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FLORA OF NEBRASKA

A List of the Conifers and Flowering Plants of the State
With Keys for their Determination.

BY

N. F. PETERSEN. M. A.

Instructor in Botany in the Louisiana State University.

Published By The Author

:?4

Copyright, 1912, by
N. F. Petersen

Printed by

State Printing Company

Lincoln, Nebraska

PREFACE

In making this list the aim has been to include all conifers and
flowering plants, both native and introduced, which grow without culti-
vation in Nebraska. The known range of each species in the state is
given, followed by a list of the localities from which it has been
reported. These localities are mostly based on specimens in the
herbarium of the University of Nebraska.

The arrangement of the larger groups is that of Dr. C. E, Bessey
in his Synopsis of Plant Phyla. Within the families the order is
usually that of Britton's Manual.

As this list contains no descriptions it should be used in connection
with a descriptive manual. For this purpose Britton's Manual of the
Flora of the Northern States and Canada is recommended as it is the
only one covering the entire state. It is published by Henry Holt and
Company, New York.

Each group is preceded by analytical keys and at the beginning
of the book keys to the orders will be found. The aim has been to
make these as simple and non-technical qs possible. As the number
of plants treated is much smaller than in the larger manuals the keys
should be much easier to use. In order to make it easy to find the
descriptions, after the name has been found by the keys, the page in
Britton's Manual where the genus is treated is given after the name
of each genus, thus Bromus 148.

Names of orders end in -ALES and of families in -ACEAE and may
thus be recognized without repeating order or family before each.
Synonyms are given where a different name is used than the one in
Britton's Manual or when a different name is used in the New Gray's
Manual.

In the appendix some of the structures most commonly used to
-n. > distinguish flowering plants from each others will be described. It is
r^) hoped that will be more useful for beginners than a glossary of spe-
_4 cial terms.

^^ I wish to express my thanks to Dr. C. E. Bessey for advice and

assistance while doing the work; to Rev. J. M. Bates and Dr. H. Hape-

•w'w.man for allowing me to examine their collections of Nebraska plants;

•1 (4 to Dr. P. A. Rydberg for looking over part of the manuscript and mak-

^;^ ing valuable suggestions; to :\Iiss Venus Pool for suggestions in mak-

■= ing the keys to the grasses.

N. F. PETERSEN.
■^ Louisiana State University,

^ September, 1911.

KEY TO THE ORDERS.

Ovules and seeds borne on the surface of a scale or bract; stigmas
wanting. Phylum STROBILOPHYTA.

Ovules and seeds borne in a closed cavity, the ovary; stigmas present.

Phylum ANTHOPHYTA.

Phylum STROBILOPHYTA.
Only one order represented in the state. CONIFERALES: 5.

Phylum ANTHOPHYTA.

Seeds with one cotyledon; fibrovascular bundles of the stem scat-
tered; parts of the flowers usually in 3's or 6's; leaves mostly parallel
veined. Class. 1. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE.

Seeds with two cotyledons; fibrovascular bundles of the stem forming
a ring around a central core of pith; parts of the flowers rarely in
3's or 6's; leaves mostly net-veined. Class. 2. DICOTYLEDONEAE.

Class 1. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE.

Overy superior.

Perianth of two series, the inner usually corolloid.

Carpels distinct. ALISMALES: 6.

Carpels united; i. e. ovary compound. LILIALES: 9.

Perianth reduced to scales or bristles, or wanting, never corolloid.
Flowers not in the axils of dry, chaffy bracts.
Plants with normal stems and leaves.
Aquatics, wholly submerged or the upper leaves floating.
Carpels separate. LILIALES: 9.

Carpels united. ALISMALES: 6.

Terrestrial plants or if aquatics not submerged. ARALES: 15.
Plants with stems reduced to leaf-like structures, called thalli;
leaves wanting. ARALES: 15.

Flowers in the axils of dry or chaffy bracts. POALES: 17.

Ovary inferior.

Aquatic plants with submerged fruits. HYDRALES: 48.

Terrestrial plants, or if aquatic fruits not submerged.

Flowers regular. IRIDALES: 48.

Flowers irregular. ORCHIDALES: 49.

Class 2. DICOTYLEDONEAE.

Ovary superior.
A. Corolla present.
Petals distinct.
Carpels solitary, or several and distinct, or united only at the
base.
Stamens borne at the base of the receptacle.

Herbs of moist places or xerophytic shrubs. RANALES: 51.
Xerophytic herbs with succulent leaves. Sedum: 142.

KEY TO THE ORDERS

Stamens borne on the margin of a disc or hypanthium.

ROSALES: 122.
Carpels several and united.

Stamens borne at the base of the receptacle.

Stamens numerous, more than twice as many as the petals.
Stamen filaments distinct.
Aquatics with floating leaves. Nymphaeaceae: 56.

Terrestrial plants or if aquatic leaves not floating.

RHOEODALES: 57.
Stamen filaments united.

Filaments united into a tube around the styles.

MALVALES: 89.
Filaments in several sets, not forming a tube.

Trees. MALVALES: 89.

Herbs or shrubs. GUTTIFERALES: 86.

Stamens few, not more than twice as many as the petals.
Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them.
Flowers monoecious. Euphorbiaceae: 83.

Flowers perfect. Portulaceae: 69.

Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them,
or more; often twice as many.
Stamens 6, rarely 2, petals 4. RHOEODALES: 57.

Stamens as many as the petals or twice as many.
Ovary one celled.
Placentae central or basal. CARYOPHYLLALES: 64.
Placentae parietal. GUTTIFERALES: 86.

Ovary several celled.

Stamens not adnate to the gynoecium.
Filaments partly or wholly united.

GERANIALES: 80.
Filaments distinct.

Ovules numerous in each cavity of the ovary.

ERICALES: 94.
Ovules few or solitary in each cavity of the
ovary.
Flowers regular. GERANIALES: 80.

Flowers irregular. Aesculus: 154.

Stamens adnate to the gynoecium. Asclepiadaceae: 107.
Stamens borne on the margin of a disk or hypanthium.
Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them.

Styles distinct, ovules numerous. Heuchera: 142.

Styles united, ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity of the ovary.

CELESTRALES: 151.
Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them or
more.
Hypanthium flat or obsolete, not enclosing the ovary.
Ovary one celled, fruit a small drupe.

Anacardiaceae: 154.
Ovary 2-several celled, fruit a dehiscent pod or capsule.

CELESTRALES: 151.
Hypanthium enclosing the ovary but free from it.

Lythraceae: 143.

KEY TO THE ORDERS 3

Petals more or less united.

Stamens free from the corolla or diadelphous.

Gynoeclum of a single carpel. ROSALES: 122.

Gynoecium of 2-several united carpels.

Filaments united, diadelphous, some of the sepals spurred.

Papaveraceae: 57.
Filaments distinct or sepals not spurred.

Herbs with green leaves. GERANIALES: 80.

Shrubs or saprophytic herbs. ERICALES: 94.

Stamens partially adnate to the corolla.

Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and onnosite
them, or more; ovary 1 celled. PRIMULALES: 92.

Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate
with them, or fewer.
Corolla scarious, marcescent, fruit a pyxis in our species.

Plantaginaceae: 93.
Corolla not scarious, fruit not a pyxis.
Flowers regular or stamens five.

Ovary 1-celled, with central placentae, or carpels dis-
tinct or nearly so. GENTIANALES: 105.
Ovary usually 2-3-celled, if one celled with parietal
placentae. POLEMON lALES: 95.
Flowers irregular or fertile stamens only 4 or 2. except in
Verbascum.
Fruit 1-4 seeded, usually separating into l-seed^d nut-
lets. ^ LAMINALES: 116.
Fruit a 6-many seeded capsule. SCROPHU LALES: 110.
B. Corolla wanting.

Flowers, at least the staminate. in aments.
Fruit a one-seeded nut or achene. SAP IN DALES: 154.

Fruit a many seeded capsule, seeds with a tuft of hairs.

Sallcaceae: 68.
Flowers, at least the staminate, not in aments.

Gynoecium of one or of several distinct carpels, each with a
single style.
Carpels several.

Stamens inserted below the carpels. RANALES: 51.

Stamens inserted on the margin of a disk or a hvpanthium

ROSALES: 122.
Carpel solitary.

Ovary not enclosed in a hypanthium.

Land plants. ' MALVALES: 89.

Submerged aquatics, flowers solitary in the axils.

Ceratophyllaceae: 57.
Ovary enclosed in a hypanthium.

Shrubs or trees, calyx not corolloid. Eleagnaceae: 153.
Herbs, calyx corolloid. Nyctaginaseae: 70.

Gynoecium of 2 or more united carpels; if one celled styles and
stigmas more than one.
Herbs.

Flowers perfect; stamens several. CARYOPHYLLALES: 64.

4 KEY TO THE ORDERS

Flowers monoecious or dioecious or with only one stamen.

MALVALES: 89.
Trees or vines.

Ovary 1-celled, fruits, if samaras, winged all around.

MALVALES: 89.
Ovary 1-celled, fruits samaras with terminal wings.
Samaras single, oar-shaped. Fraxinus: 106.

Samaras in pairs. Aceraceae: 154.

Ovary inferior.

Aquatics with whorled leaves. MYRTALES: 143.

Terrestrial plants, or if aquatic, leaves not whorled.
Corolla wanting.
Trees. SAPINDALES: 154.

Herbs. Comandra: 153.

Corolla present.
Petals distinct.

Stamens numerous, more than twice as many as the petals.
Stems fleshy, usually very spiny, leaves small or wanting.

CACTALES: 149.
Stems normal with normal leaves. Loasaceae: 149.

Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals.

Fruit a pyxis. Poptulacaceae: 69.

Fruits various but not a pyxis.

Ovules 2 or more in each cavity of the ovary.

Vines with tendrils. Cucurbutaceae: 150.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, not tendril bearins;

Fruit a berry or a fleshy pome. ROSALES: 122.

Fruit a capsule or nut-like, petals mostly 4.

MYRTALES: 143.
Ovules solitary in each cavity. UMBELLALES: 158.

Petals more or less united.

Filaments free from the corolla. CAMPANULALES: 166.

Filaments adnate to the corolla.
Ovary with 2 or more ovules.

Vines with tendrils. Cucurbitaceae: 150.

Plants without tendrils. RUB! ALES: 163.

Ovary with a single ovule. CAMPANULALES: 166.

FLORA

Phylum STROBILOPHYTA

Class PINOIDEAE.

CONIFERALES.
The conifers.

Leaves in clusters surrounded by a sheath at the base, mature cones
woody. Pinus.

Leaves not in clusters, scale-like, mature cones berry-like. Juniperus.

ABIETACEAE.
Pinus 31.

1. Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm. Yellow or Bull Pine.

Pinus scopulorum (Engelm.) Lemmon.
This is our only native pine. It forms the bulk of the woods in the
northwestern part of the state. — Banner County; Belmont; Cheyenne
County; Custer County; Fort Robinson; Greeley County; Sidney;
Valley County.

JUNIPERACEAE.
Juniperus 36.

Shrubs; leaves all subulate; aments axillary. 1. J. communis.

Trees; some of the leaves scale-like; aments terminal.

Berry 1-4 seeded, ripening the first season. 2. J. virginiana.

Berry usually 2-seeded, ripening the second season; foliage glaucous.

3. J. scopulorum.

1. Juniperus communis L. Common Juniper.
A xerophytic shrub of the western part of the state. — Belmont; Hat
Creek Basin; Harrison.

2. Juniperus virginiana L. Common Red Cedar.
Sabina virginiana (L.) Antoine.

Common along streams in the eastern part of the state. Often planted
for wind-breaks or as an ornamental tree. Anselmo; Franklin; Fre-
mont; Long Pine.

3. Juniperus scorpulorum Sarg. Western Red Cedar.
Sabina scopulorum (Sarg.) Rydb.

Along streams and in canons in the western part of the state. A
handsomer tree and less aifected by the cedar apple than the common
red cedar, thus a more desirable tree to plant.

6 ALISMALES

Phylum ANTHOPHYTA

The flowering plants.

Class MONONCOTYLEDONEAE

The monocots.

ALISMALES.

Perianth of two series.

The inner series corolloid; the outer green. 1. Alismaceae.

Both series alike. 2. Scheuchzeriaceae.

Perianth of a single series or wanting. 3. Potamogetonaceae.

1. ALISMACEAE.

Carpels in several series on a convex receptacle.
Some or all of the flow^ers perfect.

Calyx spreading, achenes scarcely compressed. 1. Echinodorus.
Calyx closed over the fruits, achenes strongly compressed.

2. Lophotocarpus.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 3. Sagittaria.

Carpels in a single series on a flat receptacle. 4. Alisma.

1. Echinodorus. 54.
1. Echinodorus cordifolius (L.) Griseb.
Abundant in a pond at Xemaha.

2. Lophotocarpus. 55.

1. Lophotocarpus calycinus (Engelm.) Smith.
In Lake Kearney; Greenwood.

3. Sagittaria. 56.

Arrow-heads.

Leaves sagittate with large basal lobes.

Basal lobes of the leaf-blades not longer than the blade proper.
Beak of the achene at right angle to the body, one-fourth as long as
the body, or more. 1. S. latifolia.

Beak erect, short.

Bracts lanceolate, 8-20 mm. long; petioles short, leaves seldom

floating. 2. S. arifolia.

Bracts ovate-lanceolate, 4-6 mm. long; petioles very long, blades

floating or none. 3. S. cuneata.

Basal lobes of the leaf-blades 2-3 times as long as the blade proper.

4. S. longiloba.
Leaves not sagittate; basal lobes, if any, small.

Pistillate flowers sessile or nearly so. 5. S. rigida.

Pistillate flowers not sessile. 6. S. gramineae.

1. Sagittaria latifolia Willd.
Common in muddy places or in shallow water all over the state. A

POTAMOGETOXACEAE 7

very variable species and has been divided into several forms by J. G.
Smith. Cody; Kearney; Lincoln; Long Pine; Minden; Thedford;

2. Sagittaria arifolia Nutt.

In the sand-hill region. Mullen; Wood Lake.

3. Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon.

(Sometimes included in Sagittaria arifolia Xutt.)

In shallow water in the western part of the state. Cherry County;

Thedford.

4. Sagittaria longiloba Engelm.
Near Minden.

5. Sagittaria rigida Pursh.
Sagittaria hetercplnyila Pursh

In wet places and shallovr water over most of the state. Ewing;
Greenv/ood; Kennedy; Lincoln; Xeligh.

6. Sagittaria graminea 3>Iichx.

In muddy places and snallov.' Avater in the eastern part of the state.
Holt Ccunty; Lincoln; Mead; Minden.

4. Alisma. 54.
1. Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Water-plantain.

Common in mud or shallow water over most of the state. Alliance;
Anselmo; Callaway; Cherry County; Hom.esville; Newark; Peru;
Plainview; Wood Lake; Valentine.

2. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE.
Triglochin. 52.

1. Triglochin maritima L. Arrow-grass.

In marshes in various places in the state. Alliance; Burwell; Newark;
Sand bars of the Niobrara; Thedford.

3. POTAIVIOGETONACEAE.

Flowers perfect, usually on elongated peduncles.

Perianth segments 4; fruiting peduncles straight. 1. Potamogeton.
Perianth wanting; fruiting peduncle coiled. 2. Ruppia.

Flowers monoecious, flower clusters sessile or short peduncled.

3. Zannichsllia.
1. Potamogeton. 41.

Pondweeds.

With both floating and submerged leaves.

Stipules axillary and free from the leaves.

Submerged leaves bladeless, about 2 mm. wide. L P. natans.

Subm.erged leaves with proper blades.

Upper submerged leaves much broader and shorter than the

lower. 2. P. amphifolius.

Upper submerged leaves not very different from the lower.

Floating leaves gradually narrowed into short petioles, foliage

and spikes reddish. 3. P. alpinus.

Floating leaves abruptly narrowed into long petioles.

Floating leaves pointed at the base; fruit distinctly 3-keeled,
the middle keel often winged. 4. P. lonchitis.

Floating leaves rounded or cordate at the base, fruit indis-
tinctly keeled. 5. P. heterophyllus.

8 ALISMALES

Stipules adnate to the base of the leaves.
Peduncles of the submerged spikes 4-6 mm. long.

10. P. diversifolius.
Peduncles of the submerged spikes not over 2 mm. long.

11. P. spirillus.
With submerged leaves only.
Leaves with broad clasping blades. 6. P. richardsonIL

Leaves narrow or capillary blades.
Stipules free from leaves.
Stem flattened.

Leaves 5-20 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide. 7. P. zosterifolius.

Leaves 2-6 cm, long, 1 mm. or less wide. 8. P. foliosus.

Stem filiform; leaves 7 mm. wide. 9. P. pusillus.

Stipules adnate to the base of the leaves.

Stem flattened; stigma broad, sessile. 13. P. Interior.

Stems filiform; stigma capitate, style evident.

Fruit not keeled. 12. P. pectinatus.

Fruits prominently keeled. 14. P. interuptus..

1. Potamogeton natans L.

In ponds and streams throughout the state.

2. Potamogeton amphifollus Tucherm.

In streams and ponds, mostly in the eastern part of the state. Atkin-
son; Cedar County; Grant County; Lincoln; Xeligh.

3. Potamogeton alpinus Balbis.
Reported only from Cass County.

4. Potamogeton lonchitis Tuckerm.
Potamogeton americanus C. & S.

In ponds and streams throughout the state. Anselmo; Atkinson;;
Cedar County; Minden; Neligh; Norway; Thedford.

5. Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb,
Kennedy.

5a. Potamogeton heterophyllus graminifolius (Fries.) Morong.
In the North Loup River in Cherry County,

6. Potamogeton richardsonii (Benn.) Rydb.
Potamogeton perfoliatus richardsonii A. Bennett.

Reported only from the northwestern part of the state. Atkinson;
Whitman.

7. Potamogeton zosterifolius Schum.

In ponds or streams. Fremont; Greeley Center; Neligh.

8. Potamogeton foliosus Raf.

Common in ponds and streams. Lincoln; Long Pine; Neligh; Pad-
dock; Thedford; Valentine.

9. Potamogeton pusillus L,

In ponds and streams in the sand-hills. Atkinson; Crawford; Sware
Lake; Thedford.

10. Potamogeton diversifolius Raf.
Potamogeton hybridus Michx.

Lincoln; Springview.

11. Potamogeton spirillus L.
Potamogeton dimorphus Raf.

Lincoln.

LILIACEAE 9

12. Potamogeton pectinatus L.

Common in the sand-hill regions. Alliance; Crawford; Kennedy;
Thedford; Valentine; Whitman.

13. Potamogeton interior Rydb.
Nebraska according to Gray's manual.

14. Potamogeton interuptus Kitaibel.
In the mill-pond at Xeligh.

2. Ruppia. 49.

1. Ruppia occidentalis Watson.

In salt or alkaline ponds. Alliance; Sheridan County.

3. Zannichellia. 50.

1. Zannichellia palustris L.

In ponds throughout the state. Banner County; Broken Bow; Cody's

Lakes; Lincoln; Simeon.

LILIALES.

Perianth segments, at least the inner, corollo'id.
Perianth segments all corolloid.

Stamens 6, all alike. 1. Liliaceae.

Stamens unlike or only 3. 2. Pontederiaceae.

Perianth segments unlike, the inner corolloid; the outer green.
Leaves whorled or ovules numerous. 1. Liliaceae.

Leaves not whorled; ovules usually 2 in each cavity.

3. Commelinaceae.
Perianth segments scaly, green or brown, or wanting.

Land or marsh lands with a scaly perianth. 4. Juncaceae.

Submerged water plants, perianth often wanting. 5. Naiadaceae.

1. LILIACEAE.

Herbs, not climbing.

Styles distinct. 1. Zygadenus.

Styles united, or short or wanting.
Sepals and petals nearly alike.
Plants with bulbs or corms.

Flowers in umbels with scarious involucres.

Ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary, foliage onion scented.

3. Allium.

Ovules many in each cavity of the ovary, foliage not onion

scented. 4. Nothoscordium.

Flowers not in involucrate umbels.

Anthers attached near the middle, versatile, 5. Lilium.

Anthers attached near the base, not versatile.

Stems leafy, leaves several. 6. Fritillaria.

Leaves 2, basal. 7. Erythponium.

Plants without bulbs or corms, often with root-stocks.
Leaves basal, root-stock short and erect or none.
Plants with a single flower. 2. Leucocrinum.

Plants with many flowers. 9. Yucca.

Stems leafy, root-stocks horizontal, elongated.
Real leaves scaly, appearent leaves filiform branches.

10. Asparagus.

10 LILIALES

Leaves normal.

Flowers terminal or in terminal clusters.

Flowers several to many in a terminal raceme,

11. Vagnera.

Flowers 1-3 in a simple umbel. 12. Disporum.

Flowers axillary or in axillary clusters. 13. Salomonia.
Sepals and petals very unlike.

Leaves alternate, long and narrow. 8. Calochortus.

Leaves whorled. ovate. 14. Trillium.

Climbing vines, often woody. 15. Smilax.

1. Zygadenus. 257.

Ovary partly inferior, perianth segments with obcordate glands.

1. Z. elegans.
Ovary superior, glands ovate or semiorbicular, 2. Z. nuttallii.

1. Zygadenus elegans Fursch.

Common in the northwestern part of the state. Gordon; Fort Robin-
son; Sioux County; Rushville.

2. Zygadenus nuttallii (A. Gray.) S. Wats.

Along Pumpkinseed Creek in the western part of the state.

2. Leucocrinum. 261.

1. Leucocrinum montanum Xutt. Sand Lily.

Common in the sand-hills in the western part of the state. Chadron;
Cheyenne County; Fort Robinson; Frontier County; McCook; Gor-
don; Perkins County.

3. Allium. 262-

Outer coat of the bulb membranous, not f.brous.

Um^bel nodding. 1. A. cernuum.

Umbel erect. 2. A. stellatum.

Outer coat of the bulb fibrous.
Ovary and capsule not crested.

Umbel composed largely of bulblets. 3. A. canadensis.

Umbel with few or no bulblets.

Scape usually over 3 dm. tall; pedicles over 15 mm. long.

4. A. mutabile.

Scape usually less than 2 dm. tall; pedicles less than 15 mm.

long. 5. A. nuttallii.

Ovary and capsule crested. 6. A. reticulatum.

1. Allium cernuum Roth. Nodding Wild Onion.

In prairies in the northern part of the state. Ewing; Pine Ridge.

2. Allium stellatum Ker. Prairie Wild Onion.
In prairies in the northwestern part of the state. Belmont; Pine
Ridge; Sicux County.

3. Allium canadensis L.

Common in prairies in the eastern part of the state. Crete; Cush-
man; Emerson; Grand Island; Lincoln; AVood River.'

4. Allium m.utabile Michx. Common Wild Onion.
Common in meadows and prairies throughout the state. Antelope
County; Callaway; Crete; Central City; Lincoln; Ponca; St. Paul.

LILIACEAE 11

5. Allium nuttallii S. Wats.

Common in sand-hills. Long Pine; Loup City; Xeligh.

6. Allium reticulatum Don.

In the northwestern part of the. state. Box Butte County; Deuel
County.

4. Nothoscordium. 264.

1. Nothoscordium bivalve (L.) Britton. False Garlic.
In the southeastern part of the state. Crete.

5. Lilium. 264.
Flowers erect, leaves mostly alternate. 1. L. umbel latum.

Flowers drooping, leaves mostly verticillate. 2. L. canadensis.

2. Lilium unfallatum Pursh. Western Wild Lily.
Lilium philadelphicum var. andium (Xutt.) Ker.

Common in wet valleys in the sand-hills. Xeligh; Xewport; Pullman;
Watts Lake in Cherry County.

2. Lilium canadense L. Yellow wild lily.
In woods in the eastern part of the state. Dukeville; Otoe County;
Weeping Water.

6. Fritillaria. 266.

1. Fritillaria atropurpurea Xutt.

Rare in the northwestern part of the state. Fort Robinson; Lavaca;

W^ar Bonnet Canon.

7. Erythronium. 266.

Flowers yellow, inner perianth lobes auricled at the base.

1. E. americanum.
Flowers not yellow, perianth segments not auricled.

Flowers white or pinkish, corm producing offsets at the base.

2. E. albidum.
Flowers bluish or lavendar; corm not producing offsets.

3. E. mesochoreum.

1. Erythronium americanum Ker. Yellow adder's tongue.

Rare in the eastern and southern part of the state. Franklin County;
Lincoln; Peru,

1. Erythronium albidum Xutt. Dog's Tooth Violet.

Fairly common in woods in the southeastern part of the state. Lin-
coln; Plattsmouth; Saltillo; Weeping Water; Wymore.

3. Erythronium mesochoreum Knerr.
Rare in ravines along the Missouri.

8. Calochortus. 267.

Anthers obtuse; glands not broader than long. 1. C. nuttallii.

Anthers acute; glands broader than long. 2. C. gunnisonii.

1. Calochortus nuttallii T. & G. Mariposa Lily.
In woods in the northwestern part of the state. Belmont; Fort Rob-
inson; War Bonnet Canon.

2. Calochortus gunnisonii S. Wats. Mariposa Lily.
In woods in the northwestern part of the state. Belmont; Fort Robin-
son; Hat Creek Basin; Squaw Canon.

12 LILIALES

9. Yucca. 269.

1. Yucca glauca Nutt. Bear grass, Spanish bayonets.

Common in sand-hill regions. Alliance; Antelope County; Banner
County; Foster; Broken Bow; Scotts Bluff; Sheridan and Sioux
Counties.

10. Asparagus. 270.

1. Asparagus officinalis L. Asparagus-

Often escapes from cultivation. Black Island of Platte River; Lincoln.

11. Vagnera. 271.

Inflorescence panculate, flowers 2 mm. long. 1. V. racemosa.

Inflorescence racemosa, flowers 4 to 5 mm. long. 2. V. stellata.

1. Vagnera racemosa (L.) Morong.
Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf.

Along streams in the eastern part of state. Homer; Lincoln; New-
castle; Weeping Water.

2. Vagnera stellata (L.) Morong.
Smilacina stelfata (L.) Desf.

Woodlands and thickets throughout the state. Anselmo; Belmont;
Emerald; Guide Rock; Hat Creek Basin; Lincoln; Ponca River; Sal-
tillo; Thedford.

12. Disporum. 272.

1. Disporum trachycarpum (S. Wats.) B. & H.

In the northwestern part of the state. Hat Creek Basin; War Bonnet

Canon.

13. Salomonia. (Polygonatum.) 273.

Perianth 10 to 12 mm. long, filaments inserted towards summit of
perianth. 1. S. biflorum.

Perianth 12 to 30 mm. long, filaments inserted near the middle of the
perianth. 2 S. commutata.

1. Salomonia biflorum (Walt.) Britton. Hairy Solomon's Seal.
In woods along streams. Cass County; Franklin.

2. Salomonia commutata (R. & S.) Britton. Solomon's Seal.
Common in woodlands along streams except in the western part of
the state. Nebraska City; Norway; Ponca; Weeping Water.

14. Trillium. 274.
1. Trillium nivale Riddell. Wake-robin.

Rare along the Missouri River. Bellevue; Weeping Water.

15. Smilax. 275.

Stems herbaceous, without prickles. 1. S. herbacea.
Stems w^oody, perennial, with prickles.

Leaves glaucous. 2. S. glauca.

Leaves not glaucous. 3. S. hispida.

1. Smilax herbacea L. Carrion-flower.

Common on wooded bluffs. Bellevue; Fremont; Hooker County; Lin-
coln; Milford; Nebraska City; St. James; Thomas County; Glen;
Grand Island: Valentine.

POXTEDERIACEAE 13

2. Smilax glauca Walt.
Republican River near Franklin.

3. Smilax hispida Muhl. Green Brier.
Common in woods all over the state. Crete; Grand Island; Lincoln;
Omaha; St. James; Tecumseh; Weeping Water.

2. PONTEDERIACEAE.
Heteranthera. 243.

Leaves rounded, petioled.

Spathe several flowered. 1. H. reniformis.

Spathe 1 flowered. 2. H. limosa.

Leaves linear, sessile. 3. H. dubia.

1. Heteranthera reniformis R. & P.
Nebraska, according to Britton's Manual.

2. Heteranthera limosa (Sw.) Willd.

Common in mud or shallow water. Fairmont; Lincoln; Minden;
Plainview; Sheridan County.

3. Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) Mac. M.

Submerged aquatic of still water. Elm Creek; Glen Rock; Kearney;
Xeligh.

3. CO MM EL I N AC E A E.

Petals unequal, perfect stamens 3 or 2. 1. Commeiina.

Petals equal, perfect stamens 6 or 5. 2. Tradescantia.

1. Commeiina. 239.
Sheaths glabrous or nearly so. 1. C. crispa.

Sheaths hirsute. 2. C. virginica.

1. Commeiina crispa Wooton.
Nebraska, according to Britton's Manual.

2. Commeiina virginica L.

In the sand-hill regions. Knox County; Long Pine; Sheridan; Thed-
ford.

2. Tradescantia. 240.

Flowers 1 to 5 cm. broad. 1. T. scopulorum.

Flowers 2 to 3 cm. broad.

Bracts lanceolate, broader than the leaves. 2. T. bracteata.

Bracts linear, narrower than the leaves. 3. T. occidentalis.

1. Tradescantia scopulorum Rose.
Thedford.

2. Tradescantia bracteata Small.

Ainsworth; Callaway; Ewing; Inman; Lincoln; Red Cloud.

3. Tradescantia occidentalis Britton.

Common all over the state. Anselmo; Central City; Box Butte County;
Kearney; Lincoln; Newcastle; Pine Ridge; Thedford.

4. JUNCACEAE.
Juncus. 244.

Inflorescence apparently lateral.

Perianth green or straw-colored, seeds 0.5 mm. long. 1. J. filiform is.

14 LILIALES

Perianth partly brown, seeds 1 mm. long. 2. J. balticus.

Inflorescence evidently terminal.

Leaves not septate.

Flowers bibracteolate, not in true heads.

Annuals, inflorescence one-third the length of the plant.

3. J. bufonius.

Perennials, inflorescence not one-third as long as the plant.
Auricle at the top of the sheath prolonged beyond the point
of insertion, often 2 mm. long. 4. J. tenuis.

Auricles scarcely prolonged beyond point of insertion.

Auricles membranous, whitish, perianth scarcely spreading.

5. J. interior.
Auricles cartilaginous, yellow or yellowish brown, perianth
spreading. 6. J. dudleyi.

Flowers not bibracteolate; in true heads.
Stamens 3.

Petals setiform; acuminate at the apex. 7. J. setotus.

Petals obtuse or slightly mucronate. 8. J. marginatus.

Stamens 6. 9. J. longistylus.

Leaves septate.

Branches of the inflorescence short, rarely more than twice the

diameter of the heads.

Heads 7-8 mm. in diameter; petals usually longer than the

sepals. 10. J. nodosus.

Heads over 10 mm. in diameter; sepals longer than the petals.

11. J. torreyi.

Braches of the inflorescence long, many times as long as diameter

of the heads. 12. J. richardsonianus.

1. Juncus filiformis L.
Reported from Banner County.

2. Juncus balticus Willd.

On sand-bars and sandy margins of lakes and streams. Alliance;
Broken Bow; North Platte; Valentine; Wood River.

3. Juncus bufonius L. Toad Rush.
Common in wet places in the sand-hills. Banner County; Custer
County; North Platte; Pine Ridge; Sheridan County; Valentine.

4. Juncus tenuis Willd. Slender Rush.
Common in wet meadows throughout the state. Banner County;
Broken Bow; Crete; Hat Creek Basin; Hooker County; Kennedy;
Lincoln; Weeping Water.

5. Juncus interior Wiegand.
Boelus; Red Cloud; Riverton.

6. Juncus dudleyi Wiegand.

Common in meadows over most of the state. Callaway; Gordon; Long
Pine; Loup City; Scotia; Thedford; Wood River; Wymore; Valentine.

7. Juncus setosus (Coville) Small.
Juncus marginatus setosus Coville.

Reported only from Lorig Pine.

8. Juncus marginatus Rostk.

In moist places mostly in the sand-hills. Brewster; Dismal River;
Ewing; Long Pine; Minden; Valentine.

NAIADACEAB 15

9. Juncus longistylus Torr. & Gray.

In meadows in the western part of the state. Ewing; Sheridan Coun-
ty; Valentine.

10. Juncus nodosus L.

Common, often forming a sod in wet meadows. Anselmo; Boelus;
Long Pine; Thedford; Valentine.

11. Juncus torreyi Coville.

Common in wet soil all over the state. Anselmo; Ainsworth; Chad-
ron; Haigler; Lincoln; Long Pine; Louisville; Minden; Mullen; Pine
Ridge.

12. Juncus richardsonianus Schult.
Juncus alpinus insignis Fries.

Rare in the sand-hill regions. Long Pine.

5. NAIADACEAE.
Naias. 50.

Seeds shining with 30-50 rows of faint reticulations. 1. N. flexilis.
Seeds dull, with 16-20 row^s of strongly marked reticulations.

2. N. guadalupensis.

1. Naias flexilis (Willd.) Rost. & Schmidt.

Found mostly in the clear streams of the sand-hill regions. Cherry
County; Greenwood; Wood Lake.

2. Naias guadalupensis (Spreng.) Morong.
In a lake near Whitman.

ARALES.
Stems normal, with normal leaves.
Flowers in a spike or spadix.

Spike fleshy, i. e. a spadix; flowers not accompanied by bristles;

fruit a berry. 1. Araceae.

Spike not fleshy; flowers accompanied by bristles; fruit not a

berry. 3. Typhaceae.

Flowers in globular heads. 2. Sparganiaceae.

Stems reduced to a leaflike structure, called a thallus; leaves absent;

whole plant submerged or floating. 4. Lemnaceae.

1. ARACEAE.

Scape not leaflike, flowers monoecious, leaves compound. 1. Arisaema.
Scape leeaflike, flowers perfect, leaves simple. 2. Acorus.

1. Arisaema. 229.

Leaves with three segments. 1. A. triphyllum.

Leaves with more than three segments. 2. A.dracontium.

1. Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Torr. Jack-in-the-pulpit. Indian Turnip.
Moist places in woods in the eastern part of state. Crete; Fremont;
Lincoln; Milford.

2. Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott.

In similar places as last, but less common. Crete; Saltillo; Weeping
Water.

2. Acorus. 231.
1. Acorus calamus L. Sweet Flag, Calamus.

In swamps along the Missouri in the southeast corner of the state.
Nebraska City.

16 ARALES

2. SPARGANIACEAE.
Sparganium. 39.

1. Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. Bur-reed.

Common in wet places and in shallow water. Anselmo; Belmont;
Cherry County; Cedar County; Kearney; Lincoln; Peru;' Thedford;
Valentine.

3. TYPHACEAE.

Typha. 38.
1. Typha latifolia L. Common Cat-tail.

Comm^on along streams, ditches and in wet ground. Alliance, Ansel-
mo; Belmont; Lincoln; Norway; Peru; Thedford; Wahoo.

4. LEMNACEAE.

Rootlets several. 1. Spirodela.
Rootlets not more than one.

Rootlets usually present, thallus over one mm. long. 2. Lemna.

Rootlet wanting, thallus less than one mm. long. 3. Wolffia.

1. Spirodela. 232.

1. Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Greater Duckweed.

Common on the surface of ponds and slow streams. Anselmo; Fre-
mont; Linciln; Long Pine; Thedford; Valentine.

2. Lemna. 232.
Duckweeds.

Thallus with a stalk-like projection at the base.

Stalk long, thallus 5 to 15 mm. long. 1. L. trisulca.

Stalk short, thallus less than 5 mm. long. 2. L. perpusilla.

Thallus not stalked.

Thallus nearly symmetrical, green or purplish beneath. 3. L. minor.

Thallus unsymmetrical, pale beneath. 4. L. gibba.

1. Lemna trisulca L.

Common in ponds throughout the state. Ashland, Cherry County;
Fremont; Greenwood; Harrison; Newark; Thedford.

2. Lemna perpusilla Torr.
Thomas County.

3. Lemna minor L.

Common on the surface of ponds or slow streams. Anselmo; Banner
County; Cherry County; Holt County; Long Pine; Pine Ridge; Valen-
tine.

4. Lemna gibba L.

In ponds in the sand-hill regions. Kennedy; Merriman; Thomas
County.

3. V\rolffia. 233.

1. Wolffia punctata Griseb.

Wolffia brasiliensis Weddell.
In ponds, rare. Bellevue; Long Pine.

CYPERACEAE 17

POALES. (GRAMINALES.)

Leaves 3 ranked, with closed sheaths; stems usually solid; fruit an
achene. 1. Cyperaceae.

Leaves 2 ranked, with open sheaths; stems usually hollow; fruit a
cariopsis. 2. Poaceae.

1. CYPERACEAE.

The sedges.

The sedges are closely related to the grasses w^hich they resemble
so much that they are often confused with them. Most sedges prefer
a moist soil but a few are xerophytic. In low meadows they often
furnish a large part of the forage, but are inferior to the true grasses
for hay and pasture. Some sedges are called "wire-grass" by farmers.

Flowers of the spikelets all, or at least one of them perfect, achene
not in a closed perigynium.
Perianth of scale-like sepals.

Sepals 3 petal-like. 1. Fuirena.

Sepals single, hyaline, 2. Hemicarpha.

Perianth of bristles or wanting; not of scales.
Scales of the spikelets spirally imbricated.
Base of style persisting as a tubercle on the achene,

Spikelets solitary, 3. Eleocharis.

Spikelets in a terminal umbel, 4. Stenophyllus.

Base of the style not persistent as a tubercle on the achene.

Style swollen at the base; perianth none. 5. Fimbristylis.

Style not swollen at the base; perianth usually present.

Bristles, if present, not long and hairlike. 6. Scripus.

Bristles long, hairlike. 7. Eriophorum.

Scales of spikelets in 2 ranks.

Inflorescence axillary, perianth of bristles. 8. Dulichium.

Inflorescence terminal, perianth wanting. 9. Cyperus.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious; achene in a perigynium. 10. Carex

1. Fuirena. 182.

Perianth-scales awned at the tip. 1. F. squarrosa.

Perianth-scales awned below the tip. 2. F. simplex.

1. Fuirena squarrosa Michx.
Nebraska, according to Britton's Manual.

2. Fuirena simplex Vahl.

In wet soil mostly along streams. Kearney; Minden.

2. Hemicarpha. 183.

Scales brown, with short spreading or recurved tips. 1. H. michantha.
Scales pale with squarrose awns equal to their own length.

1. H. micrantha van. aristulata^

1. Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl.) Pax.

In moist soil over most of the state; frequent on sand-bars. Atkin-
son; Cherry County; Fremont; Ewing; Long Pine; Minden.
la. Hemicarpha micrantha aristulata Coville.
Long Pine.

18 POALES

3. Eleocharis. 167.

Achenes lenticular, style branches usually 2.
Annuals without rootstocks.

Achene black. 1. E. atropurpurea.

Achene brown.

Bristles much longer than the achene. 2. E. ovata.

Bristles about as long as the achene. 3. E. engelmanni

Bristles rudimentary or wanting. a. E. engelmanni detonsa.

Perennials with horizontal rootstocks.

Culm stout, spikelet 6-25 mm. long. 4. E. palustris.

Culm slender to filiform, spikelet 4-10 mm. long.

5. E. glaucescens.
Achenes triangular, style branches 3.

Spikelets flattened, 3-9 flowered; rootstock filiform. 6. E. acicularis.
Spikelets terete, many flowered; rootstock stout. 7. E. acuminata.

1. Eleocharis atropurpurea (Retz.) Kunth.
Nebraska, according to Britton's Manual.

2. Eleocharis ovata (Roth.) R. & S.

In wet places in the eastern part of the state. Lincoln; Minden; Ne-
braska City.

3. Eleocharis engelmanni Steud.
Minden.

3a. Eleocharis engelmanni detonsa Gray.
Springview.

4. Eleocharis palustris (L.) R. & S.

Common in wet ground throughout the state. Arabia; Lincoln; Red
Cloud; St. Paul; Springview; Thedford.

5. Eleocharis glaucescens (Willd.) Schultes.
Eleocharis palustris glaucescens (Willd.) A. Gray.

Common in wet places all over the state. Anselmo; Arabia; Basset;
Bordeaux; Crawford; Ewing; Long Pine; Nattick; Pauline.

6. Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. & S.

In wet places throughout the state. Anselmo; Bellevue; Deuel Coun-
ty; Lincoln; Lodge Pole Creek; Louisville; Minden; Nebraska City.

7. Eleocharis acuminata (Muhl.) Nees.

In wet places mostly in the western part of the state. Arabia; Ewing;
Kennedy; Long Pine; Minden; Valentine.

4. Stenophyllus. 173.

1. Stenophyllus capillaris (L.) Britton.

In moist soil over most of the state, not common. Atkinson; Ewing;

Minden.

5. Fimbristylis. 173.

1. Fimbristylis castenea (Michx.) Vahl.

In wet soil over most of the state. Franklin; along Horse Creek in

Scotts Bluff County; Newark; Scotia Junction; Valentine,

CYPERACEAE 19

6. Scirpus. 174,

Involucre of a single bract or wanting.
Spikelets few, 1 to 7, appearing lateral.

Culms terete, bristles none, annuals. 1. S. hafliL

Culms sharply triangular, bristles 2-4, perennials with rootstocks.

2. S. americanus.
Spikelets numerous, umbellate.
Achene lenticular.

Achene 2 mm. long nearly equalling the scale. 3. S. validus.
Achene 2.5-3 mm, long much exceeded by the scale.

4. S. occidentalis.
Achene triangular, bristles unequal, shorter than achenes.

5. S. heterochaetus.
Involucre of two or more leaves.

Spikelets large, 1-5 cm. long, 5-10 mm. thick.
Achene lenticular, spikelets capitate. 6. S. Interior.

Achenes sharply triangular, spikelets umbellate. 7. S. fluviatiTis.
Spikelets small, 2-15 mm. long. 1-3 thick.

Scales dark brown, one third longer than achene.

8. S. atrovirens.
Scales light brown, twice as long as the achene. 9. S. paHidus.

1. Scirpus hallii Gray.

Not common. Holt County; Kennedy,

2. Scirpus americanus Pers,

Common in the western parts of the state. Anselmo; Aten; Broken
Bow; Franklin; Hackberry Springs in Banner County; Hat Creek
Basin; Louisville; Red Cloud; Thedford.

3. Scirpus vaiidus Vahl. Great bullrush.
Scirpus lacustris L,

Common in marshes. Broken Bow; Cherry County; Lincoln; Nebras-
ka City; Newcastle; Scotts Bluff County; Thedford; Wahoo; Valen-
tine,

4. Scirpus occidentalis (Wats.) Chase.
Kearney; Thedford.

5. Scirpus heterochaetus Chase.
Nebraska, according to Britton's Manual,

6. Scirpus interior Britton.
Scirpus campestris Britton.

Alliance; Kearney County; in Lone Tree Lake near Kennedy; Laurel;
Lincoln; Newark; St, James; Whitman.

7. Scirpus fluviatilis (Torr.) A. Gray. River buHrushr,
In wet, marshy places over most of the state. Kennedy; Merriman-

8. Scirpus atrovirens Muhl.

Common in wet places. Beatrice; Lincoln; Minden; Nehawka; St.
James; Weeping Water,

9. Scirpus pallidus (Britton) Fernald.
Scirpus atrovirens var, pallidus Britton.

Common in marshy places. Broken Bow; Crawford; Hitchcock Coun-
ty; Hooker County; Nebraska City; Talmage; Thedford; Wahoo.

20 POALES

7. Eriophorum. 1S0.

Leaves 1.5 mm. wide or less, spike in fruit not over 2 cm. long.

1. E. gracile.
Leaves 1.5-4 mm. wide, spike in fruit 2.5-4, 5 mm. long.

2. E. angustifolium

1. Eriophorum graciie Roth. Slender Cotton Grass.
In wet soil in the sand-hill regions. Kennedy; Lavaca; Simeon;
Thedford.

2. Eriophorum angustifolium Roth.
Arabia; Kennedy.

8. Dulichium. 166.

1. Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton.

In wet soil, not common. Bone Creek Valley; Endicott; Ewing; Ken-
nedy.

9. Cyperus, 159.

Styles 2-cleft; achenes lenticular.

Styles long exserted; scales dull; stamens usually 3. 1. C. diandrus.
Styles scarcely exserted; scales shiny; stamens mostly 3.

2. C. rivularis.
Styles 3-cleft; achenes 3-angled.

Annuals without corms or rootstocks.
Spikelets in simple umbels; stamen 1.

Tips of the scales awnlike, recurved. 3. C. inflexus.

Tips of the scales not prolonged into awns. 5. C. acuminatus.
Spikelets in compound umbels; stamens 3.

Wings of the rachilla persistent, embracing the achenes; spike-

3-19 mm. long. 7. C. erythrorhizos.

Wings of the rachilla persistent, embracing the achenes; sqipe-

lets terete, 5-18 mm. long. 8. C. speciosus.

Perennials with corms or rootstocks.

With scaly tuber-bearing rootstocks. 6. C. esculentus.

Without rootstocks, perennial by basal corms.

Achene 3-4 times as long as wide. 9. C. strigosus.

Achenes about twice as long as wide.

Spikelets flat, in loose spikes at the ends of the rays of the

umbels. 4. C. schwelnitzil.

Spikelets terete, or compressed, in capitate clusters on the

rays.

Scales pale green. 10. C. filiculmis.

Scales brown, shining. 11. C. houghtonii.

1. Cyperus diandrus Torr.

Com.mon along streams over most of the state. Callaway; Franklin;
Kennedy; Long Pine; St. Paul; Valentine.

2. Cyperus rivularis Kunth.

Common in wet soil throughout the state. Minden; Nebraska City;
Pishelville; Richardson County; Thedford; Valentine.

3. Cyperus inflexus Muhl.
Cyperus aristatus Rothb.

Occurs over the whole state, but most abundant in the sand-hills,
Callaway; Franklin; Lincoln; Mullen; Pine Ridge; Red Cloud; Thed-
ford,

CYPERACEAE ' 21

4. Cyperus schweinitzii Torr.

Common in dry sandy prairies. Arapahoe; Broken Bow; Franklin;
Foster; Louisville; Minden; Plummer Ford; Tliedford.
5. .Cyperus acuminatus Torr & Hook.

Common in moist soil over most of the state. Edgar; Ewing; Frank-
lin; Lincoln; Loup City; Minden; Valentine.

6. Cyperus esculentus L.

Common in moist soil over most of the state. Callaway; Ewing; Ken-
nedy; Lincoln; Wood Lake; Grand Rapids.

7. Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl.

In wet soil in the eastern part of the state. Ewing; Lincoln; Niobrara
River; Norfolk.

8. Cyperus speciosus Vahl.
Cyperus ferax Rich.

In marshes in the southeastern part of the state. Hardy; Lincoln;
Repuhlican Valley.

9. Cyperus strigosus L.

Over most of the state, common along streams in the sand-hills. Cody's
Lake; Ewing; Nebraska City; Niobrara River; Republican; Thedford.

10. Cyperus filiculmis Vahl.

Fairly common in the eastern part of the state. Ewing; Hardy; Lin-
coln; Louisville; Minden; Nebraska City; Republican.

11. Cyperus houghtonii Torr.
Xattick.

10. Carex. 189.
Achenes mostly triangular, never lenticular, stigmas three.
Perigynia long-beaked — beak usually as long as body.
Perigynia gradually narrowed into a beak.
Perigynium not hard or leathery.

Beak without long stiff or spreading teeth, sometimes entire.
Beak 2-toothed.

Perigynia about 12 mm. long. 1. C. lupulina.

Perigynia about 8 mm. long. 2. C. lurida.

Beak entire. 29. C. durifolia.

Beak with stiff, setaceous, or awn-like teeth.

Teeth short, little spreading. 3. C. hystericina.

Teeth 1 m_m. long, spreading. 4. C. comosa.

Perigynia hard or leathery. 6. C. trichocarpa.

Perigynia abruptly contracted into a beak.

Scales about as long as perigynium, spikes not globose.

17. C. longirostris.
Scales about half as long as perigynium, spike globose.

5. C. squarrosa.
Perigynia with short beaks, usually not more than half as long as
the body; or beakless.
Perigynia with 2-toothed beaks.
Perigynia glabrous or nearly so.

Perigynia 2-3 mm. long, twice as long as scales. 39. C. rosea.
Perigynia 4-5 mm. long, about as long as the scales.

Leaves pubescent, terminal spike staminate at the base.

16. C. davisii.

22 POALES

Leaves glabrous, several of the upper spikelets staminate.

8. C. riparia.
Perigynia pubescent.

Pistillate spikes large, 1-2.5 cm. long.

Leaves flat, 2-5 mm. wide. 9. C. lanuginosa.

Leaves involute, about 1 mm. wide. 10. C. filiform is.

Pistillate spikes small, usually less than 1 cm. long.
Staminate spike large, 1-2.5 cm. long.

27. C. pennsylvanica.
Staminate spike small, 4-8 mm. long. 28. C. varia.

Perigynia with entire beaks or beakless.
Perigynia 4-5 mm. long.

Pistillate spikes dense, many flowered, 18. C. grisea.

Pistillate spike loose, few flowered. 19. C. amphibola.

Perigynia usually not over 3 cm. long.
Spikes two or more, the upper staminate.

Pistillate spikes densely flowered or drooping.

Pistillate spikes drooping. 15. C. limosa.

Pistillate spikes not drooping.

Bracts with long blades, much exceeding the subtended
spikes.
Bracts mostly overtopping the spikes, perigynium
strongly many nerved. 20. C. granularis.

Bracts rarely overtopping the spikes, perigynium ob-
scurely few nerved. 21. C. crawel.
Bracts short, rarely over twice the length of the sub-
tended spikes.
Perigynia about 3 mm. long. 23. C. meadil.
Perigynia about 2 mm. long. 11. C. buxbaumit.
Pistillate spikes loosely few flowered.

Pistillate spikes not globose, usually over 1 cm. long.
Tip of perigynia bent outward. 24. C. laxlflora.

Tip of perigynia straight or nearly so.

Perigynia 3-4 mm. long. 22. C. oligocarpa.

Perigynia 2 mm. long. 25. C. aurea.

Pistillate spikes globose, 4-8 mm. long, 26. C. setifolia.
Spikes solitary.

Spikes not overtopped by bracts 30. C. fllifolla.

Spikes overtopped by leafy bracts. 29. C. durifolia.

Achenes lenticular, stigmas two.

Spikes unlike, the upper mostly or entirely staminate, the lower
mostly pistillate.
Pistillate spikes densely flowered.

Orifice of perigynia entire or nearly so.
Lower sheaths prominently fibrilose, scales equal to perigynia
in length. 12. C. stricta.

Lower sheaths less fibrilose, scales longer than perigynia.

13. C. haydenl.

Orifice of perigynia with 2 teeth, 14. C. nebraskensis.

Pistillate spike few flowered, 25. C. aurea.

Spikes alike or nearly so, all with both staminate and pistillate

flowers.

CYPERACEAE 93

Staminate flowers above the pistillate, rarely mixed with them.
Spikes forming a globose head.
Perigynia about 2 mm. long.

Beak entire, edges not serrate. 31. C. stenophylla.

Beak 2-toothed, edges serrate. 42. C. cephalophora.

Perigynia 3 mm. long, or more.

Scales half as long as perigynia. 41. C. cephaloidea.

Scales as long as perigynia, or longer.

Scales 2-4 times as long as perigynia. 32. C. douglassii.
Scales little longer than perigynia. 43. C. muhlenbergia.
Spikelets not form.ing globose heads.

Perigynia over 3 mm. long, or scale only half as long as the
perigynium.

Beak of Perigynium much longer than body, usually 2-4
as long.

Base of perigynium not thickened, beak about twice as

long as body of perigynium. 33. C. stipata.

Base of perigynium thickened, disc-like, beak 3-4 times

as long as the body. 34. C. crus-corvi.

Beak of perigynium short, about half as long as the body.

Scales equal to or longer than the perigynia.

Perigynium wing-margined. 43. C. muhlenbergia.

Perigynium not wing-margined. 37. C. gravida.

Scales about half as long as perigynia.

Leaves 1-3 mm. wide. 39. C. rosea.

Leaves 4-9 mm. wide.

Perigynium wing-margined to the base, spikes not
in heads. 40. C. sphagnoides.

Perigynium wing-margined only above the middle,
spikes approximate in cylindrical heads.

41. C. cephaloidea.
Perigynia about 2 mm. long or less.

Spikes yellow or brown at maturity.
Leaves less than 2 mm. wide.

Beak of perigynium shorter than body. 35 C. marcida.
Beak of perigynium as long as body.

36. C. teretluscula.

Leaves 2-5 mm. wide. 38. C. vulpinoides.

Spikes green or greenish at maturity. 42. C. cephalophora.

Staminate flowers below the pistillate, sometimes mixed with them

in C. siccata.

Pergynia lanceolate, wing-margined.

Wings broad, scales as long as perigynia. 44. C. siccata.

Wings narrow, scales shorter than perigynia.
Spikes oblong or oval.

Spikes blunt, greenish brown. 45. C. tribuloldes.

Spikes pointed, bright brown. 46. C. scopari?.

Spikes subglob 47. C. cristatella.

Perigynia ovate or orbicular, its body as wide as long.

Beak as long as body of perigynium. 48. C. stramlnea.

Beak not over half as long as body.

Heads brownish achene sessile. 49. C. festucea.

24 POALES

Heads silvery green or yellowish, achene stalked.

50. C. bickneliii.

1. Carex lupulina Muhl.

In swampy places mostly in the eastern part of the state. Callaway;
Fremont Island.

2. Carex lurida Wahl.

In marshy places in the eastern parts of the state.

3. Carex hystricinus Muhl.

Common throughout the state in marshy places. Aten; Broken Bow;
Central City; Lincoln; Red Cloud; Thedford; War Bonnet Canon;
Valentine; St. Paul,

4. Carex comosa Boott.

Swampy places in the eastern part of the state. Beatrice; Kennedy;
Simeon.

5. Carex squarrosa L.

Swampy places in the eastern part of the state. Lincoln.

6. Carex trichocarpa Muhl.

In wet meadows, especially in the eastern part of state. Often form-
ing a sod. Ashland; Elmwood; Emerson; Minden; Nebraska City;
Xeligh.

7. Carex aristata R. Br.

Wet meadows in eastern part of state. Ashland; Kennedy; Mullon:
Nemaha.

8. Carex riparia Curtis.

In the eastern part of the state. Callaway; Laurel; Otoe County;
Scotia Junction.

9. Carex lanuginosa Michx.

In wet meadows throughout the state. Anselmo; Crawford; Nebraska
City; Pine Ridge; Sheridan County; Thedford; Red Cloud; 20 miles
south of Whitman.

10. Carex filiformis L.

Sod-forming in western parts of the state. Ashland; Custer County;
Dawes County; Kearney County.

11. Carex buxbaumii Wahl.
Carex pclygama Schkuhr.

Kirkwood, in Holt County.

12. Carex stricta Lam.

Wet meadows throughout the state except in the extreme western
part. Emerson; Johnston; Lincoln; Minden; Norway; Valentine.

13. Carex haydeni Dewey.

Carex stricta var. decora Bailey.
Nebraska, according to Britton's Manual.

14. Carex nebraskensis Dewey.

Com^mon in the western part of state. Arabia; Anselmo; Broken Bow;
Callaway; Kennedy; Hat Creek Basin; Lawrence Fork; Mullen; Pine
Ridge; Thedford; Valentine.

15. Carex limosa L.
Rare. Kennedy.

16. Carex davisii Schwein.

In eastern part of state. Lincoln; Otoe Co.

17. Carex longirostrls Torr.

Moist places along streams. Dismal River; Nebraska City; along the
Missouri in northeastern Nebraska; Fremont; Valentine.

CYPERACEAE 25

18. Carex grisea Wahl.

In woods and meadows in eastern part of state. Ashland; Crete;
Nebraska City.

19. Carex amphibola Steud.

Moist soil in the eastern part of the state. Nebraska City; Nemaha;
Pauline.

20. Carex granularis Muhl.

In moist meadows, mostly in the eastern part of the state. Burwell:
Fremont; Plummer Ford; Red Cloud; St. Paul.

21. Carex crawei Dewey.

Meadows and banks. Bassett; Central City; Kearney County; Loup
City; Minden; Merriman; Oneil; Valentine.

22. Carex oligocarpa Schk.

In the southeastern part of the state. Nebraska City.

23. Carex meadii Dewey.

Throughout the state, except in the extreme western part. Broken
Bow; Crete; Lincoln; Minden; Nebraska City; Oneil; Wood River.

24. Carex laxiflora Lam.

Most common in the eastern part of the state, especially along the
Missouri. Bordeaux; Johnston; Long Pine; Hardy; Lincoln; Ne-
braska City; Pauline; Red Cloud.
24a. Carex laxiflora var. varians Bailey.
Nebraska City; Plummer Ford.
25.. Carex aurea Nutt.

In the western part of state, mostly in the foot-hills. Fort Niobrara;
Hat Creek Basin; Pine Ridge; Sioux County; Thedford; Valentine.

26. Carex set if o Ma (Dewey) Britton.

On bluffs, mostly along the Missouri. Fort Niobrara; Merriman;
Scotia; Bluffs of Missouri in northeastern Nebraska.

27. Carex pennsylvanica Lam.

Common on the prairies except in the v»'estern parts of the state.
Crete; Deuel County; Gordon; Nebraska City; Ponca; Thedford;
Valentine.

28. Carex varia Muhl.

In the eastern art of the state, in wet soil. Fort Niobrara; Long Pine;
Nebraska City.

29. Carex durifoila Bailey.
Long Pine.

30. Carex filifolia Nutt.

Western Nebraska, mostly in the foot-hill regions. Box Butte County;
Fort Robinson; Deuel County; Gordon; Hitchcock County.

31. Carex stenophylla Wahl.

Mostly in the foot-hill regions of the extreme western part of the
state. Crawford; Franklin; Fort Robinson; Minden; Riverton; Thed-
ford.

32. Carex douglasii Boott.

In the western part of the state. Anselmo; Crawford; Kennedy;
Sheridan County; Thedford; Valentine.

33. Carex stipata Muhl.

In wet soil over most of the state. Anselmo; Crete; Red Cloud- St.
Paul; Thedford; Valentine.

34. Carex crus-corvi Shuttlw.

Wet soil in the southeastern art of the state. Lincoln; Nemaha.

26 POALES

35. Carex marcida Boott,

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Anselmo; Cody; Frank-
lin; Mullen; Oneil; St. Paul; Red Cloud; Thedford.

36. Carex teretiuscula Gooden.

In the western part of the state. Burwell; Red Cloud; Thedford.

37. Carex gravida Bailey.

Common on the prairies throughout most of the state. Broken Bow;
Callaway; Diller; Kearney County; Lincoln; Minden; Nebraska City;
Nemaha; Ponca; Valentine; War Bonnet Canon.

38. Carex vulpinoidea Michx.

Throughout the state, common in wet meadows and swampy places
in the eastern part. Anselmo; Bloomington; Elmwood; Nebraska
City; Nemaha; Ponca; Oneil; Scotia; Talmage.

39. Carex rosea Schk.

In eastern part of state, common on bluffs of the Missouri. Fremont;
Lincoln; Nebraska City; Ponca; Weeping Water.

40. Carex sparganioides Muhl.

In moist soil in the southeastern part of the state. Nebraska City.

41. Carex cephaloidea Dewey.

Hillsides and dry ravines in the eastern part of the state. Minden.

42. Carex cephalophora Muhl.

In the southeastern part of the state. Otoe County.

43. Carex muhlenbergia Schk.

Nebraska, according to Pound and Clement's Phytogeography of Ne-
braska.

44. Carex siccata Dewey.

In the sand-hills. Franklin; Minden; Pine Ridge; Thedford.

45. Carex tribuloides Wahl.
Long Pine; Nemaha.

46. Carex scoparia Schk.

Common on low, wet meadows. Ewing; Grand Island; Long Pine;
Springview; Thedford.

47. Carex cristatella Britton.
Carex cristata Schwein.

Ewing; Loup City; Lincoln; Nebraska City; St. Paul; Wabash; Weep-
ing Water.

48. Carex straminea Willd.

Minden; Neligh; Thedford; Valentine.

49. Carex festucacea Willd.

Common in moist or dry soil throughout the state. Anselmo; Beat-
rice; Ewing; Lincoln; Nehawka; Nebraska City; Oneil; Otoe County;
Ponca; Valentine; Weeping Water.

50. Carex bicknellii Britton.

In the eastern part of the state. Ewing; Oneil.

2. POACEAE. (GRAMINACEAE).

The true grasses.

This is a very large family containing about 3,500 species. Economi-
cally it is the most important family of plants, at least in temperate
regions. It includes many native and cultivated forage plants and
all our cereals.

POACEAE 27

Key to the Tribes.

Spikelets or clusters of spikelets in two rows in spikes; sessile.
Spikelets in two approximate rows, forming a one-sided spike.
Flowering scales not hardened; empty scales keeled.

3. Chlorideae.
Flowering scales hardened; spikelets flattened dorsally; empty
scales not keeled. 6. Paniceae.

Spikelets in two opposite rows. 2. Hordeae.

Spikelets not in two rows; pediceled in panicles, spike-like panicles
or racemes.
Spikelets 2 to many flowered; the lowest flower always perfect.
Flowering scales generally longer than the empty scales; awn-
less or straight awned at or near the apex. 1. Festuceae.
Flowering scales shorter than the empty scales, usually with a
bent dorsal awn. 4. Aveneae.

Spikelets 1 or 2 flowered, when 2-flowered the lower staminate or
rudimentary.
Palet keeled, similar to the flowering scale; empty scales small
or wanting. 8. Oryzeae.

Palet quite different from the flowering scale, empty scales usually
present.
Flowers, at least some of them, perfect.
Spikelets alike, all with a perfect flower.

5th scale enclosing the flower, 3rd and 4th small, aften
reduced to bristles. 5. Phalarideae.

3rd or 4th scale enclosing the flower.

