. wide, acuminate, bipinnate; pinnae 10-15 pairs, deltoid-ovate, 2-5 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, acute to acuminate with an obtuse tip, obliquely spreading, the petio- lules 2-7 mm. long; pinnules firmly herbaceous, 5-15 mm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, cuneate at base, sessile, ascending, unlobed or slightly incised, entire except for a few obtuse teeth at the subtruncate tip, the costules and veins slender, nearly parallel; sori few on a pinnule; indusia 2-6 mm. long, straight—— Honshu (Musashi, Suruga, Hida, Tanba Prov.); rare. 16. Asplenium yoshinagae Makino. Tarachia yoshina- gae (Makino) H. Ité; A. laciniatum forma viviparum Wu; A. planicaule var. yoshinagae (Makino) Tagawa——Toxiwa- sHipa. | Rhizomes short-ascending to suberect, rather stout, densely scaly, the scales dark brown, broadly linear, 4-6 mm. long, about 0.5 mm. wide, with a long-filiform tip, entire; stipes more or less flattened, green, often dull purplish on lower side, sulcate on upper side, 5-15 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, very sparsely scaly, the scales linear, 1-2.5 mm. long, spreading; blades linear to broadly lanceolate, 10-30 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, acuminate, the rachis nearly glabrous, gem- mate; pinnae 10-20 pairs, spreading, oblique, oblong-ovate, 15-40 mm. long, 7-10 mm. wide, obtuse or somewhat elon- gate and acute, obliquely cuneate at base, the posterior side entire on lower half, irregularly 2- to few-lobed, truncate and obtusely toothed at the tip, the petiolules 3-5 mm. long; sori along the costas, few to a pinna, linear; indusia 3-7 mm. long, straight, narrow—Honshu (Kanto through Tokaido to Kinki Distr.), Shikoku, Kyushu-——s. China to the Hima- layas. 17. Asplenium varians Hook. & Grev. A. capillipes Makino; A. varians var. sakurati Rosenst.; Gymnogramma fauriei Christ; Anogramme faurie: (Christ) C. Chr.; Asple- nium subvarians Ching; A. stobarense Koidz.; A. varians forma obtusilobum Miyabe & Kudéd——Iwa-tora-No-o. Rhi- zomes short, the scales membranous, deltoid-lanceolate, 1 mm. long, long-acuminate, entire, dark brown; stipes pale green, subcapillary to very slender, 1-10 cm. long, brownish at base, with minute hairlike scales while young; blades membra- nous, oblong-ovate to narrowly oblong, 2-10(-15) cm. long, 1-3(-4) cm. wide, bipinnate, the smaller ones bipinnatiparted, obtuse to acuminate; pinnae 3-8 pairs, obliquely spreading, ovate to rhombic-ovate, the smaller ones rhombic-orbicular, usually short-petiolulate, pinnate to subternate, the ultimate ternate, 4-20(-30) mm. long, obtuse; pinnules membranous, few, obovate or rhombic-ovate, 3-5 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, with coarse l-veined teeth or lobes; sori ascending, few on a pinnule; indusia thinly membranous, oblong to linear, 1-3 mm. long, white——Hokkaido (Kamuikotan, fide Miyabe & Kudo), Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu-———China to India. 18. Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Acrostichum ruta-mu- raria (L.) Lam.; Amesium ruta-muraria (L.) Newm.; Ta- rachia ruta-muraria (L.) Presl—Icu6-surpa. Rhizomes short, densely clothed with the basal remains of old stipes, the attenuate; fronds 3-10 cm. long, tufted; stipes 2-6 cm. long, pale green on upper part, brown at base, with capitate glands and deciduous linear scales; blades ovate to deltoid-ovate, obtuse, 1.5-4 cm. long, 1.3-2.5 cm. wide, bipinnatifid to bipinnate, the rachis sulcate on upper side; pinnae 1-3 pairs, alternate, the lowest largest, petiolulate, 2- or 3-parted or pin- nate; pinnules coriaceous, 3-5, flabellate to rhombic-orbicular, or cuneate-obovate, 3-6 mm. long, nearly as wide, rounded to very obtuse, broadly cuneate and entire on lower half, mi- nutely toothed on upper half, flat on both sides; veins palmate, concealed, parallel; sori few on the center near base of pin- nules, parallel, linear, confluent; indusia 2-3 mm. long— Calcareous rocks; Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu=—Formosa to the Himalayas, n. Asia to Europe, and N. America. 19. Asplenium wrightii Eaton. 4. wrightii var. fauriet Christ; 4. centrochinense Christ; A. wrightioides Christ KuruMaA-sHIDA. Rhizomes stout, ascending, clothed with the basal remains of old stipes; stipes 20-40 cm. long, pale green to slightly purplish, sulcate on upper side, scaly, about 4 mm. across near base, the scales narrowly lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long, 1-1.2 mm. wide near base, brown, sparsely ciliate; blades broadly lanceolate, 30-50 cm. long, 15-25 cm. wide, simply pinnate, nearly naked, contracted in upper portion, short-acuminate; pinnae 13-20 pairs, herbaceous, obliquely spreading, short-petiolulate, linear-lanceolate, 10-17 cm. long, 1-2(-2.5) cm. wide, falcate, long-caudate, obliquely cuneate and entire at base, simply to doubly acute- or mucronate- toothed, unlobed or sometimes pinnately parted, glabrous; costas rather slender, raised on upper side, the veins ascend- ing, rather remote, usually once to thrice forked; sori mostly in 2 series on the pinnae, ascending, very slightly curved, linear, nearer the costa than the margin, or nearly median; indusia (3-)6-12(-15) mm. long, 1-1.2 mm. wide-——Hon- shu (Izu Proy. through Tokaido to Kinki and Chigoku Distr.), Shikoku, Kyushu—Ryukyus, Formosa, and China. Var. shikokianum (Makino) Makino. A. shikokianum Makino—HayYaMa-sHIDA. Pinnae deltoid-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, petiolulate, pinnately dissected, with a rather prominently winged rachis; pinnules ovate, cuneate at base; veins pinnately branched—Honshu (Totomi, Kii, and Ise Prov.), Shikoku (Tosa Prov.), Kyushu (Hyuga Prov.) China and Formosa. 20. Asplenium griffithianum Hook. 4. nakanoanum Makino—Fusa-saJI-RAN. Rhizomes short-creeping, 3-5 mm. across, the scales rather dense, narrowly lanceolate, about 5 mm. long, acuminate, dark brown; blades thickly herbaceous, simple, narrowly oblanceolate, 15-23 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. wide, acuminate with a short obtuse entire tip, gradually narrowed at base to the short winged stipe, crenate-toothed on upper half, deep green and glabrous on upper side, paler beneath, with minute appressed lobed scales sometimes with a black- brown short apical tail; costas slightly raised on both sides, whitish and slender on upper side, broader beneath, the scales broadly linear, dark brown, about 3 mm. long, long- veins obliquely spreading, slender, scarcely visible, simple or forked, ending short of the slightly cartilaginous hyaline mar- gin; sori linear, obliquely spreading, straight, parallel, between the margin and the costa; indusia 4-8 mm. long, entire. Kyushu (Yakushima) ——Formosa, China to India. 21. Asplenium ensiforme Wall. ex Hook. & Grev. 4. bicuspe Hayata, in syn.; Diplazium bicuspe Hayata—Hoxo- GATA-SHIDA. Fronds tufted, 20-30 cm. long; scales on rhi- zomes and basal part of stipes lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, dark brown; blades herbaceous-coriaceous, linear-oblanceolate, 96 ASPLENIACEAE; POLYPODIACEAE 1-1.5(-2) cm. wide, gradually narrowed at base to the short winged stipe, subentire to remotely undulate-toothed, scarcely cartilaginous on margin, sometimes bifid, nearly glabrous on both sides; costa slightly raised on both sides; veins parallel, once-forked; sori elongate, suberect to ascending, mostly on the anterior branchlet of veins, distant, straight; indusia 7-20 mm. long—Kyushu (s. distr.) ; rare——Formosa and sw. China to India. 22. Asplenium scolopendrium L. Phyjllitis scolopen- drium (L.) Newm.; Scolopendrium vulgare Smith; S. of- ficinarum Sw.—Ko-rTant-watart. Rhizomes ascending to short-creeping, clothed with basal remains of old stipes; stipes 10-20 cm. long, shorter than the blades, densely scaly while young, the scales membranous, deltoid-lanceolate, 5-8 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide near base, long-filiform at the tip, brown, spreading, flexuous, very sparingly ciliate; blades chartaceous- herbaceous, simple, narrowly to broadly lanceolate, 15-40 cm. long, 3.5-6 cm. wide, acute, cordate-auriculate at base, entire to undulate, green above, slightly paler and with minute brown scales beneath while young, indistinctly hyaline on margin; costa with brown linear scales while young, especially beneath, the veins very slender, once or twice forked, the veinlets closely parallel, spreading, ending short of the margin; sori on upper two-thirds of blade, linear, paired, straight, spreading, parallel; indusia membranous, 7-25 mm. long, the pairs overlapping while young—Shaded slopes and rocks in mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu.—s. Kuriles, Sakhalin, Caucasus and Asia Minor to Europe, and N. America. 23. Asplenium antiquum Makino. Thamnopteris an- tiqua (Makino) Makino; Neottopteris antiqua (Makino) Masam.; A. nidus L. forma intermedia Mett., pro parte; A. nidus sensu auct. Japon., non L.; Neottopteris rigida Fée var. erubescens Nakai TANI-WATARI, O-TANI-waTaRI. Rhizomes short, erect; fronds tufted, obliquely spreading; blades coriaceous, lustrous, vivid-green, scarcely paler beneath, simple, linear-oblanceolate, 70-100 cm. long, 7-10(-12) cm. wide, en- tire or nearly so, abruptly acute to short-acuminate, or grad- ually narrowed at both ends, somewhat decurrent on the short stipe, scaly beneath while very young; stipes very short to nearly obsolete, winged in upper portion, the scales at base firmly membranous, gray-brown, linear-lanceolate, 2=2.5 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, acuminate, loosely toothed on margin toward tip; costa rather stout, flat on upper side, raised and obtuse beneath, often brownish toward base, the veins often once forked near base, spreading, straight, close, connected with a marginal vein; sori occupying nearly the whole length of the veinlets on upper half of the fronds; indusia entire, about 0.7 mm. wide——Tree-trunks; Honshu (Hachijo Isl. and Kii Prov.), Shikoku, Kyushu——Ryukyus to Formosa. Kumo-no-su-sHIDA ZOKU 2. CAMPTOSORUS Link Terrestrial; rhizomes short; scales linear, attenuate, clathrate; blades herbaceous, simple, lanceolate to linear, gradually pro- longed and gemmate at the tip, cordate to cuneate or acute at base, glabrous; veins forking and freely anastomosing; sori rather irregularly disposed——T wo species, 1 in N. America, the other in e. Asia. 1. Camptosorus sibiricus Rupr. Scolopendrium sibiri- cum (Rupr.) Hook.; Phyllitis sibirica (Rupr.) O. Kuntze; Asplenium ruprechtii Kurata——KuMo-No-su-sHIDA. Rhi- zomes small, short-ascending to erect, the scales brown, nar- rowly lanceolate, about 3 mm. long, acuminate, usually entire; fronds evergreen, glabrous; stipes slender, 1-10 cm. long, pale green, the larger ones usually purple-brown and lustrous on lower half, naked except for a few small basal scales; blades linear to linear-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, long-tapering and usually rooting at the tip, usually cuneate usually elliptic, 7-30 mm. long, rounded to acuminate, usually long-stipitate, costas raised beneath, the veins slender, scarcely visible on either side, once to thrice forked, ascending, the veinlets not reaching the margin, partially anastomosing and forming areolae in a few irregular rows along the costa; sori linear to oblong, ascending to spreading, 1-5 mm. long, the longer ones mostly along the costa; indusia entire, membra- nous, straight or slightly recurved—Calcareous rocks; Hok- kaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu-——Korea, Manchuria, n. China to s. Siberia. at base, undulate to obsoletely crenate, the small sterile blades Fam. 20. POLYPODIACEAE Mostly epiphytic, rarely terrestrial; rhizomes creeping or sometimes ascending, dictyostelic, scaly, the scales usually broad and peltate, very rarely bristlelike or hairlike; fronds usually jointed at base of stipe, simple to pinnate, with free or reticulate venation; sori exindusiate, typically round, sometimes elongate along the veins———About 65 genera, with about 1,000 species, abundant in the Tropics. UrazosHt Ka — Polypody Family 1A. Rhizomes hairy; fronds dimorphic; fertile blades much narrower than the sterile; paraphyses capitate. .............. 1. Cheiropleuria 1B. Rhizomes scaly. 2A. Veins anastomosing, or if not the blades more than 2 cm. wide. S Ame brondstusuallyadimorphicuwithystellaterscalessreteieeer iii ae esi aati eieecicictleleleieielsiete lett ister iris 7. Pyrrosia 3B. Fronds usually all alike, the scales not stellate. 4A. Veins free, or if anastomosing the areolae with a simple ascending veinlet, or the veinlet absent; paraphyses none or filamentous, rarely clathrate or stellate. 5A. Blades pinnatifid or compound, scarcely fleshy; sori round. ...........---- eee eee ee eee eee 2. Polypodium Bape bladesisimplewentiresfeshysssoriveloncate meee eeneiceieeeciiecince eriicieeeieciise cect iieiserars 13. Loxogramme 4B. Veins anastomosing, with variously directed or branched veinlets in the areolae. 6A. Paraphyses peltate. 7A. Fronds strongly dimorphic, the sterile elliptic to ovate or obovate, the fertile linear to oblanceolate. .... 5. Lemmaphyllum 7B. Fronds all alike (somewhat dimorphic in Crypsinus). PoLYPODIACEAE 97 8A. Sori round or nearly so. GV iter ealehleolGy coneuonuacodu bUOnOUUCOdO 9B. Fronds herbaceous. ........--++ee+eeeeeees Be GOR BOGUS GO RUT DACOHOCU DoE Conon On poe DOCOd 3. Pleopeltis NATOC CD OR CO gC AGO EEG GO OC ALLO TOURS DACMApC OT 4. Neocheiropteris 8B. Sori elongate, one on each side of the linear blade, parallel to the costa. .......+-+-+++esseeeeeeeee 6. Drymotaenium 6B. Paraphyses filamentous, simple or branched, or none. 10A. Blades serrulate to remotely notched or toothed. .. 10B. Blades entire, the lobes entire. PEAT arS Terre voraie AK CLRToTe cn etei att etefay=sokeye ict oNevalacehe axeiave, ai eter oreers 10. Crypsinus 11A. Sori scattered, or in a single series on each side of the costa. .....--. 0. eee eee ence eee erect eee 8. Microsorium 11B. Sori in a single series between the veins, often fused in a continuous line. ........-.-0+0seeee seers eeeeee 9. Colysis 2B. Veins free; blades 2-8 mm. wide. MP AmpeBladesicim pleats, -/arctsicielets:-/0 clatelvre) seve afarereveie ol elm\clsyrieled>:s 12B. Blades pinnatiparted. 13A. Veins of the segments simple or forked. ............. 13B. Veins of the segments pinnately branched. ........... J. CHEIROPLEUBIA Presl BS ES GOA CHOC OCOD DTC SoC Sern 11. Grammitis BOOS SETI COCR DI OCC DOC ROD OM eR OOTO OT ttd 12. Xiphopteris OP bss Shsschss ete elcid rarapct axe ps Temactnys vars tokeratay chee iv ropepe sta 14. Ctenopteris Sujt-nirotsuza Zoku Terrestrial; rhizomes creeping, with soft brownish hairs; fronds dimorphic; stipes approximate, erect, slender, not jointed with the rhizomes; sterile blades ovate to rounded, often 2-lobed, glabrous, entire; veinlets forming small areolae; fertile blades simple, entire, much narrower than the sterile; sporangia covering the entire blade; paraphyses capitate-——One species. 1. Cheiropleuria bicuspis (Bl.) Presl. Polypodium bi- cuspe Bl.; Acrostichum bicuspe (Bl.) Hook.; A. bicuspe Hook. var. integrifolium Eaton ex Hook.; C. bicuspis var. integrifolia Eaton ex Matsum. & Hayata——Sujr-nitotsusa. Firm evergreen fern; rhizomes creeping, with close stipes, 4-8 mm. across, densely covered with pale brown hairs 4-6 mm. long; stipes 15-40 cm. long, lustrous, straw-colored, glabrous in upper part, hairy at base, those of the fertile fronds slightly longer than the sterile; sterile blades coriaceous-herbaceous, nearly concolorous, broadly lanceolate to ovate, 8-20 cm. long, 2-8 cm. wide, obtuse, entire or bifid at apex, rounded at base and then abruptly acute, 3- to 5-nerved; fertile blades broadly linear, 10-18 cm. long, about 1 cm. wide, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves marginal; sporangia densely covering the surface except on the costa-——Hills and low mountains; Honshu (Izu Isls., Totomi Proy., and s. Kinki Distr.), Shikoku, Kyushu; rare. —Ryukyus, Formosa, and China to Malaysia. 2. POLYPODIUM L. Ezo-DENDA ZoKU Epiphytic, rarely terrestrial; rhizomes creeping, dictyostelic, scaly; stipes jointed at base; blades usually uniform, pinnatifid or compound, glabrous or pubescent, sometimes scaly, the veins forked or branching, free or anastomosing and forming areolae each with one simple excurrent included veinlet; sori dorsal, terminal or nearly so on the lowest anterior veinlet, typically round, superficial, exindusiate; paraphyses absent or filamentous, rarely clathrate or stellate——About 75 species, mostly in the N. Hemisphere, abundant in the American Tropics. 1A. Veins free. 2A. Blades glabrous beneath; scales of rhizomes lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long. 3A. Scales of rhizomes concolorous; blades oblong-ovate to broadly lanceolate; sori medial or slightly nearer the costa. . 1. P. vulgare 3B. Scales of rhizomes with dark brown median band; blades linear- to oblong-lanceolate; sori supramedial. ..... 2. P. virginianum 2B. Blades thinly pubescent beneath; scales of rhizomes ovate, 2-3 mm. long. ......--. eee ee eee eee eee eee e eee eee 3. P. faurici 1B. Veins anastomosing and forming at least one row of areolae along the costa. 4A. Rhizomes nearly naked, usually glaucous; pinnae entire or nearly so, the costa not or scarcely decurrent. SA.) Bladesjoften velvety beneath: < 5B. Blades thinly pubescent on both sides. ............+++0e- By COO UEC OC OE GOGO AOL GHEE C00 OM IROOOO 4. P. niponicum AOL Oppo con oe coco cee dpocoodons sUDD Gpoaco 5. P. formosanum 4B. Rhizomes with purple-brown scales, especially prominent at the insertion of the stipes; pinnae more or less crenate-toothed, the costa CLECUT TENE not sysiers'o acer axavares sitretatar sete Ne otctel tet ron ctalerec¥s eheboraye 1. Polypodium vulgare L. O-£zo-pEeNnpa. Rhizomes creeping, rather stout to somewhat slender, densely scaly, the scales ascending, membranous, brown, broadly lanceolate, 2.54.5 mm. long, 1-1.2 mm. wide, gradually narrowed, short- filiform at the tip; fronds glabrous; stipes straw-colored; blades firmly herbaceous, oblong-ovate to broadly lanceolate, 6-10 cm. long, 4-5 cm. wide, pinnately parted nearly to the rachis, glabrous, the rachis stout and raised on both sides; segments 10-15 pairs, horizontally spreading, linear-oblong, 5-7 mm. wide, obsoletely crenate, very obtuse; costa slender, raised beneath, the veins not prominent on either side; sori orbicular, medial or slightly nearer the costa——Tree-trunks and rocks; Hokkaido, Honshu (mountains n. distr., very rare and local westw.).——Kuriles, Korea (Dagelet Isl.), China, Tibet, Si- beria to Europe, and N. America. SCHE CO OM OC ORROG,.C0c.00 bCOSC be SoUO ribo. Ono OOU RG 6. P. someyae 2. Polypodium virginianum L. _P. vulgare var. virgin- ianum (L.) Eaton——Ezo-pEnpa. Rhizomes creeping, rather slender, 1.5-3 mm. across, the scales lanceolate, 34 mm. long, gradually narrowed to a filiform tip, slightly dilated at base, with a dark brown median band, sparsely ciliolate; fronds glabrous; stipes straw-colored, rather slender, 5-12 cm. long; blades firmly herbaceous, linear- to oblong-lanceolate, 7-20 cm. long, 2.5-4(-5) cm. wide, pinnatiparted; segments 12-25 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, 4-7 mm. wide, very obtuse, crenately toothed toward the tip; costas slender, the veins not visible on either side; sori orbicular, nearer the margin than the costa——Treetrunks and rocks; Hokkaido, Honshu (centr. and n. distr.) ; rare-——Sakhalin, Korea, China, Mon- golia, Manchuria, e. Siberia to N. America. 98 PoLYPODIACEAE 8. Polypodium fauriei Christ. P. vulgare var. japoni- cum Fr. & Sav.; P. japonicum (Fr. & Sav.) Maxon, non Houtt. — OSsHAGUJI-DENDA. Rhizomes rather slender, 2-3 mm. across, long-creeping, densely scaly, the scales brown, mem- branous, spreading, ovate, 2-3 mm. long, abruptly contracted to a short filiform point; stipes rather short, 3-6 cm. long, straw-colored, glabrous on upper portion, slightly scaly at base; blades chartaceous to herbaceous, narrowly ovate to broadly lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, 2.5-8 cm. wide, usually slightly narrowed at base, glabrous on upper side, sparsely crisped-pubescent beneath, pinnately parted, the rachis raised on both sides; segments 15-25 pairs, horizontally spreading, linear-lanceolate to broadly linear, 3-5 mm. wide, obtuse to subacute, usually obsoletely crenate toward the apex, the costas slender, slightly raised on both sides, the veins not visible; sori orbicular, medial——Tree-trunks and rocks in mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, rather rare——s. Ku- riles and Korea (Quelpaert Isl.). 4. Polypodium niponicum Mett. Marginaria niponica (Mett.) Nakai——Aone-Kazura. Rhizomes long-creeping, 45 mm. across, green, somewhat glaucous, fleshy, sparsely scaly, the scales appressed, deltoid-ovate, 15-2 mm. long, acuminate, rounded to subcordate at base, peltately attached, clathrate; stipes straw-colored, 7-15 cm. long, nearly glabrous; blades broadly lanceolate to oblong-ovate, 15-30 cm. long, 5-10(-12) cm. wide, pinnately parted, puberulent on upper side, densely so and often velvety beneath; segments 15-25 pairs, horizontally spreading, the lower 1 or 2 pairs some- times slightly deflexed, oblong-lanceolate to narrowly lanceo- late 6-10 mm. wide, obtuse to acute, subentire, the costas very slender, the veins scarcely visible; sori orbicular, nearer the costa than the margin——Mossy rocks and tree-trunks in hills and low mountains; Honshu (Musashi and Sagami Proy. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu.—s. China. 8. PLEOPELTIS Humb. & Bonpl. 5. Polypodium formosanum Bak. Marginaria formo- sana (Bak.) Nakai; P. lukiuense Christ——Tatwan-aone- KAZURA. Rhizomes long-creeping, stout, 4-6 mm. across, terete, somewhat glaucous, nearly naked except for scattered minute scales toward the tip; stipes terete, pale brown to straw-colored, slightly lustrous, 15-30 cm. long, 2-3 mm. across, glabrous or nearly so; blades herbaceous, narrowly oblong-ovate, 30-50 cm. long, 10-15 cm. wide, pinnately parted, thinly puberulent on both sides, the rachis short- pilose above; segments 20-30 pairs, horizontally spreading, lin- ear-lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm. wide, acute, nearly entire; costa slen- der, thinly short-pilose on upper side; sori slightly nearer the costa than the margin——Kyushu (Yakushima); rare-—— Formosa. 6. Polypodium someyae Yatabe. Marginaria someyae (Yatabe) Nakai——MydcrsHwa. Rhizomes long-creeping, 3-4 mm. across, prominently scaly, especially at the base of stipes, the scales linear-lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, long- acuminate, ciliolate, minutely clathrate; stipes straw-colored to pale green, somewhat lustrous, slender, glabrous on upper portion with a fascicle of scales at base; blades thinly herbaceous, ovate to narrowly so, 12-25 cm. long, 7-12 cm. wide, abruptly contracted above and caudate at the tip, pin- nately parted, nearly glabrous beneath, puberulent on upper side, especially on the rachis and costas; segments 7-15 pairs, spreading, linear-lanceolate, 6-15 mm. wide, obtuse, usually slightly falcate, crenately toothed, the costa slender, raised on both sides, slightly flexuous, decurrent on the rachis, the veins more or less visible on both sides; sori medial—Mossy rocks in mountains; Honshu (Musashi and Kotsuke Prov.), Shikoku; very rare. NoxrsHinosu Zoku Epiphytic; rhizomes elongate, dictyostelic, scaly; fronds coriaceous, jointed at base to the rhizome, simple or rarely pinnatifid, entire, with peltate scales on one or both sides, or nearly naked; veins and veinlets freely anastomosing; sori borne at the union of several veinlets, typically round, rarely elongate or fused and parallel to the costa, protected at least at first by peltate paraphyses with a flat expanded apex—About 40 species, Hawaii, Japan, Philippines, Sumatra, Africa, and tropical America. 1A. Scales of rhizomes lanceolate, gradually long-attenuate, 2.5—4 mm. long. 2A. Fronds coriaceous, the veins not distinct. 3A. Stipes often very short, 2-30 mm. long. 4A. Rhizomes 2-3 mm. across; fronds 12-30 cm. long, 5—15 mm. wide; stipes 1-3 cm. long. ................ 1. P. thunbergiana 4B. Rhizomes about 1 mm. across; fronds 3—7 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; stipes 2—7 mm. long. ...............--++- 2. P. onoei 3B. Stipes slender, 3-6 cm. long; blades 5-10 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, rather abruptly narrowed at both ends. ....... 3. P. uchiyamae 2B. Fronds chartaceous when dry, the veins distinct on both surfaces. ........... 0c eee ee cece ee eee e tee e eee eneee 4. P. clathrata 1B. Scales of rhizomes ovate, abruptly acuminate, 1-2 mm. long. 5A. Rhizomes long-creeping, slender; fronds remote; blades linear-lanceolate, 0.5-1.5 cm. wide. ........ 5. P. ussuriensis var. distans 5B. Rhizomes short-creeping; fronds closer and more numerous; blades usually lanceolate, wider. 6A. Sori nearer the costa than the margin; blades often acuminate to caudate, sometimes with an isolated pair of sori at the tip. 6. P. tosaensis 6B. Sori between the costa and margin; blades acuminate, sometimes with an obtuse tip, without isolated sori at the tip. 7. P. annuifrons 1. Pleopeltis thunbergiana Kaulf. Lepisorus thunber- minutely dentate; fronds evergreen, glabrous, 12-30 cm. long; gianus (Kaulf.) Ching; Polypodium lineare Thunb., non Burm.; Pleopeltis linearis (Thunb.) Moore, non Kaulf.; Poly- podium lineare var. thunbergianum (Kaulf.) Takeda; Pleopel- tis elongata sensu Kunze, non Kaulf. NoKI-SHINOBU. Evergreen glabrous fern; rhizomes long-creeping, 2-3 mm. across, densely scaly, the scales ascending, linear-subulate, 3-4 mm. long, dilated and ovate-cordate at base, dark brown, stipes 1-3 cm. long; blades coriaceous, linear to broadly so, 5-15 mm. wide, gradually acuminate, gradually narrowed at base, entire, somewhat recurved on margin, entire, dark green above, paler beneath, the costa prominent on both sides, usually with minute ovate appressed scales on lower half be- neath; sori round, on upper half of blades, close to nearly contiguous at maturity, medial—Tree-trunks and rocks in POLYPODIACEAE 99 lowlands and low mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; common.—Koorea, Formosa, China, Indochina, and Philippines. 2. Pleopeltis onoei (Fr. & Sav. Okuyama. Polypodium onoei Fr. & Sav.; Lepisorus onoei (Fr. & Sav.) Ching—— HIME-NOKI-SHINOBU. Rhizomes long-creeping, slender, about 1 mm. across, rather densely scaly, the scales appressed, lanceolate, 2.5-3 mm. long, acuminate, dark brown, slightly paler toward the margin, rounded to obscurely lobed at base; fronds evergreen, remote, 3-7 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, gla- brous; stipes 2-7 mm. long; blades coriaceous, linear to linear- spathulate, 2-5 mm. wide, mostly broadest below the rounded or very obtuse apex, the margins very slightly recurved, en- tire, deep green above, paler beneath; costa slender, the veins invisible; sori few, on upper portion of the blade, median, round.——Mossy rocks and tree-trunks in mountains; Hok- kaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; rather common.—Korea. 8. Pleopeltis uchiyamae (Makino) Ohwi. Polypodium uchiyamae Makino; Lepisorus uchiyamae (Makino) H. Ito —Ko-vRABosHI. Rhizomes slender, creeping, about 2 mm. across, rather densely scaly at least toward tip, the scales rather thin, clathrate, ascending to obliquely spreading, lan- ceolate, (2-)2.5-3 mm. long, acuminate-attenuate, rounded to cordate at base, toothed; fronds evergreen, remote, 5-15 cm. long, glabrous; stipes 3-6 cm. long; blades thinly coriaceous, narrowly lanceolate to broadly linear, 5-10 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, usually rather abruptly narrowed at both ends, the mar- gins very slightly recurved, entire, paler beneath; costa raised on both sides or often scarcely so above, the veins invisible; sori round, on upper part of blade——Rocks near seacoast; Honshu (Tokaido and s. Kinki Distr.), Shikoku, Kyushu; rare—Ryukyus. 4, Pleopeltis clathrata (C. B. Clarke) Bedd. Polypo- dium clathratum C. B. Clarke; Lepisorus clathratus (C. B. Clark) Ching; Polypodium papakense Masam.; L. clathratus var. namegatae Kurata; Pleopeltis clathrata var. namegatae (Kurata) Ohwi——Toyocucut-uraposui. Rhizomes creeping, densely scaly, 1-1.5 mm. across, the scales deep brown, mem- branous, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, acuminate, clathrate with large oblong thin cells, rounded and peltate at base, with few slender teeth; stipes 14 cm. long, straw-colored, glabrous; blades lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, 6-15 mm. wide, gradually narrowed at both ends, entire or slightly undulate, pale green, glabrous, thinly dispersed with small scales while young, the costa dis- tinct, raised below; sori slightly nearer the costa than the 4, NEOCHEIROPTERIS Christ margin—Honshu (Shinano Prov.); China, and n. India to Siberia. 5. Pleopeltis ussuriensis Regel & Maack var. distans (Makino) Okuyama. Polypodium lineare var. distans Ma- kino; Polypodium distans (Makino) Makino; Polypodium annuifrons var. distans (Makino) Nakai; Polypodium us- suriense sensu auct. Japon., non Regel——MryaMa-NokI- SHINOBU. Rhizomes slender, long-creeping, about 1.5 mm. across, densely scaly toward the tip, the scales appressed, deltoid-ovate, 0.5-0.7 mm. long, abruptly acuminate, black- brown; fronds evergreen, remote, 10-20 cm. long, glabrous; stipes 2-5 cm. long; blades thinly coriaceous, linear-lanceolate, 0.5-1.5 cm. wide, acuminate at both ends, entire, the margins sometimes slightly recurved, green, with minute appressed ovate scales along the costa beneath while young; costa raised on both sides, the veins invisible; sori on upper half of the blade, medial——Mossy rocks and tree-trunks in mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu——s. Kuriles. The typical variety occurs in e. Siberia, Manchuria, China, and Ko- rea. 6. Pleopeltis tosaensis (Makino) Ohwi. Polypodium tosaense Makino; Lepisorus tosaensis (Makino) H. Ito; Poly- podium lineare var. caudatum Makino; Polypodium lineare var. contortum sensu auct. Japon., non Christ——TsuxkusuI- NOKI-SHINOBU, ONAGA-URABOSHI. Rhizomes short-creeping, densely scaly, 2-3 mm. across, the scales brown, broadly ovate, 2(-2.5) mm. long, abruptly contracted at the tip, linear- attenuate; fronds evergreen, approximate, 15-30 cm. long; stipes 0.5-3 cm. long; blades thinly coriaceous, lanceolate to narrowly so, broadest below the middle, acuminate to caudate, often gradually attenuate at the base, deep green above, paler beneath, glabrous or thinly scaly while young along the lower half of the costa beneath; costa slender; sori mostly in 2 series, much nearer the costa than the margin, sometimes with an isolated pair on the apical tail of blade——Honshu (s. Kinki Distr.), Shikoku, Kyushu=—Formosa and China. 