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HAROLD B. LF.E LIBRARY

BRIGHAW YO'JKG UN'lvERSJTY

PROVO. UTAH

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Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2011 with funding from
Brigham Young University

http://www.archive.org/details/floraofoxfordshiOOwalk

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A'

THE

FLORA OF OXFORDSHIRE,

AND ITS

CONTIGUOUS COUNTIES,

(COMPRISING THE FLOJVERING PLANTS ONLY;)

ARRANGED IN EASY AND FAMILIAR LANGUAGE,
ACCORDING TO THE

LINN^^AN AND NATURAL SYSTEMS;

PRECEDED BY

AN INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY,

WITH ILLUSTRATIVE PLATES.

* BY

RICHARD WALKER, B.D. F.L.S.

FELLOW OF MAGDALEN COLLEGE, OXFORD.

" The love of Nature's works
Is an ingredient in the compound man,
Infused at the creation of the kind.
And, though th' ALMIGHTY MAKER has throughout
Discriminated each from each, by strokes
And touches of His hand, with so much art
Diversified, that two were never found
Twins at all points — yet this obtains in all.
That all discern a beauty in His works,
And all can taste them. Minds that have been form'd
And tutor'd, with a relish more exact.
But none without some relish, none unmoved." — Cowper's Task, B. IV.

OXFORD :

HENRY SLATTER, HIGH STREET.

LONGMAN, REES, ORME, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMAN ; AND

WHITTAKER, TREACHER, AND ARNOT, LONDON.

M DCCC XXXIII.

PRINTED BY J. MUNDAY, OXFORD.

HAROLD B. LEE '-^^■;: ;•;*

BRIGHAW Y0UM3 UN^VLhoUl

PROVO. UTAH

TO

JOHN SHUTE DUNCAN, Esquire,

HONORARY L.L.D.
THE LATE CURATOR OF THE ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM,

AND TO

PHILIP BURY DUNCAN, Esquire,

THE PUESENT CURATOR OF THE ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM,

MEN
OF DIFFUSIVE BENEVOLENCE, AND CLASSIC TASTE,

TO WHOSE

LIBERALITY AND EXERTIONS,

NATURAL SCIENCE AND THE FINE ARTS,

IN THIS UNIVERSITY,

ARE PRE-EMINENTLY INDEBTED,

THE FOLLOWING WORK,

INTENDED TO FACILITATE A PLEASING,
AND,

AS CONNECTED WITEl NATURAL THEOLOGY AND MEDICINE,

A HIGHLY IMPORTANT PURSUIT,

IS

WITH ALL RESPECT

DEDICATED BY THE COMPILER,

RICHARD WALKER.

^'

PREFACE.

Many new arrangements have taken place, and various
discoveries have been made in Botany, since the publication
of Sibthorp's Latin Flora.' Under these obvious circum-
stances, the present work was undertaken, in which will
be found additions to the Oxfordshire flowering plants, and
an enumeration and brief description of the native plants,
growing in the contiguous counties. Sibthorp's Work,
Mr. Purton's valuable Midland Flora, Mr. Perry's List
of Plants, Turner and Dillwyn's Botanist's Guide,
with the liberal communications of Mr. Baxter, Curator
of the Botanic Garden, and those of other friends, form
the principal authorities for stations of the rarer plants
described, and mentioned.

The design of the present work is to furnish the Bota-
nical Student, in the plainest language, with sufficient
elementary instruction, to ascertain the name of any wild,
flowering plant, he may discover, within the assigned
limits of the work, and to point out to him any economi-
cal uses, medicinal virtues, or peculiarity of structure as
bearing upon Natural Theology, in the plant made out.

' Sibthorp's concise Flora Oxoniensis, creditable alike to the
research and science of the author, was published in 1704.

VI PREFACE.

Several Botanical Authors have been consulted : but
in the amalgamation of materials, it was found almost
impossible to refer every obligation to its respective
claimant. The well-read Botanist will, however, easily
perceive, that the descriptions and various observations
are principally drawn from the classical works of Linnaeus,
Sir James Edward Smith, Willdenow, Curtis, Withering,
Hooker, and Greville ; with such additions, or alterations,
as the compiler deemed suitable to the plan, and execution
of a work, intended chiefly for the English reader. The
plain, botanical language here adopted, is, for the most
part, that of Berkenhout, Martyn, Withering, and Sir
James Edward Smith.

Throughout the volume, the Linnaean system has been
chiefly kept in view. All Botanists are, I believe, agreed,
that this artificial arrangement is most convenient for dis-
covering the name of a plant, and I think that, notwith-
standing its imperfections, the Linnsean system cannot, in
the present state of science, be advantageously discarded.
For, it will, in most cases, conduct the student to the re-
quired name of the plant ; which name being obtained,
the Student may be referred to a description and enuclea-
tion of the Natural Order, or Group, in which the plant
is arranged by Jussieu, or by some one of his followers.
The Natural System of Botany thus studied, in connexion
with the Linnsean, will enable those persons, who are de-
sirous of examining the natural affinities of plants, to
acquire such knowledge, in a comparatively easy method.
We lay considerable stress on the point of facility, in tlie
acquisition of this branch of knowledge in regard to the
affinities of plants, because the leisure and inclination of

PREFACE. Vll

most persons do not enable them, or dispose them, to apply
much attention to microscopic Botany, and its minute dis-
sections, as connected with the Natural System of Plants.
To the busy Student the easiest mode, so far as is compati-
ble with science, will be found the best. For example, the
Medical Student, by uniting the Linnaean with the
Jussieuan System, would readily detect the name of his
plant ; next, refer it to its Natural Group or Order, and
afterwards learn, without difficulty, the qualities, attributed
to such group, whether poisonous, or salutary, &c. Some
artificial key appears necessary for Natural Systems, even
in their present state of developement, and such a key is
afforded by means of the Linneean System. To those,
whom genius, or inclination prompts to devote time and
attention to these minute and curious, and by no means,
despicable investigations, in the scale of knowledge, we
abandon the Natural System, by itself, without artificial aids.
But, so long as the study of Botany is allowed to remain,
as an elegant recreation for the leisure hours of nearly all
classes of society, so long must the Linnsean, or some other
system equally manageable, continue in use. And, on
these grounds, we have given the Linnsean System the
lead, referring for ample information on the Natural Sys-
tem of Plants, in the first instance to Richard's excellent
book,^ and in the second, to Professor Lindley's learned
and critical works.

In connection with the peculiarities of structure in the

' " This work of Richard, (His Elements, &c.) contains an excel-
lent Introduction to, and a Table of the Natural Orders, and ought
to be in the hands of every one who desires information upon the
subject.'' — Hookp)\

Vlll PREFACE.

parts of the vegetable kingdom, we particularly recom-
mend to the reflecting mind, the perusal of Paley's chap-
ter on Plants, in his Natural Theology. Paley there
shews, that the one great aim of nature in the structure
of plants, seems to be the perfecting of the seed, and the
preservation of that seed, until it is perfected. He shews,
also, nature's care to disperse the seeds, when matured :
their admirable contrivance and constitution are also ex-
plained, their structure, germination, &c.

The varied, yet harmonious structure of plants must,
indeed, ever excite the admiration of the philosophic mind ;
but our ignorance of the uses of their many minuter organs
and contrivances, reminds us of the limited faculties of
dependent human beings. The Almighty Maker of All
has enabled man, by what he can trace and discover,
through his own sagacity, to attain sufficient knowledge,
even in the works of creation, to judge of infinite
power and greatness ; but, on the other hand. He has
fixed certain boundaries to human knowledge, beyond
which the mortal ken cannot pass, to keep man humble,
and to make him irresistibly feel his own littleness ^

Before I conclude these prefatory remarks, the intro-
duction of a few observations on the utility of Botany,
will not be deemed irrelevant.

Without insisting upon the advantages which arise in
the pursuit — from its accustoming the student to the
accurate use of words, through previous definition,—

' See Bishop Butler.

PREFACE. IX

from its contributing to order, and regular disposi-
tion in our ideas, thereby enlarging the capacity, and
strengthening the memory : — without dwelling upon the
advantage arising from its easy exemplification of the
Analytic method, in the processes exercised for discover-
ing the name of any unknown plant : — without long con-
sidering the tendency, that a comparison and balancing of
nice distinctions in this science possess, to sharpen the
discriminative powers of the mind : — without enlarging
upon the importance of the science, in connection with
Vegetable Chemistry, which furnishes an analysis of the
secretions of plants : — without dwelling long upon its con-
nection with Comparative Anatomy, where the analogies
of the animal and vegetable systems are laid open : —
without enlarging on its connection — with Gardening,
one of the purest of human pleasures ; — with Medi-
cine, in the various plants used in the Materia Medica,
and as affording economical uses, subservient to the com-
fort and conveniences of social life : — without long ad-
verting to the many pleasing associations in the study
of Botany, connected with plants, alluded to by the poet :
— without urging the utility of the science, as prompt-
ing to bodily exercise, and as rendering that exercise
more healthful, by the grateful stimulus given to the
mind, in pursuit of a favourite object, as an innocent
recreation, affording an exhilarating change of ideas,
after severer studies, and as tranquillizing the mind by a
gentle exertion of the reasoning powers, on pleasing
objects ; — without viewing the science as an innocent
succedaneum for boisterous pleasures, as a sort of anti-
dote, in some cases, to heartless dissipation, which blunts

X PREFACE.

all moral feeling : — without insisting upon all these topics
in favour of the study of Botany, we believe, that if this
branch of knowledge be pursued, in reference to, and in con-
nection with Natural Theology, that Botany at once, like
other branches of Natural History, then rises into high
importance. The student who traces the wisdom of the
Almighty in the works of creation, can never be said to be
alone. He who rambles into the fields to scan and examine
the works of creation with a cheerful curiosity, chastised
by lowly piety, ever keeping in view the Great Creator and
Mighty Contriver of All, cannot be ill-employed. "The pro-
found researches," observes Sir James Edward Smith,
" of grammarians, the taste and erudition of critics, the
sublime efforts of poets, justly demand and receive the
homage of the world. They are conversant with the
whole scope of human conception, and of intellectual
power. But the Naturalist traces, in all humility, the
counsels of the Eternal Mind, The laws, the principles,
which he studies, are of Divine origin. While he dis-
criminates or combines his ideas, he catches glimpses of
Infinite Wisdom, and there is no boundary to his attain-
ments, but the imperfection of his own nature. The
study of language embraces all that ever has been, or can
be communicated from one human mind to another ; but,
the study of Nature, like that of Truth and Virtue, leads
man to acquaint himself with God." " And, in a moral
view^^ observes Paley, " I shall not, I believe, be contra-
dicted, when I say, that if one train of thinking be more
desirable than another, it is that which regards the phe-
nomena of Nature with a constant reference to a Supreme,
Intelligent Author. To have made this the ruling,

PREFACE. XI

habitual sentiment of our minds, is to have laid the
foundation of every thing which is religious. The world
thenceforth becomes a temple, and life itself one continued
act of adoration '."

In conclusion, I beg to offer my sincere acknowledg-
ments to those friends who have encouraged the publica-
tion of this work, and to express my obligations to Pro-
fessor Daubeny, for a specimen of a Botanico- Geological

* " It is difficult to conceive that any man of taste or curiosity
should despise the examination of that part of the creation, which
meets his eye continually under the most beauteous and gi^aceful
forms, which administers innumerable supplies to his various
wants, and abounds with the most admirable proofs of the wisdom
and goodness of the Supreme Being. The physiological and the
systematical part of Botany have each their advantages. The
former is the best introduction to a knowledge of organised
nature, exhibiting the first and plainest links of that vast chain
which connects all living substances ; the latter affords the most
perfect specimen of cla^ssification, so that all that the Dialectic
Art teaches respecting genus and species in general propositions.
Botany demonstrates in a far more pleasant and intelligible way
by actual examples. This study, besides the useful and agreeable
exercise of the understanding, is adapted to infuse the purest
tastes, prepares a fund of never-failing delight for every rural walk,
and often forms a bond of union among cultivated and amiable
minds: and if Religion ought to enter into the scheme of a well-
conducted education ; — if Natural Religion is the foundation of a
just and enlightened faith in Divine Revelation ; — then Botany
may assume a still more dignified rank among the sciences ; for
certainly there is no branch of natural knowledge which affords
proofs so clear, so accessible, so abundant and various, so striking
and interesting and attractive, of the existence, attributes, and
providence of the Great First Cause." — James Yates, F.L.S.

XU PREFACE.

Index ; and to Dr. Williams, Professor of Botany, in
this University, for access to Herbaria, and for the liberal
use of that noble Library ' over which he so judiciously
presides.

The Radcliffe.

IMaydalen Collecje,
Oxford.

INTRODUCTION

TO

BOTANY,

INCLUDING A SKETCH OF THE PHYSIOLOGY, STRUCTURE, FUNCTIONS,
AND NATURAL ARRANGEMENT OF PLANTS.

Of the Fructification,

Without dwelling upon the usual division of Plants into
Trees, Shrubs, and Herbs, we will, at once, begin with
the consideration of the Fructification of Plants. In the
FRUCTIFICATION we include the flower and fruit. It
consists of seven principal parts : —

1. Calyx, or Flower-cup. 2. Corolla, or Blossom. 3.
Stamens. 4. Pistil, o. Seed-vessel, or Pericarp. 6. Seeds.
7. Receptacle.

The first four are properly parts of the flower. The fifth,
sixth, and seventh, are parts of the fruit.

I, The CALYX, or Flower-cup, is formed of one or more
green or yellow leaves, at a small distance from, or close to
the blossom.

The kinds of Calyx are seven

1. Perianth, or Flower-cup close to the other parts of the
flower, example, the primrose. See Plate, 109. b. 110, a.

1. It is called the perianth of the flower, when it includes
the stamens, and not the germen ', and, 2. the perianth of the
fruit, when the germen is included, but not the stamens. 3.
It is the perianth of the fructification, if it includes both the
germen and the stamens.

• See these terms explained further on.

xiv INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

2. Involucre, is the Calyx particularly of an Umbel, but
applied to other kinds of inflorescence (see plate, 88.) placed
at some distance from the flower: it is chiefly found in the
umbelliferous, or parsley-like tribe. See Plate, 102.

1. The involucre is called universal^ when placed under a
universal umbel. See Plate, 89. «, the general involucre, with
its umbels. 6, the partial involucre with its partial umbels.
2. The involucre is termed partial, when placed under a
partial umheL See Plate, 89. h,

3. Catkin, or Amentum, consisting of a cylindrical com-
mon receptacle, beset with numerous scales, each scale ac-
companied by one or more stamens, or pistils, or both; ex-
ample, the hazel. See Plate, 105.

4. The Sheath, or Spatha, opens lengthwise, and puts
forth a kind of flower-stalk, called a spadix ; example, the
snowdrop, (galanthus,) the cuchoo-pint, (arum.) See Plate, 87.

5. Husk, or Glume, the chaffy calyx of grasses, with its dry
leaves, called valves. See Plate, 116. Husks b. b. Awn (arista,)
is the sharp point, or beard issuing from the husk or glume.
See Plate, 96.

6. PERicHiETiuM, is the scaly sheath of mosses.

7. VoLVA, is the wrapper, surrounding the stem of fun-
guses, or mushrooms.

The Calyx of flowers, with respect to number, may be
single, or one, double, or wanting.

II. With respect to composition, it may be —

1. Tiled, (imbricated,) that is, of various scales lying over
each other: example, hawk-weed, (hieracium,) sow-thistle,
(sonchus.) See Plate, 113, 114.

2. Wide-spreading, (squarrose,) of scales widely spreading,
every way; example, thistle, {carduus,) plume-thistle, (cnicus.)

3. Augmented, that is, with a series of distinct leaves,
shorter than its own, surrounding the outer part of the base ;
example, the pink, (dianthus.) See Plate, 100.

4. Many-flowered, that is, common to many florets; exam-
ple, scabious, (scabiosa,) and plants of the class syngenesia,
daisy, dandelion, &c.

III. The Calyx, with respect to situation, may be —

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. xv

1. Beneath the seed-vessel; example, the pea. See Plate,
140.

•2. Above the seed-vessel; example, the rose. See Plate,
110.

IV. With respect to margin, the Cal^^x, may be —

1. entire. 2. saw-toothed, (serrate.) 3. fringed with hairs,
(ciliated;) example (centaur^a) knap-weed.

V. The Calyx at the top, may be —

1. acute or sharp. 2. prickly, (aculeated.) 3. blunt,
(obtuse.) 4. lopped, (truncate,) that is, with one of its indent-
ations, appearing as if cut off.

VI. With respect to duration, the Calyx may be —

1. caducous, that is, falling off at the first opening of the
flower; example, poppi/. 2. deciduous, falling off with the
corolla. 3. persistent, continuing until the fruit arrives at
maturity; example, plants of the class, didynamia^ snap-
dragon, mint, thyme, &c.

Corolla, or Blossom,

The leaves, generally coloured, of which the Corolla con-
sists, are coWed petals.

The Corolla is either —

1. Monope'talous, that is, one-petalled, the whole in one
petal. The one-petalled (monopetalous) Corolla, consists
usually of two parts : the tube, or lower part, and the limb, or
upper part, this latter usually spreads wider, (see Plate, 111. a.
the tube, b. the limb.)

The Monopetalous Corolla, mjigure is either —

1. Bell-shaped, (campanulate,) that is, bellying out, with-
out any tube; example, bell-flower, (campanula,) deadly-
night-shade, (Atropa.) See Plate, 120.

2. Funnel-shaped (infundibuliform,) that is, tubular in the
lower, and conical in the upper part ; for example, the tobacco
plant, (nicotiana.) See Plate, 122.

3. Salver- shaped, (hypocrateriforra,) that is, with a flat
border, standing on a tube; for example, the primrose, (pri-
mula.) See Plate, 117.

4-. Wheel-shaped, (rotate,) that is, expanded, flat, without
any tube, or with a very short one ; for example, borage,

xvi INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

(borago;) speedwell, (veronica.) See Plate, 156. Veronica
Clianiaedrys.

5. Gaping, (ringent,) an irregular corolla, usually divided
into 1. an upper. 2. a lo'wer lip : the first sometimes termed,
the helmet, (galea;) the second, the beard, (barba;) the open-
ing of the tube is called the t/iroat, (faux :) the prominent swell-
ing in the throat, (faux,) is called the palate: the gaping or
ringent corolla is exemplified in the class didynamia ; for ex-
ample, dead nettle, (lamium.) See Plate, 123.

6. Masqued, (personate,) a corolla closed between the lips
by the palate ; for example, snap-dragon, (antirrhinum.) See
Plate, 124. The lips represented open.

2. Two-petalled (dipetalous.) 3. Many-petalled (poly-
PETALouSj) each petal of which is usually furnished with a
narrow part, or clax^, by which it is fixed, and with a border
(lamina) the upper part ; for example, the rose, (rosa.) See
Plate, 125. a. the calyx; b. the border or lamina.

The Polypetalous Corolla, is —

1. Cross-shaped, (cruciform), of four-equal petals, spreading
out in form of an equal sided cross ; for example, wall-Jlower,
(cheiranthus,) and stock-gilly -flower, (cheiranthus.) See Plate,
126.

2. Butterfly-shaped, (papilionaceous,) usually four-petalled,
the lower petal is shaped like a boat, and is called the keel,
(carina,) the back or upper petal, which spreads and rises
upwards, is called the standard or banner, (vexillum :) the two
side ones stand singly, being separated by the keel, and are
called the wings, (alse:) when the keel is split, the corolla is
properly five-petal led ; for example, the pea. These flowers
form a natural class, papilionaceae, or leguminosae, the pea-
tribe. See Plate, 129. the standard. 130. one of the wings.
131. the keel

3. Rosaceous cor. that is, spreading like a rose. See Plate,
127. A many-petalled corolla, with the exception of those
forms just mentioned, is named according to the number of
petals of which it consists ; for example, of six petals, (hexa-
petalous,) &c.

I. The Corolla in shape may be waved, (undulate ; for
example, the horse-chestnut, (a^sculus.) 2. folded, (plicate;)

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. xvii

for example, convolvulus* 3. rolled back, (revolute.) 4. twisted,
(contorted,) the edge of one petal, lying over the next, in an
oblique direction ; for example, ^;^;7Ww/i:/£', (vinca.)

II. With respect to margin^ the Cor. maybe — 1. notched,
(crenate.) 2. saw-toothed, (serrate.) 3. fringed, (ciliate;)
for example, buck-bean, (menyanthes.) 4. toothed, (denti-
culate.)

III. In duration the Cor. maybe — 1. caducous^ ^oWmg off
as soon as the flower is blown. 2. deciduous^ falling off before
the fruit is ripe. 3. persistent^ lasting till the fruit is ripe.
4. izithering, (marcescent,) but not falling; for example, the
orchis.

The honey-cup, (or nectary,) is an appendage to the corolla
of some plants, for the secretion of honey. It may be a spur,
or horn, (see plate, 13*2.) as in the larkspur, snap-dragon,
(antirrhinum,) and columbine, (aquilegia:) a hollow cavity in
the substance of the petals, in the crow7i'imperial, and croxo-
foot, (ranunculus :) in the narcissus it crowns the corolla, like
a funnel: in the bee-oplirys, (ophrys apifera,) it is shaped like
a bee : it is singularly beautiful in the grass ai parnassus, (par-
nassia palustris.)
N. B. Petals and stamens in plants are ranged alternately :

but the segments of the calyx and stamens answer to

each other, in their arrangement.

III. STAMENS, are slender thread-like substances placed
within the blossom, surrounding the pistil, (or pistils.) See
Plate, 108, &c. Each stamen is usually made up of 1. the
filament,' or thread, supporting the anther. See Plate, 133.
a. the filament, b. the anther, and of the anther, or summit,
fixed upon the filament, containing the pollen, or anther
dust. The pollen is a curious and beautiful microscopic
object.

IV. The PISTIL, is in the centre of the flower, and
receives the pollen. This is called the female part of the
flower. See Plate, 136.

The pistil is divided into the (see plate, 136. a.) germen,
or lox<oest part. 2. the style, (see plate, 136. b.) which stands

1 Some stamens are without any filament.
c

xviii INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

upon the germen. 3. the stigma^ ov summit of the pistil. See
Plate, 1 36, c.

Many flowers have the stigma situated immediately upon
the germen : being without any style.

V. SEED-VESSEL, or PERICARP, (see plate, 137.) is
the germen at maturity, and contains the seeds. Its kinds
are —

1. The Capsule, a membranaceous, hollow, dry, seed-vessel
opening in some determinate manner. See Plate, 137. Its
parts are — 1. the valves, or outer covering. See Plate, 173. 2.
the seams, or sutures, the edges by which the valves are con-
nected. See Plate, 1 73. 3. the cells, (loculaments,) that is,
hollow places in which the seeds are situated. 4. partitions,
(dissepiments,) which separate the cells from each other.
See Plate, 173. 5. the column, (columella,) that is, an upright
substance passing through the centre of some capsules, and
connecting the several partitions and seeds. See Plate, 1 73.

2. The Nut, a seed covered by a hard, woody shell ; for
example, the hazel-nut. See Plate, 141.

3. The Stone-fruit, (drupe,) (see plate, 142.) is a pulpy
seed-vessel, containing a nut or stone with a kernel; for ex-
ample, plum, cherry.

4. The Berry, (see plate, 144.) is a pulpy fruit, containing
naked and dispersed seeds ; for example, gooseberry, straw^
berry, blackberry.

5. The Pome, or Apple -like fruit, (see plate, 143.) is a pulpy
seed-vessel, containing a capsule. It includes all the moist
fruits, with seeds lodged in a core; for example, apple, pear,
quince, &c.

6. The Silique, or Pod, (see plate, 138.) is an oblong,
membranaceous, two-valved seed-vessel, having the seeds fixed
along both sutures or seams ; for example, the common stock
gilliflower, (cheiranthus.)

7. The Silicle, or Pouch, (see plate, 139.) is a two-valved
seed-vessel, generally broader than long, with seeds fixed along
both seams or sutures; for example, honesty, (lunaria,) shep-
herd's purse, (thlaspi bursa-pastoris,) in shape it may be round,
egg-shaped, or flattened ; entire, or notched at the end.

8. The Pod, (or legume,) is a seed-vessel of two valves, in

INTRODUf'TIOX TO BOTANY. xix

which the seeds are fixed along one suture or seam only ; it is
usually membranaceous ; for example, the ^j^«. See Plate,
140.

9. The Co7ie, (strobile,) is a catkin, composed of woody
scales, usually opening, and has a seed at the base of each
scale; for example, the^r. See Plate, 146.

VI. The SEED. See its parts described in the physiolo-
gical part of this Introduction further on.

VII. The RECEPTACLE, (see plate, 154, flat recept.
1 55, conical recept. :) it is the base by which the other six parts
of fructification are connected. It is called 1. proper, that is,
a peculiar recept., when it appertains to one fructification
only ; and this has the name of —

1. A receptacle of the fructification, when it is common to
both flower and fruit, that is, embraces the corolla and
germen.

2. Receptacle of the flower, when it is the base, to which
the parts of the flower only, exclusive of the germen, are
fixed.

3. Receptacle of the fruit, that is, that of the fruit only,
distant from the receptacle of the flower.

4. Receptacle of the seeds, the base to which the seeds are
fixed ; for example, pheasanfs-eye, (adonis.

5. A common receptacle, that is, one connecting several
florets, or distinct fructifications, so that if any one of them be
removed, an irregularity is occasioned ; for example, in the
umbel, cyme, compound Jlo'mers. The receptacle may be naked,
that is, entirely smooth, or chaffy, bristly, &c.

Of the different kinds of Flowers,

I. Simple flowers have not any part of the fructification
common to many florets : a simple flower is opposed to that,
which is made up of several florets.

II. Aggregate flowers, may be thus explained : when
several florets are so combined by the intervention of some
part of the fructification, that taking away one of them
destroys the uniformity of the whole.

Aggregate flowers are connected by the receptacle, or

c 2

XX INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

the calyx : the partial, or several small flowers of which they
are composed, are calledj/?or^^5.

1. Aggregate flowers properly so called, have a common,
undivided receptacle, the anthers all separate, and the florets
usually on stalks; for example, Scabiosa, teasel, (dipsacus,)
&c.

2. Compound flowers, contain several florets, inclosed in a
common calyx, and seated on a common receptacle, with the
anthers connected in a cylindrical form.

Compound flowers are — 1. Strap- shaped, (hgulate,) that is,
with flat florets, shaped like a fillet, expanded towards the
outer side, with the base only tubular ; for example, dandelion,
(leontodon.) See Plate, 196.* 2, Tuhulose, with all the florets
tubular, that is, having a bell-shaped border, with five seg-
ments, rising from a tube, (tubulose,) is the same as flosculose ;
example, thistle, (carduus.) See Plate, 198.* 3. Radiate,
when the florets of the middle part are tubulose, and those of
the circumference of another form, that of a ray ; for exam-
ple, yarroxi\ (achillea,) hlue-hottle, (centaurea:) in artemisia,
the florets are nearly naked.

3. Glumose flowers, have a thread-shaped receptacle, with
a common husk, or glume, at the base; for example, grc55£'5.

Of the hinncean Classification of Plants.

In the system of Linnaeus the stamens represent the male,
the pistils, the female part of fructification. This artificial
system consists of twenty-four classes, which are principally
founded on the number, situation, and proportion of the
stamens.

The classes are divided into orders, which are again divided
into genera ; and these last are divided into species, or indi-
viduals.^

I. The characters of the classes are taken from the 7mm-
ber, length, connexion, or situation of the stamens.

II. The characters of the orders are, for the most part,
taken from the number of the pistils.

III. The characters of the genera are taken from the parts
of the flower.

1 See these terms explained further on, p. xxiv.

LXTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. xxi

IV. the characters of the species are drawn chiefly from
pecuHarities in the sterriy or leaves, the floxver, and the roots.
The leaves and flowers of plants vary from circumstances of
soil and situation, and from other causes : hence arise varie-
Ti?:s in plants.

CLASSES.^

The first eleven classes are known by the number alone of
stamens in each perfect flower.

T. MONA'NDRIA.— 0;i^ Stamen.
II. DIA'NDRIA.— Two Stamens,

III. TRIA'NDRIA.— T7zr^^ Stamens.

IV. TETRA'NDRIA.— Poz/r Stamens of equal length.
V. PENTA'NDRIA.— i^fi;^ Stamens.

VI. HEXA'NDRIA.— ^2> Stamens.
VII. HEPTA'NDRIA.~5'^t;^?z Stamens.
VIII. OCTA'NDRIA.— ^2^/2^ Stamens.

IX. ENNEA'NDRIA.—.VzV/^ Stamens.
X. DECA'NDRIA.— re;i Stamens.

XI. T>ODECM^T>Rl A.— Twelve to Nineteen Stamens,
fixed to the receptacle.

The two next classes depend upon the situation, or insertion
of the stamens.

XII. ICOSA'NDRIA. — Stamens twenty or more, inserted
into the calyx.

XIIL POLYANDRIA. — Stamens numerous, inserted into
the receptacle. See Flora, Jor examples.

The XIV. and XV. Classes depend on the proportion of
the stamens.

XIV. T>IDY^ A! Mi k.— Stamens four, two long, and two
short; flow^ers gaping, (ringent,) or masqued, (personate.)

XV. TETRADYNA'MIA.— 5^a7?z^?z5S2>; four long, and
two short; flowers cross-shaped, (cruciform.) See Flora, for
examples.

The XVIth, XVIIth, XVIIIth, XlXth, and XXth,
Classes are distinguished by some union of the stamens to each
other, or to the pistil.

• For numerous examples of the Classes and Orders, see the Flora,

xxii INTRODUCTIOxN TO BOTANY.

XVI. MONADE'LPHIA.— Stamens combined by their
filaments into a single tube. 17. DIADE'LPHIA, stamens
combined by their filaments into two sets : the parcels of fila-
ments are sometimes combined at their base : (see Plate, 129,
130,) butterfly -shaped, (papilionaceous.) 18. POLYADE'L-
PHIA, stamens united into more than two sets, by their fila-
ments. 19. SYNGENE SIA, stamens united by their anthers
into a tube, flowers compound. See Flora, for examples. 20.
GYNA'NDRIA, stamens inserted into the germen or style.
See Flora, for examples. (Linnaean example, plate, 165.)

The 21st, 22nd, and 23rd Classes, are known by the stamens
and pistils, being by themselves on separate flowers.

21. MONOE'CIA, stamens and pis-tils in different flowers,
on the same plant. 22. DIOE CIA ; stamens and pistils in
different flowers, on two separate plants, 23. POLYGA-
MIA ; stamens and pistils separate in some flowers, united in
others, either on the same plant, or on two or three different
ones. See Flora, for examples.

24. CRYPTOGA'MIA, fructification concealed, com-
prising the ovdevs, Jems, mosses, liverworts (hepaticae,) lichens,
flags, ( algae, ) funguses.

ORDERS.

I. Those of the first thirteen classes, to Polyandria inclusive,
are characterised by the number of the styles or stalkless
stigmas : the titles end in gy'nia, as those of the classes in
andria,

I. Monogy'nia, one style, or stalkless stigma. 2. Digy'nia,
two styles, &c. 3. Trigy'nia, three styles, &c. 4. Tetra-
gy'nia, four styles, &c. 5. Pentagy'nia, five styles, &c.
6. Hexagynia, six styles, &c. 7. Heptagynia, seven styles,
&c. 8. Octagy'nia, eight styles, &c. 9. Enneagy'nia, nine
styles, &c. 10. Decagy'nia, ten styles, &c. 11. Dodeca^
gy'nia, about twelve pistils, or, &c. 1 2. Polygynia, many
pistils, or, &c. See Plate, 166.

II. The orders of the fourteenth class are two, from the
nature of the seeds. 1. Gymnospermia, seeds apparently
naked, usually four, never more. See Plate, 1 06. 2. Angios-

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. xxiii

phmla, seeds in a capsule, mostly numerous : snapdragon^
(Antirrhinum.)

III. The orders of the fifteenth class are distinguished by
the shape of their seed-vessel. 1. Siliculosa, fruit, a pouch or
silicle. See Plate, 139. 2. Siliquosa, fruit, a silique, or
lengthened pod. See Plate, 138.

In the classes Monadelphia, Diadelphia, Polyadelphia, and
Gynandria, the orders are characterised by the number of the
stamens ; for example, Pentandria^ &c.

IV. In the nineteenth class, ST/figenesia, the orders are
marked by the perfect^ separated^ barren, fertile, or abortive
nature of the florets. 1st order — Polygamia cequdlis ; florets
all perfect, and alike, each producing one seed. See Flora,
for examples. 2nd. Polygamia superjlua, florets of the disk,
or centre, perfect ; those of the margin or ray, furnished with
pistils only, but both kinds of florets producing perfect seed.
3rd. Polygamia frustrdnea, florets of the disk, or centre, per-
fect, that is, with stamens and pistils ; those of the margin,
with an abortive pistil only, or none at all. See Flora, for
examples. 4th. Polygamia necessdria, florets of the disk, or
centre, with stamens only ; those of the margin, with pistils
only. See Flora, for examples. 5th. Polygdmia segregdta,
several flowers either simple, or compound, but with united
anthers, and a proper or peculiar calyx, all included in one
general or common calyx. No English plant, for an example.

V. The orders of the twentieth class, Gyndndria, are
distinguished by the number of their stamens; for example,
Gyndndria Mondndria, &c. Those of the twenty-first and
twenty-second are marked by the stamens also ; including in
their orders the classes Monadelphia, and Polyadelphia, See
Flora, for examples, here and elsewhere.

VI. In the twenty-third class, Polygdmia, are three orders,
Monoe'cia, Dice'cia, Trice'cia, of which last, there is no British
plant known.

(The orders of the 24th class, Cryptoga'mia, have been
already noticed.)

In the order 1. Monoe'cia, the two or three different
descriptions of flowers are all on the same plant. 2. In the

xxiv INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

order Dice'cia^ the different descriptions of flowers are, on two
separate plants.

We have given a brief explanation of the Linnsean Classes
and Orders. We may next observe, that generic distinctions
are founded on the fructification, that is to say, the flower and
fruit. Hence plants agreeing in their parts of fructification,
are placed under one genus or kind ; and all such plants as
differ in their parts of fructification are to be placed under
different genera, or kinds. The characteristic mark of each
genus is to be determined from the number, figure, propor-
tion, and situation of all the parts of fructification. We also
endeavour to fix upon some one single mark, that is constant
in the flower, and we make it the essential generic character;
for example, the pore in the claw of the petal in the genus
(ranunculus,) cro'vo-foot ; the singular construction of the petal-
form stigma, in the genus, iris.

Specific differences in plants arise from any circumstance, in
which plants of the same genus are found to disagree ; pro-
vided such circumstance be constant. Where plants agree in
certain peculiarities of flower and fruit, they are placed under
the same genus or kind, and have one common name, appli-
cable to all the species or sorts, contained under a genus or
kind ; for example, the term rosa, or rose, is given to all the
different sorts, or species of roses; for example, the dog-rose^
(Rosa canina,) the briar-rose, (Rosa rubiginosa,) and so on;
the term rose is applied to all species, or sorts of rose. The
species, or different sorts of plants are distinguished by various
marks, for example, by differences in the root, tru7ik, leaves,
supports, (fulcra,) thorns, prickles, hracteas, stipulas, modes
of Jloxsoering, (inflorescence.) The parts o^ ihe Jlower and
Jruit, also furnish marks to distinguish one species from
another.

The parts just mentioned upon which the specific dif-
ferences depend shall next be described in order.

Paints on which Specific Differences chiefly
depend: viz, —
The Root, &c. The root may be spindle-shaped, (fusiform,)

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. xxv

that Is, long, thick, and tapering ; for example, the carrot, and
radish. See Plate, 3. 2. branching, (ramose,) that is, divided
into side branches, as in frees, 3. bulbous, that is, fleshy with
fibres at the bottom : the bulb is 1. scaly ; (see Plate, 8.) for
example, lily. 2. solid; (see Plate, 6.) for example, crocus,
turnip. 3. coated, (see Plate, 7.) (tunicated ;) for example,
the onion. 4. tuberous roots, that is, knobbed, (see Plate 4.)
consisting of roundish, fleshy bodies, connected into a bunch
by intervening threads or fibres ; for example, potato, peony,
drop'wort, (spiraea filipendula.) 5. Jibrous, (see Plate, 1.) that
is, consisting vi^holly of slender threads or filaments; for ex-
ample, most of the grasses 6. granulated, or beaded root^
(see Plate, 9.) consisting of several little fleshy knobs, or
beads, resembling grains of corn, intermixed with the fibres ;
for example, "white saxifrage, (saxifraga granulata.) 7. creep-
ing, (repent,) (see Plate, 2.) where the root extends horizon-
tally, and puts forth fibres at intervals ; for example, mint.
See Plate, 2. 8. bitten off, (premorse,) root, that is, not taper-
ing, but ending blunt, as though it had been bitten off"; for
example, deviVs bit scabious, (scabiosa succisa ) See Plate, 5.

The herb or plant comprehends the I. Trunk. II. Leaves.
III. Supports or props (fulcra.)

I. The TRUNK, or main body of the vegetable produces
the leaves and fructification ; it is of several kinds : viz. I.
The stem, which bears and elevates from the root both the
leaves and flowers : this in its growth may be —

1. Up)right (erect,) that is, when it approaches to a perpen-
dicular with the ground, for example, yellow centaury, (chlora
perfoliata.) 2. Straight, (strictus,) that is, entirely perpendi-
cular without any bending; for example, garden lilies. 3.
Trailing, prostrate, or procumbent stem, that is, lying down,
unable to support itself, resting on the ground, but without
sending forth roots from itself. 4. Creeping, (repent,) that is,
resting on the ground, and throwing out roots at intervals,
(Plate, 11.) for example; Ivy-leaved crowfoot (ranunculus
hederaceus.) 5. Rootiyig or clinging stem, (radicant,) that is,
clinging to any object for support, by means of fibres, which
do not, perhaps, imbibe nourishment; for example, the ivy,
(hedera.) (See Plate, 12.) 6. Climbing, (scandent,) that is,

xxvi INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

weak, and requiring support in mounting; the clasper or
tendril is the usual agent ; for example, the pea^ and many
other leguminous (pea-like) plants. 7. the turning or twining
stem ascends spirally round other plants. See Plate, 13.
8. loosely spteading, (diffuse and lax:) for example, biting
stone-crop,) sedum acre. 9. zigzag, (flexuous,) that is, chang-
ing its direction in a curve, from left to right, and the contrary.
10. repeatedly forked, (dichotomous,) continually and regu-
larly dividing by pairs, or, in other words, repeatedly forked ;
for example, lamb's lettuce, (fedia locusta,) mistletoe, (viscum
album. See Plate, 10. 11. proliferous, that is, putting forth
new branches from the summits of the former ones ; for ex-
2Lm^\e,^fir'tree, (pinus.) V2. jointed, (see Plate, 14.)
A Stem, in shape, may be —

1. round. 2. angular. 3. winged, that is, with angles ex-
tended into flat, leafy-like borders ; for example, everlasting
pea, (lathyrus latifolius, &c.) See Plate, 167.

2. The Straw (or Culm,) is the stem of grasses, rushes, and
such kind of plants.

3. The Scape, is a stalk rising from the root, supporting the
flowers only, and not the leaves; for example, narcissus, prim-
rose, hyacinth. See Plate, 19.

4. Flower-stalk or peduncle, a partial or smaller stem,
supporting the flowers only, and not the leaves. "Vhejlower-
stalk, (peduncle,) is 1. axillary, when proceeding from the
bosom of the leaf; for example, between the leaf and the
stem. See Plate, 156. 2. opposite to a leaf. 3. terminal,
when it is at the end of a stem or branch ; for example, tulip,
4. clustered, (aggregate,) when several flower-stalks grow toge-
ther. 5. scattered, or dispersed irregularly, &c.

5. The Leaf-stalk, (or petiole,) is a partial or smaller
stem supporting the leaf, but not the flowers.

6. In the frond, the branch and leaves are united together,
for exam pie, jf^rw^.

7. A stipe is the stem o{ ^ frond,

II. The leaves of plants are considered as 1. Simple,
2. Compound. 3. Determinate. Simple leaves have one leaf
only on a leaf-stalk. In shape they may be — 1. rou7id (orbi-
culate.) 2. roundish (subrotund,) that is, nearly circular.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. xxvii

3. egg-shaped ' (ovate,) the shape of an egg cut through length-
ways, that is, when the length is somewhat greater than the
breadth, and the base rounded and wider than the other end
See Plate, 36. 4. egg-shaped inversely (ob-ovate) of the same
shape as the last, but with the broader end uppermost ; for ex-
ample, primrose^ daisy. 5. oval or elliptic, of like figure to
egg-shaped, and somewhat egg-shaped, except its being of
equal breadth at each end. See Plate, 37. 6. oblong, that is,
much longer, than broad, and narrowed and rounded at the
ends. 7. spear-shaped, (lanceolate,) here the figure is oblong,
narrowing gradually towards each end. See Plate, 40.
8. battledore-shaped, (spatulate,) roundish, with a long, nar-
row, linear base. See Plate, 38. 9. wedge-shaped, (cunei-
form,) broad and abrupt at the end, and narrowing gra-
dually downwards ; for example, wild celery, (apium gra-
v6olens,) rue-leaved saxifrage, (saxifraga tridactylites.) See
Plate, 39. 10. linear [strap-shaped,) that is, nearly the same
breadth throughout, long and narrow ; for example, daffo-
dil, rosemary, and most of the grasses. SeePlate, 41. 11«
awl-shaped, (subulate,) that is, linear at the bottom, and
gradually tapering towards the end. See Plate, 72. 12.
needle-shaped, (acerose,) linear and evergreen, mostly sharp
and stiff; for example, juniper, yew, Jir. 13. kidney-shaped,
(r^niform,) that is, roundish, and hollowed at the base with-
out angles, resembling the section of a kidney ; for example,
ground-ivy, (glechoma.) See Plate, 43. 14. heart-shaped,
(cordate,) that is, oval, or somewhat egg-shaped, hollowed at
the base, the lower part without angles or sharp corners ; for
example, black-briony, (tamus communis.) See Plate, 44.

15. crescent-shaped, (lunulate,) that is, round-shaped, and
hollowed at the base, with angles at the hinder or lower part.

16. triangular -shaped, that is, with three sides nearly equal,
and three angles or corners. See Plate, 42, 17. trowel-
shaped, (deltoid,) triangularly spear-shaped, that is, having
three angles, of which the end one is much further from the
base, than the side ones, as in mercury, goose-foot, (chenopo-
dium Bonus-Henricus.) 18. arrow-shaped, (sagittate,) hke the

' In such compound terms, as egg-shaped-heart-shaped, the latter term desig-
nates an approach to the latter shape.

xxviii INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

head of an arrow, that is, triangular, hollowed at the base, with
angles at the hinder part ; for example, common ar7'oxv-Jiead,
(sagittaria sagittifolia. See Plate, 45. 19. halbert-shaped,
(hastate,) like the head of a halbert, that is, triangular,
hollowed at the base, and on the sides, with the angles spread-
ing; for example, sheep's sorrel^ (rumex acetosella.) See
Plate, 46. 20. diamond-shaped^ (rhomboid,) that is, approach-
ing to a square-diamond ; for example, black poplar^ (populus
nigra,) s/m^/;2^ ^005^^0^, (chenopodium olidum.) 21. lobed,
that is, divided to the middle into parts distant from each
other, rounded at the margins ; which last circumstance distin-
guishes the lobed, from the cleft or cloven, (fissum,) see Plate,
51.) leaves may be two-lobed, three-lobed, &c. See Plate, 52. 22.
Jiddle^ or violin-shaped (panduriform,) that is, oblong, broader
at the two extremities, and contracted in the middle ; for ex-
ample, Jlddle-dock, (rumex pulcher.) 23. lyrate, or lyre-
shaped, that is, divided into several segments or jags, the lower
ones smaller and more distant, than the upper ones, which are
of course larger; for example, 3/6'//«w-rocto,(barbarea vulgaris.)
See Plate, 48. 24. runcinate, (from runcina, a large saWy)
that is, cut into several cross, sharp jags, pointing backwards ;
for example, dandelion, (leontodon taraxacum.) See Plate,
49. 25. hand-shaped, (palmate,) that is, divided beyond the
middle into several lobes, that are nearly equal ; for example,
common passion jlo'isoer, and red berried bryony, (bryonia
dioica. See Plate, 53. 26. mng-cleft, (pinnatifid,) that is,
deeply divided by oblong, transverse, horizontal jags, not
extending to the mid- rib. See Plate, 47. 27. doubly, or
txmce *wing-cleft, (bipinnatifid,) that is, when the common leaf-
stalk has wing-cleft leaves on each side of it ; for example,
long, rough-headed poppy, (papaver Argemone.) 28. comb-like^
(pectinate,) a sort of wing-cleft leaf, in which the leaflets are
parallel and very narrow, that is, toothed like a comb ; for
example, common water milfoil, (myriophyllum spicatum.) See
Plate, 50. 'Hd, jagged, (laciniate,) variously divided into lobes,
and these again divided in an irregular manner ; for example,
long-stalked crane^s bill, (geranium columbinum.) See Plate, 6S,
SO. partite, that is, simple, but divided almost down to the base :
according to the number of divisions, the leaf may be — twice.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. xxix

(hi-) j^^rtite, thrice, (tri-) partite, &c. 31. sinuate, {hollo'wed
out,) that is, having large, curved breaks, in the margin,
resembling (sinus,) that is, bays ; for example, oak. 32.
unequal, when the halves are unequal in dimension, and their
bases not parallel. 33. lopped, (truncate,) when the leaf
appears, as if its tip had been cut off; for example, tulip tree,
(liriodendron tulipifera.) See plate, 54. 34. jagged, (prae-
morse,) that is, pointed, very blunt, with various irregular
notches. See Plate, 63. 35. retuse, that is, ending in a blunt,
shallow notch. See Plate, 55. S6. notched, (emarginate,)
that is, with a notch at the end. See Plate, 56. 37. blunt,
(obtuse.) 38. acute, sharp, that is, ending in an acute angle.
See Plate, 57. 39. pointed, (acuminate,) that is, ending in
an awl-shaped point ; for example, common reed, (arundo
Phragmites. See Plate, 58. 40. dagger-pointed, (mucronate,)
sharp at the point, and tipped with a stiff thorn. See Plate,
59. 41. entire, that is, free from all kinds of teeth, notches,
or incisions. See Plate, 36, 43. 42. saw-toothed, (serrated,)
toothed like a saw, that is, having sharp notches about the
edge, and these pointing towards the extremity of the leaf,
(see Plate, 61.) leaves are sometimes doubly saw-toothed, that
is, have the teeth again cut into other smaller teeth. 43.
notched, (crenate,) that is, with rounded teeth, and those not
directed towards either end of the leaf. See Plate, 62. 44.
toothed, (dentate,) that is, having horizontal^ and somewhat
distant points, or teeth, of the same substance as the leaf; for
example, corn blue bottle, (centaur6a cy'anus. See Plate, 60.
45. wavy, (repand,) that is, having a border with numerous
very small angles, and small segments of circles alternately ;
for example, fringed buck-bean, (menyanthes nymphseoides.)
See Plate, 55. 46. veiny, (venose,) with branched fibres on the
surface. 47. curled, (crisp,) when the border of the leaf is more
expanded than the middle part, so as to appear curled and
twisted ; for example, in the common garden parsley . 48. tsorin-
kled, or rugged, (rugose,) when the veins are tighter, than the
surface between them, causing the veins to swell into inequali-
ties ; for example, common sage. 49. plaited, (plicate,) that
is, folded like a fan ; distinguished from waved, by the folds of
the plaited being angular ; for example, common mallow. See

XXX INl^RODUCTIOX TO BOTANY.

Plate, 69. 50. voaved^ (undulate,) when the surface rises and
falls in waves, or bluntly ; not in angles : for example, curled
pondweed, (potamogeton crispus,) xvild mignonette, (reseda
lutea.) 51. ribbed, (costate, nervose,) when the veins extend
in simple lines from the base to the point of the leaf; for
example, Solomon^s seal, (convallaria multiflora. See Plate,
68. 52. s'isoord-shaped, (ensiform,) that is, two-edged, taper-
ing from the base to the point; for example, irises, 53. semi-
cylindric, that is, flat on one side, and rounded on the other:
semi-columnar, means the same ; for example, broad-leaved
garlich, (allium ursinum.) 54. tubular, that is, hollow. 55.
jieshy^ (succulent,) that is, of a thick, pulpy substance ; for
example, Jiouse-leek, (sedum.) 5Q, charinelled, (caniliculate,)
that is, having a deep furrow, from the base to the end of the
leaf. See Plate, 70. 57. keeled, (carinate,) when the back
is prominent lengthways ; for example, two-lowered narcis-
sus, (narcissus biflorus.) See Plate, 71. 5S. furrowed, (sul-
cate,) that is, with deep lines running lengthways. 59. slightly
furrowed, (striated,) or streaked. 60. cylindric, round one
way, and long the other : columnar a better term. 61. tongue-
shaped, (linguiform,) that is, linear, fleshy, blunt at the end,
convex underneath, with usually a skinny border.

2. Compound Leaves, that is, such as have several leaves to
one leaf-stalk : the component leaves are called leaflets ; under
compound leaves we have those of 1. two -leaflets, (binate,)
that is, a simple leaf-stalk, connecting two leaflets at the top
of it. See Plate, 74. 2. of three leaflets, (ternate ;) that is,
having three leaflets on one leaf-stalk, for example, tre-
foil, strawberry, bramble. See Plate, 75. 3. o^ fve leaflets,
(quinate,) on one stalk ; for example, potentilla reptans.
^.fingered, (digitate,) when a simple or undivided leaf-stalk
connects several distinct leaflets at the end of it. Lin-
naeus makes the binate, ternate, and quinate leaves species
of the fingered, (digitate ;) the horse -chestnut, is an example
of a fingered leaf. See Plate, 73. 5. winged, (pinnate,)
that is, where a simple leaf-stalk, has several leaflets fastened
to each side of it. Winged (pinnate) leaves are of several
kinds. 1. with one pair of leaflets, it is called conjugate.
2. with two pair, (bijugate, &c,) 3. unequally xmnged, that

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. xxxi

is, terminated with an odd one, or single leaflet ; for ex-
ample, elder, rose, &c. See Plate, 77, 80, 84?. 4. abruptly
"winged, that is, not terminated by a leaflet or tendril. See
Plate, 79. 5. oppositely winged, that is, having the leaflets
placed over against each other in pairs. See Plate, 79. 6.
alternately winged, that is, having the leaflets alternate, along
the common leaf- stalk. See Plate, 80. 7. interruptedly
winged, that is, having smaller leaflets interposed between the
principal ones; for example, silver-weed, (potentilla anserina,)
dropwort, (spiraea filipendula.) 8. winged, running down the
stem, (decursively winged,) that is, when the leaflets run into
one another along the common leaf-stalk. 9. twice-winged, or
doubly winged, (bipinnate,) that is, when the common leaf-
stalk has winged leaves on each side of it. See Plate, 83.
10. doubly ternate, or doubly three-leaved, (biternate,) that is,
when a leaf-stalk has three ternate leaves, that is, three leaflets
of three, or nine leaflets ; for example, gout-weed, (aegopo-
dium podagraria,) any one of the clusters of all the nine
leaflets in Plate, 170. 11. « triply-three-Jold-leaf, or thrice-
ternate, that is, when a leaf-stalk has three, doubly ternate
leaves, or three times nine leaflets, or twenty-seven leaflets, in
three groups of nine leaflets in each ; for example, yellow
fumitory, (fumaria liitea.) Plate, 170. 12. bird-footed,
(pedate,) leaf, that is, a leaf divided into three, with its side
leaflets, compounded in their fore part ; for example, common
passion-flower, stinking hellebore, (helleborus foe'tidus.) See
Plate, 76.

3. Determinate Leaves. — By the determination of leaves
is meant their character, derived from situation, insertion, or
direction.

In respect to determination leaves may be —

1. seed ones, (seminal,) that is, the first which appear; ex-
ample, in the radish, 2. stem-leaves, (cauline.) See Plate,
23, 24. 3. target-shaped, (peltate,) when the leaf-stalk is
inserted into the disk or middle of the leaf, or nearly so ; for
example, nasturtium, navel-wort, (cotyledon umbilicus.) See
Plate, 35. 4. erect, when the angle, they form with the stem
is very small; for example, smooth tower-mustard, (turritis
glabra.) 5. spreading, i. e, in a direction between upright.

xxxii INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

and horizontal. 6. horizontal, that is, at right angles with
the stem. 7. root-leaves , (radical,) such as proceed imme-
diately from the root ; for example, cowslijp. See Plate,
19. 8. depressed, that is, where the root-leaves are pressed
close to the ground; for example, hoari/ plantain, (plantago
m6dia.) 9. ^floating, (natant.) 10. under "water, (demersed.)
11. growing partly above the water, (emersed ;) for example,
common arrow-head, (sagittaria sagittifolia. 12. stalkless,
(sessile,) that is, without a leaf-stalk. See Plate, 23, &c.
13. running down the stem, (decurrent,) when the base of a
stalkless leaf extends itself downwards along the stem ; for
example, in several species oi thistles. See Plate, 34. 14. stalk'
embracing, (amplexicaul,) that is, clasping the stem by its base,
(see Plate, 30 :) when leaves go only half round, they are called
half- embracing, (semi-ampl6xicaul. ]5. perfoliate, as if the
stem had been driven through the middle of the leaf; having
the base of the leaf entirely surrounding the stem ; for example,
thorough-waXf (bupleurum rotundifolium.) See Plate, 32.
16. growing together, (connate,) when two opposite leaves
are so united at their bases, as to resemble one leaf; for ex-
ample, garden honey-suckle, lonicera Caprifolium. See Plate,
31. 17. sheathing, (vaginant,) when a leaf invests the stem or
branch by its base, in the form of a tube ; for example, poly-
gonum, dock, most of the grasses. See Plate, 16. 18. equitant,
folding over each other, when the sides of a leaf tend to con-
verge towards one point in nearly parallel lines, so that the
inner leaves are inclosed by the outer ones ; for example, Iris,
Acorus, Carex, Lancashire asphodel, (narth^cium ossifragum.)
See Plate, 33. 19. starry, (stellate,) or whorlcd, (verticil late,)
when the stalk is surrounded by leaves, radiating from
the stem, like the spokes of a wheel; for example, goose-
grass, (galium aparine,) (see Plate, 26 ;) these leaves, more than
two, seldom fewer than four, may also be three, {tern,) four,
(quatern,)^!;^, (quine,) six, (sene,) &c. 20. opposite, growing
in pairs, opposite to each other. See Plate, 21, 23. 21.
alternate, when the leaves themselves not being opposite, grow
out regularly one above another, on the opposite sides of the
stem. See Plate, 22. 22. chaffy, (acerose,) that is, needle-
shaped, linear, and permanent ; for example, fr, yew. 23.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. xxxiii

tiled, (imbricated,) lying over each other, Uke tiles on a roof;
for example, common heathy (calluna vulgaris.) See Plate, 28.
24«. bundled^ or tufted^ (fasciculated,) growing in bunches from
nearly the same point ; for example, the larch. See Plate, 27.
25. cross-paired^ (decussate,) growing in pairs, which alter-
nately cross each other at right angles. See Plate, 29. 26.
two-ranked^ (distiched,) spreading in two directions, and yet
not regularly opposite at the insertion ; for example, yeii',
(taxus.)

Supports, Props, (fulcra:) those parts which serve to give
strength and support to plants. Linnaeus reckons seven kinds
of these. 1. stiptda, a scale or small leaf, on each, or on one
side at the base of the leaf- stalk, or flower-stalk. See Plate,

84. 2. brdctea, or floral-leaf, a leaf differing from the other
leaves in shape and colour ; generally situated on the flower-
stalk, and often so near the corolla, as to be mistaken for the
calyx, at first sight. The bractea is generally more perma-
nent than the calyx: the last withers, when the fruit is ripe;
example of bracteas in lime-tree, (tilia,) sage, (salvia.) See Plate,

85, a, S6i a, 3. thorn, (spine,) a sharp process growing from
the woody part of a plant. See Plate, 91. 4. prickle, (acu-
leus,) a sharp process or projection, fixed into the bark only;
for example, rose, &c. See Plate, 92. 5. clasper, (tendril,)
a thread-shaped, spiral band by which a plant is fastened to
some other body, or supports itself on other plants ; for exam-
ple, vine, pea, &c. See Plate, 78, 90. 6. gland, a small
tumour, serving for the excretion, or discharge of some kind
of fluid : it is usually found on the leaves, leaf-stalks, flower-
stalks, or stipulas ; example of glands, moss-rose. 7. hair
or down.

Inflorescence ; the various modes in which flowers are
fastened to the plant, by means of the flower-stalk. Under
inflorescence we may class the — 1. whorl, (verticillus,) where
the almost stalkless flowers surround the stem in a kind of
ring : the flowers, in some cases, are not inserted on all sides
of the stem. See Plate, 93. 2. bunch, cluster, or raceme,
consists of one common flower-stalk, with many somewhat
distant flowers, each on its own proper stalk, from the side of
the common flower-stalk. See Plate, 98. 3. spilcc^ where

d

xxxiv INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

stalkless or nearly stalkless flowers are scattered along a com-
mon, simple flower-stalk; for example, lavender, plantain.
See Plate, 94, 95. Spikelet in gi'asses, a smaller spike, or
sub-division of the spike. See Plate, 96. 4. corymb, where
the partial flower- stalks are gradually longer as they stand
lower on the common stalk, all forming nearly an even surface
at top ; for example, cuckoo-Jio'wer, (cardamine pratensis.) See
Plate, 99. b. bundle, (fasciculus,) where several upright,
parallel approaching flowers, variously inserted and forming a
top of the same height, are collected in a close bundle ; for
example, s'weet-william, (dianthus barbatus.) See Plate, 100.
6. head, or Uift, bears the flowers stalkless, (sessile,) in a kind
of ball ; for example, thrift, (statiee armaria,) clover. See
Plate, 101. 7. umbel, has several flower-stalks, or rays,
nearly equal in length, spreading from one common centre,
the summit forming a level, convex, globular, or concave
surface; for example, J9ars7^j/, &c. See Plate, 89, 102. 8.
cyme, in appearance resembles an umbel, but differs from it, in
having the stalks variously and alternately sub-divided ; for
example, elder, guelder-rose. See Plate, 103. 9. panicle,
where the flowers or fruits are scattered on stalks variously
divided, in a sort of loose cluster; for example, London-pride,
(saxifraga umbrosa,) common oats. See Plate, 104. 10. thyr-
sus, (close-bunch,) that is, a panicle contracted into an egg-
shaped form, more or less ; for example, butter-bur, (tussilago
Petasites.) Plate, 172.

PHYSIOLOGY, STRUCTURE, FUNCTIONS, AND
NATURAL ARRANGEMENT

OF

PLANTS,

(EXTRACTED AND CONDENSED, CHIEFLY FROM RICHARD's NOUVEAUX
E'LE'MENS, 8vO. translated by CLINTON.)

It is difficult to draw precisely the line of demarcation
between the vegetable and animal. We may, however, find
well-marked differences between animals and vco:etables. In
the animal, is a system of contractile fibres, whose state of
relaxation or of tension determines the motion of the animal ;
these are the muscular fibres, wanting in the vegetable. In
vegetables, there is properly speaking no circulation ; the
nutritious fluids are diffused through the vegetable, but they
want that agent of impulse, the heart, which, in animals, is
the point from which the blood takes its departure, and to
which it finally returns.

It may be observed, that vegetables are composed of simple
and similar elementary parts, which, combined in various ways,
constitute organs.

The Elementary Parts of Vegetahles,

The internal organization of a vegetable is composed of
cells with thin, transparent partitions, (or walls,) extremely
minute, and of various forms, sometimes regular, sometimes
irregular, and of cylindrical tubes, either scattered, or united
in bundles. These two forms of the elementary parts of vege-
tables, have received the names of 1. cellular tissue, and of 2.
vascular tissue. See Plate, H. fig, 163, cellular tissue.

d 2

xxxvi INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

A vegetable in its perfection consists of a root, stem, leaves,
flowers, pistil, stamens, corolla, calyx, fruit; which last is com-
posed o( the pei^zcarp, and of the seed.

The pericarp, or seed-vessel, is the full grown germen, in
which were contained the ovules, (rudimental seeds,) now
become perfect seeds. It is composed of three parts; of 1. the
epicarp, or outer membrane. 2. of the endocarp, or membj^ane,
which lines its inner cavity, and 3rdly. of the sarcocarp, ix pa-
renchymatous substance, situated and contained between the
two former mentioned membranes. See Plate 12, and expla-
nation.

The seeds contained in a pericarp, are attached to it by the
trophosperm, ov placenta : this is formed of vessels, which con-
vey nourishment to the seeds.

The hilum, or umbilicus, (eye, or navel,) is the point on
the surface of the seed to which the trophosperm is attached.
See Plate, 178. a.

The arillus, or coat, of the seed, is a peculiar prolongation
of the trophosperm, which instead of stopping at the circum-
ference of the hilum, is more or less continued over the seed,
so as even to cover it completely.

The seed essentially consists of two distinct parts, 1. epi-
sperm, that is, its proper membrane or covering; and 2. its
kernel, or the body contained in the episperm.

The hernel is essentially composed of the embryo, that is to say,
that which tends to be developed and to produce a vegetable
similar to that which gave it birth. The A-^rw^/ sometim.es con-
tains another body, to which the embryo is applied, or within
which it is entirely concealed : this is called the endosperm^
perisperm, or albumen: see Plate 12, and Explanation. The
embryo is the essential part of the vegetable: it is composed of
three parts; one inferior or the radicular body, which in ger-
minating gives rise to the root ; another superior, or the gem-
mule, produces the stem, the leaves, and the other parts.
Lastly, an intermediate and lateral part, which is the cotyle-
donary bod}^ or either simple, or divided into two parts, which
are called cotyledotis. Hence, the division of vegetables, pro-
vided with an embryo, into two great classes, 1. the monoco-
tyledons, or those whose embryo has but one cotyledon ; and

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. xxxvii

2. the dicotyledons, or those whose embryo has two cotyledons.
See Plate 12, and Explanation. We do not find the
different parts, which have been mentioned always united in
the same plant. There is a certain number of vegetables,
which, by the constant deficiency of stamens and pistils, by
their external forms, their mode of vegetation and reproduc-
tion, differ so much from the other known plants, that they are
separated and form a distinct class. Linnaeus gave the name
of cryptogamic^ that is, plants with concealed, invisible,
sexual organs, to distinguish them from the Jioxsoering^ or pha-
nerogamic. The cryptogamic plants, include ferns, mosses,
lichens, &c. and constitute nearly the seventh or eighth part of
the fifty thousand vegetables, known. As they have no seeds,
they have neither embryo, nor cotyledons, and are also called
iti-emhryoiiate or acoiyledonous. Hence the three divisions of
vegetables into 1. in-ernhvyonate^ or acoiyledonous, including
ferns, mosses, &c. 2. embryonate or phanerogamic, that is,
flowering plants; those with evident flowers, seeds, and
embryo: these last are distinguished into monocotyledons, or
those in which the cotyledonary body of the embryo is of a
single piece, and produces a single leaf by germination ; for
example, grasses, lilies, &c. (see Plate 12.) and into dicotyle-
dons, or those, (with embryo having two cotyledons,) which
produce two leaves by germination ; for example, the oak,
elm, &c. See Plate, 12. The number of the dicotyledonous
plants is greater than that of the monocotyledonous and aco«
tylcdonous united.