Flowering scales if indurated awned, the 3rd scale en-
closing the flower. 7. Agrostideae.
Flowering scales indurated, awnless; the 4th scale usual-
ly enclosing the flower. 6. Paniceae.
Spikelets of two kinds, some perfect, and sessile, accom-
panied by 1 or 2 pediceled, staminate or rudimentary ones.

9. Andropogoneae.

Flowers all staminate or pistillate; the staminate above the

pistillate. 10. Maydeae.

Tribe 1. Festuceae.

Styles short with plumose stigmas protruding at the sides of the
scales; inflorescense various, not of axillary clusters.
Rachilla, if hairy, with hair much shorter than the flowering scales.
Flowering scales 5-many nerved.
Upper scales, if empty, narrow and not enclosing each other.
Flowers perfect.

Spikelets not in dense one-sided clusters.

Styles attached below the apex of the ovary; flowering
scales usually over 6 mm. long. 1. Bromus.

Styles attached to the tip of the ovary; flowering scales
6 mm. long or lessr
Flowering scales rounded on the back.

Flowering scales without hairs at the base.

28 POALES

Flowering scales acute, pointed or usually awned
at the apex. 2. Festuca.

Flowering scales obtuse or hyaline at the apex.
Scales obscurely 5 nerved, styles none.

3. Puccinella.
Scales distinctly 7 nerved, styles present.

4. Panicularia.
Flowering scales with tufts of hair at the base.

5. Scolochloa.
Flowering scales more or less keeled. 6. Poa,

Spikelets collected in dense one-sided clusters. 7. Dactyl is.
Flowers dioecious, spikelets almost sessile. 8. Distichlis.
Upper scales of the spikelet empty, broad and enclosing each
others. 10. Mellca.

Flowering scales 1-3 nerved, or sometimes with a faint intermed-
iate nerves.
Lateral nerves of the flowering scales glabrous.
Callus of the flowering scales glabrous.
Flowering scales leathery, seeds exserted. 9. Korycarpus.
Flowering scale membranous, seeds not exserted.

Plants growing in water or very wet soil. .11. Catabrosia.
Plants growing in dry or moist soil.

Inflorescence a contracted or spike-like panicle.

Second empty scale narrow, acute. 12. Koeleria.

Second empty scale broad, rounded or obtuse at the

apex. 13..Eatonia.

Inflorescence an open panicle. 14. Eragrostis.

Callus of the flowering scales pubescent with long hairs.

16. Redfieldia.
Lateral nerves of the flowering scales hairy.

Spikelets sessile or nearly so on the primary branches of the
inflorescence. 15. Diplanche.

Spikelets on pedicels on the primary branches of the inflor-
escence.
Flowering scales with short teeth, the midrib excurrent as
a short point. 17. Tricuspis.

Flowering scale deeply 2-toothed, awned, awn longer than
the teeth. 18. Triplasis.

Rachilla hairy, hairs longer than the flowering scales.

19. Phragmites.

Styles long, protruding at the end of the scales; stigmas not plumose;

spikelets clustered in the axil&. 20. IVIunroa.

1. Bromus. 148.

Flowering scales with compressed keels. 1. B. breviarlstatus.

Flowering scales rounded on the back, at least below.
Second em.pty scale 5-7 nerved, the first 3 nerved.
Flowering scales nearly as wide as long. 2. B. brizaeformls.

Flowering scales much longer than wide.
Flowering scales glabrous or nearly so.
Awn straight.

Sheath glabrous. 3, B. secalinus.

Sheath pubescent. 4. B. racemosus.

POACEAE: FESTUCEAE

29

6. B. kalmii.
B. hordeaceus.

8. B. porteri.

9. B. ciliatus.

11. B. tectorum.

Cheat; Chess.

Crawford; Lin-

Awns bent at the base. 5. B. squarrosus.

Flowering scales pubescent.
Awns 2-3 mm. long.

Awns 10 mm. long. 7.

Second empty scale 3 nerved.
First empty scale 3 nerved.
First empty scale 1 nerved.
Awns shorter than the flowering scales.
Inflorescence drooping, scales awned.
Inflorescence not drooping, scales awnless or nearly so.

10. B. inermis.
Awns longer than the flowering scales.

1. Bromus breviaristatus (Hook.) Buckl.
Bordeaux; Belmont; Elmwood; Newcastle.

2. Bromus brizaeformis F. & M.
Lincoln.

3. Bromus secalinus L.

Introduced in various places in the state as a weed,
coin; Minden; Newcastle; Talmage; Wabash.

4. Bromus racemosus L.
Lincoln.

5. Bromus squarrosus L.

Introduced in a few places but not common. Alliance; Long Pine;
St. Paul.

6. Bromus kalmii A. Gray.

In the foot-hill regions. Hat Creek Basin; War Bonnet Canon.

7. Bromus hordeaceus L.

Introduced but not very common. Long Pine; O'Neill.

8. Bromus porteri (Coulter.) Nash.

Common in the western parts of the state. Belmont; Franklin; Valen-
tine.

9. Bromus ciliatus L.

Common throughout the state. Arapahoe; Belmont; Burwell; Cherry
County; Halsey; Lincoln; Norfolk; Scotia; Thedford; Turkey Creek
in Holt County.

10. Bromus intermis Leyss.
Commonly cultivated and often escaes.

11. Bromus tectorum L.

Introduced and becoming a common weed in various places in the
state. Boelus; Brunswick; Lincoln; Minden; Sargent; Wisner.

Smooth Brome Grass.
Callaway.

2. Festuca. 145.

Empty scales firm, the second 3-5 nerved.
Leaves narrow, usually involute, less than 4 mm, wide.

Spikelets 6-13 flowered, annuals, stamens 2. 1. F. octoflora.

Spikelets 3-5 flowered, perennials, stamens 3. 2. F. ovina.

Leaves 4 mm. wide or more, flat.

Flowering scales over 5 mm. long, spikelets 5-9 flowered.

3. F. elatlor.
Flowering scales 4 mm. or less, long, spikelets 3-5 flowered.

4. F. nutans.
Empty scales thin, more or less scarious, second scale 1 nerved or

sometimes 3 nerved at the base.

30 POALES

Inflorescence open, its branches spreading. 5. F. scabrella.

Inflorescence narrow and spilvelilie. 6. F. ccnfinis.

1. Festuca octoflora Walt. Slender Fescue-grass.
In dry sandy soil all over the state. Alliance; Ashland; Box Butte
County; Broken Bow; Callaway; Kearney; Halsey; Lincoln; Thed-
ford; Valentine.

2. Festuca ovina L. Sheep's Fescue-grass.
In prairies throughout the state. Box Butte County; Broken Bow;
Lincoln; Thomas County; War Bonnet Canon.

3. Festuca elation L. Tall or Meadow Fescue-grass.
Sometimes escapes from cultivation. Atkinson; Grand Island; Valen-
tine.

4. Festuca nutans Willd.

In the eastern part of the state. Elmwood; Lincoln; Nebraska City;
Fort Niobrara; Omaha; Nemaha; Ponca; Weeping Water.

5. Festuca scabrella Torr.
Custer County.

6. Festuca confinis Vasey.
Festuca watsoni Nash.

In the western part of the state. Crawford; Harrison.

3. Puccinellia. 145.

1. Puccinellia airoides (Nutt.) Wats. & Coult.

In western parts of the state. Belmont; Crawford; Cheyenne County;

Lodge Pole; Long Pine.

4. Panicularia. (Glyceria). 142.

Second empty scale about 1 mm. long. P. nervata.

Second empty scale 2 mm. long or more. P. americana.

1. Panicularia nervata (Willii.) Kuntze.

Common in wet places, especially in the western parts of the state.
Anselmo; Belmont; Emerson; Lincoln; Long Pine; Newark; Saun-
ders County; Valentine.

2. Panicularia americana (Torr.) MacM.
Glyceria grandis Wats.

Frequent along streams in the sandhill regions. Callaway; Emerson;
Mullen; Thedford.

5. Scolochloa. 142.

1. Sclolchloa festucacea (Willd.) Link.

In marshy places in the western part of the state.

6. Poa. 87.

Annuals, rarely over 2 dm. tall. 1. P. annua.

Perennials, usually taller.

Stems flattened. 9. P. compressa.

Stems not flattened, round or nearly so.

Flowering scales with cobweb-like hairs at the base of the flowers.
Flowering scales with all 5 nerves prominent.

Branches of the inflorescence erect or spreading, with many
spikelets. 4. P. pratensls.

POACEAE: FESTUCEAE 31

Branches of the inflorescence reflexed or drooping, with 2-4
spikelets.
Branches of the inflorescence few, single or in pairs.

5. P. reflexa.
Branches of the inflorescence many, in whorls of 4 to 7.

6. P. sylvestris.
Flowering scales with 3 prominent nerves, the intermediate
faint or obsolete.
Branches of the inflorescence bearing spikelets above the
middle,
4 dm. or less tall; panicle rarely over 15 cm. long.

2. P. nemoralis.

6-10 dm. tall; panicle over 20 cm. long. 3. P. flava.

Branches of the inflorescence bearing spikelets only at the

ends. 7. P. alsodes.

Flowering scales without cobweb-like hairs at the base of the

flowers.

Spikelets decidedly flattened; flowering scales acute.

8. P. pseudopratensls.
Spikelets but slightly flattened; flowering scales rounded at
the apex.
Flowering scales scabrous all over. 10. P. confusa.

Flowering scales scabrous above; strigose on the lower por-
tion.
Flovv'ering scales ovate, not longer than the empty scales.

11. P. pratericola.
Flowering scales oblong, longer than the empty scales.

12. P. buckleyana.

1. Poa annua L. Low Spear Grass.
Reported from Lincoln.

2. Poa nemoralis L.

In the western part of the state. Belmont; Johnstown,

3. Poa flava L.

Poa serotina Ehr.
Bordeaux; Chadron; Crawford; Dismal River.

4. Poa pratensis L. Kentucky Blue-grass.
Commonly cultivated but often escapes, especially in the eastern part
of the state. Ashland; Halsey; Xemaha; Thedford; Valentine.

5. Poa reflexa V. & S.
Norfolk.

6. Poa sylvestris A. Gray.
Long Pine.

7. Poa alsodes A. Gray.

In woods in the northw^estern part of the state. War Bonnet Canon.

8. Poa pseudopratensls Scrib. & Rydb.

In the w^estern part of the state. Deuel County; Thedford.

9. Poa compressa L. Canada Blue Grass.
Over most of the state but not common. Basset; Chadron; Kennedy;
Lincoln; Sheridan County.

10. Poa confusa Rydb.

Nebraska according to Rydberg's Flora of Colorado.

32 POALES

11. Poa pratericola Rydb. & Nash.

In dry prairies over most of the state. Belmont; Chadron; Crawford;
Culbertson; Hardy; Harvard; Lincoln; Minden; Thedford.

12. Poa buckleyana Nash.
Belmont; Chadron; Crawford.

7. Dactylis. 136.
1. Dactylis glomerata L. Orchard Grass.

Sometimes escapes from cultivation. Lincoln; Minden; Valentine.

8. Distichlis. 135.

1. Distichlis spicata (L, Green. Alkali Grass.

In alkaline and saline soil, common throughout the state. Callaway;
Curtis; Grand Island; Hardy; Kennedy; Lincoln; Minden; North
Platte; Sioux County; Whitman.

9. Korycarpus. 13.

1. Korycarpus diandrus (Michx. Kuntze.

In deep woods in the southeastern part of the state. Weeping Water.

10. Melica. 133.

Culms over 8 dm. high sheaths glabrous. 1. M. nitens.

Culms less than 8 dm. high sheaths scabrous. 2. M. porteri.

1. Melica nitens Nutt.
Melica diffusa Purch.

Weeping Water.

2. Melica porteri Scribner.

Nebraska according to Rydberg's Flora of Colorado.

11. Catabrosa. 133.

1. Catabrosa aquatica (L.) Beauv.

In water or wet places mostly in the western part of the state.

Cherry County; Dismal River; Long Pine; Sidney; Thedford.

12. Koeleria. 132.

1. Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers.

Common in prairies all over the state. Belmont; Broken Bow; Hal-
sey; Hastings; Lincoln; Minden; Ponca; Saunders County; Sioux
County; Valentine.

13. Eatonia. (Sphenopholis.) 132.

Second empty scales much wider than the flowering scales, rounded

or truncate at the apex.

Intermediate nerves of the second empty scale prominent, leaves

with prominent auricles. 1. E. rubusta.

Intermediate nerves of the second empty scale faint, much less

prominent than the lateral ones, auricles not prominent.

2. E. obtusata.

Second empty scale not much wider than the flowering scales, obtuse

or acute. 3. E. pennsylvanica.

1. Eatonia robusta (Vasey) Rydb.

In the western part of the state. Mullen.

POACEAE: FESTUCEAE 33

2. Eatonia obtusata (Michx.) A. Gray.

Common on prairies throughout the state. Belmont; Broken Bow;
Crawford; Cherry County; Halsey; Hat Creek Basin; Kearney; Lin-
coln; Long Pine; Mullen; Plummer Ford; Thedford; Valley.

3. Eatonia pennsylvanica (D.C.) A. Gray.

Wooded bluffs, mostly in the eastern part of the state, Belmont;
Fort Niobrara; Nemaha; Valentine; Valley of the Bow.

14. Eragrostis. 129.
Stems not creeping.

Annuals.

Spikelets 2-5 flowered, 2-3 mm. long. 1. E. capi Maris.

Spikelets 5-many flowered, 3-16 mm. wide.

Spikelets about 1 mm. wide. 2. E. pilosa.

Spikelets over 1 mm. wide.

Spikelets 1.5 mm. wide. 3. E. purshil.

Spikelets 2.5 mm. or wider. 4, E. major.

Perennials.

Flowering scales less than 2 mm. long. 5. E. pectinaceae.

Flowering scales, at least the lower, over 2 mm. long.

6. E.trichodes.
Stems creeping.

Flowering scales 2 mm. long, glabrous. 7. E. hypnoides.

Flowering scales 3-4 mm. long, pubescent. 8. E. capitata.

1. Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees.

In the southeastern part of the state. Weeping Water.

2. Eragrostis pilosa (L.) Beauv.
Introduced but not common. Lincoln.

3. Eragrostis purshii Schrad.

Common in waste places, especially in the eastern half of the state.
Broken Bow; Dukeville; Minden; Mullen; Plainview; Rushville;
Weeping Water.

4. Eragrostis major Host. Stink Grass.
A common weed all over the state. Callaway; Culbertson; Halsey;
Hooker County; Kearney; Mullen; Niobrara; Talmage; Thomas
County; Brown County.

5. Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx ) Steud.

Common in waste places except in the extreme western part of the
state. Ainsworth; Callaway; Chelsea; Halsey; Lincoln; Long Pine;
Minden; Republican Valley; Thomas County.

6. Eragrostis trichodes (Nutt.) Nash. Blow-out Grass.
Common in sandy places, often found in "blow-outs." Dismal River;
Franklin; Halsey; Howard County; Keya Paha; Plummer Ford; Thed-
ford; Valentine.

7. Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B. S. P.

Wet places, mostly along streams in the eastern part of the state.
Franklin; Glen Rock; Guide Rock; Lincoln; Neligh; Norfolk; Wahoo.

8. Eragrostis capitata (Nutt.) Nash.
Nebraska according to Britton's Manual.

15. Diplachne. 128.
1. Diplacline acuminata Nash.

Wet soil, frequent on sand-bars. Basset; Callaway; Kearney; Min-

34 POALES

den; Niobrara River; Thedford.

16. Redfieldia. 128.

1. Redfieldia flexuosa (Thurb.) Yasey.

A common grass of the sand-hill regions. Antelope County; Box Butte

County; Dismal River; Keya Paha; :\Iinden; Mullen; Thomas County;

Valentine.

17. Triplasis. 127.

1. Triplasis purpurea (Walt.) Chapman. Sand Grass.

In ravines in the sand-hills. Long Pine; Minden; Plummer Ford;
Rock County; Valentine.

18. Tricuspis. 126.

1. Tricuspis seslerioides (Michx.) Torr.

Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc.
In the eastern part of the state. Richardson County; Red Cloud;
Riverton; St. Paul.

19. Phragmites. 125.
1. Phragmites phragmites (L.) Karst. Reed.

Pliragmites communis Trin.
In wet places and in shallow water throughout the state. Albright;
Alliance; Halsey; Lincoln; Newark; Niobrara; North Platte; Pluni-
mer Ford; Valentine; Whitman.

20. Munroa. 125.
1. IVIunroa squarrcsa (Nutt.) Torr.

Common in the sand-hills, often in "blow-outs." Belmont; Callaway;
Crawford; Thedford; Valentine.

Tribe 2 Hordeae.
With 1 spikelet at each joint of the rachis.

Spikelets with their sides turned towards the rachis. 1. Agropyron.
Spikelets with their edges turned towards the rachis. 2. Lolium.

With several spikelets at each joint of the rachis.
Spikelets 2-many flowered.

Empty scales present forming an involucre around the cluster
of spikelets.
Rachis of the spike not readily breaking into joints, awns as-
cending or wanting, not widely spreading. 3. Elymus.
Rachis readily breaking into joints., awns of the empty scales
wide spreading. 4. Sitanion.
Empty scales wanting or rudimentary. 5. Hystrix.
Spikelets with but 1 fertile flower, lateral spikelets often rudimen-
tary and sterile. 6. Hordium.
1. Agropyron. 153

No horizontal rootstocks or stolons, stems tufted.
Awns erect or none, spikelets nearly terete, approximate on the axis.
Awns usually as long as the scales.

Spikes erect, 7-10 mm. wide, usually one-sided.

1. A. richardsonil.
Spikes nodding, about 5 mm. wide. 2. A. caninum.

Awns short or none.

Spikes slender and lax, 7-20 cm. long, green. 3. A. tenerum.

POACEAE: HORDEAE 35

Spikes stout and dense, 3-8 cm. long, usually purplish.

4. A. violaceum.
Awns spreading, spikelets flattened, remote on the rachis.

Empty scales awnless. 5. A. vaseyi.

Empty scales awned. 6. A. gmelini.

With horizontal rootstocks or stolons.

Spikelets spreading, much flattened, 7-13 flowered. 7. A. smithii.
Spikelets erect slightly if at all flattened.
Flowering scales densely pubescent, spikelets 5-9 flowered.

8. A. daspstachyum.
Flowering scales glabrous, 3-7 flowered. 9. A. pseudorepens.

1. Agropyron richardsonii Schrad.
Lincoln, O'Xeill; Valentine.

2. Agropyron canium (L.) R. & S.

In the western part of the state. ^ Newark; Thedford; Vrhitman.

3. Agropyron tenerum Vasey. Slender Wheat-grass.
Common in the western part of the state. Belmont; Crawford; Dis-
mal Rive'r; Hat Creek Basin; Kearney; Halsey; Newark; Nev/port;
North Platte; Valentine.

4. Agropyron violaceum (Hornem.) Vasey, Purplish Wheat-grass.
In the foot-hills in the western part of the state. Box Butte County.

5. Agropyron vaseyi S. & S.

In the western part of the state. Chadron; Fort Robinson.

6. Arropyron gmelini Scribn. & Sm. "

In the western part of the state. Chadron.

7. Agropyron smithii Rydb. Western Wheat-grass.
Agropyron spicatum Scribn. &. Sm.

Common in prairies all over the state. Alliance; Bassett; Chadron;
Halsey; Kearney; Lincoln; Minden; Neligh; Plummer Ford; Red
Cloud; Thedford.

8. Agropyron dasystachyum (Hook.) Vasey.

In the western part of the state. Chadron; Glen.

9. Agropyron pseudorepens Scribn. & Sm.

In moist soil throughout the state. Anselmo; Belmont; Callaway;
Kearney; Minden; Newcastle; Thedford; Valley County.

2. Lolium. 152.

Empty scale shorter than the 8-20 flowered spikelet.

Flowering scales 5-6 mm. long', awnless. 1. L. perenne.

Flowering scales 7-8 mm. long, at least the upper awned.

2. L. italicum.
Empty scales longer than the 5-7 flowered spikelets. 3. L. tomentulum.

1. Lolium perenne L. Ray-grass.
Introduced in various places but not common. Fort Robinson; Lin-
coln; Valentine.

2. Lolium italicum R. Br. Italian ray-grass.
Lolium multiflorum Lam.

Lincoln.

3. Lolium tomentulum L. Bearded darnel.

36 P DALES

3. Elymus. 156.
Flowering scales awned.
Spikelets spreading.
Awns of flowering scales less than 2 cm. long.

Empty scales narrowly awl-shaped, spikes slender.

1. E. striatus.
Empty scales narrowly lanceolate, spikes stout.

Flowering scales glabrous. 2. E. virginicus.

Flowering scales pubescent, 3. E. hirsutiglumis.

Awns of flowering scales over 2 cm. long.
Spikes slender, peduncles long exserted.
Flowering scales hirsute. 4. E. cancdensis.

Flowering scales merely hispidulous. 6. E. brachystachys.

Spikes stout, usually partly included at the base. 5. E, robustus.
Spikelets appressed.

Empty scales acuminate to short awned; 3-6 flowered. 7. E. glaucus.

Empty scales long awned; 1-3 flowered. 8. E. macounii.

Flowering scale awnless. 9. E. condensatus.

Elymus striatus Willd. Slender Wild-rye.

Throughout the state. Belmont; Callaway; Franklin; Long Pine;

Plainview; Sioux County; Thomas County.

1a. Elymus striatus var. Arkansanus (Scrib. & Ball.) Hitchc.

Red Cloud; Weeping Water.

2. Elymus hirsutiglumis (Scribn. & Sm.)

Merriman; Nemaha; Red Cloud.

4. Elymus canadensis L. Wild Rye.
Common all over the state. Anselmo; A ten; Belmont; Broken Bow;
Cherry County; Halsey; Hat Creek; Hardy; Kearney; Mullen; Red
Cloud.

5. Elymus robustus Scribn. & Sm.

Common throughout the state. Box Butte County; Callaway; Halsey;
Lincoln; Minden.

6. Elymus brachystachys Scribn. & Ball.

On dry plains in the western part of the state. Callaway; Ewing;
Red Cloud; Wood Lake.

7. Elymus glaucus Buckl.
Culbertson; Lincoln; Mullen; Newcastle.

8. Elymus macounii Vasey.

In the eastern part of the state, not common. Cass County; Nehaw-
way; O'Neill; Red Cloud; Fort Robinson; Whitman.

9. Elymus condensatus Presl.

In wet saline soil in the western part of the state. Glen; Newark;
Nemaha; Valley County.

4. Sitanion. 155.
1. Sitanion elymoldes Raf.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Chadron; Scotts Bluff
County; Sioux County.

POACEAE: CHLORIDEAE 37

5. Hystrix. 158.

1. Hystrix hystrix (L.) Millsp.

Hystrix patula Moench.
In the eastern part of the state, not common. Cass County; Xehaw-
ka; Northeast Nebraska; Wahoo; Weeping Water.

6. Hordium. 154.

Empty scales 3-6 cm. long. 1. H. jubatum.

Empty scales 2 cm. or less long. 2. H. pusillum.

1. Hordium jubatum L. Squirrel-tail Grass.
A common weed all over the state. Alliance; Aten; Bassett; Halsey;
Hardy; Kearney; Kennedy; Lincoln; Minden; Nattick; Sioux County;
Thedford; Chadron.

2. Hordium pusillum Nutt.

Common throughout the state. Lincoln; Thedford.

Tribe 3. Chlorideae.
Spikelets with several flowers, 1. Eleusine.

Spikelets with one or rarely two perfect flowers.
Flowers perfect, spikes all alike.
Flowering scales 5 mm. or more long.

Tall marsh grasses; flow^ering scales not 3-toothed. 2. Spartina.
Low grasses of dry prairies, flowering scales 3-toothed.

Spikes 1-4. usually over 15 mm. long. 4. Bouteloua.

Spikes numerous, 12 or more, less than 15 mm. long.

5. Atheropogon.
Flowering scales 3 mm. long or less.

Hydrophytes with broad spikes. 3. Beckmannia.

Xerophytes with narrow, almost filiform spikes.

6. Schedonnardus.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, spikes very different. 7. Bulbilis.

1. Eleusine. 124.

1. Eleusine indica <L.) Gaertn. Crab-grass.

Introduced but rare. Brunswick; Lincoln; Red Cloud.

2. Spartina. 120.

Spikelets over 10 mm. long, spikes over 5 cm. long.

1. 8. cynosuroides.
Spikelets less than 10 mm. long, spikes less than 5 cm. long.

2. S. gracilis.

1. Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Willd. Slough Grass.
In wet places throughout the state, but most common in the eastern
part. Cherry County; Halsey; Laurel; Lincoln; Mullen; Niobrara
River; Saunders County; WTiitman; Valentine.

2. Spartina gracilis Trin.

In saline marshes in the western part of the state. Crawford; Chey-
enne County; Haigler; Sheridan; Simeon.

3. Beckmannia. 123.

1. Beckmannia erucaeformis (L.) Host.

In wet places in the western part of the state. Anselmo; Bordeaux;

Kennedy; Merriman; Whitman.

38

P DALES

4. Bouteloua. 123.

Rachilla of the rudimentary flower glabrous. 1, B. hirsuta.

Racliilla of the rudimentary flower with a tuft of long hair at its apex.

2. B. oligostachya.

1. Bouteloua hirsuta Lag.

In dry prairies over most of the state. Belmont; Gage County; Hal-
sey; Lincoln; Mullen; Pishelville; Valentine.

2. Bouteloua oligostachya (Xutt.) Torr. Grama Grass.
Common on dry prairies throughout the state. Callaway; Central
City; Cherry County; Halsey; Hardy; Hat Creek Basin; Mullen;
Pishelville; Plummer Ford; Valentine.

5. Atheropogon. 123.
1. Atheropogon curtipenlula (Michx.) Fourn,

Common all over the state. Bazile Creek; Bellevue; Belmont; Frank-
lin; Hardy; Lincoln; Plummer Ford; Red Cloud; Louisville.

6. Schedonnardus. 122.

1. Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trelease.

Common in dry places throughout the state. Beatrice; Brunswick;
Cushman; Grand Rapids; Halsey; Kearney; Lincoln; Minden; Ne-
braska City; Thedford; Valentine.

7. Bulbilis. 125.

1. Bulbilis dactyloides (Xutt.) Raf. Buffalo-grass.

On dry prairies, mostly in the western part of the state. Alliance;
Belmont; Box Butte County; Central City; Franklin; Halsey; Lin-
coln; Minden; Norway; Plainview; Thedford; Valentine.

Tribe 4. Aveneae.

Awns dorsal, inserted below the teeth.

Spikelets 2-6 flowered, the lower perfect. 1. Avena.

Spikelets 2 flowered, the lower staminate. 2. Arrhenatherum.

Awns attached between the teeth at the end of the scale.

3. Danthonia.
1. Avena. 117.
1. Avena striata Michx, Purple Oats.

In woods in the western part of the state. Long Pine; War Bonnet
Canon.

2. Arrhenatherum. 118.

1. Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv. Oat-grass.

In flelds and waste places. Lincoln; Minden.

3. Danthonia. 118.

1. Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. Wild Oat-grass.

Nebraska?

Tribe 5. Phalarideae.

1. Phalaris. 92.

Panicle elongated, over 5 cm. long. 1. P. arundinacea.

Panicle ovoid, less than 5 cm. long. 2. P. canariensis.

POACEAE: PANICEAE 39

1. Phlaris arundinacea L. Reed Canary-grass.

In moist places, most abundant in the eastern part of state. Ash-
land; Bassett; Lincoln; Plainview; Talmage; Whitman.

2. Phlaris caneriensis L. Canary-grass.

Introduced, not common. Alliance; Lincoln; Minden; Valentine.

Tribe 6. Panlceae.

Spikelets without an involucre.

Spikelets not in one-sided spikes. 1. Panicum.

Spikelets in one-sided spikes.

Empty scales awned or awn-pointed. 2. Echinochloa.

Empty scales not awned.

Spikelets not much longer than wide. 3. Paspalum.

Spikelets about twice as long as wide. 4. Syntherisma.

Spikelets with an involucre, i. e. accompanied by bristles or enclosed

in a spiny burr.

Involucre of bristles. 5. Ghaetochloa.

Involucre of valves forming a spiny bur. 6. Cenchrus.

1. Panicum. 78.
Plants annual.

First empty scale not over i/4 the length of the spikelet, truncate or
triangular tipped. 1. P. dichotomiflorum.

First empty scale at least % the length of the spikelet, acute or
acuminate.
Panicle narrow, usually less than half as long as broad.

2. P. flexile.
Panicle as broad as long.

Spikelets usually less than 2.5 mm. long. 3. P. capillare.

Spikelets usually over 2.5 mm. long. 4. P. barbipulvinatum.

Plants perennial.

Basal leaves similar to those of the culm; not forming a winter
rosette; first empty scale % as long as spikelet. 5. P. virgatum.
Basal leaves usually distinctly different from those of the culm,
forming a winter rosette; first empty scale not more than i/^
the length of the spikelet.
Blades elongated, not over 5 mm. wide, 20 times as long as wide;
autumnal form branching from base only.
Spikelets usually over 3.2 mm. long, pointed. 6. P. depauperatum.
Spikelets usu'all less than 3.2 mm. long, blunt.

Spikelets from 2.7 to 3.2 mm. long. 7. P. perlongum.

Spikelets from 2.2 to 2.7 mm. long, 8. P. linearifolium.

Blades not elongated, (or if so over 5 mm. wide and autumnal
form not branched from the base.)
Spikelets neither turgid, blunt nor strongly nerved.
Llgule of conspicuous hairs, usually 3-5 mm. long.

Culms variously pubescent, if pilose the hairs not long and
horizontally spreading.
Autumnal form erect or leaning, never forming a mat.
Spikelets 1.5 mm. or less long. 9. P. implicatum.

Spikelets 1.6 mm. or more long.

40 POALES

Blades stiff, erect. tO, P. huachucae.

Blades lax, spreading.

11. P. huachucea vr. silvicola.
Autumnal form branching from the middle nodes, form-
ing widely spreading mate. (See also No. 11.)

12. P. tennesseense.
Culms conspicuously pilose with long horizontally spread-
ing hairs. 13. P. praecocius.
Ligule obsolete or nearly so. 17. P. latifolium.
Spikelets turgid, blunt, strongly nerved.

Spikelets not over 3 mm_. long. 14. P. wilcoxianum.

Spikelets over 3 mm. long.
Panicle about as wide as long, spikelets less than 3.5 mm.
long, first empty scale % as long as the spikelet.

15. P. scribnerianum.
Panicle narrow, spikelets over 3.5 mm. long, first empty
scale ^2 as long as spikelet. 16. P. leibergii.

(Key abridged from "North American Species of Panicum," by Hitch-
cock and Chase.)

1. Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx.
Panicum proliferum Lam.

In the southeastern part of the state. Lincoln; Talmage.

2. Panicum flexile (Gattinger) Scrib.
(South Dakota.)

3. Panicum capillare L.

A common weed over most of the state. Ewing; Halsey; Lincoln;
Stanton County;' Valentine.

4. Panicum barbipulvinatum Nash.

A common weed all over the state. Belmont; Box Butte County; Cen-
tral City; Dismal River; Grant County; Hooker County; Niobrara;
North Platte; Simeon; Whitman.

5. Panicum virgatum L.

Common on the rairies over most of the state. Broken Bow; Craw-
ford; Franklin; Hardy; Lincoln; Mullen; North Platte; Pishelville;
Talmage; Thedford; Valentine.

6. Panicum depauperatum Muhl.
Atkinson; Ewing.

7. Panicum perlongum Nash.
Ewing.

8. Panicum linearifolium Scribn.
(Kansas & Minnesota.)

10. Panicum hauchucae Ashe.
Panicum unciphyllum Trin.

Ewing; Loup City; Thomas County; Valentine.

11. Panicum huachucae var. silvicola Hitch. & Chase.

Common over most of the state. Ewing; Grand Island; Kearney; Nat-
tick; Pishelville; Thedford.

12. Panicum tennesseense Ashe.
Minden,

13. Panicum praecocius Hitch. & Chase.
Broken Bow; Grand Island.

POACEAE: PANICEAE 41

14. Panicum wilcoxianum Vasey.

Common in the sand-hills. Callaway; Hastings; Fort Niobrara; Lin-
coln; Minden; Stanton; Thedford; Valentine; Valley County;' Wei-
gand.

15. Panicum scribnerianum Nash.

All over the state. Belmont; Broken Bow; Ewing; Hardy; Lincoln;
Mullen; Thedford; Valentine; Weeping Water.

16. Panicum leibergii (Vasey.) Scribn.
Ponca; Stanton.

17. Panicum latifolium L.
(Iowa & Kansas.)

2. Echinochloa. 78.

1. Ecliinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Barnyard Grass.

A common weed in moist soil. Atkinson; Benkleman; Brunswick;
Chelsa; Ewing; Mullen; Royal; Valentine; Whitman.

3. Paspalum. 72.

1. Paspalum stramineum Nash. Bead Grass.

Common in dry sandy soil throughout the state. Bellevue; Holt
County; Kennedy; Minden; Mullen; Oreopolis; Red Cloud; Thedford;
Verdigris.

4. Syntherisma, 76.

Pedicels terete or nearly so, spikelets less than 2.5 mm. long.

1. S. linearis.
Pedicels three angled, spikelets 2.5 mm. long or more.

2. S. sanguinalis.

1. Syntherisma linearis (Krock.) Nash.
Digitaria humifusa Pers.

Long Pine.

2. Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.) Dulac. Crab Grass.
Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.

A common weed in the eastern part of the state, less common west-
ward. Custer County; Guide Rock; Hardy; Lincoln; Minden; Valen-
tine.

5. Chaetochloa. (Setaria.) 89.

Bristles 5-16 at the base of each spikelet, tawny-orange. 1. C. glauca.

Bristles 1-3 at the base of each spikelet.

Bristles downwardly barbed. 4. C. verticil lata.

Bristles upwardly barbed.

Spikelets 2 mm. long, bristles green. 2. C. viridis.

Spikelets 2.5 mm. long, bristles purple. 3. C. italica.

1. Chaetochloa glauca (L.) Scrib. Yellow Fox-tail.
Common as a weed all over the state, but most aboundant in the east.
Franklin; Lincoln; Talmage.

2. Chetochloa viridis (L.) Cribn. Green Fox-tail.
A common weed all over the state. Franklin; Greenwood; Halsey;
Hardy; Lincoln; Minden; Mullen; Schuyler; Talmage; Valentine;
WeigancJ. - - ,, .: il ^ _

42 POALES

3. Chaetochloa italica (L.) Scribn. Millet.
Cultivated for hay and often escapes. Anselmo; Lincoln.

4. Chaetochloa verticillata (L.) Scribn.

Found in several localities in the eastern part of the state, but not
common. Lincoln; Newark; Minden; Omaha; Orleans; Valentine;
Weeping Water.

6. Cenchrus. 90.

1. Cenchrus tribuloides L. Sand-bur Grass.

A common and troublesome weed. Central City; Chelsea; Halsey;
Lincoln; Mullen; Talmage.

Tribe 7. Agrostideae.

Flowering scales hyaline or membranous, awnless or dorsally awned,
loosely enveloping the seed.

Empty scales awnless or nearly so.

Inflorescence an open panicle, or if spike-like the flowering scales
1 nerved.
Flowering scales with long hairs at the base. .

Empty scales nearly equal; flowering scales dorsally awned.

2. Calamagrostis.
Empty scales very unequal; flowering scales awnless.

3. Calamagrostis.
Flowering scales not hairy at the base.

Palet 2 nerved; stamens 3.

Flowering scales shorter than the empty scales, and longer

than the palet. 1. Agrostis.

Flowering scales longer than the empty scales, and not

longer than the palet. 5. Sporobolus.

Palet 1 nerved or the 2 nerves close together, stamen only 1.

4. Cinna.
Inflorescence spike-like.

Flowering scales awnless; empty scales short awned. 6. Phleum.
Flowering scales awned; empty scales usually awnless.

7. Alopecurus.
Empty scales with awns longer than the body of the scale.

8. Polypogon.
Flowering scales indurated or membranous, closely enveloping the
seed, awned or awn-pointed at the tip.
Empty scales very small; rachilla produced beyond the flowers.

9. Brachyelytrum.
Empty scales larger, generally as long as the flowering scales.
Flowering scales with a deciduous awn; empty scales broad.
Flowering scales glabrous. 10. Oryzopsis.

Flowering scales densely pubescent with long hairs.

11. Eriocoma.
Flowering scales with a permanent awn or the empty scales nar-
row.
Awn simple or wanting.
Awn not twisted, delicate or reduced to a mere point.

12. Muhlenbergia.
Awn twisted and bent at the base. 13. Stipa.

Awn three-branched, the lateral branches often small.

14. Aristida.

POACEAE: AGROSTIDEAE 43

1. Agrostis. 109.

Palet conspicuous, at least 1/3 as long as the flowering scale. 1. A. alba.
Palet minute or wanting.

Branches of the panicle spikelet-bearing to the base.

2. A. asperifolia.
Branches of the panicle naked below.

Stems weak, often decumbent. 3. A. perennans.

Stems erect. 4. A. hyemalis.

1. Agrostis alba L. Red-top.
Cultivated for hay and pasture. Common in low prairies where it
often drives out the native grasses. Anselmo; Halsey; Hat Creek
Basin; Dukeville; Kearney; Lincoln; Rushville; Talmage; Thedford;
Wahoo.

2. Agrostis asperifolia Trin, Mountain Red-top.
In western part of the state. Belmont; Dismal River; Hat Creek
Basin; Long Pine; Mullen; Plummer Ford; War Bonnet Canon.

3. Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm.
Cass County.

4. Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B. S. P. Hair grass.
In prairies over most of the state. The panicle is blown about as a
tumble-weed. Atkinson; Belmont; Dismal River; Elmwood; Halsey;
Kearney; St. James; Lincoln; Minden; Thedford.

2. Calamagrostis, 109.

Panicle open, the lower branches wide spreading. 1. p. canadensis.

Panicle contracted, branches ascending.

Basal hairs about as long as the scale. 2. C. inexpansa.

Basal hairs half as long as scale. 3. C. neglecta.

1. Calamagrostis canadensis (?ilichx.) Beauv. Yellow Top.
Prairies, not very common. Aten; Kearney; Ord; Platte River; Sco-
tia; Whitman.

2. Calamagrostis inexpansa A. Gray.

Mullen; along Platte River in Kearney County; Thedford.

3. Calamagrostis neglecta (Ehrh.) Gaertn.

In prairies, most common westwards. Atkinson; Anselmo; Ashland;
Hat Creek Basin; Scotia; Sheridan County; Sioux County; Valley
County.

3. Calamovilfa. 114.

1. Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Hack. Reed Grass.

Common in the sand-hill regions. Alliance; Antelope County; Banner
County; Belmont; Culbertson; Dismal River; Franklin; Halsey; Mul-
len; Sioux County; Thomas County; Valentine; Verdigris Creek.

4. Cinna. 108.
1. Cinna arundinaceae L. Wood Reed-grass.

In woods mostly in the eastern half of the state. Bellevue; Cherry
County; Hitchcock; Long Pine; Lincoln; Riverton; Talmage; Wahoo;
Weeping Water.

5. Sporobolus. 104.
Panicle contracted, spike-like.
Spikelets 4-5 mm. long.

44 P DALES

Panicle over 6 cm. long. 1. s. longifolius.

Panicle less than 6 cm. long. 2. S. vaginaeflorus.

Spikelets not over 3 mm. long, panicle partly enclosed in the sheath.

3. S. neglectus.
Panicle open, not spike-like.

Spikelets over 4 mm. long, first scale subulate, often, awn-pointed.

4. S. heterolepis.
Spikelets 2 mm. long or less.
Empty scales unequal, the first half as long as the second or less
First scale half as long as the second, not scabrous keeled.

5. S. airoides.
First scale % as long as the second, scabrous keeled.

6. S. cryptandrus.
Empty scales about equal.

Rootstock present, leaves 2 mm. wide or more.

7. S. asperifolius.
Rootstock wanting, leaves less than 2 mm. wide. 8. S. confusus.

1. Sporobolus longifolius (Torr.) Wood.
Throughout the state. Kennedy; Lincoln; Valentine,

2. Sorobolus vaginaeflorus (Torr.) Wood.

Common in waste places except in the extreme west. Atkinson;
Bellevue; Cams; Hardy; Lancaster; Lincoln; Long Pine; Minden.

3. Sporobolus neglectus Xash.

Over most of the state. Callavvay; Long Pine; Valentine.

4. Sporobolus heterolepis A. Gray.

In the eastern part of the state, not common. Anselmo; Atkinson;
Ewing; Lincoln.

5. Sporobolus airoides Torr.

In prairies in the western part of the state. Alliance; Box Butte
County; North Platte; Sheridan County.

6. Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray.

Common in sandy soil all over the state. Anselmo; Box Butte Coun-
ty; Brunswick; (Cherry County; Culbertson; Republican; Scotts Bluff
County; Thedford; Valley County; Verdigris Creek.

7. Sporobolus asperifolius Xees. & Meyen.

In the western part of the state. Box Butte County; Hitchcock Coun-
ty; Kearney; Simeon; Rushville.

8. Sporobolus confusus Vasey.
Scotts Bluff County.

6. Phleum. 102.
1. Phleum pratensis L. Timothy.

Cultivated for hay and often escapes. Long Pine; Lincoln; Sioux
County; Thedford; Valentine.

7. Alopecurus. 102.
1. Alopecurus aristulatus Michx. Water Fox-tail.

Alopecurus geniculatus L.
Common in wet places throughout the state. Box Butte County; Deuel
County; Halsey; Lincoln; Long Pine; Minden; Rushville; Scotts
Bluff County; Thedford.

8. Polypogon. 107. .
1. Polypogon monspelienesis (L.) Deaf. Beard Grass.

Newark.

POACEAE: AGROSTIDEAE 45

9. Brachyelytrum. 101.

1. Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv.
Cass County.

10. Oryzopsis. 97.

1. Oryzopsis micrantha (Trin. & Rupr.) Thurb. Mountain Rice.

In the western part of the state. Belmont; Dismal River; Long Pine;
Plummer Ford; Valentine.

11. Eriocoma. 98.

1. Eriocoma cuspidata Xutt.

On dry plains and hillsides in the western part of the state. Bel-
mont; Box Butte County; Chadron; Cheyenne County; Crawford; Mul-
len; Sioux County.

12. Muhlenbergia. 99.

Panicle narrow, spike-like, branches short not spreading.
Flowering scales awnless or awn-pointed.

Empty scales longer than the flowering scales. 1. M. racemosa.
Empty scales not longer than the flowering scales.
Empty scales about as long as the flowering scales.

Stem-s much branched; rhizomes present. 2. M. mexicana.
Stems little branched; without rhizomes. 3. M. cuspidata.

Empty scales about half as long as the flowering scales.

Perennials with scaly rootstocks. 4. M. richardsonis.

Annuals v/ithout rootstocks. 5. M. simplex.

Flowering scales with awns as long as the scales or longer.
Empty scales about as long as the flowering scales.

6. M. sylvatica.
Empty scales much shorter than the flowering scales.
Empty scales about half as long ts the flowering scales.

7. M. tenuifolia.
Empty scales about one-fourth as long as the flovv^ering scales.

8. M. diffusa.
Panicle open, its branches long and spreading. 9. M. pungens.

1. Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B. S. P.
Muhlenbergia glomerata Trin.

Common in wet soil over most of the state. Belmont; Halsey; Kear-
ney; Lincoln; O'Neill; Thedford; Valentine.

2. Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin.

Common in meadows and along streams throughout the state. Dismal
River; Halsey; Kennedy; Nattick; Neligh; Red Cloud; Thedford.
Valentine; Wahoo; Weeping Water.

3. Muhlenbergia cuspidata (Torr.) Rydb.
Sporobolus cuspidatus Woods.

In dry soil over most of the state. Belmont; Cass County; Cherry

County; Cheyenne County.

4. Muhlenbergia richardsonis (Trin.) Rydb.

Sporobolus brevifolius Nash.
In the western part of the state. Cody; Kennedy; Lincoln; Minden.
5. Muhlenbergia simplex (Scribn.) Ryrb.

Sporobolus simplex Scribn.
In the western part of the state, according to Rydberg's Flora of

46

P DALES

Colorado.

6. Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr.

In woods along streams. Ewing; Orleans; Valentine.

7. Muhlenbergia tenuifolia (Willd.) B. S. P.
Grand Island; Red Cloud.

8. Muhlenbergia diffusa Willd.

In dry soil in the southeastern part of the state. Lincoln; Red
Cloud; Valley County.

9. Muhlenbergia pungens Thurb.

In the sand-hills, frequently in "blow-outs." Belmont;
Haigler; Hat Creek Basin; Minden; Mullen; Valentine.

Biow-out grass.

Dismal River;

13. Stipa. 96.

Empty scales less than 1 cm. long. 1. S. viridula.
Empty scales over 1 cm. long.

Flowering scales, without awn, 8 to 12 mm. long. 2. S. comata.

Flowering scales, without awns, 20 to 25 mm. long. 3. S. spartea.

1. Stipa viridula Trin.

In the western part of the state. Belmont; Burwell; Central City;
Deuel County; Mullen; Valentine; Weigand.

2. Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr. Western spear-grass.
Common in the western part of the state and in the sand-hills. Axtell;
Belmont; Box Butte County; Broken Bow; Brunswick; Harrison;
Halsey; Kearney County; Thedford; Valentine.

3. Stipa spartea Trin. Spear-grass.
Common in prairies in the eastern part of the state. Crete; Cherry
County; Lincoln; Thedford; Weeping Water.

14. Aristida. 93.

Central awn 3.5 cm. long or more.
Awns distinct to the base, not articulated to the scale.
First scale much shorter than the second.

Second scale 1.5 cm. long, but little longer than the flowering

scale. 4. A. fendleriana.

Second scale 2 cm. long, much longer than the flowering scale.

5. A. longiseta.
First scale as long as the second or nearly so. 6. A. oligantha.
Awns united at the base and articulated to the scale.

8. A. tuberculosa.
Central awn not over 3 cm. long.
Lateral awns much shorter than the central one.

Spikelets 10-15 mm. long. 2. A. basiramea.

Spikelets about 6 mm. long.

Central awn 1 cm. or more long, the lateral 2-6 mm. long.

7. A. gracilis.
Central awn 3-6 mm. long, the lateral erect teeth.

1. A. dichotoma.
Lateral awns nearly as long as the central one.

First scale shorter than the second and third. 3. A. fasciculata.
First scale longer than the second and third. 9. A. purpurascens.

POACEAE: ORYZEAE 47

1. Aristida dichotoma Michx.
Nebraska, according- to Britton's Manual.

2. Aristida basiramea Engelm.

Common in the sand-hill region. Atkinson; Broken Bow; Exeter;
Long Pine; Thedford; Valentine.

3. Aristida fasciculata Torr.

In dry soil mostly in the western part of the state. Lavaca; Lincoln;
Long Pine; Thedford.

4. Aristida fendleriana Steud,
Crawford; Lavaca; Valentine.

5. Aristida Icngiseta Steud.
Callaway; Long Pine; Wood Lake.

6. Aristida oligantlia Michx.

Common over most of the state, Ainsworth; Endicott; Ewing; Frank-
lin; Grand Rapids; Lincoln; Long Pine; Minden.

7. Aristida gracilis Ell.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Atkinson; Arabia; Bas-
sett; Valentine.

8. Aristida tuberculosa Nutt.
Minden.

Tribe 8. Oryzeae.

Spikelets alike; flowers all perfect; scales awnless.

1. Homalocenchrus.
Spikelets not alike; flowers monoecious; scales of the pistillate spike-
lets long awned. 2. Zizania.
1. Homalccenclnrus. (Leersia.) 91.

Spikelets 4-5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide. 1. H. oryzoides.

Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, 1 mm. wide. 2. H. virginicus.

1. Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Poll. Rice cut-grass.

In marshy places and along streams throughout the state. Bellevue;
Coon Creek; Grand Island; Halsey; Lincoln; Lodge Pole Creek;
North Platte; Royal; Talmage; Valentine.

2. Homalocenchrus virginicus (Willd.) Britton.

In similar places as the last, not reaching the western part of the
state. Bellevue; Cass County; Culbertson; Lincoln; Meadville; Weep-
ing Water; Whitman.

1. Zizania. 91.
1. Zizania aquatica L. Wild rice.

In marshes and along streams over most of the state. Atkinson;
Bone Creek; Furnas County; Lincoln; Newark; Simeon; Stanton;
Valentine; Whitman.

Tribe 9. Andropogoniae.

Inflorescence composed of many-flowered spike-like racemes.

1. Andropogon.

Inflorescence composed of few-flowered racemes, arranged in open

panicles. 2. Sorghastrum.

1. Andropogon. 68.

Racemes solitary. 1. A. scorparius.

Racemes 2 or more together.

48 HYDRALES

Fourth scale with a long bent awn, twisted at the base.

Empty scales hispidulous all over, hairs on rachis internodes 2
mm. long. 2. A. furcatus.

Empty scales smooth except on the nerves, hairs on rachis inter-
nodes 3-4 mm. long. 3. A. chrysocomus.
Fourth scale awnless or with a short, straight, untwisted awn.
Pedicles and rachis internodes with copius, stiff, marginal hairs.

4. A. haliii.
Pedicles and rachis internodes with scant, lax, marginal hairs.

5. A. paucipilus.

1. Andropogon scoparius Michx. Little blue-stem.
Common on the prairies all over the state. Anselmo; Deuel County;
Dismal River; Grand Rapids; Halsey; Lincoln; North Platte; Repub-
lican; Valentine.

2. Andropogon furcatus Muhl. Big blue-stem.
Common in prairies throughout the state. Beaver Creek in Holt
County; Franklin; Gage County; Halsey; Lincoln; Mullen; Thedford;
Wahoo; Whitman; Valentine.

3. Adropogon chrysocomus Xash.
Halsey,

4. Adropogon Hallil Hack. Big blue-stem.
Common on high prairies in the central and western parts of the state.
Antelope County; Banner County; Box Butte County; Chelsea; Gar-
den County; Haigler; Lawrence Fork; Long Pine; Plummer Ford;
Thedford; Valentine.

5. Andropogon paucipilus Xash.
Nebraska, according to Britton's Manual.

2. Sorghastrum. 71.

1. Sorghastrum avenaceum (Michx.) Nash.

Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash.
Common on the prairies. Ayr; Cams; Dismal River; Deuel County;
Hardy; Halsey; Lincoln; North Platte; Thedford; Valentine.

Tribe 10. Maydeae.
1. Tripsacum. 67.

1. Tripsacum dactyioides L.

In low wet places in the southeastern part of the state. Nemaha;

Richardson County; Weeping Water.

HYDRALES.

HYDROCHARITACEAE.
Philotria. (Elodia.) 60.

1. Philotria canadensis (Michx.) Britton.

In ponds and streams, rare. Ewing; Neligh.

IRIDALES.

Stamens 6. 1. Amaryllldaceae.

Stamens 3. 2. iridaceae.

AMARYLLIDACEAE 49'

1. AMARYLLIDACEAE.

Hypoxis. 280.

1. Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville. Star grass.

In low prairies in the eastern part of the state. Ashland; Inman; New-
ark; Lincoln; Otoe County; Plainview.

2. IRIDACEAE.

Style-branches petal-like, opposite the stamens. 1. Iris.

Style-branches not petal-like, alternate with the stamens.

Petals mottled, flowers 3-5 cm. broad. 2. Gemmingia.

Petals not mottled, flowers less than 3 cm. broad. 3. Sisyrinchrum.

1. Iris. 282.
1. iris versicolor L. Blue flag.

In low wet places in the eastern part of the state, not common. Ash-
land; Nebraska City,

2. Gemmingia. 284.

1. Gemmingia chinensis (L.) Kuntze. Blackberry lily.

Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC.
Escaped from cultivation and spreading along roadside near Brunswick.

3. Sisyrinchium. 284.

1. Sisyrinchium angustifolium Miller. Blue-eyed grass.

Common in prairies all over the state. Banner County; Central City;
Lincoln; Pine Ridge; Sheridan County; Thedford; Weeping Water.

ORCHIDALES.
ORGHIDACEAE.

Holophytes with normal green leaves.

Fertile stamens 2, on the sides of the column, a large staminodium
central over the column. 1. Cypripedium.

Fertile stamen one, central over the column, staminodia, if present,
lateral.

Flowers with a spur at least 2 mm. long.

Leaves all basal. 2. Orchis.

Leaves not all basal. 3. Habenarla.

Flowers not spurred.

Petals joined to the upper sepal. 4. Ibidium.

Petals free from the sepals. 5. Leptorchys.

Saprophytes without green leaves, stems yellowish or brownish.

6. Corailorrhiza.
1. Cypripedium. 290.
Lip yellow. 1. C. pubescens.

Lip white. 2. C. candidum.

1. Cypripedium pubescens Willd. Yellow lady's slipper.

Cypripedium hirsutum.
In southeastern Nebraska long the Missouri River. Peru; Plattg-
mouth; Richardson County.

•50 ORCHIDALES

2. Cypripedium candidum Willd. White lady's slipper.

In lowlands in the eastern part of the state. Antelope County; Central
City; Knox County; Lincoln; Newark; Richardson County; Scotia
Junction.

2. Orchis. 292.
1. Orchis spectablis L.

Gaieorchis spectablis (L.) Rydb.
Wooded bluffs of the Missouri. Belle vue; Peru; Plattsmouth; Omaha.

3. Habenaria. 292-295.
Lip not fringed.

Lip three toothed. 1. H. bracteata.

Lip entire.

Flowers white. 2. H. hyperborea.

Flowers green. 3. H. dilatata.

Lip fringed. 4. H. luecophaea.

1. Habenaria bracteata (Willd.) R. Br.

Along shady banks in various parts of the state. Gordon; Lincoln;
Peru; Sioux County.

2. Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R. Br.

In the western part of the state. Boelus; Chadron; Valentine.

3. Habenaria dilatata (Pursh.) Gray.
Nebraska according to Britton's Manual.

4. Habenaria luecophaea (Nutt.) Gray.

In wet meadows over most of the state, common in wet valleys of the
sand-hill region. Belmont; Cherry County; Crete; Fairbury; Kennedy;
Lincoln; Plainview.

4. Ibidium. 299.

Flowers apparently in a single rank, secund. 1. I. gracilis.

Flow^ers 3-ranked.

Sepals and petals forming a hood, callosities of lip small or wanting,

2. I. strictum.

Sepals separate, callosities nipple shaped. 3. I. cernuum.

1. Ibidium gracilis (Bigel.) Beck.
Spiranthes gracilis (Bigel.) Beck.

Franklin.

2. Ibidium strictum (Rybd.) House.
Spiranthes romanzoffiana Cham.

Grand Island; Long Pine; Simeon.

3. Ibidium cernuum (L.) House.
Spiranthes cernua (L.) Rich.

Common in wet meadows throughout the state. Ashland; Brown
County; Cody; Long Pine Canon; Newark; Pine Ridge; Plainview;
Sioux County; Thomas County.

5. Leptorchys. 303.

1. Leptorchys loeselii (L.) MacM.

Liparis loeselii (L.) Richard.
Thedford.

RANUXCULACEAE 51

6. Corallorhiza. 305.

Lip entire; whole plant yellow. 1. C. ochroleuca.
Lip with 2 lobes or teeth; plant brownish.

Lip unspotted; lobes small; spur very small. 2. C. coral lorrhiza.

Lip spotted; lobes prominent; spur manifest. 3. C. multiflora.

1. Corallorrhiza ochroleuca Rydb.
Woods of western Nebraska.

2. Corallorhiza corallorrhiza (L.) Karst.
Shady woods in canons of Sioux County.

3. Corallorhiza multiflora Nutt.

Shady woods in the canons of Sioux County.

Class DICOTYLEDONEAE.

The dicots.

Sub-Class THALAMIFLORAE.

RANALES.

Land or marsh plants.
Carpels several to many.
Herbs not climbing. 1. Ranunculaceae.

Vines.

Leaves compound, flowers mostly perfect. 1. Racunculaceae.

Leaves simple, flowers dioecious. 3. Menispermaceae.

Shrubs or small trees. 6. Anonaceae.

Carpel single; 2-many ovuled. 2. Berberidaceae.

Aquatic herbs.

Leaves floating, peltate or with a deep sinus at the base.

4. Nymphaeaceae.
Leaves mostly submerged and dissected.

Flowers peduncled, opposite the leaves. 1. Ranunclaceae.

Flowers sessile, axillary. 5. Ceratophyllaceae.

1. RANUNCULACEAE.

Carpels one ovuled; fruit an achene.
Petals usually present.

Sepals spurred; leaves basal, linear; receptable in fruit elongated,

cylindrical. 1. Myosurus.

Sepals not spurred; receptacle in fruit splierical, conical or short

cylindrical.

Petals white, aquatic herbs. 3. Bartrachium.

Petals yellow; land or marsh plants.

Achenes not ribbed. 2. Ranunculus.

Achenes longitudinally ribbed. 4. Halerpestes.

Petals wanting; sepals often petaloid.
Leaves mostly alternate or basal.

Leaves all alternate, ternately compound. 5. Thallctrum.

Leaves or bracts subtending the inflorescence opposite or
whorled.

52 RAXALES

Styles short, not plumose in fruit.
Basal leaves not tvv'ice or thrice ternately compound.

8. Anemone.
Basal leaves twice or thrice ternately compoimd.

6. Syndesmon.
Styles elongated in fruit, plumose. 7. Pulsatilla.

Leaves all opposite. 9. Clematis.

Carpels with several ovules; fruit a follicle or berry.
Petals inconspicuous or none; never spurred.

Leaves simple; flowers solitary; fruit a follicle. 10. Caltlia.

Leaves ternately compound; flowers racemose; fruit a berry.

13. Actaea.
Petals present; some or all spurred.

Flowers regular; all the petals spurred. 11. Aquilegia.

Flowers irregular; one sepal spurred. 12. Delphinium.

1. Mycsurus. 423.

1. Myosurus minimus, L. Mouse-tail.

Locally abundant in wet soil in various places in the state. Alliance;
Fairmont; Lewellen; Lincoln; Merriman; [Nlinden; Weeping Water.

2. Ranunculus. 423.

Aquatic plants v/ith dissected leaves or sometim.es rooting in mud.
Petals much larger than the sepals. 1. R. delphinifolius.

Petals not m^uch larger than the sepals. 2. R. purshii.

Terrestrial plants; leaves entire, lobed or divided; segments not
capillary.
Basal leaves all lobed or divided.

Plant glabrous, stem hollow. 3. R. scleratus.

Plants more or less pubescent.

Beak or achene strongly hooked. 4. R. recurvatus.

Beak or achene not hooked.

Beak short, less than half as long as the achene.
Flowers about 2 cm. broad.

Leaves 3 lobed, broader than long, the terminal lobe

sessile. 5. R. acris.

Leaves 3 lobed, longer than broad, the terminal lobe

stalked. 6. R. bulbosus.

Flowers less than 1 cm. broad. 7. R. pennsylvanicus.

Beak at least half as long as the achene.

Beak sword shaped, nearly as long as the achene.

8. R. septentrionalis.

Beak slender, subulate, about half as long as the achene.

Basal leaves not all lobed or divided. 9. R. hispidus.

Plant pubescent, basal leaves not cordate. 10. R. oval is.

Plant glabrous, basal leaves cordate. 11. R. abortivus.

1. Ranunculus delphinifolius Torr.

In shallow water over most of the state. Antelope County; Aten; Fre-
mont; Gordon; Minden; Saltillo.

2. Ranunculus Purshii Richards.
In water near Whitman.

3. Ranunculus scleratus L.

RAXUXCULACEAE 53

In edges of ponds, not common. Aten; Belmont; :\Iullen; Sidney;
Whitman; Lewellen; Xewark.

4. Ranunculus recurvatus Poir.

By springs and streams in the southeastern part of the state. Ne-
braska City; Weeping Water.

5. Ranunculus acris L.

In the southeastern part of the state. Lincoln; Peru.

6. Ranunculus bulbosus L.
Macon.

7. Ranunculus pennsylvanicus L.

In wet places over most of the state. Atkinson; Belmont; Cody's
Lakes Dawes County; Mullen; Minden; Scotia.

8. Ranunculus septentrlonalis Poir.

In wet soil in the eastern part of the state. Emerson; Newark; Stella.

9. Ranunculus hispidus INIichx,
Kim-ball.

10. Ranunculus ovalis Raf.
Ranunculus rhomboideus Goldie.

In the sand-hills regions. Antelope; Burwell; Callaway; Gordon; Long
Pine.

11. Ranunculus abortivus L.

Woods and thickets, mostly along streams, in the southeastern part of
the state. Beatrice; Crete; Ewing; Ft. Niobrara; Long Pine; Lincoln;
Pauline.

3. Bartrachium.

Leaves sessile, circinate. 1. B. divaricatum.
Leaves petioled, not circinate.

Beak of achene 1 mm. long. 2. B. longirostris.

Beak minute or none. 3. B. trichophyllum.

1. Bartrachium divaricatum (Shrank.) Winn.
Ranunculus circlnatus Sibth.

Rare. Lodge Pole Creek.

2. Bartrachium longirostris (Godr.) F. Shurtz.
Nebraska?

3. Bartrachium trichophyllum (Choix.) Borsch.
Ranunculus aquatilis var. capillaceus DC.

Common in streams throughout the state. Anselmo; Cherry County;
Keya Paha; Lincoln; Long Pine; Newark; Plain view.

4. Halerpestes. 430.

1. Halerpestes cympalaria (Pursh.) Greene.

Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh.
Common, often forming patches of considerable size in wet meadows
and marshes. Alliance; Aten; Bellevue; Broken Bow; Crawford;
Deuel County; Kearney County; Newark; Plain view; Whitman.

5. Thalictrum. 430.
1. Thalictrum purpurascens L.

Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall.
In low meadows and open woods along streams throughout the state.

54 ^ RAX ALES

Belmont; Dismal River; Lincoln; Red Cloud; Scotia; St. James; Val-
entine.

6. Syndesmon. 420.

1. Syndesmon thalictroides (L.) Hoffing.
Anemonella thalictroides (L.) Spacli.
In woods in the eastern part of the state ,rare. Riverton; Woodlawn.