7. Pleopeltis annuifrons (Makino) Nakai. Polypodium annuifrons Makino; Lepisorus annuifrons (Makino) Ching —Horersuwa. Rhizomes creeping, 2-3 mm. across, densely scaly, the scales dark brown, ovate-deltoid, 1.5-2 mm. long, abruptly contracted at the tip to a linear tail; fronds deciduous, 10-25 cm. long; stipes 1-4 cm. long; blades firmly chartaceous to thinly coriaceous, lanceolate, 15-30 mm. wide, acuminate, sometimes obtuse at the tip, abruptly narrowed at base; costa slender, the veins not visible; sori on upper half of blade, medial Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu. rare. Formosa, Kurina-ran ZoKuU Terrestrial; rhizomes long-creeping, dictyostelic, with clathrate scales; fronds herbaceous, remote; stipes inconspicuously jointed; blades thin, pinnatifid or sometimes pedatisect, more commonly simple and entire; sparsely scaly; venation reticulate; sori sometimes elongate, parallel to the costas near the base, more commonly round; paraphyses peltate or laterally affixed, clathrate——Five or six species, India to e. Asia. 1A. Blades lanceolate, 25-40 cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide, broadest near middle, unlobed or rarely irregularly pinnatilobed; sori in a subcostal row on each side at least in lower part of blade. ............ SOU GoGa SUC Cound dou arnt GUD dbo se oO Roe aeo G 1. N. ensata 1B. Blades deltoid-lanceolate, 10-20 cm. long, 1.5—5 cm. wide, broadest near base, usually sinuately lobed in lower part; sori scattered. 1. Neocheiropteris ensata (Thunb.) Ching. Polypo- dium ensatum Thunb.; Pleopeltis ensata (Thunb.) Moore; Neolepisorus ensatus (Thunb.) Ching; Microsorium ensatum (Thunb.) H. Its——Kurma-ran. Rhizomes long-creeping, 2. N. subhastata 3-4 mm. across, the scales membranous, ascending to ob- liquely spreading, deltoid-lanceolate, 4-6 mm. long, acuminate, ciliate, with oblong cell walls and translucent areolae; stipes 10-30 cm. long, usually shorter than the blades, scaly especially 100 toward base; blades firmly chartaceous, lanceolate to broadly so, 25-40 cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide, usually broadest below the middle, acuminate, narrowed at base, decurrent on the stipe, subentire, undulate or rarely irregularly lobed, with ap- pressed small scales beneath and on costas above; costas raised on both sides, the veins 20-30 pairs, obliquely spreading, slender, slightly flexuous, the veinlets scarcely distinct; sori in a single series on each side of the costas, often also scattered, round, sometimes elliptic, 3-5 mm. across, covered while young with numerous small peltate paraphyses——Shaded places and on moist rocks in mountains; Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu.— Korea, Ryukyus, and Formosa. Var. platyphylla Tagawa. N. ensata var. phyllomanes Ta- gawa, excl. basionym——Hirowa-Kurina-RAN. Blades larger, 6-9 cm. wide; sori close to the lateral veins ——Honshu (Suwo Prov.).—Ryukyus. 2. Neocheiropteris subhastata (Bak.) Tagawa. Poly- 5. LEMMAPHYLLUM Pres] PoLYPoDIACEAE podium subhastatum Bak.; Microsorium subhastatum (Bak.) Ching; P. subhastatum var. longifrons Takeda; M. subhastatum var. longifrons (Takeda) Ching-——Yanone-sHIDA. Rhi- zomes slender, long-creeping, wiry, 2-3 mm. across, the scales membranous, spreading, more or less lustrous, lanceolate, 2.5-4 mm. long, acuminate, sparsely denticulate, clathrate; fronds remote; stipes 2-6 cm. long; blades thinly chartaceous, broadly linear to deltoid-lanceolate, 10-15(-20) cm. long, 15-5 cm. wide, acuminate, usually with an obtuse angle on both sides at base, abruptly decurrent on the short stipe, subentire to undulate, often sinuately lobulate on lower margin, nearly glabrous on both sides; costa raised on both sides, the veins and veinlets not distinct; sori round, or sometimes oblong, about 2 mm. across, with peltate paraphyses while very young. —Honshu (Kazusa and Izu Proy. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu. China. Mamezuta Zoku Epiphytic; rhizomes long-creeping, the scales ovate-lanceolate, entire or short-ciliate; fronds dimorphic, jointed on the rhizomes; sterile blades obovate to ovate or elliptic, entire, somewhat fleshy, usually glabrous or nearly so; veins reticulate; fertile blades linear or oblanceolate; sporangia mostly in continuous coenosori, these not confluent around the apex; paraphyses peltate, clathrate——About 4 species, Japan to the Himalayas. 1A. Fronds 1-3 cm. long; sori elongate along the costas. ......... 0c cece eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ence 1. L. microphyllum 1B. Fronds 3-5 cm. long; sori round to ovate, remote, the upper ones often nearly confluent. ..................-.-.-- 2. L. pyriforme 1. Lemmaphyllum microphyllum Presl. Taenitis mi- crophylla (Presl) Mett.; Drymoglossum microphyllum (Pres|) C. Chr.; D. carnosum var. minor Hook.; D. nobukoanum Makino; D. carnosum sensu auct. Japon., non J. Sm— Mamezuta. Evergreen; rhizomes long-creeping, filiform, 0.7-1 mm. across, fronds remote, the scales rather sparse, dark brown, spreading, linear-filiform, 1-1.5 mm. long; blades coriaceous, orbicular to elliptic or broadly ovate to obovate, 1-2 cm. long, 6-15 mm. wide, rounded to very obtuse, rounded to broadly cuneate at base, glabrous, entire, the stipes 2-8 mm. long; costa slightly raised beneath in lower half, the veins and veinlets invisible; fertile blades broadly linear to narrowly oblanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, obtuse to rounded, gradually narrowed at base, the stipes 1-3 cm. long; costa raised beneath and in lower half of upper side; sori elongate along the costas and covering the entire blade be- neath, with numerous minute peltate paraphyses while young. 6. DRYMOTAENIUM Makino Rocks and tree trunks in lowlands and low mountains; Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; common——Korea, Ryukyus, and Formosa. 2. Lemmaphyllum pyriforme (Ching) Ching. Polypo- dium pyriforme Ching——On1t-mMamezuta. Rhizomes long- creeping, very slender, scarcely 1 mm. across, loosely scaly to nearly naked, the scales brown, broadly ovate, entire, abruptly caudate-acuminate; fronds dimorphic; sterile blades ovate to pyriform in outline, 2-4 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, glabrous, the stipe 5-10 mm. long; fertile blades firmly coriaceous, lingulate-lanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, sometimes similar to the sterile, subacuminate, gradually attenuate at base, very slightly recurved on margin, the stipes 2-3 cm. long; sori in 2 rows on the blade, round to ovate, remote, the upper ones often nearly confluent, medial——Epiphytic on tree- trunks; Kyushu (Yakushima).——China. Kuracari-sHipA ZoKU Evergreen, epiphytic on tree trunks; rhizomes short-creeping, dictyostelic, with black lanceolate acuminate scales; fronds approximate, all alike, jointed at base, narrowly linear, glabrous, coriaceous; veins concealed, anastomosing to form one or two rows of areolae, these with a few included veinlets; sori continuous in a groove on each side of costa, uninterrupted, paraphyses peltate, clathrate ——A single species. 1. Drymotaenium miyoshianum (Makino) Makino. Taenitis miyoshiana Makino; Pleurogramma robusta Christ; Monogramma robusta (Christ) C. Chr—Kuracart-sHipa. Rhizomes creeping, about 2.5 mm. across, densely scaly, the scales membranous, deltoid-lanceolate to narrowly deltoid-ovate, 2.54 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, acuminate, slightly cordate at base, minutely toothed, clathrate, with translucent, elliptic cells and dark brown cell walls; fronds tufted, simple, fleshy, elongate, narrowly linear, 25-50 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, nar- rowed to a short obtuse apex, gradually narrowed to a short stipelike base about 2 mm. across, glabrous, entire, with a rounded margin, l-grooved above, with a raised obtuse promi- nent costa beneath, the veins hidden, anastomosing; sori con- tinuous, in an elongate line along the costa, covered with small peltate paraphyses while very young.——Tree trunks in moun- tains; Honshu (Mikawa and Hida Prov. and westw.), Shikoku; rare. Formosa, China. PoLYPODIACEAE 101 7. PYRROSIA Mirbel Hirotsusa Zoku Epiphytic; rhizomes creeping, dictyostelic, scaly; fronds coriaceous, uniform or slightly dimorphic, jointed on the rhizome, usually simple and entire, sometimes pedately lobed, with more or less persistent stellate scales; veins reticulate; sori usually apical on the veinlets, round, or sometimes elongate and confluent; paraphyses stellate——About 100 species, Amur and Ussuri, Africa to Polynesia and New Zealand, most abundant in se. Asia. 1A. Blades linear, 3-8(—13) cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, sessile; sori in 2 parallel series on upper part of blade, distinct or subconfluent. 1. P. linearifolia 1B. Blades broader, more than 15 mm. wide, distinctly stipitate; sori scattered, occupying the entire fertile blade or the upper half, sometimes confluent. 2A. Blades simple, linear to lanceolate, acute or gradually narrowed to the base. 3A. Rhizomes with close stipes; blades 5-15 mm. wide. ...... 3B. Rhizomes with remote stipes; blades 2-7 cm. wide. ...... =O DM COMED ODOUR DOLE SUSI DUA ETO OOoDOA doom GOne 2. P. pekinensts Motor oen ie entered sreleic rath at sts siostetsietctenst-ieoiekereiecacicratieaoisiers 3. P. lingua 2B. Blades pedately 3- to Delohbed snastatcatxnncatentorsn bcoLrdate ati pase aerate eieraceneiaeicrricticnvarcieieeetermrcacnet 4. P. hastata 1. Pyrrosia linearifolia (Hook.) Ching. Niphobolus linearifolius Hook.; Polypodium lineartfolium (Hook.) Hook.; Cyclophorus linearifolius (Hook.) C. Chr.; Neoniphopsis linearifolia (Hook.) Nakai——Brr6po-suipa. Rhizomes long- creeping, slender, about 2 mm. across, the scales dense, ascending, linear, 4-5 mm. long, filiform at the tip, sparsely toothed; blades simple, linear, 3-8(-13) cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, very obtuse, gradually narrowed toward base, entire, sessile, with red-brown to pale brown stellate hairs beneath, sparsely so above; costa glabrous beneath; sori in 2 parallel series along the costa on upper part of the blade, subconfluent, elliptic to round—Rocks and tree trunks in mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu——Korea, Manchuria, China, and Formosa (var.). 2. Pyrrosia pekinensis (Christ) Ching. Cyclophorus pekinensis Christ——IwaparE-HiTotsuBa. Rhizomes creep- ing, 15-2 mm. across, with close stipes, densely scaly, the scales appressed, about 2 mm. long, deltoid-lanceolate, cau- dately long-attenuate, dark brown at the center, gray-brown and thinner toward margin, denticulate; fronds 15-25 cm. long, firm, the stipes 5-8 cm. long, sparsely stellate-pilose, scaly at base; scales linear, membranous, pale brown, gradu- ally caudate-acuminate, 3-4 mm. long; blades linear-lanceolate or broadly linear, 8-15 cm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, simple, en- tire, narroweed to the obtuse apex, gradually attenuate to the stipe, sparingly stellate-pilose but soon glabrate above, densely cinereous-brown stellate hairy, the costa slender, slightly ele- vated beneath; sori somewhat scattered, not confluent, round. —Rocks; Honshu (Mikawa, Totomi, and Sagami Prov.); very rare—n. China. 83. Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farwell. Acrostichum lingua Thunb.; Polypodium lingua (Thunb.) Sw.; Niphobolus lingua (Thunb.) Spreng.; Polycampium lingua (Thunb.) Presk——Hitotsusa. Evergreen; rhizomes long-creeping, wiry, about 3 mm. across, the scales dense, appressed, rather firm, red- to yellow-brown, slightly lustrous, linear-lanceolate, 8. MICROSORIUM Link 5-8 mm. long, ciliate; stipes 5-25 cm. long, shorter to slightly longer than the blade, straw-colored, densely brown stellate- hairy while young, glabrescent, scaly only at base; blades firmly coriaceous, mostly simple, lanceolate to broadly so, acute or subobtuse, acute to broadly cuneate at base, entire or undulate, densely brown stellate-hairy on both sides while young, soon glabrous on upper side, the sterile 10-25 cm. long, 2~7 cm. wide, the fertile 10-20 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide; costa raised beneath, the veins and veinlets concealed; sori rounded, confluent, densely covering the underside of blade except the costa>—Rocks in hills and low mountains; Hon- shu (s. Kanté through Tokaido to Kinki and Chigoku Distr.), Shikoku, Kyushu; common.—Ryukyus, Formosa, China to Indochina——Cy. Corymbiferus with crested fronds is culti- vated. 4. Pyrrosia hastata (Thunb.) Ching. Acrostichum has- tatum Thunb.; Niphobolus hastatus (Thunb.) Kunze; Poly- campium hastatum (Thunb.) Presl; Polypodium tricuspe Sw.; Pyrrosia tricuspis (Sw.) Tagawa——Iwa-oMaDAKa. Rhi- zomes short-creeping, densely scaly, 5-7 mm. across, the scales appressed, lustrous, black, firm, deltoid-lanceolate, slightly con- cave, acute, with short brown hairs toward margin; stipes 7-20(-30) cm. long, longer than the blades, with tardily deciduous brown appressed stellate hairs; blades firmly coria- ceous, hastate, 5-15 cm. long, 3-10 cm. wide near base in- clusive of the lateral lobes, pedately 3- to 5-lobed, truncate to subcordate at base, nearly glabrate and green on upper side, with gray- to red-brown densely appressed stellate hairs be- neath; terminal lobe lanceolate, 4-12 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide, acute to subobtuse, the lateral lobes obliquely spreading, nar- rowly deltoid-ovate to ovate, obtuse, sometimes with a small accessory lobule near base on the posterior side; costa slightly raised, the veins and veinlets concealed; sori round, densely covering the entire undersurface—Rocks in mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu-—Korea and Man- churia. Hoxkozaki-URABOSHI ZOKU Mostly epiphytic; rhizomes creeping, dictyostelic, usually with broad clathrate scales; stipes remote, jointed with the rhizomes; blades herbaceous to coriaceous, simple or pinnatifid, rarely pinnate, glabrous or rarely pubescent, not scaly, entire; venation irregularly reticulate; sori at the union of the veinlets, usually round, scattered, or in a single series on each side of the costa, without paraphyses—About 40 species, Japan, Polynesia to Malaysia, India, and Africa. 1A. Sori large, depressed, 3-5 mm. across, usually in a single row on each side of the costa, or sometimes in a double rows skhizomes: ratherssparselyccalymi ae settee cee s se ete date aie acta = Sate eae Ee cies dade sealer salen 1. M. scolopendria 1B. Sori smaller, not depressed, 1-2.5 mm. across, irregularly dispersed; rhizomes rather densely scaly. 102 PoOLYPODIACEAE 2A. Rhizomes long-creeping; blades chartaceous, simple, brownish when dried, cuneately narrowed at base; sori mostly round, 2-2.5 IMM. ACIOSS. wc ee eee eee eee ener eee ween ent eesesreseene wawsevageystessisieVevs,speroneie welt ave a] overs sovehtrelel sy okt ket che sree fete 2. M. buergerianum 2B. Rhizomes short-creeping; blades herbaceous, usually pinnately parted, rarely simple, green when dried, long-decurrent on the stipe; sori round to oblong, sometimes short-linear, 1—-1.5 mm. across. 1.1... see eee ce renee eet tees sees eereees 3. M. dilatatum 1. Microsorium scolopendria (Burm.) Copel. Poly- podium scolopendria Burm.; Phymatodes scolopendria (Burm.) Ching; Polypodium phymatodes L.; Drynaria phyma- todes (L.) Fée; Phymatodes vulgaris Pres|—Oxk1Nawa-URA- BOSHI, OKINAWA-KURIHA-RAN. Rhizomes long-creeping, rather stout, grayish, sparsely scaly, the fronds remote, the scales ascending, narrowly deltoid-lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, acumi- nate, ciliolate, with oblong to elliptic dark brown cell walls, peltately attached; stipes 10-20 cm. long, straw-colored, naked, rather stout, lustrous, nearly terete; blades chartaceous-coria- ceous, usually ovate, 10-30 cm. long, pinnately parted or the small ones sometimes simple and lanceolate, nearly truncate and abruptly narrowed at base, glabrous on both sides, some- what lustrous on upper side; costa and costules on lobes prominently raised beneath, the veins and veinlets invisible on both sides; segments linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 8-15 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, acuminate to acute, entire, slightly re- curved on margin, the terminal one largest (in ours), the lateral ones obliquely spreading; sori round to elliptic, 3-5 mm. across, depressed, in a single row on each side of the costa, or sometimes in a double row.—K yushu (Tsushima, accord- ing to H. Ito)——Ryukyus, Formosa, s. China to Polynesia, Malaysia, Australia, India, and tropical Africa. 2. Microsorium buergerianum (Miq.) Ching. Poly- podium buergerianum Miq. -NUKABOSHI-KURIHA-RAN. Rhizomes long-creeping, 3-4 mm. across, densely scaly, the fronds remote, the scales spreading to ascending, membranous, 9. COLYSIS Presl rusty-brown, lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, acuminate, ciliate, clathrate; stipes 3-12 cm. long; blades simple, chartaceous, lanceolate to narrowly so, 12-30 cm. long, 15-5 cm. wide, acute to subobtuse, entire or undulate, glabrous on both sides, cuneately narrowed at base, short-decurrent on the stipe; costa rather slender, raised beneath; sori round, 2-2.5 mm. across. Tree trunks and shaded rocks; Honshu (Awa and Izu Prov. through Tokaido to s. Kinki Distr.), Shikoku, Kyushu. Ryukyus, Formosa, China to Indochina. 3. Microsorium dilatatum (Bedd.) Sledge. Polypo- dium dilatatum Wall. ex Hook., non Hoffm.; Pleopeltis dilatata Bedd.; M. hancocku (Bak.) Ching; Polypodium hancockit Bak.—Hoxozakt-urasosHi1. Rhizomes short-creeping, 5-7 mm. across, densely scaly, the scales membranous, spreading, deltoid-lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long, filiform at the tip, clathrate; fronds 30-60 cm. long; blades herbaceous, pinnately parted or rarely simple, narrowly oblanceolate, 3-5 cm. wide, abruptly acuminate, gradually narrowed from about the middle, long- decurrent on the stipe, glabrous except for a few scattered scales toward the base while young, entire or undulate; seg- ments 1-3 pairs, spreading, lanceolate to ovate, abruptly acute to obtuse; costules rather slender, straw-colored; sori round to oblong, or sometimes short-linear, 1-1.5 mm. across, scattered on underside of blade——Moist places along streams; Kyushu (Yakushima and Tanegashima in Osumi, and Koshiki in Satsuma Proyv.).—Ryukyus, Formosa, China to Indochina. Iwa-HITODE ZoKU Terrestrial; rhizomes creeping, dictyostelic, the fronds remote, the scales small, thin, entire or subentire; stipes jointed with the rhizome; blades herbaceous, simple or digitate to pinnate, entire, glabrous; veins anastomosing with simple or hamate veinlets; sori in a single series between the veins, solitary and elongate or few and round; paraphyses absent—About 30 species, Africa to New Guinea, Queensland, and Japan. 1A. Sori linear, mostly solitary between the veins. 2A. Blades regularly pinnate, scarcely decurrent on the stipe. 3A. Blades broadly ovate, 10-25 cm. long; pinnae 2-6 pairs; veins and veinlets obscure. .................-+++eee> 1. C. elliptica 3B. Blades narrowly ovate, 40-60 cm. long; pinnae 7—11 pairs; veins and veinlets usually slightly raised on both sides when dried. 2. C. pothifolia 2B. Blades simple, irregularly pinnatiparted in lower half, prominently decurrent on the stipe. 4A. Blades mostly pectinately parted in lower half, or simple, decurrent on the stipe, the winged part shorter than the blade. 3. C. shintenensis 4B. Blades simple, long-decurrent on the stipe, the winged part as long as to longer than the blade, at least in larger fronds. 4. C. wright 1B. Sori round to oblong, in one series between the lateral veins, oblique to the rachis; blades simple. .............. 5. C. hemionitidea 1. Colysis elliptica (Thunb.) Ching. Polypodium ellip- ticum Thunb.—Iwa-HiTovE. Rhizomes long-creeping, 4-6 mm. across, greenish, densely scaly, the fronds remote, the scales membranous, about 4 mm. long, acuminate, denticulate, lustrous, clathrate; stipes slender, 20-50 cm. long, straw- colored, naked except for a few deciduous scales toward base; blades herbaceous, broadly ovate, 10-25 cm. long, 10-20 cm. wide, pinnate, the rachis narrowly winged at least in upper part; pinnae 2-6 pairs, nearly alike, linear-lanceolate or some- times the sterile lanceolate, 7-15(-20) cm. long, 8-20 mm. wide, long-acuminate, acute to obtuse at the tip, narrowed at base and decurrent on the narrowly winged rachis, entire, rarely crenate-undulate; costa slender, slightly raised, the veins and veinlets obscure; sori ascending to obliquely spreading, linear, 5-15 mm. long, rather remote-——Moist woods along streams; Honshu (Izu Prov. through Tokaidé to s. Kinki Distr.), Shikoku, Kyushu.—K orea (Quelpaert Isl.), Ryukyus, Formosa, China to n. India, and Philippines. 2. Colysis pothifolia (Hamilt. ex D. Don) Presl. Hemi- onitis pothifolia Hamilt. ex D. Don; Gymnogramme pothifolia (Hamilt.) Spreng.; Polypodium pothifolium (Hamilt.) Mett.; P. ellipticum var. pothifolium (Hamilt.) Makino; C. elliptica var. pothifolia (Hamilt.) Ching——O-1wa-nitope. Rhi- zomes long-creeping, clensely scaly toward the tip, 5-10 mm. PoLYPODIACEAE across, the scales membranous, linear-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, gradually acuminate, sparsely toothed, clathrate; stipes 40-70 cm. long, 4-7 mm. across, naked except for a few withered scales toward base, straw-colored; blades narrowly ovate, 40-60 cm. long, simply pinnate, the rachis winged in upper part; pinnae thinly herbaceous, 7-11 pairs, obliquely spreading to ascending, linear-lanceolate to broadly linear, 12-25 cm. long, the fertile 1-2 cm. wide, the sterile to 3 cm. wide, gradually narrowed to the subcaudate tip, narrowed at base, more or less decurrent on the rachis, entire or undulate; costa more prominently raised beneath, the veins and veinlets very slen- der, usually slightly raised on both sides; sori linear, 1-1.8 em. long, obliquely ascending to spreading———Moist woods along streams; Shikoku, Kyushu-——Ryukyus, Formosa, China to India, and Philippines. 8. Colysis shintenensis (Hayata) H. Ito. Polypodium shintenense Hayata; P. wright var. lobata Rosenst.; P. ellipticum var. simplicifrons Christ; C. simplicifrons (Christ) Tagawa——HIToTsuBA-IWA-HITODE, SHINTEN-URABOSHI, Wa- KAME-SHIDA. Rhizomes long-creeping, the fronds remote, the scales dense, brown, ascending, linear-lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, clathrate; stipes slender, pale straw-colored, naked, 20-40 cm. long; blades herbaceous, mostly pectinately parted in lower half, or simple, lanceolate, 15-35 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide in the unlobed portion, cuneate at base, decurrent on the stipe, the winged part shorter than the blade, glabrous, the segments nearly horizontally spreading, narrowly lanceolate, to 12 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, undulate to slightly crispate; sori linear, to 2.5 cm. long, spreading or obliquely ascending——Honshu (Izu and Kii Prov.), Kyushu-——Formosa. 4, Colysis wrightii (Hook.) Ching. Gymnogramme wrightii Hook.; Polypodium wrightii (Hook.) Mett. ex Diels, 10. CRYPSINUS Presl 103 non Bak. -Y ARI-NO-HO-KURIHA-RAN. Rhizomes slender, long-creeping, 22.5 mm. across, densely scaly toward the tip, the scales linear-lanceolate, gradually long-acuminate, 3-4 mm. long; fronds 10-40 cm. long, remote; stipes slender, straw- colored, broadly winged on upper half in longer ones, winged to the base in shorter ones; blades chartaceous-herbaceous, simple, broadly lanceolate to deltoid-lanceolate, 7-25 cm. long, 2.5-6 cm. wide, gradually acute to acuminate, cuneate at base, long-decurrent on the broadly winged stipe, entire or crispate; costa straw-colored to pale brown, the veins and veinlets very slender, slightly visible on both sides; sori spreading, parallel, rather close, 1-2.5 cm. long——Kyushu (Osumi Prov. incl. Yakushima and Tanegashima)——Ryukyus, Formosa, and China. 5. Colysis hemionitidea Presl. Polypodium hemioniti- deum (Presl) Mett.; Pleopeltis hemionitidea (Presl) Moore; Polypodium ensatosessilifrons Hayata; C. hemionitidea var. ensatosessilifrons (Hayata) Tagawa; Microsorium ensato- sessilifrons (Hayata) H. Its——Tatwan-Kurina-Ran. — Rhi- zomes long-creeping, scaly, 3-4 mm. across, the fronds remote, the scales membranous, clathrate;stipes 5-25 cm. long, straw- colored, sparsely scaly while young, usually winged; blades chartaceous-herbaceous, simple, lanceolate to broadly so, 15-40 cm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, acuminate, gradually narrowed or cuneate at base, decurrent on the stipe, entire or obsoletely undulate; costa raised, stouter beneath, the veins numerous, spreading, raised beneath, parallel, slightly flexuous, the vein- lets raised beneath; sori interrupted, in a series between the lateral veins, round, sometimes oblong or elongate by fusion of several sori, about 2 mm. across——Moist places in woods; Kyushu (Yakushima and Tanegashima); rare-——Ryukyus, Formosa, China to India, and Philippines. MirsupE-URABOsHI ZOKU Epiphytic; rhizomes creeping, dictyostelic, the scales lanceolate, attenuate or setaceous; stipes remote, jointed at base; blades firm to coriaceous, usually dimorphic, simple or pinnate, serrulate or remotely notched to toothed; main veins usually evident, connected by less evident branched cross veinlets to form areolae; sori on the cross veinlets, usually in a single row on each side of the costa and one between each pair of veins, impressed or superficial; paraphyses absent or filamentous. More than 40 species, Japan to India and Malaysia, best developed in New Guinea. 1A. Fronds deciduous; blades membranous, pinnately parted, minutely and closely toothed. ...........000eeeeeeeeeeeeee 1. C. veitchii 1B. Fronds evergreen; blades chartaceous, simple, or ternately to pinnately parted, subentire or remotely toothed or notched between the main lateral veins. 2A. Blades pinnatiparted; segments 3—4 pairs, obtuse. .......00. cece e secre eee n ete s ener e secre sceserrercese 2. C. yakuinsularis 2B. Blades simple or ternately parted. 3A. Blades often ternately parted, sometimes simple, broadest near base, gradually narrowed to the tip, usually shorter than the Ailhisy oo eon OOOO e SOUL Labo os OE CORSO DODO TCOO ODOR OUDOD TOSS CO CDOOD) HOD pOPpO On OConO sae Cac tc wonoGG 3. C. hastatus 3B. Blades mostly simple, broadest near middle, narrowed at both ends, as long as to longer than the stipe. 4A. Sori superficial; stipes frequently brownish purple at base. .....-. 1... eee eee cece ee eee eee e eet e etter teens 4. C. engleri “iy Soni Ghapescd pipes siemens) odoboddossoounsoggnooasuensodanbe aBuood cUdePdcarNoCdogdeCO 5. C. yakushimensis 1. Crypsinus veitchii (Bak.) Copel. Polypodium veit- chii Bak.; Phymatodes veitchii (Bak.) Ching; Phymatopsis veitchii (Bak.) H. Ité; Polypodium shensiense var. filipes Christ; Phymatopsis veitchii var. filipes (Christ) H. Itc—— MIyAMA-URABOSHI. Rhizomes long-creeping, 2-2.5 mm. across, densely scaly, the scales ascending, brown, mem- branous, deltoid-lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm. long, ciliate; fronds deciduous; stipes slender, remote, 2-10 cm. long, naked or with a few scales at base; blades membranous, ovate-deltoid, 4-10 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, truncate at base, pinnately parted, minutely and closely toothed, glabrous on upper side, some- what glaucous beneath, thinly scaly beneath while young; segments 1-4 pairs, spreading, narrowly oblong to lanceolate, 6-12 mm. wide, obtuse to acute, decurrent on the winged rachis, the lowest slightly narrowed at base on posterior side, the terminal the longest, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate-ob- long, 2.5-6 cm. long, usually acuminate, often acute or obtuse in smaller fronds; sori round, about 2 mm. across, in 2 series on the terminal or upper pinnae, rarely over the whole blade, slightly nearer the costa than the margin——Rocks in mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku———Korea (Quel- paert Isl.), China to Tibet. 2. Crypsinus yakuinsularis (Masam.) Tagawa. Poly- podium yakuinsulare Masam.; Phymatopsis yakuinsularis 104 (Masam.) H. Ito; Phymatodes yakuinsularis (Masam.) Ta- gawa——YAaKUSHIMA-URABOSHI. Evergreen; rhizomes creep- ing, 4-6 mm. across, glaucous, densely scaly, the scales subulate- lanceolate, about 3 mm. long, long-acuminate, nearly entire, ferrugineous at base; stipes slender, 4-6 cm. long, glabrous, lustrous; blades thinly chartaceous, broadly ovate-deltoid, 5-10 cm. long, nearly as wide, pinnatiparted, glabrous; segments 3-4 pairs, linear-lanceolate, 8-12 mm. wide, obtuse, the lowest horizontally spreading and short-decurrent, nearly entire, with remote minute incisions on the lateral veins; sori round, about 2 mm. across, in a row on each side of the costa. Shikoku, Kyushu (Yakushima); rare. 3. Crypsinus hastatus (Thunb.) Copel. Polypodium hastatum hunb.; Phymatodes hastata (Thunb.) Ching; Phymatopsis hastata (Thunb.) Kitag. ex H. Ito; Polypodium hastatum var. yoshinagae Makino——MirsupDE-URABOSHI. Evergreen; rhizomes creeping, 3-4 mm. across, densely scaly, the scales membranous, spreading, brown, linear-subulate, 3—4 mm. long, long-filiform at the tip, subentire; stipes to 22 cm. long, straw-colored, often purplish brown at base, lustrous; blades simple or frequently ternately parted, lanceolate, 15-35 cm. long, 10-15(-20) cm. wide, acuminate, the smaller blades oblong to ovate, 3-5 cm. long, obtuse; pinnae subentire or rarely lobulate, more or less glaucescent beneath, rounded to broadly cuneate at base; veins slender, spreading, the veinlets not visible; sori round, 2-3 mm. across, in 2 series on the pinnae, nearer the costa than the margin. Rocks and walls; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; common.—Korea, Manchuria, Ryukyus, Formosa, and China. 