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Nebraska. University
Botanical
seminar
Flora of Nebraska

v.l

University of Nebraska.

FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

PUBLISHED BY THE BOTANICAL SEMINAR.

I.

Introduction.
Part I. Protophyta-Phycophyta.
Part II. Coleochaetaceae, Characeae.

LINCOLN, 1894.

(Issued August 15, 1894.)

Co.

; of

TH £

ADVERTISEMENT.

In the prospectus issued in December last a general statement was made of the plan
and purpose of this work. As was there stated, the Seminar hopes to be able to put be
fore the botanists of the state, in one work, a complete flora of Nebraska, and thus to en-
able them to do work that otherwise they could not do except by investing several hun-
dred dollars in books, which even then would but imperfectly cover the field. The work
is primarily intended for the people of the state, and for that reason the parts here pre-
sented do not pretend to be monographs of the groups dealt with and do not attempt
exhaustive treatment. The method of dealing with the several groups will, however.
vary more or less according to the tastes of the authors of the parts in which they are
treated of.

In cases where two consecutive parts dealing with related groups are ready for publi-
cation at about the same time, as in the present case, they will for convenience, be put
forth together. But the order in which the parts are numbered will have no relation
to the order of publication. Each part will be published when prepared.

Owing to the small number of Pteridophytes and Conifers reported for the state, it
has been thought best to alter the plan announced in the prospectus by uniting parts
16 and 17. A catalogue, to which will be added a host-index to the parasitic fungi, will be
published as part 25. Changes in nomenclature and the large number of subseqnenl ad-
ditions to our reported flora have rendered a new catalogue imperative, and it is believed
that it will be found most useful in connection with the Flora.

The plan as now fixed upon is as follows

Part 1.
2.
3.

1.

Protophyta— Phycophyta.

Coleochaetaceae, Characeae.

Diatomaceae. Supplement to 1.

Perisporiaceae.

Pyrenomyceteae.

Discomyceteae.

Lichenes.

Fungi Imperfecti.

Uredineae.

Ustilagineae.

Gasteromyceteae.

Agaricineae (1).

Agaricineae. (2).

Part 14. Polyporaceae— Tremellaceae.

15. Bryophyta.

10. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae.

17. Monocotyledones.

18. Gramineae. Supplement t>> IT
10. Thalaminorae (1).

20. Thalaminorae (2).

21. Disciflorae.

22. Calyciflorae.

•J.">. Heteromerae — Bicarpellatae,

21. Inferae.

25. Catalogue.

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Diagram Showing Relationship of the Branches and Classes.

INTRODUCTION.

BY CHARLES E. BESSEY, PH.D.

The Vegetable Kingdom is in other words the plant world, or the aggregate of organ-
isms called plants. It is co-ordinate with the animal kingdom, and these two include all
forms of organic life on the earth. It is not possible to define precisely the line which
separates the lower portions of these two kingdoms; we may therefore regard them as
simply branches of one great group, inseparable below, but widely divergent above. In
attempting to separate plants from animals the most we can do is to bring together t hose
characters which separate the greater number of plants from animals, and then to asso-
ciate with the plants thus set off such of the remaining organisms as appear to be more
plant-like than animal.

For the most part plants are cells enclosed in walls of cellulose, or aggregates of
such cells, all or part of which contain chlorophyll, by means of which they are able to
appropriate carbon from inorganic matter (carbon dioxide). The organisms thus set off
constitute the bulk of the vegetable kingdom, and characterize its principal divisions.
With these typical plants we must associate many which have lost some of their strictly
vegetable characteristics through parasitism or saprophytism. Thus the thousands of
species of fungi, while destitute of chlorophyll and incapable of appropriating inorganic
carbon, are plants nevertheless, and are to be associated with those to which they show
some structural similarity.

There are now known and described about 175,000 species of plants on the globe, ana
recent estimates made by Professor Saccardo show that this is probably loss than one-half
of the total number. This vast assemblage of organisms requires classification in order
that we may study them and communicate our results toothers. Accordingly similar
species have been gathered into genera, similar genera into families, similar families into
orders, etc. Finally we have been able, from a study of these groups, to make generalis a
tions as to their probable relationship, and thus to form a genetic Bystem in which all
plants are included in six great branches, further subdivided into dfteen GLASSES. This
system may be graphically represented by the accompanying diagram.

In the synopsis of the Flora of Nebraska presented below, the sequence is from prim-
itive or simple forms to those which are derived or more complex. It will be seen by a
comparison of the synopsis, with the diagram given above, that many cases occur in which
several groups have had a common origin from which they have diverged, their highest
forms differing most widely. It follows therefore that in the synopsis we are compelled
to return again and again to these common points of origin in order to follow out suc-
cessively the diverging genetic lines.

But it must not be forgotten thai the derived forms have suffered degradation, as is
notoriously the case with the fungi and other parasitic or saprophytic plant-. Here the
degraded form is the derived one, and accordingly it must be considered after the primi-
tive form, although the latter may be actually more complex. In the dowering plants we

6 111 i: FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

find many cases of progressive simplification in following genetic lines. Grasses and
sedges, while in many ways simpler than lilies, are in fact much farther from the primi-
tive monocotyledonous type. The oaks and walnuts, the willows and cottonwoods, with
flowers, apparently quite simple, must be given positions in a natural system much fur-
ther removed from the primitive types than many plants with a much more complete
floral structure. These principles will account for the unusual position assigned to some
of i lie Families in the synopsis.

A careful study of the flora of Nebraska shows that not only are all the great
branches of the vegetable kingdom represented, but that of the fifteen Classes, four-
teen are represent^!, and that of the fifty- four Orders, forty-three are represented, while
of the 386 families there are representatives of about one-half. On the other band, of
the 175,000 species of plants now known, probably little, if auy, more than two per cent
occur within our borders.

SYNOPSIS OF THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA

Branch L— PROTOPH YT A.— P rotophy t es,

Water Slimes.

Class.-SCHIZOPHYCEAE.— Fission Algae.

Order.-CYSTIPHORA E.

Fam.— Chroococcaceae.

Order. -KEMATOGEXEAK.

Fam— Xostocaceae, Oscillariaceae, Rivnlariaceae, Scytonemaceae,
Bacteriaceae.

Branch II.— PHYCOPHYTA — Phycophytes,

Spore Tangles.

Class. CHLOROPHYCEAE.-Green Algae.

Order.-PROTOCOCCOIDEAE.

Fam.— Palmellaceae, Volvocaceae, Chytridiaceae.

Order.-COXJUOATAE.

Fam.— Desmidiaceae, Diatomaceae, Zygnemaceae, Mucoraceae, En to
mophthoraceae.

Order. SI PHONE AE.

FAM.-Hydrogastraoeae, Vaucheriaceae, Saprolegniaceae, 1 erono*-

poraceae.

Order .-COKFERVOIDEAE.

Fam.— Ulvaceae, Ulotrichiaceae, Cladophoraceae, Pithophoraeeae,
Oedogoniaceae.

Branch III.-OARPOPHYTA.— Oarpophytes,

Fruit Tangles.
Class.— COLEOCHAETEAE. Simple Fruit Tangles.

Order.-COEEOCHAETACEAE.

Fam.— Cofceochaetaceae.

^CStateC^e

8 THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

Class.— ASCOMYCETES— Sac-Fungi.

Order.-PERISPOREA€EAE.-Siinple Sac-Fungi.
Fam.— Eryaipheae, Perisporieae.

Order.-PYREXOJIYCETEAE.— Rlack Fungi.

Fam. — Sphaeriaceae, Hypocreaeeae, Verrucariaceae, Dothidiaceae,
H j steriaceae.

Order. -DESCOMYCETEAE.-Cnp Fnngi.

Fam.— Cytarriaceae, Helvellaceae, Pezizaceae, Ascobolaceae, Derma-
teaceae, Rnlgariaceae, Stictideae, Grapliidiaceae, Phacidiaceae,
Parmeliaceae, Eecidiaceae, Patellariaceae, Cordieriteae, C*ym-
noasceae, Saccliaromycetaceae.

Order.— UREDIXEAE.— Rusts.

Fam. — Uredinaeeae.

Order.— LSTIEACSItfEAE.— Smuts.

Fam.— Estilaginaceae.

Imperfect Fungi.

[Doubtfully referred to this class.]

Ordcr.-SPHAEROPSIDEAE.

Fam.— Spbaerioideae, Eeptostromaceae, Excipulaceae.

Order.-MEEAXCOtflEAE.

Fam.— Melanconiaceae.

Order.-HYPHOJIYCETEAE.

Fam.— Mured ineae, Dematiaceae, Stilbaceae, Tnberculariareae.

Class.— BASIDIOMYCETES.— Higher Fungi.

Order.- GASTEROMYCETEAE.-Puff-Ralls, etc.

Fam.— Hymenogastraceae, Ey coper daceae, Nidulai -iaceae, Pballa-
ceae.

Order.- HYMEXOMYCETEAE.-Toadstools, etc.

Fam.— Agaricaceae, Pol j poraceae, Hydnaceae, Thelephoraceae, Cla-
variaceae, Teniellaceae.

Class.— RHODOPHYCEAE.— Red Seaweeds.

Order.-FEORIDEAE.

Fam.— Heluiinthocladiaceae.

Class.— CHAROPHYCEAE.— Stoneworts.

Order.-CHARACEAE.

Fam.— Kitelleae, t'liarcac.

THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

Branch IV.— BRYOPHYTA.— Bryophytes,
Mossworts.

Class.— HEPATICAE. Liverworts.

Oider.-MAR€HAXTIACEAE.

Fam.— Rieciaceae, Marcliantieae.

Order.— AXTHOCEROTACEAK.
Fam.— Anthoccroteae.

Order.-JlJXGERJflANNIACEAE.

Pam.— Diplomitrieae, Jufouleae, Platypliylleae, Jniigei'inannicao.

Class.— MUSCI. -Mosces.

Order. -BRYACEJ1.

Fam.— Weisiaceae, Pottlaceae, Orthotricliiaccae, I'liysoomitria^ea*'
Bryaceae, Polytrichaceae, Neckeraceae, Eeskeaceae, Ortliotli<>
ciaceae, Hypnaceae.

Branch V.— PTERIDOPH Y TA.— Ptendophy tes,

Fernworts.

Class— FILICINAE.— The Ferns.

Order.-OPHIOGEOSSACEAE.-Adder Tongues.
Fam.— Ophioglosseae.

Order.- FILICES.— True Ferns.
Fam.— Polypodiaceae.

Order.HYDROPTERIDEAE-Wator Perns.
Fam.— JSalviniaceae, Marsiliaceae.

Class— EQUISETINAE.— Joint Rushes.

Order.-EQUISETACEAE.

Fam.— Eqnisetaceae.

Class.— LYCOPODINAE. Lycopods.

Order.-SEEACUNELEEAK.-IJttlitlnb-Jlo*^*.
Fam.— Selaginellaccac.

Order.-ISOETEAE.-qn* 11 worts.
Fam.— Isoetaceae.

10 THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

Branch VI.- ANTHOPHYTA.— Anthophytes,

Flowering Plants.

Class.— GYMNOSPERMAE. -The Gymnosperms.

Order. -COM I FERAE.— The Conifers.
Fam.— Pinaceae.

Class.— ANGIOSPERMAE.— The Angiosperms.

Sub-class.— MONOCOTYLEDONEAE.- Monocotyledons.
Order.— APOCARPAE.— The Water Plantains.

Fam.— Alismaceae, Naiadaceae.
Order.— COROWARIEAE.— The lilies.

Fam.— Iiiliaceae, Pontederiaceae, Commelinaceae.
Order.— NUDIFJLORAE.— The Callas.

Fam.— Typhaceae. Aroideae, Lemnaceae.
Order.— CAL.YCIBTAE.— The Palms.

Fam.— J nncaceae.
Order.— GliUMACEAE.— The brasses.

Fam.— Cyperaceae, tirainineae.
Order,- HYI>RALES.-The Water-Worts.

Fam.— Hydroeharideae.
Order.— EPIGYMAE.— The Irids.

Fam.— Aniaryllidaceae, Iridaceae.
Oi(ler.-MICROSPERMAE.-The Orchids.

Fam.— Orchidaceae.

Sub-class. -DICOTYLEDONEAE— The Dicotyledons.

Order.— THAIiAIttIFIiORAE.—Torals.

(1). Sub-order.— Ranales.

Fam.— Rannncnlaceae, Anonaceae, Menispermaceae, Rerberidaceae,

Xymphaeaceae.
(2). Sub-order.— Parietales.
Fam.- Papa veraceae, Crnciferae, Capparidaceae, Cistaceae, Viola-

ceae.

(3) Sub-order.— Polygalales.
Fam.— Polygalaceae.

(4) Sub-order.— Caryophyllales.

Fam.— Caryophyllaceae, Portulacaceae, Salicaeeae. Nyetaginaceae,
Illecebraceae, Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae. Polygonaceae.

(5) Sub-order.— Cinttiferales.
Fam.— Elatineae, Hypericaceae.

(6) Sub-order.— Malvales.

Fam.— Malvaceae, Tiliaceae, Eaphorbiaceae, Urticaceae, Platana-
ceae.

THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA. 11

Order.— DISC IF LOR A E.-Oi seals.

(1) Sub-order.— Geraniales.

Fam.— Linaceae, Geraniaceae, Rntaceae.

(2) Sub-order.— CVlastrale*.

Pam.— Celastraceae, Bhamnaceae, Ampelideae, Elaeagnaeeae, San-
talaceae.

(3) Sub-order.— Sapinrialcs.

Fam.— Sapindaceae. Anacardiaceae, Jnglandaceae, Cupuliferae,

Order.-CAI.YCIFJLORAE.-Calycals.

(I) Sub-order. — Rosales.

Pam. — Rosaceae, ^limoseacCaesalpiiiiaceae, Papilionaceae, Saxifra-
gaceae, Crassulaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Halorhageae.

(2; Sub-o.ider.— Myrtales.

Fam. — Lythraceae, Onagraceae, Aristolocliiaeeac.

(3) Sub-order.— Passiitorales,
Fam.— Loasaceae, Cncurbitaceae,

(4) Sub-order. — Cactales.
Fam.— Cactaceae.

(5) Sub-order.— Umbellales.

Fam.— Cornaceae, Araliaceae, Umbelliferae.

Order.— HETEROMERAE.-Heteromei-als.

(1) Sub-order.— Primnlales.

Fam.— Plantaginaceae, Primnlaceae.

(2) Sub-order.— Ericales.
Fam.— Ericaceae, Monotropeae.

Order, RICARPELLATAE.-Ricarpals.

(1) Sub-order.— Gentianales.

Fam.— Oleaceae, Apocynaeeae, Asclepiadaceae, Gentianaeeae.

(2) Suborder.— Polemoniales.

Fam.— Polemoniaceae, Hydrophyllaeeae, Boraginaeeae, Convolvu-
laceae, Solanaceae.

(3) Sub-order.— Personales.

Fam.— Scroplinlariaceae, Orobanchaceae, Lentibulariaceae, Acan-
tbaceae.

(4) Sub-order.— Lamiulc*.
Fam.— Verbenaceae, Labiatae.

Order.-INFERAE.-Infeials.

(1) Sub-order.— Rubiales.

Fam.— Caprifoliaceae, Rnbiaceae.

(2) Sub-order.— Campaiiales.
Pam.— Campanulaceae.

(3) Sub-order.— Asterales.
Pam.— Compositae.

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA.
FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

Published by the Botanical Seminar.

PART I.
PROTOPHYTA-PHYCOPHYTA.

BY

DeAlton Saunders, A.M.

Branch I— PROTOPHYTA.

Uni- or multicellular plants, single or aggregated into loose clusters, or mechanically
united into hlaments, often provided with a thick membrane or sheath; filaments
or clusters often aggregated into a thailus; true nucleus absent; color general'; aerugi
nous through various shades of red and yellow, but never chlorophyll green; asex ial repro
duction typical, by cell-division; sexual reproduction wanting.

In some genera variously modified cells, called spores, are present, and in others
peculiarly colored cells, called heterocysts. Both sometimes occur in the same individual

Fresh water or marine algae floating freely, or attached to a substratum, or rarely ter
restrial. Chiefly holophytes, but one family, the Bacteriaceae, typically hysterophytio.

In the more primitive forms propagation takes place by means of fission, the result
ing cells continuing as independent plants. In others t lie resulting cells p. -main in loose
clusters, attached by mutual compression or imbedded in a gelatinous matrix, or in the
higher forms united into a multicellular filament.

It is probable that the Protophytes and the chlorophyll-bearing algae have developed
in different directions from the same point. Chroococcus and Gloeocapsa on the one hand,
and Protococcus and Palmetto, on the other, represent the most primitive of the respective
groups. Nothing definite is known as to the relationship of these forms.

Class I.— SCHIZOPIIYCEAE.

Characters of the Branch.

SYNOPSIS.

Order l.-CYSTIPHORAE.- Cells free and simple, never in filaments.

Fam.— Chrooeoecaceae.— Characters of the order.

Order 2.— tfEJIATOGENEAE.-Cells iu filaments.

Fam.— Ifostocaeeae.— Filaments simple, moniliform, heterocysl present

Fam.— Oscillariaeeae.— Filaments simple, heterocysl wanting.

Fam.— Scytonemaeeae.— Filaments moniliform, sometimes pseo loramose, n<

cyst present.
Fam.— Kivulariaceae. Filaments tapering to a usually setiform apex, netero

cyst intercalated or basal.
Fam.— Baeteriareae. Parasites or saprophytes, mostly unicellular.

Order 1.— CYSTIPHORAE.— Unicellular, cell9 spherical, oblong, or cylindrical,

for the most part irregularis disposed; oells inclosed in a gelatinous
matrix, in families, color variable; cell division taking place in one, two

or three directions alternately.

IQ THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

Family.— CHROOCOCCACEAE.

The characters of the order.

SYNOPSIS.

Chroococcus.— Cells associated in globose, amorphous families; cell-membrane thin,

simple.
Gloeocapsa.— Cells in amorphous families with thick, many -layered sheaths.
Microcystis.— Cells very small, numerous, aggregated into globose bodies.
Merismopedia.— Cells very small associated in quadrate families of one layer.

1. CUROOCOCCUS Naeg. Gatt. Einzell. Alg. 47. 1849.

Cells globose or angular from mutual pressure, solitary or associated in glo-
bose, amorphous families; cell contents not chlorophyll-green; propaga-
tion by division alternately in three directions.
Etymology: Greek, xpog, color, and kokkoq, berry.
Chrooeocens cohaerens (Breb.) Naeg. 1. c.

Pleurococcus cohaerens (Breb.) Menegh. Nostoch. Ital. 35.

Cells oblong, in twos or fours with a distinct hyaline sheath; cell-membrane

thin, cell-contents blue green, cells 4-6 fi in diam.
Stagnant water, Thedford. PI. I., Fig. 1.

2. GLOEOCAPSA Kuetz. Phyc. Gen. 173. 1843.

Cells usually spherical or somewhat oblong with vesiculiform sheath;
cell-membrane thick, often exceeding the cell-contents in diameter, color-
less or colored, usually in layers; cells undergoing division into two
daughter-cells, each with a distinct sheath, the whole being surrounded
by the sheath of the mother-cell, this process often repeated, the
original sheath remaining about the family thus formed.

Etymology: Greek y?Mog, sticky, and m-tya, box.
Gloeocapsa arenaria (Hass.) Rabh. Fl. Eur. Alg. II, 39. 1865.
Haematococcus arenarius Hass. Freshw. Alg. 330. 1845.

Masses mucilaginous, slightly olive colored; sheath thick, spherical, colorless,
somewhat lamellose; lamellae diffluent; cells aeruginous, 2-4 \i in diam.

On flower pot in greenhouse, Lincoln. PI. I., Fig. 3.

3. MICROCYSTIS Kuetz. Linn. VIII., 349. 1833.

Cells very small, numerous, aggregated into globose bodies, surrounded by a
thin membrane; cell-masses usually single or rarely several, surrounded
by one sheath.
Etymology: Greek {iinpog, small, and nvgrig, bladder.
Microcystis protogenita (Bias.) Rabh. Fl. Eur. Alg. II, 52. 1865.
Micraloa protogenita Bias. Alg. Micro. 47. 1833.

Families ordinarily subspherical, 15-75 // in diam.; single cells 4-6J£ fi in
diam.; color primarily aeruginous but changing to light yellow or orange.
Around wells, in water tanks, etc. PI. I., Fig. 2.

4. MERISMOPEDIA Meyen Wiegm. A.rchiv. 1839, page 67.

Cells globose or at the time of division oblong; 4, 8, 12 to an indefinite num-
ber associated in families, forming a plane, quadrate stratum.
Etymology: Greek fiepia/iog, division, and nediov, plain.
Merismopedia glanca (Ehrb.) Naeg. Gatt. Einzell. Alg. 55. 1849.
Gonium glaucum Ehrb. Infus. 56. 1836.

THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA. 17

Cell mass more or loss definite, lighl aeruginous or gray green; cells glo-
bose, or more or less oval or oblong al division, 3 5/iin diam.; cell mass

composed of 1 64 ceils, rarely more.
Ponds ami sluggish water, not uncommon. PL I . I

Merismopedia convolnta Bbeb. in Kuetz. Sp. Alg. 172. 1849.

Cell-masses membranaceous, visible to the naked >ye, folded or co

families composed of groups of geminate cells; cells spherical or oblong,
4 [i; cell-contents homogeneous, bluish green.
At the bottom of pools, or floating upon the surface.

Mv\ 'ismopedia violacea Kuetz. 1. c.

Cell-masses very minute, tubular, cells I 32, about 1 ,» in diam., violet.
Quite common in stagnant ponds about Thedford, forming violet or purplish
slimy masses sometimes reaching the size of one's hand. Easily distin

guisbed from the foregoing species by its smaller size and violet color.

Order II.— NEMATOGrENEA-E. — Multicellular or pseudo-multicellular, forming

a simple or branched filament, usually enclose. I La a tubular, homoge
neous, or lamellate sheath.

Family.-NOSTOCACEAE.

Mass gelatinous or membranaceous, enclosed in a more or less firm sheath, definite,
globose, or variously expanded; filaments flexuously curved irregularly interlaced, cells
globose or elliptical, distinct or more or less closely connected ; heterocysts terminal or
intercalated, larger than or equal to the other cells; spores equal to the heterooysl
or a little larger, green, becoming greenish blue, olivaceous, or yellowish brown.

SYNOPSIS.

Nostoc. -Filaments concatenate, sheathed ; heterocyst intercala:

Anabaena. — Filaments moniliform, without a sheath; heterocyst usually intercalated.

Sphaerozyga.— Filaments sbeatbless; heterocyst intercalated, binary or solitary; spores

proximate to heterocyst.
Cylindrospermum. Filaments sheathless, heterocyst terminal, cylindrical; spon
tiguous to heterocyst.

1. XOSTOC Vadch. Hist. Conf. 1803.

Mass gelatinous, of various shapes; heterocysts usually intercalate

about the size of the heterocyst or a little larger.
Etymology unknown.

The nostocs are said to be merely arr sted stages in the 1 relopmenl of Borne
of the higher protophytes, as Scytora na. 1 1 • • ver this may be, as frequently
happens in such cases, they reproduce themselves from generation i
ation without ever attaining any higher developm< nt.

Nostoc commune Vauch Let. 16 f. 1.

Terrestrial; mass at Qrsl globose, becoming tongue-shaped, plane, or irregular;
mature mas- suborbicular, folded, undulate, >ntir< »r lol ed, often perfor
ated or expanded; cells 5-6 in diam.
Frequent on damp earth and in stagnant >r running water. In some parte
of the state it is found covering the ground tor some distance in damp
places.

]_g THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

Xostoc 111 nscorniii Ag. Dispos. Alg. Suec. 44. 1810.

Terrestrial; masses at first globose, then confluent and forming gelatinous
cushions adhering to the substratum; spores oval; sheaths confluent;

cells 3 // in diam. , „ ,, , „

On wet rocks and on the moss covering them; hardly more than a form of

N. commune.
Nostoc prnniforme (Roth) Ag. 1. c. 45.
IAnkia pruniforme Roth Catal. 111. 1806.

Masses sub-globose or elliptical; from % mm. to 1 cm. or more; olive or dark
green becoming blackish brown; sheath coriaceous; filaments loosely in-
terwoven; cells globose, compressed by crowding; heterocysts globose;
cells 3-5 i-i in diam.
In still water. PI. L, Fig 4, a and 6.

2. ANABAEM Bory Oscil. 1823.

Filaments moniliform, without sheath or rarely sheathed, composed of sub-
globose cells some of which become changed into globose or elongated,
usually yellowish or brown spores; heterocyst intercalated in the fila-
ment; spores not arising in the cells contiguous to the heterocyst.
Etymology: Greek avaflaivo, go up.
Anabaena nos-aqnae (Lyngb.) Kuetz. Phyc. Gener. 209. 1843.
Nostoc flos-aquae Lyngb. Hydroph. t 68. 1819.

Free-swimming, membranaceous, blue-green; filaments more or less curved,
often circinate; cells spherical or from mutual pressure elliptical or quad-
rate; heterocysts intercalated, elliptical; spores globose.
Var— circinalis (Rabh.) Kirch.

Anabaena circinalis Rabh. Fl. Eur. Alg. II., 183. 1865.

Filaments very much coiled and cells larger; spares and heterocyst not much

larger than the vegetative cells. Cells 7-10 /j. in diam.
Gives a bluish-green color to stagnant water, or in age forms a blue-green
scum on the surface. PI. I., Fig. 12.

3. SPHAEROZYGA Ag. in Regensb. Flora. 1827.

Filaments sheathless, single or united in an indefinite gelatinous
stratum, or rarely in a definite sheath; heterocysts intercalcated, binary
or solitary; spores proximate to the heterocyst.

Etymology: Greek ofyaipa, ball, and $vyov, yoke.
Spliaerozyga polysperma (Kuetz ) Rabh. Fl. Eur. Alg. II., 192. 1865.
Cylindrospermum polyspermum Kuetz. Phyc. Gener. 212. 1843.

Filaments solitary or interwoven, blue-green, straight or variously curved,
articulations globose or short cylindrical; heterocysts globose or very
broadly elliptical, equal to or twice the diameter of the vegetative cells;
spores more or less elongated, densely granular, with rather thick mem-
brane; cells 3-6 ji in diam.; heterocyst 7-9 /i in diam.

In stagnant water usually among other algae; also on damp earth, on flower
pots, etc., in greenhouses at the University. PI. I., Fig. 8.
Sphaerozyga smith ii (Thwaites) Wolle Fw. Alg. 290. 1887.

Dolichospermum smithii Thwaites Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., II., 5, PI. IX., Fig. 4.

Filaments single, or two or three in a sheath, straight; sheath sometimes dif-
fluent, 32 n; articulations globose, equal to or somewhat longer than the
diameter, 4-6 //; heterocyst oval, or globose 8-9x9-23 /*; spores cylindrical'
2-3 times as long as wide, 10-12x20-32 /i.

In moist places in greenhouses. PI. I., Figs. 9 and 10.

THE FLORA OF NEBBASKA. If*

4. CYLIXDROSPERMITM Kuetz. Phyc. Gener. 211. 1843

Heterocysts terminal, cylindrical; spores originating in oella aexl to the Qel

erocysts.
Etymology: Greek iwXivdpos, cylinder, and anep/ia, seed.

Cylindrosperninm limiiioola Kuetz. 1. c. 212.

Cylindrospermum minutum Wood. Prodrom. 120. 1809.