7. Pulsatilla. 420.

1. Pulsatilla hirsutissima (Pursh.) Britton.

Anemone pratens L. var. wolfgangiana (Bess.) Koch.
In dry prairies mostly in northern and ^yestern part of the state. An-
telope County; Kearney; Ft. Robinson; Valentine; West Point.

8. Anemone. 418.
Root tuberous; stem simple; one flowered.

Achenes densely wooly, leaves ternately divided.

1. A. caroliniana.
Achenes pubescent, basal leaves 5-parted. 6. A. quinquifolia.

Root not tuberous, stem branched, 2 to several flowered.
Involucral leaves with petioles 2 cm. or more long.

Beak of fruit 1 mm. long, heads of fruit cylindrical, 2-4 cm. long,

3. A. cylindrica.
Beak of fruit 2 mm. long, heads of fruits oblong, 1-2.5 cm. long.

4. A. virginiana.
Involucral leaves sessile or short petioled.

Flowers less than 2 cm. broad. 2. A. hudsoniana.

Flowers over 2 cm. broad. 5. A. canadensis.

1. Anemone caroliniana Walt.
(Including A. decapetala Ard.)

Common on dry prairies. Atkinson; Crete; Fairbury; Holdrege; Lin-
coln; Minden; Red Cloud; Royal; Valentine.

2. Anemone hudsoniana Richards.
Anemone multifida Poir.

In the western part of the state. Belmont.

3. Anemone cylindrica A. Gray.

Common in dry prairies throughout the state. Belmont; Broken Bow;
Cass County; Cherry County; Denton; Kearney County; Thedford;
Wahoo; Valentine.

4. Anemone virginiana L.

In woods in the southeastern part of the state. Weeping Water.

5. Anemone canadensis L.

Common in low ground in the eastern part of the state. Emerson;
Grand Island; Lincoln; Lowell; Xeligh; Peru; Red Cloud; Stewart;
Wahoo.

6. Anemone quinquifolia L.

In the eastern part of the state. Greenwood.

9. Clematis. 420.

Leaves, at least some of them, pinnate.
Climbing vines.

Flowers cymose-paniculate, small.

RANU.XCULACEAE 55

Leaves 5 to 7-foliate, glabrate. 1. c. ligusticifolia.

Leaves mostly 3-foliate, silky beneath. 2. C. missouriensis.

Flowers solitary, large. 3. C. simsii.

Erect herbs, lower leaves sometimes entire. '5. C. scottii.

Leaves all simple. 4. C, fremontii.

1. Clematis ligusticifolia Xutt.

Common in woods and thickets in the western part of the state.
Banner County; Belmont; Deuel County; Ft. Robinson; Kimball
County; Saunders County; Thomas County; Valentine.

2. Clematis missouriensis Rydb.

Included in C. virginiana in Gray's [Manual.
In woods in the eastern part of the state. Crete; Long Pine; Lincoln;
Neligh; Peru; Pishelville; Richardson County.

3. Clematis simsii Sweet.
Clematis pitclierii Torr. & Gray.

On wooded bluffs in the eastern part of the state. Otoe County.

4. Clematis fremontii S. Wats.
Red Cloud.

5. Clematis scottii Porter.
Sheridan County.

10. Caltha. 412.
1. Caltha palustris L.
Along streams and ditches. Norfolk; Pierce; Kennedy.

11. Aquilegia. 415.

1. Aquilegia canadensis L,

In woods in the eastern part of the state, especially along the Mis-
souri. Belmont; Fremont; Lincoln; Nebraska City; Plattsmouth;
Ponca.

12. Delphinium. 416.
Spur over one cm, long.
Follicles erect.

Flowers white sometimes tinged with blue. 1. D. albescens.

Flowers blue. 2. D. nelsoni.

Follicles in fruit widely spreading. 4. D. tricorne.

Spur less than one cm. long. 3. D. urceoiatum.

1. Delphinium albescens Rydb. Wild lark-spur.
Common in prairies throughout the state. Banner County; Cherry
County; Fairbury; Lincoln; Lodge Pole; Norway; Ponca; Sheridan
County.

2. Delphinium nelsoni Greene.

Occurs in western Nebraska. Ft. Robinson; Glen.

3. Delphinium urceoiatum Jacq.
Delphinium exaltatum Ait.

In woods in the eastern part of the state. Bennett; Lincoln; Nebraska
City; Talmage; Tecumseh; Saltillo; Weeping Water.

4. Delphinium tricorne Michx.

In woods and meadows in the eastern part of the state. Elmwood;
Nebraska City; Weeping Water.

56 RAXALES

13. Actaea. 414.

Berry spherical, 5-7 mm. long. 1. a. arguta.

Berry ellipsoid. 10-12 mm. long. 2. A. rubra'.

1. Actaea arguta Nutt.

In the northwestern part of the state. Squaw Canon.

2. Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd.

In the northwestern part of the state. Belmont; Hat Creek Basin;
War Bonnet Canon.

2. BERBERIDACEAE.

Shrubs. 1. Berberis.

Herbs.

Flowers paniculate, greenish purple. 2. Caulophyllum.

Flowers solitary, white. 3. Podophyllum.

1. Berberis. 432.

1. Berberis aquifolium Pursh. Oregon grapes.

A xerophyte of the northwestern part of the state. Belmont; Harri-
son; Pine Ridge; Squaw Butte.

2. Caulophyllum. 433.
1. Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx.

Rare in wooded ravines along the Missouri. Bellevue; Newcastle.

3. Podophyllum. 433.
1. Podophyllum peltatum L.

In woods, mostly along the ^lissouri River. Brownville; Nebraska
City; Nemaha; Richardson County.

3. MENISPERMACEAE.
Menispermum. 434.
1. Menispermum canadense L,

Common in open woods and thickets in the eastern part of the state.
Crete; Ewing; Fairbury; Fremont Island; Grand Island; Lincoln;
Peru; Ponca; Red Cloud; Washington.

4. NYMPHAEACEAE.

Leaves not peltate.

Flowers yellow, petals shorter than the stamens, 1. Nymphaea.

Flowers white, petals longer than the stamens. 2. Castalia.

Leaves peltate, carpels contained in pits in the enlarged receptacle.

3. Nelumbo.
1. Nymphaea. 406.
1. Nymphaea advena Soland.

Formerly found in pond^ throughout the state, but has now been de-
stroyed by cattle in most places. Cherry County; Grant County; Ken-
nedy; South of Whitman.

2. Castalia. 407.

1. Castalia tuberosa (Paine.) Greene.

In ponds in the eastern part of the state, but rapidly disappearing due

to trampling by cattle. Nemaha County; Richardson County.

CERATOPHYLLACEAE 57

3. Nelumbo. 408.
1. Nelumbo lutea Pers.

In ponds along the Missouri and Platte Rivers. Sharing the same fate
as the last. Near Ames; Fremont; Nemaha.

5. CERATOPHYLLACEAE.

Ceratophyllum. 408.

1. Ceratophyllum demersum L.

Common in streams, ponds and lakes. Callaway; Grant County;

Newark.

6. ANONACEAE.

Asimina. 410.
1. Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal. American pawpaw.

Along the ^Missouri in the southeastern part of the state. Nebraska
City; Nemaha; Peru; Richardson County; Talmage.

RHOEODALES. (PAPAVERALES.)

Flowers quite irregular.

Some of the petals spurred. 1. Papaveraceae.

None of the petals spurred. 2. Resedaceae.

Flowers regular or nearly so.

Juice milky, yellow or red, sepals falling when the flower opens.

1. Papaveraceae.
Juice not colored, sepals persistent.

Capsule 2-celled, stamens not more than 6. 3. Cruciferae.

Capsule 1-celled, stamens 6-many. 2. Capparidaceae.

1. PAPAVERACEAE.
None of the petals spurred.

Sap yellow, leaves spiky, not all basal. 1. Argemone.

Sap red, leaves all basal, not spiny. 2. Sanguinaria.

Some of the petals spurred.

Both of the outer petals spurred. 3. Bicuculla.

One of the outer petals spurred. 4. Capnoides.

1. Argemone. 439.

1. Argemone intermedia Sweet.

Common in the western part of the state. Alliance; Box Butte County;
Deuel County; Long Pine; Niobrara; Oxford; Sheridan County; Thed-
ford; Valentine.

2. Sanguinaria. 439.

1. Sanguinaria canadensis L.

Rare in woods along the Missouri River. Bellevue; Ponca.

3. Bicuculla. (Dicentra.) 440.

1. Bicuculla cucullaria (L.) Millsp.

In woods in the eastern part of the state, mostly along the Missouri.
Lincoln; Peru; South Bend; Talmage; Tecumseh; Wahoo; Weeping
Water.

2. Bicuculla canadensis (Goldie) Millsp.
Nebraska?

58 RHOEODALES

4. Capnoides. (Corydalis.) 441.

Spur not more than half the length of the body of the corolla.

1. C. micranthium.
Spur as long as the body of the corolla or nearly so.

2. C. montanum.

1. Capnoides micranthium.
Lincoln.

2. Capnoides montanum (Engelm.) Britton.

Common in low prairies. Banner County; Ft. Robinson; Kimball
County; Peru; Xeligh.

2. CAPPARIDACEAE.

Petals entire or merely notohed at the tip.
Stamens not more than six.

Seeds numerous. 1. Cieome.

Seeds few, 4-10 in each pod. 3. Cleomella.

Stamens 8-many, unequal. 4. Polanisia.

Petals laciniate, unequal. 2. Cristatella.

1. Cieome. 467.

Flowers pink or white, leaves trifoliate. 1. C. serruiata.

Flowers yellow, leaves mostly 5-foliate. 2. C. iutea.

1. Cieome serruiata Pursh.

Common in most parts of the state, often a weed in pastures in the
sand-hills. Belmont; Cams; Callaway; Lincoln; Long Pine; Mullen;
Newark; Rock County; Thedford; Weeping Water.

2. Cieome Iutea Hook.

Introduced from the west; rare. Lincoln; Weeping Water.

2. Cristatella. 468.

1. Cristatella jamesii T. & G.

Common in the sandhills. Benkleman; Kennedy; Long Pine; Minden;

Nattick; Thedford; Turner; Red Cloud; Valentine.

3. Cleomella. 458.

1. Cleomella augustifolia Torr.

Common in the western part of the state. Camp Clark; Culbertson;

Julesburg; Lodge Pole Creek; North Platte.

Polanisia. 468.

Flowers 4-6 mm. long, style 2 mm. long. 1. P. graveolens.

Flowers 8-12 mm. long, style 4-6 mm. long. 2. P. trachysperma.

1. Polanisia graveolens Raf. Clammy-weed.
In dry sandy or gravelly places in the western part of the state. Atkin-
son; Belmont; Long Pine; Pine Ridge; Red Cloud; Valentine.

2. Polanisia trachysperma T. & G.

Common in sand draws and other dry, sandy places. Anselmo; Ben-
kleman; Belmont; Dawes County; Deuel County; Niobrara; Pine
Ridge; Royal; Red Cloud; Thedford.

CRUCIFERAE 59

3. CRUCIFERAE. (BRASSIACEAE.)

Pods stipitate, anthers spirally twisted.

Stipes several cm. long, flowers yellow. 1. Stanleya.

Stipes 1 mm. long, flowers pink. 2. Thelypolium.

Pods sessile, anthers not twisted.

A. Pods compressed or flattened contrary to the narrow partition.

Cells of pod 1-seeded. Pods usually winged, notched at the apex.

3. Lepidium.
Cells of pods with 2 to many seeds.
Seeds 2 in each cell.

Pods winged, hairs simple or none. 4. Thiaspi.

Pods wingless, cuneate, hairs branched. 14. Bursa.

Seeds several in each cell, plant stellate. 12. Physaria.

B. Pods neither compressed nor flattened contrary to the partition.

a. Pods terete or tetragonal, not flattened.

Pods short, rarely more than twice as long as wide.
Petals entire.

Pubescence stellate, seeds flat. 13. Lesquerella.

Pubescence not stellate.

Leaves entire or toothed, the upper sessile, clasping by

a sagittate base. 15. Camelina.

Leaves lobed or pennatifid, not sagittate. 9. Roripa.

Petals deeply 2-cleft. 22. Berteroa.

Pods long, several tim^es as long as wide.

Pod scarcely beaked, merely tipped by a short style or a
sessile stigma.
Pods terete or nearly so.

Seeds in 2 rows in each cell of the pod.
Valves of the pod nerveless. 9. Roripa.

Valves of the pods 1-nerved. 17. Sophia.

Seeds in one row in each cell of the pod.
Pubescence of simple hairs, leaves runcinate or entire.

5. Sisymbrium.
Pubescence of forked hairs, leaves pinnately dissected.

Sophia.
Pods 4-angled.

Stem leaves clasping by a cordate base. 21. Conringia.
Stem, leaves not clasping.

Seeds plump, leaf-blades entire or toothed.

19. Erysimum.

Seeds flat, leaf-blades pinnatifid. 8. Barbarea.

Pods with a long distinct beak.

Beak flat, sword-like. 6. SInapls.

Beak conic or 4-angled. 7. Brasslca.

b. Pods flattened parallel to the broad partition.
Pods orbicular, with flattened, wing-like margins.

20. Allyssum.

Pods rarely orbicular, not wing margined.
Valves nerveless.

Seeds in two rows, pods usually short. 16. Draba,

Seeds in one row, pods long.

60 RHOEODALES

Stem leafy at least below. 10. Cardamine.

Steam leafless below, 2-4 leaved above. 11. Dentaria.
Valves nerved and reticulated.

Pods short, orbicular to linear-oblong. 16. Draba.

Pods elongated linear. 18. Arabis.

1. Stanleya. 444.

1. Stanleya pinnata (Pursh.) Britton.
Sheridan County.

2. Thelypodium. (lodanthus.) 444.

1. Thelypodium integrifolium (Xutt.) Endl.

In the western part of the state, mostly in the foothills. Alliance;

Dawes County; Deuel County; Pine Ridge; Gordon.

3. Lepidium. 445.

Stem leaves clasping, base auricled. 1. L. draba.

Stem leaves neither clasping nor auricled.

Petals conspicuous, at least equaling the sepals.

2. L. virginicum.

Petals m.inute, or wanting, scarcely more than half as long as the

sepals.

Plant branched at the base, petals often present, racemes short

and dense. 3. L. ramosissimum.

Plant simple at the base, branched above, racemes elongated.

4. L. apetalum.

1. Lepidium draba L.

Introduced in the eastern part of the state, but still rare. Lincoln;
\Vym.ore.

2. Lepidium virginicum L,

Common in the eastern part of the state, less so in the western. Lin-
coln; Wahoo.

3. Lepidium ramosissimum A. Xels.
Kearney.

4. Lepidium apetalum Willd.

Common all over the state. Callaway; Lincoln; :Minden; Red Cloud;
Thedford.

4. Thiaspi. 446.
1. Thiaspi arvense L.

A rather common weed in the eastern part of the state. Ayr; Bruns-
wick; Clay Center; Johnson; Lincoln; Plainview.

5. Sisymbrium. 448.

Pods less than 2 cm. long, pedicels 2 mm. long, flowers 3 mm. long.

1. S. officinale.
Pods 5 cm. long or more, pedicles 6-8 mm. long, flowers 6 mm. broad.

2. S. altissimum.

1. Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop.

Common in the eastern part of the state. Lincoln; Wahoo.

CRUCIFERAE 61

2. Sisymbrium altissimum L.

Common over most of the state. Cowles; Ewing; Grand Island;
Franklin; Newark.

3. Sisymbrium loeselii L.

In an alfalfa field near Arcadia.

6. Sinapis. 449.
1. Sinapis a!ba L.

Brassica alba (L.) Boiss.
Reported from Weeping Water.

7. Brassica. 449.

Pods less than 2 cm. long. 1. B. nigra.

Pods over 2 cm. long.

Stem glabrous, beak not over % the length of the body of the pod.

2. B. juncea.
Stem hispid, beak nearly half the length of the body of the pod.

3. B. arvensis.

1. Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. Wild IVIustard.
A common weed, especially in oat fields, over most of the state.
Kearney; Ponca; Wahoo; Weeping Water; Red Cloud; Xemaha;
O'Neil.

2. Brassica juncea (L.) Cosson.

Common in Kansas, according to A. S, Hitchcock.

3. Brassica arvensis (L.) B. S. P.

Introduced from Europe and frequent as a weed in grain fields.
Douglas County; Lincoln.

8. Barbarea. 451.

1. Barbarea barbarea (L.) Mc. M.

Barbarea vulgaris R. Br.
Accidental in cultivated ground. Callaway.

9. Roripa. (Radicula.) 451.

Terrestrial or marsh plants, leaves pinnatifid, petals yellow.
Plants glabrous or nearly so.

Styles 2-3 cm. long. 1. R. sinuata.

Styles 1 mm. long or less.

Flowers 2-3 mm. broad, pericels 2-4 mm. long. 2. R. obtusa.

Flowers 4-6 mm. broad, pedicels G mm. long in fruit.

3. R palustris.

Plants more or less hirsute. 4. R. hispida.

Aquatic plants, leaves pinnate, petals white. 5. R. nasturtium.

1. Roripa sinuata (Xutt.) A. S. Hitchcock.

A common weed all over the state. Bellevue; Crete; Fairbury; Fre-
mont; Kearney; Lincoln; Nebraska City; St. James; Whitney.

2. Roripa obtusa (Nutt.) Britton.

Common in wet ground or shallow water. Big Springs; Crete; Min-
den; Red Cloud; Wahoo; Whitman; Newark.

62 RHOEODALES

3. Roripa palustris (L.) Bess.

An amphibious hydrophyte. Common throughout the state. Ewing;
Indianola; Kearney; Lincoln; St. James; Walton; Whitman.

4. Roripa hispida (Desv.) Britton.
Callaway; Kennedy; Lincoln.

5. Roripa nasturtium (L.) Rusby.

In shallow water throughout the state. Belle vue; Grand Rapids;
Lincoln; Squaw Canon; Wahoo Creek.

10. Cardamine. 453.

Leaves pinnate, plant more or less pubescent. 1. C. hirsuta.

Leaves simple, plant glabrous. 2. C. bulbosa.

1. Cardamine hirsuta L.

In moist places and in streams in the sandhills. Grand Rapids.

2. Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb.) B. S. P.

In wet places in the eastern part of the state. Burwell; Callaway;
Fremont; Peru; Richardson County.

11. Dentaria. 455.

1. Dentaria lacinlata :Muhl.

In meadows and wooded bluffs, mostly along the Missouri. Nemaha;

Peru; Table Rock.

12, Physaria. 457.

1. Physaria brassicoides Rydb.

In the foothills, infrequent. Scotts Bluff County.

13. Lesquerella. 457.

Ovary and pods stellate pubescent.

Lower leaves 1-2.5 cm. long, pedicels 6-12 mm. long.

1. L. spathulata.
Lower leaves 5-8 cm. long, pedicels over 15 mm. long.

2. L. argentea.
Ovary and pods glabrous.

Sparingly pubescent, stem much branched. 3. L. gracilis.

Densely stellate pubescent, stem simple. 4. L. oval if ol la.

1. Lesquerella spathulata Rydg.
Lesquerella alpina (Nutt.) Wats.

In the western part of the state. Belmont; Harrison; Whitney.

2. Lesquerella argentea (Pursh.) Mc. M.

Common in dry sandy prairies. Belmont; Box Butte County; Bruns-
wick; Ewing; Pine Ridge; Sioux County; Wiegand; Valentine.

3. Lesquerella gracilis (Hook.) Watson.

In the southeastern part of the state. Weeping Water.

4* Lesquerella ovalifolia Rydb.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Kimball County.

14. Bursa. (Capsella.) 459.

1. Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Britton.

A common weed in the eastern part of the state. Fairbury; Ft. Robin-
son; Lincoln; Valentine.

CRUCIFERAE

15. Camelina. 459.

63

1. Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz.

Common over most of the state. Broken Bow; Crete; Lincoln; Pine

Ridge; Valentine; Weeping Water.

16. Draba. 460.

Petals white or wanting, stems leafy only below.

Pods glabrous. 1. d. caroliniana.

Pods appressed-hispid. 2. D. michantha.

Petals yellow, fading to whitish, notched. 3. D. nemorosa.

1. Draba caroliniana Walt.

Common all over the state. Fairbury; Lincoln; Nebraska City; Red
Cloud; Weeping Water; Valentine.

2. Draba micrantha Xutt.

In the western part of the state. Crookston; Minden; Xeligh; Red
Cloud; Valentine.

3. Draba nemorosa L.

In the western part of the state. Alliance; Ft. Robinson; Rushville.

17. Sophia. (Sisymbrium.) 462.

Seels in one row in each cell of the pod.

Pods 15-25 mm. long. 1 mm. wide. 1; S. sophia.

Pods 8-14 mm. long, 2 mm. wide. 3. S. intermedia.

Seeds in two rows in each cell of the pod, pods 5-8 mm. long.

2. S. pinnata.

1. Sophia sophia (L.) Brrtton.
Sisymbrium sophia L.

Ewing; Greeley; Ord; Springview.

2. Sophia pinnata (Walt.) Britton.

Chadron; Lincoln; Merriman; Ponca; Wahoo; Whitney.

3. Sophia intermedia Rydb.

Probably occurs all over the state. Weeping Water; Wild Cat Moun-
tains.

IS. Arabis. (Including Turritis.) 643.

Base of the stem leaves auricled, clasping.
Seeds in one row in each cell of the pod.

Pedicels 2-4 mm. long, pods spreading. 1. A. dentata.

Pedicels 6-12 mm. long, pods nearly erect. 2. A. hirsuta.

Seeds in two rows in each cell of the pod.

Pods erect, 5-8 cm. long. 4. A. glabra.

Pods reflexed, 2-5 cm. long. 5. A. holboellii.

Base of leaves narrowed, not clasping. 3. A. canadensis.

1. Arabis dentata T. & G.

In the eastern part of the state. Lincoln.

2. Arabis hirsuta Scop.
Arabis ovata (Pursh.) Poir.

In the eastern part of the state. Lincoln; Nebraska City; Neligh;
Ponca; Valentine.

3. Arabis canadensis L.

In the southeastern part of the state. Nebraska City.

64 CARYOPHYLLALES

4. Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh,

In the western part of the state. Dismal River; Long Pine.

5. Arabis holboellii Hornem.

In the foothill regions of the western part of the state. Banner
County; Dawes County; Ft. Robinson.

19. Erysimum. 465.
Flowers 4-5 mm. high.

Pods less than 3 cm. long, pedicels slender. 1. E. cheiranthoides.

Pods 3 cm. or more long, pedicels stout. 3. E. repandum.

Flowers 8-20 mm. high.

Flowers about 8 mm. high. 2. E. inconspicuum.

Flowers 12-20 mm. high, 4. E. asperum.

1. Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Worm-seed iVIustard.

Introduced over most of the state. Dismal River; Lincoln; Loup City;
Pine Ridge; St. James; Wahoo; Valentine.

2. Erysimum inconspicuum (S. Wats.) Mc. M.
Introduced but not common. Lincoln.

3. Erysimum repandum L.
Long Pine.

4. Erysimum asperum DC.

Common in the western part of the state. Box Butte County; Chad-
ron; Deuel County; Ft. Robinson; Kimball; Pine Ridge; Valentine.

20. Alyssum. 466.
1. Alyssum alyssoides (L.) Greene.
Sometimes escapes from cultivation. Fairbury; Plainview.

21. Conringia. 467.
1. Conringia orientalis DC.
Introduced from the west. Lincoln.

22. Berteroa. 466.

1. Berteroa incana (L.) DC.

Introduced in grass and alfalfa seed. Bethany; Plainview.

4. RESEDACEAE.
Reseda. 469.

1. Reseda lutea L. Mignonette.

Rarely escapes from cultivation. Weeping Water.

CARYOPHYLLALES.

Trees or shrubs, flowers dioecious, in aments. 3. Salicaceae.

Herbs or vines, sometimes woody at the base, flowers not in aments.
Fruit a capsule, dehiscent by valves or teeth, or circumscissile.
Ovary one celled.

Sepals 5 or 4, joints of stem usually swollen.

1. Caryophyllaceae.
Sepals 2, leaves usually succulent. 4. Portulacaceae.

Ovary 2-several celled.

Petals present. 2. Elatinaceae.

Petals wanting. ' 5. Aizoaceae.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE 65

Fruit indehiscent or bursting irregularly, petals wanting.
■ Fruit a berry. 6. Phytolacaceae.

Fruit an achene or utricle.

Fruit a lenticular or 3-angular achene, stipules usually united,
sheathing i. e. ocreae. 10. Polygonaceae!

Fruit a utricle or anthocarp, stipules not forming ocreae.

Calyx corolloid, its limb deciduous, the base persistent around
the fruit. 7. Nyctaginaceae.

Calyx not corolloid, green or scarious.

Leaves with scarious stipules, 1. Caryophyllaceae.

Leaves without stipules.

Flowers usually bractless, bracts if present not scarious.

9. Chenopodaceae.
Flowers with scarious bracts, sepals usually also scarious.

8. Amaranthaceae.

1. CARYOPHYLLACEAE.

Calyx of united sepals, styles distinct to the base.
Calyx with ten or more ribs.
Styles 5.
Alternate with the calyx teeth. 1. Agrostema.

Opposite the calyx teeth. 3. Lychnis.

Styles 3-4. 2. Silene.

Calyx with 5 ribs.

Petals with a scale at the base of the blade, flowers 2.5 cm. long.

4. Saponaria.
Petals not appendaged at the base of the blade, flovv^ers 8 mm.
broad. 5. Vaccaria.

Calyx of distinct sepals, styles united or distinct.
Ovules few to many, friut a dehiscent capsule.
Styles distinct to the base.
Petals deeply 2-parted.

Styles 3-5, if 5 alternate with the sepals. 6. Alsine.

Styles 5, rarely 3-4, opposite the sepals. 7. Cerastium.

Petals not 2-cleft. entire or em.arginate.

Seeds many, without a stophiole. 8. Arenaria.

Seeds few, with a strophiole. ' 9. Moehringia.

Styles united below; leaves subulate. 10. Loeflingia.

Ovule solitary, fruit a utricle. 12. Anychia.

1. Agrostemma. 388.

1. Agrostemma githago (L.) Ait.

A common weed in wheat fields. Lincoln; IMinden; Weeping Water.

2. Silene. 388.

Leaves apparently verticillte in fours. 1. S. stellata.

Leaves all opposite.

Calyx bladdery inflated.
Flowers few, subtended by leaf-like bracts, 2. S. nivea.

Flowers numerous, bracts small or wanting. 3. S. vurgarls.

Calyx not bladdery, merely expanded by the capsule.
Annuals.

66 CARYOPHYLLALES

Glabrous, the upper nodes glutinous. 4. S. antirrhina.

Hirsute or pubescent.

Flowers in a loose panicle, night blooming. 5. S. noctiflora

Flowers in one-sided spike. 6. S. dichotoma

Perennials, flowers axillary and terminal. 7. S. menziesii

1. Silene stellata (L.) Ait. Starry campion
Common in the eastern part of the state, mostly in woods and thick
ets. Ashland; Cass County; Crete; Lincoln; Neligh; Nemaha; Nio
brara; Pierce; Richardson County; Wahoo.

2. Silene nivea (Nutt.) Otth.

In the eastern part of the state. Lincoln.

3. Silene vulgaris (Moench.) Garcke. Bladder campion.
Silene latifolia (Mill.) Britton & Rendel.

Frequent in alfalfa fields. Kennedy; Royal; Valentine; Wood River.

4. Silene antirrhina L. Sleepy catchfly.
In prairies, meadows and waste places throughout the state. Belmont;
Brunswick; Crete; Fairbury; Lincoln; Pulman-; Thedford; Valentine;
Weeping Water; Vv^eston.

5. Silene noctiflora L. Night-flowering catchfly.
Common in w^aste places over most of the state. Grand Island; Lin-
coln; Minden; Valentine.

6. Silene dichotoma Ehrh.

Mostly in alfalfa fields. Royal; Weeping Water.

7. Silene menziesii Hook.

In dry soil in the western part x)f the state. War Bonnet Canon.

3. Lychnis. 391.
1. Lychnis drummondii (Hook.) S. Wats.

Common in the foothills in the western part of the state. Harrison;
Pine Ridge; Plummer Ford; Sheridan County; Sioux County.

4. Saponaria. 393.
1. Saponaria officinalis L. Bouncing bet.

Frequently escapes from flower gardens. Hat Creek Basin; Long
Pine; Lincoln; O'Xeil; Plainview; Red Cloud; Richardson County.

5. Vaccaria. 393.
1. Vaccaria vaccaria (L.) Britton. Cow-herb.

Saponaria vaccaria L.
A common weed in grain-fields. Crete; Emerson; Lincoln; Plainview;
Valentine.

6. Alsine. 394.
Leaves ovate, the lower petioled. . 1. L. media.

Leaves linear, or nearly so, sessile. 2. A. longifolia.

1. Alsine media L. Chickweed.

Introduced but rare. Red Cloud.

2. Alsine longifolia (:\Iuhl.) Britton.

In the western part of the state. Dismal River; Plummer Ford.

7. Cerastium. 397.

Sepals about half as long as the petals.

Leaves linear or linear-oblong, narrowed at the base.

4. C. Arvense.

GARY O PHY LLACEAE 67

Leaves spatulate or lanceolate, the basal perioled.

2. C. longipedunculatum
Sepals about as long as the petls.

Perennials, sepals 5-6 mm. long. . 1. C, vulgatum.

Annuals, sepals 3-4 mm. long. 3. C. brachypodium.

1. Cerastium vulgatum L.

In the southeastern part of the state. Crete; Ft. Robinson; Long Pine.

2. Cerastium longipedunculatum Muhl.
Cerastium nutans Raf.

Mostly in the eastern part of the state. Box Butte county; Holdrege;
Lincoln; Minden.

3. Cerstaium brachypodium (Englm.) Robinson.

In dry soil over most of the state. Box Butte County; Gordon; Lin-
coin; Minden; Pulman; Valentine.

4. Cerastium arvense L.

In dry rocky soil in the northwestern part of the state. War Bonnet
Canon; Ft. Robinson.

8. Arenaria. 400.

Stems usually less than one dm. high. 1. A. hookeri.

Stems over one dm. high. 2. A. michauxii.

1. Arenaria hookeri! Nutt.

In dry rocky places, mostly in the foothills. Belmont; Crawford; Ft.
Robinson; Hat Creek Basin; Pine Ridge.

2. Arenaria michauxii (Fengl.) Hook.

In the western part of the state. Franklin; Red Cloud.

9. Moehringia. 402.

1. Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Fengl.

In the northwestern part of the state. Long Pine; Valentine; War

Bonnet Canon.

10. Loeflingia. 403.

1. Loeflingia texana Hook.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Belmont.

11. Paronychia. 404.

Stems prostrate, spreading; flowers axillary, solitary or in small cymes.

1. P. depressa.
Stems erect; flowers in terminal cymes. 2. P. jamesli.

1. Paronychia depressa (Xutt.) A. Xels.

Rare on dry hills in the western part of the state.

2. Paronychia jamesii T. & G.

Common in dry soil in the western part of the state. Banner County;
Box Butte County; Deuel County; Franklin; Pine Ridge; Sioux County.

12. Anychia. 404.

1. Anychia canadensis (L.) B. S. P.

In woods in the southeastern part of .the state. Xehawka; Weeping

Water.

68 CARYOPHYLLALES

2. ELATINACEAE.

Elatine. 629.
1. Elatine triandra Schk.
In shallow water in ponds or creeping on muddy banks. Exeter.

3. SALICACEAE.

Flowers subtended by fimbriated or incised bracts, stamens usually nu-
merous, disc large, cup-shaped. 1. Populus.

Flowers subtended by entire bracts, stamens usually fed often two,
disc minute. 2. Salix.

1. Populus. 308.

Leaves white tomentose beneath, lobed. P. alba.

Leaves not white tomentose when amture, serarte or dentate.
Leaves broad, not much longer than wide.

Branches erect or nearly so. P. Italica.

Branches spreading.
Petioles flattened.

Leaf-blades suborbicular, acute or short acuminate.

5. P. tremuloides.
Leaf-blades broadly deltoid or cordate, abruptly long ac-
uminate. 4. P. sargentii.
Petiole terete. 1. P. balsamifera.
Leaves narrow, at least twice as long as wide.

Petioles half as long as the blades or longer, abruptly long ac-
uminate. 3. P. acuminata.
Petioles one-third as long as the blades, blades lanceolate not long
acuminate. 2. P. angustifolia.

1. Populus balsamifera L.

Rare in the canons of the Hat Creek Basin.

2. Populus angustifolia James.
Rare in the Hat Creek Basin.

3. Populus acuminata Rydb.

Rare in the northwestern part of the state. Gering.

4. Populus sargentii Dode. Western cotton-wood.
Populus occidentalis (Rydb.) Britton.

Common along streams all over the state. Lincoln; Red Cloud;
Stewart; Thedford; Valentine.

5. Populus tremuloides Michx. Aspen.
Common in canons in the northwestern part of the state. Hat Creek
Basin; Valentine.

2. Salix. 310.

Stamens 3 or more.

Petioles without prominent glands, trees.

Petiole less than one cm. long, leaves narrow lanceolate, dark
green beneath. 1. S. Nigra.

Petiole 1-3 cm. long, leaves broader, glaucus beneath.

2. S. amygdaioides.
Petioles with prominent glands, shrubs. 3. S. lucida.

Stamens 2.

Leaves sharply serrate or denticulate.

• SALICACEAE 69

Leaves remotely denticulate, 2-3 teeth to each cm.

6. S. fluviatilis.
Leaves finely serrate.

Leaves green or glaucous beneath; teeth gland tipped.

Leaves green on both sides, lighter beneath, staminate ament
2 cm. long. 4. S. cordata.

Leaves glaucous beneath, staminate amends 3 cm. long.

5. S. missouriensis.
Leaves grayish pubescent beneath. 8. S. bebbiana.

Leaves entire, undulate or slightly denticulate or serrate.
Leaves not densely tomentose beneath.

Leaves 1 cm. or more wide, glabrate in age. 7. S. perrostrata.
Leaves less than 1 cm. wide, permanently silky. 6. S. fluviatilis.
Leaves densely tomentose beneath.
Petioles 4 mm. long, or more.

Stipules desiduous, petioles 4-12 mm. long. 8. S. bebbiana.
Stipules commonly persistent, petioles 4-6 mm. long.

9. S. humiiis.
Petioles 2 mm. long. 10. S. tristis.

1. Salix nigra Marshall. Black willow.
In low, wet places mostly along streams, in the eastern part of the
state. Fairbury; Nemaha; Peru; Wahoo.

2. Salix amygdaloides Anders. Peach-leaved willow.
Along streams over most of the state. Crete; Ewing; Lincoln; Nance
County; O'Neill; Red Cloud; Saunders Sounty; St. James.

3. Salix lucida Muhl. Glossy willow.
Along streams in the eastern part of the state. Fairbury; Weeping
Water.

4. Salix cordata ]\Iuhl.

Common, especially along streams and on wooded islands. Belmont;
Burwell; Cherry County; Long Pine; :\Iullen; Norway; Peru; Tal-
mage; Thedford.

5. Salix missouriensis Bebb.

Along streams in the southeastern part of the state. Minden.

6. Salix fluviatilis Nutt. Sand-bar willow.
Salix longifolia Muhl.

Com_mon forming dense thickets in wet places mostly along streams.
Crete; Lincoln; Milford; Peru; Scotts Bluff County; Thedford; Weep-
ing Water; Valentine.

7. Salix perrostrata Rydb.

In the northwestern part of the state. Pine Ridge.

8. Salix bebbiana Sar.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Belmont.

9. Salix humiiis Marshall.

In dry prairies. Anselmo; Cass County; Cherry County; Crete; Long
Pine; Weeping Water; Ewing; Minden.

10. Salix tristis Ait.
Reported from Anselmo.

4. PORTULACACEAE.

Ovary superior, capsule not circumscissile.

Stamens 10 or more, seeds numerous. 1. Tallnum.

70 CARYOPHYLLALES

Stamens 5, seeds few. 2. Clayton ia.

Ovary partly inferior, capsule circumscssile. 3. Portulaca!

1. Talinum. 385.

Petals 5, stamens 5. 1. T. parviflorum.

Petals usually 8-10, stam_ens 30 or more. 2. T. calycinum.

1. Talinum parviflorum Nutt.
Taiinum terretifolium.

In dry soil mostly in the western part of the state. Long Pine;
Minden.

2. Talinum calycinum Engelm.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Ft. Robinson; Kennedy;
Snake River; Valentine.

2. Claytonia. 385.

1. Claytonia virginica L.

Frequent in shady woods along the ^Missouri. Bellevue; Omaha.

3. Portulaca. 386.

1. Portulaca oleracea L. Purslane.

A common weed all over the state. Cheyenne County; Hooker County;
Lincoln ; Wahoo ; Weeping Water.

5. AIZOACEAE.

Mollugo. 384.

1. Mollugo verticilata L.

A common weed in most of the state. Endicott; Kearney; Hastings;

Long Pine; Minden; Mullen; O'Neil; Plainview; Red Cloud.

6. PHYTOLACCACEAE.
Phytolacca. 381.

1. Phytolacca decandra L. Poke-berry.

In the southeastern part of the state. Richardson County.

7. NYCTAGINACEAE.

Flower cluster subtended by an involucre of united bracts.

Fruit ribbed, 1. Allionia.

Floyer cluster subtended by an involucre of distinct bracts.

Fruit winged. 2. Abronia.

1. Allionia. (Oxybaphus. 382.

Leaves broad, often cordate, all distinctly petioled. 1. A. nyctaginea.
Leaves narrower, never cordate, all or at least the upper sessile.

Leaves ovate to lanceolate. 2. A. hirsuta.

Leaves linear. 3. A. linearis.

1. Allionia nyctaginea Michx.

Common all over the state. Crete; Fairbury; Gordon; Lincoln;

Mullen; Newcastle; Weeping Water; Wood Lake.

AMARANTHACEAE 71

2. Allionia hirsuta Pursh.

Common in dry valleys of the sand-hills and on dry hills over the
rest of the state. Ainsworth; Anselmo; Hat Creek Basin; Kearney;
Lincoln; Long Pine; ^Nlinden; Mullen; Thedford.

3. Allionia linearis Pursh.

Common on dry prairies throughout the state. Alliance; Cedar
County; Crete; Deuel County; Fairbury; Franklin; Hastings; Lincoln;
Long Pine; Red Cloud; Sioux County.

2. Abronia. 383.

Flowers white, fruit 8-10 mm. high. 1. A. fragrans.

Flowers pink, fruit 2-3 cm. high. 2. A. micrantha.

1. Abronia fragrans Nutt.

Common in the sand-hills and in the foothill regions of the western
part of the state. Alliance; Banner County; Benkleman; Ft. Robin
son; Norfolk; Pine Ridge; Sheridan County; Sioux County.

2. Abronia micrantlia (Torr.) Chois.

In the western part of the state. Court House Rock.

8. AMARANTHACEAE.

Plants green, stamens with distinct filaments, leaves alternate.

Perianth present in all flowers. 1. Amaranthus.

Perianth wanting in the pistillate flowers. 2. Acnida.

Plants wooly, stamens with united filaments, leaves opposite.

3. Froelichla.
1. Amaranthus. 377.

Flowers terminal, in more or less elongated spikes.

Sepals clawed, utricle indehiscent. 1. A. torreyi.

Sepals not clawed, utricle circumscissile.

Spikes 8-14 mm. thick, stem usually pubescent. 2. A. retroflexus.
Spikes 4-6 mm. thick, stem glabrous. 3. A. hybridus.

Flowers all in short axillary spikes.

Plant prostrate. 1. A. blitoides.

Plant erect, bushy branched. 5. A. graecizans.

1. Amarantlius torreyi (A. Gray.) Benth.

In the western part of the state, not common. Plummer Ford.

2. Amaranthus retroflexus L.

A common -weed all over the state. Crete; Lincoln; Long Pine;
Mullen; Nebraska City; Red Cloud; Stromsburg; Wahoo; Weeping
Water.

3. Amaranthus hybridus L.

In the eastern part of the state. Nebraska City.

3a. Amaranthus hybridus paniculatus (L.) Uline & Bray.

Red Cloud.

4. Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.

A common weed over the entire state. Belmont; Crete; Hastings;
Lincoln; Mullen; Scotts Bluff; Weeping Water; Valentine.

5. Amaranthus graecizans L. Tumble-weed.
Common all over the state, but most common in the sand-hill regions.
Minden; Valentine.

72 CARYOPHYLLALES

2. Acnida. 379.

Fruit rough, indehiscent or bursting irregularly. 1. A. tuberculata.

Fruit circumscissile. 2. A. tamariscina.

1. Acnida tuberculata Moq.

Acnida tamariscina tuberculata (Moq.) Uline & Bray.
A rather common weed. Cody; Lincoln; Valentine.

2. Acnida tamariscina (Xutt.) Wood.

A common but not important weed over most states. Kennedy; Nem-
aha; Plummer Ford; Valentine.

3. Froelichia. 380.

Crest of the fruit a continuous dentata ridge, plant over 6 dm. tall.

1. F. floridana.

Crest of the fruit interrupted, processes almost distinct, plant less

than 6 dm. tall. 2. F. gracilis.

1. Froelichia floridana (Nutt.) Moq.
Froelichia campestris Small.

Common in dry places especially in the sand-hill regions. Anselmo;
Cherry County; Knox County; ^Mullen; Red Cloud; Royal; Thomas
County; Valley Junction; Valentine.

2. Froelichia gracilis >\Ioci.

In dry sandy places. Deuel County,

9. CHENOPODIACEAE.

Calyx not horizontally winged.

Stems not jointed, leaves normal.
Utricle not longer than the calyx or the bracts. A\ingless.
Leaves petioled or if sessile broadest at about the middle.
Flowers mostly perfect, not enclosed by bracts.

Sepals 3-5, stamens 1-5. 1. Chenopodium.

Sepal 1. stamen 1. 3. Monolepsis.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, enclosed by partly united

bracts.

Bracts not silky pubescent. 4. Antriplex.

Bracts silky pubescent. 5. Eurotia.

Leaves sessile, entire, broadest near the base. 10. Dondia.

Utricle much exserted beyond the calyx, winger. 7. Corispermun.

Stems and branches jointed, leaves reduced to scales. 8. Salicornia.

Fruiting calyx horizontally winged.

Leaves broad, lobed. 2. Cycloma.

: Leaves narrow or linear, entire.
Shrubs with spiny branches. 9. Sarcobatus.

Herbs.

Leaves not prickly pointed. 6. Kochia.

Leaves prickly pointed. 11. Salsola.

CHENOPODIACEAE 73

1. Chenopodium. 368.

Stems erect, usually tall.

Leaves mostly entire, the lower rarely lobed.

Leaves white-mealy beneath. 2. C. leptophyllum.

Leaves green on both sides.

Leaves linear to oblong, 2-6 mm. wide.

3a. C. leptophyllum subglabrum.
Leaves lanceolate, to oblong-lanceolate, broader. 4. C. boscianum.
Leaves mostly dentate or lobed.

Calyx not red and fleshy in fruit, stamens 5,
Leaves white-mealy beneath.

Leaves ovate to lanceolate, much longer than wide.

1. C album.
Leaves broadly triangular-hastate, nearly as wide as long.

6. C. incanum.
Leaves green on both sides or but slightly mealy beneath.
Leaves as broad as long.

Leaves sinuate-dentate. 5. C. fremontii.

Leaves sharply dentate, v.ith 1-4 large spreading teeth on
each side. 8. C. hybridum.

Leaves m.uch longer than wide.
Leaves not strong scented.

Leaves mostly irregularly lobed. 2. C. lanceolatum.

Leaves mostly entire. 4. C. boscianum.

Foliage strong scented.

Leaves at least some of them pinnately lobed.

10. C. botrys.
Leaves ripand-dentate, undulate or the upper entire.

11. C. ambrosloides.
Calyx reddish and slightly fleshy in fruit; stamens 1 or 2.

9. C. rubrum.
Stems prostrate, less than 1 dm. high. 12. C. humlle.

1. Chenopodium album L. Lamb's quarters.
A common weed in fields all over the state. Anselmo; Belmont;
Broken Bow^; Hastings; Lincoln; :Mullen; Peru; Thedford.

2. Chenopodium lanceolatum Muhl.
Chenopodium viride L.

Throughout the state, but less common than the last. Long Pine;
Red Cloud; Valentine; Wood River.

3. Chenopodium leptophyllum (INIoq.) Nutt.

A common weed in the western part of the state. Custer County;

Deuel County; Kearney; Lodge Pole Creek; Mullen; Pishelville: Plum-

mer Ford; Valentine.

3a. Chenopodium leptophyllum subglabrum S. Wats.

Nebraska according to Britton's :\Ianual.

4. Chenopodium boscianum ^loq.

Through most of the state, but not common. Belmont; Burnett; Long
Pine; Red Cloud.

5. Chenopodium fremontii S. Wats.

Common in the western part of the state. Alliance; Anselmo; Banner
County; Custer County; Paddock; Valentine; Whitman.

74 CARYOPHYLLALES

6. Chenopodium incanum (S. Wats.) Heller.
Chenopodium fremontii incanum S. Wats.

In dry ground in the western part of the state. Valentine.

7. Chenopodium urbicum L.
Reported from Cherry County.

8. Chenopodium hybridum L. Maple-leaved Goosefoot.
A common weed in waste places over most of the state. Crete; Harri-
son; Lincoln; Long Pine; Pishelville; Plummer Ford; Red Cloud;
Valentine.

9. Chenopodium rubrum L.

In the western part of the state in alkaline or saline soil. Alliance;
Grant County; Whitman.

10. Chenopodium botrys L. Feather geranium.
Valentine.

11. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Mexican tea.
In the southeastern part of the state. Nemaha.

12. Chenopodium humile Hook.

In alkaline meadows in the western part of the state, according to
Rydberg's Flora of Colorado.

2. Cycloma. 372.

1. Cycloma atripiicifolium (Spreng.) Coult. Tumble weed.

Occurs all over the state, but most common in the sandhills. Anselmo;
Antelope County; Chelsea; Cherry County; Grand Island; Haigler; Lin-
coln; Long Pine; Louisville; Minden.

3. Monoiepsis. 372.

1. Monoiepsis nuttalliana Moq.

Throughout the state but not common. Chadron; Central City; Deuel

County; Hastings; Long Pine.

4. Atriplex. 372.

Lower leaves broad, triangular-hastate or cordate-ovate, annuals.
Leaves cordate-ovate, sinuately notched, bracts often colored.

5. A. hortensis.
Leaves triangular-hastate.

Plants green. 1. A. hastata.

Plants silvery-scurfy. 2. A. argentea.

Leaves narrow, linear-oblong to oblanceolate. perennials.

Bracts not broadly winged, united to the middle. 3. A. nuttallii.

Bracts broadly winged, united to near the summit. 4. A. canescens.

1. Atriplex hastata L.
Atriplex carnosa A. Xels.

Common in caline and alkaline meadows. Alliance; Chadron; Kear-
ney; Lexington; Lincoln.

2. Atriplex argentea Xutt.

In alkaline and saline soil. Salt basin at Lincoln; Scotts Bluff County.

3. Atriplex nuttallii S. Wats.

Common in alkaline soil in the western part of the state. Hat Creek
Basin; Long Pine; Scotts Bluff County.

4. Atriplex canescens (Pursh.) James.
Western part of the state.

POLYGONACEAE 75

5. Atriplex hortensis L.

Introduced but not common. Bassett; Chadron; Hastings; Johnstown;

Riverton.

5. Eurotia. 374.
1. Eurotia lanata (Pursh.) Moq.

A xerophyte of the foothill region of the western part of the state.
Banner County; Cheyenne County; Hat Creek Basin; Lawrence Fork.

6. Kochia. 374.
1. Kochia scoparia L. Roth.

Cultivated in flower gardens and often escapes. Blue Hill; Minden-
Oxford; Red Cloud.

7. Corispermum. 374.
FYuit 3-5 mm. long. 1. c. hyssopifolium.

Fruit about 2 mm. long. 2. C. nitidum.

1. Corispermum hyssopifolium L.

In sandy soil. Crawford; Scotts Bluff.

2. Corispermum nitidum Kit.

Usually in poor, sandy soil. Box Butte County; Lincoln; Valentine.

8. Salicornia. 375.

1. Salicornia herbacea L. Glasswort.

Common in salt basins along Salt Creek, Lincoln.

9. Sarcobatus. 375.

1. Sarcobatus vermiculatus Torr.

In the badlands of the western part of the state. Hat Creek Basin.

10. Dondia. 376.

1. Dondia depressa (Pursh.) Britton.

Sueada depressa (Pursh.) Wats.
In salt basins and alkaline soil. Alliance; Crawford; Chadron; Lexing-
ton; Lincoln; Minden.

11. Salsola. 376.

1. Salsola tragus L.

Introduced and a common weed in dry localities or in dry seasons.

Aten; Genoa; Lincoln; Long Pine; Valentine.

10. POLYGONACEAE.

Leaves without ocreae, flowers involucrate. 1. Eriogonum.
Leaves with ocreae, flowers not involucrate.

Outer sepals spreading in fruit, the inner usually winged often tubur-

culate. 2. Rumex.

Outer sepals erect in fruit, sometimes winged; the inner never

winged or tuberculate.

Achene little if at all exserted. 4. Polygonum.

Achene much exserted. 3. Fagopyrum.

1. Eriogonum. 351.

Achene 3-winged. 1. E. alatum.

Achenes not winged.

Involucres in umbels or capitate clusters.

76 CARYOPHYLLALES

Involucres in umbels, 4-5 mm. high. 2. E. flavum.

Involucres capitate, about 3 mm. high.

Flowers yellow, glabrous. 3. E. chrysocephalum.

Flowers white or rose-colored, villous. 4. E. multiceps.

Involucres in open cymes.
Peduncles not deflexed.

Perennials with a woody base.
Flowers yellow; leaves all basal.

Leaves oblong to linear-oblong, flat. 5. E. campanulatum.

Leaves narrowly linear, edges revolute. 6. E. brevicaule.

Flowers not yellow, usually white, stems leafy.
Style branches longer than the ovary, exserted.

7. E. corymbosum.
Style branches shorter than the ovary, included.

Leaves oblong or oblanceolate. 9. E. microthecium.

Leaves linear or linearToblong. 8. E. effusum.

Annuals, not woody at the base.

Stem leafy below. 10. E. annuum.

Leaves all basal. 11. E. gordonii.

Pe.duncles deflexed. 12. E. cernuum.

1. Eriogonum alatum Torr.

In sandy soil in the western part of the state. Deuel County.

2. Eriogonum flavum Nutt.

In the sand-hill and foot-hill regions. Belmont; Deuel County; Hat
Creek Basin; Pine Ridge; Harrison.

3. Eriogonum chrysocephalum A. Gray.
Nebraska according to Rydberg's Flora of Colorado.

4. Eriogonum multiceps Nees.

In dry prairies and badlands of the western part of the state. Hat
Creek Basin; Scotts Bluff County; Sioux County.

5. Eriogonum campanulatum Nutt.

Nebraska according to Rydberg's Flora of Colorado.

6. Eriogonum brevicaule Nutt.

On dry plains in the western part of the state. Scotts Bluff County.

7. Eriogonum corymbosum Benth.
Cheyenne County.

8. Eriogonum effusum Nutt.

On dry prairies in the western part of the state. Kimball County;
Scotts Bluff County.

9. Eriogonum microthecum Nutt.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Cheyenne County; Kim-
ball County.

10. Eriogonum annuum Nutt.

Common in sand-hill and foot-hill regions. Anselmo; Brunswick;
Haigler; Harrison; Kearney; Mullen; Pine Ridge; Pishelville; Sioux
County; Valentine.

11. Eriogonum gordonii Benth.

Rare in the western part of the state.

12. Eriogonum cernuum Nutt.

Dry plains and badlands of the western part of the state. Banner
County; Cheyenne County; Kimball County; Scotts Bluff County.

• POLYGOXACEAE 77

2. Rumex. 354.

Flowers dioecious, lower leaves hastate, foliage acid. 1. R. acetocella.
Flowers perfect, leaves not hastate, foliage not acid.
Wings not spiny-margined.

Fruits 2 cm. or more wide, calyx red. 2. R. venosus.

Fruits less than 2 cm. wide.

Not more than one of the calyx lobes tubercled.
Inner perianth lobes 8-9 mm. broad, reniform.

5. R. patientia.
Inner perianth lobes 5-6 mm. broad, deltoid ovate.

4. R. altissimus.
Three of the calyx lobes tubercled.

Wings 6 mm. long, blunt at the apex. 6. R. britannica.

Wings not over 4 mm. long, acute at the apex.

Leaves wavy-margined, dark green, not glaucescent.

7. R. crispus.
Leaves fiat, light green, and glaucescent. 3. R. salicifolius.
Wings spiny-margined.

One calyx segment tuberculate. spines short. 8. R. obtusifolius.
Three of the calyx segments tuberculate, spines long.

9. R. percicarioides.

1. Rumex acetocella L. Sour-dock.
Introduced in various localities in the state. Beatrice; Lincoln; Min-
den; Valentine.

2. Rumex venosus Pursh.

Common in dry sandy places. Antelope County; Central City; Cherry
County; Crowelton; Deuel County; Fairbury; Thedford; Valentine;
War Bonnet Canon.

3. Rumex salicifolia Weim.

A common weed in low moist ground. Long Pine; Scotts Bluff County;
Weeping Water.

4. Rumex altissimus Wood.

A common weed over most of the state. Bassett; Callaway; Franklin;
Lincoln; Ponca; Red Cloud; Wahoo.

5. Rumex patientia L.

A weed in waste places in the eastern part of the state. Mead;
Kearney.

6. Rumex britannica L.

Common in low ground. Burwell; Dismal River; Grant County; Keya
Paha County; Long Pine.

7. Rumex crispus L.

A common weed throughout the state. Crawford; Coon Creek; Lin-
coln; Red Cloud; Scotts Bluff County; Talmage.

8. Rumex obtusifolius L.

Mostly in the eastern part of the state. Burwell; Long Pine; Red
Cloud. .

9. Rumex percicarioides L.

A common weed all over the state. Antelope County; Belle vue; Fre-
mont; Grand Island; Kennedy; Mullen; Pishelville; Scotts Bluff; St.
Paul.

78 OARYOPHYLLALES *

3. Fagopyrum. 357.

1. Fagopyrum fagopyrum (L.) Karst. Buckwheat.

Fagopyrum esculentum Moencli.
Sometimes escapes from cultivation.

4. Polygonum. 358.

Stems without recurved prickles.
Erect or decumbent herbs, calyx lobes neither winged nor keeled in
fruit
Leaves large at least some of them over 5 cm. long.

Racemes dense or loose flowered, flowers not 1 cm. apart.
Racemes terminal only, usually solitary, plants aquatic.
Ocrea without a foliaceous spreading tip.

Plants usually floating, glabrous. 1, P. amphibium.

"Plants usually emersed, glabrous. 3. P. emersum.

Ocrea with a foliacious tip. 2. P. hartwrightii.

Racemes axillary as well as terminal, several.
Ocrea without a fringe of marginal bristles.

Racemes erect. 6. P. pennsylvanicum.

Racemes drooping.

Styles united only at the base. 4. P. incarnatum.

Styles united to the middle. 5. P. lapathifolium.

Ocrea fringed with marginal bristles.
Racemes dense flowered. 7. P. percicaria.

Racemes loose flowered.

Racemes drooping, flowers green. 10. P. hydropiper.

Racemes erect.

Flowers rose-colored. 8. P. periscarioides.

Flowers green. 11. P. punctatum.

Racemes interrupted, flowers 1 cm. apart. 13. P. virginicum.

Leaves small, not over 5 cm. long, generally much less.
Fruit not reflexed.
Achenes 2-3 mm. long, little if at all exserted.
Plants decumbent.
Leaves mostly acute, achenes 2 mm. long. 14. P. aviculare.
Leaves mostly obtuse, achenes 3 mm. long.

15. P. buxiforme.
Plants erect or ascending.

Leaves oval to ovate, flower 1 or 2 in each axil.

16. P. erectum.
Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate.
Stems telete, leaves fiat.

Leaves persistent, achenes reticulate, dull.

18. P. ramosissimum.
Leaves fugacious, achene, smooth, shining.

19. P. camporum.

Stems 4-angled. very slender. 21. P. tenui.

Achenes 5-6 mm. long, exserted. 20. P. exsertum.

Fruit reflexed, perianth 4-5 mm. long. 22. P. douglassii.

Climbing vines, outer calyx lobes keeled or winged in fruit.

Outer calyx lobes merely keeled, achenes 3 mm. long.

23. P. convolculus.

POLYGONACEAE 79

Outer calyx lobes winged and decurrent in fruit, achenes 4-5 mm.

long. 24. P. scandens.

Stems with recurved prickles. 25. P. sagitatum.

1. Polygonum amphibium L.
Polygonum coccinea ]\Iuhl.

In water or sometimes in muddy places. Peru; Richardson County;
Swan Lake.

2. Polygonum hartwrightil A. Gray.

In wet places and in shallow water; perhaps only a form of Polygonum
amphibium. Cherry County; Thedford; Valentine; Whitman.

3. Polygonum emersum CNIichx.) Britton.
Polygonum muhlenberghil CNleisnr.) Wats.

In wet places and in shallow water. Cherry County; Emerson; Ken-
nedy; Richardson County; Whitman.

4. Polygonum incarnatum Ell.

In wet soil, not common. Kennedy; Lincoln; Long Pine; Nemaha;
Red Cloud; Weeping Water.

5. Polygonum lapathifolium L.

A common weed in the eastern part of the state, less common in the
western part. Dawes County; Mullen; Paddock; Red Cloud; River-
ton; Talmage; Whitman.

6. Polygonum pennsylvanlcum L.
Polygonum omissum Greene.

Common as a troublesome weed throughout the state. Boelus; Frank-
lin; Indianola; Kearney; Lincoln; Mullen; Paddock; Red Cloud.

7. Polygonum persicaria L.

Common in the eastern part of the state. Bassett; Callaway; Lincoln;
Paddock; Valentine; Weeping Water.

8. Polygonum perslcarloides H. B. K.

Over most of the state but not common. Newark; Thedford.

9. Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx.

In wet soil, not very common. Ainsworth; Atkinson; Callaway.

10. Polygonum hydropiper L.

In the eastern part of the state. Callaway; Franklin; Grand Rapids;
Lincoln; Weeping Water; Nemaha.

11. Polygonum punctatum Ell.

Common in the eastern half of the state. Banner County; Grand
Island; Hooker County; Indianola; Lincoln; Wahoo.

12. Polygonum punctatum var. leptostachyum (Meisn.) Sm.all.
Thomas County; Hooker County; Grant County.

13. Polygonum verginianum L.

Common in the southeastern part of the state. Endicott; Lincoln;
Nebraska City; Richardson County; Nemaha.

14. Polygonum aviculare L.

A common weed all over the state. Callaway; Ft. Robinson; Grand
Island; Kearney; Lincoln; Mullen; Pine Ridge; Talmage; Thedford.

15. Polygonum buxiforme Small.

Common all over the state. Alliance; Cheyenne County; Hooker
County; Mullen.

16. Polygonum erectum Roth.

Common in the eastern part of the state. Ewing; Ft. Robinson; Lin-
coln; Talmage.

80

GERAXIALES

17. Polygonum prolificum Small.
Nebraska according to Britton's :\Ianual.

18. Polygonum ramosissimum Michx.

Common throughout the state. Anselmo; Hooker County; Lancaster
County; Laurel; Mullen; Rock County; Red Cloud; Whitman.

19. Polygonum camporum Meisn.

In prairies throughout the state. Cody; Franklin; Hooker County;
Lincoln; Mullen.

20. Polygonum exsertum Small.
Valentine.

21. Polygonum tenue Michx.
In the eastern part of the state
coin; Valentine.

22. Polygonum douglassii Greene.
On Lawrence Fork in Banner County.

23. Polygonum convolvulus L.

Common in fields and waste places all over the state
bury; Hat Creek Basin; Hooker County; Kimball County; Lincoln;
Long Pine; Talmage; Thedford,

24. Polygonum scandens L.

Common in woods mostly along streams. Arapahoe; Banner County;
Deuel County; Keya Paha County; Lancaster County; Long Pine.

25. Polygonum sagittatum L.
Endicott; Paddock; Thedford.

Atkinson; Anselmo; Franklin; Lin-

Bindweed.
Anselmo; Fair-

GERANIALES.

Trees with pinnate or trifoliate leaves.
Herbs, leaves various.

Leaves trifoliate, leaflets obcordate.
Leaves cleft into numerous narrow lobes.
Leaves neither trifoliate nor cleft into numerous
Leaves pinnate.
Leaves simple.

Flowers with on sepal spurred.
Flowers without spurs.

Flowers irregular, stamens 8. united into 1

Flowers regular often much reduced.
Ovary round 4-10 celled.
Ovary three-lobed or flattened, 3-4 celled.
Ovary three lobed, three celled, styles

Ovary flattened, 4 celled, styles two .

1. GERANIACEAE.

Leaves digitately divided or lobed as wide as long.
Leaves pinnately divided, much longer than wide.

6. Rutaceae.

2. Oxalidaceae.

1, Geraniaceae.
narrow lobes.
5. Zygophyllaceae.

3. Balsaminaceae.

or 2 sets.
2. Polygalaceae.

4. LInaceae.

three.

8. Euphorbiaceae.
9. Callitricaceae.

1. Geranium.
2. Erodium.

1. Geranium. 357.
Flowers 25 mm. broad and more.
Flowers 10-12 mm. broad.

1. G. maculatum.

OXALIDACEAE 81

Leaves 3-divided, segments pinnatifid, stamens 10.

2. G. robertianum.
Leaves lobed. fertile stamens 5. 3. G. pussilum.

1. Geranium maculatum L.

Rare, reported only from Long Pine.

2. Geranium robertianum L.
Reported. only from Bancroft.

3. Geranium pussilum Burm.

Probably occurs over most of the state, but not common. Annsworth;
Long Pine; Palmer; Red Cloud.