4, Crypsinus engleri (Luerss.) Copel. Polypodium engleri Luerss.; Phymatopsis engleri (Luerss.) H. Ito; Phy- matodes engleri (Luerss.) Ching-——TaKa-No-HA-URABOSHI. Evergreen; rhizomes long-creeping, about 3 mm. across, densely scaly, the scales membranous, ascending, red-brown, 11. GRAMMITIS Sw. PoOLYPODIACEAE linear-lanceolate, 3-6 mm. long, filiform at the tip, slightly broadened and appressed to the rhizome at base, entire; stipes 5-15 cm. long, remote, usually shorter than the blades, lustrous, often brownish or purplish brown at base; blades firmly chartaceous, simple, linear-lanceolate, 10-30 cm. long, 12-25 mm. wide, obtuse, or rather abruptly acuminate, often cuneately narrowed at base, subentire to undulate, glabrous, often glaucescent beneath; costa rather stout, raised beneath, sulcate above, the veins spreading, slender, the veinlets in- visible; sori superficial, round, about 2.5 mm. across, in 2 series on upper part of blade, slightly nearer the costa than the margin——Tree trunks; Honshu (Izu Prov. and s. Kinki Distr.), Shikoku, Kyushu; rare——Korea (Quelpaert Isl.) and Formosa. 5. Crypsinus yakushimensis (Makino) Tagawa. Poly- podium engleri var. yakushimense Makino; Polypodium yaku- shimense (Makino) Makino; Phymatopsis yakushimensis (Ma- kino) H. Ito; Phymatodes yakushimensis (Makino) Tagawa HIME-TAKA-NO-HA-URABOSHI. Evergreen; rhizomes slen- der, long-creeping, 1.5-2 mm. across, rather densely scaly, the scales thinly membranous, ascending to obliquely spread- ing, pale- to rusty-brown, linear-subulate, 2-2.5 mm. long, con- torted at the tip; stipes rather firm, straw-colored, slender, 3-10 cm. long, as long as to shorter than the blade; blades chartaceous, broadly linear to narrowly lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, gradually long-acuminate, sometimes glaucescent beneath, subobtuse at the tip, often abruptly acumi- nate at base, remotely crenate-undulate to subentire; costa slender, the veins ascending, very slender, scarcely visible, the veinlets obsolete; sori depressed, about 2.5 mm. across, in 2 series on upper part of blade, slightly nearer the costa than the margin. Kyushu (Yakushima) ; rare———Ryukyus and For- mosa. HIME-uRABOsHI ZOKU Small epiphytes; rhizomes erect or short-creeping, rarely elongate, dictyostelic; fronds approximate or tufted, the stipes not jointed at base; blades membranous to fleshy or coriaceous, simple, lanceolate or linear, entire or rarely crenate to shallowly lobed, hairy or glabrescent, not scaly; costa usually prominent, the veins typically free, forked, sometimes somewhat anastomos- ing; sori typically on the lowest anterior veinlet of the forked veins, thus forming a single row on each side of the costa, rarely more of the veinlets with sori and forming several rows or the sori somewhat scattered, superficial or sometimes impressed or immersed; paraphyses filamentous or more often absent——About 150 species, subantarctic regions north to the W. Indies, Africa, and Japan. 1. Grammitis dorsipila (Christ) C. Chr. & Tard.-Bl. Polypodium dorsipilum Christ; P. asahinae Ogata; G. asahinae (Ogata) H. Itc——Hime-vrazosut. Rhizomes very short, ascending, rather densely scaly, the scales membranous, lanceo- late to oblong-lanceolate, about 2 mm. long, short-acuminate, entire; fronds tufted, erect, thinly clothed with reddish brown spreading hairs about 0.5-0.7 mm. long; blades linear-oblanceo- late to broadly linear, 2-8 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, obtuse to rounded, entire or obsoletely undulate on margin, gradually stipe, loosely involute on margin when dry, with a row of hydathodes on each side on upper surface; costa and veins obscure, the veins obliquely spreading, simple or once forked, the anterior branch (veinlet) slightly longer than to as long as the posterior; sori round or elliptic, dorsal or subterminal on the anterior veinlet, forming a row on each side along the costa—Mossy tree trunks in mountains; Honshu (Izu Isls.), Kyushu (Satsuma Prov.); rare——Ryukyus, China, and Indo- china. attenuate at base, long-decurrent on the very short, indistinct 12. XIPHOPTERIS Kaulf. Oxuso-sHIDA ZOKU Small epiphytes; rhizomes creeping, dictyostelic, with ovate, acuminate, entire scales; fronds not jointed with the rhizome, blades mostly herbaceous, linear, pinnatifid to pinnate, hairy to glabrescent; veins solitary on the pinnules or pinnae, simple or once forked; sori dostal or terminal on the veins, on the anterior branch (veinlet), if this present; sori usually round, superficial, without paraphyses——About 50 species, in the Tropics of both hemispheres. PoLYPODIACEAE 1. Xiphopteris okuboi (Yatabe) Copel. Polypodium okuboi Yatabe; Micropolypodium okuboi (Yatabe) Hayata; Grammitis okuboi (Yatabe) Ching; P. pseudotrichomanoides Hayata——Oxuszo-suipa. Rhizomes short, ascending, the scales membranous, brown, lanceolate, about 2 mm. long, acute, entire; fronds tufted, erect to spreading, with reddish brown spreading hairs about 1 mm. long; stipes short, 3-12(-15) mm. long; blades coriaceous, linear to linear-lanceo- late, 2-12(-25) cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, acute to obtuse, 13. LOXOGRAMME Presl 105 gradually narrowed at base, pectinately pinnatiparted, the seg- ments 8-30 pairs, obliquely spreading, oblong-ovate to nar- rowly deltoid-ovate, I-1.6 mm. wide, obtuse to subacute, en- tire; costa and veins obscure; sori round to elliptic, about 1 mm. across, solitary at the base of each pinna-——Mossy rocks and tree trunks in mountains; Honshu (Kanto Distr. through Tokaido to s. Kinki Distr.), Shikoku, Kyushu; rare. For- mosa. Saji-ran Zoku Small epiphytes; rhizomes creeping, dictyostelic, with ovate acuminate entire scales; fronds not jointed with the rhizome, sessile or short-stiped, simple and entire, usually lanceolate to oblanceolate or linear, fleshy, glabrous, the main veins barely evident, immersed, freely anastomosing; sori elongate, oblique in one row on each side of costa, commonly overlapping, super- ficial or slightly impressed, without paraphyses——About 40 species, Polynesia, Malaysia, Japan, Madagascar, and Africa, one species in Mexico and Central America. 1A. Rhizomes very slender, 0.5-1 mm. across when dried; blades mostly under 10 cm. long, spathulate to linear-spathulate, very obtuse HOMES IL RCUICO Sire te ree te fot nec oret- cof te el stnfore jel alay siateravese{evele:» ieisltersictal oleterefele/aictefele = eisintarciere sal seeraiais ericreturs siete aise coreieys 1. L. grammitoides 1B. Rhizomes 1-2 mm. across when dried; blades 10-30 cm. long, oblanceolate to broadly linear, acuminate to acute. Pemeshipes slenders paletereen tojistraw-COloreds yaters/oyat--t-) seareieyctepasc/o aieveialefevelciciatebokefoe tases aciciaiakelaicy aera acraeicleh oaeleloee 2. L. salicifolia 2B. Stipes rather stout, purple-brown or black-purple toward base. ........--- 0 eee eee cere een e cee eeceeeeeeeeneeees 3. L. saziran 1. Loxogramme grammitoides (Bak.) C. Chr. Gym- straw-colored and narrowly winged stipe 2-10 cm. long, the nogramme grammitoides Bak.; Polypodium grammitoides (Bak.) Diels; Polypodium yakushimae Christ; L. yakushimae (Christ) C. Chr.; ZL. minor Makino——Hime-sajLRAn. Small glabrous fern; rhizomes very slender, long-creeping, 0.5-1 mm. across when dried, the scales numerous, dense, membranous, linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, dark brown, entire, clathrate, about 1.5 mm. long; fronds remote, 4-10(-12) cm. long; blades spathulate to linear-spathulate, 5-10(-15) mm. wide, somewhat fleshy, very obtuse to subacute, broadest below the apex, entire or nearly so, the stipe very short and indistinct; veins hidden; sori 1-6 on each side of the broadest part of the blade, near the costa, oblong to linear-oblong, 1.5-2 mm. wide, very oblique——NMossy rocks in mountains; Hon- shu, Shikoku, Kyushu-——Formosa and China. 2. Loxogramme salicifolia (Makino) Makino. Gymno- gramme salicifolia Makino; Polypodium makinoi C. Chr.; L. makinoi (C. Chr.) C. Chr.; L. fauriei Copel—@e{wa-yanact- sHipa. | Glabrous evergreen fern; rhizomes long-creeping, densely scaly, 1-1.5 mm. across, the scales membranous, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, about 2 mm. long, acuminate, those at base of the stipe oblong-lanceolate, about 3 mm. long, reddish brown to brown; fronds distant, somewhat dimorphic, coria- ceous, 10-30 cm. long; blades narrowly oblanceolate to broadly linear, the sterile sometimes oblanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. wide, the fertile slightly narrower, entire, slightly recurved on margin when dried, gradually narrowed to the slender pale green to 14, CTENOPTERIS Bl. costa stout, slightly raised beneath, prominent above, the veins hidden; sori usually on the upper half of blade, very oblique, midway between the costa and margin, usually slightly over- lapping or sometimes arranged nearly end to end in a single row on each side of the costa, linear, 1-2(-2.5) cm. long, straight—Mossy rocks and tree trunks; Honshu (Awa Prov. through Tokaidd to Kinki Distr.), Shikoku, Kyushu. —Korea (Quelpaert Isl.), Ryukyus, Formosa, China, Indo- china, and India. 3. Loxogramme saziran Tagawa. Gymnogramme in- voluta sensu Makino, non Hook.; L. fauriei sensu Ogata, non Copel.—Sajr-ran. Stouter than the preceding; rhizomes long-creeping, scaly, 15-2 mm. across when dried, the scales rather firmly membranous, appressed to ascending, dark brown, oblong-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, about 2 mm. long, acuminate, entire, obsoletely clathrate, slightly longer and more distinctly clathrate at base of stipe; fronds 15-40 cm. long; blades coriaceous, rather fleshy, narrowly oblanceolate, broad- est above the middle, acuminate or shortly caudate-acuminate, entire, gradually narrowed to the short and slightly flattened purple-brown to dark-purple stipe; costa prominent on upper side, the veins hidden; sori on upper half of blade, usually close together and overlapping, oblique, 1-3 cm. long, nearer the costa than the margin——Tree trunks in mountains; Honshu (Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu-—— China and Indochina. KirEBA-OKUBO-SHIDA ZOKU Epiphytes; rhizomes short-creeping or erect, dictyostelic, densely scaly, the scales entire or ciliate; stipes fascicled, usually not jointed with the rhizome; blades herbaceous to coriaceous, usually lanceolate, contracted at both ends, usually pectinately pinnatisect to pinnate, setose or glabrescent; veins many in each pinnule, nearly always simple; sori dorsal or terminal on the veins, round or elliptic, superficial to deeply immersed, without paraphyses——More than 200 species, in the tropics. fronds with scattered, slender, spreading pale hairs; stipes slen- der, 1-1.5 cm. long; blades firmly herbaceous, linear, 5-18 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, obtuse to acute, pinnately divided; pinnae obliquely spreading, ovate to ovate-oblong, obtuse, decurrent 1. Ctenopteris sakaguchiana (Koidz.) H. Ité. Poly- podium sakaguchianum Koidz——K 1rEBA-OKUBO-SHIDA. Rhizomes very short, ascending, the scales minute, dark brown, ovate, about 0.5 mm. long, obtuse, sparsely ciliate; 106 POLYPODIACEAE; VITTARIACEAE on the rachis, with 1-3 teeth or short lobules on the anterior and sometimes also on the posterior margin; costa and veins more or less distinct; sori round, 2-5 on a pinna, solitary on each tooth or lobe.——Mossy rocks in mountains; Honshu (Mu- sashi and Kii to Yamato Prov.), Kyushu; very rare. Fam. 21. VITTARIACEAE Mostly epiphytic ferns; rhizomes creeping to suberect, protostelic or siphonostelic; scales clathrate; fronds simple, entire or rarely cleft at the tip, glabrous, with long spicular cells in the epidermis; veins reticulate, free veinlets absent; sori mostly elongate along the veins; indusia absent; paraphyses usually present——Hight genera with about 140 species, chiefly tropical. SHIsH-RAN Ka __ Vittaria Family 1A. Costa absent or partial; sori few to several, elongate along the veins and sometimes similarly reticulate. ............ 1. Antrophyum 1B. Costa extending to apex of frond; sori linear, solitary, uninterrupted, sometimes marginal or submarginal. .............. 2. Vittaria 1. ANTROPHYUM Kaulf. Taximrsuipa Zoxu Mostly epiphytic; rhizomes creeping, short, with narrow clathrate scales and hairy roots; fronds densely tufted, sessile or stipitate, not jointed with the rhizome; blades simple, entire, glabrous, firm; costa absent or partial, the veins repeatedly dichotomous and typically anastomosing to form large elongate areolae; sori elongate along the veins, superficial, or more often immersed; paraphyses present—Nearly 40 species in the tropics from Polynesia to Africa. 1. Antrophyum obovatum Bak. A. japonicum Makino —Taximrsuipa. Evergreen, glabrous; rhizomes short, entire, and often slightly recurved on margin, narrowed to the stipe at base; costa absent, the veins immersed, anastomosing, densely scaly, the scales membranous, dark brown, linear, 4-5 mm. long, with 4-6 rows of linear cells, sparsely spinulose- toothed; fronds green, smooth except near base of the stipe; stipes more or less tufted, 3-12 cm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide, flattened, pale green, smooth; blades rhombic-obovate, 5-12 em. long, 1.5-3(—6) cm. wide, abruptly acuminate or caudately acuminate, sometimes shallowly 2-or 3-lobed toward the tip or 2. VITTARIA J. E. Smith the areolae linear-lanceolate to lanceolate; sori linear, im- pressed, sunken in a groove along the veins, often partially anastomosing; paraphyses simple or rarely branched, capitate. —Moist rocks in mountains; Honshu (Sagami and Echizen Prov. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; rare-——Formosa, China, Indochina, and n. India. SHISHI-RAN ZOKU Epiphytic, with short-creeping rhizomes; scales dark, clathrate; fronds crowded, narrowly linear, entire, stipitate or sessile, firm, glabrous, costate, the veins forming a single row of areolae between the costa and the submarginal fertile vein; sori con- tinuous at maturity along the fertile vein, immersed or almost superficial; paraphyses present—About 80 species in the Tropics. 1A. Sori in a marginal groove; costa not raised on underside. .........-. 00sec cece cece eee ence ete e ete eneees 1. V. zosterifola 1B. Sori dorsal, naked or partially enclosed by the recurved margin of the blade; costa more or less raised on underside. 2A. Sori sunken in a groove. 3A. Sori midway between the costa and margin; blades deeply 2-grooved on upper side. ...............-4--eseeeus 2. V. fudzinot 3B. Sori submarginal; blades 1-grooved or nearly flat om upper side. ....... 0... eee eee eee e eet eet ene eeee 3. V. flexuosa 2B. Sori superficial, intramarginal, not sunken in a groove or protected by the margin of the blade. ................ 4. V. forrestiana 1. Vittaria zosterifolia Willd. V. elongata var. zosteri- folia (Willd.) Tard.-Bl. & C. Chr.; V. formosana Nakai—— AMAMO-SHISHI-RAN, SHIMA-SHISHI-RAN. Evergreen, glabrous; rhizomes creeping, 3-4 mm. across, densely scaly, the scales black-brown, ascending, linear-lanceolate, 5—7 mm. long, about 0.5 mm. wide, sparsely toothed, clathrate, the filiform tip about 1/3-1/2 as long as the body; fronds thinly coriaceous, pendulous, linear, flat, 50-80 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, obtuse, gradually narrowed at base, glabrous except for a few scales at base of stipe; costa not distinct; sori continuous in marginal grooves—Tree trunks; Shikoku, Kyushu (Yakushima and Tanegashima); rare——Ryukyus, Formosa, Indochina, Poly- nesia, Malaysia, and Mascarene Isls. 2. Vittaria fudzinoi Makino. V. japonica var. sessilis Eaton ex Yoshinaga; V. sessilis (Eaton ex Yoshinaga) Makino——NakaMisHIsHI-RAN. Rhizomes short-creeping, densely scaly, the scales membranous, brown, slightly lustrous, linear-lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, filiform at the tip, sparsely toothed, clathrate; fronds coriaceous, fleshy, lustrous, closely approximate, 20-40 cm. long including the stipe, 3-4(-5) mm. wide, acute to subobtuse, gradually attenuate toward the base; costa stout, raised beneath, with a deep groove on each side above; sori on a groove midway between the costa and margin. Honshu (Izu and Kii Prov. westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; rare.—China. 8. Vittaria flexuosa Fée. V. japonica Miq.; V. lanceola Christ; V. flexuosa var. japonica C. Chr—SuisHI-RAN. Evergreen, glabrous; rhizomes short-creeping, densely scaly; scales dark-brown, membranous, broadly linear, 2.5—-4 mm. long, sparsely toothed, filiform above; fronds approximate, deep green, lustrous, the blades linear, 25-50 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, gradually narrowed at tip, attenuate toward base to the short stipe, grooved above, the costa raised beneath; sori submarginal, on a groove partially covered by the recurved margin of blade——Shaded rocky cliffs and tree trunks; Honshu (Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; rather common westw.—Ryukyus, Formosa, China, Indochina, and n. India. VITTARIACEAE; MARSILEACEAE; SALVINIACEAE 4, Vittaria forrestiana Ching. Osa-sHisHrran. Rhi- zomes creeping, scaly, the scales rusty-brown, very thin, lan- ceolate, about 1 cm. long, long-acuminate, ascending; fronds crowded, softly herbaceous, lanceolate, 15-25(—40) cm. long, 1.5(-3) cm. wide, gradually attenuate at both ends, short- Fam. 22. MARSILEACKAE 107 stipitate, entire, hyaline on margin, flat; costa prominent on both surfaces, the veins somewhat evident, very oblique, slender; sori superficial, intramarginal——Kyushu (Yaku- shima, according to M. Tagawa) ——China and Indochina. Denjrso Ka Marsilea Family Mostly aquatic, growing in mud, rarely floating or aerial; rhizomes creeping, solenostelic, hairy; leaves simple, linear, or with one or two pairs of leaflets at the end of a long petiole; veins freely forked and anastomosing at the apices; megasporangia and microsporangia enclosed in different sporocarps; sporocarps bony, borne on stipes or basal——Three genera with about 70 species. 1. MARSILEA L. Denjrso Zoku Leaves 4-foliolate; sori numerous on a gelatinous receptacle attached to the wall of the sporocarp——Nearly 70 species, cosmo- politan, especially abundant in Australia and S. Africa. 1. Marsilea quadrifolia L. Lemna quadrifolia (L.) Desr.; Zalusianskya quadrifolia (L.) O. Kuntze; Pteris quad- rifoliata L.; M. quadrifoliata (L.) L——Denyjr-so. Aquatic or hygrophytic summergreen perennial with brownish yellow appressed to ascending soft hairs while very young; rhizomes slender, long-creeping, 1.5-2 mm. in diameter; leaves radical, few, the petioles 5-15 cm. long; leaflets or pinnules 4, thinly chartaceous to membranous, sessile, deltoid-flabellate, 1-2 cm. at base, entire, glabrous on upper surface; veins slender, nearly parallel, forked, somewhat anastomosing; pedicels short, 2-3- nate, connate, adnate to the base of stipe, erect; sporocarps soli- tary on a pedicel, ellipsoidal, 4-5 mm. long, densely pubescent at first, becoming glabrous, the basal tooth minute-——Sept— Oct. Paddy fields and ponds; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; common.—Europe to n. India and e. Asia, intro- duced in N. America. long and as wide, broadly rounded at apex, broadly cuneate Fam. 23. SALVINIACEAE Floating plants with a somewhat elongate and branched axis; leaves apparently distichous, straight in vernation; sporocarps very soft and thin-walled, two or more on a common peduncle, I-locular, the central often branched receptacle with either a SansHo-Mo Ka __ Salvinia Family solitary macrospore or with numerous microspores———A small family of 2 genera. 1A. Roots absent (some of the lower leaves finely dissected and rootlike); leaves unlobed, flat, short-petioled; stems simple. .... 1. Salvinia 1B. Roots present; leaves bilobed, sessile; stems pinnately branched, sessile. .........--- eee eee e ee eee e eee teen eee eects 2. Azolla 1. SALVINIA Adans. SANsHO-Mo ZoKU Small floating plants; leaves ternate with two lateral, foliar, green, entire, fat blades and a third finely dissected and sub- merged, the foliar structure simulating roots; sporocarps short-peduncled, on the floating leaves, globose or nearly so; micro- sporangia numerous; megasporangia few, each maturing only one megaspore.——About 10 species, mostly in tropical America and Africa, few in Eurasia. l. Salvinia natans (L.) All. Marsilea natans L.; S. euro- paea Desy.——SaNsH6-Mo. Stems 5-10 cm. long, loosely to rounded at base, short-petiolate, entire, with tufts of minute bristlelike hairs on upper surface, soft-puberulent beneath, the branched, densely leaved, the two lateral foliar blades herba- ceous, pale green, spreading, slightly imbricate, soft, elliptic to oblong, 8-15 mm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, flat or very slightly folded, pinnately arranged, rounded at apex, slightly cordate 2. AZOLLA Lam. submerged leaf finely dissected and rootlike; sporangia of two kinds, fascicled, globose, pubescent——Sept—Nov. Ponds and paddy fields in lowlands; Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; com- mon.—Europe to India and e. Asia. AKA-UKIKUSA ZOKU Small floating mosslike plants; roots simple, unbranched; stems pinnately branched, densely leafy; leaves 2-lobed, imbricate; sporocarps in pairs on the first leaf of a lateral branch, covered by the hoodlike upper lobe of the leaf, the smaller ones at base with a single macrospore, the larger ones globose, with a basal placenta and many pedicellate microsporangia bearing masses of microspores.—A bout 6 species. 1A. Leaves about 1.5 mm. long; plant prominently papillose, especially on the axis and lower part of leaves. .........+.- 1. A. imbricata 1B. Leaves about 2 mm. long; plant nearly smooth or obsoletely papillose on leaves. .......-.eeeeuee ences eee sees eesees 2. A. japonica 1. Azolla imbricata (Roxb.) Nakai. Salvinia imbricata Roxb, ex Griff AKa-UKIKUSA. Small reddish herb about 1 cm. long, deltoid or rounded in outline; stems or main axis closely branched, papillose, densely leafy, few-rooted; leaves sessile, 2-lobed, papillose, especially toward the base, deltoid- orbicular, about 1-1.5 mm. long, very obtuse to rounded at 108 apex, hyaline on margin.—Ponds and paddy fields; Honshu (Kinki Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu—China to In- dia. 2. Azolla japonica Fr. & Sav. ex Nakai. A. pinnata var. japonica Fr. & Sav.; A. pinnata sensu auct. Japon., non R. Br. ——O-aKa-uxixusa. Reddish herb about 2 cm. long, deltoid SALVINIACEAE to orbicular-deltoid in outline; stems or main axis closely branched, with rather numerous slender roots; leaves closely imbricate, the lobes orbicular to orbicular-deltoid, about 2 mm. long, rounded at apex, broadly hyaline on margin———Ponds and paddy fields; Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; common. Plate | as - (Photo Kyushu. Asplenium antiquum Makino (Aspleniaceae). Tanegashima Island, (Photo M. Kawayu in Kushiro, Hokkaido. la astatica Ohwi (Osmundaceae). Tatewaki.) Os S. Ouchiyama.) Plate 2 cheniaceae). Near Ujina in Bingo Prov., sw. Honshu. (Photo M. Tatewaki.) (Glei Dicranopteris linearis Underw. Sphenomeris chinensis (L.) Maxon. (Pteridaceae). Forest near Cape Ashizuri, Tosa Prov., s. Shikoku. (Photo J. Ohwi.) (eurdAtyong ‘S ojoyg) “nysnky ‘purysy eumysesouey, *(ovasemrsD) “podog sisuauisuiuog vayiwiD Piper Sy “ ¥ — (sntjoziiN pue ysinbpury ojoyq) CHEMIE L “A ‘OpleyxyOH “Ie “We O06] “eo ‘oyvIOINy Ur Nsjasieq “(svadvUTG) “Boy vyiund snuig o}0Yq) “Nysnhy “Aorg munsOQ ‘yes-1oT, ade “(avso"peskD) “qunyy, vynjoaa1 svotp e430 Ss aldo Vig ~ b Id o10yd) “nysuoyy{ “AOI NZP] “TYeZasO jo 2x10YS *(avaorUul,]) [ted uswaquny4 sad 25 ee Te a oF : - | g Id (TyeMaIe Ty W Oly) “NYysuOPy *s “AOI Wy “(evao"Ipoxey,) “99NZ, % “qalg vzHpjII121aa skpdopu1s (snipZiIN pue ysinbpury 0044) “NysuoTFy ‘OxYIN *(eva."Ipoxey,) “uog *q (JT) vIIuodnl visauLojdhin 9 IFId Phylum SPERMATOPHYTA Seed Plants, Phanerogams or Flowering Plants Class 1. GYMNOSPERMAE Fam. 24. CYCADACEAE = Soretsu Ka = Cycad Family Palmlike, dioecious woody plants with a usually thickened and columnar rarely branched trunk; leaves closely and spirally arranged, pinnate or bipinnate with circinate vernation; male sporophylls conelike, composed of scales each with many anthers on the lower side, the female (in ours) of leaflike or scalelike segments, the ovules marginal, becoming large and drupelike, with one integument——About 9 genera with somewhat more than 80 species chiefly in tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. Le CYCAS IE. Soretsu Zoku Dioecious; trunk columnar, simple or sparingly branched, densely covered with bases of old petioles; leaves rosulate and terminal on the trunk, large, petiolate, pinnate, the linear entire pinnae gradually reduced to a spine toward base of rachis; male sporophylls forming an erect many-scaled cone, the scales with numerous globose anthers beneath; female sporophylls leaflike bearing ovules on the marginal notch——About 15 species, in the warmer parts of Asia, Africa, Malaysia, and Australia. 1. Cycas revoluta Thunb. Soretsu. Trunk 1-4 m. flattened, reddish, about 4 cm. long——Usually near sea- high; leaves densely lanate when young, becoming rigid, lus- shores; Kyushu=——Ryukyus. trous, rosulate at apex of stem; seeds broadly ovoid, slightly Fam. 25. GINKGOACEAE = Icué Ka __ Ginkgo Family Lofty deciduous dioecious tree with grayish brown branches; leaves alternate or fasciculate on short spurs, flabellate, about 7 cm. wide, parallel-veined, irregularly undulate on upper margin, often deeply notched or bifid at apex, entire at base and long-petiolate, glaucous; stamens in loose catkinlike spikes; ovules generally in pairs, long-pedunculate; seeds drupelike, about 2.5 cm. long, broadly ellipsoidal, the outer coat yellowish, fleshy at maturity and emitting a putrifying fetid odor at time of falling, the inner coat horny and whitish, peach-like——Monogeneric. A relic family known only in cultivation. 1. GINKGO L. IcHd Zoxu One species with the characters of the family. 1. Ginkgo biloba L. Icuo. Much planted in this and Cy. Epiphylla——Ouatsuxkricu6, with peduncles of the country, especially associated with Shinto shrines. Cultivars fruit becoming broad and winglike and adnate to the leaf grown in gardens include: Cv. Pendula with pendulous petiole. branches; Cy. Aureovariegata with yellow-variegated leaves; Fam. 26. TAXACEAE Icum Ka Yew Family Shrubs or trees, much branched, dioecious, rarely monoecious; leaves linear, subulate, or sometimes linear-lanceolate, alternate, often disposed in 2 rows; staminate cones strobilate, usually solitary in leaf axils, the stamens peltate with 4- to 9-locular anthers, the pollen grains without wings; ovule solitary, terminal on a short axillary branch, several bracteate at base; seed partly or entirely surrounded by a fleshy aril; cotyledons 2——Three genera with about 15 species, in the temperate regions of the N. Hemisphere, and in New Caledonia. 1A. Fruit drupelike, the single seed completely enveloped by an aril; anthers 4-locular; branches subopposite; leaves with 2 stomatal bands Ferieatliseene te cierto te Sees, cecal tates ctete le crete terocntarete otalo ole evolereteialel Wiarevere/alarale cto/alel avelevel ei |sidiate 010.) atejotelelola/eimieisveyeivieis ets 1. Torreya 1B. Fruit berrylike, the seed only partly surrounded by a fleshy red arial; anthers 5- to 9-locular; branches alternate; leaves pale green be- MVCCAE LY Rete raarefahorctoter eho ere acme inte eve ateter cients wletaie ele uteisie! ofe;ctateieie e siereteveleralole eieis viclelelerein\e sinielviclele)o cie's winivinirieine vive sure ele 2. Taxus 109 110 TAXACEAE; PoDOCARPACEAE Kaya Zoxu 1. TORREYA Arn. Evergreen mostly dioecious trees with longitudinally torn bark; branches on main axis verticillate, the lateral branches subopposite; leaves appearing 2-ranked, thick, rigid, linear, lustrous and deep green above, with 2 narrow stomatal bands beneath; stamen clusters solitary, axillary, pedunculate, consisting of 4-8 whorls of stamens, the anthers 4-locular; ovule single, sessile, subtended by several scales, surrounded by a fleshy aril; seeds ovoid, maturing the second year.—Seven or eight species in N. America and e. Asia. 1. Torreya nucifera (L.) Sieb. & Zucc. Taxus nuctfera L.— Kaya, Glabrous tree with spreading brownish branches; leaves linear, 15-25 mm. long, 2.2-3 mm. wide, rather rigid, gradually tapering to a short spinescent apex, abruptly narrowed to subsessile base, deep green and lustrous on more or less convex upper side, pale green with 2 narrow pale yellowish impressed stomatal bands beneath; seed nar- rowly ellipsoidal, about 2.5 cm. long, greenish, tinged with purple-—Honshu (Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyu- shu. 2. TAXUS L. Var. macrosperma (Miyoshi) Koidz. T.macrosperma Mi- yoshi HIDARL-MAKIGAYA. Seed oblong, 3.5-4 cm. long. —Honshu (Omi and Iga Prov.). Var. radicans Nakai. T. fruticosa Nakai——Cuasocaya. Stems less than 3 m. long, ascending, branching from base, radicant——Mountains; Honshu. Var. igaensis (Doi & Morikawa) Ohwi. T. igaensis Doi & Morikawa——K oTsuBucaya. Leaves 1-18 cm. long, abruptly spinescent; seed about 2 cm. long-——Honshu (Iga Proy.); rare. Icom Zoku Evergreen, dioecious, rarely monoecious trees and shrubs with red-brown scaly bark, the branches irregularly alternate; leaves spirally arranged but often appearing 2-ranked, linear, sometimes falcate, with 2 rather broad greenish stomatal bands beneath; stamens 6-14, in heads, the anthers 5- to 9-locular; ovule surrounded at base by an aril and several scales; seeds ovoid, the aril cup-shaped, fleshy, usually scarletAbout 8 species in the temperate regions of the N. Hemisphere. 1. Taxus cuspidata Sieb. & Zucc. T. baccata sensu Thunb., non L.; T. baccata var. microcarpa Trautv.; T. bac- cata subsp. cuspidata (Sieb. & Zucc.) Pilger——Icuu. Erect tree with spreading or ascending branches; leaves spirally ar- ranged er appearing 2-ranked, linear, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, rather abruptly narrowed to a short spinescent apex, abruptly short-petiolate at base, dark green with the mid- rib conspicuous above when dry, the lower side with 2 tawny stomatal bands occupying nearly the entire area except the margins and midrib; aril scarlet when mature-———Mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu (centr. distr. northw. and Yamato), Shi- koku, Kyushu. Var. luteobaccata Miyabe & Tatew. Kim1-No-onKo. yellowish around a greenish seed. Var. nana Rehd. Kyarasoxu. Depressed low shrub with ascending, densely arranged branches and branchlets; leaves usually only spirally disposed and not appearing 2- ranked.Mountains; Honshu (Japan Sea side); much cul- tivated. Aril Fam. 27. PODOCARPACEAE Maxi Ka Trees and shrubs; leaves usually acicular to linear, sometimes broadly oblong to ovate; stamens usually many, terminal or axillary, on elongate peduncles, the anthers 2-locular; ovules 1 to several, with several basal scales which become a fleshy receptacle; seeds globose to ovoid, drupelike. Seven genera, with about 100 species chiefly in the Tropics. Podocarp Family 1. PODOCARPUS Pers. Evergreen shrubs and trees, dioecious, rarely monoecious; leaves alternate, sometimes opposite, linear to broadly lanceolate or ovate; staminate cones amentlike, usually axillary, solitary or in fascicles; ovules usually solitary, axillary, enveloped by a scale which becomes a fleshy receptacle subtended by several bracts; seeds globose to ovoid, drupelike or nutlike-——More than 60 species, chiefly in mountains of tropical or subtropical regions. Maxi Zoku WAC beavesialternate broad lyalinearathemnid ni bIGistiicl ane hee heer re eerie re reen terete orerien eer neiaet 1. P. macrophyllus 1B. Leaves opposite, lanceolate to ovate, or oblong, the midrib wanting, ........... 