The Organs of Weyetahles

Are divided into two classes — Ist. Organs of Nutritioji or
Vegetation ; they serve for absorbing nutritious substances fit
for their developement : such are the root, stem, buds, leaves,
&c. 2d. Organs of Reproduction or Fructification.

Organs of Nutrition or Vegetation,

These are the root, stems, leaves, stipulas, and some of these

organs in a degenerated state; for q^m^^Xq, thorns, pricldes,

tendrih. These organs all conduce to the maintenance of

vegetable life : for example, the root, buried in the ground.

xxxviii INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

absorbs a part of the fluids destraed for nutrition and repair ;
the stem transmits these fluids into all points of the vegetable,
while the leaves perform the same office as the roots in the
earth, and seem at once organs of absorption and of exhalation.

Of the Root,

A remarkable character of the root is, that it never turns
green, in its tissue, when exposed to the action of air and light.
Roots serve commonly to fix plants in the soil, and to draw
from it a part of their nourishment.

The division of vegetables into annuals, biennials, and per-
ennials, is subject to variation, from climate, temperature,
situation of a country, and cultivation; for example, annual
plants will not uncommonly vegetate for two years, and even
more, if placed in a suitable soil, and protected from the cold.

Roots absorb from the earth the substances, serving for the
growth of the vegetable. It is only by the extremity of the
minutest fibres of the root, that absorption is effected. Some
maintain that the fibres are terminated by small vesicles or
spongioles ; others, that they are terminated by a species of
open mouths. To prove that the extremities alone perform
the office of absorption; immerse a radish or a turnip in
water, by the extremity of the rootlet, which terminates it,
it will shoot forth leaves, and vegetate. If the lower extremity
be not immersed, it will not shoot out. Roots have a marked
tendency to grow in the direction of veins of good soil. They
possess a natural and invincible tendency to move towards the
centre of the earth : this is particularly observable during the
germination of the embryo. From different experiments?
mentioned by Richard, it appears that the roots are directed
towards the centre of the earth ; not because they contain a
less elaborated fluid, nor because they are attracted to it by
the moisture or even the nature of the earth; but by a sponta-
neous movement, an interior force, a kind of subjection to the
general laws of gravitation. Some vegetables, however, seem
exempt from this law ; for example, parasiiwal plants, and the
mistletoe, (viscum album,) in particular. This plant shoots
out its radicle (rootlet) in whatever situation chance may
place it ; and it has a constant tendency to shun the light.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. xxxix

Many roots are useful articles of food. A sugar is extracted
from the beet; some are useful in dying.: many are valuable
in medicine.

Organization of Dicotyledonous Stems. — See
Plate 11, 169. and Explanation.

The trunk of these is formed of concentric layers placed
within each other; it may be compared to a series of tubes
set the one within the other, and increasing in magnitude
from the centre to the circumference. A transverse section
presents the following objects : 1. in the centre, the medul-
lary canal, formed of the medullary (pith) tube, which consti-
tutes the parietes (side walls of the canal,) and of the pith
which occupies its cavity. 2. At the circumference is seen
the bark, composed of the epidermis, or that external pellicle,
(thin skin,) which covers all parts of the vegetables of the her-
baceous integument, of the cortical, (bark,) layers, and of the
liber, (true bark.) 3. Between the medullary tube and the
bark are found the woody layers, composed externally of
alburnum, or false wood ; internally of wood properly so
called.' See Plate, 11.

§. 1. Of the Epidermis, or Outermost-covering.

It is a thin, nearly transparent layer, of an uniform tissue,
which appears to consist of cells of variable form : it presents
a great number of small openings or pores. Plate, 11, 162.
It covers all parts of the vegetable. It tears and cracks, when
the trunk has acquired a certain size; it falls off in patches or
plates ; for example, birch, and plane. The true office of
cortical pores, says Richard, consists in affording a passage to
air.

§,2. Of the Herbaceous Integuments

Under the epidermis is observed this layer of cellular tissue.
In young stems its colour is generally green. It covers the
trunk, the branches, and their divisions, and fills up the spaces

' The different parts of the stem are described in succession, proceeding;
from the circumference to the centre.

xl INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

between the ramifications of the nerves of leaves. The herba-
ceous integument constitutes the part known by the name of
cork in the cork-tree^ (quercus suber.) Within its substance,
is effected the decomposition of the carbonic acid\ (fixed air,)
absorbed by the plant from the surrounding air. The carbon
remains within the vegetable, the oxygen, (pure part of the air,)
being set free, is expelled from it. This decomposition takes
place only when the plant is exposed to the rays of the sun ; the
carbonic acid is given out unchanged when the vegetable is
not under the influence of that body. This organ, (the herb,
integ.) is partly renewed every year. At the return of spring,
it invites the sap to ascend towards the buds, and thus becomes
one of the most powerful causes of their developement. The
herbaceous integument is the part, observed on removing the
epidermis, or outermost covering of branches ; for examplej
the common elder ^ (sambucus.)

§, 3. Of the Cortical Layers,

These are sometimes very difficult to recognise. Placed
under the herbaceous integument, they are applied to the
outer layers of the liber^ (the true bark,) from which they can
hardly be distinguished.

§. 4. Of the Liber,

This is found between the cortical layers, on its outside,
and the woody body which lies within it. It consists of a
vascular net-work, whose elongated meshes are filled up with
cellular tissue. By maceration, it may be separated into
distinct layers. The liber is capable of being reproduced.
To the viscid substance poured out from the denuded^
(stripped,) parts to reproduce the liber, the name of cdmhiumi
has been given. The cambium is considered by many to be
nothing more than the descending and elaborated sap. The
liber is indispensable for the process of vegetation ; for exam-
ple, a graft will not succeed, unless its liber be in contact with
that of the tree on which it is inserted : a cutting, stripped of

' See Parke's Chemical Catechism, last edition. The clearest and most
entertaining work on Chemistry, with which I am acquainted.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. xli

its liber in tlie lower part, will not strike root : remove the
liber, in a circular band, from the trunk of a tree, so as to
leave the woody body naked, the entire tree will ultimately
perish.

The liber hardens, every year ; new layers are formed on
its inner surface by means of the cambium,

§. 5. Of the Alburnum, or False Wood, See Plate,
II, fig. 169, and Explanation.

The external wcody layers, in contact with the liber, consti-
tute the alburnum. The alburnum is real wood, still young.

§. 6. Of the Wood, properly so called.

The wood derives its origin from the innermost layers of the
alburnum, which successively acquire a greater degree of hard-
ness, and are ultimately converted into true wood. The latter,
therefore, consists of all the circular layers between the albur-
num and the medullary tube. At a certain period of the life of
vegetables, there are annually formed a layer of wood and a
layer of alburnum ; that is to say, the innermost layer of
alburnum is changed into wood, at the same time that a new
layer of alburnum is produced externally, so that every year a
new concentric zone is added.

The alburnum is destitute of vessels ; the wood abounds
with them. These vessels are either false spirals, or porous
vessels, (see plate, II, and explanation,) but with no true
spirals. It is by means of these tubes, that the sap is con-
veyed into the body of the stem. Through age, the cavity of
these vessels becomes diminished, and the course of the fluids in
the wood is for ever arrested.

§. 7' Of the Medullary Tube, See Plate, 11. and

Explanation.

This occupies the middle of the stem : its office is to con-
tain the pith. Its parietes, (or sides,) are the very long vessels?
parallel, and disposed in a longitudinal direction. Its vessels
are spirals, false spirals, and porous vessels. See Plate, 11,
and Explanation.

xlii INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

§. 8. Of the Pith.

It is that spongy, light substance, composed almost exclu-
sively of cellular tissue in its simple state, which fills the medul-
lary tube. The pith communicates with the herbaceous cellular
layer of the bark, by means of peculiar prolongations, which
cross the true wood, (corpus ligueum.) These medullary pro-
lonofations serve to establish a direct communication between
the pith, and the external cellular tissue of the stem. The
medullary rays exist also in the greater part of the thickness
of the bark, and serve to establish a communication between
the inner medulla, and the outer; but those of the bark have
no direct communication with those of the woody layers. The
use of the pith seems uncertain.

Of the Stem of Monocotyledons, See Plate, 1 1 , and

Explanation.

In this, all the parts seem to be united with each other.
The pith occupies the entire thickness of the stem ; the wood,
disposed in longitudinal bundles, is, as it were, dispersed with-
out order in the midst of the medullary substance. The bark
does not always exist, or is very indistinct.

Organization of the Root.

All roots are generally organized like the stems : the latter
generally grow in height by every point of their extent; roots
are lengthened only by their extremity.

Growth of Vegetahles,

Takes place, as in animals, within outwards, or in other words
by intus-susception. In proportion as the height of vegeta-
bles increases, their diameter becomes more considerable.

Of the Growth of Dicotyledonous Trees*

Of the growth in diameter there are three opinions. 1st.
That it is carried on by the annual change of liber into albur-
num, of the alburnum into wood, and by the successive
renewal of the hber. Such is the foundation of Du Hamel's

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. xliu

theory. 2d. That it is produced by the developement of buds.
This is the theory of Du Petit Thouars. 3d. That the annual
formation of woody layers is owing to the cambium, which,
every year, forms at one and ihe same time, a new layer of
alburnum, and a new layer of liber. This opinion is pro-
fessed by Mirbel, and considered by Richard as the most pro-
bable. According to this third opinion, there is, every year,
formed in the trunk of dicotyledonous trees a new layer of
wood. This layer is produced by a part of the cambium,
which becomes organized and solidified. The alburnum
formed on the preceding year, acquires greater density, and
is changed into wood. But the liber undergoes no change; it
is only repaired and increased on its inner surface by means of
the cambium, which successively forms new layers.

§.1. Growth in Height of Dicotyledonous Stems,

At the time of germination, the radicle, (rootlet,) descends
into the earth, while the ascending caudex rises upwards. See
Plate, 12, and Explanation. From the upper part of the
stem proceeds a new centre of vegetation, from which arises a
young shoot. To this succeeds a third, which on the following
year is surmounted by a fourth, and so on.

The trunk is, therefore, composed of a series of cones,
greatly lengthened out, whose tops are turned upwards, and
which are placed one above the other. The top of the
innermost cone terminates at the base of the second shoot, and
so on in succession, so that the number of woody layers cor-
responds with the number of years that the plant has lived,
only at the base of the trunk. Thus a stem of ten years old
will shew only nine layers of wood, when cut at the second
shoot, only eight at the third, and, lastly, only one, near the
top.

§. 2. Growth of the Stems of Monocotyledonous Trees,

See Plate, 11, 12.

In a palm, after germination, the leaves, which are usually
folded, become expanded, and appear under the form of a
circular cluster which springs from the collar of the root. On

xliv INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

the second year, a new cluster springs up from the centre of
the former, and pushes outwards those that existed before.
Then the oldest begin to wither, to dry, and to fall off. But
their bases adhering intimately to the top of the root, are per-
sistent, and form, by their union, a solid ring, which becomes
the base of the stipe. A new central bud being developed
every year, the outer leaves of that which preceded it, fall off,
and their base, which is persistent, forms a new ring, which is
superadded to those that already existed.

The stipe, instead of being formed of concentric layers like
the trunk of the dicotyledons, is composed of rings placed
above one another.

Grafting,

The union of grafts is effected by means of the cambium,
or proper juices of vegetables. This fluid substance serves as
a means of union between the graft and the stock, as in animals
the coagulable lymph is poured out between the edges of a
recent wound, which it unites and approximates.

Slips.

A slip will succeed with greater certainty, if we leave two
or three buds under ground.

Height of Trees,

The forests of South America, are, in general, full of fine,
lofty trees. Some plants are of very rapid growth. The
Agave Americana will grow nearly a foot every day. In
general, the greatest height attained by our forest trees, is from
one hundred and twenty, to one hundred and thirty feet. In
America, the palms, and other trees often exceed one hundred
and fifty feet.

Thickness of Trees,

The famous chestnut-tree of Mount Etna, is one hundred
and sixty feet in circumference. Of the baobabs in the Cape
De Verd islands, some were one hundred and twenty feet, in
circumference. In our own climate, there are oaks, &c. from

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. xlv

twenty-five to thirty feet in circumference. See Flora, under
Oak.

Duration of Trees,

The olive may live three hundred years ; the oak nearly
six hundred. The cedars of Lebanon appear to be indestruc-
tible. The baobabs, mentioned above^ are supposed to be
nearly six thousand years old.

Uses of Stems

Very various : for building, food, sugar, dying : bark of the
oak for tanning. Stems, woods, and barks, occupy a consi-
derable rank in the Materia Medica.

1. £ lids proper li/ so called,

Are generally composed of scales, closely tiled, containing
within, the rudiments of stems, branches, leaves, and the
organs of fructification. They are covered externally, in trees
of our climate, with a viscid, resinous substance ; having
within a close, downy texture, destined to defend the organs,
contained in them, from the cold. No provision of the kind
is made for trees of the torrid zone, nor for those, kept in our
green-houses. In fruit trees, the flower bud is conical and
swollen; that which contains leaves only, is slender, lengthened
out, and pointed.

2. Turio,

A name given to the subterraneous buds of perennial plants.
Thus, the part of the asparagus, which we eat, is the turio.

3. Bulb.

A kind of bud belonging to certain perennial plants, parti-
cularly to the monocotyledons : they are reproduced every
year.

4. Bulbils,
A species of small, solid, or scaly buds, which being de-

xlvi INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

tached from the parent plant, become developed, and produce
a vegetable exactly similar to that from which they derive
their origin. Plants of this kind bear the name of viviparous.
In bulbils there is no embryo.

The uses of buds, bulbs, &c. are various ; for example, in
domestic economy, the genus allium, including the onion,
garlick, &c. ; in medicine the squill-bulb, is a powerful expec-
torant, and diuretic.

Of Leaves.

The arrangement of leaves in the bud is called prefoliation.
Genera are sometimes well arranged from this into natural
families. Leaves, as considered after their developement, by
the numerous pores on their surfaces, serve for the purpose of
exhaling and absorbing the gases, (airs,) which are either
become useless, or which are adapted for the nutrition of the
vegetable. Leaves seem to be formed by the expansion of a
bundle of fibres proceeding from the stem. These fibres,
which are vessels, by branching out in various directions,
form a kind of net-work, which represents the skeleton of the
leaf, and whose meshes are filled up with cellular tissue, which
is more or less abundant, and which derives its origin from
the herbaceous integument of the stem.

The upper surface of the leaf is covered with a closely
adhering epidermis, and has but few cortical pores : the under
surface is also covered with an epidermis, has a greater num-
ber of small pores, which are the orifices of the internal
vessels of the vegetable. It is particularly by this under
surface, that leaves absorb the fluids, that are exhaled from
the surface of the earth, and that are diffused through the
atmosphere.

Nerves of leaves, properly so called, are very prominent :
veins are less prominent.

The nerves are bundles of porous vessels, of spirals, and of
false spirals, enveloped in a certain quantity of cellular tissue.
(See Plate, 11, and Explanation.) The disposition of nerves
in leaves deserves the greatest attention. In mostof the mono-
cotyledons, they are almost always simple, and often parallel
to each other.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. xlvii

The leaves and the roots are the principal organs of absorp-
tion and nutrition in vegetables : they absorb from the atmos-
phere nutritive substances which are made subservient to their
growth. They also serve for the purpose of expiring and of
exhaling fluids, which are become useless to the vegetable, and
it is by their means, that the sap is divested of its watery con-
stituent, and acquires all its nutritious qualities.

The leaves of herbaceous plants, which are immersed in an
atmosphere constantly moist, absorb equally by their upper
and under surfaces. Place the leaves of trees upon water, on
their under surfaces, they will continue green for several
months ; place them on their upper surfaces^ and in a few
days, they will completely wither.

When leaves are exposed to the action of the sun, they de-
compose carbonic acid gas, (fixed air,) retain the carbon, and
set free the oxygen, (pure part of the air.) The contrary
takes place when they are withdrawn from the action of the
light ; they then take a portion of oxygen from the air, and
replace it with an equal quantity of carbonic acid.

Leaves are susceptible of certain motions, which depend on
the irritability with which they are endued.

jPa// of the Leaf,

Trees whose leaves are earliest expanded, are generally the
first to lose them. In the elder, (sambiicus,) however, the
leaves appear very early, and are late in falling : in the com-
mon ash, the leaves appear very late, and fall towards the end
of summer.

The fall of the leaf may be ascribed to the suspension of
vegetation, to the want of nourishment, which leaves expe-
rience at that period of the year. The vessels of the leaf
become contracted and dry, and the leaves fall off.

Medical leaves are chiefly those possesed of emollient, tonic,
stimulant, narcotic, and purgative qualities.

^tipulas

Never exist in monocotyledonous vegetables. They furnish ex-
cellent characters for the construction of natural orders. The

xlviii INTRODUCTION TO BOTANV.

use of stipulas is, probably, to protect tlie leaves before their
developement.

Tendrils

Are abortive organs. Sometimes they are floral stalks, at
other times, leaf-stalks, stipulas, or abortive branches.

Spines, (thorns,)

Are very often only abortive branches ; example, the sloe-
tree : for if this tree be transplanted into a richer soil, its
spines are converted into branches. Prickles have been con-
sidered by some, as hardened hairs.

1. Of Nutrition in Vegetables,

In nutrition, vegetables assimilate a part of the solid, liquid,
or gaseous substances contained in the earth, or diffused
through the atmosphere. The absorption of these substances
is effected by suction. Water serves as a solvent for the
bodies which they are to assimilate. The force with which
the sap ascends from the root of a vine into the stem is greater
than the pressure of the atmosphere.

2. Course of the Sap,

The sap holds the nutritive principles in solution, and depo-
sits them in the different parts of the vegetable as it circulates
through them. The sap ascends through the woody layers,
and the lymphatic vessels of the wood, and the alburnum con-
vey that fluid : a coloured fluid will be absorbed, particularly
by those vessels, which are nearest to the medullary tube, but
not by the pith, or bark. The sap passing through the layers
of wood in its course upwards, communicates with the lateral
parts and branches of the stem, either directly, by the anasto-
mosis (peculiar union) of their vessels, or by diffusing itself
gradually through pores in the (parietes) sides of the canals,
which convey it. In the same sap vessel there are always
four different currents ; an ascending and descending, and two
horizontal ones in different directions.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. xlix

To account for the cause of the sap's rising, Richard sup-
poses a vital principle, to have a powerful influence; but other
internal and external causes may assist in promoting this rise,
for example, light, electricity, warmth, transudation inwards,
and outwards.

3. Descent of the Sap

Proved by tying a strong ligature to the trunk of a dicotyle-
donous tree, when a circular swelling will be produced above,
which will become gradually larger. The swelling can arise
only from the obstacle opposed to the juices descending,
through the cortical layers from the upper to the lower part
of the vegetable. The descending sap continually renews and
maintains the cambium, and it contributes chiefly to the
growth and developement of dicotyledonous trees.

A striking difference exists between ve^jetables and animals ;
the former live almost exclusively on inorganic substances, as
water, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, &c ; the latter on those
taken from the animal and vegetable kingdoms.'

Organs of Reproduction,

These are the flower, the fruit, and the different parts that
compose them : they serve for the preservation of the species.

With regard to the calyx and corolla, Linnaeus gave the
latter name, corolla^ to a single floral covering around the
stamens or pistils, or both, where the colours are vivid, and
the former name of calyx, where the colour is green. Jussieu
considers the single floral covering as a calyx, and gives it
that name of calyx, whatever be its colour, provided it be
single : others call the single floral covering a perigonium ,- for
example, the tulip.

For a further account of the organs of reproduction
the reader is referred to Richard's P^lements of Botany, by
Clinton, or Macgillivray. We will proceed to center into an
examination

' See all chemical terms, clearly explained in Parkes' Chemical Cata-
'-:hism, &c. lost edition.

1 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Of the FruiU

One of the organs of reproduction, in order that the student
may understand the brief sketch given of the Natural System
of Jussieu.

"Yh^ fruit is composed essentially of two parts, \X\q j^ericarjpy
and the seed.

The pericarp, or covering of the seed is always present,
however thin ; there are in fact, no naked seeds.

^\\e pericarp is always composed of three parts: viz. 1. a
thin external membrane, called the epicarp : 2nd. of an
internal membrane, lining the seed-bearing cavity, called the
endocarp. Between these two membranes is a fleshy part,
called the sarcocarp or mesocarp. See Plate 12.

The seeds are attached in the pericarp to a peculiar fleshy
body, called the trophosperm or placenta.

When the surface of the trophosperm has manifest prolon-
gations, each of them bearing a seed, these prolongations are
called podosperms.

The arillus being only an expansion of the trophosperm,
belongs not to the seed, but to the pericarp. The arillus
never occurs in plants, whose corolla is monopetalous.

Concerning the pericarp in general, we may observe that
its axis is sometimes material, and has a real existence : it is
then called columella : or the axis may be fictitious or rational,
that is to say, represented by an imaginary line passing from
the base to the summit of the pericarp, and running through
its centre.

The columella is a small column, which supports the
different parts of the fruit.

The number of the valves of a pericarp is always known by
the number of longitudinal sutures visible on its outer surface.
The valvar dehiscence (that is, opening of the valves) is three-
fold: 1st. it may take place in the middle of the cells, that is
to say, between the partitions, which, in that case correspond
with the middle part of the valves. This is called loculicidal,
as in most ericinecje. See Plate 12. 2nd. the dehiscence
may occur, opposite to the partitions., it is then called septici-
dal, as in the scrophdarinecc. See Plate 12. 3rd. when the

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. H

pericarp bursts near the dissepiments, which remain free and
entire on the separation of the valves, the dehiscence is called
septifragal, as in bignonia, and calliina vulgaris.

The organization of the pericarp, and seed is one of the
most difficult parts of botany. To give a clear idea of the
parts, an analysis of the fruit of the common peach (amy'gda-
lus persica) is here given.

The fruit is composed essentially of two parts, the pericarp
and the seed. The seed is always contained within the peri-
carp. Let a peach be cut in two : its centre is found occu-
pied by a cell or cavity, containing a single seed, and rarely
two. All outside the seed belongs to the pericarp. First,
on the outside, is a thin coloured pellicle, covered with a soft
down, easily removed ; this is the 2)ericarp, The internal
cavity of the pericarp, lined with another soft membrane,
adhering intimately to the hard part, which forms the nut, is
called the cndocarp. The whole of the thick, fleshy substance,
contained between the latter membrane and the epicarp forms
the sarcocarp. The nut or bony part in the centre of the
peach is formed of the endocarp, to which is added an ossi-
fied portion of the sarcocarp. We find similar parts as above
described, in the apricot^ plum^ cherry^ &c.

We will next give an analysis of the common pea fi^uit^
(pisum sativum.)

The two longitudinal sutures, indicate that the fruit, when
ripe, opens by two segments or valves: hence it is called, a
two-v^lved pericarp. This pod, is found to have a single
cavity, with eight or ten seeds, in other words, it is one celled,
and many seeded. Every thing outside the seed is a part of
the pericarp. On the outer surface is a thin membrane
closely adhering to the subjacent part; this is the epicarp.
The inner cavity is lined with another membrane, which
adheres less intimately ; this is the endocarp. The fleshy,
green, vascular part, between the two membranes, though not
very thick, is the sarcocarp. The small, longitudinal promi-
nence, which runs along the sutures, and to which the seeds
are attached, is the trophosperm^ ov placenta.

Each of its prolongations belonging to a particular seed, is
a podospe?m, or umbilical cord,

e 2

Hi INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Observe, when the trophosperm or podosperm covers the
seed so as to embrace it to a greater or less extent, this pro-
longation takes the name o^ arillus.

We will next examine

The Seed,

Every seed, essentially contains an organized body, which,
becoming developed, produces a being, perfectly similar to
that which gave it birth : this body is the embryo, the essence
of the seed. The seed is composed of two parts ; 1st. the
episperm, or proper covering : 2nd. the kernel within the epis-
perm. The point of the seed by which it is connected with
the pericarp, is called umbilicus, or hilum : this last, is always
marked with a kind of scar. The centre of the hilum always
represents the base of the seed. The summit of the seed is
the point opposite to the hilum.

For a minute account of the several parts above named, and
much additional matter, the reader is referred to Richard's
Introduction, and to Lindley's,

Germination of Seeds,

Seeds through time, lose their germinative power. Some
retain this power for a considerable number of years ; for
example, kidney-beans, kept for sixty years, have germinated.
Seeds of the sensitive plant have been perfectly developed
about one hundred years after they have been gathered. In
these cases, they must have been excluded from the air,
light, and moisture.

Water, heat, and air are necessary agents for germination.

Seeds, plants, and animals can neither grow, respire, nor
live in pure oxygen gas : the best mixture for the purposes
above, is in the proportion of one part of oxygen, and three
parts of azote, (that is, nitrogen,) or of hydrogen.

From the moment the embryo of a seed becomes developed,
it takes the name oi^ plafitule. Its two extremities grow in
opposite directions. The one is formed by the gemmule, and
grows upwards into the air ; this is called the caudex ascendens.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. liii

The other, sinks into the earth, and bears the name of ccnidex
descendens ; this is formed by the rooting body, (or radicle.)

For a classification of the different species of fruits, the
reader is referred to Richard.

The uses of fruits and seeds are too obvious, to dwell upon
at any length. Bread, for example, is prepared from the fari-
naceous albumen of the wheat : a variety of fleshy fruits, as
peaches, apples, &c. are of use in domestic economy. The
fleshy pericarp of the olive, (olea europa^a,) yields a })ure oil.
The fruits of the orange, and lemon contain citric acid, nearly
pure. The berries of the buck-thorn, (rhamnus catharticus,)
are strongly purgative: not to mention, at length, the carmi-
native seeds of the umbelliferous plants, the roasted seeds of
the coffee, &c.

Of Botanical Classifications .

Theophrastus,' was the first who wrote a particular treatise
on vegetables : but the science of botany, it may be said, did
not exist in his day. It was not until the sixteenth century
that Gessner, of Zurich, first demonstrated, that characters
taken from the flower and the fruit were the most important for
establishing a good classification. He also shewed, that
groups exist in vegetables, composed of several species, united
by common characters. Shortly after, Csesalpinus, (born
1519,) of Arezzo, gave the model of the first botanical method ;
his species being arranged from a consideration of vegetable,
organic characters. Amongst the subsequent authors of
systems we may mention the Bauhins, Ray, Magnolius, Rivi-
nus, and Tournefort, Professor of Botany, at Paris, in the
reign of Louis XIV.

Tournefort's system was succeeded by the artificial system of
Linnaeus, published in 1734. The natural system, or method
of affinities was first sketched by Adanson. Bernard de
Jussieu pursued this subject. But it was reserved for his
nephew, Antoine Laurent de Jussieu to bring it nearer to
perfection. This system of Jussieu is founded not on the con-
sideration of a single organ ; but it regards the whole of the

' Died B. C. 288.

liv INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

characters furnished by all the organs of a vegetable, and
unites all those, which have the greatest number of points of
contact and resemblance. The systems of Tournefort, and
of Linnaeus had for their basis only the consideration of
a single organ ; for example, Tournefort employed the corolla,
and Linnaeus the stamens for establishing their principal divi-
sions. These systems of Tournefort and Linnaeus, have for
their object the discovery of the name of a plant, without
mvinff ideas of its organization. The study of the natural
system, and families of plants gives more precise ideas respect-
ing the structure and organization of the different vegetables.

JussieiLS Method of Natural Families,

The plants arranged by this system of families, have closer
affinities with those which immediately precede or follow them,
than with any other. This system unites and arranges plants
in groups and families, according to the greatest number of
their common characters. The embryo of the seed furnishes
the foundations of Jussieu's divisions, the stamens and pistils
occupy the second rank. Stems, leaves, and roots, supply
accessary characters.

In explaining the means by which vegetables have been
united into natural groups or families ; we will first give an
idea of the words species, variety, genus, order, and Jamili/.

A species is a collection of individuals which constantly re-
produce each other of the same form. The seed of any given
species will produce an individual, perfectly similar to itself.
Species which exhibit some differences in respect to the colour
of their flowers, or of their more or less considerable stature,
constitute varieties, which may be distinguished from species,
in this respect, that in a state of nature, they are not repro-
duced from seeds wdth all their characters ; for example, the
flowers of the lilac are usually light violet ; but sometimes
white, without any corresponding change in any of its other
characters : here, the "white lilac is merely a variety of the
violet flowered one.

A genus consists of a more, or less considerable number of
species, united by common characters, taken from the organs
of fructification, but all distinct from each other by specific

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. Iv

characters peculiar to each, and furnished by the organs of
vegetation ; for example, the genus anagallis, (pimpernel,) has
for its characters, a peculiar corolla, and box-like fruit, (pyxi-
dium.) Now, all the species (or sorts) of this genus, anagaU
lis, must have these peculiar characters of corolla, and fruit ;
but the species will be distinguished from each other by the
forms of their stems, and leaves, &c.

By uniting together genera in the same manner as species;
that is, by collecting into the same group those, which have
common and similar characters, we form orders^ properly so
called, if we regard only a single character, such as the
number of stigmas^ or the form of the fruit, &c. and natural
orders, oy families, when for the formation of such an assem-
blage, there is required the concurrence of all the characters
that may be derived from the form, structure, and relative
situation of all the organs of the vegetables which are classi-
fied. A natural order, ov family of plants, is, therefore, a
series or assemblage of genera, more or less numerous, which
have all the same characters in the organs of fructification.
Thus the cruciform (or cruciferse) family have all peculiar
characters : and all the genera of this family must have the
same characters, with some slight modifications, which will
serve to establish the differences of the genera, whose union
constitutes this family.

The families being numerous, it has been found necessary
to distribute them into more or less numerous classes. We
will now mention the characters, employed by Jussieu for the
formation of his different classes.

The classes are fifteen. The first divisions are marked by
the presence, or absence of the embryo in the seed. Hence
we have 1. emhryonate, 2. inembryonate vegetables.

The 1st. emhryonate, are distinguished according to the
number of their cotyledons ; 1st. into monocotyledons, or those
with one, and 2d. into dicotyledon^ those with two or more
cotyledons* See Plate 12. Those without co(2//^c?ow5, are called
acotyledonous.

That which serves for the establishment of classes properly so
called, is founded on the relative insertion of the stamens, or

Tvi IXTRODUCTlOxX TO BOTANV.

of the one-petalled, stamen-bearing corolla. There are three
kinds of insertion.

1st. The hypogynous, in which the germen or ovary being
entirely free, the stamens or stamen-bearing corolla are in-
serted around its base. See Plate 12.

2nd. The per jgT/ nous insertion, wherein the ovary or germen
being free or parietal,' the stamens are inserted, or one-petalled,
stamen- bearino; corolla is inserted on the calyx, at a certain
distance from the circumference of the base of the ovary or
germen. See Plate 12.

3rd. The epigynous insertion, wherein the ovary or germen
is always inferior, or where the stamen-bearing corolla, or the
stamens are inserted on the upper part of the ovary or germen.
See Plate 12.

The acotyledonoiis plants, the mosses, &c. being destitute of
embryos, and of flowers and fruit, do not enter into this classi-
fication, but they constitute a first class : and

The acotyledo)iSi and monocotyledons four classes ; for
example : —

CLASS.

Acotyledons . . . .1st.

/'hypogynous stamens . 2d.
Monocotyledons, with J perigynous stamens . 3d.

(^epigynous stamens . 4th.

We remark that dicotyledonous plants, are either destitute of
a corolla, that is, apetalous, or are one-petalled {jnonopeta-
lous,) stamen-bearing, or their corolla is many-petalled [j^oly-
petalous.) Hence we have three divisions in the dicotyledo-
nous plants, viz. : —

DIVISION.

I. Dicotyledonous apetalous.

2. monopetalous.

3. — polyp^talous.

These three sections just mentioned of apetalous^ &c. are
again divided into classes, by the above mentioned character
of insertion. Thus, the dicotyledonous apetalous, form three

» See Plate 12. 1S8.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANV. Ivii

classes, in which the insertion is 1. ejngi/nous, *2. pcrigyuous,
and 3. hi/p6gynoiis.

The monopetalous, whose corolUi always bears the stamens,
also form three classes : —

CLASS.

/^stamens hypogynous . * 1.

Monopet. 1 stamens perigynous . . 2.

with J panthers

( stamens epigynous ^ ^^,^^^^(1 . 3.

anthers
I free '. 4.

It will be observed that the third class of stamens epigy-
nous^ has been subdivided, according as the stamens are with
Wae, or united anthers, thereby increasing the number of
monopetalous classes to four.

These four classes, with the three classes of dicotyledonous
apetaloiis plants, and the four monocotyledonous and acotyledo-
nous plants, form in all, eleven classes.

The dicotyledonous polypetalous plants are divided into three
classes of 1. epigynous^ "Z. peri gy nous ^ 3. hypogyno^is.

In the fifteenth and last Jussieuian class are placed all the
dicotyledonous plants, whose flowers are essentially monoecious^
(unisexual,) and those separated on distinct individuals, that
is, dicecious. These are called irregular diclinous plants. Each
of these fifteen classes, contains a more or less considerable
number of natural families, all united by the common charac-
ter, which constitutes the class. The characters of the
different families are given by Jussieu, in his Genera of Plants.
De Candolle,^ the great botanist, has published a series of
families of plants, arranged in an order, almost the inverse of
Jussieu's.

' Professor Daubeny, in 1832, delivered several able Lectures, at the Labo-
ratory, illustrative of Decandolle's system.

Iviii

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY

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INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. lix

M'^e subjoin a list of those natural families, or groups,
chiefly according to llichard, which occur in the Flora of
Oxfordshire, and its contiguous counties. The Genera
arranged under each family are also given. For the charac-
ters of the different fiimilies or groups, we refer the student to
Richard by Clinton, or by MacgillivraV) or to Lindley's In-
troduction, or to Sir James Smith's Grammar of Botany, or to
De Candolle's Botanicon Gallicon, a work in Latin.

DIVISION I.

T/ie Inemhryonate Plants, or Acotyledons,

Including the algae, or sea-weeds, and confervae, funguses,
lichens, hepaticae, mosses, ferns, and some other cryptogamic
classes, do not belong to our subject, except the tenth family
of Characeae.

1. Chara genus and its species.

DIVISION IL

Emhryonated, or Jio'uoering plants, that is, plants furnished
with stamens, and pistils. According to the structure of the
embryo, these are divided into two groups, the monocotyledo-
910US, and the dicotyledonous,

Monocotyledonous Plants,

Besides the embryo being monocotyledonous, it is to be
observed that in this division of plants, the internal structure of
the stem is composed of cellular tissue, in which are scattered
vasicular bundles; the nerves of the leaves in general, are
parallel ; the perianth is a calyx only, sometimes coloured,
(according to Jussieu,) like petals; the floral organs, are in
general three, or a multiple of three; in the dicotyledons, the
number five prevails.

CLASS IL

Monohypogyny, (that is, monocotyledonous, and hypogy-
nous.)

Ix IKTRODUCTIOX TO BOTANY.

1. Nayadece. Juss. — Potamophilece. Richard Fluviales,
Lind. Potameae DC. Under this family, are the

Gcn.^ Potamogeton. Zannichellia. This family is nearly
related to the next.

2. Aroidece, (Juss.) or Arum Tribe.

Gen, Arum. 'Acorus. The roots of this family abound
with fecula, which may be used as an article of food, when
deprived of its acrimony by roasting, or washing.

3- Typh(£. (Juss.) Typhaceae. DC.

Gen. Typha. Sparganium.

4. Cypcrdcecs. (Juss.) or Sedge Tiibe.

Gen. Schoenus. Rhyncospora. Eleocharis. (Isolepis.)
Scirpus. Eriophorum. Carex.

This family is very natural, and has close affinity to the
grasses.

5. Gramuiecv,

The Grasses, Agrostis, Alopecurus, &c. One of the most
natural families of the vegetable kingdom. This family is distin-
guished from the Cyperaceas, by its cleft leaf sheath : the sheath
of the Cyperaceas is entire: there is also only one flower scale
in the Cyperaceoe, two in the Graminese, or Grass Tribe.

CLASS III.

Monoperigijny, or Monocot. and Perigi/nous,

6. Ju?ice(^, or Rush Tribe.
Ge7i, Juncus. Luciola.

7. Alismdcece. Part of Juss. Junci.

Gen. Butomus. Ahsma. Sagittaria. Triglochin.

8. Colchicacecey DC. Colchicum Tribe. Part of Junci.
Juss.

Gen. Colchicum. Narthecium.

An active principle called verdtria, found in the colchicum.

9. Asparaginece.

Gen. Asparagus. Paris. Convallaria. Ruscus. Tamus.
None of the plants in this family are poisonous.

10. Lilidcccc. Lilia and Asphodeli. Juss.

• i. e. Genera.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. Ixi

Gen. Tulipa. Fritillaria. Scilla. Gagea. Ornithoga-
lum. 'Allium.

The bulbs of this family usually contain a mixture of a mild,
gummy, extractive substance, which is bitter, volatile, acrid,
but dissipated by heat.

CLASS IV.

Monoepigyny, or Monocotyledonous, and Epigynous.

11. Narcissece^ Amarillidece^ BR.

Gen, Narcissus. Leucoium. Galanthus. The bulbs of
these more or less acrid ; in small doses emetic.

12. Iridecv. Juss.

Gen. Iris. Crocus. I'his family easily distinguished by
an inferior ovary, and three stamens.

13. Orchidece^ Orchis Tribe. One of the most natural
families.

Gtn. Orchis, &c.

14. HydrocharidecB, Juss.
Gen. Stratiotes. Hydrocharis.

15. NymphceacecE. Salisb.

Gen. Nymphaea. Nuphar. This family is placed by some
among the dicotyledonous plants, near the Papaveraceas, or
Poppy Tribe. The roots of the Nuphar lutea, mixed with
the inner bark of pinus sylvestris may be made into bread.

//. Dicotyledonous Plants,

Or those, whose embryo presents two cotyledons. In the
coniferae family from three to ten cotyledons are found.

In the dicotyledons the stem is disposed in concentric layers,
the nerves of the leaves are branched : the number five, or
one of its multiples prevails in the flower: a calyx and corolla
are also very frequently present.

/. Apetalous Dicotyledons,

CLASS V.
Epistaminy, or Stamens Epigynous.

16. Aristolochiea.

Gen. Aristolochia. 'Asa rum.

Ixii IXTRODUCTIOX TO BOTANY.

17. Santaldcecc. BR.
Gen, Thesium.

CLASS VI.

Peristaminyy or Stamens Perigynous.

18. Thymelece. Juss.
Gen. Daphne.

The barks of this family contain a green, resinous principle,
a bitter crystalline substance, called daphnine, and a yellow
colouring matter : more or less acrid ; most, in some degree,
poisonous.

19. Pohjgonece. Juss.

Ge7i. Rumex. Polygonum. This family a striking exam-
ple of plants agreeing in chemical composition, which possess
the same botanical characters. The roots of a great number
of Polygonese contain tannin and gallic acid, and are hence
astringent, &c. The seeds with a large and farinaceous, nutri-
tive albumen.

20. ChenopodicE DC. Atripliceae. Juss.
Gen, Chenopodium. 'Atriplex.

Plants of this family sweet, mucilaginous, sugary.

(CLASS VIL)

CLASS VIIL

Hypocorolly^ or Corolla Hypogynous,

21. Plantaginea, Juss.
Gen. Plantago.

T^he seeds of this family contain a large quantity of
mucilage.

22. Primulacecc, Vent. Lysimachice. Juss.

Gen. Hottonia. Lysimachia. Anagallis. Primula. Sa-
molus.

23. Orohanchece. Ventenat.
Gen. Orobanche. Lathraea.

24. ScropJiularmere, BR, Scrophulariae and Pediculares.
Juss.

Gen. Digitalis. Antirrhinum. Scrophularia. Limosella.
Melampyrum. Pedicularis. Rhinanthus. Bartsia. Euphrasia.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. Ixiii

The plants in this family, not uniform in their properties.

25. Solancce, Juss.

Ge7i» Solanum. Atropa. Hyoscy'amus. Verbascum.

This family has a close affinity to the Scrophularineae.
Most of the family strongly narcotic. All the verbascums
are mild, and mucilaginous.

26. Jasminecc. Juss.

Gen. Ligustrum. Fraxinus.

27. Verhenacece, Juss.
Gen. Verbena.

28. Lahiatce. Juss.

The Labiate plants form a very natural family, and include
the class didynamia of Linnaeus, besides the genera Ly'copus,
and Salvia : they contain essential oil and bitter extractive.

29. Boragmecje. Juss.

Gen. Echium. Lithospermum. Symphytum. Lycopsis.
Anchiisa. Borago. Myosotis, Cynoglossum.

This family contains a large quantity of mucilage, with
some astringency.

30. Convolvidacece . Juss.
Ge7i. Convolvulus. Cuscuta.
This family, acrid and purgative.

31. PolemoniacecE. Juss.
Gen» Polemonium.

32. Gentianece. Juss.

Gen. Menyanthes. Villarsia. Chlora. Gentiana, Ery-
thraea.

The plants of this family intensely bitter.

33. Apocynece, Juss.
Gen, Vinca.

This family abounds in a milky, poisonous juice.

CLASS IX.
Pericorolly, or Cor. Perig.

34. Ericineae. Juss. Vaccinieae. DC.

Gen. Erica, Calluna, Pyrola, Empetrum. Vaccinium.
Vaccinium is here included under the Ericineae.

35. Campanuldcecv.

Ixiv IXTRODUCTIOxN TO BOTANY.

Geji. Jasione. Prismatocarpus. Campanula.

Almost all the plants of this family are milky : their juice is
bitter, and sometimes very acrid ; unless abundant mucilage
be present.

CLASS X.

^Epicorolly, and Synantherem^ {that is. Anthers 7inited.)

3(). Synantherece, Richard. Cichoraceae, Corymbiferae, and
Cynaroc^phalae, of Juss. Compositae of authors.

A great family, and one of the best characterized, compris-
ing the whole class Syngenesia of Linnaeus. The plants of this
family stimulant, tonic : those abounding in a milky juice, in
some degree narcotic : their seeds usually mild.

CLASS XL

Epicorolly — Chorisanthery^ {that is, with Anthers distinct.)

37. Dipsacece. DC. Part of Juss. Dipsaceai.
Gen. Dipsacus. Scabiosa.

38. Valeria new. DC.
Gen. Fedia. Valeriana.

39. Huhiacece. Juss.

A very natural family including Galium, Asperula, She-
rardia. This family supplies some of the most valuable arti-
cles of the Materia Medica, among which is the Peruvian
bark.

40. CaprifoliacecB, Richard.

Ge?i. Hedera, Cornus, Sambucus, Viburnum, Lonic^ra.

41. Loranthece. Richard.
Gen. Viscum.

CLASS XTL

Fjpipetaly.

42. UmbelltfercB, Parsley-tribe.

One of the most natural families, but not uniform in its
chemical composition, or in its effects on the animal economy.

' Epi, means upon.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. Ixv

The warmer the climate, and dryer the soil, the greater the
proportion of aromatic principle ; the poisonous and narcotic
principles will prevail in those species, which grow in cold and
moist situations.

CLASS XIII.

Hypopetaly, or Stamens Hypogonous.

4-3. Ranunculacece. Juss.

Gen. Clematis, Thalictrum, Anemone, Adonis, Myosurus,
Ranunculus, Caltha, Trollius, Helleborus, Aquilegia.

All this family more or less acrid and poisonous : most of
them rendered harmless by boiling. The kernels of the seeds
usually mild ; the integuments acrid.

44. Berberidece. Juss.

Gen. Berberis.

4?5. Geranidcece. Aug. Hilaire.

The Geraniacese are here united with the Oxalideae, and
Lineae, of DC.

Gen, Geranium, Erodium, Oxalis, Linum, Radiola.

This family does not exhibit much uniformity in its medi-
cinal virtues.

46. Malvaceae, Mallow-tribe. Part of Juss, Malvaceae,
Gen. Malva, Althaea.

All this family, mucilaginous, emollient.

47. Tilidcea. Juss.
Gen. Tilia.

48. Hyper icinece. Juss,

Gen. Hypericum. Aromatic, resinous,

49. AcerinecB. DC.
Gen. Acer.

50. FolygdlecB. Juss.
Gen. Poly 'gal a.

51. Fumaridcece. DC.
Gen. Fumaria, Cory'dalis.

52. PapaverdcecB, Poppy-tribe. Part of Juss. Papavera-
ceae.

Gen. Papaver, Chelidonium.

Plants of this family contain an acrid, milky juice, many, a

Ixvi INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

narcotic power. The seeds of this family except the Arg^-
mone Americana, mild and oily.

53. CrucifercCy Cruciform-tribe.

One of the largest, and most natural families, containing the
Tetradynamia of Linnaeus.

All the parts of this family contain an essential oil, on which
their stimulant effects depend; and their antiscorbutic virtues.

54. Resedaceci;. DC.
Gen. Reseda.

55. Cistecc. DC. Part of Juss. Cisti.
Gen, Cistus, Helianthemum.

b6, Droseracece, DC.
Gen, Drosera, Parnassia.
57. Violariea;, DC.
Gen. Viola.

5S, Carr/ophy'llecE^ Pink-like tribe. Juss.
Contains the class Decandria of Linnaeus, at least all those
of the British Flora, besides Sagina, Moenchia.

CLASS XIV.

Peripetaly^ that is, with Staynens Perigynons.

59. Paronycliiece, Aug. Hilaire.

Gen, (Polycarpon,) Scleranthus, Larbrea.

60. Portulacecc. Juss.
Gen, Montia.

61. Saxifragem, Juss.

Gen, Saxifraga, Chrysospl^nium, Adoxa.

62. Crassulacece. DC. Semperviveae Juss.
Gen, Cotyledon, Sedum, Sempervivum.

Q"^, Ribesiece. Richard. Grossularieae. DC,

Gen. Ribes.

64. Cucurbit ace (je, Juss.

Gen. Bryonia.

Properties of this family, not uniform.

Q5, Hygrohiece, Richd. Halorageae. BR.

Gen. Myriophyllum, Callitriche.

QQ, Onograrice. Juss.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. Ixvii

Gen, Epil6bium. Circaea.

67. SalicariecE. Juss.

Ge7i, Ly thrum. Peplis.

6S. Rosacece} Juss. (Class, Icosandria. Linn.)

Divided into these tribes — 1. Drwpacece. Gen, Prunus,
C^rasus. 2. Spiracece. Gen. Spiraea. 3. Fragariacece,
Potentilla, Fragaria, Geum, Rubus, Comarum. 4. Sanguis-
orbiece, Poterium, Alchemilla, &c. 5. Rosecc, Gen. Rosa.
6. Pomacece. Gen, Crataegus, M^spilus, Pyrus.

All the Rosaceae astringent, particularly the Fragariaceae.
The young fruits of the Pomaceae contain a good deal of
oxalic acid. The Drupaceae in their leaves, and kernels con-
tain a large quantity of prussic acid. Several of this tribe
afford a mild gum.

69. Legnminosce, Pea-tribe. Juss.

Contains the papilionaceous, or diadelphous plants of the
British Flora, at least. Is a lai'ge, and very natural family.
Exhibits little uniformity in its properties.

70. Hhamnede, BR. Part of Juss. Rhamni.
Genus, Rhamnus.

71. Celastrinecc, BR. Part of Juss. Rhamni.
Gen. Euonymus.

72. Aquifoliacecc . DC. Ilicineoe Ad. Brong.
Gen. Ilex.

CLASS XV.

Dicliny, (^P art of Mon. and Diced a, Linn)

73. Euphorbiacecje. Juss.

Gen. Buxus, Euphorbia, Mcrcurialis.

The acrimony of this family resides in their milky juice.

74. Urticere. Juss. And Celtidece, Richard.

To the tribe Celtideae, of Richard, belongs Ulmus. The
true UrticecBj are — Gen, Parietaria, Urtica, Humulus.

75. S(jlicme{e, Willow-tribe. Richard.
Gen, Salix.

76. Betulinece. Richard.

Gen, Betula, Alnus. These agree with the Salicineae in
their astringency, and medicinal properties.

' Gen. Agrimonia.
f2

Ixviii INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

77. Cupuliferce. Richard. PartofJuss. Amentaceac.

Gen, Fagus, Castanea, Qucrcus, Corylus, Carpinus.

There is great uniformity in the properties of plants, belong-
ing to this family (Ciipuliferaj.) The barks abound with
tannin and gallic acid, their seeds with fecula and fixed oil;
are mild, and nutritious.

78. Conifer ce. Juss. Richard.
Gen. Taxus, Juniperus, Pinus.

This family abounds in essential oil, and resin. In this
country the turpentine and essential oil are obtained from the
common fir (pinus sylvestris.)

ABBREVIATIONS AND MARKS EXPLAINED.

Bor. Mr. Borrer.

Bx. Mr. Baxter,' Curator of the Botanic Garden, Ox-
ford. The compiler of the work has found this
excellent Botanist a valuable and friendly referee
on all difficult points, and is obliged to him for the
use of his collection of Oxfordshire and other habi-
tats, and for several scattered observations.
Pn. Mr. Purton, Author of the valuable Midland Flora.
R, Pr. Mr. Roundell Palmer, Trin. Coll. Oxford.

Y. Mr. N. B. Young, Fellow of New Coll. Oxford.
Wh. The Rev. R. M. White, Fellow of Magdalen
College, Oxford : obliged to him for habitats, and
for several Ang. Sax. derivations.
T. Rev. Mr. Teasdale, Lincoln College, Oxford.
Pr. Mr. Perry, Author of a List of Warwickshire Plants.
J. H. Mr. John Haines, RadcliflPc Library.
Sch. Schkur's Carices, in his Handbuch, &c. admirable

figures.
Sm. Sir James Edward Smith.
J. Jussieu. Br, Brown. DC. Decandolle.
J/. Hooker.
R. W, The Compiler of this work.

M, Morton. Morton's Northamptonshire, folio.
H. L, Hooker's Flora Londinensis, folio, plates, &c.
E. B. English Botany, (Original Edition,) 8vo. A useful,
cheap edition, is in the course of publication, in
numbers : these plates' indispensable.
G. E. Johnson's Gerarde's Herbal, folio. Gerarde's names
being quoted at full length, the reader will easily
refer to the first ; Gerarde's own edition of his
Herbal, if possessed of that edition, plates, &c.

' Founder of the Natural History and Botanical Society, Oxford, 1831
2 Plates of all our British flowering plants.

Ixx DIRECTIONS, &c.

C. Curtis*s Flora Londinensis, folio, plates, &c.
Curt, Gr, Curtis's Grasses, 8vo. plates, &c.

Still. Stillingfleet's Tracts on Natural History, &c. 8vo-
Sb, Sibthorp*s Flora Oxoniensis, 8vo. 1794.
Ang. Sax, Anglo-Saxon. The derivations are quoted from
Benson's Vocabularium. The curious and learned
reader is referred by a distinguished Anglo-
Saxon Scholar, to ** Wanleii Cat. Librorum
MSS. Anglo-Sax. forming one vol. of Hickesii
Thes. p. 72. for a list of one hundred and eighty-
four plants, in Greek, Latin, and Saxon," folio.
Ttir. Turner's, and Dillvvyn's Botanist's Guide, 2
vols. duod.
B, T. Johnson's Flora of Berwick-upon-Tweed, duod.

* One asterisk placed after a habitat, indicates that

the plant is rare in the neighbourhood of
Oxford. * * Two asterisks, that it is very rare.

* A marginal asterisk, placed before the name of a

plant indicates, that it is not truly wild, or pro-
bably only naturalized in Britain.
Discrim. Discriminative marks.

Such abbreviations as Cat. for Calyx. Fl, for Flower. Ls,
for Leaves. Caps, for Capsule. Bract, for Bractea. Anth,
for Anther, &c. will easily be understood by the student who
has previously perused the Introduction to Botany.

N. B. Ch. in the Linnaean names must be pronounced
hard like k : Sch also : thus : Schoe'nus^ is pronounced Skenns.

Directions to the Botanical Student*

Let the student first master the Introduction to Botany : he
will then be enabled to reduce his plant to its Class, Order,
Genus, and Species. In examining a plant let him study the
specific distinctions, printed in a larger type, before he pro-
ceeds to the minuter description, and observations. Let him
by no means have recourse to a plate or figure of his plant,
before duly examining, and endeavouring to discover the
plant under examination, by the description given. After

DIRECTIONS, &c. Ixxi

ascertaining the name, and uses of any plant, the student may
proceed to the study of the Natural Order, referred to in the
Second Part of the Introduction to Botany. The Grasses,
Carices, and UmbeUiferous plants are too difficult of investi-
gation for the first season. It is desirable to have recourse
^o some experienced botanist in pursuing this study: Mr.
_axter, of the Botanic Garden, gives able lessons in Botany ;
and his Generic Plates, with the Plates of Sowerby to
English Botany, or those of Gerarde in his Herbal, will
prove useful aids to the student; but, in no case, we repeat it,
should the student attempt learning botany, by a mere
reference to plates. To reap advantage, and to derive satis-
faction from the study, he must proceed scientifically, and
examine nature herself. He will find the Compendium of
Smithes English Flora^ bound in the smallest form, a con-
venient pocket Vade-Mecum.

The following additional books may be recommended to
the Student of Natural History,

White's Sel borne.

Journal of a Naturalist.

Drummond's Letters on Natural History.

Botany.

Sir James Edward Smith's different Publications, including

his Grammar, Introduction to Botany, and English

Flora.
Hooker's British Flora, 8vo.
Lindley's Works.

Loudon*s Magazine of Natural History, 8vo.
Paley's Natural Theology.

Duncan's Botanical Theology, 2nd edit, and his " Analogies."
The learned reader, who is desirous of prosecuting his
botanical studies further, will find ample catalogues of bota-
nical works, in the first vol. of Decandolle's Regni Vegetabilis
Systema Naturale, 1818, and in the volumes of Sir James
Edward Smith's English Flora.

The Linnaean Transactions contain many admirable Bota-
nical Papers : a useful selection might, perhaps, be published
from tliat expensive and voluminous work.

Ixxii DIRECTIONS, &c.

Directions for preparing an Herbarium of dried
Specimens,^ Sfc.

If plants be properly dried, their different parts may be
restored by plunging the specimen in hot water. Dried spe-
cimens of plants, with access to the field, the garden, and to
books, are obviously requisite to the practical botanist. When
a press cannot conveniently be obtained, plants may be dried
very well between the leaves of any large folio book, piling up
weights and other books to afford the suitable pressure.
Should the specimens be crowded, they require frequent shift-
ing; and the moist paper must be dried, before replacing
the specimens. Where the paper is abundant, and the speci-
mens few, they require but little, if any shifting. Those vege-
tables which are very tenacious of life, must be immersed in
boiling water previous to drying. In exhibiting the plants to
be dried, avoid too formal a display of the several parts, except
the single flowers, for shewing a genus, &c. To prevent
heaths, and firs from shedding their leaves in drying, immerse
the specimen, previous to drying, in boiling water.

When the specimens become completely dry, they may be
glued down; each to half a sheet of small folio paper, and all
the species of each genus may be placed together within a
sheet of paper, writing the generic name on the outside of
each paper of species : the name of each species should be
inscribed near the plant. To preserve the Herbarium from
depredations of insects, the following poisonous application
was strongly recommended by Sir James E. Smith — a solu-
tion of corrosive sublimate of mercury, in rectified spirits of
wine, about two drachms to a pint, with a little camphor. Apply
a small portion of this liquid to each specimen, 'whe?i it becomes
perfectly dry^ before gluing down, unless the plant be very
delicate. A few drops of the solution may be mixed with the
glue. The Herbarium should, of course, be kept from damp,
in a dry situation. See Smith's Introduction to Botany,

' The botanist should be provided with a common pocket microscope, a
needle, and a pair of forceps. For minute purposes, Gould's Microscope, sold
by Cary, Strand, London, price £1 I6s. may be recommended.

SPECIMEN

OF A

PROPOSED INDEX

TO THE

OXFORDSHIRE FLORA,

Jndicatimj the particular station of each plant, as well as the geologi-
cal character of the spots in which it has been found.

BY

DR. DAUBENY,

PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY, OXFORD.

SPECIMEN, &c.

Amongst other suggestions, which the Committee of the
British Association for the advancement of Science, at their
Meeting in York, in 1831, threw out to the consideration of
naturalists, is one to the following effect : —

" That botanists in all parts of Great Britain and Ireland
be invited to compose, and communicate to the meetings of the
Association, catalogues of county or other local Floras, with
indications of those species which have been recently intro-
duced, of those which are rare or very local, and of those
which thrive, or which have become or are becoming extinct ;
with such remarks as may be useful towards determining the
connexion which there may be between the habitats of parti-
cular plants and the nature of the soils or strata upon which
they grow, with statements of the mean winter and summer
temperature of the air and water at the highest as well as the
lowest elevation at which species occur, the hygrometrical
condition of the air, and any other information of an histori-
cal, economical, and philosophical nature."

*' If," it is observed, " a complete botanical survey of the
British Islands could be obtained, the results would be import-
ant, when the Flora in the aggregate came to be compared
with its relations to soil, climate, elevation, &c."

It was with the view of accomplishing, with reference to the
neighbourhood of Oxford, a part of the objects contemplated
in the passage just quoted, that I was led to undertake a sort
of Index to the Flora of Oxfordshire, to which the botanical
station of each species, and the geological character of each of
its habitats^ were to be subjoined, in all those cases at least in
which the plant w^as sufficiently circumscribed in its distribu-
tion over the district under survey, to render such an attempt
either useful or practicable.

An Index of this kind accurately drawn up^ might, I con-

Ixxvi SPECIMEN, &c.

ccive, constitute an appropriate appendage to a Flora of
Oxfordshire, but its insertion would be more likely to mislead,
than to inform, until the geological habitats of the plants
therein enumerated had undergone a more thorough revision,
than has as yet been accomplished.

The specimen, therefore, now given of the Index in question,
is intended merely to convey such an idea of its construction,
as may enable Oxford Botanists, if they please, to co-operate
with myself, and with each other, in collecting the data neces-
sary for perfecting the design, so far as this county is concerned ;
and likewise to engage others in distant parts of Great
Britain to draw up Indexes of a similar description to Floras
of their own neighbourhood, and thus to realize the views of
the Association by acting on one uniform plan.

The utility of such an Index with reference to the Oxford
Botanist, is chiefly that of enabling him to perceive at a glance,
in what particular soil and situation each plant is here met
with, serving, therefore, to abridge the labour of reference,
and to keep alive in his recollection the important fact, that
a certain, though as yet an imperfectly understood influence
is exerted upon plants, by the combined agency of the soil,
the air, and the temperature.

But a collection of such Indexes, which should embrace
the whole or the greater part of Great Britain, would, as
is observed in the Report, serve a more important purpose,
by supplying us with the data requisite for determining, what
kind of relation may subsist between particular plants, and
certain kinds of soil or situation.

In enumerating the different Stations in which the plants of
Oxfordshire are found, I have adopted the classification given
by M. Decandolle in his admirable Essay on the Geography
of Plants, which is inserted in the eighteenth volume of the
Dictionnairc d'Histoire Naturelle. The Stations, of which
Oxfordshire affords any examples, will, according to this
method of arrangement, be nine in number, and though (as
Professor Lindley observes in his Introduction to Botany)
some of them are rather vague and uncertain of application,
yet they seem to comprise the most remarkable differences of
station, and, therefore, deserve to be attentively noted-

SPECIMEN, &c. Ixxvii

The following is the description given by M. Dccandolle,
and adopted by Professor Lindley, of the classes of plants, dis-
tinguished according to the station in which they occur : —

1. Aquatic plants, living plunged in fresh water; either
entirely immerged, as confervae ; or floating on its surface as
stratiotes ; or fixed in the soil by their roots, with the foliage
in the water, as several kinds of potamogeton ; or rooted to
the soil, as nympha^a ; or rising above it, as alisma Plantago,
This latter division approaches very near to the following class,

2. Plants of fresh "water marshes, and of very "doet places,
among which it is chiefly necessary to distinguish, those of
bogs, of marshy meadows, of the banks of running streams,
and finally, of places inundated in winter, but more or less
dried up during the summer.

3. Plants of meadows and pastures, in the study of which it
is chiefly necessary to distinguish, those, that being collected
together either by art or nature constitute the turf of the
meadow, and those others, which grow with greater or less
abundance and facility intermixed with the foregoing.

4. Pla7its of ctdtivated soil, many of which have been acci-
dentally transplanted from one country to another with the
seeds of other plants intentionally introduced.

5. The plants of rocks, which pass by insensible gradations
into those of walls, of stony places, and even of gravel, and these
again into those of sands or of very barren soil. For my pre-
sent purpose I have thought it sufficient to place the whole
of these in the same class.

6. Plants occurring near dwelling places, in consequence of
requiring for their nutriment a supply, either of nitrous
salts, or of azotised matter. These consequently frequent the
haunts of man, and abound in and about rubbish containing
animal matter in a state of decomposition.

7. Forest plants, among which are to be distinguished ;
Istly, the trees that form the forest ; and 2ndly, the herbs which
grow beneath its shade. The latter are separated into two
kinds : those which can support a considerable degree of shade
during all the year, which are found in evergreen woods ; or
such as require light in the winter, like those which are found
among deciduous trees.

Ixxviii SPECIMEN, &c.

8. Bushes and hedge plants. The shrubs which compose
this division differ from the plants of the forest in their smaller
size, and in the thinness of their leaves ; the herbaceous kinds
that grow among them are ordinarily climbing plants.

9. Parasitical plajits ; that is to say, such as either absorb
the cambium already elaborated from the liber of the plant on
which they feed ; or merely derive the ascending sap from the
latter, converting it into nutriment themselves. The former
are destitute of leaves ; the latter provided with these organs —
the former require only to plant their suckers into the bark of
the vegetable which supports them ; the latter must insert them
into the alburnum or new wood. Such at least are M. De-
candolle's distinctions, with which Professor Lindley appears
to coincide. Both, however, separate from the class of true
parasites, those, which, like the common ivy [Hedera Helix,)
grow upon either dead or living vegetables, without deriving
any nourishment from them : Decandolle denominating these
latter, false parasites, Lindley, epiphytes, and such as these
may be conveniently thrown into the class either of forest or
bush plants, according to the kind of station which they affect.