Erodium.

1. Erodium circutarium (L.) L'Her.
Reported from Lincoln.

2. OXALIDACEAE.
Oxalis. 575.

Flowers rose-violet, rarely white. 1. O. vioiacea.
Flowers yellow.

Capsules over 15 mm. long, pedicles reflexed. 3. O. striata.
Capsules usually less than 15 mm. long.

With creeping rootstalks. 2. O. corniculata.

Without rootstocks. 4. 0. cymosa.

1. Oxalis vioiacea L.

Throughout the state except the extreme western part, common in the
eastern part. Bassett; Buffalo County; Crete; Ewing; Fairbury; Lin-
coln; Long Pine; Peru; Valentine.

2. Oxalis corniculata L.

Common over most of the state. Cuba; Ewing; Hastings; :Minden;
Red Cloud; Valentine.

3. Oxalis stricta L.

Comm.on over most of the state. Callaway; Fairbury; Guide Rock;
Lincoln; Newcastle; Thedford.

4. Oxalis cymosa Small.

Lincoln; Red Cloud; Scotia Junction; Valentine.

3. BALSAMINACEAE.
Impatlens. 611.

Sac of spurred sepal longer than broad, spur about V2 as long as the
sac. 1- '• biflora.

Sac of spurred sepal broader than long, spur less than % as long as
the sac. 2. I. pallida.

1. Impatiens biflora Walt. Spotted touch-me-not.
Mostly in open woods along streams. Bellevue; Dismal River; Pad-
dock; Peru; Richardson County; Weeping Water; Valentine.

2. Impatiens pallida Nutt. Pale touch-me-not.
In woods in the eastern part of the state. Bellevue; Lincoln; Nem-
aha; Riverton; Weeping Water.

82 GE RANI ALES

4. LINACEAE.
Linum. 57-.
Flowers blue.

Flowers less than 2 cm. broad. 1. L. usitatissimum.

Flowers over 2 cm, wide. 2. L. lewisii.

Flowers yellow.

Flowers small not 15 mm. broad.

Flowers large over 15 mm. Ibroad. 3. sulcatum.

Petals less than one cm. long, sepals not wing-crested.

4. L. rigidum.
Petals over one cm. long, sepals strongly wing-crested.

5. L. arkansanum.

1. Linum usitatissimum L. Flax; linseed.
Often escapes '"rom cultivation. Broken Bow; Cody; Ponca; Red
Cloud; Saunders County.

2. Linum lewisii Pursh.

In the canons of the Hat Creek Basin. Minden; War Bonnet Canon.

3. Linum sulcatum Riddell.

On dry hills in the eastern part of the state. Bassett; Box Butte;
Crete; Fairbury; Kearney; Laurel; Lincoln; Long Pine; Valentine.

4. Linum rigidum Pursh.

Common in dry soil in the western part of the state. Anselmo; Box
Butte County; Dismal River; Hat Creek Basin; Kearney; Mullen;
Pine Ridge; Ponca; St. Helena; Thedford; Valentine.

5. Linum arkansanum Osterh.

Nebraska according to Rydberg's Flora of Calorado.

5. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE.

Tribulus. 580.
1. Tribulus terrestris L.
Introduced but local. Aurora; Newport; Lincoln; Red Cloud.

6. RUTACEAE.

Leaves pinnate. 1. Xanthoxylum.

Leaves trifoliate. 2. Ptelea.

1. Xanthoxylum. 581.

1. Xanthoxylum americanum Mill. Prickly ash.

Mostly along streams in the eastern part of the state. Ashland; Guide
Rock; Long Pine; Milford; Nebraska City; Ponca; Royal; Rulo;
Weeping Water.

2. Ptelea. 581.

1. Ptelea trifoliata L.

Thoroughly established and spreading from seed at Hastings.

7. POLYGALACEAE.

Polygala. 582.

Leaves some of them verticellate in 4's and 5's. 1. P. verticil lata.

EUPHORBIACEAE 83

Leaves all alternate.
Flowers not white.

Inflorescence an elongated spike, not over S mm. thick, leaves
linear or subulate. 4. P. incarnata.

Inflorescence globose, over 8 mm. thick, leaves oblong or linear-
oblong. 2. P. viridescens.
Flowers white.

Leaves serrulate, the lower reduced to scales. 3. P. senega.

Leaves entire, their edges revolute, the lowr not reduced to scales.

6. P. alba.

1. Polygala verticillata L.

On dry prairies over the entire state. Cherry County; Dakota County;
Kearney; Lincoln; Minden; Ewing; Polk County; Red Cloud; Wei-
gand; Weeping Water.

2. Polygala viridescens L.
Atkinson; Xeligh; Rock County.

3. Polygala senega L.
Xeligh.

4. Polygala incarnata L.

Nebraska according to Gray's Manual.

5. Polygala cruciata L.

Nebraska according to Gray's ^Manual.

6. Polygala alba Nutt.

Common in prairies in the western part of the state. Anselmo; Bel-
ro.ont; Box Butte County; Culbertson; Kearney; Newcastle; Phelps
County; Sioux County; Valentine.

8. EUPHORBIACEAE.

Plants canescent with sellate hairs. 1. Croton.
Plants glabrous or pubescent with simple hairs.

Styles fringed. 2. Acalypha.

Styles 2-cleft. 3. Euphorbia.

1. Croton. 586.

1. Croton texensis (Klotzsch.) Muell.

Common in prairies in the western part of the tsate. Anselmo; Banner
County; Broken Bow; Deuel County; Franklin; Haigler; Holt County;
Mullen; Pine Ridge; Sheridan County.

2. Acalypha. 588.
1. Acalypha virginica L.

Common in woods in the eastern part of the state. Bellevue; Frank-
lin; Grand Island; Lincoln; Riverton; Wahoo; Weeping Water.

3. Euphorbia. 590.

Leaves all opposite.
Leaves inequilateral, with oblique bases.
Leaves entire.

Leaves linear over 1 cm. long.

84 GERAXIALES

'Plants prostrate. 6. E. albicaulls.

Plants erect or ascending.
Appendages of the glands conspicuous, white.

1. E. petaloidea.
Appendages of the glands greenish-white or obsolete.

2. E. flagelliformis.
Leaves broader mostly less than 1 cm. lo*ag.
Seeds smooth.
Leaves oblong, 4-12 mm. long. 3. E. geyeri.

Leaves orbicular, ovate or oval, 2-6 mm. long.

4. E. serpens.
Seeds wrinkled. 10. E. fendleri.

Leaves serrate or dentate.
Glabrous or nearly so.

Plants prostrate or spreading, leaves 4-15 mm. long.

Seeds strongly transversely wrinkled. 7. E. glyptosperma.
Seeds pitted or irregularly and faintly wrinkled.

5. E. serpyllifolia.
Plants erect or ascending, leaves 10-30 mm. long.

11. E. nutans.
Puberulent or pilose.

Involucres entire, seeds 0.4 mm. long. 8. E. macuiata.

Involucres split on one side, seeds 1 mm. long.

9. E. humistrata.
Leaves equilateral, the bases not oblique.

Herbage glabrous, stems striate angled. 12. E. hexagona.

Herbage pubescent.

Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate. 15. E. cuphosperma.

Leaves broader. * 16. E. dentata.

Leaves, at least some of them, alternate or scattered; plants erect op
ascending.
Stems topped by an umbel, which is subtended by a whorl or verticil-
ate leaves, leaves sessile or nearly so.
Leaves entire.

Upper leaves white margined. 14. E. marginate.

Upper leaves not white margined.

Leaves over 2 cm. long. 13. E. corollata.

Leaves mostly less than 2 cm. long, the lower scaly.
Rays of the umbel 3-5 subtended by few bracts.

21. E. robusta.
Rays of the umbel many, subtended by many bracts.

20. E. cyparissias.
Leaves serrulate.

Styles erect, longer than the ovary, 2-cleft to the middle.

18. E. obtusata.
Styles spreading, shorter than the ovary, slightly 2-cleft.

19. E. missourlensis.
Stems not topped by an umbel, no verticillate leaves, leaves slender
petioled.
Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate. 15. E. cuphosperma.

Leaves broader.

EUPHORBIACEAE 8»

Leaves mostly opposite. 16. E. dentata.

Leaves alternate, very variable, the upper often blotched with

red. 17. E. heterophylla.

1. Euphorbia petaloidea Engelm.

Common in the western part of the state, in sandy soil. Anselmo;
Banner County; Benkleman; Franklin; Pine Ridge; Schuyler; Sheri-
dan; Sioux County; Valentine; Weigand; Brunswick.

2. Euphorbia flagelliformis Engelm.
Ft. Robinson; Valentine.

3. Euphorbia geyeri Engelm. & Gray.

On dry sandy ridges and bluffs in the western part of the state. Long
Pine; Xattick; Paddock; Plummer Ford; Thedford; Valentine.

4. Euphorbia serpens H. B. K.

In prairies all over the state. Bassett; Kennedy; Lincoln; Niobrara;
Red Cloud.

5. Euphorbia serpyllifolia Pers.

In prairies and meadows throughout the state. Grand Island; Lincoln;
Niobrara; Saunders County; Valentine.

6. Euphorbia albicaulis Rydb.
Nebraska according to Britton's ^Manual.

7. Euphorbia glyptosperma Engelm.

In sandy prairies and fields, most abundant westward. Bordeaux;
Broken Bow; Dismal River; Fairbury; Franklin; Hooker County;
Mullen; Newcastle; Thedford; Valentine.

8. Euphorbia maculata L.

Throughout the state. Ainsworth; Fairbury; Endicott; Lincoln; Saun-
ders County; Steele Creek; Valentine; Weeping Water.

9. Euphorbia humistrata Englem.

In the eastern part of the state. Lincoln; Red Cloud; Weeping Water.

10. Euphorbia fendieri T. & G.

In the western part of the state. Cheyenne County; Upper Lawrence
Fork.

11. Euphorbia nutans Lag.

A common weed over most of the state. Arapahoe; Lincoln; Minden;
Pishelville; Red Cloud; Saunders County.

12. Euphorbia hexagona Nutt.

Common in dry sandy soil throughout the state. Brunswick; Bellevue;
Haigler; Norfolk; Pine Ridge; Red Cloud; Riverton; Ravenna; Spen-
cer; Valentine.

13. Euphorbia coroilata L.

Common in meadows in the eastern part of the state. Crete; Belle-
vue; Cass County; Lincoln; Nemaha; Peru; Wahoo; Weeping Water.

14. Euphorbia marginata Pursh. Snow on the mountain.
A common pasture weed in clay soil. Anselmo; Beatrice; Benkleman;
Crete; Laurel; Lincoln; Niobrara; Neligh; Wymore.

15. Euphorbia cuphosperma Bois.

In shady canons in the foothills. Banner County.

16. Euphorbia dentata Michx.

Over most of the state. Franklin; Lincoln; Riverton.

17. Euphorbia heterophylla Michx.

In w^oodlands and thickets mostly in the eastern part of the state.
Crete; Franklin; Indianola; Keya Paha; Lincoln; Ft. Niobrara; Nio-

86 GUTTIFERALES

brara; Red Cloud; Wabash.

18. Euphorbia obtusata Pursh.

Low prairies in the eastern part of the state. Lincoln; Red Cloud.

19. Euphorbia missouriensis (Norton.) Small.
Euphorbia dictyosperma F, & M.

In prairies in the eastern part of the state. Beatrice; Crete; Fairbury;
Lincoln; Red Cedar Island; St. James.

20. Euphorbia cyparissias L.

Sometimes escapes from cultivation. Crete; Lincoln.

21. Euphorbia robusta (Englem.) Small.

In the western part of the state. Ft. Robinson; Pine Ridge; Sioux
County.

9. CALLITRICHACEAE.
Callitriche. 596.
1. Callitriche palustris L.
In shallow running water. Kennedy; Merriman; Pauline.

GUTTIFERALES.

None of the petals spurred, stamens usually numerous.

Sepals 4 or 5, when 5 all nearly equal, styles 2-5. 1. Guttiferae.

Sepals 3 or 5, when 5 the 2 outer much smaller, style single or none.

2. Cistaceae.
Lower petal spurred; stamens 5, two spurred. 3. Violaceae.

1. GUTTIFERAE. (HYPERICACEAE.)

Petals 4, sepals 4 in unequal pairs. 1. Ascyrum.

Petals 5, nearly equal.
Petals yellow, sometimes mottled.

Leaves normal. 2. Hypericum.

Leaves reduced to scales. 3. Sarothra.

Petals pink or purple. 4. Triadenum.

1. Ascyrum. 625.

1. Ascyrum hyperidoides L.
Nebraska according to Gray's Manual.

2. Hypericum. 265.

Styles 5, capsule 5 celled. 1. H. ascyron.

Styles 3, capsule 1-3 celled.

Capsule 3 celled, stamens many.
Flowers over 15 mm. broad, leaves not over 2 cm. long.

2. H. perforatum.
Flowers less than 15 mm. broad, leaves over 2 cm. long.

H. maculatum.
Capsule 1 celled, stamens few, not more than 12.
Leaves lanceolate or ovate, over 4 mm. wide.

Flowers not over 4 mm. wide, capsule 2-4 mm. long.

3. H. mutllum.

Flowers 6-10 mm. broad, capsule 8-10 mm. long. 4. H. majus.

Leaves linear 2-4 mm. wide. 5. H. canadense.

CISTACEAE

87

1. Hypericum ascyron L.

Near streams in eastern part of the state. Xehawka.

2. Hypericum perforatum L.

In the eastern part of the state. Lincoln; Valentine.

Hypericum maculatum Walt,
Eastern Kansas.

3. Hypericum mutilum L.

Low ground in the eastern part of the state. Endicott.

4. Hypericum majus (A. Gray.) Britton.

In moist soil over most of the state. Bellevue; Dismal River; Long
Pine; Loup City; Lowell; ^lead; ^Nlinden; Xeligh.

5. Hypericum canadense L.

In wet sandy soil in the western part of the state. Chelsea; Cody's
Lakes; Minden; Thedford.

3. Sarothra. 628.

1. Sarothra gentianoides L.

In sandy soil, abundant in a pasture near Franklin.

4. Triadenum. 629.

1. Triadenum virginicum (L.) Raf.
In wet soil mostly along streams.
Ewing; Nattick; Simeon.

Chelsea; Grand Rapids; Kennedy;

2. CISTACEAE.

Flowers yellow, petals 5 or wanting in some of the flowers, capsule 1

celled. 1. Helianthemum.

Flowers greenish or purplish, petals 3, capsules 3-celled. 2. Lechea.

1. Helianthemum. 630.

1. Helianthemum majus (L. B. S. P.) Frost weed.

In dry soil mostly in the eastern part of the state. Ewing; Long
Pine; Louisville; Swan Lake; Oreoplis.

2. Lechea. 631.

Leaves 4-10 mm. wide.
Leaves 1-2 mm. wide.

Inner sepals 1-nerved.

Inner sepals 3-nerved.

1. L. vlllosa.

2. L. tenuifolla.
3. L. strlcta.

1. Lechea villosa Ell.

In dry soil, not common. Ewing; ^Macon; Minden.

2. Lechea tenuifolia ]Michx.

In sandy soil along Sand Creek near Minden.

3. Lechea stricta Leggett.

In dry places, not common. Ewing; Long Pine; Swan Lake.

3. VIOLACEAE.

Viola. 633.

Acaulescent, leaves basal except those on the runners, flowers never

88 GUTTIFERALES

yellow.
Leaves at least some of them lobed or divided.
Leaves lobed, the terminal lobe broad.

Basal lobes usually many, cleistogamous flowers on horizontal
or deflexed peduncles. 1. V. palmata.

Basal lobes usually few, cleistogamous flowers on erect pe-
duncles. 5. V. sagittata.
Leaves pedately divided, into narrow lobes. 3. V. pedatifida.
Leaves merely serrate or dentate.

Leaves broad, cordate or truncate at the base.
Glabrous or nearly so.

Cleistogamous flowers on erect peduncles, leaves often
toothed at the base. 5. V. sagittata.

Cleistogamous flowers on deflexed peduncles.

4. V. papilionacea.
Villous pubescent. 2, V. sororia.

Leaves narrowly lanceolate, tapering at the base.

6. V. lanceolata.
Caulescent, stems leafy, flowers often yellow.
Stipules not laciniate.

Leaves tapering into margined petioles. 7. V. nuttallii.

Leaves cordate or truncate at the base.

Petals lemon-yellow, leaves crenate-dentate.

8. V. scabriuscula.

Petals not yellow, leaves merely serrate. 9, V. canadensis.

Stipules laciniate, large and foliaceous. 10. V. rafinesquii.

1. Viola palmata L.

In woods in the eastern part of the state. Omaha; Peru; Red Cloud.

2. Viola sororia Willd.

Viola palmata sororia (Willd.) Pollard.
Lincoln; Red Cloud.

3. Viola pedatifida G. Don.

Common on the prairies in the eastern part of the state. Callaway;
Falls City; Lincoln; Nebraska City; O'Xeill; Tecumseh.

4. Viola papilionacea Pursh.

In woods and thickets especially along streams over most of the state.
Fairbury; Lincoln; Scotia.

6. Viola lanceolata L.

In wet meadows not common. Atkinson; Lynn.

7. Viola nuttallii Pursh.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Alliance; Cuba; Ft. Rob-
inson; Scotts Bluff County; Valentine.

8. Viola scabriuscula (T. & G.) Schwein.

In woods and thickets in the eastern part of the state. Lincoln; Long
Pine; Nebraska City; Peru; Roca.

9. Viola canadensis L.

In woods, mostly along the Missouri and the Niobrara. Bellevue; Bel-
mont; Cuba; Pine Ridge; Ponca; Ft. Robinson; Sioux County.

10. Viola rafinesquii Greene.
Viola tenella Muhl.

Introduced in the eastern part of the state. Blue Springs; Stella.

TILIACEAE 89

MALVALES.

Flowers with petals.

Trees, stamens not united into a tube around the style. 1. Tiliaceae.
Herbs, stamen filaments forming a tube around the style.

2. Malvaceae.
Flowers apetalous.
Trees.

Sap not milky, fruits separate. 3. Ulmaceae.

Sap milky, fruits aggregated. 4. Moraceae.

Herbs or vines.

Leaves lobed or divided. 4. Moraceae.

Leaves serrate, not lobed or divided. 5. Urticaceae.

1. TILIACEAE.
Tllia. 616.

1. Tllia americana L. American Linden.

Mostly along streams in the eastern part of the state. Cuba; Long
Pine; Omaha; Ponca; Richardson County; Royal; Valentine; Weeping
Water; Wymore.

2. MALVACEAE.
Carpels 1 ovuled.

Flowers mostly over 8 mm. broad, never yellow.
Glabrous or pubescent with simple hairs.

Carpels beakless petals obcordate. 1. Malva.

Carpels beaked, petals truncate. 2. Callirrhoe.

Pubescent with stellate hairs. 3. Malvastrum.

Flowers small, 4-8 mm. broad, yellow. 4. Sida.

Carpels 2-many ovuled.

Involucel none. 5. Abutilon.

Involcucel of numerous narrow bracts. S. Hibiscus.

1. Malva. 618.

Erect or ascending, flowers over 15 mm. broad, carpels about 10.

1. M. sylvestris.
Procumbent,- flowers less than 15 mm. broad, carpels about 15.

2. M. rotundifolia.

1. Malva sylvestris L. High Mallow.
Rare in waste places. Beaver City; Red Cloud.

2. Malva rotundifolia L. Running mallow.
Introduced in various localities throughout the state. Callaway;
Bazile Mills; Kearney; Lincoln; Minden.

2. Callirrhoe. 619.

Involucel wanting, flowers pick or white, 2-3 cm. broad.

1. C. alceoides.
Involucel of three bracts, flowers reddish purple, 2-6 cm. broad.

2. C. involucrata.

90 MALVALES

1. Callirrhoe alceoides (Michx.) A. Gray. Poppy mallow.

Fairly common in the eastern half of the state. Cowles; Crete; Fair-
bury; Lincoln; Minden; Peru; Walton; Weeping Water.

2. Callirrhoe involucrata (T. & G.) A. Gray.

In dry soil throughout the state, common in the western part. Calla-
way; Cambridge; Franklin; Grand Island; Kearney; Nebraska City;
Nelson; Red Cloud.

3. Malvastrum. 620.

1. Malvastrum coccineum (Pursh.) A. Gray. Red mallow.

Common in dry soil in the western part of the state. Alliance; Ante-
lope County; Belmont; Broken Bow; Grand Island; Scotts Bluff; Red
Cloud; Valentine.

4. Sida. 620.
1. Sida spinosa L.

In dry soil in the southeastern part of the state. Nebraska City;
Nemaha.

5. Abutilon. 621.

1. Abutilon abutilon (L.) Rusby. Velvet leaf.

Abutilon theophrasti Medic.
Common in the eastern part of the state. Dakota County; Lincoln;
Omaha; Peru; Weeping Water.

6. Hibiscus. 622.

Glabrous, flowers pink, involucral, bracts not ciliate. 1. H. militaris.

Pubescent with spreading hairs, flowers yellow, bracts of the involucel

ciliate. 2. H. trionum.

1. Hibiscus militaris Cav. Halbred-leaved rose-mallow.

Along streams in the eastern part of the state. Ashland; Glen Rock;
Hooper; Nemaha.

2. Hibiscus trionum L.

Introduced, common in the eastern part of the state. Grand Island;
Lincoln; Minden; Pishelville; Red Cloud; Roca; Weeping Water.

3. ULMACEAE.

Fruit a samara, flowers borne on last year's twigs. Ulmus.

Fruit a drupe, flowers borne on twigs of the season. 2. Ceitis.

1. Ulmus. 337.

Samaras with ciliate margins, bud-scales not brown-tomentose.
Samaras with glabrous faces, branches not winged.

1. U. americana.

Samaras with pubescent faces, branches winged. 2. U. racemosa.

Samaras with smooth margins, bud-scales brown-tomentose; leaves

very rough above. 3. U. fulva.

1. Ulmus americana L. White elm.

In moist, rich soil along streams over most of the state. Alliance;
Culbertson; Hooker County; Lincoln; Saltillo; Wahoo.

MORACEAE 91

2. Ulmus racemosa Thomas . Cork or rock elm.
Ulmus thomasi Sarg.

Along streams, not common. Meadville; Plattsmoiith; Valentine.

3. Ulmus fulva Michx. Slippery or red elm.
Along streams, a smaller tree and less common than the white elm.
Crete; Guide Rock; Red Cloud; Richardson County; Wahoo; Weeping
Water.

2. Celtls. 339.
1. Celtis occldentalis L. Hackberry.

Common throughout the state, mostly along streams. Anselmo; Aten;
Banner County; Endicott; Hooker County; O'Neill; Red Cloud; Thed-
ford.

4. MORACEAE.
Trees. 1. Morus.

Vines with lobed leaves. 2. Humulus.

Herbs with divided leaves. 3. Cannabis.

1. Morus. 340.

Leaves rough above, pubescent beneath, fruit purple. 1. M. rubra.

Leaves smooth and shining, fruit whitish. 2. M. alba.

1. Morus rubra L. Red mulberry.

Along streams in the southeastern part of the state. Endicott; Ne-
hawka; St. James; Xemaha.

2. Morus alba L. White or Russian mulberry.
Sometimes escapes from cultivation. Weeping Water.

2. Humulus. 341.

1. Humulus lupulus L. Hops.

In woods and thickets throughout the state. Brunswick; Gage County;
Holt County; Hooker County; Lincoln; Sioux County; Wahoo.

3. Cannabis. 341.

1. Cannabis satiya L. Hemp.

Sometimes escapes from cultivation. Crete; Long Pine; Lincoln; Red
Cloud; Rushville.

5. URTICACEAE.

Leaves at least some of them opposite.

Plants with stinging hairs. 1. Urtica.

Plants without stinging hairs.

Calyx of pistillate flowers of 3 sepals, achene 1 mm. long.

3. Adicea.
Calyx of pistillate flowers tubular. 2-4 toothed, achene nearly 2
mm. long. 4. Boehmeria.

Leaves all alternate.

Flowers in loose axillary cymes, not involucrate, 2. Urticastrum.
Flowers glomerate, involucrate. 5. Parietaria.

1. Urtica. 342.

Leaves ovate, cordate plant very bristly. 1. U. dioica.

Leaves lanveolate, rarely cordate, plant sparingly bristly.

2. U. gracilis.

92 PRIMULALES

1. Urtica dioica L. Stinging nettle.

Reported from Weeping Water.

2. Urtica gracilis Ait. Slender Nettles.
Throughout the state, common in woods and thickets. Keya Paha
County; Lincoln; Mullen; Plummer Ford; Red Cloud; Republican;
Walton.

2. Urticastrum. 342.

1. Urticastrum divaricatum (L.) Kuntze. Wood nettle.

Laportea canadensis (L.) Gaund.
Common in woods in the eastern part of the state. Endicott; Lincoln;
Neligh; Saltillo; Valentine.

3. Adiceae. 343.

1. Adiceae pumila (L.) Raf. Clear weed.

Pilea pumila (L.) Gray.
In wet shady places in the eastern part of the state. Burwell; Endi-
cott; Fremont; Gage County; Lincoln; Long Pine; Mullen.

4. Boehmeria. 343.

1. Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Willd. False nettle.

In wet shady places throughout the state, except the extreme western
part. Boelus; Callaway; Kearney; Nattick; Pishelville; Sargent;
Simeon.

5. Parietaria. 343.

1. Parietaria pennsylvanica Muhl. Pellitory.

In dry woods and thickets throughout the state. Belmont; Callaway;
Long Pine; Lincoln; Weeping Water; Red Cloud; Valentine.

SUBCLASS HETEROMERAE.
PRIMULALES.

Sepals and corolla lobes usually 5 or more, corolla normal, capsule
circumscissile only in Anagallis and Centrunculus,

1. Primulaceae.
Sepals and corolla lobes 4. corolla scarious. capsule circumscissile.

2. Plantaginaceae.

1. PRIMULACEAE.
Corolla not refiexed.

Capsule not circumscissile.

Scapose plants with white or pink flowers. 1. Androsace.

Leafy-stemmed plants, with yellow flowers.

Flowers solitary in the axils. 2, Steironema.

Flowers in axillary spike-like racemes or heads. 3. Naumbergia.
Capsule circumscissile.

Flowers on peduncles over 1 mm. long. 4. Anagalis.

Flowers sessile or nearly so. 5. Centrunculus.

Corolla refiexed. 6. Dodecathion.

PLAXTAGIXACEAE 93

1. Androsace. 714.

1. Androsace occidentalis Piirsh.

In dry soil throughout the state. Crete; Fairbury; Franklin; Lincoln;

Nebraska City; Red Cloud; Wahoo; Valentine.

2. Steironema. 716.

Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate on long ciliate petioles.

1. S. ciliatum.
Leaves linear, sessile or nearly so. 2. S. quadriflorum.

1. Steironema ciliatum (L.) Raf. Loosestrife.
Common in low prairies and meadows throughout the state; often
found in the edges of thickets, in ditches and along streams. Anselmo;
Aten; Cherry County; Kearney; Lincoln; Minden; Sioux County;
Talmage.

2. Steironema quadrifoiia (Sims.) Hitch.

In the Republican valley, not common. Franklin; Macon; Riverton.

3. Naumbergia. 717.

1. Naumbergia tliyrsiflora (L.) Duby. Tufted loosestrife.

Frequent in marshes and edges of pools and streams in the sand-
hills. Ewing; Grand Rapids; Grant County; Newark; Plainview; Vdi-
entine.

4. Anagallis. 718.
1. Anagallis arvensis L.
Lincoln.

5. Centrunculus. 718.

1. Centrunculus minimus L.

Rare in dry soil. Atkinson; Fairbury; Fairfield; Johnson.

6. Dodecatheon. 719.

1. Dodecatheon radicatum Greene.

Rare in the western part of the state. Paxton.

2. PLANTAGINACEAE.
Plantago. 855.

Leaves, ovate, lanceolate or spatulate.

Leaves ovate.
Pyxis ovoid, circumscissile at the middle. 1. P. major.

Pyxis oblong, circumscissile much below the middle. 2. P. rugelil.
Leaves lanceolate or spatulate.

Corolla of fertile flowers spreading.
Pyxis circumscissile at the middle. 3. P. lanceolata.

Pyxis circumscissile below the middle. 4. P. eriopoda.

Corolla of the fertile flower erect. 8. P. virginica.

Leaves linear or filiform, 1-8 mm. mide.
Bracts not much longer than the flowers.

Leaves 3-8 mm. wide, spike dense. 5. P. purshii.

Leaves 1 mm. wide, spike loose-flowered. 9. P. elongata.

94

ERICALES

Ewing; Grand

Rib Grass.

Grand Island;

Bracts 2-10 times as long as the flowers.

Bracts 7-17 mm. long, 2-5 times as long as the flowers.

6. P. spinulosa.
Bracts 10-30 mm. long, many times as long as the flowers.

7. P. aristata.

1. Plantago major L. Common Plantain.
A common weed in waste places throughout the state. Anselmo; Bel-
mont; Crete; Lincoln; Peru; Talmage; Tecumseh.

2. Plantago rugelii Dec.

In waste places, less common than the last. Crete;
Island; Lincoln; Republican Valley.

3. Plantago lanceolata L.

Common in the southeastern part of the state. Crete;
Holdrege; Lincoln; :Minden; O'Neill.

4. Plantago eriopoda Torr. Saline Plantain.
In saline or alkaline soil. Alliance; Grand Island; Kearney; Sheridan
County; Sidney; Wood River.

5. Plantago purshii R. & S.

A common weed in dry soil throughout the state. Anselmo; Callaway;
Deuel County; Fairbury; Lincoln; Perkins County; St. James; Sioux
County; Wahoo.

6. Plantago spinulosa Dec.

In dry soil, mostly in waste places. Kearney; :\Iinden.

7. Plantago aristata Michx.

In dry soil throughout the state. Brunswick; Lincoln; Hastings; Min-
den; Nemaha; Oreopolis; Valentine.

8. Plantago virginica L.
In dry soil in the southeastern part of the state.

9. Plantago elongata Pursh.
Plantago myosuroides Rydb.

In dry soil, not common. Anselmo; Lincoln;
Water.

Weeping Water.

Mansfield; Weeping

ERICALES.

Shrub, fruit a berry in our species.
Herbs, fruit a capsule.

1. Ericaceae.
2. Pirolaceae.

1. ERICACEAE.

Arctostaphylos. 706.

1. Arctostaphylos uva-ursa (L.) Spreng.
In dry soil in Custer County.

2. PIROLACEAE.

Leaves normal, evergreen.

Leaves reduced to scales, not green.

Flowers many, corolla gamopetalous.

Flowers solitary, corolla polypetalous.

1. Pirola.

2. Pterospora.

3. Monotropa.

1. Pirola. 693.
Raceme regular, capsule about 6 mm. in diameter.

POLEMONIACEAE 95

Leaf blades orbicular, rarely over 2.5 cm. long, scape 3-10 flowered.

1. P. chlorantha.
Leaf blades oval or elliptic, 3.5-4.5 cm. long, scape 7-15 flowered.

2. P. elliptica.
Raceme secund, capsule about 4 mm. in diameter. 3. P. secunda.

1. Pirola chlorantha Sw. Green Flowered Wlntergreen.
On dry pine woods in the western part of the state. War Bonnet
Canon.

2. Pirola elliptica Xutt. Shin-Leaf.
In dry pine woods in the western part of the state. Long Pine.

3. Pirola secunda L. One-Sided Wintergreen.
In dry pine woods in the western part of the state. Sioux County.

2. Pterospora. 695.

1. Pterospora andromeda Xutt. Pine Drops.

In the pine woods of the northwestern part of the state. Sioux County.

3. Monotropa. 696.

1. Monotropa uniflora L. Indian Pipe.

Rare in dense woods along the Missouri. Washington and Cass
Counties.

SUB-CLASS BICARPELLATAE.

POLEMONIALES.

Ovary not deeply lobed, carpels not separating into distinct nutlets
at maturity.
Ovary 2-5 celled.
Fruit various but neither a berry nor a large prickly capsule.
Twining vines. 1. Convolvulaceae.

Herbs not twining.

Ovary 3 celled, 1. Poiemoniaceae.

Ovary 2 celled.

Flowers in dense capitate clusters. 1. Poiemoniaceae.

Flowers solitary in the axils. 2. Convolvulaceae.

Fruit a berry or a large prickly capsule. 5. Solanaceae.

Ovary 1-celled, styles and stigmas 2. 3. Hydrophylaceae.

Ovary deeply 4 (or rarely 2) -lobed, carpels separating into 4 nutlets

at maturity, 4. Boraginaceae.

1. POLEMONIACEAE.

Stamens inserted at very unequal heights in the corolla tube, leaves
entire.
Leaves opposite, corolla with a narrow throat, stamens included.

1. Phlox.

Leaves alternate, corolla with a broad throat, stamens usually ex-

serted. 3. Collomia.

Stamens inserted at equal or nearly equal heights in the corolla, leaves

various, rarely entire.

Calyx lobes not spiny tipped, 2. Gilia.

Calyx lobes spiny tipped. 4. Navarretia.

96 POLEMONIALES

1. Phlox. 756.

Flowers clustered, 2-many at the ends of the stems or branches, leaves
never imbricated.
Stems many flowered, leaves usually over 2 cm. long.

Calyx teeth shorter than the tube, calyx l^ as long as the corolla.
Calyx teeth more than half the length of the tube.

P. paniculata.

Calyx teeth about V4 the length of the tube. 1. P. maculata.

Calyx teeth longer than the tube, calyx % as long as the corolla.

Flowers usually pink or purple, no sterile decumbent shoot or

runners at the base. 2. P. pilosa.

Flowers bluish, sterile decumbent shoots or runners present at

the base. 3. P. divaricata.

Stems 2-few flowered, leaves not over 2 cm. long.

Flowers blue or lilac, stems caespitose spreading from a woody

root. 5. P. kelseyi.

Flowers white, stems erect from rhizomes. 8. P. andicola.

Flowers solitary at the ends of the stems or branches, leaves often

imbricated.

Leaves very short, about 2 mm. long. 6. P. bryoides.

Leaves longer. 4-14 mm. long.

Corolla-tube not longer than the calyx. 7. P. hoodii.

Corolla-tube longer than the calyx. 4. P. caespitosa.

Phlox paniculata L. Garden Phlox.

Occurs in the northeastern county of Kansas and probably in south-
eartern Nebraska.

1. Phlox maculata L.
Reported from Talmage.

2. Phlox pilosa L.

In dry soil in the eastern part of the state. Ashland; Emerson;
Omaha; Richardson County; Weeping Water; Leshara.

3. Phlox divaricata L.

In moist woods in the eastern uart of the state. Bellevue; Lincoln;
Omaha; Peru; Weeping Water.

4. Phlox caespitosa Xutt.

In dry soil in the foot-hills. Scotts Bluff County.

5. Phlox kelseyi Britton.

Western Nebraska according to Britton's Manual.

6. Phlox bryoides Nutt.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Kimball County.

7. Phlox hoodii Richards, •

In dry sandy or p^ky soil in the western part of the state. Fort Rob-
inson; Gordon; Scotts Bluff County.

8. Phlox andicola (Britton) A. Nels.
Phlox douglasii andicola Britton.

In dry sandy soil in the western part of the state. Banner County;
Hat Creek Basin; Valentine.

POLEMONIACEAE 97

2. Gilia. 759.

Flowers openly paniculate or thyrsoid-paniculate.

Leaves entire. 1, q. gracilis.

Leaves palmately divided into 3-7 narrow subulate lobes.

2. G. caespitosa.
Leaves pinnately divided.

Flowers over 25 mm. long, corolla-tube many times as long as the

calyx.

Flowers white. 3. G. longifolia.

Flowers scarlet or red. 4. G. aggregata.

Flowers about 10 mm. long. 5. G. f)innatifida.

Flowers capitately or spicately glomerate.

Flowers in an elongated spicate thyrsus. 6. G. spicata.

Flowers mostly in capitate clusters at the ends of the branches.
Corolla-tube but little longer than the calyx. 7. G. iberidifolia.

Corolla-tube about twice as long as the calyx. 8. G. pumila.

1. Gilia gracilis Hook.

Microsteris micrantha (Kellogg.) Greene.
Sandy soil in the western part of the state. Deuel County; Merriman.

2. Gilia casepitosa (Xutt.) A. Nels.
Leptodactylon caespitosa Nutt.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Scotts Bluff County.

3. Gilia longiflora (Torr.) Don.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Box Butte County; Craw-
ford; Kearney County; Rock County; Whitman.
.4. Gilia aggregata (Pursh.) Spreng.
Nebraska according to Britton's Manual. ,

5. Gilia pinnatifida Nutt.

Dry soil in the western part of the state. Scotts Bluff County.

6. Gilia spicata Nutt.
Banner County.

7. Gilia iberidifolia Benth.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Belmont; Ft. Robinson;
Scotts Bluff County; Sioux County.

8. Gilia pumila Nutt.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Belmont; Hat Creek
Basin; Long Pine.

3. Collomia. 761.

1. Collomia linearis Nutt.

Dry soil, mostly in the sand-hill and foot-hill regions. Aten; Box
Butte County; Brunswick; Deuel County; Hat Creek liasin; Harrison;
Pine Ridge.

4. Navarretia. 762.

1. Navarretia Minima Nutt.

In dry sandy soil in the northwestern part. of the state. Rushville.

98 - POLEMONIALES

2. CONVOLVULACEAE.

Green plants with normal leaves.

Styles distinct to the base, each 2-cleft, leaves sessile. 1. Evolvulus.
Styles united to the stigmas.

Stigmas ovoid or sub-globose, ovary usually 3-celled or the leaves

linear. 2. Ipomoea.

Stigmas filiform to oblong-cylindric, ovary 2-celled, leaves never

linear. 3. Convolvulus.

Yellowish plants, leaves reduced to small scales. 4. Cuscuta.

1. Evolvulus. 751.

1. Evolvulus nuttalianus R. & S.

In dry sandy soil in the western part of the state. Deuel County;
Fairbury; Kearney; Merriman; Minden; Valentine.

2. Ipomoea. 751.

Leaves linear, stems not trailing or twining. 1. !. leptophylla.

Leaves broadly ovate, cordate, stems trailing or twining.
Leaves entire, sepals acute usually less than 15 mm. long.

2. I. purpurea.
Leaves 3-lobed, sepals with long linear tips, over 15 mm. long.

3. I. hederaceae.

1. Ipomoea leptophylla Torr. Bush Morning-Glory.

In dry soil, mostly in the sand-hills and in the western part of the
state. Ainsworth; Banner County; Benkleman; Custer County; Deuel
County; Lincoln; Long Pine; Plummer Ford; Royal; Weigand;
Valentine.

2. Ipomoea purpurea Lam. Morning-Glory.
Sometimes escapes from cultivation. Richardson County.

3. Ipomoea hederacea Jacq.

Introduced in the eastern part of the state. Havelock; Lincoln;
Richardson County; Red Cloud.

3. Convolvulus. 753.

Bracts large, enclosing the calyx.

Glabrous or slightly hairy, leaves 5 cm. or more long, hastate,

the lobes acute, often sinuate-dentate. 1. C. amerlcanus.

Densely pubescent, leaves 5 cm. or less long, sagittate, the lobes

rounded, entire. 2. C. Interior.

Bracts small, remote from the calyx.

Plant glabrous or nearly so, leaves hastate, entire. 3. C. arvensis.
Plant canescent, leaves usually lobed or dissected.

4. C. hermannioides.

1. Convolvulus americanus (Sims.) Greene. Large Bind-Weed.
Convolvulus sepium L.

A common weed throughout most of the state. Fairbury; Indianola;
Lincoln; Ponca; Valentine.

2. Convolvulus interior House.
Convolvulus repens L.

Common as a weed over a large part of the state. Callaway; Fair-
bury; Plainview; Red Cloud.

CONVOLVULACEAE 99

3. Convolvulus arvensis L. Small Bind-Weed.

A common weed in fields and waste places. Grand Island; Lancaster
County; Nemaha; Wood River.

4. Convolvulus hermannioides A. Gray.
Nebraska according to Rydberg's Flora of Colorado.

4. Cuscuta. 754.

Styles little if any longer than the ovary, usually shorter.

Flowers sessile, corolla persistent at the base of the capsule.

Corolla scales large, deeply fringed. 1. C. arvensis.

Corolla scales small, often reduced to a few teeth.

2. C. polygonorum.
Flowers pedicelled, corolla enclosing or persistent at the summit of
the capsule.
Flowers 3-5 mm. long. 3. C. indecora.

Flowers about. 2 mm. long.

Corolla lobes about as long as the tube, the tips inflexed.

4. C. coryll.
Corolla lobes half as long as the tube, the tips not inflexed.

5. C. cephalanthi.
Styles several times as long as the ovary.

Flowers pedicelled, with 2-several entire bracts at the base.

6. C. cuspldata.
Flowers sessile, subtended by 8-15 serrulate bracts. 7. C. paradoxa.

1. Cuscuta arvensis Beyrich. Field Dodder.
Fairly common on various herbs. Kearney; Lincoln; Minden; Red
Cloud; Sheridan.

2. Cuscuta polygonum Englem.
Cuscuta obtuslflora H. B. K.

Over most of the state. Bloomington; Callaway; Lincoln; Valentine.

3. Cuscuta indecora Choisy. Pretty Dodder.
On various herbs and shrubs. Crawford; Holt County; Mullen; Red
Cloud; Valentine; Wood Lake.

4. Cuscuta coryli Engelm. Hazel Dodder.
On hazel, willow and various herbs. Arapahoe; Chelsea; Dismal
River; Long Pine; Thedford.

5. Cuscuta cephalanthi Engelm.
On willows. Kearney.

6. Cuscuta cuspidata Engelm.

On Ambrosia trifida and artemesiafolia. Bellevue; Lincoln; Valentine;
Whitman.

7. Cuscuta paradoxa Raf. Glomerate Dodder.
Cuscuta glomerata Choisy.

On Helianthus, Solidago and Asclepias. Arapahoe; Holt County; Kear-
ney; Lincoln; Nemaha; Wahoo; Wood River.

3. HYDROPHYLLACEAE.

Leaves all alternate. 1. Hydrophyllum.
The lower leaves opposite, the upper alternate.

Stamens included, corolla lobes convolute. 2. Macrocalyx.

Stamens exserted, corolla lobes imbricated. 3. Phacelia.

100 POLEMOXIALES

1. Hydrophyllum. 762.

1. Hydrophyllum virginicum L.

In rich woods in the eastern part of the state. Lincoln; Nebraska

City; Ponca; Weeping Water.

2. Macrocalyx. 763.

1. Macrocalyx nyctelea (L.) Kimtze.

Ellisia nyctelea L.
In moist shady places throughout the state. Box Butte County; Fair-
bury; Lincoln; Red Cloud; St. Helena; Thedford.

3. Phacella. 764.

1. Phacelia leucophylla Torr.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Harrison; Pine Ridge;

Scotts Bluff County; Sioux County; War Bonnet Canon.

4. BORAGINACEAE.

Ovary not deeply 4-lobed, style terminal. 1. Heliotropium.

Ovary deeply 4-lobed, style arising between the lobes.
Flowers regular.
Nutlets prickly.

Nutlets spreading, extending but little above point of attach-
ment. 2. Cynoglossum.
Nutlets erect, extending far above point of attachment.

3. Lappula.
Nutlets not prickly.

Receptacle conic, nutlets laterally attached.

Most of the leaves with axillary flowers. 4. Allocarya.

Only the upper leaves with axillary flowers.

Inflorescense naked or bracteolate. 5. Cryptanthe.

Inflorescense leafy. 6. Oreocarya.

Receptacle flat or convex.

Inflorescense not leafy-bracted. 7. Mertensia.

Inflorescense leafy-bracted.

Corolla lobes rounded. 8. Lithospermum.

Corolla lobes acute. 9. Onosmodlum.

Flowers irregular. 10. Echium.

1. Heliotropium. 767.

Flowers in dense scorpioid spikes, 1. H. spathulatum.

Flowers mostly solitary, opposite the leaves. 2. H. convolvulaceum.

1. Heliotropium spathulatum Rydb.
Heliotropium curassavicum L.

In the western part of the state. Alliance; Banner County.

2. Helitropium convolvulaceum (Nutt.) A. Gray.
Euploca convolvulacea Nutt.

Western Nebraska according to Britton's Manual.

BORAGINACEAE 101

2. Cynoglossum. 768.

1. Cynoglossum officinalis L.

Introduced in the eastern part of the state. Homesville; Weeping

W.ater.

3. Lappula. 768.

Inflorescense leafy-bracted nearly or quite to the top.
Marginal prickles not united by their bases.

Prickles numerous, in two rows on the margins, 1. L. lappula.

Prickles 7-11 not in double rows.. 3. L. occidentalis.

Marginal prickles united by their bases into a distinct cup in at
least 3 of the nutlets. 2. L. texana.

Inflorescense leafy-bracted only at the base, bracts minute above.
Marginal prickles distinct to the base or nearly so, fruiting pedicels
deflexed.
Lower leaves over 25 mm. wide, the basal cordate, corolla 2 mm.
wide. 4. L. virginiana.

Lower leaves less than 20 mm. wide.

Flowers over 6 mm. wide, fruit 6 mm. broad. 6. L. floribunda.
Flowers less than 4 mm. broad, fruit 4 mm. broad.

5. L. americana.
Marginal prickles united for % to i/^ of their length.

7. L. scaberrima.

1. Lappula lappula L.) Karst.

A common weed locally in the eastern part of the state. Lincoln;
St. James; Wahoo.

2. Lappula texana (Scheele.) Britton.
Lappula cupulata (A. Gray.) Rydb.

Common in the western part of the state. Alliance; Aten; Box
Butte County; Perkins; Thedford; Valentine.

3. Lappula occidentalis (S. Wats.) Greene.

In dry, sandy places in the western part of the state. Belmont;
Deuel County; Phelps County; Pine Ridge; Valentine.

4. Lappula virginiana (L.) Greene.

in woods and thickets mostly in the eastern part of the state. Dakota
County; Pishelville; Republican.

5. Lappula americana (A. Gray.) Rydb.

Lappula deflexa var. americana (A. Gray.) Greene,
in woods and thickets in the western part of the state. Chadron;
Beaver Creek; Plummer Ford.

6. Lappula floribunda (Lehm.) Greene.

In the western part of the state, mostly in plum thickets. Banner
County; Crawford; Pine Ridge.

7. Lappula scaberrima Piper.

In sandy soil in the western part of the state. Nebraska according
to Rydberg's Flora of Colorado.

4. Allocarya. 769.

1. Allocarya scopulorum Greene.
Nebraska according to Britton's Manual.

102 POLEMOXIALES

5. Cryptanthe. 769.

Nutlets unlike, 3 muricate and 1 smooth and shining.

1. C. crassisepala.

Nutlets alike, all smooth and shining. 2. C. fendleri.

1. Cryptanthe crassisepala (T. & G.) Greene.

In dry soil in the northwestern part of the state. Belmont; Deuel
County; Hat Creek Basin; Thedford.

2. Cryptanthe fendleri (A. Gray.) Greene.

On high dry plains and in the foot-hills and bad-lands, in the north-
western part of the state. Banner County; Harrison; Hat Creek
Basin; Sheridan County; Thedford.

6. Oreocarya. 770.

Corolla tube about equal to the calyx lobes, not exserted.

Nutlets smooth, polished, brown. 1. O. suffruticosa.

Nutlets rough, tubercled or wrinkled.

Inflorescense a broad, open, round-topped thyrsus; its branches
usually again branched.
Plants light yellowish-green, nutlets winged, regularly wrinkled.

2. O. hispidissima.
Plants dark green; nutlets merely acute angled, irregularly

wrinkled. 3. O. thyrsiflora.

Inflorescense a narrow or spike-like thyrsus, if more open the
branches simple.
Plants rough-hairy, over 1.5 dm. high; corolla 6-10 mm. broad.

4. O. glomerata.
Plants silvery appressed-pubescent; less than 1.5 dm. high;
corolla 4-6 mm. high. 5. O. sericea.

Corolla tube much longer than the calyx lobes, long exsertea.

6. O. fulvocanescens.

1. Oreocarya suffruticosa (Torr.) Greene.

Common in dry soil in the western part of the state. Banner County;
Belmont; Box Butte County; Deuel County; Hat Creek Basin; Plum-
mer Ford; Sioux County.

2. Oreocarya hispidissima (Torr.) Gray.
Nebraska according to Rydberg's Flora of Colorado.

3. Oreocarya thyrsiflora Greene.

On sandy hillsides in western Nebraska, according to Rydberg's Flora
of Colorado.

4. Oreocarya glomerata (Pursh.) Greene.

A xerophyte of the table-lands and foot-hills of the western part of
the state. Belmont; Deuel County; Scotts Bluff County; War Bonnet
Canon.

6. Oreocarya fulvocanescens (A. Grey.) Greene.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Alliance; Deuel County;

Kimball County.

6. Oreocarya fulvocanescens (A. Gray.) Greene.

In canons in the Hat Creek Basin. War Bonnet Canon.

BORAGIXACEAE 103

7. Mertensia. 771.

Flowers about 2.5 cm. long, corolla limb barely 5-lobed.

1, M. virginica.
Flowers less than 1.5 cm. long, corolla manifestly 5-lobed.

Pedicels distinctly hirsute. 2. M. paniculata.

Pedicels glabrous or glandular.

Upper surface of the leaves short-pubescent. 3. M. lanceolata.
Upper surface of the leaves not hairy. 4. M. linearis.

1. Mertensia virginica (L.) DC.
Rare in shady woods. Culbertson.

2. Mertensia paniculata (Ait.) Don.
Reported from Sheridan County.

3. Mertensia lanceolata DC.
Woods in War Bonnet Canon.

4. Mertensia linearis Greene.

Nebraska according Rydberg's Flora of Colorado.

8. Lithospermum. 773.

Corolla lobes entire, the tube not more than twice as long as the calyx.
Flowers white, 6 mm. long, nutlets wrinkled or pitted, 2 mm. long.

1. L. arvense.

Flowers yellow, 1 cm. or more long, nutlets smooth, white, 4 mm.

long.

Flowers peduncled, corolla tube bearded at the base inside, calyx

3-4 times as long as the nutlets. 2. L. gmelini.

Flowers sessile, corolla tube not bearded at the base inside, calyx

twice as long as the nutlets. 3. L. canescens.

Corolla lobes erose-dentate, the tube 2-4 times as long as the calyx.

4. L. linearifolia.

1. Lithospermum arvense L.

Sparingly introduced, mostly in the eastern part of the state. Lin-
coln; Long Pine; St. Paul.

2. Lithospermum gmelini (Michx.) A. S. Hitchcock.

Common in prairies over most of the state. Anselmo; Antelope
County; Fremont; Grand Island; Sheridan County; Thedford; Wei-
gand.

3. Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm.

Low prairies in the eastern part of the state. Emerson; Lincoln;
Plainview; Walton; Weeping Water.

4. Lithospermum linearifolium Goldie.
Lithospermum angustifolium Michx.

Common on plains and low prairies all over the state. Anselmo;
Box Butte County; Fairbury; Lincoln; Perkins County; Pine Ridge;
Thedford.

9. Onosmodium. 774.

Plants 4-6 dm. tall; leaves 4-8 cm. long, less than 1.8 cm. wide, nutlets
not constricted at the base. 1. O. occidentale.

Plants 10-12 dm. tall; leaves 8-10 cm, long, over 1.8 cm. wide, nutlets
with a neck or constriction at the base. 2. O. hispidissimum.

104 POLEMOXIALES

1. Onosmodium occidentale Mackenzie.

Common on prairies over most of the state. Beatrice; Broken Bow;
Emerson; Kearney County; Lincoln; Sheridan County; Thedford.

2. Onosmodium hispidissimum Mackenzie.
In the eastern part of the state (?).

10. Echium. 776.

1. Echium vulgare L.

Introduced but not common. Bazile Mills; Lancaster County; N^-

hawka; Plainview.

5. SOLANACEAE.

Fruit a berry.

Calyx inclosing the fruit.

Calyx inflated and bladder-like in fruit; plant not prickly.

1. Physalis.

Calyx not inflated, closely investing the fruit. 2. Solanum.
Calyx not inclosing the fruit.

Herbs. 2. Solanum.

Shrubs. 3. L-ycium.

Fruit a large prickly capsule. 4. Datura.

1. Physalis. 809.

Ground-cherries.

Leaves tapering to the base.

Base of calyx sunken, berry red or purple.

Leaves 6-10 cm. long, fruiting calyx 10-angled. 1. P. phiiidelphica.
Leaves 3-6 cm. long, fruiting calyx 5-angled. 5. P. virginiana.

Base of calyx not sunken, berry yellow.

Glabrous, leaves narrowly lanceolate. 2. P. longifolia.

Sparingly hirsute, leaves broadly oblanceolate or spatulate.

4. P. lanceolata.
Leaves rounded or cordate at the base.

Glabrous or nearly so, fruiting calyx 3-4 cm. long, deeply sunken
at the base. 3. P. macrophysa.

Densely pubescent.

Leaves longer than wide.

Leaves over 5 cm. long, usually cordate. 6. P. heterophyira.

Leaves less than 5 cm. long, scarcely cordate. 7. P. comata.

Leaves, at least some of them, as broad as long. 8. P. rotundata.

1. Physalis subglabrata Mackenzie and Bush.

In the southeastern part of the state. Nemaha; St. Paul.

2. Physalis longifolia Nutt.

Common in low meadows throughout the state. Beatrice; Banner
County; Deuel County; Kearney; Newcastle; Republican Valley;
Springview.

3. Physalis macrophysa Rydb.
Along railroad near Lincoln.

SOr^A.XACEAE

105

4. Physalis lanceolata Michx.

Common in the western part of the state. Banner County; Crawford;

Lincoln; Newark; Pine Ridge; Pishelville; Scotts Bluff County;

Scotia; Sioux County; Thedford.

5.. Physalis virginiana Mill.

Common in low^ meadows mostly in the eastern part of the state.

Fairbury; Kearney; Grand Island; Lincoln; Nebraska City.

6. Physalis heterophylla Nees.

Common over most of the state, growing in edges of woods, thickets
or prairies. Broken Bow; Dismal River; Franklin; Frontier; Kear-
ney; Lincoln; Plummer Ford; Sheridan; Thedford; Weigand.

7. Physalis comata Rydb.

On hillsides in the western part of the state. Burwell; Loup City;
Scotts Bluff County.

8. Physalis rotundata Rydb.
In dry soil in the western
Franklin; St. Paul.

part of the state. Burwell; Callaway

2. Solanum. 814.

Plants not prickly, annuals .

Leaves sinuately dentata or entire.

Leaves glabrous or nearly so; calyx-lobes obtuse. 1. S. nigrum.
Leaves decidedly strigose beneath; calyx-lobes abruptly acutish.

2. S. interior.
3. S. triflorum.

Leaves pinnatifid.
Plants very prickly.

Calyx not enclosing the fruit.
Calyx enclosing the fruit.

4. S. carollnense.
5. S. rostratum.

1. Solanum nigrum L. Common Night-Shade.
A common weed all over the state. Dakota County; Fairbury; Lin-
coln; Mullen; Paddock; Talmage; Republican Valley.

2. Solanum interim*- Rydb.

On Loup River near Mullen. (Type locality.) Thedford.

3. Solanum triflorum Nutt.

Frequent as a weed throughout the state. Banner County; Kearney;
Lincoln; Thedford; West Point.

4. Solanum carolinense L. Horse Nettle.
In dry soil and waste places in the eastern part of the state. Lin-
coln; Omaha; Weeping Water.

5. Solanum rostratum Dunal. Buffalo Bur.
On prairies and in waste places throughout the state. Crete; Cams;
Deuel County; Fairbury; Kearney; Lincoln; Saline County; Walton.

yi<><i

3. Lycium. 815.

1. Lycium vulgare L.

Escapes from or rather persists after cultivation.

Lincoln; Weeping Water.

Matrimony Vine.

Beatrice; Callaway;

4. Datura. 816.

Stems green, flowers white, prickles at base of capsule shorter than
those near the top. 1. D. stramonium.

106 GENTIANALES

Stems purple, flowers rarely white, prickles at base of capsule as
long as those near the top. 2. D. tatula.

1. Datura stramonium L. Jimson Weed.

Introduced and rather common in the eastern part of the state. Grand
Island; Lincoln; Minden; Peru; Tecumseh; Weeping Water.

2. Datura tatula L.

Introduced but not common. Riverton; Thedford; Valentine.

GENTIANALES.

Trees with odd-pinnate leaves. 1. Oleaceae.

Herbs with simple leaves.

Carpels united into a 1-celled ovary, juice not milky

2. Gentianaceae.
Carpels 2, separate or nearly so, juice milky.

Without a crown between the corolla and the stamens.

3. Apocynaceae.
With a 5-lobed or 5-parted crown between the corolla and the

stamens. 4. Asclepiadaceae.

1. OLEACEAE.

Fraxinus. 724.

Wing of the samara not decurrent on the body. 1. F. americana.

Wing of the samara decurrent on the body for half its length or more.

2. F. campestris.

1. Fraxinus americana L. White Ash.

Along streams in the southeastern part of the state. Nemaha; Sarpy
County.

2. Fraxinus campestris Britton. Field Ash.
Fraxinus lanceolata Borck.

Common along streams throughout the state. Franklin; Lincoln;
Long Pine; Nemaha; Plummer Ford; South Bend.

2. GENTIANACEAE.

Leavese simple, opposite.

Lobes of the corolla 4 times as long as the corolla-tube.

1. Eustoma.

Lobes of the corolla shorter than the corolla-tube. 2. Gentiana.

Leaves trifoliate, alternate or basal. 3. Menyanthes.

1. Eustoma. 731.

1. Eustoma russellianum (L.) Griseb,

In low meadows mostly along the Platte River. Alliance; Kearney;

Lavaca; Memphis; Scotts Bluff County.

2. Gentiana. 731.

Corolla closed or nearly so, its lobes obsolete. 2. G. andrewsii.

Corolla open, its lobes well developed.

Leaves with rough margins, calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, as long as
the tube, rough. 1. G. puberula.

APOCYXACEAE 107

Leaves smooth margined, calyx lobes ovate, some or all shorter than

the tube, smooth.

Flowers white tinged with yellow and green, calyx lobes equal,

corolla lobes twice as long as the appendages. 3. G. flavida.'

Flowers blue or white, calyx lobes unequal, corolla lobes about

three times as long as the appendages. 4. G. rubicaulis.

1. Gentiana puberula Michx.

On prairies, most common in the eastern part of the state. Crete;
Lincoln; Simeon; Utica; Valentine; Weeping Water; Wood Lake.

2. Gentiana andrewsii Griseb.

In low meadows mostly in the sand-hill regions. Ainsworth; Kearney;
Xeligh; Newark; Plain view; Thedford; Valentine.

3. Gentiana flavida A. Gray.

Rare along the lower Missouri. Nemaha County.

4. Gentiana rubicaulis Schwein.

Prairies in the eastern part of the state. Nehawka.

3. Menyanthes. 726.

1. Menyanthes trifoliate L.

In marshes, not common. Kennedy; Simeon.

3. APOCYNACEAE.

Apocynum. 738.

Calyx less than half as long as the corolla-tube, flowers over 5 mm,
long. 1. A. androsaemifolium

Calyx about as long as the corolla-tube, flowers less than .5 mm. long.
Leaves narrowed at the base, petloled. 2. A. cannibinum.

Leaves of the main stem truncate or subcordate at the base, sub-
sessile. 3. A. hypericifoliuni.

1. Apocynum androsaemifolium L.

In the northwestern part of the state. Belmont; Harrison; Weeping
Water.

2. Apocynum cannibinum L.

Common throughout the state. Belmont; Cherry County; Dixon
County; Kearney County; Lincoln; Nattick; Red Cloud; Talmage;
Wymore.

3. Apocynum cannibinum hypericlfollum (Ait.) Gray.
Apocynum hypericlfollum Ait.

Common over the whole state. Grand Island; Lincoln; Riverton.

4. ASCLEPIADACEAE.

Erect or decumbent herbs, corona segments terminating in concave
hoods.
Corona with an incurved horn in the cavity of each hood. .

1. Asciepias.

Corona without horns in the hoods.

Cavity of the hood divided by a crest-like partition, corolla lobes

spreading. 2. Asclepladora.

Cavity of the hood not divided by a crest-like partition, corolla

108 GENTIANALES

lobes reflexed. 3. Acerates.

Climbing vines, corona of flat bodies terminating in 2-cleft awns.

4. Gonolobus.

1. Asclepias. 740.

Leaves not linear, lanceolate to nearly orbicular.
Leaves mostly alternate, sap scarcely milky. 1. A. tuberosa.

Leaves opposite.

Flowers bright red or purple.

Flowers large, about 1.5 cm. long, hoods 6 mm. long, leaves 3.5
cm. or more wide. 2. A. purpurascens.

Flowers smaller, hoods, 2-3 mm. long, leaves less than 3.5 mm.
wide. 3. A. incarnata.

Flowers greenish, yellowish, white or merely tinged with purple.
Leaves narrowed or acute at the apex.
Glabrous or nearly so.

Corolla segments 10 mm. long or more, hoods longer than
the incurved horn. 4. A. sullivantli.

Corolla segments less than 10 mm. long, hoods much shorter
than the incurved horn. 6. A. obtusifolia.

Canescent or tomentose at least on the lower surface of the
leaves.
Corolla segments 4-8 mm. long, hoods less than 1 cm. long.
Leaves 10-23 cm. long. 7. A. syriaca.

Leaves 5-8 cm. long. 10. A. ovalifolia.

Corolla segments 8-12 cm. long, hoods 1 cm. or more long.

8. A. speciosa.

Leaves not narrowed but truncate or emarginate at the apex.

Minutely puberulent or glabrous when old. 5. A. latifolia.

Densely tomentose-canescent all over. 9. A. arenaria.

Leaves linear.

Leaves verticilate, causule glabrous 5-7 cm. long. 11. A. verticillata.