0c cece eee e eect nee cece tees eeeeee 2. P. nagi 1. Podocarpus macrophyllus (Thunb.) Lamb. Taxus macrophylla Thunb.; P. Jongifolius Hort Inu-Makt. Trees with rather stout branches; leaves alternate, broadly linear, 10— 18 cm. long, attenuate at both ends, deep green and lustrous above, slightly yellowish below, the midrib distinct; staminate cones cylindric, in fascicles, in groups about 3 cm. long; ovules axillary, short-pedicelled; fruit furnished with an obovoid dark red fleshy receptable at base and a single broadly ovoid, green- ish seed about 1 cm. long——May. Honshu (s. Kanto to s. Kinki Distr.), Shikoku, Kyushu—Ryukyus. Var. maki Sieb. Taxus chinensis Roxb.; P. chinensis (Roxb.) Sweet; P. japonicus Sieb.; P. macrophyllus subsp. maki (Sieb.) Pilger; P. macrophyllus var. chinensis (Roxb.) Maxim.—Rakan-MAKI, Maxi. Shrubs with ascending branches; leaves densely arranged, ascending, 4-8 cm. long, 5-9 mm. wide, obtuse——Native of China, widely cultivated in Japan; several cultivars are grown. 2. Podocarpus nagi (Thunb.) Zoll. & Moritzi ex Ma- kino. Myrica nagi Thunb.; Nageia japonica Gaertn.; N. nagi (Thunb.) O. Kuntze—Nac1. Branched, upright tree with glabrous branches; leaves opposite or subopposite, lanceo- late to ovate or oblong, 3-8 cm. long, 12-30 mm. wide, obtuse, PopocaRPACEAE; CEPHALOTAXACEAE} PINACEAE narrowed at base, entire, deep-green and lustrous above, paler or whitish beneath with many parallel slender veinlets; sta- mens fasciculate; seeds globose, 10-15 mm. wide, bluish green, Fam. 28. CEPHALOTAXACEAE 111 slightly glaucous; receptacle small and not fleshy—May- June. Mountains; Honshu (w. Chagoku), Shikoku, Kyushu; occasionally planted——Ryukyus and Formosa. Inucaya Ka — Plum-yew Family Evergreen shrubs and trees, dioecious, rarely monoecious; leaves linear, appearing 2-ranked; stamens 7-12, axillary, globose, in heads or spikes, with short filaments, the anthers usually 3-locular; ovulate organ axillary on lower part of branchlets, consist- ing of several pairs of 2-ovuled megasporophylls; seed solitary or geminate, ellipsoidal, drupelike, with fleshy pericarp and thin woody inner coat——Two genera and about 6 species in e. Asia and the Himalayas. Inucaya Zoku 1. CEPHALOTAXUS Sieb. & Zucc. Evergreen, dioecious shrubs or trees with opposite branches; leaves appearing 2-ranked, linear, with a raised midrib above and 2 broad stomatal bands beneath; seeds large, ellipsoidal, greenish or purplish——About 5 species in e. Asia and the Himalayas. 1. Cephalotaxus harringtonia (Knight) K. Koch. Taxus harringtonia Knight ex Forbes; C. pedunculata Sieb. & Zucc.; C. drupacea Sieb, & Zucc.; C. drupacea var. harringtonia (Knight) Pilger——Inucaya. Small tree with spreading branches; leaves appearing 2-ranked, linear, 2-5 cm. long, 2.5- 3.5 mm. wide, abruptly mucronate, dark green above, with 2 rather broad grayish stomatal bands beneath; stamens on short, simple or rarely branched peduncles; seeds ovoid or obovoid, rarely globose, about 2.5 cm. long, greenish, becoming purplish Cy. Fastigiata. C. harringtonia var. fastigiata (Carr.) Rehd.; Podocarpus koraiana Endl.; C. koraiana Hort. ex Gordon; C. pedunculata fastigiata Carr.; C. buergeri Miq.; C. harringtonia var. koraiana (Endl.) Koidz—Cnosen- MAKI. Shrub with erect or ascending branches, and usually spirally arranged leaves not appearing 2-ranked———Known only in cultivation. Var. nana (Nakai) Rehd. C. mana Nakai——Hat-inueaya. Spreading shrub with ascending branches; seeds pale purplish when mature——Mountains on the Japan Sea side; Hokkaido, Honshu. when mature——Hondo (Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu.—K orea and n. China. Fam. 29. PINACEAE Martsu Ka Evergreen, rarely deciduous shrubs and trees, usually monoecious, with long shoots only or with both long shoots and short spurs; leaves acicular or linear, spirally arranged; staminate inflorescence amentlike, consisting of many imbricate scales with several 2-loculed anthers on the lower side, the pollen-grains often winged; ovulate aments or cones consisting of many im- bricate woody scales, with 2 usually winged seeds on the upper side, the ovules anatropous——About 9 genera, with more than 200 species widely distributed in the N. Hemisphere. Pine Family 1A. Leaves not in fascicles, disposed in 2 ranks or spiral on elongate branches; long shoots prevailingly well-developed, the short shoots obsolete or poorly developed. 2A. Cones erect, the scales deciduous leaving a persistent axis; branches not pulvinate; pollen-grains winged. ...........----- 1, Abies 2B. Cones reflexed or pendulous, the scales persistent. 3A. Bracts of the cone scales much-elongate, exserted; branches scarcely pulvinate; pollen-grains wingless. .......... 2. Pseudotsuga 3B. Bracts shorter than the scales; branches pulvinate. 4A. Cones small, not over 2.5 cm. long, the seeds enclosed by the wing-base; leaves with solitary resin ducts; pollen-grains wingless. 3. Tsuga 4B. Cones larger, never less than 3 cm. long, the seeds enclosed by the wing-base on one side only; leaves with paired resin ducts; pollen-prainsawingeds wetssyeeertereeteteseloleieteicteleler etree okosercie ereretereleyeteie! sia) viol olerar>1 Ys steln\alolale|oiniefelclerelsinieletstaleyerexsrer—ol col Ong err ttrittietmisierierteet tieristeiisivielsieieleleitelekers ile ioiete tele eter yer- ieee 3. P. glehnit 2B. Leaves 4-angled, as broad as thick or a little narrower. 4A. Branchlets glabrous. 5A. Winter buds ovoid, chestnut-brown, not or slightly resinous; leaves 15-20 mm. long; cones 8-10 cm. long. ........ 4. P. polita 5B. Winter buds conical, reddish brown, conspicuously resinous; leaves 8-15 mm. long; cones 3-6 cm. long. ... 5. P. maximowiczii 4B. Branchlets usually glandular-pubescent, glabrescent or nearly so; winter buds conical, broadened at base, brown, lustrous, resinous; leaves 8-12 mm. long; cones 4-10 cm. long. .......... 1. Picea jezoensis (Sieb. & Zucc.) Carr. Abies jezoensis Sieb. & Zucc.; P. ajanensis auct. Japon., non Fisch.; 4. alco- quiana Veitch ex Lindl. pro parte; Pinus jezoensis (Sieb. & Zuce.) Ant.; A. microsperma Lindl.; A. microcarpa Lindl. apud Miq. err. typogr.; Picea microsperma (Lindl.) Carr— Ezo-matsu, Kuro-Ezo. Tree; branchlets glabrous and lustrous, yellowish brown or yellowish, with slightly swollen pulvini; leaves compressed, 1-2 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, acute, mu- cronate, somewhat keeled on both sides, slightly recurved, lus- trous on external (upper) side, with 2 stomatal bands on inner (under) side; cones short-cylindric, 4-7.5 cm. long, the scales oblong, denticulate on upper margin; seeds about 3 mm. long, the wing 2-2.5 times as long as the seed——Hokkaido——s. Kuriles and Sakhalin. Var. hondoensis (Mayr) Rehd. P. hondoensis Mayr— Tour. Branchlets usually reddish brown, the pulvini much swollen; leaves a little shorter, acutish to obtuse, the terminal mucro almost entirely wanting-———High mountains; Honshu (centr. distr. and Yamato). 2. Picea bicolor (Maxim.) Mayr. Abies bicolor Maxim.; A. alcoquiana Veitch ex Lindl. pro parte; P. alcockiana Carr. —JRA-Mom1, MATSU-HADA. Tree; branchlets lustrous, red- dish brown, glabrous but short-pubescent on main axis; leaves slightly compressed, 1-2 cm. long, 1-1.3 mm. wide, acuminate; Gr eeraye acs (etope ea AA Scie) cla vahe: Srecovelsse vera dl sleeateters lela srelslev els 6. P. Royamae cones narrowly ovoid, 6-12 cm. long, the scales obovate, rounded or slightly narrowed at apex, obscurely toothed. Mountains; Honshu (centr. distr.). Var. acicularis Shiras. & Koyama——Hime-marsu-HapA. Branchlets minutely pubescent; leaves recurved; cone-scales subentire——Honshu (Yatsugatake in Shinano); rare. Var. reflexa Shiras. & Koyama——SHirANeE-MATSU-HADA. Branchlets minutely pubescent; leaves shorter; cone-scales smaller, entire with slightly elongate reflexed tip—ubH}onshu (Akaishi mountain range); rare. 3. Picea glehnii (F. Schmidt) Mast. Abies glehnii F. Schmidt——Axka-Ezo-matsu. Tree; branchlets densely pu- bescent with reddish brown short hairs; leaves compressed, 4-angled, acicular, 6-12 mm. long, 1.2-1.5 mm. wide, obtuse or slightly pointed, dark green, slightly recurved; cones cylindric, 5-8 cm. long, dark purplish, the scales suborbicular, entire or slightly denticulate——Bogs; Hokkaido, Honshu (Mt. Haya- chine in Rikuchu)——Sakhalin——Forma chlorocarpa Mi- yabe & Kudo. Aomt-No-aKa-Ezo-MaTsu. Cones green to green- ish yellow. 4, Picea polita (Sieb. & Zucc.) Carr. Abies polita Sieb. & Zucc.; P. torano (Sieb.) Koehne; P. thunbergii Asch. & Graebn.——Hari-MoM1, BAraA-MoMI. Tree with thickish, glabrous, pale yellow or pale reddish brown branchlets; leaves 114 rigid, slightly recurved, 15-20 mm. long, about 1.8 mm. wide, short spine-tipped, 4-angled and slightly narrower than thick, the pulvini elongate, about 1.5 mm. long; cones oblong, 8-10 cm. long, the scales elliptic, irregularly denticulate——Moun- tains; Honshu (centr. distr. and Yamato), Shikoku, Kyushu. 5. Picea maximowiczii Regel. Abies obovata var. ja- ponica Maxim.; P. obovata var. japonica (Maxim.) Beissn.; P. tschonoskii Mayr——Hme-Bara-Momi. Tree; branchlets rather slender, glabrous, yellowish or reddish brown, with short pulvini; leaves rigid, spreading, 8-15 mm. long, dark green, acute or rather obtuse, 4-angled, with stomatal bands on all sides; cones oblong, 3-6 cm. long, brown when mature, 5. LARIX Mill. PINACEAE lustrous, the scales rounded, entire——Mountains; Honshu (Yatsugatake and Senjogatake in Shinano); rare. 6. Picea koyamae Shiras. YatTsuGATAKE-TO-HI. ‘Tree; branchlets reddish brown and slightly glaucous, glabrous or nearly so on main axis, usually glandular-pubescent in the lateral, the pulvini prominent; leaves 8-12 mm. long, thickish, acute or obtuse, sometimes slightly curved, with 2 whitish prominent stomatal bands above and 2 faint bands beneath; cones short-cylindric, 4-10 cm. long, pale brown, the scales rounded, denticulate——Mountains; Honshu (Yatsugatake) ; rare. Kara-matsu Zoku Deciduous, monoecious trees; leaves linear, compressed, rarely 4-angled, loosely and spirally arranged on elongate shoots, fasciculate on short spurs; staminate aments sometimes pedunculate, globose to oblong, with numerous spirally arranged anthers; ovulate aments globose, of few to rather numerous 2-ovuled scales each subtended by a large bract; cones subglobose to oblong, maturing in one season, the scales rounded to elliptic, persistent; seeds geminate, subtriangular, winged; cotyledons usually 6— About 10 species in the cooler regions of the N. Hemisphere and the Himalayas. 1. Larix leptolepis (Sieb. & Zucc.) Gord. Pinus kaemp- fert Lamb.; Abies leptolepis Sieb. & Zucc.; L. japonica Carr.; L. leptolepis var. minor A. Murr.; L. japonica var. macrocarpa Carr.; L. leptolepis var. murrayana Maxim.; L. kaempferi (Lamb.) Sarg., non Carr—Kara-matsu. Tree; branch- lets yellowish or reddish brown, glabrous or slightly short- pubescent; leaves compressed, 15-35 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, obtuse, green, slightly glaucous while young, slightly 6. CEDRUS Link narrowed toward base, with 2 stomatal bands beneath; cones broadly ovoid, 2-3 cm. long, the scales several, truncate and recurved at apex, minutely gland-dotted on back——Moun- tains; Honshu (centr. distr., Oze, and Zaosan in Rikuzen), often planted for timber. Larix dahurica Turcz. var. japonica Maxim. L. kurilen- sis Mayr——Gui-Matsu, SHIKOTAN-MATSU. Occasionally planted—s. Kuriles and Sakhalin. Himaraya-suci Zoku Evergreen monoecious tree; leaves spirally arranged, remotely alternate on long shoots, fasciculate on short spurs, acicular and rather rigid, trigonous, acuminate and pointed; staminate aments cylindric, erect; ovulate aments ovoid, with numerous spirally arranged 2-ovuled scales; cones ovoid, maturing the second or third year, the scales densely imbricate, broad, finely puberulent outside; seeds with a broad membranous wing; cotyledons 9-10.— About 4 closely related species, n. Africa, Crete, Turkey, Lebanon, and Himalayas. 1. Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Loud. Pinus deodara Roxb.; C. libant var. deodara (Roxb.) Hook. £—Hrmaraya-suct, Himaraya-sHipa. Tree; branches slender, elongate, pendu- lous at tip, densely pubescent; leaves dark bluish green, 7. PINUS L. acicular, usually 3-4 cm. long, subrigid, straight, acuminate; staminate flowers about 3 cm. long, appearing in late summer; cones ellipsoidal, 7-10 cm. long——Often cultivated; intro- duced from the Himalayas. Martsu Zoku Evergreen monoecious trees, rarely shrubs; leaves dimorphic, the primary ones spirally arranged and reduced to small scarious bracts, the secondary leaves borne on short spurs in the axils of bracts, acicular, triangular or subterete in cross section, borne in fascicles of 2-5 (8), rarely 1, surrounded at base by sheaths of bud-scales; stamens borne in catkinlike aments, axillary, in fascicles at base of young shoots, with numerous spirally arranged 2-locular anthers; ovulate aments lateral or subterminal, with numerous spirally arranged 2-ovuled scales, the subtending bracts small; cones globose to subcylindric, woody, the scales at the tip usually rhombic and umbonate; seeds winged or wingless; cotyledons 4-15.——About 100 species widely distributed in the N. Hemisphere, mainly extratropical, a few extending to the mountains of n. Africa, Malaysia, Central America, and the West Indies. 1A. Leaves 5 in a fascicle; vascular bundle solitary; sheaths of leaf-fascicles deciduous; seeds with or without wings. 2A. Seeds without wings. 3A. Procumbent shrub with creeping stems and branches; cones 3—5 cm. long, persistent for several years. ............ 1. P. pumila 3B. Erect trees; cones 5-20 cm. long. 4A. Cones subsessile, 9-15 cm. long; young shoots densely pubescent. .......-..-- cece cece e ere e eect eter neces 2. P. Roratensis 4B. Cones pedunculate, 5-10 cm. long; young shoots glabrous or nearly so. ........-++++eeeeeeee 3. P. armandu var. amamiana 2B. Seeds winged; cones 5—7 cm. long, dehiscent, subsessile; young shoots glabrous or nearly so. ..........-+++-+ee 4. P. parviflora 1B. Leaves 2 in a fascicle, serrulate; vascular bundles 2; sheaths of leaf-fascicles persistent; seeds winged. 5A. Bark reddish brown; terminal buds reddish brown; leaves slender. .............0.ceececeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 5. P. densiflora 5B. Bark blackish gray; terminal buds whitish; leaves coarser and darker green. ...........00--ceeeeeeceeeceeees 6. P. thunbergu PrnacEAE; TAXODIACEAE 1. Pinus pumila (Pall.) Regel. P. cembra var. pumila Pall——Harmatsu. Shrub, 0.5-2 m. high; lateral and main branches long-creeping, young shoots brown-pubescent; leaves 5 in a fascicle, slightly incurved, 3-5(-7) cm. long, acute, triangular and obscurely serrulate on margin, deep green on back, glaucescent with 2 stomatal bands on inside; staminate aments dark purplish; pistillate 2 or 3 on upper part of branches, purplish; cones subsessile, ovoid or ovoid-globose, 3-5 cm. long, the scales rather numerous, broadly ovate; seeds wingless——Alpine regions; Hokkaido, Honshu (centr. distr. northw.).——e. Siberia and Kamchatka. 2. Pinus koraiensis Sieb. & Zucc. P. cembra var. excelsa Maxim.; P. mandshurica Rupr.; P. cembra var. manchurica Mast.——CuosEN-coyo, CHOSEN-MATSU. Tree; young shoots densely brown-pubescent; leaves 5 in a fascicle, deep green, straight, 7-12 cm. long, 1-1.2 mm. wide, triangular, serrulate, acute, with 2 stomatal bands on inside; staminate aments red- dish yellow; cones 9-15 cm. long, ovoid-conical or oblong-coni- cal, 5-7 cm. across, the scales obtuse and slightly recurved at apex; seeds about 12 mm. long, wingless——Mountains; Hon- shu (centr. distr.), Shikoku———Korea, Manchuria, and Ussuri. 8. Pinus armandii Franch. var. amamiana (Koidz.) Hatus. P. armandii sensu auct. Japon., non Franch.; P. amamiana Koidz——AMaMt-cor6, YAKUTANE-GOYO. slirees young shoots glabrous or nearly so, brownish; leaves 5 in a fascicle, rather rigid, 5-8 cm. long, about 1 mm. wide, tri- angular, serrulate with 2 stomatal bands on lateral face; cones short-pedunculate, ovoid or ovoid-ellipsoid, 5-10 cm. long, the scales rounded and slightly recurved at apex; seeds 12-13 mm. long, wingless—Mountains and hills; Kyushu (Yaku- shima and Tanegashima)——The typical phase occurs in Formosa and China. 4. Pinus parviflora Sieb. & Zucc. P. himekomatsu Mi- yabe & Kudo; P. pentaphylla var. himekomatsu (Miyabe & Kudo) Makino—Hrme-xo-matsu, Goyo-matsu. Tree with Fam. 30. TAXODIACEAE 115 bark fissured into thin flaky scales; branches glabrous and grayish brown, or puberulent and yellowish brown while young; leaves 5 in a fascicle, rather slender, slightly curved, 2-6 cm. long, 0.7-1 mm. wide, triangular, scattered-serrulate, with 2 lateral white stomatal bands, deep green on outer side; cones ovoid-oblong, 5-7 cm. long; seeds about 1 cm. long, the wing much shorter than the seed——Mountains; Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; sometimes planted. Var. laevis Hara. Topo-wapa-coyd. Bark smooth, not flaky — Hokkaido, Honshu (centr. and n. distr.). Var. pentaphylla (Mayr) Henry. P. pentaphylla Mayr Kira-coyo. Wing of seed a little shorter than to as long as the seed Hokkaido, Honshu (centr. and n. distr.). Pinus < hakkodensis Makino. HaxxGpa-coy6. of P. parviflora * P. pumila——Honshu (n. distr.). 5. Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc. P. scopifera Miqg— Axa-matsu, Me-matsu. ‘Tree with reddish brown variously scaly bark; branchlets glabrous; leaves 2 in a fascicle, 8-12 cm. long, 0.7-1.2 mm. wide, acute, deep green, semiterete, scabrous with minute marginal teeth; staminate aments ellipsoidal, pale yellow; cones very short-pedunculate, conic-ovoid, 3-5 cm. long, the scales numerous, cuneate, the exposed part flattened and transversely rhomboidal, the umbo short-mucronate—— Hills and low mountains; Hokkaido (s. distr.), Honshu, Shi- koku, Kyushu; very common, variable. Hybridizes with the following species——Korea. 6. Pinus thunbergii Parl. P. massoniana sensu Sieb. & Zucc., non Lamb.——Kuro-matsu, O-matsu. Tree with dark gray, scaly fissured bark; young branches glabrous; leaves 2 in a fascicle, straight, rigid, dark green, subterete, sharp- pointed, 7-15 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide; cones short-peduncu- late, conic-ovoid, 4-6 cm. long, the scales cuneate, the exposed part flattish, with a small depressed mucro at the center-—— Seaside and lowlands; Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; common. ——-s. Korea. Suct Ka Hybrid Taxodium Family Trees with scaly or acicular leaves; staminate inflorescence small, terminal or axillary, the stamens with short filaments, the anthers 2- to 9-locular, the ovulate solitary and terminal, with numerous spirally arranged 2- to 9-ovulate scales; mature cones woody, with spreading, rounded scales, the bract indistinct; seeds usually with winglike margins——About 8 genera, with about 15 species in s. Asia, N. America, and Tasmania. 1A. Leaves dimorphic, needlelike ones consisting of 2 completely connate true leaves arising from the axil of scale leaves, verticillate at apex of branchlets, narrowly linear, elongate, furrowed on both surfaces, falling individually; cone scales thick, woody, without a mucro, HEAUHPO “SCOOLE Wer cheers oe aes ose yateretoneyo eter aie ove eroetafctalo sa:steysYovaieye. oi aap Wye a ul alae Gialb(e a/alera:mreiee aralare: efetevars aya rey aieruyaraaanntte’ ave 1. Sciadopitys 1B. Leaves all alike, linear-subulate, spirally arranged, rather short, incurved, decurrent, persistent; cone-scales enlarged above into PRCISCHIMINICTON Ate NCOOEIEM 5 #2 ito fo rSCOCEC p16 siletcrate iayctan eval ote 1c\e aye cl exeyerey orcuare Gre ejetetey sve ania sieis ym yayureysieleserovere manparslele 2. Cryptomeria 1. SCIADOPITYS Sieb. & Zucc. Koya-maxki Zoku Evergreen monoecious tree; leaves dimorphic, the scale leaves on the branchlets, the needlelike leaves 2, completely fused, nar- rowly linear, arising from the axils of the scale leaves, compressed, thickish, with a deeper furrow especially on under side; staminate aments densely agglomerate at tips of branchlets, the 2-locular anthers spirally arranged; ovulate aments solitary at apex of branchlets, consisting of numerous spirally arranged 7- to 9-ovulate scales each subtended by a small bract; cones narrowly ovoid, the scales broadly cuneate, thick, woody; seeds ovoid with a narrow wing; cotyledons 2——One species in Japan. 1. Sciadopitys verticillata (Thunb.) Sieb. & Zucc. cones 8-12 cm. long, with numerous scales, about 2.5 cm. wide, Taxus verticillata Thunb.; Pinus verticillata (Thunb.) Sieb. —Koya-makt. Branches glabrous, the scale leaves scat- tered on long shoots and crowded at the top, the ordinary leaves narrowly linear, 8-12 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide, lustrous, deep green, thickish, obtuse and slightly emarginate; the exposed part transversely narrow-rhombic with reflexed upper margin and rather thick incurved lower margin; seeds about 12 mm. long——Mountains; Honshu (Iwashiro and centr. distr. westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; often planted. 116 ‘TAXODIACEAE; CUPRESSACEAE 2. CRYPTOMERIA D. Don Suc1 Zoxu Evergreen monoecious tree; leaves spirally arranged in 5 rows, decurrent, linear-subulate, ascending and slightly incurved, slightly flattened laterally, anterio-posteriorly keeled, acuminate, stomatal bands on both sides; staminate aments oblong, sessile, axillary, aggregated in spikelike clusters on branchlets; stamens numerous, with 4- to 5-locular anthers; ovulate aments solitary, terminal; cones globose, woody, the scales 20-30, 2- to 5-seeded, cuneate, thickened distally, the umbo with a central spine and a few flattened toothlike spines on margin; seeds narrowly winged; cotyledons 2 or 3——One species in Japan and China. 1. Cryptomeria japonica (L. f.) D. Don. Cupressus japonica L. £.; Taxodium japonicum (L. f.) Brongn.mSuct. Glabrous tree with reddish brown shredding bark; leaves deep green, 3-20 mm. long, acuminate, broadened at base and de- current; cones 15-25 mm. across; seeds 5-6 mm. long—— Mountains and hills; Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; rarely spon- taneous; extensively planted in timber plantations, parks and gardens; several cultivars are grown.—LChina (variety). Fam. 31. CUPRESSACEAE Evergreen branched shrubs and trees; leaves decussate or verticillate in 3’s, scaly or sometimes subulate; stamens and cones axillary or terminal on branchlets, the scales of both sexes opposite or verticillate in 3’s; staminate aments with 3- to 5-locular anthers; ovulate aments with 1 to many-ovulate scales; cones woody and dehiscent or berrylike and indehiscent; seeds some- times wing-margined; cotyledons 2, rarely 5 or 6 ——About 15 genera and 150 species of wide distribution. HinoxiKa — Cypress Family 1A. Leaves opposite; cones woody and dehiscent. 2A. Cones ovoid to narrowly so, the scales flattened and imbricate. 3A. Branchlets less than 5 mm. wide, deep green, sometimes white-spotted on lower side; cone-scales 4—6 pairs, the two fertile pairs each! with: Iupainfok seed st) aise) vassiavainey vhavavei hates is iete terete os Manatee le tece » Bubicanace aoe a ereyetere feel eS ier HATE SRR te te eer 1. Thuja 3B. Branchlets 5-6 mm. wide, conspicuously white-spotted on lower side; cone-scales 3 or 4 pairs, 3- to 5-seeded. ...... 2. Thujopsis 2B Cones eloboses. the scales spel tates jr vavsiaysrevars says aheveyaporscateleushai eats iaie evenepesele dn acaba eraets ele eect lis eleue Sete sisters ee epee 3. Chamaecyparis 1B. Leaves opposite or ternate; cones berrylike, indehiscent, 1-12 seeded, composed of 2-6 fleshy connate scales. ........... 4. Juniperus 1. THUJA L. Kurose Zoxu Evergreen monoecious trees; branchlets horizontally or vertically flattened; leaves scalelike, opposite and decussate, the lateral almost covering the facial ones; staminate aments ovate, with 6-12 decussately arranged stamens; cones ovoid or oblong, the 4-6 pairs of scales ridged or mucronate at apex, only 2 (3) pairs fertile, each 2-(3—) seeded; seeds sometimes broadly winged; cotyledons 2———About 6 species in e. Asia and N. America. 1A. Branches and branchlets horizontally flattened; cone-scales thin and woody; seeds winged. ......................-. 1. T. standishit 1B. Branches and branchlets vertically flattened; cone-scales thick, rather fleshy while young; seeds wingless. ............ 2. T. orientalis 1. Thuja standishii (Gord.) Carr. T. japonica Maxim.; T. gigantea var. japonica Fr. & Sav.; Thujopsis standishi Gord.—Kurosez, Nezu-ko. Glabrous evergreen tree; branch- lets horizontally flattened, thickish, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide; leaves deep green, scalelike, deltoid, obtuse, eglandular; cones obo- void, 8-10 mm. long, the scales 6-8, broadly elliptic to cuneate; seeds 3 on each scale, oblanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, the oblong wing 6-7 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide-——Mountains; Honshu, Shikoku; rarely cultivated. 2. THUJOPSIS Sieb. & Zucc. 2. Thuja orientalis L. Biota orientalis (L.) Endl— Ko-no-recasHiwa. Evergreen shrub to small tree often branched nearly to base; branchlets slender, vertically flat- tened, 1.5-2 mm. wide; leaves deep green, deltoid-ovate, small, with a sessile gland on back, subacute on the branches, acute on main axis; cones ovoid, 15-25 mm. long, the scales fleshy, ovate, obtuse, with a recurved mucro on back below apex; seeds 2 on each scale, ellipsoidal, wingless ——Frequently culti- vated in Japan.m—Korea and China. Asunaro Zoku Evergreen monoecious tree; branches horizontally flattened; leaves opposite and decussate, scalelike, small; staminate aments cylindric, with 6-10 pairs of stamens; ovulate cones woody, globose-ovoid, the scales 6-8, imbricate, usually mucronate below apex, with 3-5 seeds on each scale; seeds winged; cotyledons 2——One species in Japan. 1. Thujopsis dolabrata (L. f.) Sieb. & Zucc. Thuja dolobrata L. £.; Platycladus dolabrata (L. f.) Spach; Thujopsis dolabrata var. australis Henry——Asunaro. Tree with pendu- lous lateral branches, the branchlets 4-6 mm. wide; leaves lustrous, deep green above, with a conspicuous white area beneath, the lateral ones obtuse, ascending, flat and semiovate, 4-6 mm. long, the median appressed, broadly obovate; cones 1-1.6 cm. long, dehiscent, the scales 6-10 mm. long, broadly cuneate, with a deltoid, obtuse, spreading mucro below the apex; seeds elliptic, 4-5 mm. long, 3-3.5 mm. wide, with a thickish wing——Mountains; Honshu (centr. distr. northw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; often planted. Var. hondae Makino. T. hondae (Makino) Henry—— HiInokr-asunaro. Branchlets more dense; cones larger and globose; scales without a prominent mucro—Hokkaido, Honshu (n. distr.). Cv. Nana. Thujopsis dolabrata var. nana Carr.; T. laete- virens Lindl.; T. dolabrata var. laetevirens Lindl. Mast. HIME-ASUNARO. With slender branches and smaller leaves. A dwarf cultivar of gardens. 117 CUPRESSACEAE Hinoxi Zoku 8. CHAMAECYPARIS Spach Evergreen monoecious trees; branchlets horizontally flattened (except in seedlings and in certain cultivars); leaves at maturity opposite, scaly (short subulate in juvenile condition), ovate or rhomboid, entire; staminate aments small, ovoid to oblong with numerous decussate stamens, the anthers 2- to 4-locular; ovulate cones globose, the scales 6-12, peltate, mucronate; seeds with thin broad wings; cotyledons 2——Six or seven species in N. America, Japan, and Formosa. 1A. Leaves rather obtuse, glandless; cones 10-12 mm. wide, the scales 1- to 5-seeded. ....... 0.0 e cece erect een eee eeeee 1. C. obtusa 1B. Leaves acuminate, with an obscure gland on outside; cones about 7 mm. wide, the scales 1- to 2-seeded. .............. 2. C. pistfera 1. Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb. & Zucc.) Endl. Reti- nospora obtusa Sieb. & Zucc.; Cupressus obtusa (Sieb. & Zucc.) K. Koch; Thuja obtusa (Sieb. & Zucc.) Mast.; Chamaecyparis breviramea Maxim.; C. pendula Maxim.——Hrnox1. _ Ever- green tree; branchlets slender, about 2 mm. wide, horizontally flattened; leaves scaly, appressed at maturity, obtuse, deep green above with a white spot beneath; cones globose, 10-12 mm. across, 8- to 10-scaled, each scale with a small mucro on the depressed back; seeds about 3 mm. long, narrowly winged. —Mountains; Honshu (Iwaki and Kanto Distr. westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; much planted for timber and grown ex- tensively as an ornamental. 2. Chamaecyparis pisifera (Sieb. & Zucc.) Endl. Reti- nospora pisifera Sieb. & Zucc.; Thuja pisifera (Sieb. & Zucc.) Mast——Sawara. _ Tree, closely related to the preceding; branchlets slender, flattened horizontally; leaves ascending, 4, JUNIPERUS L. acuminate, deep green, with an obscure gland above, pale green and with a small white spot beneath, the lateral leaves broadly lanceolate, compressed laterally, the facial ones ovate- deltoid; cones globose, 6-7 mm. wide, 10- or 12-scaled, the scales with a triangular mucro on the depressed center; seeds narrowly obovoid to transversely elliptic, about 2 mm. long, the wing 4 mm. long——Mountains; Honshu (Iwaki and Iwashiro westw. to Kii and Yamato), Kyushu; much planted for timber and grown extensively as an ornamental. Cy. Squarrosa. C. pisifera var. squarrosa (Sieb, & Zucc.) Beissn. & Hochst——Hi-muro. A cultivated plant with juvenile foliage, the leaves linear, soft, about 6 mm. long. Cy. Plumosa. C. pisifera var. plumosa (Carr.) Beissn.; Retinospora plumosa Carr———Suinosu-H1pa. Leaves ob- liquely spreading, short-linear, 3-4 mm. long. Intermediate between the typical phase and var. squarrosa. ByakusHiIn ZoKU Evergreen monoecious or usually dioecious shrubs and trees with congested branchlets; leaves opposite or ternate, scalelike or short acicular, sometimes both occurring together; staminate aments obovoid or oblong, with numerous opposite or ternate anthers; ovulate aments of 3-8 coalescent scales, each with 1 or 2 ovules; cones globose, berrylike, 1-12 seeded, the scales connate and more or less fleshy; cotyledons 2 or 4-5 About 50 species widely distributed in the N. Hemisphere, extending southward to the mountains of the Tropics. 