Filaments slightly curved, pale aeruginous, 3 1 ft in diam., forming a thin,
green, membranaceous stratum; cells cylindrical to almost elliptical,
slightly contracted at the joints, granular; hetorocyst usually globose,
straw colored, 5 n in diam.; spores elliptical-oblong, 10x20 /x.
Forms light green, slimy strata on pots in greenhouses; found occasionally
also among other algae. The spores and heterocyst easily break off, and
the remaining filament is not easily distinguished from an < )s<-illaria. I'l.
I., Fig. 11.
Cylindrospermum floxnosnm (Ag.) Rabh. Fl. Eur. A_lg. II, 188. 1865.
Oscillaria flexuusa Ag. Syst. 06. 1824.

Stratum gelatinous, aeruginous, indefinite; filaments equal, fiexuous, circin-
ate, fasciculcate, or sometimes nearly straight; articulations oblong, OOD
stricted at the joints; heterocysts sub-globose; spores oblong-cylindrical,
2-5 times longer than broad, distinctly granular, 10 n long; vegetative cells
about 4 fi in diam.
In a small creek near Lincoln. Not common.

Family.-OSCILLARIACEAE.

Filaments simple, with or without a sheath, single or forming extended strata,
without heterocysts and without spores; propagation taking place by means of hor-
mogones or parts of filaments escaping from the end of the sheath or scattered by
dissolution of the sheath, each hormogone consisting of a few cells and quickly develop-
ing into a new filament like the one from which it was separated, and by means of gon-
idia developed in the cells of the parent plant.

SYNOPSIS.

Microcoleus. — Filaments simple or pseudoramose, several enclosed in the same Bheath,

sheath not lamellose.
Schizothrix. — Filaments few in each sheath, sheath firm, lamellose.
Oscillaria.— Filaments simple, free, usually sheathloss, oscillating.
Lyngbya.— Filaments simple, free, or aggregated into a dense stratum, with a lam. 11-. •

sheath.
Spirulina.-FU.am.ents unicellular, slender, twisted into a close spiral.
Phormidium.— Filaments simple, slender, nearly colorless, never oscillating.
Arthrospira. — Filaments sheathless, twisted into a lax spiral.
Beggiatoa.— Filaments usually indistinctly jointed, colorless, actively oscillating.

Sub-fam. — Vaginarieao. Filaments two or more in the same sheath.

1. MICROCOIiEUS. Desm. Cat. PI. Belg. 7. 1823.

Filaments simple or pseudoramose; sheath hyaline, more or lees regularly
cylindrical, scarcely lamellose, in some species . ■ : i - i l y diffluent; apex of

the filament straight, attenuate; apical cell acute.
Etymology: Greek, pmpoc, small, and io f, Bheath,

20 THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

Microcolon* vaginatus (Vauch.) Gomoxt Monogr. Oscil. Ann. So. Nat, Bot.
7. XV., 355. 1803.
Oscillatoria vaginata Vaucher Hist. Conf. 200. 1S03.
mcrocoleus terrestris Desmazieees 1. c.

Stratum more or less expanded, deep blue-green, changing to olive and then
to a brownish-red, membranaceous, mucilaginous; filaments equal, col-
lected in filiform fascicles, sometimes much elongated, extending in a
penicillate manner from the opening of a common sheath, attenuate and
capitate. 3'., 7 a broad; articulations equal to twice the diameter in length,
frequently granular at the articulations.
On damp earth, etc., in greenhouses at the University. PI. II., Fig. 21.

«. SCHIZOTHKIX Kuetz. Phyc. Gen. 230. 1843.

Filaments few in a sheath, somewhat loosely aggregated; articulations often
longer than the diameter of the filament, never shorter; apex of the fila-
ment straight, sometimes attenuate, never capitate; membrane of the
apical cell not thickened above; sheath hyaline, fuscous or purple, firm,
lamellose, acuminate at the apex.
Etymology: Greek <7,i<«, cut, and dpi!;, hair.
Schizothrix calcicola (Ag.) Gomont Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 7, XV., 307. 1892.
Oscillaria calcicola Ag. Disp. Alg. Suec. 37. 1812.
Leptothrix calcicola Kuetz. Phyc. Gen. 200. 1843.

Filaments dilutely aeruginous, not constricted at the joints, 1-1.7 //, broad;
articulations longer than the diameter of the filament, 2 3 to as much as
Cm long; sheath firm, subcartilaginous, apex acuminate, cylindrical, en-
closing one or two or rarely several filaments.
In greenhouse at the University. PI. II., Fig. 19.

Sob-Fam.— Lyngbyeae. Filam9nts solitary in the sheath.

:{. OSCILLARIA Bosc. in Bory Diet. CI. I., 594. 1800.

Filaments oscillating, cylindrical, free, without sheaths or occasionally with
a delicate sheath, fragile, usually involved in a colorless mucus, slightly
or not at all constricted at the joints; apex often attenuate, straight, or
curved.

Etymology : Latin oscillare, to swing, oscillate.

Oscillaria tenerrima Kuetz. Tab. Phyc. 1 1. 38. 1819.

Solitary or associated in fascicles, filaments straight, indistinctly articulate,
joints about equal to the diameter in length, ends somewhat acute,
slightly bent, cell-contents pale blue-green or olive, homogeneous or
finely granular, filaments 1.8-2.5 \i in diam.

In ditches and ponds among other algae. PI. II, Fig. 18.

Oscillaria splcmliua Greville Flor. Edin. 305. 1824.
Oscillaria gracillima Kuetz. Phyc. Gener. 181. 1843.

Pale aeruginous ; filaments straight, curved, or sometimes coiled, solitary or
forming a thin membranaceous stratum, obtusely rounded at the apex
and often bent, 2J-3.5 // in diam. ; cell-contents light aeruginous; articu-
lations not always distinct, about as long as wide.
On basin of artesian well (salt), Lincoln.

THE FLORA <>F NEBRASK \. L' I

Oscillaria yiolacea Wallbotb Flor. Crypt. Germ. L8.

Filaments long, straight, radiating, forming a gray-violet, membranaceous
stratum, the ends somewhat reduced and ofteu drawn out to a thin
point, 4 5 " in diam.; articulations half the diameter in length.
In greenhouse at the University. PI. I., Pig. L3.
Oscillaria tenuis Ao. Syst. Alg. 60. 1824.

Oscillaria viridis Kuetz. Phyc. Geuer. 1st;. L843.

Stratum bright green, brownish with age; filaments ligh( aeruginous,
straight, usually slightly constricted at the joints, 1 1" broad,
si raight or curved, not attenuate or capitate; articulations balf as long
as broad, or before division twice as long; cell-contents finely granular.
Hocks, pools, margins of ponds, or float ing free; common I hroughoul t he Btate
PI. I., Fig. 1G.
Oscillaria limosn Ac. 1. c. 6G.

Filaments rigid, straight, actively oscillating, blue green, interwoven In a
thin, mucilaginous, radiating, green stratum, distinctly articulate; i ints
nearly equal to, or a little longer than broad, after division half a^ long
as broad; apex straight or curved, somewhat attenuated: cell contents
homogeneous or occasionally slightly granular; filaments 6
diam.
Common on damp earth, forming a blue-green coating.
Oscillaria froelichii Kuetz. Phyc. Gener. 189. 1843.

Stratum dark steel-blue or olive-green, in age purple; filaments nearly
straight, even, not attenuated; articulations one-half to even one-sixth
the diameter; contents aeruginous to olive-green, coarsely granular.
Gomont unites this species with the preceding.
Var. viridis Zellkr.— Stratum green; filaments about 15 // in diam.. en Is Blightly

curved. Among other algae, as VaucJu ria, Spirogyra, etc.
Var. fusca Kirch.— Very dark olive -brown or purple; cell contents olive-green; fila-
ments 12-18 fi in diam.
Very common on pots and damp soil in greenhouses, Lincoln. PL I.. Fig.14.
Oscillaria princeps Vauch. Hist. Conf. 190. 1803.

Oscillaria imperator Wood Proc. Am. Phil. Sue. XL, 1-1. 1869.

Stratum dark green; filaments steel-blue, straight and rigid, somewhat thin
ner towards the ends; apex broadly rounded; articulations one fourth to
one-fifth as long as broad; diameterof filaments 25 15//.
Occasionally found among other algae in the Dismal River region, and in
many places in the eastern part of the state, l'l. 1 . Fig. IT.

L.YNGBYA Ao. Syst. Alg., 7.'5. 1824.

Filaments sheathed, simple, tree or aggregated into an intricate stratum,
never constricted at the joints; apex straight, blunt, or slightly attenuab
sheath broad or narrow, lamellose, hyaline or rarely yellowish brown.
Etymology: dedicated to Lyngbye, a Danish phycologist
Lyngbya aestuarii (-Hoffman-Bang) Liebman Kroyer's Tidskr. L84L, p. 192.
Oscillatoria aestuarii Hoffman Bang De Usu Conferv. 16. 1814 (Ex Qomonl .
Filaments rigid, flexuose, blue-green, granular, densely interwoven in dark
blue-green tufts; joints one-third to one-sixth as long as wide; sheaths
hyaline, becoming brownish and lamellose with age; diameterof thread
20 26 fi, withoul sheath, 11 18/*.
In mineral water; Lincoln. Franklin. PI 1 1 , Fig. 25.

22 THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

Lyngbya ©bscnra Kuetz. Phyc. Gen. 224. 1843.

Free or forming dark aeruginous strata; filaments nearly straight, bright
aeruginous changing to brown, articulations distinct, one-third to one-
sixth as long as wide, 10-15 ft in diam.; sheaths thin, hyaline, becoming
yellowish brown and lamellose in age.
United with the preceding by Gomont, Monogr. Oscil.
In lakes and ponds in the eastern part of the state. PI. II., Fig. 26.
L-yngbya vulgaris (Kuetz.) Kirch.

Phormidium vulgare Kuetz. Phyc. Gener. 193. 1843.

Stratum thin, mucilaginous, dark steel-blue to brown or turning yellow, be-
coming thickened in age; filaments straight, rigid; joints equal to or
shorter than the diameter, 5-9 /z in diam., apex some what attenuated,
occasionally somewhat curved.
On damp soil in greenhouse, Lincoln. PI. II., Fig. 22.
Gomont cites this as a synonym of Phormidium autumnale.
Iijugbya ochracea (Dillw.) Thuret Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 6, I., 279. 1875.
Conferva ochracea Dillw. Brit. Conf. 55. 1809.
Leptothrix ochracea Kuetz. Phyc. Gener. 198. 1843.

Filaments very slender, fragmentary, scattered; diameter 2-3 //, not articulate.
Floating in fragile, ochraceous masses. PI. II., Fig 20.

5. PHORMIDHJM Kuetz. Phyc. Gener. 290. 1843.

Filaments slender, without oscillating movement, usually united into a mu-
cilaginous or membranaceous stratum; sheaths hyaline, often absent or
at least not discernible; filaments cylindrical, never spiral, articulations
often indistinct.
Etymology: Greek <popfiiSiov, a fagot.
Phormidinm laminosum (Ag.) Gomont Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 7, XVI., 167. 1892.
Oscillaria laminosa Ag. Flora X., 633. 1827.

Stratum light aeruginous or sometimes brick-red, slender, membranaceous,
broadly expanded; filaments flexuose, some of them usually coiled, densely
intricate, light aeruginous, scarcely constricted; apex straight, slightly at-
tenuate, not capitate, 1-1% V- broad; articulations 2-4 \t long.
In stagnant water in ponds and ditches; it nourishes especially in mineral
or thermal waters.
Phormidinm tenne (Menegh.) Gomont 1. c. 169.

Anabaena tenuis Menegh. Consp. Algol. Eugan. 8. 1837.

Stratum light aeruginous, thin, membranaceous, expanded; sometimes soli-
tary or scattered; filaments elongated, sub-erect; sheath slender, often
inconspicuous; filaments 1-2 /j. in diam., straight, slightly constricted at
the joints, articulations often indistinct; apex at first straight, finally be-
coming curved and attenuate, not capitate; articulations as long to three
times as long as wide.
With other algae. PI. II., Fig. 23.
Phormidinm antnmnale (Ag.) Gomont 1. c. 187.
Oscillaria autumnalis Ag. Disp. Alg. Suec. 36. 1812.
Oscillaria antliaria Ag. Syst. Alg. 63. 1821.

Stratum gelatinous, broad, sub-membrauaceous, dark steel-blue to olivaceous;
filaments rather rigid, straight, sometimes oscillating; apex attenuated,
curved, 4^-5 /* in diam.; articulations sometimes indistinct, about as
long as wide; cell contents pale steel-blue, nearly homogeneous.
Around pumps, cisterns, etc., Lincoln. PI. I., Fig. 15.

THE FLORA OF M.r.i: LSK \. 23

«. BEGGIATOA Trevisan Prosp. Flor. Eugan. 76. 1842.

Filaments imbedded in a colorless, gelatinous matrix, long, rigid, usually in
distinctly jointed, actively oscillating, colorless; protoplasm ailed with

strongly rofrangent sulphur granules.
Etymology: dedicated to Beggiato, an Italian botanist

Beggiatoa alba (Vauch.) Tbsv. Nomencl. 58. L845.
Osdllaria alba Vacjcheb Hist. Conf. L98. 18C0.

Filaments without distinct articulations, 3 3'^ a thick, Forming dirty or

chalk white gelatinous masses.
Common in saline water in Lancaster county; it will doubtless be found
everywhere in the state where there is brackish water.

Var.— marina Cohn. Hedwigia 1885, p. 82.

Threads very densely filled with granules, 2 ft thick.

With the last, often found in jars of algae which have stood for some Ume in
the laboratory. PI. II., Fig. 29.

Beggiatoa pellneida Cohx Hedwigia 18G5, p. 82.

Filaments distinctly jointed, with rounded ends, H , ;. u wide; articulations

about as long as broad, translucent, containing a few granules.
In jars of algae standing in the laboratory. PI. II., Fig. 27.

Beggiatoa arachnoidea (Ag.) Rabh. Fl. Eur. Alg. II., 94. 1865.
Osdllaria arachnoidea Ag. Regensb. Flora 1S-J7, p. 634.

Filaments distinctly jointed, strongly motile, with rounded, slightly curved

ends, 5-7 /i thick; articulations half as long to as long as broa I.
In water from the salt basin at Lincoln. PI. 1 1., Pig. 28.

7. ARTHROSPIRA Stizenberger Hedwigia I., :;-J. 1852.

Filaments cylindrical, without sheaths, regularly twisted into a more or less

lax spiral, apical cell rounded or attenuate.
Etymology : Greek apdpov, joint, and oneipa, coil.

Arthrospira jenneri (Hass.) Stizenberger 1. c.

Spirillum jenneri Hassall Brit. Freshw. Alg. 277. 1815.
Spirulina jenneri Kuetz. Tab. Phyc. I., 2Gt. 37. 1845.

Filaments usually light aeruginous, forming slender strata, or found solitary
among other algae, 7-15 fi in diam.; apex hut slightly narrowed. 5 B broad
making a complete coil in every 20 21 //; cells from as long to twice as long
as wide.
Found occasionally in stagnant water about Lincoln. PL I.. Pig. 7.

8. SPIRITLdmA Tuupin in Levrault Diet. 309. 1827.

Filaments unicellular, slender, spirally twisted, apex rounded; protoplasm
homogeneous or slightly granular ; usually surrounded by a somewhat

liquid, colorless mucilage.
Etymology: diminutive, from Latin spira, coil.

Spirulina *ul»*al«a Oersted \at. Tidskr. 1842, p. 17.
Spirulina subsalsa Kuetz. Tab. Phyc. I. 26, t. :!7. 1843.
Spirulina tenuissima Kuetz. Phyc. Gener. 183, 1843.

Filaments flexuose, more or less densely spiral, with active movemenl ; Bpirals

4-5 n in diam., making 5 7 turn-- in the space of 26
Frequent in salt water, Lincoln. PI. 1., Pig. 0.

24 THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

Family.— SCYTONEMACEAE.

Filaments branching, not tapering to a hair like point, containing heterocysts of the
same width as the other cells.

1. SCYTOXEMA Ag. Syst. Alg. 40, 1824.

Filaments single in a sheath, branching produced by deviation of the fila-
ment which emerges from the side of the sheath by folding and ruptur-
ing it, giving rise to two filaments at right angles to each other; hetero-
cysts scattered here and there in the filament without any apparent
relation to the branching.

Etymology: Greek cKmog, skin, and vr/fia, thread.

Section I. Filaments forming a horizontal stratum.

Scytoiiema cinereum Menegh. in Kuetz. Spec. Alg. 303. 1849.

Stratum pulvinate, cinereous, green, occasionally violet or purplish, pale blue
when dry; filaments fragile, flexuous, loosely interwoven, sparingly
branched, indistinctly articulate, 4-11 ft in diam.; articulations one-half
to three-fourths as long as broad; sheath thick, brownish or yellowish,
usually incrusted with lime, 8-20 // in diam.

In flower pots in greenhouse at the University. PL II., Fig. 24.

Section II. Filaments in erect tufts. (Symphyosiphon Kuetz.)

JScytoiiema hofiuamii Ag. 1. c.

Tufts small, ascending, aggregated, dark brown; filaments sparingly branched,
erect, olive-green; joints delicately granulose, equal to one-fourth the
diameter in length; sheaths close and indistinct above, wider at the base,
colorless, yellow; heterocyst intercalated, subglobose, light-yellow, diame-
ter of filaments 10-16 /i.

On damp wood in greenhouses at the University. PL II., Fig. 30.

Family.— RIVULARI ACE A.E.

Filaments free or agglutinated into a definite mass, tapering from tbe base to the
apex, usually ending in a hyaline hair; heterocysts normally present, scattered or basal.

SYNOPSIS.

Gloeotrichia. — Filaments radiate, distinctly sheathed, sheath broad, transversely plicate
Isactis — Filaments erect, parallel, attached at base, sheath fibrillose at apex.

1. GLOKOTRICHIA J. Ag. Alg. Mar. Med. et Adr. 8. 1842.

Filaments radiate, sometimes pseudoramose sheathed,more or less constricted;
sheaths broad, often saccate at the base, transversely plicate, involved in
mucus; spores originating in the lower part of the filament.

Etymology: Greek -ytowg, sticky, and dpi%, hair.

Gloeotrichia nataiis (Hedw.) Thuret Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 6, L, 382. 1875.
Tremella natans Hedwig. Theor. Gen., ed II., t. 36 f. 7-10. 1798.

Globose or angular, tuberculose, variable in size and form, green, becoming
brownish; filaments straight, torulose, flexuous, and hyaline above; lower
joints more or less compressed; sheath broad, here and there constricted,
colorless or yellowish; spores oblong, cylindrical, heterocysts subglobose
about 10 n in diam., filament with sheath at base 10-12 [i in diam.
Minden. PL III., Fig. 32.

ttOPERTY LBRARt
N. C. State CoUoe*

I'll I'. II <H; \ < M NEBB U5K \.

4. lot <>l rich i.i pi sum (AG.) THUEET I.e.
Rivularia pisum Ag. Syst. Alg. 25. L824.

Masses soft, spherical, '. mm. 5 mm., aeruginous or olive-green; filaments
elongated; lower cells with a distinct sheath, once to twice as loi
broad, the cell-contents aeruginous, upper celte Longer with in.listiu.-i
sheaths; sheaths close, simple; spores cylindrical, often several times the
diameter in length, heterocysl usually wider than the vegetative cells,
7 11'/ in diam.; the spores 6 12/*.
On water plants, Minden. PI. III., Pig. 33.

2. ISACTIS Thubet Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 6, I.. 382. L875.

Filaments agglutinated by a more or Less firm cilage, often Lncrusted \\ it h

lime, forming a flat strain in, erect, parallel, attached at the base; spores

formed in the lower part of the filament.
Etymology: Greek taog, equal, an I am . ray.

Isactis fluviatilis (Kuetz) Kirch.

Euactis rivularis fluviatilis Kuetz, Sp. Alg. 342. 1849.
Zonotrichia fluviatilis Rabh. Fl. Eur. Alg. II.. 21 1. L865.

Stratum often extended with a more or less calcareous crust, usually olivace
ous, brown, or reddish; filaments !) 12// in diam . closely compacte I and
sometimes apjiarently one stratum above another, the end- sudden lj
acuminate; cell light aeruginous, sheath close, colorless to brownish,
widened at the end and til nil lose; heterocysl colorless, globose.
Minden. PI. Ill, Fig. 31.

Family.— BACTERIACEAE. *

Minute fungi without mycelium, typically unicellular, or at Leasl the divisions not
visible except at the time of the absection of new cells; cells of very diverse form round.
elliptical, bacillar, or filamentous), generally surrounded by a gelatinous envelope. one
or both ends often provided with 1-3 flagella; growth peripheral, never apical; sexual !■•■
production undeveloped; asexual reproduction by simple division or by B]
spores or arthrospores).

The bacteria are either saprophytes or parasites in vegetabli or animal tissuea
The former may be simple saprophytes {Bacterium terrno, Spirillum
undula), or zymogenic forms (Bacterium aceti, B. pasteurianum).
sitic or pathogenous bacteria cause various diseases of plan's and ani-
mals, as apple blighl (Micrococcus amylovorus), sorghum blighl Bacillus
sorghi), diphtheria (Micrococcus diphtheriticu
Bacteria are either motile or non-motile. Motile forms are provided with
one or more flagella, or, as in Rasmusst nia, possess tic power of oscillal ion
which is still more highly developed in the Oscill llany

forms appear to move about very rapidly in cult ure solutions, hut this is
nothing more than the Brownian movement characteristic of all minute
particles suspended in liquids, [nadditionto the non-motile I
teria, motile forms when they enter the zoogloea

of movement. Here, too, however, a distinction must be made between a
true zoogloea and a Loosely aggregated colony of actively moving in-
dividuals.

By Frederick B. Clements. B. Sc.

2Q THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

Bacteria increase by the simultaneous breaking up of the cell into numerous
parts, or by the repeated division of the cell. The resulting cells either
remain more or less loosely aggregated into a colony (Micrococcus), or
agglutinated into a thread (Leuconostoc), or they develop flagella and
swim away as free individuals (Bacterium, Spirillum). In addition to
division in one direction, it may result in two directions (Lampropedia),
or in three directions (Sarcina). The pseudo-branching in forms of
Cladothrix is but an irregular modification of division in a single plane.
Spores, which subserve the same purpose as the resting spores of higher
forms, are of two sorts— endospores and arthrospores. The former
arise within the cell either by the condensation of part of the cell-plasm
or by the rounding up of the entire contents of the cell. The arthro-
spores are produced by the metamorphosis of the whole cell.

The relationship of the Bacteriacsae to the Schizophyceae is so very close
that it becomes necessary to regard them as a highly specialized branch
of that class, summing up in their diverse forms the ultimate develop-
ment by degradation of the types of the various families of the Schi-
zophyceae. No distinct or valid line can be drawn between the lower
algae and the bacteria. Undoubted algae, such as Oscillaria and Phor-
midium, pass gradually through such intermediate forms as Beggiatoa,
Rasmussenia, and Spirillum, into indubitable bacteria, Bacillus, Clostri-
dium, and Bacterium. Recent works on zoology have taken the Bacter.
iaceae into the animal kingdom, connecting them with the Flagellata
through the Monads. Whatever similarity exists between the two groups
is, however, much more probably due to convergence or parallelism in
development than to any true genetic connection.

SYNOPSIS.

Coccobacteria.— Cells globose or ellipsoid, non-motile.

Micrococcus.— Individuals free or irregularly grouped.

Streptococcus. — Individuals concatenate.

Lampropedia.— Individuals in regular colonies.
Eubacteria — Cells oblong, bacillar, or filamentous, generally motilo.

Bacterium.— Cells short-oblong, spores unknown.

Bacillus.— Cells bacillar, spores endogenous.

Spirillum.— Cells elongate, spirally twisted.

Rasmussenia.— Cells filamentous.

1. MICROCOCCUS Cohn Beitr. Biol. Pflan. I. 2, 151. 1875.

Cells globose or ovoid, single or aggregated into irregular masses (zoogloea),

non-motile; spore-formation unknown.
Etymology: Greek uxpog, small, and kokkoq, berry.

Micrococcus amylovorns Burkill in Meth. Oest. Vers. Stat. f. Br. n. M. I.

1888, p. 30.

Cocci 1-1.2 fi long, scarcely as wide, generally single, exceptionally aggregated,

never catenate.
In leaves of Pirus malus, causing blight.

2. STREPTOCOCCUS Billr. em. Zopf Spaltpilz. 51. 1883.

Cells globose or short ellipsoid, remaining attached after division, spore for-
mation unknown.
Etymology: Greek crpEnrog, bent, and kokkoq, berry.

THE Fl.oi; \ OF NEBRA8K \. 27

Streptococcus moiic (Cohn) Trev. Gen., 31.

Micrococcus ureae Cohn Beitr. I., 2 158 t. 3 f. 4. 1875.

Cocci globose, 1-1.2 fi in diani., aggregate or concatenate in short moniliform

filaments.
In urine.

3. LAMPKOPKIMA Sciiroeter Pilzo Schlesiens 15L 188G.

Cells in fours, imbedded in a gelatinous matrix, division in two direel i< in-
forming regular colonies.
Etymology: Greek fa/nrpog, bright, and jrediov, plane.

Lampropedia litoralis (Oerst.) De Toni & Trev. in Sacc. Syll. Pang. VI 1 1.. 1049.

1889.
Erythroconis litoralis Oerst. Nat. Tidskr. III., 555. 1840-11.
Sarcina litoralis Winter Pilze 50. 1834.

Cocci globose or rotund, 1-1 >£ ft diam., regularly four, rarely six, in a Family;

colonies large, 250-300 /i wide; matrix dense, hyaline.
In stagnant water from salt marshes.

4. BACTERIUM Ehrenb. Abh. Akad. Berl. 1830.

Cells very short, ellipsoid, rarely cylindrical, motile or nou motile, often im

bedded in a gelatinous matrix and forming zoogloea.
Etymology: Greek ^aicnjpwv, staff.

Bacterium termo (O. P. Muell.) Ehbb. 1. c.

Monas termo O. P. Muell, Infus. t. 1. f. 1. 1780.

Cells short, cylindrical, l-1.5x.8-1.2 ,«, motile or more commonly aggregated

into dense zoogloea.
In putrid matter.

Bacterium aceti (Kuetz.) Lanzi N. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 1876, p 257.
Ulvina aceti Kuetz. Phyc. Gen. 149. 1843.

Cells elongate, 3 /z long, non-motile, forming a zoogli tea composed of Homer

ous filaments of loosely attached cells.
In alcohol and in vinegar.

5. BACILL US Cohn Beitr. 1,2, 173. 1872.

Cells cylindrical, straight or curved, motile, filaments preseni at tiino of
spore-formation, falling into small cells as soon as the endogenous spore
is formed.

Etymology: Latin bacilhis, a little staff.

Bacillus sorglii Kellerman Bui. Exp. Stn. Kan. Agr. ColL, a. 5, 291. PI IV.

Figs. 1-3. 1888.
Cells variable, cylindrical, 1.3-4x.5 1.2 u, single, binate, or even catenate when

old, spores ovate or oblong, 1 L2x.6
In roots, culms, and leaves of Andropogon sorghum, A. son/hum halapenai*

and A. nutans.

Bacillus ulna Cohn. 1. c. 177, t. 3 f. L5.

Cells cylindrical, 8-10x1-1.5 u, moi Lie, single or united into a net-like e togloea

spores ovoid, 2-2.8x1 y..
In old yeast cultures.

28 THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

Bacillus tremulus Koch in Cohn Beitr. II., 3, 417. 1877.
Cor nil in tremula Trey. Gen. 22.