Leaves scattered, capsule puberulent 3-5 cm. long. 12. A. pumila.

1. Asclepias tuberosa L. Butterfly Weed, Pleurisy Root.

On bluffs and prairies in the eastern part of the state. Crete; Dakota
County; Douglas County; Fairbury; Lincoln; Wahoo; Wym^ore.

2. Asclepias purpurascens L.
Reported from Weeping Water.

3. Asclepias incarnata L. i Swamp Milkweed.
In meadows and swampy places over most of the state. Cherry
County; Haigler; Lancaster County; Long Pine; Mullen; Ponca River;
Simeon.

4. Asclepias suliivantii Engelm. Sullivants Milkweed.
In low prairies and meadows in the southeastern portion of the state.
Lincoln; Talmage; Weeping Water; Wood River.

5. Asclepias latifolia (Torr.) Raf.

In dry places in the southwestern part of the state. Haigler.

6. Asclepias amplexicaulis J. E. Smith.
Asclepias obtusifolia Michx.

Wooded bluffs and fields in the southwestern part of the state. Weep-
ing Water.

ASCLEPIADACEAE 109

7. Asclepias syriaca L. Common Milkweed.
A common weed in fields and prairies all over the state. Ainsworth;
Anselmo; Crete; Lincoln; Peru; St. Paul; Tecumseh; Weeping Water;
Wymore.

8. Asclepias speciosa Torr. Showy Milkweed.
Fairly common in prairies especially in the western part of the state.
Callaway; Deuel County; Holdrege; Lincoln; Simeon.

9. Asclepias arenaria Torr.

Common in dry soil in the sand-hills and foot-hills. Cheyenne County;
Long Pine; Minden; Plummer Ford; Riverton; Valentine.

10. Asclepias ovalifolia Dec.
Reported from Weeping Water.

11. Asclepias verticillata L.

Common in dry prairies all over the state. Brock; Cherry County;
Fairbury; Indianola; Laurel; Lincoln; Niobrara; O'Neill.

12. Asclepias pumila (A. Gray.) Vail.

Common in dry prairies, most abundant in the western part of the
state. Anselmo; Belmont; Box Butte County; Haigler; Kearney; Mc-
Cook; Ponca River; Ft. Niobrara; Thedford.

2. Asclepiadora. 745.

1. Asclepiadora viridis (Walt.) A. Gray.

In the southwestern part of the state, along the Republican River.

Red Cloud.

3. Acerates. 745.

Glabrous or puberulent, umbels usually several.
Umbels sessile or subsessile.
Hoods entire at the apex.

Leaves oval, oblong or ovate, over 1 cm. wide.

1. A. viridiflora.
Leaves lanceolate or linear, less than 1 cm. wide.

Leaves lanceolate. i^-2 mm. wide. la. A. vir.lvesii.

Leaves linear, ste mlow, umbel often solitary.

lb. A. vir-linearis.
Hoods 3-toothed at the apex. 2. A. vir-linearls.

Umbels distinctly peduncled.

Stems puberulent, leaves 3-13 mm. wide. 3. A. floridana.

Stems glabrous, leaves 1-5 mm. wide. 4. A. auriculata.

Hirsute all over; umbel terminal, solitary. 5. A. lanuginosa.

1. Acerates viridiflora (Raf.) aton.

Common in dry prairies throughout the state. Banner County; Broken

Bow; Deuel County; Lincoln; St. James; Crete; Saunders County;

Valentine.

1a. Acerates viridiflora invesii Britton.

Acerates viridiflora lanceolata (Ives.) Gray.
Common throughout the state. Cushman; Lincoln; Norway; Plummer
Ford; St. James; Wahoo.
lb. Acerates viridiflora linearis A. Gray.
Cherry County; Norway; St. James.

110 SCROPHULARIALES

2. Acerates angustifolia (Nutt.) Dec.

Common in dry soil all over the state. Cherry County; Cowles; Em-
erald; Kearney; Lincoln; Plummer Ford; St. James; Sheridan
County,

3. Acerates floridana (Lam.) Hitchc.

In dry soil throughout the state. Haigler; Hastings; Lincoln; Saline
County.

4. Acerates auriculata Engelm.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Banner County; Deuel
County; Lewellen; Minden; Valentine.

5. Acerates lanuginosa (Xutt.) Dec.

Occurs over most of the state, though not abundant. Crete; Clear-
water; Lincoln; Minden; Ponca; Thedford.

4. Gonolobus. 746.

1. Gonolobus laevis Michx. Sand Vine.

Rare in the southeastern corner of the state. Xemaha; Rulo.

SCROPHULARIALES.

Flowers regular, fertile stamens 5. (Verbascum.) 1. Scrophuiarlaceae.
Flowers irregular, fertile stamens 2 to 4.
Leaves green, plant not parasitic.
Plants with normal aerial leaves.

Placentae axile, ovary 1 or 2-celled, capsule not long-beaked.

Capsule not elastically dehiscent, calyx lobes if filiform much

less than 2 cm. long. 1. Scrophuiarlaceae.

Capsule elastically dehiscent, calyx segments, in our species.

filiform, 2-2.5 cm. long. 5. Acanthaceae.

Placentae parietal, ovary 1-celled, capsule with 2 curved beaks

longer than the body. 2. Martyniaceae.

Plants with floating, finely dissected, bladder-bearing leaves.

4. Lentibulariaceae.
Leaves not green, scaly, plants parasitic. 3. Orobanchaceae.

1. SCORPHULARIACEAE.

Fertile stemens 5, corolla regular, rotate. 1. Verbascum.

Fertile stamens 4 or 2, the fifth if present sterile.

Corolla spurred at the base. 2. Linaria.

Corolla not spurred at the base.
Anther bearing stamens 2 or if four the capsule flattened and
emarginate at the apex.
Capsule terete, pointed.

Flowers solitary in the axils.

Flowers yellow or whitish, peduncles with 2 bracts at the

summit. 8. Gratiola.

Flowers purplish, peduncles bractless. 7. Ilysanthes.

Flowers in dense terminal spikes. 12. Leptandra.

Capsule flattened, obcordate or emarginate at the apex.

Corolla 2-lobed or wanting, flowers in dense terminal spikes.

10 Besseya.

SCROPHULARIACEAE 111

Corolla 4-5 lobed, flowers axillary or in axillary racemes.

11. Veronica.
Anther bearing stamens 4, capsule never flattened or emarginate.
Stamens 5, but 1 sterile.

Sterile stamen a mere scale adnate to the corolla.

3. Scrophularia.
Sterile stamen as long or nearly as long as the others.

4. Pentstemon.
Stamens 4. all anther bearing.

Corolla regular or slightly 2-lipped.
Flowers solitary on scape-like peduncles. 9. Limosella.

Flowers axillary, or in terminal, bracted racemes.

Stamens nearly equal, corolla tube short. 13. Afzelia.

Stamens very unequal, corolla tube several times as long
as the calyx. 14. Gerardia.

Corolla distinctly 2-lipped.

Leaves entire or serrate, never pinnately lobed.
Leaves opposite; flowers axillary, mostly solitary.
Calyx tube longer than the teeth, distinctly angled.

5. Mimulus.
Calyx parted, the tube much shorter than the segments,
not angled. 6. Monniera.

Leaves alternate, flowers spicate.

Upper lip of the corolla much longer than the lower.

15. Castilleya.
Upper lip of the corolla shorter than the lower.

16. Orthocarpus.
Leaves pinnately lobed or parted. 17. Pedicularis.

1. Verbascum. 819.

1. Verbascum thapsus L. Mullen.

Introduced in the eastern part of the state, but not common. Bruns-
wick; Holdrege; Lincoln; Oreopolis; Peru; Scotia.

2. Linaria. 821.

Flow^ers yellow, 2.5-3 cm. long. 1. L. linaria.

Flowers white or blue, 6-8 mm. long. 2. L. canadensis.

1. Linaria linaria (L) Karst. Butter-and-Eggs, Yellow Toad-Flax.
Linaria vulgaris Hill.

Introduced and common locally. Brunswick; Ewing; Lincoln; Min-
den; Red Cloud.

2. Linaria canadensis L. Blue Toad-Flax.
Reported only from Ewing.

3. Scrophularia. 822.

Corolla dull outwide; sterile stamen deep purple. 1. S. marylandica.

Corolla shining outside; sterile stamen greenish yellow.

2. S. leporella.

112 SCROPHULARIALES

1. Scrophularia marylandica L.

In the eastern part of the state, not common. Weeping Water.

2. Scrophularia leporella Bickn,
Scrophularia occidentale (Rydb.) Bickn.

Belmont; Red Cloud; Valentine.

4. Pentstemon. 823.

Flowers rarely over 3 cm. long.
Leaves serrate or the stems pubescent or purerulent.

Corolla white, 1.5-2 cm. long. 2. P. albidus.

Corolla red or purple. 2-2.5 cm. long.
Leaves entire or ripand. ' 1. P. cristatus.

Leaves serrate. 3. P. gracilis.

Leaves entire, whole plant glabrous, often glaucous.
Bracts lanceolate or the lower broader.
Leaves lanceolate or the lower broader.

Flowers 2 cm. long or less. 6. P. acuminatus.

Flowers 2.5 cm. long or more. 7. P. glaber.

Leaves all linear or linear-lanceilate. 8. P. angustifolius.

Bracts ovate, acuminate, large. 9. P. haydenl.

Flowers 5 cm. long.

Leaves dentate. 4. P. cobaea.

Leaves entire. 5. P. grandiflorus.

1. Pentstemon cristatus Nutt.

In prairies in the western part of the state. Pine Ridge.

2. Pentstemon albidus Nutt.

On high prairies and sand-hills mostly in the western part of the
state. Antelope County; Anselmo; Box Butte County; Kearney
County; Ft. Robinson; St. James; Thedford; Valentine.

3. Pentstemon gracilis Nutt.

In wet meadows, often near streams or pools. Cherry County; Deuel
County; Pine Ridge; Sioux County; War Bonnet Canon.

4. Pentstemon cobaea Xutt.

In dry prairies in the eastern part of the state. Crete; Fairbury;
Gage County; Lancaster County.

5. Pentstemon grandiflorus Nutt.

In dry sandy places over most of the state. Anselmo; Banner County;
Belmont; Cass County; Fairbury; Grand Island; Kearney County;
Lincoln; Weeping Water; Valentine.

6. Pentstemon acuminatus Dougl.

In dry soil mostly in the western part of the state. Antelope County.

7. Pentstemon glaber Pursh.

In moist sandy soil, mostly in the western part of the state. Alliance;
Banner County; Belmont; Harrison.

8. Pentstemon angustifolius Pursh.

In dry soil in the northwestern part of the state. Antelope County;
Box Butte County; :\Iullen; Pine Ridge; Ft. Robinson; Thedford;
Valentine.

9. Pentstemon haydeni S. Wats.

In the sand-hills, in the edge of "blow-outs." Thomas County.

SCROPHULARIACEAE - 113

5. Mimulus. 827.

Flowers violet-purple, rarely white, leaves lanceolate. 1. M. ringens.
Flowers yellow, leaves orbicular or nearly so. 2. M. jamesii.

1. Mimulus ringens L. Monkey-Flower.
Banks of streams in the eastern part of the state. Foster; Grand
Island; Lincoln; Red Bird Creek; Wahoo; Walton; Valentine.

2. Mimulus jamesii Torr. & Gray. Yellow Monkey-Flower.
Common in wet places mostly along the banks of streams throughout
the state. Bellevue; Buffalo County; Chelsea; Haigler; New Helena;
Niobrara; Scotts Bluff; Thedford; Valentine.

6. Monnlera. 828.

1. Monniera rotundifolia Michx. Water Hyssop.

Bacopa rotundifolia (Michx.) Wettst.
In edges of ponds and streams over most of the state. Cherry County;
Fairmont; Loncoln; :Mead; Minden; Red Cloud.

7. Ilysanthes. 830.

1. Ilysanthes dubia (L.) Barnhart. False Pimpernel.

In wet places in the eastern part of the state. Guide Rock; Lincoln;
Pishelville; Wahoo.

8. Gratiola. 829.

1. Gratiola virginiana L.

In wet places over most of the state. Cherry County; Ewing; Ken-
nedy.

9. Limosella. 831.

1. Limosella aquatica L.

In wet places along streams. Deuel County.

10. Besseya. 831.

1. Besseya gymnocarpa (A. Nels.) Rydb.

Syntheris rubra (Hook.) Benth.
In dry soil in the western part of the state. Ft. Robinson.

11. Veronica. 832.

Flowers in axillary racemes.

Leaves mostly sessile, serrulate or entire. 1. V. anagalis.

Leaves all petioled, sharply serrate. 2. V. americana.

Flowers in terminal racemes or solitary in the axils.

Flower and pedicel usually longer than the bract. 3. V. serpyllifolia.

Flower and pedicel usually shorter than the leaf-like bract.

4. V. xalapensis.

1. Veronica anagalis-aquatica L. Water Speedwell.

In wet places along streams and ditches. Grand Rapids; Kearney;
Newark.

114 SCROPHULARIALES

2. Veronica americana Schwein. American Speedwell.

Common in wet places along streams in the sand-hills. Banner

County; Belmont; Chelsea; Dismal River; Hat Creek Basin; Thedford;
Valentine.

3. Veronica serpyllifolia L.
Red Cloud.

4. Veronica xalapensis H. B. K. Purslane Speedwell.

In cultivated soil all over the state. Box Butte County; Lincoln; Min-
den; Norway; Thedford.

12. Leptandra. 834.

1. Leptandra virginica (L.) Xutt.

In moist woods and meadows in the southeastern part of the state.

Nemaha; Peru; Richardson County.

13. Afzelia. 835.

1. Afzelia macrophylla (Nutt.) Kuntze.

Seymeria macrophylla Nutt.
Shady banks in the southeastern part of the state. Nehawka; Nem-
aha; Weeping Water.

14. Gerardia. 837.

Leaves linear, flowers distinctly pediceled.

Pedicels not much longer than the calyx, corolla 18-30 mm. long.

1. G. aspera.
Pedicels about as long as the flowers, corolla 1-1.5 cm. long.

2. G. besseyana.
Leaves lanceolate, flowers sessile. 3. G. auriculata.

1. Gerardia aspera Dougl.

In meadows and prairies, mostly in the eastern part of the state.
Bassett; Brown County; Fairbury; Grand Island; Lincoln; Seward
County; Wahoo; Kennedy.

2. Gerardia besseyana Britton.
Gerardia tenuifolia macropylla Benth.

In prairies over most of the state. Banner County; Cams; Grand
Island; Greeley; Kennedy; Minden; Plainview; Valentine.

3. Gerardia auriculata Michx.

Reported from the northeastern county of Kansas.

15. Castilleya. 839.

1. Castilleya sessiliflora Pursh.

On prairies and hillsides over most of the state. Banner County;
Callaway; Deuel County; Norway; Peru; Ponca; Scotia; Thedford;
Weeping Water.

16. Orthocarpus. 840.

1. Orthocarpus luteus Nutt.

In prairies in the northwestern part of the state. Belmont; Kimball

County; Sioux County; Rushville.

:\rARTYNIACEAE 115

17. Pedicularis. 842.

Upper lip of the corolla short beaked, capsule scarcely longer than
the calyx. 1. P. lanceolata.

Upper lip of the corolla not beaked, 2-toothed near the apex, capsule
3 times as long as the calyx. 2. P. canadensis.

1. Pedicularis lanceolata Michx.

In wet soil. Bellevue; Boelus; Burwell.

2. Pedicularis canadensis L.

In woods in the southeastern part of the state. Franklin; Lavaca;
Lincoln; Richardson County.

2. MARTYNIACEAE.

Martynia. £52.

1. Martynia louisiana ]\Iill.

In the Republican valley. Franklin; Red Cloud.

3. OROBANCHACEAE.

Flowers on peduncles 25 mm. or more long, bractless. 1. Thalesia.
Flowers on short peduncles or sessile, bracted. 2. Orobanche.

1. Thalesia. 849.

Stems very short, mostly subteranian, bearing 1-4 flowers on scape-
like peduncles, 0.5-2 cm. tall. 1. T. uniflora.
Stems erect, 0.5-1 dm. high, 3-15 flowered, peduncles 2-8 cm. long.

2. T. fasciculata.

1. Thalesia uniflora (L.) Britton.

In prairies where it is parasitic on other plants, not common. Lin-
coln; Oakdale.

2. Thalesia fasciculata (Xutt.) Britton.

Parasitic on Artemesia roots. Alliance; Kennedy; Minden.
2a. Thalesia fasciculata lutea (Parry.) Britton,
Valentine.

2. Orobanche. 849.

1. Orobanche ludoviciana Xutt.

In the foot-hill regions of the western part of the state. Atkinson;

Alliance; Banner County; Hat Creek Basin; Kennedy; Long Pine;

Minden.

4. LENTIBULARIACEAE.

Utricularia. 845.

Corolla 12 mm. broad or more, spur nearly as long as the lower lip.

1. U. vulgaris.
Corolla 4-6 mm. broad, spur short or nearly wanting. 2. U. minor.

116 LAMIALES

1. Utricularia vulgaris L. Greater Bladder-Wort.

Rather common in streams and ponds over most of the state. Cherry
County; Lincoln; Minden; Thedford; Weigand; Whitman.

2. Utricularia minor L. Little Bladder-Wort.

Thedford.

5. ACANTHACEAE.
Ruellia. 854.

1. Ruellia ciliosa Pursh.

In dry soil in the southeastern part of the state. Blue Springs; Lin-
coln; Xemaha.

LAMIALES.

Fruit 1-seeded; fruiting calyx reflexed. 1. Phrymaceae.

Fruit 2-4-seeded; calyx not reflexed.

Style apical; ovary not 4-lobed; flowers often nearly regular.

2. Verbenaceae.
Style arising between the lobes of the ovary; flowers mostly_ ir-
regular. 3. Labiatae.

1. PHRYMACEAE.

Phryma. 856.

1. Phryma leptostachya L. Lopseed.

In woods and in thickets throughout the state. Anselmo; Aten;
Bellevue; Belmont; Crete; Lincoln; Mullen; Nebraska City; Valentine.

2. VERBENACEAE.

Flowers in elongated spikes, corolla 5-lobed regular or nearly so.

1. Verbena.
Flowers in heads or short spikes, corolla 4-lobed, 2 lipped. 2. Lippia.

1. Verbena. 111.

Bracts short, little if any longer than the calyx.

Leaves serrate, bracts mostly shorter than the calyx, flowers 4-10
mm. long.
Fruits scattered, corolla usually white, 2 mm. broad.

1. V. urticifolia.
Fruits imbricated, corolla blue. 3 mm. or more broad.
Plants slightly rough-pubescent, flowers 4-6 mm. long.

Spikes numerous, stems 0.5-2 m. tall. 2. V. hastata.

Spikes usually solitary, stems 2-6 dm. high.

3. V. angustifolia.
Plants densely soft-pubescent, flowers 8-10 mm. long.

4. V. striata.
Leaves bipinnately parted, bracts longer than the calyx.

6. V. biplnnatlfida.
Bracts longer than the flowers, stems often prostrate. 5. V. bracteosa.

LABIATAE 117

1. Verbena urticifolia L. White or Nettle Leaved Vervain.

In woods and meadows in the eastern part of the state. Callaway;
Franklin; Lincoln; Nebraska City; Pishelville; Valentine; Wymore.

2. Verbena hastata L.

Common in meadows and low prairies especially in the eastern part
of the state. Banner County; Cherry County; Lincoln; ^Mullen; Ne-
braska City; Niobrara; Wymore.

3. Verbena angustifolia Michx.
Lincoln.

4. Verbena stricta Vent. Common Vervain.
Common in dry soil all over the state. Aten; Benkleman; Cherry
County; Fairbury; Lincoln; Nebraska City; Red Cloud; Thedford;
Walton; Wahoo.

5. Verbena bracteosa ^Michx.

A common weed in pastures and waste places over the whole state.
Box Butte County; Mead; Nebraska City; St. James; Thedford; Lin-
coln; Valentine.

6. Verbena bipinnatifida Nutt.

In dry prairies in the western part of the state. Arapahoe; Indianola;
Spencer; Whitney.

2. Lippia. 778.

Leaves lanceolate, serrate to below the middle. 1. L. lanceolata.

Leaves spatulate, 2-6 toothed above the middle. 2. L. cuneifolla.

1. Lippia lanceolata Michx.

In wet meadows in the eastern part of the state. Grand Island;
Nemaha; Richardson County.

2. Lippia cuenifolia (Torr.) Steud.

In dry places in the western part of the state. Franklin; Kearney
County; Phelps County; Republican.

3. LABIATAE. (LAM lACEAE.)

Anther bearing stamens 4.

Calyx with a protuberance on the upper side. 3. Scutellaria.

Calyx without a protuberance on the upper side.
Flower in terminal spikes or capitate clusters.
. Flowers in terminal spikes.

Corolla distinctly 2-lipped, usually .5-lobed.

Corolla split nearly to the base on the upper side.

1. Teucrium.
Corolla not split nearly to the base on the upper side.
Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed, not 2-lipped.

Flowers in verticillate clusters in the axils of the bracts.
Upper pair of stamens longer than the lower.
Plants glabrous or slightly pubescent.

5. Agastache.

Plants densely tomentose-canescent. 6. Nepeta.

Lower pair of stamens as long or longer than the

upper. 13. Stachys.

FloAvers solitary in the axils of the bracts.

10. Physostegia.

118 LAMIALES

Calyx distinctly 2-lipped or the upper tooth larger than
the others.
Bracts pectinate with a^yn-pointed teeth.

8. Drachocephalum.
Bracts merely ciliate, broadly ovate-orbicular.

9. Prunella.
Corolla 4-lobed, nearly regular. 20. Mentha.

Flowers in dense capitate clusters. 18. Koellia.

Flowers in clusters in the axils of the leaves, not spicate.

Leaves entire. ' 2. Isanthus.

Leaves not entire.

Calyx teeth usually 10. 4. Marubium.

Calyx teeth 5.

Corolla distinctly 2-lipped.

Leaves much longer than broad. 11. Leonurus.

Leaves about as broad as long, in our species.
Upper pair of stamens longer than the lower.

7. Glecoma.
Upper pair of stamens shorter than the lower.

12. Lamium.
Corolla nearly regular, leaves lanceolate. 20. Mentha.

Anther bearing stamens 2.

Flowers in terminal spikes or heads.

Flowers in terminal spikes, composed of few-flowered clusters.

14. Salvia.
Flowers in dense bracted glomerules, or these forming inter-
rupted spikes.
Calyx equally 5-toothed. . 15. Monarda.

Calyx 2-lipped. 16. Blephilia.

Flowers clustered in the axils of the leaves, not spicate.

Calyx 13 nerved, 2-lipped. 17. Hedeoma.

Calyx and corolla both nearly regular, 4-.5 lobed. 19. Lycopus.

1. Teucrium. 781.

Calyx canescent, at least 2 of the upper lobes obtuse, corolla 15-20
mm. long. 1. T. canadense.

Calyx villous, some of the hairs glandular, upper calyx lobes acute,
corolla 8-12 mm. long. 2. T. occidentale.

1. Teucrium canadense L. Amreican Germander, Wood Sage.
In low ground in the eastern part of the state. Knox County; Lin-
coln; Nebraska City; Red Cloud; Saunders County.

2. Teucrium occidentale A. Gray. Hairy Germander.
Common in low moist ground, in the western part of the state. Alli-
ance; Endicott; Grand Rapids; Hooker County; Mead; Scotia; Scotts
Bluff County; Walton; Valentine.

2. Isanthus. 782.

1. Isanthus brachiatus (L.) B. S. P.

Along streams in the southeastern part of the state. Cass County.

LABIATAE 119

3. Scutellaria. 783.

Flowers not over 10 mm. long.

Leaves petioled, at least the lower coarsely serrate.

1. S. lateriflora.
Leaves sessile, entire. 3. S. parvula.

Flowers 12 mm. long or more long.

Leaves entire, flowers 12-16 mm. long. 2. S. recinosa.

Leaves, at least the lower dentate, flowers 25 mm. long.

4. S. galericulata.

1. Scutellaria lateriflora L.

In wet. shady places throughout the state. Crete; Guide Rock; Kear-
ney; Lincoln; Nebraska City; Ponca River; Wahoo; Walton; Valen-
tine.

2. Scutellaria resinosa Torr.

On dry plains in the western part of the state. Dawson County.

3. Scutellaria parvula Mlchx.

In moist soil in the southeastern part of the state. Emerson; Lincoln;
Nebraska City; Swedeburg; Walton.

4. Scutellaria galericulata L.

Wet banks and edges of pools in the sand-hill regions. Burwell; Kear-
ney; Paddock,- Scotts Bluff County; Whitman.

4. Marubium. 785.

1. Marubium vulgare L. White Hoarhound.

Wood River.

5. Agastache. 785.

Leaves green on both sides, stems stout, eastern.

Glabrous, corolla greenish-yellow. 1. A. nepetoides.

Pubescent, corolla purplish. 2. A. scrophulariaefolia.

Leaves pale beneath, stems slended, western. 3. A. anethiodora.

1. Agastache nepetoides (L.) Kuntze.

In woods, mostly along streams in the eastern part of the state. Belle-
vue; Dakota County; Lincoln; Nebraska City; Wahoo.

2. Agastache scrophulariaefolia (Willd.) Kuntze.

On wooded bluffs of the :Missouri, not common. Bellevue; Nebraska
City.

3. Agastache anethiodora (Nutt.) Britton.
Agastache foeniculum (Pursh.) Kuntze.

In dry soil in the northwestern part of the state. Sioux County.

6. Nepeta. 786.

1. Nepeta cataria L. Catnip, Catmint.

Common in waste places in the eastern part of the state. Ewing;
Grand Island; Lincoln; Minden; Nebraska City; Pishelville; Plain-
view.

120 LAMIALES

7. Glecoma. 787.

1. Glecoma hederacea L.

In the southeastern part of the state. Peru; Red Cloud.

8. Dracocephalum. 787.

1. Dracocephalum moldavicum L.

Bluffs of the Missouri. Meadville; Springview.

9. Prunella. 788.

1. Prunella vulgaris L.

Introduced and rather common in the eastern part of the state. Ains-

worth; Albright; Lincoln; Mullen; Nebraska City; Richardson;

Thedford.

10. Physostegia. 788.

Corolla 25 mm. long, fruiting calyx 8-10 mm. long. 1. P. virginiana.
Corolla 12 mm. long, fruiting calyx 4-6 mm. long. 2. P. parviflora.

1. Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth.

In woods in the western part of the state. Belle vue; Ewing; Grand
Island; Lincoln.

2. Physostegia parviflora Nutt.

In moist soil, not common. Nebraska City; Scotts Bluff.

11. Leonurus. 790.

1. Leonurus cardiaca L.

Woods and meadows along streams in the eastern part of the state.

Beatrice; Dixon County; Nebraska City; Grand Island; Loup City.

12. Lamium. 790.

1. Lamium amplexicaule L.
Introduced, but rare. Red Cloud.

13. Stachys. 791.

Leaves sessile or very short petioled, calyx teeth more than half the
length of the tube. 1. S. palustris.

Leaves, at least the lower slender petioled, calyx teeth about half as
long as the tube. 2. S. aspera.

1. Stachys palustris L.

In edges of ponds and in marshy places mostly in the sandhills. Ains-
worth; Cherry County; Kearney; Nebraska City; Valentine.

2. Stachys aspera Michx.

In moist soil in the eastern part of the state. Lincoln; Wahoo.

14. Salvia. 794.

Corolla 25 m. long, several times as long as the calyx; upper lip of
calyx obtuse, 1-2 mm. long. 1. S. pltcherl.

LABIATAE 121

Corolla about 8 mm. long, not much longer than the calyx, upper lip
of calyx acute, 2-3 mm. Icng. 2. S. lanceolata.

1. Salvia pitcheri Torr. Pitchers Sage.
Common on prairies in the southeastern part of the state. Crete;
Fairbury; Lancaster; :Minden; Red Cloud; Wahoo.

2. Salvia lanceolata Willd.

In prairies throughout the state, becoming common as a weed in waste
places. Beaver Creek; Frontier; Lincoln; Nebraska City; Red Cloud.

15. Monarda. 795.

Flowers in a solitary, terminal cluster, calyx teeth short, erect.

Leaves pubescent beneath, bracts whitish or purplish.

1. M. fistulosa.

Leaves canescent beneath, bracts usually green. 2. M. mollis.

Flowers in a terminal cluster and also in the upper axils; calyx teeth
spreading, nearly half as long as the tube. 3. M. pectinata.

1. Monarda fistulosa L. Wild Bergamot.
Common over most of the state. Crete; Long Pine; Valentine.

2. Monarda mollis L.
Monarda scabra Beck.

Common in prairies all over the state. Lincoln; Mullen; Minden;
Wahoo.

3. Monarda pectinata
Monarda citriodora Cerv.

In dry prairies in the western part of the state. Belmont; Callaway;
Deuel County; Ft. Robinson; Merriman; Thedford.

16. Blephilia. 797.

1. Blephilia hirsuta L.

In woods in the southeastern part of the state. Lincoln.

17. Hedeoma. 797.

Leaves serrate, upper calyx teeth triangular, 1. H. pulegioides.
Leaves entire, all the calyx teeth subulate.

Calyx teeth all about equal in length. 2. H. hispida.

Lower calyx teeth much longer than the upper. 3. H. drummondii.

1. Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. American Pennyroyal.
Dry soil in the southeastern part of the state. Arago; Nebraska City.

2. Hedeoma hidpida Pursh. Rough Pennyroyal.
Common in dry soil al over the state. Box Butte County; Broken Bow;
Fairmont; Nebraska City; Plainview; Thedford; Walton; Valentine.

3. Hedeoma drummondii Benth.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Banner County; Belmont;
Cheyenne County; Lewellen; Valentine.

18. Koellia. 800.

1. Koellia virginiana (L.) IMac. ^I.

Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) Durand & Jackson.
In dry fields and thickets throughout the state. Dismal River; Holt

122 ROSALES

County; Long Pine; Newark; Oreopolis; Pishelville; Richardson
County; Wood River.

19. Lycopus. 803.

Calyx teeth triangular, in fruit shorter than the nutlets, bracts.

Corolla lobes erect, stamens and style included. 1. L. virginicus.

Corolla lobes spreading, stamens and style exserted. 2. L. uniflorus.
Calyx teeth subulate, in fruit longer than the nutlets, bracts some of
them as long as the calyx.

Leaves incised or pinnatifid. 3. L. americanus.

Leaves sharply serrate. 4. L. lucidus.

1. Lycopus virginicus L. Bugle-Weed.

Common in wet soil all over the state. Bellevue; Cams; Cody's Lake;
Endicott; Lincoln; Nebraska; Thedford.

2. Lycopus uniflorus Michx.
Lycopus communis Bicknell.

In moist soil probably over most of the state. Burwell; Long Pine;
Loup City; Red Cloud.

3. Lycopus americanus Muhl. Water Hoarhound.
Common in wet soil, frequently growing along the margins of ponds
and streams. Banner County; Cherry County; Cody's Lakes; Endi-
cott; Lincoln; Nebraska City; Paddock; Thedford; Valentine.

4. Lycopus lucidus Turcz.

Mostly along sandy banks and margins of pools. Bassett; Burwell;
Callaway; Newark; Thedford; Valentine.

20. Mentha. 804.

Flowers in terminal spikes. 1. M. piperita.

Flowers in axillary clusters. 2. M. canadensis.

1. Mentha piperita L. Peppermint.
Long Pine.

2. Mentha canadensis L. Wild Mint.

In wet soil, often forming borders along streams and ponds. Banner
County; Cheyenne County; Lincoln; Nebraska City; Paddock; Ft.
Robinson; Sioux County; Whitman.

SUBCLASS CALYCIFLORAE.
ROSALES.

Flowers, if in dense globose heads, perfect.
Flowers regular.

Ovary superior, or carpels not united.
Carpels 2-many,

Ovules 1-4 in each carpel, carpels numerous or enclosed in.
the calyx tube. 1. Rosaceae.

Ovules numerous in each carpel.

Carpels 4-5, separate or united only at the base.

3. Crassulaceae.
Carpels 2 or if more united to the top of the ovary.

4. Saxifragaceae.

ROSACEAE 123

Carpel only one.

Fruit an achene or drupe. 1. Rosaceae.

Fruit a legume.

Flowers in heads, petals valvate. 2b. Mimosaceae.

Flowers not in heads, petals imbricated. 2a. Caesalpinaceae.
Ovary inferior, carpels united.

Fruit a many seeded berry, shrubs, usually spiny.

4. Saxifragaceae.
Fruit a pome, trees or shrubs. 1. Rosaceae.

Flowers irregular.
Stamens distinct.

Trees. 2a. Caesalpinacesc.

Herbs. 2c. Papillionaceae.

Stamens united by their filaments. 2c. Papillionaceae.

Flowers in dense globular heads, monoecious. 5. Platanaceae.

1. ROSACEAE.

Pistils 1-2 ovuled, generally 1 seeded in fruit, indehiscent.

Pistils distinct from each other and from the receptacular cup.
Pistils and achenes numerous.

Pistils and achenes not enclosed by the receptacle.

Calyx with a whorl of 5 bracts making it appear double.
Styles terminal, flowers mostly yellow.

Styles small, not elongating in fruit, neither plumose nor

jointed . 1. Potentilla.

Styles elongating in fruit, plumose and often jointed.

4. Geum,
Styles lateral, flowers white.

Plants acaulescent, receptacle fleshy, edible. 3. Fragaria.

Plants caulescent, receptacle dry. 2. Drymocallis.

Calyx without bracts, pistils developing into a berry-like

aggregate. 5. RuDus.

Pistils and achenes enclosed by the receptacular cup. 9. Rosa.

Pistils and achenes 1-4.

Herbs, achenes enclosed in the dry urn-shaped receptacle.
Petals none, sepals petaloid, without prickles; flowers in dense
heads or spikes. 7. Sanguisoroa.

Petals yellow, calyx prickly, flowers in racemes.

8. Agrimonia.
Trees or shrubs, pistil solitary.

Petals none, style persistent, long and plumose, fruit an

achene. 6. Cercocarpus.

Petals present, fruit a drupe. 14. Prunus.

Pistils united to each other and to the receptacular cup, fruit a pome.

Inner wall of the ripe carpels bony, ovule one in each carpel, or

if 2, dissimilar. 12, Crataegus.

Inner wall of the ripe carpels papery.

Pome 5-6 cm. in diameter, cells 2 seeded, as many as the styles.

11. Malus.

Pome less than 1 cm. in diameter, cells 1 seeded, twice as many

as the styles. 13. Ameianchier.

Pistils with several ovules, 2-4 seeded dehiscent. 10. Opulaster.

124 ROSALES

1. Potentiila. 502.

Flowers terminal, cymose.
Leaves pinnate.

Leaves white tomentose especially so beneath.

Leaves glabrous above, stipules pectinately parted.

Tomentose, leaflets cleft half way to the midrib, margins

not revolute. 1. P. pennsylvanica.

Pubescent with strigose hairs, leaflets deeper cleft, margins

revolute. Var. strigosa la. P. pennsylvanica.

Leaves silky above, stipules entire or nearly so. 2. P. hippiana.

Leaves not white tomentose. 6. P. paradoxa.

Leaves digitate, 3-5 foliate.

Stamens 10-20.

Plant erect, flowers 6-12 mm. broad. 3. P. monspeliensis.

Plant decumbent or ascending, flowers about 4 mm. broad.

5. P. millegrana.

Stamens 5-8. 4. P. pentandra.

Flowers solitary on axillary peduncles. 7. P. anserina.

1. Potentiila pennsylvanica L.

Rare in the western part of the state. Deuel County; Kennedy;
Saunders County; Thedford.

1a. Potentiila pennsylvanica var. strigosa Pursh.

Common throughout the state. Dismal River; Sheridan County; Thed-
ford.

2. Potentiila hippiana Lehm.

In the northwestern part of the state. Belmont; Ft, Robinson; Har-
rison.

3. Potentiila monspeliensis L.

Common, probably over most of the state. Belmont; Cass County;
Cherry County; Dakota County; Lincoln; Ponca; Walton; Whitman.

4. Potentiila pentandra Engelm.

Probably over most of the state. Aten; Chadron; Cherry County;
Lincoln; Ft. Niobrara; Whitman.

5. Potentiila millegrana Engelm.
Potentiila leucocarpa Rydb.

Throughout the state. Lincoln; Louisville; Newark.

7. Potentiila paradoxa Nutt.

Probably occurs over most of the state, but not common. Antelope
County; Aten; Broken Bow; Cherry County; Lewellen; Lincoln;
Omaha; Sioux County; Wood Lake.

8. Potentiila anserina L.
Angentina anserina (L.) Rydb.

In the northwestern part of the state. Keith County; St. Paul; Scotts
Bluff County.

Potentiila bipinnatifida Dougl. and Potentiila platyloba Rydb. occur
in Nebraska according to Rydberg's Flora of Colorado.

2. Drymocallis. 499.

1. Drymocallis arguta (Pursh.) Rydb.

Potentiila arguta Pursh.
In low prairies and meadows throughout the state. Antelope County;

ROSACEAE 125

Aten; Broken Bow; Cherry County; Lincoln; Sioux County; Valen-
tine.

3. Fragaria. 500.

Achenes sunken in pits on the surface of the ovoid receptacle,

eastern. 1. F. virginiana.

Achenes on the smooth surface of the elongated-conic receptacle,

western. 2. F. americana.

1. Fragaria virginiana Duchesne. Wild Strawberry.
In low prairies, common in the eastern part of the state. Crete;
Chadron; Long Pine; Lincoln; Peru; Weeping Water.

2. Fragaria americana (Porter.) Britton.

Sides of bluffs and canons in the western part of the state. Anselmo;
Belmont; Hat Creek Basin; Plummer Ford; Valentine.

4. Geum. 507.

Petals white or cream-colored, scarcely longer than the sepals.

Plant rough pubescent, petals creamy-white. 1. G. virginianum.
Plant finely pubescent or glabrate, petals white. 2. G. canadense.
Petals golden-yellow, much exceeding the sepals.

Terminal leaflet of the basal leaves broadly ovate or cuneate, re-
ceptacle downy. 3. G. strlctum.
Terminal leaflet of the basal leaves orbicular or cordate, receptacle
nearly naked. 4. G. macrophylium.

1. Geum virginianum L.

In woods in the southeastern part of the state. Lincoln; Talmage.

2. Geum candense Jacq.

Common in woods throughout the state. Anselmo; Aten; Lincoln;
Neligh; Peru; Saltillo; Sioux County; Talmage; Thomas County;
Wahoo.

3. Geum strictum Ait.

Meadows in the northwestern part of the state. Belmont; Nattick;
Thedford; Valentine.

4. Geum macrophylium Willd.
Rare in meadows. Nattick.

5. Rubus. 493.

Flowers about 1 cm. broad; fruit falling away from the receptacle at

maturity.

Stems bristly, without prickles; fruit red. 1. R. strigosus.

Stems not bristly, armed with prickles; fruit purple-black.

2. R. occidentalis.
Flowers mostly 2 cm. broad or mroe; fruits persistent on the fleshy

receptacle. 3. R. nigrobaccus.

1. Rubus strigosus Michx. Wild Red Raspberry.
In thickets throughout the state, not common. Anselmo; Lincoln;
Peru; Thomas County.

2. Rubus occidentalis L. Wild Black Raspberry.
Mostly in thickets and open woods along streams. Newcastle; Peru;
Plummer Ford; Red Cloud; Valentine.

126 ROSALES

3. Rubus nigrobaccus Bailey. Blackberry.

Rubus allegheniensis Porter.
Borders of woods in the southeastern part of the state. Lincoln;
Nemaha; Talmage.

6. Cercocarpus. 509.

1. Cercocarpus parvifolius H. & A. Mountain Mahogany.

Cercocarpus montanus Raf.
On dry hills in the northwestern part of the state. Banner County;
Scotts^ Bluff County.

7. Sanguisorba. 512.

1. Sanguisorba sanguisorba (L.) Britton.
Escapes from cultivation. Lincoln.

8. Agrimonia. 511.

Larger leaflets 5-7.

Stem hirsute. 1. A. hirsuta.

Stems glabrous or nearly so. 2. A. striata.

Larger leaflets 9-19. 3. A. parvilflora.

1. Agrimonia hirsuta (Muhl.) Bicknell.
Agrimonia gryposepaia Wallr.

Boelus; Grand Island; Valentine.

2. Agrimonia striata Michx.

In woods throughout the state. Banner County; Belle vue; Belmont;
Dukeville; Hooker County; Indianola;' Lincoln; Long Pine; Sioux
County.

3. Agrimonia parvilflora Soland.

In the southeastern part of the state. Endicott; Fairbury.

9. Rosa. 512.

Styles distinct; leaflets usually 5-9.
Infrastipular spines wanting; stems densely armed with prickles.
Flowers usually several, about 5 cm. broad. 1. R. arkansana.
Flower solitary, terminal, 6-7 cm. broad. 2. R. engermannil.

Infrastipular spines present; stems less densely armed or naked
above.
Petioles not glandular; stipules merely glandular toothed oi
entire. 3. R. maximiliani.

Petioles and stipules densely glandular. 4. .R. fendleri.

Styles united; stems climbing; leaflets usually 3. 5. R. setlgera.

1. Rosa arkansana Porter.
Rosa pratincola Greene.

Common an prairies throughout the state. Anselmo; Antelope Coun-
ty; Broken Bow; Cherry County; Frontier County; Laurel; Lincoln;
Ponca.

2. Rosa engeimannii S. Wats.
Rosa sayi Schwein.

Rare in the northwestern part of the state. Long Pine; Sowbelly
Canon.

ROSACEAE 127

3. Rosa miximiliani Nees.
Rosa woodsii Lindl.

Prairies in the northwestern part of the state. Red Cloud; Belmont;
Hat Creek Basin; Scotts Bluff County; Valentine; Wood Lake.

4. Rosa fendleri Crepin.

In the northwestern part of the state. Belmont; Cherry County;
Cheyenne County; Indianola; Deuel County; Sheridan County; Valen-
tine.

5. Rosa setigera Michx.

Woods and thickets in the southeastern part of the state. Nemaha;
Richardson County; Weeping Water.

10. Opulaster. 491.

1. Opulaster opulifolia (L.) Kuntze. Ninebark.

In thickets near streams in the northeastern part of the state. Cams;
Long Pine.

11. Malus. 516.

1. Malus ioensis (Wood.) Britton. Western Crab Apple.

In woods mostly along the Missouri River. Ainsworth; Nemaha; Pad-
dock; Peru.

12. Crataegus. 518.

Leaves with a broad truncate or cordate base, flowers 1.5-3 cm. broad.

1. C. mollis.
Leaves with a narrow or cuneate base, flowers 10-16 mm. broad.

Leaves glabrous or nearly so beneath. 2. C. occidental is;

Leaves pubescent especially along the veins beneath.

3. C. tomentosa.

1. Crataegus mollis (T. & Gr.) Scheele.

In woods in the southeastern part of the state. Bellevue; Lincoln;
Nemaha; Saltillo.

2. Crataegus occidentalis Britton.

River banks in western Nebraska. Custer County; Grand Rapids;
Halsey; Kirkwood; Valentine.

3. Crataegus tomentosa L.

In woods along streams in the eastern part of the state. Jamaica;
Omaha; Peru.

13. Amelanchier. 517.

Leaves serrate nearly to the base.

Young leaves nearly glabrous, soon becoming completely so, calyx
usually glabrous. 1. A. canadensis.

Young leaves and calyx densely white-tomentose, sometimes be-
coming nearly glabrous when old. 2. A. botryapium.
Leaves dentate above the middle only, 3. A. ainifolia.

1. Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic. June or Service Berry.

Along streams in the southeastern part of the state. Nemaha; Ne-
braska City; Peru; South Bend; Wahoo; Weeping Water.

128 ROSALES

2. Amelanchier botryapium (L. f.) D. C. Shad-Bush.
Along streams mostly along the Niobrara and upper Missouri. Grand
Island; Johnston; Long Pine; Ft. Niobrara; Ft. Robinson; Valentine.

3. Amelanchier ainifolia Nutt. Western June-Berry.
Dry soil in the northwestern part of the state. Banner County; Bel-
mont; Merriman; Simeon; Sioux County; Valentine,

14. Prunus. 523.

Flowers in small few-flowered umbels, appearing with or before the
leaves.
Thorny shrub or small tree, over 1 m. high, fruit red or yellow.

1. P. americana.
Thornless shrub 2-5 dm. high, fruit black. 2. P. besseyi.

Flowers in many-flowered racemes at the ends of leafy branches of
the season.
Shrubs or small trees, leaves with spreading teeth.

Fruit very astringent, red to nearly black, 8-10 mm. in diameter;

eastern. 3 .P. virginiana.

Fruits sweet or but slightly stringent, dark-purple to black, 6-8

mm. in diameter; northwestern. 4. P. melanocarpa.

Large trres, leaves with incurved teeth; southeastern.

5. P. serotina.

1. Prunus americana Marsh. Wild Plum.
Common all over the state. Dismal River; Lancaster; Peru; Thed-
ford; Valentine; Wahoo.

2. Prunus besseyi Bailey. Sand Cherry.
Common in sandy soil in the northern and western parts of the
state. Antelope County; Banner County; Cherry County; Deuel
County; Hat Creek Basin; Pierce; Sheridan County; Thedford; Wei-
gand.

3. Prunus virginiana L. Choke-Cherry.
Along streams in the southeastern part of the state. Crete; Lancas-
ter County; Peru.

4. Prunus melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Rydb. Western Choke-Cherry.
Prusus demissa (Nutt.) Walp.

In prairies and dry soil throughout the northern and western parts
of the state . Belmont; Hastings; Long Pine; Thedford; Valentine;
Wahoo.

5. Prunus serotina Ehrh. Wild Black Cherry.
Rare in woods in the southeastern part of the state. Nemaha; Peru;
Weeping Water.

2. LEGUMINOSAE.

2a. Subfamily CAESALPINACEAE.

Leaves once or twice pinnate.
Trees; leaves twice-pinnate.

Thornless trees, leaflets 5-7 cm. long. 3. GymnoQiadus.

Usually thorny, leaflets 1-3 cm. long. 2. Gleditsia.

Our species herbs, leaves simply pinnate. 1. Cassia.

Leaves simple, heart-shaped. * 4. Cercis.

PAPILIOXACEAE

129

1. Cassia. 529.

Leaflets 20-30. stipules persistent.
Leaflets 12-18, stipules caducous.

1. C. chamaecrista.
2. C. marylandica.

1. Cassia chamaecrista L. Partridge Pea.
Common in eastern Nebraska. Ewing; Guide Rock; Lincoln; Red
Cloud; Richardson County; Wahoo.

2. Cassia marylandica L. Wild Senna.
Rare in the southeastern part of the state. Guide Rock; Red Cloud.

2. Gleditsia. 530.

1. Gleditsia triacanthos L. Honey Locust.

In rich soil in the eastern part of the state. Lancaster County.

3. Gymnocladus. 531.

1. Gymnocladus dioica (L.) Koch Kentucky Coffee-Tree.

On alluvial soil in the southeastern part of the state and along the
Missouri as far north as Cedar County. Louisville ; Richardson
County.

4. Cercis. 529.

1. Cercis candensis L. Red-Bud, Judas-Tree.

Common in woods along streams in the southeastern part of the
state. Bellevue; Richardson County.

2b. Subfamily MIMOSACEAE.

Stems armed with recurved prickles, legumes prickly, corolla gamo-

petalous. 2. Morongia.

Stems and legumes smooth, petals free. 1. Acuan.

1. Acuan. 527.

1. Acuan illinoensis (Michx.) Kuntze.

Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacM.
Common in the eastern part of the state,
coin; Niobrara; Newark; Red Cloud.

Callaway; Kearney; Lin-

2. Morongia. 528.

1. Morongia uncinata (Willd.) Britton. Sensitive-Briar.

Schrankia uncinata Willd.
Prairies and hillsides in the eastern part of the state. Adams County;
Fairbury; Gosper County; Grand Island; Niobrara; Red Cloud; Ver-
digris.

2c. Subfamily PAPILIONACEAE.

Stamens not united by their filaments.

Leaves pinnate, leaflets 7-25. 1. Sophora.

Leaves simple or 3-foliate.

Pods 7-10 cm. long, flat, curved; foliage not blackening in drying.

2. Thermopsis,

130 ROSALES

Pods 1-5 cm. long, inflated; foliage blackening in drying.

3. Baptisia.
Stamens united by their filaments into one or two groups.
Leaves simple, digitate or odd-pinnate, never tendril-bearing.
Leaves simple, 3-foliate or digitately many-foliate.
Herbs not climbing.

Leaves simple, rarely 3 or 5-foliate in Phaca, and Homalobus.
Leaves lanceolate to oval, anthers of two kinds.

5. Crotolaria.
Leaves linear to nliear-spatulate, usually many times as long
as wide.
Peduncles much shorter than the leaves, flowers pink.

14. Phaca.
Peduncles equaling or longer than the leaves, flowers
purple. 13. Homalobus.

Leaves 3-foliate, or digitately many-foliate.
Leaves digitately 5-15 foliate.

Pods with several seeds. 4. Lupinus.

Pods 1-seeded, 18. Psoralea.

Leaves 3-foliate.

Pod not a loment; i. e. not breaking into 1-seeded joints
when mature.
Flowers solitary on axillary peduncles 18-25 mm. long.

9. Lotus.
Flowers clustered or if solitary sessile.
Leaflets dentate.

Pods not curved or coiled.

Flowers in elongated racemes 5-10 cm. long, pod

longer than calyx. 7. M el i lotus.

Flowers in heads or dense spikes, pod included

in the calyx. ..6. Trifolium.

Pods curved or coiled. 8. Medicago.

Leaflets entire.

Acaulescent or the stems covered with imbricated,
scarious stipules. 15. Orophaca.

Caulescent, stems not covered with stipules.

Calyx lobes, or at least some of them shorter than
the pods, much exceeded by the corolla.

18. Psoralea.
Calyx lobes in our species twice as long as the
pods, nearly as long as the corolla.

26. Lespedesa.
Pod a loment, much constricted between the seeds and
breaking into one-seeded joints when mature.

25. Meibomra.
Vines.

Flowers all petaliferous; capitate or solitary.

23. Strophostylus.
Flowers of two kinds, the petaliferous in racemes, the ape-
talous solitary on creeping branches. 24. Falcata.

Leaves odd-pinnate, 5-many foliate.

Trees. 10. Robinia.

PAPILIONACEAE 131

Shrubs. 19. Amorpha.

Vines, leaflets sometimes only three. 22. Apios.

Herbs, not climbing.

Flowers in terminal spikes, ovules 2-3, pod 1-2 seeded in-
cluded in the calyx.
Stamens 9-10, wings and keel adnate to the filament tube
for half its length or less. 20. Parosela.

Stamens 5, wings and keel adnate by their claws to fila-
ment tube to its top. 21. Kuhnistera.
Flowers axillary, on axillary peduncles or if in terminal
clusters the pod long exserted.
Flowers in terminal racemes, pods elongated linear.

11. Cracca.
Flowers on axillary peduncles, pods short often much in-
flated.
Herbage not glandular punctate, pods smooth.
Keel of the corolla blunt, not appendaged.

Pod not flattened, one or both sutures intruded.

16. Astragalus.
Pod flat, both sutures prominent externally.

13. Homalobus.
Keel produced into a point-like appendage.

12. Aragalus.
Herbage glandular-punctate, pods prickly.

17. Glycyrrhiza.
Leaves even-pinnate the rachis usually terminating in a tendril.
Style flattish, hairy on the upper side, stamen tube nearly trun-
cate at the apex. 27. Lathyrus.
Style filiform, hairy at the tip, stamen tube oblique at the apex.

28. Vicia.

1. Sophora. 534.

1. Sophora sericea Nutt.

Dry prairies mostly in the western part of the state. Cambridge;

Cheyenne County; McCook; Minden; Red Cloud; Red Willow County;

Wilsonville.

2. Thermopsis. 534.

1. Thermopsis rhombifolia (Nutt.) Richards.

In sandy soil in the western part of the state. Deuel County; Ft.

Robinson; Sioux County; Valentine.

3. Baptisia. 535.

Glabrous, bracts lanceolate, falling before the flowers open.

1. B. leucantha.
Villous, bracts ovate, persistent. 2. B. bracteata.

1. Baptisia leucantha T. & G.

Rare in the southeastern part of the state. Crete; Leshara; Lincoln;
Nebraska City; Saline County.

2. Baptisia bracteata Ell.

Common on prairies in the southeastern part of the state. Beatrice;
Crete; Firbury; Lincoln; Peru; Wahoo.

132 ROSALES

4. Lupinus. 536.

Perennials, 3-10 dm. high; pubescence silky.
Calyx not spurred at the base.

Leaves glabrous above at least in age, corolla pale blue with a
dark spot on the banner. 1. L. plattensis.

Leaves permanently pubescent above, corolla not spotted.

3. L. decumbens.

Calyx spurred at base. 2. L. argophyllus.

Annuals, 1-3 dm. high; pod 2-seeded. 4. L. pusillus.

1. Lupinus plattensis S. Wats.

Prairies in the northwestern part of the state. Alliance; Belmont;
Box Butte County; Pine Ridge; Sioux County.

2. Lupinus argophyllus (A. Gray.) Cockerel.

In the extreme western part of the state. War Bonnet Canon.

3. Lupinus decumbens Torr.

In prairies in the northwestern corner of the state. Banner County;
Hat Creek Basin; Scotts Bluff County.

4. Lupinus pusillus Pursh.

Prairies in the western part of the state. Crawford; Deuel County;
Lewellen; Lodge Pole.

5. Crotalaria. 536.

1. Crotalaria sagittalis L.

Lowlands along streams in the eastern part of the state. Dakota

County; Peru; Walton.

6. Trifolium. 539.

Flowers white or rose-colored, browish- in age, pedicelled.
Calyx teeth twice as long as the tube.

Stem and calyx hairy. 1. T. reflexum.

Stem and calyx glabrous or nearly so. 2. T. stolon if erum.
Calyx teeth not longer than the tube.

Stems erect or ascending. 4. T. hybridum.

Stems creeping, rooting at the nodes. 3. T. repens.

Flowers red or purple, sessile in dense heads. 5. T. pratense.

1. Trifolium reflexum L.

Introduced but not common. Diller; Fairbury; Lincoln.

2. Trifolium stoloniferum Muhl.

Open woods, rare. Lincoln; Louisville.

3. Trifolium repens L. White Clover.
Common, escaped from cultivation, probably throughout the state.
Lincoln.

4. Trifolium hybridum L. Alsike or Swedish Clover.
Often escapes from cultivation. Lincoln.

5. Trifolium pratense L. Red Clover.
Frequently escapes from cultivation in the eastern part of the state.
Lincoln; O'Neill.

PAPILIOXACEAE 133

7. Melilotus. 538.

Flowers white. 1. M. alba.

Flowers yellow. 2. M. officinalis.

1. Melilotus alba L. White Sweet Clover.
Introduced and becoming common throughout the state Ft. Robin-
son; Kearney; Lincoln; Paddock; Thedford; Red Cloud; Wjmore.

2. Melilotus officinalis L. Yellow Sweet Clover.

Introduced throughout most of the state. Long Pine; Lincoln; Plain-
view; Rushville; Wymore.

8. Medicago. 538.

Flowers yellow, pod 1-seeded. 1. .M.lupulina.

Flowers blue or violet, pods several seeded. 2. M. sativa.

1. Medicago lupulina L. Yellow Trefoil.
Introduced in the eastern part of the state. Its seeds are sometimes
mixed with alfalfa seeds. Lincoln; Plainview; Valentine; Wood
River.

2. Medicago sativa L. Alfalfa, Lucerne.
Extensively cultivated and often escapes. Broken Bow; Ked Cloud;
Rushville.

9. Lotus. 541.

1. Lotus americanus (Nutt.) Bisch.

Hosackia americana (Nutt.) Piper.
In dry soil over most of the state. Anselmo; Belmont; Broken Bow;
Buffalo County; Cherry County; Fairmont; Hooker County; Lincoln;
Mullen; Nelson; Plainview; Red Cloud.

10. Robinia. 549.

1. Robinia pseudacacia L. Black Locust.

Escaped along streams in the southeastern part of the state. Lin-
coln; Peru.

11. Cracca. 548.

1. Cracca virginiana L.

Rare in the southeastern part of the state. Fairbury.

12. Aragalus. 555.

Scape 2-3 dm. high, many flowered, pod exserted fro mthe calyx.
Leaflets narrowly oblong to linear-lanceolate, grayish pubescent.

1. A. lambertii.
Leaflets broadly oblong, i/^ to 1 cm. side, silky-villose. 2. A. sericeus.
Scape 1-3 cm. long, 1 to 3 flowered, pod included in the calyx.

3. A. multiceps.

1. Aragalus lambertii (Pursh.) Kuntze. Loco-Weed.

Common in the western part of the state. Banner County; Box Butte
County; Culbertson; Emerson; Thedford; Minden; Valentine.

134 ROSALES

2. Aragalus sericeus (Xutt.) Greene. Loco-Weed.
Prairies in the western part of the state. Belmont; Pine Ridge:
Scotts Bluff County.

3. Aragalus multiceps (Xutt.) Kuntze.

Rare in the western part of the state. Banner County; Kimball
County.

13. Homalobus. 554.

Plowers in spike-like racemes on axillary or scape-like peduncles.

Leaves pinnat.e, leaflets 11-22, flowers yellowish-white.

1. H. tenellus.

Leaves simple or 3-5 foliate, flowers purple. 3. H. caespitosus.

Flowers clustered in the axils, nearly sessile. 2. H. montanus.

1. Homalobus tenellus (Pursh.) Britton.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Scotts Bluff County;
Sioux County.

2. Homalobus montanus (Nutt.) Britton.

Hills and bad-lands of the western part of the state. Belmont; Chey-
enne County.

3. Homalobus caespitosus Xutt.

On dry hills and cliffs in the western part of the state. Banner
County; Belmont; Harrison.

14. Phaca. 553.

1. Phaca longifolia (Pursh. Xutt.

Common in sandy soil in the western part of the state. Banner

County; Kennedy; Sioux County; Thedford; Valentine; War Bonnet

Canon.

15. Orophaca. 555.

Flowers yellowish, sessile in the axils.

Corolla glabrous outside; calyx teeth about half as long as the tube.

1. O. caespitosa.

Corolla pubescent on the outside; calyx teeth nearly as long as the

tube. 2. O. argophylla.

Flowers purplish; in peduncled axillary racemes. 3. O. sericea.

1. Orophaca caespitosa (Xutt.) Britton.

Dry hills in the western part of the state. Banner County; Belmont;
Ft. Robinson; Kimball County.

2. Orophaca argophylla (Nutt.) Rydb.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Cheyenne County; Deuel
County.

'3. Orophaca sericea (Xutt.) Britton.

In dry sandy or rocky places in the western part of the state. Alli-
ance; Belmont.

PAPILIOXACEAE 135-

16. Astragalus. 550.

Stems slender, the internodes nearly as long as the leaves.
Flowers 6-S mm. long, pods 4-6 mm. long.

Leaflets narrowly linear, 2-2.5 mm. long. 4. A. microlobus.

Leaflets linear or linear-oblong, 8-15 mm. long. 4. A. microlobus.

Flowers 8-10 mm. long, pods 15-25 mm. long. 3. A. flexuosus.

Stems generally stout, the internodes much shorter than the leaves.

Leaflets linear filiform 1. A. pectinatus.

Leaflets oblong or elliptic.

Flowers in elongated spikes or racemes, pods sessile or stipitate.
Flowers yellow or white.

Leaflets less than 2 cm. long, pods stipitate.

11. A. drummondii^
Leaflets over 2 cm. long.

Flowers in loose spikes, pods stipitate. 12. A. racemosus.

Flowers indense spikes, pods sessile. 16. A. carolinianus.

Flowers violet.

Stems tall, erect, leaflets over 1.5 cm. long, pod stipitate.

2. A. bisulcatus.
Stem very short, leaflets less than 1.5 cm. long, pod sessile.

15. A. mollissimus.
Flowers in heads or short spikes or racemes, pods sessile.

Stem 1-6 cm. high, erect ascending or spreading, pods 2-celled.
Flowers purplish or violet-purple.

Peduncles longer than the leaves, pod deeply furrowed.
Leaflets over 1.5 cm. long, calyx and pod appressed pube-
scent. 13. A. adsurgens.
Leaflets less than 1.5 cm. long, calyx and pod loosely
villous. 14. A. goniatus.
Peduncles equaling or shorter than the leaves, pod not fur-
rowed. 17. A. crassicarpus.
Flowers yellow, sometimes tipped with purple.

Slightly pubescent, pod glabrous, 25 mm. long, or more.

A. mexicanus.
Villous pubescent, pods pubescent, 12 mm. long.

19. A. plattensis.
Stems very short, plants sub-acaulescent, sometimes longer in
A. missouriensis; pod 1-celled.
Flowers purple, plant silky-canescent.

Short stemmed, peduncles generally exceeding the leaves.

7. A. missouriensis.
Acaulescent, peduncles generally shorter than the leaves.

6. A. shortianus.
Flowers yellow, plant appressed-cinerous or hirsute.

Cinerous with appressed hairs, peduncles usually 3-8 cm.

long. 8. A. lotiflorus.

Very hairy with spreading hairs, flowers usually sub-sessile

in the axils. 9. A. nebraskensis.

1. Astragalus pectinatus (Hook.) Dougl.

Ctenophyllum pectinatum (Hook.) Rydb.
Rare in the western part of the state. Scott Bluffs County.

136 ROSALES

2. Astragalus bisulcatus (Hook.) A. Gray.

Rare in the western part of the state. Dakota Junction.

3. Astragalus flexuosus Dougl.

Dry soil in the western part of the state. Lewellen.

4. Astragalus microlobus Gray.

Sandy soil in the western part of the state. Alliance; Box Butte
County; Deuel County.

5. Astragalus gracilis Xutt.

Dry prairies in the western and central parts of the state. Broken
Bow; Chadron; Frontier County; Haigler; Pine Ridge; Ft. Robinson;
Red Willow County; Sioux County.