1A. Leaves all acicular and ternate, spreading, articulate at base; winter buds distinct; flowers axillary. 2A. Leaves incurved, concave above, lunate in cross section; alpine regions. .......------eceeeeee cree eee creceecs 1. J. communis 2B. Leaves straight or only slightly curved, sulcate above; seashores or in mountains. 3A. Low procumbent shrub; cones 8-12 mm. across; leaves 8-15 mm. long. .........2 0. eee cece cent cece ee eeeees 2. J. conferta 3B. Upright shrub or tree; cones 6—9 mm. across; leaves 12-25 mm. long. .......-...-cescccccceccccccercercsuescs 3. J. rigida 1B. Leaves all or partly scalelike or rarely all acicular, decurrent, not articulate at base; winter buds indistinct; flowers terminal. 1. Juniperus communis L. var. montana Ait. J. sibirica Burgsd.; ]. communis var. saxatilis Pall. ex Willd., nom. imperf.; J. communis var. sibirica (Burgsd.) Rydb.; J. rebunen- sis Kudo & Susaki; J. communis var. nana Loud.—Risuir1- BYAKUSHIN. Procumbent shrub; branchlets yellowish-brown, glabrous; leaves crowded, spreading, short, acicular, linear- oblong, curved, short-pointed, lustrous, deep green, deeply concave with a white band above; cones globose, 7-9 mm. across, bluish-black, slightly glaucous———Alpine zone; Hok- kaido; rare. Sakhalin, Kuriles, Kamchatka, N. America to Siberia and Europe. Var. nipponica (Maxim.) Wils. J. nipponica Maxim.,; J. sibirica var. nipponica (Maxim.) Kusaka—Muryama-Nezu. Similar to the preceding variety, but the leaves less strongly curved, 1-1.2 mm. wide, deeply sulcate above, keeled below; cones globose, rounded at apex—Alpine slopes; Hokkaido, Honshu (n. distr.). Var. hondoensis Satake. ]. communis var. nipponica sensu auct. Japon., pro parte, non Wils—lHonpo-MIyAMaA-NEZU. Very close to variety nipponica but differs in the broader leaves, 1.7-2 mm. wide, and flatter leaves with a broad, 0.7-0.9 mm. shallowly depressed white band above; cones globose 4. ]. chinensis with a rather flat apex——Alpine slopes; Honshu (centr. distr.). 2. Juniperus conferta Parl. /. itoralis Maxim.; J. rigida var. conferta (Parl.) Patschke——Hatnezu. Procumbent dioecious shrubs; leaves short, acicular, 8-15 mm. long, 1-2 mm. across, usually with a short point, straight or slightly in- curved, rigid, with a white groove above; cones globose, 8-12 mm. across, purplish black and slightly glaucous-———Sandy seashores; Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu- Sakhalin. 3. Juniperus rigida Sieb. & Zucc. J]. utilis Koidz—— Nezu, Muro, Nezumrsasut. Upright shrub or small tree; branchlets slender, pendulous, triangular; leaves spreading, acicular, 12-25 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, straight, slender, gradually narrowed into a short spine, with a white deep fur- row above; cones globose, 6-9 mm. in diameter, purplish black, slightly glaucous when young——Hills and mountains; Hon- shu (Kanto Distr. westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu——Korea and n. China. 4, Juniperus chinensis L. /. cernua Roxb.; J. thunbergii Hook. & Arn.; Sabina chinensis (L.) Ant: Inuki, IsuKi- BYAKUSHIN, KAMAKURA-BYAKUSHIN. Much-branched dioe- cious shrub to small tree; leaves dimorphic, the scalelike leaves 118 deep green, opposite, rhombic-ovate, obtuse, closely appressed, about 1.5 mm. long, decussate, the branchlets appearing 4-angled, with an obscure gland at back, the acicular leaves ternate, decussate, obliquely spreading or ascending, 5-10 mm. long, gradually narrowed above into a short point, with 2 stomatal bands above; cones subglobose, 6-8 mm. in diameter, brownish, slightly glaucous; seeds 2 or 3——Near seashores; Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu-———China and Mongolia. Much cultivated and very variable. Cy. Parsonsii. J. chinensis var. parsonsii Hornibr- Par- SONSU-BYAKUSHIN. | Shrubby creeping habit, the branchlets elongate, scaly-leavedCultivated. Cv. Globosa. ]. chinensis var. globosa Hornibr.—Tama- BYAKUSHIN. Shrubby globose habit, branching from near the base, the leaves mostly scalelike——Cultivated. Class 2. Subclass 1. MoNnocoTyYLEDONEAE Fam. 32. TYPHACEAE CUPRESSACEAE; TYPHACEAE; SPARGANIACEAE Var. sargentii Henry. J. sargentii (Henry) Takeda ex Nakai; ]. chinensis var. tsukushiensis (Masam.) Masam.; ]. tsukushiensis Masam.; Sabina sargenti (Henry) Miyabe & Tatew.—MIyYAMa-BYAKUSHIN. | Shrub with short creeping flexuose stems and ascending or suberect branches; leaves scalelike, dark bluish green, often acicular in young plants. —Rocky cliffs in mountains and along seashores; Hok- kaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu.—s. Kuriles, and Sakhalin. Var. procumbens (Sieb.) Endl. J. procumbens Sieb.; J. recurva var. squamata Mast., non Parl.; Sabina pacifica Nakai HarsyakusHIN, Sonare. Low shrub with creeping, much elongate stems; leaves usually acicular, rarely partly scalelike, the acicular ones 6-8 mm. long, rigid, sharp pointed, with 2 white stomatal bands above; cones globose, 8-9 mm. —Seashores; Kyushu; often cultivated as a ground cover. ANGIOSPERMAE Monocotyledons Gama Ka _ Cattail Family Glabrous monoecious perennials, mostly marsh herbs with thick, elongate, creeping rhizomes; leaves radical, distichous, elongate, linear; flowers minute, very numerous, the pistillate forming a subterminal dense cylindrical spike, the staminate borne above on a prolongation of the stalk, the bracts absent or early caducous; flowers without a true perianth, surrounded by numerous long hairs at base, the filaments filiform; ovary l-locular, l-ovuled; style short or elongate, the stigma linear- ligulate; fruit small, nutlike, usually long-stalked, with a tuft of hairs, the seeds antropous, with a straight embryo and abundant mealy endosperm.—One genus with about 10 species widely distributed in wet places of the temperate and tropical regions of the world. 1. TYPHA L. Characters of the family. Gama Zoku 1A. Pistillate part of spike closely contiguous to the staminate part; pistillate fowers without bracteoles among the bristles. 2A. Leaves 1-2 cm. wide; pistillate portion of spike 10-20 cm. long, the staminate portion 7-15 cm. long; pollen-grains in tetrads. 1. T. latifolia 2B. Leaves 5-10 mm. wide; pistillate portion of spike 6-10 cm. long, the staminate portion 3-5 cm. long; pollen-grains single. 2. T. orientalis 1B. Pistillate portion widely separated from the staminate by a naked axis; pistillate flowers with a bracteole among the bristles; leaves 5-10 mm. wide; pollen-grains single. ...............--2.- 1. Typha latifolia L. Gama. Rhizomes long-creep- ing; stems stout, solid, 1-2 m. long; leaves glaucous, flat, smooth, 0.5-1.3 m. long, 1-2 cm. wide, narrowed into an obtuse apex, thickish and rather soft, the sheaths without ligules, their margins overlapping, not closed, rounded and scarious on both sides at mouth; spike terminal, erect, the bracts leafy and caducous; staminate portion of the spike shorter than the pistillate portion, the anthers linear, 2-3 mm. long, with a globose appendage at apex, the pistillate portion contiguous on the staminate, 10-20 cm. long; fruit lanceolate on a long bristly stipe; style elongate——July—Aug. Ponds and riversides in lowlands; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Ky- ushu.— Widely distributed in the temperate regions of the N. Hemisphere. 2. Typha orientalis Pres]. T. japonica Miq.; T. latifolia Fam. 33. SPARGANIACEAE aisvosurelertistaus ekensxeaneievakam wens iedeaetekersicdtore teretneh roy stere kere 3. T. angustata var. orientalis (Presl) Rohrb.; T. shuttleworthii subsp. ori- entalis (Pres) Graebn.; T. latifolia var. japonica (Miq.) Haller f. Ko-GAMA. Similar to but smaller than the preceding; stems 1-1.5 m. long; leaves 0.5-1 cm. wide; staminate portion of spikes 3-5 cm. long, about half as long as the pistillate por- tion.——July—Aug. Ponds and riversides in lowlands; Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu=—Ussuri, China, and Philippines. 3. Typha angustata Bory & Chaub. Hime-cama. Sim- ilar to the preceding in habit; leaves 5-10 mm. wide, gradually narrowed to tip; staminate portion of spikes 10-30 cm. long, the pistillate 6-20 cm. long, the naked axis between them 2-6 cm. long — June-July. Shallow ponds and riversides in low- lands; Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu=——Warmer parts of Eurasia and the Mediterranean region. MixurtKa — Bur-reed Family Glabrous monoecious herbs; stem simple, leafy at base; leaves alternate, distichous, linear, erect or floating, entire, soft and somewhat spongy, sheathed below; inflorescence globose, sessile, the heads arranged in spikes or panicles, the lower heads SPARGANIACEAE 119 pistillate and bracteate; flowers sessile, unisexual, the perianth-segments 3-6, membranous, cuneate; stamens 3 or more, the filaments filiform; ovary solitary, sessile, 1- to 2-locular, the ovules solitary in each locule, basal or pendulous, anatropous; style simple or forked; fruit nutlike, indehiscent, obovoid or wedge-shaped, with a spongy exocarp; embryo cylindric, the endosperm mealy—A single cosmopolitan genus, with about 20 species. 1. SPARGANIUM L. Mixuri Zoku Perennial swamp or marsh herbs with the characters of the family. 1A. Stigma filiform, 3-4 mm. long; inflorescence a panicle; stout plants with leaves 7-12 mm. wide. .........-.-.-.- 1. S. stoloniferum 1B. Stigma linear to narrowly ovate, 2 mm. long or less; inflorescence a spike (if the plant bearing spikes branches below, then the leaves not more than 5 mm. wide). 2A. Styles distinct. 3A. Lower head supra-axillary; spikes always simple. 4A. Staminate heads usually 1-2, contiguous with the congested pistillate heads, .........--2.+eeeeeeeeeeeee 2. S. glomeratum 4B. Staminate heads 2-9, remote, the pistillate heads not congested. 5A. Leaves slender, 1-4 mm. wide, keeled not at all or only near base, usually floating, the stems often floating. 3. S. angustifolium 5B. Leaves 4-10 mm. wide, with a keel at back; stems and majority of leaves aerial. 6A. Styles with the stigma 3-4 mm. long; fruit fusiform. ............ eee cece eee eee e teen eeeeeees 4. S. simplex 6B. Styles with the stigma about 2 mm. long, fruit rhombic-ovoid. .........6 60s ssc cece eee cece eee eee enes 5. S. fallax 3B. Heads all axillary; spikes sometimes branched. 7A. Fruit obovoid or broadly ovoid, subsessile; leaves 2-5 mm. wide; spikes often branched; pistillate heads sessile. 8A. Leaves all floating, without a keel, 2-2.5 mm. wide, spikes usually branched. ..........++ee+eeeseeeee 6. S. gramineum 8B. Leaves at least partly aerial, keeled beneath, 3-5 mm. wide; spikes sometimes partly branched. .......... 7. S. stenophyllum 7B. Fruit oblong-fusiform, slightly narrowed at the middle, stipe 1.5-2 mm. long; leaves 4-10 mm. wide, slightly keeled beneath; spikes simple; lowest head usually short-peduncled. ..........cceecceeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeettnseeeeees 8. S. japonicum 2B. Style very short; slender herb in alpine ponds; leaves slender, floating; lower pistillate heads supra-axillary, the staminate usually callldinie adcansesdeacopatgoncou condo op deo 0snd oD ODDDOOOhUSHOomUSAbHNarcooeNaSOHDddoD, ObodaUDD 9. S. hyperboreum 1. Sparganium stoloniferum Hamilt. S. longifolium long—Shallow ponds in high mountains; Honshu (centr. sensu auct. Japon., non Turcz.; S. ramosum sensu auct. Japon., non Huds.; S. ramosum subsp. stoloniferum (Hamilt.) Graebn.; S. coreanum Léy.; S. macrocarpum Makino; S. stoloniferum var. macrocarpum (Makino) Hara and var. coreanum (Lév.) Hara——Mixuri, O-mixurt, Kapo-Hart- Mikuri. Soft spongy greenish herb with slender rhizomes; stems erect, 0.7-1 m. long, rather stout; leaves flattened, keeled on back, linear, elongate, 7-12 mm. wide, slightly narrowed upward to an obtuse apex; panicle 30-50 cm. long, the bracts leafy, the lower ones sometimes exceeding the panicle, the branches few, each with 1-3 pistillate heads in lower part and several staminate heads loosely disposed above; pistillate flowers sessile; style elongate, the stigma filiform; fruit rounded-obovoid, angular, 6-10 mm. long, 4-8 mm. in diame- ter, sessile—June-Aug. Shallow water in lowlands; Hok- kaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu—Korea, China to Turkes- tan, and Afghanistan. 2. Sparganium glomeratum Laest. S. glehnit Meinsh. —Tamamixuri. Soft greenish herb 30-60 cm. high; stems usually erect, shorter than the leaves; leaves sometimes floating, the aerial ones compressed, 5-12 mm. wide, slightly keeled beneath; spikes 10-20 cm. long, simple, with leafy bracts much longer than the spike; pistillate heads approxi- mate, the lower ones often on short supra-axillary peduncles; staminate heads 1 or 2, adjacent to the pistillate, inconspicuous; fruit numerous, on pedicels about 1.5 mm. long, narrowly ob- long-fusiform, about 4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, scarcely angled; style inclusive of stigma about 1.5 mm. long—July- Aug. Shallow ponds and Jake margins; Hokkaido, Honshu (mountains of centr. distr. northw.)—Eurasia and nw. America. Var. angustifolium Graebn. Hosopa-raMa-mikurr. Plant much more slender; leaves 2-4 mm. wide; fruit about 3 mm. distr. northw.).——Eurasia. 3. Sparganium angustifolium Michx. S. affine Schnizl.; S. diversifolium sensu Miyabe & Kudo, pro parte, non Graebn.—Hososa-ukit-mikuri. _ Stems elongate, floating or aerial, 30-50 cm. long, the floating leaves mostly narrow, about 4 mm. wide, compressed, keeled beneath; spikes simple; pistillate heads 2-4, 7-10 mm. in diameter, the lower 1 or 2 with a supra-axillary peduncle; staminate heads commonly approximate; fruit short-pedicelled, about 4 mm. long, fusi- form; stigma linear, about 1 mm. long——Reported from Hokkaido (Mount Yubari)-———Kamchatka, Europe, and N. America. 4, Sparganium simplex Huds. S. affine sensu Miyabe & Miyake, non Schnizl——Ezo-mikuri. _—_ Stems usually erect, 20-60 cm. long; leaves elongate, 3-12 mm. wide, erect, keeled beneath; spikes with 2-5(-6) pistillate, and 3-8 staminate heads, the lowest head pedunclate; fruit 4-5 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. in diameter, gradually narrowed to a beak; stigma linear, 1.5-2 mm. long——Reported from Hokkaido—Eurasia and N. America. 5. Sparganium fallax Graebn. S. yamatense Makino. — YAMATO-MIKURI. Stems erect, 40-80 cm. long; leaves erect, longer than the stem, 4-8 mm. wide, keeled beneath; spikes erect, the lower bracts about as long as the spike, the pistillate heads 4-6, relatively wide apart, usually sessile, 2-2.5 cm. in diameter in fruit, the staminate 4-7, interrupted; fruit rhombic-ovoid or fusiform, 6-7 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, the pedicels 2-3 mm. long——Aug. Shallow ponds in low- lands; Honshu (Kanto Distr. and westw.), Kyushu———Burma and India. 6. Sparganium gramineum Georgi. S. friesti Beurl. —Ukxermikurr. Submerged stems slender, soft, 30-40 cm. long; leaves floating, flat, flaccid, 40-50 cm. long, 2-2.5 mm. 120 wide, not keeled, with a slightly dilated sheath at base; spikes aerial, 10-15 cm. long, with 1 or 2 branches; staminate heads few, contiguous; pistillate heads 1-3 on each branch, globose, 7-8 mm. across in fruit, the lower ones peduncled and pro- vided with a leafy bract; flowers with linear-spathulate perianth segments about 1.5 mm. long; fruit broadly ovoid, conical, subsessile, not angled, about 3 mm. long, 2 mm. in diameter; stigma ovate-peltate——July-Aug. Ponds in high mountains; rare. Hondo (Echigo)——Europe, Siberia, and Kamchatka. 7. Sparganium stenophyllum Maxim. S. nipponicum Makino——Hime-mixuri. _ Stems erect, usually rather slen- der, 40-70 cm. long; leaves keeled beneath, suberect, usually somewhat longer than the stem, 3-5 mm. wide; spikes simple or with a single branch at base, the bracts nearly as long as the spike; pistillate heads 2 or 3(-4), sessile, axillary, distant in fruit, about 1.5 cm. in diameter, the staminate few, distant; fruit obovoid, subsessile, about 4 mm. long, abruptly narrowed to the style—June-Sept. Shallow water in lowlands; Hok- kaido, Honshu, Kyushu —n. China and Ussuri. 8. Sparganium japonicum Rothert. Nacar-mrKkurt. Stems erect, 40-70 cm. long; leaves flat, keeled beneath, sub- Fam. 34. POTAMOGETONACEAE SPARGANIACEAE; POTAMOGETONACEAE erect, as long as or slightly longer than the spikes, 4-10 mm. wide; spikes simple, more or less distant, the bracts usually longer than the spike; pistillate heads 3 or 4, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter in fruit, the lower 1 or 2 heads usually peduncled, the staminate 5-10; fruit oblong-fusiform, about 5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. across, not angled, with a slight constriction in the middle, narrowed toward both ends, the pedicels about 2 mm. long; style including the linear stigma, about 2 mm. long-—— July-Aug. Shallow water in lowlands; Honshu, Kyushu-— Korea. 9. Sparganium hyperboreum Laest. S. natans var. submuticum Hartm.; S. submuticum (Hartm.) Neumann; S. minimum sensu auct. Japon., non Fries——CHIsHIMA-MIKURI, TAKANE-MIkuRI. Stems elongate, submersed; leaves slender, compressed, not keeled, 2-4 mm. wide, obtuse; spikes simple, commonly 2-3 cm. long, the bracts longer than the spikes; pistillate heads 2 or 3, 6-8 mm. in diameter in fruit, the lowest one usually with a supra-axillary peduncle, the staminate heads 1 or 2, close together and closely adjacent to the pistillate heads; fruit ovoid, with a narrowly ovate stigma—Ponds; Hokkaido (Mount Taisetsu ).——Subarctic regions. Hiru-musuiro Ka — Pondweed Family Aquatic herbs growing in fresh or rarely in saline water, mostly submerged but also with floating leaves; leaves sessile or petioled, filiform or flattened, usually entire; flowers perfect or monoecious, without a perianth; inflorescence spicate or fasciculate, axillary, sometimes enveloped by a scarious sheath; stamens 1-4, the anthers extrorse, 1- to 2-locular, the connective sometimes (Potamogeton) bearing sepallike appendages; pistil of 1-4 separate l-ovulate carpels each developing into a nutlet or drupelike fruit; endosperm absent——About 4 genera with more than 100 species, of wide distribution. 1A. Flowers perfect; stamens 2 or 4. 2A. Stamens 4; fruit sessile; peduncles straight or slightly curved; connective with a sepallike appendage. ........... 1. Potamogeton 2B. Stamens 2; fruit long-pedicelled; peduncles spirally curved after flowering; connective without a perianthlike appendage. .. 2. Ruppia DB -Flowerstimonoecious; stamens Gite «a. cece ois.o eis-vevere ee tre nia wlelolersteiace he velnce Ge lo lete wise Mie ereere aioe era eee eae 3. Zannichellia 1. POTAMOGETON L. Hirvu-musuiro Zoku Aquatic herbs, attached to the bottom by roots and rhizomes; stems elongate, sometimes branched; leaves often dimorphic, alternate, those of the inflorescence sometimes approximate, the submerged leaves usually linear, the floating lanceolate to elliptic, the stipules membranous, free or adnate to the basal portion of the blade or to the petiole, sometimes connate to form a tubular sheath; peduncles axillary; flowers small, in axillary spikes, perianth wanting; stamens 4, the anthers sessile, the con- nective dilated at tip into a perianthlike appendage, the anther-locules distinct or connate; ovary of (1—) 4 distinct, sessile, 1-locular and l-ovuled carpels; stigma simple; nutlets 1-4, 1-seeded, the seeds filling the nutlet, the embryo curved ——About 100 species, in temperate regions of the world. 1A. Plants with floating leaves. 2A. Floating leaves 5-12 cm. long, 2.5—5 cm. wide. SIA; yj Submersed| leaves semiterete; slenderly, linear: 2). rc? esscsveys*s 6 sitaetteree tale ace baret ores oie elovelle ree rete aiereioietone eee eee eee 1. P. natans 3B. Submersed leaves with lanceolate blades. 4S Submersed leaves ipetiolates vs.sus rare ctuvepalereie tore o.sa eves cseve he aH Reon aE LI GVEA ESTOS Uo cel eee eae 3. P. distinctus 4B. Submersed leaves sessile, the floating leaves sometimes not developed. 5A. Petioles of the floating leaves with margin undulate near top. ..........- esse cence eee cece ect c eect eeseees 2. P. fryert 5B. Petioles of the floating leaves without undulate margin. 6A. Floating leaves narrowly ovate to broadly-lanceolate; stems branched; winter buds with several nodes; peduncles thick- enediabove;ssubmersedsleaves/5— 5) chs long aeres eee iciecieieieeiniiiere 4. P. heterophyllus 6B. Floating leaves spathulate; stems usually not branched; winter buds with 1 node; peduncles hardly thickened above; submersed leaves) 8—2 O)crn. NOM gj covay.perdus iopcis cvexeyonc scoleter ster sheterereborete ouevaiers oho alors a oversial sete te lee neha 5. P. alpinus 2B. Floating leaves 1.5—3.5 cm. long, 5-12 mm. wide; submersed leaves all linear. 7A. Nutlets entire or obtusely dentate on the dorsal margin; style short. .......... 22sec sent eee eee cece eeecees 6. P. octandrus 7B. Nutlets conspicuously cristate on the dorsal margin; style long and slender. ............-02seeeeeceeseseeenes 7. P. cristatus 1B. Plants without floating leaves; leaves all submersed. 8A. Leaves not adnate to the stipules at base. 9A. Leaves 7-30 mm. wide, lanceolate or narrowly so. 10A. Leaves sessile or nearly so, obtuse or acute, not mucronate. LWT Ane Weaves: perfoliaten nya tec Aete coins toeterstavecauesosah vet ele teceiessvaratelave ten okehaute tauetatat eis ret Ora avert avoheretevayeps rerere Rear ree 8. P. perfoliatus POTAMOGETONACEAE 121 11B. Leaves narrowed at base, not perfoliate. 12A. Leaves flattened at apex. 13A. Stems branched; winter buds with several nodes; submersed leaves 4-8 cm. long. ...........04 4. P. heterophyllus 13B. Stems usually not branched; winter buds with 1 node; submersed leaves 8-20 cm. long. ............-+ 5. P. alpinus P2Bewleaves CucUllate ata Dex: vclelec/s( OO CURA HALO OHIO On UDNAIO COL DD 1. S. pygmaea 1B. Racemes many-flowered; pistillate flowers several, pedicelled; achenes entire, rostrate. 2A. Leaves all floating, oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse at base or with 2 obtuse auricles; pistillate flowers short-pedicellate; achenes 2-3 min Gals Gagacodsadooetopoonde aouaneoIanORooUBDGOD Ey ede Peta Pra Tatas lelavevevetetctel = evalatsietelere aiclate lola) oles ttelsistnie 2. S. natans 2B. Leaves raised above water, usually sagittate, sometimes oblong; pistillate flowers with pedicels about 1-2 cm. long; achenes 3-4 mm. long. 3A. Leaves rather soft, the lateral lobes ending in an almost filiform point; stolons with a tuber at the end, without bulbils in the leaf- Bvaly Cape cen cto A ea Cor oe Acne nd Abb OdnOOGaTUU GOS jag bs dd00bHs dd ddONOOnOOOHD AUOKODNE 505500000500 3. S. trifolia 3B. Leaves rather rigid and thick, the lateral lobes ending in an obtuse point; stolons absent; rhizomes with many bulbils in leaf ESSILS naGomariooens Coos OMOOS ROD O OUR UOUCOULOOSU ACD 1. Sagittaria pygmaea Miq. S. sagittifolia var. oligo- carpa M. Micheli; S. sagittifolia var. pygmaea (Miq.) Makino —Unr-kKawa. Perennial herb; rhizomes short; stolons ab- sent; leaves rosulate, linear or linear-oblanceolate, 10-15 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, acute to acuminate with an obtuse tip, gradually narrowed to a sheath at base, petioles indistinct; scapes 10-25 cm. long, few-flowered; flowers in racemes; pistil- late flower solitary, sessile on the lowest node, the staminate flowers few, on pedicels 10-30 mm. long; petals rounded- obovate, 8-10 mm. long; achenes narrowly obovate, about 3 mm. long, compressed, with a broad wing——June—Oct. Muddy places, paddy fields, and ponds; Honshu (exclusive of northernmost distr.), Shikoku, Kyushu. Korea, Formosa, and China. 2. Sagittaria natans Pall. S. alpina Willd.; S. sagitti- folia var. tenuior Wahlenb—Kararuto-cuwal. _ Peren- nial; leaves floating, slenderly petiolate, linear to oblong, 5-10 cm. long, obtuse at base or with obtuse auricles, 3-nerved; scapes elongate, usually to 60 cm. long; racemes simple, 1- or 2-noded; pistillate flowers 1-3, below the staminate, short- pedicelled, the staminate flowers 2-6, pedicellate; petals white; anthers yellow. Ponds; Hokkaido; rare-——Korea, Sakha- lin, Siberia, and Europe. 8. Sagittaria trifolia L. S. sagittifolia sensu auct. Asiat., non L.; S. sagittifolia var. subaequiloba Regel; S. sagittifolia var. leucopetala Mig.——Omopaka. Perennial stoloniferous herb, the stolons slender, ending in a tuber; leaves long-petio- late, the blades sagittate, the basal lobes ovate to linear, the terminal lobe 5-15 cm. long, 3- to 7-nerved, acuminate but with an obtuse tip, the lateral lobes ascending, usually longer than the midlobe, acuminate with a filiform tip; scapes 20-80 cm. long; racemes sometimes branched at base; flowers rather Sera Ta teas Tener corer osele ease Ceters oie crerepebencieretstes sieve vecaielsreeye 4. S. aginashi numerous, in 3’s at the nodes, the pistillate borne on the lower part, the sepals ovate, obtuse at apex, 6-8 mm. long, re- flexed, the pedicels 1-2 cm. long, the staminate longer pedi- celled; petals white, twice as large as the sepals; achenes broadly oblanceolate, 3-3.5 mm. long, obliquely obtriangular inclusive of the broad wing———June-Oct. Wet places, paddy fields, riverbanks, and ponds; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; common.—Korea, China, and India. Var. edulis (Sieb.) Ohwi. S. sinensis Sims; S. sagittifolia var. edulis Sieb. ex Miq.; S. sagittifolia forma sinensis (Sims) Makino; S. ¢rifolia var. sinensis (Sims) Makino; S. macro- phylla Bunge——Kuwat. _—‘Tubers at apex of stolons larger; leaves with broadly ovate midlobe-———Introduced from China and frequently cultivated in Japan for the edible tubers. Var. alismaefolia (Makino) Makino. S. sagittifolia var. alismaefolia Makino——Hirotsusa-oMopaka. Leaves entire, linear to narrowly oblong, 4-6 cm. long, 4-18 mm. wide. Noy.—s. Kyushu. 4, Sagittaria aginashi Makino. S. sagittifolia var. agi- nashit Makino——AcI!-NasHI. Perennial herb, with short rhizomes and numerous small bulbils in leaf-axils; leaves long- petiolate, blades sagittate, rarely subsagittate and rounded at base, the terminal lobe linear or broadly lanceolate, 7-20 cm. long, 5- to 7-nerved, acuminate with an obtuse tip, the basal lobes usually a little shorter than the terminal; scapes 30-80 cm. long; inflorescence racemose, the pistillate flowers several, on the lower part, pedicelled, the staminate flowers rather long- pedicelled; sepals ovate to narrowly so, obtuse, 4-7 mm. long; anthers yellow; achenes obovate, inclusive of the broad wing, rostrate, 3-3.5 mm. long. July-Oct. Wet places, ponds, riverbanks; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu. 128 HyprocHARITACEAE Fam. 39. HYDROCHARITACEAE Fresh- or salt-water herbs; flowers on scapes or sometimes on leafy stems; leaves linear to rounded, sometimes opposite or verticillate; flowers solitary or subumbellate, unisexual or bisexual, at first enclosed in 1 or 2 sheathed bracts; outer perianth- segments 3, thin, the inner 3, or sometimes 2, petallike, or absent; stamens 3, 6, 9, 12, or rarely many, the anthers 2-locular, longitudinally dehiscent; ovary inferior, 1-locular or incompletely many-locular, the placentae parietal; styles often connate, the stigmas entire or bifid; ovules many, anatropous; seeds numerous, oblong, endosperm absent——About 15 genera, with about 100 species in tropical and temperate regions. Tocut-KacamiKa — Frogbit Family 1A. Marine herbs with creeping stems; leaves opposite, petiolate, ovate to oblong, penninerved; flowers solitary, unisexual, the inner perianth-segments absent; stamens 3; ovary l-locular; styles 3. 2.2.2.2... ss cece nsec cece eee tet e ete eseesees 1. Halophila 1B. Fresh water herbs. 2A. Ovary 1-locular, with scarcely protruded, parietal placentae; leaves narrow. 3A. Leaves radical or alternate. 4A. Flowers usually bisexual, sometimes unisexual, the spathe cylindric, staminate flowers not detached from the pedicels nor floating at anthesis; inner perianth-segments present; stamens 3-9. ......... 2. cece eee eee cece e cece rece 2. Blyxa 4B. Flowers unisexual (plants usually dioecious), with an ovoid spathe in the staminate, cylindric in the pistillate; staminate flowers detached from the pedicels before anthesis and floating; inner perianth-segments absent; stamens 1-3. ........ 3. Vallisneria 3B. Leaves verticillate; staminate flowers solitary, enclosed in a spathe; inner perianth-segments present; stamens 3. ..... . 4. Hydrilla 2B. Ovary 6- to 15-locular, with protruding placentae; leaves broad. DIAS HE lowers:bisexuals) leavessimimersed... /A¢Wshicttevedarenascscusis stele: suena onersiera tcke elavekeuseate nich che che oie rete Eee oni cle aaa 5. Ottelia SBE Blowers unisexuals leaves floating’. ).:s.cisc isis i<.<-6. «cvs oteaielg ce clots) AAAS AOE IS eestels TS OTe ese: Genera 6. Hydrocharis 1. HALOPHILA Thou. Umr-niru-mo Zoku Immersed marine monoecious or dioecious herbs with long-creeping stems; leaves from the axils of hyaline scales, binate, petiolate, ovate or narrowly oblong, pinnately veined; spathe small, sessile, solitary among the binate leaves, consisting of 2 bracts enclosing a single flower; flowers unisexual, the staminate pedicelled, the outer perianth-segments 3, the inner absent; stamens 3, alternate with the outer perianth-segments, the anthers subsessile and extrorse; pistillate flowers sessile, with 3 minute outer perianth-segments, the ovary long-beaked, 1-locular, the styles 3, filiform, papillose; ovules in 2 series, on 2 parietal placen- tae; fruit subglobose, beaked; seeds numerous, globose, each with a coiled cotyledon—Few species in tropical regions of the Pacific basin. 1. MHalophila ovalis (R. Br.) Hook. f. Caulinia ovalis R. Br.; H. ovata Gaudich.; Barkania punctata Ehrenb.; H. euphlebia Makino——UMtuiru-Mo, O-UMI-HIRU-Mo. Per- ennial herb; stems creeping, sparingly branched, rooted at the with 3 principal veins and 10-20 pairs of connecting veinlets, the petioles purplish, with a hyaline membranous scale at base; pistillate flowers axillary, sessile, 2-bracteate———On sandy sea bottoms; Honshu (Sagami, Noto and westw.), Shikoku, Kyu- nodes; leaves petiolate, narrowly oblong to elliptic-ovate, 15-25 shu.