Cells short-cylindrical, or oblong, very small, 2-3x.5.6 ft, characterized by a

peculiar rotary motion; spores intercalated, terminal.
In decomposing solutions.
Bacillus snbtilis (Ehrenb.) Cohn Beitr. I, 2, 175 t. 3 f. 14. 1872.
Vibrio subtilis Ehrenb., Abhaudl. Akad. Berl. 1831.

Cells long-cylindrical, .8-1x6 10 //, motile, single or concatenate, often grow-
ing out into long filaments (20-40 n), which form an ovoid spore (1.5x2.5 //)
at one end, and then break up into minute rods 3-4 /i long.
In old yeast cultures.

6. SPIRIL.L.UJI Ehrenb. Abh. Akad. Berl. 1830, p. 38.

Cells elongate, cylindrical, more or less strongly spirally coiled, moving very

rapidly by means of a twisting motion; spores endogenous.
Etymology: Latin, diminutive of spira, coil.

Spirillum rngula (O. F. Muell.) Ehrenb. 1. c.
Vibrio rugula O. F. Muell. Verm. Hist. 43.

Cells cylindrical, very strongly arcuate, or once spirally coiled, 8-13x1.5-2 fi,

free, actively motile.
In stagnant creek water.

Spirillum nmlnla (O. F. Muell.) Ehrenb. 1. c.

Cells 8-16 fi long, 1-1.5 n thick, with 1)^-4, or even 6 spiral coils; free, each

coil 4-5 fi high.
In stagnant creek water.

7. RASMITSSEXIA Trevisan in Sacc. Syl. Fung. VIII., 930. 1889.

Cells elongate-cylindrical, flexuose, simple, with a thin, gelatinous sheath, of-
ten separating into bacilli or cocci, from which the arthrospores arise.
Etymology: dedicated to Rasmussen, a Danish bacteriologist.

Rasimisscnia buccalis (Rob. & Leb.) Trev. 1. c.

Leptothrix bueeulis Rob. & Leb. in Robin. Hist. Veg. Paras., 315 t. I., f. 1-2. 1847.
Cells filamentous, 1-2 /i diam., with a slow, oscillating movement, often im-
mobile, forming a dense zoogloea.
In decaying teeth.

Branch II— PHYCOPHYTA.

Uni- or multi-cellular plants; thallus generally filamentous, often 9tratose, simple, or
ramose, chlorophyll-green, or colorless; reproduction sexual and asexual; asexual repro
duction by means of fission, by zoospores, or by cysts; sexual reproduction by means of
isogametes or heterogametes.

Mostly inhabitants of fresh or sail water. A few are terrestrial, b iwever, and several
small families are parasitic or saprophytic. One class, Phaeophyceae, is compo
marine algae exclusively, and of course Hints qo representation in the state

In Protocoecus and related genera the phycophytes represent probably the ni'>-t prim
itive forms of plant life. On the other hand, however, this branch stand-- a> ti.
central stock from one part of which the long series of parasites and saprophytes have
sprung, and from another the red sea -weeds and stone-worts.

Class II.— CHLOROPHYCEAE.

Chlorophyll-green or colorless; chlorophyll, when present, disposed in definite bodies
(chloroplasts); thallus one or many-celled, simple, branched, or explanate; repro luction
sexual and asexual; asexual propagation by the formation of motile spores (zoospores
which after a short time come to rest and form new plants, or, in terrestrial parasitic and
saprophytic forms, by non motile spores; sexual repro luction by the union of two cells
or protoplasts (gametes); gametes either similar (isogametic reproduction), or dissimilar
(heterogametic reproduction |.

SYNOPSIS.

Order. — Protoooeooideae. — Unicellular or multicellular, chlorophyll-green "i- color
less; cells free, aggregated or segrega ted into families; propagation by
means of zoospores; reproduction by copulation of microzoospores

Order.— Conjugatae.— Unicellular or filamentous, chlorophyll-green or col

propagation by cell division; reproduction by the conjugation of two aim
ilar cells ^isogametic).

Order. — Siphoneae. — Apparently unicellular, consisting of elongab in one

family), occasionally branching, plurinucleate, chlorophyll green or ••■d<>r
less filaments; propagation by zoospores; reproduction usually bet
gametic.

Order.— Confervoideat'. -Thallus many celled, filiform or rarely membramv us,

always chlorophyll-green; cells uniseriate, forming simple or branched
filaments, or pluriseriate, forming a membranaceous stratum; pro]
tion by zoospores; reproduction either isogametic, heterog
wanting.

Order .'{.-IMtOi (U <K ( Ol l>KA ■■:.- Chlorophyll green or colorless, usually micro

scopic, wit hunt ramification or terminal growth; cells single, solita
aggregated into families; propagation by cell division, neutral zoogonidia,
or rarely by granules; reproduction isogametic.

30 THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

SYNOPSIS.*

Fam.— Pal mellaceae.— Chlorophyll-green, vegetative cells solitary or aggregated
in families, destitute of cilia, immobile; propagation by cell division; re-
production by the copulation of microzoogonidia.

Fam— Chytridiaceae.— Unicellular parasites or saprophytes; reproduction by
swarm-spores and resting-spores; sexual reproduction only found in a
few forms; difference between antherid and oogone scarcely marked.

Family.— PALMELLACEAE.

Thallus one or apparently many celled; cells associated in families; the chlorophyll-
green of the cells sometimes changed to a reddish or purple color with age; propagation
by neutral zoogonidia or by cell division, rarely by granules.

SYNOPSIS.

A. Cells single or loosely united; never forming a colony of definite form.
Protococcus— Cells spherical or slightly angular, single or irregularly united.
Tetraspora— Cells very small, spherical, arranged in fours.
Characium— Single celled; epiphytic on algae and other water plants.
Tetraedon.— Cells, 3-many angled.

Raphidium — Cells solitary or clustered, needle-shaped or filiform.

B. Cells forming a colony of definite form.

Pediastrum— Cells 3-many angled or laciniate; colony disciform.
Sorastrum— Cells wedge-shaped; apex bifid or emarginate, colony globose.
Scenedesmus— Cells elliptical, acuminate, 2-16 in a simple series.
Hydrodictyon.— Cells loosely united by their ends into an irregular network.

1. PROTOCOCCUS AG. Systema Algarum 13. 1824.

Cells globose, solitary or aggregated, membrane slender, cell contents green,

in some species obscured or changed to red; propagation by division of

the cell contents into zoogonidia, or rarely by simultaneous division of

the mother-cells into daughter-cells.
Etymology: Greek irpurog, first, and kokkoq, berry.
Many of the so-called species are only spores or arrested conditions of some

of the higher Chlorophyceae but until their position is better known they

may be placed here provisionally.

Protococcus viridis Ag. Systema Algarum 13. 1824.

Thallus thin, pulverulent, yellow or obscure green, occasionally blood-red,

often broadly expanded; cells globose, 2-3 to even 25 //; solitary or 2-4

aggregated, cell membrane thin or occasionally broadly expanded,

hyaline.
Common almost everywhere, especially in damp localities forming a coating

on trees, rocks, old fences, etc., and even in the water among other algae-

PI. IV., Fig. 11.
Under this name are included a number of polymorphous forms which are

only arrested conditions of other algae, many of which when placed under

proper conditions will produce the perfect plant.
Of the numerous described varieties we recognize only one— Var. miniatns.

Kuetz. (including Porphyridium cruentum Naeg.).

•The Volvocaceae, including Volvox, Pandorina, etc., were formerly included in this order, but recent in.
restigations indicate that their relationship is with the animal rather than the vegetable kingdom.

THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA. :,1

Cells yellowish-green, of ten orange yellow, sometimes a deep bl i-red; cell

membrane rather thick, colorless; diameter of cells variable, 5 12 u,

A conservatory variety, found on flower pots and on the walls and floors of
greenhouses. The blood-rod form so common in damp places has long
been known as Porphyridium omentum Naeo. It appears, however, to i»-
only an old condition or abnormal form of the above variety. PL I V ..
Fig. 11 c.

2. TETBASPOBA Link in Schrad. Journ. II., 7, 9. 1809.

Thallus gelatinous or membranaceous, at flrsi sac-like, then explanate; cells
globose or somewhat angular, scattered or arranged in families of 1 ot
rarely 2; sheath broad, usually indistinguishable from the gelatinous
matrix of the thallus; propagation by the division of a cell alternately in
two directions in the same plane, and by the production of biciliate
zoospores, one from each cell; reproduction by copulation of micro-
zoospores.

Etymology: Greek Terpa-, four, and anopa, seed.

Tetraspora explanata Ag. Flora II., G42. 1827.

Thallus irregularly expanded, lamellose, smooth, green, attached or free; cells

elliptical or globose, 5-7 fi in diameter, usually arranged in twos.
In stagnant water, Minden.

Tetraspora lnbrica (Roth.) Ag. Spec. Alg. L, 415. 1821.
Conferva lnbrica Roth. Catal. III., 103.

Thallus elongated, tubular, erect, even 2 decimeters long. 2-10 mm. broad
variously lobed and sinuate, subgelatinous, yellowish-green; cells globose
or angular usually in fours, 7-11 /j- in diameter.
In standing water, Lincoln. PI. IV., Fig. 1.

3. CHABACIUM A. Br. in Kuetz. Sp. Alg. 208. 1849.

Cells solitary, always attached at one end, stipitate; cell contents homogene
ous or granular; pyrenoids single or several; propagation by division of
the cell contents into zoospores.

Etymology: Greek, diminutive of xal><^, a pointed stake.

< 'haraei naegelii A. Br. 1. c.

Cells elliptical or oval, when fully developed 2 or 3 times longer than
broad, with arounded apex; stipe short, not dilated at base; cell-contents
bright green, granular; diameter of cells 7 Is .

On filaments of Mesocarpus, Lincoln, South Bend. PL 1\\, 1 i.

4. TETRAEDOX Kuetz. Phycol. Germ. 129. 1845.

Cells single, segregate, free-swimming, compressed, 3 B-angled; angles more
or less produced, sometimes radially elongated, either entire or bifid,
mostly armed, rounded or truncate at the ends; cell membrane thin,
even; cell contents chlorophyll-green, granular, usually with a few red
dish oil drops; propagation by the Formation of three or more gonidia
in each cell.

Etymology: Greek rtr^a—, four, and . base.

Tetraedon trigonnm (Naeo.) Hanbo. Hedwigia, 1888, p. 130.

Polycdrium trigonum Naeo. Gatt. EinzelL Alg. si. 1849.

Cells somewhat compressed, 3-5-angled; angles obtuse, muoronate.

32 THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

Yah. -tetragonum Rabh.— Pour-angled, one or rarely two or more mucrons at
each angle. PL IV., Fig. 4.

Var. — pniictatiim Kirch. — Four-angled, each angle with a short obtuse process;
membrane finely granular; diameter of cells 13-36 //.

Var.— mill ns Reinsch Algenfl. Frank, tab. III. PI. IV, Fig. 2. — Sides concave, much
smaller.
Standing water, Lincoln.

Tetraedon loiigispimim (Perty) Hansg. Hedwigia, 1888, 132.
Cerasterias longispina (Perty) Reinsch Notarisia 1888, 572.

Four-radiate; radii thin, elongated, scarcely thickened in the center; length

of radii 35-50 u.
Stagnant ponds, Lincoln. PI. IV, Fig. 3.

Tetraedon raphidioides (Reinsch) Hansg. Hedwigia, 1888, p. 131.
Cerasterias raphidioides Reinsch Algenfl. Frank. 68. 1867.
Polyedrium reinschii Rabh. Fl. Eur. Alg. III., 62. 1868.

Three to eight radiate; radii subulate, acute or obtuse.

In stagnant water, Lincoln.

5. RAPHIDIUM Kuetz. Phycol. Germ. 144. 1845.

Cells fusiform or cylindrical, usually cuspidate or acuminate at the end, or
rarely obtuse, straight or curved, single or aggregated; contents green,
slightly granular, furnished with a central or rarely lateral, transparent
vacuole; propagation by division of cells in one direction, zoogonidia
unknown.
Etymology: Greek pa<ptc, needle.

Raphidinm polymorphnm Fresen, in Abhandl. der Senckenb. Naturf. Ges.
II., 199.

Cells single or 2-32 aggregated in fascicles, slender fusiform, acutely cus-
pidate at each end, straight or variously curved, 12-25 times longer than
broad, as much as 90 ,« long, 1.5-4 u broad.

We may distinguish three varieties:

Var— acicnlare (A. Br.) Rabh. Fl. Eur. Alg. III., 45. 1868.
Raphidinm acicnlare A. Br.

Straight or slightly curved, attenuate at each end, 15-20 times longer than
diameter. PI. IV., Fig. 12.

Var.— sigmoid in in Rabh. 1. c.

Cells sigmoid, fusiform, single or two or four connected. PI. IV., Fig. 13.

Var— falcatnm (Corda) Rabh. Fl. Eur. Alg. III., 45. 1838.
Mierasterias falcata Corda Alman. de Carlsb. 121. 1835.

Cells fusiform, slender, curved or semi-lunar, single or 2-16 congregated in

fascicles, 3 n broad, 6-10 times as long. PI. IV., Fig. 14.
In stagnant water.

Kaphidinm conyolutum (Corda) Rabh. Fl. Eur. Alg. III., 46. 1868.
Acistrodesmus convolutus Corda Alman. de Carlsb. 199. 1835.

Cells short, usually somewhat lunate, ends acuminate, green, homogeneous,
single or 2^ connected, usually back to back; 3.5-5 fi broad; 3-6, occasion-
ally even 10, times longer.
In standing water, Lincoln. PI. IV., Fig. 15.

THE FLORA OF NEBRA8B \.

«. PEDIASTBUM Meyen Beob. ueber Algenfl. 72. L829.

Colony plane, disc-shaped or Btar-shaped, freely Bwimming, formed ol cells
in a single or in part double stratum which is continuous or perforated;

cells polygonal, 4 Gl or even more, com. >nts green, homogei i-. then

granular; propagation by cell contents dividing into macro gonidia which
break through the membrane, and, altera stunt period ol motile life, come
to rest, divide, and form the mature plant.
Etymology: Greek rredtov, plane, and aorpov, Btar.

Pediastrum tetras (Ehrb.) Ralfs Ann. & Mag. X. u xi v.. 169.
Micrasterias tettas Ehrb. Inf. 155. is ; ;.

Colony very small, four-celled (rarely more), separate I by colorless interstices

which form a cross; marginal cells 8-24 „ wide.
Standing water, Lincoln. PI. IV., Fig. 17.

Pediastrum aiignlosum (Ehrb.) Menegh. Synops. Desm. 210. 1840.
Micrasterias angulosa Ehrb. Inf. 158. 1836.

Colony orbicular, oblong, or subreniform, composed of 8 64 cells, as large as
120 fj. in diam.; cells all smooth, angular, 19 ft broad, marginal cells with
angular lobes not extended into rays.
In ponds, Thedford. PI. IV., Fig. 20.

Pediastrum boryanum (Tubpin) Menegh. Synops. in Linn. 210. 1840.
Hierella boryana Turpin. Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. XVI., 319. 1828.

Colony orbicular, oblong, or elliptical, bright green, variable in size. c.im].o-...l
of 8-128 cells, marginal cells twolobed, each drawn out into aoolorless
horn-like process, short or long, rather obtuse, sometimes a little tliiek
ened at the end; cells 4-6-augled, membrane punctate.
In ponds etc., Thedford. PI. IV., Fig. 18.

Pediastrum duplex Meyen Beob. ueber Algenfl. 72. 18:29.
P. pertusum Kuetz. Phyc. Germ. 143. 1815.

Colony more or less orbicular, pierced with many lacunae, variable in size, of
16-64 cells, attached at the angles only, having an opening between the
sides and between the connecting end of one an. I the base of the adjoin
ing cell; marginal cells deeply two lobed; lobes conical, acute or obtuse.

Var.— clatliratnm A. Br. — Marginal cells 10-24// broad; lacunae as hire as the

cells.
Ponds etc., Minden. PI. IV., Fig. 19.

7. SORASTRIJI Kuetz. Phyc. Germ. 144. 1845.

Colony globose or subglobose, solid within, of 1 32 compressed wedge ah i
cells, which are sinuate emargiuato or MlM at the apes and radiately
disposed; propagation by separation of the cells of the colony, eaoh oeU
dividing into 2, each of which forms a new colony.

Etymology: Greek trupoc, heap, and aarp . Btar.

Sorastrnm spiunlosum Naeo. Gatt. Kin/ell. Alg. 99.

Colony globose, 25-75 // in diam.; cells 8 32, I riangular, ouneate, apex allghtly
emarginate. obtusely rounded, with two spines, 15 long, about equal in

diameter.
Standing water, Minden. PI. IV., Fig. 16 a, b.

3J. THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

H. SCENEDESMUS Meyen Nov. Act Leop. XIV. 2, 774. 1829.

Colony composed of 2-16 ovoid or fusiform oblong cells joined together in a
single row; propagation by the cell-contents breaking up into one or
more families which are set free by rupture of the mother-cell mem-
brane.

Etymology: Greek ew/r//, stage, and dea/wc, chain.

Section I.— Cells with both ends rounded.

Scenedesmns bijugatns (Tubpin) Kuetz. Syn. Diat. GOT. 1831.
Scenedesmus dbtusus Meyen. 1. c. 775.

Cells oblong or ovate, obtuse at the ends, 4-10 loosely connected in a simple

or double series; cells 8-12x6-7 fi.
In stagnant water. PI. IV., Fig. 8.

Scenedesmns quadrieauda (Tubpin) Breb. Alg. Falais. 66. 18.35.

Colony of 2-8 cylindrical oblong cells, both ends obtusely rounded, the outer
cells of each series armed with a recurved spine; length of cells 12 u.
PL IV, Fig. 9.

Section II. — Cells more or less acute at each end.

Scenedesmns obliqnns (Turpin) Kuetz Syn. Diat. 609. 1831.
Achnanthes obliqua Turp. Aperc. Organ. 312.
Scenedesmus acutus Meyen Beob. ueber Algenfl. 775. 1829.

Colony four- to eight-celled; cells fusiform, both ends acute, either in a single

or double series; diameter of cells 6-7 //.
Stagnant water. PI. IV., Fig. 10.

Scenedesmus diinorphus (Tubpin) Kuetz. Syn. Diat. 80. 1834.
Achnanthes dimorpha Turp. Diet. 1820.
S. obliquus dimorphus De T. Syl. Alg. I. 567. 1889.

Ceils fusiform, acute, 4-8 in a single row; inner cells fusiform with ends

drawn out, often quite long; outer cells lunate.
Stagnant water. PI. IV., Fig. 7.

9. HYDRODICTYON Roth Tent. Fl. Germ. III., 501. 1800.

Colony formed of oblong, cylindrical cells united at the ends into a reticulate
mass; cells very numerous, at first minute, finally 5-10 mm. long, cylin-
drical; propagation by macrogonidia which join themselves into a colony
within the mother-cell; reproduction by formation of numerous micro
gonidia furnished with two or four cilia, which escape from the mother-
cell, copulate, and form a resting spore which after a time germinates,
forming a saccate colony.

Etymology: Greek vdup, water, and 6iktvov, net work.

Hydrodictyon reticnlatum (L.) Lagerh. Bidrag till Sveriges Algf. 71. 1883.
Conferva reticulata L. Spec. PI. 1165. 1753.

Colony varying almost indefinitely with age; cells 1-10 mm. long, 100-200 /i

broad; macrogonidia 10x8 /*; microgonidia 3-6x5-8 /i.
Clear water. PI. IV., Fig. 6.

THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

Family. -CHYTRIDIACEAE. *

"Mycelium lacking, or developed in the form of delicate protoplasm threads, more

seldom clearly hyphae-like, unicellular. Bporangiophorea wanting or bu1 , rly de

veloped. Sporangia always forming swarm spores, thin walled and quickly ripen
hick walled and resting for a period (resting sporangia). Sexual spore formation only
developed in a few forms; difference between anthcrid and oogone scarcely marked."
(Schroeter).

This group contains about 35 genera and 1G0 species of minute, microscopic fungi,
which are almost all parasites. They are found parasitic chiefly on algae, bnl also
on flowering plants, fungi, and some lower animals (worms). They seem to be olosely
allied to the algae of the Protococcoideae, to which the simpler forms have many striking
resemblances.

The family is divided into 6 sub-families, of which we have as yet found repreeen
tatives of but 1 in the state.

Sub-fam.— Synchytrieae. — Swarmsporangia formed by simult m is division,

united into a sorus or arranged in a row. Restingsporangia formed
directly from the whole fruiting body, or by division, producing a sorus
of restingsporangia.

1. SY^CHYTRIITM DeBary & Woronin Bericht. d. Naturf. Gea Priburg, III.
(Ex Fischer). 1863.

Parasites in the epidermal cells of flowering plants forming galls. Sori of
swarmsporangia (summer sori) formed directly from the vegetative body,
surrounded by the colorless membrane of the mother cell, consisting of
a number of close laid sporangia which by pressure are polygonal;
swarmspores globular, one ciliate; resting spores round or elliptical,
with a thick brown exospore.

Etymology: Greek aw, together, and xVTP'C pot.

Synchytrinm fnlgens Schroeter. Hodwigia XII, 141. L873.

Spots minute, purple; galls small, orange red: sori bright yellow, spherical or
elliptical, produced singly in the epidermal cells which they completely

fill, 60-100 fi in diam.; resting spores spherical, with a smooth, thick,
brown exospore, 66 82 ft.
On leaves of Oenothera biennis. Not uncommon.

Synch ytrium peckii (Tiiuemen).

Uredo aecidioides Peck. 24thRep.88, 1870. Not U. aecidioides DO. PL Pr. II.:.

(1815) =Melampsora aecidioides Soheoeteb.
Uredo peckii Thuemen Mycotheca Universalis no. 538. ls7o.
S. fulgens deeipiens Farlow Bull. Buss. Inst. 1 1. 229. 1- -
S. deeipiens Farlow Bot. Gaz. 1885, p. 240.

Spots bright yellow, galls hemispherical, son spherical, brighl yellow, Is"
200 [i in diam.; sporangia very numerous, 15 in diam.: rest bog spores on
known.
On leaves of Falcat a eo mosa, Lincoln. PL XV.. Pig. 1. a. 1>.

Order 4.— COX J UGATAE.— Unicellular or filamentous, chlorophyll green or

colorless; propagation by cell division; reproducl Lon by t be union <>f aim

ilar cells (isogametes).

* By Roscoe Pound.

36 THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

SYNOPSIS.

Fam.— Desmidiaceae.— Cells symmetrical, single or rarely in a simple filament,
often constricted in the middle, resting spore giving rise to 1-8 plants.

Fam— Diatomaceae.— Cells typically bilaterally symmetrical, single or united
into filaments, yellowish brown, cell-wall silicified, variously marked;
otherwise as in Desmidiaceae.

Fam.— Zygnemaceae.— Cells cylindrical, united in a simple filament, resting spore
giving rise to a single plant.

Fam.— Mucoraceae.— Saprophytes or parasites; asexual reproduction by internal
spore-formation in sporangia, or by conidia or conidia chains; sexual re-
production by zygospores.

Fam— Eiitomoplithoraoeae.— Parasites on insects; asexual reproduction by
conidia produced singly on the ends of unbranched threads; sexual re-
production by zygospores.

Faniily.-DESMIDIACEAE.

Aquatic, rarely found on damp rocks or moss; cells solitary, or associated in filiform
(in one genus branched) filaments, cylindrical, fusiform, lunate, or cask shaped, often
constricted in the middle, variously crenate or laciniate; cell membrane thin, smooth or
verrucose, devoid of silica; propagation by cell division; reproduction by the union of
2 similar free cells which form a resting spore (zygospore); zygospore thick walled,
often involved in a gelatinous covering, epispore smooth, verrucose or aculeate.

Sub-fam I.— Endesmidieae.— Cells united in filaments.

Cells united along the whole of each end or only at the outer portions of

each end Desmidium

Cells united by a narrow isthmus Sphaerozosma

1. 1>ESMI1>U!M Ag. Syst. 9: 1824.

Filaments 3-4-angled or compressed, regularly twisted, joints bidentate or
bicrenate at the angles or lateral margins; cells either united along the
whole of their end margins or only at the outer portion of each by a
mutual projection; zygospore globose or oblong, smooth.
Etymology: Greek, a diminutive from dea/wg, a chain.

IK'S in nl in in a ptogoni inn Breb. Alg Falaise 65. 1835.

Filaments naked, perforate; cells quadrangular, 22-44 fi broad, about the
same in length, with two rounded crenations on each lateral margin,
united at the outer portion of each margin by mutual projections pro-
ducing oval foramina.

Minden. PL VI., Figs. 7, 7 a.

Desmidiinii swartzii Ag. Syst. Alg. 9. 1824.

Filament triangular, with a single, longitudinal, wavy, dark line; cells in
front view quadrangular, broader than long, with two somewhat angular
crenations on each lateral margin; end view triangular with chlorophyll
three rayed; zygospores oval, 30x23-28 m cells of the filament 45 fi broad,
19 ii long.
Minden. PI. VI., Fig. 6, 6 a end view.

THE ll.ni: \ (il M.l.i; \-K \.

£. SPHAEROZOSJtlA Corda. Alman. de Carlsb. i

Cells united by a narrow Isthmus or by glandular processes, deeply Incised,

bilobed; zygospore smooth, globose or oval.
Etymology: Greek a<j>a <a, sphere, and a, girdle.

Sphaerozosma Kliforme (Ehrb.) Rabh. Elor. Eur. A.lg. III.. 149. IS

Tessararthra filiformis Ehrb. Inf. 1836.

Filament long, firm, enclosed in a mucous matrix; cells aboul as long

constricted In the middle with a deep Incision; ends of lobes connected

by two sessile glands; diameter of cells 12 19^
Minden. PI. VI., Fig. 3.

Sphaerozosma serratum Bail. Micr. Obs. in Smithson. Contrib. 1850, p. 37.
Cells deeply and acutely lobed, firmly united, both lobes with oonnivenl

spines; cells joined by 2 short process.-,: gelatinous sheath broad; di

ameter, 22-33 //, including spines.
Minden. PI. VI, Fig. 4.

Sub-family IL— Didymoideae.— Cells after division all distinct

SYNOPSIS.

Cells fusiform or cylindrical, not constricted in the middle (in ours).

Cells straight, chlorophyll in a parietal spiral Spirota* nia

Cells curved or falcate, chlorophyll in parietal laminae Cloak Hum

Cells straight, chlorophyll in distinct longitudinal bands Penium

Cells oblong, or cylindrical, constricted in the middle.

Chloroplasts axillary Docidiu m

Chloroplasts parietal /'/. urotm nium

Cells globose or short-oblong, deeply constricted.

Half-cells or segments broader thau long, spinose Xanthidium

Segments broader than long, not spinose, chloroplasts longitudinal parietal,

Pleurotcu niopais

Segments not spinose, chloroplasts radiate ( 'oamarium

Segments with a single spine on each side, chloroplasts axillary Irthrodeamua

Segments emargiuate, or incised at the ends, sinuate or lobed at the sides,

— trum

Segments 3-5 lobed, the lobes emarginate, sinuate, or incise I Wcraatet ioa

Segments 3-mauy angled, or lobed, the angles generally acute or pro luced Into
awns Stauruatrum

3. SPIROTAMNIA Bbeb. in Halls Brit. Desm. IT-. 1843.

Cells straight, oblong, cylindrical, or fusiform, nol constricted in the middle,
both ends rounded or acuminate; chlorophyll arranged hi a parietal, spiral,

left hand coiled band; propagal ion by cell dh ision

Etymology: Creek n-nnn, ci.il, .- 1 u < I . fillet,

Spiroi.-u'ii i.i condensata Breb. I. c.