6. Astragalus shortianus Nutt.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Cherry County; Franklin;
Red Cloud.

7. Astragalus missouriensis Nutt.

In the western and central parts of the state. Alliance; Frontier; Ft.
Robinson.

8. Astragalus lotiflorus Hook.

Prairies in the western and central parts of the state. Culbertson;
Deuel County; Hooker County; Kenesaw; Thedford; Valentine.

9. Astragalus nebraskensis Bates.

In the western part of the state. Ainsworth; Callaway; Clay County;
Long Pine; Xaponee; Red Cloud.

10. Astragalus giganteus (Pall.) Sheld.
On bottom-lands. North Platte.

11. Astragalus drummondii Dougl.

In the northwestern part of the state. Belmont; Dakota Junction;
Harrison.

12. Astragalus racemosus Pursh.

In the northwestern part of the state. Aten; Franklin; Frontier; Pine
Ridge; Red Willow County; Red Cloud.

13. Astragalus adsurgens Pall.

Common on prairies in the western part of the state. Belmont; Box
Butte County; Deuel County; Long Pine.

14. Astragalus goniatus Xutt.

In the western part of the state. Bassett; Crawford; Gordon.

15. Astragalus mollissimus Torr.

Prairies in the western and central parts of the state. Alliance; Box
Butte County; Cambridge; Culbertson; Kearney; Minden; Red Willow
County; Republican.

16. Astragalus carolinianus L.
Astragalus canadensis L.

Common throughout the state. Indianola; Hooker County; Laurel;
Lincoln; Niobrara; Newark.

17. Astragalus crassicarpus Nutt.
Astragalus caryocarpus Ker.

Common on prairies all over the state. Minden; Plainview; Red
i^loud; Valentine.
"8. Astragalus mexicanus A. DC.
Reported from the northwestern part of the state.
"•O. Astragalus plattensis Nutt.

In the western and central parts of the state. Burwell; Belmont; Cal-
laway; Chadron; Fairbury; Hastings; Lincoln; Neligh; Ft. Robinson.

PAPILIOXACEAE 137

17. Glycyrrhiza. 557.

1. Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursli. Wild Liquorice.

Common on prairies all over the state. Cherry County; Hooker
County; Lancaster County; Newcastle; Sioux County; Thedford; Val-
entine.

18. Psoralea. 542.

Leaves mostly 5-foliate. some of the upper sometimes 3-foliate flowers

mostly 1 cm. or m.ore long.

Petioles much longer than the leaflets, the lower 2-4 times as long.

Stems 1-4 dm. high, spikes 3.5-8 cm. long. 1. P. esculenta

Stems hardly rising above the ground, spikes not over 2. .5 cm. long.

2. P. hypogaea.
Petioles little if any longer than the leaflets.

Flowers in loose spikes, stipules 1-2 cm. long. 1. P, cuspidata.

Flowers sessile in dense heads, stipules .5-10 mm. long.

Calyx lobes nearly equal, all much shorter than the corolla.

4. P. digitata.
Calyx lobes very unequal, the lower 1 cm. long, longer than the
corolla. 5. P. argophylla.

Leaves mostly 3-foliate. the lower sometimes 5-foliate, flow^ers 4-9 mm.
long.
Peduncles longer than the leaves, mostly several times as long.
Leaflets linear, 2-4 mm. mide. 9. P. linearfolia.

Leaflets broader.

Flow'ers sessile on the peduncles. 6. P. collina.

Flowers stalked on the peduncles

Flowers few, 1-2 to each bract, 4-5 mm. long.

7. P. tenuifjora.
Flowers many, 2-3 to each bract, 5-7 mm. long.

8. P. floribunda.
Peduncles aboat as long as the leavse, spikes few^ flowered.

Leaflets filiform-linear. 11. P. micrantha.

Leaflets narrowly oblong. 10. P. ianceolata.

1. Psoralea esculenta Pursh. Pomme Blanch.
In high prairies throughout the state. Atkinson; Beatrice; Fairbury;
Gordon; Holdege; Ponca; Red Cloud; Sheridan County; Sioux County;
Thedford; Valentine.

2. Psoralea hypogaea Nutt.

Rare in the western part of the state. Alliance; Deuel County.

3. Psoralea cuspidata Pursh.

On dry bluffs and prairies, probably throughout the w^estern part of the
state. Dakota Junction; Grand Rapids; Valentine.

4. Psoralea digitata Nutt.

Common on prairies in the sand-hill regions. Anselmo; Grand Island;
Kearney; Long Pine; Norway; Phelps County; Sargent; Sheridan
County; Weigand.

5. Psoralea argophylla Pursh.

Common on prairies throughout the state. Belmont; Box Butte

138 ROSALES

County; Haigler; Lincoln; St. James; Sioux County; Thedford;
Wahoo.

6. Psoralea collina Rydb.

On hillsides in the northwestern part of the state. Chadron; Ft. Rob-
inson; Scotts Bluff County.

7. Psoralea tenuiflora Pursh.

Common on hills and table-lands in the western part of the state.
Deuel County; Fairbury; Franklin; Lincoln; Phelps County; Ft. Robin-
son; Talmage.

8. Psoralea floribunda Xutt.

Psoralea tenuiflora floribunda (Xutt.) Rydb.
In valleys, most common in the eastern part of the state. ]\Iinden,

9. Psoralea linearifolia Torr. & Gray.

Rare in the western part of the state, Buffalo County; Deuel County.

10. Psoralea lanceolata Pursh.

Common in sandy soil in the central and western part of the state.
Belmont; Haigler; Kearney County; Mullen; Riverton; Rock County;
Sheridan County; Sioux County; Thomas County.

11. Psoralea micrantha A. Gray.
(Included in P. lanceolata in Gray's Manual.)
Nebraska according to Britton's Manual.

19. Amorpha. 545.

Plants 2-5 m. high, leaflets 1.5-3 cm. long. 1. A. fruticosa.

Plants 1 m. or less high, leaflets not more than 1 cm. long.

Softly grayish-canescent. leaflets about 1 cm. long, spikes several

clustered. 2. A. canescens.

Glabrous, foliage bright green, leaflets 5-7 mm. long, spike usually

solitary, terminal. 3. A. nana.

1. Amorpha fruticosa L. False Indigo.
Common along streams throughout the state. Fairbury; Indianola;
Kearney; Lincoln; Ponca; Red Cloud; Thedford; Walton.

2. Amorpha canescens Pursh. Shoe-Strings, Lead Plant.
Common on dry prairies throughout the state. Anselmo; Aten; Lin-
coln; Sheridan; Talmage; Thedford.

3. Amorpha nana Nutt.
.Amorpha microphylla Pursh.

Abundant on the bluffs of the :\Iissouri in northeastern Nebraska.
Aten; Butte.

20. Parosela. (Dalea.) 545.

Glabrous, spikes usually several, flowers white or pink.

Spike long, 5-13 cm., flowers distant, leaflets 5--11. 1. P. enneandra.

Spikes short, 2-5 cm., dense, leaflets 15-41. 2. P. dalea.

Pubescent, spike solitary, ovoid or globse, flowers yellow. 3. P. aurea

1. Parosela enneandra (Nutt.) Britton.

Rather common in the western part of the state. Broken Bow; Calla-
way; Deuel County; Hastings; Kearney; Nelson; Minden; Niobrara;
Phelps County; Red Cloud.

PAPILIOXACEAE 139

2. Parosela dalea (L.) Britton.
Dalea alopecuroides Willd.

Common on prairies in the eastern and central parts of the state. At-
kinson; Bellevue; Franklin; Kearney; Keya Paha County; Republican;
Saunders County; Seward.

3. Parosela aurea (Xutt.) Britton.

Dry gravelly soil mostly in the northern part of the state. Deuel
County; Franklin; Long Pine; Niobrara; Scotts Bluff County; Val-
entine.

21. Kuhnistera (Petalostemon.) 546.

Densely villous or silky-pubescent all over, leaflets 9-17. 1. K. villosa.
Glabrous or nearly so, leaflets 3-9.

Flowers purple, leaflets 3-5. 2. K. purpurea.

Flow^ers white, leaflets 3-9.

Calyx densely silky-villose. 3. K. compacta.

Calyx glabrous or nearly so.

Leaflets lanecolate or oblong, 15-25 mm. long, 3-6 mm. wide.

4. K. Candida.

Leaflets linear or nearly so, mostly less than 20 mm. long. 2-4

mm. wide. 5. K. oligophylla.

1. Kuhnistera villosa (Xutt.) Kuntze. Hairy Prairie Clover.
In dry soil, common in the sand-hills. Foster; Kearney; Mullen; Pish-
elville; Thedford; Valley Junction; Royal; Valentine.

2. Kuhnistero purpurea (Vent.) MacM. Purple Prairie Clover.
Common in prairies throughout the state. Brown County; Dannebrog;
Deuel County; Kearney; Lincoln; Plummer Ford; Sioux County;
Weigand.

3. Kuhnistera compacta (Spreng.) Kuntze.

Rare in the western part of the state. Scotts Bluff County.

4. Kuhnistera Candida (Willd.) Kuntze. White Prairie Clover.
Common in rich soil in the eastern and central part of the state.
Crawford; Brown County; Fairbury; Haigler; Kearney; Lincoln;
Xiobrara.

5. Kuhnistera oligophylla (Torr.) Heller.

Common in sandy places in the central and western parts of the state.
Ashton; Callaway; Sioux County.

22. Apios. 569.

1. Apios tuberosa ^Moench.
Apios apios (L.) MacM.
Common in rich soil in the eastern part of the state and extending
along streams farther west. Keya Paha County; Peru; Platte River;
Plum.mer Ford; Valentine.

23. Strophostyles. 571.

Leaflets broadly ovate, often lobed, pods slightly pubescent.

1. S. helvola.
Leaflets lanceolate, or linear oblong, entire, pods very pubescent.

2. S. pauclflora.

140 ROSALES

1. Strophostyles helvola (L.) Britton. Wild Bean.
In sandy soil mostly in the eastern part of the state. Guide Rock;
Paddock; Red Cloud; Seward; Lincoln; Xeligh; Pauline.

2. Strophostyles peuciflora (Benth.) A. Wats. Wild Bean.
In sandy soil along streams throughout the state. Atkinson; Big
Sandy Creek; Dismal River; Hastings; Kearney; Lincoln; Nelson;
Wahoo.

24. Falcata. 569.

Bracts rhombic-oval, shorter than the pedicels, calyx of the perfect
flowers 3-4 mm. long. 1. F. comosa.

Bracts nearly orbicular, large, generally as long as the pedicels or
longer, calyx of the fertile flowers 5-6 mm. long. 2. F. pitcheri.

1. Falcata comosa (L.) Kuntze. Wild Peanut.
In moist thickets in the eastern part of the state. Beaver Creek;
Franklin; Halsey; Lincoln; Peru; St. Paul; Weeping Water.

2. Falcata pitcheri (T. & G.) Kuntze.

Common in woods and thickets in the central and eastern parts of the
state. Ashland; Endicott; Halsey; Wahoo; Red Cloud.

25. Meibomia. (Desmodium.) 559.

Leaves crowded at the top of the stem, panicle terminal, pods on a
stripe much longer than the calyx lobes. 1. M. grand iflora.

Leaves scattered along the stem, stipe if present shorter than the
calyx lobes.
Petioles about as long as the lateral leaflets, stipules ovate, per-
sistent.
Joints of the pod longer than wide, about 12 mm. long.

2. M. canescens.
Joints of the pod not longer than wide, about 6 mm. wide.

3. M. Illinoensis.
Petioles not more than half as long as the lateral leaflets, sitpules

lanceolate or subulate.
Flowers 10-15 mm. long, stipules linear-lanceolate, persistent.

4. M. canadensis.
Flowers 6-8 mm. long, stipules subulate, deciduous.

Stems pubescent, leaflets not over 7.5 cm. long. 5. M. dillenii.
Stems glabrous, or nearly so, leaflets over 7.5 cm. long.

6. M. paniculata.

1. Meibomia grandifiora (Walt.) Kuntze.

In rich soil in woods in the eastern part of the state. Crete; Endi-
cott; Fremont Island; Lincoln; Niobrara; Weeping Water.

2. Meibomia canescens (L.) Kuntze.

In woods and thickets in the eastern part of the state. Beaver Creek;
Lincoln; Omaha; Wabash; Weeping Water.

3. Meibomia illinoensis (Gray.) Kuntze.

Dry prairies in the eastern part of the state. Lincoln; Walton.

4. Meibomia canadensis L.) Kuntze.

Common in the eastern part of the state and along streams In the
western part. Chelsea; Guide Rock; Kearney; Lincoln; Mullen;
Omaha; St. Paul; Talmage.

PAPILIONACEAE 141

5. Meibomia dillenii (Darl.) Kuntze.

In the southeastern part of the state. Weeping Water.

6. Meibomia paniculata (L.) Kuntze.

Wooded bluffs in the southeastern part of the state. Nemaha; Rich-
ardson County; Washington County.

26. Lespedeza. 562.

1. Lespedeza capitata Michx.

Common on prairies in the eastern and central parts of the state.

Ainsworth; Halsey; Kearney; Laurel; Lincoln; Republican.

27. Lathyrus. 567.

Flowers purple.

Glabrous or somewhat pubescent when young, flowers 2-2.5 cm. long.

1. L. ornatus.
Grayish-pubescent all over, flowers less than 2 cm. long.

1a. L. ornatus incanus.
Flowers yellowish. 1b. L. ornatus flavescens.

1. Lathyrus ornatus Nutt.

Common throughout the state. Fremont; Grand Island; Long Pine;

Ft. Robinson; Shelton.

1a. Lathyrus ornatus incanus Smith & Rydberg.

In the western part of the state. Ft. Robinson; Sheridan; White

River.

lb. Lathyrus ornatus flavescens Rydb.

In sandy soil in the western part of Jthe state. Dodge, Kearney and

Cherry Counties.

28. VIcla. 565.

Flowers numerous in dense, 1-sided racemes. 1. V. villosa.

Flowers 2-9, in loose racemes.

Leaflets elliptic to linear-oblong, stipules toothed.

Stems smooth or nearly so, leaflets elliptical or ovate-oblong.

2. V. americana.
Stems generally more pubescent, leaflets linear-oblong or cuneate.

2a. V. amer. truncata.
Leaflets linear, stipules narrow and less toothed.

2b. V. amer. linearis.

1. Vicia villosa Roth. Hairy Vetch.
Introduced and still rare. Riverton; Tecumseh.

2. Vicia americana Muhl. American Vetch,
Rich soil in the eastern part of the state. University Place; Weeping
Water.

2a. Vicia americana truncata (Xutt.) Brewer.

All streams mostly in the eastern part of the state. Nebraska City;
Peru; Gordon; Whitney.

2b. Vicia americana linearis (Nutt.) S. Wats.

Dry prairies throughout the state. Antelope County; Callaway; Emer-
son; Fairbury; Lincoln; Minden; Red Cloud,

142 ROSALES

3. CRASSULACEAE.

Carpels distinct to the base or nearly so. 1. Sedum.

Carpels united to the middle or above. 2. Penthorum.

1. Sedum. 473.

1. Sedum stenopetalum Pursh.

On dry stony hills in the northwestern part of the state. Hat Creek

Basin; Harrison.

2. Penthorum. 475.

1. Penthorum sedoides L.

Common on banks, in ditches and in other wet places in the eastern
part of the state. Ewing; Newark; Grand Island; Lincoln; Plainview;
Red Bird Creek; Walton; Wahoo.

4. SAXIFRAGACEAE.

Herbs, leaves all basal. 1. Heuchera.

Shrubs, stems leafy often thorny. 2. Ribes.

1. Heuchera. 481.

1. Heuchera hispida Pursh.

Woods and on wooded bluffs; not common. Ashland; Belmont; Long

Pine.

2. Ribes. 486.

Stems with spines at the base of the leaf stalks. Gooseberries.

Stems generally very setose-prickly, bark more or less scaly, fruit
purplish, sour. 1. R. setosum.

Stems generally smooth and shining, fruit brownish, smooth.

2. R. gracile.
Stems unarmed, leaves three to five lobed. Currants.

Lobes crenate or dentate, flowers white or greenish white.

Racemes many flowered, flowers pediceled, calyx tube bell-shaped.

fruit black. 4. R. floridum.

Racemes few flowered, flowers sessile or short pediceled, calyx

tube narrow, fruit brownish. 5. R. inebrians.

Lobes few-toothed or entire, flowers bright yellow.

Fruit when ripe dark-brown or black. 6 R. aurem.

Fruit yellow when ripe. 6a. R. aurem var. chryossoccos.

1. Ribes setosum Lindl. Western Wild Gooseberry.
On gravelly hills in the northwestern part of the state. Crawford; Ft.
Robinson.

2. Ribes gracile Michx. Common Wild Gooseberry.
Common in valleys and along streams throughout the most of the
state. Guide Rock; Lincoln; Long Pine; Wahoo.

3. Ribes oxycanthoides L.
Ribes valicola Greene.

In the northwestern part of the state. Cherry County; Newcastle;
Merriman; Sioux County.

PLATAXACEAE

143

4. Ribes floridum L'Her. Wild Black Currant.
Along water courses throughout the state. Antelope County; Arapa-
hoe; Aten; Bellevue; Burwell; Holdrege; Lincoln; Norway; Sioux
County.

5. Ribes inebrians Lindl.

On dry hills in the northwestern part of the state. Banner County;
Belmont; Harrison; Sioux County.

6. Ribes aureum Pursh.

Common on the hillsides in the western and northern parts of the

state. Belmont; Lincoln; Mullen; Xew Helena; Ft. Robinson; Sioux

County.

6a. Ribes aureum chysococcos Rydb.

Rare in the northwestern part of the state. Banner County; Cherry

County; Scotts Bluff County.

5. PLATANACEAE.
Platanus. 490.

1. Platanus occidentalis L. Button-Ball, Plane-Tree.

In low woods in the southeastern part of the state. Brownsville;
Peru; Richardson County.

MYRTALES.

Terrestrial plants, or if aquatic the submerged leaves neither whorled
nor dissected.
Hypanthium enclosing the ovary but free from it. 1. Lythraceae.
Hypanthium adhering to the ovary.

Flowers usually with petals, leaves rarely cordate.

2. Onagraceae.
Flowers apetalous; leaves broader than long, cordate.

5. Aristolochiaceae.
Aquatic plants with whorled leaves.

Submerged leaves pinnately dissected. 3. Halorrhagidaceae.

All the leaves entire. 4. Hippuridaceae.

1. LYTHRACEAE.

Hypanthium short, about as long as wide.
Leaves, at least the upper, clasping by a broad auricled base.

1. Ammannia.
Leaves not auricled, usually narrowed at the base.

Calyx without accessory teeth in the sinuses; petals none.

2. Didlphis.
Calyx 4-toothed with as many accessory teeth in the sinuses;
petals 4, small. 3. Rotala.

Hypanthium cylindrical, much longer than wide; petals generally 6.

4. Lythrum.

1. Ammannia. 648.

Flowers axillary, sessile or nearly so. 1. A. coccinea.

Flowers in axillary cymes pedicels 1-3 mm. long. 2. A. auriculata.

144 MYRTALES

1. Ammania cocci nea Rotth.

Common in wet places in the southeastern part of the state. Ken-
nedy; Lincoln; Nebraska City; Weeping Water; Plainview.

2. Ammannia auriculata Willd.

Rare in the southeastern part of the state. Fillmore County; Lincoln.

2. Didiplis. 648.

1. Didiplis diandra (Nutt.) Wood.

Rare in the southeastern part of the state. Lincoln.

3. Rotala. 649.

1. Rotala ramasior (L.) Koehne.

In wet places, rare. Cherry County; Lincoln.

4. Ly thrum. 649.

1. Lythrum alatum Pursh.

Common in wet ground, especially along ponds, streams, and ditches.
Callaway; Endicott; Laurel; Lincoln; Mead; Nebraska City; New
Helena; IPonca; Plummer Ford; Valentine.

2. ONAGRACEAE.

Calyx persistent; hypanthium not prolonged beyond the ovary.
Leaves opposite, stems procumbent or floating. 1. Isnardla.

Leaves alternate, stems erect or ascending. 2. Ludwigia.

Calyx deciduous; hypanthium usually prolonged beyond the ovary.
Seeds with a tuft of hairs, calyx tube, little if at all, prolonged be-
yond the ovary.
Flowers over 15 mm. broad, petals entire. 3. Chamaenerion.

Flowers less than 15 mm. broad or the petals notched at the apex.

4. Epilobium.
Seeds without a tuft of hairs, calyx tube distinctly prolonged beyond
the ovary.
Caulescent plants, flowers axillary or spicate.

Ovules and seeds usually numerous, more than four; fruit a
dehiscent capsule.
Stigma four-toothed or four-lobed.

Stigma deeply cleft into 4 linear lobes.
Capsule not broadly winged.
Flowers yellow, nocturnal.

Ovules and seeds horizontal, angled; capsule tapering

from a thickened base. 5. Onagra.

Ovules and seeds ascending, not angled; capsule of

nearly uniform diameter. 6. Oenothera,

Flowers white or pink, mostly diurnal.

Capsule not narrowed into a curved beak; leaves

mostly over 25 mm. long.

Ovules in one row in each cavity of the ovary,

ascending. 7. Anogra.

Ovules in many rows in each cavity of the ovary,

on slender stalks. 8. Hartmannia.

Capsule narrowed into a curved beak, leaves 8-15 mm.

OXAGRACEAE 145

long. 11. Gaurella.

Capsule broadly winged, calyx tube 4-12 times as long as

the ovary. 12. Megapterium.

Stigma merely 4 toothed, calyx tube shorter than the ovary.

14. Meriolix.
Stigma capitate, calyx tube longer than the ovary.

13. Galpinsia.
Ovules and seeds few, 1-4, fruit indehiscent.

Petals 4, stamens usually 8, fruit not bristly with hooked
hairs.
Ovary 4 celled, leaves denticulate to sinuate-toothed.

15. Gaura.
Ovary 1-celled; leaves entire. 16. Stenosiphon.

Petals 2, stamens 2, fruit bristly with hooked hairs.

17. Circaea.
Acaulescent plants, rarely producing short stems, flowers basal,
clustered.
Angles of the capsule tuberculate, seed furrowed.

9. Pachylcphus.

Angles of the capsule winged, smooth, seeds with a tubercle

near one end. 10. Lavauxia.

1. Isnardia. 652.

1. Isnardia palustris L.

In swampy or boggy places in various localities in the state, forms
a carpet-like covering over the mud. Grand Island; Louisville; Minden;
Turner; Wood River.

2. Ludwigla. 653,

Flowers sessile, about 3 mm. broad, petals minute greenish.

1. L. polycarpa.
Flowers short peduncled, 12-16 mm. broad, petals large, bright yellow.

2. L. alternifolia.

1. Ludwigia polycarpa Short & Peter.

In swampy places mostly in the eastern part of the state. Ainsworth;
Lincoln.

2. Ludwigia alternifolia L.

In swampy places in the southeastern part of the state. Endicott.

3. Chamaenerion. 655.

1. Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. Willow-Herb, Fire-Weed.
In the northwestern part of the state, not abundant.

4. Epilobium. 655.

Leaves entire or nearly so, linear or linear-lanceolate. 1. E. lineare.
Leaves serrate, lanceolate.

Mature seeds with cinnamon-colored coma, beakless, 1-5 mm. long.

2. E. coloratum.
Mature seeds with white coma, short beaked, 1mm. long.

3. E. adenocaulon.

146 MYRTALES

1. Epilobium lineare Muhl.

In wet, swampy places. Big Sandy Creek; Hooker County; Red
Cloud; Thedford.

2. Epilobium coloratum Muhl.

In sandy marshes, mostly in the western part of the state. Belmont;
Mullen; Riverton; Spencer; Valentine; Weeping Water.

3. Epilobium adenocaulon Haussk.

In moist sandy ground mostly in the western part of the state. Belle-
vue; Ewing; Kennedy; Kimball; Long Pine; Minden; Mullen; bioux
County; Thedford; Valentine.

5. Onagra. 657.

Capsules 2.5-3 cm. long, abruptly narrowed at the tip; calyx lobes

appendaged at the tip. 1. O. strigosa.

Capsules 3-4 cm. long, gradually narrowed to the tip; calyx lobes

appendaged below the tip. 2. O. oakesiana.

1. Onagra strigosa Rydb. Common Evening-Primrose.
Onagra biennis canescens T. & G.

Common throughout the state as a weed, mostly in sandy soil. Aten;
Atkinson; Deuel County; Lincoln; Mullen; Republican V alley.

2. Onagra oakesiana (A. Gray.) Britton.
Nebraska according to Britton's Manual.

6. Oenothera. 658.

Decumbent or ascending, flowers axillary, leaves sinuate-dentate or

pinnatifid. 1. CE. laciniata.

Erect, flowers spicate, upper leaves remotely denticulate or nearly

entire. 2. CE.rhombipetala.

1. CEnothera laciniata Hill.

Common especially in sandy soil over most of the state. Atkinson;
Central City; Deuel County; Fairbury; Hastings; Keya Paha; Long
Pine; Thedford.

2. CEnothera rhombipetala Nutt.

On prairies not very common. Kearney; Kennedy; Minden; Nio-
brara; Plummer Ford.

7. Anogra. 658.

Tips of the calyx lobes not free in the bud. 1. A. albicaulis.

Tips of the calyx lobes free in the bud.

Capsule linear-cylindric; throat of the calyx glabrous;.

Calyx sparingly long-hairy, puberulent or glabrous, not strigose.
Leaves glabrous, 2. A. pallida.

Leaves pubescent or strigose.

Leaves linear, entire or nearly so, strigose beneath.

3. A. nuttallii.
Leaves usually denticulate or lobed, pubescent on both sides.

4. A. cinerea.
Calyx and calyx-tube densely grayish strigose; leaves cinerous.

5. A. latifolia.
Capsule oblong, 8-20 mm, long; leaves deeply pinnatifid,

6. A. coronopifolia.

ONAGRACEAE 147

1. Anogra albicaulis (Pursh.) Britton.

In the western part of the state, mostly in the foot-hills. Curtis;
Ft. Robinson; Gerard.

2. Anogra pallida (Lindl.) Britton.

Common in the sand-hill regions. Belmont; Callaway; Chelsea;
Deuel County; Haigler; Hooker County; Pine Ridge; Valentine.

3. Anogra nuttallii (Sweet.) A. Nels.

Western Nebraska according to Nelson in Bot. Gaz. 34:368. 1932.

4. Anogra cinerea Rydb.

Western Nebraska according to Rydberg's Flora of Colorado.

5. Anogra latifolia Rydb.

On sandy soil in the western part of the state. Deuel County.

6. Anogra coronopifolia (T. & G.) Britton.

On high prairies in the western part of the state. Alliance; Belmont;
Box Butte County; Deuel County; Pine Ridge.

8. Hartmannia. 660.

1. Hartmannia speciosa (Nutt.) Small.
Red Cloud.

9. Pachylophus. 660.

1. Pachylophus caespitosa (Nutt.) Raimann.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Alliance; Hat Creek

Basin; Ft. Robinson.

10. Lavauxla. 661.

Leaves strigose-canescent; flowers over 5 cm. broad, capsule obtuse.

1. L. brachycarpa.
Leaves green; flowers less than 5 cm. broad, capsule beaked.

2. L. flava.

1. Lavauxia brachycarpa (Gray) Britton.

Western Nebraska according to Nelson's Flora of the Rocky Moun-
tains.

2. Lavauxia flava A. Nels.
Western Nebraska.

11. Gaurella. 661.

1. Gaurella canescens (Torr.) A. Nels.

Gaurella guttulata (Geyer.) Small.
On dry prairies in the western part of the state. Banner County;
Cheyenne County; Deuel County.

12. Megapterium. 661.

Petals 3-4 cm. long; capsules 2-3 cm. long, less than 2 cm. wide.

1. M. fremontil.
Petals 5-7 cm. long; capsules 5 cm. long, suborbicular.

2. M. missouriense.

1. Megapterium fremontil (S. Wats.) Britton.

Dry bluffs in the Republican valley. Franklin; Red Cloud.

148 MYRTALES

2. Megapterium missouriense (Sims.) Spach.

Dry limestone bluffs mostly along the Blue River. Beatrice; Fair-
bury; Homesville; Salem; Steele City; Wymore.

13. Galpinsia. 662.

1. Galpinsia lavandulaefolia (T. & G.) Small.

On dry prairies in the western part of the state. Deuel County.

14. IVIeriolix. 662.

1. Meriolix serrulata (Nutt.) Walp.

Common on dry prairies all over the state. Antelope County; Deuel
County; Fairbury; Franklin; Indianola; Kearney; Neligh; Pine Ridge;
Ponca; Plummer Ford; Sheridan County; Sioux County.

15. Gaura. 662.

Plants 1.5-6 dm. high, bracts persistent. 2. G. coccinea.
Plants 6-15 dm. high, bracts deciduous.

Flowers 3-4 mm. broad, pink. 1. G. parviflora.

Flowers 8-10 mm. broad, flowers white turning pink.

Stems hirsute, leaves thin. 3. G. biennis.

Stems puberulent, leaves relatively thick. 4. G. pitcher!.

1. Gaura parviflora Dougl.

A common weed over the whole state. Crawford; Franklin; Lincoln;
Newark; St. James.

2. Gaura coccinea Pursh.

Common on dry prairies and waste places throughout the state. Bel-
mont; Box Butte County; Hastings; Kearney; Lincoln; Ponca; Sioux
County; Thedford; Valentine.

3. Gaura biennis L.

A common weed in the eastern part of the state. Broken Bow; Crete;
Kearney; Lincoln; Seward County.

4. Gaura pitcher! (T. & G.) Small.
Nebraska according to Britton's Manual.

16. Stenosiphon. 663.

1. Stenosiphon linifolium (Nutt.)

In the valley of the Republican. Franklin; Red Cloud.

17. Circaea. 663.

1. Circaea lutetiana L.

In woods mostly in the eastern part of the state. Bellevue; Dismal

River; Franklin County; Grand Island; Pishelville; Plummer Ford.

3. HALORRHAGIDACEAE.
Myriophyllum. 665.

Floral leaves small, usually shorter than the flowers, fruit smooth or
nearly so. 1. M. spicatum.

Floral leaves large, 5-12 mm. long, much longer than the flowers,
fruit rough. 2. M. pinnatum.

HIPPURIDACEAE 149

1. Myriophyllum spicatum L. Spiked Water-Milfoil.
In water in various localities. Kearney; Long Pine; Whitman; Wood
Lake.

2. Myriophyllum pinnatum (Walt.) B. S .P.
Lincoln.

4. HIPPURIDACEAE.

Hippuris. 665.
1. Hippuris vulgaris L.
In swamps 25 miles south of Whitman.

5. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE.

Asarum. 348.

1. Asarum reflexum Bicknell.

In northwestern Kansas and probably in southeastern Nebraska.

CACTALES.
CACTACEAE.

Stems globose, or ovoid, tubercled, not jointed. 1. Cactus.

Stems jointed, the joints flattened or cylindrical, not tubercled.

2. Opuntia.

1. Cactus. 644.

Tubercles with 10-20 gray spines, berry 6-8 mm. in diameter.

1. C. missouriensls.

Tubercles with 3-8 reddish-brown spines surrounded by grayish ones,

berry 12-18 mm. in diameter. 2. C. viviparus.

1. Cactus missouriensls (Sweet) Kuntze.
Valentine.

2. Cactus viviparus Nutt.

In dry soil in the northwestern part of the state. Alliance; Cherry
County; Kearney; Sheridan County; Valentine.

2. Opuntia. 644.

Internodes of stem decidedly flattened, 5-20 cm. long.
F-lowers yellow.

Pulvini 18-35 mm. apart, 1-5 spined or spines wanting, fruit pulpy,
unarmed or nearly so.
Internodes 7-13 cm. long, spines dissimilar, 1-3 or wanting 2-2.5
cm. long. 1. O. humifusa.

Internodes 15-20 cm. long, spines alike, 3-5, 3.5-6 cm. long.

2. O. tortispina.
Pulvini 8-12 mm. apart, spines 8-15, fruit dry, spiny.

3. O. polycantha.

Flowers red, pulvini 2-4 spined, fruit, very spiny. 4. O. rhodantha.

Internodes terete or slightly flattened, easily breaking apart 2-5 cm.

long. 5. O. fragilis.

150 LOASALES

1. Cpuntia humifusa Raf. Western Prickly-Pear.
Opuntia mesacantha Raf.

Common in dry soil in the northwestern part of the state. Belmont;
Cherry County; Long Pine; Pine Ridge; Thomas County; Wilsonville.

2. Opuntia tortispina Englem.
Nebraska according to Britton's Manual.

3. Opuntia polyacantha Haw.

In dry prairies mostly in the western part of the state. Alliance; Bel-
mont; Cherry County; Grand Island; Holdrege; Phelps County; Pine
Ridge; Plummer Ford; Thedford.

4. Opuntia rhodantha K. Sch.

Nebraska according to Rydberg's Flora of Colorado.

5. Opuntia fragilis (Nutt.) Haw.

In dry soil in the northern and western parts of the state. Cherry
County; Deuel County; Sheridan County; Valentine.

LOASALES.

Erect herbs; flowers perfect; stamens numerous. 1. Loasaceae.

Climbing or prostrate vines; flowers monoecious or dioecious; sta-
mens not more than three. 2. Cucurbitaceae.

1. LOASACEAE.

Mentzelia. 641.

Flowers not over 2 cm. broad, petals 5, filaments 20-40, capsule linear.
Stems very rough, calyx lobes 6 mm. long, capsule 6-12 seeded.

M. oligosperma.

Stems nearly smooth, calyx lobes 4 mm. long, seeds numerous.

2. M. aibicaulis.

Flowers 3-10 cm. broad, petals 5 or 10, filaments 100 or more, capsule
oblong.
Flowers 3-5 cm. broad, petals 10, capsule 1.5-2.5 cm. long. 1. IVI. nuda.
Flowers 7-10 cm. broad, capsules 2.5-3 cm. long.

Flowers yellowish-white, opening in the evening, petals 10, calyx

tube bracted. 3. M. decapetala.

Flowers bright yellow, opening in the sunshine, petals 5, or if

10 the inner narrower, capsules bractless. 4. IVI. laevicaulis.

1. Mentzelia nuda (Pursh) T. «& G.

Dry prairies i nthe western part of the state. Alliance; Belmont; Dis-
mal River Pine Ridge; Scitts Bluff; Turner Creek; Deuel County.

2. Mentzelia aibicaulis Dougl.
Scotts Bluff.

3. Mentzelia decapetala (Pursh.) Urban & Gilg.

Dry prairies mostly in the western and northern parts of the state.
Chadron; Franklin; Grand Rapids; Hat Creek Basin; Niobrara; Pine
Ridge; Red Cloud; Scotts Bluff County.

4. Mentzelia laevocaulis (Dougl.) T. & G.
Box Butte County.

CUCURBITACEAE 151

2. CUCURBITACEAE.

Prostrate vines with large yellow flowers, corolla 6-10 cm. long, fruit

smooth. i. Cucurbita.

Climbing vines with small white or greenish flowers, fruit prickly.

Pistillate flowers solitary or 2 together, fruit several-seeded, de-

hiscenr. 2. Micrampelis.

Pistillate flowers clustered, 3-10 together, fruit 1-seeded, indehiscent.

3. Sicyos.

1. Cucurbita. 882.

1. Cucurbita foetidissima H. B. K. Fetid or Missouri Gourd.

On dry prairies m^ostly in the western part of the state. Franklin;
Indianola; Lincoln; Peru; Wilsonville.

2. Micrampelis. 882.

1. Micrampelis lobata (Michx.) Greene.

Common in rich soil along streams in the eastern part of the state.

Ft. Robinson; Lincoln; Nebraska City; Spencer; Wahoo.

3. Sicyos. 883.

1. Sicyos anguiatus L. One-seeded Bur-cucumber.

In moist soil, mostly along streams, in the eastern part of the state.
Lincoln; Talmage.

CELESTRALES.

Petals 4 or 5, (wanting in Rhamnus ainifolia).
Leaves alternate or if opposite simple, fruit various but not a
bladdery capsule.
Stamens opposite the petals.

Our species shrubs with alternate leaves. 1. Rhamnaceae.

Vines with tendrils. 2. Vitaceae.

Stamens alternate with the petals, shrubs with alternate leaves

or vines without tendrils. 3. Celastraceae.

Leaves opposite trifoliate, fruit a bladdery capsule.

4. Staphyleaceae.
Petals none.

Trees or shrubs, foliage scurfy or stellate-pubescent.

5. Elaeagnaceae.
Herbs, foliage glabrous. 6. Santalaceae^

1. RHAMNACEAE.

Flowers in axillary clusters, petals short clawed, fruit a drupe.

1. Rhamnus.

Flowers in terminal and axillary clusters, petals with very long

claws, fruit dry. 2. Ceanothus^^

1. Rhamnus. 612.

Flowers 2 or 3 together in the axils not umbeled.

Petals present, calyx teeth 4, nutlets 2. 1. R. lanceoalta.

Petals wanting, calyx teeth 5, nutlets 3. 2. R. ainifolia.

Flowers in axillary peduncled umbels. 3. R. carolinlana.

152 CELESTRALES

1. Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh. Buckthorn.
In moist soil in the eastern part of the state. Bellevue, Meadville;
Nehawka; Nemaha; Weeping Water; Wymore.

2. Rhamnus ainifolia L'Her.

In swampy soil in the eastern part of the state. Omaha.

3. Rhamnus caroliniana Pursh.

In the southeastern part of the state. Weeping Water; Wymore.

2. Ceanothus. 613.

Peduncles terminal and axillary, elongated, the axillary as long as
the leaves, leaves 2.5-5.5 wide. 1. C. americanus.

Peduncles mostly terminal, short, leaves 7-26 mm. wide.

Nearly glabrous. 2. C. ovatus.

Leaves, petioles and peduncles densely pubescent.

2a. C. ovatus pubescens.

1. Ceanothus americanus L. New Jersey Tea.

In the southeastern part of the state. Fairbury; Lincoln; Weeping
Water.

2. Ceanothus ovatus Desf. Red Root.
Over most of the state but most common in the east. Lincoln; Rich-
ardson County; Thedford; Wymore.

2a. Ceanothus ovatus pubescens T. & G.

Over a large part of the state, but most common in the east. Long

Pine; Ponca; Red Cloud; Thedford; Cuba; Kennedy.

2. VITACEAE.

Inflorescence thyrsoid, the peduncle usually continuing through it as
a main axis, petals falling away together without expanding.

1. Vitis.

Inflorescence cymose, the peduncle repeatedly forked, into several

main branches, petals separating and expanding before falling.

Leaves not palmately compound. 2. Ampelopsis.

Leaves palmately compound. 3. Parthenocissus.

1. Vitis. 613.
Leaves densely flocose-pubescent beneath.

Twigs terete; fruit 10 mm. in diameter; seeds 2-3, about 6 mm. long.

V. aestivalis.
Twigs angular ; fruit 6-8 mm. in diameter; seeds 1-2, about 4 mm.
long. 1. V. cinerea.

Leaves gjabrate or slightly pubescent beneath when young.

Leaves mostly 3-7 lobed, fruit 8-10 mm. in diameter, ripening in
summer, seeds 2-4. 2. V. vulpina.

Leaves sometimes slightly 3-lobed; fruit 6 mm. in diameter, ripen-
ing after frost; seeds 1-2. 3. V. cordifolia.

Vitis aestivalis Michx. Summer Grape.

Occurs in northeastern Kansas and probably in southeastern Nebraska.

1. Vitis cinerea Engelm.

Along the Missouri in the southeastern part of the state. Peru.

2. Vitis vulpina L. Early Wild Grape.
Common along streams throughout the state. Anselmo; Indianola;
Nebraska City; Newcastle; Peru; Pine Ridge; Plummer Ford; Tecum-
seh; Thedford; Valentine.

CELESTRACEAE 153

3. Vitis cordifolia Michx. Frost or Chicken Grape.

May occur in the southeastern part of the state.

2. Ampelopsis. 615.

1. Ampelopsis cordata Michx.

Along the Missouri in the southeastern part of the state. Peru;

Nemaha.

3. Parthenocissus. 616.

1. Parthenocissus quinquifolia (L.) Planch. Virginia Creeper.

Psedera quinquifolia (L.) Greene.
In woods and thickets, mostly along streams, throughout the state.
Banner County; Nattick; Pine Ridge; Valentine.

3. CELESTRACEAE.

Shrubs with opposite leaves. 1. Euonymus.

Climbing vines with alternate leaves. 2. Celastrus.

1. Euonymus. 605.

1. Euonymus atropurpurea Jacq. Burning Bush.

Rather common in the southeastern part of the state and extending
along the Niobrara as far as west Pine Ridge . Crete; Lincoln; Long
Pine; Pine Ridge; St. James; Wahoo.

2. Celastrus. 606.

1. Celastrus scandens L. Climbing Bitter-sweet.

Common along streams throughout the state. Bellevue; Cushman;
Franklin; Kearney; Lincoln; Omaha; Plummer Ford; St. Helena;
Wymore ; Valentine.

4. STAPHYLEACEAE.

Staphylea. 606.

1. Staphylea trifoliata L. Bladder-nut.

In the southeastern part of the state. Bellevue; Florence; Nebraska
City; Peru.

5. ELAEAGNACEAE.

Lepargyraea. 647.

1. Lepargyraea argentea (Nutt.) Greene. Buffalo Berry.

On sandy banks, mostly in the northern and western parts of the
state. Anselmo; Antelope County; Cedar Creek; Crawford; Franklin;
Fremont Island; Kearney; Niobrara; Peru; Ponca; Valentine.

6. SANTALACEAE.

Comandra. 345.

Leaves lanceolate to oblong, eastern plants.

Rootstock ^underground, stems 1.5-4 dm. high, leaves pale beneath,
the midrib prominent beneath. 1. C. umbellata.

154 SAPINDALES

Rootstock superficial, stems 0.5-2.5 dm. high, leaves not pale be-
neath, obscurely veined. 2. C. richardsiana.
Leaves, at least those of the branches, linear, western plants.

3. C. pallida.

1. Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. Toad-flax.
In the southeastern part of the state. Ft. Robinson; Hooper; Lincoln;
Weeping Water; Valentine.

2. Comandra richardsiana Fernald.
Ponca.

3. Comandra pallida A. DC. ,

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Banner County; Cherry
County; Sioux County; Ewing; Thedford; Stratton.

Order SAPINDALES.

Leaves opposite.

Leaves palmately compound. 1. Hippocastanaceae.

Leaves simple or pinnately compound. 2. Aceraceae.

Leaves alternate in our species.
Leaves compound in our species.

Flowers in terminal or axillary panicles, fruit a small drupe.

3. Anacardiaceac.
Staminate flowers in drooping aments, the pistillate solitary or
several together, fruit a nut covered with husk.

4. Juglandaceae.
Leaves simple, the staminate flowers in aments.

Style branches 2, pistillate flowers in aments except in Corylus.

5. Betulaceae.
Style branches 3 or more, pistillate flowers not in aments sub-
tended by an involucre which becom.es a bur or cup in fruit.

6. Fagaceae.

1. HIPPOCASTANACEAE.

Aesculus. 609.
1. Aesculus glabra Willd. Ohio Buckeye.

In the southeastern part of the state.

2. ACERACEAE.
Acer. 607.

Leaves simple.

Leaves 1-1.5 dm. long, silvery white and pubescent beneath, eastern.

1. A. saccharinum.

Leaves 3-8 cm. long, glabrous on both sides, western. 2. A. glabrum.
Leaves pinnately compound. 3. A. negundo.

1. Acer saccharinum L. Soft Maple.
Along streams in the southeastern part of the state. Lincoln; Nebras-
ka City; Wymore.

2. Acer glabrum Torr. Mountain Maple.
In canons in the northwestern part of the state. Hat Creek Basin;
Squaw Canon.

ANACARDIACEAE 155

3. Acer negundo L. Boxelder.

Common all over the state, mostly along streams. Anselmo; Lincoln;
Nebraska City; Norway.

3. ANACARDIACEAE.

Rhus. 602.

Leaves pinnate, leaflets 9 or more.

Leaflets pinnate or nearly so, rachis wing margined. 1. R. copal Una.
Leaflets sharply serrate, rachis not winged. 2. R. glabra.

Leaves trifoliate.

Leaflets 3-lobed, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, fruit pubescent. 3. R. trilobata.

Leaflets mostly entire, 3-10 cm. long, fruit glabrous.

Vines climbing by aerial roots, or trailing, rarely suberect, fruit
about 4 mm. in diameter. 4. R. radicans.

Shrubs without aerial roots, fruit 5-6 mm. in diameter,

5. R. rydbergii.

1. Rhus copallina L. Dwarf or Black Sumach.
In the extreme southeastern part of the state. Nemaha; Richardson
County; Rulo.

2. Rhus glabra L. Smooth or Scarlet Sumach.
Common throughout the state. (Our western forms from Aten, An-
selmo. Plummer Ford and Thedford m.ay belong to Rhus cismontana
Greene.) Anselmo; Aten; Emerald; Fairbury; Lincoln; Nebraska
City; Plumm.er Ford; Thedford.

3. Rhus trilobata Nutt.

Common in the western part of the state. Arapahoe; Belmont; Deuel
County; Herrick; Long Pine; Pine Ridge; Thedford; Valentine.

4. Rhus radicans L. Poison Ivy.
Common in woods and along fences. Lincoln.

5. Rhus rydbergii Small. Western Poison Ivy.
In open woods and prairies. Kearney; Long Pine; Minden; Newcastle;
Valentine.

4. JUGLANDACEAE.

Husk not dehiscent, nut rough, leaflets 11-23. 1. Juglans.

Husk dehiscent, nuts smooth or angled, leaflets (in our species) 3-9.

2. Hicoria.

1. Juglans. 323.

Fruits globose, twigs and petioles pubesulent, dark brown and rough.

1. J. nigra.

Fruits elongated, twigs and petioles viscid pubescent, bark gray,

smoother, 2. J. cinerea.

1. Juglans nigra L. Black Walnut.
Along streams mostly in the eastern part of the state. Lincoln; Long
Pine; Naponee; Nebraska City; Wahoo; Wymore.

2. Juglans cinerea L. Butter Nut.
Found sparingly in the southeastern part of the state. Nebraska City;
Weeping Water; Wymore.

156 SAPIXDALES

2. Hicoria. (Carya.) 323.

Bud scales valvate, 4-8, falling soon after the bud opens, fruit 25-35
mm. long, husk thin with wing-like edges. 1. H. minima.

Bud scales imbricated, 8-12, the inner elongating when the bud opens
and tardily deciduous, fruit 35 mm. or more long, not winged.
?Tusk thick, nuts white or whitish, sweet, middle lobe of the stamin-
ate corolla twice as long as the lateral.
Leaflets 5, rarely 7, nut 10-20 mm. long. 2. H. ovata.

Leaflets 7-9, nut usually larger.

Young foliage pubescent, mature leaves slightly so beneath.

3. H. laciniosa.

Foliage and twigs persistently tomentose-pubescent, foliage

fragrant. 4. H. alba.

Husk thin, nut brown, bitter, leaflets 3-7; lobes of the staminate

corolla about equal. 5. H. glabra.

1. Hicoria minima (Marsh.) Britton. Bitter Nut.
Common along streams in the southeastern part of the state. Cass
County; Lincoln; Nebraska City; Platte River; Peru; Wabash;
Wymore.

2. Hicoria ovata (:\Iill.) Britton. Shell-bark Hickory.
Along the Missouri in the southeastern part of the state. Nebraska
City; Peru; Plattsmouth; Richardson County.

3. Hicoria laciniosa (Michx.) Sarg.
Rare in Richardson County.

4. Hicoria alba (L.) Britton.
Southeastern Nebraska?

5. Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britton. Pig-nut.
Along streams in the southeastern part of the state. Nemaha;
Wabash; Weeping Water.

5. BETULACEAE.

Bracts of the staminate aments each with a single flower, nut neither
winged or margined.
Trees, pistillate flowers numerous in spike-like aments, nuts small,
4-5 mm. long.
Bracts flat, not enclosing the flower or fruit. 1. Carpi nus.

Bractlets tubular, becoming bladder-like and enclosing the fruit.

2. Ostrya.

Shrubs, pistillate flowers few, 2-4, in capitate clusters, nuts 12 mm.

long or more. 3. Corylus.

Bracts of the staminate aments with 3-6 flowers each, nut winged

or margined, i. e. a samara.

Pistillate aments solitary, apparently axillary, scales thin falling

soon after the seeds. 4. Betula.

Pistillate aments clustered, scales thick, becoming woody, long

persistent. 5. AInus.

1. Carpinus. 326.

1. Carpinus caroliniana Walter. Blue Beach.

Reported from Sarpy County.

FAGACEAE 157

2. Ostrya. 327.

1. Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) Willd. Ironwood, Hop Hornbeam.

Along streams in the eastern and northern parts of the state. Belle-
vue; Long Pine; Nebraska City; Ponca; South Bend; Weeping
Water.

3. Corylus. 327.

1. Corylus americana Walt. Hazel-nut.

Along streams in the eastern part of the state. Fremont; Nebraska
City; Omaha; Peru; Weeping Water; Wymore.

4. Betula. 327.

Bark chalky white, leaves dentate or serrulate. 1. B. papyrifera.

Bark greenish-brown or brown, leaves coarsely serrate.

2. B. fontinalis.

1. Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper or Canoe Birch.
In the northwestern part of the state, not common. Brown County;
Ft. Niobrara; Merriman; Valentine.

2. Betula fontinalis Sarg. Black Birch.
Betula occidentalis Hook .

In the northwestern part of the state. Harrison; Hat Creek Basin.

5. AInus. 329.

1. AInus incana Wllld. Alder.

Along the Missouri in eastern Nebraska.

6. FAGACEAE.

Quercus. 332.

Leaves merely toothed, not lobed.

Trees; leaves lanceolate. 1. Q. acuminata.'

Shrubs; leaves ovate or obovate. 2. Q. prinoides.

Leaves deeply lobed.

Lobes not bristle-tipped; acorns annual, i. e. maturing in one season.

Terminal lobes of the leaf not much larger than the lower; acorn

much longer than the shallow cup. 3. Q. alba.

Terminal lobes of the leaf much larger than the lower; acorn

scarcely longer than the cup. 4. Q. macrocarpa.

Lobes bristle tipped; acorns biennial, i. e. requiring two seasons

to mature.

Leaves pinnately lobed.

Sinuses extending about half-way to the mid-rib; the lobes
tapering to the apex. 5. Q. rubra.

Sinuses extending more than half-way to the mid-rlp.

Leaves glabrous, very deeply lobed. 6. Q. coccinea.

Leaves pubescent when young, less deeply lobed.

7. Q. velutina.
Leaves obovate, 3-5 lobed towards the apex. 8. Q. marylandica.

158

UMBELLALES

1. Quercus acuminata (Michx.) Houda. Yellow Oak.
Quercus muhlenbergia Engelm.

Along streams in the southeastern part of the state. Nebraska City;
Nehawka; Nemaha; Peru; Richardson County.

2. Quercus prinoldes Willd. Scrub Chestnut Oak.
Along streams in the southeastern part of the state. Nebraska City;
Nemaha; Peru; Richardson County.

3. Quercus alba L. White Oak.
In the southeastern part of the state. Richardson County; Weeping
Water.

4. Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Bur Oak.
Very common along streams in the eastern part of the state. Belle-
vue; Guide Rock; Lincoln; Nemaha; Ponca; Red Cloud; Valentine.

5. Quercus rubra L. Red Oak.
Mostly along the the Missouri in the southeastern part of the state.
Nebraska City; Nemaha; Weeping Water.

6. Quercus coccinea Wang. Scarlet Oak.
Along streams in the eastern part of the state. Peru; Richardson
County; South Bend.

7. Quercus velutina Lam. Black Oak.
In the southeastern part of the state. Cedar Island; Table Rock

8. Quercus marylandica Muench. Black-jack.
Alcng streams in the southeastern part of the state. Nemaha; Rule;
Table Rock.

UMBELLALES.

Styles 2-5, our species herbs.

Fruit a 2-5 seeded berry. 1. Araliaceae.

Fruit dry, splitting into 2 mericarps when mature. 2. Umbelliferae.

Style 1, shrubs or trees. 3. Cornaceae.

1. ARALLIACEAE.

Leaves alternate, decompound, styles 5, fruit black. 1. Aralia.

Leaves 3, whorled, 3-7 foliate, styles 2-3, fruit red or yellow. 2. Panax.

1. Aralia. 667.

Caulescent, leaves several, leaflets cordate. 1. A. racemosa.

Acaulescent, leaf usually solitary, leaflets rounded or narrowed at

the base. 2. A. nudicaulls.

1. Aralia racemosa L.

In woods along the Missouri. Nemaha; Nebraska City; Peru.

2. Aralia nudicaulis L. Wild Sarsaparilla.
In moist woods. Ft. Niobrara; Ponca.

2. Panax. 668.

"\. Panax quinquifolium L.

In woods along the Missouri. Albright; Bellevue.

Ginseng.

2. UMBELLIFERAE.

Leaves simple, flowers in dense capitate clusters, white or blue.

2. Ernygium.

UMBELLIFERAE 159

Leaves, at least seme of them, compound.
Fruits bristly. 3-7 mm. long.

Bristly on the wings only, flowers white or pink, with the central
one purple. 21. Daucus.

Bristly all over with hooked bristles. 1. Sanicula.

Fruits not bristly, sometimes tuberculate.
Fruits not strongly flattened dorsally.
Fruits about 12 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, umbels few-rayed,
flowers white. 3. Washingtonia.

Fruits not over 7 mm. long.

Fruits tuberculate, less than 2 mm. long. 4. Apiastrunfi.

Fruits not tuberculate, 2 mm. or more long.
Plants acaulescent, or low and decumbent or ascending less
than 3 dm. high.
Fruits not winged, 2-4 mm. long. 5. Musineon.

Fruits broadly winged, 6 mm. long. 14. Cymopteris.

Plants with erect leafy stems, 3-20 dm. high.
Fruits not broadly winged.

Length of fruits less than 4 mm., flowers white.
Involucres of numerous bracts.

Fruits 3 mm. long with prominent ribs. 9. Slum.
Fruits less than 2 mm. long with slender inconspic-
uous ribs. 10. Berula.
Involcure of a few small bracts or wanting.

Leaves temately compound, flowers yellow, fruit

nearly 4 mm. long. 6. Zlzia.

Leaves pinnately compound, flowers white, fruits

2-3 mm. long. 7. Cicuta.

Length of fruits 4-6 mm.

Leaves ternately compound, leaflets broad.
Leaves 3-parted, leaflets often incisd, flowers white.

8. Derlngla.
Leaves once to thrice ternate, leaflets merely ser-
rate, flowers yellow, 6. Zlzia.
Leaves dissected into capillary segments, flowers
yellow. 11. Foeniculum.
Fruit with 7-10 of its ribs broadly winged. 12. Thaspium.

Fruits strongly flattened dorsally ,carpels usually with marginal
wings.
Plants acaulescent or nearly so.

Involucre present, flowers white. 15. Phellopterls.

Involucre wanting.

Fruits 4-6 (7) mm. long.

Both dorsal and lateral ribs broadly winged, flowers
white. 14. Cymopterrs.

Only the lateral ribs winged. ' 17. Lomatium.

Fruits 8-12 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, flowers yellow.

18. Cynomarathrum.
Plants with tall erect leafy stems.

Fruits about 4 mm. long; leaves pinnately decompound;
flowers white. 13. Conioselinum.

Fruits 5-12 mm. long.

160 UMBELLALES

Leaves pinnate, flowers yellow.
Leaflets lobed or incised, carpels wing-marglnea.

19. Pastinaca.

Leaflets pinnatifld or parted, carpels with thick obtuse

margins. 16. Polytaenia.

Leaves ternate, leaflets very broad, fruit 8-12 mm. long,

flowers white. 20. Heracleum.

1. Sanicula. 672.

Fruit 6 mm. long, petals and anthers greenish-white.

1. S. marylandica.
Fruit 4 mm. long, or less.

Calyx lobes ovate, styles longer than the bristles, petals yellow. .

2. S. gregaria.

Calyx lobes lanceolate, styles shorter than the bristles, petals

white. 3. S. canadensis.

1. Sanicula marylandica L.

In woods mostly in the eastern part of the state. Harrison; Hastings;
Indianola; Nebraska City; Weeping Water.

2. Sanicula gregaria Bicknell.

In woods and thickets mostly in the eastern part of the state. Lin-
coln; Milford; Nebraska City; Ponca; Walton; Weeping Water.

3. Sanicula canadensis L.

In woods and thickets mostly along streams. Bordeaux; Lincoln;
Plummer Ford; Sioux County; Red Cloud.

2. Eryngium. 673.

1. Eryngium aquaticum L.

In wet places in the southeastern part of the state. Nemaha County.

3. Washingtonia. (Osmorhiza.) 675.

Stylopodium and style 0.7-1 mm. long, fruit; not including the pedicel
like base; 1-1.3 cm. long. 1. W. claytoni.

Stylopodium and style 2-4 mm. long, fruit 1.2-1.5 cm. long.

2. W. longistylis.

1. Washingtonia claytoni (Michx.) Britton.

In woods mostly in the eastern part of the state. Fremont; Nehawka;
Nebraska City; Ft. Niobrara; Ponca.

2. Washingtonia longistylis (Torr.) Britton.

In rich woods throughout the state, but most common in the eastern
part. Anselmo; Glen; -Long Pine; Saltillo; Sioux County; Weeping
Water.

4. Aplastrum. (Spermolepis.) 676.

1. Apiastrum patens (Nutt.) Coult. & Rose.

In sandy prairies in the eastern part of the state. Atkinson; Fair-
bury; Neligh; Oreopolis; Riverton; St. Paul.

UMBELLIFERAE 161

5. Musineon. 677.

Stems leafy; branching from the base.

Stems and fruits smooth. 1. M. dlvaricatum.

Stems and fruits scabrous. 2. M. hookeri.

Acaulescent; fruits about 2 mm. long. 3. M. tenuifolium.

1. Musineon divaricatum (Pursh.) Nutt.

On dry prairies in the western part of the state. Harrison; Whitney.

2. Musineon hookeri (T. & G.) Nutt.
Nebraska according to Britton's Manual.

3. Musineon tenuifolium Nutt.

In dry or rocky soil in the western part of the state; frequently in the
bad-lands. Belmont; Harrison; Long Pine; Scotts Bluff County.

6. Zizia. 678.

Common in low meadows in the eastern part of the state. Edgar;
Leshara; Ponca; Long Pine; Weeping Water.

7. Cicuta. 679.
Leaflets lanceolate. 1. C. occidentalis.

Leaflets linear, the upper leaves small and bearing bulblets in their
axils. 2. C. bulbifera.

1. Cicuta occidentalis Greene. Western Water Hemlock.
Common in wet meadows throughout the state. Cherry County; Hook-
er County; Kearney; Lincoln; Niobrara; Scotts Bluff; Simeon; Val-
entine.

2. Cicuta bulbifera L.

In swampy places, not common. Neligh; Simeon; St. Paul; Whitman.

8. Deringia. 679.

1. Deringia canadensis (L.) Kuntze. Honewort.

Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC.
In woods in the eastern part of the state. Cass County; Lincoln; New-
castle; Wahoo; Nemaha.

9. Slum. 680.

1. Slum cicutaefolium Gmel. Water-parsnip.

In wet soil throughout the state. Atkinson; Kennedy; Kearney;
Plainview; Whitman.

10. Berula. 681.

1. Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville. Cut-leaved Water-parsnip.

In streams and ponds mostly in the western part of the state. Ar-
cadia; Banner County; Bellevue; Belmont; Broken Bow; Cherry
County; Paddock; Pauline; Plummer Ford; Scotts Bluff: Valentine.

11. Foeniculum. 682.

1. Foeniculum foeniculum (L.) Karst. Fennel.

Foeniculum vulgare Hill.
Dorsey; Long Pine.

162 UMBELLALES

12. Thaspium. 683.

1. Thaspium barbinode Nutt. Meadow-parsnip.

Along streams and in wet meadows in the eastern part of the state.
Lincoln; Nebraska City.

13. Conioselium. 684.

1. Conioselium chinense (L.) B. S. P. Hemlock-parsley.

In swamps. Blue Hill.

14. Cymopteris. 685.

1. Cymopteris acaulis (Pursh.) Rydb.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Alliance; Big Springs;

Long Pine; McCook; Ft. Robinson; Stratton; Valentine; Whitney.

15. Phellopteris. 685. '

1. Phellopteris montana Nutt.

Cymopteris montanus T. & G.
In dry soil in the western part of the state. Alliance; Deuel County;
Gordon; Valentine.

16. Polytaenia. 685.

1. Polytaenia nuttallii DC.

In dry soil in the southeastern part of the state. Lincoln.

17. Lomatium. 687.

Bracts of the involucels distinct.

Flowers white or pink. 1. L. orientale.

Flowers yellow. 2. L.foeniculaceum.

Bracts of the involucels united, flowers yellow. 3. L. daucifolius.

1. Lomatium orientale C. & R.

In dry soil in the northern and western parts of the state. Foster;
Long Pine; McCook; Valentine; :Minden.

2. Lomatium foeniculaceum Nutt.
In dry prairies. Neligh; Rushville.

3. Lomatium daucifolium (Nutt.) C. & R.

In dry soil over most of the state. Fairbury; Humboldt; Lincoln;
South Bend.

18. Cynomarathrum. 687.

1. Cynomarathrum nuttallii (A. Gray.) C. & R.

Peucedanum kingii S. Wats.
In dry soil in the western part of the state. Scotts Bluff.

19. Pastinaca. 688.

1. Pastinaca sativa L. Wild Parsnip.

Introduced in many places in the state. Grand Island; Long Pine;
Mead; Newcastle.

CORNACEAE 163

20. Heraclium. 688.

1. Heraclium lanatum .Michx. Cow Parsnips.

In wet soil along streams. Fremont; Long Pine; Newcastle.

