X --^.f mx jv .:. .■:i..i I 'Iriv! '>^ t/C^' \ ^2^/£^^^ Flora of Nebraska. KDITKD HV THE MEMBERS OF THE BOTANICAL SEMINAR (IF THE UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA. 2w. INTRODUCTION: Part 1. Protophyta-Phycophyta. Part 2. Coleochaetaceae, Characeae. Lincoln, Nebraska, U. S. A. PUBLISHED BY THE SEMINAR. 1 894. UNIVERSITY OF NEBf^ASKA. FLORA OF NEBRASKA. Published by the Botanical Seminar. PART II. COLEOCHAETACEAE, CHARACEAE. Albert F. Wuuds, M.A. Branch III— CARPOPHYTA. Multicolhilar plants; iilaut-boily, for tho most part, a i>areiichymatous tissue-aggre- gate, with or without clilorophyll; vegetative cells typically unmodilied, cylindrical, or hexagonal; reproduction sexual and asexual; asexual reproductiou iu the chlorophyll series chielly liy means of tetraspores, in the hysterophyiic series by means of stylospores, chlamydosiiores, and coiiidia proper; sexual reproduction by means of carpo_i,'oues and antherids, resulting iu the formation of a sporocarp. Chiefly marine holophytos, or terrestrial hysterophytes. Plant body an undiffer- entiated aggregate of parenchyma-cells, forming a tissue mass, except in the Perispor- iaccae, Charophi/ceae and the unicellular Sacchnroiai/cetes. Chlorophyll is absent in most of the orders. When present, it is often more or less masked by other substances, as the red and purple coloring matters of the Rhotlophijccac and the lime incrustation of the Cliaroplu/vcdc. Asexual reproduction is typical of but two classes, Ascomi/cefes and Rhodnplii/cc(ie. In the former, it results by means of conidia, stylospores, and, more rarely, by chlamydospores; in the latter uniformly by means of tetraspores. The fertili- zation of the carpogone by the contents of the antherid, typically through the medium of a trichogyne, produces a so-called sporocarp, which is characteristic of the branch. In the Charophyceac, however, the fertilization does not result in the formation of a sporocarp. In the hysterophytes, moreover, sexuality decreases with the distance from the point of derivation of the group until it finally disappears, but at the same time without a corres- ponding modification in the production of the sporocarp. The relationships of the carpophytes are varied, and their inter-relations somewhat obscure. Through the liolophytic series they connect in a nearly straight line, the Phyc- ophytes with the Bryophytes, notwithstanding the evident break at the beginning of the series. On the other hand the hysterophytic series, which ends blindly at the upper end, probably falls into two natural divisions, one of which, represented by the Ascoimjcetes and Basidiomycetes, has perhaps had its origin in or near the Peronosporaceac, while the other represented by the Laboulhenkicene, etc., has its derivation and relationship still involved iu great obscurity. Class III— COLEOCHAETEAE. Small green plants grovvfing attached to submerged stems and leaves; thallus com- posed of branched rows of cells more or less united laterally into a flat, irregular or cir- cular disk. Reproduction by sexually produced carpospores and asexual swarm-spores (zoogonidia). The terminal cell of a branch which is to produce a carpospore swells, and the upper portion elongates into a narrow tubular process (trichogyne) which opens at the top At the same time antherids develop from certain cells as small flask-shaped outgrowths, usually three or four from a cell. Each antherid thus formed cuts off from the mother-cell by a transverse wall, and the contents form a single biciliate antherozoid, which escapes and finds its way to the female coll, probably through the trichogyne. After fertilization, the female cell forms a wall around itself inside the old coll- wall, and the whole becomes enveloped by a coating of cells which grows up from below, thus forming a sporocarp with a single carpospore. 