Cells cylindrical, straight. <>r slightly curved, l- 25 broad, s >>r l" times as
long; both ends rounded; spbral bands miking 8 12 turn-.
orbicular, areolate. I'l VI.. Pig. 2, 2 a, resting spore.

3S THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

4. CLOSTERIIJIH Nitzsch. Beitr. Z. Infusorienk. 1817.

Cells falcate or crescent shaped, rarely almost straight, fusiform or cylindri-
cal, entire, apex acuminate, not constricted in the middle; cell-contents
arranged in long parietal laminae; at the apex usually a colorless or
straw-colored vesicle containing granules which are in constant motion;
cell membrane thin, hyaline, in some cases colored and striate.

Etymology: Greek k?umjt>ip, thread.
Closterinni acerosnm (Schrank) Ehrb. Inf. 92. 1836.
Vibrio acerosus Schrank Faun. Boic. III., 2, 47. 1803.

Linear-fusiform, very slightly curved and gradually attenuate to the ends,
20-50 fi or even 65 /i in diam., 10-18 times as long; apex obtuse and straight;
membrane smooth or very delicately striate; pyrenoids 6-11 in a central
row in each half -cell, vacuole small, containing 12-20 vibrating corpuscles.

Lincoln, Minden, South Bend. PI. V., Fig. 1.
Closterinni laneeolatum Kuetz. Phyc. Germ. 9. 1845.

Closterium acerosum laneeolatum Klebs Desm. Preuss. 7. 1879.

Fusiform or semilanceolate, slightly curved; upper margin convex, lower
nearly straight, ends tapering; apex conical, acute or subacute; membrane
slightly striate, hyaline, rarely dilute brown; pyrenoids in a simple cen-
tral series in each half-cell; diameter 50-55 /*, 6-9 times as long.

Lincoln, Minden, South Bend, common.
Closterium striolatum Ehrb. Abh. 68. 1833.

Cells slightly beut, 8-16 times longer than broad; ends reduced to about one-
fourth the largest diameter, apex obtusely rounded; membrane distinctly
striate, in older forms reddish-brown; striae 5-10 in number; pyrenoids
5-7 in each half-cell, large; cells in diameter 30-48 fi, in length 330-370//;
zygospore obicular, smooth. PI. V., Figs. 3 and 7.
Closterinni dianae Ehrb. Inf. 92. 1836.

Narrowly fusiform, semilunate, 18-25 fi broad, 350 fi long, ends attenuate; apex
subacute; membrane hyaline, rarely dilute brown; striae very delicate;
pyrenoids 6-7 in an axial series in each half -cell; chlorophyll bands nu-
merous, often twisted; vacuole indistinct; zygospore globose, 36 ft in diam.

Minden. PI. VI., Fig. 9.
Closterium acuminatum Kuetz. Phyc. Germ. 130. 1845.

Slender, semi-lunate, 25-28 n broad, strongly attenuate at both ends, apex
acuminate; membrane hyaline, smooth or very slightly striate; pyrenoids
7-9 in an axial series in each half -cell, vacuole distinct, containing nu-
merous corpuscles.

South Bend. PI. IV., Fig. 21.
Closterium parvulum Naeg. Einzell. Alg. 106. 1849.

Small, semicircular, not swollen in the middle, narrowly lanceolate, 7-16 //
broad, 6-8 times as long, apex acute; membrane smooth or slightly stri-
ate, yellowish fuscous; pyrenoids 2-6 in an axial series in each half -cell,
vacuole indefinite.

Creeks, Lincoln. PI. V., Fig. 8, a and b.
Closterium jenneri Ralfs Brit. Desm. 167. 1848.

Cells cylindrical fusiform, crescent-shaped, attenuate, 6-8 times longer than
broad, apex obtusely rounded; pyrenoids 5-7 in a single axial series;
vacuoles large, containing many corpuscles; cells 12-14x65-87 /i.

Lincoln. PI. VI, Figs. 10 and 10 a.

THE PLOB \ OF M.r.i: 18K \.

Closterinm monilifernm (Boby) Ehrb. Inf. 9L 1836.
Lunulina monilifera Bob* Hist. Nat d. Zooph. II. 1834.

Crescenl shaped, inflated in the center, apex incurved, obtuse; pyrenoids
conspicuous, 7-10 in an axial series in each half cell; membrane hyaline,
without striae, vacuole Large, containing numerous corpuscles; diameter
of cells 30-60 /i, length 5-9 times the diameter. PL v.. Fig. 2.

5. PENIUM Breb. in Kuetz. Sp. Alg. 1G7. 1840.

Cells fusiform or cylindrical, straight, boldi ends rounded or truncate, often
slightly constricted in the middle; pyrenOids 2 many; propagation by

cell division; zygospore globose or angular, smooth.
Etymology: unknown.

Peninm closterioides Balfs Brit. Desm. 152. 1848.

Cell narrowly lanceolate, fusiform, doubly conical, ■!<> 1 1 broad, 5 6 times as
long, apex truncate, empty, smooth; endochrom • in distinct Longitudinal
bands interrupted by a colorless median space; pyrenoids in a single
central series; zygospores globose, 46-GO // in diam., smooth.
Lincoln. PL V., Fig 6.

«». DOCIDIUM Breb. in Kuetz. Sp. Alg. 18. 1849.

Chloroplast axillary of 2-4 radiately disposed bands; cells straight, oblong
cylindrical, constricted, more or less swollen each side of the constriction
apex truncate; cell-membrane smooth or longitudinally plicate; vacuole

hyaline, terminal, containing a few oscillating corpuscles; zygospore
globose.
Etymology: Greek, Soiug, stick.

Docidinm bacul ina Breb. in Ralfs Brit. Desm. 158. 1848.

Cylindrical, 14-22 /i broad, 10 20 times as long, l>ut slightly attenuate to t In-

apex, which is truncate or rounded; membrane hyaline, smooth.
Thedford. PL V., Fig. 4.

7. PL.EUROTAEKIU9I Naeg. Einzell. Alg. 104. 1849.

Cells straight, cylindrical, longitudinally striate, apex truncate, more or l< 88
inflated each side of a median constriction; ohloroplasta parietal, never
axillary; vacuoles apical, containing oscillating corpuscles.

Etymology; Greek, Tv?.tvpa, side, and ratvta, fillet.

Plenrotaeiiinin nodulosum (Bbeb.) DeBab? Conjug. 7.".. 1858.

Robust, subclavate cylindrical, LO 66 broad, 1" 20 times as Long, undulate

nodose near the center, inflated on each side of the median constriction.

apex broadly truncate; membrane granulate-punctate.
Minden. PL V., Fig. 5.

8. XAKTHIDIIT91 Ehrb. Abh. Berl. Akad. 317. 1833.

Single or concatenate, deeply constricted: segments broader than long, com
pressed, entire, spiny; spine-, simple or bifurcate, in two to eight series,
protruding in the center as a roundel or truncate t uberole; ohloroplasts
parietal, lamelliform; zygospore smooth or spiny.

Etymology: Greek, §avdog, yellow.

40 THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

Xantliidinm fasciculatum Ehrb. Inf. 1836.

Half-cells with four, rarely six, pairs of long, subulate, marginal, spreading

spines, central projection minute, conical, not beaded; diameter 55-63 fi,

length 60-80 fi without spines.
Minden. PI. VI., Figs. 13 and 14.

9. PLEl ROTAENIOPSIS Lundell. Desm. Suec. 511. 1871.

Cells short, cylindrical or rotund, more or less constricted in the middle, even
divided into two half-cells; chloroplasts arranged in two parietal longi-
tudinal bands, their margins irregularly lobed and furnished with many
pyrenoids.

Etymology: Pleurotaenium and oipig, appearance.

Plenrotaenopsis ralfsii (Breb.) Lund, 1. c.

Cosmarium ralfsii Breb. in Ralfs Brit. Desm. 1848.

Cells orbicular or suborbicular, deeply constricted, sinus narrow; half-cells
subtriangular, inferior angles obtuse, dorsum high convex; membrane
smooth or finely punctate; diameter 60-100 /j.; length 70-120 /n.
South Bend. PI. VII., Fig. 6.

10. COSMARIUM Corda Alman. de Carlsb. 205. 1835.

Cells short, cylindrical, round, or elliptical, always constricted in the center,
not spiny, margin often undulate or crenate, apex more or less rounded
or truncate; chloroplasts radiate, 1-2 in each half -cell; membrane
smooth, verrucose or granulate, not spinose; zygospore globose, spinose
or rarely smooth and angular.

Etymology: Greek noa/uapiov, chain.

Section I.— Central part of cell not ventricose.
Sub-section 1. — Chloroplasts single in each half cell.

Cosmarinm granatum Breb. in Ralfs Brit. Desm. 96. 1848.

Minute, longer than broad, both ends truncate, constriction linear; half-cell

a triangular trapezoid; cells 22-46x18-30 /j.; constriction half the

diameter.
Minden. PI. VII., Fig. 7.

Cosmarinm biocnlatnm Breb. in Ralfs Brit. Desm. 95. 1848.

About as long as broad or slightly longer, constriction deep, producing a
broad notch on each side; half-cells compressed, oval, with a convex
base, obtusely rounded at the apex, entire or slightly crenate; membrane
smooth or minutely punctate; zygospores orbicular, covered with coni-
cal spines, 12-30x10-20 //.

Thedford. PI. VII., Fig. 11. a, b, c.

Cosmarinm leve Rabh. Fl. Eur. Alg. III. 1868.

Longer than broad, very smooth, constriction deep, sinus narrowly linear;
half-cells with high rounded ends, usually somewhat refuse; membrane
finely granular; diameter 14-16 fi, length 20-26 n.

Var.— septentrioiiale Wille Ferskvandslager fr. Novaja Semlja 43. 1880.

Broader than the type; half-cells in side view ovate-circular; diameter 22 v,
length 28 [i. PI. VII., Fig. 3, a, b, c.

THE li.(>K\ OF M i.i; \sK \. J 1

Cosmarium iiitidiiliim DeNot., Element. 12. L867

Cells small, length and breadth nearly equal, constriction deep, sinoa oar

row; basal angles of half-cells obtusely rounded, ends rounds truo

membrane thin and smooth; cells 25 10x22 30
Thedford. PI. VIL, Fig. 13, a and b.

Cosmarium meneghinii Breb, in Elalfs Brit. Desm. 96 1848.

Includes ('. crenulatum NTaeg. Einzell. AJg. 1849.

Cells 1 -V£ times as long as broad, sinus narrowly linear; half cells Bub
quadrate, base straight, apex flat, truncate, or slightly concave; membrane

smooth or slightly punctate; diameter of cells 'Jo -11 ■/, l.-nglh J,

Vab— angulosum (Breb.) Rabh. PL Eur. Alg. III., 1G3. 1868.
Half-cells quadrangular; angles obtuse; diameter 18 fi.
Thedford. PI. VIL, Fig. 12, a, b, c.

Cosmarimii tinctnm Ralfs Brit. Desm. 95. is is.

Cells slightly longer than broad. 10-14x8-12 /i, constriction outwardly enlarg
ing, isthmus broad; half-cells broadly oval; cell-membrane tinged with
yellow or brownish, smooth; zygospore quadrangular, smooth.

Minden. PL VIL, Fig. 10, a, b, c.

Sub-section 2.— Chloroplasts 2 in each half cell.

Cosmarium conspersum Ralfs Brit. Desm. 101. 1843.

Cells quadrangular, 50-73 // in diam., about '., Longer than broad, angles ob
tuse, constriction deep, sinus linear; membrane covered wit h large, obi use
pearly granules giving the margins a crenate appearance.
Thedford. PI. VIL, Fig. 1, a, b, c.

Cosmarimii umlnlatnm Corda Adman, de Carlsb. 243, L835

Cells about 1}{ times as long as wide, ends broadly rounded, margins ondu

late, constriction deep, sinus slightly enlarging out ward-: half cells -••mi
orbicular, with about 9 crenae to each half-coll; zygospore spherical, with
long spines, 2-3 dentate at apex.
Thedford. PL VIL, Fig. 2, a, b.

Cosmarium rectangulare Guunow in Rabh. PL Eur. Alg. III.. 166. 18 -

Cosmarium gottlandicum Wittr. Om Gottlands o. Oelands Sotvatteusalg. 60 L872,

Cells longer than broad, 37-45 p long, 32 :5G ft in diam., constriction Linear;

half-cells in front view sub-hexagonal or reniform, apex truncate, side

view obovate, end view sub-elliptical; empty cell membrane delicately

punctate.
Minden. PI. VIL, Fig. 4, a, b, c.

Section II.— Central part of cell somewhal ventrioose.

Cosmarium subcrnintum Hantzsch in Rabh. PL Eur AJg. ill . L64. 18®

Somewhat longer than broad, deeply constricted, Binus Linear, apices dis

tinctly quadricrenate, sides of each half-oell with I 6 crenae, the margin

with about 3 rows of granules, of ten with 5 or more granules on the

swoUencentralportion.lateral view spherical; 23 30 i long, 20 26 tin diam.

Lincoln. PL VIL, Fig. 8.

42 THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

Cosmarinm pulcherrimnm Nordst. Hedwigia 1870, 181.

Small, oblong, ends rounded or slightly truncate, one seventh longer to double
the diameter, crenate, constriction deep, sinus narrow; half-cells semicir-
cular, inferior angles square, center inflated and furnished with about 5
rows of granules; membrane granulate, granules arranged in about 5 con-
centric series; diameter 33 fi, length 40 ji.

Thedford. PI. VII., Fig, 14, a, b, c.

Cosmarinm broomei Thwaites in Ralfs Brit. Desm. 103. 1818.

About as long as broad, 30-50 y. in diam., constriction deep, linear, half-cells
quadrilateral, angles rounded, rough all over with minute granules; end
view twice as long as broad, slightly inflated in the middle; zygospore
orbicular, smooth.
Minden. PI. VII., Fig. 5, a, b.

1 1. A \\\ \\ RODESM IS Ehrenb. Inf. 225. 1836.

Choloroplasts axillary; cells simple, compressed, deeply constricted in the
middle; half-cells broader than long, with a single spine or mucro on each
side; zygospore smooth or aculeate.

Etymology: Greek apdpov, joint, and cJeo/tof, chain.

Arthrodesmns octocornis Ehrenb. Inf. 152. 1836.

Cells smooth, 16-25 /i in diam., as long as wide, the sinus a wide, deep notch;
half-cells compressed, trapezoid, each angle truncated by one or two
straight, subulate, acute spines; zygospores globose, armed with long
spines.

Minden. PI. VI., Figs. 12 and 12 a.

12. EUASTRUJI Ehrenb. Infus. 162. 1836.

Cells oblong or elliptical, deeply constricted into 2 half-cells which are emar-
ginate and usually incised at their ends, sides symmetrically sinuate
or lobed, provided with circularly inflated protuberances, end view ellip-
tical; zygospore globose, spinose, or tuberculate.

Etymology: Greek ev, well, and aarpov, star.

Enastrnm \ errucosu in Ehrenb. 1. c.

Broadly ovate, 65-80 fi broad, 80-103 /n long, sinus broad, shallow; half-cells 3-
lobed; lobes triangular, divergent, truncate, or slightly concave at base,
with a large, central inflation on each side of which is a smaller one, and
2 inflations on the terminal lobes.

Thedford. PL VII., Fig. 15 a, b.

Enastrnm inerme (Ralfs) Lundell. Desm. Suec. 20. 1871.
Euastrum elegans inerme Ralfs. Brit. Desm. 89. 1848.

Subelliptical, 32-38 /i in diam., sinus very narrow; half -cells subtriangular,
apex truncate, deeply incised, not dilated or dentate, sides bi-undulate,
the basal crenae most prominent; swellings 3, inconspicuous, sometimes
wanting.
Minden. PI. VII., Fig. 16.

THE I'l.oi; \ (il M.r.i; \>K \. |;;

13. 9EICRASTERIAS Ao. Mora H, 642. 1827.

Cells simple, lenticular, deeply constricted in the center, fronl \ Lew orbioolar
or broadly elliptical; half-cells:; 5 Lobed; lateral Lobes entire or inoisel;
lobulate, end lobe entire, sinuate or emarginate, Bometimea with angles
produced and bifid; zygospore globose, armed with long, Btraighl
which are often bifid or trilid at the ends.
Etymology; Greek ptKpog, small, and aanjpiag, star.

Micrasterias gpeciosa Wolle Bull. Torr. Bot. Club XII. 1885.

Small, longer than broad; sinus broad, half-cells 4-lobed; lateral lobes on
equal, the basal pair with fewer divisions than the intermediate, term
inal lobe rather narrow, linear; end exserted and dilated, with 3 mnori
at each angle.

Minden. PI. VII., Fig. 22.

Micrasterias americana (Ehrenb.) Kuetz. Spec. Alg. 171. 1849.

Euastrum americamim Ehrenb. Verb. u. Einfl. Mikr. lob. in S. u. X. Am. 125.
1843.
Half cells 3-lobed; lateral lobes bilobulate, margins concave, incised, Bert ite,
end lobe broad, cuneate, exserted, produced into 1 rigid, truncate pro
cesses, subdivisions of lateral lobes dentate at the extremities; diameter
100-115 /j., length one-third greater.
Minden. PI. VI., Fig. 1.

14. STAITRASTRUM Meten Nov. Act. Leopol. XIV 227. 1820.

More or less deeply constricted in the middle; half-colls in end view.'! many

angled or lobed; angles obtusely rounded, acute, or produced into awns;

cell membrane smooth, punctate, or aculeate; zygospore orbicular, spin.

ose; spines at first hair-like, afterwards stout.
Etymology: Greek aravpoq, cross, and aorpov, star.

Stanrast ru in aristifernm Ralfs Brit. Desm. 123. 1848.

Smooth; half-cells triangular, the lobes in front view prolonged into main
millate, awned projections which are somewhat constricted at the Las..,
end view with 3 or 4 awned lobes, sides deeply concave at the oenter;
diameter 13-20 p. without awns.

Minden. PI. VII., Fig. 21, a, b.

Staurastrnm polymorph u m Breb. in Ralfs Brit. Desm. 135. 1848.

Half-cells in front view broadly elliptical, with the sides tapering Into short.
stout processes, ends tipped with 3 or l small spines; membrane rough
with minute, sometimes acute, granules; end riew triangular, angles trun-
cate or drawn out into short, stout processes, ends tipped with small
spines; diameter 25-30 u; zygospores orbicular, armed with eloi
spines forked at the tip.
Thedford. PI. VII, Fig. 19, a, b.

Stanrastrnm gracile Ralfs in Ann. & Mag. X. II. XV .. 155.

Granular, roughened; granules arranged In transverse series; half -oells too
trally inflated, dorsally truncate, produced Into 3 radiate processes,

of which has 3 slender spines; diameter 40 p.
Thedford. PI. VII., Fig. 17, a, b.

44 THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

Stanrastrnm crenulatum (Naeg.) Delp. Ex Wolle Desm. U. S. 126.
Phycastrum crenulatum Naeg. Einzell. Alg. 129. 1819.

Half cells in front view elliptical or oval, end view with 4 to 6 angles each
produced into a somewhat tapering ray; rays tipped with short spines
which are often rudimentary; diameter 30-38 //.
Minden. PL VH.; Fig. 20, a, b, c.

Staurastrum pseudopachyrhyncliiiim Wolle Desm. U. S. 125. 1884.

Small, smooth, or imperfectly punctate, slightly longer than broad, deeply
constricted, sinus wide; half cells subcuneate, widening to a broad sub-
truncate end, angles rather broadly rounded, with a slight constriction
near the apex, end view triangular or quadrangular, sides sinuate, isth-
mus about one-fourth the diameter of the cell; diameter 20-24 /i, length
22-25 n.

Two forms, PI. VI., Fig. 8, a and b, were found at South Bend in Septem-
ber, 1893.

Family— DIATOMACEAE.

Characterized in the synopsis, supra. The Diatomaceae are a group of such size and
importance that it has been thought best to reserve them for a separate part.

Family.-ZYGNEMACEAE.

Aquatic or rarely growing on damp ground; composed of cylindrical cells united
into simple filaments, often pale green, rarely yellow-green or reddish-brown, usually
surrounded by a more or less mucous stratum; chloroplasts, two, axillary and star-
shaped, a central lamina, or one or more parietal bands usually spirally coiled, rarely
straight; propagation by cell division or by the rounding up of the cell contents into a
spore (azygospore); reproduction by the union of 2 cell contents, either from the same
or different filaments; the zygospore formed either in one of the filaments or midway
between them.

Sub-fam. I.— Mesocarpeae.— Chloroplast forming an axillary lamina,
pyrenoids many, membrane thin, slightly or not at all involved in
a gelatinous integument Mougeot'a

Sub-fam. IT.— Zygnemeae.— Chloroplasts in one or more parietal bands, straight
or spirally coiled, or axillary and star-shaped; membrane often broad,
involved in a mucous integument.

Chloroplasts axillary Zygnema

Chloroplasts in parietal bands Spirogyra

Sub-fam.— Mesocarpeae.— Chloroplasts axillary, forming a lamina; pyrenoids
many; membrane thin, scarcely involved in a mucous sheath; reproduc-
tion by the union of 2 similar cells, the protoplasm of the two cells not
uniting at once, but at first separating into 2-4 cells which finally dis-
appear.

1. MOUGEOTIA Aa. Syst. 83. 1824.

Cells cylindrical; chlorophyll in a single axial layer; pyrenoids many; zygo-
spore arising from scalariform copulation; oval, globose, or cylindrical,
filaments bent towards each other at the point of copulation or straight.
Etymology: dedicated to Mougeot, a French botanist.

THE FLOB \ OF M.l'.i; \SB \.

Mongeotia gennflexa (Dillw.) Ag. l. o.

Conf rva genuflexa Dillw. Brit. Conf. t. 6. L809.

Pleurocarpus mirabilis A. Bb. of Wolle'a Fresh Water Algae >■!' U. s.

Filaments in large masses, yellowish green, mucous; 25 ';" • in diam; cells 2 .">
times as long as tho diameter; reproduction by the uni >n of 2 ad
cells of a filament, iu one or two cases scalariform eopulation ha
been observed; zygospores globose or oval, 30-35 » in diam. Two -t . -r-i 1 « -
filaments often bend towards each other.
Lincoln, Cedar Bluffs. PI. VIII.. Pigs. 1 and la.

Sub-fam.— Zyi»'>H'iii«ae.^Chloroplasts either in one or many straight or
coiled parietal bands with irregularly denticulate margins, or central and
star shaped; membrane broad, often diffluent; reproduction by the union
of the protoplasm of 2 cells either of the same or of different filaments;
zygospore formed in one of the cells or in the connection between the
cells.

2. ZYCJXEMA Ag. Syst.77. 1824.

Includes Zygogonium Kuetz. Phyc. Gener. 280. 1843.

Chloroplasts "J, axillary, near tho central nucleus; pluriradiate enclosing a

single pyrenoid.
Etymology: Greek £vyov, yoke, and vtyia, thread.

Zygiicina cruciatum (Vauch.) Ag. 1. c.

Conjugate/, cruciata Vauch. Hist. Conf. 7o. 1803.

Pale green, drying a dark brown; vegetative cells short, cylindrical, 35 55
in diam., one-half to twice as long; cell-membrane thin; fruiting cell aol

swollen; copulation scalariform; zygospore spherical, dark brown. 1" in
diam., slightly punctate.
Lincoln, South Bend, Bellevue; quite common. PI VIII.. Pig. _.

Zygiicma pectinatnm aiioiiialimi (Hass.j Kibohn. Alg. Sohles. 166. 18 -

Tyndaridea anomala Hass. Brit. F. W. Alg. 16L 1845.
Zygnerna anomalum (Hass.) Cooke. Brit. F. W. Alg. 81. 1882.

Vegetative filaments about 25 // broad, surrounded by a colorless -heat h t\\ ice
as broad; zygospore 26 \i in diam., olive brown, punctate.

Common, often with the last. PI. VI II.. Fit;. •'!.

3. SPIROttYKA Link in Nees Hor. Phys. Feed. 5. L820.

Chloroplasts parietal, in one or several spiral or rarely Btraighl bands;
nucleus single; reproduction scalariform or lateral, zygospore always

within one of the copulatiug cells.
Etymology: Greek cireipa, coil, and .curved.

Section I.— Membrane folded in at the ends.
A. Chlorophyll bauds usually single.
* Membrane of zygospore smooth.

Spirogyra toiuiis*iiiia (Hass.) Kuetz. Bp. Alg. 137. 1849.
Zygnerna tenuissimum Bass. Ann. a- Mag. \. II X . 1. 1842,

Filaments usually scattered; diameter of vegetative oells 9 12 . 3 12 times
longer than broad; spiral single, making 3 5) . tur alum much

swollen; zygospore oblong or elliptical, yellow or brown at maturity,
in diam.
Lincoln. PL VIII., Figs. 1 and 1 a.

46

THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

Spirogyra iniiata (Vauch.) Rabh. Hand. II., 2, 120.
Conjugata inflata Vauch. Hist. Conf. 68. 1803.

Cespitose bright green, vegetative filaments 14-15 ft in diam., 3-8 times
longer; spiral single, making 3-8 turns in each cell; zygogonium much
inflated; zygospore fusiform-elliptical, 30-36 ft in diam., twice as long.
Lincoln, Thedford. PI. VIII., Fig. 6, a, b.
Spirogyra qnaclrata (Hass.) P. Petit Bull. Soc. Bot. Franc. 41. 1874.
Zygnema quadratum Hass. Brit. F. W. Alg. 157. 1845.

Usually scattered among other algae, rarely aggregated in light green masses;
vegetative filaments 24-27 ft in diam.; cells 3-9 times as long as the di-
ameter; spirals rarely 2, making 1^-5 turns in each cell; zygospore some-
what quadrate, flattened in the middle, elliptical or fusiform, brown at
maturity, 28-40 ft in diam. ; copulation often lateral.
Ponds, Lincoln. PI. IX. Fig. 2 and 2 a.
Spirogyra grevilleana (Hass.) Kuetz. Sp. Alg. 438. 1849.
Zygnema grevilleanum Hass. Brit. F. W. Alg. 149. 1845.

Light green, vegetative cells 25-33 ft in diam., 3-10 times as long; spiral single,
rarely double, making 4-7 turns; zygospore oval, brownish yellow, 30-36 ft
in diam., 2-2)^ times as long.
Lincoln. PI. VIII., Figs. 5 and 5 a.

* * Membrane of zygospore punctate.

Spirogyra calospora Cleve Svensk Zygnem. 26. 1863.

Vegetative cells 30-40 ft in diam., 6-12 times as long, spiral single, making 4-5
turns; zygogonium slightly or not at all swollen; zygospore ellipitical,
rounded at the ends, yellow at maturity, 40-42 ft in diam., 2-3 times as
long.

Streams, Lincoln. PI. VIII., Fig. 8.

Two or more spirals in each cell.

Spirogyra insignia (Hass.) Kuetz. Sp. Alg. 438. 1849.
Zygnema insigne Hass. Brit. F. W. Alg. 440. 1845.

Vegetative cells 36-42 ft in diam., 4-12 times longer than wide, 3 spirals, rarely
2, making 1-3 turns; zygogonium much swollen; zygospore elliptical, 28 ft
in diam., twice as long.