These then are the botanical stations which I propose to
distinguish in my intended Index ; with regard to the habitats
of the plants that occur within the limits of this Flora, I
conceive, they may be placed with sufficient accuracy in one
of the last five columns, distinguished according to the geolo-
gical character of the substratum. The country compre-
hended within these limits includes indeed the whole range of
strata from the lyas to the tertiary clays, besides various dilu-
vial and alluvial formations ; but it does not seem likely, that
any decided difference in the character of the vegetation
should occur between one kind of clay or sand, and another,
merely on account of the distinction in their relative ages,
unless some corresponding variation can be detected in their
chemical or mechanical condition. I have, therefore, thought
it sufficient to divide the soils of Oxfordshire into five classes;
Istly. the gravellij, which, as it consists chiefly of the debris of
limestone rocks, may be regarded perhaps only as a modifica-
tion of a calcareous soil. 2ndly. the oolitic, of which the
neighbourhood of Oxford, where the substratum is not covered

SPECIMEN, &c. Ixxix

with gravel, principally consists. 3rclly. the chalky^ which as
it is composed of a purer and softer form of limestone, deserves
to be distinguished from the oolitic. 4thly. the argillaceous^
such as the Oxford or Kimmeridge clays, together with any
other that may occur within the district, distinguishing as
much as possible such as are covered with calcareous gravel ;
and 5thly. the arenaceous^ of which the rock at the summit of
Shotover-Hill affords an example.

As, however, the description of plants that grow on any one
of the above rocks must be supposed to vary with the character
of the soil^ and as the latter may not in all cases be identical
with the suhstratum^ it would be useful to notice every such
case of discrepancy by introducing a separate series of columns
for the soils^ or at least by appending a note at the bottom of
the page in which the plant is noticed, with an asterisk refer-
ing to the locality mentioned in the column above^ in which
the plant is stated to occur.

The following Specimen taken from the first page of the
Index will serve to illustrate the method I have adopted, and
may, therefore, perhaps deserve insertion, though the geolo-
gical localities even of the few plants given require further
examination, before they can be looked upon as ascertained.

Where nothing further has been remarked with respect to
the habitudes of a plant than its occurrence in one of the
Stations above enumerated, an horizontal line in the column
opposite to its name has been deemed sufficient to indicate the
fact : but in other cases, where the nature of the situation con-
genial to it has been more particularly ascertained, the same
is indicated in the above position. Thus opposite to Ranun-
culus repens, in the third column, an horizontal line is affixed,
in order to shew that it has merely been remarked, that
meadows and pastures are the spots most favourable to its
growth ; whilst opposite to R. bulbosus the particular kind of
meadow-land, which it chiefly affects, will be seen specified.

In conclusion I ought to repeat, what indeed has before
been stated in other language, that the principle on which this
Index is constructed proceeds not upon the existence of
an acknowledged connection between soil and vegetation, but

Ixxx SPECIMEN, &c.

on the admission of the best botanists, such as Decandolle and
Lindley, that much may at present be said on both sides of the
question, ' and that the subject is one of sufficient interest, to
induce botanists, to bestow upon it the labour requisite for its
more complete elucidation.

* Some remarks in favour of the supposed connexion between the vegetation
and the geological character of the substratum, may be seen in Loudon's Ma-
gazine, by W. Thomson, and a reply to them in Jameson's New Philosophical
Journal, vol. ii. for 1830, by D. A. Murray, of Aberdeen.

Ixxx SPECIMEN, &c.

on the admission of the best botanists, such as Decandolle and
Lindley, that much may at present be said on both sides of the
question, * and that the subject is one of sufficient interest, to
induce botanists, to bestow upon it the labour requisite for its
more complete elucidation.

' Some remarks in favour of the supposed connexion between the vegetation
and the geological character of the substratum, may be seen in Loudon's Ma-
gazine, by W. Thomson, and a reply to them in Jameson's New Philosophical
Journal, vol. ii, for 1830, by D. A. Murray, of Aberdeen.

SPECIMEN OF A PROPOSED INDEX TO THE FLORA OP OXFORDSHIRE. &c.

NAME, &c.

CImj Dicotyledones

Family Ist. — Ranunculace».

Gfn. Clemali»(l'olyaii(l. Polyg. L.)

1. Vitalba.
G. Thaliclrum (Polyand. Polyg.)

t (Poljanil. Polyg.)
I. Pulsatilla.

G Adonis (Polyand. Polyg.)

1. autumnalia.

G. Myoiurus (Pent. Polyg.)

1. minimus.

unculus (Polyand. Polyg )
1. hederaceus.

4. Flammula.

5. auricomOh.

8. repens.
». bulbosui

IS Picaha.
G. Callha (Polyand. Polyg )
1. palustris.

G. Hellebotus (Polyand. Polyg.)

STATION.

H.'\BITATI<

)N.

CJ rowing
immers'^d
iD water.

n bngs
iiid

uarshes.

Id mea-
dows and

pastures.

On walls,
n culti- ind in

atcdsoil. Wuny
places.

Ne.ir
Uwellini;.
plnceK and
n spots
cuntaining
animal

In w Olid a
ind (hick-

In h«>dses
anilKlirub.
)erie».

Depend-

nlon
.ther
)lanls for

ouriah.
ncnt.

In grav«I,
)irord.

n oolite,
as on ISul.
liugdun
Green.

In chalk,
Henley.

laccous,
»> in the
Oxrord
and Kim-
meridgc
clays.

Woburn
and Sliot-

sands.

Cowley,
Biosey,
South-
Irigh.

i

Wyeh-
wood F.U
rest, Itur.
ford

cornfields.

Cfar the
Observa-
tory .

;>aslures,

where
water has

stagnated.

cornfields

Suutk-
leigh.
North
Aston.

[jouls,
which are
dryduriof

SUnlon-

Harcourl,

South-

leigh,

Ensham

ditches,

streams.

backs of
rivers, and
of slow
Ktreanis.

Banks of
the Cher-
well, neat
King's
mill.

Magdalen
College

walks.

Stow

wood.

pools,

shallow

waters.

dry mea-
dows, &c

moist

meadows

commons.

dry banks

coroSelds.

Bulling.
donGreen.

South-
eigh

marshes,

baoks of

wet mea-

dows

Wood.

Iperry.

1

Nuffield.

Cornbury
1 Stone
|Quarry.

Wych-

wood

Forest,

Heading.

ton Wick

copse.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE L

Fig. h Fibrous root.

2. Creeping root.

3. Tapering, or spindle-shaped root.

4. Tuberous, or knobbed root.

5. Abrupt root.

6. Solid bulbous root.

7. Coated bulbous root.

8. Scaly bulbous root.

9. Granulated root.

10. Forked, or dichotomous stem.

11. Creeping stem.

12. Clinging stem.

13. Twining stem.

14. Jointed, (articulated,) stem,

15. Scaly stem.

PLATE n.

16. Jointed stem.

17. Knotted stem.

18. Kneed, (geniculated,) stem.

19. Scape, flower-stalk, and leaves immediately from the

root, (radical.)

LEAVES,

20. Stalkless, (sessile.)

21. Stalked.

22. Alternate.

23. 24. Stem, (cauline,) leaves.

23. Also opposite.

24. Also scattered.

Ixxxii EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Fig. 25. Clustered.

26. Whorled, (verticillated.)

27. Tufted, (fasciculated.)

28. Tiled, (imbricated.)

29. Cross-paired, (decussated.)

30. Embracing, (amplexicaul.)
3L Growing together, (connate.)

32. Perfoliate.

PLATE in.

33. Equitant.

34. Running down the stem, (decurrent.)

35. Target-shaped, (peltate.)

36. Egg-shaped, (ovate,) entire, and blunt.

37. Oval, or elliptical.

38. Battledore-shaped, (spatulate.)

39. Wedge-shaped, (cuneiform.)

40. Spear-shaped, (lanceolate.)

41. Linear.

42. Triangular.

43. Kidney- shaped, (reniform,) and entire.

44. Heart-shaped, (cordate.)

45. Arrow-shaped, (sagittate.)

46. Halbert-shaped, (hastate.)

47. Wing-cleft, (pinnatified ;) fig. not good.

48. Lyre-shaped, (lyrate.)

49. Runcinate.

PLATE IV.

50. Comb-like, (pectinate.)

51. Cleft.

52. Lobed.

53. Hand-shaped, (palmate.)

54. Abrupt, (truncate,) lopped.

55. Bluntly notched at the end, (retuse.)

56. Notched, (emarginate,) at the end.

57. Sharp, (acute.)

58. Taper-pointed, (acuminate.)

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Ixxxiii

Fig. 5i). Bristle-pointed.

60. Toothed, (dentated.)

61. Saw-toothed, (serrated.)

62. Notched, (crenate.)

63. 17L jagged, (laciniated.)

64. Fringed, (ciliated.)

65. Prickly, (spinous.)

67. Veined.

PLATE V.

68. Ribbed.

69. Plaited, (plicate,) folded.

70. Channelled, (canaliculate.)
7L Keeled, (carinate.)

72. x\wl-shaped, (subulate.)

73. Fingered, (digitate.)

74. In pairs, (bin ate.)

75. In threes from the same point, (ternate.)

76. Bird-footed, (pedate.) ^

77. 80, 84. Winged, (pinnate,) in a lyrate manner, with an

odd leaflet ; leaflets opposite.

78. Winged, (pinnate,) with a tendril, leaflets opposite.

79. Abruptly winged, (pinnate ;) leaflets opposite.

80. Alternately winged, (pinnate.)

81. Thrice-paired, (trigeminate.)

82. Doubly three-fold, (biternate.)

170. Triply three-fold, (thrice -ternate,) (triternate.)

83. Twice-winged, (bipinnate.)

(73, 74, 75, 76, compound.) (82, 83, thrice- compound.)
84.* Stipula (below the leaves.)

PLATE VI.

85, a. 86, a. Floral-leaf, (bractea.)

87. Sheath, (spatha.)

88. Involucre.

89, a. Common involucre, at the base of the common, (or

universal,) umbel, b. Partial involucre, at the base of
its partial umbel.

90, 78. Tendril.

Ixxxiv EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Fig-. 9L Thorn, or spine,

92. Prickle.

93. Whorl, (verticillus.)

94. 95. Spikes.

94. Unilateral, (spike,) growing from one side only.

96. Spikelet, with awns.

97, 98. Raceme, (cluster.)
99. Corymb.

100. Bundle, (fasciculus,) fascicle.

101. Head, (capitulum.)

102. Simple umbel.

103. Cyme,

PLATE VII.

104. Panicle.

105. Catkin.

lOi). Four seeds in the bottom of a calyx, as in the class
Didynamia Gymnospermia.

107. Seed vessel, and calyx, as in Didyndmia Angiospermia.

108. a. style, with six stamens.

109. a. the corolla, b. the calyx.

109. Perianth, or calyx, properly so called, 109, b. 110, a.

111. Double calyx.

112. One-leaved, (monophyllous,) calyx.

113. 114. Tiled, (imbricated,) calyx.

113. Spherical, globose, or globular calyx.

114. Hemispherical calyx.

115. Scales of the catkin, (105.)

116. Outer husk, or chaif- scale, b.b. husks.

117. One-petalled, (monopetalous,) corolla, (salver-shaped,)

a. the tube. b. the limb.

118. Tubular corolla.

119. Spherical, or globose corolla.

120. Bell-shaped, (campanulate,) corolla.

121. Cup-shaped corolla.

122. Funnel-shaped, (infundibuliform,) corolla.

123. Gaping, (ringent,) corolla, (irregular.)

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Ixxxr

PLATE VIIL

Fig. 124. Masqued, (personate,) (corolla, lips not shewn closed,)
(irregular.)

125. Petal of a many-petalled, (polypetalous,) corolla, a. thi^

claw. b. the border, or lamina.

126. Cross-like, (cruciform,) corolla, regular.

127. Rose-like, (rosaceous,) corolla, regular.

128. Butterfly-like, (papilionaceous,) corolla.

129. Standard, (vexillum.)

130. Wings, (alee.)

131. Keel, (carina.)

132. Spur.

133. a. filament, b. anther, erect.

134. Incumbent anther.

135. Lateral anther, (on one side.)

136. a. the germen. b. the style, c. the stigma.

137. Capsule.

138. Pod, (silique.)

139. Pouch, (silicle.)

140. Pod, (legume.)

PLATE IX.

141. Nut.

142. Stone-fruit, (drupe.)

143. Apple, (pome.)

144. Berry.

145. Compound-beiTy.

146. 147. Cone, (strobilus.)

148. Two cotyledons, a. embryo, b, rostellum. c. the

ascending part.

149. Simple seed-down, (pappus,) stalkless, (sessile.)

150. Feathery seed-down, (pappus.)

151. Stalked seed-down.

152. Tail of the seed.

153. Wing of a seed.

154. Flat receptacle.

155. Conical receptacle.

Ixxxvi EXPLANATION OF THE PLATEI^.

PLATE X.

Fig. Veronica Chamsedrys. See Flora, p. 5.

PLATE XI.

157. A slit vessel, or false spiral magnified.

158. The slit vessel, or false spiral magnified.

159. Portion of a porous vessel magnified.

160. Porous vessels.

161. Beaded, (moniliform,) vessels.

162. Portion of the epidermis, to shew the cortical pores.

163. Regular cellular tissue.

164. Spiral vessel, or trachea.

165. Example of the class Gynandria, (passiflora,) after Lin-

nseus : since removed to other classes. See Hort.
KewensiSf &c.

166. Example of the order Polygy'nia.

167. A winged stem, as in the everlasting pea.

168. Portion of the trunk of a monocotyledonous tree, formed

of bundles of woody fibres, scattered in the midst of
medullary, (pithy,) substance.

169. Portion of the trunk of a dicotyledonous tree, composed

of concentric layers : a. the bark. 5. the alburnum, or
false wood. <?. the wood, properly so called, d. the
medullary, (pith,) canal.

170. Thrice-ternate, or triply-three-leaved, (triternate.)

171. Jagged, (laciniate.)

172. Thyrsus, (bunch.)

173. Capsule, «. the valves. Z*. the dissepiments, (partitions.)

c. the columella, (column.) d. receptacle of the seeds.

PLATE XII.

174. A germinating kidney-bean, with its shooting radicle.

175. a. the radicle, b. the caulicle. c. c. the gemmule.

176. Section of a kidney-bean, a. the radicle, h. the gem-

mule, c. one of the cotyledons.

177. «. the radicle, b.b. the cotyledons.

178. a. the hilum, (scar.) b. the micropile.

179. Seed of the castor-oil seed, (ricinus,) cut lengthways, a.

thecarnncula. h. the endospeitm. d. the embryo.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Ixxxvii

Fig. 180. The embryo separated from the interior of the albumen.

a. the radicle, h. h. the cotyledons, c, the gemmule.

18L The embryo of 182, (Canna indica,) separated: a. the
cotyledon, b. the gemmnle enclosed in the cotyledon,
which in growing, pierces the cotyledon laterally, and
becomes b ; c. the radicle enclosed in the coleorhizon,
(root-sheath,) which it must pierce at c, in order to
sink into the earth.

182. A seed of the Indian shot, (Canna indica,) cut length-

ways : a. its episperm. b. its endosperm, c. its mono-
cotyledonous embryo.

183. Triticum sativum, (wheat,) its monocotyUdonous embryo

being laid bare.

184. Two incumbent cotyledons, and rootlet, (radicle.) Bx.

185- Section of incumbent cotyledons, and rootlet, (radicle.)
Bx.

186. 187. Two accumbent cotyledons, and rootlet. 187.
Section of the same. Bx, See Fig. 189, and 191.

188. Dog-rose, (rosa canina,) several parietal ovaries attached

to the side or (wall) of a monosepalous, pitcher-shaped,
(urceolate,) calyx.

189. 191. Two-folded incumbent cotyledons, and rootlet.

191. Section of the same. Bx.

190. Hypogynous stamens, that is, inferior, inserted beneath

the germen. (See Fig. 193, 194, 195, and 197.)

191. (See back.)

192. A kidney-bean, which has germinated : a. the radicle.

b, b. the two cotyledons, which are become seminal,
(seed,) leaves, c. the stem. d. d. the leaflets of the
gemmule, forming the two (first) or primordial leaves.

193. Perigynous stamens, borne by the calyx.

194. and 197. Perigynous stamens, borne by the corolla.

195. Epigynous stamens, that is, stamens inserted above the

germen, (in the common snow-drop,) Galanthus
nivalis.

196. From Lindley ; " a. Plants that have but one cotyledon,

or if two, then the cotyledons alternate with each other,
are called Monocotyledonous."

196.*S trap-shaped, (ligulate,) floret of a compound flower.
196*, the strap-shaped corolla, f. the germen. g.
the anthers forming a hollow cylinder, through which
the pistil passes, with two reflected stigmas.

197. See back, under fig. 194.

198. Pericarp with loculicidal dehiscence, (opening.) See Lind-

Ixxxviii EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

leys First Principles of Botany, p. 81. s. 435. 1830.
duod.

Fig. 198.*Tubular floret, d. corolla, c. germen. /. pistil.

199. Pericarp with septicidal dehiscence, (opening.) See

Lindleys First, &c. p. 80. s. 433.

200. cc. the cotyledons, h. the plumula, or gemmule. a.

" the neck, or line of separation between the radicle
and the cotyledons." Lindley. 200. The radicle,
(or rootlet.)

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LINNEAN CLASSES AND ORDERS,

WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE GENERA.

LTNNEAN CLASSES AND ORDERS,

WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE GENERA,

Defined and arranged chiefly according to essential,^ and artificial
characters, with notices of the species belonging to anomalous
classes, at the end of each Class, and Order. N. O. Natural
Order.

First Class. MONANDRIA. 1 Stamen.

Order I. MONOGYNIA. 1 Pistil.

(^Divisions) * Seed one.

Hfppu'ris, (^Mares-tail.) Calyx a slight border crowning the ger-
men. Corolla none. Seed inferior, (a small one-seeded nut.
H.) N. O. Halorag;e8e. Hygrobieae. Rd. Hippuridese. —
Page 1. Valeriana rubra, one-stamened ; \t^ genus in Triandria.
Alcliemilla arvensis. See its genus, in Tetrandria,

* * Seeds several.

Chara, (Chara,) referred to Cryptogamia by many botanists.
Calyx T\OT\e. Style none, ^w^/^er stalkless, round, ii^rr?/ many-
seeded. N. O. Characeae. — Page 1.
Some species of Salix, (^fVillow,) belong to this Class.

Order II. DTGYNIA. 2 Pistils.

Calli'triche, {JVater-Starwort^ is under Monoecia in H. Calyx
none. Petals or Bracteas, two, inferior. Seeds four, apparently
nak'^d, compressed. Some oi the genus, with stamens and pistils
on separate flowers. N. O. Callitrichinese. Part of Haloragese.
Lindl. — Page 2.

' See Gaertner's fine work, and Baxter's Plates.

2 In the body of the Flora, the Genera are placed in a series of natural
affinity. The essential characters " comprehend the distinctions requisite to
discriminate each genus from every other."

xcii CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED.

Class II. DIANDRIA. 2 Stamens.

Older I. MONOGYNIA. 1 Pistil.
* Flowers inferior, one-petalled, regular.

LiGUSTRUM, (Privet,) Corolla four-cleft. Berry two-celled, with
each cell two-seeded. N. O. Jasminese. — Page 3.

Fra'xinus, (^5^.) (7oro//a none, or four-cleft. Cop^w/e compressed,
leafy at the end, one or two-seeded. (Some flowers stamenless.)
N. O. Jasmin eee. — Page 3.
* * Flowers inferior y one-petalledy irregular, with a seed-vessel,

Vero'nica, [Speedwell.) Corolla wheel-shaped, deeply four-cleft.
Capsule two-celled. N. O. Scrophularineae, Veroniceae of
some. — Page 3.

Pinguecula, (Butterwort,) Corolla gaping, (ringent,) spurred.
Calyx^ five-cleft. Capsule one-celled, (seeds attached to a cen-
tral receptacle. H.) N. O. Lentibulariae. — Page 6.

Utricula'ria, (Bladderwort,^) Corolla masqued, (personate,) spur-
red. Capsule one- celled. Calyx two-leaved. N. O. Lentibu-
lariae.— Page 7.

* * * Flowers inferior, one-petalled, irregular ; seeds apparently naked.

Ly'copus, (^Gypsy-wort.) Corolla nearly equal, tubular, four-cleft.
Stamens distant, simple. Seeds abrupt. N. O. Labiatae. —
Page 8.

S'alvia, (Sage, or Clary.) Corolla gaping, (ringent.) Stamens;
filaments with two straddling branches. N. O. Labiatae. —
Page 8.

* * * * Flowers superior.

CirCjEA, (Enchanter s-night-sliade.) Corolla two-petalled. Calyx-
segments two. Capsule two-celled. Cells one-seeded. N. O.
Onagrarieae. Juss. Circeacese. Lindl. — Page 3.

***** Flowers without petals, or four-petalled.

Lemna, (Duckiveed.) Corolla none. Calyx one-leaved. Capsule
one-seeded. N. O. Lemnaceae. D.C. Pistiaceae. Rd. —
Page 7.

Cla'dium, (^Twig-rush.) Formerly part of Schoenus, pronounce k.
Corolla none. Glumes chaffy, sheathing, one-flowered ; outer
ones empty. Fruit, a nut with a loose outward coat, without
any bristles at the base. N. O. Cyperaceae. — Page 9.

* Weort, a herb. Ang. Sax.

CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED. xciii

Fraxinus, (Ash,) without petals. See above.
Schoenus 4. See Eng. Fl. Car ex.
Lepidium ruderale, has two stamens only.

Order II. DIGYNTA. 2 Pistils.

Anthoxanthum, (^Vernal-grass.) Calyx, a glume of two valves,
single-flowered. Corolla glume two-valved, the outward awned.
Seed one. N. O. Graminese. — Page 9.

Class III. TRIANDRIA. 3 Stamens.

Order I. MONOGYNIA. 1 Pistil.
* Flowers superior,

Valeria'na, (^Valerian.) Corolla five-cleft, one-petalled, gibbous,
or spurred at the base. Fruit with one seed, crowned with the
feathery seed-down. N. O. Valerianese. — Page 10.

Fe'dia, (Corn-salad.) Formerly part of the genus Valeriana. Co-
rolla one-petalled, five-cleft, gibbous at the base. Capsule
crowned with the toothed calyx, without valves, from one to
three fertile cells. Seeds solitary. N. O. Valerianese. — Page
11.

Crocus, (Crocus.) Corolla segments six, deep, equal ; tube very
long. Stigmas pleated, N. O. Irideae. — Page 11.

Iris, {IriSf or Flower-de-luce.) Corolla in six, segments deep,
unequal, each alternate segment longer, and bent back. Stigmas
two-lipped,like-petals, covering the stamens. N. O. Iridefle. —
Page 11.

* * Flowers inferior, chaffy. Seed one,

SciicENUS,' (Bog-rush.) Corolla none. Spikelets two ranked, of
one to three flowers. Otiter glumes smaller, empty. Style
simple at the base, falling ofl", (deciduous.) N. O. Cyperaceee.
J.— Page 12.

Rhyncho'spora,^ (Beak-rush.) Corolla none. Spike few-
flowered. Glumes, (husks,) tiled all round, with many smaller,
empty, outer ones. Seed beaked with the dilated, hardened,
permanent base of the style. N, O. The same. — Page 12.

SciRPUS, (Club-rush, and Bull-rush.) Corolla none. Glumes,
(husks,) tiled all round, uniform, concave, expanded. Style

' Pronounce skenus. ^ q\^ pronounce like k.

xciv CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED.

simple at the base, falling off, (deciduous,) " leaving only a
small point." N. O. The same. — Page 12.

Eleo'CHARIs, (^Spike-rush.) Corolla none. Gluraes, (husks,) tiled
all round, uniform, expanded. Seed crowned and jointed with
the dilated, hardened base of the style. " Dilated base of the
style, jointed upon the germen." H. B. FL N. O. The
same. The solitary spike better distinguishes this genus, &c. H.
— Page 14.

Erio'phorum, (Cotton-grass.) Corolla none. Glumes, (husks,)
tiled all round, uniform, expanded. Seed accompanied by
numerous, very long silky hairs. N. O. The same. — Page 14.

Nardus, (3fat-grass.) Calyx none. Corolla two-valved. N. O.
Graminese. J. — Page 15.

Juncus conglomerdtus, and J. effusus. See in Hexandria Mono-
fjynia.

Order II. DIGYNIA. 2 Pistils. True Graminese.
(Grasses.) — Jussieu.

* Flowers dispersed. Calyx of two to three valves, one-jiowered.

Alopecu'rus, (^Fox-tail grass.) Calyx two-valved. Corolla one-
valved ; simple at the top ; awned at the base. Styles com-
bined.— Page 17.

Phleum, (Cat' s~tail-grass,) Calyx of two close, parallel, pointed
valves, concealing the corolla of two awnless valves. Seed free.
— Page 16.

Pha'laris, (Canary-grass.) Calyx of two close, parallel^alves,
concealing the double corolla of three or four valves ; two inner-
most downy, subsequently hardened, investing the seed. —
Page 16.

Mi'LiUM, (Millet-grass.) Calyx of two swollen, close valves, in-
closine: the two-valved corolla. Seed clothed with the hardened
corolla. — Page 18.

Agrostis, (Bent-grass.) Calyx of two acute valves, shorter than
the corolla, (" longer." H.) Corolla membranous, tufted with
hairs at the base, unchanged. Seed^ree. — Page 18.
Arundo epigejos, and Ar. Calamagrostis. See in the division,

* * *, and Melica uniflora in division * *.

* * Floivers dispersed. Calyx two-valved, containing two or three

florets,
AiRA, (^Hair -grass.) Florets two without any intermediMe rudi-
ment. (^' Corolla two-valved, membranaceous, thin ; the outer

CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED. xcv

\?i\.yQ Qwx\edi {rarely awnless near the base,') Seed free. Corolla
unchanged. — Page 19.

Me'Lica, (Melic-(/rass.) Florets one or two, with the rudiments
of one or two intermediate ones. Seed free, covered with the
hardened cartilaginous corolla. (Panicle lax.) — Page 21.

HoLCUS, {Soft-grass.) One floret barren. (" Upper floret with
stamens only, and awned : lower floret perfect, awnless.")
Calyx keeled. Seed covered by the hardened corolla. {Panicle
lax.)— Page 21.

*** Flowers dispersed. Calyx containing many florets,

Briza, {Quaking-grass.) Corolla awnless, bellying out, concave,
keelless. Seed depressed, united to the corolla. {Panicle) lax. —
Page 24.

PoA, {Meadow-grass.) Corolla awnless, compressed, keeled,
valves somewhat egg-shaped, acute. Seed free, elliptic-oblong.
—Page 23.

Glyc'eria, {Sweet-grass.) Part of Linnean Genus Poa. Corolla
awnless, cylindrical, furrowed, ribbed, abrupt, not keeled. Seed
free, cylindric-oblong. — Page 22.

Trio'dia, {Heath-grass.) Part of Poa Linn, Corolla round, ex-
panded, obscurely ribbed, two-valved ; outer valve with three
nearly equal teeth, the middle tooth straight. Panicle in a
raceme, (cluster.) Seed loose, depressed.— Page 24.

Da'ctylis, {Cock' s-foot-grass,) Corolla awned at the top, spear-
shaped, keeled, compressed; inner valve folded, two-ribbed.
Seed loose, oblong. Calyx compressed, taper-pointed, unequal.
—Page 25.

Festu'ca, {Fescue-grass.) Corolla awned at the top ; or pointed,
keeled, almost cylindric, concave ; inner valve flat, two-ribbed,
downy at the ribs. Seed loose, oblong. Calyx concave, acute,
of (two) unequal valves. (" Panicle lax, or close, or spiked.")
— Page 25.

Cynosu'rus, {Dog s -tail-grass.) Calyx two-valved, equal, awned,
having a comb-like (pectinated) involucre. Corolla two-valved,
valves linear-spear-shaped. — Page 25.

Bromus, {Brome-grass.) Corolla awned at the back, cloven, con-
cave, hollow ; inner valve flat, two-ribbed, bristly at the ribs.
Seed united to the inner valve. — Page 28.

Ave'na, {Oat, or Oat-grass.) Corolla nearly cylindric, of two
spear-shaped valves, firmly inclosing the seed ; outer valve bear-
ing a twisted backward dorsal awn. — Page 30.

xcvi CLASSES, &g. AND GENERA ARRANGED.

Arundo, {Reed.) Florets one, or many. Corolla surrounded with
long-, permanent hairs, — Page 31.

* * * * Flowers crowded (aggregate) on a jointed, or toothed common
stalk, with side, small hollows.

Lo'lium, (^Darnel.) Calyx of one valve, opposite to the stalk,
fixed, many-flowered. — Page 31.

Tri'ticum, {PVheat, or Wheat-grass^ Calyx of two, cross, oppo-
site valves, solitary, many-flowered : " the sides of one of the
valves directed to the spike-stalk, (rachis.) — Page 33.

Elymus, {Lyme-grass.) Calyx of two parallel valves, crowded;
with two or more florets. " Spikelets two or three from the
same point. Calyx lateral, both the valves on one side the
spikelet.")— Page 32.

Ho'RDEUM, {Barley.) Calyx of two parallel valves, crowded,
divided into three, (ternate, ?). " Central floret perfect, side ones
mostly imperfect, (having often at the back of the inner valve a
bristle, or abortive floret : outer valve of the corolla awned.
Fruit incorporated with the corolla.") — Page 32.

Order III. TRIGYNIA. 3 Pistils.

Mo'NTiA, {Blinks.) Calyx two-leaved. Corolla of five irregular
petals, united at the base into one, (one-petalled.) Capsule
three-valved, three-seeded. N. O. Portulaceae. J. — Page 34.

Class IV. TETRANDRIA. 4 equal Stamens.

Order I. MONOGYNIA. 1 Pistil.

* Flowers one-petalled, superior, one-seeded.

Di'psACUS, {Teasel.) Common calyx many-leaved. Proper calyx

single, superior, one-leaved, cup-shaped, crowning the seed.

(Flowers in a very close head.) N. O. Dipsaceae. — Page 34.
ScABio'SA, {Scabious.) Common calyx many-leaved. Proper calyx

double, superior, crowning the seed. N. O. Dipsacese. — Page

35.
** Flowers one-petalled, superior, two-seeded. N. O. Stellatae.

Linn. Rubiaceae. Juss.
Galium, {Bed-straw.) Corolla flat. Fruit dry.— Page 37.

CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED, xcvii

AspE'RULA, {Wood-ruff.) Corolla tubular. " Fruit without any

distinct margin to the calyx. — Page 36.
Shera'rdia, (Field- madder.) Corolla tubular. Fruit crowned

with the calyx, each seed three-toothed. — Page 36.

*** Floivers one-petalledf inferior^ [belong to the germen.)
Plant A'GO, (Plantain.) Corolla bent back. Stamens very long;.

Capsule bursting all round, across, two, or four-celled. N. O.

Plantaginese. J. — Page 40.
Centu'nculus, {Chaf-weed.) Corolla tubular, spreading, four-
partite. Stamens short within the tube. Caps, one-celled,

bursting all round, across. N. O. Primulacese. Ventenat. —

Page 41.

Some of the Gentians helong here.

* * * * Cor. four-petalled.

CoRNUS, (Cornel.) Pet. without any nectary. Nut of the drupe

(stone-fruit,) two-celled, two seeded. — Page 41.

For Carddmine. See Tetradynamia.

***** No Petals.
Parieta'ria, [PFall-Pellitory.) Cal. four-cleft, inferior. Stamen-
filaments, first curved inwards, afterwards expanding with an

elastic force. Seed clothed with the lengthened out cal. (Some

of the flowers are stamenless, their calyx remaining unaltered.)

N. O. Urticece. J.— Page 42.
Sanguisorba, (Burnet.) Cal. four-cleft, superior, coloured, with

four scales on bracteas at the base. Stamens dilated upward.

Caps, square, one-celled, " surrounded by the persistent base

only of the calyx." N. O. Rosaceae. J. — Page 41.
Alchemilla, (Ladys mantle.) Cal. eight-cleft, inferior. Fruit

one, or two-seeded, " surrounded by the persistent calyx.'' N. Q.

Rosaceae. J, — Page 42.

Order IT. DIGYNIA. 2 Pistils.

Alchemilla i^YOXi. ke,) see above. The Gentians and Cuscutas ;
see in Pentandria.

Order III. TETRAGYNIA. 4 Pistils, or Stigmas.

Ilex, (Holly.) Cor. wheel-shaped, one, or four-petalled. Berry
four-seeded. Styles none. Some flowers without any pistil
(barren.) N. O. Aquifoliaceae. DC. Ilicinese. Brong-
niart, — Page 43.

xcviii CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED.

MoE'NCHiA, [Moenchia.) Cal. four-leaved. Pet. four, (" as long
as the calyx.") Caj>s. one-celled, one-valved, opening at the
end, with eight teeth. N, O. Caryophylleae. J.— Page 46.

Sagi'xa, {Pearl-wort.) Cal. four leaved. Pet. four, (" shorter
than the calyx.") Caps, one -celled, four valved. N. O. Ga-
ry ophyllese. J. — Page 45.

Radi'ola, {Flax-seed.) Cal. in four principal segments, eacTi seg-
ment three cleft. Pet. four. Caps, eight-celled, eight-valved.
N. O. Lineoe DC. — Page 46.

Potamoge'ton, {Pond-weed.) Cal. none. Pet. four. Stamen-
anthers stalkless. Seed-nuts four, (apparently naked,) stalkless.
(" Flowers stalkless upon a spike or spadix, which issues from a
sheathing bractea, or spatha." — Page 43.

Cerastium ; see in Deeandria.)

Class V. PENTANDRIA. 5 Stamens.
Order I. MONOGYNIA. 1 Pistil.

* Flowers one-petalled, inferior (below the germen^ seeds two or four,
apparently naked, N. O. Asperifolise. Linn. Boraginese.
Jussieu.

E'CHiUM, {Viper S'hugloss.) Cor. irregular, throat dilated, naked.
Stig. cloven deeply. — Page 51.

LiTHOSPERMUiM, {Gromwell.) Cor. funnel-shaped, throat naked.
Cal.'Segments five, deep. — Page 48.

SY'MPHYTUMy {Comfrey^ {Cal. five-cleft.) Cor. closed with con-
verging, awl-shaped scales ; limb bell-shaped. — Page 50.

Lycopsis, [Bugloss,) [Cal. five-cleft.) Cor. closed with convex,
blunt scales ; tube doubly bent. Seed-nuts hollow at the base.
— Page 51.

Anchu'sa, (u4lkanet.) {Cal. five-cleft.) Cor. funnel-shaped,
closed with convex, blunt scales j tube straight, swollen below.
Seed-nuts hollow at the base. — Page 49.

Myoso'tis, {Scorpion-grass.) {Cal. five-cleft.) Cor. salver-shaped,
lobes blunt, mouth half-closed with short rounded valves. Seed-
nuts perforated at the base, borne by the calyx. — Page 46.

Cynoglossum, {Hound' s-tongne.) {Cal. five cleft.) Cor. funnel-
shaped, (short,) its mouth closed with convex, rounded scales.

CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED. xcix

Seed-nuts depressed, not perforated, fixed to the style or central.

column. — Pago 49.

* * Flowera one-petalledf inferior. Seeds convex in a distinct

capsule,
Anagallis, (Pimpernel,) {Cal, five-partite.) Cor. wheel-shaped.

Stam. hairy. Caps, one-celled, bursting all round, across.

N. O. Primulacese. Vent. — Page 54.
Lysima'chia, (Loose -strife.) (Cal, five-partite.) Cor. wheel-
shaped. Caps, one-celled, ten-valved. N. O. Primulacese.

Vent. — Page 54.
Pri'MULA, (Primrose; Cowslip; Cvlip.) (Cal. tubular, five-
toothed.) Cor. salver-shaped ; tube cylindric ; open-mouthed.

Stiff, round. Caps, one-celled, opening with ten teeth. N. O.

Primulaceae. Vent. — Page 52.
Hotto'ma, (Featherfoil.) Cal. five-partite. Cor. salver-shaped,

(tube short.) Stam. inserted at the mouth of the tube. Stig.

round. Caps, (round,) one-celled, opening with five teeth.

N. O. Primulaceae. Vent. — Page 53.
Menyanthes, (Buckbean.) Cal. five-partite. Cor. funnel-shaped;

the segments hairy within. Stig. two-lobed. Caps, one-celled;

seeds parietal. H. Br. Fl. N. O. Gentianese. — Page 52.
ViLLA'RSiA, (Yellow Buck'bean Villarsia.) Cal. five-partite. Cor.

wheel-shaped, the limb often fringed, (as with hair.) Caps, one-
celled ; seeds parietal. H. Br. Fl. N. O. Gentianeae. — Page

53.
Erythr.^'a, (Centaury.) Cal. five-cleft. Cor. salver-shaped.

Anthers finally spiral. Caps, linear, two-celled. N. O. Gen-

tianese. J. — Page 64.
Datu'ra, (Thorn-apple.) Cal. tubular, falling off, (deciduous.)

Cor. funnel-shaped, (plaited.) Caps. " half-four celled," four-

valved. N. O. Solaneae. J. — Page 62.
Hyoscy'amus, (Henbane.) (Cal. tubular, five-cleft.) Cor. funnel-
shaped, (oblique.) Caps, two-celled, opening with a lid.( Stig.

headed.)— Page 62.
Verbascum, (Mullein.) (Cal. five-partite.) Cor. wheel-shaped,

irregular. Stam. descending archwise, (declining.) Stig. blunt.

Caps, two-celled; (two-valved.) N. O. Solaneae. J. — Page

61.
CoNVO'LVULUS, (Bind-weed.) (Cal. five-cleft.) Cor. bell-shaped,

plaited. Stig. two. Caps, from two, to three-celled, with as

c CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED.

many valves. Cells one, to two-seeded. N. O. Convolvula-
cese. J. — Page 55.

Polemo'nium, (Jacob's Ladder.) (Cal. five-cleft.) Cor. deeply
five-cleft. " Stam. inserted upon the five teeth, or valves, which
close the mouth of the corolla." Caps, three-celled, three-
valved. (Siig. three.) N. O. Polemoniacese. J. — Page 56.

ViNCA, (PeriwinJde.) (Cal. five-partite.) Cor, salver-shaped, the
segments oblique, " spirally tiled in the bud." Seed-follicles
two, erect. Seeds simple ; (without seed-down.) N. O. Apo-
cy'nese. J. — Page 68.

SoLx\'num, (Ni(/ht- shade.) (Cal. five to ten-partite.) Cor. wheel-
shaped. Anthers opening with two pores at the extremity.
Berry (roundish,) two (or more) celled. N. O. Solaneae. J.
— Page 63.

'Atropa, [Dwale.) {Cal. five-partite.) Cor. bell-shaped, (lobes
equal.) Stam. distant, (curved inward.) Anthers heart-shaped.
Berry two-celled. N. O. Solaneae. J. — Page 62.
* * * Flowers one-petalledy superior.

Sa'MOLus, (Brookweed.) {Cal. five-cleft.) Cor. funnel-shaped,
five-cleft, tube short, with five scales at its mouth, alternate
w4th the corolla lobes. Caps. " half-inferior," one-celled,
many seeded, with five valves curved back. " Seeds upon a
large central, free receptacle." N. O. allied to PrimuMceee Br.
— Page 64.

Jasio'ne, {Sheep 8 -bit.) (Flowers in this genus, collected into a
head, involucre many-leaved.) Cor. wheel-shaped, segments
five, deep. Anthers united at the base. Stiy. club-shaped.
Caps, (half?) two-celled, opening at the top. N. O. Lobelia-
ceee. J. Campanulaceae. — Page 58.

Campa'nula, {Bell-flower.) Cor. bell-shaped, (or sometimes some-
what wheel-shaped.) Stam. -filaments dilated at the base. Stiy.
two, or three -cleft, turned back, (revolute.) Caps, two, to five-
celled, bursting on the side, " rarely at the extremity." N. O.
Campanulaceae. J. — Page 56.

Lonice'ra, {Honey -suckle.) Cor, irregular. Berry one, to three-
celled, many-seeded. N, O. Caprifoliacese. J. — Page 65.

* * * * Flo'wers of five, or of four petals, inferior (below the ger-
men.)

Rhamnus, {Buckthorn.) Cal. " pitcher-shaped." H. Funnel-
shaped. Srn. bearing the petals. {Stam. opposite the petals.)

CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED. ci

Berry several-celled, " two to four-celled, four-seeded." {Pet.
sometimes none.) N. O. Rhamnese, J. — Page ^5.

Euo'NYMUS, {Spindle-tree.) " CaL flat, four to five-cleft, having a
targeted (peltate) disk within. Pet. four to five. Stam. alter-
nating with the petals, inserted upon glands at the marg^in of the
disk. Caps, with three to five angles, and as many cells and
valves. Seeds with a coloured, fleshy seed-coat, (arillus.)" H'
N. O. Celastrinese. Br. — Page QQ.

Vi'oLA, {Violet.) Cal. of five leaves, extended at the base. Cor

irregular, five-petalled, the under petal spurred at the base.

{Anthers ]o\r\e^ together, (connate,) two-spurred behind.) Caps.

one-celled, three-valved. N. O. Violariese. DC. — Page 59.

***** Flowers Jive-petalled, superior,

RiBES, {Currant and Gooseberry.) Cal. five- cleft, bearing the
petals (and stamens.) Style divided. Berry one-celled, many-
seeded. N. O. Grossulariese. DC. — Page Q6,

He'dera, {Ivy.) Cal. (five-toothed) surrounding the germen. Style
simple. Pet. broadest at the base. Berry three, to five-seeded,
« crowned by the calyx." N. O. Caprifoliacese. J. — Page
67.

****** Corolla none.

The'sium, {Bastard-toad-flax.) Cal. five-cleft, leathery, bearing
the stamens f persistent. " Stam. with a small tuft of hairs."
Drupe (nut) inferior, dry. N. O. Santalacese. Br, — Page
68.

Order II. DIGYNIA. 2 Pistils.
* Corollas one-petalled, inferior (below the germen.)

Gentia'na, {Gentian.) Cal. four, to five-cleft. Cor. tubular at

the base, without nectar-bearing pores. Caps, one-celled, two-

valved. N. O. Gentianeee. J. — Page 73.
Cu'SCUTA, {Dodder.) Cal. four, to five-cleft. Cor. bell-shaped,

four, to five-lobed. Caps, two-celled, bursting all round, across,

at the base. Cells two-seeded, N. O. Convolvulacese. J. —

Page 72.

* * Corolla ivanting. Seed one.
Chenopo'dium, {Goosefoot.) Cal. inferior, five-cleft, persistent,

and unchanged, closing upon, yet not wholly clothing the fruit.

Seed one, round, coated. N. O. Chenopodese. DC. — Page

69.

cii CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED.

Ulmus, (Elm.) Cal. superior, persistent, four, to five-cleft. Caps.
closed, membranous, compressed, winged all round, (this fruit,
styled a Samara ;) one-seeded. N. O. Ulmaceee. Mirb. — Page 71.

Polygonum am.pliibm'm ; see Octandria.

* * * Corolla Jive-petalled, superior (above the germen.) Seeds two.
Um,hellate plants. N. O. Umbelliferce to the end of Pentandria
Digynia.

Leaves mostly repeatedly compound. Flowers white, reddish, or
yellow, (generally small.)
Dr. Hooker allows that " Sprengel and Smith have made great

improvements in the formation of the Genera" of this Natural

Order : but Dr. Hooker gives a preference to a different arrange-
ment, to which the reader is referred, in his masterly British Flora y

vol. i. p. 112. 1830. The arrangement and characters here

adopted, are those of Sir J. E. Smith.

A. Fruit a single, or double globe.

CoRiANDRUM, (Coriander.)

B. Fruit beaked.

ScANDix, {Shepherd' s-needle.) Beak (very) much longer than the
seeds. Fruit somewhat bristly. Cal. none. Pet. unequal,
undivided. Floral-receptacle^ five-lobed, coloured. — Page 76.

Anthriscus, (Beak-parsley.) Beak shorter than the seeds, even.
Fruit rough with scattered, prominent bristles. Cal. none.
Pet. equal, inversely heart-shaped. Floral-receptacle slightly
bordered. — Page 76.

Ch^rophyllum, (Chervil.) Beak shorter than the seeds, angular.
Fruit smooth, ribless. Cal. none. Pet. inversely heart-shaped,
rather unequal. Floral-receptacle wavy. — Page 76.
C. Fruit solid, prickly, beakless.

Ery'NGIUM, (Eringo.) Fruit egg-shaped, clothed with straight
bristles. Cal. pointed. Pet. oblong, equal, bent inwards, undi-
vided. Fl. crowded. Common receptacle scaly. — Page 74.

Sani'cula, (Sanicle.) Fruit egg-shaped> clothed with hooked
bristles. Cal. acute. Pet. spear-shaped, bent inwards, nearly
equal. Fl. separated, unlike.— Page 74.

Daucus, (Carrot.) Fruit elliptic-oblong, compressed transversely.
Seeds with four rows of flat prickles, and rough intermediate
ribs. Cal. scarcely distinguishable. Pet. inversely heart-
shaped, unequal. Fl. separated. — Page 74.

' Or Disky a glandular ring, under the swollen bases of the styles, mostly
united therewith. Sm.

CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED. ciii

Cau'caI/IS, (J5wr parsley.) Fruit elliptic-oblong, compressed across.
Seeds with four rows of ascending, awl-shaped, hooked prickles,
the interstices prickly or rough. CaL broad, acute, unequaL
Pet. inversely heart-shaped, unequal. Fl. imperfectly sepa-
rated.— Page 75.

To'RiLis, (^Hedge-parsley.) (Part of the Genus, Caucalis. Linn.)
Fruit egg-shaped, slightly compressed on the sides. Seeds rib-
less, rough with scattered, prominent, ascending, stiff prickles.
CaL short, broad, acute, nearly equal. Pet, inversely heart-
shaped, nearly equal. Fl. united. — Page 7.5.
Myrrliis (odordta.) See D.

D, Fruit solid, nearly round, unarmed, wingless.

Myrrhis, (Cicely.) Fruit deeply furrowed. Cal. none. Pet.
inversely heart-shaped, rather unequal. Floral-receptacle none.
Fl. imperfectly separated.— Page 77.

Bu'n'ium, (Earth-nut.) Fruit slightly ribbed. Cal. small, acute,
unequal. Pet, inversely heart-shaped, equal. Floral- receptacle
none. Fl. imperfectly separated.— Page 77.

CEnanthe, (fVater-dropwort.) Fruit ribbed, somewhat spongy.
Cal, large, spear-shaped, acute, spreading, unequal. Pet, in-
versely heart-shaped, radiant, very unequal. Floral-receptacle
dilated, depressed. Fl. separated. — Page 80.

PiMiMXELLA, (Burnet-sa.vifrage.) Fruit egg-shaped, ribbed, with
convex interstices. Styles hair-like, (capillary,) as long as the
fruit. Cal. none. Pet. inversely heart-shaped, nearly equal.
Floral -receptacle none. Fl. either united, or dioecious. — Page
83.

E. Fruit solid, unarmed, wingless, compressed on the side, its cross
diameter being at least twice the breadth of the joining (juncture.)

SiUM, (Water -par sYLcp.) Fruit egg-shaped, or round, ribbed, fur-
rowed. CaL small, acute, unequal, or scarcely distinguishable.
Pet. inversely heart-shaped, equal. Styles cylindric, shorter
than the petals. Floral-receptacle none. Fl. uniform, united.
—Page 78.

SisoN, (Honeicort.) Fruit egg-shaped, or nearly round, (orbicu-
lar,) ribbed. Cal. scarcely distinguishable, or blunt. Pet. ellip-
tical, or inversely heart-shaped, with a rolled in point, equal.
Styles very short and thick. Floral-receptacle none. Fl.
uniform, united — Page 79.

CoNi'UM, (Hemlock.) Fruit egg-shaped, with ten acute ribs, wavy
in an unripe state. Cal. scarcely distinguishable. Pet. in-

civ CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED.

versely heart-shaped, sUghtly unequal. Styles a little swollen at
the base. Floral-receptacle dilated, depressed, wavy, permanent.
Fl. slightly irregular, united. — Page 80.

Smy'rnium, {Alexanders.) Fruit broader than long, hollow at
each side, with six, sharp ribs, at the back (dorsal;) interstices
convex. Cal. very small, acute. Pet. equal, spear-shaped,
curved inwards, or inversely heart-shaped. Styles swollen, de-
pressed at the base. Floral-receptacle none. Fl. nearly regu-
lar) partly barren. — Page 81.

'Apium, {Parsley.) Fruit roundish-egg-shaped, with six, sharp
ribs, at the back (dorsal ;) interstices flat. Cal. scarcely distin-
guishable. Pet. roundish, with a point bent inwards ; pet. very
nearly equal. Styles greatly swollen at the base. Floral-recep-
tacle thin round, (orbicular,) wavy. Fl. nearly regular, united.
—Page 82.

^gopo'dium, {Gout-weed.) Fruit elliptic -oblong, with equal-
distant ribs ; interstices flattish. Cal. none. Pet. inversely
heart-shaped, broad, a little unequal. Styles egg-shaped, at the
base. Floral-receptacle none. Fl. united, all perfect, slightly
radiant. — Page 82.

Cni'dium, {Pepper-saxifrage.) Peucedanum. Linn. Fruit egg-
shaped, acute, with equal-distant, very sharp ribs ; interstices
deep, hollow ; joining (juncture) contracted. Cal. none. Pet.
equal, inversely egg-shaped, or inversely heart-shaped. Styles
hemispheric at the base ; subsequently lengthened out, spread-
ing, cylindric. Floral-receptacle annular, (ring-like,) thin,
waved, erect ; afterwards depressed. Fl. imperfectly separated,
nearly regular. — Page 83.

BuPLEURUM, {Hares-ear, or Thorough-wax.) Fruit egg-shaped-
oblong, blunt, with prominent, sharp, abrupt ribs; interstices
flat; joining (juncture) contracted. Cal. none. Pet. equal,
broadish-wedge-shaped, very short, rolled inwards. Styles very
short, not extending beyond the circumference of their broad,
swollen bases. Floral-receptacle none. Fl. all perfect, regular.
—Page 84.

Hydroco'tyle, {Wliite-root.) Fruit nearly round, (orbicular,)
rather broader than long, angular, much compressed ; joining
(juncture) very narrow. Cal. none. Pet. equal, egg-shaped,
spreading, undivided. Styles cylindric, shorter than the
stamens ; swollen at the base. Floral-receptacle none. Fl. all
perfect, regular. — Page 8 t.

CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED. cv

F. Fruit solidy unarmed, compressed across, the joiniruj (juncture)
being broader than the cross diameter.

^THU'SA, {FooV S'parsley.) Seeds egg-shaped^ convex, with five,
swollen, rounded, sharply keeled ribs ; interstices deep, sharp-
angular; border none. Cal. pointed, very minute. Pet. in-
versely heart-shaped, rather irregular. Floral-receptacle none.
Fl. all perfect, slightly radiant. — Page 79.

Ange'liga, (Angelica.) Seeds elliptic -oblong, convex, with three
back(dorsal) wings, and a narrow, flat, even border. Cal. none.
Pet. spear-shaped, flattish, undivided, contracted, at each end,
equal. Floral-receptacle thin, wavy, narrow, permanent. Fl,
all perfect, regular. — Page 82.

G. Fruit thin, almost jiat, compressed across without back (dorsal)
wings.

Pastina'ca, (Parsnep.) Seeds elliptic-inversely egg-shaped, with
a slight notch at the top, very nearly flat, with three back
(dorsal) ribs, and two marginal ones ; border narrow, flat, thin,
even, smooth, entire. Cal. very small, scarcely distinguishable.
Pet. broadly spear-shaped, rolled inwards, equal. FloraUrecep-
tacle broad, round, wavy, rather thin, concealing the calyx.
Fl. regular, uniform, perfect. — Page 84.

Heracle'um, (Cow -parsnep.) Seeds inversely heart-shaped, with a
notch at the summit, very nearly flat, w^ith three slender, back
(dorsal) ribs, two distant, marginal ones, and four intermediate,
coloured, depressed, abrupt lines from the top ; border narrow,
slightly swollen, smooth, even, entire. Cal.-teeth five, small,
sharp, withering away (evanescent.) Pet. inversely heart-
shaped, radiant. Floral-receptacle wavy, notched, blunt. FL
separated. — Page 85.

ToRDY'LiUM, (Hart^wort.) Seeds rounded, (orbicular,) nearly flat,
roughish, ribless; border swollen, wrinkled, or notched, naked,
or bristly. Cal. five- toothed ; teeth awl-shaped, unequal. Pet.
inversely heart-shaped, radiant, variously unequal, and irregu-
lar. Floral -receptacle none. Fl. separated. — Page 85.
End of the Umhelliferous Genera.

Order III. TRIGYNIA. 3 Pistils.
* Flowers superior (above the germen.)

YiYiUYi^vm, (Guelder-rose.) Cal. five-cleft. Cor. one-petalled, five-
lobed. Berry inferior, mostly one-seeded. N. O. Caprifo ia-
cese. J. — Page 86.

K

cvi CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED.

Sambu'cus, Elder. Cat. five-cleft. Cor. one-petalled, wheel-
shaped, five-cleft. Berry inferior, three (or four) seeded. N. O.
Caprifoliaceae. J. — Page 86.

* * Floicers inferior (below the germen.)

Che7iop6dium ; see Pentand. Diyynia : and Stellariay in Decandria.

Order IV. TETRAGYNIA. 4 Pistils.

Parna'ssia, Grass of Parnassus. Cal. deeply five-cleft. Cor.-
pet, five. Nect. fringed with biistles, bearing globes. Caps,
one-celled, four-valv^ed. N. O. Saxifragese. Lindley. — Page
87.

Order V. PENTAGYNIA. 5 Pistils.

LiNUM, Flax. Cal. five-leaved, persistent, Cor.-pet. five. Caps,
round, sharp-pointed, ten-celled, ten-valved. Seeds egg-shaped,
compressed. N. O. Lineae. DC. — Page 88.

Cerastium semidecandrum ; see in Decandria ; Spergula also.

Order VI. HEXAGYNIA. 6 Pistils.

Dro'sera, Sundew. Cal, five-cleft. Cor.-pet. five. Caps, one-
celled, three-valved. Seeds many. (^Leaves of this genus clothed
with glandular hairs.) N. O. Droseraceae. DC. — Page 89.

Order VII. POLYGYNIA. Many Pistils.

Myosu'rus, Mouse-tail. Cal. five-leaved, spurred at the base.
Cor.-pet. five, with tubular, honey-bearing claws. " Caps,
(called seeds by some) not opening (in dehiscent,) one-seeded,
collected upon a very long, columnar receptacle." N. O. Ra-
nunculacese. J. — Page 90.

Ranunculus ; see in Polyandria,

Class VI. HEXANDRIA. 6 Stamens of equal height.

Order I. MONOGYNIA. 1 Pistil.

* Flowers with calyx and corolla.

Be'rberis, Barberry. Cal. six -leaved, inferior, (coloured,) falling
oif, (deciduous.) Pet. six, (each with two glands at the base.)

CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED. cvli

Bernj two, to three-seeded. N. O. Berberidese. Vent. — Page

101.
Peplis, Purslane. Cal, bell-shaped, with six, deep segments, and

six, intermediate plaits. Cor. six-petalled, (inserted upon the

calyx. Caps, two-celled, superior. N. O. Lythrarise. J. —

Page 10.1.
Lythrutn hyssopifolium ; see in Dodecandria.

* * Flowers without calyx, superior (above the yermen.)
Leuco'jum, Snow-flake. Cor. bell-shaped. Pet. six, equal.

Stam. simple, equal. {Fl. from a sheath (spatha.) — Page 90.

Galanthus, Snow-drop. Cor. six-petalled, three, inner petals
shorter, abrupt, notched. (^Fl. from a sheath.) N. O. Ama-
ryllideoe. Br. — Page 90.

Narcissus, Narcissus, or Daffodil. Cor. six-petalled, attached to a
bell-shaped, (or cup-shaped,) crown or nectary, within w^hich ^re
the stamens. N. O. Amaryllidese. Br. — Page 91.

* * * Floivers without a calyx, inferior (below the germen.)

<l!oxvALLA'RiA, Lily of the Valley ; and Solomon s Seal. Cor. fall-
ing off, (deciduous,) six-cleft, (round, or cylindric. Berry three-
celled. Stig. triangular. N. O. Smilaceae. Br. — Page 95.

Hyacinthus, Hyacinth. Cor. falling off, (deciduous;) limb in
six-segments; tube swelling. Stam. uniform. Caps, three-
celled. Seeds round. N. O. Liliaceae. Tribe Asphodelese.
DC. — Page 94. (Better perhaps to adopt Duby's characters of
the genus Muscari.) See H. Br. Fl.

'Allium, Garlick. Cor. -petals six, egg-shaped. Stam. awl-shaped,
flattened. Stig. acute. {Caps, triangular.) Seeds angular.
{Fl. in umbels from a tw^o-leaved sheath.) N. O. Liliaceae.
Tribe Asphodeleee. DC— Page 91.

Narthe'cium, Bog-asphodel. Cor. spreading. Pet. six, linear-
spear-shaped. Stam. woolly. {Germ, pyramidal.) Seeds with
an appendage at each end, coated. N. O. Junceae. J. — *
Page 94.

Ornitho'galum, Star of Bethlehem. Cor. partly spreading perma-
nent. Pet. spear-shaped. Stam. dilated at the base. N. O.
Liliacese. Tribe Asphodeleee. DC. {Ornith. luteum, better
referred to the ^enus Ga'gea. See H. Br. Fl.) — Page 93.

SciLLA, Sc[uUl. Cor. of six, egg-shaped-oblong petals spreading,
falling off, (deciduous.) Stam. all thread-shaped. N. O. Li-
liicefie. Tribe Asphodelese. DC. — Page 94.

cviii CLASSES, c^c. AND CtENERA ARRANGED.

Fritilla'ria, Fritillary. Cor. bell-shaped, six-petalled ; each
petal with a nectary-bearing cavity at the base within side. N.
O. Liliaceee. Tribe Tulipacese. DC. — Page 92.

TuLiPA, Tulip. Cor, six-petalled. Nect. none. Stig, stalkless,
(three-lobed.) C«jt?5. three-cornered. Seeds ^2L,t. N. O. Lilia-
ceee. Tribe Tulip6cea^. DC— Page 92.

'AcoRUS, Sweet-flag. Cor. six-petalled. Fl. stalkless, on a spadix,
without sheath (spatha.) Stig. stalkless. Caps, not opening,
many-seeded. N. O. Aroideee. J. — Page 95.

* * * * Flowers husky , with no petals ^ inferior,

JuNCUS, Rush. Cal. six-leaved. Caps, three-celled, three- valved,
(valves with the seedi-heoxm^ partitions in their middle.) Seeds
many, horizontal. {Ls. stiif, seldom quite flat.) N. O. Jun-
ceee. DC— Page 96.

Luci'OLA, Luzula Wood-rush^ Cal. six -leaved. Caps, one-celled,
three valved, (valves with no partitions. Seeds three, at the
bottom of the cell, erect.) N. O. Junceee. DC. — Page 99.

Peplis. See in division * ; and the genus Polygonum, in Octandria.

Order IL DIGYNTA. 2 Pistils.

Oxy'ria, Mountain-sorrel. Rumex. Livin. Cal. two-leaved. Cor.
two-petalled. Seed-nut with three-sides, compressed ; margin
broad, winged. N. O. Polygoneee. J. — Page 304.

Order IIL TRIGYNIA. 3 Pistils, or Stigmas.

Co'lchicum, Meadow Saffron. Cor. one-petalled, tubular, (very
long, from a sheath ;) limb bell-shaped. Caps, three-celled, in-
flated ; cells joined at the base. Seeds many. N. O. Melan-
thacese. Br. — Page 105.

Triglo'chin, Arrow-grass. Cal. three -leaved. Pet. three. Caps.
three to six valved, opening at the base. N. O. Juncagineae.
Richd.—Va,ge 104.

Rumex, Dock, and Sorrel. Cal. three-leaved, combined at the
base. Cor. three-petalled. Seed-nut triangular, covered by the
enlarged petals. N. O. Polygoneee. J. — Page 102.

Eldtine ; see Octand. At p. 116. — For "Near, &c." read Virginia
fVater, Surrey.

Order IV. POLYGYNIA. Many Pistils.
Alisma, Water-plantain. Cal. three-leaved. Pet. three. Caps.

CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED. cix

six, or more, clustered. Seeds one, or two. N. O. Alisma-
cese. DC. — Page 105.

Class VII. HEPTANDRIA. 7 Stamens.

Order I. MONOGYNIA. 1 Pistil.

Trientdlis europcjea is the only British plant, of this Class, and
Order. For Ulmus montana. See Pentandria,

Class VIII. OCTANDRIA. 8 Stamens.

Order I. MONOGYNIA. 1 Pistil.
* Flowers with calyx and corolla (complete.)

Acer, Maple; Sycamore. Cal. five-cleft, inferior. Pet. five.
Caps, two, united at the base, each with a long-winged mem-
brane, (this seed-vessel, termed a Samara.) Seeds one, or two.
N. O. Acerinese. J. — Page 112.

Epilo'bium, Willoiv-herh. Cal. four-cleft, superior. Pet. four.
Caps, lengthened out, four-celled, four-valved, many-seeded.
Seeds hair-tufted at one end. N. O. Onagrarioe. J. — Page
106.

Chlora, Yellow-wort. C«/. inferior ; segments, eight, deep. Cor.
one-petalled, nearly wheel-shaped, in eight or six segments.
Stig. tw^o-cleft. Caps, one-celled. N. O. Gentianeee. J. —
Page 108.

Vacci'nium, Whortle-herry. Cal. four to five-cleft. Cor. one-
petalled. Anthers with two-pores. Berry round, inferior,
(four-celled.) N. O. Vaccinese. DC— Page 109.

Eri'ca, Heath. Cal. four-leaved, inferior. Cor. one-petalled, bell-
shaped, often bellying. Caps, four-celled, four-valved ; parti-
tions simple, from the middle of the valves. N. O. Ericese.
J.— Page 110.

Callu'NA, Ling. Cal. double, each of four leaves. Cor. one-
petalled, bell-shaped.) Caps, superior ; ** partitions adhering to
the axis of the fruit, valves opening at the partitions, and sepa-
rating from them." N. O. Ericeee. J. — Page 110.