120 THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA. The Coleochaetcae are related to the Oedogoniacear on the one hand and to the Flnn'- deae on the other. It Is possible also that the origin of the great groups of the higher fungi is to be found in some such group as this. The nature and signiticauoe of the proc- ess of the formation of the sporocarp of the higher fungi has been a fruitful cause of discussion, and it has been commonly thought of late that it had no relation to the car- pospore of the Coleochaeteae, or to the oospore of the Phycophytes,but was rather homol- ogous to the asexual spore-formation of the lower fungi. But the Lahoulbeniaceae, which according to recent investigation exhibit asexual reproduction of the same type as the Coleochaetcae and Florideae, indicate that this view is erroneous and that the origin of the higher fungi is to be sought in about the same place as that of the last named groups. There is but one order and family: Older 7.-C0I.EK.\K. — The characters of the class. Mostly marine, but a few species widely distributed in fresh water. But one faiuilj' is represented in our limits. Family.- NEMALIACEAE. Plant-body gelatinous, composed of an axial, br.inched, articulate filament, often surrounded with a cortex of similar tilameuts, with horizontal, corymbose, or verticillate branches on which are borne the antherids and car|iogoues. SYNOPSIS. Axial filament covered with a loose cortication of similar filaments.. . .DutrdchiisiHTiiunn Filaments not corticated Vhantransia 1. BATK,\CIIO!SPKKMl'M Rotii. V\. Germ. Ill,, !.-)(). ISOO. Axial filament surrounded l)y a cortex of similar parallel filaments, clothed with subglobose whorls of branchlets on the ends of which are borne the carpogones and antherids. Etymology: Greek, /Jar/mv'";, frog, and c-tp/iov, seed. BatraolKJ^in'i'iiiiiiii o'eIatiiiu>>iiiii (L.) A. P. Woods Rep. Bot. Surv. Neb. III., G. 18',)i. Conferva gelatinosa Lisxe Spec. Pi. IICG. ILj."?. Batrachoapcrmum moniliforme Roth 1. c. Plants 5-20 cm. long, 1-2 mm. broad, gelatinous, dark purplish-green; main stems and branches composed of an axial, articulate filament covered with a loose coat (cortication) of similar filaments from which arise at more or less regular intervals dense globular whorls of moniliform, dichotomously divided branchlets. In springs, Bellevue. 122 THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA. Plate XXIV., Fig. 1, a portion of the plant body xOO; Fig. 2, r branchlet x500; Fig. 3, branchlet with autherids; Fig 4, branchlet with young car- pogoue; Fig. 5, carpogone with antherozoids (corpuscula) attached. The carpospores have developed and cells from below have started to grow up around them, thus forming a sporocarp. (Figs. 3-5 after Bornet and Thuret.) 2. CHAXTHAXSI.4.DESV. Obs. PI. des. Env. d'Angers. 1818. Plants growing in tufts, bluish-green or violet, filaments irregularly branched, composed of a single series of cylindrical cells, not corticated; anthe- rids one-celled, on the ends of short, clustered branches; carpogones at the ends of similar branches. Etymology: dedicated to Chantrans. This genus is of doubtful position. It may be placed in any one of several of the lower families of the Florkleae. Many of the fresh-water species have been shown to be early stages of plants belonging to other well de- fined genera, as Batrachospcrniuiii, Lemanea, etc. ('Iinii(raii!i«ia violncea Kuetz. Phyc. Germ. 231. 1845. Plants 1-2 mm. long, arising from a thalloid mass of cells; filaments not greatly branched; cells 8-10/; wide, 5-8 times as long as broad; branches fastigiate; fruit on short, cylindrical branchlets. Bellevue, with Batraehosj^ermum gehitinosum. PI. XXIII., Fig. 4, a portion of thallus with filaments arising. A and B fruiting branches. Class VII. CHAROPHYCEAE. Slender, submerged, aquatic plants, from a centimeter to a meter long, with mouo- podial racemose branching and verticillate leaves; stems rising in tufts or mats from the substratum to which they are fastened by slender rhizoids; se.xual reproduction by means