Var.— brannii Rabh. Fl. Eur. Alg. Ill, 235. 1868.— Cells 8-12 times as long as broad;
2 spirals.
Lincoln. PI. IX. Figs. 4 and 4 a.

Section H.— Cell-membrane not folded in at the ends.
Oue spiral in each cell.

* Membrane of the zygospore smooth.
Spirogyra mirabilis (Hass.) Kuetz. 1. c.

Zygnema mirabile Hass. Brit. F. W. Alg. 156. 1845.

Cespitose; vegetative cells 24-27 ft in diam., 4-10 times as long, spirals making
4 7 turns in each cell; zygogonium inflated; conjugation often lateral;
zygospore 24-26 ft in diam., \-\xA times as long.
Ponds, etc., Lincoln. PI. IX., Figs. 3 and 3 a.

THE FLORA OF M 1.1; \£E \. \~

Spirogyra variant (Hass.) Kubtz. 1. c, 439.

Zygnema varians II \ss. 1. c, 118.

Vegetative cells 25 35 fi in diam., 2 3 times as Long, spiral Bingle, making 1'.
turns in each cell, margins dentate; zygogoninm muofa swollen mi, the
conjugating side, straight on the other Bide; zygospore oval or elliptical

33-38 // in diam., 1^2-2 times as long as wide.
Creeks, Lincoln. PI. VIII., Figs. 7 and 7 a.

Spirogyra porticalis (Muell., Cleve Svonsk Zygnem. 22. is.;:;.
Conferva porticalis Muell. Nov. Act. Petrop. Ill, 90. 1785.

Filaments very gelatinous; vegetative cells 30 is ,. in diam.,2 6 times as long;
spirals 1, rarely 2, making 15 1 turns in each cell; zygogoninm inflated; v.y
gospore globose-ovate, yellowish at maturity, 42 // in diam.. once to twice
as long.
Lincoln. PI. X., Figs. 5 and 5 a.

B. Two or more spirals in each cell.

Spirogyra decimina (Muell.) Kcetz. Phyc. Germ. 223. 1815.
Conferva decimina Mlell. Nov. Act. Petrop. III., 22, f. 3. 1785.

Vegetative cells 34-40 /i in diam., 2-4 times longer than broad; 2 rarely 'i large
spirals in each cell, making 1-2 turns; zygogonium not inflated;
spore oval or globose, 33-44 /i in diam.
Ponds, Lincoln. PI. IX., Fig. 1, a, b.

Spirogyra fluviatilis Hilse in Rabh. Fl. Eur. Alg. III.. 213. 1868.

Vegetative cells 34-38 // in diam., 5 0 times as long; spirals 1. .lark

making 3^-2^ turns; zygogonium much indited; zygospore oval, 55 -
Lincoln. PI. X, Figs. 1 and 1 a.

Spirogyra majiiMcnla Kttetz. Sp. Alg. 411. 1849.

Vegetative cells 54-62 // in diam., 2-10 times as long; chlorophyll Land- .; 9,

light green, usually lax; zygogonium not inflated, 2-1 tines Long* r than

wide; zygospore oval, 72x50 //.
Common in streams. PI. X., Figs. 3 and 3 a.

Spirogyra adnata E^uetz. 1. c.

Vegetative cells 40-45 // in diam., 1 3 times as long; spirals 2 "> in eaofa cell,
making 3-4 turns; zygogonium moderately swollen; zygospore ..val t<>
elliptical.

Lincoln. PI. X., Figs. 4 and 1 a.

Spirogyra orbicularis (Hass.) Kuetz. 1. «■. 112.

Zygnema orbiculare Hass. Brit, P. W. Alg. 138. 1845.

Vegetative cells 118-138 ft in diam., a little longer than I. road; bands

margins finely notched, each describing ' . to ■, turn in a cell; zygogoninm
not inflated; zygospore lenticular, brown at maturity, L02x84 .

Lincoln. PI. X.. Figs. 2 and 2 a.

Spirogyra craswa Kcetz. Phyc. Gener. 280. L843.

Vegetative cells 150 150 «in diam.. 1 l1,. times as long; bands anmerons, den
ticulate or tuberculate, making % to 1 turn or more in each cell,
gonium uot inflated; zygospore broadly oval, elliptical, or ovoid, 144x1

Lincoln, South Bend, common, l'l. XL Fig-. 1 and 1 a.

48 THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

Family. MUCORACEAE.*

"Mycelium well developed, thread-like (i. e., with hyphae), branched, up to the time
of fructification unicellular (i. e., without septa). Asexual reproduction by internal
spore-formation in terminal cells (sporangia) or by reduced sporangia which resemble
one-celled conidia or couidia-chains. Sexual spore-formation by zygospores; that is, by
the union of two undifferentiated or scarcely differentiated cells to form a zygospore.
All spores germinating by a germinating tube; no swarmspore formation."— (Schroeter).

The Mucoraceae are a well marked group containing about 18 genera and 120-125
species, which are saprophytes or parasites on other fungi, chiefly of the same group.
The group is now divided into 5 sub-families, of which 2 only are represented in Ne-
braska.

In the formation of zygospores the Mucoraceae agree with the Conjugatae All of
the sub-families except the Cephalideae form the zygospore directly by the union of the
contents of the two conjugating cells, as in the Zygnemeae. In the Cephalideae the
zygospore is formed in a new cell cut off by a partition wall from the cell formed by the
conjugating cells, as in the Mesocarpeae. But the asexual spore-formation has no proto-
type in the Conjugatae. In this respect the Mucoraceae appear to be connected with the
Chytridiaceae, certain forms of which (Zygochytrium) bear a remarkable resemblance to
them both in their sexual and asexual reproduction.

SYNOPSIS.

Asexual spores formed in sporangia.

Sporangia with a columella Sub-family Mucoreae

Mycelium and sporangia of one kind only Tribe Eumucoreae

Sporangiophore simple or branched Mucor

[Aerial mycelium thorny Spinellus]

[Sporangiophore dichotomously branched at apex Syzygites]

Sporangiophore unbranched, bright metallic in color Pity corny ces

Mycelium of two kinds— vegetative and fertile. Sporangia of one kind,

Tribe Rhizopeae
Membrane of sporangium entirely disappearing, leaving the colu-
mella, which soon collapses Ascophora

Membrane of sporangium of two parts: above cuticularized and perma-
nent, below thin and quickly disappearing Tribe Piloboleae

Sporangiophore swollen below the sporangium Hyclrogera

[Sporangia without a columella, fertile mycelium distinct from vegetative,

Sub-family Mortierelleae]
Asexual spores formed as conidia.

Conidia single— i. e., not in chains Sub-family Chaetocladieae

Parasitic on other Mucoraceae Chaetocladium

Sub-fam.— Mncoreae.— Asexual spores formed in sporangia; sporangia with a
columella (except sporangiola in forms having them); zygospores naked,
or surrounded by loose, simple, or slightly branched hyphae.

Tribe. — Eumucoreae. — Mycelium of one kind only.

This is the typical group from which all the others, unless perhaps the Cepha-
lideae, appear to be derived.

By Roecoe Pound.

THE FLORA OF NEBB ISK \

1. MUCOB Linne Spec. PI. II., 1655. L753.

Saprophytic; mycelium spreading in and upon the substratum; sporangia
phores springing up here and t lure mi the mycelium, simple or branched;
sporangia round, many spore I; zygospores borne on tie- mycelium naked,
the copulating branches (suspensors) without outgrowths

Etymology: Latin mucor, mould.

This was the name of one of the eleven genera under which Linn'- in hi-.
Genera Plautarum included all fungi.

Hucor mucedo Linne 1. c. (ill part).

Sporangiophores erect, rigid, simple, 2 L5 cm. high; sporangia large, round,
100-200// in diam., the membrane quickly disappearing, leaving a small
collar-like fragment at the base; columella high-arched, cylindrical or

truncate-conical, 70-140x50-80 //; spores rounded, cylindrical, or long
ellipsoid, 6-12x3-6// or sometimes larger, colorless or lighl yellow.
In my specimens the spores are regularly 8 10 //. aboul half as wide and rather

strongly tinged with yellow.
On excrement of auimals and various decaying substances the world over.
Quite common on decaying insects in the water around Line,, in. l'l.
XIV., Pig. 1, a, b, c.

Uncor racemoKiis Fresenius Beitraege 12. 1850.

Chlamydomucor racemosus Brefeld Uhtersuch. 1890.

Sporangiophores erect, of various sizes..") U) mm. high or small and frail.
richly and irregularly branched, each branch terminating in a sporangium;
sporangia small, round, of various sizes, depending on the nourishment,
20-70 p. in diam., the membrane not dissolving but splitting; columella
broad clavate or obovate; spores round or shori ellipsoid, smooth, color
less singly but in mass yellowish, 6 LOs 5-8 //.

When grown in a solution it forms septa rapidly and grows by budding. In
this condition it forms ellipsoid or rounded-oblong chlamydosporee here
and there in the hyphae aud even in the sporangiophores. In its hud
ding state it is a ferment.

On decaying organic substances the world over. On paste in the botanioal

laboratories at the University and very c mon in BOlutions, neglected

culture-media, etc., in the laboratory. PI X l\ *.. Pig. 2, a, l>, 0.

2. PHYCOMYCES Kcxzi: Mycol. Hefte II., 113. 1823

Mycelium radiate; sporangiophores simple, arising singly.

strongly metallic, terminated by a large sporangium; sporangia round
many-spored, the membrane dissolving; columella pear shaped; conju
gating branches tong-shaped, the suspensors producing dichotomouslj
branched, dark brown projections.

Etymology: Greek 0wco?, alga, and « . fungus.

Phycomyces nitens (Agabdh) Kunzb L o.
r/ru niU ns Agardh. 1817.

The characters of the genus. Sporangiophores i 30 cm. long; sporangia

very large, about 1 mm.; spores ellipsoid, 16 30x8 15 .
A beautiful species, quickly recognized by it- metallic appearanoe. The

sporangiophores have the look of small flatte 1 wires.

On greasy, oily substances Also found <>n a squash at Lincoln. PI \l\
Fig. 3, a, b, c.

50 THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

[Spinellus rhombosporus (Ehrb.), S. fusiger (Lk.) Van Tiegh., is found on decaying
agarics. It may be distinguished by its aerial mycelium which is covered
with single or 2-4 verticillate, poiuted, thorn-like branchlets. This
species is reported for North America, but has not been met with as yet
in this state.]

[Sijzijgitrs aspergillus (Scopoli), Sporodinia aspergillus (Scop.) Schroeter, is a
parasite or saprophyte on fleshy fungi. The sporangiophores are dicho-
tomously branched above, and the zygospores are produced in large num-
bers on specialized hyphae. It is not yet certainly reported from North
America, but is very liable to be found.]
Tribe.— Rhizopeae.— Mycelium of two sorts, the vegetative growing on the sub-
stratum, and the fertile or aerial mycelium which grows by stolons and
upon which the sporangiophores are borne.

3. ASCOPHORA Tode Fung. Mecklenb. I., 13. 1790.

Fertile mycelium at first white, then brown or brownish black, growing in all
directions by stolons which fasten here and there by rhizoids and at
these points produce one or more sporangiophores and other stolons,
sporangiophores swelling just below the sporangia; sporangia hemis-
pherical, the membrane entirely disappearing; columella hemispherical,
forming with the terminal swelling of the sporangiophore, a club-shaped
head which collapses and has the appearance of an umbrella; zygospores
naked.

Etymology: Greek acme, sac, and tpopsu, to bear.

Ascopliora mured o Tode 1. c.

Mucor stolonifer Ehrb. Sylv. Myc. Berol. 25. 1818.

Rhizopus nigricans Ehrb. Nov. Act. Acad. Leopol. X., 1, 198. 1820.

Mucor clavatus Lk. Sp. PL VI., 1, 92. 1821.

Stolons creeping here and there over the substratum, quickly covering it, at
first colorless, then brown; branches 1-3 cm. or longer; rhizoids more or
less branched; sporangiophores rarely single, usually in clusters of 3-5
or more on each node, }4 to 1 mm. high; sporangia hemispherical,
1C 0-350 // wide; columella broad hemispherical, high-arched, with the
swelling of the sporangiophore formiug a clavate, cylindrical head reach-
ing almost to the tip of the sporangium, usually collapsing after the dis-
solution of the sporangium membrane, and remaining a long time covered
with spores; spores of various sizes and shapes, irregularly globose, or
oval, with one or two truncated corners, somewhat longer than broad,
thick walled, finely striate, averaging 6-17 //.
On all kinds of decaying organic matter — one of the commonest of fungi.
Quickly recognizable by its mode of growth and the peculiar umbrella-
like appearance of the collapsed columella.

Mucor clavatus Lk., Webber's Catalogue No. 129, belongs here. The specimen
there referred to is principally A. mucedo, but it seems to have grown
over another mould which from the spores is doubtless Mucor mucedo,
and the spores of the Ascophora are somewhat larger than usual. PI.
XIV, Fig. 4, a, b, c, d.
Tribe.— Piloboleae.— Membrane of sporangium of two parts; the upper half cutic-
ularized and permanent, the lower thin and quickly dissolving.

THE FLORA OF NEBRA8B L - ,

4. IIYIHtOI.I |{\ Wiggebs PI. Holsat. L10. L780.

Sporangiophores simple, arising singly from swellings in the mycelium col. -
less or orange, above expanding into a large ellipsoid swellin
hemispherical or lens-shaped, many-spored; the membrane ai
andcuticulanzed,the Lower half quickly disappearing and leavii •

upper part resting on the conical < tmella; both al maturity thrown off

by tension of the terminal awelling of the sporangiophore; zygos,
naked, borne on ton- shaped branches.
Etymology: Greek wty>, water, and Latin gero, to carry.

Hydrogera obliqaa (Scop.) ok. Rev. Gen. 855. L891,
Mucor obliquus Scopoli Plor. Carniol. II.. 194 [772.
Hi/drogera crystal /inn Wiggebs 1. c.

Pilobolus crystallinus Tode Schrift. Naturf. Preund Ber] V 16 1784 ,r
Fischer).
Sporangiophores arising singly from a bladder-like swelling of the mycelium
5-10 mm. long, the terminal swellin- ellipsoid or ovoid, B5 L30x.60 -J.

mm.; sporangia plano-convex, resting on the si« f the terminal swelling

300-400x100-150 fi; columella conical; spores elliptical 5 10x3 6 color
less, but in mass greenish yellow.
On dung, on ground in greenhouse, not uncommon. PI. XIV . Fig. :,. a.
[Mortierella has a distinct fertile mycelium from which the sporangiophorea arise
singly or in groups, the bases being enveloped in a mass of short branches
The sporangia are many-spored and have no columella, The zygospores
are covered with a dense mass of hyphae, which branch off from the
suspensor-cells and the branches from whirl, the latter arise. V. ,„,/,,
cephala Coemans, distinguished among other thinga by ita branched

sporangiophores, grows on dung and on decaying pore fungi It has I „

reported from the United States, and should be found here.]

Subfam.— Chaetocladieae.— Asexual reproduction by conidia whirl, are borne

singly (i. e., not in chains) in groups on the swollen middle portion of
branches of the conidiophores, the ends of which are sterile.
Through the Thamnidieae, one of the tribes of the If ucoreae, nol represei
in our flora, this group is connected with the Eumua grada

tions shown by other forms and produced by cultivation make it reason
ably certain that the conidia are to be regarded aa reduced one ■
sporangia.

5. OHAETOCLADIIII Fbesenius Beitraege97. 1853.

Parasitic upon other Mucoraceae, mycelium thin, colorless, forming olustera

of short, thick haustoria at the poinl of attachment with the hyp!.
the host; sporangiophores creeping, verticillately branched, ending in a
long, sterile, pointed tip, the branches short with sterile tips, bearii
the swollen portion large numbers of single oonidia,

Etymology: Greek \nirr;, hair, and .' 6 a , branch

Chaetocladinm ItrHWriii Van Tiegh. I LeMon. Ann. Be. Nat. i;,.t ;,. \vn
342. is;:;.
Characters of the genus; conidia globose or globose elliptical, smooth, color-
less, 2 5 //.

52 THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

Parasitic on Mucor mucedoand Ascophora mucedo. I have found it but once

—at Lincoln in 1S88 on an onion with Ascophora mucedo. PL XIV.,

Fig. 6, a.
[C. jonesii (Berk. & Br.) Fres., distinguished by its larger conidia with finely

echinate exospore, blue in mass, grows on dung with other Mucoraceae.

It has been reported from North America, and ought to be found here.]

Family.-ENTOMOPHTHORACEAE.*

"Mycelium mostly parasitic on living animals (insects), more rarely on plants, 01
saprophytic, richly branched, often falling apart in bits, at first unicellular. Asexual
reproduction by conidia, which are produced singly on the ends of unbranched threads
growing up out of the substratum, and at maturity are absected; without special, stalked
conidiophores. Zygospores on the mycelium."— (A. Fischer, in Rabh. Krypt. Flor.)

A small group, chiefly parasitic on insects, containing 5 genera and about 40 species.
The resting spores, which are either zygospores or azygospores, as in the Mucoraceae.
point to some relationship with that group. The two groups are for that reason usually
placed near together by systematic writers. However, they do not seem to have any im-
mediate connection.

1. EXTOMOPHTHORA Fresenius Bot. Zeit. XIV., 883. 1856.

Empusa Cohn Nov. Act. Acad. Caesar. Leopol. Carol. XXV., L, 317. 1855. (Ex
Winter), not Empusa Lindley, 182i=Liparis Rich.
Parasitic on insects; the characters of the family.
Etymology: Greek evrofiog, insect, and <i>dop>/, death.
Empusa Cohn, the name adopted by Berlese & DeToni in the Sylloge Fungorum
and by Thaxter in his Entomophthoraceae of the United States, must be
rejected on account of the older Empusa Lindley, one of the orchids, in
accordance with the Rochester Rules.
The name Entomophthora was formerly restricted to the conidial stage of
these fungi, the resting spore stage being placed in a genus Tarichium.

Entomophthora muscae (Fries.) Fres. 1. c.

(?) Sporodonema muscae Fr. Syst. Mycolog. III., 435. 1829.
Empusa muscae Cohn 1. c.

Conidia bell-shaped or nearly spherical, with a broad subtruncate base and
sharply pointed apex; 18-25x20 30 //; containing usually a single large oil
globule, and surrounded after discharge with a mass of protoplasm.
Conidiophores simple, broad and stout, tapering gradually to a narrow
base; emerging in white rings between the segments of the host, without
coalescing over its body. Secondary conidia like the primary, or more
commonly subovoid, small, rounded at the apex and formed by direct
budding from the primary form. Resting spores, azygospores, produced
laterally or terminally from hyphae within the host; spherical, colorless,
30-50 // in diameter. (Winter.) Host attached to substratum by pro-
boscis.—(Thaxter.)

On house flies.— Musca domestica. Very common in the winter, when the flies
affected may be found attached to the walls and ceiling indoors. PL XV.,
Fig. 2, a.

The resting spores, described by Winter in Rabh. Krypt. Flor. v. Deutschl.,
etc., have not been observed in this country.

*By Roscoe Pound.

Tin: 11.01; \ OF m:i'.k isk \.

Entomophthora grylli Fbes. l. a

K. calopteni Besses Am. Nat. XVII.. L280and 1286. 188 t.
Resting spores spherical, colorless, ::" 15 .
On grasshoppers. Mr/nun, ,1ns differ ntialis, M. bivittatus, and M

rulnum; very common in autumn. PI, XV., Pig. 3, a, b.
The affected grasshoppers climb to the i - » | . — . of weeds an. I die there attached

to the stem. They are readily known by their tighl an. I rigid grasp, due

to contraction of (he Limbs
According to Thaxter, E. calopteni is nol distinct from tin- European I

which is found on crickets.

Order 5.— NIPHOXI! A E.— Typically unicellular, chlorophyll-green or colorless,

filiform (sometimes branched), saccate, or foliaceous, one to plurinucleate;
chloroplasts disk-shaped, parietal: propagation by cell-division; or by
zoogonidia; reproduction either heterogametic or Lsogametio.

SYNOPSIS.

Fam. — Vancheriacoae. — Terrestrial or aquatic; thallus filiform, elongated, often

branched; reproduction by antherids and oogones borne laterally on the
filament; propagation by zoospores, zoospores large, arising from an

apical inflation of the filament.

Fam. — H ydrogastraceac. — Terrestrial; thallus a globose or pyriform cell attached

to the earth by branching, hyaline rhizoids; reproduction by copulation

of zoogonidia.

Fam. — Saprolegniaceae. — Aquatic fungi, mostly saprophytes, rarely parasites;
asexual reproduction chiefly by biciliate zoospores arising in zoospor-
angia; sexual reproduction by oogones and antherids generally borne
upon short lateral branches.

Fam. — Peronosporaccae. — Fungi growing parasitically in the subdermal tissues

of flowering plants, piercing the cell walls by mean- of haustoria; asexual
reproduction by conidia; sexual reproduction by oogones and antherids

borne laterally upon mycelial filaments.

Family. -VAUCHERIACEAE.

Apparently unicellular, filiform, terrestrial or aquatic, chlorophyll-green; Forming
elongated, tubular filaments, simple or pseudo-dichotomously branohed,often attache I t"
substratum at base by hyaline rhizoids; propagation by motile ornon motile cells formed
in apical inflations; reproduction by antherids and oogones, usually on t he same BJamenl ;
oogones lateral, sessile, or borne on a more or loss elongated, simple or hranche I pedicel,
cytoplasm converted iuto a large oospore; antherids lateral, sessile, or oul off by a septum
from the upper portion of a lateral branch, producing antherozoids internally, which,
being emitted, penetrate the apex of the oogone; antherozoids oblong, furnished with
two unequal cilia.

1. VAUCHERIA DC. in Vauch. Hist. Confer. 25. Lfi

The characters of the family: chloroplasts minute, numerous, parietal; nuclei
globose, numerous, small: protoplasm containing numerous oil globules.
Etymology: dedicated to the phycologisl Vauoher.

54 THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

Vancheria aversa Hass. Brit. F, W. Alg. 54. 1845.

Loosely cespitose, sparingly branched; oogones erect or suberect, almost
always twin, sessile or subpedicillate; antherids cylindrical or subclavate,
erect, ends more or less curved; filaments 75-95 /i in diam., oospores very
granular, 95-105x60 //.

In creeks about Lincoln. PL XIII., Fig. 2.

Vancheria sessilis (Vauch.) DC. Flor. Franc. II, 63. 1815.
Ectosperma sessilis Vauch. Hist. Confer. 31. 1803.

Loosely intricate, pale or dull green; thallus capillary, sparingly branched:
oogones 2 or 3 approximate, rarely single, ovate or oblong-oval, more or
less oblique, rostrate; antherids either short hamate, or straight and
subulate, or a little clavate, sometimes elongated and incurved; mature
oospore punctate with brown, involved in a triple membrane; vegetative
filaments 50 65 fi in diam., oogones 105x60 p.

Very common in streams and on damp earth throughout the state; also in
greenhouses. PL XIIL, Fig. 1.

Vancheria gem inata (Vauch.) DC. 1. c. 62.

Ectosperma geminata Vauch. 1. c. 29.

Pale or dull green, thallus capillary, tenacious, 30-90 /i broad, dichotomous;
oogones 2, rarely 1 or 3, ovate or oblong, opposite, distinctly pedunculate;
antherids intermediate, subulate, more or less curved; mature oospore
spotted with brown, spore-wall colorless, of three layers; filaments 55-120
l-i in diam.

Vae. — raceniosa Walz. in Pringsh. Jahrb. 1866, p. 112.— Oogones short pedunculate,
3-5, sometimes 8-10 aggregated in a corymbose manner; antherids single,
scarcely longer than the oogones.
Creeks, Lincoln. Not common. PL XII., Fig. 3.

Vancheria tnberosa A. Br. in Kuetz. Tab. Phyc. VI, 23. 1815.

Flagella subterranean, apices swollen tuber-like; filaments filled with starch
granules, dichotomously branched, 3 or more times divided; branches
constricted at the base and occasionally intermediately, constriction
reddish; filaments 60-100 [i in diam.; antherids and oogones have never
been found.
In a sandy creek near Lincoln. PL XII., Fig. 2.

Vancheria terrestris Lyngb. Hydroph. 77. 1819.

Oogones single or often in clusters, pedunculate, attached to the back of the
elongated, curved antherid; mature oospore enclosed in a colorless
epispore composed of 4 inflated membranes which are diffluent in water.

Forms densely interwoven, dark green strata on moist earth.

Minden. PL XIIL, Fig. 3.

Family. -HYDROGASTRACEAE.

Thallus small, unicellular, terrestrial, green, globose, attached to moist earth by
hyaline, much branched rhizoids. Propagation by unicellular zoogonidia or by sub-
division of the whole plant. Reproduction by the copulation of sexual zoospores, pro-
ducing asexual zoospores which form a vegetative plant; the cell contents of the latter
divide into an indefinite number of resting spores which produce microgonidia.

THE PLOB \ ' >F M.l'.i; LSK \.

1. BOTRYDIUM Wallr. in *.nn. Bot. L815, p. 153.

The characters of the family. According to Rostaflnski and Woronio the
genus has several modes of reproduction: ", l<y cell-division; i>. by the
formation of macrospores; c, by the formation ol zoospores,] froi

vegetative plant. 2 from tho root cells.
Etymology: (J rook, dimin. from ><-,./■*. a cluster.

Botryriiiiin <> mini latum (L.) Gbev. AJg. Brit. t. XIX. 1830.
Ulva granulata L. Sp. PL 1164, L753.

The characters of the genus. Common every where on moist earth. PL XII
Pig. 1, a, b, c, d, e, f.

Family. SAPROLEGNIACEAE.*

Mycelium well developed, filaments branching, without septa; asexual reproduction
chiefly by biciliate zoospores arising in zoosporangia: sexual reproduction by oogonea and
autherids, generally borne upon short lateral brauches.

Aquatic fungi, mostly saprophytes, rarely parasites, growing in pure water upon
organic substrata. The most common situation is upon dead tish and insects, from
which grow out the often very long, much branched filaments bearing at the ends the
more or less cylindrical zoosporangia. The protoplasm of the zoosporangium breaks up
into a number of globose zoospores which behave variously iri the differenl
Diplanetism is, however, typical of most of the genera. In sucli the biciliat
swarm out of the zoosporangium and become encysted. Bach zoospore breaks oul of
the cyst after a short rest, swims about for a time, is encysted again, and finally grows
out into a hyphal filament. In two genera tho first swarming Btage is Lacking, and in
another the spores encysted within the sporangium grow directly into germinating flla
ments. In addition to zoosporangia, asexual reproduction may take place by means of
resting sporangia and chlamydospores.

The oogones are generally terminal upon short lateral branches, though they may
arise at the end of the main filament, or, rarely, they may be intercalated in it. They

are usually globose, sometimes cylindrical, in form, and contain \-> ae\ era! oospheres

In monoecious species the antherids are formed upon branches arising Dear the I

the oogone, or from the main filament in close proximity to tli gone; in dioecious

species they occur upon separate filaments at the end of the lateral branches At the
time of fertilization the antherids send out tubes which pierce the oogone, hut alw iys
remain closed at the tip. After this pseudo-fertilization, the oospheres surround them-
selves with a thick membrane and become oospores which germinate directly Into a
hyphal filament.

The Saprolegniaceae show on the one hand a very close relationship to the Pan
aceae, and on the other a close connection, through Pythium, to the Pcronoqx
In their hysterophytic habit they resemble the latter. Genetically, however, they shon
a much closer connection with the Vaucheriaceae, of which tiny are probably t.> he oon
sidered as forms greatly modified by a change of habit.