M&notropa Hypdpitys ; see Decandria.

ex CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED.

* * Flowers without corolla (apetalous.)
Daphne, Mezereon. Col. coloured, four-cleft, inferior. Berry
one-seeded. N. O. Thym^lese. J. — Page 111.

(DIGYNIA. 2 Pistils.)

Polygonum ; see in Octand. Trigyn. and Chrysospleniumy and Scle-
ranthuSf in Decandria Digynia,

Order 11. TRIGYNIA. 3 Pistils.

Poly'gonum, Persicdria; Bistort; Knot-grass; and Buck-wheat.
Col. coloured, inferior ; segments deep, several. Cor. none.
Fruit-nut one-seeded, compressed, or three-cornered. {Styles
two to three.) N. O. Polygonese. J. — Page 112.

Order III. TETRAGYNIA. 4 Pistils.

Adoxa, Moschatell. Cal. half-inferior, three-cleft Cor. four or
five-cleft. Berry clothed with the calyx. Seeds four, bordered.
N. O. Saxifragese. J. — Page 116.

Paris, Herb Paris. Cal. four-leaved. Pet. four. (Cells of the
anthers, fixed one on each side the middle of an awl-shaped fila-
ment.) Berry superior, four-celled, each cell with several seeds
in two rows. N. O. Smilacese. Br. — Page 116.

Class IX. ENNEANDRIA. 9 Stamens.

Order 1. HEXAGYNIA. 6 Pistils.

Bu'TOMUS, Flowering -rush. Cal. none. Cor. inferior. Pet. co-
loured, six-partite. Caps, six, many-seeded. N. O. Butomese.
Richd. — Page 117.

Class X. DECANDRIA. 10 Stamens.

Order 1. MONOGYNIA. 1 Pistil.

* Flowers many-petalled (polypetalous.)

Mono'tropa, Bird's-nest. Cor.; pet. ten or eight; five or four,
outer-ones protuberant at the base (hooded.) ^nth. one-celled,

CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED. cxi

two-lipped. (7«j[)5. superior, four to five-celled. N. O. Mono-
tropeee. Nutt. — Page 117.

Py'rola, Winter-green. Cal. five-cleft. Cor. ; pet. five. Anth.
opening with two-pores. Caps, superior, five-celled. N. O.
Monotropese. Nutt. — Page 118.

* * Flowers one-petalledy (monopetalous,^ equal.

Andro'MEDA, Andromeda. Cor. egg, or bell-shaped. Caps, five-
celled. N. O. Ericese. J.— Page 304.

T'^accinium, Myrtillus ; see Octandria.

Order II. DIGYNIA. 2 Pistils.

ScLERANTHUS, Knawel. Cor. none. Cal. of one piece, five-cleft.
(Stam. inserted upon the calyx ; five often wanting. Caps, one-
seeded. H. Seeds two. Sm. N. O. Sclerantheae. Link,
—Page 120.

Chrysosple'nium, Golden-sa.xifrage. Cor. none. Cal. somewhat
coloured, superior. Caps, two-beaked, many-seeded. N. O.
Saxifragese. J. — Page 118.

Saxi'fraga, Saxifrage. Cal. -segments, five, deep. Cor. five-
petalled. Caps, two-beaked, two-celled, many-seeded, (" open-
ing between the beaks. Seeds upon a receptacle attached to the
partition. "( N. O. Saxifragese. J. — Page 119.

Sapona'ria, Soap-wort. Cal. one -leaved, tubular, (without angles,)
five-toothed, without hracteas at the base. Cor. -pet. six, clawed.
Caps, oblong, one-celled. N. O. Caryophy'lleae. J. — Page
120.

DiANTHUS, Pink. Cal. tubular, one-leaved, tubular, five-toothed,
with about four, tiled, scales at the base. Cor.-pet. five, clawed.
Caps, cylindric, one-celled. N. O. Caryophy'lleae. J. — Page
121.

Order III. TRIGYNIA. 3 Pistils.

Arena'ria, Sandwo7't. Cal. five-leaved. Cor.-pet. undivided.

Caps, one-celled, many-seeded. N. O. Caryophy'llese. J. —

Page 124.
Stella'ria, Stitchwo?-t. Cal. five-leaved. Cor.-pet. deeply cloven.

Caps, opening with six-teeth, many-seeded. N. O. Caryophyl-

lese. J. — Page 122. (St. uliginosa, is Larbrea aquatica. DC.

&c.)
Sile'ne, Catch-fly; Bladder-Campion. Cal. one-leaved, tubular,

cxii CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED.

five-toothed , sometimes bellying. Cor, -pet. clawed ; limb
cloven generally. Caps, three-celled, six-toothed, many-seeded.

. N. O. Car)^ophy'lle8e. J.— Page 121.

Polygonum aviculdre ; see Octandria.

Order IV. PENTAGYNIA. 5 Pistils.

Cotyle'don, Navelwort. Cat, five-partite. Cor, one-petalled,
tubular, five-cleft. Caps, five, each with a scale at its base. —
Page 125.

Sedum, Stone-crop ; Orpine, Cat. -segments, five ; (or fi'om four to
eight,) deep. Cor,-pet. five, spreading. Germ, five, each with
a scale at its base. N. O. Crassulaceae. DC. — Page 125.

Oxa'lis, TVood-sorrel. Col, five-partite. Cor.-pet, five, often con-
nected by the base of their claws. Caps, angular, five-celled.
Seeds two, coated with an elastic arillus, (seed-coat.) N. O.
Oxalideee. DC— Page 127.

Lychnis, Lychnis. Cal, tubular, five-toothed, of one-leaf, (mono-
phyllous,) membranous. Cor.-pet, five, clawed, crowned at the
mouth, mostly divided at the border.) Caps, five-celled, or one-
celled, many-seeded. N. O. Caryophy'llese. J. — Page 128.

Agrostemma, Cockle. Cal. tubular, leathery, of one-leaf, five-
toothed. Cor.pet. five, clawed, their border undivided. Caps,
opening with five teeth, one-celled, many-seeded. N. O. Ca-
ryophy'lleae. J. — Page 128.

Cera'stium, Mouse-ear Chickweed, Cal. five-leaved. Cor, -pet
five, cloven. Caps, one-celled, bursting at the top with ten
teeth, (but five-teeth in caps, of C. aquaticum.) N. O. Caryo-
phy'llese. J.— Page 129.

Spe'rgula, Spurrey. Cal. five-leaved. Cor.-pet, five, undivided.
Caps, egg-shaped, five-celled, five-valved. H, One-celled, Sm,
N. O. Caryophy'llese. J. — Page 130.

Stellaria utiginosa {harhrea. DC, See in Decandria Trigynia,
Adoxa ; see in Octandria,

CLASSES, &c. AXD GENERA ARRANGED. cxiii

Class XI. DODECANDRIA. 12 to 19 Stamens

inclusive.
. Order I. MONOGYNIA. 1 Pistil. '^

'AsARUM, Asarabacca. Cor. none. Cal. three-cleft, superior.

Caps, six-celled. N. O. Aristolochiee. J — Page 131.
Lythrum, Purple Loosestrife. Cal. inferior, tubular, with twelve

teeth alternately smaller. Cor. -pet. six, inserted upon the calyx^

N. O. Lythrariae. J. — Page 132.

Order II. DIGYNIA. 2 Pistils.

Agrimo'nia, Agrimony. Cal. top-shaped, (turbinate,) five-cleft,
inferior, with hooked bristles. Cor.-pet. five, borne on the calyx.
Fruit of two capsules, not opening, (indehiscent,) clothed with
the hardened calyx. N. O. Rosaceae. J. — Page 132.

Order III. TRIGYNIA. 3 Pistils.

Rese'da, Rocket; Mignonette. Cal. of one piece. Cor. -pet. more
or less divided, unequal. Caps, one-celled, gaping at the top.
N. O. Resedacese. DC— Page 133.

(TETRAGYNIA. 4 Pistils.)
Tormentilla officinalis; see in Icosandria.

Order IV. DODECAGYNIA. Pistils 12.

Sempervi'vum, Houseleek, Cal. segments twelve, deep. Cor.-pet.
twelve. Caps, twelve. N. O. Crassulacese. DC. — Page
133.

Class XII. ICOSANDRIA. 20 Stamens, or more,
placed on the calyx.

The genera and species of this class belong to the Nat. Order
Rosacese of Jussieu.

Order I. MONOGYNIA. 1 Pistil.

Prunus, Plum, and Cherry. Cal. inferior (below the germen,)
five-cleft. Cor.. pet. five. Nut of the stone-fruit (drupe) with
slightly prominent seams. — Page 134.

1

rxiv CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED.

Order II. PENTAGYNIA. 2 to 5 Pistils.

Me'spilus, Hawthorn, and Medlar, Cal. superior, five-cleft. Cor.-
pet. five. Apple, (pome,) with two, to five, bony, single-valved
capsules. Seeds two. — Page 135.

Pyrus, Pear ; Apple ; Service-tree. Cal. superior, five-cleft.
Cor.-pet. five. Apple, (pome,) with two, to five membranous,
two-valved capsules. Cells two-seeded. — Page 136.

SpiR^^A, Drop-wort, Meadow-sweet. Cal. inferior, five-cleft, persis-
tent. Cor, -pet. five. Caps, three to twelve, one-celled, two-
valved ; valves membranous. Seeds few, H. numerous, Sm. —
Page 137.

Order III. POLYGYNIA. Many Pistils.

Rosa, Rose. Cal. urn-shaped, fleshy, contracted at the mouth,
five-cleft. Cor.-pet. five, pericarps, seeds, (carpels) many,
bristly, fixed to the inside of the calyx, whose tube is, at length,
pulpy, and lined with hairs. — Page 138.

RuBUS, Bramble, and Raspberry. Cal. five-cleft. Cor.-pet. five.
Fruit superior (placed above the calyx,) of many single seeded
juicy stone-fruits, (drupes,) upon a protuberant, permanent,
spongy receptacle. — Page 142.

ToRMENTiLLA, TormentH. Cal. eight-cleft, with segments alter-
nately smaller. Cor.-pet. four. Fruit numerous, small nuts
upon a dry, small receptacle. — Page 145.

Geum, Avens. Cal. ten-cleft, alternate segments very small. Cor.-
pet. five. Pericarps (by some called seeds) each with a long,
jointed, bent, hooked awn, or tail. Receptacle lengthened out. —
Page 146.

Fraga'ria, Strawberry. Cal. ten- cleft, with segments alternately
smaller. Cor.-pet. five. Fruit of many very small nuts, (by
some called seeds) , upon a large, pulpy, deciduous, (falling)
receptacle. — Page 144.

Co'MARUM, Marsh-cinque-foil. Cal. ten-cleft, or more, segments
alternately smaller. Cor.-pet. five, (or more,) shorter than the
calyx. Pericarps, (seeds,) inserted on a large, spongy, perma-
nent, hairy receptacle. — Page 147.

PoTENTiLLA, Cinque-foH. Cal. ten -cleft, segments alternately
smaller. Cor.-pet. five. Fruit of numerous very small nuts
(seeds,) placed upon a dry, small receptacle. Seeds naked,
rugged, beardless. Sm. — Page 144.

Spircea Filipendula, and Sp. Ulmaria ; see in Icosand. Pentagynia.

CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED, cxv

Class XIII. POLYANDRIA. Numerous Stamens

on the Receptacle.

Order I. MONOGYNIA. 1 Pistil.
* Petals four.

Papa'ver, Poppy. Cat. two-leaved. Stig. stalkless, rayed. Caps.

one-celled, seeds escaping by pores beneath the permanent

stigma. — Page 148. N. O. Papaveraceae. J.
Chelido'nium, Celandine. Cal. two-leaved. Pod one-celled, two-

valved. Seeds crested. — Page 147. N. O. Papaveraceee. J.

** Petals five.
CiSTUS, Cistus. Cal.-leaveSf five, permanent, two outer leaves,

smaller. C«p. of several valves. >S^eec?A' numerous. — Page 151.

N. O. Cistinese. J.
Ti'lia, Lime-tree. Cal. of five, deep, valvular, equal segments ;

cal. falling before the flower, (deciduous.) Fruit leathery, of

several close cells, without valves. Seeds few. — Page 150. N.

O. Tiliacese. J.
Delphinium Consolida ; see under Pentagyn.

* * * Petals numerous.
Nymph^a, fHiite Water Lily. Cal. larger than the petals. Pet,

apparently rising from the germen. Neat, in the centre of the

stigma. Berry many-celled, coated. — Page 149. N. O. Nym-

phseacese. DC.
NuPHAR, Yellow Water Lily. Pet. inserted upon the receptacle,

furrowed, honey-bearing at the back. Berry many-celled,

coated. — Page 149. N. O. Nymphaeaceee. DC.

Order II. PENTAGYNIA. 2 to 6 Pistils.

Delphi'nium, Larkspur. Cal. none. Pet. five, or more, the
upper one spurred. Nect. divided, tubular, stalkless, within the
spur. — Page 152. N. O. Ranunculacese. J.

Aquile'gia, Columbine. Cal. none. Pet. five, equal. Nect. five,
each spurred below. — Page 152. The same N. O.

Reseda Luteola ; see in Dodecand. Trigyn.

HellehoruSf both species, in Poly and. Polygyn.

Order III. POLYGYNIA. Many Pistils.

All the Genera of this third Order belong to N. O. Ranuncu-
laceee. J.

cxvi CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED.

Thal-ictrum, Meadow-rue. Cal. none. Pet. four, or live, tiled.
Pericarps without awns. — Page 153.

Cle'matis, Traveller s-joy. Cal. none. Pet. four, or eight, valvu-
lar, or folded in at the edges. Pericarps terminated by a long,
generally feathery awn. Receptacle headed (capitate.) — Page
153,

Anemu'ne, Anemony. Cal. none. Pet. from five to nine. Invo-
lucre of three divided leaves, more, or less distant from the
flower, ^eeds numerous. [Pericarps with, or without awns. — )
Page 152.

Helle'borus, Hellebore. Cal. none. PH. five, permanent. Nect,
tubular, two-lipped. Pericarps, or follicles y nearly erect, many-
seeded. — Page 158.

Caltha, Marsh-Tnarigold. Cal. none. Pet. five, or more. Nect.
none. Pericarps, or follicles, several, (compressed, spreading,
many-seeded.) — Page 159.

Ranu'nculus, Crowfoot, or Ranunculus. Cal. five-leaved (rarely
3, H.) Pet. five, sometimes more, with a nectary at the base of
each. Pericarps (seeds) without awns, numerous. — Page 154.

Ado'nis, Pheasant' s-Eye. Cal. five-leaved. Pet. five to ten, with-
out any nectary. Pericarps (seeds) without awns. — Page 154.

Class XIV. DIDYNAMIA. Four Stamens, of which,

two are longer.

Order I. GYMNOSPERMIA. Seeds apparently naked, four

(at most.)

All the Genera of this order, (Gymnos.) belong to Jussieus N.
O. of Labiatee ; Linnaeus's Verticillatae. In this order, the stems
are square, leaves opposite. Fl. mostly whorled. The genera,
Ly'copus, and Salvia, diandrous plants, belong to this N. O.
Labiatse.

* Calyx in five segments, nearly regular.
Glecho'ma, Ground-ivy. Antli. before bursting, approaching in

pairs, in the form of a cross, saltier. Lip, upper, cloven. —

Page 164.
Mentha, Miytt, Cor. nearly regular, four-cleft, tube very short.

Stam. -filaments naked, spreading wide, straight. (Anthers with

two parallel cells.) — Page 162.

CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED, cxvii

Teu'crium, Germander, Cor. upper lip in two very deep, distant,

side lobes. — Page 160.
'Ajuga, Bugle. Upper lip of the cor. minute, abrupt, notched ;

{lower lip, larger, spreading, three-cleft) — Page 160.
Beto'nica, ^e^o???/. Cor. upper lip, nearly flat, ascending; tube

cylindrical, curved inwards, (incurved.) Stam, not longer than

the throat. (" Cal. egg-shaped, ten-ribbed, teeth equal, awned."

H. i^/.)— Page 167.
La'MIUM, Dead-nettle. Cor. toothed on each side of the throat. —

Page 165,
Galeopsis, Hemp-nettle. Cor. upper lip with a pair of hollow pro-
minences at the base, in front. Page 166.
Galeo'bdolon, PP^eas el -snout. Cor. lower lip in three, nearly

equal, sharp, undivided lobes. — Page 167.
Stachys, TVound-wort. Cor. lower lip with two side lobes, bent

back. Stam. finally spreading outwards on each side : (scarcely

differs from the gen. Betonica, except in the shorter, corolla-tube.

H. Br. F/.)— Page 168.
Ne'peta, Cat-mint. Cor. lower lip with numerous notches ; throat

bordered, bent back on each side. — Page 161.
Ballo'ta, Black- Horeliound. Cal, ten furrowed. Cor. upper lip

vaulted, shaggy. — Page 169.
Marru'bium, JVhite- Horeliound. Cal. ten furrowed. Cor. upper

lip straight, linear, cloven. — Page 169.
Verbe'xa, Vervain. Cal. five-toothed, one tooth abrupt, gene-
rally shorter. Cor. nearly equal, curved. Stam. included in

the tube, sometimes two, instead of four.) N. O. Verbenaceae.

J. This genus placed by H. in the Order, Angiospermia. —

—Page 162.

* * Calyx two-lipped.
Scutella'ria, Skull-cap. Cal. after flowering, its two nearly,

equal, entire lips closed, as it were, by a back lid. — Page 172.
Thy'mus, Jliyme. Cal. closed with dense, converging hairs, that

is, approaching each other at the top. — Page 170.
Clinopo'dium, PFild Basil. Cal. many-ribbed. Involucre, or

linear Iracteas, composed of numerous taper leaves, under the

flowers. — Page 170.
Ori'ganum, Marjoram. Cal. ribless. Involucre of numerous,

dilated, flat leaves, one to each flower, (^* resembling a catkin

tiled with bracteas." — Page 170.
Prunella, Self-heal. Stam .-filaments forked, one of the points

anther-bearing. — Page 173.

cxviii CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED.

Order II. ANGIOSPERMIA. Seeds in a distinct capsule,

mostly numerous.

* Calyx four -cleft.

LATHRiEA, Toothwort. A depressed gland at the base of the ger-
men. Caps, one-celled, with two spong-y receptacles in the
middle of each valve. N. O, Orobancheee. Riclid. — Page
175.

Ba'RTSIA, Bartsia. Caps, two celled. Seeds angular. (Anth.
generally hairy.) N. O. Scrophularinese. J. — Page 173.

RiiiNANTHUS, Yellow-rattle. Caps, two-celled. Seeds compressed,
tiled, flat. N. O. Scrophularineae. J. — Page 173.

Mela'mpyrum, Cow-wheat. Caps, two-celled. Seeds in pairs,
gibbous at the base, smooth. N. O. Melampyraceee. Richd.
—Page 174.

Euphrasia, Eye-bright. Stam. anth. thorny, (spinous,) ** cells of
the anthers, spurred at the base." Caps, two-celled. Seeds
slightly furrowed, (striated.) N. O. Scrophularineoe. J. —
Page 174.

* * Calyx five-cleft.

Limosella, Mud-wort. Cor. bell-shaped, nearly equal. {Stigma
headed.) Caps, round, two-valved, imperfectly two-celled.
N. O. Scrophularineae. J. — Page 181.

Digita'lis, Fox-glone. Cor. bell-shaped, swollen beneath. Stam.
bent. Caps, egg-shaped, two-celled. — Page 180. N. O. same.

Anti'rrhinum, Snap-dragon, Toad-flax. Cor. masqued, (closed
with a palate;) gibbous, or spurred at the base behind. Caps.
two-celled, bursting at the top, unequally. N. O. Scrophulari-
neae. J. — Page 176.

Pedicula'ris, Lousewort. Cor. gaping, (ringent,) lip, upper, com-
pressed on the sides. Caps, two-celled, compressed. Seeds
pointed, (angular.) N. O. Scrophularineae. J — Page 176.
* * * Calyx two-leaved.

Orobanche, Broom-rape. Cal.-leaves lateral (from the side.)
Germ, with a gland at its base beneath. Caps, one-celled, with
four receptacles.^ — Page 181.

' That part of the pericarp, the placenta, to which the seeds are attached, is
said to be •parietal, when fixed to the walls of the cells of a pericarp. Richd.
Reeds on parietal longitudinal receptacles in this genus.

CLASSES, &c. AND (JENERA ARRANGED. cxix

Class XV. TETRADYNAMIA. Six Stamens, four

longer than the rest.

This class forms the Natural Order of Jussieu's Cruciferee, (Cru-
ciform plants,) in which the stem is round. Ls. generally alter-
nate. Fl. without bracteas, mostly white, or yellow. Cor. four-
petalled, cross-shaped, (cruciform.) Seeds warm, pungent.

Order I. SILICULO'SA. Fruit a short pod, or pouch.

The sections of this class, Tetradynamia, are made from distinc-
tions in the cotyledons ; distinctions easily perceived by a removal
of the seed-skin. The two cotyledons are either incumbenty that is,
lying upon the embryo laterally, (sideways,) or accumhenty that is,
when their edges, at one side, meet the embryo lengthwise. —
See notes, over leaf.

* Cotyledons accumhent.
Draba. Pf^hitlow "grass. Pouch entire, (oval,) compressed side-
ways, (laterally.) Valves nearly flat. Seeds many. — Page 183.
HuTCHiNSiA. Pouch nearly entire ; valves keeled, not bordered.
Seeds two, at least, in each cell. Stam. -filaments simple. — Page
307.
CocHLEA'RiA, Scuriiy-grass, (Horse-radish.) Pouch nearly entire,

rugged; ?;<z/ye5 two, swollen. Seeds ui^iny . — Page 185.
Thlaspi, Shepherd's Purse. Pouch cloven, inversely heart-
shaped ; valves with a bordered keel. Seeds many. — Page 184.
Ibe'Rts, Candy-tuft. Pouch cloven, inversely heart-shaped. Cells

one-seeded. Pet. unequal. — Page 186.
Teesda'lia, Teesddlia. Stam. Filaments each bearing a scale
within at the base. Pouch cloven, inversely heart-shaped,
valves keeled. Cells two-seeded. — Page 184.
* * Cotyledons incumbent.
Cameli'na, Gold of Pleasure. Stam. -filaments simple. Pouch
entire; valves swollen. Seeds many, without border. — Page
183.
Senebi'era, TVart-cress. Pouch two-lobed, nearly entire ; trans-
versely compressed, wrinkled ; valves none. Seeds one in each
cell.— Page 186.
Lepidium, Pepperwort. Pouch cloven, elliptical, two-celled, the
two valves keeled. Cells one-seeded. — Page 183.

cxx CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED,

Order II. SILIQUO'SA. Fruit, a long pod, with numerous

seeds.

* Cotyledons fiat, accumhent}

Cheiranthus, TVallfiower. Cal. closed, two of its leaflets promi-
nent at the base. Stig.-lobeSy two spreading ones, or headed^
(capitate.) Pod somewhat compressed, straig:ht. — Page 192.

Nastu'rtium, Cress. Cal. spreading, equal at the base. Stig.
blunt, notched. Pod almost cylindrical, (sometimes short;)
valves hollow, (concave,) not keeled, nor nerved. — Page 188.

Barbare'a, Winter-cress. Cal. upright. Stam.-glands between
the shorter filaments. Pod four-cornered, somewhat two-edged.
Seeds in a single row. — Page 191.

'Arabis, fVall, or Rock-cress. (Cal. erect.) Pod linear ; valves
flat. Seeds in one row. — Page 193.

Turri'tis, Tower-mustard. Pod linear, and (lengthened out;)
valves flat, keeled. Seeds in two rows. — Page 194.

Carda'mine, Ladies' Smock, or Cuckoo- Floiver. Pod linear;
valves flat, nerveless, generally separating elastically from the
base. Seed-stalks slender. — Page 187.

Denta'ria, Coralwori. Pod narrow-spear-shaped ; valves flat, nar-
rower than the partition, nerveless, generally separating elasti-
cally. Seed-stalks broad, flat. — Page 187.

* * Cotyledons fiat, incumbent.^

Sisy'mbrium, Hedge-Mustard. Pod nearly cylindrical. Stigma
headed, notched. Cal. spreading, sometimes erect. — Page 190.

He'speris, Dame s-violet. Cal. closed, with two protuberances at
the base. Stig. nearly stalkless, of two converging, (approach-

* Cotyledons flat, accumhent^ i. e. embryo-rootlet lying sideways, along the
chink, made by the cotyledons. In this case the embryo rootlet is in the same
line, (or nearly so,) with the two cotyledons. Not unlike the blade of a clasp
knife, slightly open ; the blade representing the embryo-rootlet, and the hollow
handle the two accurabent cotyledons. Cotyledons flat, incumbent., i. e. the
embryo-rootlet, lying over the middle of the back of one of the incumbent
cotyledons. Three leaves of a cut book, would represent the positions ; for
example, the two bottom leaves of the book would represent the positions of
the two incumbent cotyledons, and the remaining topmost third leaf, would
represent the position of the embryo-rootlet upon, or under the two cotyledons.
The seeds of the common garden candy tuft, (Iberis,)aflrord an easy example of
accumbent cotyledons : the seed of Lepidium campestrey of incumbent cotyledons.
The seeds of Rdphamis Raphanistrum, of folded cotyledons. The outer skin of
the green, full grown seeds should be carefully stripped off with a needle :
they may be examined with the microscope, or with the naked eye. R. W.

2 In the case of incumbent cotyledons, the back of one of the cotyledons is ap-
plied to the curved radicle ; in the case of accumbent, the edges of the cotyledons
are applied to it. — Baxter. See Plate, 184, &c.

CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED. cxxi

ing each other at the top,) lobes. Pod inaccurately four-cor-
nered.— Page 192.

Erysimum, TreaGle-mustard. Stig. headed, notched. Cal. erect.
Pod four-cornered . — Page 191.

* * * Cotyledons folded, incumbent.

Bra' ^^ic Ay Cabbage ; Turnip; Cole-seed. Ca/. closed. Poc? nearly
cylindric, two-valved, beaked. — Page 194.

Sina'pis, Mustard. Cal. spreading. Pod almost cylindric, two-
valved, somewhat beaked. Seeds nearly round. — Page 195.

Ra'phanus, Radish. Cal. erect. Pod swollen, jointed imperfectly,
valveless. Seeds round. — Page 197.

Class XVI. MONADELPHIA. Stamen-filaments
combined in one set.

The union of filaments is not easily seen in Erodium, and Gera-
nium.

Order I. PENTANDRIA. 5 Stamens.

Ero'dium, Stork' S'bill. Style one. Five alternate stamens imper-
fect. Fruit beaked, crowded together, (aggregate,) separating
into five, one-seeded capsules, each capsule with a finally spiral
awn, bearded on the inside. N. O. Geraniaceoe. J. — Page
197.

Lysimachia vulgaris ; see Pentand. Monog^
Linum ; see Pentand. Penfag,
Geranium pusillum ; see MoJiadelp. Decandria.

Order II. DECANDRIA. 10 Stamens.

Geranium, Crane s-bill. Style one. Fruit beaked, crowded toge-
ther, (aggregate,) separating into five, one-seeded capsules, each
capsule with a naked awn, curved back. N. O. Geraniaceee.
J.— Page 198.
For the genera Oxdlis, Spdrtium., Genista, Anthyllis, Ulex, Ond-

nis ; see Diadelphia ; except the first which is placed in Decandria

Pentag.

Order III. POLYANDRIA. Many Stamens.

Malva, Mallow, Styles many. Cal. double ; outer one^ three-

m

cxxii CLASSES, Sec. AND GENERA ARRANGED.

leaved. Caps, placed round, in a circle, (whorled,) one-seeded.
N. O. Malvaceee. J.— Page 201.

Class XVII. DIADELPHIA. Filaments combined in

two sets,

Except in the genera Spdrtium, Genista, Antliyllis, Ulex, and
Ondnisy where they are all connected at the base, { monad elphous.)

Order I. HEXANDRIA. 6 Stamens.

Fuma'ria, Fumitory. Cal. two-leaved. Cor. gaping, (ringent,)
prominent, honey-bearing at the base. Stam. each filament
furnished with three anthers. N. O. Fumariacees. DC. —
Page 202.

Order II. OCTANDRIA. 8 Stamens.

Poly'gala, Milkwort. Cal. five-leaved, two segments wing"
shaped, (coloured.) Cor .-standard cylindric. Caps, two-celled,
two-valved. Seeds solitary, crested at their scar. N. O. Po-
lygaleee. J. — Page 203.

Order III. DECANDRIA. 10 Stamens; comprising the N. O.
Leguminosse, Juss. Papilionaceous. Linn. &c.

* Stamen-filaments all connected at the base, the tube generally split

above.

Spa'rtium, Broom. Stam. -filaments , all forming a simple tube.

Stig. lateral (fixed to the upper side of the end of the style.

With.) linear, hairy. Legume-pod flat. — Page 204.
Genista, Green-weed. Stam. -filaments, upwards in two sets.

Stig. terminal somewhat headed. Pistil depressing the flower

and keel. Standard bent back. Legume-pod swollen. — Page

204.
Ulbx, Furze. Cal. two-leaved, with a small scale, each side, at

the base. Legume-pod swo\[enj not much longer than the calyx.

—Page 205.

CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED, cxxiii

Anthyllis, Kidney-vetch, Cal. swollen, permanent, enclosing the

legume-pod. — Page 206.
Ono'nis, Rest-harrow. Cal. -segments, five, deep. Standard (large,)

slightly furrowed. Legume-pod swollen, somewhat rhomboid,

stalkless. Seeds few. — Page 205.

* * Stigma or style downy. Stamens nine united, with one free, (dia-'

delphous.)
'Org BUS, Bitter-vetch. Style linear, almost cylindric. Stig.

downy along its upper side. — Page 206.
La'thyrus, Vetcliling. Style flattened, broader upwards. Stig.

downy along the broad upper half of the style. — Page 207.
VrciA, Vetch. Style hair-tufted beneath the stigma, in front. —

—Page 208.
Ervum, Tare. Stig. headed, downy all over. — Page 209.
*** Legume-pod two- celled more or less completely; without the

former characters.
Astra'galus, Milk-vetch. Legume-pod swollen, cells two, longitu-
dinal, (" cells formed by the bent in margins of the lower

suture.")— Page 211.

• * * * Legume-pod scarcely more than one-seeded ; without the former

characters.

Trifo'lium, Trefoil, Clover, Melilot. Legume pod scarcely, if
longer than the calyx, one-seeded, seldom more, falling off,
(deciduous,) not opening. (The Fl. are in heads. Ls. in threes.)
—Page 212.
***** Legume-pod jointed, excluding the former characters.

Hedy'sarum, Sain-foin, Fr. Legume-pod of one or more com-
pressed, (roundish,) close, one-seeded joints. Fl.-keel very
blunt.— Page 211.

Orni'thopus, Bird's-foot. Fl.-keel rounded. Legume-pod some-
what cylindric, curved, of many close joints, one-seeded. — Page
210.

HiPPOCRE'Pis, Horse-shoe-vetch. Legume-pod compressed, curved
inwards, with many curved joints, ('* so that each legume-pod
has several deep notches on one side.") — Page 210.

****** Legume-pod spiral, or hooked ; (excluding the former
characters.) ^

Medica'go, Medick. Legume-pod spiral, or hooked, compressed.
Pistil pressing back \he flower -standard. — Page 216.

******* Legume-pod one- celled, many seeded ^ (excluding the
former characters.)

cxxiv CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED.

Lotus, Bird' s-foot-trefoil. Legume-pod cylindric, somewhat spongy
within, (imperfectly many-celled.) Fl. -wings ^ approaching at
their upper edges. Stam, -filaments partly dilated. — Page 215.

Class XVIII. POLYADELPHIA. Combined Fila-
ments in more sets than two.

Order L POLYANDRL\. Many Stamens.

Hype'ricum, Saint Johns-Wort. CaL inferior, (below the germen,)
divisions five, deep. Pet. five. Stam. filaments united at the
base, into three, or five sets. Cajts. many seeded. — Page 217.

Class XIX. SYNGENESIA. Anthers united into a
tube. Compound flowers. N. O. Compositse of
Linn., and Jussieu.

Order I. POLYGAMIA ^QUALIS. Florets all perfect, each
with five Stamens, one Pistil, and one-seeded.

* Corolla of each fioret strap-shaped^ (ligulate.) The semi-fiosculous
order of Tournefort, and the perfectly N. 0. Cichordcece, of
Jussieu.

Milky, hitter plants. Ls. alternate. Fl. mostly yellow.

HYPOCHiERis, Cat's-ear. CaL somewhat tiled ; oblong. Recep-
tacle chaffy. Seed-down feathery ; (stalked, or stalkless.) — Page
227.

Cicho'rium, Succory. CaL double; '^ Involucre of eight scales,
surrounded by five smaller ones at the base." H. Receptacle
slightly chaffy. Seed-down chaffy, shorter than the seed. — Page
227.

Crepis, Hawk's 'heard. 4Jal. double ; outer one lax, swollen,
falling off, (deciduous.) Receptacle naked. Seed-down simple,
stalkless. — Page 226.

Hiera'cium, Hawk-weed. Cal. tiled, egg-shaped. Recept. nearly
naked, dotted. Seed-down simple, stalkless. — Page 225.

CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED, cxxv

Apa'rgia, Hawk-hit. Cat. double ; inner one tiled. Receipt.

naked, pitted. Seed-down feathery, stalkless, unequal and

various. — Page 224.
PiCRis, Ox-tongue. Col. double ; inner one equal ; outer one lax.

Recept. naked. Seed-down feathery. Seeds transversely fur-
rowed.— Page 221.
Tragopo'gon, Goat' s-heard. Col. simple, scales several, equal, in

two rows. i?(?c<?pj(. naked. >Seeo?-c?otc'?z stalked, feathery . ^^ Fruit

slightly furrowed lengthways." — Page 220.
Leo'ntodon, Dandelion. Cal. tiled, double ; outer scales lax.

Recept. naked. Seed-down stalked, simple. — Page 223.
Lactu CA, Lettuce. Cal. tiled, cylindric, simple ; scales with a

membranous margin. Recept. naked. Seed-down stalked,

naked.— Page 222.
Prenanthes, Wall-lettuce. Cal. double. Florets in one row,

(few.) Recept. naked. Seed-doivn nearly stalkless, simple. —

Page 223.
SoNCHUs, Soiv -thistle . Cal. simple, tiled, swollen at the base.

Recept. naked. Seed-down stalkless, simple. — Page 221.
Lapsa'na, Nipple-wort. Cal. double ; inner one of equal chan-
nelled scales. Seed-down none. Recept. naked. Fruit quickly

falling off, (deciduous.) — Page 227.
* * All the florets tubular, mostly spreading in the limb , forming an

hemispheric head. Capitati (lieaded.) Cinarocephalce of Jussieu,

Thistle-tribe.
Ls. alternate. Fl. mostly red, or purple.
Carli'na, Carline-thistle. Cal. swollen, tiled ; outer scales thorny

(spinous ;) inner ones coloured, polished, spreading, membranous,

radiant. Recept. chaffy. Seed-down feathery. — Page 233.
'Arctium, Burdock. Cal. round, (globose,) each calyx-scale with

a hook curved inwards, at the end. — Page 228.
Ca'rduus, Thistle. Cal. swollen, tiled ; scales thorny, (spinous.)

Recept. hairy. Seed-down falling off, (deciduous,) roughish. —

—Page 229.
Cnicus, Plume-thistle. Cal. swollen, tiled ; scales, thorny, (spinous.)

Recept. hairy. Seed-down falling off, (deciduous,) feathery. —

Page 231.
Onopordum, Cotton-thistle. Cal. swollen ; scales thorny, spread-
ing. Recept. honey-combed, (cellular.) Fruit four cornered.

—Page 231.

cxxvi CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED.

Serra'tula, Saw-wort. Cal. almost cylindric, tiled with unarmed
scales. Seed-down permanent. (Dioecious. H.) — Page 229.

*** Florets all tubular ^ parallel, forming nearly a level top, rayless,
( Discoid flowers .) Part of the N. 0. Corymhiferce of Jussieu.

Eupato'rium, Hemp-agrimony. Cal. tiled, oblong. (^Fl. few.)
Style cloven halfway down, prominent. Recept, naked. Seed-
down rough. — Page 234.

BiDENS, Bur-marigold. Cal.-scales many, parallel, channelled.
{Cor. sometimes rayed.) Recept. plain, chaffy. Seed-down
rough, with minute bristles, bent downwards. — Page 234.

T'anacetuTn vulg. See in Polyg. superfl., also Senecio vulgdi'is.

Order II. POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA. Florets of the centre
complete, that is, with Stamens and Pistils ; those of the cir-
cumference with Pistils only : all seed-bearing.

* Corollas of the marginal florets scarcely distinguishable, or wanting.
{Discoid.) N. 0. Part of CorymbifercB, Juss.

Tanace'tum, Tansy. Cal. hemispheric, tiled. Fl. of the ray
three-cleft, scarcely distinguishable, sometimes wanting. Recept,
naked. Fruit crowned with a membranous margin. — Page
235.

Cony'za, Spike-nard. Cal. roundish, tiled. Fl. of the circumfe-
rence three-toothed. Recept. naked. Seed-down rough. — Page
238.

Gnapha'LIUM, Cudweed. Cal. tiled ; scales membranous ; (filmy)
often coloured. Fl. of the circumference awl-shaped. Recept.
naked. Seed-down rough, or feathery. — Page 236.

Artemi'sia, FP^ormwood, Mugwort. Cal. tiled ; scales rounded,
converging, (approaching each other at the top.) Fl. of the
circumference awl-shaped, entire. Seed-down none. Recept.
naked, or hairy. — Page 235.

Tussildgo Petasites. See in Polyg. Superf

* * Corollas of the marginal florets strap-shaped, (ligulate.) Radiate,

(or rayed) flowers.

Bellis, Daisy. Cal. hemispheric; scales equal. Recept. naked,
conical. Seed-down none. Seed inversely egg-shaped.— Page
244.

Matricaria, PFild- Chamomile. Cal. almost flat, tiled; scales
membranaceous at their edges. Recept. naked, nearly cylin-
dric. Seed-doivn none. — Page 246.

CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED, cxxvii

Chrysa'nthemuiM, Ox-eye. Cal. hemispheric, tiled ; scales with a
dilated, membranaceous border. Recept. naked, somewhat con-
vex. Seed-down none. — Page 245.
Py'rethrum, Feverfew. Cal. hemispheric, tiled ; scales somewhat
acute, with membranaceous margins. Recept. naked. Seed
crowned with a border. — Page 245.
'Inula, Elecampane, and Flea-hane. Cal. tiled. Fl. of the ray
very numerous, linear. Anth. two-bristled at the base. Recept.
naked. Seed-doivn simple. — Page 243.
Eri'geron, Fleahane Erigeron. Cal. tiled. Fl. of the ray many,
linear, (very narrow.) Stam.-anth. simple. Recept. naked.
Seed-down simple. — Page 238.
Solida'go, Golden-rod. Cal. with close scales, tiled. Fl. of the
ray, about five ; (yellow.) Recept. naked, pitted. Seed-down
simple, stalkless. — Page 242.
Sene'cto, Groundsel, or Ragwort. Cal. double ; the inner one
cylindric ; scales numerous, equal, outer calyx of smaller scales
at the base, all withered, or brown at the end. Recept. naked.
Seed-down simple. — Page 240.
Tussila'go, Colt's-foot ; and Butter -bur. Cal. simple, swollen at
the base ; scales many, equal, somewhat membranaceous.
Recept. naked. Seed-down simple. Seed inversely egg-shaped,
compressed. — Page 239.
Cinera'ria, Flea-wort. Cal. simple, cylindric ; scales many, equal?
upright. Recept. naked. Seed-down simple. Seed four-cor-
nered. (FL yellow.) — Page 244.
'Anthemis, Chamomile. Cal. hemispheric ; scales nearly equal.
Fl. of the ray oblong. Recept. chaiFy, convex. Seed crowned
with a slight border. — Page 247.
Achille'a,' Yarrow. Ca/. egg-shaped ; 5ca/e5, tiled, unequal. FL
of the ray from five to ten, roundish, somewhat inversely heart-
shaped. Recept. chaffy. Seed-down none. — Page 248.
Bidens cernua, occasionally rayed. See the Genus,

Order III. POLYGAMIA FRUSTRANEA. Florets of the
centre (disk) perfect, and seed-bearing ; those of the circumfe-
rence barren, (neuter.) N. O. Part of Juss. Cinarocephalse.

Centaure'a, /C^iajDit'eec/; Blue-bottle; and Star -thistle. Co/, tiled.
FL of the ray, (without stamens, or style,) funnel-shaped, irre-

^ Pronounce killea.

exxviii CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED.

gular, longer than those of the centre, or disk. Recept. bristly.
Seed-down simple, or feathery ; rarely none. — Page 249.

Class XX. GYNANDRIA. Stamens situated upon
the style, or column, or upon the germen. All of N.
O. Orchidese. J., except Aristolochia.

Order I. MONANDRIA. Stamen, or stalkless Anther one.

* Anther of two distinct, vertical cells, fixed to the top of the column.

Orchis, Orchis. Nect. with a spur behind. — Page 251.
Ophrys, Insect-orchis. Cal. somewhat spreading. Lip (Nect,

Sm.) without a spur, convex. — Page 256.
Hermi'nium, Musk-orchis. Cal. somewhat spreading. Cor.-pet.

with side lobes, like the nectary, which is flat without a spur. —

Page 256.

* * Anther parallel to the stigma, of two-cells, close together, perma-

nent.
Neo'ttia, Lady's Tresses. Cal. converging, embracing the base

of the flat nectary, which is without a spur. Cor.pet. converg-
ing. Column wingless. — Page 257.
Liste'ra, Twayhlade. Cal. spreading. Lip two-lobed. Nect.

spurless, nearly flat. Cor.pet. spreading. Column wingless

—Page 258.

* * * Anther terminal, fixed.
Epipactis, Helleborine. Lip (Nectary) very hollow at the base,

the extremity undivided or three-lobed, the middle lobe largest,

and as it were jointed. — Page 259.

Order II. DIANDRIA. 2 Stamens, or stalkless Anthers.
Cypripe'dium, Lady's Slipper. — Page 260.

Order III. HEXANDRIA. 6 Stamens, or stalkless Anthers.

Aristolochia, Birthwort. Cal. superior, tubular, often swollen at
the base, the mouth on one side dilated, one-lipped. Cor.
none. Stig. six-lobed. Caps, inferior, six-celled. N. O. Aris-
tolochieee. J. — Page 260.

CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED, cxxix

Class XXI. MONOECIA. Stamens and Pistils in
separate flowers, on the same plant.

Order I. MONANDRIA. 1 Stamen.

Eupho'rbia, Spurge. Involucre of one piece, with several stamen -
bearing (barren) flowers, and one pistil-bearing (fertile) flower.

Stamen-bearing jiower, Cal. none. Cor» none.

Pistil-bearing flower. A single pistil. Cal. none, (or rarely any.)
Cor. none. Germ, three-lobed. Styles three, cloven. Caps,
three-seeded. N. O. Euphorbiaceae. J. — Page 261.

Zanniche'llia, Horned-pondweed. Involucre none.

Stamen-bearing flower. Cal. and Cor. none.

Pistil-bearing flower. Cal. one-leaved. Cor. none. Germ, four,
or more. Caps, [seeds) four, nearly stalkless. Stig. target-
shaped, (peltate.) N. O. Fluviales. Vent.

Callifriche, and Chara ? See Monandria. — Page 263 »

(DIANDRIA. 2 Stamens.)
Carex. See in Order II.

Order II. TRIANDRIA. 3 Stamens.

Sparga'nium, Bwr-reed, Fl. in spherical, close heads.

Stamen-bearing flower. Cal. three-leaved.

Pistil-bearing flower. Cal. three-leaved. Cor. none. Drupe

(stone-fruit) dry, one-seeded. N. O. Typhacese. J. — Page

264.
Carex, Sedge. Ft. collected into a tiled spike, herbage grassy.
Stamen-bearing flower. Cal. a scale. Cor. none.
Pistil-bearing flower. Cal. a scale. Cor. a hollow, permanent

glume (husk,) clothing the loose seed. Fruit-nut three-cornered.

N. O. Cyperaceee. J. — Page 265.
Typha, Reed-mace. Fl. collected into very close, cylindric spikes

or catkins.
Stamen-bearing flower. Cal. none. Cor. none. " Stam. three

together upon a chaffy, or hairy receptacle, united below into

one filament."
Pistil-bearing flower. Cal. none. Catkin hairy. Pericarp (seed,)

on a hairy stalk, N. O. Typhaceae. J. — Page 264.

n

cxxx CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED.

Order III. TETRANDRIA. 4 Stamens.

Urti'CA, Nettle. Stamen-bearing flower. Col. four-leaved, con-
taining the cup-shaped rudiment of a pistil.

Pistil-bearing flower. Col. two-leaved. Cor. none. Pericarp
(seed) one-seeded, polished. N. O. Urticese. J. — Page 277.

Alnus, Alder. Fl. collected into tiled catkins. Stamen-bearing
flower. Cal. -scale of the catkin, three-lobed, three-flowered.
Cor. deeply four-cleft.

Pistil-bearing flower. Cal.-scale of the catkin, permanent, two-
flowered. Cor. none. Sti/les two. Nut compressed. N. O.
Amentaceae. J. — Page 277.

Order IV. PENTANDRIA. 5 Stamens.

Bry'onia, Bryony. Stamen-bearing flower. Cal, five-toothed.

Cor, five-cleft. Stam.. -filaments three ; anthers five.
Pistil-bearing flower. Cal. five-toothed, falling off". Cor, five-cleft.

Style three-cleft. Berry inferior, round, many-seeded. N. O.

Cucurbitaceoe. J. — Page 278.
Fagus ; Quercus ; see in Monoecia Polyandria : Atriplex, in Poly-

gamia.

Order V. HEXANDRIA. 6 Stamens.
Rumices, See in Hexandria, Quercus in Monoecia Polyandria.

Order VI. POLYANDRIA. 7 Stamens, or more.

Myriophyllum, IVater -milfoil. Stamen-bearing flower, Cal. in-
ferior, four-leaved . Cor.-pet,io\xr. /S^am. eight.

Pistil-bearing flower. Ca/. four-leaved. Cor. -pet. four. Stig.fou.Tf
stalkless. Nuts (drupes) four, stalkless, somewhat round, one-
seeded. N. O. Halorageee. Br. — Page 279.

Pote'rium, Salad-burnet. Fl, collected into a head : upper ones
fertile.

Stamen-bearing Jlower. Cal. three-leaved, Sm. of four deep seg-
ments. H, Cor. deeply four-cleft. Sm, (Cor. six-cleft, H.)
Stam. thirty f to forty, or more.

Pistil-bearing flower. Cal. " tubular, contracted, at the mouth,
with four deciduous (falling off") teeth. H," Cal, three-leaved.
Sm. Pistils one, or two. Stig. tufted. Pericarps two, one-

CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED, cxxxi

seeded, clothed with the hardened, four- angled tube of the calyx.
N. O. Rosacese. J.~Page281.

Sagitta'ria, Arrow-head. Stamen-hearing jlower, Cal. three-
leaved. Cor. -pet. three. Stam. many, (about twenty- four.)

Pistil-bearing flower. Cal. three-leaved. Cor. -pet. three. Pistils,
very numerous collected into a head. Pericarps (seeds) one-
seeded, compressed, bordered. N. O. Alismacese. Richd. —
—Page 280.

Ceratophyllum, Hornwort. Stamen-bearing flower, Cal. infe-
rior, many-cleft. Cor. none. Stam. sixteen to twenty.

Pistil-bearing flower. Cal. many-cleft. Cor. none. Germ. one.
Stig. nearly stalkless, oblique. Nut (drupe) superior, one-
seeded. N. O. Ceratophy'lleae. Gray. — Page 279.

Fagus, Beech, and Sweet Chestnut. Stamen-bearing flower, in a
catkin. Cal. one-leaved, in several segments. Cor. none. Stam.
five to twenty.

Pistil-bearing flower. Cal. double ; outer inferior, prickly, in seve-
ral deep segments, two, or three-flowered, inner calyx superior,
five, or six cleft. Cor. none. Styles five, or six. Nuts two, or
three, loosely clothed with the spreading; outer calyx. N. O.
Amentaceae. J. — Page 283.

QuERCUS, Oak. Stamen-bearing flower in a lax catkin or spike.
Cal. five, to seven -cleft. Stam. five, eight, or more.

Pistil-bearing flower. C«/. double ; ow^er one, inferior, scaly, undi-
vided ; iniier one superior, in six, deep segments. Cor. none.
Style one. Stig. three. Nut, (acorn,) one-celled, one-seeded,
closely invested at its base, with the hemispheric outer calyx.
N. O. Amentacese. J. — Page 281.

Co'RYLUS, Hazel-nut. Stamen-bearing flower in a cylindric catkin.
Cal. a three-cleft scale. Cor. none. Stam. eight, or more.

Pistil-bearing Jlower. Cal. double ; outer one inferior, divided ;
inner one superior, scarcely distinguishable, (obsolete.) Cor.
none. Styles two. Nut solitary, bony, clothed with the
enlarged, leathery, jagged outer calyx. N. O. Amentaceae.
J.— Page 284.

Ca'RPINUS, Hornbeam, Stamen-bearing jlower in a cylindric catkin.
Cal. a rounded scale. Cor. none. Stam. ten, or more.

Pistil-bearing flower, in a lax catkin. Cal. double ; outer one infe-
rior, of several deciduous (falling off) scales ; inner calyx supe-
rior, in three, deep, sharp segments, permanent. Cor, none.

cxxxii CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED.

Styles two. Nut egg-shaped, angular, naked. N. O. Amen-
taceee. J. — Page 284.

Be'tula, Birch. Stamen-bearing flower in a cylindric catkin. Cal,
a three-divided (ternate) scale. Cor. none. Stam. ten, to
twelve.

Pistil-hearing flower in a catkin. Cal, an imperfectly three-lobed
scale, three-flowered. Cor. none. Styles two. Nuts com-
pressed, winged (with a membranaceous margin,) one-seeded.
N. O. Amentacese. J. — Page 283.

Arum, Cuckoo-pint Arum. Sheath (spatha) one-leaved, rolled
inwards at the base, enclosing a common-stalky naked above.
Cor. none. Spadix with germens at the base. Stam. stalkless,
near the middle of the spadiv which is naked above. Berry
one-celled, many-seeded. N. O. Aroidese. J. — Page 280.

Order VII. MONADELPHIA. Filaments united below.

(Pinus, Fir.)

Typha. See in Monoecia Triandria.

Class XXII. DIOECIA. Stamens and Pistils in
separate flowers, on different plants.

In MONANDRIA. 1 Stamen.
Several Sdlices, (Willows.)

Order I. DIANDRIA. 2 Stamens.

Salix, Willow, Sallow, and Osier,

By Osiers are meant, in general, the narrow-leaved willows,
with long, bending twigs: by Sallows, those with broadish, in-
versely egg-shaped, or rounded, downy leaves, silky catkins, and
two yellow stamens in each floret.

Stamen-hearing flower. Catkin tiled. Scales of the catkin one-
flowered, with a honey-bearing gland, or glands, at the base.
Cal. a scale. Cor. none. Stam. one to five.
Pistil-hearing flower. Stig. two. Caps, superior, one-celled, two-
valved, many-seeded. Seeds tufted. For the catkin; scales,

CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED, cxxxiii

and cor. none; See above, in description of stamen-hearing
flower, N. O. Amentaceae. J. — Page 285.

Order II. TRIANDRIA. 3 Stamens.

Ruscus, Butcher s Broom. Stamen-hearing flower. Cat. six-
leaved. Cor. none. Stam. -filaments combined at the base.
Antli. three to six. Nect, egg-shaped, tubular, bearing the
stamens internally.

Pistil-hearing flower. Col. and Nect. as in the stamen-bearing
(barren) flower. Style one. Stig. one. Berry superior, three-
celled. Cells two-seeded. (Seeds in pairs.) N. O. Smilacese.
^r.— Page 294.

Valeriana dioica. See in Triandria Monog.

Some Sdlices, (willows,) in this second order.

Order III. TETRANDRIA. 4 Stamens.

ViscuM, (Mistletoe.) Stamen-hearing flower. Cal. none. Cor.

pet. four, calyx-like, egg-shaped, fleshy, united at the base

Anth. stalkless on the petals.
Pistil-hearing flow er. Cal. a slight border. Cor.-pet, four, dilated

at the base, erect, egg-shaped, very small. Stig. stalkless.

Berry inferior, with one compressed seed. N. O. Loranthese.

J.— Page 295.
Rliamnus cathdrticus, and Euonymus europceus. See in Pentan-

dria Monog. Urtica dioica in Monoecia Tetrandria.

Order IV. PENTANDRIA, 5 Stamens.

Hu'mulus, Hop. Stamen-hearing flower. Cal. flve-leaved. Cor,

none. Anth. with two pores at the end.
Pistil -hearing flower in a catkin. Catkin-scales large, hollow,

entire, one-flowered, persistent. Cor. none. Styles two. Seed

one, coated, winged with the calyx. N. O. Urticeae. J. —

Page 295.
Pimpinella dioica. See in Pentand. Digyn. Brydnia in Monoecia

Pentand. Salix pentandra^ and Salix frdgilis in Dioecia Diandria,

Order V. HEXANDRIA. 6 Stamens.

Tamus, Black Bryony. Stamen-hearing flower. Cal. none. Cor.
in six, deep segments.

cxxxiv CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED.

Pistil-bearing fiower, Cal. none. Cor. in six, deep segments, con-
tracted at the neck, superior. Style three-cleft. Berry inferior,
three-celled. Seeds in pairs. N. O. Smilaceae. J, — Page
296.
Rumex Acetosa^ and Rumex Acetosella. See in Hexand, Trigyn.

Order VI. OCTANDRIA. 8 Stamens.

Po'pULUS, Poplar. Stamen-hearing flower. Catkin tiled with
jagged scales. Cor. top-shaped, (turbinate,) oblique, entire,
undivided.

Pistil-bearing flower. Catkin, calyx, and corolla, as above. Stig.
four, or eight. Caps, superior, two-celled, H., one-celled, Sm.,
two-valved, many-seeded. Seeds tufted. N. O. Amentaceae,
J.— Page 296.

Order VII. ENNEANDRIA. 9 Stamens.

Mercuria'lis, Mercury. Stamen-bearing flower. Cal. -segments,
three, deep. Cor. none. Stam. nine to twelve. Antli. lobes
two, round.

Pistil-bearing flower. Cal. as above. Cor. none. Styles two.
Caps, two-lobed, two-celled; cells one-seeded. N. O. Euphor-
biacese. J. — Page 298.

Hydro'charis, Frog-bit. Fl. in a sheath (spatha.) Stamen-
hearing flower. Cal. three-cleft. Cor. three-petalled. Stam.
nine in three rows, within which are three imperfect styles.
(pinner -filaments beaked. /Sm.)

Pistil-hearing flower. Cal. and pet. as above. Styles six, each
with two stigmas. Caps, inferior, leathery, roundish, six-celled,
many-seeded. N. O. Hydrocharidese. J. — Page 299.

(DECANDRIA. 10 Stamens.)
Lychnis dioica. See in Decandria Pentag.

(ICOSANDRIA. Many Stamens, growing from the Calyx.)
Fragdria eldtior. See in Jcosand. Polyg.

(POLYANDRIA. Many Stamens, growing from the Receptacle.)

{Strati6tes.) See Pdpulus alba'P. tremula, and P. nigra, in Dioec.
Octandria.

CLASSES, &c. AND GENERA ARRANGED, cxxxv

Order VIII. MONADELPHIA. Stamen filaments combined

in one set.

JuNi'pERUS, Juniper, Stamen-hearing flower. Scales of the catkin
somewhat target-shaped (sub-peltate.) Cor. none. Stam. three.
Sm. (four to eight. H.)

Pistil-bearing flower. Scales of the catkin fewer than in stamen -
bearing flower, at length, fleshy, united into a berr^, of three
seeds. N. O. Coniferse. J. — Page 299.

Taxus, Yew. Stamen-bearing flower. Cal. none. Cor. none.
Stam. many. Atli. target-shaped, (peltate,) lobed ; cells opening
beneath.

Pistil-bearing flower. Cal. cup-shaped, entire, scaly. Cor, none.
Style one, Sm. none, H. Seed one, enclosed in the enlarged,
pulpy, unconnected calyx. {" Drupe fleshy, bored at the ex-
tremity.") N. O. Coniferse. J.— Page 300.

Salix rubra. See in Dioecia Diandria.

Class XXIII. POLYGAMIA. Stamens and Pistils in
the same flower ; or in different flowers, and on the
same, or different plants ; " having two different kinds
of calyx (perianth.")

Order I. MONOECIA. Flowers diiFerent on the same plant.

' Atriplex, Oraclie. Barren flowers and united flowers. Cal. infe-
rior, deeply five-cleft. Cor. none. Stamens five. Style deeply
cloven. Seed one, depressed, covered by the calyx.

Pistil-bearing flower. Cal. of two persistent, enlarged valves. Cor.
none. Stam. noue. yS^^/Ze deeply cloven. /Seec? one compressed,
covered by the calyx. N. O. Chenopodeae. J. — Page 300.

OMISSIONS.

After Symphytum, p. xcviii. — insert Bora'go, Borage. Cor.
closed with awl-shaped or notched valves : limb wheel-shaped.
Sm. After Limosella, p. cxix. — insert Scrophula'ria, Figwort.
Caps, two-celled, two-valved. Cor. somewhat globose, reversed ;
tube swollen : limb rounded, considerably shorter.

FLORA OF OXFORDSHIRE,

AND

ITS CONTIGUOUS COUNTIES.

Class L MONANDRIA. Stamen 1.
Order L MONO G YNIA, Pistil 1 .

* Seed one.

HIPPU'RIS. Gr. Mare's-tail.

H. vulgaris. Common Mare^s-taiL

Leaves linear, many in each whorl. E. B. 763. G. E.
1114. f. 6.

Ponds, wet meadows, ditches. Blenheim Park, Ensham Common,
Binsey Common. Sb. Ditches near the Canal, between High
Bridge and Heyheld's Hut. Port Meadow. Near the third
bridge from Botley. B:x;.

Per. Mai/, June.

Erect, simple. Fl. axillary, solitary, stalkless.

CHARA. Chara.

C. vulgaris. Common Chara. Slightly furrowed, with-
out prickles. Whorled branches tapering, with internal
partitions. Bracteas four together. E. B. 336. G.
E. 1115. f. 8.

Ponds, wet ditches, stagnant waters. Binsey Common, peat bogs on

Bullingdon Green. Sb.
An ? June.
Often incrustated with earth.

B

2 MONANDRIA DIGYNIA. Callitriche.

C. hispida. Prickly Chara, Furrowed. Whorled
branches tapering, with internal partitions. Bracteas
whorled. Prickles on the stem bristly, bent down-
wards. E. B. 463. C. tomentosa. Sb.

Clay-pits, pools, ditches. * Peat bogs under Headington Wick
copse. Sb. Old gravel pits, St. Clement's, Oxford. Ponds on
the Botley road. B.v. Encrusted.

An. July, August.

(C. jiexilis. Smooth CJiara. Smooth, transparent,
without prickles. Whorled branches cylindrical, blunt,
with a minute point, no internal partitions j some
cloven. Bracteas none.

Ditches and ponds. Ditches about Drayton, Warwickshire. Pn.

An. April, August.

Slender, green, floating. Anth. naked. Stem. 1, to three feet long,
and more. Pn.)

MONANDRIA DIGYNIA.

C ALLrXRICHE ' . Water-starwort.

C. verna. Vernal TVater-starwort. Fertile flower stalks
very short, with two petals at their base, fruit regu-
larly four cornered, margin of the seeds blunt. Leaves
triple-ribbed ; the uppermost crowded, inversely egg-
shaped. C. aquatica E. B. 722. /3 Fl. Brit. 9. H.
L. 127. See Sb. varieties 7?

Ditches, ponds, slow streams.

An. April, May.

Ls. opposite, linear, or battledore-shaped. Fl. white, axillary,
separated.

C. autumndlis. Autumnal Water-starwort, Fertile
flower stalks, very short, without petals, fruit irregu-
larly four cornered, margin of the seeds membranous.
Ls, linear, abrupt, single-ribbed, uniform. C. aquatica
y. Fl. Brit. 9. E. B. 7^2. the small figure. Sb.
2. Var. y.

Clear pools.

An. June, October.

Flowers united. Gray.

' Gr. kalos, handsome, and thrix, hair, from its slender stems.

DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Veronica. '4

Class II. DIANDRIA. Stainens 2.
Order I. MONO G YNIA, Pistil 1 .

LIGUSTRUM. Privet.

L. vulgare. Common Privet, Print, or Prim Print,
Leaves oval -spear-shaped, blunt, with a small point.
E. B. 764. C. 5. t. 1. Ligustrum. G. E. 1694.

Moist thickets and hedges, on a gravelly, or chalky soil. Sm.
Shrub. Jtme.

Fl. panicled, and white. Berries black.
For cut hedges in gardens.

FRA'XINUS. Ash.

F. excelsior. Common Ash, Leaflets saw-toothed.
Flowers without calyx, or corolla. E. B. 1692. G.
E. 147^.

Woods, hedges, especially on hills in limestone countries. Sm.

Tree. April, May.

Lofty, smooth. Ls. winged. Fl. panicled. Caps, spear-shaped.

* F. Tieterophylla, Simple-leaved Ash,

Christ Church Meadows. Bx.

CIRC^A \ Enchanter's Nightshade.

C. lutetidna. Common Enchanter's Nightshade, Stem
erect. Leaves egg-shaped, slightly toothed, opaque,
and downy. E. B. 1056. C. 3. 3. G. E. 351.

Moist shady ivoods, under hedges.

Per. June.

Branches somewhat solitary. Fl. white, or reddish. Fruit bent

downwards, clothed with hooked bristles.

Formerly, in incantations, and philters, mistaken for the Man-
drake, Atropa Mandragora ?

VERONICA \ Speedwell.

Clusters or spikes terminal. Root perennial,

V. serpyllifoUa, Smooth Speedwell. PauVs Betony,
Cluster terminal, somewhat spiked. Leaves ^gg"

* From Circe.

2 The I. usually pronounced short. From ver, the spring ; or from the name
of the female saint.

B 2

4 DIAXDRIA MONOGYNIA. Veronica.

shaped, slightly notched, three-ribbed, smooth. Cap-
sule inversely kidney-shaped, shorter than the style.
E. B 1075. C. l.*a V. minor. G. E. 627.