of carpogones and antherids, produced mouoeciously or dioeciously in the axils or at the nodes of the leaves; asi-xual reproduction by means of stiinted branches. These plants are rich in chlorophyll, though this is sometimes masked by a thin coat- ing of carbonate of lime, giving them an ashy-green appearance and making them very fragile. The stems and branches are made up of a single row of long, cylindrical cells placed end to end. The leaves arising from the nodes are of the same structure. Around the axes there may be developed a coating of long tubular cells (eortication) parallel to the axial cell. The sexual organs consist of more or less globular carpogones and antherids, produced monoeciously or dioeciously in the axils, or at the nodes of the leaves. Each carpogone consists of a single, large, spirally corticated cell which after fertilization becomes a carpospore. The globular autherid is made up of eight "shields," within whicli is ultimately produced on each shield a tuft of filaments, each cell of which pro- duces a spirally coiled, biciliate antherozoid. The carpospore in germination produces a simple plant, the so-called pro-embryo, consisting of a single row of cells with limited apical growth. The sexual plant arises from this as a lateral branch. The close relation of the Bangiaceae among the lower Flondrae with the Oedogon- 'iaceae and the Coleuchaeteae has already been remarked. There is no essential point in the reproduction of the CharophijAie or in the structure of their plant-body that differs TIIF. FLORA OF NF.l'.UASKA. ^ 2.3 from what is to bo found in thoso groups, and thrii- relation to tlinni is ovident. The ori^'in of the liryopliytos is also, apparently, to bo found in aljout tlio same place. The elass contains l)ut one order. Oi-iler 20. MIAIt VCK.VK.— Till' cliaractoi-s of the class; widely distributed in fii'>h and brackish water. SVNOl'SIS. Stems, branches, and loaves never corticate 1 and witlioat stipules; crown of carpogoue of ten cells Niti^llfII:i siil»sl«mi«'i'ata A. Br. Monatsbericht Berl. .-Vkad. ISriS, '^'tG. yUi 11(1 (iriiminuta tiubylomcratu A. liR. of later publ. Plants about 15-30 cm. long, diffusely branched; stems and br.anches about 1 mm. in diam.; leaves only slightly less in diameter than tho stems; ver- ticels of 6-8 similar leaves which are once forked, end so,'ments one-celled, tapering to a sharp point; fertile verticels more or less contracted; mono- ecious, fi-uctification not enveloped in .jell.y; antherids globular, 270- 360 ft in diam.; carpogones often clustered below the antherids; spores 2G0-270 /( long, nearly globular, 230 /< wide, with 5-G low spiral ridges, membrane of tho mature spore very loosely reticulated a Ac. I.e. Plants 10-i!0 cm. long (5-30 cm., Allen), not greatly branched; verticels of G~7 leaves usually divided into 2-3 terminal one-celled leaflets, abruptly sharp-pointed or bluntish as in N. Jiexilis, which this species resembles very much in habit; fruiting verticels contracted, though not so much as in N. siiliglomerata; dioecious, organs of fructification not enveloped in jelly; antherids vai-iable in size, usually large (according to Allen some- time.s 800 /J in diam.), carpogones 1-3 at a node, crown evanescent, sjaore 300-3GO.\2iO-300 ft (Migula). The dried plants are dark-colored and somewhat opaque. In Deadman's Run, Lincoln. PI. XXVII., Fig. 1, part of a plant natural size; Fig. 2, part of a fruiting ver- ticol x.oO; Fig. 3, spore x.50. Xitolla iiinoi'oiiata A. Br. Sohweiz. Char. 1817. Chava mucronata A. Br. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. 1, II., .351. 1S3I. Plants about 5-20 cm. long, branching freely, usually G leaves in a whorl, primary leaves branched Into 2-5 secondary leaflets, these again branched into 1-3 ultimate 2-3 celled segments, end-cell muorouiform; monoecious, fructification not enveloped in jelly, fruit usually in all the divisions of the leaves; carpogones single or aggregated, spore 270-380 fi (Nord.stedt), crown per.sistent. This species may be easily distinguished from the other Nebraska species by the repeatedly branched leaves with mucroniform tips. Minden. PI. XXVIII Fig. 1., part of plant natural size; Fig. 2, fruiting verticel ,x50; Fig. 3, spore x50. Nitolla traii!