— India, Malaysia, and Australia. mm. long, 6-15 mm. wide, entire, rounded at apex, smooth, SuspuTa ZoKU 2. BLYXA Thou. Aquatic annuals; stems rarely elongate; leaves radical or alternate, linear, sessile, acute to acuminate; staminate flowers several within a cylindrical spathe, the outer perianth-segments 3, linear, the inner 3 longer than the outer, linear, the stamens 3-9, sometimes partly reduced, with 3 reduced pistils; pistillate flowers solitary within a spathe, sessile, the perianth similar to the staminate, the stamens rudimentary or absent, the ovary cylindrical, beaked, 1-locular, the style short, the stigmas elongate; fruit cylindric, inclosed in a spathe, the seeds numerous, minute, oblong——More than 10 species in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa. 1A. Stems distinctly elongate, sometimes branched; peduncles absent; leaves 3-5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide; fruit about 2 cm. long, enclosed in a short spathe; seeds smooth, without tails. ...... sleietsstiavaleie chevereicie\s yalenelevetaherale te eiatetcnocere mice cieee storm ete 1. B. japonica 1B. Stems absent or nearly so; peduncles present; leaves 5-30 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide; fruit 2-5 cm. long. 2A. Seeds without a taillike appendage at both ends. iB Awe Seedstsmooth meta sissies eet ase = Have Asean a aleeeeee 3B. Sceds sparsely tuberculate. .........2002-ccccersccscces 2B. Seeds with a taillike appendage at both ends. 4A. Taillike appendages shorter than or as long as the seed. .... 4B. Taillike appendages much longer than the seed. .......... 1. Blyxa japonica (Miq.) Maxim. ? Hydrilla japon- ica Miq.; B. caulescens Maxim.; B. leiocarpa Maxim. Yanact-susuTa. Stems 5-20 cm. long, simple or sparingly branched, densely leafy; leaves linear, flat, gradually nar- rowed to the tip, minutely serrulate; flowers bisexual, solitary, sessile, the cylindrical spathe 15-20 mm. long, sessile; sepals Setefahetnna Sechebothaneiniees cine cise Whe ere Coes ies 2. B. leiosperma BAH OOM CHOUN OR OCHO CU OOO aU CO Raab o po Soe aano 3. B. aubertit boda chav auer eva eionet Ney ssoreietelctessAacohe veloueas GANS eeoTeER MIT 4. B. ceratosperma Sys iapeovagstenshe weyoleasorsiars valeieeescshets oustagtoeoe er siekereremenst eae 5. B. bicaudata 3, lanceolate, obtuse, about 3 mm. long; petals linear, twice as long as the sepals; stamens 3; fruit linear-cylindric, 1.5-2 cm. long; seeds lanceolate, smooth, obtuse at both ends, 2 mm. long, 0.5 mm. wide——Aug.—Oct. Common in paddy fields; Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu.—Korea and Formosa. 2. Blyxa leiosperma Koidz. Mrikawa-susuTA. An- HyprRocHARITACEAE nual; stems absent or nearly so; leaves radical, rosulate, linear, 7-15 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, acuminate, minutely serrulate; peduncles axillary, 1-3 cm. long, terminated by a cylindrical spathe about 3.5 cm. long; flowers solitary within the spathe, sessile; sepals 3, linear, 6-10 mm. long, obtuse; petals 3, nar- rowly linear, about 14 mm. long; seeds numerous, oblong, smooth, obtuse at both ends——Oct. Honshu; rare. 8. Blyxa aubertii Rich. B. coreana Nakai (excl. basi- onym ? Hydrolirion coreanum Lév.); B. ecaudata Hayata; B. muricata Koidz——Marumr-susuTa, O-suBUTA. Stemless annual; leaves rosulate, linear, 7-20 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, gradually acuminate, minutely serrulate, more or less 5-veined with a number of cross veinlets; peduncles 5-7 cm. long, the spathe cylindrical, 4-5 cm. long, slightly longer than the fruit; 129 sepals 3, lanceolate, obtuse; fruit linear; seeds ellipsoidal, about 1.5 mm. long, 0.8 mm. wide, obscurely striate with scattered tubercles——Shallow ponds and paddy fields; Honshu, Kyu- shu. Korea, Formosa, China, India, and Australia. 4, Blyxa ceratosperma Maxim. Nacasa-susuTa, Su- BuTA. Very similar to the preceding but the seeds provided with a taillike appendage at each end, these nearly as long as or shorter than the seed—Aug.—Oct. Shallow ponds and paddy fields; Honshu, Kyushu; common.—Formosa. 5. Blyxa bicaudata Nakai. B. shimadae sensu Miki, non Hayata (?).——Ko-susuta, NacA-HIcE-Mrsusuta. Very simi- lar to No. 3 and No. 4, but the seeds with the taillike ap- pendages 2-4 times as long as the seed ——Honshu; rare. 3. VALLISNERIA L. SEKIsSHO-Mo ZoKU Stemless, usually stoloniferous dioecious herbs wholly immersed; leaves rosulate, ribbonlike, compressed, serrulate at least in upper part, short-sheathed at base; peduncles radical, with a terminal spathe; fowers apetalous, the staminate small, numerous in a short peduncled ovoid spathe, each detached from the peduncle and floating freely before anthesis, the outer perianth- segments 3, the stamens 1-3; pistillate flowers solitary in a cylindrical spathe on a long peduncle, coiling after the flower is pollinated on the surface; ovary linear, inferior, 1-locular, with 3 parietal placentas; stigmas 3, alternate with the outer perianth- segments; fruit linear, with numerous fusiform seeds ——Few species in tropical and subtropical regions, except S. America. 1A. Winter buds fusiform; leaves prominently serrulate, abruptly acute; stolons rough with small spiny protuberances; stamens 2; seeds Si mam lGnira Bees aoaados sseboceoucesponoosarccadiaodod 5 Sane teulottour oonoeoeescec Hostiecd bodon ce 1. V. denseserrulata 1B. Winter buds absent; leaves slightly serrulate; stolons smooth; stamen 1. 2A. Ovary minutely tubercled; leaves 6-13 mm. wide, 5- to 7-veined, rather obtuse, slightly serrulate only toward tip; seeds 3.5 mm. IGT Gopdcegenoed sean nec aOHOO mon Sno DS aneDOOnOmn eo iatiaoock ndondse ontiasasone caesdoonoodaccdEdocde 3. V. higoensts 2B. Ovary smooth; leaves 5-10 mm. wide, 3- to 5-veined; seeds 3 mm. long. 3A. Ovary tightly enclosed in the spathe; leaves scarcely twisted, slightly serrulate only toward tip, acute at apex. ...... 2. V. astatica 3B. Ovary loosely enclosed in the spathe; leaves much twisted, serrulate on margin, obtuse to abruptly acute at apex. .. 4. V. biwaensis 1. Vallisneria denseserrulata (Makino) Makino. V. spiralis var. denseserrulata Makino—Kocarmo. _ Perennial with roughened stolons; leaves linear, 4-10 mm. wide, abruptly acute, flattened, elongate, densely and prominently serrulate, 5-veined; spathe about 1.3 cm. long, loosely enveloping the ovary at anthesis; ovary smooth, linear, about 12 cm. long in fruit; seeds narrowly obovoid, 1.5 mm. long——Aug—Oct. Shallow rivers and ponds; Honshu. 2. Vallisneria asiatica Miki. V. spiralis sensu auct. Ja- pon., non L.; V. spiralis var. subulispatha Makino, including forma minor Makino; V. subulispatha (Makino) Koidz—— SEKIsHO-Mo. Perennial with smooth stolons; leaves elongate, linear, flattened, 5-7 mm. wide, 5-veined, loosely and obscurely serrulate toward tip; pistillate flowers enveloped by a spathe about 2 cm. long; staminate peduncles 2-3 cm. long; fruit linear, smooth, 15-20 cm. long; seeds narrowly fusiform, 3 mm. long——Aug—Oct. Ponds and shallow rivers; Hok- kaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; common.——China, Indo- china, Korea, and Formosa. 8. Vallisneria higoensis (Miki) Ohwi. V. asiatica var. higoensis Miki——Hira-mo, Hiroa-sEKIsHO-Mo. Similar to the preceding; leaves 6-13 mm. wide, 5- to 7-veined, obtuse to abruptly acute; ovary tubercled; fruit about 10 cm. long, 5 mm. wide; seeds about 3.5 mm. long, 0.8 mm. wide—— Kyushu; rare. 4, Vallisneria biwaensis (Miki) Ohwi. V. asiatica var. biwaensis Miki——NejJiIRE-Mo. Similar to No. 2, but the leaves prominently twisted, 5-10 mm. wide, 5-veined, obtuse to abruptly acute, serrulate throughout; pistillate spathe about 15 mm. long, loosely enveloping the ovary, the staminate peduncles 3-5 cm. long——Aug.—Oct. Shallow rivers and ponds; Honshu (Kinki Distr.). 4, HYDRILLA L. C. Rich. Kuro-mo Zoku Dioecious aquatic herbs with elongate stems; leaves verticillate, sometimes opposite, rather short; staminate flowers solitary, axillary, short-peduncled, enveloped by a globose spathe, detached from the spathe and freely floating above the water at anthesis, the perianth-segments 6, in 2 rows, the stamens’ 3; pistillate flowers enveloped by a cylindrical spathe, sessile, the ovary inferior, l-locular, beaked, the stigmas 3; fruit linear, smooth or tubercled; seeds 1-3, fusiform with slightly elongate ends.—Two species widely distributed’ in tropical and temperate regions of the Old World. 1. MHydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Casp. Serpicula verti- cillata L. f: Kuro-Mo. Stems elongate, loosely branch- Aug.—Oct. Ponds; Hokkaido (rare), Honshu, Shikoku, Kyu- ing; leaves verticillate in 4’s to 8’s, narrowly lanceolate, spread- | shu; common.——Eurasia, Malaysia, Australia, and Madagas- ing, I-nerved, 1-2 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, serrate, acuminate car. and ending in a minute spine; pistillate flowers axillary; seeds 1-3, acute at both ends, 5-6 mm. long, short-cylindrical. 130 HypROCHARITACEAE} ‘TRIURIDACEAE Mizu-opaKo Zoku 5. OTTELIA Pers. Submersed herbs; leaves radical, petiolate, lanceolate to cordate; scapes radical, elongate; flowers solitary in a spathe terminal on the scape, sessile, bisexual; outer perianth-segments 3, linear to oblong, the inner larger, petaloid, obovate or rounded, short- appendaged at base; fertile stamens 3, the anthers erect; staminodes 6-15; ovary oblong, beaked; styles 6-9, linear, bifid; ovules numerous; fruit oblong, enveloped by a spathe; seeds numerous, small, hairy——About 10 species in tropical and subtropical regions. 1. Oételia alismoides (L.) Pers. Stratiotes alismoides L.; O. japonica Miq.; O. alismoides var. japonica (Mig.) Ko- mar.—Mizu-opako. Submersed green annual without rhi- zomes; leaves radical, rosulate, thin, long-petioled, oblanceo- late in the vernal, broad-ovate or ovate-cordate in the summer entire or obscurely dentate; scape elongate, the spathe to 4 cm. long, with or without prominent crispate wings; sepals linear-lanceolate, obtuse, green; petals thin, ovate-orbicular, much longer than the sepals, white to reddish; ovary sessile within the spathe——Aug.—Oct. Ponds and paddy fields; Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu— India and Australia. ones, 10-25 cm. long, 2-15 cm. wide, obtuse, 5- to 9-nerved, 6. HYDROCHARIS L. TocHI-KAGAMI ZOKU Aquatic monoecious herbs; stems elongate, leafy; leaves floating or raised above the water, rounded to reniform, entire, long-petiolate; scapes axillary; staminate flowers 2 or 3 in a spathe, the outer perianth-segments 3, sepallike, the inner 3 petaloid, white, delicate, the stamens 6-18 with 3-6 staminodes; pistillate flowers solitary in a spathe, long-pedicelled, with perianth- segments similar to those of the staminate, with 6 staminodes, the ovary ovoid, 6-locular, with 6 linear bifid stigmas; fruit ovoid to oblong, fleshy; seeds numerous.——Two species in Eurasia and Australia. 1. Hydrocharis dubia (Bl.) Backer. ? Pontederia dubia Bl; H. asiatica Miq—Tocut-KAcaMIt. Aquatic peren- fell stems branched, leafy at the nodes; leaves rounded- cordate, 4-8 cm. long and as wide, long-petiolate, rounded at apex; flowers raised above the water; sepals narrowly oblong, green; petals rounded-cuneate, thinly membranous, white, yel- low at base, 12-15 mm. long and as wide; stamens 6-9, yel- low, with short-pilose filaments, the anthers introrse; stigmas 6, yellow, deeply bifid; fruit globose—Aug.—Oct. Ponds; Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; common.—se. Asia and Australia. Fam. 40. TRIURIDACEAE Delicate, white, pink, or reddish, saprophytic herbs with leaves reduced to scales; stems simple, loosely scaly; flowers bisexual (or plants monoecious), small, pedicelled, bracteate, in a terminal raceme or umbellate; perianth-segments 4-8, lanceolate, valvate in bud; staminate flowers with 2-6 stamens, the anthers free or impressed in a thick disc, 2- to 4-locular, the reduced pistil absent or 3; pistillate flowers with or without staminodes, with numerous carpels, sessile on a receptacle, 1-locular, Lovuled, the style terminal or ventral, persistent, the stigma acute or clavate; ovules erect, anatropous; fruit an achene-——Four genera, with about 40 species, mostly in the Tropics, 1 genus in Japan. Honco-so Ka _—‘ Triuris Family 1. SCIAPHILA BI. Honc6o-so Zoku Saprophytic herbs without chlorophyll, monoecious or dioecious; stems simple, filiform or very slender, loosely scaly; flowers small, unisexual or polygamous, in racemes, the pedicels bracteate at base; perianth-segments 3-8, narrow, sometimes hairy at apex, inflexed in bud; anthers sessile or with very short filaments attached on a small receptacle; carpels numerous, free, anterio- posteriorly dehiscent, the style on ventral side of the carpel; seeds erect, ellipsoidal, small——Many species, in tropical forests of Asia and northern S. America. 1A. Perianth-segments 4, broadly lanceolate, with few hairs at tip; lower flowers bisexual. ...................... 1. S. takakumensis 1B. Perianth-segments 6, broadly lanceolate to linear, glabrous; flowers unisexual. 2A. Very delicate herbs, with loose 4- to 15-flowered racemes; pedicels filiform, about 3.5 mm. long, longer than the flowers; staminate flowers with reduced pistils, the perianth-segments broadly lanceolate, acuminate. .............--e00eeeceeeeee 2. S. japonica 2B. Delicate herbs with 3- to 8-flowered racemes; pedicels shorter than the flower, 2—4 mm. long; staminate flowers without reduced pistilssmthesperianth-segmentsulinear (ee ceirielaisieeterrate ieisietclarreerries erercrteencierssieisieieie excites elicitors 3. S. tosaensis 1. Sciaphila takakumensis Ohwi. TaxakuMa-so. Very delicate herb; stems 5-10 cm. long, erect, loosely few- scaled; racemes loosely 4- to 10-flowered, with minute, ovate, obtuse bracts, the pedicels filiform, 2-10 mm. long, slightly curved; perianth-segments of bisexual flowers 4, about 1 mm. long, acute and with few long hairs at apex; stamens 4; carpels about 20, oblong; style clavate, attached slightly above the base on ventral side of the carpel, about half as long as the carpel; carpels 0.8 mm. long at maturity, the seeds dark brown, glossy—K yushu (Mount Takakuma); very rare. 2. Sciaphila japonica Makino. Seychellaria japonica (Makino) T. Ito; Parexuris japonica (Makino) Nakai & F. Maekawa; Andruris japonica (Makino) Giesenh—Honc6-s0. Stems 3-8 cm. long, with few appressed scales; racemes loosely 4. to 15-flowered, with minute, linear-lanceolate, acuminate bracts; staminate flowers about 2 mm. across, with 3 reduced carpels, the perianth glabrous, the segments broadly lanceo- late, acuminate; stamens 3, the anthers sessile, 2-locular; pistil- late flowers about 1.5 mm. across, with 6 ovate, acute, glabrous perianth-segments, the carpels numerous, the style attached above the middle on the ventral side, filiform, 0.8 mm. long, longer than the carpel; carpels about 0.7 mm. long, in a glo- ‘TRIURIDACEAE; GRAMINEAE bose head 1.5-2 mm. across—July-Sept. Honshu (Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; rare. 8. Sciaphila tosaensis Makino. Seychellaria tosaensis (Makino) T. Ité; Parexuris tosaensis (Makino) Nakai & F. Maekawa——Uemartsu-so. | Stems 6-10 cm. long, with 1 or 2 scales; racemes 3- to 8-flowered, the flowers short-pedicellate; staminate flowers on the upper part, 5-7 mm. across, the 131 perianth-segments 6, linear, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, caudate, gla- brous; stamens 3, with very short filaments; pistillate flowers 4-5 mm. across with 6 lanceolate, acuminate perianth-seg- ments 2-2.5 mm. long; carpels numerous, rugose above, obovoid when mature, 1.3-1.5 mm. long, collected in a globose head 5-6 mm. across——Aug.—Sept. Honshu (centr. distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; rare. Fam. 41. GRAMINEAE __ Ine Ka (Kanon Ka) (English revision assisted by Agnes Chase; Bambuseae assisted by F. A. McClure.) Grass Family Stems (culms) jointed, with solid nodes and hollow internodes (solid in Andropogoneae and in some bamboos); leaves 2-ranked, 1 at each node, the lower part of the leaf a tubelike sheath enclosing the culm, the upper part a flat or folded, parallel- veined, usually linear blade, at the junction of sheath and blade a ligule, consisting of a small membrane or a row of hairs; inflorescence a terminal panicle, raceme or spike, bearing few to many spikelets, these consisting of a jointed axis (rachilla) with 2-ranked alternate bracts, the lower pair (glumes) empty, the succeeding bracts (lemmas) 1 to many, each subtending a 2-nerved bract (palea) borne in the axil of the lemma, and, in the axil of the palea, a flower consisting of a 1-locular, l-ovuled ovary with 2 styles with feathery stigmas; fruit a caryopsis, a l-seeded structure enclosed by the pericarp, the whole structure dry and indehiscent and commonly referred to as the “grain” or “seed”; embryo minute; endosperm starchy. This is the fundamental structure of all grasses, but there are many variations. In some bamboos, in the tribe Andropogoneae, and in occasional grasses of desert areas, the culms are solid; sheaths are mostly like a cylinder split down one side, but in Bromus and in a few other genera the margins are closed; blades in Arthraxon and in a few other genera are ovate; inflorescence and spikelets are modified in various ways, but the fundamental structure is recognizable by the position of the parts. Two- ranked leaves and 2-ranked glumes and lemmas of the spikelets are constant— About 550 genera, with about 10,000 species of worldwide distribution, one of the largest families of flowering plants. 1A. Culms woody, perennial, usually freely branched; leaf-blades jointed with the sheath; spikelets (in ours) of more than 1 flower (except in Phyllostachys). 2A. Sheaths of the main culm (culm-sheath) deciduous (except in some species of Chimonobambusa); culms usually thick; stamens 3. 3A. Leaf-sheaths well developed. 4A. Buds 3 at each node of the culm; spikelets elongate, many-flowered. 5A. Lemmas membranous; stigmas 2; culms bearing air-roots near base. ........-- 00 ee eee ee ee eee eens 1. Chimonobambusa 5B. Lemmas chartaceous or coriaceous; stigmas 3; culms without air-roots. GAvesBemmiasichartaceonissictt.tactste nro acre sp te he cancers eee et doe oie cuclevescpaienetioc eiascacinns PuaeietrenNers Eee 2. Semiarundinaria GBS shemmasyrathericoraceous below a serrate ice ermetetcre caetsiale eistereiereloisiaiclaeas erciisineaicisie cfeeisistacteletacists 3. Sinobambusa 4B. Buds 2 at each node of the culm; culms thick; spikelets 1- or 2-flowered. ...........0 cece ceeeeeceeeeeees 4. Phyllostachys 3B. Leaf-sheaths not developed in culms 1 year old; culms low, slender. ..........20ececcceccccecccccecererecees 5. Shibataea 2B. Sheaths of the main culm persistent; culms small or medium sized. 7A. Buds 3-10 at each node of the culm; oral bristles fexuous, smooth; lemmas rather large; stamens 3; inflorescence racemosely fasciculate sm withotity distinct: ped WUGlesy myetareters\e\avaretclelet eis aVersVareveso¥svalel sVejekoleleleleleore s/eselaposoe/opeterelal opeis(ostierssers ave 6. Arundinaria 7B. Buds solitary at each node of the culm; oral bristles typically rigid and scabrous; lemmas usually smaller; stamens 3-6; inflores- cenceyallong-peduncled)panicledy. jane cia ejatele sisi -favere aisierate cysieten aie alaie ea fepelepejcrete alapecedss) =a) {elope ie sie aye kiever vis aie Vere waveraiee 7. Sasa 1B. Culms herbaceous, annual, rarely perennial but not woody; leaf-blades usually not jointed with the sheath. 8A. Spikelets 1- to many-flowered (if 2-flowered the lower floret fertile, terete or laterally flattened). 9A. Glumes not much shorter than the lowest lemma; awn of the lemma, when elongate, commonly geniculate and twisted. 10A. Spikelet with at least the lowest floret bisexual. 11A. Palea usually with 2 sharp keels, rarely reduced to a minute hyaline scale; lemmas membranous to coriaceous; awn, when elongate, borne on back of the lemma; lodicules 2. 12A. Spikelets 1-flowered. 13A. Panicle cylindric, the branches very short; florets conspicuously flattened; style and stigma much elongate, protruding from apex of floret. 14A. Spikelets articulate below the glumes, falling entire; glumes awnless, more or less connate at base. ... 8. Alopecurus 14B. Spikelets articulate above the glumes; glumes persistent, free, the keels exserted as short awns. ........ 9. Phleum 13B. Panicle usually open, the branches normally elongate; style very short, the stigma feathery, protruding from the side of floret. 15A. Callus at base of floret glabrous or nearly so; rachilla not prolonged beyond the floret. 16A. Spikelets articulate above the glumes; glumes awnless. ...........--.cccccccccccececccscerers 10. Agrostis 16B. Spikelets articulate below the glumes. 17A. Glumes membranous. T8A; (Stamens 35 spikelets, only jslightly: flattened... <1/..«.0.. einai s 59. Leptochloa 60B. Inflorescence a single terminal spike; awn of the lemmas elongate and geniculate (in ours). ...... 60. Tripogon 55B. Spikelets with only 1 bisexual floret. 63A. Inflorescence digitate; spikelet sessile or nearly so. 64A. Spikelets 1-flowered, awnless or nearly so, without a reduced floret. ............2.---.2-005- 61. Cynodon 64B. Spikelets with few reduced florets above a single bisexual one, usually awned. ..............-.+-- 62. Chloris 63B. Inflorescence a panicle; spikelets pedicelled. 65A. Lemmas awnless, nerves wanting or obsolete. 66A. Low grasses with broadly lanceolate leaf-blades; spikelets 1- or 2-flowered, the upper floret, if any, pistillate. 63. Coelachne 66B. Low or rather tall grasses with linear or narrowly lanceolate leaf-blades; spikelets always 1-flowered. 64. Sporobolus 65 B vemmas;awieds(aniolrs))sMnenvesicistiuct.s celeste mteereteteroicreie aieioecioniciereicioiciatreriersiciole 65. Muhlenbergia 54B. First glume usually wanting, rarely minute and membranous, the second one coriaceous, larger than the lemma. 67A. Spikelets sunken in hollows on opposite sides of the axis of a solitary spike. ...........0---00-e00e 66. Lepturus 67B. Spikelets falling singly from the pedicel of the spikelike racemes, laterally flattened. ...............+--- 67. Zoysia 8B. Spikelets always 2-flowered, not laterally nor dorsiventrally flattened, articulate below the glumes; upper floret bisexual, the lower staminate or neuter, bisexual only in Isachne, very rarely both florets unisexual (Spinifex). 68A. Lemma of the upper floret coriaceous, rarely herbaceous or crustaceous, more rigid than the glumes, awnless or rarely awned; lemma of lower floret usually simulating the glumes in texture, rarely in Isachne simulating the lemma of the upper floret in texture. 69 Area GCallustofthempper foretawithyantult.om hairsn ends serene cee tei eee tee eae ae ee ee ees 68. Arundinella 69B. Callus of the upper floret glabrous. 70A. Spikelets all alike and bisexual. 71A. Spikelets subtended or surrounded by 1 to many distinct or more or less connate bristles, forming an involucre and falling with them; lemma of the fertile floret herbaceous. fz bee Bustlersolitarysuplantrof wets placesn ssi were ae tee ator aie icici eee ee ae MO od sia eis cane 69. Pseudoraphis 72B. Bristles few to many; plant of mesophytic or drier places. ...........0ccecccceeccccecccecceccecs 70. Pennisetum 71B. Spikelets, if subtended or surrounded by bristles, falling detached from the persistent bristles; lemma of the fertile floret coriaceous or crustaceous. 73A. Lower florets staminate or neuter. 74A. Inflorescence an open or cylindrical panicle; spikelets usually distinctly pedicelled, not racemose. 134 GRAMINEAE 75A. Branchlets of the panicle, or at least some of them, ending in a bristle. ..........-.-- +e seeeeees 71. Setaria 75B. Branchlets not ending in a bristle. 76A. Panicle cylindric, dense; fertile floret pedicelled, crustaceous; upper glume swollen at base. ...... 72. Sacciolepis 76B. Panicle effuse; fertile floret sessile, coriaceous or nearly so; upper glume not swollen at base. ..... . 73. Panicum 74B. Inflorescence digitate or racemose; spikelets sessile or very short-pedicelled, alternate in 2 rows on one side of a winged or wingless rachis. 77A. Lemma of the fertile floret with hyaline membranous margins; lower glume minute or wanting. .... 74. Digitaria 77B. Lemma of the fertile floret without hyaline margins. 78A. Lower glume wanting. 79A. Spikelets without an annular appendage at base; convex side of the floret and the upper glume facing the LACES ey a sa kscrcyccaysiaausuateriovelarste tuations tana. ep 4h edavecofeye ists MR PAE PN MSR STE EGVSUS cE ISOS SON CSor ten arts eke pPeNs tae 75. Paspalum 79B. Spikelets with an annular appendage at base; flat side of the floret and the lemma of sterile floret facing the EAN SHA eM An a ee era sae ntti h Sob.cidG AOL MCAT AOnURO Caen Oeo 6 OCT OOOO O 76. Eriochloa 78B. Lower glume present. 80A. Glumes and (or) sterile lemma awned; floret smooth. 81A. Leaf-blades lanceolate, membranous. ........:00cceccce cece e cree cece ereseeeeece 77. Oplismenus SIB; Weaf=blades\ linear, elomgate. ..scyyas. sisters aievs:aeeiels suetev aerate seeneay shavereretctavslehalesaaretoteleitaverers 78. Echinochloa 80B. Glumes and florets awnless; floret usually rugose. ........222220.0eeeee cece tees eeees 79. Brachiaria 73B. Both florets bisexual; inflorescence a panicle; spikelets pedicellate. ..................-....-2--20-000- 80. Isachne 70B. Spikelets all unisexual; rigid littoral grasses with rigid pungent leaves; pistillate inflorescence a spiny head with long radiat- ing branchlets each bearing a single spikelet near the base; staminate inflorescence umbellate, with several spikelets on Gan Denia cou ucdutone dade tocon dean smooncaadocdocidoncvulBcccdoDS boopbacescootodaapdeue 81. Spinifex 68B. Lemma of the upper floret thinly membranous, often with a long, geniculate, twisted awn, simulating in texture the lemma of the lower floret; glumes chartaceous or rather coriaceous; spikelets usually geminate. 82A. Spikelets bisexual, often paired with a staminate or neuter spikelet. 83A. Spikelets solitary at each node; inflorescence of 1 to many digitate continuous racemes. ................-.-+ 82. Dimeria 83B. Spikelets geminate; racemes often articulate. 84A. Spikelets all alike, bisexual; rachis of racemes slender, the internodes sometimes slightly inflated above. 85A. Rachis of the racemes not articulate, persistent, the spikelets falling. 86A. Lemma of the bisexual florets bifid; lower glume coriaceous, rounded on back; racemes peduncled. .. 83. Eccoilopus 86B. Lemma of the bisexual floret not at all or scarcely bifid; lower glume membranous to coriaceous, with 2 delicate keels; racemes almost sessile. 87A. Inflorescence a narrow silky panicle; spikelets awnless; lower glume membranous, without distinct keels; lodicules gabuabeyey Geren IRA; go sascodsonnnddoo ono dood dn sono DCH DONOODODUUCUODDSF OS UDODDDOUO 84. Imperata 87B. Inflorescence a panicle or corymbose panicle, sometimes with a short axis; spikelets usually awned; lower glume herbaceous or rather coriaceous, with 2 keels; lodicules present; stamens usually 3. .......... 85. Miscanthus 85B. Rachis of racemes articulate, disarticulating with the spikelets attached. 88A. Racemes in panicles; spikelets 1-flowered. 89A. Lower glume scarcely keeled at back; fertile lemma bifid. ...............-..-------eeeeeee 86. Spodiopogon 89B. Lower glume with 2 keels at back; fertile lemma nearly entire. ..................-5--eee00e 87. Saccharum 88B. Racemes solitary or in corymbs. 90A. Lower glume 2-keeled, flat or sulcate between the keels; upper glume awnless or short-awned. 91A. Culms decumbent and much branched at base; leaf-blades lanceolate; lower glume glabrous, impressed or SUICALEN Aetescs Steer haseistaseuececs nies aicvevs wiiave: ale ous love oheRer PONE Nemeensyo) anekerahe kh Iter efecto he eeerere 88. Microstegium 91B. Culms erect from the base, simple, usually not branched; leaf-blades elongate, linear; lower glume mostly long- leah, HEL, op oogovooeeH boo Ons OnoOoUOadOODOOd COD DOOAONDSOOOOF DO DONODGIDOSDSONOSOOGC 89. Eulalia 90B. Lower glume convex; racemes solitary on culms; upper glume long-awned. ................ 90. Pogonatherum 84B. Spikelets of two forms, the sessile bisexual, the pedicellate sterile, rarely bisexual. 92A. Racemes slender. 93A. Inflorescence a panicle without bracts. 94A. Internodes of the rachis without a hyaline center; glumes coriaceous; fertile lemma bifid. ......... 91. Sorghum 94B. Internodes of the rachis with a hyaline line in the center; glumes chartaceous or slightly coriaceous; fertile lemma MEG GooROdesosRanoorotaaOOraoodd aoEaco cobs auoTobdoosaD a uosdodbaogoaNpOU 92. Bothriochloa 93B. Inflorescence of 1 to many racemes arranged in a digitate corymb or of bracteate false panicles; internodes of rachis without a hyaline line in the center. 95A. Leaf-blades ovate, embracing the culm at base; fertile lemma entire or bidentulate at apex, awned from the back below the tip; racemes few to many, in fascicles. ............02eeeeeeeeee este reece 93. Arthraxon 95B. Leaf-blades linear, narrow; fertile lemma awned from the tip or between the teeth. 96A. Lower glume of the sessile spikelets 2-keeled or sulcate in front; callus of the spikelets obtuse, not elongate. 97A. Lowest pair of spikelets of one of the racemes alike, staminate, or neuter. .............. 94. Cymbopogon 97B. Lowest pair of spikelets like the upper, one fertile and sessile, the other pedicellate, staminate, or reduced. 95. Andropogon 96B. Lower glume of sessile spikelets cylindric, terete, not keeled or sulcate; callus of sessile spikelets more or less elongate and acute at base; fertile lemma entire, with a thick awn at apex; 2 pairs of the spikelets at base of racemes alike, sterile, surrounding the upper spikelets as an involucre. .................. 96. Themeda 92B. Racemes with a thick rachis. 98A. Fertile lemma of sessile spikelets usually awned; racemes 2(—3) (in ours), closely appressed to each other, usually PUbEscENta epee traere ieee Lela neiersisiaiolsistarsier stators (atolte NC Rac veneer eee erae ke chee otter es 97. Ischaemum 98B. Fertile lemmas awnless; racemes glabrous. GRAMINEAE 135 99A. Racemes several, rarely solitary in depauperate plants; spikelets not adnate to the internode. ...... 98. Phacelurus 99B. Racemes solitary, terminal and axillary; spikelets adnate to the internodes. ...........++++ee0ee 99, Hemarthria 82B. Spikelets all unisexual, the fertile spikelet solitary, the 1- or 2-flowered pistillate portion enclosed in a beadlike, lustrous, ovoid to globose, sheathing bract; staminate spikelets several, naked, in short racemes. ..........