SYNOPSIS

Zoospores rarely encysted in zoosporangium. escaping through an apical papilla,

Saprolt [i a in
Zoospores always encysted in zoosporangium, escaping through lateral openings,

, IC/lUt

By Frederick E. Clements.

;,6 THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

1. SAPKOL-ECrXIA Nees ab Esenb. Nov. Act. Leop. XL, II., 493. 1823.

Mycelium of stout, branched filaments: zoosporangia clavate or cylindrical,
terminal, furnished with an apical papilla; zoospores crowded, ovoid,
biciliate; oogones terminal, rarely intercalated; antherids clavulate, ter-
minal upon lateral branches; oospores globose.
Etymology: Greek oanpoQ, decayed, and teyvrj, fringe.

Saprolegnia ferax (Gruith.) Nees ab Esenb. Kuetz. Phyc. Germ. 157. n. 2. 1815.
Conferva ferax Gruithuissn Nov. Act. Acad. C. L. C. N. G, X., 2, 137. 1821.

Oogones terminal or lateral, numerous, globose, or rarely cylindrical, with a
conspicuously pitted wall; antherids rare or lacking; oospores globose,
generally numerous, 30 fi.
On box-elder bugs, Leptocoris trivittatus, in aquarium, Lincoln. PI. XV., Fig. 4.

"*. DICTYUCHUS Leitg. Pringsh. Jahrb. VII., 357. 1869.

Zoosporangia terminal, fusoid or cylindrical, later ones formed successively

below the terminal or upon lateral branches, apparently with a reticulum

within, formed by the cohering membranes of the encysted zoospores;

zoospores polyedral, each escaping through its individual opening;

oogones one to several-spored, terminal, rarely intercalated; antherids

present.
Etymology: Greek 8m- wv, net, and f,t«, have.

Dictyndms magnnsii Lindst. Syn. Saproleg. 58, PI. I., f. 1-15. 1872.

Zoosporangia cylindrical, several at the end of a filament, one above the
other; dioecious; oogones terminal, globose, smooth, not pitted; an-
therids clavate; oospores single, about 30 fi.

On decaying fish in hatching vats, South Bend. PI. XV., Fig. 5, a, b, c.

Family.- PERONOSPORACEAE. *

Mycelium abundant, composed of septate, hya'.ine threads growing through the in-
tercellular spaces of various plants, piercing the cell walls by means of haustoria; asexual
reproduction by means of conidia produced on simple or branched conidiophores, which
break through the stomata or rupture the epidermis; sexual reproduction by oogones
and antherids borne laterally upon the mycelium, resulting in the formation of dark-
colored, thick-walled resting spores.

The Peronosporaceae are very closely related to the Vaucheriaceae. Indeed, the
stock of this family appears to have come directly from the genus Vaucheria. The
shape, position, and behavior of the oogone and antherid, especially the separation of
the contents of each into gonoplasm and periplasm, correspond closely to what occurs
jn Vaucheria. The difference in thallus and the formation of conidia or zoosporangia
is easily accounted for by the parasitic habit.

The method of germination is very diverse. In some cases the conidia and resting
spores germinate directly by a filament which forms a mycelium; in others the contents
break up into ciliated zoospores, which, after a period of activity, come to rest, lose their
cilia, and grow at once into a filament. These two methods present numerous grada-
tions and modifications.

These fungi grow parasitically in the subdermal tissues of various flowering plants,
often causing great injury to the host. Their presence is noted by the occurrence of
blotches of white or yellow powder scattered over the leaves and stems.

By Frederick E. Clements.

THE l i.i »B \ OF M i.i: \&K \.

SYNOPSIS.

I. Conidiophore short, simple; conidia catenulate.

Conidia and oogones producing zoospores Ubugo

II. Conidiophore elongated, branched; conidia acrogenous or pleurogenous, -ii

1. Conidiophore with short, straight branches; conidia Forming zoospores, or ''mi.

tying tin- whole plasm at once.

Oospore with a thick, many Laj ere I epispore

Membrane of epispore thin Plaat

2. Conidiophore dichotomously Forked, the sterigmata hamate; conidia "-mitt in

minating filament directly.

Sterigmata arising from a disk-like enlargement of the end of the ulti-
mate 1 1 ranches; conidia germinating at the apex Hr< mia

Sterigmata borne directly on the ultimate branches; conidia germin
laterally \ / .

1. ALBUKO S. R Grai Nat. A.rr. Brit. Flowering Plants I . 540. L827.
Cystopus Leveille Ann. Sci. Nat. 3, VIII., 371. Is 17.

Conidiophores short and simple, cylindrical or clavate, densely aggi

sori first covered by the epidermis, finally breaking t brough,1 hick,effused,
white or yellowish; conidia catenulate, hyaline, rotund or spherical, form
ing zoospores; oospores spherical, verrucose, or reticulate.
Etymology: Latin albugo, whiteness.

Albugo bliti (Biv.) OK. Rev. Gen. PI. I.,G58, foot note. L89L
Uredo bliti Bivona-Beknardi Stirp. Rar. III., 11. 1815.
Cystopus amaranthi (Sjhw.) Berk. Grevillea III.. ~>s. 1874.

Sori numerous, white or yellowish; conidia of two forms, t he terminal globose,
thick-walled, sterile, the others rotund, truncate at base, l~> 20 ft in diam.,
emitting zoospores; oospores spherical, 50 62 hi diam., epispore brown,
reticulate, the polygonal areolae 5-7 ».
In stems and leaves of Amaranthus n troflexus and .1. blitoidU s, Lincoln,

Albugo Candida (Pers.) OK 1. c.

Aecidium candidum Persoon Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 13, t. :i part 2, HT.:. IT'.'l.
Cystopus candidus Lev. Ann Sc. Nat. Bot. 3, VIII . 371. L847.

Sori white; conidia similar, globose or rotund, 14-18 in diam., membrane
homogeneous; oospores irregularly globose, 37 H in diam, epic
yellow-fuscous, with broad verrucose,or eery close often oonfl i
ridges.
In stems and leaves of Rhaphanus sativus, Lepidium incisum, 1

Bursa bursa-pastoris, and Roripa palustris; Lincoln. Saltillo, Bellevue.

Albugo portulacae (DC.) OK. 1. c.

Uredo port ul acae De Can .hii.i.k. Lam and DeC. PL Franc, VI.,88 1815
Cystopus portulacae Lev. I. c.

Sori large, yellowish epiphyllous; oonifia alike (the terminal one I ir

thicker-walled incase of immature conidiophores only), granular, Irreg
ularly oblong-ovate or globose, L5xl8 ; oospores large, spherl
in diam; epispore brownish yellow, closelj and finely reticulated with
darker edges, the polygonal areolae 5 6 in .ham.
In leaves of Portulca oleraacea; Lincoln. Saltillo. PL XVI.. Fig t, a. I..

58 THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

Albngo tragopogonis (Pebs.) S. P. Gray. 1. c.

p. Uredo tragopogonis Persoon Syn. Meth. Fang. L, 223. 1801.
( 'ystopus tragopogonis Schroeter Pilze Schlesiens L, 234. 1886.
Cystopus cubicus.(V. Strauss) Lev. 1. c.
Cystopus spinulosus DeBart in Rabh. Fung. Eur. n. 179. 1863.

Sori white, oblong or rounded, ainphigenous; conidia thin-walled, globose,
white tinged with yellow, 17-23 u; oospores globose, 48-53 u, epispore
brownish, minutely tuberculate, or sometimes incompletely reticulate,
the areolae 2 3 ft in diam.
On leaves of Antennaria plantaginifolia, Lincoln.

Albngo ipomoeae-pandnranae (Sohw.) Swingle Journ. Myc. VIII., 112. 1892.
Aecidium ipomoeae-panduranae Schweinitz Syn. Fung. Car , 69. 1822.
Cystopus ipomoeae-panduranae Stev. & Swingle Trans. Kan. Acad. Sci. XL, 67.
Sori small, globose, yellowish; conidia rounded-oblong, truncate, 15x18 (i;
oospores irregularly globose or ovoid, bright yellow, brownish in age, 43-
52 ft, epispore prominently and irregularly tuberculate, tubercules 2-4 //
in diam.
On leaves and petioles of Ipomoea sp.; Richardson county, Ashland.

2. SCL.EROSPORA Schroet. Pilze Schlesiens 236. 1886.

Conidiophores erect, with few, short, turgid branches; conidia elliptical or
rounded, emitting zoospores through an apical papilla; oospores globose;
epispore brown, very thick.

Etymology: Greek culvpoC, hard, and a-opa, seed.

Sclerospora graminicola (Sacc.) Schroet. 1. c.
Peronospora graminicola Sacc. Michelia II., 586.
Peronosjwra setariae Pass. Grev. VII., 99. 1879.

Sorus not present, conidiophores forming a very loose layer; conidia 13-15x
18-20 ji\ oospores globose, 40-45 fi\ epispore brown, smooth, very thick,
3-4 layered, 10-13 u.
In leaves and stems of Chamaerhaphis viridis and C. glauca; Ashland, Weep-
ing Water, Lincoln. PI. XVI., Fig. 4, a, b.

3. PliASMOPARA Schroet. 1. c.

Conidiophores breaking through the stomata, erect, sparingly branched, with
straight, ultimate branches, at length truncate; conidia papillate at apex,
emitting their contents as a whole, or as zoospores; oospores round, with
a thin, smooth epispore.

Etymology: Latin plasma, plasm, and pario, divide.

Plasniopara australis (Speg ) Swingle Trans. Kan. Acad. Sci. XL, 72. 1889.
Peronospora australis Speg. Ann. Soc. Cien. Arg. XII., 81. 1881.
Peronospora sicyicola Trelease Bot. Gaz. VIIL, 331. 1883.

Sori hypophyllous, large, effuse; conidiophores elongate, 3-4 times branched
above, branches short, thick, placed more or less obliquely; sterigmata
short, straight, 2 toothed at apex, 2^-4 /z long; conidia irregularly glo-
bose, 11-14^; oospores unknown.
In leaves of Micrampelis echinata, Lincoln, Endicott.

i in: ii.' »i; \ OF MJ'.i; \vk \.

Plasmopara viticola (B. & C.) Bbbl. a DeToni id Saoo. Byll Fung VII l
239. 1888.

Botrytis viticola B. & C.in Caspary Monats. BerL Acad. Mai 1855.

Percnospora viticola Di Babi Ann. Soi. Nat. Bot. I. XX . L65.

Sori hypophyllous, thin, effused; eonidiophores elongate 3 I times branched,
branches arising obliquely; sterigmata long, 5 6 . forked al i ad; conidia
generally three together, ovoid or oblong, 11 L5xl9 22 in diam. desti
tuteof papillae; oospores small, globose, 25 38 la diam.; epispore thick
smooth, fuscous.

Iu leaves of Vitisriparia .' Lincoln.

Plasmopara halstedii (Fabl.) Berl. & DeToni in Sace. Byll Puna VII l

242. 1888.
Peronospora halstedii Fablow Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Bci Will (u b X
65. 1883.
Sori thin, rounded, hypophyllous; eonidiophores rery elongate, simple to near
the apex, 2 3 times branched; branches shorl and thick, the Brsl arising
always at right angles to the stock, the others generally; oonidia ellipsoid,
with a conspicuous papilla, 14-16x22-25 fi\ oospores spherical, 20-30 in
diam , epispore yellowish, smooth.
In leaves of Silphium perfoliatum and S. integrifolium, Lincoln; Ambrosia
trifida, Wabash. PI. XVI., Fig. 5, a, b.

4. UREMIA Kegel. Bot. Zeit. 1843, p. 665.

Mycelium with simple haustoria; eonidiophores :; 1 times dichotomously
branched, the ultimate branches terminated by a disk lik<- enlargement
from which rise the 3-7 sterigmata; conidia with a Hat. inconspicuous
papilla; oospores spherical, with a thin epispore.

Etymology: dedicated to Bremi.

I Sir in i a lactucae Kegel 1. c, St. 39, t. III.

Botrytis gangliformis Berk. Journ. Hort, Soc. Lond. 1.. 3L
Peronospora gangliformis DeBaby 1. c. 108.

Sori thin, scattered; eonidiophores more or less arcuate, abruptly terminated
by a flat disk bearing several elongated sterigmata; conidia globose'
papilla very inconspicuous, 15 20 //; oospores spherical 25 28 s epfr
thin, smooth, brown.
In leaves of Lactuca canadensis, Lincoln. PL XVI.. Pig. 1. a, b.

5. PEKONONI'OKA Cobda [c. Pung. 1.. 20. L837.

Mycelium with branched filamentous haustoria; eonidiophores erect, 2 7
times dichotomously branched, tin' ultimate branches bearing 2 carved,
attenuate sterigmata; conidia ovoid or ellipsoid, without papilla), emitting

germinating filament laterally.
Etymology: Greek nepovri, point, and «, seed
A. Oospores globose, epispore veriucosc. tuberculate or reticulate

Peronospora artlmri Fabl. Bot. Gaz. VIII.. 315.

Sori broadly effused, cinereous, hypophs llous; eonidiophores short, erect, 2 5

times dichotomously branched; sterigmata elongate curved, 15 18 long;

conidia ellipsoid or rotund, 15-18x25 27 , slightly olivaceous;

globose, 32 12 // in diam . epispore 'lark bro« n. papillate.
In leaves and stems of OenotJu ra bu tints, Linooln.

(JO THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

Peronospora oxybaphi Ell. & Kell. Jour. Myc. I., 2. 1885.

Sori white, broadly effused, hypophyllous; conidiophores elongate, 3 4 times
diohotomously branched; sterigmata short, blunt, curved, 12-15 fi; conidia
rotund or ellipsoid, brownish, 20-23x15-17 /i; oospores globose, 45-50 u in
diam.; epispore thick, brown, minutely tuberculate.

In leaves and young shoots of Allionia nyctaginea; Ashland, Weeping Water.

Peronospora eft'nsa (Grev.) Rabenh. Herb. Myc. no. 1880.
Botri/tis effusa Greville Flor. Edin., 468. 1824.
Peronospora chenopodii Schlecht. Bot. Zeit. 1852, p. 619.

Sori thin, yellowish, hypophyllous; conidiophores short, stout, 3-4 times
branched above; sterigmata 12-15 /i, greatly curved; conidia elliptical,
grayish, 30-38x18-23 ft; oospores small, globose, 20-30 u; epispore brown-
ish-fuscous, very conspicuously tuberculate.
In leaves of Chenopodium album, Lincoln.
B. Oospore smooth, or with the epispore inconspicuously plicate.

Peronospora potentillae DeBary Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 4, XX., 124. 1863.

Sori yellowish, thin, scattered, hypophyllous; conidiophores elongate, slen-
der, 3-5 times dicbotomous; sterigmata subulate, arcuate, 12-15 (i long;
conidia ellipsoid, brownish, 15-18x24-27 //; oospores globose, 22-24 p\ epi-
spore smooth, yellow.

On Potentilla sp., Lincoln.

Peronospora parasitica (Pers.) Fr. Summ. Veg. Scand., 493. 1849.
Botrytis parasitica Pers. Obs. Myc. I., 96. 1796

Sori broadly effused; conidiophores short, stout, irregularly 3-6 times dicho-
tomously branched; sterigmata elongate, blunt, very strongly arcuate or
bent; conidia ellipsoid, white, 19-24x25-27 (i; oogones globose, 45-50 fi;
oospores spherical, 30-38 fi; epispore thick, smooth, yellow.
In leaves and stems of Bursa bursa-pastoris, Lepidium incisum, L. virgini-
cum, Sisymbrium pinnatum and S. officinale. Lincoln, Havelock, Saltillo,
Ashland, Wabash. PI. XVI., Fig. 2, a, b.

Order 6.— COKFERVOIDEAE- Thallus chlorophyll-green, pericellular, filiform
or rarely membranaceous; cells either uniseriate, forming a simple or
branched filament, or pluriseriate, forming a more or less expanded thallus ;
propagation by motile cells, zoospores, or non-motile cells— aplanospores;
reproduction wanting, or taking place in the lower families by copulation
of zoospores and in the higher families isogametic or heterogametic.

SYNOPSIS.

Fam.— Ulvaceae.— Thallus tubular or foliaceous,rarely filiform, simple or branched;
chloroplasts in parietal laminae; propagation by zoogonidia; reproduc-
tion by copulation of zoospores.

Fam.— Ulotricliiaceae.— Thallus filamentous, simple or branched; mostly of one
row of cells; terminal cell in many cases ending in a hyaline awn or
thread; chloroplasts single in bands or rin*s, margins often laciniate;
propagation by zoogonidia; reproduction by the copulation of microgon-
idia.

THE PLOB \ OF NEBH USE \. 61

1-'.v.m. Cladophoraceae.— Thallus aliform, branched or simple, do hyaline

root-like branches at base; chloropla its mostly disciform, parietal, single
or numerous by the division of the primary chloroplast; pro]
zoogonidia.

Pam.— Pithophoraceae. Thallus of two distincl parts; l. the cauloid pari de
veloping from the germinating spore upward, branched and |
2, the rhizoid part developed from the spore downward, as a rule
and branchless; chlorophyll reticulately disposed; propagation by the
rounding up and thickening of certain vegetative cells either before or
without division.

Fam.— Oedogoniaceae. -Thallus filiform, simple or branched, often attached by a

basal lobed cell; terminal cell or branch often ending in a long, hyaline,
bulbously inflated awn; chloroplasts laciniate, often in longitudinal

layers; propagation by zoogonidia: reproduction by antherids and

Family. ULVACEAE.

Thallus membranaceous or foliaceous, rarely tubular, of one or two layers of cells;
cells uninucleate, broad, often stratose; chloroplasts in parietal laminae; propagation by
zoogonidia; reproduction by the copulation of biciliate zoospores which form a four-

ciliate zygote. The zygote remains motile for a short time and then coin'- to rest

1. ENTfiROJIORFHA Link, Nees Hor. Phys. BeroL 5. 1820.

Thallus greeu, filiform, tubular, either saccate-inflated, collapsed, or mem
branaceous, branched, fixed at base when young; endochrome usually
single, finally breaking up into numerous zoogonidia.

Etymology: Greek evrepa, intestines, and < . form,

JK ii to ro in orp ha intestinal is (L.) Link 1. c
Ulva intestinalis L. Sp. PL 1103. 1753.

Thallus membranaceous or sub-intestiniform, 1 20 decimeters or more long,

1-10 mm. or more wide, yellowish green, attenuate at ki-. tubular,
cate, often inflated above, simple or branched; cells polyhedral, 12
in diam.
Common in salt marshes throughout the state. PI. XIII . Fig. I. a.

Eiiteroiiiorpha compressa (L.i Gbev. Alg. Brit. 180
Ulva compressa L 1. c.

Thallus 3 decimeters long. 2-20 mm. wide, membranaceous, tubular-corn
pressed, simple or occasionally branched below; end obtusely rounded
and often inflated; cells minute, subquadrate and rotund.
In salt water with the last, but much less common.

Family.-ULOTRICHIACEAE.

Thallus filamentous, simple or branched, consisting of one row ol oells rarely ;i
double or multiple row);terminal cell in many oases ending in a soft, hyaline awn; ohlor-

oplasts single in bands or rings, margins often laciniate; propagation by maci
microgonidia; reproduction by copula! ion of microgonidia

62 THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

SYNOPSIS.

A. Filaments unbrancbed, none of the cells ending in an awn.

Cells mostly shorter than the diameter Horm iscia

Cells mostly longer than the diameter Microspore!

B. Mostly branched, some of the cells either long acuminate or ending in a soft awn.

Epiphytic, some of the cells furnished with a sheathed awn Aphanochaete

Epiphytic, awn not sheathed Herposteiron

Thallus small, forming a determinate globose or lacinlate mass Chaetophora

Thallus large and indefinite, not penicillate Stigeoclon iv. m

Thallus large, indefinite, penicillately branched Draparnaudia

1. HORMISCI A Fries Flor. Scan. 327. 1835.

Aquatic or rarely aerial; filaments composed of cells in a simple series; chlo-
roplasts parietal, laminiform; propagation by four-ciliate macrozoogon-
idia, granules and aplanospores; reproduction by the copulation of
biciliate microzoogonidia; zygote breaking up into 2-4 or more asexual
zoogonidia.

Etymology: Greek op/iog, chain.

Horm iscia II acrid si (Kuetz.) Lagerh. in Flora, 1888, p. 62.
Ulothrix flaccida Kuetz. Sp. .A.lg. 349. 1849.

Yellowish green, neither mucilaginous nor shining; filaments fragile; cells
6-10 fi, rarely 10 /n, broad, equal to the diameter, or in some varieties three
times the diameter; cell membrane hyaline, slender, homogeneous.
On damp rocks etc., common.

Var.— nitens (Menegh.) Hansg. Prod. 61. 1886.
Hormidium nitens Menegh. in Kuetz. 1. c.
Ulothrix nitens of Wolle's Freshw. Alg. 137.

Dark green, sometimes forming a membranaceous stratum; cells 6-7^ /j- in

diam., 8-10 fi long.
On damp earth and planks in greenhouse at University. PI. XXII., Fig. 2.

Hormiscia zonata (Weber & Mohr) Aresch. Act. Soc. Upsal. 1866, p. 12.
Conferva zonata Weber & Mohr Reise 97. 1804.

Yellowish green, mucous, 5-30 cm. long; filaments often contorted or cespitose,
aggregated; vegetative cells 12-40, rarely 70, /u broad, equal to 2-3 times
shorter than broad; membrane broad, often lamellose; macrozoogonidia
12-19x10-13 fi\ microzoogonidia 5-11x4-7^ /i.
Streams, Lincoln. PI. XXII., Fig. 4.

2. MICROSPORA Thuret Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 5, XIV., 22. 1850.

Thallus of articulate, unbranched filaments, without rhizoid attachments;
chloroplasts in bands with starch granules; propagation by numerous,
very minute, biciliate microzoogonidia formed 1-2 in each cell, or by
aplanospores.

Etymology: Greek fiwpog, small, and o-opa, seed.

Thuret separated this genus from Conferva on account of the biciliate micro-
zoogonidia and the shape of the chloroplasts.

Mierospora ynlgaris Rabh. Krypt. Flor. v. Sachs. 245. 1863.

Bright green, articulations more or less swollen, 10 12 /< in diam, 2-3}£ times
as long; cell-contents usually very granular, cell-membrane firm.

THE FLOB \ OF N EBB t8E \.

Vab— farlowii Wolle Freshw. Alg. (" s 142. L887. Diameter of filaments,
Ditches, etc., Lincoln. PI. XXII.. Fig. a

Microspore abbreviata (Rabh.) LslGebh. Zur. Entwick Bin. Cont 17. L887
Conferva abort viata Rabh. Krypt. Flor. v. Sachs. 246.

Thallus small, cespitose, tufted, green or ferruginous; articulations -1m. rt.

cylindrical, not constricted al joints or swollen; cells 6 ? m diam.

before division not exc ling 2 diameters; membrane thin, hyaline;

chlorophyll homogeneous.
Lincoln.

3. APHAXOCHAETE Bebth. Neb. Verz. Susswasseralg. 214. 1878

Thallus epiphytic, composed of decumbent, articulate, branching filaments;

many of the cells drawn out into a long, inarticulate, narrowly sheathed,

soft awn.
Etymology: Greek wpavri^ indistinct, and }<>■■->,, hair

Apbanochaete globosa (Nobdstedt) Wolle. Freshw. A.lg i' s. L19. 1887

Her]> steiron globosum Nobdst. AJg. et. Char. Scand. ".!•; 1878.

Involved in a colorless mucus, somewhal globose, filaments procumbent;
cells globose or occasionally ovate, each bearing on the back a sheathed
awn. Cells 12 1G fi in diam.

On Nitella sp. from Cherry county. PL XVI I . Fig. "J.

4. HERPOSTK1ROX Naeg. in Kuetz. Sp. Alg. 123. 1849.

Epiphytic; thallus of articulate, irregularly branched, creeping aiaments
often forming a more or less irregular stratum; many of the cell
nished either on the side or at the apex with a more or less elonf
sheathless awn.

Etymology: Greek epiru, creep, and <rn .<■■. rigid

Herposteiron confervicolnm Naeg. 1 c, p. 124.

Filaments branched, appressed, creeping; vegetative cells 8 16x6 11 tumid;

awn dorsal, slender, hyaline, not discernibly articulate.

On Mouyeutitt yaiitjlr.eu from Bellevue. VI. XXII . l-'i^. I. a. I., c. and •!.

5. CHAETOPHORA Sohbank Hair. Flor. 17s:».

Thallus gelatinous, elastic, sometimes coriaceous, round or Irregularly laoin
iate; filaments branched, arranged radiately, the cells of the Qlamenl
and of the primary branches of equal size; chlorophyll-contents in
bands; terminal cells short subulate or drawn out into a long, hyaline

thread.
Etymology: Greek, {ami, hair, and , bear.

Chaetophora pisiformis (Roth) a. Syst.27. 1824.
Eivularia pisiformis Rotb Cat. Hot. ill . 338 1806.

Thallus globose, smooth, from the size of a mustard seed to that of a cherry,
bright green, shining, frequently aggregate lor confluent; filaments much
branched, radiating, articulations cylindrical; terminal cells awl ahaped
or drawn out into a soft, hyaline awn.
Attached to submerged stems and sticks in clear, standing water, probably
throughout the state. PL XIII.. Fig. •">.

Q± THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

Chaetophora cornu-damae (Roth) Ag. 1. c. 29.

Rivularia cornu damae Roth 1. c. 332.

( haetophora endiviaefolia Ag. Wolle Freshw. Alg. U. S. 117.

Thallus light green or occasionally discolored, 1-8 cm long, explanate, lacin
iate or dichotomously branched; cells of the primary branches long-
cylindrical or subelliptical, slightly swollen in the middle, 10-15 /i broad,
2-5 times as long; cells of the ultimate branches 8-11 /i broad, equal to or
a little longer than the width, constricted at the articulations, the ter-
minal cell ending in a long, hyaline, articulate soft awn.

Numerous varieties are described, most of which are only forms or stages in
the development of the mature plant.

In clear water in many parts of the state. PL XVII., Fig. 1, a-g.

6. STIOEOCIiOXIITM Kuetz. Phyc. Gener. 253. 1813.

Thallus gelatinous, thin, indeterminate; brauches and branchlets scattered;
apical cell subulate, often ending in a long, hyaline awn; propagation by
4-ciliate macrozoogonidia; reproduction by the union of rnicrozoogonidia.

Etymology: Greek oriyeog, sting, and k'/.ovwv, branch.

Stigeocloninm tenne (Ag.) Rabh. PL Eur. Alg. III., 337. 1868.
Draparnaldia tenuis Ag. Syst., 57. 1821.

Bright green, 1-40 mm. long, lubricous, sparsely branched; branches usually
simple, 9-15 >i in diam ; cell 1-5 times as long as diameter, slightly con-
stricted at the joints; branchlets short, nearly erect, subulate, apices
acute but not ending in an awn.
Very variable. Attached to sticks, roots, and stems in both running and
standing water. Very common. PL XVIII., Fig. 3.

Stigeocloiiinm nairam (Dillw.) Kuetz. Sp. Alg., 354. 1849.
Conferva nana Dillw. Brit. Conferv. 71, t. 30. 1809.

Cespitose, often 2-3 mm. high; filaments alternately branched; branches
abbreviated, somewhat attenuated upwards, ends obtuse, not piliferous;
cells equal to or a little shorter or longer than their diameter; 6-8 fi in
diam.
Forms a thin, slimy coating on sticks and stones in streams. Lincoln.
PL XVIII., Fig. 1.