«lncoii<4 (Pers.) Aq. 1. c, Cliuva transhicens Pers. Syn. II., 351. 1807. Plants rather large, 10-10 cm. high, not greatly branched; whorls of sterile leaves 5-G, undivided, large, l-celled, terminated by 1 2-celled, mucronate tips; fertile verticels contracted into small heads, 1-1 mm. in diam.; usually axillary, sometimes terminal, primary leaf 1-3 times divided into 4, ultimate leaflets 2 celled, end-cell mucronate, 95-126 ji long, 32-42 // wide at the base, point thick-walled and sharp; monoecious; carpogones 1-2 at a node; .spore 250-270 jj. long, nearly as wide as long, dark-brown, with 5-6 scarcely prominent ridges, membrane of the spore closely reticulated. York. The fruiting verticels of this plant are exactly like those described and figured by A. Braun in Nordstedt Fragm. as N. axiUrias A. Br. But the spores of N. axilliiris are said to bo 200 340 ji long. PI. XXIX. Fig. 1, plant natural size; Fig. 2, fruiting verticel x50; Fig. 3. spore x50; Fig. 4, membrane x350; I^^gs. 6 and 7, end-cells of leaves x50. Form coiifVrvoidos Tiiuill Flor. Env. Par. 1790. Plants very much smaller and more branched than the type; main stems only 270 ft in diam.; leaves and leaflets in whorls of 4-5, usually 4; primary seg- THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA. 12o ments in fruiting vorticels 900 n long, 90 /i broad, secondary sogmonts 500 n loni^, SO n wide, tertiary segtuonts 1-1.5 mm. wide, 85 /* long tipped with a sharp, cuspidate cell as in the spocie.s; carpogones as iu the species. The plant found here is very much smaller than any described form of N. ti-ansluccns. The general size and habit is that of N. teiiuinsiiiKi (Dusv.) Coss. & GicRM. form. 7niii<)r A. Br., but the spore-characters and tlio structure of the mucrouate colls of tlio loaves show undoubted connec- tion witli X trdHnInccns. PI. XXIX., I'^ig. 8, branch with fruiting vorticel xoO; Fig. '>, end-cells of leaf- let x350. [TOLYPELLA has the general habit of Nitella, from which it may be distin- guished by the following characters: leaves with 2-3 nodes bearing primary leaflets, always monoecious, antherids lateral, often with long basal cell, carpogones clustered. No species of tlie genus have as yet been observed in X'obraska, but from tlio reported distribution of several of them it is liliely that some will be found.] Family.-CHAREAE. Crown of the carpogono made up of five colls; stems and leaves with or without corti- cation; stipules at the base of the loaf whorls, more or less developed, one-celled; leaves (j"15 in a whorl; carpogones and antherids on the upper sides of the leaves, spore usually coated with a calcareous layer. The family contains four genera, of which only one is here represented. 1. CHARA L. Sp. PI. irji3. 1753. The characters of the family. Etymology: Greek x"-!'", joy. Chara orti-oiiata Ziz. in X. Br. Alg. Bot. Zeit. 4, 59. 1835. Plants usually largo, from a few oeatiraetors to a meter long, short forms usually much branched with firm, broad stems and leaves, 1-1.5 mm.; long forms with cells less firm and narrower, no cortication, .stipules at the base of the leaves forming a simple whorl; leaves long, 3-10 cells, ending in a crown of 3-5 mucronate cells; mouoeciou.s. carpogones and antherids produced usually at all the nodes of the leaves, antherids variable, 2.50- 300 // in diam., carpogones variable, crown large, cells rather long, usually spreading, sometimes conuivent; spore 450-560 ,«, black, bracts e.