-.eececeeeeeeeeees 100. Coix 1. CHIMONOBAMBUSA Makino Kan-curku Zoku Rhizomes elongate; culms medium-sized, sparse, cylindric or obtusely squarrose, usually with air-roots from the lower nodes; buds 3 at each node; spikelets solitary or few, terminal on branchlets, many-flowered, subtended by bracts; glumes 0; rachilla slender, glabrous; florets rather distant; lemma membranous, smooth, glabrous, weakly about 7-nerved, lanceolate, acuminate; palea nearly as long as the lemma, 2-keeled, glabrous, nearly smooth, subentire; stamens 3; stigmas 2——More than 10 species, in s. Asia. 1A. Culms smooth, terete, the nodes without prominent air-roots; culm-sheaths membranous, rather persistent, but soon withering. 1. C. marmorea 1B. Culms roughened, obtusely quadrate, the lower nodes with prominent air-roots; culm sheaths rather thick, deciduous. 1. Chimonobambusa marmorea (Mitf.) Makino. Bam- busa marmorea Mitf.; Arundinaria matsumurae Hack— Kan-cutku. Culms 2-3 m. long, to 15 mm. in diameter, with rather prominent nodes; culm-sheaths membranous, brownish purple spotted, nearly bladeless, yellowish brown, bristly while young; branchlets slender, with 3-4 leaves; leaf- sheaths with spreading hairs on margin, the auricles wanting, the oral bristles soft, flexuous, very promptly deciduous, smooth; leaf-blades lanceolate, paler beneath, thin, glabrous, 6-15 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide; spikelets 4-8 cm. long, linear, purplish; florets 5-8 mm. long, acuminate; rachilla green, 4-7 mm. long——May-July. Said to be spontaneous in Kyushu, but extensively planted elsewhere in Honshu (centr. distr. and westward).——Cv. variegata. C. marmorea £. variegata (Ma- 2. SEMIARUNDINARIA Makino 2. C. quadrangularis kino) Ohwi. C. marmorea var. variegata Makino——Cuico- KAN-CHIKU. — Leaves white-variegated. 2. Chimonobambusa quadrangularis (Fenzi) Makino. Bambusa quadrangularis Fenzi; Tetragonocalamus quad- rangularis (Fenzi) Nakai——Suro-curxu, SHIKAKUDAKE. Culms 3-5 m. long, to 2.5 cm. in diameter, obtusely quadrate in cross section, with rather long internodes, green, becoming brownish green when dry, rough; nodes prominent, densely fringed with yellowish brown bristles; branchlets rather slen- der; leaves 3-5, the blades narrowly lanceolate, 15-20 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, glabrous; leaf-sheaths with spreading hairs on outer margin, the auricles wanting, the oral bristles erect, smooth.—Of Chinese origin, sometimes cultivated in Japan. NarIHIRADAKE ZOKU Rhizomes elongate; culms medium-sized, branches few at each node; culm sheaths deciduous, coriaceous, with a small blade at apex, the oral bristles rather rigid, erect; spikelets 1-3, spicately fasciculate on branchlets, 3- to 4-flowered, narrowly lanceolate, sessile or nearly so, bracteate at base; glumes wanting; rachilla short, appressed-pubescent; lemmas broadly lanceolate, acuminate, 9- to 10-nerved, rather thick, scaberulous above, with obscure transverse veinlets; palea about as long as the lemma, lanceolate, 2-keeled, shallowly bifid, scabrous especially on the keels; stamens 3; style single; stigmas 3; ovary glabrous—— Several species in s. Asia. 1A. Prophylla (first leaf) of branchlets less than 1 cm. long, ovate-deltoid; branches densely arranged; leaf-blades narrowly lanceolate, BETO Ge Geico ele WAR” Sotiou coon eno pone COAnOG OURS PADD DOCH SOOO HD nddaToUn GOO dUnboosSoeroUUSEod DOO nS 1. S. fastuosa 1B. Prophylla of branchlets 2-4 cm. long, linear, with spreading prominent hairs on the 2 keels; branches loosely arranged; leaf-blades broadiyglanceolatesmmithyronnded|| basegm tail vasteteesaceererleiercleleverelerlelsiorsisiecieieieieieinieteeieisiereicrceieisveaeiaisietels 2. S. yashadake Var. kagamiana (Makino) Ohwi. S. kagamiana Makino —Rikucuupake. A smaller plant with rachilla 7-12 mm. 1, Semiarundinaria fastuosa (Mitf.) Makino. Bam- busa fastuosa Mitf.; Arundinaria narihira Makino——Nazt- HIRADAKE. Culms rather distant on elongate rhizomes, somewhat purple tinged, 5-10 m. tall, 3-4 cm. in diameter, culm-sheaths incompletely deciduous; leaves 4-6, the blades narrowly lanceolate, gradually tapering at apex, acute to obtuse at base, glabrous; leaf-sheaths glabrous or sparingly ciliate, the auricles wanting, the oral bristle smooth, finally deciduous; bracts of inflorescence 2-5 cm. long, often with a small blade; spikelets 3-4 cm. long, 3- to 4-flowered; rachilla not visible, 6-7 mm. long; lemma broad-lanceolate, 15-20 mm. long, awn-pointed; palea ciliate on keels; anthers about 10 mm. long——May. Honshu (centr. distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; often cultivated. 38. SINOBAMBUSA Makino long, 2/5 as long as the floret, less densely pubescent ——Cul- tivated in Honshu (Rikuchu). 2. Semiarundinaria yashadake (Makino) Makino. S. fastuosa var. yashadake Makino——Yaswapake. Culms slender, the branchlets sparse, the culm-nodes and lower part of culm-sheaths short-hairy; leaves 3-5, the blades lanceolate to broad-lanceolate, rather abruptly acuminate, rounded at base; leaf-sheaths ciliate, the auricles wanting, the oral bristles slender, smooth, at length deciduous——Honshu (centr. distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; spontaneous and cultivated. To-cHiku Zoku Rhizomes elongate; culms medium-sized, glabrous; nodes fringed with purplish hairs when young; internodes very elongate; culm-sheaths soon deciduous, the oral bristles rigid, glabrous; buds few; spikelets pedicelled, in bracteate panicles, narrow, 136 GRAMINEAE elongate; rachilla pilose; glumes 2 (-3), rather large, veiny; lemmas rather rigid, ovate, acuminate, 11- to 15-nerved, with transverse veinlets between the nerves; palea nearly as long as the lemma, 2-keeled, ciliate on the keel; stamens 3; ovary glabrous; stigmas 3—Several species in s. Asia. 1. Sinobambusa tootsik Makino. Bambos tootstk Sieb. To-cuiku. Rhizome elongate; culms to 5 m. long, 3.5 cm. in diameter, with prominent nodes; internodes 40-60 cm. long; branchlets slender; leaves 3-9, approximate, the blades lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, puberulent below, acuminate, obtuse to acute at base; leaf-sheath ciliate, the oral bristles rigid, erect; bracts ciliate, 1.5—4 cm. long; spikelets 8-20 cm. long, many-flowered; rachilla 5-7 mm. long; glumes ovate, 7-10 mm. long, acute; lemmas about 10 mm. long, ovate, acuminate, mucronate, palea a little shorter; anthers 4-5 mm. long. Of Chinese origin, cultivated in Japan. 4, PHYLLOSTACHYS Sieb. & Zucc. Mapake Zoku Culms tall and thick, sparse; rhizomes elongate; culm-sheaths deciduous; branches geminate with sulcate internodes; leaf- blades lanceolate, the oral bristles rigid and persistent or rather soft and soon deciduous; spikelets sessile in axils of bracts, forming a bracteate spike, few-Alowered, the lateral ones prophyllate at base; glume 0 or 1, the lowest floret sometimes reduced to an empty lemma, the upper florets sterile; lemmas lanceolate, chartaceous, acuminate, the transverse veinlets obscure; palea linear-lanceolate, nearly as long as the lemma; rachilla short, often pubescent; stamens 3; ovary glabrous; style long; stigmas 3, filiform—About 30 species in India and China; introduced in Japan, only cultivated. 1A. Culms nodding in upper part, the nodes with 2 rings, the upper very short and obscure; culm-sheath not ciliate; branches densely arranged; prophylls linear, shallowly bifid, early withering; leaf-blades approximate, to 10 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, thin; oral bristles erect, thin, early deciduous, often wanting. ..............- Be ASG Te Ci Ce ATO PR cun eran antes WAL 1. P. heterocycla 1B. Culms erect, the nodes with 2 rings, the upper more prominent than the lower; culm-sheath ciliate or not; branches loosely arranged; leaf-blades larger, 10-12 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide; oral bristles persistent. 2A. Culm-sheath ciliate, commonly not spotted; prophylls of branchlets membranous, soon withering, deeply bifid, but soon splitting into 2 linear wrinkled filaments, 1—1.5 cm. long; oral bristles erect; auricles wanting. ............-.+.sse+eeeeeees 2. P. nigra 2B. Culm-sheath not ciliate, commonly spotted; prophylls of branchlets 2-3 cm. long, entire, linear, somewhat persistent; oral bristles spreading, rigid; auricles prominent. ..........-----.--- J. Phyllostachys heterocycla (Carr.) Mitf. Bambusa heterocycla Carr.; P. pubescens Mazel ex Houz. de Lehaie; P. edulis Houz. de Lehaie (not Bambusa edulis Carr.); P. mitis ex auct——Moso-cuixu. Culms 10-12 m. long, to 20 cm. in diameter, short-pubescent while young, later much branched, nodding at apex; nodes nearly single ringed, the upper ridge indistinct; culm sheaths clothed with purple-brown hairs, bristly at apex, the blade small, narrow; branchlets slender; leaves 2-8, the blades thin, lanceolate to narrowly so, 4-8 (—10) cm. long, 4-8(—-10) mm. wide, pubescent below near base, the ligule rather prominent; leaf-sheaths sometimes short-pilose above; bracts narrowly oblong to oblanceolate, 16-22 mm. long, usually with a short, linear blade at apex, glabrous; spikelets glabrous——Aug.-Sept. Of Chinese origin, widely cultivated in Japan. Cy. Kikko-chiku (Mitf.). A monstrous unstable sport called KixxG-cur1xu in Japan, Loan Cuu in China or the so- called tortoise-shell bamboo. It is a curiosity without botanical standing, although the species was first known to botanists through this monstrous phase. As noted, this phase is not stable and does not reproduce itself. The lower culm-nodes are approximate, oblique, giving them a zigzag effect. This phase occurs isolated only among normal culms. Often grown in gardens but not long-lived. The names P. mitis var. heterocycla (Carr.) Makino, P. pubescens var. heterocycla (Carr.) Houz. de Lehaie, and P. edulis var. heterocycla (Carr.) Houz. de Lehaie, based on this monstrous form, must be rejected (cf. In- ternational Rules Bot. Nom. 1961, Art. 67). 2. Phyllostachys nigra (Lodd.) Munro var. nigra. Bambusa nigra Lodd.; P. puberula var. nigra (Lodd.) Houz. de Lehaie; P. nigra (Lodd.) Munro—Kvuro-cuixu. Culms green at first, becoming blackish, smooth. The typical phase of Chinese origin, is extensively cultivated in Japan, as well as the following. Var. henonis (Bean) Stapf. Bambusa puberula Miq.; P. 4 tg al aueve Judeweane ape ean esate eet ebeialleue ore evens eee Keray ners 3. P. bambusoides puberula (Mig.) Makino; P. henonis Bean; P. faurie: Hack. H1A-CHIKU. Culms to 10 m. long, 3-10 cm. in diameter, erect, slightly scaberulous, soon glabrescent; nodes with 2 prominent rings; culm-sheaths not spotted, ciliate, with a short blade, the auricles with scabrous bristles; leaves 3-5, the blades chartaceous, lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, acumi- nate, glaucescent and pubescent near base beneath, the auricles wanting, the oral bristles erect; inflorescence a fasciculate spike, 2.5-3 cm. long, the bracts shorter than the spike, lanceolate, short-pubescent on the back near tip, with a short subulate blade at apex; spikelets linear, 1- or 2-flowered, the upper floret neuter; lemmas linear-lanceolate, about 15 mm. long, pubes- cent, gradually tapering to the tip; palea a little shorter than the lemma, pubescent; anthers 7-8 mm. long—May-July. Long cultivated in Japan, introduced from China. 8. Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb. & Zucc. var. bam- busoides. P. megastachya Steud.; P. reticulata (misapplied by K. Koch); P. quilioi Riv.; P. mazelii A. & C. Riv—MapakE. Culms 10-20 m. long, 5-13 cm. in diameter, smooth, erect; nodes with 2 prominent rings; culm sheath with blackish spots, glabrescent, not ciliate, with a short blade at apex; leaves 3-5, the blades chartaceous, lanceolate, 8-12 cm. long, 1-1.5(-2) cm. wide, glaucescent beneath, pubescent near base beneath; leaf-sheaths more or less ciliate, the auricles semi- rounded, spreading to slightly reflexed, with rigid spreading bristles on margin; spikes lanceolate, 4-6 cm. long, the bracts broadly oblanceolate, glabrous, 22.5 cm. long, with an ovate to lanceolate, acuminate blade; spikelets slightly longer than or nearly as long as the bract, glabrous, narrowly lanceolate, 1- or 2-flowered; rachilla glabrous; lemmas about 2 cm. long, aristately acuminate; palea as long as the lemma, glabrous. —June. Of Chinese origin, widely cultivated in Japan. Var. aurea (A. & C. Riv.) Makino. P. aurea A. & C. Riv. —Horercniku. Lower nodes of the culm approximate. Commonly cultivated—China. 137 GRAMINEAE 5. SHIBATAEA Makino Small erect bamboo with elongate rhizomes; culm-nodes prominent; internodes with a groove on one side; culm-sheaths thinly chartaceous, glabrous, deciduous, with a short aristate blade, without bristles; branches few, short, usually with 2 nodes, with 1 leaf (rarely 2) at apex and membranaous linear scales near the base; leaf-blades broadly lanceolate, without sheaths, not bristly at base; inflorescence a short spike, axillary on lower nodes of branches, with membranous bracts; spikelets 1-3 in the axil of each bract, sessile, 2-lowered, glabrous, broadly lanceolate or oblong, with a prophyllum at base; glumes 2, membranous, broadly lanceolate, unequal, 9- to 13-nerved, acute; rachilla glabrous; upper internodes elongate; upper florets reduced; lemmas membranous, broadly lanceolate, about 11-veined, with obscure transverse veinlets, abruptly acuminate; palea nearly as long as the lemma, with 2 keels and few slender nerves; stamens 3; style 1; stigmas 3——Two species, one in Japan, the other in China. 1. Shibataea kumasaca (Zoll.) Makino. Bambusa kumasaca Zoll.; Phyllostachys Rumasaca (Zoll.) Munro; P. ruscifolia Nichols.; S. rusctfolia (Sieb.) Makino——Oxa- MEZASA. Culms erect, 1-1.5 m. long, branches short; culm- sheaths glabrous; leaf-blades 6-10 cm. long, 15-25 mm. wide, loosely pilose beneath, abruptly acuminate, acute at base; sheaths at base of branches membranous, linear, 3-4 cm. long; OKAMEZASA ZOKU prophylla of branches linear, thinly membranous, bifid, 2-keeled, pubescent on the keels; spikelets 15-18 mm. long; glumes about 4 and 8 mm. long respectively; lemmas 10-12 mm. long; palea glabrous on the keel; anthers about 8 mm. long——Widely cultivated, reportedly spontaneous in west- ern Japan. 6. ARUNDINARIA Michx. Mepaxke Zoku Rhizomes short or elongate; culms small to medium-sized; culm-sheaths persistent; branches few (rarely 1 or 2) at each node, profusely branched; leaf-blades narrowly lanceolate, without auricles, the oral bristles slender, smooth, flexuous; in- florescence racemose-fasciculate at nodes of branches and culms; spikelets often sessile, bracteate or ebracteate, without prophylla, linear, slightly flattened, rather many-flowered; glumes 2, sometimes 1, small, chartaceous, several-veined; lemmas chartaceous, glabrous, rather large, several-nerved, with transverse veinlets between the nerves; palea as long as the lemma, 2-keeled; rachilla appressed-pubescent; stamens 3; ovary glabrous; style single; stigmas 3—Scores of species have been described from Japan and China. The following list represents a conservative evaluation of the most important species. 1A. Rhizomes often very short; culms in scattered tufts; ligules always prominent; leaf-blades narrow, caudately long-acuminate. 2A. Leaf-blades 4-6, 10-30 cm. long; oral bristles usually wanting; inflorescence usually axillary, not leafy at base. 3A. Leaf-blades narrowly lanceolate, 15-30 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, rather coriaceous, with elevated veinlets. ...... 1. A. hindsii 3B. Leaf-blades linear, 10-30 cm. long, 8-20 mm. wide, chartaceous, with only slightly raised veinlets. ........... 2. A. graminea 2B. Leaf-blades 5-10, 4-15 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide; oral bristles always well developed; inflorescence terminal on leafy branchlets. 3. A. linearis 1B. Rhizomes typically elongate, creeping; culms solitary; ligules sometimes prominent; leaf-blades usually broader. 4A. Culm-nodes with prominent hairs; leaf-sheath glabrous or nearly so. Save leat-bladesipubescent beneath raraseses)syeps -fejcho eds) paca staccrsteieis|ovebsveheravevsysacievey rate sini elegeteteiete ereveveisierereierstatarsieisre reroiens 4. A. pygmaca 5B. Leaf-biades glabrous or nearly so beneath. 6A. Leaf-blades narrowly lanceolate, gradually tapering above; culms thick, the prominent nodes densely fringed with retrorse hairs. 5. A. kiusiana 6B. Leaf-blades lanceolate to narrowly so, acuminate. Ts Ciline acemky cin Songocconcndocdondovoogucoumnas ong UsoebougUDO dD On DENS OGUNOGSZUDEAoOdUD00RD 6. A. pumila Bae Guimsimrchy pramched emery. ergot tee crtarsretess versely ehateler <1 a\sueis (oolayeie tel nape rerey hers oxo sleusis elo \cks niekGies=pelialokelere 7. A. argenteostriata 4B. Culm-nodes glabrous or nearly so. Ya. IbeavEdneain Glareahy dnemenlless, adocemaonade oss conoonnpdoacE ol sooo Oe GUN ODDL OSORNO DCNGUGISOORGOS 8. A. nagashima 8B. Leaf-sheath glabrous to only sparsely short-pilose. 9A. Leaf-sheath retrorsely pilose between the nerves. 10A. Leaf- and culm-sheaths purplish, retrorsely pilose only near the margins while young; inflorescence purplish. 9. A. vaginata 10B. Leaf- and culm-sheaths green, retrorsely pilose while young. ...........-. es seeeeeee eee ee eee eneeeeeuee 10. A. virens 9B. Leaf-sheath not retrorsely pilose. 11A. Culms larger, 3-5 m. tall, 1-3 cm. in diameter; branches numerous at each node; leaves rigid, long-acuminate, drooping at ERs che code nacas owe sbanooUN non OoUnb ono sOUDDL coop auod Bobo DU don oO SUSUR AOUS oes Hts Autre 11. A. simonit 11B. Culms smaller, 1-2 m. tall, 2-10 mm. in diameter; branches 2—3(—5) or rarely solitary; leaves thinner, not drooping at apex. 2 Acweleeat-bladesslone-acuminiatesreterecieyatsterstciaierevateicialereierelolerene terete lore: Fat sholares laiehaye) seayareieieisrayetera etevatchelaycveheralereiera 12. A. chino 2 Bomeleat-bladesrabriptly, actu natesterstsr st Nefetoleretsteresaleoreteteralataraxers a etetetotatensterst1elay=tetetevaleleveielctelereyeleieielere\erele 4. A. pygmaca 1. Arundinaria hindsii Munro. Pleioblastus hindsti base; leaf-sheaths glabrous, usually without oral bristles, the (Munro) Nakai; Thamnocalamus hindsii (Munro) E. G. Camus——K ANZAN-CHIKU. Rhizomes short; culms in tufts, 3-5 m. long, 1-3 cm. in diameter, deep green; nodes not prominent, glabrous; internodes elongate; culm-sheaths gla- brous; branches 3-5, erect, with densely disposed branchlets; leaves 4-5, the blades coriaceous, narrowly lanceolate, glabrous, 15-30 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, long-acuminate, cuneate at ligules rather long; spikelets few together, in lateral fascicled racemes, 5-8 cm. long, more than 10-flowered; rachilla ap- pressed-pilose; lemma 10-15 mm. long; palea with spreading hairs on the keels——May. Spontaneous in s. China, culti- vated in Japan. 2. Arundinaria graminea (Bean) Makino. Pleioblastus gramineus (Bean) Nakai; A. hindsii var. graminea Bean—— 138 TAI-MIN-CHIKU. Rhizomes short; culms in tufts, erect, 3-5 m. long, 5-20 mm. in diameter; culm-sheaths at first sparsely setose, soon glabrate; branches with densely arranged branch- lets; prophylla short, ascending-hirsute; leaves 4-6, the blades narrowly lanceolate to linear, 10-30 cm. long, 8-20 mm. wide, caudately acuminate; leafsheaths glabrous, usually without oral bristles; spikelets 1-3, 3-5 cm. long, less than 10-flowered; lemma about 10 mm. long; palea hirsute with spreading hairs on the keels—June. Spontaneous in the Ryukyu Islands, cultivated in Japan. 8. Arundinaria linearis Hack. Pleioblastus linearis (Hack.) Nakai ——RyuKyt-cuiku, Gy6y0-cHIKU. Culms 2-3 m. long, glabrous, smooth; culm-sheaths glabrous; branches 1-5, densely ramified; leaves 6-10, the blades broadly linear, glabrous, rather small, caudately acuminate, the oral bristles 5-6 mm. long, erect, smooth; inflorescence terminal on leafy branchlets; spikelets few, few-flowered; lemma 10-12 mm. long——Spontaneous in the Ryukyu Islands, cultivated in Kyushu (s. distr.). 4, Arundinaria pygmaea (Miq.) Mitf. Bambusa pygmaea Miq.; A. variabilis var. pygmaea (Migq.) Makino; Pleioblastus pubescens Nakai; A. variegata var. viridis forma pubescens Makino—KeE-nezasa, KE-orosHIMA-cHIKU. Rhi- zome elongate; culms distant, erect, 1-2 m. long, 2-5 mm. in diameter; nodes densely fringed with brownish bristles; branches 1-3 at each node; leaf-blades lanceolate to narrowly so, 3-20 cm. long, 4-30 mm. wide, abruptly acuminate, obtuse to rounded at base, pubescent beneath; leaf-sheaths glabrous or retrorsely setulose between the nerves when young, the oral bristles smooth—Maay-June. Honshu (Suruga and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; common in hills. Var. glabra (Makino) Ohwi. A. variegata var. viridis forma glabra Makino——Nezasa. Leaves and nodes gla- brous; occurs within the range of the typical phase. 5. Arundinaria kiusiana (Makino) Ohwi. Pletoblastus kiusianus Makino—FusuHaKa-sHINo. Culms 2-3 m. long; nodes with dense retrorse brown bristles; leaves 3-8, the blades narrowly lanceolate, 7-25 cm. long, 8-28 mm. wide, long- acuminate, rounded to abruptly acute at base, glabrous; leaf- sheaths glabrous on the back, ciliate on the margin, the oral bristles erect, smooth—K yushu (Higo). 6. Arundinaria pumila Mitf. Pleioblastus pumilus (Mitf.) Nakai; Nipponocalamus pumilus (Mitf.) Nakai—— Supare-yosu1. Culms I-1.2 m. long, 2—2.5 mm. in diameter, nearly simple; nodes densely brown-hirsute; leaves 5-6, the blades narrowly lanceolate, 12-20 cm. long, 7-23 mm. wide, acuminate, abruptly acute at base, sometimes pilose beneath; leaf-sheaths glabrous, the oral bristles smooth, whitish— Honshu (Chigoku Distr.), Shikoku, Kyushu. 7. Arundinaria argenteostriata (Regel) Vilm. var. ar- genteostriata. Pleioblastus argenteostriatus (Regel) Nakai; Bambusa argenteostriata Regel; A. chino var. argenteostriata (Regel) Makino; Nipponocalamus argenteostriatus (Regel) Nakai——Oxinapake. _ A cultivated phase with variegated leaves. Var. communis (Makino) Ohwi. Pleioblastus communis (Makino) Nakai; 4. communis Makino——Goxiake. Culms 1-3 m. long, 2-15 mm. in diameter, often branched; nodes densely hairy, later glabrate, the hairs at first erect, soon spreading; culm-sheath ciliate; leaves 3-13, the blades lanceo- late, 10-30 cm. long, 10-35 mm. wide, acuminate, rounded to abruptly acute at base, glabrous; spikelets 5- to 9-flowered, 3.5-7 cm. long; lemmas 11-19 mm. long; palea 10-12 mm. GRAMINEAE long—Honshu (Kinki Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyu- shu. Cy. disticha. A. argenteostriata var. disticha (Mitf.) Ohwi; Nipponocalamus argenteostriatus var. distichus (Mitf.) Nakai; Bambusa disticha Mitf. Plant smaller in all its parts. Cultivated. 8. Arundinaria nagashima Mitf. Nipponocalamus na- gashima (Mitf.) Nakai; Pleioblastus nagashima (Mitf.) Nakai —HrrouzasA. Culms 0.5-1.5 m. long, 2-10 mm. in diameter, densely retrorse-hairy only while young; nodes pilose while young; leaf-blades lanceolate to narrowly so, 5-25 cm. long, 7-30 mm. wide, long-acuminate, rounded to abruptly acute at base, glabrous; leaf-sheaths densely retrorse- hairy and rather long spreading-ciliate; the oral bristles smooth, white——Honshu (Tokaido, se. Kinki), Kyushu. 9. Arundinaria vaginata Hack. Pleioblastus vaginatus (Hack.) Nakai; Nipponocalamus vaginatus (Hack.) Nakai ——HAkoNEDAKE. Culms 2-4 m. long, 2-12 mm. in di- ameter, glabrous; nodes and culm-sheaths glabrous; branches 1-3 at each node; leaf-blades narrowly lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, acuminate, rounded to acute at base, glabrous or nearly so; spikelets 2-4 cm. long, 4- to 7-flowered; lemma about 15 mm. long, purplish; palea 7-9 mm. long—— Honshu (Sagami, Izu, Suruga). 10. Arundinaria virens (Makino) Ohwi. Pleioblastus virens Makino; Nipponocalamus virens (Makino) Nakai—— AO-NEZASA. Culms erect, 2-4 m. long, 2-17 mm. in di- ameter, glabrous; culm-sheaths glabrous; leaf-blades lanceolate to narrowly so, 3-25 cm. long, 5-25 mm. wide, long-acumi- nate, rounded at base, minutely pilose along the midrib be- neath; leaf-sheaths green, retrorsely short-hairy between the internerves while young, the oral bristles erect, 3-4 mm. long, smooth, flexuous—Honshu (Tohoku Distr.). 11. Arundinaria simonii (Carr.) A. & C. Riv. Bambusa simonii Carr.; Pleioblastus simoniu (Carr.) Nakai; Nippono- calamus simon (Carr.) Nakai——Mepake, Kawa-TaKe. Culms erect, 3-5 m. long, 1-3 cm. in diameter, glabrous, green; branches 5-10 at each node, spreading, curving above; leaves 3-6, puberulent only on the upper surface of the petiole, the blades narrowly lanceolate to broadly linear, 5-30 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide; leaf-sheaths glabrous, the oral bristles erect, smooth; spikelets rather numerous, fasciculate in the leaf-axils, 4- to 10-flowered; lemma 10-18 mm. long, sometimes purplish. —Sometimes cultivated, spontaneous in Honshu (s. Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu. 12. Arundinaria chino (Fr. & Sav.) Makino. Bam- busa chino Fr. & Sav.; Pleioblastus maximowiczii (A. & C. Riv.) Nakai; Nipponocalamus chino (Fr. & Say.) Nakai; P. chino (Fr. & Sav.) Nakai; B. maximowiczi A. & C. Riv., non Munro, nec Nichols.; 4. simonii var. chino (Fr. & Sav.) Ma- kino——AzuMA-NEZASA, SHINAGAWADAKE. Culms 0.5-2.5 m. long, 2-7 mm. in diameter, smooth; branches 1-5 at each node; culm- and leaf-sheaths glabrous excepting the ciliate margins; leaf-blades lanceolate to narrowly so, 5-25 cm. long, 5-20 mm. wide, gradually acuminate, rounded to abruptly acute at base, glabrous or slightly puberulent on one side beneath; spikelets few, fasciculate in leaf-axils, sometimes racemose, 3-7 cm. long; lemmas green to purplish, 10-19 mm. long; palea about 10 mm. long——Honshu (Kanto, and s. Tohoku Distr.); very common.— Cv. laydekeri. A. chino f. laydekeri (Bean) Ohwi; Pleioblastus chino var. laydekeri (Bean) Nakai; A. laydekeri Bean——Kunjo-cuixu. _ Leaves yellow-variegated. GRAMINEAE 7. SASA Makino & Shibata 139 Sasa ZoKu Rhizomes much ramified and long-creeping; culms woody, small to medium-sized, with slightly to prominently thickened nodes; culm-sheaths persistent; branches solitary at each node; leaf-blades broadly lanceolate to narrowly oblong, usually lustrous above, rather large, the auricles rounded, sometimes wanting, with rigid, scabrous, straight setae on the margin; panicles pedunculate, bractless, on lower to upper part of the culms, the branches and pedicels pubescent; spikelets linear to narrowly oblong, few- to rather many-flowered, the rachilla hairy; glumes wanting to 1 or 2, membranous; lemmas rather small, ovate, 5-18 mm. long, acute or sometimes awn-pointed, few-nerved; palea about equal in length to the lemma, 2-keeled; stamens 6, sometimes 3 or 5; style simple with 3 stigmas.—Japan, Korea, Sakhalin, and Kuriles. Multitudes of species have been described from Japan, of which only the best marked are treated here. 1A. Lemmas 12-18 mm. long; oral setae smooth above; stamens usually 4 or 5; rachilla-joints much shorter than the lemma. 1. S. ramosa 1B. Lemmas 4—-10(-11) mm. long; oral setae wanting, or when present, scabrous to the apex. 2A. Auricles and oral setae prominent, but deciduous in the 2d year; stamens 6; glumes 0-1(-2), not prominent; rachilla visible. 3A. Culms slender, low, sparsely branched, with greatly swollen nodes and elongate internodes; panicle-branches bearing 1-3 spikelets. 2. S. nipponica 3B. Culms thicker, more elongate, much branched, nodes less swollen; lower panicle-branches bearing 3-10 spikelets. 4A, Leaf-blades and culm-sheaths prominently pilose; leaves narrowly oblong, those of the 2d year conspicuously white-margined; culms 80-120 cm. long, branched. ................. 4B. Leaf-blades and culm-sheaths not prominently pilose. Aver Leaves})—O.cMle wider sence danse son eee eee ac 5B. Leaves usually less than 5 cm. wide. ............... S.A COG PARSE HS ES mest Fat sieieke mrt ecu enable ee Sie 5 3. S. veitchi Coop bd eReIco Os ant obeibocds Rernc eon De re a 4. S. palmata SENG teya ujalctisverelavss rousis ies shete elas nee are e emer aa eae 5. S. senanensis 2B. Auricles wanting, the oral setae usually not developed; glumes 2, prominent; spikelets densely flowered, with usually shorter, hidden rachilla. 6A. Stamens 6. 7A. Culms ascending from base, with prominent nodes. 8A. Leaf-blades pubescent below; culm-nodes hairy while young. .............:cceeeececccceuccccceeceseees 6. S. cernua 8B. Leaf-blades glabrous; culm-nodes glabrous from the first. .........eeeeceeeccecc cece eeceeuceructeues 7. S. kurilensis 7B. Culms erect from base, the nodes not prominent. 9A. Culms 2-5 m. long; leaf-blades 8-30 cm. long; lemmas 10-12 mm. long; spikelets 6- to 10-flowered, 2-6 cm. long. 8. S. japonica 9B. Culms about 1 m. long; leaf-blades 512 cm. long; lemmas 5~7 mm. long; spikelets 3- to 5-flowered, 1-1.5 cm. long. GEspeStamens 5 cysteicte hee: scaropsvel Ste sre asa sha HS ov cveranosagtre tetera gvas 1. Sasa ramosa (Makino) Makino. Bambusa ramosa Makino; Arundinaria ramosa (Makino) Nakai; Sasaella ra- mosa (Makino) Makino——Azumazasa. Culms 1-2 m. long, to 9 mm. in diameter, purplish, glabrous, branched in upper part; branches solitary at the nodes; leaves 3-5, thinly coriaceous, the blades broadly lanceolate, to 15 cm. long, 2 cm. wide, acuminate, rounded at base, usually puberulent be- neath, more or less white-margined during the winter; leaf- sheaths glabrous, the oral setae rigid below; spikelets rather few, in a peduncled racemelike panicle, linear, 3-6 cm. long, 5- to 10-flowered; glumes membranous, small, narrow, the first often wanting; lemmas chartaceous, 12-17 mm. long; rachilla- joints usually 1%-% as long as the floret--———May-June. Hon- shu. 2. Sasa nipponica (Makino) Makino. Bambusa nip- ponica Makino——Mrvakozasa. __ Rhizomes elongate; culms 30-100 cm. long, solitary, sparsely branched at base, internodes long and slender, with globosely swollen nodes, usually gla- brous; leaf-blades linear-oblong to narrowly lanceolate, 10- 20(-25) cm. long, 2-3.5(-5) cm. wide, abruptly acuminate, cuneate to obtuse at base, white-margined during the winter, pilose beneath; leafsheaths usually glabrous, the auricles rounded, with spreading oral setae, deciduous in the 2d year; spikelets 3- to 6-flowered, the florets loosely arranged, 6-10 mm. long——Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu. 3. Sasa veitchii (Carr.) Rehd. Bambusa veitchii Carr.; Phyllostachys bambusoides var. albomarginata Miq.; S. albo- marginata (Miq.) Makino & Shibata——Kumazasa. Culms 50-120 cm. long, loosely branched in upper part, sheaths hairy 9. S. owatarit OD OT UO ORD CUD LIA DEIR OE IC CR ee oa ia 10. S. borealis while young; leaves 4-7, the blades 10-25 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, narrowly oblong, abruptly acuminate, rounded at base, prominently short-pilose beneath, broadly white-margined dur- ing the winter; oral setae distinct, but finally deciduous; peduncles usually elongate; spikelets many, linear ——Honshu (Chugoku Distr.), Shikoku, Kyushu; also widely cultivated in gardens. 