Stigeocloiiium fnstigiatiim Kuetz. 1. c. 356.

Pale green, small, very much branched; branches radiately disposed, mucous;
upper branches alternate, fastigiate, moniliform, subpinnately approxi-
mate, erect, apices piliferous; filaments 10-15 fi in diam.; cells 1-3 times
as long as broad.

Minden. PL XVIII. , Fig. 2.

7. DRAPARNAUDIA Bory Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Par. XII., 399. 1808.

Draparnaldia Agardh Syst. 57. 1824.

Filaments articulate, much branched; the main stem comparatively thick,
composed of large, mostly hyaline cells, with a broad band containing a
few chlorophyll grains, always sterile, more or less densely furnished
with green, penicillate, fasciculate, opposite or alternate branches of
much smaller fertile cells; terminal cells of the branches empty, hyaline,
often elongated into a bristle.

Etymology: dedicated to Draparnaud, a French botanist.

The whole plant is involved in a soft mucous or gelatinous covering.

THE Fl.oi; \ < 'I NEBRA8K \.

Draparnaiidia plumosa (Vai oh.) a a. Syst. 58. L824.

Batrachospermum /»/»m<< urn Vai ch. Hist. Conf. t. XI . f. 2. I

Pale or yellowish green, 1 •"> cm. long; main filament hyaline, oftei

broad, cells l, tol1, times Longer than broad, verj slightly or doI at all
constricted at the joints; Lower cells of the branches 1" 12 broad equal
to double the diameter; upper cells cylindrical, G '.' broad, 2 3 times the
diameter iu length, sometimes not piliferous.

Closely related to the next, but distinguished bj the absence "i any constric
tion in the colls of the main filament.

Iu creeks, etc., Lincoln. PL, XIX., Fig. 1

Draparnamlia glome rat a (Vauch.) a .. I c. 59.
Batrachospermum glomeratum Vauch. 1. c. p. 11 1

Pale green, 1-10 cm. long, often swimming; main filament almost colorless,
30-70 ii broad; lower cells equal to or somewhat shorter than the diameter,
constricted at the joints, upper cells longer, mostly hyaline, wit h a narrow,
light green, transverse chlorophyll-band, always sterile; primary branches
spreading at right angles, fascicles of branches obtuse, oval, crowded, al-
ternate or opposite.
Streams, etc., Lincoln, Minden, Wahoo. PI. XIX.. Fig. J.

Family.— CLA.DOPHORACEAE.

Thallus aquatic, filiform, articulate, either simple or sub-simple; repeatedly branched
or with short rhizoid branches; free-swimming or attached by hyaline rhizoids; vegetative
cells multinucleate; chloroplasts parietal, laminiform, fragmentary, or disciform, ro-
tund to angular, sub-seriate; cell-membrane firm, not rarely Lamellose.

Propagation by 2-4-ciliate zoogonidia, which are developed in Large numbers in cells,
escaping through a pore in the cell-wall.

1. CLADOPHORA Ktjetz. Linnaea XVII., 9L L843.

Thallus free, or adnate, growing in water, or in dam] positions; filaments
articulate, branching; vegetative cells sub-cylindrical, plurinucleate;
chloroplasts disciform, parietal; propagation by small, 2 ciliate
nidia, and by larger 4-ciliate zoogonidia arising from simultaneous divi
sion of the plasm; reproduction by copulation of zoogonidia

Etymology: Greek kKoSoq, branch, and . bear.

Cladophora fracta (Dillw.) Kuetz. Phyc. gener. 26a 184a
Conferva fracta Dillwyx Brit. Conf. 65. XIV. L809.

Branches few, divaricate, often secund; cell contents not Bpirally disposed,
dark green, very granular; cell membrane sometimes very thick; art ica
lations more or less swollen; fertile cells never terminal, basal, or Inter
calated; diameter of stem, 50 L20 ; cells, 1 I times Longer; diameter ol
branches, 15 LO «; cells, 3 6 times Longer.

Var.— gossypina Kuetz. Filaments ion- and slender, sparsely branched; artlca
lations 6 LO times longer than broad, often of a Bilkj appearance, loosely

interwoven into Large masses.
Both type and variety are common in springs and ponds, probably through-
out the state.

66 THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kuetz. Phyc. Germ. 212. 1845.
Conferva glomerata L. Spec. PL 1157. 1753.

Branches not connate at base; branches of the second and third order
fasciculate; cell-contents reticulate, attached to the cell-wall; cell- wall
smooth; fruiting cell always terminal; cells of the stem, 55-100 (i in
diam., of the branches, 30-55 <«.
Very common and very variable; found in fresh and brackish water through-
out the state. PL XX., Figs, a, b, c.

Cladophora canal icularis (Roth.) Kuetz. Phyc. Germ. 214. 1845.
Conferva canalicularis Roth. Cat. II. 218. 1800.

Dichotomously, or trichotomously branched; branches connate at base, often
fasciculate above; cell-membrane of ten thick; fruiting cell terminal; cells
cylindrical 80-110 fi broad, 5-8 times as long, cells of the branches shorter,
35-50 fi in diam.
In creeks near Lincoln, not common.

Family.-PITHOPHORACEAE.

Thallus consisting of two parts; cauloid developed upward from the spore, fertile,
mostly branched, the branches arising a little below the top of their supporting cells;
rhizoid developed downwards from the spore, mostly sterile, simple, usually unicellular;
cells formed by division of the terminal cell; propagation by means of neutral, quiescent
spores, formed by the transformation of a whole cell or by the segregation of a part of
its plasm.

1. PITHOPHORA Wittb. Dev. and Syst. Arr. Pith. 47. 1877.
Characters of the family.
Etymology: Greek, mdog, jug, and <j>opew, bear.

Pithophora oedogonia (Mont.) Wittb. 1. c. 55.

Conferva oedogonia Montagne Crypt. Guyan. 301. 1835.

Slender, elongated; principal filaments of the cauloid part 70 n in diam. in
fertile specimens; branches solitary or opposite; spores single or rarely
in pairs, terminal, or intercalated; intercalated spores cask-shaped, I14x
230 fi; terminal spores cask-shaped, upper end obtusa-conical, 95x215 ,«.
In running water, Lincoln and South Bend. PL XVII., Figs. 3, 4.

Pithophora nlliiiis Nobdst. De Alg. et Char. Scand. 19. 1878.

Principal filament of the cauloid part 50-85 [i broad in fertile specimens;

branches sterile, opposite or alternate; spores intercalated or terminal;

terminal spores short, acuminate; apex rounded or obtuse; intercalated

spores 103x185 ft.
In stagnant water, Greenwood.

Family.— OEDOGONIACEAE.

Filaments simple or branched; terminal cell often ending in a long, hyaline seta:
basal cell lobed, forming a foot by which the plant is attached; growth intercalary,
shown by transverse striae at one end: propagation by zoospores; cell contents escap-
ing by rupture of the cell-wall, forming a large, oval, ciliate zoospore; reproduction by
oogones and antherids; oogones large, intercalated; antherids small, flask-shaped, borne
upon or near the oogones, or sometimes intercalated in the filament.

THE FLORA OF NKi'.i; U9£ \.

s^ NOPSIS.

Filaments simple

E llaments branched Bulbociiai (•

I. OEDOGOtflUM Link Nees. II. .r. Phys. Berol., 5. L820.

Thallus of simple, articulate filaments; vegetative cells cylindrical; terminal
cells often elongated or setiform; basal cell often lobed; propagation by
zoospores; reproduction by dioecious or mon »i
therids; fertilization by means of spermatozoids.
Etymology: Greek oidog, swollen, and ,- u, joint

Oedogoninm vrolleannm Wittb. Rab. Alg. Eur. 2, n. 2547.

Dioecious, idio-androsporous; oogones single or 2 5, rarely more, in a Beriee,

oval or elliptical, often terminal; oospore oval, marly filling th gone

more or less densely longitudinally cost ate; androsporangium6to 10-i
dwarf males, slightly curved, seated on the supporting cells; supporting
cells slightly tumid, 58-65x115-140^; vegetative cells, 18 35/ in diam.,
3-7 times as long; oogone, 05-80x78 90//; oospore, 05 7 ,,,. ,,,

dwarf males, 18-20x00 70 fi; sperm-cell, 12-14x10 L2

In ponds, Minden. PI. XXL, Fig. 2, a, b, c.
Oedogon i inn >la- ii m l« Kuetz. Sp. Alg., 308. 1849.

Dioecious, with narrow, elongated male plants; oogone single, slightly tumid,
subcylindrical, opening by a pore above the middle; oospore sabcylindri
cal, or globose, ellipsoid, occasionally si [ghl l.v constricted in the middle,
nearly filling the oogone; male plants more narrow than female; sper
mogones 1-3 celled, alternating with vegetative cells, terminal, elongated*
vegetative cells, 12 40 ,« in diam., \% "J times as long; oogones, 15
75 fi; oospores 45-49x50-00 /j., sperm-cell 36 38x7 1"

Common in pools in the western part of the state, l'l. XXII . pjg, \ ,,, |,
Oedogoiiinm polymoi plium Wittb. and Lindh. Prod Monog. « ledog., 12 1871

Monoecious, oogone single, rarely geminate, globose or ovoid opening above
the middle by a pore; oospore globose, not filling the oogone; antherid
1-10 celled, often terminal, epigynous, vegetative cells B 1 1 in diam., I 10
times as long; oogone, 30-35 /i in diam., oospore 25 :|) in diam; sperm-
cells, 8 fi in diam.

On Vaucheria in Dead Man's Run, Liiicolu. l'l. X X 1 1.. Pig. ::. a, l>.
Oedogoiiinm horisiamiiii (Le. Cl.) Wittr. Disp. < >edog. B tec. 132.
Prolifera borisiana Le Clebo. Sur. gen. Prolifera 17."..

Dioecious, gynandrosporous; oogones single, or in series of 2-3, obovoid,
opening by a pore above the middle; oospore almost filling the oogone;
supporting cell swollen, more or less curved, dwarf males slight l.v can ed,
attached to supporting cell; vegetative cells 15 35 in diam., 3 5 times
longer, supporting cells 30 12 . -J 3 times Longer; oogone \'< 50x60
oospore, 45-60x40 75 u; stipe of dwarf males, L5 20x45 v" ; Bperm cells
8-10x12-20 //.

In streams, Lincoln. Very variable, bul easily distinguished by the I
bent, supporting cell. l'l. XXII.. Pig 5.

Ocdo«oniiim delicatnm Kuetz. Pbyo. Gener. 254. L843.

Pale; attached by a discoid base; vegetative cells cylindrical, 6 6 I

often 4 or more times as long; oogone single, globose, inflated; both ends

somewhat produced. 17 18x20 . oospore globose, 12 II ■ in diam.
In flowing water, Lincoln.

(58 THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

». BlIIiBOCHAETE Ac, Syn. Alg. XXIX. 1817.

Thallus of articulate, branching filaments; articulations thickened upwards,
and bearing at or near the apex a long, slender, hyaline awn, which is
bulbous at the base; reproduction as in Oedogonium.

Etymology: Greek po?.{3os, bulb, and xaLT>h hair.

Bnlbochaete polyandra Cleve Wittr. Dis. Oedo. Suec, 140.

Dioecious, idio-androsporous; oogones somewhat depressed-globose, beneath
a terminal awn or a vegetative cell; dissepiment of supporting cell
usually above the middle; epispore delicately crenulate, or nearly
smooth; androsporangia 4-10 celled; dwarf males seated on the oogones;
stipe curved; vegetative cells 15-20 p in diam., 3-6 times longer; oogone
35-48 p in diam.; dwarf males 8-9x20-23 p.

In stagnant pools, Minden.

Bnlbochaete mirabilis Wittr. Dis. Oedog. Suec. 187.

Monoecious; oogone ellipsoid or oblong, spreading or more rarely erect, be-
neath a terminal awn or a vegetative cell; antherids 2-4 celled, subepigyn-
ous or scattered; vegetative cells 16-20 p wide, l}i-l% times as long;
oogones 25-35x45-56 p; antherids 10-12x7-9 p.

In stagnant pools, Lincoln, Minden. PL XXII., Fig. 5.

Bnlbochaete snbsimplex Wittr. Disp. Oedog. Suec, 142.

Monoecious; oogones ellipsoid, spreading beneath the epigynous androspo-
rangia or terminal setae; dwarf males on or near the oogones; plants
erect, branches often imperfectly developed; vegetative cells, 15-16 p in
diam.; 1-1 % times as long; oogones 26-28x39-42 p; dwarf males 10x15 p.

In lakes, Cherry county.

DESCRIPTIVE
PLATES TO PART I.

PLATE I.

Fig. ] Chroococcus cohaerens.

« o Microcystis protogenita.

« 3 Gloeocapsa arenaria.

« 4 Nostoc pruniforme.

a, cell mass; b, filaments, with heterocyst.

« 5 Merismopedia glauca.

" 6 Spirulina subsalsa.

« 7 Arthospori jenneri.

" 8 Sphaerozyga polysperma.

« 9 Sphaerozyga smithii.

" 10 Sphaerozyga smithii.

•' 11 Cylindrospermum limnicola.

" 12 Anabaena flos-aquae circinalis.

" 13 Oscillaria violacea.

« 11 Oscillaria f roelichii f usca.

" 15 Phormidium autumnale.

" 16 Oscillaria tenuis.

" 17 Oscillaria princeps.

PLATE II.

Fig. 18 Oscillaria tenerrima.

'• 19 Schizothrix calcicola.

" 20 Lyngbya ochracea.

" 21 Microcoleus vaginatus.

" 22 Lyngbya vulgaris.

'• 23 Phormidium tenue.

•• 21 Scytonenia ciuereum.

•• 2."> Lyngbya aestuarii.

'• 26 Lyngbya obscura.

'• 27 Beggiatoa pellucida.

" 28 Beggiatoa araehnoidea.

" 29 Beggiatoa alba marina.

" 30 Scytonema boffmanni.

mxrm

■

TTT03133XC

^ H^»^§§S^

l;-;--,L-

*

PLATE III.

Fig. 31 Isactis fluviatilis.

" 32 Gloeotrichia natans.

a, filament with heterocyst; b, cell-masses.
" 33 Gloeotrichia pisum.

I

PLATE IV.

Fig. 1 Tetraspora lubrioa.

*• 2 Tetraedon trigonum minus.

" 3 Tetraedon longispinum.

4i 4 Tetraedon trigonum tetragonum.

" 5 Characium naegelii.

" 6 Hydrodictyon reticulatum.

" 7 Scenedesmus dimorphus.

'• 8 Scenedesmus bijugatus.

" 9 . Scenedesmus quadricauda.

" 10 Scenedesmus obliquus.

•• ] 1 Protococcus viridis.

a, typical form; b, form with sheath; c, var. miuiatus.

" 12 Rhaphidium polymorphum aciculare-

" 13 Rhaphidium sigmoideum.

" 14 Rhaphidium falcatum.

" 15 Rhaphidium convolutum.

" 16 Sorastrum spinulosum.

a, single cell; b, coenobium.

" 17 Pediastrum tetras.

" 18 Pediastrum'boryanum.

" 19 Pediastrum duplex clathratum.

"20 Pediastrum angulosum.

"21 Closterium acuminatum.

►%'?**

- "■ ®Mi

••'Ai*a

•>"" r.f

- ... ^K

PLATE V.

fig, i Closterium acerosum.

" o Closterium moniliferum.

« 3 Closterium striolatum.

m 4 Docidium baculina.

u 5 Pleurotaenium uodulosum.

u q Penium closterioides.

" 7, zygospore Closterium striolatum.

u g Closterium parvulum.

«, normal form; b, zygospore.

PLATE VI.

Pig. ] Micrasterias americana.

" 2 Spirotaenia condensata.

a, resting spore.

3 Sphaerozosma filiforme.

4 Sphaerozosma serratuni.

6 Desmidium swartzii.

a, end view.

7 Desmidium aptogonium.

a, form.

8 Staurastrum pseudopachyrhynchium.

a, end view; b, end view.

9 Closterinm dianae.

10 Closterium jenneri.

a, cell with chloroplasts.

11 Arthrodesmus octocornis.

a, end view.

12 Arthrodesmus octocornis.

a, end view.
13, cells in process of fission.. .Xanthidium fasciculatum.
14 Xanthidium fasciculatum.

PLATE VII.

Fig. 1 Cosmarium conspersum.

a, front view: /». end view: e, zygospore.
" 2 Cosmarium uudulatum.

a, front view; b, end view.
" 3 Cosmarium leve septentrionale.

a, front view; b, end view; c, side view.
" i Cosmarium rectangulare.

a, front view: b, side view; c, end view.
" 5 Cosmarium broomei.

a, front view: b, side view.

" 6 Pleurotaeniopsis ralfsii.

" 7 Cosmarium granatum.

" 8 Cosmarium subcrenatum.

" 9, side view Cosmarium subcrenatum.

"10 Cosmarium tinctum.

a. front view; b, side view; c, zygospore.
"11 Cosmarium bioculatum.

a. front view; b, side view; c, end view.
"12 Cosmarium nieneghinii.

a, front view; b, side view; c, end view.
"13 Cosmarium nitidulum.

a, front view; b, side view.
"14 Cosmarium pulcherrimum.

a, front view; b, side view; c, end view.
"15 Euastrum verrucosum.

a, front view; b, side view.

"16 Euastrum inerme.

"17 Staurastrum gracile.

a, front view; b, end view.
"18 Staurastrum polymorphum.

a, front view; b, front view — form.
"19 Staurastrum polymorphum.

a, front view; b, end view.
"20 Staurastrum crenulatum.

a, end view; b, end view; e, front view.
"21 Staurastrum aristiferum

<(, front view; b, end view.
"22 Mierasterias speeiosa.

: )J3 /

\\^c

WW 53

"53

f 1 n

PLATE VIII.

Fig. 1 Mougeotia genuflexa.

a, fruiting filament.

" 2 Zygnema cruciatum.

" 3 Zygnema pectinatum anomalum.

" 4 Spirogy ra tenuissinia.

a, fruiting filament.
" 5 Spirogyra grevilleana.

a, conjugating filaments.
" 6 Spirogyra inflata.

a, fruiting filaments; b, filaments in conjugation.
" 7 Spirogyra varians.

a, filaments in conjugation.
" 8 Spirogyra caiospora.

PLATE IX.

Fig. 1 Spirogyra decimina.

a, form; b, conjugating filaments.
" 2 Spirogyra quadrata.

a. fruiting filament.
" 3 Spirogyra mirabilis.

a, fruiting filament.
" 4 a Spirogyra insignis brauuii.

4, conjugating filaments.

PLATE X.

Fig. 1 Spirogyra fluviatilis.

a, conjugating filaments.
2 Spirogyra orbicularis

a, fruiting filament.
3 a Spirogyra majuscula.

3, vegetative filament.
" 4 Spirogyra adnata.

a, conjugating filaments.
5 Spirogyra porticalis.

a, fruiting filament.

PLATE XI.

Fig. 1 Spirogyra crassa.

a, conjugating filaments.

PLATE XII.

Fig. 1, radicle with zoospores Botrydium grauulatum.

a, cells highly magnified, showing radicles; b, an aborted
cell; c, scattering of microzoogonidia; d, cells slightly mag-
nified; e, zoospores several days old; /, younger zoospores.

" 2 Vaucheria tuberosa.

' 3 Vaucheria geminata racemosa.

PLATE XIII.

Fig. 1 Vaucheria sessilis.

" 2 Vaucheria aversa.

" 3 Vaucheria terrestris.

" 4 Enteromorpha intestinalis.

a, zoospores.
" 5 Chaetophora pisiformis.

l&r.

~2)

s^

~^\

PLATE XIV.

Pig. 1 (after Fischer) Mucor mucedo.

o, sporangium; b, columella; c, columella and spores.
« o Mucor racemosus.

a, sporangiophore; b, culture growth (after Fischer); c,

chlamydospores.
» 3 Phycomyces nitens.

a, natural appearance; b, columella (after Fischer); c,

spores.
« 4 Ascophora mucedo.

a, spores; t», sporangium; c, sporangiophore; d, stolon.
» 5 Hydrogera obliqua.

a, spores.
» g Chaetocladium bref eldii.

a, sporangiophore.

^c^^

PLATE XV.

Fig:. 1, section of a gall (after Farlow) Synchytriuni peckii.

a, sporangium; 6, zoospores.

- 2, conidiophore and conidium Entomophthora muscae.

a, germinating conidium.

" 3, resting spores Entomophthora grylli.

a, germinating spore; b, common form of resting spore.

" 4, oogone (after Humphrey) Saprolegnia f erax.

" 5, zoosporangium (after Lindstedt). . ..Dictyuchus magnusii.

a, oogones and antherids; b, oospore; c, germinating zo-
ospores.

PLATE XVI.

Fig. 1, conidiophore and conidia Bremia lactucae.

a, conidia; b, oospore.
" "2, conidiophore and conidia Peronospora parasitica.

a, conidia; b, oospore and oogone.
" 3, conidiophores and conidia Albugo portulacae.

a, conidia; b, oospore.
" 4, conidiophores and conidia Sclerospora graminicoh

a, conidia; b, oospore.
" 5, conidiophores and conidia Plasmopara halstedii.

a, conidia; b, oospore.

PLATE XVII.

Fig. 1 Chaetophora cornu-damae.

a, l>, c, d, e, different forms of thallus; /, thallus more

highly magnified; g, filaments.

" 2 Aphanochaete globosa.

" 3 Pithophora oedogonia.

•• i. highly magnified Pithophora oedogonia.

$ -

* 0

0

• /

'■•■

PLATE XVIII.

Fig. 1 Stigeoclonium nanum.

" 2 Stigeoclonium fastigiatum.

" 3 Stigeoclonium tenue.

PLATE XIX.

Fig. 1 Drapamaudia plumosa.

" 2 Drapamaudia glomerata.

PLATE XX.

Fig. 1 Cladophora glomerata.

a, c, main filament with branches; 5, main filament more
highly magnified.

PLATE XXI.

Pig. 1 (After Wolle) Oedogonium.

a, b, zoospores escaping; c, d,f, zoospores germinating; e,
androspores escaping.

2 Oedogonium wolleanum.

,i. fruiting filaments greatly magnified; 1>, androsporous
filament: c, fruiting filament.

" 3 Oedogonium polymorphum.

a. androsporous filament; b. female filament.

i Oedogonium stagnale.

<i, female filament; b. androsporous filament,
.-) Oedogonium borisianum.

PLATE XXIL

Fig 1 Herposteiron conf ervicolum.

«, b, c, d, different forms.

"2 Hormiscia flaccida nitens.

«3 Microspora vulgaris f arlowii.

"4 Hormiscia zonata.

"5 Bulbochaete mirabilis.

XS2IS

Li :

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA.

FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

Published by the Botanical Seminar.

PAET II.
COLEOCHAETACEAE, CHARACEAE.

BY

Albert F. Woods, M.A.

Branch III.-CARPOPHYTA.

Multicellular plants; plant-body, for the most part, a parenchymatous ti
gate, with or without chlorophyll; vegetative cells typically unmodified, cylindrical, or
hexagonal; reproduction sexual and asexual; asexual reproduction in the chlorophyll
series chiefly by means of tetraspores, in the hysterophytic series by means of stylo
chlamydosporos, and conidia proper; sexual reproduction by means of carpogones and
antherids, resulting in the formation of a sporocarp.

Chiefly marine holophytes, or terrestrial hysterophytes. Plant body an andiffer
entiated aggregate of parenchyma-cells, forming a tissue mass, exoepl in the /■
iaceae, Charophyceae and the unicellular Saccharomycetes. Chlorophyll La absent in
most of the orders. When present, it is often more or less masked by other substances,
as the red and purple coloring matters of the Rhodophyceae and the lime incrustation "f
the Charophyceae. Asexual reproduction is typical of but two classes, Ascomyc* b
Rhodophyceae. In the former, it results by means of conidia. stylospores, and, more
rarely, by chlamydosporos; in the latter uniformly by means of tetraspores. The fertili
zation of the carpogone by the contents of the antherid, typically through the medium of
a trichogyne, produces a so-called sporocarp, which is characterist io of the branch In t be
Charophyceae, however, the fertilization does not result in the formation of a Bporocarp,
In the hysterophytes, moreover, sexuality decreases with the distance from the point of
derivation of the group until it finally disappears, but at the same time without aoorres
ponding modification in the production of the sporocarp.

The relationships of the carpophytes are varied, and their inter-relations son*
obscure. Through the holophytic series they connect in a nearly straight line, the Phyo
ophytes with the Bryophytes, notwithstanding the evident break at the beginning of the
series. On the other hand the hysterophytic series, which ends blin Uj at the apj
probably falls into two natural divisions, one of which, represented by the Aaco
and Basidiomycetes, has perhaps had its origin in or near the P< ronotporaceae, while the
other represented by the Laboulbeniaceae, etc., lias its derivation and relationship "till
involved in great obscurity.

Class III— COLEOCHAETEAE.

Small green plants growing attached to submerged stem- an 1 leaves; thallus oom
posed of branched rows of cells more or less united laterally into a flat, irregular or eir
cular disk. Reproduction by sexually produced oarpospores and asexual swarm-spores
(zoogonidia).

The terminal cell of a branch which is to produce a oarpospore swells, and the upper
portion elongates into a narrow tubular process (triohogyne) which open* at the top
At the same time antherids develop from oertain cells as small flask shape I outgrowths,
usually three or four from a cell. Each antherid thus formed outs off from the
mother-cell by a transverse wall, and the contents form a single biolliate anthei
which escapes and finds its way to the female oell, probably through the triohogyne
After fertilization, the female cell forms a wall around itself Inside the old oell wall, and
the whole becomes enveloped by a coating of cells which grows up from below, thus
formiug a sporocarp with a siuglo carpospore.

120 THE FLOEA OF NEBEASKA.

The Coleochaeteae are related to the Oedogoniaceae on the one hand and to the Flori-
deae on the other. It is possible also that the origin of the great groups of the higher
fungi is to be found in some such group as this. The nature and significance of the proc-
ess of the formation of the sporocarp of the higher fungi has been a fruitful cause of
discussion, and it has been commonly thought of late that it had no relation to the car-
pospore of the Coleochaeteae, or to the oospore of the Phycophytes, but was rather homol-
ogous to the asexual spore-formation of the lower fungi. But the Laboulbeniaceae,
which according to recent investigation exhibit asexual reproduction of the same type
as the Coleochaeteae and Florideae, indicate that this view is erroneous and that the
origin of the higher fungi is to be sought in about the same place as that of the last
named groups.

There is but oue order and family:

Order 7.-COEEOCHAETACEAE.

Family.— COLEOCHAETACEAE.

The characters of the class. There is but one genus. A second one — Chuetopeltis-
is thought by some to belong here also. It is distinguished from Coleochaete by the
production of 2-4-8 swarm-spores in each spore mother-cell instead of a single one as in
Coleochaete.

1. COLEOCHAETE Breb. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. 3, I., 29. 1844.
The characters of the family.
Etymology: Greek Ko/ieog, sheath, and xaiT1, hair.

Coleochaete irregularis Pringsh. Jahrb II, 1-38, taf. 1-6. 18G0.

Irregularly branched, cells 4 to 5-angled, 10-20 fi broad, usually 8-10 ft long
or sometimes twice as long as wide; carpogones 40-60 « in diam.

Grows in more or less extended irregular sheets closely adhering to the sub-
stratum. The cortication around the carpospore is sometimes only par-
tially developed.

On Lemna and Chara spp. from Cherry county, and on Nitella from Minden.
PI. XXIIL, Fig. 3, xlOO.