\tremely variable, from very much shorter than the carpogone to three times as long — quite variable on the same plant. Common all over the state. The specimens collected at York in 1893 by Miss Hopper are long, slender plants, spores 450-504x270-306 //, bracts very short, 3-5 times as long as wide, acuminate, leaves 3-G celled PI. XXX., Pig. 1, part of plant natural size; Fig. 4, carpogone x50. The specimens in the herbarium of the Botanical Survey from Cherry county and from Greenwood are larger and more branched; nucleus (Greenwood specimens) 504-540x280-300 //; bracts 1-3 times as long as the carpogone; (Cherry county specimens) 540-.55GX.300-320 //, bracts about equal to the carpogone. PI. XXX., Fig. 2, part of plant, natural size; Fig. .3, node with carpogones x50; Fig. 5, young carpogones and antherids x.50; Fig. 6, stem with bases of leaves showing stipules x25; Fig. 7, end-cells of leaf x50. 126 THE FLOKA OF NEBRASKA. Cliara r4>ittrafia A. Br. Schweiiier Char. )5. 1817, Nordst Praam. 111. 1882. Plauts rather long, 20-10 cm., not greatly branched; branches usually short; stems and branches corticated; cortex-cells twice as many as the leaves in the whorl ne.xt above; primary (or spine-bearing cortex cells) usually most prominent; stipular whorl double; stipules ultimately falling off, leaving two rows of scars; leaves G-10 in a whorl, variable in length and number of corticated nodes, lower node always corticated; end-cell of the leaf not corticated, short and obtuse; whorls often remote; monoe- cious, 1-4 fertile joints; antherids small, 300-324 ji in diam, (280-350 fi Migula); carpogones large, 900 // long; crown short and blunt; spore 570-012x370-380//; dark brown; 10-14 striate; bracts usually shorter than the carpogone. Fremont, ponds in Cherry county; Ponca river, Boyd county. May be distinguished from C. ioetida by the larger spore. According to Mi- gula the spores of C. foetida are never longer than 550 /x and those of C. contraria never shorter than 550 /;. PI. XXXI., Fig. 1, part of a plant natural size; Fig. 2, part of stem showing cortication, leaf-whorl, and stipular whorl x.jO; Fig. 3, part of leaf show- ing naked end-cells and two fertile corticated nodes x50; Fig. 4, cross section of stem .\50, (a) young spine. I'liara foetida A. Br. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 1,11., .354. 1834. Flora 1835, p. G3. General habit like C. contraria, but more branched and leaf whorls-less re- mote; stems and branches corticated; cortex-cells twice as many as the leaves in the whorl next above; primary (or spine-bearing cells) usually less prominent than secoudary cells; stipular-whorl double and promi- nent; stipules persistent for some time and not blunt as in C. contraria; leaves 6-10 in a whorl, with 1 to several corticated nodes, and 1 or more naked ones;- end-cell of the leaf acute (not blunt as in C. contraria); monoecious; 1-4 fertile joints; antherids about 3G0/J in diam.; carpogones small; crown short, blunt; spores 486-,540x370-330 «; dark brown; 10-14 striate; 2 bracts at fertile joints longer than the carpogone, and i the same length or shorter. Variations in the length of the bracts and the development of spines give several forms: Form suBiNERMis LONGiBRACTE.\TA A. Br.— Spiues Very short or not developed, bracts very long, 2-4 times the length of the carpogone. Pumpkiuseed creek, Cheyenne county; Kimball; Cherry county; Ponca river, Boyd county. Form SUBHISPIDA MiOROPTiLA ET BRACHTTELES A. Br.— Spines developed; bracts shorter than the carpogone; end segment of leaf .short. Buffalo creek, Haigler. Form SL-BiiispiDA macroptila et macroteles. a. Br.— Bracts longer than the fruit; end-segment of leaf long. Cherry county. PI. XXXII., Fig. 1, plant natural size; Fig. 2, part of stem showing one entire leaf and the bases of the other leaves of a whorl (the leaf bent in order to get it on the plate), (a), stipules, (&), spines; Figs. 3-4, cross sections of stem, 3 a, spine coming from primary cortex cell x50. THE KI.OIJA OK NK.I'.liASK A. '-' C'liara crassioaulis Sciileich. Cat. PI. llclv. ISJl. ChurafiK'tidd crdssicdiilis A. Uu. -Vun. Sci. Nat. Bot. 1, IT , .'J.w. 1831. Gcuei-al liahit of plant intcTiuediato bctweeu C.fnrtidciiind C. coniiiiviu ; stems aiul brauchos strongly coated with lime and from ..") 