Moist meadows, cultivated grounds.

Per. May.

Stems trailing, smooth in wet situations, in dry ones, covered with

hairs, which are bent inwards. FL whitish, with dark blue

streaks.

** Clusters or spikes from the side of the stem. Root perennial.

V. Beccabunga* Broohlime, {Bach \ Germ, a rivulet,
Bungen, Germ, a drum.) Clusters from the side of
the stem. Leaves oval, blunt, flat, smooth, somewhat
fleshy, toothed at the edges, each little tooth terminated
by a gland. Stem creeping at the base. E. B. &55,
C. 2. 3. Anagallis, seu Becabunga. G. E. 620.

Wet ditches y brooks.

Per. Ju7ie.

Plant somewhat floating, shining. Ls. blunt. Fl. dull blue.
Leaves mild, eaten in salads, in the spring.

V. Anagallis. Water Speedwell, Long-leaved Brook-
lime. Clusters from the sides of the stem, opposite.
Leaves spear-shaped, saw-toothed. Stem erect. E.
B. 781. C. 5. 2. G. E. 620.

JBanks of rivers, wet meadows.
Per. Jidy.

Larger than the last plant, upright, smooth. Ls. acute. Fl. pale
dull blue, occasionally flesh-coloured.

V. scutelldta. Narrow-leaved Marsh Speedwell. Clus-
ters from the sides of the stem, alternate ; fruit stalks
bent back. Leaves linear-spear-shaped, slightly toothed.
E. B. 782. C. 5. 3. Anagallis aquatica quarta. G.

E. 621.

Peat hogs, moors. * Peat bogs on Bullingdon Green. Otmoor.
Sb. Port Meadow. (Bagley Wood.) St. Clement's, Oxford,
between the Cowley, and Henley road. Bx.

Per. July.

Stem weak, wide spreading. Fl. pale, flesh-coloured, purple
veined, on slender stalks, which become more and more strad-
dling after flowering. Sm.

V. montdna. Mountain Germander Speedwell. Moun-
tain Madwort. Clusters froiyi the sides of the stem,

1 Bece A, Sx.

DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Veronica. 5

lax, of few flowers. Leaves egg-shaped, stalked, saw-
toothed. Stem spreading, hairy all round. E. B.

766. C. 4. 2.

Shady woods. Shotover plantations. Stokenchurch. Nettlebed
woods. Sb. (Bagley Wood.) Bx. Pig's Lane, Tilehurst,
Berks. R. W.

Per. May.

Stem lying down, hairy. Fl. pale, painted with purple. Caps.
formed, as it were, of two round cells, compressed.

V. afficindlis. Male, or Common Speedwell, Clusters
from the sides of the stem ; partial stalks shorter than
their bracteas. Leaves broadly elliptical, saw-toothed,
roughish. Stem lying down. Stigma headed. E.
B. 765. C. 3. 1. V. vera et major. G. E. Q^Q.

Dry hilly pastures.

Per. June.

Fl. light blue, with dark streaks.

This species formerly recommended as a substitute for the
Chinese tea, but it is more astringent, and bitter, and less grateful.

V. Chamcedrys. Germander Speedwell, Wild Her-
mander. Clusters from the sides of the stem. Leaves
egg-shaped, stalkless, rugged, deeply saw-toothed.
Stem spreading, with a hairy line on each side. Calyx
four-cleft, spear-shaped. E. B. ^^'5, C. 1. 2. Ch.
sylvestris. G. E. 657-
Pastures^ under hedges.
Per. May,

Ls. egg-shaped, inclining to heart-shaped. Fl. large bright blue.
Caps, inversely heart-shaped.

Few of our wild flowers can vie in elegance, and brilliancy with
this species. At night, and in moist weather the corolla closes,
expands in dry, bright weather. This is not the German " Forget-
me-not.'' Myosdtis palustris is the true one.

* * * Flowers axillary, solitary. Root annual.

V. agrestis, Sm, Green Procumbent Field Speedwell.
Germander Chickweed, Flowers solitary. Leaves
egg-shaped, deeply saw-toothed, shorter than the
flower-stalks. Stems lying down. Segments of the
calyx egg-shaped. Seeds about six in each cell.
Herbage pale green, not greyish. CaL-segments more
narrow, egg-spear-shaped, or oblong, blunt : not egg-
shaped, acute. C^r, pale blue, or rose colour in the
upper half, white in the lower, or quite white. Caps.

6 DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Pinguicula.

obscurely keeled. Bor. Seeds cupped, in form.
Suppl. E. B. S603. Alsine foliis trissaginis. G. E.
616. f. 1.

Fields : not so common as V. polita.
An. May.

V. polita. H. B. F. Grey Procumbent Sp, Leaves
stalked, heart-egg-shaped, cut-saw-toothed, shorter than
the flower-stalks, segments of the calyx egg-shaped,
acute, stem lying down, capsule two swollen lobes, cells
many seeded. V. agrestis, E. B. 7^3. Often grow-
ing with the preceding. H. See Borrer Suppl. E. B.
2603.

Common weed.

An. March.

Fl. small, bright blue.

V. arvensis. Wall Sp, Speedwell Chickweed, Flowers
solitary, nearly stalkless. Leaves egg-shaped, deeply
saw-toothed. The floral ones spear-shaped, entire.
Stem erect, seeds flat. E. B. ^S4<. C. 2. 2. Alsine
foliis Veronicse. G. E. 613.

Wallsy cultivated ground.

An. May.

Ls. opposite, nearly stalkless ; by Linneus, styled heart-shaped.
Lower leaves chiefly on short foot-stalks. PI. erect, pale. FL
small, light blue, white in the centre. Caps, compressed.

V. hederifolia. Ivy-leaved Sp, Small Henbit, (Win-
ter Weed, in Norfolk,) Flowers solitary. Leaves
heart-shaped, fiat, five-lobed. Segments of the calyx
heart-shaped, acute. Seeds cupped, wrinkled. E. B.

784. C. 2. 1. Alsine hederacea. G. E. 6l6.

Cultivated grounds.

An. April.

Stem prostrate. Fl. light, purplish blue. Caps, swollen.

PINGUECULA. Butterwort : (So called on account
of the glutinous, oily, and soft leaves of one species, P.
vulgaris,^

p. vulgaris. Common Butterwort, Yorkshire Sanicle,
Nectary cylindrical, acute, as long as the very irregular
petal. Segments of the calyx oblong. Capsule egg-
shaped. E. B. 70. P. sive Sanicula Eboracensis.
G. E. 788.

DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Lemna. 7

BogSy morassy ground. Peat bogs on BuUingdon Green. Under

Headington Wick copse. 8b. and B.v. Cotesford Heath.

R. Pr. Henley Hill. Wh.
Per, May.
Plant smooth. Fl. tube, and spur, pale purple ; limb deep blue, its

five segments very unequal.

The clammy juice of the herb reputed good for the sore dugs of
cows. G. The Welch prepare a purgative syrup from the plant.

UTRICULA'RIA \ Bladder-wort, or Hooded Milfoil.

U. mdgaris. Greater Bladder-wort, Spur conical.
Scape straight. Cluster somewhat corymbose. Upper
lip of the corolla, the length of the palate, bent back at
the sides. E. B. 253. G. E. 828.

Ditches on the right-hand side of the Botley road. Otmoor. Sb.
Ditch by the Devil's Back Bone, going to South Hinksey.
Opposite the first drawbridge, beyond Heyfield's Hut. Bx. *

Per. July.

Ls. hair-like, under water, (root-like ?) bearing numerous crested
bladders which float the plant at the flowering season by means
of air formed within them. This air gives place subsequently
to water, and the plant sinks to ripen its seed. FL large,
yellow, with an orange striped palate.

LEMNA. Duck-weed.

L. trisulca. Ivy-leaved D, Fronds stalked, oval-spear-
shaped, proliferous. E. B. 926. H. L. 119. Hede-

rula aquatica. G. E. 830.

Ditches.

An. Aug.

Ls. crossing each other at right angles, swimming on the surface of

the water. Fl. white.

A cooling application to inflamed parts. The infusion in white
wine, according to Bates ^ an infallible secret in jaundice.

L. minor. Less D, Fronds inversely egg-shaped,
flattish above and beneath. Roots solitary. E. B.
1095. H. L. 120. G. E. 829.

Ditches.

An. June.

Ls. connected at the base. Fl. very rare.

L. gihha. Gibbous D, Fronds inversely egg-shaped.

3 From utriculus, Lat. a little bottle.

8 DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Salvia.

slightly convex above, hemispherical beneath. Roots
solitary. E. B. 1233.

Ditches, ponds.
An. July.

Larger than the last. Ls. above, often of a purplish hue,
coarsely veined like net-work on the other side.

L. polyrrhiza. Greater D, Fronds roundish, inversely
egg-shaped, convex beneath. Roots clustered. E. B.
2458.

Ditches.

An. July. Sb. F I. not observed in Britain. Eng. Fl. 1824.
Ls. green above, deep purple beneath, much larger than either of
the two last species.

LYCOPUS ' . Gipsy-wort.

L. europcBUs, Common G, Water-horehound, Leaves
deeply saw-toothed. E. B. 1105. C. 3. 2. Mairu-
bium aquaticum. G. E. 700.

Banks ofriversy wet ditches.

Per. August.

Ft. whorled, and white, with purple dots.

The juice gives a permanent colour to linen, wool, and silk.
Vagabonds stain their faces with the juice to appear like gipsies.

SALVIA. Sage, or Clary.

S. pratensis. Meadow (7. Leaves oblong, notched,
heart-shaped at the base : uppermost clasping the stem.
Bracteas very small. Summit of the corolla glutinous.
E. B. 153. Horminum sylvestre, F. etc. G. E. 769.

Dry pastures.** Between Middleton Stoney and Ardley. Sb. and

R. Pr.
Per. June.
Stalk erect. Fl. large and handsome, of a fine purplish blue.

S. verhenaca. Wild English C Leaves saw-toothed,
sinuated, smoothish. Corolla much more contracted
than the calyx. E. B. 154. C. 6. 1. H. sylvestre
G. E. 771.

Road sides, dry banks. Meadow bank between St. Clement's, and

Iffley. R. W.
Per. June, October.
Stalks more or less lying down. Fl. small, violet blue.

» Wolf's foot. Gr.

DIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Anthoxanthum. 9

The seeds produce a great quantity of soft, tasteless mucilage,
when moistened ; hence they become serviceable for removing
extraneous matter from the eye, put under the eyelid for a few-
moments. See G. E.

" The seeds of Salvia verhendca, S. pratensis, and some other
species are covered with a dense mucilage, which is not visible till
the seeds are wetted. This mucilage consists mostly of very
minute spiral vessels, like those first described, by Professor
Lindley, (in the Botanical Register, fol. 1166, and in his Introduc-
tion to the Natural System cf Botany , p. 220.) as composing the
mucous matter which envelopes the seeds of Collomia linearis.

" If a seed of Salvia verhenaca, be put on a small bit of glass, and
placed on the stage of a microscope, and then wetted by letting fall
upon it a drop or two of clear water, the spiral vessels will be seen
to dart forth in great numbers from the outside of the testa, or
skin, forming a complete and beautiful radius round the seed,
which, if suffered to dry upon the glass, may be preserved as an
interesting object for the microscope, at any future time.

" I can find no account of this in any work which 1 have con-
sulted. Sir James Edward Smith, Dr. Withering, and others,
have noticed the mucilage w^hich covers the seed of Salvia verbe-
naca, but they are quite silent with respect to the spiral vessels,
which are so abundantly produced amongst it." — J^^m. Baxter y
Sept. 2^, 1831.

CLA'DIUM'. Twig-rush.

(C. Mariscus, Prickly T, Panicle repeatedly compound,
leafy. Spikes in heads. Stem round, leafy, smooth.

Leaves prickly at the edge and keel.

Fens. Boggy places by the river Thames, near Tamworth. Bay.

Per. July, August.

Erect, polished, three, or four ft. Ls. keeled. Fruit pointed.)

DIANDRIA DIGYNIA,

ANTHOXANTHUM \ Vernal Grass.

A. odordtiim. Sweet-scented F^. G. Panicle spiked,
egg-shaped, oblong. Flowers longer than their awns,
on short partial stalks. E. B. 647* C. 1.4. Still,
f. Curt. Gr. f.

Meadows, pastures.
Per. 3 fay.

' Klados, Gr. = Gr. yellow flower.

10 TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Valeriana.

In drying, the plant exhales an odour similar to Woodruff,
(Asperula odorata;) chief cause of the fragrancy in new hay.
Its fresh stalks chewed, highly aromatic, not unlike lavender. FL
turn yellow with age ; abounds chiefly in wet lands ; not very pro-
ductive, nor very palatable to cattle. For a curious contrivance
of nature in the seeds : — See With.

Class III. TRIA'NDRIA. Stamens 3.
Order I. MONO G YNIA. Pistil 1 .

* Floivers above the gerraen.

VALERIANA. Valerian.

V. rubra. Red V, Flowers with one stamen, and a

long spur. Leaves egg-spear-shaped, nearly entire.

E. B. 153L V. rubra Dodona^i. G. E. 678.
Old walls. Merton College Walls. Sb. More of the white

flowered var. — 31. R. W.
Per. July.
Cor. slender, elegant, rose-coloured, sometimes white. Stems a

foot and a half high.

V. dioica. Small Marsh V. Flowers with three
stamens, dioecious. Stem-leaves wing-cleft, root ones
egg-shaped. E. B. 6^8. V. minor. G. E. 1075.

Per. May.

Ls. winged. Linn. Cor. of the pistil-bearing plant, much smaller
than those of the stamen-bearing. Fl. flesh-coloured. Stem
six or eight inches high. Ls. called lyrato-pinnate, in Fl. Br.

V. officinalis. Great Wild V, Stamens three. Leaves
all winged, leaflets spear-shaped, nearly uniform. E.
B. 698. C. 6. 3. V. sylvestris major. G. E.

1075.
Per. June.

Stalk three or four feet high. Fl. flesh-coloured.
A variety (/3), narrower leaves, found in dry, mountainous woods,

and pastures, which, as more aromatic, is preferred for medical

use.

This species is the Valerian of the shops, and possesses strong
antispasmodic virtues. Excellent medicine in habitual constipa-
tion, the root in decoction. Cats delighted with the roots. Rats
said to be equally fond of them.

TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Iris. 11

FE'DIA'. Corn Salad.

F. oUtoria, Common Corn Salad, or LamVs Lettuce,
Leaves linear- tongue-shaped, blunt. Flowers growing
in heads. Caps, swollen, two lobed. V. Locusta.
E. B. 811. C. 5. 4. Lactuca agnina. G. E. 310.
1. 2.

Cornfields.

An. April.

Stem forked, twice, or thrice. F'L in little heads, small, pale-blue,
or flesh-coloured.
Eaten in spring as salad.

F. dentdta. Oval fruited C. S, Leaves linear-tongue-
shaped. Flowers with one solitary in the forks of the
stem. Capsule egg-shaped, ribbed. Crown erect.
E. B. 1370.

Fields. * By the road side between Shotover Hill, and BuUingdon

Green. T,
An. April, June.
Ls. narrow. Fl. small, purplish. Cal. unequal.

CROCUS. Crocus.

(C. nudijlorus. Naked jiowering Cr. Stigma within
the flower, in three deeply-jagged tufted segments.
Flower without leaves. E. B. 491. C. montanus
autumnalis. G. E. 154. f. 6.

Sandy, inundated meadows. * Pigwell Fields, and Lammas Fields.

Pn.
Per. October.
Fl. tube one foot long. Stig. yellow. jL*. flattish.)

IRIS ^. Iris, or Flower-de-luce.

I. Pseiid-dcorus. Yellow Water Iris, Corolla beard-
less ; inner segments smaller than the stigmas. Leaves
sword-shaped. Seeds angular. E. B. 578. C. 3. 4.

Iris palustris lutea. G. E. 50.

Banks of rivers, wet ditches.

Per. June.

Fl. large, bright yellow^, disk of the larger segments, pencilled, as it

were, with dark purple.

Juice of the fresh root very acrid, purgative ; in some cases,
proves diuretic ; too uncertain in its effects to come into general
use.

* From fedus, syn. with hoedus, a kid. Sm. 2 Qj. From its hues.

12 TRIAXDRIA MONOGYNIA. Scirpus.

The roots used in the Island of Jura to dye black. A slice of
the fresh root, held between the teeth removes some kinds of tooth-
ache. E. B. Not eaten by cattle. Fl. Suec. Seeds roasted
resemble coffee, having more nearly the same aroma than other
substitutes.

J, foetid issima. Stinking Iris. Corolla beardless ; inner
segments spreading. Stem with one angle. Leaves
sword-shaped. Seeds globose. E. B. 596.

Thickets. Copse, Elsfield. Pn. (Bagley Wood.) Bx\* *

Per. June.

Ls. dull green. Fl. pencilled with dark veins.

Bruised leaves smell very offensively, yet with some resemblance

to roast-beef

SCHCENUS. Bog-rush.

** Flowers beneath the germen, chaffy. Seed I.

S. nigricans. Black B. R, Stem round, naked. Head
roundish, abrupt, overtopped by one of the two floral
leaves. E. B. 1121.

Peat bogs. Under Headington Wick Copse. Sb, and R. W.

Per. July.

A foot high, smooth. Head black.

RHYNCHO'SPOR A ' . Beak-rush.

(R. alba. White Beak-rush. Heads abrupt. Stamens
two. Leaves tapering. Seed with numerous bristles
at the base. Schoenus alb us. E. B. 985. Gramen
junceum leucanthemum G. E. 30.

Turfy bogs. Coleshill bog, Warwickshire. Pn.

Per. July^ August.

A smooth, slender plant, with -white ^. Stigm. two.)

SCIRPUS. Club-rush, and Bull-rush.

* Spikes solitary.

(S. ccBspitosus. Scaly -stalked Club-rush. Stem round
slightly furrowed ; sheathed and clothed with numerous
scales at the base. Spike terminal. Outer glumes
largest, with leafy points. E. B. 1029.

Turfy., barren heaths. * Coleshill bog, Warwickshire. Pn.

Per. July.

Stems erect. Spike small, reddish brown.)

' Gr, beak, seed.

TRIANDRIA MOXOGYXIA. Scirpus. 13

S. pauciflorus. Chocolate-headed Club-rush, Stem
round, with a tight leafless sheath at the base. Spike
terminal, of few flowers, longer than its blunt, mem-
branous-tipped outer glumes. E. B. 11^2.

Peat bogsy morasses. Peat bogs on Buliingdon Green. Sb. **

Per. June.

Stems slender. Spikes somewhat four-flowered.

S.Jliciians, Floating Club-rush. Stem branched, leafy,
limber, and floating. Flower-stalks alternate, naked.
Spikes terminal, of few flowers. E. B. 21 6.

Pools where the water has stagnated during the winter. South-

leigh Heath. Sb. **
Per. June.
Stem, branched, sending out roots. Ls. linear.

** Stem, round, ivith several spikes.

S. lacustris, JBull-rush, Stem round, naked. Panicle
cymose, twice compound, terminal. Spikes egg-
shaped. Bracteas generally much shorter than the
panicle. E. B. ^6Q, H. L. 91.

Rivers, stagnant ivaters.

Per. Juli/.

Culm five or six feet high, dark green, simple, leafless. Ijs. at the

base, one or two, short, with long sheaths.

From its stems, the rush bottoms of chairs are made : cattle in
hard seasons will eat it : also, used for thatching, and packages,
occasionally.

S. setdceus. Bristle-stalked Club-rush, Stem bristle-
shaped, leafy at the base. Spikes about two, stalk-
less, surmounted by a leafy bractea. Seed furrowed,
without bristles. E. B. 1693. H. L. 97-

ff^et gravelly grounds.
An. July.

Spikelets generally in pairs, egg-shaped. Plant from two to five
inches high.

S. caricinus. Compressed C R, Stem roundish, leafy
about the lower parts. Spikelets clustered, two-
ranked, many flowered. Leaves flat, edges and keel
rough. Seed six bristled, at the base. Schoenus com-

pressus. E. B. 791.

Boggy meadows. Under Buliingdon Green, &c. Bx.
Spikes bright chestnut. Stem about one ft. simple. Style permanent.
Stigm. falling off. Lower spikelet sub- tended by a bractea,

14 TRIANDRIA MONOGYNTA. Eriophorum.

commonly longer than the general spike : this brae tea trian-
gular, and rough at the end.

*** Stem triangular. Panicle leafy.

S. sylvdticiis. Wood Club-rush, Millet Cypress-grass,
Stem triangular, leafy throughout. Panicle terminal,
leafy, cymose, repeatedly compound. Flower-stalks
sheathed at the hase. Spikes clustered. E. B. 919.
Cyperus gramineus miliaceus. G. E. 30. 5.

Moist woods. ** Heythorp Woods. Sb. Beyond South Hinksey.
Bx.

Per. July.

ELEO'CHARIS ' . Spike-rush.

E. palustris. Creeping S, R, Culm round, naked,
with leafless sheaths at the base ; spike naked, oblong-
egg-shaped. Root creeping. Stigmas two. Seed
roundish, most convex at one side. Scirpus palustris.
E. B. 131. Juncus minor, capitulis equiseti. G. E.
35. f. at p. 1631.

Banks of rivers , marshes.

Per, June.

Three stigmas are erroneously represented, in Engl. Bot.

Culms erect. Ls. none. Spike brown.

The fresh herb is greedily devoured by swine,

E. aciculdris. Least Spike-rush, Stem four-cornered.
Stigmas three. Seed numerously furrowed, without
bristles at the base. Filaments permanent. Scirpus
acicularis E. B. 749. H. L. 49.

In damp spots, upon heaths, where water has stagnated during winter.
* Binsey Common. Near Ensham bridge. Sb. Port Meadow,
near Medley Lock. Side of Canal, going from Oxford to Wol-
vercot. Bx.

Per. August.

Base invested with a light, blunt, beardless sheath. Spike termi-
nal, of few flowers. Culms very slender. " Fruit oblong,
beautifully impressed with points in lines, tipped with the sphe-
rical base of the style." H.

ERIOTHORUM \ Cotton-Grass.
(E. vagindtum, Hare^s-tail C, Stem triangular above ;

' Gr. Delighting in marshes. ^Gr. wool-bearing.

TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Nardus. 15

round below, with a swelling, tubular sheath. Spike
egg-shaped. Glumes membranous. E. B. 873.

Boggy heaths. Coleshill Bog, Warwickshire. Pn.

Per, March, April.

Ls. triangular, sharp pointed. Spike erect, of a silvery grey ;
finally with long, white hairs.)

E. pubescens. Downy-stalked C, Stem angular up-
wards. Leaves flat, spear-shaped, with a triangular
point. Stalks of the spikes downy. Hairs twice the
length of the spike.

Bogs, marshes. J. Bog near Stow Wood. Bogs near Headington
Wick Copse. Bv. First observed in Oxfordsh. by Mr. Bx.

Ls. darkish, olive-green. Spikes two to eight, nine. Glumes
blackish.

E. angustifolium. Common C Stem nearly round.
Leaves linear, triangular ; channelled towards the base.
Stalks of the spikes smooth. Hairs four times the
length of the spike. E. B. 564. E. polystachion.
C. 4. 9. Sb. 24.

In turfy, boggy, and muddy meadows.
Per. April.

After flowering, the spikes are partly erect. Involucre, longer
than the flowering spikes. The brilliant, white tufts of this plant,
look throughout the summer, like feathers scattered over the coun-
try. Food for cattle in the earlier part of the spring, in the
Isle of Skye. The down, a stuffing for pillows, among the poor :
also for candle wicks, which become brittle, when quite dry.

NARDUS. Mat-grass. *
* From the matted order of the stems. Burton.
N. stricta. Common M, Spike bristled-shaped, straight,
florets all pointing one way. Leaves thrice the length
of their sheaths. E. B. 290. Spartum nostras par-
vum. G. E. 41. 1631.

Barren, sandy, rather moist, heaths and moors. * Shotover-Hill,

Southleigh Heath. Sb. Cumnor Hurst. B.v.
Per. June.

Ls. bristle-shaped. Schrank celebrates this deep-rooted grass as
a safe support to the hands of the Alpine botanist, in precipitous
situations, though it renders his path very slippery. Stocked up
by crows for the larvas of Tipulae, found at the root. This grass
being stiff, and short, eludes the stroke of the scythe, takes off its
edge, and is, in consequence, disliked by mowers. Holds its spike
until winter. Cattle in general refuse it. S. B.

1(5 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Phleum.

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Stamens S, Pistils^,

PHA'LARIS. Canary-grass,

* P. canariensis. Manured C, G, Panicle egg-shaped,
resembling a spike. Calyx-glumes boat-shaped ;
entire at the summit. Outer corolla of two naked
valves. E. B. 1310. Phalaris. G. E. 86.

In cultivated and waste ground, naturalized. * Grows amongst the

corn in the Canaries fVilld. Sp. PL
An. June.
Panicle compact, erect, compound, though resembling a simple

egg-shaped spike, elegantly variegated with green and white.

The seeds a well known food for the canary-bird.

P. arundindcea. Reed C, Panicle upright, with
spreading branches. Flowers crowded, growing from
one side only. Outer corolla of two bearded valves.
E. B. 402. and 21 60. f. 2. Calamagrostis colorata. Sb.

Banks of rivers. Sb.

Per. June.

Stems from two to five feet high. Panicle rough.

Used to thatch ricks, and cottages : lasts much longer than
straw. In Scandia mowed twice a-year, for cattle to feed on.
The oftener mowed, the more acceptable to cattle. The striped
variety, chosen by the Welch peasantry, with Gnaplialium marga-
ritaceum, to decorate the graves of their departed friends. Knapp.
A beautiful variety with striped leaves is common in gardens.

PHLEUM. Cat's-tail-grass.

P. pratense. Common (7. Timothy -grass. Cluster
spiked, cylindrical. Calyx abrupt, fringed at the keel,
longer than its awns. E. B. IO76. Gramen typhi-

num minus. G. E. 12.

Moist meadows, pastures. The bulbous var. in barren ground,
occasionally flooded, or in very dry situations. Sm.

Per. July.

Spike two to five inches. Root in dry situations becomes swollen
and succulent. In this state it is the Plileum nodosum of Lin-
nseus, Sibthorp, &c. Awns straight, short, rough. Once cele-
brated for its agricultural merits, but now out of fashion, though
it spontaneously makes a part of the hay crop. Sm.

P. dsperum. Rough C, Panicle spiked, cylindrical, awn-
less. Calyx wedge-shaped, swelling upward, pointed,
rough ; keel naked. Stem branched. P. panicula-

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Alopecurus. 17

turn, E. B. 1077* P' paniculata, Sihth. Oxon.
34.

In dry, open fields, * *. Wall of Rose Lane. Sb.
An. June.

Root fibrous. Panicle rough to the touch. Whole plant bright
green.

ALOPECU'RUS. Fox-tail-grass.

K.pratensis, Meadow F. Stem erect, smooth. Spike

somewhat panicled. Calyx-glumes acute, hairy, united

at the base, shorter than the awn, twice the length of

the corolla. E. B. 7*59. C. 5. 5. Gramen alopecu-

r aides majus, G. E. 10.

Meadows, pastures.

Per. May.

Spike two inches long, thick, soft, of a silky, hoary aspect. Best
grass to sow in low meadow grounds, or in boggy places which
have been drained. Liable to the depredations of the larvae of
a species of musca; they devour the seed. These larvae the
prey of cimex campestris. These circumstances an impediment
to the general cultivation of this grass. Mr. Swayne m M^ith.
An excellent grass for pasturage, being early, plentiful in pro-
duce, and grateful to cattle in general.

A. agrestis. Slender F, Stem erect, roughish. Spike
racemose, nearly simple, tapering. Calyx-glumes
almost naked, united at the base, dilated at the keel.
E. B. 848. A. myosuroides, C. 2. 7» Gramen
alopecurinum minus, G. E. 11.

Corn fields, way-sides.

An. June.

Spike slender, tapering at each end, often purplish. A trouble-
some weed among wheat, called by farmers " Black Bent."
Sivayne in fVtth.

A. geniculdtus. Floating F, Stem ascending, bent in
an angle at the joints. Spike cylindrical, slightly
panicled. Calyx-glumes united at the base, abrupt,
fringed. Corolla notched, its awn twice the length of
the calyx. E. B. 1250. C. 5. 6. Gramen Jluvia^

tile spicatum. G. E. 14.

Ponds, ditches, sloiv streams, floating widely on the surface.

Per. June.

Culms floating. In dry situations, root bulbous.

18 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Agrostis.

MFLIUM. Millet-grass.

The hardened corolla, forming a coat to the seed, affords a mark
of distinction between this genus and Agrostis. Sm.

M. effusum. Spreading M. Flowers in a loose spread-
ing panicle, without awns. E. B. 1106. C. 4. 12.
Gramen miliaceu7n» G. E. 6. bad.

Wilcot, Mimgewellf Ardley, Tar Woods, Sb. (Bagley Wood.)

Per. Ma^/.

Light, elegant, lofty plant. The middle branches of the panicle

droop, and point directly downward. Ls. sweet-scented : they

drive away dcari,

AGROSTIS. Bent-grass.

* Awned.

(A. Spica venti* Silky JB. Awn straight, stiff, many
times longer than the corolla. Panicle loosely spread-
ing. E. B. 951.

Moist sayidy fields. Corn fields near Old Windsor. Tur,
An, June, July.

Stems, two to three ft. erect. Pan. large, silky, waving on one
side.)

A. canina, Broivn JB, Awn incurved, from below
the middle of the corolla ; inner valve scarcely distin-
guishable. Calyx egg-shaped, coloured. Stems lying
down, with prostrate shoots. Stipula spear-shaped.
E. B. 1856.

Moist meadows.

Per. June.

Panicle spreading, yet somewhat erect. Herbage trifling ; of no
agricultural use. E, B, The awn varies in length, and is
occasionally absent, nothing being more uncertain than the back
awns of grasses. The terminal ones, whether of the calyx, or
corolla, are much more to be trusted. Sm,

A. setdcea. Bristle-leaved B, Awn incurved, from
near the base of the corolla ; inner valve minute. Calyx
spear-shaped, tapering, rough. Root leaves bristle-
shaped. Stem nearly erect. Panicle close, oblong.
E. B. 1188. C. 6. 12. C. Gr. 42.

Southleigh. Stanton St. Johns. Sb.
Per. July,

* * Generally ivitliont awns.

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Aira. 19

A. vulgaris. Fine B, Panicle spreading ; with strad^
dling, hair-like branches. Calyx-valves nearly equal.
Stem erect. Stipula abrupt, very short. E. B. I67I.
A. tenuis, Sb.

Per. June.

This grass was always taken for Aira capillaris of Linn, till his
Herbarium came among us. E. B.
Panicle upright, purplish, with very numerous spreading, hair-like,

zigzag branches, variously forked, and subdivided, with little

egg-shaped, shining flowers. E. B. The earliness of this grass,

its chief agricultural value.

A. alba. Marsh B, Panicle condensed at the base of
the main divisions ; stalks rough. Calyx-valves spear-
shaped, bristly at the keel. Stem spreading, creeping.
Stipula oblong, ribbed. E. B. 1189. 3. A. stoloni-
fera. E. B. 1532. Gramen caninum supinum. G,

E. 26.

Moist meadows. Fields inundated in autumn.

Per. June.

Stems often throwing out fibres from their lower joints. Panicle
palish. In /3 the stem more extensively creeping, sometimes
floating ; distinguished by its still more dense and tufted lobes
of the panicle, and the cali/x generally rough all over, with little
bristly points. Sm.

AIRA. Hair-grass.

* Corolla awnless,

A. cristdta. Crested H. Panicle spiked. Calyx longer
than its flower-stalk, shorter than the florets. Glumes
all pointed. E. B. 648. Poa cristata. Sb. 42.

Dry Pastures.

Per. June.

Stems simple, erect, about six inches high. Panicle erect, dense,

of a silvery green hue.

This species is a Festuca, except in the small number of the
florets. Sm.

A. aqudtica. Water H. Panicle spreading. Florets
awnless, even, blunt, longer than the calyx. Leaves
flat. Stipula oblong. E. B. 1557. C, 1. 5.

Ditches, pools. Margins of rivers.
Per. June.

Stems leafy, floating upon the water. Glumes equal, blunt. The
flowers abound with honey. When growing accidentally out of

C 2

20 TRIANDRIA DTGYNIA. Aira.

the water, this grass sometimes assumes a very dwarf habit. In
natural affinity it comes near to Poafluitans, Sm.
* * Corolla awned, hairy at the base.

A. ctBspitosa, Turfy H, Panicle spreading. Florets
about the length of the calyx, abrupt, hairy at the base ;
one of them on a hairy stalk. Awn short, from the
bottom of the outer valve. Leaves flat. E. B. 1453.
Gramen segetale. G. E. 5.

Moist woods, pastures.

Per. June.

Stems a yard high, rigid, and harsh. Panicle, large and spreading.
HJ. B, Droops very gracefully before flowering ; as the florets
open, it becomes erect, and the branches of the panicle spread
equally. Ls, neatly striated. Plant very apt to grow in tufts :
called by the common people. Hassocks, Rough Caps. Swayne
in With.

A. flexiiosa. Wavy Mountain H. Panicle spreading,
triple-forked, with wavy branches. Florets about the
length of the calyx, acute. Awn from the middle of
the outer valve, longer than the calyx, twisted. Leaves

bristle shaped. E. B. 1519.

Heathy, sandy places. Northleigh Heath. Sh. Foot path going
from Childswell Farm to Wootten Heath. Shotover Hill. ^.r.
Per. June.

A. prcecox. Early H. Panicle close, erect. Florets
the length of the calyx, both stalkless. Awn nearly
twice as long, from the base of the valve. Leaves
bristle-shaped, with angular sheaths. E. B. 1^96. C.

3. 7.

Dry gravelly ground.
An. April.

This trifling grass is of no agricultural use. It withers away as
summer comes on. Sm.

A. caryophylUa, Silver H. Panicle spreading, triple-
forked. Florets not longer than the calyx, both stalk-
less. Awn twice as long, from above the middle of the
valve. Leaves bristle-shaped, with ribbed close sheaths.
E. B. 812. C. 6. 6.

Barren sandy heaths. Pastures above Headington Wick Copse.
R. W.

An. July.

The whole plant is soon dried up, and can yield nothing but a

little early food for sheep. Sm,

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Melica. 21

HOLCUS. Soft-grass.

H. landtus. Meadow S. Calyx woolly. Lower floret
perfect, awnless ; upper with an arched awn. Leaves
downy on both sides. Root fibrous. E. B. 1169-
C. 4. 11.

Meadows^ pastures.
Per. June.

H. mollis. Creeping S. Calyx partly naked. Lower
floret perfect, awnless ; upper with an acutely-bent,
prominent awn. Leaves slightly downy. Root creep-
ing. E. B. 1170. C. 5. 8.

Pastures, shady copses y hedges.
Per. July.

Root widely creeping, difficult of extirpation, but not very com-
mon nor troublesome in arable land. Whole plant more slender
than the former, and less downy. Sm.
H. avenaceus. Oat-like S. Calyx smooth. Barren

floret lowest, with a sharply-bent prominent awn ;

fertile one slightly elevated, scarcely awned. Leaves

rather harsh. Root knotty. E. B. 813. u4vena

elatior, C. 3. 6. Gramen caninum nodosum. G.

E. 23.
Hedges, pastures.
Per. June.

The plant has the habit of an avena. Ls. of a darkish green.
Branches of the panicle half-whorled. The roots sometimes very
troublesome to farmers in arable lands. Crop abundant, but un-
palatable to cattle. Swayne.

MELICA. MeUc-grass.

M. uniflora. Wood M. Petals beardless. Panicle
branched, drooping toward one side. Flowers erect.
Spikelet with only one perfect floret. E. B. 1058.

C. 5. 10.

Groves, thickets.
Per. May.

Root fibrous, or somewhat creeping. The only perfect floret,
stalkless. The neuter one on a stout bent stalk, its glumes small,
abrupt, and shapeless. Its red blossoms suspended by hair-like,
and almost invisible stalks, seein like insects dancing in the air.
E.B.

M. ccerulea. Purple M. Petals beardless, acute. Pa-

22 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Glyceria.

nicle close, erect, compound. Flowers upright, cylin-
drical. E. B. 750. C. 5. 11.

Moist heaths.

Per. August.

Root with a sort of bulb at the base. Panicle of a violet hue,

many flowered. Straw with one knot, close to the root.

Fishermen in the isle of Skye make ropes for their nets of this :
it bears the water well, without rotting. In shady situations, pani-
cle pale, brownish, or whitish. Stems are said to be used for
brooms, or even baskets, where better materials are rare. Sm.

GLYCE'RIA' . Sweet-grass.

G. aqudttca, Heedy Sw. Panicle erect, repeatedly
branched, spreading. Florets numerous, blunt, with
seven ribs. Nectary cloven, acute. Poa aquatica E.
B. 1315. C. 5, 12. Gramen aquaticum majus. G.
E. 6.

^anks of rivers.

Per. August.

Smooth, four feet high. Ls. sword-shaped, broad, flat. Stip.

short, blunt.

The most gigantic of all our meadow grasses, often six feet high.
A coarse grass, acceptable to cattle, making a great part of the hay
in marshy lands. It is sometimes viviparous, but sparingly. Use-
fully sown on the banks of rivers, or brooks. TVith. The chry-
salis of the beautiful Phal, festucce^ gold-spot moth, sometimes
found attached to its leaves. E. B.

G. fluitans. Floating Sw, Panicle oblong, branched,
nearly erect. Spikelets close- pressed. Florets nume-
rous, blunt, seven-ribbed, with short intermediate ribs
at the base. Nectary blunt, swollen. Poa fluitans. E.
B. 1520. Festuca fluitans. Sb. 45. C. 1. 7» Gra-
men fluviatile. G. E. 14.
Wet meadows f ditches j banks of rivers.
Per. June,

Root creeping. Ls. flat, broad, blunt. Stip. short, pointed,
often torn. Seeds small, sweet, nourishing. Collected in Germany
and Poland, by name of Manna seeds; esteemed a delicacy in
soups. When ground to meal, make bread little inferior to that of
wheat. The seeds collected for food, of which a more ample
account in the FL Lond. They are said to be very sweet, espe-
cially before they arrive at maturity ; whence the name of Manna

' Essent. Char. The little scale (nectary, Linn.) at the base of the germen,
of one, fleshy piece, and the stigmas much divided.

TRIANDRL\ DIGYNIA. Poa. 23

grass. The fine sharp bran is said to kill intestinal worms in
horses. Lin. Fl, Suec. The flowers, like those of Aira aquatica,
have a sweet taste.

G. rigida. Hard Sw, Panicle spear-shaped, very rigid,
leaning one way, two-ranked, close, with smooth stalks ;
branchlets alternate, the main one bordered. Florets
about seven, acute, scarcely ribbed, Poa rigida. E.
B. 1371. C. 2. 4. Sb. 42.

Walls, dry ground.
An. May.

May be known readily by the extreme rigidity of its stems, and
panicle. E, B. The whole plant generally assumes a brown or
purplish hue, remaining bleached and dry after midsummer.

POA. Meadow-grass.

P. compressa. Flat-stalked 31, Panicle leaning one
way, rather close. Culm compressed. Root creeping.
Spikelets egg-shaped oblong. Florets connected by a
web. E. B. 365.

T'ops 0/ walls, dry barren ground.
Per. June.

Easily distinguished by its compressed stem. Cannot be cultivated
in moist, or manured ground. Its produce not abundant. Sm.

P. trividlis, Houghish M, Panicle spreading. Spike-
lets about three-flowered. Florets spear-shaped, five-
ribbed, connected by a web. Stipula lengthened out,
tapering to a point. Stem and leaves roughish. Root
fibrous. E. B. 1072. C. 2. 6.
Meadows, pastures.
Per. June.

One of the most valuable for pasturage, and hay, yielding abun-
dantly, though not particularly early. Curtis.

P. pratensis. Smooth-stalked M, Panicle spreading.
Spikelets about four-flowered. Florets spear-shaped,
five-ribbed, connected by a web. Stipula short and
blunt. Stem and leaves smooth. Root creeping. E.
B. 1073. C. 2. 5. Gramen pratense minus. G.
E. 2.

Walls, pastures.
Per. May.

The clear and essential mark of this species, compared with the
last, consists in its very short, abrupt, pointless stipula, which in
every leaf, and every variety, proves constant and invariable. P.

24 TRIANDRTA DIGYNIA. Bma.

pratensis is not less valuable than the trivialis. It is earlier in leaf,
and will thrive with less moisture, though the latter produces, at
last, a better crop. Sm.

P. annua. Annual M. Panicle spreading- at right

angles. Spikelets egg-shaped, about five-flowered.

Florets a little remote, five-ribbed, without a web.

Culms oblique, compressed. E. B. 1141. C. 1. 6.

Gramen minimum album. G. E. 3.
Meadows, pastures, waste and cultivated ground, almost every where.
An. April, November.

A good grass for fodder, abundant in proportion to the richness
of the soil, easily raised, but not durable. Not damaged, but
rather improved, by being trodden upon. Sm.

P. nemordlis. fVood M. Panicle spreading, slender,
very lax. Calyx-glumes spear-shaped, taper-pointed,
each three-ribbed. Spikelets spear-shaped. Florets
about three, five-ribbed, acute ; silky at the keel and
side ribs ; hairy at the base, without a web. Stipulas
very short, notched. E. B. 1265.

Groves, woods.

Per. June.

Culms erect, slender. Spikelets small. Fl. diffuse. In Switzer-
land P. nemoralis often bears on the stems, rigid, bristly tufts like
rootlets, analogous to the mossy balls of the dog-rose, and like
them probably the effect of the puncture of some insect. Sm.

TRIO'DIA.^ Heath-grass.

T. decumhens. Decumbent H, Panicle nearly simple,

close, erect. Florets four ; their middle tooth shortest.

Calyx smooth. Stipula hairy. Culm lying down.

Poa decumbens. E. B. 792. Festuca decumhens. Sb.

46.
Dry pastures, heaths. Shotover Hill, Southleigh Heath. Sb.

Bogs under Bullingdon Green. (Bagley Wood.) Bx.
Per. July.
Calyx-glumes (about) as long as the spikelet. Linn. Fl. Suec.

Ls. stiff, rolled inwards. Spikelet swelling.

BRIZA. Quaking-grass.
B. media. Common Q* Spikelets egg-shaped, about

* Gr. three- toothed.

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Festuca. 25

seven flowered. Calyx shorter than the florets. Stipula

very short and blunt. E. B. 340.

Pastures.

Per. June.

Panicle diffuse, tremulous. Culm simple, solitary.

DA'CTYLIS. Cock's-foot-grass.

D. glomerata. Rough G. Panicle distantly branched.
Flowers in close globular tufts, leaning one way. Co-
rolla somewhat awned, five-ribbed, taper-pointed. E.
B. 3S5.

Meadows, Pastures.

Per. Jul^.

Ls. harsh and rough. Lower branches of the panicle very strad-
dling, sometimes compound. A harsh coarse grass, not very
acceptable to cattle ; but when cultivated on dry, open land, its
quality becomes excellent, and the crop abundant. Sm.

CYNOSU'RUS. Dog's-tail-grass.

C. cristdtus. Crested D, Spike simple, linear. Neuter
spikelets without awns. E. B. 316. Gramen crista-

tum. G. E. 29.*
Dry jiastures, meadows.
Per. June.
Each spikelet with another abortive one, resembling a small

double-toothed comb.

Valuable grass for sheep and deer, thriving on dry open ground.
One of Cobbett's grasses for straw plat.

FESTU'CA. Fescue-grass.

F. ovina. Sheep's F. Panicle leaning one way, rather
close. Florets cylindrical, pointed or awned ; smooth
at the base, and at the edges of the inner valve. Stem
square towards the upper part. Leaves folded, bristle-
shaped. Stipula short and blunt. E. B. 585» F. te-
nuifolia Sb. 44 ?

Dry open pastures.

Per. June.

The square stem, a distinctive mark ; also the smooth-edged inner
valve of the cor.

Supposed peculiarly excellent for sheep.
Cattle leave the stalks of this, and other grasses untouched : a

provision of nature to increase the grasses. The flowers vary with,

and without awns. Sibthorp's F. tenuifolia in Smith's Eng. Fl.

26 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Festiica.

var. ^. is oiinay with awnless florets ; found on Bullingdon Green.
Sb.

F. duriuscula. Hard F, Panicle leaning one way,
spreading. Florets longer than their awns. Stem
round. Upper leaves flat. Root fibrous. E. B. 470.
Still, f. C. Gr. f.

Pastures, dry meadows, waste ground, thickets.

Per. June.

Root and stem Is. bristle-shaped, generally twice or thrice the size

of ovina. Spikelets become flattened, by the expansion of the

glumes.

Yields a good and early crop, acceptable to all kinds of cattle.
Swayne.

F. hromoides. JBrome F, Panicle nearly erect, race-
mose. Florets tapering, shorter than their awns,
rough at the top. Leaves tapering, shorter than their

sheaths. Upper half of the stem naked. E. B. 1411.

Walls, dry pastures.

An. June. B. ?

A pale, smooth, slender, insignificant grass. Ls. light green.

Calyx-valves, one entire, the other tapering to an awnlike point.

Differs from F. Myurus by its sub-spiked panicle, and unfringed

glumes. Linn.

F. Myurus. Wall F, Panicle drooping, lengthened
out, spike-like, pointing one way. Florets tapering,
shorter than their awns, rough at the top. Leaves
awl-shaped. Stem leafy to the summit. E. B. 1412.

Walls, barren sandy ground.

An. May. B?

More frequent than F. bromoides. Its long, silky panicles wave
with every breath of wind. Its panicle much longer, and more
slender than that of F. bromoides, and somewhat drooping.

F. c/igantea. Tall F, Panicle large, hranched, droop-
ing, twice compound, spreading. Florets from three to
six, egg-spear-shaped, shorter than their awns. Sti-
pula abrupt, eared, clasping the stem. E. B. 1820.
Bromus giganteus. C. 5, 7« Sb. 48.

Woods, hedges.

Per. July.

Habit of a Bromus — placed among Festucas from the absence of
fringe to the inner valve of cor. H. This is easily mistaken
for Bromus asper, which is rough, and hairy : in F. gigantea,
leaves and stem, bright glossy green, smooth. Stip. bright
purple and cloven. Ls. a finger's breadth.

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Festuca. 27

F. lolidcea. Darnel F* Spike two-ranked, drooping.
Spikelets nearly stalkless, distant, linear-oblong. Florets
cylindrical, awnless, pointed, Avith five slight ribs at the
top. E. B. 1821. C. 6. 9.

Moid pastures, meadows.

Per. June.

Greatly resembles Lolium perenne : distinguished from it by its
two-valved calyx, and paler hue : its seeds rarely ripened : a
good pasture grass, two feet high. Spikelets alternate, lengthened
out.

F. pratensis. Meadow F, Panicle nearly upright,
branched, spreading, pointing to one side. Spikelets
linear, compressed. Florets numerous, cylindrical,
obscurely ribbed. Nectary four-cleft. Root fibrous.

E. B. 1592. C. 6. 7.

Pastures, meadows.

Per. June.

A hardy, early grass, affording a plentiful crop. C. Requires a

rich soil. Linn. Fl. S/iec. Two feet high. Upper leaves,

rough on both sides. JFl. numerous.

F. eldtior. Tall F, Panicle somewhat drooping, much
branched, spreading loosely every way. Spikelets egg-
spear-shaped. Florets numerous, cylindrical, some-
what awned, obscurely ribbed. Nectary four-cleft. Root
creeping. E. B. 1593. C. 6. 8.

Moist meadows, banks of rivers.

Per. June.

From three to nearly five feet high. Ls. twice the size of F. pra-
tensis : its panicle much more branched, and drooping. Spike-
lets egg-shaped, acute, less compressed. Ls. rough on the
margin. A nutritious grass for marshland hay.

F. syhdtica, Slender Wood F, Spike simple, droop-
ing. Spikelets alternate, stalkless^ nearly cylindrical,
turned to one side. Awns longer than their glumes.
Leaves hairy. Root fibrous. Bromus sylvaticus. E.
B. 729.

Dry copses, thickets.

Per. July.

A Festuca, as the beards arise from the extremity of the glumes :
very slender, bright green. Referred to Festuca from its per-
fectly loose seed. Sm.

F. pinndta. Spiked Heath F, Spike simple, erect,
two-ranked. Spikelets alternate, somewhat staJkless ;

28 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Bromus.

plain side towards the culm, nearly cylindrical. Awns
shorter than their glumes. Leaves nearly smooth.
Root somewhat creeping. Bromus pinnatus. E. B.
730.

Open fields, heaths on a chalky soil. Sm. Woodstock Park. Sb.
Copses and hedges, common enough about Oxford. D. Bobart.
in Raii ^ynop. Ed. Si'd. Burford Downs. Goodenough. Shad-
well Copse. Between Upper Heyford, and Northbrook, &c. Bx,

Per. July.

Whole plant more rigid, and less hairy than the last, the spike more
elegant, erect, and smooth. Sm. Joints smooth, silvery, spike-
lets not as in F. sylvatica, close pressed to the spike-stalk, but
very distant.
Geological strata may be marked through this plant in the

surface without excavation. Sedgwick in Geol. Trans. See TVinch's

Transactions of Northumberland.

BROMUS. Brome-Grass.

B. secalinus. Smooth Rye Br, Panicle spreading ;
slightly subdivided below. Spikelets oblong-egg-shaped,
of about ten, distinct, somewhat cylindrical, smooth,
somewhat remote florets. Awns wavy, shorter than
the glumes. Leaves slightly hairy. Spike half an inch.
E. B. 1171.

Cornfields.
An. May.

A useless, and rather troublesome weed in arable land. Swayne.

B. mollis. Soft Br, Panicle erect, rather close, com-
pound. Spikelets egg-shaped, downy. Florets tiled,
depressed, ribbed. Awns straight, as long as the
glumes. Leaves and sheaths very soft and downy.
E. B. 1078. C. 1. 8.

Walls, pastures.
Bien.? May.

Crop of herbage small, and of little value. Sinclair.

B. racemosus. Smooth Br, Panicle nearly erect,
spreading, simple. Spikelets egg-shaped-oblong, smooth.
Florets tiled, depressed, ribbed. Awns as long as the
glumes. Leaves somewhat downy. E. B. 1079. B.
pratensis, E. B. 1984. B. arvensis, E. B. 920.

Meadows and pastures. Christ Church, and Merton Meadows,
Oxford. Cowley Fields. Cheney Lane. Meadows between
St. Clement's and Iffley. B.v.

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Bromus. 29

An. or Bien. June.

More slender in habit than the preceding, not soft to the touch.
The panicle is generally simple. Spikeiets larger, more swollen,
rough to the touch, but naked and shining. Outer valve of the
corolla marked with two green ribs at each side.

B. arvensis. Taper Field Br, Panicle spreading",
drooping, compound, half-whorled. Spikeiets spear-
shaped, acute. Florets about eight, tiled, smoothish,
with two close ribs at each side. Leaves hairy. E. B.
1984.

Cornfields, rare. Ditchley. Mr. Woodward in Bot. Guide.

An. July.

Distinguished by its rather large, but slender, at length drooping

panicle, and spikeiets mostly of a purplish tinge.

B. erectus. Upright Perennial Br. Panicle erect,
slightly branched. Spikeiets linear- spear-shaped. Flo-
rets about eight, loosely tiled, spear-shaped, com-
pressed. Awn shorter than the glumes, straight.
Root leaves very narrow, fringed with scattered hairs.
E. B. 471.

Fields, road sides, in a sandy soil over chalk. Sm. Ditchley Park.

Mr. Woodward. Not rare in Oxfordshire. Sm. and R. W.
Per. June.
Two or three feet high, habit of a Festuca. Glumes minutely

fringed. Antli. of a fine saffron colour.

B. asper. Hairy Wood Br. Panicle drooping, branched.
Spikeiets linear-oblong. Florets about eight, rather
distant, spear-shaped, compressed, downy. Awns
shorter than the glumes. Leaves uniform ; lower ones
hairy. E. B. 117^. Bromus hirsutus. C. 2. 8.
Sb. 48.

Moist woods, hedges.

Per. July.

Florets about nine. Sheaths of the leaves very hairy. Ls. broad.
The awn on the back, and fringed inner husk, distinguish this
from Fest. gigantea. A gigantic grass, often six feet.

B. sterilis. Barren Br, Panicle drooping, a little
branched. Spikeiets linear-spear-shaped, their foot
stalks very long. Florets about seven, spear-shaped,
seven-ribbed, furrowed. Awns longer than the glumes.
Leaves downy, narrow. E. B. 1030. C. 1. 9.

Fields, waste ground, hedges.

An. June.

30 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Avena.

Spikelets long, narrow, much awned, distant : about one foot and
a half high. Styles grow sideways out of the germ., as in Br.
diandrus. Specific name from the unprofitable nature of the
STrass.

B. diandrus. Upright Annual Br, Panicle upright, a
little spreading, scarcely subdivided. Florets spear-
shaped, with two close marginal ribs, and only two
stamens generally. E. B. 1006. C. 6. 5.

Sandy ground^ walls. Iffley. Sb. Old walls about Oxford.

Hudson.
An. May.
A foot high : less downy than B. sterilis. With an erect, more

compact jt9aw. never lax, nor drooping.

AVE'NA. Oat, or Oat-Grass.

A. fdtua. Wild Oat, or Haver* Panicle erect, much
branched. Spikelets drooping. Florets about three,
shorter than the calyx, hairy at the base, with an
oblique scar, all awned. E. B. 2221. ^gilops bro-

moides. G. E. 77.

Cornfields. Upper Heyford, abundant. Rose Hill. Bx.

An. July.

Ls. rough. Glumes yellow, with brown hairs. Awn two inches
long ; an excellent hygrometer. The oblique scar at the base
of esich floret distinguishes this species from A. saiiva, whose scar
is transverse, and the glumes smooth. The flowers may serve
for artificial flies. A troublesome weed ; extirpated by burning,
and fallowing.

A, pubescens. Downy Oat-grass, Panicle erect, nearly
simple. Florets about three, longer than the calyx.
Partial stalk bearded. Leaves flat, downy. Root
somewhat creeping. E. B. 1640.

Dry chalky pastures. Sm. Cowley, Littlemore, BulUngd on. Sb.

Per. June.

Straight. Flos, club-shaped, cylindrical, summit of the glumes,

shining, and transparent. Pan. purplish, shining, white. Not

liked by cattle. Swayne.

A. pratensis. Narrow -leaved Oat-grass, Panicle erect,
somewhat spiked. Florets about five, longer than the
calyx. Partial stalk all over hairy. Leaves rolled
inward, finely saw-toothed, naked ; sheaths smooth.
E. B. 1204.

Dry, chalky y or lime-stone pastures. Sm.
Per. July.

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Lolium. 31

K, Jlavescens. Yellow 0, Panicle lax, much branched,
spreading, erect. Florets about three, longer than the
very unequal calyx. Leaves flat, a little downy. Root
somewhat creeping. E. B. 952. C. 3. 5.

Meadows, pastures, in chalky and limestone situations, Sm.

Per. June.

All the Jlos. bearded. Pan. yellowish, shining. Fi. very small.

Root creeping. Culm about one foot.

A good agricultural grass.

ARUNDO. Reed. Ang. Sax.

A. PTiragmites,^ Common Reed, Florets about five,
awnless, longer than the calyx. Panicle loose. E. B.
401. A. vallatoria. G. E. ^&, f. 1.

Marshes, ditches, and about the hanks of pools and rivers.

Per. July.

Six feet. CaL smooth. At the base of each floret a large tuft of
white silky hairs. Used for thatching, garden-fences, &c. and is
annually cut for these piu-poses. More durable than straw for
thatching ; laid across the frame of wood-work, as a foundation
for plaster floors. Reed pens for sketching. Pan. used by
Swedes to dye woollen green. Its waving silvery plumes orna-
mental on banks of rivers, &c. The young shoots, if cut oiffrom
the root where not exposed to the light, are said to make an
excellent pickle.

A. epigejosJ' Wood Heed, Calyx single-flowered,
longer than the corolla. Panicle erect, close. Flowers
crowded, leaning one way. Corolla with a back awn
about as long as the hairs and calyx. Leaves spear-
shaped, smooth beneath. E. B. 403.

Moist woods. Magdalen College copse. Tar Wood. Sh. Copse,
near Horsepath, by the foot-path. R. W. Furze field, near
Bullingdon Green. Bx.

Cal. valves rough. Stem nearly as tall, but rather more slender
than Ar. Phragmites : leafy, smooth.

LO'LIUM. Darnel.

L. perenne. Perennial D, Rye- Go'ass, Corolla very
slightly awned. Spikelets compressed, longer than the
calyx. Florets spear-shaped. E. B. 315. H. L. 1.
18. L. rubrum. G. E. 78. f. 1.

Meadows, 'pastures.

1 Gr, phrasso, to fence. ' Gr. creeping on the ground.

32 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Hordeum.

Per. June.

Spike sometimes branched alternately. Side of the spike-stalk
supplies the defect of the two inner valves. Makes excellent
hay upon dry, chalky soils ; comes early : best suited to the light
land of Norfolk : does not last many years, unless the soil be
rich. Var. with short, broad, egg-shaped, close spike. Some-
times termed battledore-grass. Bx.

L. temulentum. Bearded D» Awns longer than the
corolla. Spikelets shorter than the calyx. Florets
elliptical. Stem rough in the upper part. E. B. 1124.
L. album. G. E. 78.

Fields. Rare about Oxford. Bx.

An. July.

Stem two feet, erect ; smooth below. Ls. green, rough. Seeds
said to be poisonous, intoxicating, and fatal. Monthly Rev. v. 67.

L. arvense, Short-awned D. Corolla slightly awned.
Spikelets as long as the calyx. Florets elliptical. Stem
very smooth. E. B. 1125.

Fields, rare. Cowley Field. Bx.

An. July.

Smaller; almost all smooth. Awns indistinct, or scarcely distin-
guishable.

EXYMUS. Lyme-grass.

E. europcBus, Wood Lyme-grass, Spike erect. Florets
about two, rough, awned, as well as the calyx. Leaves
flat, phant. E. B. 1317.

Woods., thickets, hedges, on a chalky soil. Sm. * Stokenchurch
Woods^ Oxfordshire, plentifully. Bohart in Raii Synops. and
Sb. Ardley, id. Not rare in Oxfordshire, according to Smith.

Per. June.

Grassy green : two feet. Spike two or three inches : flor. often
solitary. Habit of a Hordeum. Harsh, coarse grass.

HO'RDEUM. Barley.

H. murinum. Wall Barley, Mouse B, Way Bennet,
side flowers barren. Calyx-valves of the intermediate
one, spear-shaped, fringed. E. B. 1971- C. 5. 9. H.
spurium. G. E- ^S,

PVaste (jroujid, way-sides.

An. Per. ? June.

Ow/m* lying down at the 'base. Ls. rough, brightish gi-een. In-
rolucrets of the intermediate florets fringed. Twelve to eighteen
inches high. Root throws. Of no agricultural use.

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Thticum. 33

H. pratense. Meadow B. Side flowers imperfect, with
awns. All the calyx-valves bristle-shaped and rough.

E. B. 409. Gramen secalinum. G. E. 29.

Meadows y pastures , especially such as are rather moist.

Per. June.

Culms erect, eighteen inches, to two feet. Ls. roughish. Cal.
valve-awns shorter than in H. murinum. Involucrets bristly,
rough. Spike more close, and narrow than in H. murinum. In
moist meadows, produces a considerable crop of hay.

TRFTICUM. Wheat/ Wheat-grass.

T. repens. Creeping Wheat-grass, Couch-grass, Ca-
lyx-valves pointed, or awned, spear-shaped, many-
ribbed. Florets about five, sharp-pointed, or awned.

Leaves flat. Koot creeping. E. B. 909.

Waste, as well as cultivated land, almost every where.

Per. July.

Slender, erect, two feet. Ls. upper side rough.

Roots mildly aperient, diuretic : may be made into bread. Sold
in the market at Naples to feed horses with. Sweet liquorish
taste. Recommended by Boerhaave, and Plenck in visceral, and
hepatic obstructions. Dogs eat the leaves to excite vomiting. Ge-
rarde observes in his Herbal, " although that couch-grasse be an
unwelcome guest to fields and gardens, yet his physicke vertues do
recompence those hurts." The fibres of the root downy ; a provi-
sion of nature, found in most grasses of very dry situations, in order
to fix them more securely, or to multiply the surface, and points of
absorption.

T. caninum. Fibrous-rooted Wheat-grass, Calyx-
valves somewhat awned, with three or five ribs.
Florets four, awned. Leaves flat. Root fibrous. E.

B. 1372.

Woods, shady hedges, on a chalky, or lime-stone soil. Sm. Stoken-
church Woods plentifully. Ray. Stow Wood, Tar Wood,
Stokenchurch, Ardley. Sb. Road side of towing-path, near
Oxford. Bx.

Per. July.

Straight, erect, bright green. Ls. rough on both sides. The oppo-
site calyx- valves distinguish T. caninum from an Elymus. Di-
vided from Triticum by Linn, on account of the lower spikelets
being double. The fibrous root distinguishes this from T. repens.

' Ang. Sax.

D

34 TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Dipsacus.

TRIANDRIA TRIGYNIA.

MO'NTIA/ Blinks.

M. fontdna. Small TVater- Chick weed. Blinks. E.
B. 1206. C. 3. 8.

In watery places, hy the sides of little clear rills, especially on a gra-
velly soil. Shotover Hill, Southleigh Heath. Sh. Near Horse-
path. (Bagley Wood.) Bx.

An. May, June. Bx.

Smooth, spreading. Ls. opposite, rather fleshy, elliptic-spear-
shaped, entire. Fl. white, on long foot stalks. Seeds black.
Its minute flowers seldom entirely open : hence one of its
names. Blinks. A larger variety found. With. Fl. open in
the brightest sunshine only. A diminutive plant.

Class IV. TETRANDRIA. Stamens A. equal.
Order L MONO G YNIA. Pistil 1 .

DIPSACUS.^ Teasel.^

D. syhestris. Wild T. Leaves opposite, saw- toothed.
Scales of the receptacle straight. Common calyx bent
inwards, longer than the head. E. B. 1082. C. 3.
9. G. E. 1167.

^hout moist hedges, and hy road sides.

Bien. July.

Stem about four feet, straight, branched, prickly. Ls. sometimes
joined at the base, oblong, veiny, prickly : root- ones blunter,
depressed. Fl. heads terminal, solitary, egg-shaped, erect. Fl,
very numerous, dense, palish purple, each with a linear-spear-
shaped scale of the recept. Not so stout a plant as D./ullonum,
involucre not spreading.
Heads of this sometimes mixed with those of the D. fullonum :

its straight scales render it useless for dressing cloth. Cavities of

the Is. contain a considerable quantity of water, after rain.