Coleochaete scntata Breb. 1. c. t. II.

Thallus flat, bright green, .5-2mm. in diam., made up of dichotomously
branched filaments united in a more or less lobed orbicular disc; cells
thick-walled, 4-5-angled or rounded, 13-17 /j. wide, 10-40 fi long; carpospore
subglobose, 85-100 /j, in diam.

Extremely variable as to size and shape.

On Chara from Cherry county. Plate XXIII., Fig. 1. xlOO.

Coleochaete orbicularis Pringsh. 1. c.

Thallus like that of C. scutata, but regularly orbicular, not lobed, .5-2 mm.

in diam., cells usually isodiametric, 10-17 /u; fruit as in C. scutata, but not

so often found as in that species.
On Lemna and Chara, Cherry county, and on Chara, Minden. PI. XXIIL

Fig. 2. xlOO.
This species is probably only a variety of C. scutata.

Till, i i.oi: \ I »] \i:i',i: KSE \. ] - .

Class VI.— KHODOPHYCEAE.

Thallus simple, or of branched filaments, or Leaf Like or bushy in growth, Bfa
more or less differentiation of cells into tissues; chlorophyll usuallj
shade of red; carpogone as in Coleochaet* consisting of a cell with an upward
tion (trichogyne), but closed al the top; antherids produced singly or in clusters on the
ends of branches; antherozoids without cilia Asexual reproduction by non-motil<
tetragonidia (tetraspores) formed on certain branches or on any part of the plant body,
but not usually found on sexual plants.

After fertilization, in the sun pi it tonus (Bangiacecu . the contents of the
divide into eight parts which escape immediately as globular amoeboid cells and

time come to rest, develop a cell wall, and germinate. Ln the higher families t h intents

of the carpogone do not divide ami escape after fertilization, bul push out as Lateral
protuberances which are cut off as separate spores having the ; erminate im

mediately. There are also other groups of this das-, in which the formation of the
carpospore is much more complex. In most cases alter fertilization a coating of ••ell-
grows up from below the carpogone surrounding it as in CoZ oehaete. It will be seen thai
the reproduction of the lower forms differs only slightly from thai of the Oedog
and Coleochaetaceae, to which they are evidently closely related.

There is but one order.

Order 19.— FLORIDEAE.— The characters of the class. Mostly marine, but

species widely distributed in fresh water.
But one family is represented in our limits.

Family.- NEMALIACEAE.

Plant-body gelatinous, composed of an axial, branched, articulate filament,
surrounded with a cortex of similar filaments, with horizontal, corymbose, or verticillate
branches on which are borne the antherids and carpogones.

SYNOPSIS.

Axial filament covered with a loose corticatiou of similar filaments.. . . Batrachospt rmum
Filaments not corticated ChanU

1. BATRACHOSPERHLMI Hot,,. Fl. Germ. 111. L50. L800.

Axial filament surrounded by a cortex of similar parallel filaments, clothed
with subglobose whorls of branchlets on t he ends of w hich are borne the
carpogones and antherids.

Etymology: Greek, /?«r/j«Ar<<;, frog, and . set I.

Batrachospermiim gelatinosum (L.) A. F. Woods Rep Bot. Surv. Neb. III.
G. 1894.
Conferva gelatinosa Linnb Spec. PI. 1166. 1753.
Batrachospermum moniliforme Roth 1. c.

Plants 5-2() cm. long, l 2 mm. broad, gelatinous, dark purplish-green; main
stems and branches composed of an axial, articulate filament 001
with a loose coat (cortication) of similar filaments from whioh ai
more or less regular intervals dense globular whorls of moniliform,
dichotomously divided branchlets.
In springs, Bellevue.

122 THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

Plate XXIV., Fig. 1, a portion of the plant body x50; Fig. 2, r branchlet
x500; Fig. 3, branchlet with antherids; Fig 4, branchlet with young car-
pogone; Fig. 5, carpogone with antherozoids (corpuscula) attached. The
carpospores have developed and cells from below have started to grow up
around them, thus forming a sporocarp. (Figs. 3-5 after Bornet and
Thuret.)

2. CHANTR ANSIA Desv. Obs. PI. des. Env. d' Angers. 1818.

Plants growing in tufts, bluish-green or violet, filaments irregularly branched,
composed of a single series of cylindrical cells, not corticated; anthe-
rids one-celled, on the ends of short, clustered branches; carpogones at
the ends of similar branches.

Etymology: dedicated to Chantrans.

This genus is of doubtful position. It may be placed in any one of several
of the lower families of the Florideae. Many of the fresh-water species
have been shown to be early stages of plants belonging to other well de-
fined genera, as Batracliospermum, Lemanea, etc.

< 'lui ill ransia violacea Kuetz. Phyc. Germ. 231. 1845.

Plants 1-2 mm. long, arising from a thalloid mass of cells; filaments not

greatly branched; cells 8-10 fi wide, 5-8 times as long as broad; branches

fastigiate; fruit on short, cylindrical branchlets.
Bellevue, with Batracliospermum gelatinosum.
PI. XXIII., Fig. 4, a portion of thallus with filaments arising. A and B

fruiting branches.

Class VII.-CHAROPHYCEAE.

Slender, submerged, aquatic plants, from a centimeter to a meter long, with mono-
podial racemose branching and verticillate leaves; stems rising in tufts or mats from the
substratum to which they are fastened by slender rhizoids; sexual reproduction by means
of carpogones and antherids, produced monoeciously or dioeciously in the axils or at
the nodes of the leaves; asaxual reproduction by means of stunted branches.

These plants are rich in chlorophyll, though this is sometimes masked by a thin coat-
ing of carbonate of lime, giving them an ashy-green appearance and making them very
fragile.

The stems and branches are made up of a single row of long, cylindrical cells placed
end to end. The leaves arising from the nodes are of the same structure. Around the
axes there may be developed a coating of long tubular cells (cortication) parallel to the
axial cell. The sexual organs consist of more or less globular carpogones and antherids,
produced monoeciously or dioeciously in the axils, or at the nodes of the leaves. Each
carpogone consists of a single, large, spirally corticated cell which after fertilization
becomes a carpospore. The globular antherid is made up of eight "shields," within
which is ultimately produced on each shield a tuft of filaments, each cell of which pro-
duces a spirally coiled, biciliate antherozoid.

The carpospore in germination produces a simple plant, the so-called pro-embryo>
consisting of a single row of cells with limited apical growth. The sexual plant arises
from this as a lateral branch.

The close relation of the Bangiaceae among the lower Florideae with the Oedogon-
iaceae and the Coleochaeteae has already been remarked. There is no essential point in
the reproduction of the Charophycae or in the structure of their plant-body that differs

THE FLORA OF NEBRA8X \.

from what is to be found in those gr is, and their relation to them U evident The

orxgrn ol the Bryophytes is also, apparently, to be found in aboul the same :
Ihe class contains but one order.

Order SO.-CHARACEAE.-The characters of the class; widely distribul

fresh and brackish water.

SYNOPSIS.

Stems, branches, and leaves never -Heated and withoul utipules; crown of

carpogone of ten colls Y,7. //, ,„

With or without cortication; stipules at the base of the leaf-whorls more 01

developed; crown of five cells ( Viareai

Family. NITELLEAE.

Crown of the carpogone made up of two superimposed rings ol Qve cells each; litems.
branches, and leaves never corticated and without stipules; leaves 5 B in a ul,.,il. some
times with smaller accessory leaflets, with 1 3 leaflet-bearing nodes; monoecious or ■lib-
elous; carpogones single or clustered, arising from the nodes of the leaves in the forkings
of the leaflets; basal cell of the carpogone usually short, covering oi ap ire with
careous layer.

1. tfITELL,A Ag. Syst. Alg. 123. 1824.

Monoecious or dioecious, antherids terminal on short, basal cells, only appar

ently in the forks of the leaves; carpogones single or clustered, lateral on

the nodes of the leaves, in monoecious species just bene itb the antherids;

crown 10 celled; leaves with several segments, bul only 1 leaflet bearing

node; leaflets often repeatedly divided.
Etymology: Latin niteo, shine.

Nitella *iih»loiii<'i-ntn A. Br. Monatsbericht BerL Akad. 1853,
Nitella acuminata subglomerata A. Bb. of later pubL

Plants about 15-30 cm. long, diffusely branched; stems and branches about
1 mm. in diam.; leaves only slightly Less in diameter t ban the stems

ticels of 6-8 similar leaves which are once forked, end segments otu ■■• II- ■/.
tapering to a sharp point; fertile verticals more or Less contracted; mono
ecious, fructification not enveloped in jelly; antherids globular,
360 ,« in diam.; carpogones often clustered belon the antherids; Bpores
260-270 ,« long, nearly globular, 230 wide, with 5 6 l"\\ spiral i
membrane of the mature spore very Loosely reticulated or pitted

Minden, York.

PI. XXV., Fig. 1, part of a stem with Leaves, natural size; Pig. J. fruitii
ticel x50; Fig. 3, spore x50; Pig. 1. membrane of a spon

Nitella flexilis (L.) Ag. Syst. Alg. 124. 1824
Chara fleocilis L. Spec. PI. lloT. 17.~>>.

Plants rather long and not greatly branched; leaves Long, 6 In i

each divided into 1-4 terminal Leaflets with rounded or Bhort pointed
tips; monoecious, fructification not enveloped Ln jelly; antherids <•
diam. (Allen), carpospore aboul 125x375 (Allen), often several
node, crown evanescent.

124 THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

Sometimes resembles N. subglomerata in general appearance, but may be
distinguished by its larger antherids and carpogones and by the bluntish
or short-pointed leaves.

Minden.

PI. XXVI., Fig. 1, 1 a, branches, natural size; Fig. 2, 2 a, parts of leaves show-
ing antherids and carpogones.

Nitella opaca Ag. I.e.

Plants 10-20 cm. long (5-30 cm., Allen), not greatly branched; verticels of 6-7
leaves usually divided into 2-3 terminal one-celled leaflets, abruptly
sharp-pointed or bluntish as in N. flexilis, which this species resembles
very much in habit; fruiting verticels contracted, though not so much as
in N. subglomerata; dioecious, organs of fructification not enveloped in
jelly; antherids variable in size, usually large (according to Allen some-
times 800 fi in diam.), carpogones 1-3 at a node, crown evanescent, spore
300-360x210-300 ft (Migula).

The dried plants are dark-colored and somewhat opaque.

In Deadman's Run, Lincoln.

PL XXVII., Fig. 1, part of a plant natural size; Fig. 2, part of a fruiting ver-
ticel x50; Fig. 3, spore x50.

Xitel la mneroiiata A. Br. Schweiz. Char. 1817.

Chara mucronata A. Br. Anu. Sc. Nat. Bot. 1, II., 351. 1831.

Plants about 5-20 cm. long, branching freely, usually 6 leaves in a whorl,
primary leaves branched into 2-5 secondary leaflets, these again branched
into 1-3 ultimate 2-3 celled segments, end-cell mucroniform; monoecious,
fructification not enveloped in jelly, fruit usually in all the divisions of
the leaves; carpogones single or aggregated, spore 270-380 /i (Nordstedt),
crown persistent.

This species may be easily distinguished from the other Nebraska species
by the repeatedly branched leaves with mucroniform tips.

Minden.

PI. XXVIII Fig. 1., part of plant natural size; Fig. 2, fruiting verticel x50;
Fig. 3, spore x50.

Nitella translncens (Pers.) Ag. 1. c,

Chara translucens Pers. Syn. II., 351. 1807.

Plants rather large, 10-40 cm. high, not greatly branched; whorls of sterile
leaves 5-6, undivided, large, 1-celled, terminated by 4 2-celled, mucronate
tips; fertile verticels contracted into small heads, 1-4 mm. in diam.;
usually axillary, sometimes terminal, primary leaf 1-3 times divided into
4, ultimate leaflets 2-celled, end-cell mucronate, 95-126 /i long, 32-42 fi wide
at the base, point thick-walled and sharp; monoecious; carpogones 1-2
at a node; spore 230-270 fi long, nearly as wide as long, dark-brown, with
5-6 scarcely prominent ridges, membrane of the spore closely reticulated.

York. The fruiting verticels of this plant are exactly like those described
and figured by A. Braun in Nordstedt Fragm. as N. axillrias A. Br. But
the spores of N. axillaris are said to be 290-340 fi long.

PI. XXIX. Fig. 1, plant natural size; Fig. 2, fruiting verticel x50; Fig. 3, spore
x50; Fig. 4, membrane x350; Figs. 6 and 7, end-cells of leaves x50.

Form confervoiues Thuill Flor. Env. Par. 1790.

Plants very much smaller and more branched than the type; main stems only
270 fi in diam.; leaves and leaflets in whorls of 4-5, usually 4; primary seg-

THE FLOBA OF NTEBBASE L

ments in fruiting verticels 900 p long,

(i long, 80 it wide, tertiary segm mts l I 5 mm

sharp, cuspidate cell as in the spec ts in the sp

The plant found here Lsvery much smaller than any described fori
translucens. The general Bize and li.tt.it is thai ol N '
Coss. & Germ, form, minor A. Bb., bul the spore-ofa
structure of the mucronato colls of the Leaves show undoubted connec-
tion with X. translucens.

PL XXIX., Fig. 8, branch with fruiting rertioel >, end-oella

let x350.

[Tolypella has the general habit of Nitella, from which it may be distin-
guished bythe following characters: Leaves with 2 -:; a >des bearing prlmarj
leaflets, always monoecious, antherids lateral, often with Long basal oeU,

carpogonos clustered. No species of the genus have asyel i q oba >n

Nebraska, but from the reported distribution of several of them it ■-
likely that some will bo found.]

Family.— CHAREAE.

Crown of the carpogone made up of five cells; stems and Leaves with <>r withoul crti
cation; stipules at the base of the leaf-whorls, more or Less developed, one celled;
6 15 ina whorl; carpogones and antherids on the upper sides of the Leaves, spore usually

coated with a calcareous layer.

The family contains four genera, of which only ouo is heir represenl

1. CHARA L. Sp. PL 1156. 1753.

The characters of the family.
Etymology: Greek xaPa, joy.

Chara coronata Ziz. in A. Br. Alg. Bot, Zeit. i. 59. L835

Plants usually large, from a few centimeters to a meter long, short forms
usually much branched with firm, broad stems and Leaves, 1 L5 nun ; Inn..'
forms with cells less firm and narrower, no cortication, stipules at the
base of the leaves forming a simple whorl; Leaves Long, 3 1" .-.•IK .•inline
in a crown of 3 5 mucronate cells; monoecious, c irpog >nes and antherids
produced usually at all the nodes of the leaves, antherids variable,
300 /t in diam., carpogones variable, crown Large, oells rather Long, usually
spreading, sometimes connivent; spore \5 I 560 . black, braota extremely
variable, from very much shorter than the carpogone to three timi
long — quite variable on the same plant

Common all over the state.

The specimens collected at York in 1893 by Miss Hopper are long, Blender
plants, spores 150-501x270-306 u, bracts very short, 3 5 times as 1"'
wide, acuminate, leaves 3-6 celled PL XXX.,Fig L, pari of plant natural
size; Fig. -4, carpogone s50. The speoimens In the herbarium of the
Botanical Survey from Cherry county and from Greenwood are i
and more branched; nucleus (Greenwood speoimi
bracts 1-3 times as lone as the carpogone; (Cherry county speoim
540-556x300 320 u, bracts aboul equal to the carpog

PL XXX., Fig. 2, part of plant, natural ao Le with o irp tgones

Fig. 5, young carpogones and antherids \~" m with bat

leaves showing stipules k25; Fig. 7, end-cells ol teal

126 THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

Chara eontraria A. Br. Schweizer Char. 15. 1847, Nordst Fragm. 141. 1882.

Plants rather long, 20-40 cm., not greatly branched; branches usually short;
stems and branches corticated; cortex-cells twice as many as the leaves
in the whorl next above; primary (or spine-bearing cortex cells) usually
most prominent; stipular whorl double; stipules ultimately falling off,
leaving two rows of scars; leaves 6-10 in a whorl, variable in length and
number of corticated nodes, lower node always corticated: end-cell of
the leaf not corticated, short and obtuse; whorls often remote; monoe-
cious, 1-4 fertile joints; antherids small, 300-324 (i in diam. (280-350 fi
Migula); carpogones large, 900 // long; crown short and blunt; spore
570-612x370-380//; dark brown; 10-14 striate; bracts usually shorter than
the carpogone.

Fremont, ponds in Cherry county; Ponca river, Boyd county.

May be distinguished from C. foetida by the larger spore. According to Mi-
gula the spores of C. foetida are never longer than 550 p. and those of
C. eontraria never shorter than 550 //.

PI. XXXI., Fig. 1, part of a plant natural size; Fig. 2, part of stem showing
cortication, leaf-whorl, and stipular whorl x50; Fig. 3, part of leaf show-
ing naked end-cells and two fertile corticated nodes x50; Fig. 4, cross
section of stem x50, (a) young spine.

Chara foetida A. Br. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 1, II., 354. 1834. Flora 1835, p. 63.

General habit like C. eontraria, but more branched and leaf whorls-less re-
mote; stems and branches corticated; cortex-cells twice as many as the
leaves in the whorl next above; primary (or spine-bearing cells) usually
less prominent than secondary cells; stipular-whorl double and promi-
nent; stipules persistent for some time and not blunt as in C. eontraria;
leaves 6-10 in a whorl, with 1 to several corticated nodes, and 1 or more
naked ones; end-cell of the leaf acute (not blunt as in C. eontraria);
monoecious; 1-4 fertile joints; antherids about 360// in diam.; carpogones
small; crown short, blunt; spores 486 -540x370-380 u; dark brown; 10-14
striate; 2 bracts at fertile joints longer than the carpogone, and 2 the
same length or shorter.

Variations in the length of the bracts and the development of spines give
several forms:
Form subinermis longibracteata A. Br.— Spines very short or not developed,
bracts very long. 2 4 times the length of the carpogone.

Pumpkinseed creek, Cheyenne county; Kimball; Cherry county; Ponca
river, Boyd county.
Form subhispida microptila et brachyteles A. Br.— Spines developed; bracts
shorter than the carpogone; end-segment of leaf short.

Buffalo creek, Haigler.
Form subhispida macroptila et macroteles. A. Br.— Bracts longer than the
fruit; end-segment of leaf long.

Cherry county.

PI. XXXIL, Fig. 1, plant natural size; Fig. 2, part of stem showing one entire
leaf and the bases of the other leaves of a whorl (the leaf bent in order
to get it on the plate), (a), stipules, (b), spines; Figs. 3-4, cross sections of
stem, 3 a, spine coming from primary cortex cell x50.

1 '"■ FLORA OF NEBRASK \.

Chara crassicaulis Schleich. Cat. PI. Helv. L82t

Chara foetida crassicaulis A. Bb. Amu. Set Nat. Boi I II

Generalhabit of plant intermediate between ( foetid h

and branches strongly coated with lime and from i-2 mm tfa
ces double the nnmber of the leaves and t. ,ngly developed; p, ■

cells more or less prominenl than the se, lary, usually about equally

developed; stipular whorl double; stipules usually short and bluni as ...
L.contraria; Leaves in whorls of 6 LO, usually 8-9, I 3 colled with 1 5
corticated nodes, the naked cells usually long, end-cell bluntish; ...
cious. 1 4 fertile joints; antherids larg, in diam.; carpo

intermediate between C contraria and - ,,.. black oi

dark brown, 540-630 « Long, aboul 375 wide; bracts once to twice a, long
ascarpogone.

Form subineemis m ^cbopha LLA.-Spines only slightly developed; bracts as L,

twice as long as the fruit: leaves usually Long.
Form subhispida macbophylla longibbacteata. Spines .5 2mm. or more

leaves usually Ion- bracts Long ami broad, 3 5 times as long as fruil
The forms, especially th,. Last, more common than the type; usually growing

together.
Pine Ridge (type and forms mixed), Haigler (form 2
PI. XXXIII. (form 2) Fig. 1, part of plant natural size; Pig. 2, part of stem

showing stip, ilar whorL bases of Leaves, and2 fertile nodes of i

3, carpogone with spores; Pigs. 1 :.. cross section ol stem, 5, a, b, spines

growing from primary cortex cells. x50.

Chara evoluta Allen Bui ? Torr. Bot. Club L882, p. :. pi. L9.

Plants short, 10-15 cm. long, much branched, not coated with lime; leaves 6 1-'
in a whorl, whorls numerous, I 5 corticated nodes and two shorl naked
nodes; end-cell acuminate, corticating cells aboul the same numb
leaves, secondary cells more or le^s Intermixed; stipular whorl double;
stipules long; spines long, numerous, mostly in fascicles of 2
cious, 3-4 fertile nodes on each leaf; antherids 270 386 in .Inn. ;.
gones 810x540 /*; crown not as high a. broad, only slightly or uot at :,11
contracted at the base; spore dark brown or black, 612-630x31 ;-• .with
about two more or less distinct striae.

In a lake, Sheridan county, Smith & Pound No 261.

This plant appears to be intermediate between C contraria and O.crinita It
is almost exactly like the latter species excepl that ( \ .-, .,,,;., is dioecious

PI. XXXIV., Pig. 1. pari of plant natural size; Pig. -'.put of stem showing b i
of leaves of a whorl with one entire leaf and stipular whorl; 2, a, b, c,
spines; Figs. 3, 4, 5, cross-sections of stem; Pig. 6, spore pore

xlOO.

Chara fragilis Desv. in Loiseleur Not. I'l. Pr. 157. i>i".

Plants long and slender, rather rigid; stems evenly corticated, corb

times as many as leaves in whorl nexl above; stipular ring double, stipules
very short ; leaves Ion-- ami pointed, ■< 8 corticated segments and one or
two short, naked segments at the end; end-cell pointed; 6 D leaves in a

whorl, whorls either close or remote; mo cious; '■'• I fertile joint*

each leaf; antherids 270 '■'<<< ' u in diam les long and narrow;

crown 180 200 /i high, as broad as high; spore dark brown, nearly black

128 THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA.

630-810 (i long, about 300 /i broad, several sharp prongs at the base; bracts
at the fertile joints variable in length, usually somewhat shorter than the
carpogone.

Whitman, lakes in central Cherry county.

PI. XXXV. Figs. 1, 1 a, parts of plants natural size; Fig. 2, part of stem show-
ing bases of leaves of a whorl and two fertile nodes; 2 b, stipular whorl;
2 a, remainder of leaf shown in 2; Fig. 3, carpogone containing spore;
Fig. 4, cross-section of stem, x50.

< liaia sejnncta A. Br. PI. Lindh. 56. (Bost. Journ. Nat Hist. 1845 p. 263.)

General habits of C. fragilis; stem triply corticated; leaves long, in whorls of
8-12, with 6-10 segments, the lowest or first segment short, not corticated,
all the others corticated, last segment tipped with several short spines;
stipular whorl well developed, of 3 series of stipules, spines on the stem
short and sharp; monoecious, but antherids and carpogones borne at dif-
ferent joints, not together; antherids about 360-380 /i in diam.; spore of
carpogone 630x360 fi, crown of long, narrow cells spreading or connivent.
Minden.

PL XXXVI., Fig. 1, part of plant natural size; Fig. 2, part of stem showing
lower naked segments of the leaves of a whorl and stipular ring, 2, a, b,
c, leaf with fertile nodes; Fig. 3, cross-section of stem, 3a, spine, x50.

DESCRIPTIVE
PLATES TO PART II.

PLATE XXIII. xlOO.

Fig. 1 Coleochaete scutata.

'" 2 Coleochaete orbicularis

" 3 Coleochaete irregularis.

" J x350 Chautransia violacea.

a, b, fruiting branches.

\kjzP

;'■'

A

:.

0 --N

PLATE XXIV.

BATRACHOSPERJIUM GELATINOSUM.

Fig. 1, Portion of plant body. x50.
" 2, Branchlet. x500.
" 3, Branchlet with antheridia.
" 4, Branchlet with young carpogone.
" 5, Carpogone with antherozoids.

-

s %-

*%m

.

PLATE XXV.

NITELLA SUBGLOMERATA.

Fig. 1, Portion of stem, natural size.
" 2, Fruiting verticel. x50.
il 3, Spore. x50.
" 1, Membrane of spore. x350.

PLATE XXVI.

XITELLA FLEXILIS.

Pig. 1, 1 a, branches, natural size.
" 2, 2 a, parts of leaves showing antherids and carpogoues.

f

PLATE XXVII.

NITELLA OPACA.

Fig. 1, Part of a plant, natural size.
" 2, Part of a fruiting verticel. x50.
" 3, Spore. x50.

PLATE XXVI [I.

N1TELLA MUCRONATA.

Pig 1, Part of a plant, natural size.
2, Fruiting verticel. „\50.
" 3, Spore. x50.
" 4, Membrane of spore. x350.

¥

PLATE XXIX.

NITELLA TRANSLUCENS.

Fig 1, Plant, natural size.
" 2. Fruiting verticel. x50
" 3, Spore. x50.
'' 4, Membrane of spore, x350.
" 6, 7, End-cells of leaves. x50.

Forma confervoides.
" 5, End -cells of leaflet. x350.
" 8, Branch with fruiting verticel. x50.

PLATE XXX.

CHARA CORONATA.

Pig. 1, Part of plant, natural size.

" 2, Part of plant, natural size.

" 3 Node with carpogones. x50.

" 4, Carpogone. x50.

" 5, Young carpogones, and antherids. x50.

'" G, Stem with bases of leaves, showing stipules.

" 7, End-cells of leaf. x50.

/

PLATE XXXI.

CHARA CONTRARIA.

Fig. 1, Plant, natural size.
'• 2, Stem, showing cortication, leaf, and stipular whorl. x50.
" 3, Part of a leaf showing naked end-cells, and two fertile corti

cated nodes. x50.
" 4, Cross-section of stem; a young spine. x50.

PLATE XXXII.

CHARA FOETIDA SUBH1SPIDA MAOROPTILA.

Fig. 1, Plant, natural size.
•' 2, Part of stem, showing one entire leaf, and the bases of the

others of the whorl; a, stipules; b, spines. x50.
•• 3, 1. Cross-sections of stem; 3 a, spine coming from primary

cortex cell. x50.

PLATE XXXIII.

CHARA CEASSICAULI3 SUBHISPIDA LOXGIBRACTEATA.

Pis'. 1, Plant, natural size.
" 2, Stern, showing stipular whorl, bases of leaves, and two fertile

nodes. x50.
" 3, Carpogone with spore. x50.
" 4, 5, Cross-sections of stem; 5 «, b, spines growing from primary

cortex-cells. x50.

PLATE XXXIV.

CHARA EVOLUTA.

Fig. 1. Plant, natural size.
•' 2, Stem, showing bases of leaves of a whorl, with one entire leaf

and stipular whorl; 2, a, b, spines. x50.
" 3, 4, 5, Cross-sections of stem. x50.
" 6, Spore. x50.
" 7, Spore. xlOO.

'

PLATE XXXV.

CHARA FRAGILIS.

Fig. 1, 1 a, Parts of plant?, natural size.
" 2, Part of stem, showing bases of leaves and two fertile nodes;
2 b, stipular whorl; 2 a, remainder of leaf shown in 2. x50.
" 3, Carpogone containing spore. x50.
"' 4, Cross-section of stem. x50.

PLATE XXXVI.

CHAR A SEJUNCTA.

Fig. 1, Plant; natural size.
" 2, Stem, showing lower naked segments of the leaves of a whorl,
and stipular ring (s. s.); 2 a, b, c, leaf with fertile nodes. x50.
" 3, Cross-section of stem; 3 a, spine. x50.