2 mm. thick, cortex cells double the number of the leaves and stronj^ly develoiiod; primary cells more or less prominent than the secondarj-, usually about equally developed; stipular whorl double; stipules usually short and blunt as in > C. confraria ; leaves in whorls of C 10. usually 8-9, 4 8 colled, with 1 ."> corticated nodes, the naked cells usually long, en I-cell bluntish; monoe- cious, 14 fertile joints; antherids largo, 4.J0 .j40 « iu diam.; carpogones intermediate between 0. coiitraria and ('. foctidu; spore black or very dark browu, .540-630 u long, about 375 h wide; bracts once to twice as long as carpogone. Form scmxERMis macrophylla.— Spines only slightly developed; bracts as long or twice as long as the fruit: leaves usuallj' long. Form sfBiiisriDA mackopiiylla loN'gibracteata.— Spines ..5-2 mm. or more long; leaves usually long, bracts long and broad, 3 .j times as long as fruit The forms, especially the last, more common than the type; usually growing together. Piue Ridge (type and forms mi.xed), Haigler (form 2). PI. XXXIII. (form 2) Fig. 1. part of plant natural size; Fig. 2, part of stem showing stipular whorl, bases of leave?:, and 2 fertile nodes of a leaf; Fig. 3, carpogone with spores; Figs. 4-5, cross section of stem, 5, a, b, spines growing from primary cortex cells. x.50. t'hai-a evoliita Allex Bui ? Torr. Bot. Club 1SS2, p. :, \,\. 19. Plants short, 10-15 cm. long, much branched, notcoated with lime: Icavi's (I-lO iu a whorl, whorls numerous, 4 5 corlicated nodes and two short naked nodes; end-cell acuminate, corticating cells about the same number as leaves, secondary cells more or less intermixed; stipular whorl double; stipules long; spines long, numerous, mostl.y iu fascicles of 2-3; monoe- cious, 3-4 fertile nodes on each leaf; antherids 270.380 n iu diam.; carpo- goues 810X.540 ,h; crown not as high as broad, only slightly or not at all contracted at the base; spore dark browu or black, 612-630x340-390 //, with about-Si^ more or less distinct striae. In a lake, Sheridan county. Smith & Pound No. 2(;i. This plant appears to be intermediate between C. confraria and C crinita. It is almost exactly like the latter species e.xcept that C. crinita is dioecious. PI. XXXIV., Fig. 1, part of plant natural size; Fig. 2, part of stem showing bases of leaves of a whorl with one entire leaf and stipular whorl; 2, a, b, c, spines; Figs. 3, 4, 5, cross-sections of stem; Fig. 6, spore x.50; Fig. 7, spore xWO. Cliara fragilis Desv. in Loiseleur Not. Fl. Fr. 157. 1810. Plants long and sleuder, rather rigid; stems evenly corticated, cortex-cells 3 times as many as leaves iu whorl next above; stipular ring double, stipules very short; leaves long and pointed, 5-8 corticated segments and one or two sliort, naked segments at the end; end-cell pointed; 6-9 leaves in a whorl, whorls either close or remote; monoecious; 3-4 fertile joints on each leaf; antherids 270-360 n iu diam.; carpogones long and narrow: crown 180-200/; high, as broad as high; spore dark browu, nearly black. 128 THE FLORA OF NEBRASKA. G30- 810 /I long, about 3G0 /( broad, several sharp prongs at the base; bracts at the fertile joints variable in length, usually somewhat shorter than the carpogoue. Whitman, lakes in central Cherry county, PI. XXXV. Figs. 1, 1 a, parts of plants natural size; Pig. '2, part of stem show- ing bases of leaves of a whorl and two fertile nodes; 2 b, stipular whorl; 2 a, remainder of leaf shown in 2; Fig. 3, carpogoue containing spore; Fig. i, cross-section of stem, x.W. Cliara sojniifta A. Hn. Pi. Lindh. 56. (Bost. Journ. Nat Hist. 1815 p. 2G3.) General habits of C. fragilis; stem triply corticated; leaves long, in whorls of 8-12, with 6-10 segments, the lowest or first segment short, not corticated, all the others corticated, last segment tipped with several short spines; stipular whorl well developed, of 3 series of stipules, spines on the stem short and sharp; monoecious, but antherids and carpogones borne at dif- ferent joints, not together; antherids about .360-380 /z in diam.; spore of carpogoue G30.