D. pilosus. Small Teasel. Shepherd's Staff. Leaves
stalked, with side leaflets. Livolucres bent back, about

' After Monti, a Bolognese Professor.

- Gr. Dipsao, to be thirsty, the united leaves round the stem holding a quan-
tity of water after rain.

3 Tassan. A. Sax. to card, from teasing, i. e. combing wool, &c.

TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Scabiosa. 35

the length of the head. E. B. 877- C. 1. 10. D.
minor, sive Virga pastoris. G. E. 1168.

Moist, shady places. Near Thame Park. Sh. Ditch, near Bays-
water, Bx. * *

Bien. July.

Stem three or four feet, erect, branched, very rough, with ascend-
ing hooked prickles. Ls. opposite, egg-shaped, pointed, saw-
toothed. Fl. white, heads small, round, terminal, long-stalked.
Cal. common, Is. spear-shaped. Cor. funnel-shaped, five lobed,
hairy. Anth. purple.

SCABIO'SA. Scabious.

S. succisa, DeviVs-bit Sc, Corolla in four equal seg-
ments. Heads nearly round. Stem leaves distaritly
toothed. E. B. 878. C. 3. 10. Morsus diaboli. G.
E. 726.

Grassy, rather moist pastures.

Per. July.

Root abruptly bitten oif at the lower end. Stem one to two feet,
erect, leafy, with three or moreji. Ls. dark-green, hairy : root-
ones egg-shaped, bluntish, entire : uppermost ones smaller, spear-
shaped, entire. Fl. dark, purplish blue ; heads on long termi-
nal fl. stalks : the central one most considerable : hairs on the
main stem bent back, downwards, not elsewhere. Called
Devil' s-bit from a legend, that the Devil, says Ger. in envy of
the plant's virtues, bit off the end of the root : it has been
remarked, that after this bite, no virtues can be found remaining,
in the root, or elsewhere. Dried Is. to dye wool yellow or green.
Fl. sometimes white. The hairs on every part of the flower
stalks point upwards. Seed-crown chiefly of five bristles.

S. arvensis. Field Sc, Corolla in four segments ; the
marginal flowers radiate. Leaves wing-cleft, cut.
Stem bristly. E. B. 659. C. 4. 13. S. major vul-
garis. G. E. 719.

Cornfields, pastures.

Per. June.

Stem about one yard, branched. Ls. root-ones numerous, spear-
shaped, more or less saw-toothed, branches spreading, with a
solitary terminal flower. Fl. large, pale purple. Anth. flesh-
coloured. Seed four cornered.

The flowers held over tobacco smoke, changed to a beautiful
green ; the alkali of the smoke acting on them. Var. Fl. white.
Plant slightly astringent. Sheep and goats are said to eat this
herb, but its bitter and nauseous flavour is not agreeable to
domestic cattle.

S. columbaria. Small Sc, Corolla in five unequal seg-

D 2

36 TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Asperula.

ments. Root leaves egg-shaped, or lyrate, notched ;
the rest wing-cleft, linear. E. B. 1311. S. minor,

sive columbaria. G. E. 719.

Pastures, waste ground. Bullingdon Green. Sh. Abundant on
sandy banks between Stow Wood, and Beckley, &c. Bx.

Per. June.

Smaller, more slender than S. arvensis : twelve to eighteen inches.
Stem erect, round, leafy. Ls. stalks of lowermost Is. longish,
remaining is. stalkless ; the segments entire. F'l. terminal,
stalks long, naked. F'L light purple, marginal^, large, radiant,
much larger than the inner. Stem Is. very narrow. Discrim.
Cor. five cleft.

SHERA'RDIA.' Sherardia, or Field-madder.

S. arvensis. Blue Sh. Little F,-m, All the leaves

whorled. Flowers terminal. E. B. 891. C. 5. 13.

Fallow fields f or among corn.

An. June.

Plant small, slender; habit of a Galium. >S^6'm5f several, branched,
spreading in every direction. Ls. elliptic, or inversely egg-
shaped, pointed, entire. Fl. Is. inclosing three or four blossoms.
Fl. purplish-blue, tube slender, tapering to the base. Cal. of
two, three -clefted, permanent leaves. Fruit two dry seeds.

ASPE'RUL A. ^ Woodruff. ^

A. odordta. Sweet W, Leaves about eight in a whorl,
spear-shaped. Panicles stalked, of few flowers. E. B.
755. C. 4. 15. Asperula. G. E. 1124.

Dry woods.

Per. May.

Stem upright, simple, leafy, about a span high. Ls. bright green,
rough only at the margin. Panicle forked, terminal; stalks
longish. Fl. snowy white, sometimes fragrant. Fruit rough,
with ascending bristles, l^he dry, or drying herb exhales a
pleasant, and lasting fragrance, resembling new hay. To drive
away ticks ; to give a grateful flavour to wine. The Ls. infused
an aromatic tea.

A. eyndnchica. Small TV, Squinancy-wort,^ Leaves

• Named after Dr. William Sherard, founder of a Botanical Professorship
at Oxford, and reputed author of Schola Botanica. Died 1728.

2 Asper, Lat. rough. ^ From the position of leaves, like a ruff.

* From its supposed efficacy in quinsy.

TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Galium. 37

linear, four in a whorl ; the upper ones very unequal.
Flowers all four-cleft. Fruit smooth. E. B. 33.

Synanchica. G. E. 1120.

Dry, chalky hanks. * Bullingdon Green, Stokenchurch Hills,

Wychwood Forest. Sb. Headington Quarry, Shooter's Hill,

Pangbourn, Berks. R. W.
Per. July.
Stems four to six inches, generally trailing, erect at the extremities.

Fl. white, or blush-coloured, elegantly marked with red lines.

Ls. upper ones three, or two at a joint.

GA'LIUM.^ Bed-straw.

* Fruit smooth.

G. crucidtum. Gross-wort, Beds, Mug -weed. Leaves
egg-shaped, hairy, four in a whorl. Stem hairy,
simple above. Flowers axillary, clustered from the
side of the stalks, with two leaves. E. B. 143. Cru-
ciata. G. E. 1123.

Thickets. Tar Wood, Wychwood Forest. Sh.

Per. May.

Stems one foot and a half, branched at the base, resting against
bushes, &c. weak. Fl. in small corymbs, polygamous, yellow,
variable in structure : segments from three to five. Ls. light
green. Plant, particularly the roots, to dye red : astringent.

G. palustre. White Water B, Leaves oblong-spear-
shaped, blunt ; the upper ones four in a whorl, unequal
in size. Stem weak ; spreadingly branched. E. B.
1857. H. L. 1. ^0.

Moist meadows, ditches, borders of rivers.

Per. July.

Stem among tall water plants, rising to three or four feet, four
cornered. Fl. white, three cleft, and somewhat umbellate, and
again sub-divided. Panicle large, loose, at the base two leaves
or one. Segm. of Cor. broad, acute, but not pointed. Ls. some-
times more than four in a whorl.

G. saxatile. Smooth Heath B, Leaves six in a whorl,
inversely egg-shaped, blunt with a small point. Stem
much branched, trailing, smooth. Fruit granulated.
E. B. 815. G. procumbens. Sb. 59.

Heaths, hilly ground.
Per. June.

' From Gala, milk, Gr. because one at least of the genus, Gal. verum, coagu-
lates milk.

38 TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Galium.

Plant small. Stem two to six inches, very slender at the base. Fl.

panicles terminal, and lateral, three forked, smooth, milk-white,

small. Fruit small, studded with minute granulations. Ls.

roughish at the edges.

Discriminated by its granulated fruit, which is found also in Gal.
income^ a very different species.

G. uUc/inosum, Rough Marsh B, Leaves six in a
whorl, inversely egg-spear-shaped, rigid, bristle-pointed;
their edges rough, like the stem, with prickles pointing
backwards. Fruit smooth, smaller than the corolla. E.
B. 197s. H. L. 1. 21.

Wet meadows, &c.

Per. July.

Stem one foot or more, branched, rough, weak, and brittle. Ls.
from the side of the stem, adhering to almost every thing in con-
tact with them. Fl. small, white, terminal, and from the side,
cloven. Fr. small, dotted. Ls. variable in number.
Discriminated by prickles at the edge of the Ls. and the sharp

bristle point, from G. saxatile.

G. erectum. Upright B, Leaves whorled, about eight,
spear- shaped, bristle-pointed ; rough at their edges with
prickles, all pointing forward. Stem weak, a little
hairy under each joint. E. B. 2067-

Mountainous Pastures. Henley. Sb.

Per. June.

Pan. close, terminal. Cor. white, taper-pointed. Ls. scarcely
inversely egg-shaped, except some of the lower ; slightly glaucous,
much veined with net-w^ork, smooth on both sides ; the edges,
and adjoining portion of the disk above with a double row of
hooked prickles. Stems one and a half to two feet ; plant larger
than G. uliginosum,.

G. tricorne. Rough-fruited Corn B, Three-Jlowered
Goose-grass, Leaves about eight in a whorl, spear-
shaped, with marginal prickles, bent back, like those on
the stem. Stalks axillary, three-flowered. Fruit
sharply granulated, drooping. E. B. 1641. G. spu-

rium, Sb. 59.

Dry, chalky fields. Headington Field, Stanton Harcourt, South-

leigh. Sb. Between Cowley Marsh and Rose Hill. R. W.

Wheatley Road, and Headington Quarry. Between Tackley

and Northbrook. Bx.
Stems one foot or more, weak, simple. Fl. stalks scarcely so long

as the Ls. three-cleft, with mostly three j^. and a pair of bracteas.

Fh cream-coloured. Stalks after flowering curved downwards.

Fr. appearance of having been cut with a sharp instrument.

TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Galium. 39

G. verum. Yellow B, Leaves eight in a whorl, Hnear,
channelled, entire, rough. Flowers in close panicles.
Fruit smooth. E. B. 660. C. 6. 13. G. luteum.

G. E. 1126.

Dry ground. Var. white fl. Sonning, Berks. Tur.
Per. June.

Stems about one foot and a half, seldom quite upright, without sup-
port, roundish, smooth. Ls. pointing downwards, dark green.
FL stalks much branched, smaller ones short. Fl. yellow-
golden.

A strong decoction of the plant, a good rennet to curdle boiling
milk. The root to dye red. Flowers smell strongly before rain,
and wind. Fl. Suec. The whole herbage to dye yellow : sup-
ports the finest verdure in the dryest weather.

G. Mollugo, Great Hedge-B. Leaves about eight in a
whorl, elliptical, bluntish, bristle-pointed, rough-edged.
Flowers in loose, spreading panicles. Corolla thick-
tipped. Seeds smooth, round. E. B. 1673. Rubia
sylvestris. G. E. 1118.

Hedges, thickets.

Per. July.

Stems weak, and sometimes rising to three or four feet, with sup-
port ; branched, leafy, swollen, and pale above the joints, mostly
smooth. Fl. numerous, pure-white. Cor. segments, each tipped
with an erect point. Fl. stalks terminal, rising from the whorls
of the Ls. Leaf prickles pointing forwards. Ls. of the lower
whorls very blunt, almost oblong-battledore-shaped, with a very
short sudden point.

( Galium anglicum. See Appendix.)

G. Aparine, Goose-grass, or Cleavers, Leaves eight
in a whorl, spear-shaped, keeled, rough, fringed with
prickles bent back. Stem weak. Fruit bristly. E.
B. 816. C. 2. 9. Aparine, G. E. 1122.

Hedges.

An. July.

Stem remarkably adhesive, long, four-cornered, joints woolly,

branches opposite. Fl. few, pale-whitish, from the bosom of the

Ls. Fr. a double globe, bristles hooked, and seeds thus dispersed

by adhering.

Leaves and branches, a filter for milk. Four ounces of the
expressed juice, night and morning, taken internally for several
weeks, to remove what have commonly been styled scorbutic com-
plaints. The roots dye red. The seeds instead of coffee.

40 TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Plantago.

PLANTA'GO/ Plaintain.

P. major. Greater P, Leaves broadly egg-shaped,
sinoothish, somewhat toothed, on longish foot-stalks.
Flower-stalks round. Spike tapering. Seeds nu-
merous. E. B. 1558. C. 2. 11. P. latifolia. G.
E. 419.

Pastures, way -sides.

Per. June.

Stalks nine to eighteen inches. Ls. root-ones upright or spread-
ing, ribs seven or nine. Spike long, slender, acute. FL very
numerous, closely tiled. Cor. and Jiiam. white. Anth. reddish.
Plant varies grpatly in size.
Seeds eaten by small birds. Plant astringent, mucilaginous.

Green Is. applied to cuts.

P. media. Hoary P, Leaves egg-shaped, downy, with
very short foot-stalks. Flower-stalks round. Spike
cylindrical. Seeds solitary. E. B. 1559. C. 4. 14.
P. incana, G. E. 419.

Dry pastures.

Per. June.

Stems five to ten inches. Ls. pressed close to the ground, about
five-ribbed, entire. Foot-stalks broad. Fl. stalks tall, hoary.
Filam. long, pale-purple. Anth. whitish. Caps, cell one-
seeded.
This plant a nuisance on lawns, destroyed by applying a drop

of sulphuric acid on the crown of each root. Medical properties,

like those of the former.

P. lanceoldta. Ribwort P. Leaves spear-shaped, entire,
tapering at each end ; nearly woolly at the base.
Flower-stalks angular. Spike egg-shaped. E. B.

507. C. 2. 10. P. quinquenervia. G. E. 422.

Meadows y pastures.

Per. June.

Stalks about one foot, and shoot to a considerable length after

flowering. Ls. root-ones for the most part upright, ribbed.

Spike tiled with black scales. Anth. prominent, cream-coloured.

Eaten by cattle, mixed with other herbage.

P. Coronopus.^ Backus-horn P. Star of Earth, Leaves
in many wing-cleft linear segments. Flower-stalks
round. E. B. 892. Cornu cervinum. G. E. 427.

' i. e. called the plant, by way of excellence.
' Korone, a crow, and pous, a foot. Gr.

TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Cornus. 41

Dry, sandy, gravelly ground. Bullingdon Green. Behind the Ob-
servatory. Sh. New College Gardens. Rev. Mr. Young.

An. June.

Stalk four to seven inches. Ls. root-ones numerous, spreading in
a star-Hke form, mostly pressed close to the ground. Spike
close, greenish, short.
Plant very variable in size, and in the clefts oils.

(CENTU'NCULUS. Chaff-weed.

C. minimus. Small Ch. Flowers stalkless. Corolla
glandless at the base. E. B. 531. C. 3. 11.

TVatery heaths. On Gerard's Cross Common, near Bulstrode,
Bucks, in great plenty with Radiola inillegrana. Tur.

An. June, July.

Very diminutive, one to two inches high. Ls. egg-shaped. Fl.
axillary, solitary, stalkless, white or reddish, opening in bright
sunshine only.)

SANGUISORBA.^ Burnet.

S. officinalis. Great B, Spikes egg-shaped. E. B.
1312. P. sylvestris. G. E. 1045.

Meadows, pastures.

Per. July.

Stem two feet, erect, with few Is. panicled above. Ls. winged,
with an odd one at the end. Leaflets opposite, egg-shaped,
sharply notched : a pair of small toothed appendages at the base
of their partial stalks. Root Ls. on long foot-stalks : the rest
nearly stalkless, with stipulas. Fl. dark, dull purple. Spikes
terminal.

CORNUS.^ Cornel.

C. sanguinea. Wild C, Dog-wood, Branches straight.
Leaves green on both sides. Cymes with no involucre,
flat. E. B. 249. C.fwmina. G. E. 1467-

Hedges, thickets.

Per. a shrub. June.

Four or five feet : bark smooth ; dark red, in the older branches.

Ls. opposite, egg-shaped, entire, strongly nerved, entirely red,

before falling. Fl. in cymes, terminal, greenish white : pet.

rolled back in the margin. Germ, crowned wdth a glandular

ring. Berries dark purple, bitter.

' From a supposed astringent power of the plant, to suppress and absorb
blood : sanguis, blood, and sorbeoy to absorb.

2 From Lat. cornu, a horn : from the hardness of the wood. H.

42 TETRANDRIA TETRAGYNIA. Alchemilla.

Wood very hard for turners. A lamp, or salad oil from the
pressed berries, boiled in water. Berries dye purple.

P ARIETA'RI A. ^ Wall-pellitory.

P. officinalis. Common JValhP, Leaves egg-spear-
shaped, without side ribs at the base. Involucre three-
flowered, with many egg-shaped segments. Stem
ascending. E. B. 879. C 4. &S, Parietaria. G.
E. 331.

JValh.

Per. June.

Stem bushy, ascending, leafy, shining, generally very red. Ls.
alternate, obliquely twisted, dark-green. Fl. axillary, greenish
white. Stam. filam. curiously jointed, or wrinkled, starting back
elastically, once touched, and thus discharging the pollen
copiously.
Mucilaginous, emollient, but inferior to the Mallow tribe in that

respect : contains a considerable quantity of nitre.

ALCHEMILLA.* Lady's Mantle.^

A, vulgaris. Common L, Leaves lobed, somewhat

kidney-shaped, plaited, sharply saw-toothed. E. B.

597. Alchimilla. G. E. 949-
Dry pastures. Pastures near Stow Wood. Burford Downs.
Wychwood Forest. Sb. Between Burford and Wychwood
Forest, just above the Hit or Miss Public-house. Cassington.
Bx. Finmere Church-yard. R. Pr.
Stems more or less trailing, leafy. Ls. root-ones on long foot-
stalks, large, roundish, saw- toothed : verdure of upper surface
very fine. Stem Ls. smaller, connected with a pair of large
toothed stipulas, upper Ls. gradually diminishing into bracteas.
FL corymbose, terminal, numerous, green, downy, yellow in the
centre.

A very elegant plant in habit and appearance. Astringent :
said to have proved fatal to cows, producing an irremediable con-
stipation.

A. arvensis. Field L, Parsley Piert, Leaves flat,
three-lobed, cut. E. B. 1011. Percipier anglorum,
G. E. 1594.

Sandy, gravelly fields.
An. April.

' From jyaries, Lat. a wall, on which the plant generally grows, Constan-
tine used to call Trajan, Parietaria, on account of the numerous buildings on
which his name appeared.

2 A plant formerly in renown among the alchemists. ^ j. e. of our Lady?

TETRANDRIA TETRAGYNIA. Potamogeton. 43

Stems numerous, spreading, or prostrate, leafy. Ls. alternate,
plain, stalks short. Fl. tufted, axillary, hairy, green, inconspi-
cuous, from the side of the stems. Cal. urn -shaped. Stam.
sometimes only one.
Altogether smaller than Alch. vulgaris. Formerly esteemed

diuretic.

TETRANDRIA TETRAGYNIA,

ILEX. HoUy.^

I. AquifoliumJ^ Common H, (In Norfolk, Christmas.)
Leaves egg-shaped,- acute, thorny and wavy. Flowers
axillary, somewhat cymose. E. B. 496. Agrifolium.
G. E. 1338.

Hedges, husliy places. Shotover Hill . Sb.
Tree. April.

Ls. alternate, shining. Fl. white. Berry scarlet, rarely yellow.
Upper Ls. entire :

" But as they grow where nothing is to fear,

Smooth and unarmed the pointless leaves appear. — Southey.

Branches of this with its ripe berries, mixed with the misseltoe,
and spindle-tree, (Euonymus) to ornament churches and houses
at Christmas ; a supposed relic of Druidism, to afford a shade for
the abode of sylvan spirits in the cheerless winter. J^ars. with
variegated Ls. very numerous. Sheep and deer fed with the
branches in winter. Birdlime from the fermented bark, washed
from the woody fibre. Plant an impenetrable fence, very hardy,
with its berries. Wood for veneering, handles of knives, cogs for
mill-wheels, stained black to imitate ebony : flourishes under the
shade of trees.

POTAMOGETON. ' Pond-weed.

Foicr British species found in New Holland.

P. natans. Broad-leaved Floating P. Upper leaves
oblong-egg-shaped, stalked, floating, leathery ; lower
ones linear, membranous, stalkless. E. B. 18,^2, P.
latifohum. G. E. 8S1.

Pools f ditches y slow rivers.
Per. July.

Stem immersed, round, leafy. Stip. large, spear-shaped, concave,
acute. Fl. stalks as large as the stem, solitary, axillary, (with a

' Holegn. Sax. » Perhaps for acuifoliumy sharp-leaved.

3 Gr. Potamos, a river, and geiton, a neighbour.

44 TETRANDRIA TETRAGYNIA. Potamogeton.

bractea like the stip.) thick, almost cylindric, contracted just
under the spike. Fl. dull-green, pollen whitish, ^ipike raised
above the water. Ls. foot-stalks long.
Floating Ls. a shade to iish : roots favourite food of swans.

P. perfoliatus. Perfoliate P. Leaves heart-egg-
shaped, clasping the stem, uniform, all beneath the
water ; spikes of flowers above water. E. B. 168.
G. E. 822.

Ponds, rivers.

Per. June.

Stems long, round. Ls. pellucid, olive-coloured, crowded about the

top, and branches. Spikes a few brown ^.

The respiration of these submersed plants probably different
from that of plants, which inhale atmospheric air : the Is. of a thin,
pellucid texture, very vascular ; the surface destitute of hair, or
down.

P. densus. Close-leaved P. Leaves egg-shaped, stalk-
less, pointed, opposite, crowded. Stem forked. Spike

of about four flowers. E. B. 897»

Ditches, ponds, slow streams.

Per. July.

Ls. lengthened into a point, ribbed waved, entire, much crowded
towards the end of the stem. Fl. stalks short, round, curved
back, bearing a small short head of two or four green fl. much
resembling those of Adoxa Moschatellina. Plant immersed, ex-
cept the spike. Smaller than P. perfoliatus.

P. lucens» Shining P. Leaves elliptic-spear-shaped,
pointed, membranous, stalked, repeatedly triple-ribbed,
all under water. Spike dense, many-flowered, above
water. E. B. 376. P. longis acutis foliis. G. E. 822.

Ditches, ponds, lakes, slow streams.

Per. July.

Stems long, slightly zigzag, round, leaf}^ Ls. alternate, except
where fl., foot-stalk short : stip. long, blunt, folded, membrana-
ceous within the Ls. FL on a solitary spike ; the longest, and
most crowded of the genus ; from the axil of one of the opposite
Ls. dark-green ; plant olive-green or reddish. J^ar. one with
spear-shaped, tapering Ls.

P. crispus. Curled P. Freshwater^ Caltrops, Leaves
spear-shaped, waved ; saw-toothed, alternate ; the
upper ones opposite. Flowers in loose spikes. E.
B. 1012. C. 5. 15. Tribulus aquaticus minor, quer-
cus floribus. G. E. 824.

' Ang. Sax.

TETRANDRIA TETRAGYNIA. Sagina. 45

DitcheSy ponds, rivulets. Ditch round Christ Church Meadow. Sb.

Per. June.

Ls. remarkably waved, saw-toothed, lower ones alternate, all

stalkless, pellucid, dull-green. Fl. stalks a little longer than the

Ls. solitary. Fl. tinged with purple ; styles purple, anth.

yellow. Plant under water.

Ls. and seeds food for ducks.

P. gramineus. Grassy P. Leaves linear, tapering
downward, with solitary, very slender side ribs. Stem
round, forked. Flower-stalks from the forks, scarcely
longer than the spikes. E. B. 2253.

Ponds, ditches. Binsey Common. Ditches by the Road-side, going
to Port Meadow. Sb.

Per. June.

Plant under water, except the flower. Stem slender, zigzag, much
branched. Ls. grassy, alternate, except at the forks, crowded,
bluntish, entire. Stip. narrower than the Is. rolled inward
cylindrically, pale brown. Spikes egg-shaped, dense, solitary :
/. few.

P. pusillus. Small P, Leaves linear, spreading at the
base, opposite or alternate, with solitary, very slender
side ribs. Stem round. Flower-stalks axillary, mostly
from the side of the stems, many times longer than

their spikes. E. B. 215.

Ponds, ditches. Port Meadow. Sb.

Per. June.

Ls. very narrow, stalkless, opposite under every flower-stalk. Stip.
membranaceous, spear-shaped, broader than the Is. above each
/., stem-embracing. Fl. three or four, greenish, spiked. Stem
much branched, slender. Plant under water, except the^.

P. pectindtus. Fennel-leaved P. Leaves bristle-shaped,

single ribbed, parallel, thickly set in two directions ;

sheathing at the base. Spikes interrupted. E. B.

323. MilleMum tenuifohum. G. E. 828.
Rivers, ditches, ponds.
Per. June.
Root from a tuberous lump. Ls. flat, very long, alternate. Plant

under water, except the stalkless fl. Pet. dull olive : anth. yellow.

SAGFNA.^ Pearl-wort.

S. procumbens. Procumbent P. Stems trailing, smooth.
Leaves minutely pointed. Petals half as long as the
calyx. E. B. 880. C. 3. 12.

' From Sagino, Lat. to fatten ; a name ill-applied to this genus.

46 PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Myosotis.

Sandy groundj walks, beds of neglected gardens.

Per. July.

Stems thread-like, two to four inches, rooting at the joints. Ls.
opposite, evergreen, minute, linear, convex beneath. Fl. stalks
axillary, solitary, longer than the Is. each bearing a small, nod-
ding^. Pet. white, roundish, sometimes wanting.

S. apetala. Annual Small-flowered P. Stems nearly
upright, hairy. Leaves bristle-pointed, fringed. Petals
scarcely distinguishable, or wanting. E. B. 881. C.
5. 14.

Dry, sandy, barren ground, walls, ivaste places.
An. Jmie.

Stems not rooting. Ls. fringed at the base. Fl. stalks slender,
long. Pet. white, very minute. Pla7it small, slender.

MCE'NCHIA.^ Moenchia.

M. erecta. Sagina erecta. E. B. 609. C. 2. 12. Sb. 67.

Pastures, heathy ground. Shotover Hill. Southleigh Heath.
Enshani Heath. Sb.

An. April.

Stem erect, nearly single -flowered, two or three inches. Ls. oppo-
site, spear-shaped, acute. Fl. stalks very long, often purplish.
FL upright, pearly white : pet. about as long as the cal. Cal. Is.
spear-shaped, acute. Caps, that of a Cerastium with ten teeth.
A plant not devoid of neatness.

RADFOLA. Flax-seed.
(R. millegrana. Thyme-leaved F. E. B. 893. Mille-

grana minima, G. E. 569.
Wet, sandy ground. Coleshill Pool, Warwickshire. Pn. Near

Rugby, road to Barby. Bx.
An. July, August.
Smooth, erect, one to two inches, forked. Fl. white.)

Class V. PENTANDRIA. Stamens 5.

Order I. MONO G YNIA, Pistil 1 .

MYOSOTIS.^ Scorpion-grass. 3
M, palustris. Great Water S, Forget-me-not, Seeds

' Named after Professor Conrad Moeiich.

2 Muos, and ous, Gr. mouse's ear.

3 From the Raceme of the Jl. being bent back like the tail of a soorpion.
Ray.

PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Myosotis. 47

smooth, calyx with straight, close-pressed bristles, when
in fruit bell-shaped, open, shorter than the spreading
partial flower-stalks. Limb of the corolla flat, longer
than the tube. Hairs on the stem spreading (or want-
ing.) Root creeping. E. B. 197^- M. scorpioides
palustris. C. 8. 13. G. E. 337.

Clear rivulets, ditches.

Per. June.

Fl. in a long, spike-like bunch, fine sky-blue, valves forming a
bright yellow eye. Herbage shining, green. Ls. stalkless, ellip-
tic-oblong, one and a half to two inches long. Partial stalks at
first crowded into a close, bent-back spike, after flowering much
lengthened out, stalks at length spreading almost horizontally.
Cor. admired for its enamelled brilliancy. This plant the
Forget-me-not of the Germans. Origin of this name : — Two
lovers, loitering on the margin of a lake one summer's eve ; the
maiden desired some flowers of the plant growing close to the
bank of an island, at a distance from the shore. The lover
plunged into the water, and gathered the wished-for prize. On
his return, unable to regain the shore, though very near it, he
threw the flowers on the bank, and, as he sank to his watery
grave, his last words to the beloved lady were — Forget-me-not.
Mill's Chivalry, vol. i. p. 315.

Var. Fl. flesh-coloured.

M. ccEspitosa, Tufted Water S. Seeds smooth. Calyx,
when in fruit, bell-shaped, open, clothed, as is the whole
plant, with straight, close-pressed bristles. Limb of
the corolla about as long as the tube ; segments entire.
Style shorter than the stamens. E. B» 2661.

Watery places, and in places where water has stagnated during winter.
Wet pastures, 8fc. Sides of old gravel pits, and in wet places
near St. Clement's, especially on the left hand side of a foot-
path leading from the back of St. Clement's, between the Cowley
and Henley roads, to Cowley Marsh. In great abundance,
June 9, 1831. I observed, it in the same place four or five years
ago. Bx.

Bien. ? May, July.

Root fibrous. In dryish situations the stem is often not more than
three or four inches high : in wet ones from six inches to one
foot or more, often procumbent at the base, and producing fibres
from the lower joints, the upper part much branched. Ls. stalk-
less, or slightly decurrent, between linear and spear-shaped,
blunt. Clusters forked, with frequently a solitary flower in the
forks, and sometimes a leaf or two among the partial flower-
stalks. Partial fl. stalks longer than the calyx, lengthening out
to nearly or quite twice its length after flowering. Calyj: bell-
shaped, clothed with straight close-pressed bristles, cut halfway

48 PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Lithospermum.

into five broad somewhat pointed, oblong, triangular segments,
spreading when in seed. Corolla smaller than in M. palustris ;
limb pale blue, nearly white just above the throat ; segments
entire ; valves yellow. Style capitate, concave, shorter than the
stamens. Seeds polished, shining, egg-shaped or roundish,
sharply two-edged, and slightly keeled towards the point on the
upper side. Whole plant besprinkled, more or less, with straight,
close-pressed bristles. Bx. June 15, 1831.

M. arvensis. Field S, Seeds smooth. Calyx clothed
with spreading", hooked bristles, half-five-cleft, when in
fruit, egg-shaped, closed, shorter than the spreading,
partial flower-stalks ; limb of the corolla concave,
equalling the tube. Racemes stalked, with one remote
axillary flower. Root fibrous. E. B. 2558.*

Dry, sandy fields, open places.

An. May.

Stem divided from the bottom into wide spreading branches. Stem
Ls. more tapering at the base, than in the other species. Fl.
clusters very lax in their lower part. Cor. small, palish-purple
before expansion, then sky-blue ; smaller than in M. palustris.
Plant altogether smaller.

M. versicolor. Yellow and Blue S. Seeds smooth
Leaves hairy. Racemes on long, naked stalks. Calyx
with spreading, hooked bristles. When in fruit, oblong
(closed,) longer than the almost erect partial flower-
stalks. Limb of the corolla concave, shorter than the
exserted tube. Root fibrous. E. B. 2558. t. 480. f.
1. M. nana, Sb. 69.

Dry, sandy fields, pastures, walls, moist meadows. Shotover Hill. Bx.
Besselsleigh, Berks. Y. Cumnor Hurst. Y. Near Childs-
well Farm. Bx.

An. 3Iay,

Fl. some of them yellow, and some blue. Ls. narrow, oblong. Fl.
clusters elevated, single, or in pairs, on terminal stalks, without
a sohtary distant fl. Cor. small. Discr. colour of fl. ; short
calyx-stalks, and generally long calyx. Scarcely any two
authors agree with regard to the species of Myosotis. H.

LITHOSPERMUM. " Gromwell.

L. officinale. Common G, Grey Mill.^ Grey Millet,
Seeds even. Corolla not much longer than the calyx.

' According to Greville the fig. is of Myos. versicolor.

2 Lithos, Gr. a stone, and Sperma, a seed, from the hardness of the seeds.

3 i. e. millet.

PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Cynoglossum. 49

Leaves spear-shaped, rather acute, with side cross-ribs.
E. B. 134. L. minus. G. E. 609.

Dry, gravelly y chalky situations, Shotover Hill. Headington Wick.

Sb. (Between South and Ferry Hinksey, &c.) Bx.
Per. May.
Stems roundish, rough. Ls. alternate, hairy beneath, rough above.

Fl. clusters pale-yellow, in seeding state, erect, lengthened out.

Seeds much polished in appearance, of a stony substance ; the

stony shells composed of silica (flint,) sulphate of lime, and iron.

The hard ivory-like seeds do not effervesce with acids. Fl.

Suec.

L. arvense. Corn G. Bastard Alkanet, Seeds
wrinkled. Corolla not much longer than the calyx.
Leaves blunt, without side ribs. E. B. 123. Anchusa

degener, facie Milii Solis. G. E. 610.

Cornfields, waste ground.

An. May.

Ls. spear-shaped, rough, stiff. Fl. in the axils of the upper Ls.
solitary, nearly stalkless. Spikes terminal, leafy, at length
elongated. Cor. white, small, swollen at the base of the limb.
Cal. segments after flowering, three or four times as long as the
seeds. Seeds pitted. Bark of the root tinges wax, and oil of a
red colour ; also paper, &c. hence called Bastard Alkanet.

ANCHU'SA. Alkanet.

A. semper vir ens. Evergreen A, Flower-stalks axillary,
each stalk with two close spikes, with an intermediate
flower, and two chief egg-shaped bracteas. Leaves
egg-shaped. E. B. 45. G. E. Borago, etc. 797-

Waste ground. * Rousham. Miss Armetriding. (Near Birming-
ham, Alcester road, Warwickshire. TVith.
Per. May, June.

Ls. broad ; jdant rough. Fl. bright-sky-blue ; huds reddish.

CYNOGLO^SSUM. Hound's-tongue.

C. officinale. Common H. Stamens shorter than the co-
rolla. Stem-leaves broadly spear-shaped, tapering at the
base, downy, stalkless. Flowers without bracteas. E.
B. 921. C. 4. 16. C. majus vulgare. G. E. 804.

Waste ground, road sides.* About two miles on the Oxford side of
Abingdon, &c. Bx. Elsfield. R. W.

Bien. June.

Stem about two feet, round, leafy. Ls. dall-gi-een, upper ones
embracing the stem, almost heart-shaped. Fl. clusters terminal,
curved back, growing into panicles. Cor. dull purplish red>

50 PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Borago.

Seeds rough with hooked prickles. Smell of the whole plant

strongly fetid, compared to that of mice.

The fresh plant bruised, and laid in a place frequented by rats
and mice, will, it is said, cause them to forsake the premises. Nar-
cotic.

C. sylvaticum. Green-leaved H, Stamens shorter than
the corolla. Leaves spear-shaped, somewhat battledore-
shaped ; the upper ones clasping the stem ; all smooth
and shining above ; hairy and warty beneath. Flowers

without bracteas. E. B. 1642.

Road sides, hedges. Sm. Woods. * Wychwood Forest. Sb.

Bien. 3Imj.

Discrim, from Cyn. officinale by its more dilated Ls. at the base.
Ls. bright, shining green, smooth above. Fl. first reddish, after-
wards blueish. Plant almost without smell.

SY'MPHYTUM.' Comfrey.

S. qfficindle. Common C, Leaves egg-shaped-spear-
shaped, much running down the stem, finely hairy. E.
B. 8I7. C. 4. 18. Consolida major. G. E. 8O6.
jS. Symphytum patens. Sb. 7^^-

Watery meadows , hanks of rivers, ditches.

Per. May.

Root externally black. Stem two or three feet, leafy, winged. Ls.

root ones, stalked, broader. Fl. clusters in pairs, rolled back.

Cor. yellowish white, sometimes purple. Sb. Sym. patens, a var.

with red or purple flowers, and said to have a spreading, and

shorter cal. Sb. 70. Banks of the Thames by Caversham. Sb,

Side of the towing-path between High Bridge, and Heyfield's

Hut. B.X.

The root abounds in a pure mucilage. Ls. give a grateful
flavour to cakes and panada. Young stems and Is. good when
boiled. Decoction of the Is. to extract the colouring matter from
Gum Lac.

BORAGO. Borage.

* B. officinalis. Common B. Lower leaves inversely
egg-shaped, tapering at the base. Limb of the corolla
flat, much longer than the tube ; mouth with a double
row of valves ; the innermost awl-shaped, bearing the
stamens. E. B. 36. B. hortensis. G. E. 797.

• From Sumphuo, Gr. to grow logether, from its supposed healing qualities,
in uniting wounds.

PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Echium. 51

Waste or cultivated ground, road sides. Near the Parks. Sb. Side
of the Banbury road going from the Parks to Summer Town. ^^r.

Bien. Ma;^.

Plant succulent, mucilaginous, hispid, with sharp, white bristles.
Fl. bright blue, bunches terminal, drooping. Ls. alternate, egg-
shaped, wavy, lower ones broadest, stalked. Cor. valves and
anthers black.
Originally from Aleppo : the juice aifords nitre. Ls. used in cool

tankards : young ones in salad. Dodonseus recommends such

kind of salad to exhilarate the mind ; this agrees with the old

adage : JSgo Borago gaudia semper ago : quaintly translated by Ge-

rarde : " I Borage bring alwaies courage J"

LYCOPSIS.' Bugloss.

L. arvensis. Small JB. Leaves spear-shaped, wavy,
somewhat toothed, very bristly, with bulbous hairs.
Stalks of the flowers and fruit erect. Limb of the
corolla slightly unequal. E. B. 938. C. 5. I7.
Buglossa sylvestris minor. G. E. 799.

Fields, waste grounds, dry banks.

An. June.

Stem upright, leafy. Ls. alternate, stem-clasping at the base,
except the root ones. Fl. in terminal, rolled back, paired
spikes. Cor. tube and valves white, limb bright blue. Seeds
four, vertical, angular.

E'CHIUM.^ ViperVbugloss.

E. vulgar e. Common Viper^s-h. Stem bristly, with
warts. Stem-leaves spear-shaped, bristly, single-
ribbed. Spikes from the side of the stem, bending
down arch-wise. E. B. 181. G. E. 802.

Fields, waste ground, sandy or gravelly soil ; old walls, rubbish. Shot-
over Hill. Abundant between Gibraltar and Tackley. Bx.

Bien. June,

Stem strong, erect. Ls. root ones stalked, growing in a starry
form. Fl. clusters bent back, as the flowers open erect. Fl.
buds red. Cor. purple, then bright blue, large : sometimes

white.

A remarkably handsome plant, when in flower. The name

from its blue flowers corrupted by the vulgar into Blue-glass, for

Bugloss. Bees very fond of the flowers.

' Differing from Anchusa in the curvature of its tube. H. Gr. Wolf's face.
2 From Echis, Gr. a viper. From its supposed virtue against the bite of the
viper.

E S

52

PENTANDRTA MONOGYNIA. Menyanthes.

PRrMULA.' Primrose and Cowslip.^

P. vulgaris. Common Primrose, Leaves inversely egg-
shaped, oblong, toothed, wrinkled. Stalks single-
flowered. Limb of the corolla flat. E. B. 4. P. acau-
lis. C. 6. 16. Sb. 7^. P. veris minor. G. E.
78L
Groves, thickets, hedges.
Per. March.

Ls. directly from the root. Fl. large, sulphur-coloured ; darker
radiating spot in the middle, slightly sweet-scented.
Of the cultivated varieties, that w\\h double sulphur-coloured
flowers very elegant. Dried roots strongly emetic, drachm and
half, a dose. Ls. of this and the Cowslip food for silk worms.
Linnaeus supposed the Primrose, Oxlip, and Cowslip var. of each
other : this seems proved recently. See Trans. Horticultur. So-
ciety, vol. iv. and Henslow in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. Sept. 1830.
The fl. stalks in reality constitute an umbel, at the base.

P. eldtior, Ooclip^ P. Leaves toothed, wrinkled, con-
tracted towards the middle. Stalk many flowered.
Limb of the corolla flat. E. B. 513. P. pratensis
inodorata lutea. G. E. 780. 2.

JVoods, thickets, pastures. Headington Wick Copse. Stow Wood.
Southleigh. Sh.

Per. April.

Fl. sweet-scented, umbellated, outer ones drooping, less expanded
limb than in Pr. vulgaris ; larger, paler than in the (P. veris)
Cowslip.

P. veris. Common Cowslip, Leaves toothed, wrinkled,
contracted towards the middle. Stalk many-flowered.
Limb of the corolla concave. E. B. 5. P. officinalis.
C. 6. 15. P. veris major. G. E. 780.

Meadows, pastures, chiefly on clay, or chalk. Sm.

Per. April.

FL all drooping, umbellated, deep yellow, with five orange spots,

sweet-scented.

Blossoms from them a pleasant, soporific wine. Ls. a pot-herb,
and in salads. Root smells like anise.

MENYANTHES. Buckbean.

M. trifoliata. Common B, or Bog-bean, Marsh Tre-
foil* Leaves in threes. Disk of the Corolla densely

' i. e. prime or early rose. ^ Cu-slippe. Ang. Sax, a plant not eaten

by cows. ' Oxan slippan. Ang. Sax.

PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Hottonia. 53

shaggy. E. B. 495. C. 4. 17. Trifolium paludo-
sum. G. E. 1194.

Watery meadows, pools, ditches, spongy, boggy ground. Peat bogs
on Bullingdon Green. Behind Headington Hill. Sb. Bogs
between the old and new road to Ensham, abundant. North
side of Shotover Hill. Bx.

Per. May.

Stem with sheathing foot-stalks. Fl. thyrsus stalked, opposite to
Is., each fl. bracteated. Cor. flesh-coloured, and clothed with
white. Antli. yellow.

Many of our aquatics beautiful : this particularly so. Ls. bitter,
in infusion for rheumatism : powdered in the dose of one dram
purgative and emetic. Substitute for hops, two ounces supply the
place of one pound of hops. The bitter powdered roots eaten
instead of bread, in Lapland, during scarcity. The powder with
the infusion destructive to worms. Fl. Suec.

VILLA'RSIA.' Villdrsia.

V. nymphcEoides, Fringed V, Fringed Water-lily.
Leaves heart-shaped, wavy at the edges, floating.
Corolla fringed. Menyanthes nymphseoides. E. B.

217. Sb. 73.
Ponds, rivers. River near Botley- Bridge. Godstow- Bridge.

Hincksey Ferry. Sb. Near Medley Lock, abundant. Between

Sandford and Nuneham. Bx.
Per. June.
Fl. axillary, foot-stalks long. Cor. yellow, fringed, with the disk

darker. A beautiful plant, with its yellow, brilliant flowers.

The salted Is. become very glutinous, and in Japan are boiled
in soups.

HOTTO'NIA." Featherfoil, or Water-violet.

H. palustris. Water Featherfoil. Common Water -v*
Stalks solitary, many-flowered ; partial stalks whorled.
E. B. 364. C. fas. 1. 11. Viola palustris, G. E.
826.

Clear ditches, ponds. Ditch round Christ Church Meadow. Sb. &c.

Per. May.

Ls. under water, deeply wing-cleft, or comb-like in shape, the seg-
ments linear, entire. Fl. whorls, and stalk above water, eight
or ten inches, solitary, erect. Fl. stalked, bracteated, pink, or
rose-colour, resembling those of the Primrose.

> After M. de Villars, author of a Flora of Dauphiny.
2 So named after a Leyden Professor, Hotton.

54 PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Anagallis.

This plant vies in beauty with many of the most admired
exotics.

LYSIMA'CHIA. • Loosestrife.

* Stalks many -flow ered.
L. vulgaris. Great Yellow Loosestrife, Clusters pani-
cled, terminal. Leaves egg- spear-shaped, acute. E.
B. 761. C. fas. 5. ig. L. lutea. G. E. 474.

Watery^ shady places^ reedy margins of rivers. Lane going to
Binsey. Southleigh Meadows. Otmoor. Sb. Side of the
Botley Road. Long Meadow, between Oxford and Iffley. Bx.

Per. My.

Stems three or four feet, panicled at the top. Ls. shortly stalked,
mostly opposite, or three or four in a whorl. FL panicles
large, handsome, yellow, axillary, and terminal. Each partial
fl. stalk bracteated. Stam. monadelphous. Cal. and Cor. some-
times in six divisions.

* * Stalks single-jiowered.

L. nemorum. Wood Loosestrife, Yellow Pimpernel.
Leaves egg-shaped, acute. Flowers solitary. Stem
trailing. Stamens smooth. E. B. 527. C. fas. 5. 18.

Anagallis lutea. G. E. 618.

Moist woods, shady, rather watery places. Stow Wood. Stoken-

church Woods. Sb, Shotover Hill. Headington Wick Copse.

Bx.
Per. June.
Stems branched, with somewhat creeping roots, square, red. Ls.

opposite, stalked. Whole plant smooth. Fl. stalks long. Cor.

yellow, large. Cal. awl-shaped. An elegant plant.

L. Nummularia, Creeping Loosestrife. Money -wort ^
or Herh' Twopence, Leaves somewhat heart-shaped.
Flowers solitary. Stem prostrate, creeping. Stamens
glandular. E. B. 528. C. fas. 3. 14. Nummu-
laria. G. E. 630.

Wet meadows y boggy pastures, borders of rivulets.

Per. June.

Stems four-cornered, but compressed. Ls. rounder than in Lys.
nemorum. Fl. pale-lemon, large, clothed with small glands on
footstalks, as the stamens also. Cal. segments pointed, egg-
shaped.

ANAGALLIS. Pimpernel.
A. arvensis. Common Scarlet Pimpernel, Leaves egg-

' Named after Lysimachus, king of Thrace. Plin.

PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Convolvulus. 55

shaped ; dotted beneath. Stem trailing. Corolla
minutely notched. E. B. 529. C. fas. 1. 12. A.
mas. G. E. 6I7.

Fields, gardens.

An. May.

Stem much branched at the bottom, square, leafy. Ls. opposite,
stalkless, many ribbed. Fl. axillary, solitary, stalks longer than
the Is. Cal. Is. spear-shaped. Cor. scarlet ; purple at the base.
Stam. purple.

Called Poor-man's weather-glass, from the fl. closing at the
approach of rain. Fl. before expansion in dose of gr. xx., four
times a day in epilepsy. Fl. sometimes white, Cowley Field.
Ls. sometimes in fours. 6W. represented as fringed in fig. E. B.
not correctly. Every part of this plant beautiful, and worth
attention. If the fl. open in the morning, a fair day may be
expected. Small birds fond of the seeds. FL opens at eight,
shuts in the afternoon. Fl. Suec.

A. coerulea. Blue Pimpernel, Leaves egg-shaped, or
somewhat spear-shaped ; dotted beneath. Stem erect.
Corolla strongly notched. E. B. 1823. A. arvensis.
var. /3. Sb. p. 7^. See Henslow in Loudon^ s Nat,
Mag, Nov. 1830. A. foemina. G. E. 6I7.

Cornfields, Charlbury. Middleton Stoney. Sb. * * Beyond
Cowley Marsh, under Bullingdon Green. Rev. W. Kay, Lin-
coln Coll. In a Cornfield, S. W. of South Hinksey. Bx.

An. May.

Ls. narrower than in An. arvensis. Cor. smaller, more deeply
notched, vivid blue. No difference but in the col. and margin
of the cor. H.

A. tenella. Bog Pimpernel. Leaves roundish, some-
what pointed, stalked. Stem creeping. Stigma acute.
E. B. 530. C. fas. 3. 15. Nummularia minor, flore

purpurascente. G. E. 630.

PFet, spongy, mossy hogs. Peat bogs on Bullingdon Green. Under
Headington Wick Copse. Sb. (Bagley Wood.) Bx.

Per. June.

Ls. opposite, small. Fl. erect, stalks very long, axillary, solitary,
rose-coloured, streaked, deeply divided, rather funnel-shaped.
Stam. jointed, woolly. An elegant plant.

CONVOLVULUS.^ Bindweed.

C. arvensis. Small Bindweed. Leaves arrow- shaped,
acute at each end. Stalks mostly single-flowered.

' From the twining stem of many of its species.

56 PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Campanula.

Bracteas minute, remote from the flower. E. B. 312.
C. fas. 2. 13. Smilax lenis minor. G. E. 861.

Hedges, fields, gardens.

Per. June.

Root running very deep in the ground. Stems long, twining,
climbing, angular. Ls. alternate. Fl. stalks long. Cor. deep
rose-coloured, plaits yellowish : mostly closing before rain :
sweet smelling, in dry, warm weather. A very troublesome,
handsome weed.

C. septum. Great Bindweed, Leaves arrow-shaped,
lopped at the hinder lobes. Stalks square, single-
flowered. Bracteas heart-shaped, close to the flower.
E. B. 313. C. fas. 1. 13. Smilax lenis, sive Isevis
major. G. E. 861.
Moist hedges, osier hoits, thickets.
Per. JuIt/.

Roots long, creeping. Stems very long, twining. Ls. alternate.
F'l. solitary, on axillary, square stalks. Cor. large, white.
Bract, heart-shaped, red-bordered. Its large milk-white blos-
soms very ornamental. Plant may be trained to a great height.
Inspissated juice, a powerful purge ; dose twenty or thirty gr.
The scammony a species of convolvulus. F'l. sometimes rose-
coloured.

POLEMO'NIUM.' Jacob's Ladder.*

* P. coeruleum. Blue Jacob's Ladder, Greek Vale-
rian, Leaves winged. Flowers erect. Root fibrous.
E. B. 14. Valeriana Grseca. G. E. IO76.

Bushy places. Near the plantations, under the ochre pits at Shot-
over Hill. Sh. Woodstock road, between first and second mile-
stone from Oxford. Bx.

Per. June.

Stem eighteen to twenty inches. Fl. panicled. Leaf, elliptic-
spear-shaped, with an odd one. Cor. blue, sometimes white : a
common ornament of rustic gardens.

CAMPANULA. Bell-flower.

C. rotundifolia. Round-leaved B, Root leaves heart,
or kidney-shaped, saw-toothed ; stem leaves linear,
entire. E. B. 866. C. fas. 4. 21. G. E. 452.

' From polemos, war. Gr. From the contention of two kings, Polemon, and
Philetaerus, both claiming the honour of finding the plant. Plin.
' From the leaves.

PEXTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Campanula. 51

Heaths, walls, hanks, borders of fields. Biillingdon Green. Shot-
over Hill. Stonesfield. Sb.

Per. June.

Herbage dark-green, smooth. Stems upright, slender. Ls. lower
stalked, but soon withering, and sometimes wanting. Fl. stalks
panicled, bracteated. Cor. sky-blue, sometimes white, drooping,
tremulous.

One of our prettiest wild fl. A green pigment from the fl.

(C. Rapunculus. Rampion B, Leaves wavy, notched,
roughish ; root-ones elliptic-spear-shaped. Panicle com-
pact. Calyx entire. E. B. 283. Rapuntium parvum.
G. E. 453.

Banks. Warwickshire. Pn. Bagley Wood^ Whittlewood

Forest. Tur. *
Bien. July, August.
Stem three feet, angular ; hairy below. Fl. blue ; swollen below.)

(C. latifolia. Giant B, Leaves roughish, egg-spear-
shaped. Stem unbranched, round. Stalks single-
flowered. Fruit drooping. E. B. 302. Trachelium
majus Belgarum. G. E. 448.

Moist thickets. Cransley Wood, Northamptonshire. Y. Banks
of the river Arrow, the Alne, &c. Pn.

Per. July, August.

Very large, four feet. Fl. erect, deep blue, large.)

C. rapunculoides. Creeping JB, Leaves roughish ;
root-ones heart-spear-shaped, notched, stalked ; upper-
most stalkless, spear-shaped. Flowers drooping, grow-
ing on one side, in a terminal, bracteated, upright
cluster. Calyx bent back. E. B. 1369.

Woods, fields.* In some woods in Oxfordshire. Amongst yew-
trees. Buddie's Herbarium. Sm.

Per. July, August.

Ls. root-ones resemble those of violets. Stem about one foot and
a half. Fl. large, bright-purplish, stalks short, solitary, axillary,
or bracteated.

Q. Trachelium.^ Nettle-leaved B. Stem angular. Leaves
spear-shaped, partly heart-shaped, sharply saw-toothed,
bristly as well as the calyx. Stalks axillary, with few
flowers, E. B. 12. H. L. 109. Trachelium majus.
G. E. 448.

Groves, thickets, hedges. Shotover plantations. Magdalen College

' Gr. Irach^los, the neck, from the supposed virtue of the bitter, and some-
what acrid Is. in decoction as a gargle in sore throats.

58 PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Jasi6ne.

Copse, under Shotover Hill. Bx. Tar Wood. Stonesfield.
Sh,

Per. July.

Stem two or three feet. Ls. harsh, rough, resembling those of a
nettle. Fl. hairy within, blue, sometimes white, sometimes
double, large. Discrim. from Camp, latifolia, by the membrana-
ceous angles of the stem, and its different heart-shaped Is.

C. glomerata. Clustered JB, Stem angular, simple.
Flowers stalkless, most of them in a terminal head.
Leaves egg-shaped, notched. E. B. 90. TracheUum

minus. G. E. 449-

Dry., open, chalky pastures. Littlemore. Stonesfield. Heythorp.

Burford Downs. Sb. Bullingdon Green. Bx.
Per. July.
Stem seldom branched, erect, six to eighteen inches. Ls. rough,

lower ones on long stalks, pale beneath. Fl. bracteated : the

pet. sometimes turn to Is. Cor. blue, or white, hairy within.

Stam. four or five.

Ornament for rock- work : a dry soil suiting the plant. Variable
in size and habit.

C. hy'brida. Corn B, Prismatocarpus, etc. DC. Stem
often branched from the base, straight. Leaves oblong,
notched, w^avy. Corolla widely spreading, shorter
than the calyx. Capsule prismatic. E, B. 3^5,
Speculum Veneris minus. G. E. 439.

Dry, or chalky cornjields.

An. June.

Root small, fibrous. Stem nearly erect, about one span high. Ls.
alternate. Fl. terminal, solitary. Cor. nearly wheel-shaped,
pale purple, seldom fully expanded, about half as long as the
calyx Is.

Discrim. great length of caps, and the segments of cal. extending
above the cor. Plant scarcely different from Camp, speculum,
Venus' s Looking-glass.

(C. hederdcea. Ivy -leaved B, Stem flaccid, much
branched, trailing. Leaves stalked, smooth, heart-
shaped, with angular lobes. E. B. 7^» H. L. 93.
C. Cymbalarise foliis. G. E. 45^.

Watery, shady places.* (Bagley Wood.) Bx. Lawson.

Per. June, August.

Fl. solitary, light blue. A delicate, little plant.)

JASIO'NE. Sheep's-bit.
J. montdna. Common Sheep^s-bit, Sheep^s Scabious,

PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Viola. 59

E. B. 882. C. fas. 4. 58. Scabiosa minima hirsuta.
G. E. 7^3.

Dry,sandy fields y heathy ground. "^ Nuneham. Henlej. Sh, Shot-
over Hill. Bx.

An. June.

Stems spreading, scarcely one foot, leafy, branched above. Ls.
stalkless, oblong, blunt, gradually smaller from the root upwards :
stem-Is. alternate, wavy. Fl. blue or white, each tuft terminal,
solitary, on permanent bracteas of many Is.

VrOLA.'. Viola.

V. hirta. Hairy V. Stem none. Leaves heart-
shaped, rough with hairs, as well as their foot-stalks.
Calyx-leaves blunt. Side petals with a hairy central

line. E. B. 894. C. fas. 1. 64.

Groves, thickets, on chalk, or lime-stone. Sm. Copse under Shotover
Hill. Cheney Lane. Sb. (Bagley Wood.) Between South
Hinksey and Childswell. Bx.

Per. March.

Scions prostrate, not rooting. Ls. on long upright stalks. Stip.
spear-shaped, toothed. Fl. light greyish blue. FL stalks taller
than the Is., smooth. Bract, smooth below the middle of the fi,.
stalk. Cal. smooth.

Plant throws out, after a time, fl. destitute of pet. or nearly so, but
producing perfect seed. Fl. stalks lengthen after flowering, take
a downward direction, and bury the caps, to the depth of two or
three inches. B. Fl.

V. odordta. Sweet V. Stemless. Scions creeping.
Leaves heart-shaped, nearly smooth, as well as their
foot-stalks. Calyx-leaves blunt. Side petals with a
hairy central line. E. B. 6l9. C. fas. 1. ^^, V. nigra,
sive purpurea. G. E. 850. V. flore albo. G. E. 850.

Woods, hedges.

Per. March.

Scions long, prostrate, rooting. Ls. foot-stalks longish. Stipul. in
pairs, spear-shaped, toothed. Fl. stalks taller than the Is.
smooth. Bract, narrow, above the middle of the fl. stalk, when
the fl. fully expanded. Cor. nodding, dark purple or white,
fragrant. Cal. smooth. Spur short,hl\int. i^/. producing seed,
with, or without pet. Far. double, more fragrant than the
single.

Fl. and seeds mild laxatives. Root in powder, in doses of forty to

' Gr. Ion. Some derive Viola, from Vitula, a heifer, in reference to lo,
leaving out the letter t. G. E.

60 PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Viola.

eighty gr. emetic, purgative. Syrup of violets, as a test to detect
an acid, or alkali, the former changing the blue colour to a red,
the latter to a green. Sorbet of the Turks made of the fl. and
sugar. (Hasselquist.) Old Gerarde mentions a preparation of
violets and sugar, called sugar violet, " most pleasant and
wholesome," violet cakes?

(V. palustris. Marsh V, Stemless. Leaves kidney-
shaped, smooth. Root creeping. Side petals with a

hairy central line. E. B. 444. C. fas. 3. 58.

Mossy bogs. * (In a bog beyond Childswell Farm. BenwelL
Wootten Heath, near Shad well Copse. Bx,^ Between Oxford
and Water-Eaton. Plot,

Per. April.

Scions none. Fl. very pale blue, with purple streaks.)

V. canina. Dog's V. Stem at length ascending, chan-
nelled. Leaves oblong-heart-shaped. Calyx acute.
Stipulas saw-toothed. Bracteas awl-shaped, entire.
E. B. 620. C. fas. 2. 61. V. canina sylvestris. G.
E. 851.

Groves f thickets, hedges, heathy ground.

Per. April.

Stems square, branched. Ls. smooth, somewhat dilated at the top.
Fl. stalks axillary, solitary, erect. Cor. nodding, scentless, blue,
(or white) with purple lines in the mouth. Spur greenish white,
abrupt. Bract, two, awl -shaped, near the top of the fl. stalk.

V. tricolor. Pansy^ V, Hearths-ease, Stem angular,
spreading, divided. Leaves oblong, deeply notched.
Stipulas lyrate, wing-cleft. Bracteas obsolete. E. B.
1287. C. fas. 1. m. G. E. 854. V. tricolor
petraea. G. E. 854.

Cornjields.

An. April, May.

Ls. alternate, stalks long. Fl. stalks, axillary, solitary. Cor. pet.
variable in size and colour, mostly longer than the cal. the odd
one broadest and yellow : side one pale bluish, two upper
reversed, pet. purple, all with black radiating streaks. In Sibth.
V. arvensis, a var. of this ; in it, the petals all shorter than the
cal. the odd one only yellow, the rest whitish ; or we may say,
blossoms white, or yellow white; small with a few purple
streaks.
This plant the origin of our Garden Heart' s-ease, and its var. or

as it has been called — " Three Faces mider a Hood. Love in

Idleness, &c."

' Fr. Pensee, a thought.

PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Verbascum. 6i

A handful of the fresh, or half a drachm of the dried Is. boiled in
half a pint of milk, recommended strongly to be given night and
morning, for some weeks, in scabby complaints, Crusta lactea of
young children. Med. Jour. ii. p. 188.

VERBASCUM.' Mullein."

V. ThapsusJ Great Mullein, High Taper. Leaves
running down the stem, notched, woolly on both sides.
Stem simple. Cluster dense. Flowers almost stalk-
less. E. B. 549. Tapsus barbatus. G. E. 77^«

Hoad sides, walls, on chalk or gravel. Sm.
Bien. Juli/.

Stem erect, straight, three to five feet, leafy, woolly, winged. Ls.
alternate. Fl. spike terminal, erect, cylindric, many flowered :
F'i. large, bright yellow, rarely white. Stam. yellow, hairy,
three in number, two long, smooth : not so fig. in E. B. Anth.
red.

A handful of the Ls. boiled in a pint of cow's milk to half a
pint, sweetened, and strained, an emollient medicine, and to allay
irritation in piles. This draught may be taken at bed-time.
Has been recommended in obstinate diarrhoea, and as an external
application to piles. Said to intoxicate fish. The down may serve
for tinder, as the leaves of the Coltsfoot. FL dried in the sun, give
out a fatty matter, which may be used as a cataplasm in hemorr-
hoidal complaints.

V. nigrum, Dark^ or Black M, Sage-leaved M, Leaves
oblong-heart-shaped, stalked, waved, notched, slightly-
downy. Spike mostly solitary. E. B. 59. H. L. fas.

2. 103. G. E. 775.

Banks, way-sides, on gravel or chalk. * Sm. Nettlebed. Henley.

Stoken church. Sb. (Road between Besselsleigh and Appleton

Common. Bx?)
Per. July.
Stem two or three feet, angular, brown or purplish. Fl. spike long,

not very compact, upright, cylindrical, one only, for most part.

Fl. bright yellow ; filam. densely clothed with violet coloured

hairs.

Beauty of the golden cor. much enriched by the tints of purplish
brown at the mouth of the tube, and the yellowish scarlet of the
anth.

' Verbascum, Irritability of some species, e. g. V. pulverulentum. Two or
three smart blows being given to the stem with a stick, all the corollas open,
and in a few minutes fall off. The calyx closes round the germens. This
takes place in still warm weather.

' Myl, dust. An. Sax. from the leaves.

3 Name of an island.

62 PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Atropa.

(V. Blattaria* Moth M» Leaves clasping the stem,
oblong*, smooth, saw-toothed ; root-ones sinuated.
Clusters panicled, simple. Flower-stalks longer than

the bracteas. E. B. 393. G. E. B. Plinii. 776.

Banks, rare.* Binfield, Berks. Tur,

An. July.

Stem slightly angular, three to four feet. Cor. yellow, streaked

with purple at the base, stained with brown at the back. Stam.

bearded with purple hairs. Herb fetid.)
(* Datura Stramonium. Common Thorn Apple. Mentioned in

Tur. as growing near Reading, Berks.)

HYOSCY'AMUS/ Henbane.

H. niger. Common Henbane, Leaves sinuated, clasp-
ing the stem. Flowers stalkless. E. B. 591. G. E.

TVaste ground, hanks, commons.
An. June.

Stem bushy, leafy. Ls. alternate, stalkless. Fl. spikes terminal,
curved back. Fl. nearly stalkless, erect, straw-coloured, pen-
cilled with dark purple veins. Anth, and style purplish. Whole
plant downy, clammy, very fetid.