4. Sasa palmata (Bean) Nakai. Arundinaria palmata Bean—Curmaxizasa, Kumarzasa. Culms 1-1.5 m. long, slightly ascending from base, 6-8 mm. in diameter; leaves 5-9, the blades 10-35 cm. long, 5-8 cm. wide, narrowly oblong, thinly coriaceous, usually glabrous on both surfaces, some- times puberulent beneath, the auricles usually developed, bristly ciliate; panicles long-peduncled, spikelets rather many, loosely arranged; florets 7-9 mm. long, narrowly ovate—— Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu. Sakhalin. 5. Sasa senanensis (Fr. & Sav.) Rehd. Bambusa senan- ensis Fr. & Sav.; Arundinaria kurilensis var. paniculata F. Schmidt; S. paniculata (F. Schmidt) Makino——Nemacart- DAKE. Culms 2 m. long or more, ascending at base; leaf- blades 15-30 cm. long, usually 3-5 cm. wide, more or less pilose; leafsheaths glabrous, the oral setae sometimes want- ing; panicles rather large, often purplish——Mountains; Hok- kaido, Honshu, Shikoku. 6. Sasa cernua Makino. S. kurilensis yar. cernua (Ma- kino) Nakai——Oxuyamazasa. Culms to 1.7 m. long, 1 cm. in diameter, glabrous, ascending at base, with puberulent nodes; leaf-blades thinly coriaceous, 20-23 cm. long, 2.5-6.5 cm. wide, acuminate, acute to obtuse at base, glabrous above, 140 pilose below; leaf-sheaths glabrous, without oral setae; pe- duncles elongate, panicles often nodding, 7-12 cm. long; spike- lets few, pedicelled, broadly linear, purplish, densely flowered; florets 8-10 mm. long——Hokkaido, Honshu (centr. distr. and northw.). 7. Sasa kurilensis (Rupr.) Makino & Shibata. Arundi- naria kurilensis Rupr.; Bambusa kurilensis (Rupr.) Miyabe; Pseudosasa kurilensis (Rupr.) Makino——CuitsHimazasa. Culms 1-2 m. long, sometimes smaller, glabrous, branched; culm-sheaths glabrous; leaves 2-4, the blades narrowly oblong, 5-20 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, lustrous above, glabrous; culm- sheaths glabrous, usually without oral setae; panicles ovate; peduncles usually only slightly longer than the reduced leaf- blades; spikelets few, purplish, 15-25 mm. long, densely 3- to 5-flowered, with 2 small glumes (sometimes 1) at base; lemmas 7-11 mm. long, minutely ciliate——High mountains; Hok- kaido, Honshu (centr. distr. and northw.) ——Kuriles, Sakha- lin, and Korea (Dagelet Isl.). Var. uchidae (Makino) Makino. S. uchidae Makino; Pseudosasa uchidae (Makino) Makino—NacaBa-NEMAGARI- DAKE. _ Blades 5-7, narrowly oblong to lanceolate—Hok- kaido, Honshu (centr. distr. and northw.). 8. Sasa japonica (Sieb. & Zucc.) Makino. Arundinaria japonica Sieb. & Zucc.; A. metake Nichols.; Pseudosasa ja- ponica (Sieb. & Zucc.) Makino; Yadakeya japonica (Sieb. & Zucc.) Makino—Yapaxt. Culms 2-5 m. long, 5-15 mm. in diameter, glabrous, erect; nodes not elevated; internodes slender; culm-sheaths persistent, elongate; branches solitary on upper part of the culm; leaf-blades approximate, narrowly lanceolate, 8-30 cm. long, 1-4.5 cm. wide, glabrous, long- acuminate, acute at base, deep green above; leaf-sheaths gla- brous, sometimes purplish, the oral setae often wanting; panicles 8-15 cm. long, spikelets about 10, linear, purplish; glumes acuminate, the first 5-8 mm. long, the second 7-10 mm. long; lemmas narrowly ovate, 10-12 mm. long, acute, 8. ALOPECURUS L. GRAMINEAE scaberulous above; palea 8-12 mm. long, with ciliate keels. —May-Nov. Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu. s. Korea. 9. Sasa owatarii (Makino) Makino. Arundinaria owa- tarit Makino; Yadakeya owatarii (Makino) Makino; Pseu- dosasa owatarii (Makino) Makino——YaxusHrmapake. Culms 50-100 cm. long, 2-5 mm. in diameter, branched in upper part, nodes not elevated; culm-sheaths glabrous; leaf- blades rather thick, narrowly lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, yellowish green, with well-elevated veinlets, long- acuminate, acute to obtuse at base; leaf-sheaths glabrous, the oral setae wanting; panicles terminal on leafless branchlets, 3-5 cm. long; peduncles glabrous; spikelets oblong, 3- to 5-flowered, 1-1.5 cm. long, on ascending pedicels; glumes ob- tuse, the first 2-3 mm., the second 4-5 mm. long; lemmas 5-7 mm. long, rather obtuse, short-mucronate; palea obtuse, with 2 ciliate keels ——High mountains; Kyushu (Yakushima). 10. Sasa borealis (Hack.) Makino. Bambusa borealis Hack.; Arundinaria purpurascens Hack.; S. spiculosa Makino, excl. syn.; Pseudosasa spiculosa Makino, excl. syn.; P. pur- purascens (Hack.) Makino; Sasamorpha purpurascens (Hack.) Nakai; Sasamorpha purpurascens var. borealis (Hack.) Nakai; Sasa purpurascens (Hack.) E. G. Camus; Sasa purpurascens var. borealis (Hack.) Ohwi——Suzu, Jake. Culms 1-2 m. long, 3-6 mm. in diameter; nodes not prominently elevated; leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate, 10-30 cm. long, 1-6 cm. wide, gradually acuminate, abruptly acute at base, rather lustrous above, usually glabrous; panicles long-peduncled, 8-15 cm. long, often purplish, usually with a whitish bloom; pedicels yellowish pilose, spikelets ascending; glumes unequal, acumi- nate, several-nerved, often ciliate, simulating the lemmas in texture, the first 5-10 mm., the second 8-11 mm. Jong; lemmas 7-10 mm. long, coriaceous, puberulent, often ciliate; palea slightly shorter than the lemma, short-ciliate on the keels, rachillajoints short, short-pubescent, about 1/5-1/4 as long as the lemma Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu. SUZUME-NO-TEPPO ZOKU Annual or perennial herbs; leaf-blades linear, flat; upper leaf-sheath often slightly inflated; panicles cylindric, dense, with very short branches; spikelets laterally flattened, 1-Aowered, falling entire; glumes equal, strongly folded, usually pubescent on the keel, more or less connate at base; lemmas shorter than to as long as the glumes, 5-nerved, obtuse, the margins connate at base, the midrib exserted as an awn; rachilla not produced beyond the floret, palea wanting; lodicules reduced; ovary glabrous, caryopsis not adherent to the lemma and palea——About 60 species, widely dispersed in the temperate and cooler regions of the N. Hemisphere. 1A. Spikelets 4-6 mm. long. 2A. Plants annual; spikelets 5—6 mm. long, rigidly membranous; panicles dense, yellowish or pale green; anthers pale yellow, about 1 MM PlON Pre shrneege nt scecsterens ie ee ee et Eae ee sinlecaneveveyehonetevelian etalaqereren ste sasteneteivecer erence eiehereniatersite 1. A. japonicus 2B. Plants perennial with short rhizomes; spikelets 4-5 mm. long, more or fee purplish, soft; panicles very dense; anthers deeper vellowse229—3ymm longs ener one e eee. een FO A SSO] REED oO CA CURE OLOM CORES OBOU donc 2. A. pratensis 1B. Spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long; anthers orange-yellow when dried, 0.6—1 mm. long; plants annual; panicles slender, about 3-5 mm. thick. 1. Alopecurus japonicus Steud. 4. malacostachyus A. Gray: SETOGAYA. Smooth, glabrous annual; culms erect from ascending base; usually gregarious, 20-60 cm. long; leaf- blades pale green, 4-15 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, ligules thinly membranous, ovate, obtuse, 2—4 mm. long; panicles cylindric, 3-6 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, the pedicels 0.3-0.8 mm. long; spikelets narrowly ovate, slightly lustrous, flat; glumes mem- branous, 3-nerved, nearly free, obtuse, long-ciliate on the keel; lemmas rather thick, rigidly membranous, narrowly ovate, 5-6 mm. long, obtuse, the awn 10-12 mm. long, arising near base, slightly geniculate; anthers pale yellow——May. Paddy fields 3. A. aequalis var. amurensis and wet river banks; Honshu (Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shi- koku, Kyushu; common.—China. 2. Alopecurus pratensis L. O-suzumz-No-TEPPO. Gla- brous perennial with short rhizomes and short ascending stolons; culms tufted, 50-100 cm. long; leaf-blades flat, 3-6 mm. wide, glaucous green; ligules membranous, truncate, 1-2 mm. long; panicles cylindric, 5-8 cm. long, 7-10 mm. wide, very dense with very short branches; spikelets slightly lustrous; glumes membranous, narrowly ovate, 3-nerved, obtuse; lem- mas shorter than the glumes, narrowly ovate, glabrous, smooth, the keel scabrous above, the awn from near base on GRAMINEAE back, 6-10 mm. long, slender, only very slightly geniculate. —May-June. Cultivated for forage and widely naturalized in Japan—Eurasia, N. Africa, now widely naturalized in temperate regions. 8. Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. var. amurensis (Komar.) Ohwi. 4A. fulvus var. amurensis Komar.; A. amurensis (Ko- mar.) Komar.; A. fulvus sensu auct. Japon., non J. E. Smith; A. geniculatus sensu auct. Japon., non L. SUZUME-NO-TEP- pd. Soft, glabrous, tufted annual; culms 20-40 cm. long; leaf- blades flat, 5-15 cm. long, 15-5 mm. wide, pale glaucous green; ligules hyaline, pale, entire, semirounded to ovate, 2-5 mm. long; panicles cylindric, very dense, 3-8 cm. long, 3-5 9. PHLEUM L. 141 mm. wide, pale green; branchlets very short, slightly scabrous; spikelets broadly ovate; glumes narrowly obovate, strongly folded, obtuse, 3-nerved, very slightly connate, white-ciliate on the keel, usually appressed-pubescent on the lateral nerve beneath; lemmas nearly as long as the glumes, ovate, smooth, glabrous, obtuse, obscurely 5-nerved, the margins connate be- low to the middle, the awn slightly exserted, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, very slender; anthers pale yellow, changing to orange-yellow when dry, 0.6 mm. long——Apr.—June. Cultivated fields and riverbanks; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; a very common weed.—Korea, China, and e. Siberia. The typical phase occurs in temperate parts of the N. Hemisphere. Awacarri ZOKU Annuals or perennials; leaf-blades linear; panicles cylindric, dense, with very short branches sometimes adnate to the axis; spikelets 1-flowered, laterally compressed, articulate above the glumes; glumes equal, strongly plicate, truncate with a pro- jecting keel at apex; lemmas shorter than the glumes, 3- to 5-nerved, laterally compressed, truncate, the callus minute, glabrous; rachilla-joint not developed; palea as long as the lemma; lodicules 2; stamens 3; ovary glabrous; styles slender; stigma slender, feathery, protruding above the floret———Cosmopolitan with more than a dozen species in temperate and cooler regions. 1A. Perennials with swollen bases; glumes membranous, the keel straight, ciliate, ending in an awn 1/3—4/5 as long as the glume. WA ADICIES CYLINGIC F5— ln COlell ON Camsteiartelereiarciaciclercctereretaet-rerelelarseicieisiterrareleirereraietetchelovelerciolctarcicteietliclelstelerercte tote 1. P. pratense I, Pande alieoulioGionrss 3) cin Monks poséconooucgcaoadooscounbodd auscomnbodubecnesracocononosoneas 2. P. alpinum 1B. Annual; glumes coriaceous, obovate, slightly inflated above, glabrous or short-ciliate only near the middle on back, short-cuspidate. 1. Phleum pratense L. O-awacarrt. Perennial, with swollen or bulblike base; culms 50-100 cm. long, tufted, erect from ascending base; leaf-blades green, 20-60 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, flat, scaberulous; ligules membranous, semirounded, 1-3 mm. long; panicles cylindric, 3-15 cm. long, pale green; spikelets very densely arranged, 3-3.5 mm. long, obovate, flat; glumes narrowly obovate, strongly plicate, membranous, trun- cate, the keel green, long-ciliate, excurrent at the tip as a short, rigid awn 1/4-1/3 as long as the body; florets about 1.5 mm. long, smooth, glabrous; anthers yellowish—Pastures and fields; naturalized in Japan, especially common in Hok- kaido—Europe and Siberia; widely naturalized as a pasture grass throughout all temperate regions. 2. Phleum alpinum L. Mryama-awacaert. Perennial, from a decumbent, densely tufted base; culms 30-40 cm. long, solitary to several, smooth; leaf-blades flat, glabrous, linear or shortly so; ligules membranous, slightly yellowish, truncate to semirounded, 1-2.5 mm. long; uppermost leaf-sheath slightly inflated at tip, with a short blade; panicle long-exserted, ellip- soid or short-cylindric, 1.5-3 cm. long, 8-10 mm. wide, pale green, sometimes slightly purple-tinged; spikelets flattened, about 3 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, rounded at base; glumes 3-nerved, rounded-truncate, the keel with hairs about 1 10. AGROSTIS L. 3. P. paniculatum mm. long, excurrent as a rigid awn about 2 mm. long; lemmas about 2 mm. long, glabrous; anthers yellow, sometimes slightly purple-tinged, oblong, about 1 mm. long——July—Aug. Al- pine regions; Hokkaido (Mount Taisetsu), Honshu (centr. distr.) ; rare-———Formosa, Korea, Kuriles, also in alpine and boreal regions of the N. Hemisphere and arctic America. 8. Phleum paniculatum Huds. Phalaris aspera Retz.; Phleum asperum (Retz.) Jacq.; P. paniculatum var. annuum (M. Bieb.) Griseb.; P. annuum Bieb.; P. asperum var. annuum (Bieb.) Griseb.; P. japonicum Fr. & Sav.; P. asperum var. fa- ponicum (Fr. & Sav.) Hack. ex Matsum.; P. paniculatum var. annuum forma japonicum (Fr. & Sav.) Makino—AwacaeRI. Rather tufted glabrous annual; culms 15-50 cm. long; leaf- blades flat, rather soft, 2-10 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; ligules membranous, broadly ovate to semi-rounded, 2-4 mm. long; panicles cylindric, 2-8 cm. long, 5-6 mm. wide, very dense, yellowish green, lusterless; spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long, narrowly cuneate, rather flattened; glumes coriaceous, scaberulous, ob- tusely keeled, obliquely truncate at apex, rigidly mucronate; lemmas about 1 mm. long, glabrous; anthers ellipsoidal, yellowish, 0.3-0.5 mm. long———May-June. In lowland grassy places; Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu———China, Siberia, and the Mediterranean region. Konuxacusa Zoku Slender, tall or short perennials; leaf-blades linear; panicles narrow or open; spikelets small, 1-flowered, articulate above the glumes; glumes usually equal, sharply to loosely plicate, acute, entire, 1- to 3-nerved; lemmas usually shorter than the glumes, membranous, 3- to 5-nerved, acute or obtuse, entire or rarely aristulate with excurrent nerves, dorsal awn when elongate, geniculate and twisted, or awnless; callus glabrous or nearly so; rachilla usually not produced; palea smaller than the lemma, often greatly reduced; stamens 3; ovary glabrous——About 200 species, widely distributed in cooler regions, especially abundant in the N. Hemisphere. 1A. Palea more than half as long as the lemma, 2-keeled. 2A. Branches of panicle spreading, effuse, naked at base; ligules 3-5 mm. long, truncate. ..........0eseeeeeeeeeeeee 1. A. gigantea 2B. Branches of panicle spreading and effuse only at anthesis, erect or appressed to the axis at maturity; ligules quadrangular to broadly OVALE ave ferners cle tete eieisraravetelateteroteteleterainlctorets oetctaieder chevetelat=rclayanaiatoner she etielelote cteieVelorsier aN siwicreve/c| <1 «rap ate eletel sisted «i ePatepe 2. A. stolonifera 142 GRAMINEAE 1B. Palea less than half as long as the lemma, without keels, or wholly suppressed. 3A. Lemma distinctly shorter than the glumes, awned or not. 4A, Anthers 0.8-1.5 mm. long, 24-34 as long as the lemma. 5A. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; awn inserted near the base to 4 of the lemma, distinctly twisted and geniculate. GAY Lemmas\aristulate atjapexawithiexcurrentinenves:) --i)eleeeie ricer biccisieiniaiciceisieeielciciceieiietinien neice 3. A. hideot 6B: ‘Lemmiastentire at apextvsjcccrcvyereyeteive rs oseieig ee ove vata eyo ote oi eeboterseeiciesainvere ein iovers /otsters ate Tiere heene CSE oo eter 4. A. flaccida 5B. Spikelets 1.5-2.2 mm. long; awn from about the middle of the lemma or wanting. ...........-.--.+++-+-eees 5. A. canina 4B. Spikelets 1.5-2.2 mm. long; awn from about the middle of the lemma or wanting. 7A. Lemma awned; culms 10-30 cm. long; branches of panicles smooth or nearly so. .........-2+-+++++eeeee 6. A. borealis 7B. Lemma awnless; culms 20-50 cm. long. 8A. Panicles large, to 30 cm. long or more, with capillary densely scabrous branches; spikelets mostly terminal or nearly so; radical leaves short, filiform. ..............-- Kee ohafe General satesclevesopereivayduereyerebanala Wteversrorstey rene soeke exeeer aL 7. A. scabra 8B. Panicles usually not more than 20 cm. long, effuse to rather dense, branches filiform, less densely scabrous, with longer prickles, the spikelets not confined to the upper part of branches; radical leaves more or less flat. ....... 8. A. clavata 3B. Lemma slightly longer than the glumes. .............-...+-- 1. Agrostis gigantea Roth. 4. nigra With—Kuro- KONUKAGUSA. Perennial, with short rhizomes; culms erect from a often decumbent, branching base, 50-100 cm. long, smooth or slightly scabrous above; leaf-blades flat, green, slightly glaucescent, thin, 10-20 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, slightly scabrous; ligules thinly membranous, 3-5 mm. long, denticulate, longer than wide, truncate; panicles 10-20 cm. long, rather dense, lustrous, the branches effuse, semiverticil- late, prominently scabrous, verticils naked at base; spikelets 2-2.2 mm. long, reddish brown, acute; glumes broadly lanceo- late, equal, acute, I-nerved, obscurely punctulate, the keel slightly scabrous; lemma about 1.5 mm. long, obscurely 5-nerved, obtuse; callus glabrous; anthers 1-1.5 mm. long-—— May-June. Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu; rather rare; possibly not indigenous.— Cooler regions of the N. Hemisphere. 2. Agrostis stolonifera L. A. maritima Lam.; A. coarctata Ehrh.; A. alba var. stolonifera (L.) Smith—Hat- KoNUKAGUSA. Perennial; culms long-decumbent and creep- ing at base, ascending above, 10-20(-30) cm. long, smooth; leaf-blades 3-10 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, flat, scabrous, green, slightly glaucescent, thin; ligules quadrangular to broadly ovate, obtuse; panicles narrow, lanceolate to cylindric-ovoid, 5-10 cm. long, 5-20 mm. wide, dense, the branches short, erect, unequal, 1-3 cm. long, scabrous, semiverticillate, the verticils spikelet-bearing from the base; pedicels short; spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long, sometimes purplish, rather acute, slightly lustrous; glumes broadly lanceolate, 1-nerved, punctulate, with scabrous keel; lemma 1-1.5 mm. long, obscurely 5-nerved, awnless; anthers 0.8-1 mm. long——May-June. In wet places; natu- ralized in Hokkaido, Honshu; rather rare——Cooler regions of the N. Hemisphere. Var. palustris (Huds.) Farwell. 4. palustris Huds.; A. sylvatica Huds.; A. alba sensu auct. Japon., non L.; A. grandis Honda; 4. exarata sensu auct. Japon., non Trin-——KonuKa- GUSA. Culms 50-100 cm. long, short-decumbent at base; leaf-blades 10-20 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide; ligules 3-5 mm. long; panicles ovate; branches spreading at anthesis; spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long; anthers 1-1.5 mm. long——May-June. Wet places; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; naturalized; very common.——N. Hemisphere. 3. Agrostis hideoi Ohwi. Senisetum hideoi (Ohwi) Honda——Yux1Kura-NUKABO, OKUYAMA-NUKABO. Peren- nial, with short rhizomes; culms tufted, slender, smooth, 20-40 cm. long; leaf-blades flat or loosely involute, 3-10 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, soft, smooth beneath; ligules thin, truncate to obtuse, about 1 mm. long; panicles narrowly ovoid, 5-8 cm. long, loose, the branches 4- to 7-nate, ascending, slightly scabrous; spikelets pedicellate, broadly lanceolate, usually purplish, 3—-3.5 mm. long, acuminate; glumes slightly unequal, ajio ui ifalnje artes See an bv) halle este! Sesbetcoase ssn sranetancte ey eiurereee es 9. A. nipponensis 1-nerved, nearly smooth, the keel scaberulous above, the first long-acuminate, 3-3.5 mm. long, the second short-acuminate, 2.7-3 mm. long; lemma 1.5-1.7 mm. long, oblong, 5-nerved, the midnerve excurrent just above the base into a delicate, geniculate awn about 3-3.5 mm. long, apex with 4 lateral nerves and 1 or 2 marginal teeth excurrent as awns about 0.5-1 mm. long; callus sparsely and minutely hairy; palea wanting; anthers a little less than 1 mm. long——June-July. Wet grassy places near mountain rivulets; Honshu (Echigo and adjacent prov.) ; rare. 4. Agrostis flaccida Hack. A. canina sensu auct. Japon., non L.—MryaMa-NUKABO. Perennial; culms tufted, with innovation shoots at base, 15-30 cm. long, smooth; leaf-blades loosely involute or flat, 3-10 cm. long, 0.5-2 mm. wide, smooth, glabrous, soft; ligules semirounded, 0.5-2 mm. long; panicles usually 4-8 cm. long, diffuse, ovoid, the branches usually geminate, smooth or nearly so; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, broadly lanceolate, lustrous, purplish, rarely green; glumes slightly unequal, broadly lanceolate, smooth except the keel, the first long-acuminate, I-nerved, 2.5-3 mm. long, the second 3-nerved, short-acuminate; lemma 1.5-2 mm. long, minutely 5-toothed, the awn exserted just above the base, delicate, slightly geniculate, 3-5 mm. long; callus minutely hairy; palea nearly obsolete; anthers 0.8-1.5 mm. long ——June-Aug. High mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; rather com- mon.—-s. Korea, s. Kuriles (Shikotan Isl.). 5. Agrostis canina L. Hime-nuxaso. Perennial, usu- ally tufted; culms 20-60 cm. long; leaf-blades thin, usually flat, 2-10 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, slightly scabrous, the radical leaves not prominent; ligules 2-3 mm. long, oblong, obtuse; panicles 5-12 cm. long, 1-5 cm. wide, diffuse, the branches 3- to 6-nate, slender, scabrous; spikelets broadly lanceolate, 1.5-2, rarely to 2.2 mm. long, acute, lustrous, reddish brown, rarely green; glumes nearly equal, short-acuminate; lemma obscurely 3-nerved, rather obtuse, the midrib excurrent from about the middle into a delicate, slightly exserted and geniculate awn about 1-2 mm. long; callus minutely hairy; palea nearly obso- lete; anthers 0.8-1.2 mm. long—Naturalized in Honshu (Yamashiro), Kyushu (Chikuzen); rare——Temperate and cooler regions of the N. Hemisphere. 6. Agrostis borealis Hartm. A. viridissima Komar— KoMIyAMA-NUKABO. Perennial, usually tufted; culms slen- der, 10-30 cm. long, smooth; leaf-blades nearly smooth, flat, 2-7 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, the radical leaves usually filiform, 0.3-1 mm. wide; ligules obtuse, 0.5-2 mm. long; panicles open, 5-10 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, branches ascending, nearly smooth, 2- to 3-nate; spikelets pale green to purplish, lustrous, broadly lanceolate, 2.5-3 mm. long, acute; glumes equal, acute, nearly smooth, l-nerved, the keel scaberulous above; lemma GRAMINEAE 1.5-2 mm. long, obscurely 3-nerved, the awn slightly exserted and geniculate, 2-4 mm. long; callus minutely hairy; palea nearly obsolete; anthers ellipsoidal, 0.4-0.7 mm. long— July. High mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu, (centr. distr. and northw.); rather rare——Alpine and cold regions of the N. Hemisphere. 7. Agrostis scabra Willd. A. hiemalis auct——Ezo- NUKABO. Perennial, with short innovation shoots at base; culms slender, smooth, 50-80 cm. long; leaf-blades 3-10 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, loosely involute, the radical filiform, 2-5 cm. long, about 0.5 mm. wide; ligules obtuse, 2-3 mm. long; panicles 20-40 cm. long, broadly ovoid, strongly effuse, more than half as long as the entire culm, very loose, the branches capillary, spreading, semiverticillate, finely and closely sca- brous, to 20 cm. long, with spikelets only near the ends, the verticils naked at base; spikelets pale green, lanceolate, very acute, 2 mm. long; glumes unequal, lanceolate, 1-nerved, lustrous, with scabrous keel, the first acuminate, the second slightly shorter, very acute; lemma 1-1.2 mm. long, about % as long as the spikelet, obtuse, awnless, obscurely 3-nerved; callus nearly glabrous; anthers about 0.5 mm. long-———May- July. Grassy mountain slopes; Hokkaido, Honshu (centr. distr. and northw.); rather rare ——N. America and e. Siberia. 8. Agrostis clavata Trin. A. perennans sensu auct. Japon., non Tuckerm.; 4. valvata Steud.; A. macrothyrsa Hack.; A. osakae Honda—Yama-nukaso. Tufted peren- nial, with short innovation shoots at base; culms 30-70 cm. long, smooth; leaf-blades 7-15 cm. long, 15-5 mm. wide; ligules somewhat lacerate at apex, 1.5-3 mm. long; panicles loose, diffuse, 12-20 cm. long, the branches geminate to semi- verticillate, spreading, scabrous, the verticils usually naked at base; spikelets about 2 mm. long, green; glumes unequal, lanceolate, the keel scabrous above, the first l-nerved, acumi- nate, the second slightly shorter, very acute, 3-nerved beneath; lemma about 1.5 mm. long, 3-nerved, obtuse; callus nearly glabrous; anthers about 0.3 mm. long, ellipsoidal—June- Aug. Wet grassy places in mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; rather common.—ne. Europe to Siberia, Kamchatka and Sakhalin. 11. POLYPOGON Desf. 143 Var. nukabo Ohwi. A. exarata var. nukabo (Ohwi) T. Koyama; A. matsumurae Hack. NuKABo. Panicle branches verticillate, scarcely naked at base, unequal; spikelets acute; glumes 1.5-1.7 mm. long, nearly equal to rather un- equal, very acute to acute, slightly longer than the lemma——— May-June. Cultivated fields and waste ground; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; very common.——kKorea, Ryukyus, Formosa, China, and possibly also in the Philippines. 9. Agrostis nipponensis Honda. Hime-KoNuKacusA. Perennial, without rhizomes; culms 40-70 cm. long, smooth, rather soft; leaf-blades pale green, thin, 7-15 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, flat, slightly scabrous; ligules 1-2 mm. long, trun- cate; panicles 10-15 cm. long, loose, broadly ovoid to lanceo- late, the branches 3- to 7-nate, ascending to spreading, scabrous, the verticils widely naked at base; spikelets long-pedicelled, 2.5-3 mm. long, pale green and slightly purplish; glumes equal, broadly lanceolate, obtusely folded, 1-nerved, acute, slightly scaberulous above; lemma whitish, slightly longer than to as long as the glumes, awnless, 3- to 5-nerved; callus glabrous; palea minute; anthers 0.7-1 mm. long, ellipsoidal. —June. Wet places; Honshu (Kanto Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; rather rare. Agrostis dimorpholemma Ohwi. Bake-NuKaso. AL lied to A. stolonifera var. palustris Farwell, but the florets of two forms on the same panicle; lemmas of the awnless phase 1.7 mm. long, 3-nerved, entire or bidentulate, the callus nearly glabrous, the palea 14-74 as long as the lemma; anthers 1.5 mm. long; lemmas of the awned phase 3- to 5-nerved, ap- pressed short-pubescent at base on back, minutely toothed at apex; midrib excurrent slightly above base into a scaberulous, slightly exserted and geniculate awn about 4 mm. long; callus with a tuft of hairs 1/5-1/4 as long as the lemma, the palea 1/2-3/5 as long as the lemma; rachilla pilose, shorter than the ovary.— Collected once at Hakone in Honshu; possibly a hybrid of 4. avenacea X A. stolonifera var. palustris, but the first parent has not been reported from our area. Hiecaeri Zoku Annuals or perennials; leaf-blades flat, linear, membranous; panicles very dense, often spikelike; spikelets rather small, with rather thick pedicels, 1-flowered, articulate below the pedicel; glumes equal, membranous, sometimes bifid, awned from the apex or from the sinus; lemma thinly membranous, small, broadly obovate, truncate, often with a delicate, short, fragile awn; callus glabrous; rachilla not produced; palea as long as or slightly shorter than the lemma, 2-nerved; stamens 3; caryopsis free from the lemma and palea, scarcely flattened—More than a dozen species; widespread in temperate regions. 1A. Awn of the glume rising from the sinus, much longer than the glume; pedicels slightly longer than broad. ...... 1. P. monspeliensis 1B. Awn of the glume as long as or shorter than the glume; pedicels much longer than broad. 2A. Glumes bifid, the awn about as long as the glume. ......... 2B. Glumes entire, the awn much shorter than the glume. ...... 1. Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Alopecurus monspeliensis L——Hama-niecaEri. ‘Tufted annual; culms 30-60 cm. long, smooth; leaf-blades green, slightly glaucous, flattened, 10-15 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide; ligules hyaline, del- toid, 3-8 mm. long; panicles nearly cylindric, very densely flowered, not interrupted, 5-10 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide; branches semiverticillate, scabrous; pedicels obconical, 0.2-0.3 mm. long; spikelets broadly oblanceolate, pale green, 2-2.2 mm. long including the pedicel; glumes oblanceolate, 1-nerved, scabrous, rounded on back, shortly bifid with an erect delicate Jac eatoos pb Re RArsbeossorbt donesuedsospoloesuoAsO 2. P. fugax Ua dees or eR ane ee hee ee edie sedene mac eab es 3. P. hondoensts awn between the sinus; lemma broadly elliptic, obscurely 5-nerved, about 0.8 mm. long, nearly truncate at apex, ob- scurely denticulate; awn deciduous, to 1 mm. long; anthers 0.5 mm. long, ellipsoidal——June-Aug. Wet sandy and grassy places; Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; common near sea- shores——Temperate and warmer regions of Europe, Asia, and N. Africa, now widely naturalized in the New World. 2. Polypogon fugax Nees ex Steud. P. hiegaeri Steud.; P. demissus Steud.; P. littoralts, sensu auct. Japon., non Smith; P. miser (Thunb.) Makino, excl. syn.; Nowodworskya fugax 144 (Nees) Nevski——Hircarrt. Tufted annual; culms 20-50 cm. long, smooth; leaf-blades pale green, flat, scabrous, 5-15 cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide; ligules 3-8 mm. long, weakly nerved beneath; panicles nearly cylindric, more or less interrupted, 3-8 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide; pedicels about 0.3 mm. long; spikelets about 2 mm. long, sometimes slightly purplish; glumes rounded on back, shallowly bifid, the awn erect from the sinus, about as long as the glume; lemma and palea equal, about 0.8 mm. long; anthers about 0.5 mm. long; caryopsis 0.6 mm. long, ellipsoidal, scarcely compressed——Honshu, Shi- koku, Kyushu; rather common.—Korea, China, Ryukyus, Formosa, India, s. Siberia, Asia Minor, and Africa. 12. CINNA L. GRAMINEAE 8. Polypogon hondoensis Ohwi.