21. Daucus. 688.

1. Daucus carota L. Wild Carrot.

Introduced, frequently with alfalfa seed, in various parts of the state.
Brunswick; Kearney; Loup City; Nebraska City; Palmer.

. 3. CORNACEAE.
Cornus. 689.

Fruit light-blue, twigs purple and usually pubescent when young,
stone oblique, ridged. 1. C. amomum.

Fruit white, twigs gray, reddish or if purplish glabrous.

Upper surface of leaves rough, young twigs rough pubescent.

2. C. asperifolia.
Upper surface of leaves smooth.
Twigs reddish.

Young twigs villose pubescent, stone slightly oblique, longer

than broad.* 3. C. Interior.

Young twigs sparingly strigose, stone very oblique, broader

than long. 4. C. stolonifera.

Twigs gray, stone subglobose. 5. C. candidissima.

1. Cornus amomum Mill. Kinnikinnik.
In wet soil along streams. Long Pine; Peru; Pishelville.

2. Cornus asperifolia Michx. Rough Leaved Dogwood.
In wet soil along streams over most of the state. Auburn; Callaway;
Franklin; Lincoln; Minden; Neligh; Walton.

3. Cornus Interior (Rydb.)

Dismal River; Cedar Island; St. James; Pine Ridge.

3. Cornus stolonifera ]\Iichx. Red-osier Dogwood.

Common in wet soil along streams throughout the state. Anselmo;

Kearney; Lincoln; Nebraska City; Pine Ridge; Richardson County;

Scotts Bluff County; St. James; Thedford; Valentine.

5. Cornus candidissima Marsh.

Kearney; Wahoo.

Subclass INFERAE.
RUBIALES.

Stamens usually 4, calyx and corolla lobes 4, or if 3 fruit didymous.

1. Rubiaceae.

Stamens usually 5, calyx and corolla lobes 5, or if 3- or 4-lobed the

leaves pinnate. 2. Caprifoliaceae.

1. RUBIACEAE.

Shrubs or small trees, flowers densely capitate. 2. Cephalanthus.

Herbs, flowers not capitate.

Leaves opposite with small stipules. 1. Houstonia.

164 RUBIALES

Leaves opposite with large foliaceaus stipules making them appear
verticillate. 3. Galium.

1. Houstonia. 860.

1. Houstonia angustifolia Michx.

In dry soil in the southeastern part of the state. Beatrice; Bellevue;

Franklin; Indianola; Odell; Red Cloud; Wymore.

2. Cephalanthus. 682.

1. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Button-bush.

In wet soil along streams in the southeastern part of the state. Au-
burn; Cedar Creek; West Point.

3. Galium. 864.

Fruits bristly.

Leaves and stipules 6-8 in each whorl.

Stems retrorsely hispid on the angles, fruits 4-6 mm. broad.

1. G. aparine.

Stems nearly smooth, fruits 3-4 mm. broad. 4. G. triflorum.

Leaves 4 in each whorl.

Leaves broad, 8-6 mm. wide, fruit 4 mm. wide. 2. G. circaezans.

Leaves lanceolate, 2-6 mm. wide, fruit 2 mm. wide. 3. G. boreale.

Fruits smooth.

Leaves 4 in each whorl.

Stems nearly glabrous, leaves 12-25 mm. long. 5. G. tinctorum.

Stems rough, leaves 5-15 mm. long. 6. G. trifidum.

Leaves 6 in each whorl. 7. G. concinnum.

1. Galium aparine L.

A common weed in woods and waste places throughout the state.
Endicott; Pauline; Sioux County; ,.Thedford; Valentine.

2. Galium circaezans Michx.

In eastern part of the state. Grand Island; Lincoln; Nemaha;
Paddock.

3. Galium boreale L.

In the western part of the state often in dry rock soil. Belmont; Har*
rison; Pine Ridge; -Pumpkin Seed Valley; Wild Cat :Mountain.

4. Galium triflorum ]\Iichx.

In woods mostly in the eastern part of the state. Belmont; Endicott;
Mullen; Neligh; Ponca River; Wabash; Weeping Water.

5. Galium tinctorum L.

In woods and wet meadows in the southeastern part of the state.
Newark; Weeping Water.

6. Galium trifidum L. Small Cleavers.
In shady woods and wet meadows over most of the state. Boelus;
Cherry County; Gage County; Plainview; Ponca; Red Cloud; Thed-
ford; Whitman.

7. Galium concinnum Torr. & Gray.

In woods in the southeastern part of the state. Nemaha; Weeping
Water.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE 165

2. CAPRIFOLIACEAE.

Leaves pinnately compound. 1. Sambucus.

Leaves simple.

Herbs. 3. Trjosteum.

Shrubs or woody vines.
Inflorescense not subtended by connate perfoliate leaves.

Flowers in a terminal umbel-like cyme. 1. Viburnum.

Flowers' in axillary clusters. 4. Symphoricarpos.

Inflorescense in ours subtended by connate-perfoliate leaves.

5. Lonicera.

1. Sambucus. 869.

1. Sambucus canadensis L. Elder.

In moist soils along streams over most of the state. Aten; Kirk-
wood; Lincoln; Red Cloud; Talmage; Walton; Wymore.

2. Viburnum. 870.

1. Viburnum lentago L. Nanny-berry, Sheep-berry.

Along streams in the eastern part of the state. Ashland; Platts-
mouth; Table Rock.

3. Triosteum. 872.

1. Triosteum perfoliatum L. Horse-gentian.

In low grounds in the eastern part of the state. Crete; Lincoln;
Ponca; Plattsmouth; Weeping Water.

4. Symphoricarpos. 873.

Leaves 12-25 mm, long, flowers and fruits mostly solitary in the axils.

1. S. pauciflorus.
Leaves 25-75 mm. long, flowers and fruits clustered in the axils.

Style glabrous, corolla 6 mm. long, berry white, 5-6 mm. in diameter.

2. S. occidentalia
Style bearded, corolla 4 mm. long, berry purplish-red, 3-4 mm. long.

3. S. symphoricarpos.

1. Symphoricarpos pauciflorus (Robbins) Britton. Low Snowberry.
In dry rocky soil in the western part of the state. Hat Creek Basin;
Ft. Niobrara; Shelton.

2. Symphoricarpos occldentalis Hook. Wolfberry.
Common throughout the state. Anselmo; Banner County; Cherry
County; Julia; Lincoln; Republican; Sioux County; St. Helena; Thed-
ford; Wahoo.

3. Symphoricarpos symphoricarpos (L.) ^lac^I. Coral-berry.
In woods mostly in the eastern part of the state. Anselmo; Cass
County; Lincoln; Republican Valley.

5. Lonicera. 874.

Corolla 2-lipped, its tube not much longer than the lobes, gibbous at
the base.
Leaves pubescent beneath, the margins cartilaginous.

166

CAMPAXULALES

1. L. glaucescens.
Leaves glabrous and glaucous beneath, margins not cartilaginous.

2. L. dioica.

Corolla nearly regular, the tube several times as long as the lobes,

not gibbous. 3. L. sempervirens.

1. Lonicera glaucescens Rydb.

In woods along streams. Bellevue; Ft. Niobrara.

2. Lonicera dioica L. Smooth Leaved Honey-suckle.
In woods along streams in the eastern part of the state. Ashland;
Bellevue; Peru; Richardson County.

3. Lonicera sempervirens L. Trumpet Honey-suckle.
In woods along the Missouri in Cass County.

CAMPANULALES.

Flowers not in involucrate heads; calyx normal. 1. Campanulaceae.

Flowers in involucrate heads; calyx reduced to scales or bristles.

called pappus, or wanting. 2. Asteraceae.

1. CAMPANULACEAE.

Corolla regularly 5-lobed or wanting in some of the flowers anthers
separate.
Corolla usually campanulate, present in all of the flowers.

1. Campanula.
Corolla rotate, wanting in most of the flowers. 2. Specularia.

Corolla 2-lipped, split to the base on one side, anthers united.

3. Lobelia.

1. Campanula. 884.

Flowers racemose or paniculate, corolla campanulate.

Corolla usually 15 mm. long or more, the tube several times as long

as the lobes. 1. C. petiolata.

Corolla less than 10 mm. long, the lobes about as long as the tube.

2. C. aparinoides.
Flowers spicate, the corolla rotate. 3. C. americana.

1. Campanula petiolata DC. Bluebells.
Campanula rotundifolia L.

In moist soil in the western part of the state. Belmont; Dawes Coun-
ty; Cams; Rock County; Scotts Bluff County; War Bonnet Canon;
Valentine.

2. Campanula aparinoides Pursh .
In swampy places in the western part of the state
County; Dukeville; Plummer Ford; Valentine.

3. Campanula americana L.
In moist thickets and woods in the eastern part of the state. Crete;
Endicott; Holt County; Lincoln; Wahoo; Walton; Valentine.

2. Specularia. 866.

Leaves orbicular or broadly ovate, mostly cordate-clasping.

1. S. perfoliata.

Marsh Bellflower.

Anselmo; Cherry

Tall Bellflower.

ASTERACEAE 167

Leaves linear-lanceolate, not clasping. 2. S. leptocarpa.

1. Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC. Venus' Looking-glass.

In prairies and dry woods over most of the state. Crete; Box Butte
County; Lincoln; Riverton; Thedford; Wahoo; Valentine.

2. Specularia leptocarpa (Nutt.) A. Gray.
In dry soil, not common. Lincoln; Minden.

3. Lobelia. 887.

Flowers scarlet or red, rarely white, 25 mm. or more long.

1. L. cardinalis.
Flowers blue or white.

Flowers 20 mm. long or more.

Sparingly pubescent, leaves thin; lobes of the larger lip of the

corolla obtuse. 2. L. syphilitica.

Glabrous or nearly so, leaves thick; lobes of the larger lip of the

corolla acutish. 2a. L. syphilitica var. ludoviciana.

Flowers 10 mm. long or less.

Puberulent, stem simple with a single terminal spike, flowers

8-10 mm. long, capsule not inflated. 3. L. spicata.

Pubescent, stems branched, spikes several flowers 4-6 mm. long,

capsule inflated. 4. L. inflata.

1. Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinal-flower.

In low ground along the Republican River. Franklin.

2. Lobelia syphilitica L.

Common in low ground over most of the state. Alliance; Bellevue;

Crawford; Dismal River; Franklin; Kearney; Laurel; La Platte;

Weeping Water; Wymore.

2a. Lobelia syphilitica ludoviciana A. DC.

Nebraska according to Britten's Manual.

3. Lobelia spicata Lam. Pale Lobelia,
n m_eadows and in dry soil over most of the state. Broken Bow;

Cherry County; Clearwater; Franklin; Wahoo; Whitman,

4. Lobelia inflata L.

Along the Republican River. Franklin.

2. ASTERACEAE. (COMPOSITAE.)

Key to the Tribes.

Flowers all tubular or the marginal ligulate and pistillate or neutral.
Receptacle usually naked or bracted, if bristly rays present.

Involucral bracts green, their tips or margins sometimes scarious.
Flowers some of them perfect or pappus of scales or bristles.
Receptacle naked or rarely bristly; pappus often capillary.
Involucral bracts imbricated in 2-many series.

Rays wanting; flowers all perfect, never bright yellow.
Style-branches flliform-subulate; leaves alternate; pap-
pus never plumose nor heads spicate.

1. Vernonieae.
Style-branches thickened, obtuse; leaves opposite or if
alternate pappus plumose or heads spicate.

2. Eupatorieae.

168 CAMPANULALES

Rays present if wanting the flowers bright yellow or the
marginal pistillate. 3. Astereae.

Involucral bracts little if at all imbricated.

Pappus of chaffy scales or wanting. 7. Helenieae.

Pappus of capillary bristles. 9. Senecioneae.

Receptacle chaffy; pappus never of capillary bristles.

5. Heliantheae.
Flowers all staminate or pistillate; rays wanting; pappus want-
ing or reduced to a mere ring or border. 6. Ambroseae.
Involucral bracts scarious.
Anthers caudate at the base; pappus usually capillary.

4. Inuleae.
Anthers not caudate at the base; pappus never capillary.

8. Anthemideae.
Receptacle densely bristly; true rays never present. 10. Cynareae.
Flowers all ligulate and perfect; plants with milky juice.

11. Chicorieae.

Tribe 1. VERNONIEAE.

Vernonia. 918.

Leaves lanceolate, pinnately veined.

Involucral bracts with recurved or spreading tips.

1. V. baldwinll.

Involucral bracts with appressed tips. 2. V. fasciculata.

Leaves linear, one nerved. 3. V. marginata.

1. Veronica baldwinii Torr. Western Ironweed.
A common weed in dry soil. Arcadia; Bertrand; Callaway; Minden;
Red Cloud; Weeping Water.

2. Vernonia fasciculata Michx. Western Ironweed.
A common weed especially in low pastures. Bellevue; Culbertson;
Grand Island; Grand Rapids; Laurel; Lincoln; Minden; Nemaha;
Red Cloud; Wahoo; Valentine.

3. Vernonia marginata (Torr.) Britton.
Vernonia jamesil T. & G.

In dry prairies. Fremont.

Tribe 2. EUPATORIEAE.

Heads in broad cymes or panicles.
Pappus merely scabrous, not plumose.
Leaves usually narrowed at the base, not cordate, achene 5-
angled. 1. Eupatorium.

Leaves broad and cordate at the base, achene 10-ribbed .pr 10-
striate. 2. Coleosanthus.

Pappus plumose, achenes 8-10 striate. 3. Kuhnia.

Heads in elongated spikes or racemes, pappus often plumose.

4. Lacinaria.

ASTER.ACEAE: EUPATORIEAE

169

1. Eupatorium. 920.

Leaves mostly verticillate in 3's-6's the upper sometimes opposite,
flowers mostly pink or purple.
Inflorescence depressed, flat topped. 1. E. maculatum.

Inflorescence pyramidal, the top rounded, 2. E. purpurea.

Leaves mostly opposite, some of the lower sometimes verticillate,
flowers white or blue.
Leaves perfoliate, 4. E. perfol latum.

Leaves not perfoliate.

Leaves narrow at the base, gradually tapering to the petiole.

3. E. altissiumum.
Leaves broad at the base abruptly narrowed to the petiole some-
times cordate. 5. E. ageratoides.

Spotted Joe-pye Weed.

1. Eupatorium maculatum L.
Eupatorium rydbergll Britton.

Moist ground in the eastern part of tire state.
Nemaha; Valentine.

2. Eupatorium purpureum L. Joe-pye or Trumpet Weed.
In moist soil mostly in the eastern part of the state. Bellevue;
Dakota County; Dismal River; Long Pine;
County; Squaw Canon.

3. Eupatorium altissimum L.
In dry soil in the eastern part of the state.
Bellevue; Lincoln; Red Cloud; Weeping Water.

4. Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Common Thorougnwort.
Common in wet soil over most of the state. Anselmo; Dismal River;
Franklin; Endicott; La Platte; Long Pine; Nebraska City; Plainview;
Royal; Turkey Creek; Valentine.

5. Eupatorium ageratoides L. f.
Eupatorium urticaefolium Reichard.

In woods in the eastern part of the state. Cams; Crete; Long Pine;
Lincoln; Nebraska City.

Burnett; Ft. Niobrara;

Paddock; Richardson

Tali Thoroughwort.

Crete; Grand Island;

2. Coleosanthus. 924.

1. Coleosanthus grandiflorus (Hook.) Kuntze.
In the southern and western part of the state.
Rock; Red Cloud.

Banner County; Guide

3. Kuhnla. 924.

Pubescence minute, leaves sparingly dentate or entire, heads 10 mm.
or less high. 1- K. eupatorloides.

More pubescent, leaves sharply serrate, heads over 10 mm. high.

2. K. glutinosa.

False Boneset.
Callaway; Crete; Lincoln; Loup

1. Kuhnla eupatorloides.

In dry soil over most of the state
City; Nebraska City.

2. Kuhnla glutinosa Ell.

Kuhnla eupatorloides var. corymbulosa T. & G,
In dry soil all over the state. Banner County; Lincoln; Long Pine;

170 CA.MPAXULALES

Rock County; Scotts Bluff County; Minden; Thedford; Whitman;
Valentine.

4. Laciniaria. (Liatris.) 925.

Involucral bracts acute.
Heads 16-60 flowered.

Bracts with spreading tips; heads broad. 1. L. squarrosa.

Bracts more erect; heads narrow.

la. L. squarrosa var. intermedia.
Heads 4-6 flowered.

1.5-8 dm. high, bracts appressed, pappus vary plumose.

2. L. punctata.
5-15 dm., high, bracts with spreading tips, pappus scarcely plu-
mose. 3. L. pycnostachya.
Involucral bracts obtuse.

Heads 15-45 flowered, usually peduncled, 4. L. scariosa.

Heads 5-13 flowered, mostly sessile. 5. L. spicata.

1. Lacinaria squarrosa (L.) Hill. Blazing Star.
Common in prairies all over the state. Anselmo; Dismal River; Lau-
rel; Long Pine; Nebraska City; Talmage; Valentine,

la. Lacinaria squarrosa var. intermedia (Lindl.) Porter.
Indianola; Pishelville; Plummer Ford.

2. Lacinaria punctata (Hook.) Kuntze.

Common in dry soil over most of the state. Ayr; Bellevue; Cams;
Deuel County; Hat Creek Basin; laurel; Lincoln; Plummer Ford;
Valentine; Whitman; Wymore. ,

3. Lacinaria pycnoctachya (iMichx.) Kuntze.

In meadows in the eastern part of the state. Lincoln; Nebraska City.

4. Lacinaria scaricsa (L.) Hill.

In dry prairies in the eastern part of the state. Crete; Laurel; Long
Pine; Nebraska City; St. Paul.

5. Lacinaria spicata (L.) Kuntze.

In bottoms and low prairies throughout most of the state. Atkinson;
Benkleman; Cams; Kearney; Scotts Bluff; Valeniine.

Tribe. 3. ASTEREAE.

Ray flowers, when present, yellow.

Pappus of scales or awns, sometimes deciduous, never of numerous
capillary bristles.
Heads small not over 4 mm. high, few flowered. 1. Gutierrezia.

Heads large, many flowered, involucre viscid. 2. Gr^indella.

Pappus at least in part of numerous capillary bristles.

Pappus double, the inner of capillary bristles, the outer much
shorter of scales or bristles, heads large, leaves neither
evergreen nor spinulose-dentate. 3. Chrysopsis.

Pappus wholly or capillary bristles, heads small or leaves ever-
green or spinulose-dentate.
Heads discoid. (See also Brancliyactis and Leptilon.)

Bracts imbricated in several series. 4. Clirysotliamnus.

Bracts little imbricated mostly in one series. 15. Erigeron

ASTERACEAE: ASTEREAE 171

Heads radiate.

Leaves spinulose-dentate. 5. Sideranthus.

Leaves entire or toothed, not spiuplose-dentate.

Stem low, woody, leaves evergreen. 6. Stenotus.

Stem entirely herbaceous, leaves not evergreen.

Rays not more numerous than the diskflowers, leaves
mostly lanceolate, rarely linear-lanceolate.

7. Solidago.
Rays more numerous than the diskflowers, leaves linear-
lanceolate. 8. Euthamia.
Ray flowers blue, pink, purple or white, never yellow.

Pappus a mere crown of a few scales or awn-like bristles.

Plants low, not even 2 dm. high. 9. Townsendia.

Plants tall, erect, 6 dm. or more high. 10. Boltonia.

Pappus of numerous capillary bristles.

Rays, slightly, if at all exceeding the pappus.

Heads 8-12 mm. broad, bracts in 2-3 series. 13. Brachyactis.

Heads about 4 mm. broad, bracts in 1-2 series. 16. Leptilon.

Rays conspicuous, longer than the pappus, usually equaling or
exceeding the diameter of the disk.
Bracts in several series, the outer shorter, usually well imbri-
cated.
Disk-flowers yellow turning red, brown or purple.

Leaves entire or serrate, the teeth not bristle tipped.

11. Aster.
Leaves lobed or incised-dentate, the lobes bristle tipped.

14. Machaeranthera.
Disk-flowers permanently white. 12. Leucelene.

Bracts in 1-2 series, little imbricated, rays numerous 20-150.

15. Erigeron.

' 1. Gutierrezia. 927.

1. Guterrezia sarothrae (Pursh.) Britton & Rusby.

In dry or rocky soil in the western part of the state. Banner County;
Belmont; Callaway; Deuel County; Ft. Niobrara; Hat Creek Basin;
Pine Ridge; Scotts Bluff County; Valentine.

2. Grindenia. 928.

1. Grindelia squamosa (Pursh.) Dunal. Gum-weed.

In dry soil over most of the state. Ainsworth; Callaway; Lincoln;
Nebraska City; Minden; Scotts Bluff County; Thedford; Rushville;
Wahoo.

3. Chrysopsis. 929.

Leaves appressed canescent, plants 3-6 dm. high. 1. C. villosa.

Leaves hispid or hirsute with a spreading pubescence, plants rarely
over 3 dm. high.
Leaves copiously hairy, only slightly viscid.

Leaves mostly subsessile, heads peduncled, stems 2-3 dm. high.

3. C. horrida.

172 CAMPAXULALES

Leaves mostly petioled, stems 1-2 dm. high, heads sessile.

4. C. pumila.
Leaves sparingly hairy, decidedly viscid. 5. C. hispida.

1. Chrysopsis villosa (Pursh.) Nutt.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Belmont; Deuel County;
Grand Rapids; Kiwa Valley; Meadville; Mullen; Whitman; Valentine.

2. Chrysopsis stenophylla (A. Gray.) Greene.
Nebraska according to Britton's Manual.

3. Chrysopsis horrida Rydb.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Pumpkin Seed Valley;
Lawrence Fork.

4. Chrysopsis pumila Greene.

Nebraska according to Rydberg's Flora of Colorado,

5. Chrysopsis hispida (Hook.) Nutt.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Deuel County;, Long
Pine; Riverton.

4. Chrysothamus. 931.

Involucral bracts not acuminate, heads 12 mm. high, leaves 2-4 mm.

wide. 1. C. graveolens.

Involucral bracts subulate tipped, heads 14-20 mm. long, leaves about

2 mm. wide. 2. C. howardi.

1. Chrysothamus graveolens (Nutt.) Greene.

On "badlands" and dry hills in the western part of the state. Chad-
ron; Hat Creek Basin; Scotts Bluff.

2. Chrysothamus howardi (Parry.) Greene.
In canons south of Scotts Bluff.

5. Sideranthus. 932.

Leaves spinescently toothed, not pinnatifid.

Rays wanting, perennial with woody caudex. 1. S. grindelioides.

Rays present, annual. 2. S. annuus.

Leaves pinnatifid. 3. S. spinulosus.

1. Sideranthus grindelioides (Nutt.) Britton.

Eriocarpum grindelioides Nutt.
On dry plains in the western part of the state. Callaway; Banner
County; Hat Creek Basin.

3. Sideranthus annuus Rydb.

In dry sandy soil in the western part of the state.

3. Sideranthus spinulosus (Pursh.) Sweet.

Common in dry soil in the western part of the state. Broken Bow;

Cambridge; Culbertson; Deuel County; Fairbury; Niobrara; Thedford;

Red Cloud; Valentine; Wild Cat Mountains

6. Stenotus. 933.

1. Stenotus acaulis Nutt.

Nebraska according to Britton's Manual.

ASTERACEAE: ASTEREAE 173

7. Solidago. 933.

Inflorescence a panicle or thyrsus; not flat-topped.
Leaves not triple-veined.

Outer involucral bracts with spreading tips. 1. S. petioiaris.
All the involucral bracts with appressed tips.
Heads not secund on the branches of the inflorescence.

2. S. rigidiuscula.
Heads secund on the branches of the inflorescence.

Racemes few; leaves coarsely serrate. 3. S. ulmifolia.

Racemes numerous; leaves crenate-dentate. 8. S. nemoralis.
Leaves triple-veined i. e. with 2 lateral veins much larger than
the rest.
Stems glabrous.
Leaves of the stem lanceolate, sharply serrate. 4. S. serotina.
Leaves of the stem linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly serrate
with low teeth. 5. S. missouriensis.

Stem pubescent or scabrous.
Leaves lanceolate.

Plants mostly over 6 dm. high not yellowish.
Leaves sharply serrate, not cinereous-pubescent.

6. S. canadensis.
Leaves less serrate, sometimes all entire, cinereous-pubes-
cent. 6a. S. can. procera.
Plants not over 3 dm. high, yellowish canescent, leaves re-
motely serrate above the middle or entire.

7. S. gilvocanescens.
Leaves oblong, oblanceolate or spatulate.

Panicle one-sided, its branches recurved or spreading, leaves

obscurely 3-veined. 8. S. nemoralis.

Panicle not one-sided, its branches erect, leaves strongly

3-veined. 9. S. mollis.

Inflorescence a flat-topped corymbose cyme. 10. S. rigida.

1. Solidago petioiaris Ait.
Red Cloud.

2. Solidago rigidiuscula (T. & G.) Porter.

On prairies in the southeastern part of the state. Lincoln; Nebraska
City; O'Neill.

3. Solidago ulmifolia Muhl.

On river bottoms in the southeastern part of the state. Nemaha;
Richardson County.

4. Solidago serotina Ait. Late Goldenrod.
Common on prairies all over the state. Dismal River; Ewing; Lin-
coln; Minden; Nebraska City; Thedford; Valentine; Wymore.

5. Solidago missouriensis Nutt. Missouri Goldenrod.
On dry prairies throughout the state. Basset; Banner County; Big
Sandy Creek; Cheyenne County; Franklin; Haigler; Hat Creek Basin;
Kimball; Kiwa Valley; Lincoln; Nebraska City; Plummer Ford;
Thedford; Weeping Water.

6. Solidago canadensis L. Canada Goldenrod.
Common on prairies over the entire state. Callaway; Lincoln; Ne-
braska City; Plum Creek; Red Cloud; Scotts Bluff County; Seward
County.

174 CAMPANULALES

6a. Solidago canadensis procera (Ait.) T. & G.

Kennedy; Long Pine; Bassett; Nebraska City; Thedford; Valentine.

7. Solidago gilvocanescens Rydb.
Cody's Lakes.

8. Solidago nemoralis Ait.

In dry soil in the eastern part of the state. Bellevue; Fairbury; Lan-
caster County; Long Pine; Nebraska City; Minden; Thedford; Valen-
tine.

9. Solidago mollis Bartl. Velvety Goldenrod.
On dry prairies mostly in the western part of the state. Broken Bow;
Brunswick; Deuel County; Frankiln; Hat Creek Basin; Kearney;
Keya Paha County; Kiwa; Lodge Pole; Lincoln; Minden; O'Neill.
lO.Solidago rigida L. Stiff Goldenrod.
In dry sandy soil over most of the state. Cody's Lakes; Kearney;
Keya Paha County; Lincoln; Nebraska City; Pine Ridge; Wahoo.
Solidago speciosa Nutt. has been found in western Nebraska near

Rushville,

8. Euthamia. 942.

1. Euthamia graminifoiia (L.) Nutt. Fragrant Goldenrod.
Common in wet soil over most of the state. Bone Creek Valley;
Cherry County; Lincoln; Thedford

9. Townsendia. 944.

Stems 5-20 cm. high; heads terminal. 1. T. grandiflora.

Stems very short or wanting; heads sessile among the leaves.

Leaves green, 2.5-5 mm. wide. 2. T. intermedia.

Leaves 1-2 mm. wide, canescent, 3. T. exscapa.

1 Townsendia grandiflora Nutt

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Hat Creek Basin; Pine

Ridge; Sioux County; War Bonnet Canon.

2. Townsendia intermedia Rydb.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Deuel County; Foster;
Halsey; McCook.

3. Townsendia exscapa (Richards.) Porter.
Western Nebraska.

10. Boltonia. 945.

1. Boltonia asteroides (L.) L'Her.

In low wet places mostly in the eastern part of the state. Hastings;

Kearney; Lincoln; Loup City; Minden; Nebraska City.

11. Aster. 946.

Basal, and sometimes also the cauline, leaves both cordate and
petioled; no cordate-clasping leaves.
Plants glandular, heads 10-12 mm. high. 1. A. macrophyllus.

Plants not glandular, heads 5-10 mm. high.

Leaves thick, usually all entire. 2. A. azureus.'

Leaves thinner, serrate.

Involucre 4-6 ram. high, bracts obtuse. 3. A. cordifoiius.

Involucre 6-10 mm. high, bracts acute.

ASTERACEAE: ASTEREAE 175

Glabrous or nearly so; involiicral bracts awl-pointed.

4. A. sagittifolius.
Pale with fine gray pubescence; bracts acute.

5. A. drummondil.
Leaves, if cordate, sessile or nearly so, some of them often cordate-
clasping.
Stems hirsute or hispid-pubescent.
Leaves entire.

Rays 40-50, 10-15 mm. long. 6. A. novae-angliae.

Rays 20-30, 6-10 mm. long. 7. A. oblongifolius.

Leaves sharply serrate. 8. A. puniceus.

Stems glabrous or slightly pubescent in streaks.

Leaves densely silvery-white pubescent on both sides.

13. A. sericeus.
Leaves not silvery pubescent.

Rays blue, violet or purple, rarely white.

Stem leaves, at least the upper, cordate clasping, lanceolate

or oblanceolate.

Outer bracts of the involucre shorter than the inner, not

foliaceous. 9. A. laevis.

Outer bracts of the involucre as long as or longer than the

inner, foliaceous. 12. A. foliaceus.

Stem leaves, if clasping, linear or linear-lanceolate.

Rays purple, about 12 mm. long. 15. A. riebraskensis.

Rays white, violet or purplish, 6-10 mm. long.
Leaves narrowly linear.

Leaves with ciliate margins. 14. A. fendleril.

Leaf-margins not ciliate. 18. A. longulus.

Leaves linear-lanceolate to oblanceolate.
Heads few, leaves entire or nearly so.

Involucral bracts in 3-5 series, 10. A. adscendens.
Involucral bracts in 1-2 series. 11. A. longifolius.
Heads numerous, leaves usually serrate.
Disk 1 cm. wide; rays rarely white.

16. A. salicifolius.

Disk 6-8 mm, wide; rays generally white.

17. A. paniculatus.
Rays white, 3-8 mm. long. (See also A. laevis and A. longulus).
Heads 10-25 mm. broad.

Leaves acute or acuminate, often serrate.

Rays 6-8 mm. long; leaves with rough margins.

Disk 1 cm. wide, leaves thickish, 16. A. salicifolius.
Disk 6-8 mm, wide; leaves thin.

Leaves lanceolate. 17. A. paniculatus.

Leaves linear. 17a. A. paniculatus var. bellidiflorus.

Kays 4-6 mm. long. 19. A. tradescantii.

Leaves obtuse, entire. 23. A. commutatus.

Heads 6-8 mm. broad, rays 3-4 mm. long.

Bracts, especially the inner, acutish.

Leaves nearly glabrous, 20. A. multlflorus.

Leaves pubescent and ciliate. 21. A. exiguus.

Bracts very obtuse. 22. A. polycephalus.

176 CAMPANULALES

1. Aster macrophyllus L. Large-leaved Aster.
In woods in the southeastern part of the state: Lincoln; Nebraska
City.

2. Aster azureus Lindl. Sky-blue Aster.
In prairies or open woods in the southeastern part of the state. Weep-
ing Water.

3. Aster cordifolius L. Blue Wood Aster.
In woods in the southeastern part of the state. Nebraska City.

4. Aster drummondii Lindl.

Wooded banks in the southeastern part of the state. Weeping Water.

5. Aster sagittifolius Willd.

In dry soil in the southeastern part of the state. Lincoln; Nebraska
City.

6. Aster novae-angliae L.

In moist soil in the southeastern part of the state. Burwell; Falls
City; Grand Island; Nebraska City; Peru; Valentine.

7. Aster oblongifolius Nutt.

On prairies in the eastern part of the state. Antelope County; Calla-
way; Lincoln; Minden; Red Cloud; Valentine.

8. Aster puniceus L.
Long Pine; Valentine.

9. Aster laevls L. Smooth Aster.
In dry soil over most of the state. Belmont; Cass County; Long Pine;
Nebraska City; South Bend; Valentine.

10. Aster adscendens Lindl.

In the western Nebraska according to Britton's Manual.

11. Aster longifollus Lam.
Newark.

12. Aster foliaceus Lindl.

In the western part of the state. Kimball and Scotts Bluff Counties.

13. Aster sericeus Vent.

Prairies in the eastern part of the state. Laurel; Lincoln; Nebraska
City.

14. Aster fendlerl A. Gray.
Red Cloud.

15. Aster nebraskensis Britton.

In moist soil in the western part of the state. Burwell; Callaway;
Long Pine; Minden; Whitman; Valentine.

16. Aster salicifolius Lam.

In moist soil in the southeastern part of the state. Nebraska City;
Nemaha; Richardson County.

17. Aster paniculatus Lam.

In moist soil mostly in the eastern part of the state. Kennedy; Lin-
coln; Nebraska City.

18a. Aster paniculatus bellldiflorus (Willd.) Burgess.
Valentine.

19. Aster tradescanti L.
Minden.

20. Aster multlflorus Ait.

Common on dry prairies over the entire state. Callaway; Garden
County; Kearney; Lincoln; Minden; Nebraska City; Neligh; Red
Cloud.

ASTERACEAE: ASTEREAE 177

21. Aster exiguus (Fernald.) Rydb.
Aster multiflorus exiguus Fernald.

Callaway; Loup City; Red Cloud; Wood River.

22. Aster polycephalus Rydb.

Nebraska according to Rydberg's Flora of Colorado.

23. Aster commutatus Torr & Gray.

On prairies in the western part of the state. Hat Creek Basin; Wood
River.

12. Leucelene. 965.

1. Leucelene ericoides (Torr.) Greene.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Perkins Count/.

13. Brachyactis. 966.

1. Brachyactis angustus (Lindl.) Britton. Rayless Aster.

In wet saline soil. Lincoln.

14. IViachaeranthera. 966.

Leaves pinnatifid. 1. M. tanacetifolia.

Leaves incised dentate. 2. M. sessiliflora.

1. Machaeranthera tanacetifolia (H. B. K.) Nees.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Crawford.

2. IViachaeranthera sessiliflora (Xutt.) Greene.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Chadron; Crawford; Hat
Creek Basin; Kennedy; Merriman; Valentine.

15. Erigeron. 966.

Roots perennial, thick and woody.

Lower leaves lanceolate, oblong or spatulate.

Rays 100-150, violet or purple, stem leaves not linear.

Upper leaves much smaller than the lower, linear-lanceolate.

1. E. asper.
Upper leaves not much smaller than the lower, ovate-lanceolate.

2. E. subtrinervis.
Rays 40-60, mostly white, stem leaves linear. 3. E. caespitosus.
Leaves all linear, rays 40-80.

Hispid or hirsute with spreading bristly hairs.

Rays white. 4. E. pumila.

Rays violet or blue, rarely white. 5. E. concinnus.

Pubescence appressed, silvery. 6. E. canus.

Roots fiberous not thick or woody, annual or biennial.
Rays 100-150.

Pappus simple, rays pink, plant stoliniferous.

7. E. philidelphicus.
Pappus double, the outer very short, plant not stoliniferous.

8. E. divergens.
Rays less numerous.

Low, 1-3 dm. high, leaves linear spatulate. 9. E. bellidiastrum.
Taller, basal leaves spatulate or oblong, often serrate.

Pubescence appressed or sometimes strigose. 10. E. ramosus.

Pubescent minute sometimes almost cinerous, plant slender,

heads small. 10a. E. ramosus var. beyrichii.

178 CAMPAXULALES

1. Erigeron asper Niitt.

Nebraska according to Britton's Manual.

2. Erigeron subtrinervis Rydb. Three-nerved Fleabane.
Dry soil in the western part of the state. Hat Creek Basin.

3. Erigeron caespitosus Nutt

Tn dry soil in the western part of the state. Belmont; Hat Creek
Basin.

4. Erigeron pumilus Nutt.

Dry prairies in the western part of the state. Alliance; Box Butte
County; Ft. Robinson; Pine Ridge; Sioux County; War Bonnet Canon;
Valentine.

5. Erigeron concinnus (H. & A.) T. & G. •
In the western part of the state. Hat Creek Basin.

6. Erigeron canus A. Gray.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Deuel County.

7. Erigeron philadeiphicus L.

Common in dry soil in the eastern part of the state. Ashland; Kear-
ney; Nebraska City; Peru; Plainview; Minden; St. Paul; Valentine.

8. Erigeron divergens T. & G.
Banner County.

9. Erigeron bellidiastrum Nutt.

In moist soil in the western part of the state. Crawford; Dismal
River; Kennedy; Scotts Bluff; Thedford.

10. Erigeron ramosus (Walt.) B. S. P.

Common in fields over most of the state. Cherry County; Kearney
County; Lincoln; Nebraska City; Pine Ridge; Nemaha; Plummer
Ford; Red Cloud; Sheridan County.

10a. . Erigeron ramosus beyrichii (F. & M.) Smith & Pound.
Cherry County; Kearney; Lincoln; St. James; Valentine.

16. Leptilon. 969.

Tall plants, 7-30 dm. high, rays white. 1. L. canadense.

Low plants, 1-3 dm. high or less, rays purple. 2. L. divaricatum.

1. Leptilon canadense (L.) Britton. Horse-weed.
A common weed all over the state. Ainsworth; Crete; Dismal River;
Lincoln; Long Pine; Nebraska City; Thedford; Wymore.

2. Leptilon divaricatum (Michx.) Raf.

A common weed in dry soil. Ainsworth; Bone Creek; Endicott; Grand
Island; Lincoln; Minden; Nebraska City; Plainview; Thedford; St.
Paul; Wymore.

Tribe 4. INULEAE.
Pappus none. 1. Filago.

Pappus of capillary bristles.

Plants dioecious, or polygamo-dioecious, some heads containing

only staminate flowers. 2. Antennaria.

Plants not dioecious, flowers all fertile. 3. Gnaphalium.

1. Filago. 972.

1. Filago prolifera (Nutt.) Britton.
Western Nebraska.

ASTERACEAE: HELIANTHEAE 179

2. Antennaria. 973.

Heads several, capitate; plants 5 cm. or more high.
Basal leaves 1-nerved or indistinctly 3-nerved.

Bracts mostly obtuse, plant 2.5-30 cm. high. 1. A. aprica.

Bracts mostly acute.

Plants about 3 dm. high. 2. A, neodioica.

Plants 0.5-1.5 dm. high. 3. A. campestris.

Basal leaves distinctly 3-5 nerved. 4. A. plantaginifolia.

Heads solitary, terminal, plants about 2.5 cm. high. 5. A. dimorpha.

1. Antennaria aprica Greene.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Alliance; Callaway; Ft.
Robinson; Gordon; Harison; Long Pine; Thedford.

2. Antennaria neodioica Greene.
Burwell; Valentine.

3. Antennaria campestris Rydb.

Common on dry prairies. Burwell; Callaway; Long Pine; Lincoln;
Nebraska City; Red Cloud.

4. Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards.

In dry soil in the eastern part of the state. Fairbury; Falls City;
Lincoln; Nebraska City; Riverton; Weeping Water.

5. Antennaria dimorpha (Nutt.) T. & G.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Chadron; Harrison;
Rushville.

3. Gnaphalium. 977.

Tall erect, 3-9 dm. high, inflorescence corymbose. 1. G. obtusifolium.
Low, diffuse, less than 2 dm. high, inflorescence capitate.

2. G. palustre.

1. Gnaphalium obtusifolium L.

In dry soil in the southeastern part of the state. Nebraska City,

2. Gnaphalium palustre Nutt.

In wet places in the western part of the state. Grand Rapids.

Tribe 5. HELIANTHEAE.

Involucral bracts in 2 to several series, when only 2 series the inner
and outer of similar texture.
Ray flowers pistillate, producing seeds.

Achenes of the ray-flowers winged, imbricated in 2-3 rows, disk
flowers perfect but not producing seeds. 1. Silphium

Achenes not winged, disk-flowers producing seeds.

Rays long, yellow. 2. Heliopsis

Rays short, nearly white. 3. Eclipta

Ray flowers neutral, not producing seeds.

Rays rose-purple to nearly white, never yellow, achenes not com
pressed or winged. 6. Braunerla

Rays yellow or if purple the achenes compressed and winged.
Achenes neither winged nor much compressed.

Receptacle conic or convex, pappus of very small teeth or

none. 4. Rudbeckia.

Receptacle flat, conic or convex, pappus of 2 large scales or

awns, sometimes with 2-4 smaller ones. 7. Helianthus.

180 CAMPANULALES

Achenes compressed and winged.

Receptacle columnar to subulate, leaves divided or parted.

5. Ratibida.
Receptacle convex or conic, leaves serrate, decurrent on the
stem. 8. Verbesina.

Involucral bracts imbricated in 2 series, the inner membranous, very-
different from the outer in texture, rays yellow or none.
Inner bracts distinct or slightly united at the base, rays sometimes
lacking.
Pappus of 2-5 downwardly barbed awns or teeth, outer bracts
often as long or longer than the inner, rays often lacking.

10. Bidens.
Pappus not downwardly barbed, the outer bracts very small.

9. Coreopsis.
Inner bracts united to about the middle, the outer much smaller.

11. Thelesperma.

1. Silphium. 980.

Leaves opposite or the upper alternate.

Stems square, leaves perfoliate. 1. S. perfol latum.

Stems round, leaves not perfoliate. 2. S. integrifolium.

Leaves all alternate, the basal pinnatifid. 3. S. laciniatum.

1. Silphium perfoliatum L. Rosin-weed.

In wet soil in the eastern part of the state. Indianola; Lincoln; Ne-
braska City; Turner; Wahoo; Walton; Wymore.

2. Silphium integrifolium Michx. Rosin-weed.
Common in prairies in the eastern part of the state. Franklin; Lin-
coln; Nebraska City; Newark; Plainview; Red Cloud; Wahoo; Wy-
more.

3. Silphium laciniatum L. Compass-plant.
Common in low prairies in the eastern part of the state. Foster;
Fremont; Lincoln; Nebraska City; Weigand; Wymore.

2. Heliopsis. 984.

1. Heliopsis scabra Dunal. False Sunflower.

Common in the eastern part of the state. Arapahoe; Callaway; Grand
Island; Nebraska City; Niobrara; Wahoo; Valentine

3. Eclipta. 984.

1. Eclipta alba L.

Along streams in the southeastern part of the state. Crete; Lincoln.

4. Rudbeckia. 985.

Hispid; leaves sparingly serrate or entire. 1. R. hirta.

Glabrous or nearly so; lower leaves pinnately parted or pinnatifid.

2. R. laciniata.

1. Rudbeckia hirta L. Black-eyed Susan.

A common weed in the eastern part of the state. Aten; Cherry Coun-
ty; Lincoln; New Helena; Nebraska City; Newark; Pine Ridge;
Plainview; Plummer Ford; Valentine.

ASTERACEAE: HELIANTHEAE 181

In woods and thickets in the southeastern part of the state. Franklin;
2. Rudbeckia laciniata L. Cone-flower.

Lincoln; Nebraska City; Newark; Riverton; Saltillo; Wahoo; Wy-
more.

5. Ratibida. (Lepachys.) 988.

Disk twice as long as thick, leaf segments lanceolate. 1. R. pinnata.

Disk 3-4 times as long as thick, rays sometimes brown, leaf segments

linear. 2. R. columnaris.

1. Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnhart. Cone-flower.
Bluffs and ravines along streams in the southeastern part of the
state. Bellevue; Nebraska City; Nemaha; Peru; Wymore.

2. Ratibida columnaris (Sims.) D. Don. Prairie Cone-Flower.
Common in dry soil over most of the state. Anselmo; Aten; Broken
Bow; Belmont; Cherry County; Kearney; Lincoln; Mullen; Pine
Ridge; Squaw Canon; Valentine.

6. Brauneria. 989.

1. Brauneria pallida (Nutt.) Britton. Niger-heads.

Common on dry prairies throughout the state. Aten; Lincoln; Ne-
braska City; Squaw Canon.

7. Helianthus. 990.

Disk brownish or dark purple, receptacle flat or nearly so.
Annuals, leaves mostly alternate.

Leaves serrate, bracts of the involucre broadly ovate to oblong,

hispidly ciliate. 1. H. annuus.

Leaves entire or nearly so, bracts of the involucre lanceolate or

oblong-lanceolate, seldom ciliate. 2. H. petiolaris.

Perennials, leaves mostly opposite. 3. H. subrhomboideus.

Disk yellow, receptacle convex or low conic, perennials.

Stems glabrous or sometimes pubescent or puberulent above.
Leaves narrowed at the base, broadest at about the middle.

10. H. grosseserratus.
Leaves rounded or truncate at the base, broadest below the
middle.
Leaves sessile or nearly so, divaricate, all opposite.

5. H. divaricatus.
Leaves manifestly petioled, ascending, the upper usually alter-
nate. 12. H. decapetalus.
Stems pubescent or scabrous at least below.

Leaves, at least the lower, ovate or ovate-lanceolate and abruptly
contracted at the base, sometimes gradually narrowed in
H. tuberosa.
All leaves rounded or truncate at the base.

Leaves entire or nearly so; involucral bracts appressed.

4. H. pumilus.
Leaves serrate or serrulate.

Upper leaves alternate. 9. H. rydbergii.

All the leaves opposite. 11. H. hirsutus var. trachyphyllus.
Upper leaves narrowed at the base.

182 CAMPAXULALES

Leaves green on both sides. 13. H. tuberosus.

Leaves densely white-canescent beneath.

13a. H. tuberosus var. subcanescens.

Leaves narrowly lanceolate, gradually narrowed at the base.

Stems scabrous; leaves very scabrous on both sides, entire or

denticulate. 7. H. maximiliani.

Stems hirsute; leaves scabrous above, hirsute beneath, serrate

or denticulate.

Leaves mostly alternate, narrowly lanceolate. 6. H. giganteus.

Leaves mostly, or all opposite, broader and more sharply

serrate. 8. H. subtuberosus.

1. Helianthus annuus L. Common Sunflower.
Helianthus lenticularis Dougl.

A common weed throughout the state. Dismal River; Lincoln; Min-
den; Nebraska City; Valentine.

2. Helianthus petiolaris Xutt. Prairie Sunflower.
Common in dry sandy soil over the whole state, often as a weed in
cultivated ground. Box Butte County; Chelsea; Minden; :\Iullen;
Plattsmouth; Thedford; Wahoo; Whitman.

3. Helianthus subrhomboideus Rydb.
Helianthus scaberrimus Ell.

Common in prairies over most of the state. Cherry County; Franklin;
Keya Paha County; INIinden; Sioux County; Whitman.

4. Helianthus pumilus Nutt.

Nebraska according to Nelson's Manual of Rocky Mountain Botany.

5. Helianthus divaricatus L.
Callaway.

6. Helianthus giganteus L.

In wet soil mostly in draws and along streams and ditches. Halsey;
Thedford; Valentine.

7. Helianthus maximiliani Schrad.

Common in prairies throughout the state. Bone Creek; Franklin;
Kearney; Lincoln; :\Iinden; Nebraska City; Red Cloud; Valentine.

8. Helianthus subtuberosus Bourgeau.

Ainsworth; Atkinson; Long Pine; Valentine; Red Cloud.

9. Helianthus rydbergii Britton.

In the sand-hill regions. Hooker County.

10. Helianthus grosseserratus Martens.

In moist soil in the eastern part of the state. Callaway; Crete; Lin-
coln; Mullen; Newark; Nebraska City; Plainview; Wahoo.

11. Helianthus hirsutus trachyphyllus T. & G.

In the southeastern part of the state. Bellevue; Nebraska City.

12. Helianthus decapetalus L.

Crete; Nemaha; Newark; Valentine; Weeping Water.

13. Helianthus tuberosus L. Jerusalem Artichoke.
In moist soil along streams. Often cultivated for its tubers and often
persists as a weed. Ewing; Franklin; Long Pine; Nebraska City;
Republican.

13o. Helianthus tuberosus subcanescens A. Gray.
Callaway; Chadron.

ASTERACEAE: ASTEREAE 18:3

8. Verbesina. 996.

1. Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britton.

Common in woods in the eastern part of the state. Lincoln; Nebraska

City.

9. Coreopsis. 997.

Rays yellow with brown bases or entirely brown, leaves pinnately
parted. 1. C. tinctoria.

Rays entirely yellow, leaves not pinnately parted.

Leaves three-lobed to below the middle, lobes oblong-linear.

2. C. palmata-
Leaves three-divided nearly or quite to the base, lobes filiform-
linear. 3. C. verticillata»

1. Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. Tickseed.
A common weed in waste places throughout most of the state. Atkin-
son; Fairbury; Fillmore County; Franklin; Lincoln; :\Iinden; Red
Cloud; Spe'ncer.

2. Coreopsis palmata Nutt.

In woods and prairies in the southeastern part of the state. Elm-
wood; Nebraska City; Richardson County; Talmage; Nemaha.

3. Coreopsis verticillata L.
Nebraska according to Britton's Manual.

10. Bidens. 1000.

Leaves lanceolate, serrate, not pinnately parted or dissected.

Heads nodding after flowering. 2. B. cernua.

Heads remaining erect.

Rays large, commonly 25 mm. long or more. 1. B. laevis.

Rays small or wanting 3. B. comosa.

Leaves, at least some of them, pinnately parted or dissected.
Rays small or wanting.

Achenes flat, awns 2, nearly as long as the achene. 4. B. frondosa..
Achenes linear, awns 4, achene several times as long as its awns.

5. B. bipinnata.
Rays large and conspicuous.

Achene cuniate or linear-cuniate, less than 2 mm. wide. 5-7 mm.
long. 6. B. trichosperma.

Achenes 2-4 mm. wide with thin scarious margins.

Outer bracts 8-10, not longer than the inner, smooth or ciliate.

7. B. aristosa.
Outer bracts 12-20, longer than the inner, coarsely hispid.

8. B. involucrata.

1. Bidens laevis (L.) B. S. P.

In meadows and along streams. Ainsworth; Banner County; Grand
Island; Lawrence Fork; Lincoln; Mullen; Nebraska City; Roca.

2. Bidens cernua L.

Common in wet soil throughout the state. Callaway; Ewing; Greeley;
Lincoln; Newark; Roca.

184 CAMPANULALES

3. Bidens comosa (A. Gray.) Weigand.

In moist soil in the eastern part of the state. Black Island; Jules*
burg; Keya Paha; Nebraska City; Newark.

4. Bidens frondosa L.

Common in wet soil over most of the state. Red Cloud; Kearney;
Kennedy; Lincoln; Nebraska City; Thedford; Valentine.

5. Bidens bipinnata L.

Nebraska according to Britton's Manual.

€. Bidens tricliosperma (Michx. Britton.

Common in wet soil over most of the state. Black Island; Keya Paha;

Long Pine; Royal; Thedford.

7. Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britton.
Long Pine; Nebraska City; Valentine.

8. Bidens involucrata (Nutt.) Britton.

In wet soil. Endicott; Falls City; Nemaha.

11. Thelesperma. 1003.

Rays large, pappus scales not much longer than the width of the
achene.
Leaves not rigid, their segments filiform. 1. T. trifidum.

Leaves rigid, their segments linear or filiform, perennial.

2. T. Intermedium.
Rays small or wanting, pappus awns longer than the width of achene.

3. T. gracile.

1. Thelesperma trifidum (Poir.) Britton.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Box Butte County; Craw-
ford; Long Pine.

2. Thelesperma intermedium Rydb.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Alliance; Crawford.

3. Thelesperma gracile (Torr.) A. Gray.

In dry soil, common in the western part of the state. Cherry County;
Dismal River; Franklin; Kearney; Red Cloud; Shelton; Thedford;
Valentine.

Tribe 9. AMBROSIAE.

Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same heads, the pistillate
marginal. "I- '^^•

Staminate and pistillate flowers in separate heads, the pistillate 1-4 in
a nut-like or bur-like involucre.
Involucre of the staminate heads of united bracts, that of the pistil-
late never with hooked bristles.
Pistillate involucre 1-flowered, usually armed with 4-8 tubercles or
spines in a single series. 2. Ambrosia.

Pistillate involucre with 1-4 flowers, armed with several to nu-
merous prickles in more than one series. 3. Gaertneria.
Involucre of the staminate heads of separate bracts; that of the
pistillate heads 2-flowered, covered with numerous hooked
bristles. 4. Xanthium.

ASTERACEAE: AMBROSIAE 185

1. Iva. 908.

Heads in the axils of leaves or bracts.

Perennials, leaves entire or nearly so. 1. |. axillaris.

Annuals, leaves coarsely serrate. 2. I. ciliata.

Heads not in the axils of leaves or bracts. 3. I. xanthifolia.

1. Iva axillaris Pursh.

In alkaline soil in the western part of the state. Scotts Bluff County.

2. Iva ciliata Willd.

In moist soil in waste places in the southeastern part of the state.
Lincoln; Minden; Red Cloud; Republican.

3. Iva xanthifolia (Fresen.) Nutt.

In wet soil and waste places throughout the state. Bellevue; Lincoln;
Nebraska City; Plainview; Meadvllle; Red Cloud; Thedford; Whit-
man; Valentine.

2. Ambrosia. 910.

Leaves palmately 3-5 lobed or undivided, all opposite.

Leaves 3-5 lobed. 1. A. trifida.

Leaves not lobed. 1a. A. trifida var. integrifolia.

Leaves 1-2-pinnatifid, the upper alternate.

Annuals; fruiting involucre ending in a beak surmounted by 4-6

spines. 2. Afl artemisiaefolia.

Perennials by creeping root-stocks, fruiting involucre ending in a

sharp point; surrounded by about 4 tubercles or unarmed.

3. A. psilostachya.

1. Ambrosia trifida L.

A common weed in moist soil over most of the state. Holt County;

Lincoln; Nebraska City; Wahoo; Wymore.

la.. Ambrosia trifida var, intergrifolia (^luhl.) T. & G.

Cody's Lakes; Lincoln; Nebraska City; Wahoo.

2. Ambrosia artemisiaefolia L. Ragweed.
Common as a weed in dry soil throughout the state. Long Pine; Min-
den; Valentine.

3. Ambrosia psilostachya DC. Ragweed.
A common weed in dry soil all over the state. Often abundant in dry
pastures. Alliance; Dismal River; Lincoln; Nebraska City; Valentine;
Whitman.

3. Gaertneria. 911.

Leaves not densely white tomentose beneath, annuals.

1. G. acanthicarpa.
Leaves densely white-tomentose beneath, perennials.

Leaves bipinnatifid, terminal segment not larger than the lateral.

2. G. discolor.

Leaves pinnately divided, terminal segment much larger than the

lateral. 3. G. tomentosa.

1. Gaertneria acanthicarpa (Hook.) Britton.

In moist soil in the western part of the state. Crawford; Merriman;

Porter.

186 CAMPAXULALES

2. Gaertneria discolor (Xiitt.) Kuntze.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Dix.

3. Gaertneria tomentosa (A. Gray.) Kuntze.

In low prairies along streams. Axtell; Franklin; Hastings; Minden.

4. Xanthium. 911.

Burs nearly glabrous, beaks straight. 1. X. glabratum.
Burs not glabrous, beaks hooked or incurved.
Burs 15-25 mm, long, about half as thick or less.

Prickles not hispid or scarcely so. 2. X. canadense.

Prickles hispid to about the middle. 3. X. commune.

Burs 10-15 mm. long, 6-9 thick, its prickles bristly-hispid nearly to

the hooked apex. 4. X. glanduliferum.

1. Xanthium glabratum (DC.) Britton.
Nebraska according to Britton's Manual.

2. Xanthium canadensis Mill. Cocklebur.
Not common, most of our cockleburs belong to the next species. Ken-
nedy; Red Cloud; Valentine.

3. Xanthium commune Britton. Common Cocklebur.
A common weed all over the state. Grand Island; Lincoln; Red
Cloud; St. Paul; Valentine; Wahoo.

4. Xanthium glanduliferum Greene. Glandular Clot-bur.
Fremont; Long Pine; Nebraska City; Red Cloud; Whitman.

Tribe 7. HELENIEAE.

Bracts of the involucre petaloid with scarious tips and margins.
Leaves pinnatifid, flowers white or yellow, rays none.

1. Hymenopappus.
Leaves entire, flowers purple, rays present or wanting.

2. Polypteris.
Bracts of the involucre herbaceous.

Leaves palmately divided into 2-5 narrow segments.

3. Picradeniopsis.
Leaves not palmately divided.
Foliage not dotted with oil-glands.
Receptacle naked, rays yellow.

Bracts of the involucre appressed, leaves not decurrent on

the stem. 4. Tetraneuris.

Bracts of the involucre spreading or reflexed at maturity,

leaves usually decurrent on the stem. 5. Helenium.

Receptacle bristly, rays in our species purple at least at the

base. 6. Gaillardia.

Foliage dotted with oil-glands.

Leaves dissected, involucral bracts partly united. 7. Boebera.
Leaves entire, linear, bracts separate. 8. Pectis.

1. Hymenopappus. 1006.

Corolla white, heads 8-12 mm. broad, biennials.

Achene puberulent, pappus shorter than the width of the achene.

1. H. corymbosus.

ASTERACEAE: HELEXIEAE 187

Achene densely villous, pappus as long as the width of the achene.

2. H. tenuifolius.
Corolla yellow, heads 12-25 mm. broad; perennials. 3. H. filifolius.

1. Hymenopappus corymbosus T. & G.
Nebraska according to Britton's Manual.

2. Hymenopappus tenuifolius Pursh.

Common in sandy soil. Anselmo; Dismal River; Foster; Franklin;
Phelps County; Valentine.

3. Hymenopappus filifolius Hook.

Common in dry sandy prairies. Broken Bow; Box Butte County;
Deuel County; Cedar County; Merriman; Mullen; Pine Ridge; Sioux
County; Thedford.

2. Polypterls. 1007.

1. Polypteris hookeriana (T. & G.) A. Gray.

On dry prairies in the western part of the state. Hat Creek Basin;

Lincoln; Whitney; Royal.

3. Picrideniopsis. 1008.

1. Picrideniopsis oppositifolia (Nutt.) Rydb.
Whitney.

4. Tetraneuris. (Picradenia.) 1008.

Leaves with narrowly linear blades, 1-2 mm. wide, involucre 10-13 mm.

wide. I.T. stenophyiia.

Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate 2-6 mm. wide, involucre 15-35 mm.

wide.

Scapes few, leaves 4-7 cm. long. 2. T. simplex.

Scapes tufted, leaves 3-5 cm. long. 3. T. acaulis.

1. Tetraneuris stenophyiia Rydb.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Franklin.

2. Tetraneuris simplex A. Nelson.

Western Nebraska according to Britton's Manual.

3. Tetraneuris acaulis (Nutt.) Greene.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Alliance; Belmont;
Banner County; Harrison; Scotts Bluff; Sioux County.

5. Helenium. 1010.

1. Helenium autumnale L. Sneeze-weed.

In wet meadows and along streams and ditches. Bellevue; Dismal
River; Ft. Kearney; Plainview; Newark; Plattsmouth; Scotts Bluff
County; Valentine.

6. Gaillardia. 1011.

1. Gaillardia pulchella Foug.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Franklin; Lincoln; Red

Cloud; Riverton.

188 CAMPAXULALES

7. Boebera. 1012.

1. Boebera papposa (Vent.) Rydb. Fetid Marigold.
Common all over the state. Brock; Franklin; Grand Rapids; Lin-
coln; Minden; Nebraska City; Plain view; Red Cloud; Scotts Bluff
County; "Valentine; Wymore.

8. Pectls. 1012.

1. Pectls angustifolia Torr.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Deuel County; Ft.

Niobrara.

Tribe 8. ANTHEMIDEAE.

Rays usually present, white or pink; receptacle chaffy.

Achenes flattened, heads small. 1. Achillea.

Achenes terete, heads larpe 25 cm. or more broad. 2. Anthem is.
Rays wanting or rudimentary, receptacle not chaffy.

Heads corymbed, pappus a short crown. Tanacetum.

Heads racemose, spicate or panicled, pappus none. 4. Artemisia.

1. Achillea. 1013.

1. Achillea millifolium L. Yarrow, Milfoil.

A common weed in the eastern part of the state. Fairbury; Hat
Creek Basin; Lincoln; Nebraska City; Ponca; Red Cloud.

2. Anthemis. 1014.

1. Anthemis cotula L. Fetid camomile.

Common in waste places in the eastern part of the state. Brown
Ccunty; Lincoln; Nebraska City; St. Paul.

4. Artemisia. 1017.

Marginal flowers pistillate, central flowers perfect, mostly herbs.
Central flowers sterile, not producing seeds, mostly with entire
styles.
Herbs, sometimes woody at the base, heads 2-4 mm. broad.
Leaves pinnately dissected into narrow linear lobes.

Heads 2 mm. broad, in a broad panicle. 1. A. caudata.

Heads 4 mm. broad, in a narrow panicle. 2. A. canadensis.
Leaves linear, mostly entire, sometimes 3-cleft or the lower
more divided.
Leaves glabrous. 3. A. dracunculoides.

Leaves finely and densely pubescent. 4. A. glauca.

Shrubs, heads small, numerous, about 1 mm. broad. 5. A. filfolia.
Central flowers fertile, producing seeds, their styles 2-cleft.
Receptacle with long woolly hairs.

Plants 2-3 dm, high, leaf segments linear-filiform, less than 1

mm, wide. 6. A. frigida.

Plants 6-12 dm, high, leaf segments oblong or linear-oblong,

over 1 mm. broad, 7. A. absinthium.

Receptacle glabrous, or slightly pubescent.

ASTERACEAE: AXTHEMIDEAE 189

Leaves green, glabrous or pubescent, dissected.

Heads 4 mm. broad, perennials. 8. A. abrotanum.

Heads 2 mm, broad, annuals or biennials.

Heads in a loose panicle, if leafy bracted tbe bracts ex-
ceeded by the branches of the inflorescence.

9. A. annua.

Heads in axillary clusters forming leafy spikes, the cluster

much exceeded by the leaves. 10. A. biennis.

Leaves densely white canescent or tomentose at least beneath.

Leaves deeply pinnatifid, the segments incised.