Highly narcotic. The seeds and caps, smoked together as
tobacco a dangerous remedy in tooth-ache. The oily seeds may
be safely eaten. The fumes from the seeds in tooth-ache : beat
the seeds in the bowl of a tobacco pipe placed in the fire : convey
the fumes from the pipe to the tooth by a tin tube. Extract of
Henbane a substitute for opium : opening, not constipating. Dose
three grains to twenty in pills. The Tinct. dose half a drachm to
two drachms not liable to affect the head, nor disturb the biliary
secretion like opium. It may be advantageously combined with
Vinum. Opii, or with Tinct. of Opium. Extract diluted to dilate
the pupil in cataract, and contracted pupil. The roots strung as
beads are the anodyne necklaces of children. Mice said to avoid
the smell of the plant.

ATROPA." Dwale.

A. Belladonna, Common Dwale, Deadly Nightshade,
Stem herbaceous. Leaves egg-shaped, undivided.
Flowers solitary. E. B. 592. C. fas. 5. 16. Sola-

num lethale. G. E. 340.

Hedges, waste ground, calcareous soil. Sm. * * Wychwood Forest.

• Gr. Hus, a swine, and kdamos, a bean.

2 Atropos, one of the Fates : named by mistake, after a supposed Atropa, or
Fury.

PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Soldnum. 63

Near Witney. Between Nettlebed and Henley. Sb. Woodstock

Park, near the Monument. Bx. (Tilehurst Common, and

Englefield, Berks. R. W.)
Per. June.
Stem about three feet, branched, leafy. Ls. from the side of the

stems, in pairs, one smaller, all dull green. FL drooping, axillary.

Cor. dull purplish, of a lurid look. Berry about the size of a

small cherry, shining, black, when ripe.

Frequently about ancient ruins. Abbeys.

A most dangerous narcotic, occasioning a deadly stupor: the
taste of the berries not unpleasant. Antidote, draught of warm
vinegar, and keeping the patient walking. The Ls. in infusion
internally, and externally, in cancer. To be used with the greatest
caution. See also Pharmacop. Chirurgica. The extract to dilate
the pupil of the eye. A quantity of bread, wine, and ale, into
which had been infused the juice of this plant, sent to the Danish
army under Sueno, in the reign of Duncan I. The Danes par-
taking liberally of the poisonous boon were intoxicated, and
became an easy prey to the Scots. See the Classical Buchanan, in
Hist. Scot. 1. vii. p. 112. fol. ed. Ruddiman. Juice of the ripe
berries to stain paper of a durable and fine purple.

SOLA'NUM. Nightshade.

S. Dulcamara, Woody N, Bitter- Sweet. Stem
shrubby, zigzag, without thorns. Upper leaves halbert-
shaped. Clusters cymose, opposite to the leaves. E.

B. 565. C. fas. 1. 14. Amara dulcis. G. E. 350.

Hedges, thickets, especially in watery situations.
Shrub. Per. July.

Stem woody, branched, several feet high. Ls. alternate, stalked,
smooth, lowermost heart-shaped, undivided. Fl. clusters oppo-
site to the Is., or terminal. Fl. elegant, purple, with two green
dots at the base of each segm. Anth. large, yellow. Berry
scarlet, oval, poisonous.

Decoction of the plant, diuretic, narcotic, useful in humoral
asthma, dropsy. Lepra vulgaris, alphos, and ptyriasis. T. T. See
Decoct. Dulcamarae, T. T. Recommended by Boerhaave as supe-
rior to Sarsaparilla : by Linn, in infusion in acute rheumatisms.

S. nigrum. Common, or Garden N. Stem herbaceous,
without thorns. Leaves egg-shaped, bluntly toothed, or
wavy. Umbels from the sides of the stem, drooping.
E. B. 5^6. C. fas. 2. 14. S. hortense. G. E. 339.

Waste, cultivated, ground, dunghills.
An. Per. sometimes. July,

Stem branched, spreading. Ls. alternate, stalked, lengthened at
the base. Umbels from the spaces between the Ls. Fl. white.

64 PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Samolus.

few, musky. Berry black, globular, sometimes yellow. Whole
plant fetid, narcotic, diuretic, sudorific, to be cautiously used.
One to three grains ample dose of the dried Is. in infusion :
eifects uncertain on the nervous system. Ls. externally to abate
inflammation, and assuage pain.

Solano de Luque proposed as a cure for an incurable disease,
consumption, an ointment of this plant : burying the patient up to
the chin in his mother earth, and afterwards rubbing him with the
ointment. Ray in his Syn. ed. 3. under a var. of this plant quotes
a Dr. Brown, his acquaintance, as a very skilful botanist, of Magd.
Coll. Oxford.

ERYTHRiEA.' Centaury. Chironia. Br.

E, Centaur ium,^ Common C, Stem nearly simple.
Panicle forked, corymbose. Leaves egg-spear-shaped.
Calyx half the length of the tube ; its segments partly
combined by a membrane. Chironia centaurium. E.

B. 417. C. fas. 4. 22. C. parvum. G. E. 547-

Dry ^ gravelly pastures. Shotover Hill. Bullingdon Green. South -
leigh. Sb. Between Woodstock Park, and Stonesfield, &c. Bx.

An. July.

Stem solitary, erect, about one foot, four edged, leafy. Fl. branches
several, opposite, forked, forming an upright panicle. Ls. oppo-
site, stalkless, three nerved, root-ones somewhat battledore-
shaped. FL stalkless, tube greenish, limb pink, polished. Var.
fl. white. (Cor. closes as soon as gathered, and against rain.)
Antli. spiral, after discharging the pollen. Whole plant smooth,
very bitter : called by rustic practitioners. Lesser C. Basis of
the famous Gout Portland Powder, which prevented the fits, but
in the end the patient died, by induration of liver, palsy, or
apoplexy. The plant a stomachic, but like other bitters, inju-
rious to the stomach if long persevered in. A decoction of
the plant to destroy lice.

SA'MOLUS. Brook-weed.

S. Valerandi, Common B. TVater Pimpernel, Leaves
inversely egg-shaped, blunt. Clusters corymbose,
many-flowered. Bracteas solitary, in the middle of each
partial stalk. E. B. 703. C. fas. 4. 20. Anagallis
aquatica rotundifolia. G. E. 620.

Clear, watery places, gravelly soil. Sides of the ditch in Cowley

* Gr. from its red^.

2 From Chiron, the Centaur, the I made long by Beckmann, Lex. Bota-
uicum.

PENTANDRTA MONOGYNIA. Rhamnus. (15

Marsh. Peat bogs under Headington Wick Copse. Sb. Be-
tween Hey field's Hut and Port Meadow. J5:r.
Per. Jul^.

Root fibres many, simple. Plant smooth, pale green, about one
foot. Stem round, terminating in one or more long clusters of
many, small, white fl. Ls. alternate.

Found in almost every quarter of the globe, and in diiferent lati-
tudes ; this happens to several aquatics.

LONICKRA.^ Honeysuckle.

L. Caprifolium. Pale Perfoliate H. Flowers gaping,
whorled, terminal. Leaves deciduous ; the uppermost
united at the base and perfoliate. E. B. 799. Peri-
clymenum perfoliatum. G. E. 891.

WoodSf thickets. In a wood near Elsfield, plentifully. Rev. T,
Butt.

Shrub. July.

Ls. opposite, smooth. Fl. stalkless, in the bosom of the upper Is.,
fragrant. Cor. yellowish, tube blush- coloured. Berr. elliptic,
orange-red, crowned with the cal. nearly entire.

L. Pericly' menum. Common H, or Woodbine, Heads
of flowers egg-shaped, tiled, terminal. Leaves all
separate, deciduous. Flowers gaping. E. B. 800.
C. fas. 1. 15. Periclymenum. G. E. 89 1»

Hedges, groves, thickets. Var. /3. found near Oxford by Mr. Jenner.

Dil. in R. p. 458.
Shrub. July.
Discrim. from L. Caprifolijim by its Is. all distinct, not perfoliate, j^.

in an egg-shaped head, not axillary, fruit crowned with a five

toothed cal. Berry rounder, darker red. Stems climbing high.

Ls. entire, mostly stalkless, sometimes downy.

jFY. delightfully fragrant in the evening, or after rain. The
Woodbine of poets, Milton's "Twisted Eglantine." The climbing
action of plants curious ; such phenomenon adduced in favour of
an instinctive, or perceptive power in vegetables.
In var. jS. Is. sinuated like those of an oak, and variegated ; called

Oak-leaved Honeysuckle. Fl. variable in colour, externally

deep red, or pale yellowish.

(L. Xylostewm. Upright Fly H, See Appendix.)

RHAMNUS.^ Buckthorn.

R. cathdrticus. Common B, Thorns terminal. Flowers
four-cleft, dioecious. Leaves egg-shaped, saw-toothed.

' Named after Adam Lonicer, Botanist.
2 Gr. RamnoSf a branch : a branchy shrub.

F

00 PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Ribes.

Stem erect. Berry with four seeds. E. B. 16^9. R.
solutivus. G. E. 1337. f. 1. 2.

Hedges, grovea, thickets. Lane leading from the Botley road to

Binsey. Sh. Magd. Coll. Walks, Oxford. R. W.
Shrub. May. Fruit in September.

Shrub stiff, spreading, branches alternate, or nearly opposite, each
tipped with a strong thorn. Ls. earlier ones in clusters from the
flowering buds, the rest opposite. Fl. stalks short, simple, clus-
tered, yellowish- green. Cal. lobes, pet. and stam. four. Berry
globular, bluish-black, nauseous, purgative. Stig. four-cleft.
Berry unripe dyes yellow. A syrup from the ripe berr., a griping
purgative. Flesh of the birds feeding on the berr. said to be purga-
tive. Juice of the ripe berr. mixed with alum, is sap-green of
painters. From the bark a fine yellow dye. This plant known
to attain the height of nearly twenty feet.

(R. Frangula, Alder B» Without thorns. Flowers
perfect. Style simple. Leaves entire, smooth. Berry
two seeded.

Hedges. Grafton, &c. Pn.
Shrub. May. Berries, July.
Ls. roundish. Fl. whitish. Berries dark-purple, purgative.)

EUO'NYMUS.' Spindle-tree.

E. europceus. Common Spindle-tree, or Prickwood.
Flowers mostly four-cleft and tetrandrous. Petals
acute. Branches smooth and even. E. B. S6^, E.
Theophrasti. G. E. 1468.

Hedges, thickets.

Shrub, or small Tree. May.

Plant bruised fetid. Ls. nearly opposite, on short stalks, spear-
shaped, pointed, saw-toothed, the first pair entire. Fl. small,
axillary, white, fetid, panicle straddling ; the first flower that
opens has five stam. as many^oe^. cal.-teeth, and caps, all the
rest, with those parts in fours. Caps, pink, when ripe, or white,
seed-coat, orange, pulpy.
The tough wood cut when the plant in fl. for spindles, skewers,

organ keys, &c. and for excellent crayon charcoal. Three or four

berr. emetic, and purgative. Powdered and sprinkled in the hair

they destroy lice.

RFBES. Currant, and Gooseberry.

* R. ruhrum. Common Currant, No prickles. Clusters
smooth, hanging down. Flowers but slightly concave.

1 Gr. " of good repute," meaning the direct contrary by antiphrasis; the
plant having been considered poisonous.

PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Hedera. 07

Petals inversely heart-shaped. E. B. 1289. R. vul-
garis, fructu rubro. G. E. 1593.

Hedges, thickets, SI).

Shrub. April.

Bushy shrub. Ls. deciduous, on long foot-stalks, five-lobed, doubly
saw-toothed. Bract, egg-shaped, concave, short. Fl. nearly
flat, yellowish-green. Berry globular, red, shining, acid.
Fruit of a cold climate, thriving ill in the south of Europe.

Berry also pale pink, or white. Red berr. for jelly. Equal weights

of picked currants, and pure sugar put over the fire become an

agreeable jelly from the liquor that separates.

(R. alpinum. Near Bristol Hot Wells. Tur.

(Ribes nigrum. Black C, Oversley, Warwickshire. P/i.)

*R. Grossuldria, Common Gooseberry, Prickles one,
two, or three, under each bud. Branches otherwise
smooth, spreading". Stalks single-flowered. Bracteas
close together. Segments of the calyx bent back,
shorter than the tube. E. B. 1292. 3. R. Uva crispa.
E. B. 2057. Sb. 84. Smooth Gooseberry. Uva
crispa. G. E. 1824.

Hedges, thickets, waste ground. 0. In Cowley Field. Heading-
ton. White wood. Sb.

Shrub. April.

Ls. three-lobed, Berr. pendulous, rough. Far. ^. Fr. smooth,

HEDERA. Ivy.^

H. Helix, Common I, Leaves near the flower egg-
shaped, others five-lobed, umbel upright. E. B. I267.
C. fas. 1. 16. H. corymbosa, and Helix. G. E.

857.
Woods, hedges, old buildings.
Shrub. September, October. Bx.

Stem and branches long, flexible, creeping ; those attaching closely
to trees or walls, by numerous short fibres, somewhat com-
pressed. Upper branches round. Ls. evergreen, dark, veined
with white ; lowermost five-lobed, uppermost egg-shaped, all
stalked. Fl. greenish- white, many, in umbels. Berry globular,
black.

Whole plant aromatic. From the old stems bruised, a fragrant
resin.

When trailing on the ground, Is. three-lobed, and no fruit pro-
duced. Almost every one acquainted with this common and

' An. Sax.
F 2

68 PENTx\NDRIA MONOGYNIA. Vinca.

picturesque plant. The roots to whet tlie leather-cutter's knives
on. Berries emetic, and purgative. Plant eaten by horses, sheep,
and cows. Some of the largest sized, and soundest forest-trees are
such as have been entwined with Ivy for a great length of time.
The Ivy draws its support from its own root ; its adhering fibres do
not supply it with nourishment. Latest of our fl. plants. Oint-
ment of the Is. for burns, Irish Ivy a var. with larger Is, of rapid
growth.

THE'SIUM. Bastard-toadflax.

T. Unophyllum, Flax-leaved B, Cluster branched.
Bracteas three together. Leaves linear-spear-shaped.

Tube of the calyx very short. E. B. 247*

Hiyhy open, chalky pastures. Stanton St. John. Sb. Streatley,

Berks. Mr. L. Darwall, and Bx,
Per. July.
Stems several, reclining, rigid, taper, five or six inches, not much

branched. F'l. spikes branched, sometimes forming a panicle,

solitary, on alternate flower-stalks. Cal. funnel shaped, very

white above, and at the margin beneath.

VINCA.^ Periwinkle.

* V. minor. Less P. Stems lying down. Leaves elliptic-

spear-shaped, smooth-edged. Flowers stalked. Seg-
ments of the calyx spear-shaped. E. B. 917« C. fas.
3. 16. V. pervinca minor. G. E. 894.

Hedges, hanks. Magdalen College Walks. Right hand side of the
road between Wolvercot and Yarnton. Cornbury. Sb.

Per. April.

Root creeping. Whole plant smooth, shining. Stems slender,
leafy, in fl. erect, afterwards prostrate, lengthened out, and root-
ing at the joints. Ls. opposite, stalks short. Fl. smaller than
in V. major, darker blue. Cal. shorter, smooth, less tapering.
Anth. stigm. and fruit curious in the genus.

Its evergreen Is. and early fl. ornamental, in shady places and
under trees. Astringent, both species. Var. Fl. white.

* V. major. Greater P, Stems ascending. Leaves egg-

shaped, fringed. Flowers stalked. Segments of the
calyx bristle-shaped, lengthened out. E. B. 514. C.
fas. 4. 19. Clematis daphnoides major. G. E. 894.

Thickets, groves. Magdalen College Walks. Sb.

Per. April.

Roots creeping. Stems leafy, some trailing, throwing out roots,

' From Lat. vincio^ to bind.

PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. Chenopodium. 69

others erect, /.-bearing. Ls. opposite, stalked. Fl. solitary,
axillary, alternate. Cal. segm. as long as the 11. tube. Cor.
purple, blue, large. Fruit seldom seen, unless the plant be
cultivated in a pot; thus perhaps propelling the juices more
copiously to the fi.

One of the greatest ornaments of the early season. Handful of
the Is. of Periwinkle stamped, and the juice given to drink in red
wine, highly recommended by Gerarde to stop spitting of blood, &c.

PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA,
CHENOPO'DIUM. Goosefoot.

* Leaves angular.

Ch. Bonus Henricus, Mercury G, Leaves triangular-
arrow-shaped, entire. Spikes terminal, compound,
leafless, axillary. E. B. 1033. C. 3. 17. Bonus

Henricus. G. E. 329.
JVaste ground, road-sides. Not very common about Oxford. Bx.
Per. June.

Plant clothed with unctuous mealiness. Spikelets alternate, stalk-
less. Fi. crowded, stalkless. Plant pyramidal.
The calyx universally regular, five-cleft, not much enlarged after
flowering, clearly separates Chenopodium from ^triplex. Seeds
of this genus, a large supply of food to the smaller birds.
Our only perennial Chenopodium, erden when young, like
spinach, and is very good tasted, laxative. The leaves may be ap-
plied as a poultice.

Ch. urhicum. Upright G, Leaves triangular, toothed.
Spikes crowded, lobed, very long and straight,
approaching the stem, almost leafless. E. B. 717'

Dunghills, ditch-banks, way-sides.

An. August.

Stem stiff and straight. Ls. bright-green, smooth. Cal. smaller

than in Ch. ruhrum. Seed roundish, the size of rape-seed, five
times as large as that of Ch. rubrum. Curtis.

The very long clusters of flowers, erect, and approximating the
stem, distinguish this species, together with its seeds larger than
Ch. rubrum.

Ch. rubrum. Red G. or Sow-bane, Leaves triangular,
somewhat rhomboid, deeply toothed and sinuated.
Spikes erect, compound, leafy. Seed very minute,
about the size of common sand. E. B. 17- L C. 6.
21. Atriplex sylvestris latifolia altera. G. E. 328.

70 PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. Chenopodium.

Waste groundy often in muddy situations. Sm.

An. August.

Plant more bushy than Ch. urbicum. Ls. more deeply toothed,
considerably lengthened out at the base. Spikes of stalkless tufts
interspersed with linear leaflets. Ls. thick, scarcely shining.
In exposed situations the whole plant becomes red. Said to be

poisonous to swine.

Ch. murale. Nettle-leaved G, Leaves egg-shaped,
acute, many-toothed, shining*. Spikes aggregate, pani-

cled, cymose, leafless. E. B. 1722. C. 6. 20.

Waste ground^ about old walls, way-sides.

An. August.

Paniclecl, cymose ; inflorescence distinguishes this species. Plant
fetid, with dark, shining leaves. Seed larger than in Ch. rubrum,
black, very minutely dotted. The dark, shining leaves and
corymbose clusters distinguish this species. Stem often tinged
with dark-purple.

Ch. hy'bridum. Maple-leaved G, ( Thorn-apple-leaved.)
Leaves heart-shaped, pointed, with broad, angular, teeth.
Spikes aggregate, panicled, cymose, straddling, almost
leafless. E. B. 1919. C. 4. 23.

Waste ground, rather moist ; one of the rarer species. Sm.
An. August.

Plant more slender than in most other species ; Is. larger, of a full,
bright-green. Seeds stripped of their pellicle, black, with irre-
gular, large dots. Bunch at first compact, but forming a light
panicle, when fully expanded.

Linn, named this species hybridum, supposing it might be pro-
duced from Ch. viride. Fl. Suec.

Ch. album. White G, Leaves rhomboid-egg-shaped,
jagged, mealy ; entire towards the base : upper ones
oblong, entire. Seed quite smooth. E. B. 1723. C.

2. 15.

Cultivated, and waste grourid.

An. July.

Plant mealy when full grown, greasy to the touch, becoming dry
and chaffy ; aspect hoary or silvery. Subject to variety in the
shape of its leaves : sometimes broad and roundish, [or narrow
and green (Ch. viride. Linn.)^ sometimes leaves nearly entire.
Ls. diamond, triangular, on long foot-stalks. Spikes alternate,
stalkless. Seeds not dotted. Bunches with small Is. but not
intermixed with the flowers. Cal. frosted. Ls. with three semi-
transparent veins springing from the base. May be boiled and
eaten as greens.

C\\* ficifolium. Fig-leaved G, Leaves sinuated, jagged,

PENTANDRIA DIGVNIA. Ulmiis. 71

somewhat halbert- shaped ; entire towards the base :
upper ones oblong, quite entire. Seed dotted. E. B.
1724. Ch. viride. C. 2. I6. Ch. serotinum. Sb.

PVaste ground^ dunghills.

An. August.

Lobes of the Is. more round pointed, the middle one more length-
ened out than in Ch. album. Greener hue than Ch. alburn^ a
purple stain at the base of the foot-stalks.

* * Leaves undivided, entire.

Ch. olidum. Stinking G, Leaves egg-shaped, some-
what diamond-egg-shaped, entire. Spikes dense,
crowded, leafless, axillary, and terminal. E. B. 1034.
C. 5. 20. Atriplex olida. G. E. 327. Ch. Vulva-

ria. Sb.

Rubbish, waste places. * *

An. July.

Stems spreading or prostrate, covered with a greasy mealiness ; on

being handled exhale a filthy smell, like stale salt-fish. Ls.

alternate, stalked, smaller than in most Chenopodia, squarish

egg-shaped. Fuller's anti-hysteric electuary made from this

plant. Smell attractive to dogs.

Ch. acutifolium. Sharp Entire-leaved G, Leaves

egg-shaped, acute, entire. Stem erect. Clusters

spiked, compound, lengthened out, erect, partly leafy ;

lower ones somewhat cymose. E. B. 1481. Ch.

polyspermum. C. 2. I7. Sb. Atriplex sylvestris

sive Polyspermon. G. E. 324.
Cultivated ground, waste places. Not uncommon about London.

Curtis.
An. July.
Stems square, red. Seeds reddish. Lower stems lengthened out,

trailing on the ground. Cal. half covering the seed. True Ch.

polyspermum found in Cornwall. Sm.

ULMUS. Elm/

U. campestris. Common Small-leaved E, Leaves doubly
saw-toothed, rough. Flowers nearly stalkless, four-
cleft. Capsule oblong, deeply cloven, naked. E. B.
1886. U. minor, folio angusto scabro. Goodr. in G.
E. 1480.

JVoods, hedges. Magdalen Grove, Oxford, a fine plantation of elms.

Tree. April.

' Ang;. Sax.

72 PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. Cuscuta.

Bark of branches even. Trunk and branches rugged, crooked.

As the fruit advances, the Is. appear. Ls-. alternate, short stalked,

egg-rhomboid, unequal at the base, one to three inches long. Fl.

clusters, numerous, dense. Bract, fringed. Cal. light-red, or

brownish. Stam, four, antli. large, roundish, purple.

Wood hard, tough, durable in wet situations. Decoct, of inner

bark in Dropsy, in Lepra icthyosis. The dried ground bark mixed

with meal (^PVith.^ for bread during a scarcity. Well adapted for

shady walks, as not destroying the grass, its Is. acceptable to

cattle ; should be grafted on the Ulmus glabra to prevent the roots

sending out suckers. Thrives in an open situation, black, clayey

soil : bears transplantation. Caterpillar of Pap. Polychloros, large

Tortoiseshell Butterfly, and of Pap. Comma Album feed on the Is.

Young Is. food for silk-worms. Wood less liable to splinter than

even oak ; hence used in ship-building, naves of wheels, &c.

*U. suherosa. Common Cork-harked E. Leaves pointed,
rough, doubly and sharply saw-toothed. Flowers
stalked, four or five cleft, Capsule almost circular,
deeply cloven, naked. Branches spreading ; their bark
corky. E. B. 216 1. U. vulgatissima, folio lato

scabro. Goodr. in G. E. 1480.

Hedges, occasionally.

Tree. March.

Branches, — bark fissured.

U. montdna. Broad-leaved E. WycJi Hazel, Leaves
taper pointed, rough, doubly saw-toothed. Flowers
stalked, loosely tufted, five or six cleft. Capsule some-
what circular, slightly cloven, naked. Branches droop-
ing ; their bark even. E. B. 1887. U. effusa. Sb.
U. folio latissimo scabro. Goodr. in G. E. 1481.

Woods, ] ledges.
Tree. April.

Tree large, branches spreading, drooping; bark even. It flowers
under thirty feet high. U. campestris seldom until after a
greater height, and age. Timber less valuable than that of U.
campestris. Ls. larger than in U. camp, less rough, with longer
points. Fl. somewhat larger, on rather longer stalks, blush-
coloured. Stam. five to six. Fruit larger than in U. camp,
more skinny, and hop-like.

Magdalen College Elm, Oxford, two feet above ground, mea-
sures twenty-seven feet, four : breast high, twenty-one feet.
1831. R, W. A remarkably fine elm also at Fyfield, Oxfordshire.

CUSCUTA. Dodder.
C. europcea. Great D. Flowers nearly stalkless.

PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. Gentiana. 73

Corolla without scales. Stigmas acute. E. B. 378.

H. L. 67. Cuscuta. G. E. 577-

Thistles, nettles, flax. Found near Newbury, Berks. Mr. Bicheno.

Road to Hinksey. R. W.
An. August.
Stem thread-shaped, red, branched, parasitic, twining from right to

left, two or three feet. Ls. none. Fl. heads, dense, round,

whitish, somewhat pentandrous. Cal. reddish.

Dyes purpUsh.

C. Epithymum. Less D. Flowers stalkless, with a
notched scale at the base of each stamen. Stigmas
acute. E. B. p. 378. C. Europsea. E. B. 55, Sb.
63. Epithymum. G. E. 578.

On common heath, furze, thyme. Tilehurst Common, Berks.
R. W. Tffley. Sb.

Per. July.

Stem parasitical, thread-shaped, much twisted, deep red. Fl. mostly
four-cleft, with four stamens. Cal. red, acute. Cor. wiiite. The
seed is without cotyledons, puts forth a small spiral body, climb-
ing from right to left up other plants. Ls. none. Smaller than
C. europaea.

GENTIA'NA.' Gentian.

G. Amarella, Autumnal G, Corolla salver-shaped,
five cleft ; bearded in the throat. Segments of the
calyx nearly equal. Stem flowering from top to bottom,
with short axillary branches. E. B. ^S(*^, H. L. 33.

Limestone, chalky pastures. Sm. Bullingdon Green. Shotover Hill.
Burford Downs. Sb.

An. July.

Stem square, erect. Ls. stalkless, egg-sliaped, three nerved, dark-
green. Cal. pale, ribs green. Cor. tube twice as long as the
cal. Segments rarely three or four. Fringe of the orifice purple.
Cor. limb violet. Cal. segments spear-shaped, acute, erect.
Whole plant, as its congeners, intensely bitter. Fringe under

the mouth of the cor. a beautiful microscopic object.

G. campestris. Field G, Corolla salver-shaped, four
cleft ; bearded in the throat. Two outer segments of
the calyx egg-shaped, very large. E. B. 237-

Elevated pastures. Shotover Hill. Sb. B.v.

An. September.

Plant paler in colour than G. Amarella, not so tall,^. fewer, more

' From its discoverer Gentius, king of Illyricum.

74 PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. Daucus.

corymbose. Distinguished by its cal, segments from G. Ama-
rella. Cor. pale violet.

Used by the poor instead of hops. FL Suec. All the Gentians
bitter.

ERY'NGIUM.^ Eringo.

(^E, campestre. Field E, Leaves clasping the stem ;
root-ones twice or thrice wing-cleft. Scales of the
receptacle undivided. E. B. 57. E. med. G. E,
1162.

Pastures, rare,* Daven try, Northamptonshire. Morto7i. Oppo-
site Brookhall, near Daventry. E. FL Smitlis.

Per. July, August.

Plant palish green. Pet. white or pm'plish, narrow, bent inwards

sharply.)

UmheUiferous jilants generally herbaceous, Is. for the most part
repeatedly compound. Flowers white, reddish, or yellow. In
dry or mountainous places aromatic, wholesome; marsh or
aquatic, virulent and dangerous. Sm.

SANFCULA.^ Sanicle.

S. eiiropcBa, Wood S, Root-leaves simple, deeply
lobed. Flowers all nearly stalkless. E. B. 98. S.
sive Diapensia. G. E. 948.

Woods, groves.

Per. May.

Ls. a.bout seven lobed, three cleft, shining. FL numerous, crowded,

cream-coloured, in small, stalked heads.

Herb bitter, acrid, somewhat aromatic, pungent.

DAUCUS. Carrot.

D. Carota, Wild G, Bird's Nest, Bristles of the
seeds slender. Leaflets wing-cleft, with linear-spear-
shaped acute segments. Umbels with a solitary,
coloured, abortive flower ; w^hen in seed hollow. E. B.

1174.

Banks of fields, dry pastures.

Bien. July.

Ls. twice, thrice winged. Neutral fl. in the centre, blood-red.

Leaf-stalks ribbed beneath.

Grateful, nutritious to cattle : carriage horses work upon them,

' See Nova Acta Acad. Nature Curiosorum for 1824, and Hooker^s Brit. Fl.
in UmbelHf. Plants.
2 So called from its supposed vulnerary qualities. .

PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. T6rilis. 75

nearly as well, as upon oats : if given beyond a certain time, apt to
cause bloody urine in cattle. To destroy crickets, place a paste of
powdered arsenic, wheat meal, and scraped carrots, near their
habitation. Poultice of the boiled roots, mitigates the pain, and
abates the stench of foul ulcers. See Walker on Carrots, 8vo.'
The herb and seeds are diuretic, and esteemed useful in gravelly
or calculous complaints. Garden carrot, a var. of this.

CAU'CALIS. Bur-parsley.

C. daucoides. Small B, Umbels three cleft, without
general bracteas ; partial ones with three bracteas, and
ripening about three fruits. Leaves repeatedly subdi-
vided. E. B. 197.

Cornfields, on a chalky soil. Between Middleton Stoney and Buck-
nell. Sb. Frequent in the County of Oxford. Sm.

An. June.

Stems straddling. Ls. narrow, deep-green segments, very finely
divided. Germs armed with hooked bristles. Pet. reddish.

TO'RILIS,^ Hedge-parsley.

T. Anthrisciis, Upright H, Umbels of many close
rays, with numerous general bracteas. Leaflets wing-
cleft. Branches nearly upright, Caucalis Anthriscus.
E. B. 987. C. 6. 22. Sb. 93. C. minor, flosculis
rubentibus. G. E. 1022.

Hedges, borders of fields.

An. July.

Fl. white, or flesh-coloured, red underneath. Fruit purplish at
the top. Styles bent back. Ls. twice winged. Leaflets egg-
spear-shaped. Seeds egg-shaped.

T. mfesta, Spreading H, Umbels of many close rays.
General bracteas scarcely any. Leaflets wing-cleft.
Branches spreading. Caucalis infesta. E. B. 1314.
C. 6. 23. C. arvensis. Sb. 92.

Fields, way sides.

An. July.

Seeds adhesive. Want of many leaved involucre, and straddling
branches of this, distinguish it from T. x\nthriscas. Terminating
leaflet linear-spear shaped. Generally found in corn-fields, not
under hedges.

• Author of the well-known " Experiments and Observations on the Produc-
tion of Artificial Cold." 1796. 8vo.
' Torilis, toreuo, to carve, emboss, in reference to the seed.

70 PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. Cheerophyllum.

T. nodosa. Knotted H. Umbels from the sides of the
stem, simple, nearly stalkless. Stem prostrate. Fruit
partly granulated. Caucalis nodosa. E. B. 199- C.
nodosa, echinato semine. G. E. 1022.

Banksy borders of fields y gravelly soil, or chalky , more frequent . Sm.

An. June.

Fl. white. Ls. deep, glaucous green.

* ANTHRISCUS. Beaked-parsley.

A. vulgaris. Common Beaked-parsley, Fruit egg-
shaped, twice the length of its beak. Leaves thrice-
winged, wing-cleft. Scandix Anthriscus. E. B. 818.

C. 1. 19. Sb.

Banks, waste ground, cliiefiy near large towns and villages.

An. May.

Stem very smooth, swollen under each joint. Ls. bright light-
green. Umbels mostly from the sides of the stem. Sweetish,
aromatic flavour. * Fruit egg-shaped, bristly, with a short, smooth
beak. Pers. The jD^-^a/s inaccurate in E. B.
" The w^iole vegetable kingdom does not afford a more exquisite

green, nor scarcely a more rich, and elaborate foliage, than the

young plants of A. vulgaris."

SCANDIX. Shepherd's-needle.

S. Pecten P'eneris, Common Sh, Venues Comb, or
Needle- Chervil. Fruit nearly smooth, with a bristly-
edged beak. Umbels simple ; solitary or in pairs.
Bracteas jagged. Petals bent inwards at the point.
E. B. 1397. C. 5. 21. Pecten Veneris. G. E.
1040.

Cultivated fields .

An. May.

Ls. three winged, somewhat smooth. Umbels of two or three rays.
Leaflets linear, cut into many linear segments.

CHiEROPHYLLUM. Chervil.

Ch. sylvestre. Wild Ch. Smooth Cow-parsley. Umbels
terminal, stalked. Bracteas egg-shaped, membranous.
E. B. 752. C. 4. 25.

Hedges, orchards, borders of pastures and fields.

Per. May.

Ls. three winged, deeply cut. Fl. w^hitish. Stem slightly fur-
rowed. Fruit not at all furrowed. Umbels drooping before
flowering.

PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. Bunium. 77

Cows fond of this. Roots eaten for parsneps, poisonous. Umbels
dye yellow : leaves and stem afford a beautiful green. Used as a
pot-herb in times of scarcity. Its presence indicates a fertile soil.
Flavour of carrots : grateful to rabbits.

Myrrhis temulenta, has a more swelling, a spotted, and very
rough stem, and bristly flower stalks to distinguish it.

MYRRHIS. Cicely/

Scandix and ChcBrophyllum of Linn.

* M. odordta. Sweet G, Seeds with very sharp, pro-
minent angles, roughish towards the summit. Scandix

odorata. E. B. 697. Sb.

Mountainous pastures. Rose Lane. Sb.

Not in Ray and DiUenius.

Per. May.

Three feet. Ls. somewhat triply winged ; wing-cleft, pale, hairy,

scented.

In the north of England, seeds for polishing, and perfuming oak-
floors, and furniture. With. Young seeds gratefully stomachic.

M. temulenta. Rough Cicely* Rough Cow-parsley.

Seeds furrowed, nearly smooth. Stem rough, swollen

under each joint. Chserophyllum temulentum. E. B.

1521. C. 6. 24. Sb. Cerefolium sylvestre. G. E.

1038.
Bushy places, and under hedges.
Bien. June.
Ls. twice winged, wing-cleft, hairy. Stem, speckled with purple.

Umbels drooping, before flowering.

Sweetish, aromatic, no intoxicating qualities.

BUNIUM. Earth-nut.

B. jiexuosum. Common E. Kipper, or Pig-nut.
General bracteas scarcely three. Stem tapering and
zigzag at the base. Fruit somewhat beaked. Styles
nearly upright. E. B. 988. B. Bulbocastanum. C.
4. 24. Bulb, minus. G. E. 1064.

Grassy pastures, especially on a gravelly soil. Sm.

Per. May.

Root roundish, tuberous. Root-leaves thrice winged, segments
linear. General involucre sometimes none ; deciduous.
Roots eatable, nourishing : in some parts of England boiled in

broth, and served up at table : little inferior to chestnuts.

• Proper name.

78 PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. Slum.

SIUM. Water-parsnep.

S. latifolium. Broad-leaved TV, Leaves winged ;
leaflets oblong-spear-shaped, equally saw-toothed. E.
B. 204. H. L. 2. 110. S. majus latifoHum. G. E. 256.

Rivers ditches, fens.

Per. July.

Umbels large, nearly flat, white, terminal. Stems four or five feet,

furrowed. Z/eoj^e^^ very equally, and neatly saw-toothed. Those

that grow under water, often jagged.

Eaten by horses and swine. tVitli. Acrid, poisonous. Root
poisonous to oxen. Linn. Root leaves, at the beginning of Spring,
supra-decompound, and twice winged, stalk-leaves, and those
which are produced in the summer simply winged. TVilld. Seeds
of the plant of a poisonous quality.

S. angustifolium. Narrow-leaved TV, Leaves winged ;
leaflets unequally lobed, and unequally saw-toothed.
Umbels stalked, opposite to the leaves. Stem erect.
E. B. 139. H. L. 2. 111.

Ditches, rivulets. * Behind the Parks. Sb. (Ditch going to South

Hinksey, &c. Bx.)
Per. July.
Less than S. latifolium. Umhels hemispherical. Lowermost pair

of leaflets remote from the rest, and smaller in the lower leaves.

Ls. of the involucre, and involucellum large, conspicuous. The

specific names Broad-leaved, and Narrow-leaved, mislead.

Possesses active properties. With.

S. nodijiorum* Procumbent TV, Leaves winged ;
leaflets egg-shaped, almost equally saw-toothed. Umbels
nearly stalkless, opposite to the leaves. Stem procum-
bent. E. B. 639. S. umbellatum repens. G. E.
256, 258.

Ditches, and rivulets, frequent.

Per. July.

Involucre of one leaf, often wanting.

The juice in cutaneous disorders. Three large spoonfuls mixed

with milk, twice a day. With.

S. repens. Creeping TV, Leaves winged ; leaflets
roundish, deeply toothed. Umbels stalked, opposite to
the leaves. Stem creeping, throwing out roots. E. B.

1431.

Boggy meadoivs, watery commons. Peat bogs on Bullingdon Green.

Sh, and Bx.
Per. June.
Involucre, and Invohicret of many egg-shaped, spreading leaves.

PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. ^thusa. 79

Leaflets opposite, stalkless, unequally saw -toothed : the terminal
one, generally more or less three-lobed. Stem six to ten inches :
a smaller plant even than S. inundatum. Pur ton.

S. inundatum. Least W, Leaves, above water, winged,
cut ; those below, in many compound, hair-like seg-
ments. Umbels five-flowered, in pairs. Sison inunda-
tum. E. B. 227.

In ditches y pools, and wet ground overflowed in winter. Binsey
Common. Port Meadow. Southleigh Heath. Otmoor. Sb.*

Duration ? June.

Plant procumbent, or sw^imming. Called by Linn, in Fl. Suec. the
smallest of umbelliferous plants. Habit and seeds those of Slum
genus.

SISON. Honewort.^

S. Amomum. Hedge H. Bastard Stone-parsley.
Leaves winged ; the upper ones divided into three.
Umbels erect, of about four general rays. Bases of the
styles globose. E. B. 954. Petroselinum Macedoni-

cum F. G. E. 1016.

Marly, chalky, rather moist ground, under hedges. Sm,

Duration ? July.

Stem tall, much branched, slender, weak, spreading. Leaflets

egg-shaped, terminal one deeply cut, saw-toothed, three-cut.

Seeds warm, aromatic, w^hen ripe : in an early state nauseous.

Smell of the whole plant the same, like bugs.

S. segetum. Corn H, Leaves vidnged ; leaflets roundish-
egg-shaped, numerous. Umbels drooping, irregularly
crowded. Bases of the styles dilated, depressed. E.
B. 228.

In rather moist fields, on a calcareous soil. Sm.

Duration ? July.

Stem slender, rush-like, erect. Leaflets saw-toothed, set at nearly

right angles w^ith the stem. Slightly aromatic. Seeds more

pungent.

^THU'SA.^ Fool's-parsley.

iE. Cynapium, Common F, Less Hemlock, Leaves
uniform ; leaflets wedge-shaped, running down the

> Hone-wort, so called from its curing a hone, i. e. a swelling in the
cheek. Ger.

2 Shining, Gr. from its shining leaves.

80 PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. ffinanthe.

stem, with spear-shaped segments. E. B. 119^» C-
1. 18. Cicutaria tenuifolia. G. E. 1063.

Gardens, cultivated fields .

An. July.

Herb dark, lurid green, glossy, fetid, poisonous. Ls. twice winged,

with wing-cleft leaflets.

Occasions sickness : sometimes carelessly mistaken for Garden
Parsley. It is poisonous to geese. Linn. Fl. Suec.

Cows, horses, sheep, goats, and swine eat it. fVith.

CONrUM.^ Hemlock.

C. maculdtum. Common H, Stem poUshed and spotted >
much branched. E. B. 1191. C 1. V^, Cicuta.
G. E. 1061.

Hedges, waste ground near towns and villages,

Bien. July.

Three to four feet. Ls. large, repeatedly compound ; deep-shining

green. Fl. white.

Herb fetid, narcotic, sedative ; much used in the form of extract
for lowering the pulse in acute inflammatory disorders ; and still
more celebrated for relieving scrofulous and cancerous maladies.
Sm.

The extract an uncertain preparation, whence powder preferred
by some : dose fifteen to twenty five grains twice or thrice a day.
Extr. particularly useful in hooping-cough. See Butter,

(ENANTHE. Water-dropwort.

(Ei, jistulosa. Common Water-dr. Root sending- forth
runners. Stem-leaves winged, cylindrical, tubular.
General bracteas mostly wanting. E. B. 363. Fili-

pendula aquatica. G. E. 1060.

Ditches, ponds.

Per; Jmie.

Root tuberous. Umh. general rays from three to seven, or eight.

Stem creeping under water; above water erect, almost naked.

Root leaves twice winged. Umbels, when ripe, resemble small

prickly spheres. First umb. divided into three, the rest into

more divisions.

CE. peucedanifolia. Sulphur-wort. Water -dr. Leaf-
lets all linear. General bracteas none. Knobs of the
root stalkless, elliptical. E. B. 348. Filipendula
angustifolia. G. E. 1059.

' Koneion, Gr.

PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. Sm/rnium. 81

Fresh water ditches, hogs. Banks of the Isis beyond Iffley. Peat
bogs under Headington Wick Copse. Sb. * Bogs under Bul-
lingdon Green. Bx.

Per. June.

Stalk thicker than in OEnanthe fistulosa. Cal, erect, unequal.
Stalk leaves winged, root-ones twice winged, leaflets linear.
Umbellules often red about the centre, white towards the circum-
ference.

(E. crocdta. Hemlock Water-dr, Leaflets all wedge-
shaped, many-cleft, nearly uniform. Fruit linear-
oblong, with slender intermediate ribs. £• B, 2313.

Filipendula cicutse facie. G. E. 1059.

fVatery places, osier holts, about the banks of rivers. Near Bays-
water. Sb.* *

Per. Juli/.

The plant contains a fetid yellow juice, very poisonous, especially
the root. Cal, curved inwards. Ls. many-clefted, large, blunt.
Z7m5. terminal,large, convex. ^w^A. brown. i^«3/5 of universal
umb. furrowed. Sheep eat it, cows and horses refuse it. Brood
mares sometimes eat the root, and are poisoned. Ehret, the
draughtsman, experienced giddiness from the scent of the herb
while drawing it.

CE. Phelldndrium. Fine-leaved Water-dr, Leaflets
all uniform, with narrow, wedge-shaped, cut, straddling
segments. Fruit egg-shaped, with five broad ribs, and
narrow intermediate furrows. Phellandrium aquaticum.
E. B. 6841 Cicutaria palustris. G. E. 1063,

Hivers, ditches.

Per. July.

Stem thick, hollow. Umb. opposite to the leaves. Lower Is.
doubly compound, upper ones twice winged. Ls. thrice winged,
smaller wings stalkless ; under the water, long, hair-like. In
running streams Is. lengthened out, and flowers rarely produced.
Esteemed poisonous to horses, producing paraplegia: this effect
owing to Curculio paraplecticus within the stem. The antidote
is pig-dung. The roots and stem, in the course of the winter,
become dissected, and afford a curious skeleton of net- work. Linn.
Eaten by horses, sheep, and goats. Swine not fond of it : cows
refuse it.

SMY'RNIUM. Alexanders.

S. Olusdtrum. Common AL Stem-leaves in threes,
stalked, saw-toothed. E. B. 230. HipposeHnum.
G. E. 1019.

fVaste ground, ancient ruins. * * Near Bensington. Sb.
Bien. May.

G

82 PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. Angelica.

Smooth, shilling. Fl. pale, gi'eenish white. Fr. black. Root-leaves,

twice or thrice in threes.

Formerly eaten in many parts of Europe, as a salad, or pot-
herb. Turns black when boiled : hence its name, Olus-atrum.
Called formerly in Italy, and Germany, herba Alexandrina, as
supposed to have been brought from Alexandria: hence its English
name. Tusser, &c.

Found near the sea-coast in many places.

APIUM. Parsley.^

A. graveolens. Smallage P. Wild Celery. Leaflets
of the stem-leaves wedge-shaped. Stem furrowed.

Partial bracteas none. E. B. 1210.

Ditches, marsliy ground. * Marston. Stanton-Harcourt Common.

Southleigh. &h. Near Elsfield. R. W.
Bien. June.
Smooth, pale-green. Umh. frequently almost stalkless.

Whole plant in its native ditches, acrid, dangerous. By culture,
and blanching, the mild garden celery.

iEGOPO'DIUM." Gout^-weed.

iE. Podagraria, Common G. Herh Gerarde. E. B.
940. Herba Gerardi. G. E. 1001.

Moist, cultivated ground, shady wastes under hedges.

Per. June.

Root creeping. Leaflets egg-shaped, large, saw-toothed. Ls. on

triangular foot-stalks. Root-leaves twice in threes, with broad,

almost stalkless leaflets : those above in threes ; leaflets with

foot-stalks. Uppermost leaves opposite.

The young leaves in spring eaten as greens in Sweden and
Switzerland. The root pungently aromatic. Formerly used as a
cataplasm in the gout, whence specific name. Sm,

ANGE'LICA. Angelica.

(*A. Archangelica, Garden A, Terminal leaflet lobed.
E. B. 2561. G. E. A. sativa 999.

Watery places. * Broadmoore, near Birmingham, Warwickshire.
With, in Tur.

Bien. June, September.

Stem polished, purple. Ls. rather glaucous (sea-green.) Fl. flesh-
coloured.
Stalks candied, a sweet-meat.)

* Persilia, Ang. Sax. Gloss.

2 Aix^ a goat, and Pous, a foot : so called from the resemblance of the leaves
to the foot of the goat,

3 GoMf-weed, perhaps a corruption of Goa^weed.

PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. Cnidium. 83

A. sylvestris. Wild A. Leaflets equal, egg-shaped,
saw-toothed. E. B. 1128. G. E. 999.

JVatery places ^ alder carsj margins of rivers.

Bien. July.

Stem round, polished, often purple. Ls. twice-winged, rather glau-
cous. Fl. white, or flesh-coloured. Foot-stalks of the Is.
sheathing. Lower leaflets somewhat two-lobed at the base.
Renders hay ungrateful to cattle. Lightf. Root anti-hysteric.

Linn. Fl. Suec, Seeds sprinkled on the head destructive to lice.

Id. Caterpillar of Pap. Machaon feeds on this plant. Flavour

more bitter, and less grateful, than the Angel. Archangelica ;

virtues similar : garden species preferred.

PIMPINE'LLA. Burnet-saxifrage.

P. saxifraga. Common Bur.-s. Leaves winged ; leaflets
of the root-ones roundish, toothed ; of the uppermost in
various linear segments. E. B. 407. P. dissecta.
Sb. 102. a var. of this. Sm, Eng. Fl. Bipinella,

sive Saxifraga minor. G. E. 1044.

Dry, gravelly, or chalky pastures.

Per. July.

Leaflets very various in shape and figure. Root highly aromatic

and pungent, giving a blue oil.

Globularity of stigma not expressed in Eng. Bat. V^ar. (Pimp,
dissecta of Sihth.y Retzius, and De Candolle.) In this var., all the
leaves winged, leaflets of many divisions, segments somewhat leafy,
acute. Retz. Fasc. 3. 30. t. 2. Borders of fields, road sides.

P. magna. Great Bur.-s. Leaves winged ; leaflets all
egg-shaped, saw-toothed, somewhat cut ; the terminal
one three-lobed. E. B. 408. P. saxifraga. G. E.
1044.

Shady places, under hedges, chalky, limestone soil. Sm.

Per. July.

Larger than Pimp, saxifraga. Ls. uniform. Leaflets not subject

to be sub-divided. Root weaker in flavour than Pimp, saxif.

Stem furrowed. Leaflets almost broader than long, saw-toothed ;

as if besmeared with oil.

Root very acrid ; hence used for tooth-ache, and to cleanse the
skin from freckles. In asthma and dropsy in Germany. Larva of
Pap. Machaon feeds on this, and Pimp, saxifraga.

(P. dioica, St, Vincenfs Rocks. Tur.)

CNrDIUM. Pepper-saxifrage.

C. Sildus. Meadow P. Leaflets deeply wing-cleft ;
their segments opposite, running down the stem.

G 2

84 PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. Pastinaca..

General bracteas one or two. Peucedanum Silaus. E.
B. 2142. Saxifraga anglicana, facie Seseli pratensis.
G. E. 1047.

Rather moist meadows, pastures.

Per. July.

Whole plant smooth, darkish -green, varying in the shape of its

leaves. Fl. yellow, or greenish hue. Leaflets spear-shaped, as

it were keeled ; outermost united together. Ls. thrice-winged.

Germ, crowned with a glandular yellow receptacle, turning to

a deep red as the seeds ripen.

Where this herb abounds in pastures it is found partially
cropped ; generally left almost entire.

BUPLEURUM. Hare's-Ear.

B. rotundifolium* Common H, Thorow-wax^ Gene-
ral bracteas wanting. Leaves perfoliate. E. B. 99.
Perfoli^ta vulgaris. G. E. 536.

Cornfields, especially a chalky soil. Sm. Parks. Southleigh. Middle-
ton Stoney. Sb. Cornlields on Bullingdon Green. (Between
Ferry Hinksey and Cumnor Hurst. Bx.)

Stem alternately branched, hard, rigid and straightish, bent inwards,
clothed with remarkably perfoliate leaves. Foot and a half high.
Ls. egg-shaped. Fl. yellow. Partial involucre of five leaves,

large.

Plant reckoned among vulnerary herbs, in old herbals.

HYDROCOTYLE." White-rot.^

H. vulgaris. Common TVh, Marsh Penny-wort, Leaves
circular, target-shaped, smooth; cloven at the base.
Umbels somewhat crowded. Flowers nearly stalkless.

E. B. 751. C. 6. 19. Cotyledon palustris. G. E. 529.

An. June.

Moist heaths, hoggy comm^ons, margins of rivulets.

Per. June.

Stems creeping. Ls. solitary, or clustered, on upright, simple foot-
stalks, two or three inches high. Flower-stalks axillary. Fl,
small, reddish-white. Umbellate head five to eight flowers.
Herb acrid.

PASTTNA^CA. Parsnep.
P. sativa. Commoii JVild P, Leaves simply winged,

* Tlwroic-waXy so called from the stem waxing, i. e. growing thorow, or
through, \\\e leaves.

'■^ Hydrocotyle, from udor, water, and cotule, a cup.

2 Whiterot, from a supposition that the plant caused the disease in sheep,
called the rot : the disease rather attributable to the moistness of the pastures.

PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. Tord/lium. 85

saw- toothed ; downy beneath. E. B. 556, P. sylves-
tris. Sb. 101. P. sylvestris latifolia. G. E. 1025.

Borders of fields, hillocks, dry banks, chalky soil, Sm..

Bien. July.

Plant rough, rigid, three feet. Fl. yellow. Fr. large. Involucre

none ; foot-stalks smooth. DC.

Seeds have been used in intermittents. Linn. Fl. Suec. Roots
highly nutritious, abounding in saccharine matter : brewed in the
north of Ireland, with hops, and fermented with yeast. Hogs
fatten on the roots quickly.

By cultivation the eatable garden parsnep, with larger, smoother
leaves.

HERACLE'UM.^ Cow-parsnep.

H. SphondifUwn, Common G, Hog-weed. Leaves
winged ; leaflets wing-cleft, cut and saw-toothed. E.
B. 939. Sphondylium. G, E. 1009.

Hedges, borders of fields, rather moist meadows,

Bien. Sm. July.

Four feet high. FL white, large, radiant : petals inversely heart-
shaped. Leaflets five-cleft, oblong, hairy, rough on both sides :
terminal one three-lobed. Common stalk of the Is. with one
large inflated ribbed stipula.
In Kamtschatka the foot-stalks of the root-leaves collected ; the

rind being peeled off, they are dried separately in the sun, then

tied up in bundles, and laid in the shade : in a short time these

dried stalks are covered with a yellow saccharine efiiorescence : in

this state, eaten as a great delicacy.

The stalks also fermented w^ith bilberries (Vaccin. uliginosum ;)

and a strong liquor distilled from them. Gmelin. Fl. Siber, Swine

and rabbits fond of this plant.

TORDY'LIUM. Hart-wort.

T. maMmum, Great H, Leaflets spear-shaped, deeply
saw-toothed and notched. Flowers somewhat radiant ;
the outermost petal of two equal lobes. Stem rough,
with close bristles bent downwards. E. B. 1173.
Seseli creticum majus. G. E. 1050.

Banks and waste ground, very rare. Under the hedge on the north
side of the Parks, Oxford. Dr, J. Sibthorp, and Mr, fVood-
ward,"^^ Not found, 1832. R. W. Hedges, near Eton
Wick, very abundant. Tur,

An. June,

FL white, or rose-coloured. Outward petals largest. Umb, rather

' Heracleum, from Hercules, or Heraclea. — eion Gr.

86 PENTANDRIA TRIGYNIA. Sambuciis.

small and dense. Involucre five-cleft, awl-shaped, spreading,
shorter than the umbel. Stem slightly furrowed. Leaflets about
seven cut, the odd one, twice the size of the others. Seeds flat,
bristly ; the border thicker, prickly, red. On the north, and
west sides of the Parks : also on a bank beyond Jericho, about a
quarter of a mile N. W. from the Oxford Observatory. Bx. 1819.
Ray suspected this plant not to be a native, but an outcast from
the garden.

PENTANDRIA TRIGYNIA.

VIBURNUM. Guelder-rose.

V. Ldntana, Mealy G. Way-faring Tree, Leaves
heart-shaped, saw- toothed, veiny ; downy beneath. E.
B. 331. Lantana. G. E. 1490.

Woods, hedges, especially on a chalky, or limestone soil. Sm.

Shrub. May.

Thickly branched : twigs round, mealy with radiated pubescence,

like that of the fl.-stalks, backs, and upper sides of the leaves.

Ls. opposite, somewhat elliptic, at the base heart-shaped, blunt,

strongly veined. Fl. terminal cymes, white. Anth. yellow.

Berry compressed : when young, red on the outermost side :

when ripe, all black. Ls. dark-red in autumn.

Young shoots in the Crimea, for tubes of tobacco pipes. Bark of
the root for birdlime. Berry astringent. The long, quick grow-
ing, tough branches, excellent bands for fagots.
V. 'Opulus. Common G, Water Elder. Leaves
lobed. Foot-stalks beset with glands. E. B. 332.

Sambucus aquatilis, sive palustris. G. E. 14f^4f,

Watery hedges, and swampy thickets.

Shrub, or small Tree. May.

Smooth. Ls. three-lobed. Cymes white, many flowered : perfect

ones small, like those of the elder : marginal abortive ones of one

large irregular, flat pet. Berry very succulent, bright, red,

bitter. Autumnal Is. fine pink.

Guelder rose of the garden bears round bunches of abortive fl.
only, called Snow-hall Tree.

SAMBU'CUS. Elder.'

S. ^Ebulus, Dwarf E. Danewort. Cymes with three
main branches. Stipulas leafy. Stem herbaceous.

' Ellarn. Ang.^Sax,

PENTANDRIA TETRAGYNIA. Parnassia. 87

E. B. 475. C. 3. 18. Ebulus sive Sambucus humi-

lis. G. E. 1426.

fVaste ground, hedges. Parks, behind Wadham College. Near

Ensham. Sb.
Per. July,
Stems herbaceous, three feet, erect, leafy. Ls. winged, dark-green.

Leafl. egg-spear-shaped, acute, saw-toothed. Fl. stalked. Cor.

dull blood-red. Stam. white, antli. red. Cal. purple. Berry

globular, purplish-black.

Whole plant fetid, strongly purgative. Moles will not ap-
proach near where its Is., or those of the Common Elder laid.
Root one drachm and a half, a strong cathartic. Berry to dye
blue. Mice avoid the smell of this plant Our ancestors sup-
posed this plant to spring from the blood of their foes, the Danes.
Seeds (one scruple) bruised, purgative, once a week, in dropsy. G.
E. (" in a Uttle secke,")

S. nigra. Common E. Cymes with five main branches.
Stipulas obsolete. Leaflets egg-shaped. Stem tree-
like. E. B. 476. Sambucus. G. E. 1422.

Hedges, coppices, woods. Var. /3. near Watlington. Bobart,

Wixford. Pur ton.
Small Tree. June.
Branches full of light, white pith. Ls. w^inged. Leafl, about five,

pointed, saw- toothed. FL cream-coloured, smell faint. Berry

globular, purplish-black.

Inner bark strongly purgative ; in smaller doses, diuretic, in
dropsy. Berries made into a rob, in sore throat : laxative.
Infusion of the Is. sprinkled on the buds of flowers to preserve
them from caterpillars. Caterpillar of the delicate Phal. Sambu-
caria feeds on its Is. The berries for wine. Sheep cured of the
rot by the bark, and young shoots. {Var. ^. with white berries,
for wine : var. with jagged Is.)

Striking the boughs over different plants will keep off" insects.
Decoction of the fl. as a cooling fomentation. The fl. to flavour
vinegar : fl. fatal to turkies, and to peacocks. Juice of the berry
to colour wines. The pith for balls in electric experiments. When
the elder is in flower the summer is established : when ripe the
summer is entirely gone. Seed bruised, one drachm in dropsy.
G. E. Inner green bark from half an ounce to one ounce, infused
in white wine, moderately cathartic.

PENTANDRIA TETRAGYNIA.

PARNA'SSIA. Grass of Parnassus.
P. pahistris. Common G. of P. Leaves heart-shaped.

88 PENTANDRIA TETRAGYNIA. Linum.

Bristles of each nectary numerous. E. B. 82. Gra-

men Parnassi. G. E. 480.

Spongy hogs^ commons. Peat bogs on Bullingdon Green. Under
Headington Wick Copse. Sb. About a quarter of a mile north
from Upper Heyford ; also in a bog north of the Parsonage
House. Bx.

Per. July.

Stems about one span, angular, twisted. FL foot-stalks three or
four times longer than the Is. FL pet. veined with greenish
ribs. Cor. elegant milk-white. Nect. balls yellow.
The stam. in succession, or nearly so, come over the stigm. and

retire after shedding their pollen. The same phenomenon in the

Rue, and in Saxifraga.

A most elegant plant. Physiology of the Nect. unknown.

PENTANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
LINUM. Flax.'

* Leaves alternate.

(L. usitatissimum* Common Flax, Calyx-leaves egg-
shaped, acute, with three ribs. Petals notched. Leaves
spear-shaped, alternate. Stem mostly solitary. E. B.
1357. C. 5. 22. L. sativum. G. E. 556,

Cultivated fields. Broome, Warwickshire. Pn.

An. July.

Root small, fibrous. Fl, blue. Caj)s. ending in a point.)

(L. perenne. Perennial F, Calyx leaves inversely egg-
shaped, blunt, obscurely five-ribbed, naked. Leaves
linear-spear-shaped. Stems many, ascending. E. B.

40.

Chalky hills. Sm. Northamptonshire. Ray. Worthorpe, and
on the balks about Bernack Heath, and Withering Heath.
Morton.

Per. June, July.

Root much branched at the summit, woody. Ls. smaller and nar-
rower than in L. usitatissimum. Fl. blue, but smaller than in
the last. Caps, bluntish.)

* * Leaves opposite,

L. cathdrticum. Purging Flax, Mill-mountain, Leaves
opposite, inversely egg-spear-shaped. Panicle forked ;

' AnR. Sax.

PENTANDRTA HEXAGYNIA. Drosera. 81)

partly drooping. Petals acute. E. B. 382. C. 3.
19. L. sylvestre catharticum. G. E. 560.

Dry pastures.
An. June,

Plant slender, smooth. Stems one foot, bowed at the base, then
upright, simple, branching off into a forked, slender-stalked pani-
cle. Ls. stalkless. Fl. terminal, solitary, in bud, drooping ; in
fl., erect, white like those of an Arenaria. Cal. Is. egg-spear-
shaped, nerve one. Stam. monadelp. sometimes only four.
PVilld.

Infusion of two drachms or more of dried herb, excellent cathar-
tic, diuretic in rheumatism.

PENTANDRIA HEXAGYNIA.

DROSERA. Sun-dew.^

D. rotundifoUa, Round-leaved S, Leaves pressed
down, hollow in the middle, nearly circular, on hairy
foot-stalks. Flower-stalks immediately from the root,
racemose. E. B. 867. Ros Solis folio rotundo. G.
E. 1556.

Mossy^ turfy hoys. North side of Shotover Hill. Sb. (Bagley

Wood.) Near Childswell Farm. Bx.
Per. July.

Ls. growing in a starry form, conspicuous by their green and red
colour. Glandular bristles red, bent inwards, irritable, contrac-
tile, each tipped with a clear viscid globule. FL stalks naked,
simple. Fl. white, or blush-coloured. This species, and Dros.
longifolia occasionally acquire a stem. Dr. Williams, Bot. Prof.
Oxford.

Whole plant acrid, caustic. Juice mixed with milk, an applica-
tion to remove freckles, and sun-burns. The unmixed juice to
destroy warts and corns.

The upper surface of the Is. said to contract, when touched with
a pin, centrically ; hence insects sometimes found imprisoned in
the Is. An experiment best made in hot, sunny weather, by plac-
ing an ant or any small insect on the Is. &c. The distilled water
of Sun-dew from a glass still, is of a golden colour, and colours
silver like gold. G. E.

(D. longifolia. Long-leaved S. Leaves inversely egg-
shaped, erect, on naked foot-stalks. Flower-stalks
immediately from the root, racemose. E. B. 868.
Ros Solis jpolio oblongo. G. E. 1556.

* From the small pellucid drops at the tips of the Is. remaining undried up
in the fullest exposure to the sun.

90 HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Leucojum.

Mossy, turfy bogs. BuUmarsh Heath. Bogs in Windsor Great

Park. Tur,
Per. July, August.

Like the last, but rather larger. Ls. oblong.

PENTANDRIA POLYGYNIA,

MYOSU'RUS. Mouse-tail.

M. minimus. Mouse-tail. E. B. 435. C. 4. 26.

Cauda muris. G. E. 426.

Cornfields, gravel, Sm. Magdalen College Walks, near the meadow-
gate. Southleigh. North Aston. Sb. Between Bayswater
and Stanton St. John's. Bjr.