\360/i, crown of long, narrow cells spreading or connivent. Mindeu. PI. XXXVI., Pig. 1, part of plant natural size; Pig. 2, part of stem showing lower naked segments of the leaves of a whorl and stipular ring, 2, a, b, c, leaf with fertile nodes; Fig. 3, cross-section of stem, 3a, .spine, .\5U. DESCRIPTIVE PLATES TO PART II, PLATH XXIII. xldO. Fig. 1 Coleochaete sciitata. •• 2 Coleochaete orbicularis . " 3 Coleochaete irregularis. " i x:!.'>0 Chautransia violacea. II. b. fruiting Ijrauehes. .■f- w / "■"■^■^i^ ^iSiJ^^ «iS PLATE XXIV. BATRACHOSPERMUM GELATINOSUM. Pig. 1, Portion of plant body. x50. •• '2, Brauclilet. xoOO. " 3, Branclilet witli antlieridia. '• 4, Brauchlet with young earpoifoue. '■ .'), Carpogoue vvitli autlierozoiils. '.f mim •«-^-%?- w^'"'^- 'mw j^w '^t .-;/ ^%l'^ ^ "^A M' Mm ^^r t. 'r.0 i'^v. ^.^ #^^^ ?='-*^ i>V "^^0?<^ PLATE XXV. N'lTELLA SUBGLOMERATA. Fig. 1, Portion of stem, uatural size. " 2, Fraitiug verticel. .x-J'J. " 3, Spore. -\50. '■ i, Membraue of spore. x3D0. PLATK XXVI. NITELLA FLEXILIS. Pin. 1, 1 ((, branches, natural size. '• "J. 2 ((, parts of leaves shovviut; antherids and carpogones. PLATE XXVII. NITELLA OPACA. Pig. 1, Part of a plaut, natural size. 2, Part of a fruiting vertioel. x.jO. •• 3, Spore. x50. PLATE XXVI [I. NITELLA MUt'RONATA. Fis 1. Part of a plant, natural size. ■J, Fruiting verticel. x50. '• 3. Spore. xoO. " i. Membrane of spore. x35(). PLATE XXIX. NITELLA TRANSLUOENS. Fig 1, Plant, natural size. '• 2. Fruiting verticel. xoO " .S, Spore. x50. '• i. Membrane of spore. .\3.50. " 6, 7, End-cells of leaves. x.50. Forma confei'voides. " 5, End-cells of leaflet. x350. " 8, Branch with fruiting verticel. xoO. PLATE XXX, CHARA COROXATA. Fig. 1, Part of plaut, natural size. " 2, Part of plant, natural size. " 3 Node with carpogones. .\'50. " i, Carpogone. x50. " "), Young earpogones, and antherids. x50. " G, Stem witli bases of leaves, showing stipules. " 7, Rnd-cells of leaf. x.iO. /% i^. PLATE XXXI. CHARA CONTRARIA. Fiit- 1, Plant, natural size. '• 2, Stem, showiiii; oorticiitioii. leaf, ami stiimlar uiicirl. \'ii). " 3, Part of a leaf shovviug naked eud-L'ells, and two fertile eoiti cated nodes. x."0. •■ i. Cross-section of stem; a yoiinj,' spine. x.")0. PLATE XXXII. CUAHA FOETIDA SUBHISPIDA MACROPTILA. Fii;. 1, Phiut. iiiitiiral size. ■■ 2. Part of stem, showing one entire leaf, and the bases of the others of the whorl; n, stipules; b. spines. xoO. ■• 3, i, Cro.ss-sectious of stem; 3 a, spine coming from primary corte.x-eell. x50. ^^■ri WVl ft''- '«■ --^, I i\ ^^ hi / . Ll PLATE XXXIII. CHAUA CRASSICAFLIS SUBIUSPIDA LI IXIlIBRArTEATA, Fig. 1, Plant, uatural size. " 2, Stem, showing stipular wliorl, bases of leaves, ami two fertile nodes. x50. '• 3, Carpogone with spore. x50. '■ 4, 5, Cross-sections of stem; 5 a, b, spines growing from primary cortex-cells. x50. iU;' PLATE XXXIV. CHARA EVOLCTA. Fig. 1. Plant, natural size. ■• 2, Stem, showing bases of leaves of a whorl, with one entire leaf and stipular whorl: '2. a. b. spines. x50. '• 3, i, 5, Cross-sections of stem. x50. " G, Spore. x50. " 7, Spore. .xlOO. w r # PLATE XXXV. CHARA FRAGILIS. Fig. 1, 1 a. Parts of plant?, natural size. •■ 2, Part of stem, showing bases of leaves and two fertile nodes; '2 b, stipular whorl; 2 a. remainder of leaf shown in 'J. x.'O. ■' 3, Carpogone containing spore. .\50. ■■ i. Cross-section of stem. \M. N\\-^ ^^-'^%'m' K ll'i 'mm PLATK XXXVI. CHAR.V SEJUNCTA. Fig. 1, Plant: natural size. " 2, Stem, showing lower nalied segments of the leaves of a whorl, and stipular ring (s. s.); 2 a, b, c, leaf with fertile nodes. .\50. •• 3, Cross-section of stem; 3 a, spine. x50. OK 173 F55c.2v.12 nen /Flora ©'Nebraska ^ 3 5185 00160 6092 • • ?"? ^ v,=.