11. A. vulgaris.
Leaves not pinnatifid, lanceolate or linear, rarely 3-5 parted.
Leaves all entire.

Leaves linear, elongated, 5-12 cm. long, at length glabrous

above. A. longifolia.

Leaves lanceolate, shorter, 5-8 cm. long, tomentose on

both sides. 12. A. gnaphaloides.

Lower leaves lobed. 14. A. ludoviciana.

Flowers all perfect; all producing seeds; shrubs.

Leaves cuneate, 3-toothed or 3-lobed. 15. A.tridentata.

Leaves linear, entire. 16. A. cana.

1. Artemisia caudata Michx. Wild Wormwood.
In dry soil in the western part of the state. Grand Island; Long Pine;
Riverton.

2. Artemisia canadensis Michx. Canada Wormwood.
Common in dry soil in the western part of the state. Banner County;
Deuel County; Hat Creek Basin; Long Pine; Minden; Thedford.

3. Artemisia dracunculoides Pursh.

In dry prairies throughout the state. Deuel County; Chadron; Lin-
coln; Nebraska City; Scribner; Walton.

4. Artemisia glauca Pall.
Ft. Robinson.

5. Artemisia filifolia Torr.

On dry prairies in the western part of the state. Antelope County;
Box Butte County; Callaway; Crawford.

6. Artemisia frigida Willd.

Common in dry soil in the western part of the state. Banner County;
Belmont; Box Butte County; Hat Creek Basin; Thedford; Long Pine.

7. Artemisia absinthium L. Common Wormwood.
Sometimes escapes from gardens. Nebraska City.

8. Artemisia abrotanum L.

Nebraska according to Britton's Manual.
^. Artemisia annua L.
In woods. Riverton.

10. Artemisia biennis Willd.

A common weed in the eastern part of the state. Kennedy; Lin-
coln; Nebraska City; Wahoo; Whitman; Red Cloud; Valentine.

11. Artemisia vulgaris L. Common Mugwort.
Grand Island.

12. Artemisia gnaphaloides Nutt.

Common on dry prairies all over the state. Brown County; Cherry
County; Kearney; Kimball; Lincoln; Nebraska City; Thedford.

190

CAMPANULALES

13. Artemisia pabularis (A. Nels.) Rydb.
Jslebraska according to Rydberg's Flora of Colorado.

14. Artemisia ludovicicna Nutt.
St. Paul; Lincoln.

15. Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Common Sagebrush.
In dry soil in the northwestern part of the state. Hat Creek Basin;
Chadron.

16. Artemisia cana Pursh. Hoary or Smaller Sagebrush.
In dry soil in the northwestern part of the state. Alliance; Crawford;
Hat Creek Basin; Kiwa Valley; Glen.

Tribe 9. SENECIONEAE.

Leaves opposite, rays yellow. 1. Arnica.
Leaves alternate.

Rays none, flowers white or whitish.

Marginal flowers pistillate, the central ones perfect, plants with

a rank smell. 2. Erechtites.

All the flowers perfect, sap milky. 3. Mesadenia.

Rays present, yellow. 4. Senecio.

1. Arnica. 1022.

1. Arnica cordifolia Hook.

Nebraska according to Britton's Manual.

2. Erechtites. 1023.

1. Erechtites hieraclfolia (L.) Raf.

In the eastern part of the state, not common. Lincoln.

3. Mesadenia. (Cacalia.) 1023.

Glaucous, stem terete, leaves lobed or incised. 1. M. triplicifolia.

Green, not glaucous, stem striate angled, leaves entire or denticulate,

not lobed. 2. M. tuberosa.

1. Mesadenia atriplicifoiia (L.) Raf. Pale Indian Plantain.
In woods in the eastern part of the state. Nebraska City; Richard-
son County.

2. Mesadenia tuberosa (Nutt.) Britton. Indian Plantain.
In low prairies in the eastern part of the state. Lincoln; Nebraska
City; Wahoo.

4. Senecio. 1024.

Basal leaves neither linear nor parted into linear segments.

Heads 10-14 mm. high, plant tomentose when young, soon glabrous.
Involucral bracts acuminate, leaves mostly entire.

1. S. integerrimus.
Involucral bracts acute or obtuse, mostly black pointed, leaves
denticulate. 2. S. atriapiculatus.

Heads 6-10 mm. high, stems often persistently tomentose.

Basal leaves entire or rarely somewhat ripand, densely and per-
sistently white-tomentose to the inflorescence.

3. 8. purshianus.

ASTERACEAE: CYXAREAE 191

Basal leaves, at least some of them, pinnatifid or crenate.
Some of the basal leaves pinnatifid, persistently tomentose.

4. S. planttensis.
Basal leaves crenate, often purple, leaves glabrous or nearly
so, stems often woolly, especially below. 5. S. balsamitae.
Basal leaves linear or parted into linear segments.

Basal leaves linear-cuneate, 4-6 mm. wide, the upper leaves usually
laciniate or pinnatifid. 6. S. compactus.

All the leaves linear or parted into linear segments.

Leaves all linear, entire, 1-3 mm. wide. 7. S. spartioides.

Leaves, at least some of them, parted into 3-9 linear segments.

8. S. fremontii.

1. Senecio integerrimus Nutt.
Valentine.

2. Senecio atriapiculatus Rydb.

In moist soil in the eastern part of the state. Ainsworth; Lincoln;
Ponca; Whitney.

3. Senecio purshianus Nutt.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Belmont; Freeport; Hat
Creek Basin; Pine Ridge; Sidney.

4. Senecio plattensis Nutt.

On prairies throughout the state. Callaway; Dawson; Ewing; Fair-
bury; Lincoln; Naponee; Plainview.

5. Senecio balsamitae Muhl.

In prairies throughout the state. Emerson; Nebraska City.

6. Senecio compactus (A. Gray.) Rydb.

In dry prairies in the western part of the state. Callaway; Long Pine;
Minden; Thedford; Valentine.

7. Senecio spartioides Torr. & Gray.

In dry prairies in the western part of the state.

8. Senecio fremontii (T. & G.) Rydb.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Callaway; Crawford;
Valentine.

Tribe 10. CYNAREAE.

Involucral bracts hooked at the tip, leaves not bristly. 1. Arctium.
Involucral bracts not hooked at the tip.

Leaves very spiny. 2. Carduus.

Leaves not spiny. 3. Centaurea.

1. Actium. 1029.

1. Arctium minus Schk. Common Burdock.

Introduced in the eastern part of the state. Crete; Lincoln; Talmage.

2. Carduus. 1030.

Bracts of the involucre, at least the outer, strongly prickly pointed,
heads all with perfect flowers over 25 mm. broad.

All the involucral bracts prickly pointed. 1. C. lanceolatus.

Inner bracts of the involucre merely acuminate or appendaged.
Leaves glabrous, hispid or floccose above, tomentose beneath.

192 CAMPAXULALES

Leaves entire or lobed, the lower sometimes pinnatifld.

2. C. altissimus.
Leaves deeply pinnatifld into linear or lanceolate segments.
Leaves floccose but green above, strongly spiny.

3. C. flodmanii.
Leaves glabrous above, weakly spiny. 4. C. discolor.

Leaves tomentose on both sides, or becoming glabrous above.
Leaves pinnatifld.

Spines of the involucre less than half as long as the bracts.
Flowers pink or purple.
Heads not over 5 cm. broad. 5. C. undulatus.

Heads larger, 5-8 cm. broad.

5a. C. undulatus var. megacephalus.
Flowers yellow. 6. C. plattensis.

Spines of the involucre as long as the bracts, yellow.

7. C. ochrocentrus.

Leaves entire or undulate. 8. C. nebraskensls.

Bracts of the involucre not strongly prickly pointed, heads small, not

over 25 mm. broad, dioecious.

Leaves very prickly with stiff prickles. 9. C. arvensls.

Leaves scarcely prickly, prickles not stiff.

9a. C. arvensis var. setosus.

1. Carduus lanceolatus L. Common Bur Thistle.
Introduced in the southeastern part of the state. Nebraska City.

2. Carduus altissimus L . Tall Thistle.
Common in fields and along roadsides in the eastern part of the state.
Ainsworth; Dismal River; Holt County; Lincoln; Nebraska City;
Newark; Valentine.

3. Carduus flodmanii Rydb.

In river bottoms and meadows. Arcadia; Minden; Newark; Antelope
County.

4. Carduus discolor (Mihl.) Nutt. Field Thistle.
Common over most of the state. Gordon; Grand Island; Scotts Bluff;
Red Cloud; Weeping Water.

5. Carduus undulatus Nutt. White Thistle.
On plains and prairies throughout the state. Boelus; Deuel County;
St. Paul; Squaw Canon; Utica.

5a. Carduus undulatus megacephalus (A. Gray.) Porter.
Ainsworth; Niobrara; Red Cloud.

6. Carduus plattensis Rydb.

In the sand-hills. Glen; Kennedy; Minden; O'Neill; Box Butte
County; Paddock; Thedford; Valentine.

7. Carduus ochrocentrus (A. Gray.) Greene.
Callaway; Indianola; Minden; Riverton.

8. Carduus nebraskensls Britton.

In the western part of the state. Scotts Bluff.

9. Carduus arvensis (L.) Robs. Canada Thistle.
Introduced in the eastern part of the state. Lincoln; Nebraska City;
Omaha; Plainview; St. Paul.

9a. Carduus arvensis var. setosus.
Bethany; College View.

ASTERACEAE: CICHORIEAE 193

3. Centaurea. 1034.

Bracts fimbriate, not ending in stip spines. 1. C. cyanus.

Bracts ending in stiff spines. 2. C. solstitialis.

1. Centaurea cyanus L.
Cultivated and sometimes escapes.

2. Centaurea solstitialis L.
Introduced, but rare. Crete; Davey.

Tribe 11. CICHORIEAE.

Pappus of small scales, much shorter than the achenes, flowers blue
or white. 1. Cichorium.

Pappus of bristles at least as long as the body of the achene.
Stems leafy or with several flowers.
Heads 5-10 flowered, flowers pink or purple.

Lower leaves runcinate pinnatifid. 2. Ptiloria.

All the leaves entire, the upper often reduced to scales.

8. Lygodesmla.
Heads many flowered or the flowers yellow.

Achene and pappus 7-8 cm. long. 3. Tragopogon.

Achene and pappus much shorter.

Flowers blue. 7. Lactuca.

Flowers yellow, orange or red.

Achenes distinctly beaked. 7. Lactuca.

Achenes not beaked.

Inflorescence not a spike-like thyrsus, heads usually many
flowered.
Achenes flattened; stem leaves auriculate-clasping.

6. Sonchus.
Achenes terete or prismatic; stem leaves not auricu-
late-clasping.
Involucral bracts with scarious margins; receptacle
slightly bristly. 4. Malacothrix.

Involucral bracts not scarious margined; receptacle
naked.
Pappus soft, white; achenes usually narrowed
above. ' 11. Crepis.

Pappus of stiff, brown or brownish bristles; achenes
not narrowed above. 12. Hieracium.

Inflorescence in our species a spike-like thyrsus; heads
12-16 flowered. 13. Nabalus.

Acaulescent plants; scapes 1-flowered.
Leaves mostly entire.
Achenes 8-12 mm. long, scapes smooth, longer than the leaves.

9. Agoseris.

Achenes about 6 mm. long, scapes tomentose, at least above,

equal to or shorter than the leaves. 10. Nothocalais.

Leaves pinnatifid or sinuate-dentate. 5. Taraxicum.

1. Cichorium. 890.
Heads sessile in clusters. 1. C. intybus.

194 CAMPANULALES

Some of the heads on stout spreading peduncles 2-10 cm. long.

1a. C. intybus divaricatum.

1. Cichorium intybus L. Chicory.

Frequently found in alfalfa fields. Kennedy; Lincoln; O'Neill.
1a. Cichorium intybus var. divaricatum DC.
Brunswick; Lincoln.

2. Ptiloria. (Stephanomeria.) 894.

Pappus plumose to the base, white. 1. P. ramosa.

Pappus merely scabrous at the base, brown. 2. P. pauciflora.

1. Ptiloria ramosa Rydb.

In dry soil in the western part of the state. Scotts Bluff; Sioux
County.

2. Ptiloria pauciflora (Torr.) Raf.
Nebraska.

3. Tragopogon. 894.

Flowers yellow. 1. T. pratensis.

Flowers blue. 2. T. porrifolius.

1. Tragopogon pratensis L. Yellow Goat's-beard.

In waste places in various places in the state. Blue Hill; Grand
Island; Minden; Ord; Plainview.

2. Tragopogon porrifolius L. Oyster Plant; Salsify.
In wet places. Blue Hill; Lincoln; Minden.

4. Malacothrix. 895.

1. Malacothrix sonchoides (Nutt.) T. & G.
Nebraska according to Britton's Manual.

5. Taraxicum. 896.

Outer bracts reflexed, not glaucous, heads 3-5 cm. broad, achenes
brownish green. 1. T. taraxicum.

Bracts spreading or ascending, glaucous, heads not over 2.5 cm.
broad, achenes red. 2. T. erythrospermum.

1. Taraxicum taraxicum (L.) Karst. Common Dandelion.
A common weed all over the state, especially in lawns. Crete; Lin-
coln; Minden; Red Cloud; Wahoo.

2. Taraxicum erythrospermum Andrz. Red-seeded Dandelion.
More recently introduced, but common in many places. Hastings;
Lincoln; Minden; Plainview; Red Cloud.

6. Sonchus. 896.

Leaves with acute auricles; achenes transversely wrinkled.

S. oleraceus.
Leaves with rounded auricles; achenes not transversely wrinkled.

1. S. asper.

ASTERACEAE: CICHORIEAE 195

1. Sonchus asper (L.) All. Sow-thistle.

A common weed throughout the state. Central City; Hastings; Hat
Creek Basin; Kearney; Lincoln; Nebraska City.

7. Lactuca. 897.

Flowers yellow; beaks of the achenes as long as the body.
Margins of the leaves, and often also the midribs, spiny.
Heads 6-12 flowered, involucre 8-12 mm. high.

Leaves sinuate-pinnatifid. 1. L. scariola.

Leaves merely irregularly denticulate.

1a. L. scariola var. integrata.

Heads 12-20 flowered, involucre 10-20 mm. high. 2. L. ludoviciana.

Margins of the leaves not spiny. 3. L. canadensis.

Flowers blue or violet; achenes beakless or beak shorter than the

body.

Achenes flat; involucre 15-20 mm. high. 4. L. pulchella.

Achenes thicker slightly compressed, involucre 10-12 mm. high.

Achenes not beaked; leaves not pinnatifid. 5. L. villosa.

. Achenes short beaked; leaves pinnatifid. 6. L. floridana.

1. Lactuca scariola L.
Red Cloud.

la. Lactuca scariola integrata Gren. & Godr.

A. common weed in the eastern part of the state. Minden; Nebraska

City; Red Cloud; Republican.

2. Lactuca ludoviciana (Nutt.) DC. Western Wild Lettuce.
A common weed all over the state. Banner County; Cherry County;
Franklin; Grand Island; Mullen; Nebraska City; Minden; Pishelville;
Plummer Ford.

3. Lactuca canadensis L. Wild Lettuce.
A common weed throughout the state. Cherry County; Long Pine;
Nebraska City; Pishelville; Plummer Ford; Sioux County; St. Paul.

4. Lactuca pulchella (Pursh.) DC. Blue Lettuce.
Throughout the state. Cherry County; Brown County; Lincoln;
Mullen; Nebraska City; Niobrara; Sioux County.

5. Lactuca villosa Jacq.
Crawford; Nebraska City; Saltillo.

6. Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertn.
Reported from Crete.

8. Lygodesmia. 899.

Heads solitary at the ends of the branches, leaves short. 1. L. juncea.

Heads racemose, leaves elongated linear, the lower 7 cm. or more

long. 2. L. rostrata.

1. Lygodesmia juncea (Pursh.) D. Don.

Common in prairies throughout the state. Anselmo; Cherry County;
Freeport; Grand Island; Kearney; Lincoln; Mullen; Minden; Nattick;
Sioux County; Valentine.

2. Lygodesmia rostrata A. Gray.

Less common than the last. Kennedy; Long Pine; Minden; Valentine.

196

CAMPANULALES

9. Agoseris. 900.

Achene 10-12 mm. long, leaves 4-20 mm. wide.
Achene 8 mm. long, leaves narrowly linear, 2-5 mm.

1. A. glauca.
wide.
2. A. parviflora.

1. Agoseris glauca (Pursh.) Greene.
Nebraska City.

2. Agosteris parviflora (Nutt.) Greene.

In dry soil in the western part of the state.

10. Nothocalais. 900.

1. Nothocalais cuspidata (Pursh.) Greene. False Dandelion.

In dry soil over most of the state. Alliance; Crete; Chadron; Deuel
County; Ft. Robinson; Lincoln; McCook; Nebraska City; Thedford.

11. Crepis. 901.

Herbage green, not cinereous or scurfy.
Involucre glabrous, plant glaucous.
Involucre pubescent, plants not glaucous.
Leaves all basal.
Stem leafy.
Herbage cinereous-puberulent, or scurfy.

1. C. glauca.

2. C. runcinata.

3. C. tectorum.

4. C. intermedia.

1. Crepis glauca (Nutt.) T. & G.

Moist soil in the western part of the state. Rushville.

2. Crepis runcinata (James.) T. & G.

Moist soil in the western part of the state. Callaway; Cheyenne
County; Sheridan County; Simeon; Valentine.

3. Crepis tectorum L.

In the foot-hills of the western part of the state. Chadron.

4. Crepis intermedia A. Gray.

Dry soil in the western part of the state. Harrison.

12. Hieracium. 903.

Leaves mostly or all basal, stem glabrous, or nearly so. 1. H. venosum.
Stem leafly, rarely glabrous.

Principal bracts in 2-4 series. 2. H. umbellatum.
Principal bracts in 1 series.

Stem hirsute or hispid, achene columnar. 3. H. scabrum.
Stem and leaves covered with long Drown hair, achenes spindle-
shaped. 4. H. longipilum.

1. Hieracium venosum L.

Nebraska according to Britton's Manual.

2. Hieracium umbellatum L.
Squaw Canon.

3. Hieracium scabrum Michx.
Nebraska according to Britton's Manual.

4. Hieracium longipilum Torr.

In the southeastern part of the state. Edgar; Lincoln; Odell.

ASTERACEAE: CICHORIEAE 197

13. Nabalus. 906.
1. Nabalus asper (Michx.) T. & G.

On dry prairies over most of the state. Bassett; Brunswick; Lin-
coln; Loup City; Nebraska City; Neligh; Red Cloud.

APPENDIX

SUGGESTIONS FOR BEGINNERS.

1. The purpose of the keys is to make it possible to deter-
mine the name of a plant from its structure. Though the ability to
name plants should not be mistaken for a knowledge of botany,
it is necessary for one who works with plants to be able to find
out their names; and if one collects a plant and finds its name
from a key he will learn something of its habitat, structure, life-
history and relationship to other plants.

2. The Latin or scientific name of a plant consists usually of
two parts, as Prunus americana or Quercus macrocarpa. The first
part is the name of the genus to which the plant belongs, thus
Prunus includes the plums and cherries and Quercus all the oaks.
The second part or species name limits it to a single kind of plants,
as Prunus americana for the common wild plum and Quercus macro-
carpa for the bur-oak.

3. Sometimes some of the plants in a species differs from others,
but the difference is not considered enough to make a new species.
They are then considered a variety and this is indicated by adding
a third part to the name, as Cichorium intybus divaricatum.

4. As different men might apply the same name to different
plants and thus lead to a confusion it is customary to add after each
name the name, usually abbreviated, of the man who applied it.
Sometimes a name is followed by a double citation of authors as
Berteroa incana (L.) DC. This means that Linnaeus first described
the plant and gave it its species name, incana, but put it in the
genus Alyssum, and DeCandole transferre dit to the genus Berteroa.

5. Except for a few common plants the common or English
names are almost worthless as the same name will be applied to
different plants in different places and the same plant will be known
by several names even in the same locality. Most of our native
plants have no common names.

6. Genera are united into larger groups called families. The
names of families are usually formed by adding the ending aceae
to the name of one of its genera, as Rosaceae for the rose family
from Rosa. Families are grouped into orders named by adding ales
to the name of one of its genera as Rosales for the order including
the rose family and some other related families. Orders are grouped
into classes and classes into phyla.

200 - APPENDIX

7. The classification of flowering plants is largely based on the
structure of the flowers. The flowers are consequently referred to
In the keys more frequently than other parts of the plant.

8. A typical flower has four kinds of organs, pistils, stamens,
petals and sepals. In the lower groups of both monocotyledons and
dicotyledons the pistils and stamens are numerous and all the parts
of the flower are separately attached to the enlarged end of the
flower-stalk called the receptacle.

9. The pistils are at the center of the flow^er. In the lower
part of the pistil, called the ovary, is a cavity or cell which contains
the ovules. From the ovules the seeds are developed. The part
of the walls of this cavity to which the ovules and seeds are at-
tached is called the placenta. The stigma is the part of the pistil
on which the pollen must fall in order to germinate and fertilize the
ovules. It is usually borne on the end of a stalk called the style,
but this may be short or wanting. The stigma is then sessile.

10. The stamens are borne around the pistils. Each consists of
a stalk, called the filament, bearing anthers at the tip. In the cavi-
ties or cells of the anthers the pollen grains are produced.

11. Outside of the stamens are two series of leaf-like organs mak-
ing up the perianth. The inner whorl, known as the corolla, consists
of petals which are usually some other color than green. These are
usuall ythe organs which make flowers attractive. The outer whorl
is made up of sepals. These are usually green. When they
resemble petals in color the calyx is said to be corolloid. In the
bud they protect the inner more delicate organs.

12. This type of flow^er has been modified in various ways in the
higher groups. One of these is by the omission of some of the
organs. Thus one or both of the perianth whorls may be lacking.
If the corolla is wanting the flower is apetalous, if the calyx is also
wanting it is asepalous or achlamydeous.

13. Frequently some of the flowers lack stamens and the rest
lack pistils. Such flowers are called imperfect while those having
both are perfect. A flower with stamens and lacking pistils is
staminate. one with pistils and larking stamens is pistillate. Stamin-
ate flowers often have rudimentary pistils and pistillate flowers rudi-
ments of stamens. A rudimentary stamen is known as a stamin-
odium. A flower lacking both pistils and stamens is neutral.

14. If the staminate and pistillate flowers are produced on the
same individual plant it is monoecious. Indian corn in which the
staminate flowers are borne in the tassel and the pistillate in the
ear is a good example. In dioecious plants the staminate and pistil-
late flowers are on separate plants. This is the case in the cotton-
wood and boxelder. If some of the flowers are staminate and the
rest perfect the plant is polygamous. If the staminate occur on
separate plants it is polygamous-diodecious. This is the case in
some grapes.

15. Modifications of the flowers is often brought about by the
union of organs of the same kind. Thus the sepals may unite and
the flower becomes gamosepalous, or the petals unite and it is gamo-
petalous. The stamen filaments may unite as is generally the case
in the pea family. If they are united into one group they are mona-
delphous, if in two groups they are diadelphous. In most of the
composites the anthers unite to form a tube around the style, i. e.,
they are syngenesious.

APPENDIX 201

16. The pistils are often united with each other. Here all stages
of union occur, from a slight union at the base to complete fusion
to the stigma. When the overies are united they form a compound
Gvary. This can be distinguished from a single simple ovary by
having several cavities or cells or by having several placentae. This
will be seen in a cross-section. Often they can be distinguished by
having several styles or stigmas.

17. The floral structures of one series often unite with those of
adjacent series. Thus the stamens often unite with the corolla
especially in gamopetalous flowers as the morning glory or the
phlox.

18. In many flowers the lower part of the receptacle is ex-
panded into a disc or hypanthium on the edge of which the perianth
and stamens are borne. This structure is well shown in the straw-
berry blossom. This disc may grow upwards into a cup or tube as
in the plum or cherry. In these it disappears after the blossom
fades, but i nthe rose it is permanent and forms the flesh of the
hip and in the apple where it unites with the pistils and forms
the outer part of the flesh of the apple. In other plants, as in the
evening primrose, it forms a tube extending beyond the ovary. When
the hypanthium reaches to the top of the ovary or beyond and is
adnate to it, the ovary becomes inferior, and the flower epigynous.

19. When all the members of each whorl of floral organs are
alike or nearly so the flower is regular; if they differ from each
other, one side of the flower being markedly different from the other
it is irregular.

20. The arrangement of the flowers i. e. the inflorescence is fre-
quently referred to in the keys. The names of the common flower
clusters will be given in the glossary-.

21. After fertilization the ovary developes into the fruit. The
walls of the ovary form the pericarp, which consists of two layers,
the inner is the endocarp the outer the exocarp. These are often
quite different, for instance in the plum the exocarp is juicy formJng
the flesh of the fruit while the endocarp is horny and forms the shell
of the pit.

22. Fruits which do not open are indehiscent, while those that
open at maturity to allow tht seeds to escape are dehiscent. Most
dehiscent fruits split lengthwise into valves or teeth. If they have
several cavities they may open at the middle of the cavities or at
the dividing walls between them. The former is called loculicidal
and the latter septicidal dehiscence. If the fruit breaks regularly
crosswise, the top coming off like a lid, it is circumscissile.

23. A leaf may have three distinct parts, the blade, the stalk,
or petiole and the stipules. The blade is the expanded green part
forming the main portion of the leaf. Leaves with more than one
blade are compound. The stipules are small appendages on the
sides of the petiole at its base. They are frequently wanting, or
represented only by glands. The petiole may also be wanting, the
leaf is then sessile.

24. In the grasses and sedges the lower part of the leaf sur-
rounds the stem and is called the sheath, the free part of the leaf
is the blade. In the grasses where the blade joins the sheath an
appendage called the ligule usually extends upwards around the
stem.

202 APPENDIX

25. The leaves accompanying the inflorescence are often quite
different from the ordinary foliage leaves both in form and size.
Such modified leaves are called bracts. A whorl of bracts is called
an involucre, or i fthere are secondary whorls on the branches of the
inflorescence these are called involucels.

26. In the grasses the flowers are arranged in spikelets consist-
ing of an axis, the rachilla, bearing two rows of bracts. The lowest
two are empty and are known as empty scales or glumes. The
rest usually bear a flower in the axil and are known as flowering
scales or lemmas. Between the flower and the rachilla is another
bract called the palet or palea.

27. In the composites the head is surrounded by from one to
several series of bracts forming the involucre. Some of the com-
posites have in addition to these other bracts mixed with the
flowers in the head, each floret occurring in the axil of a bract.
These bracts are called chaff. They occur in the sunflower.

28. Plants that live but a single season are annuals, those living
two seasons are biennials, those living several to many years are
perennials. Plants which do not form much woody tissue and whose
stems live but a single season are herbs. Plants which form woody
stems which persist from year to year are trees or shrubs. Trees
differ from shrubs in being higher and having usually but a single
stem while shrubs are low and often have many stems.

29. In some plants the stem is under ground and usually short.
They thus appear stemless and are called acaulescent. In such
plants the flower stalks come directly out of the ground and are
called scapes. The dandelion is a common example.

30. All measurements are given in the metric system. For the
convenience of those not familiar with this system the following
table of approximate equivalents will be useful:

Metric. English.

1 milimetre (mm.) one-half line

1 centimetre (cm.) two-fifths inch

1 decimetre (dm.) four inches (3.94)

1 metre (m.) 3 feet 3.37 inches

English. Metric.

1 line 2 millimetres

1 inch 2.5 centimetres

1 foot 3 decimetres

GLOSSARY

Numbers refer to paragraphs in the preceding part of appendix.

Aclamydeous 12

Acaulescent 29

Actinomorphic. Regular.

Acuminate. Gradually tapering to
the apex.

Acute. Sharp pointed.

Adnate. Adhering to another or-
gan of a different kind.

Alternate. With but one leaf at
each node.

Ament. A bracted spike of imper-
fect flowers.

Annual 28

Anther 10

Anthesis. Period of flowering.

Apetalous 12

Aril. An appendage at the hilum
of a seed.

Arillate. Having an aril.

Aristate. Ending in an awn or
bristle.

Asepalous 12

Auricled. With ear-like lobes at
the base.

Awn. A bristle-like organ.

Axil. The point of a stem just
above the base of a leaf.

Axillary. Borne on an axil.

Berry. A small succulent fruit as
a grape or gooseberry.

Biennial 28

Bipinnate. Twice pinnate.

Blade 23

Bract 25

Bulb. A large subterranean bud
with thick flesh scales.

Bulblet. Like a bulb, but smaller
and above ground.

Caducous. Falling soon after de-
velopment.

Caespitose. Growing in tufts.

Callosity. A small hard swelling.

Calyx 11

Callus. A protuberance at the
base of a grass spikelet.

Campanulate. Bell-shaped.

Canescent. Gray or white due to
fine pubescence.

Capsule. A dry dehiscent fruit
made up of several carpels.

Carpel. A simple pistil or one of
the parts of a compound pistil.

Caryopsis. A dry one-seeded fruit
with the pericarp adhering to
the seed. A grain.

Caudate. With tail-like append-
age.

Cauline. Borne on a stem.

Cell 9. 10

Chaff 27

Chartaceous. Papery.

Chlorophyll. The green coloring
matter of plants.

Ciliate. With marginal hairs.

Cinerous. Grayish, ashcolored.

Circumsclssile 22

Claw. Stalk of a petal.

Cleistogamous. Flowers which fer-
tilize themselves without open-
ing.

Coma. A tuft of hair on a seed.

Compound leaf 23

Compound ovary 17

Connate. Union of like organs.

Connective. The nart of the fllia-
ment between the anther sacs.

Cordate. Heart-shaped.

Coriaceous. Leathery.

Corm. A solid buib-shaped swell-
ing at the base of a stem.

Corolla 11

Corolloid 11

Corona. A whoil of annendages
between the corolla and the sta-
m.ens.

Corymb. A convex or flat-topped
flower-cluster, with the mar-
ginal flowers opening first, and
the rays not arising from the
same point of the axis.

Cotyledon. The first leaves of the
embryo in the seed.

204

APPENDIX

Crown. See corona.

Culm. The stem of a grass or

sedge.
Cuspidate. Ending in a sharp

point.
Cyme. A convex or flat-topped

flower-cluster with the central

flowers opening first, its rays

not arising from the same point

of the axis.
Deciduous. Falling off at the end

of the growing season.
Decompound. Divided more than

once.
Decumbent. Lying on the ground

with only the ends ascending.
Decurrent. An organ extending

upon another, as a leaf upon the

stem.

Dehiscent 22

Dentate. With teeth directed out-
ward.

Diadelphous 15

Dicarpeliary. A compound pistil

consisting of two carpels.
Dichotomous. Branching by fork-
ing regularly in pairs.
Diffuse. With a loosely spreading

habit.
Digitate. Compound leaves with

all the leaflets attached at the

same point.

Dioecious 14

Disc. 18. The part of the head

in the composites consisting of

the tubular flowers.
Discoid. Without rays.
Dissected. Divided into numerous

segments.
Dissepiment. A partition wall of

a compound ovary or fruit.
Divided. Of leaves; blade cleft to

the base or to the midrib.
Drupe. A fruit with a coriaceous,

flbrous or fleshy exocary and a

bony endocarp, as a plum.
Emarginate. With a notch at the

apex.
Embryo. The young plantlet in

the seed.

Endocarp 21

Endosperm, Substance inside of

the seedcoats surrounding the

embryo in the seed.

Entire. Edges not notched or
toothed.

Epigynous 18

Erose. With irregular edges as if
gnawed.

Exocarp 21

Falcate. Curved like a scythe.

Filament 10

Floccose. With tufts of wooly
hairs.

Floret. A small flower in a head.

Foliaceous. Leaf-like in appear-
ance.

Follicle. A simple dry fruit de-
hiscent along one suture, as
that of the milkweed.

Fugaceous. Soon to fall off.

Funiculus. Stalk of a seed or
ovule.

Gamopetalous 15

Gamosepalous 15

Gibbous. Swollen on one side.

Glabrate. Nearly hairless.

Glabrous. Without hairs.

Gland. A secreting organ.

Glaucous. Surface covered with a
white or bluish powder as a box-
elder twig.

Glume 26

Hastate. Leaves with diverging
lobes at the base.

Head. A compact cluster of ses-
sile flowers.

Herb 28

Herbacous. Leaf-like in color and
texture. Like an herb.

Hilum. Point of attachment on a
seed.

Hirsute. Covered with stiff,
coarse hairs.

Hispid. Covered with bristly
hairs.

Hyaline. Transparent or translu-
cent.

HypogyiHous 20

Hypanthium 18

Imbricated. Overlapping like
shingles.

Imperfect 13

Indehiscent 22

Indurated. Hardened

Inferior ovary 18

Inflorescence. A flower cluster.

Internode. Part of a stem be-

APPENDIX

205

tween two nodes.

Involucre 25

Jnvolucel 25

Irregular 19

Keel. Lower petal of a pea-
flower.
Laciniate. Divided into narrow

lobes or segments.
Lanceolate. Longer than broad,

as a willow leaf.
Legume. A dry fruit splitting along
both sutures, as the pod of the
bean or pea.
Ligulate. With a strap-shaped
corolla,

Ligule 24

Lemma 26

Limb. The expanded part of a
petal or corolla; as distin-
guished from claw or throat.
Linear. Long and narrow with

nearly parallel sides.
Loment. A legume, usually con-
stricted between the seeds,
which breaks up into one-seeded
joints at maturity.

Locullcidal 22

Lodicules. Rudiments of the peri-
anth in grass flowers.

Monadelphous 15

Monoecious 15

Mucronate. With a short, sharp,

abrupt tip.
Nectary. That part of the flower
which secretes a sweetish fluid
called nectar, which attracts in-
sects and from which bees make
honey.

Neutral 13

Node. The place on stems, often

enlarged or otherwise modified,

where one or more leaves are

normally borne.

Nut. A one-seeded fruit with a

bony indehiscent pericarp.
Nutlet. A diminutive nut.
Oblanceolate. Like lanceolate,

but broadest towards the tip.
Ocrea. (Ochrea) Stipules which
are united into a sheath or tube
around the stem.

Ovary 9

Ovule 9

Palet. (Palea) 26

Palmate. Having lobes or leaflets
that diverge from the apex of
the petiole.
Panicle. A loose irregularly com-
pound flower-cluster with pedi-
celed flowers or spikelets.
Pappus. The modified parianth of
the composites, consisting of
scales, bristles, awns, etc.
Parietal. Borne on or pertaining

to the wall of the ovary.
Pedicel. Stalk of a flower in a

flower-cluster.
Peduncle. Stalk of a flower-clus-
ter or of a solitary flower.
Peltate. A leaf in which the peti-
ole is attached near the center
of the blade.

Perennial 28

Perfect 13

Perfoliate. Having the leaves sur-
rounded the stem so as to ap-
pear to be pierced by it.

Perianth 11

Pericarp 21

Perigynium. A sac-like bract en-
closing the ovary and achene in
Carex.

Petal 10

Petiole 23

Pilose. With soft hairs.
Pinnate. A compound leaf with
the leaflets attached along both
sides of a central axis.
Pinnatifid. Pinnately cleft to the
middle or beyond.

Pistil 9

Pistillate 13

Placenta , 9

Pollen. Spores produced in the
anthers by which the ovule« are
fertilized.

Polygamous 14

Polygamo-dioecious 14

Polypetalous. Petals not united.
Puberulent. Covered with min-
ute hairs.
Pubescent. Covered with short

hairs.
Pubescent. Hairy; especially if
the hairs are soft, short, and
down-like.
Raceme. A flower-cluster consist-
ing of a single axis bearing

206

APPENDIX

pediceled flowers.

Rachilla 26

Ray. A floret in the composites
with a strap-shaped corolla.

Receptacle. 8. The end of the
flower-stalk to which the parts
of the flower are attached. The
surface on which the florets are
attached in a head of flowers.

Regular 19

Retrorse. Bent backwards or
downwards.

Rhizome. A horizontal under-
ground stem.

Rootstock. A rhizome.

Rostellum. A beak-like append-
age of the stigma in the or-
chids.

Sagittate. Shaped like an arrow-
head.

Samara. A one-seeded winged
fruit as that of the ash or elm.

Scabrous. Rough.

Scape 29

Scarious. Thin, dry, membranous
and not green.

Secund. Bearing flowers only on
one side of the axis.

Sepal 10

Septicidal 22

Serrate. With teeth projecting
forward like saw-teeth.

Serrulate. Serrate with small
teeth.

Sessile. Without a stalk. 9. 23.

Setose. Bristly.

Sheath 24

Silicle. A short silique.

Silique. The narrow two-valved
pod of the mustards.

Sinuate; With wavy margins.

Sinus. The space between the
lobes of a leaf.

Spadix. An elongated cluster of
sessile flowers on a fleshy axis.

Spathe, A large bract inclosing
an inflorescence.

Spatulate. Narrowed at the base
with a broader rounded apex.

Spicate. Borne in spikes.

Spike. An inflorescence consist-
ing of spikelets on a simple
axis.

Spikelet 26

Squarrose. Spreading or recurved

at the end.

Stamen 10

Staminodium 13

Staminate 13

Standard. The large upper petal

of a pea-flower.

Stigma 9

Stipe. The stalk of a pistil or

fruit by which they are attached

to the receptacle.
Stipitate. Having a stipe.

Stipules 23

Stolon. A prostrate or decumbent

branch which roots at the

nodes, a runner.
Stoliniferous. With stolons.
Strigose. With appressed stiff

hairs.

Style 9

Syngenesious 15

Terete. Circular in cross-section;

round.
Thyrsus or Thyrse. A contracted

panicle.
Tomentose. Covered with dense

wooly hair.
Tuber. A short, thick enlarge-
ment of an underground branch,

as the potato.
Tubercle. A knob-like outgrowth

or enlargement, a callosity.
Umbel. A flower-cluster whose

branches arise from the same

point.
Umbel let. A secondary umbel,

formed on the branches of an

umbel.
Utricle. A small bladdery one-
seeded fruit.
Valvate. With the edges touch-
ing, but not overlapping.
Vein. A strand of fibro-vascular

tissue in a lear.
Venation. The arrangement of

the veins in a leaf.
Vernation. The arrangement of

leaves or parts of the parianth

in the bud.
Verticillate. Arranged in whorls.
Villous. With long, soft hairs.
Whorl. A circle of leaves or

other organs at a node.
Zygomorphis. Irregular.

LIST OF PRINCIPAL LOCALITIES

Figure following name indicates elevation above sea-level in feet.

Ainsworth 2521 Brown County,

Alliance 3958 Box Butte County.

Anselmo 2605 Custer County.

Arapahoe 2173 Furnas County.

Ashland 1086 Saunders County.

Aten On the Missouri River in Cedar County.

Atkinson 2108 Holt County.

Bassett 2322 Rock County.

Beatrice 1265 On the Blue River in Gage County.

Bellevue 985 On the Missouri in Sarpy County.

Belmont 4493 Dawes County.

Burwell 2180 On a fork of the Loup river in Garfield

County.

Callaway 2561 Custer County.

Cams On the Niobrara in Keya Paha County.

Central City 1704 On the Platte in Merrick County.

Chadron Dawes County.

Cody's Lake In the southwestern part of Hooker

County.

Crawford 3670 Dawes County.

Crete 1353 On the Blue river in Saline County.

Cuba On the Niobrara river in Rock County.

Culbertson 2565 On the Republican river in Hitchcock

County.

Dukeville On the Niobrara in Holt County.

Ewing 1878 On the Elkhorn river in Holt County.

Fairbury 1313 On the Little Blue river in Jefferson

County.

Fort Fiobrara Cherry County.

Fort Robinson 3764 Dawes County.

Franklin 1817 On the Republican river in Franklin

County.

Fremont 1203 Dodge County on the Platte riv-er.

Grand Island 1868 On the Platte in Hall County.

Guide Rock 1646 On the Republican in Webster County.

Haigler 3258 Dundy County on the Arikaree.

Halsey On the Loup river in Thornas County.

Hardy 1539 On the Republican in Nuckolls County.

Harrison 4849 Sioux County.

Hat Creek Basin In the northern part of Sioux County.

Kearney 2152 On the Platte in Buffalo County.

Kimball 4697 On the Lodge Pole creek in Kimball

County.

Lavaca In the western part of Cherry County.

Lincoln 1181 Lancaster County on Salt creek.

Long Pine 2399 Brown County.

208

APPENDIX

Minden 2162

Mullen 3199

Nebraska City 961

Xeligh 1744

Newark 2100

Newcastle

Niobrara

Norfolk 1523

Norway 2910

North Platte 2803

Omaha 1042

Paddock

Plattsmouth 979

Peru 902

Pishelville

Plainview 1682

Plummer Ford

Ponca

Red Cloud 1687

Riverton 1765

Rulo 842

Talmage 947

Thedford 2842

Valentine 2581

Wahoo 1187

Weeping Water .... 1075

Weigand

War Bonnet Canon

Whitney 3404

Kearney County.

On the Loup river in Hooker Count:.

On the Missouri in Otoe County.

On the Elkhorn in Antelope County.

On the Platte in Kearney County,

In the northern part of Dixon County.

At the mouth of the Niobrara in Knox

County.
Madison County.

On the Loup river in Thomas County.
Lincoln County.

On the Missouri in Douglas County.
On the Niobrara in Holt County.
At the mouth of the Platte in Cass County.
On the Missouri in Nemaha County.
On the Niobrara in Knox County.
Pierce County.
On the Dismal river in the southwestern

part of Thomas County.
Dixon County.

On the Republican in Webster County.
On the Republican in Franklin County.
On the Missouri in Richardson County.
Otoe County.

On Loup river in Thomas County.
In the northeastern part of Cherry County.
Saunders County.

On Weeping Water creek in Cass County.
Knox County.

In the northern part of Sioux County.
On White river in Dawes County.

INDEX

Abietaceae 5

Abronia 71

Abutilon 90

Acalypha. . . 83

Acanthaceae 116

Acer. 154

Aceraceae 154

Acerates 109

Achillea 188

Acnida. 72

Acorus 15

Actaea. . . , 56

Acuan 129

Adicea 92

Aesculus 154

Afzelia 114

Agastache 119

Agoseris. . 196

Agrimonia 126

Agropyron 34

Agrostema 65

Agrostideae ^ 42

Agrostis. ' 43

Aizoaceae. 70

Alder 157

Alfalfa 133

Allsma 7

Alismaceae 6

Alismales. . 6

Alllonia 70

Allium 10

Allocarya 101

Alnus 157

Alopecurus. . . 44

Alsine. 66

Alyssum 64

Amaranthaceae 71

Amaranthus 71

Amaryllidaceae 4'^

Ambrosia. 185

Ambrosiae. . , 184

Amelanchier 127

Ammania 144

Amorpha 138

Ampelopsis 153

.Anacardiaceae. . . .-. 155

Anagallis. 93

Andropogon 47

Andropogoniae 47

Androsace 93

Anemone 54

Anemonella 54

Anogra. 146

Anonaceae 57

Antennaria 179

Anthemideae 188

Anthemis. 188

Anthophyta 6

Anychia 67

Apiastrium. 160

Apios 139

Apocynaceae 107

Apocynum. . . 107

Apple, western crab 127

Aquilegia 55

Arabis 63

Araceae. 15

Aragalus 133

Arales 15

Aralia. 158

Araliaceae 158

Arctium 191

Arctostaphylos. 94

Arenaria 67

Argemonia 57

Arisaema. 15

Aristida 46

Aristolochiaceae 149

Arnica. 190

Arrhenatherum. . . 38

Arrowheads 6

Artemisia. . . 188

Asarum 149

A scyrum 86

Asclepiadaceae. . 107

Asclepias 108

Ash 106

Asimina. 57

Asparagus 12

Aspen 68

210

INDEX

Aster 174

Asteraceae. 167

Astereae 170

Astragalus 135

Atheropogon 38

Atriplex 74

Avena 38

Aveneae 38

Bacopa. 113

Ealsaminaceae 81

Baptisia. 131

Parbarea 61

Bartrachium 53

Beach, blue 157

Bean, wild 139

Beckmannia. . . 37

Belamcanda 49

Bellflower. . . 166

Berberis 56

Eerberidaceae 56

Bergamot, wild 121

Berteroa. 64

Berula 161

Besseya 113

Betula 157

Betulaceae 156

Bicarpellatae 95

Bicuculla. 57

Bidens 183

Bindweed. . . 80, 99

Birch 157

Bitter-sweet 153

Blackberry 126

Blackberry lily. 49

Bladder-nut 153

Bladder-wort. 116

Blazing star 170

Blephilia 121

Bluebells 166

Boebera. 188

Boehmeria 92

Boltonia. 174

Boraginaceae. . . 100

Bouncing Bet 66

Bouteloua 37

Boxelder 155

Brachyletrum 45

Branchyactis 177

Brassiaceae. 59

Brassica 61

Brauneria 181

Bromus. 28

Buckwheat 77

Buffalo-berry 153

Bugle-weed 122

Bulbilis 38

Burning bush 153

Bursa. . 62

Butter nut. . 155

Button-bush 164

Cacalia 190

Cactaceae 149

Cactales 149

Cactus. 149

Caesalpinaceae. 128

Calamagrostis 43

Calamovilfa 43

Callirhoe 89

Calochortus 11

Caltha. 55

Calyciflorae. . 122

Callitrichaceae 86

Callitriche 86

Camelina 63

Campanula 166

Campanulaceae 166

Campanulales. 166

Campion. 66

Cannabis 91

Capnoides 58

Capparidaceae 58

Caprifoliaceae 165

Capsella 62

Cardamine. 62

Cardinal-flower. 167

Carduus 191

Carex 21

Carpinus 156

Carya 156

Caryophyllaceae 65

Caryophyllales. 64

Cassia. 129

Castalia 56

Castilleya 114

Catibrosa 32

Catnip 119

Caulophyllum 56

Ceanothus. . 152

Celestraceae. . 153

Celestrales 151

Celastrus. 153

Celtis 91

Cenchrus 42

Centaurea 193

Centrunculus. 93

Cephalanthus 164

Cerastium 66

Ceratophyllaceae 57

INDEX

211

Ceratophyllum 57

Cercis 129

Cercocarpus. . 126

Chaetochloa. , 41

Chamaenerion 145

Chenopodiaceae 72

Chenopodium 73

Cherry 128

Chickweed. 66

Chicory 194

Chlorideae 37

Chrysopsis 171

Chrysothamnus 172

Cichorieae 193

Cichorium 193

cicuta. , . 161

Cinna 43

Circaea 14S

Cistaceae 87

Claytonia 70

Cleavers 164

Clematis 54

Cleome. 58

Cleomella. 58

Clover 132

Clover, prairie 139

Cockle-bur 186

Coffee-tree, Kentucky 129

Coleosanthus 169

Collomia. 97

Comandra 153

Commelina 13

Commelinaceae 13

Compass-plant 180

Compositae 167

Coniferales 5

Conifers. 5

Conioselium. 162

Conringia 64

Convolvulaceae 98

Convolvulus 98

Coral-berry 165

Corallorhiza 51

Coreopsis 183

Corispermum 75

Cornaceae. . 163

Cornus. 163

Corydalis 58

Corylus 157

Cottonwood 68

Cow-herb 66

Cracca. . . 133

Crassulaceae 142

Crataegus 127

Crepis 196

Cristatella 58

Crotalaria. 132

Croton. 83

Cruciferae. 59

Cryptanthe 102

Cucurbita 151

Cucurbitaceae 151

Currant. 143

Cuscuta. 99

Cycloma. 74

Cymomarathrum 162

Cymopteris 162

Cynareae 191

Cynoglossum lOi

Cyperaceae. . . 17

Cyperus. 20

Cypripedium. . 49

Dactylis 32

Dalea 138

Dandelion 194

Dandelion, false 196

Danthonia 38

Datura. 105

Daucus. 163

Delphinium 55

Dentaria 62

Deringia. . . ., 161

Desmodium 140

Dicentra. 57

Dictots. . 51

Dicotyledonaea 51

Didiplis 144

Diplachne 33

Disporum 12

Distichlis 32

Dodder. 99

Dodecatheon 93

Dogwood 163

Dondia 75

Draba 63

Dracocephalum. . . 120

Drymocallis 124

Duckweed. 16

Dulichium 20

Eatonia 32

Echinochloa 41

Echinodorus 6

Echium. 104

Eclipta 180

Elaeagnaceae. 153

Elatinaceae 68

Elatine 68

212

INDEX

Elder 165

Eleocharis 18

Eleusine. 37

Elm. . 90

Elodia 48

Elymus 36

Epilobium 145

Eragrostis 33

Erechtites 190

Ericaceae. 94

Ericales 94

Erigeron 177

Eriocoma 45

Eriogonum 75

Eriophorum 20

Erodium. . . 81

Eryngium ■. . . 160

Erysimum 64

Erythronium 11

Euonymus 153

Eupatorieae 168

Eupatorium. . 169

Euphorbia 83

Euphorbiaceae 83

Eurotia 75

Eustoma 106

Euthamia 174

Evening-primrose. 146

Evolvulus 98

Fagaceae 157

Fagopyrum 78

Falcata 140

Fennel 161

Fescue. . . 30

Festuca. 29

Festuceae 27

Filago. . 178

Fimbristylis 18

Flax 82

Flea-bane. . 178

Foeniculum 161

Fox-tail, 41

Fragaria 125

Fraxinus 106

Fritillaria 11

Froelichia 72

Fuirena. 17

Gaertneria 185

Gaillardia 187

Galium 164

Galpinsia 148

Garlic, false 11

Gaura 148

Gaurella. . 147

Gemmingia 49

Gentiana. 106

Gentianaceae 106

Gentianales 106

Geraniaceae 80

Geraniales. 80

Geranium 80

Gerardia. . 114

Germander 118

Geum 125

Gilia 9?

Ginseng. 158

Glass-wort 75

Glecoma. . 120

Gleditsia 129

Glyceria 30

Glycyrrhiza. . 137

Gnaphalium. . . 179

Goat's beard 194

Golden-rod. . 173

Gonolobus 110

Gooseberry. . . 142

Gourd, fetid or Missouri 151

Graminaceae 26

Graminales. 17

Grapes 152

Grass, alkali. 32

barnyard 41

" bead 41

beard 44

" blow-out 33

" blue 31

blue-eyed. 49

blue-stem 48

brome 29

buffalo. 38

canary 39

" crab 37, 41

grama. 38

" hair 43

" oat 38

orchard. 32

reed 43

sand 34

spear. . 46

squirrel-tail 37

star 49

" stink. . 33

wheat 35

Gratiola 113

Ground-cherry 104

Gum-weed 171

Gutierrezia 171

Guttiferae. 86

INDEX

213

Guttiferales 86

Gymnocladus 129

Habenaria 50

Hackberry 91

Halerpestes 53

Halorrhagidaceae 148

Hartmannia 147

Hazel-nut 157

Hedeoma 121

Helenieae 186

Helenium. 187

Heliantheae 179

Helianthemum 87

Helianthus. 181

Heliopsis 180

Heliotropium 100

Hemicarpha 17

Hemp. 91

Heraclium 163

Heteranthera 13

Heteromerae. . 92

Heuchera 142

Hibiscus 90

Hickory 156

Hicoria 156

Hieraclium 196

Hippocastenaceae. 154

Hippuridaceae 149

Hippuris 149

Hoarhound . .119, 1?»2

Homalobus 134

Homalocenchrus, , 47

Hone-wort. . 161

Honeysuckle 166

Hops 91

Hordeae 34

Hordium 37

Horse-weed. 178

Hosackia 133

Houstonia 164

Humulus 91

Hydrales 48

Hydrocharitaceae. . 48

Hydrophyllaceae 99

Hydrophyllum. 100

Hymenopappus 186

Hypericaceae 86

Hypericum 86

Hypoxis. 49

Hystrix 36

Ibidium 50

Dysanthes 113

Impatiens 81

Inferae 163

Inuleae. 178

lodanthus 60

Ipomoea 98

Iridaceae 49

Iridales 48

Iris 49

Ironwood. . . 157

Isanthus 118

Isnardia 145

Iva 185

Ivy. poison. 155

Jack-in-the-pulpit 15

Judas tree. 129

Juglandaceae 155

Juglans 155

Juncaceae 13

Juncus. . . 13

June-berry 127

Juniperaceae. . . 5

Juniperus 5

Kochia 75

Koeleria 32

Koellia 121

Korycarpus 32

Kuhnia 169

Kuhnisteria 139

Labiatae 117

Lacinaria 170

Lactuca 195

Lamb's quarters 73

Lamiaceae 117

Lamiales 116

Lamium 120

Lappula 101

Larkspur 55

Lathyrus 141

Lavauxia 147

Lead-plant 138

Lechea 87

Leguminosae 128

Lemna 16

Lemnaceae 16

Lentibulariaceae 115

Leonurus 120

Lepachys 181

Lepargyraea 153

Lepidium 60

Leptorchys 50

Lespedeza 141

Lesquerella 62

Leptandra 114

Leptilon 178

Lettuce, wild 195

Leucelene 177

214

INDEX

Leucocrinum 10

Liatris 170

Liliaceae 9

Liliales 9

Lilium 11

Lily 11

Lily, black-berry 49

Limosella 113

Linaceae 82

Linaria Ill

Linden 89

Linseed 82

Linum 82

Lippia 117

Liquorice, wild 137

Lithospermum 103

Loasales 150

Lobelia 167

Loco-weed 133

Locust, black 133

honey 129

Loeflingia 67

Lolium 35

Lomatium 162

Lonicera 165

Loosestrife 93

Lophotocarpus 6

Lotus 133

Lucerne 133

Ludwigia 145

Lupinus 132

Lychnis 66

Lycium 105

Lycopus 122

Lygodesmia 195

Lythraceae 143

Lythrum 144

Machaeranthera 177

Macrocalyx 100

Malacothrix 194

Mallow 89, 90

Mains 127

Malva 89

Malvaceae 89

Malvales 89

Malvastrum 90

Maple 154

Marigold, fetid 188

Martynia 115

Martyniaceae 115

Marubium 119

Matrimony vine 105

Maydeae 48

Medicago 133

Megapterium 147

Meibomia 140

Melica 32

Melilotus 132

Menispermum 56

^Nlenispermaceae 56

Mentha 122

Mentzelia 150

INIenyanthes 107

Meriolix 148

Mertensia 103

Mesadenia 190

Micrampelis 151

Mignonette 64

:Mimosaceae 129

Mimulus 113

Moehringia 67

Mollugo 70

Monarda 121

Monkey flower 113

r.Tonniera 113

INIonocots -. 6

Yonocotyledoneae 6

Monolepsis 74

Monotropa 95

Moraceae 91

Morning glory 98

i\.'orongia 129

Morus 91

3.!uhlenbergia 45

Mulberry 91

Mullen Ill

INTunroa 34

Musineon 160

Mustard, wild 61

:\Iyriophyllum 148

:Myosurus 52

Myrtales 143

Nabalus 197

Xaiadaceae 15

Naias 15

Xaum.bergia 93

Navarretia 97

Nelumbo 57

Xepeta 119

Nettle 92

Night-shade 105

Nothocalais 196

Nothoscordium 11

Nyctaginaceae 70

Nymphaea 56

Nymphaeaceae 70

Oaks 158

Oenothera 146

INDEX

215

Oleaceae 106

Onagra 146

Onagraceae 144

Onion, wild 10

Onosmodium 103

Opulaster 127

Opuntia 149

Orchidaceae 49

Orchidales 49

Orchis 50

Oreocarya 102

Orobanchaceae 115

Orobanche 115

Orophaca 134

Orthocarpus 114

Oryzeae 47

Oryzopsis 45

Osmorrhiza 160

Ostrya 157

Oxalidaceae 81

Oxalis 81

Oxybaphiis 70

Oyster plant 194

Pachylophus 147

Panax ,. 158

Paniceae 39

Panicularia 30

Panicum 39

Fapaveraceae 57

Papaverales 57

Papilionaceae 129

Parietaria 92

Paronychia 67

Parosela 138

Parsnip, wild 162

Parthenocissus 153

Paspalum 41

Fastinaca 162

Pawpaw, American 57

Pectis 188

Pedicularis 105

Pellitory 92

Pennyroyal 121

Fenthorum 142

Pentstemon 112

Peppermint 122

Petalostemon 139

Phaca 134

Fhacelia 100

Phalarideae 38

Phalaris 38

Phellopteris 162

Philotria 48

Phleum 44

Phlox 96

Phragmites 34

Phryma 116

Phrymaceae 116

Physalis 104

Physaria 62

Physostegia 120

Phytolacca 70

Phytolaccaceae 70

Picradenia 187

Picradeniopsis 187

Pine 5

Pinoideae 5

Pinus 5

Pirola 94

Pirolaceae 94

Plantaginaceae 93

Plantago 93

Plantain 94

Plantain, Indian 190

Platanaceae 143

Flatanus 143

Plum, wild 128

Poa 30

Foaceae 26

Poales 17

Podophyllum 56

Polanisia 58

Polemoniaceae 95

Polemoniales 95

Polygala 82

Polygalaceae 82

Polygonaceae 75

Folygonatum 12

Polygonum 77

Polypogon 44

I'olypteris 187

Polytaenia 162

Pontederiaceae 13

Populus 68

Portulaca 70'

Portulacaceae 69

I'otamogeton 7

Potamogetonaceae 7

Potentilla 124

Frickly-pear 149

Frimulaceae 92

Primulales 92

Prunella 120

Prunus 128

Psoralea 137

Puccinellia 30

Pulsatilla 54

Purslane 70

216

INDEX

Ptelea 82

Pterospora 95

Ptiloria 194

Pycnanthemum 121

Pyrola 94

Pyrolaceae 94

Quercus 157

Radicula 61

Ragweed 185

Ranales 51

Ranunculaceae 51

Ranunculus 52, 53

Raspberry 125

Ratibida 181

Red-bud 129

Red cedar 5

Redfieldia 34

Red-root 152

Red-top 43

Reed 43

Reseda 64

Resedaceae 64

Rhamnaceae 151

Rhamnus 151

Rhoeodales 57

Rhus 155

Ribes 142

Robinia 133

Roripa 61

Rosa 126

Rosaceae 123

Rosales 122

Rosin-weed 180

Rotala 144

Rubiaceae 163

Rubiales 163

Rubus 125

Rudbeckia 180

Ruellia 116

Rumex 77

Ruppia 9

Rutaceae 82

Rye. wild 36

Sabina 6

Sage 121

Sage-brush 190

Sagittaria 6

Salicaceae 68

Salicornia 75

Salix 68

Salomonia 12

Salsify 194

Salsola 75

Salvia 120

Sambucus 165

Sand-bur 42

Sand-lily 10

Sanguinaria 57

Sanguisorba 126

Sanicula 160

Santalaceae 153

Sapindales 154

Saponaria 66

Sarcobatus 75

Sarothra 87

Saxifragaceae 142

Scedonnardus 38

Scheuchzeriaceae 7

Scirpus 19

Scolochloa 30

Scutellaria 119

Scrophularia Ill

Scrophulariaceae 110

Scrophulariales 110

Sedges 17

Sedum 142

Senecio 190

Senecioneae 190

Setaria 41

Shoe-strings 138

Sicyos 151

Sida 90

Sideranthus 172

Silene 65

Silphium 180

Sinapis 61

Sisymbrium 60, 63

Sisyrinchium 49

Sitanion 36

Slum 161

Smilax 12

Sneeze-weed 187

Snowberry 165

Solanaceae 104

Solanum 105

Solidago 173

Solomon's seal 12

Sonchus 194

Sophia 63

Sophora 131

Sorghastrum 48

Sour-dock 77

Sow-thistle 194

Sparganiaceae 16

Sparganium 16

Spartina 37

Specularia 166

Speedwell 113

INDEX

217

Spermolepis 160

Sphenopholis 32

Spiranthes 50

Sporobolus 44

Spirodelia 16

Stachys 120

Stanleya 60

Staphylea 153

Staphyleaceae 153

Steironema 93

Stenosiphon 148

Stenophyllus 18

Stenotus 172

Stephanomeria 194

Stipa 46

Strawberry 125

Strobilophyta 5

Strophostyles 139

Sumach 155

Sun-flower 182

Symphoricarpos 165

Syndesmon 54

Syntheris 113

Syntherisma 41

Talinum 70

Taraxicum 194

Tea, New Jersey 152

Tetraneuris 187

Teucrium 118

Thalamiflorae 51

Thalesia 115

Thalictrum 53

Thaspium 161

Thelesperma 184

Thelypodium 60

Thermopsis 131

Thistles 192

Thlaspi 60

Tickseed 183

Tiliaceae 89

Timothy 44

Toadflax Ill

Townsendia 174

Tradescantia 13

Tragopogon 194

Triadenum 87

Tribulus 82

Tricuspis 34

Trifolium 132

Triglochin 7

Trillium 12

Triosteum 165

Triplasis 34

Tripsacum 48

Tumble-weed 71, 74

Turritis 63

Typha 16

Typhaceae 16

Ulmaceae 90

Ulmus 90

Umbellales 158

Umbelliferae 158

Urtica 91

TJrticaceae 91

Urticastrum 92

Utricularia 115

\accaria 66

Vagnera 12

Velvet leaf 90

Venus' looking-glass 167

Verbascum Ill

Verbena 116

Verbenaceae 116

Verbesina 183

Vernonia 168

Vernonieae 168

Veronica 113

Vervain 117

Vetch 141

Viburnum 165

Vicia 141

Viola 87

Violaceae 87

Violets 88

Violet, dog's tooth 11

Virginia creeper 153

Vitaceae 152

Vitis 152

Wake robin 12

Walnut, black 155

Washingtonia 160

Water hemlock 161

Water-parsnips 161

Water-plantain 7

Willow 69

Wintergreen 95

Wolf-berrv 165

Wolffia 16

Wormwood 189

Xanthium 186

Xanthoxylem 82

Yucca 12

Zannichellia 9

Zizania 47

Zizia 161

Zygadenus 10

Zygophyllaceae 82

New York Botanical Garden Library

QK173.P4 gen

Petersen, Niels Fre/Flora of Nebraska; a

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