An. June.

Root fibrous. Herb smooth, variable in size, stemless. Ls.
numerous, nearly upright, linear, somewhat battledore-shaped,
pale-green. Stalks upright, longer than the Is., simple, round,
each bearing a small upright^, of a pale yellowish colour. Stam.
variable in number, about five. Pistil composed of a conical
receptacle, with a great number of egg-shaped, slightly striated
germens, two or three hundred, not unlike a mouse's tail. Plant
acrid.

Class VI. HEXANDRIA. Stamens 6.
Each 3 equal.

Order L MONOGYNIA, Pistil \.

(* Galanthus nivalis. Common Snow-drop, Packing-
ton, Warwickshire. Tur, Sometimes difficult to
draw the hne of demarcation between indigenous wild
plants, and exotics.)

LEUCOJUM. Snow-flake.

L. cBstwum, Summer Snow-fiake, Flowers several.
Style club-shaped. E. B. 621. C. 5. 23. L. bulbo-
sum majus polyanthemum. G. E. 148.

In moist meadows, and marshes near rivers. Sandford. Y. St,
John's Island, opposite KenningtoD. Mr. Barnes, Christ Church,
Oxford. Near Reading, Tur.

Per. May.

HEXANDRTA MONOGYNIA. 'Allium. 91

Ls. numerous. Pet. uniform ; top green.

NARCISSUS/ Narcissus, or Daffodil.

N. Pseudo^ -narcissus. Common Daffodil, Flowers
solitary. Cup of the nectary bell-shaped, erect, crisped,
with six marginal segments ; its length equal to that of
the egg-shaped petals. E. B. I7. Pseudo-narcissus
anglicus. G. E. 133.
Rather moist woods, thickets. Noke Woods. Sb. North side of

Shotover Hill. (Bagley Wood.) Bx.
Per. April.

Bulbous. Ls. erect, linear, with a blunt keel, and flat edges. Fl.
drooping, large ; pet. lemon -yellow. Nect. large, deep-yellow.
One of the most beautiful of our native plants, i'7. anti-spasmo-
dic. By some the fl. considered a kind of specific in hooping-
cough. The extract of them in small doses only. Two or three
drachms would destroy life in a few hours ; half a grain, to one
to two grains, every two, four, or six hours, according to patient's
strength. Richard. Decoction of the roots purgative. G. E.

'ALLIUM. Garlick.3

* Stem leafy. Leaves somewhat cylindrical.

(A. oleraceum, Streaked Field Garlick, Umbel lax,

bearing bulbs. Leaves semicylindrical, tubular, rough ;

channelled above ; ribbed beneath. Bracteas pointed,

longer than the umbel. Stamens simple, awl-shaped.

E. B. 488. A. sive Moly montanum tertium. G. E.

188.
Cornfields, and their borders. Rosall. Pn. What county ?
Per. July.
Fl. reddish. Germ, rough at the top.)

A. vinedle. Crow G. Umbel spherical, bearing bulbs.
Leaves cylindrical, smooth. Three alternate stamens
deeply three-cleft. E. B. 1974^« A. sylvestre. G.
E. 179.

Dry pastures, cornfields, waste ground, especially on chalk, or gravel.
Sm. Meadows, near the Botley Road. Between Caversham
and Mapledurham. Sb. Walls of Godstow Nunnery. Bx.

Per. June.

Root egg-shaped, bulbous. Stem two f. slender, upright, round,

^ From the youth supposed to be changed into the flower, Ovid. Metam.

2 Pseudo, i. e. false, to distinguish this species from the True N, of the
ancients, or N. potticus.

3 Garleac. Ans.-Sax.

92 HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Tiilipa.

slightly furrowed. Ls. long, tapering, hollow, fading before the
flowers come out. Fl. pet. closed, pale-rose-colour, keels green.
Spatha pointed, deciduous. Stam. longer than the pet., the hair-
like, side extremities of three thrice divided ones, horizontally
spreading. Young shoots in salad, or boiled.

* * Stalks immediately from the root, naked.

A. ursinum,^ Broad-leaved G, Ramsons, Stalk im-
mediately from the root, naked, semicylindrical, with
four angles. Leaves elliptic-spear-shaped, stalked.
Umbel level-topped. Stamens simple. E. B. 122.

G. E. 179.

fVoods, hedges, meadows. Stow Wood. Bx. Headington Wick

Copse. Sb.
Per. June.
Root a slender bulb, fibres long, fleshy. The broad Is. all from the

root. Spatha two-leaved. Fl. white, numerous, large.

Difiicult of eradication. Communicates its nauseous flavour to

milk and butter, when cows eat the plant.

FRITILLA'RIA.^ Fritillary.

V, Meledgris,^ Common F, Chequered Daffodil. Snake^s-
head. All the leaves alternate, linear-spear-shaped,
pointed. Stem single-flowered. Nectary linear. Points
of the petals bent inwards. E. B. 622. C. 3. 20.
Baxter's Plates, 1. F. variegata. G. E. 149.

Moist meadoivs, pastures. Magdalen College Meadow. Cowley
Meadows. Sb. Burghfield Meadows, near Reading. Mrs.
Bockett. Standlake. fFh.

Per. April.

Root a small bulb. Stem erect, about one foot, round, leafy. FL
bell:shaped, elegantly chequered with pale and dark purple,
drooping. Fruit erect.
Var. FL white.

TULIPA.^ Tulip.5

T. sylvestris. Wild T, Flower solitary, a little droop-
ing. Leaves spear-shaped. Stigma triangular, abrupt.

* Bear'SjOr bearish, Lat. Sir J.E.Smith observes, — the coarseness of its qua-
lities, like the manners of some human beings, may, in both cases, justify a
comparison. jE. F.

2 From the chequered appearance of the flower, somewhat resembling a
chess-hoar 6, fritillus.

3 Meledgris, from the resemblance of the flower to the painted wings of the
Meleagris, Guinea-hen, or Pintado.

* From toliban, Fers. a turban, from the shape and colour of the flower.

* See Beckmann's History of Inventions, &c.

HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Ornithogalum. 93

Stamens hairy at the base. E. B. 63. H. L. 19.

Baxter's Plates, 2. T. bononiensis. G. E. 138.
Chalk jjits. Near Bullingdon. Christ Church Meadow. Dr,

PFiiliamSf Bot. Professor, Oxford.
Per. April.
Stem simple. \ bulb is formed in this plant at the end of a long

fibre. Fl. fragrant, yellow. Pet, spear-shaped, acute, outward

ones greenish. Roots preserved in sugar eatable. G. E.

ORNITHO GALUM.^ Star of Bethlehem.

O. luteum. Yellow Star of B, Stem angular, with
one leaf at the bottom, and one or two at the top.
Flower-stalks umbellate, simple, smooth. E. B. 21.
O. luteum, sive Cepe agraria. G. E. 165.

Groves, pastures, * * In woods about Oxford. Sir Joseph Banks,

Bart. Woods near Ashford Mill. Fauler. Sb.
Per. April,
Ls. spear-shaped. Floral Is. fringed with fine white hairs. Pet,

pale-green externally, tipped with green within. Stam. and

pist. yellow. An elegant plant.

Bulbous roots of all the species nutritious and wholesome.

* O. umbellatum. Common Star of JB. Flowers corym-
bose ; their partial stalks overtopping the main one.
Filaments dilated, tapering, entire. E. B. 130. H.
L. 45. Ornithogalum. G. E. 165.

Meadows, pastures, groves.** Near Barton. Sb, Christ Church
Meadow. Sb. and Dr. Bridges, President of Corpus Christi
College, Oxford, Copse, near Sandford Toll-gate. Bx.
Per. April, May,

Ls. linear, bluntish, withering soon at the top, concave on the
upper side, with a white rib. Stalk round, smooth, eight or ten
inches. Corymb, of six, eight, or ten fl. Bract, spear shaped,
acute, membranous, fading, about half as long as the fl. -stalks.
Pet. pure, enamelled, white with a broad, permanent, green line
along their backs. Germ, top-shaped, with six notches.
The boiled roots much used as food in the Levant. The Dove's
Dung, mentioned 2 Kings, ch. vi. v. 25. supposed by Linn, to be
the roots of this plant. Bochart interprets the Heb. word, as refer-
ring to the seed of vetches, or some vegetable food. See Gesen,

Lex, in the Heb. word ">in

* O. nutans. Drooping Star of B, with its large, white

flowers, silvery and glaucous. E. B. 1997*

* From Ornis, Gr. a bird, and gala, Gr. milk ; from the whiteness of the
petals in some species.

94 HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Narthecium.

Per. May.

Magdalen College Meadow, Miss Edwards.

SCILLA. Squill.

S. nutans. Hare-hell Sq, Wild Hyacinth, Leaves
linear. Cluster drooping. Flowers hanging down,
cylindrical-bell-shaped ; the points of their petals bent
back. Bracteas in pairs. E. B. 377' Hyacinthus
non scriptus. C. 2. 18. Sb. H. anglicus. G. E. 111.

Tliickets, groves, bushy fields , hedges.

Per. May.

Bulb, solid, acrid, poisonous, abounding with starch mucilage. Ls,
acute, limber. Stalk erect. Fl. blue, sweet-scented. Bract,
m pairs, linear, acute, blue, like the fl. -stalks.
An ornamental and graceful plant. Fresh roots poisonous, may

be converted into starch.

Var. Fl. white, to flesh-coloured.

(Scilla autumndlis. Autumnal S. E. B. 7^. H.
autumnalis minor. G. E. 110. Clifton, Gloucester-
shire. Tur.)

(HYACINTHUS. Hyacinth.

H. racemosus. Starch H, Flowers egg-shaped, with
six furrows ; the upper ones stalkless and abortive.
Leaves linear, channelled, limber. E. B. 1931. C.

Mag. 122. H. botryoides cceruleus. G. E. 118.

Grassy fields, sandy soil, or among ruins. Near Newbury, Berks.

Sm. Eng. Fl.
Per. May.
Fl. dark-blue, smelling like wet starch.)

(NARTHECIUM. Bog-asphodel.

N. ossifragum,^ Lancashire Bog-asphodel, Cluster
uninterrupted. One bractea at the base, the other
above the middle, of each partial stalk. E. B. 5S5,
H. L. 139. Asphodelus Lancastrise. G. E. 95.

Black, turfy bogs. Coleshill Bog, Warwickshire. Pn. Windsor

Great Park. Tur.
Per. July, August.
Ls. sword-shaped. Stem, simple. Fl. yellow, with red anth.)

' Lat. i. e. bone-breaking ; from a supposed effect in the plant fed upon, to
soften the bones of cattle.

HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 'Acorns. 95

(^Asparagus officinalis. Common Asparagus, E. B.
389. G. E. 1110. Near Thornbury, Glouc. Tw\)

CONVALLA'RIA.^ Lily of the Valley, and
Solomon's Seal.

C. majalis,^ Lily of the V, Flower-stalk immediately
from the root, naked, semicylindrical. Cluster simple.
Flowers drooping, cup-shaped, with rather distant seg-
ments. E. B. 1035. C. 5. 24. Lilium convalhum.
G. E. 410.

Groves,, heathy ground., rocky woods.* ^ In the Beech- Woods, near
Stoken church. Sb. Copse near Childswell Farm. J, Ireland,
Esq. and Bx.

Per, May.

Roots matted, creeping. Stalks scaly. Ls. mostly two, imme-
diately from the root, long-stalked, elliptic, ribbed. Fl. -stalk
solitary, naked, shorter than the Is, Fl. white, racemed, highly
fragrant. Berry ripe, scarlet.
The powdered fl. excite sneezing. From the Is. a beautiful

green colour prepared with lime.

Garden var. fl. double, or purple. One of our most favourite

wild flowers. Extract from the fl., or roots purgative. Dose,

twenty to thirty gr.

(C. m,ultiji6ra. Common Solomon^ s Seal, Leaves alter-
nate, clasping the round stem. Stalks axillary, many-
flowered. Stamens downy. E. B. 279. H. L. 37.
Polygonatum. G. E. 903.

Woods, thickets. Corpus Wood, Streatley, Berks. Dr. Williams,

Bot. Prof. Oxford. High Wycombe, Bucks. With.
Per. May, June.
Ls. elliptic. Fl. smaller, scarcely bearded. Berr. bluish-black.)

'ACORUS. Sweet Flag.

A. Calamus, Common S, F, Leafy summit of the
flower-stalk rising high above the spadix. E. B. 356,

A. verus, officinis falso calamus. G. E. 62.

Watery places, hanks of rivers. * * Dorchester. Sh. Between
Oxford and Iffley. Between Iffley and Sandford. Bx.

Per. July.

Root thick, spongy, strongly aromatic, rootlets long. Ls. two to
three ft., upright, long, sword-shaped, bright-green, aromatic like
the roots, but fainter. Spadix from the sides of the stem, cylin-

I From vallis, a valley. ^ From time of fl.

96 HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Juncus.

dric, tapering, naked. Fl. very numerous, thick-set, green,
seldom met with.
Dried root in ague.

JUNCUS/ Rush.

* Leaves none.
J. glaucus. Hard R. Stem naked, straight, glaucous.
Panicle upright, far below the summit. Capsule ellip-
tical, pointed, rather shorter than the awl-shaped-leaved
calyx. E. B. 665. J. acutus. G. E. 35.

ff^et pastures, moist, waste ground.

Per. July.

Stem slender, somewhat crooked, about one and a half f, upright,

naked, stiff, slightly furrowed, tapering to a sharp point, at the

base brown, shining, sheathing scales, dark-chestnut below. Pan.

from the side of the stem, branched, spreading upwards. CaL-

Is. awl-shaped.
Discrim. by its glaucous green colour, and hard texture from J.

conglom. and J. effusus : in J. conglom. the stam. are only

three.

J. conglomeratus . Globular-headed R, Stem naked,
straight. Panicle compact, globular, far below the
summit. Capsule broadly egg-shaped, blunt. E. B.
835,

Pastures, roadsides.

Per. July.

Stems simple, slightly furrowed, about two f., not pungent at the

end, but pointed. Panic, from a membranous, bordered, fissure,

or chink, brownish-green.

Wicks for watch-lights ; pith for toys. Stems for mats and chair
bottoms, like J. effusus. Rushes used in Edward the Fourth's
reign, and later, for strewing floors, before the introduction of
carpets : a cover for a vast deal of filth : in making the wicks, two
ribs of stalk should be left to support the pith. See White's Sel-
horne, Let. 26.

J. effusus. Loose Panicled R, Stem naked, not rigid,
straight. Panicle diffuse, repeatedly compound, very
far below the summit. Capsule blunt, inversely egg-
shaped. E. B. 836. J. Isevis. G. E. 35.

JVet pastures, boggy places.

Per. July.

Stem about two f., paler than in J. conglom., softer, and more pithy.

Panic, a multitude of pale-green flowers. Cal.-ls, narrow,

pointed .

* See Davies in Linn. Trans, y, 10. p. 10. &c. and Bicheno, v. 12.

OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Juncus. 97

Stems inferior in softness, pliability and length to Scirpus lacus-
tris : for chair bottoms, ropes, and baskets, in some places.

* Leafy.

J. squarrosus. Moss R. Goose Corn. Stem naked.
Leaves numerous, bristle-shaped, immediately from the
root, tufted, channelled. Panicle terminal, compound,
with cymose branches. E. B. 933. Gramen^ junceum
maritimum. G. E. 21.

Boggy spots, harreriy sandy heaths.

Per. July.

Ls. stiff, linear. Stem about one f., straight, stiff. Panic, the par-
tial and general stalks proceed from a reddish -brown, long,
sheathing, smooth bract. Fl. large, compared with the other
common species. Cal. dark-brown : border narrow, filmy,
white. Caj)s. inversely egg-shaped, shining.

J. compressiis. Stalk-compressed R, Stem simple, com-
pressed ; leafy below. Leaves linear, incurved at the
edges. Panicle cymose, terminal, shorter than the
bractea. Capsule roundish-inversely egg-shaped, longer
than the blunt calyx. J. bulbosus. E. B. 934.

Moist pastures.

Per. July.

Stems leafy at the root, about one f , simple, smooth, slightly com-
pressed. Panic, erect, terminal, many-flowered, often sur-
mounted by a less one on a longer stalk. Fl. small. Cal.
bluntish, segments green with a broad, brown edge.
Root not bulbous, but creeping.

J. hufonius. Toad R. Stem forked, leafy. Leaves
angular, channelled. Panicle forked, racemose, longer
than the bractea&. Calyx-leaves spear-shaped, taper-
pointed, membranous, two-ribbed, longer than the
oblong capsule. E. B. 802. Gramen junceum. G.
E. 4.

Marshy ground, watery, sandy heaths.

An. July.

Root fibrous. Stems numerous, upright, variable in height from
one to ten inches. Upper part of the branches, terminating in
simple rows of stalkless and stalked, green flowers. Plant
smooth, paler than the rest of the species. Ls. linear-setaceous,
acute. Bract, pellucid. Caps, slender, blunt.
The solidary fl. and long silky cal. mark this species, and its

grassy appearance. In germination the see-d considerably elevated

above ground by the plant.

> The U, and root resemble the plant,
H

98 HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Junciis.

J. iiUf/inosus, Little Bulbous R, Stem leafy, bulbous
at the base. Leaves bristle-shaped, channelled. Heads
from the side of the stem, and terminal, about three-
flowered. Capsule blunt, rather longer than the calyx.
E. B. 801.

Moist, sandy, or turfy heaths.

Per. July.

Stems clothed at the base with the broad, red sheaths of the root-Is.
F"!. reddish ; in wet seasons often viviparous, var. ^. three toge-
ther, in a kind of prohferous cluster. Bract, small, acute. Cal.-
Is. acute, three-nerved, chocolate-coloured in decay. Caps, pris-
matic.

J* acutijlorus. Sharp-flowered Jointed R, Leaves
apparently jointed, slightly compressed. Panicle re-
peatedly compound, forked. Calyx-leaves all bristle-
pointed, somewhat shorter than the taper beak of the
capsule. E, B. p. 2143, at the bottom. J. articula-
tus. E. B. 238. J. nemorosus. Sb. 114. Gramen
junceum sylvaticum. G. E. 22.

ff^et woods, watery places.

Per. July,

Stem obliquely ascending at the base, smooth, one f., or more than
three. Ls. alternate, few, sheathing, curved backwards, pointed,
their cavity divided by partitions. Panic, terminal, branches
long, slender, smooth.
This with J. lampocarpus, and some other species, produce

bundles of slender leaves, instead of flowers, or intermixed with

thefl.

J. lampocarpus. Shining-fruited Jointed R. Leaves
apparently jointed, compressed. Panicle erect, com-
pound, forked. Inner calyx-leaves bordered. Cap-
sule egg-shaped, coloured, highly polished, longer than
the calyx. E. B. 2143. J. compressus. Sb. 114.
Gramen aquaticum. G. E. 13.

Boggy meadows, watery places, frequent.

Per. July.

Panic, branches, strong, lengthened out ; heads of fl. remote, one
above another on each simple branch. Caps, remarkable for its
size, dark-chocolate, varnished. Stem about one f.
Discr. when early in ft., its more simple panicle, and somewhat

blunt cal. Bicheno.

Var. Ls. fasciculated, (in bundles.)

J. ohtusiflorus. Blunt-flowered Jointed R. Leaves
apparently jointed, cylindrical. Stem with internal

HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Luciola. 99

partitions. Panicle repeatedly compound ; branches
straddling, and bent back. Calyx-leaves blunt, as long

as the capsule. E. B. 2144.

Marshes.

Per. August.

Discr. Its pale, entangled, much branched panic, with last

branchlets strongly bent back, l.-joints cellular. Ls. two, mostly.

Stem erect, two or three f. Fl. small, from the side of the stem

and terminal, in small heads.

LU'CIOLA.^ Wood-rush.

L. pilosa. Broad-leaved, Hairy lVood~r, Panicle sub-
cymose, widely spreading, and last branches bent back.
Flowers solitary. Capsule pointless. Crest of the
seeds hooked. Juncus pilosus. E. B. 7^6. C. 5.
25. Sb. 115. Granfien hirsutum nemorosum. G.

E. 19.

Shady groves, thickets.

Per. March.

Stems six to twelve inches, polished, leafy. Ls. flat, linear-spear-
shaped, bright-shining-green, pointed, entire, fringed with distant
long white hairs. Panic, terminal. FL solitary, terminal, and
from the side of the stem, each accompanied with a pair of
sheathing, acute bract. Cal.-ls. spear-shaped, pointed, dark-
brown, bordered with white. Anth. large, square, yellow.
Caips. pale-yellowish in contrast with the brown col.
Herbage dry, tough.

L, Forsteri. Narrow-leaved Hairy Wood-r* Panicle
cymose, erect. Flowers solitary. Capsule pointed.
Crest of the seeds straight and blunt. Juncus Forsteri.
E. B. 1293. Luzula Forsteri. H. L. ^'^,

Groves. Beech-Wood about a mile and a half from Henley, near

road to High Wycombe. Bx.
Per. May.
Ls. much narrower. Panic, smaller.

L. sylvdtica. Great Wood-r, Panicle sub-cymose,
doubly compound. Flowers and bracteas crowded.
Capsule pointed. Crest of the seeds scarcely distin-
guishable. Juncus sylvaticus. E. B. 7^7. C. 5. 26.
Sb. 116.

• From the heads of fi.^ wet with dew, and sparkling by moonlight, giving
an idea of the liicciola (Ital. for glow-worm.) Mr. Bicheno derived great
assistance in distinguishing the species of L., from the shape, and crest (corun-
cula) of the seeds. See Fig. in Linn. Trans. V, XII.

H 2

100 HEXANDRL\ MONOGYNIA. Luciola.

fVoodsy thickets. North side of Shotover Hill. Stow Wood. Tar
Wood. Sb. (Bagley Wood. Copse between Childswell Farm,
and Wootten Heath. Bx.)

f*er. May.

Discr. from L. pilosa by its greater size : by the fl. growing in
clusters, about three in each, branches of the panic, less strad-
dling, not hanging down.
This with L. pilosa for packing, and stuffing mattresses.

Stem three or four ft. Ls. flat, linear-spear-shaped, sharp-pointed,
hairy at the margin, root-ones half an inch or more in breadth.
Stem-Is. smaller, shorter. Bract, linear, acute, hairy.

L. campestris. Field JVood-r, Panicle of three or four
egg-shaped, dense, partly stalked clusters. Capsule
inversely egg-shaped, blunt, with a small point, shorter
than the calyx. Seeds stalked, without a crest. Leaves
flat. Juncus campestris. E. B. 672. C. 2. 19. Sb.

116. Gramen exile hirsutum. G. E. 17.

Dry, barren pastures.
Per. April.

Conspicuous by its large, sulphur anth., and dark-copper-brown
husks.
Root creeping. Stems four or five inches, simple, straight, leafy.

Ls. linear-spear-shaped, acute, very hairy on the margin. Panic.

terminal, at length drooping, one nearly stalkless. F'L stalkless,

three or four torn bract, at the base. Cal.-ls. spear-shaped,

pointed. Style slender.

L. congest a. Many -headed Flaxen Wood-r, Panicle of
numerous, roundish-egg-shaped, dense, partly stalked,
clusters. Capsule inversely egg-shaped, blunt, with a
small point, as long as the calyx. Seeds stalked with-
out a crest. Leaves flat, rough-edged. Var. of L.
campestris ? Juncus campestris /3 elatior. Sb. Gra-
men capituhs globosis. G. E. 18. Purton Fl. p.
352. V. iii. pt. ii. fig.

Marshy, turfy ground. Peat bogs on Bullingdon Green. Ensham
Heath. Sb. North side of Shotover Hill. (Bagley Wood. Bx,)

Per. April.

Stem erect, eighteen inches. Ls. much narrower than in L. cam-
pestris. Panic, very different, of seven or eight roundish, egg-
shaped, dense, blunt, clusters, the first almost stalkless, the rest
on long, partly spreading stalks. Cal. paler, more taper-pointed,
scarcely extending beyond the caps.

Discr. from L. campestris : size of the plant, quantity of flax-like
substance, large cylindric heads, on fi-uit-stalks from an inch to
an inch and a half, and its/, full a month later. Purton.

HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Pcplis. 101

BE'RBERIS/ Barberry.

B. vulgaris. Common B, Thorns three-cleft. Clusters
hanging- down. Leaves inversely egg-shaped-oblong,
with bristly serratures. Petals entire. E. B. 49-
Spina acida, sive Oxyacantha. G. E. 1325.

Hedges, * * Medley. Sb, Walls of Godstow Nunnery. R. W.
(Bagley Wood.) Between Middleton Stoney, and Ardley. Bx.
Shrub. May.

Ls. deciduous, stalked, first Is. inversely egg-shaped, between saw-
toothed, and fringed. Secondary /s. oblong, saw-toothed, in
pairs. FL yellow, sometimes streaked with orange. Berr. red.
Stam. irritable near the base. If the filaments be touched, the
anfh. immediately approach the stigm., and will burst to throw
out the pollen or dust. The irritability may be successfully
shewn, by touching the fil. with a pin, or needle.
Ls. acid. Berr. boiled with sugar an agreeable preserve. In-
fusion of the bark in white wine purgative. The roots dye wool,
and leather yellow. The inner bark of the stem dyes linen a fine
yellow. Ls. of the barberry supposed, but without any good
reason, to occasion blight in corn, by the minute seeds of a para-
sitic fungus, ^cidium Berberidis,^ being conveyed from its Is. to
the corn.

PEPLIS. Purslane.

P. Portula, Water P. Petals wanting, or scarcely
visible. Leaves opposite, inversely egg-shaped, stalked.
E. B. 1211. C. 4. 27. Alsine rotundifolia, sive

Portulaca aquatica. G. E. 614.

Watery places, gravelly, sandy, or heathy soil. * Southleigh Heath,
Ensham Heath, Nettlebed. Sb. Clay-pit, N. E. corner of
Shotover Hill. (Bagley Wood.) Bx.

An. July.

Stems prostrate, a few inches long, resting in the mud, sometimes
floating, square, smooth, leafy. Fl. small, axillary, stalkless,
reddish. Pet. often wanting. Fil. pinky red. Ls. crowded at
the extremity.

( Oxyria reniformis. Kidney -shaped Mountain So7*reL
Rumex digynus. E. B. 910. Walls at Tortworth,
Gloucestershire . Tur. )

> Name Arabic.

2 A very different fungus from that which is found on the stems and leaves
of wheat, &c. Bx.

102 HEXANDRIA TRIGYNIA. Rumex.

HEXANDRIA TRIGYNIA,

RUMEX. Dock, and Sorrel.

* Flowers all perfect.

R. sanguineus. Bloody-veined D, i3. Green-veined D,
Permanent petals entire, oblong, one of tliem at least
tubercled. Leaves spear-shaped ; somewhat heart-
shaped. E. B. 1533. Lapathum sativum sangui-
neum. G. E. 390. /3. viridis. Sb. 118. Rumex

acutus. C. 3. 21.

Shady places, road sides. L. Green-veined. Headington Hill. Sb.
and R. W. Magdalen College Walks. R. W. Church-yard,
St. Peter in the East. Bx.

Per. July.

Stem two or three f., straight, branched, leafy, smooth, reddish. Ls.
stalked, smooth, veiny with deep-red. Fl. in distant, small
clusters, drooping, alternate, almost leafless. Cal. and pet,
entire, each with red, swelling rib. Fruit large, red tubercle.
In ??ar. |3. Is. green. This var. distinguished from R. acutus,
which last has more zigzag, leafy branches, shorter and smaller
valves, all grain-bearing, and by its growth in marshy situa-
tions.
Root in dying affords from straw-colour, to a good olive, and a

fine, deep green to cloths previously blued. JVitli. under var.

of R. acutus, that is var. /3. of R. sanguineus.

R. crispus. Curled D. Permanent petals egg-shaped,
entire, all tuberculated. Leaves spear-shaped, wavy,
much curled at the edge, acute. E. B. 1998. C. 2.

Waste ground, pastures, 7'oad-sides,

Per. July.

Stem two or three f, furrowed, leafy, branched. Ls. stalked,
upper Is, narrower, almost stalkless. Fl. pale-green clusters
drooping, near each other, leafy below. Fruit-valves large, egg-
heart-shaped, veined like net-work, waved; with a central
grain, prominent.
Discrim. Curled /. and large, entire cal. I. Very injurious in

clover fields. Fresh roots bruised, in ointment, or in decoction,
for itch. Fl. Suec.

R. acutus. Sharp D, Permanent petals oblong,
obscurely toothed, all tuberculated. Lowermost leaves
oblong-heart-shaped at the base, pointed, upper ones,
small narrow. Clusters leafy. E. B. 724<. C. 3. 21.
the figure.

HEXANDRIA TRIGYNIA. Rumex. 103

Low meadows, watery places.

Per. July.

Clusters spreading, lengthened out. Seed small.

R. obtiisifSlius, Broad-leaved D. Permanent petals
toothed ; one principally tubercled. Root leaves egg"-
heart-shaped, blunt. Stem roughish. E. B. 1999.
C. 8. 22. Lapathum sylvestre, folio minus acuto.
G. E. 388.

Waste ground, pastures, road-sides.

Per. July.

Stems two or three f., upright, branched, leafy, furrowed. Ls.
root-ones ver^^ large : stem-ones much narrower, more pointed,
shorter stalked, somewhat notched, sliglitly curled. Fl. clusters
rather close with few, sometimes not any leaves. Fruit-valves
entire at the upper part, three sharp, prominent teeth, on each
side, near the base.
Eaten by fallow deer with avidity, close to the root. Destroyed

by frequent mowing.

Discrim. Its broad, large, root Is.

R. pulcher. Fiddle D, Permanent petals toothed ;
one principally grain-bearing. Root leaves somevi^hat
violin-shaped. Stem smooth, straggling, E. B. 1576.

Pastures, church-yards, dry, waste ground. Near the Observatory,

Christ Church Meadow. Dr. Williams, Professor of Bot.,

Oxford.
Per. August.
Ls. root-ones on long stalks ; stem-ones small, narrow, undivided.

Fl. in distant, small clusters, green, hanging down ; anth.

yellow. Fruit-valves deeply, sharply toothed ; grain oblong,

reddish.

R. maritimus. Golden D, Enlarged petals permanent,
triangular, tuberculated, fringed with taper teeth.
Leaves linear. Whorls crowded. E. B. 7^^-

Marshes,** Otmoor, on the side of the road to Oddington.
Professor Dauheny, and JBx.

Per. July, August.

Flowers in close, leafy whorls, finally confluent (thronging toge-
ther,) like the whole plant, assuming a rich, tawny-golden hue.
Ls. stalked, acute, flat.

R. Hydroldpathum, Great Water D. Permanent
petals egg-shaped-oblong, nearly entire, unequally
grain-bearing. Leaves spear-shaped, tapering, acute
at each end. Whorls rather crowded, almost entirely
leafless. R. aquaticus. E. B. 2104<.

Marsh land, ditches, stagnant waters, margins of great rivers.

104 HEXANDRIA TRIGYNIA. Triglochiii.

Per. August.

Largest of our docks. Root large, knobby. Stem four to five f.

Ls. lower ones heart-shaped at the base, to eighteen inches in

length.

Discrim. Size of the h.^ foot and a half long, or more.

Root very astringent. Good anti-scorbutic. Powdered root an
excellent dentifrice. Wash in decoction for spongy gums.

** Flowers dioecious.

R. Acetosa, Common Sorrel, Flowers dioecious. Leaves
oblong, arrow-shaped, with segments approaching the
foot-stalks. Permanent petals tuberculated, (grain-
bearing.) E. B. 127« Oxalis sive Acetosa. G. E.
396.

Meadows, pastures.
Per. June.

Stem mostly simple, erect, slender, striated, one to two f. Ls.
somewhat succulent, root, and lower stem-ones, long stalked.
Stip. slender, cylindric, sheathing, torn at top : upper Is, stalk-
less, gradually more entire. Fl. reddish, in a sort of compound,
whorled spike, branches alternate, almost erect.
Plant acid, astringent, anti-scorbutic : in salads. The boiled
juice to turn milk acid : an agreeable food to Laplanders, keeping
a considerable time : cultivated for the table in France. Eaten
with fish, in Ireland. Dried root boiled gives a fine red colour.
What has been named Salt of Lemons may be prepared from this
plant; the mucilaginous parts, separated by w^ater mixed with
pipe-clay, and the rest crystallized.

R. Acetosella, Sheep^s Sorrel, Flowers dioecious.
Leaves spear-shaped, halbert-shaped. Permanent pe-
tals without grains. E. B. 1674. C. 5. 29. Oxalis
tenuifolia. G. E. 397.

J9n/, gravelly pastures, fields.

Per. June.

About half the size of R, Acetosa, with stem more slender. Herh

acid, somewhat astringent. Fl. reddish. Spikes long, whorled.

Fl.-stalks drooping, hair-like. Ls. narrow, lobes at the base

point upwards, or horizontally, as it were hooked ; in R. acetosa

backwards. Ls. variable in shape.

Conspicuous from its bright red leaves, at the decline of the
year.

TRIGLOGHIN.^ Arrow-grass.

T. palustre. Marsh A, Capsule nearly linear, of three
cells ; tapering at the base. Root fibrous. E. B.

' From tris^ Gr. three, and glochin, Gr. the point of a dart ; from the cap-
sules bursting in three points.

HEXANDRIA POLYGYNIA. Colchicum. 105

366. H. L. 98. Gramen marinum spicatum. G.
E. 20.

Wet^ hoggy meadows.

Per. My.

Stalk one f., simple, naked. Ls. rushy, semi-cylindric, with a mem-
branous, sheathing stip., within the Ls. Fl. spike, long-, thick-
set, slender ; fi. small, greenish.
Eaten by cattle. Cow^s fond of it.

CO'LCHICUM.' Meadow-saffron.

C. autiimndle. Common 3L JS>, Leaves flat, spear-
shaped, erect. Segments of the corolla oblong. E.
B. 133. C. anglicum purpureum et album, G. E.

157.

Moist, rich meadows. * * Coombe. Hey thorp. Stanton Harcourt.

Ashford Mills. Sh. Barton. Church Handborough. Bx.

(Cumnor. Y.)
Per. September.
Bulb large. FL pale-purple, immediately from the root, leafless.

Styles reaching to the root. Caps, large, somewhat egg-shaped.

Blossom-tube three-cornered.

The^. appear late in autumn, the germ, remains under ground
close to the bulb until the following spring, w^hen the caps, with its
seeds, and the Is. rise above the ground : the seeds are ripened
about June, and the Is. decay. As the plant blossoms late in the
year, this is a providential contrivance to perfect, preserve, and at
length to sow the seeds, buried deep in the ground, out of the
reach of frost. See Foley s Nat. Tlieology.

Plant poisonous. A tincture of the root and seeds used in gout,
and rheumatism : a dangerous remedy in the former : the supposed
basis of the eau-medicinale. It sometimes proves violently purga-
tive, and debilitating ; hence its danger in gout. Gerarde makes
cow's milk an antidote to the deleterious powers of this plant.
Farmers should be cautious of turning cattle into fields where this
plant grows.

HEXANDRIA POLYGYNIA.

ALISMA. Water-plantain.

A. Plantdgo, Great W,-p, Leaves egg-shaped, acute.
Capsules bluntly triangular. E. B. 837. C. 5. %[.
Plantago aquatica major, G. E. 417.

Pools, ditches, margins of rivers.

' From Colchis t

106 OCTANDRTA MONOGYNTA. Epilobium.

Per. June.

Ls. root-ones erect, long stalked, ribbed. Fl. stalk naked, two or
three f., its branches numerous, whorled, compound, spreading,
bracteated : each^, partially stalked, erect. Pet. pale, reddish-
purple, yellow at the base. Caps, about eighteen, egg-shaped.

(A. Damasonium. Star-headed TV,-p» Leaves oblong,
five-ribbed, slightly heart-shaped at the base. Styles
six. Capsules tapering, six, spreading in the form of
a star. E. B. 1615. C. 5. 28. Plantago aquatica
minor stellata. G. E. 417. Actinocarpus Damaso-
nium of Br., and H.

Ditches and pools. * Winkfield Plain, near Windsor, Berks.
Ditches about Southcote, near Reading, Berks. Tur.

Per. June, July.

Fl.-stalks hardly a span, with one or two whorls of white ^., w^hich
are yellow in the middle.)

A. ranunculoides. Less fV.-p, Leaves linear-spear-
shaped. Capsules angular, acute, numerous, in a
globular head. Stem none. E. B. S^Q, H. L. 28.

Plantago aquatica humilis. G. E. 417.

Swamps, turfy bogs. Cowley Marsh. B.v. Southleigh Heath.

Otmoor. Sb.
Per. June.
L.-stalks long, spongy. Stalk upright, or lying down, bearing two

or more whorls on long, round fl.-stalks, with small, membranous

bract, at the insertion. FL pale-purple, yellow at the base.

Cal. Is. small, roundish, concave, permanent.

Discrim. The seeds in a globular head : in A. Plantago they
are very blunt and compressed.

Class VIII. OCTANDRIA. Starnens 8.

Order L MONO G YNIA. Pistil 1 .

EPILO'BIUM.^ Willow-Herb.

* Flowers irregular,

E. angustifolium. Rose-bay W, Persian^ or French
Willow. Leaves scattered, linear-spear-shaped, veiny,
smooth. Petals unequal. Stamens descending arch-

' i.e. ion cpi lobouy Gr. violet on a pod. Beckmann. Lex. Botanicum.

OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Epil6biiim. 107

wise. E. B. 1947. C. 2, 24. Chamsenerion. G.
E. 477.

Woods. Grays, near Henley, Sm. Eng. Fl. Stokenchurch.
^h. (Outside of a Copse beyond Childswell Farm. Bx^

Per. June,

Stems three to six f., erect, wand-like, leafy, smooth. Ls. nume-
rous, nearly stalkless, acute, entire, or slightly toothed. FL in
a long, upright spike, handsome. Stalks and Cal. reddish,
larger, pet. inversely egg-shaped, or inversely heart-shaped,
crimson, irregular. Style bent downwards. Pollen blue. Stigm.
four- cleft.

Fl. sometimes white : plant increases rapidly by root.

Suckers of the root eatable : infusion of the plant intoxicating :

an ale in Kamschatca, brewed from the pith. Down of the seeds

has been mixed with cotton or fur in. manufacturing stockings, &c.
* * Flowers regular. Stigma deeply four-cleft.

E. hirsutum. Great Hairy W» Codlings and Cream,
Leaves half clasping the stem, egg-spear-shaped, hairy.
Stem hairy, much branched. Root creeping. E. B.

838. C. 2. 21. Lysimachia siliquosa. G. E. 476.

Watery places, ditches, margins of rivers.
Per. July.

Stem four f., or more, leafy. Ls. toothed, somewhat saw-toothed,
lower ones opposite, uppermost alternate, stalkless. Branches
and fr. -stalks from the bosom of the leaves. Fl. corymbose,
large, handsome, each with a small leaf. Pet. inversely heart-
shaped, twice as long as cal., pink.

Of a delicate, acid smell, pleasant, but transitory : hence name,
codlings, &c.

Discrim. from Ep. parviflorum, by its creeping root, tall, branch-
ing stem, broad Is. and much larger^.

If eaten by cattle, green or dried, the plant, from its rapid
increase, in moist situations, would be worth cultivation.

E. parvijiorum. Small-Jlowered Hoary JV, Leaves
stalkless, slightly toothed, spear-shaped, downy. Stem
nearly simple, woolly. Root fibrous. E. B. 79*5.
E. villosum. C. 2. 22. Sb. 121.

Watery places, hanks of rivers.

Per. July.

Stem scarcely two f. Ls. middle-ones stalkless, upper, sometimes,

on very short foot-stalks, lower-ones opposite, upper, alternate.

Fl. small, corymbose, terminal, leafy, becoming a spike. Pet.

inversely heart-shaped, pale rose-colour, or purplish. Fl. and

Is. much smaller than in Ep. hirsutum, or in Ep. angustifolium.

E montdnum. Broad Smooth-leaved IV. Leaves stalked,
egg- spear-shaped, toothed. Stem round. Stigma in

108 OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Chlora.

four deep segments. E. B. II77. C. 3. 24. Lysi-

machia campestris. G. E. 478.
Dry, shady, hilly, stony places.
Per. July,
Shoots red. Stem slender, very soft to the touch, erect, scarcely

branched, leafy. Ls. smooth, often tinged with red, as the

stem, lower ones opposite, uppermost alternate, and narrower.

1^1. cluster, simple, leafy, terminal, pale purple, sometimes white.
* * * Flowers regular. Stigma undivided.

E. tetragonum* Square-stalked TV, Leaves spear-
shaped, stalkless, minutely toothed. Stem erect,
unequally four-cornered. Stigma undivided. E. B.
1948. C. 2. 23. Lysimachia siliquosa glabra media,

sive minor. G. E. 479.

Ditches, watery, marshy places.

Per. July.

Stem twelve to eighteen inches, branched, leafy, nearly smooth.

Ls. smooth, mostly alternate. Fl. few, in leafy clusters, small,

pet. pale, purple, cloven. Stig. club-shaped.

Discrim. from Ep. palustre, by its square-like stalk, arising from
two prominent lines from the base of the Is., known by its angular
stem, generally narrow Is. very long pods, and undivided stigma,

^» palustre. Round-stalked Marsh TV. Leaves stalk-
less, linear-spear-shaped, slightly toothed. Stem round.
Stigma undivided. E. B. 346. Chamsenerion alte-
rum angustifolium. G. E.^477«

Soggy, turfy ground.

Per. July.

Stem about one f., erect, leafy, round. Ls. mostly opposite, upper

ones alternate. Fl. in an erect, small, leafy cluster, pale purple.

Pet. inversely heart-shaped. Sometimes nearly the whole plant

smooth, or scarcely downy. Short, leafy branches from the

bosom of the Is.

Discrim. From Ep. tetragonum, by its round stem, narrow Is.
and in being generally smaller.

CHLORA. Yellow-wort.

C. perfolidta. Perfoliate Y. Leaves perfoliate. Pani-
cle forked, many-flowered. E. B. 60. H. L. 2.
Centaurium parvum luteum Lobelii. G. E. 547.

Chalky hills, or hanks ; also on a clay soil. Sm. * * Penley Hang-
ings. Sb. Stone-pit near the old road to Ensham. Bx.

An. July.

Whole plant glaucous, very bitter. FL in a kind of umbel, of
three rays, encompassed by the uppermost Is., the middle one

OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Vaccinium. 109

bearing a single/, without any Is., the outer ones terminated by
a leaf similar to the stem ones. Cor. full yellow. Stig. scarlet.
A handsome plant.

VACCFNIUM. Whortle-berry/

* Leaves deciduous.

V. Myrtillus, Black W, Bilberry, Stalks solitary,
single-flowered. Leaves egg-shaped, saw-toothed, mem-
branous, smooth, deciduous. Stem acutely angular.
Calyx wavy, nearly entire. E. B. 456. Vaccinia
nigra. G. E. 1415.

** Stony heaths, ivoods ivhere the soil is turfy. Sm. Checkendon.
Woods near Clump House. Sb. (Bagley Wood.) Y.

Shrub. April.

Stem forming small tufted bushes. Ls. alternate, bright-green,
shortly stalked. Fl. drooping, stalks short, round. Cor. nearly
globular, bright-red, waxy in appearance, transparent. Berr.
roundish, dimpled, bluish-black. Stam. generally ten. Anth.
cloven and horned.
The tender Is., dried in the shade a good substitute for tea. The

ripe berries in tarts : and food for moor-game : berries astringent.

* * Leaves evergreen.

(V. Vitis IdcBa. Red TV, Cow-berry, Clusters
terminal, drooping ; with egg-shaped concave bracteas,
longer than the flower-stalks. Leaves inversely egg-
shaped, rolled back, minutely toothed ; dotted beneath.
Corolla bell-shaped. E. B. 598. Vaccinia rubra.
G. E. 1415.

Dry, stony, turfy heaths, mountainous woods. Heaths between Mid-
dleton and Sutton, Warwickshire. Pn.

Shrub. June.

A low, box-tree-like shrub, with red berries.)

(V. Oxycoccus. Marsh W, Cranberry, Leaves egg-
shaped, entire, smooth, rolled back, acute. Stems
creeping, thread-shaped, smooth. Flowers terminal.
Corolla deeply four-cleft. E. B. 319. Vaccinia pa-
lustria. G. E. 1419.

Clear, watery, turfy hogs, among mosses. Pool in Chelmsley Wood,
&c. Bree,

Shrub. June.

Slender, trailing. Berries deep-red, at first spotted.)

' Ang.-Sax. heord berian, i. e. stag's berry.

110 OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Erica.

CALLU'NA.^ Ling.

C. vulgaris. Common Ling, Erica vulgaris. E. B.
1013. C. 5. 30. G. E. 1380. Sb. 124.

Dry moors, heaths, open, harren wastes. /3. Var, leaves densely

hoary. Ensham Heath. Sh.
Shrub. July.

Anth. bearded, concealed, ^tyle prominent. Cor. deeply cut,
shorter than the coloured cal. Stems woody, much branched.
Ls. oppositely tiled, forming a four-angled figure. Fl. rose-
coloured, shining, clusters longish. Cal. -Is, inner four large,
concave, coloured.
Fl. retain their colour when dried.

Ls. and seeds food for grouse. Woody stems for brooms, and
firing. In the Scotch Highlands, walls for cottages, with alternate
layers of heath, and a mortar of black earth and straw ; their
beds made of it : a substitute for thatch. In the island of Hay, ale
brewed from one part malt, two parts of young heath tops ; hops
sometimes added. This liquor much used by the Picts, according
to Boethius. Strong decoction of the tops dyes woollen cloth, boiled
in alum water, of an orange colour. The stalks and tops to tan
leather. The tops to fill up drains covered over. Where bees
extract their honey from the flower, the honey reddish. Ropes
made of them, strong, and durable : edging to garden-borders
instead of box.

ERFCA.^ Heath.

E. Tetralix, Cross-leaved H, Anthers horned. Style
nearly concealed. Corolla egg-shaped. Leaves fringed,
mostly four in a whorl. Flowers in round tufts. E.

B. 1014. C. 1. 21.

Heathy, hoggy ground. Binfield Heath. Sb.

Shrub. July.

Stems leafy, branched at the bottom, determinately, or very like it,
many branches, springing from one centre. Fl. like a cluster of
berries. Cor. oblong, drooping, wax-like, delicate, from deep
rose-colour to almost every shade of carnation : orifice small,
four- toothed. Caps, with partitions from the centre of its valves.
Ls, bristly, spreading, sometimes five in a whorl.
Var. white j^. Sb.
Most elegant plant.

E. cinerea. Fine-leaved H, Anthers crested. Style
a little prominent. Stigma growing in a head. Corolla

* Gr. kalluno, to adorn, to sweep, to clean, alluding to its cleansing use for
brooms, or to the beauty of" its^. Genus differs from Erica in its^. and capsule.
2 Cape of Good Hope plants. No 4merican Erica known.

OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Daphne. HI

egg-shaped. Leaves three in a whorl. E. B. 1015.
C. 2. 25. E. tenuifolia. G. E. 1382.

Dry, turfy heaths. Checkendon. Woods near Clump House. Sb.

Shrub. July.

Stems branched, one f., or more. Ls. in threes, with tufts of young

ones, linear-spear-shaped, furrowed at the back, smooth. Fl. in

long, whorled, leafy, clustered spikes, drooping, bluish-purple.

Cal. acute. Cor. less swollen than that of E. Tetralix, orifice

segments four, upright..

F'ar. FL white.

DAPHNE. Mezereon. Spurge-laurel.

D. Mezereum, Common M. Spurge-olive, Flowers
naked on the stem, stalkless, about three together.
Leaves spear-shaped, deciduous. E. B. 1381.
Ir woods. Near Appleton, Berks. Dr. Williams, Bot. Prof.
Oxford. Wychwood Forest. Sm. Eng. Fl. Appleton Com-
mon, ^.i'.
Shrub. March.

Plant four or five f., smooth, except the cal. tube. Fl. rose-
coloured, or white, appear before the Is. Ls. scattered. Berr.
red, globular.

Fl. beautiful, fragrant. Plant acrid, a powerful deobstruent.
Six of the berries will destroy a wolf. Twelve grains of the
berries given to a girl, produced a vomiting of blood, which caused
immediate death. Decoction of the root-bark in Syphilis. Daphne
Mezereum, Veratrum album, and Menispermum cocculus, to
communicate an intoxicating quality, and strong taste to weak
beer : a dangerous and diabolical practice. Camphor an antidote
to this poisonous plant. Supposed a native by Miller in Gard.
Diet.

D. Laureola. Spurge-l, Clusters axillary, simple, each
of about five flowers, drooping, shorter than the smooth,
inversely, egg-spear-shaped, evergreen leaves. Calyx
blunt. E. B. 119. Laureola. G. E. 1404.

Woods, thickets, hedges. Shotover. Bx. Near Henley. Sb.

Shrub. March.

Plant smooth. Stem round, about three f., naked below, tufted

with Is. at the summit. Fl. yellowish -green, inconspicuous,

smell perceptible in the evening, disagreeable. Bract, concave,

oval. Anth. orange. Berry black.
Plant acrid, brisk, severe purgative, in worm cases, and acute

rheumatism : bark of the root strongest : largest dose, ten gr.

The elegant and fragrant D. Cneorum grafted on this by
gardeners.

U2 OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Poly'gonum.

ACER. Maple.

A. Pseudo^ -Pldtanus. Great M. or Sycamore, Leaves
five-lobed, unequally saw-toothed. Clusters drooping
E. B. 303. A. majus. G. E. 1484.

Hedges, about houses.

Tree. 31ai/.

Bark smooth, ash-coloured. Ls. large, strongly veined. Fl.

clusters axillary, long, many^. Cor. pet. green, much like the

cal. segm. Fruit seed-wings often three, ripen in August ; not

so straddling as in A. campestre.

Handsome, quick-growing tree, not injurious to grass, but the Is,
fall early. Wood soft. Sap sugary, made into wine in Scotch
Highlands. Flourishes on a sandy soil: bears transplanting
well: grows best near the sea. See Gent. Mag. 1757. p. 252. Its
pollen, a curious microscopic object : when moistened, the globules
burst into four cross-like valves.

A. campestre. Common M, Leaves five-lobed, blunt,
somewhat cut. Clusters corymbose, erect. E. B.
304. A. minus. G. E. 1484.

Hedges, thickets.

Tree. June.

Small tree. Branches straddling. Bark smooth : that of the

stem fissured. Ls. smaller than in most of our trees, opposite.

Fl. green, much like those of A. Pseudo-platan us. Caps, much

straddling.

Wood compact, fine grained, beautifully veined. The Romans
set a high value on their tables of veined Maple-wood. Vessels of
this wood turned so thin as to transmit light.

OCTANDRIA TRIGYNIA.

POLY'GONUM.^ Persicaria, Bistort, Knot-grass, and

Buck- wheat.

* Styles usually but two.

P. ampMhium, Amphibious Persicaria, Styles two,
united half way up. Stamens five. Spike egg-shaped.
E. B. 436. C. 4. 28. P. angustifohum. G. E. 821.

' i. e. false (plane.)

2 Volus, Gr. much, and gonuj Gr. a knee ; from the stalks perhaps being
geniculated or kneed.

OCTANDRIA TRIGYNIA. Pol/gonum. 113

PondSf ditches, or their banks.

Per. Juli^.

Ls. smooth, fringed, floating on the water ; out of the water, stems
more erect. Ls. narrower, hairy, fl. less numerous. Stem
creeping, round, branched below, leafy. Stip. tubular, mem-
branous. Ls. stalked, alternate, spear-shaped, or oblong, heart-
shaped at the base, acute. Spike erect, Ji.-stalk reddish. Bract.
egg-shaped, membranous, pointed. Sti^. red, globular. Seed
compressed.
Seed, food for water fowl. F'l. ornamental to pieces of water.

The only peren. spec. Plant strangely metamorphosed by change

of situation.

P. Persicdria,^ Spotted P. Styles two, united half
way up. Stamens six. Clusters dense, egg-oblong",
erect, on smooth stalks. Stipulas fringed. E. B.
756. C. 1. 23. P. maculosa. G. E. 445.

Ditches, wet fields, watery places.

An. August.

Stem erect, about two £, branched, alternate, leafy, often reddish,
mostly swollen above each joint. Ls. almost stalkless, spear-
shaped, entire, generally marked with a black, horse-shoe spot.
Slip, tubular. FL rose-coloured, or whitish at the tips. FL-
stalks springing from the stip. at the stem-joints.
Var. ^. L. hoary beneath, y. L, with a silvery hue, both

common.

Taste slightly acid, and astringent. Plant dyes a yellow colour

in woollen. Fl. Suec.

P. lapathifoUum, Pale-flowered P, Styles two, distinct.
Stamens six. Flower-stalks rough, glandular. Stipu-
las beardless. Seeds concave at each side. E. B.
1382. Sb. 129. P. pensylvanicum. C. 1. 24, 25.
Hydropiper. G. E. 445.

Cultivated ground, dunghills.

An. August.

Several rar. 1. with pale whitish^, 2. red ^. and stem: 3.
spotted stem : 4. Is. smooth. 5. Ls. hoary on under side. Spe-
cific character rests on the separate styles, rough glandular
fl.-stalks, and beardless stip,, not fringed. Stem, three f. Spikes
thicker than those of P. Persicaria. Ls. egg- spear-shaped,
uppermost dotted beneath w^th minute glands. Fruit-stalks
covered with minutely stalked yellowish globules.
Var. y. salicifolium. Sb.
Seeds food for small birds.

P. Hydropiper,^ Biting P. Styles two, forked, united

' From tlie resemblance of the /. to those of the peach (Pdrsica.)
* i. e. Water pepper.

I

114 OCTANDRIA TRTGYNTA. Poly'gonum.

half way up. Stamens six. Clusters lax, interrupted,
drooping. Stem erect. Leaves spear-shaped, wavy,

without spots. E. B. 989. C. 1. 26.

Ditches, watery places.

An. September.

Discrim. Its slender, drooping, lax spikes, light green Is. spotless.

Cal. whitish, tipped with red, glandular. From P. minus by its

/. (of Hydropiper) waved, and not flat ; and by its divided style.

Ls. tapering to a point, alternate.

The acrid property of the plant, in an oil residing in the glan-
dular dots scattered over. Dyes wool yellow : diuretic. Anti-
odontalgic.

P. minus. Small Creeping P. Styles two combined.
Stamens six. Clusters lax, slender, nearly upright.
Stem trailing at the base. Leaves linear-spear-shaped,
flat. E. B. 1048. C. 1. 28. Persicaria pusilla

repens. G. E. 446.

Watery commons^ marshes. * * Otmoor. Sb. Port Meadow,

opposite to Lower Woolvercot. Bx.
An. September.
Smaller than P. Hydrop. more trailing. FL without glandular

dots. Ls. flat, not acrid. Stems nine inches to one f. Styles

sometimes slightly cloven into three.

* * Styles three.

P. Bistorta,^ Great Bistort^ or Snake-weed. Stem
simple, with a single, spiked, cluster of flowers.
Leaves egg-shaped, wavy, running down into foot-
stalks. E. B. 509. C. 1. 22. Bistorta major. G.
E. 399. Baxter's plates, 5.

Meadows * * Banks of the Isis beyond Iffley. Near Gosford
Bridge. Sb. Oseney Meadow. Mr. C. B. Hewlett.

Per. May.

Stem about one f. and a half, leafy. Ls. veiny, fine green, foot-
stalks winged. Stalks of the stem Is. dilated, sheathing. Ft.
numerous, pink, each standing on a slender, rose-coloured stalk.
Bract, pair of membranous ones at the base.

Root pow^erfully astringent. Young shoots eaten for greens.
Plant for tanning leather.

P. amculdre. Common Knot-grass. Flowers axillary.
Leaves elliptic-spear-shaped, rough-edged. Ribs of the
stipulas distant. Stem trailing, herbaceous. E. B.
1252. C. 1. 27. P. mas vulgare. G. E. 565.

Waste and cultivated grounds,

' Twice, and twisted (root.)

OCTANDRIA TRIGYNIA. Pol/gonum. 115

An. June.

Stems branches much straddling, sUghtly furrowed, glaucous, or
purplish. Ls. alternate, entire. Stip. often red. Fl. clustered,
on short stalks, small, red, white, and green, coloured. Seed
black, polished. Fl. greenish on outside, white within, often
tinged with pink ; from egg-shaped, to spear-shaped, and even
linear. Variable in shape, and size of Is. Stam. seldom ten.
Seeds food for small birds : for same uses as those of P. Fagopy-

rum. Hogs eat the plant with avidity. This one of the plants,

which have acquired the name of grass, because eaten by cattle.

*P. Fagopyrum.^ Buck-wheat, or Brank. Leaves
heart-arrow-shaped. Stem nearly upright, without
prickles. Angles of the seeds even. E. B. 104i4.
Tragopyron. G. E. 89.

Cultivated fields. From the East originally.
An. July.

Root fibrous. Plant succulent. Stem one f., or more, branched,
rather zigzag, smooth, leafy, except a downy line on one side.
Ls. acute, smooth ; uppermost stalkless. Stip. small. Fl. in
panicled clusters, variegated with red and white ; yellow glands
between all the filaments. Styles divided to the base.
Very impatient of frost. Seeds made into meal-cakes here, and
in Japan ; food for pheasants, and poultry ; planted near bee-hives,
as flowering late. Unwholesome food for sheep. Used for clean-
ing foul land : ploughed in as a manure when fully grown, or
mowm for fattening swine and poultry with the grain. An oil from
the seeds.

P. Convolvulus. Climhiyig Buck-wheat. Black Bind-
weed, Leaves heart-arrow-shaped. Stem twining,
angular. Segments of the calyx bluntly keeled. E.
B. 941. C. 4. 29. Volubilis nigra. G. E. 863.

Cornfields, gardens.

An. July.

Stem, climbing to five to six f., leafy, unsupported ; the stem is

short and trailing. Ls. alternate, stalked, waved, smooth. Fl.

gi'eenish-white, found even as low as the base of the common fi.-

stalk ; in terminal, interrupted spikes, each on a small drooping

stalk.

Seeds for small birds, nutritious, like those of P. Fagop. but less
in size.

^ i. e. Wheat resembling the beech (mast,)/rtg'Ms, and puros.

i ^

110 OCTANDRIA TETRAGYNTA. Paris.

OCTANDRIA TETRAGYNIA.

PARIS/ Herb Paris.

P. quadrifolia. Common Herb Paris, Leaves egg-
shaped, mostly four, fixed to the top of the stalk. E.
B. 7- Herba Paris. G. E. 405. Baxter's plates, 6.

Groves^ shady places.^ * Headington Wick Copse. Sh. Wood in
Mungewell. John Oylander, Esq. Wytham Wood. Bx,

Per. May.

Stem simple, about one f. Styles purplish-black, hardly so long as
the berr\^ Blossoms pale-green. Cal. -leaflets green. Four
oval, stalkless Is., whorled at the top of the stalk, with a single,
greenish, central fl. and afterwards black berry.

Four the prevailing number in this singular plant. Ls. three or
five sometimes. Roots emetic, dose twice the quantity of ipeca-
cuanha. Berry narcotic.

'ADOXA/ Moschatell.^

A. Moschatellina. Tuberous M. E. B. 453. C. 2.
26. Radix cava minima viridi flore. G. E. 1091.

Groves f thickets, shady hedges. Shotover Plantations. Southleigh.
Woods near Ashford Mills. Sb.

Per. Jlpril.

Stem-root of fleshy, tiled scales, with fibres from the interstices.
Herb pale-green, fleshy, smooth. Stem erect, three or four
inches. Ls. root-ones, doubly ternate, wedge-shaped, lobed ;
those on the stem three-cleft, opposite, simple, shorter stalked.
Fl. in a head of five, stalkless, whitish-green fi. : four of them
from the side of the stem. The terminal one, having but eight
stam. referred by Linn, to Octandria, according to his rule.
Caps, of four cells, invested with fleshy cal.

(ELATINE. Water-wort.

E. tripetala. Small W. Leaves opposite, rough, with
minute points. Flowers mostly three-cleft. E. Hydro-
piper. E. B. 955. E, hexandra. H.

Margins of ponds or ditches, sandy soil. Near Binfield, Berks. Mr.

T. F. Forster. Sm. Eng. FL
An. July, August.

Aquatic herb, not unlike Montia.)

> From ipar, paris, equal, Lat. from the equality of the number four in this
plant.

2 Gr. Inglorious. From its modest, unassuming appearance, as it emerges
from its wintry bed of dry leaves.

3 From the musky smell of the fl.

DECANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Mon6tropa. 117

Class IX. ENNEANDRIA. Stamens 9.

Order L HEXA G YNIA. Pistils 6.

BUTOMUS/ Flowering-rush.
B. umhelldtus. Common F. E. B. 651. C. 1. 29-

Ditches and margins of rivet's, on gravelly soil. Christ Church
Meadow. Pools on the sides of the Botley Road. Near
Ensham. Sb,

Per. June.

Only British plant of Enneandria.

Plant lower part immersed in water. Ls. all immediately from
the root, erect, near three f., linear, triangular, pointed, flat in
the upper part. Stalk taller than the Is. simple, solitary.
Umbel terminal, simple, many-flowered. Bract, brown, sharp,
spear-shaped. Fl. large, shaded rose-colour. Aiith. red.
Germ. red.
Amongst our peculiar, and most ornamental British plants. Not

eaten by cattle in general.

Class X. DECANDRIA. Stamens 10.
Order I. MONO G YNIA. Pistil 1 .

MONOTROPA." Bird's-nest.

M. Hypopitys} Yellow B. Flowers in a drooping
cluster ; side-one with eight stamens ; terminal one
with ten. E. B. 69. H. L. 105. Plot. 146. t. 9. f. 6.

Hoots of beeches and firs. Stokenchurch. Woods between Nettle-
bed and Henley. Sb. Frequent in the Counties of Oxford,
Bedford, Buckingham, and Berks. Huds, Stokenchurch
Woods. Ray. Near Buckland, Berks. Mr. John Reddy.
Slade Woods, Gloucestershire. Mr. Sandys, Pembroke College,
Oxford.

Per. July.

Stem thick, fleshy, scaly, tiled, closely so at the lower part. Plant
pale straw-colour,^., same colour. Fl. side ones from six to
eight stam. Plant exhales a fragrant smell, during the process
of its becoming dry, and black. Flower-spike nodding: it

' From hous, an ox, Gr. and temno, to cut, Gr. because the sharp leaves cut
the mouths of browsing cattle.

2 Gr. solitary, (Monot. Hyp.) and tropo, to turn.

3 i. e. Gr. Under the fir.

118 DECANDRIA DIGYNIA. Chrysosplenium.

becomes erect in seeding. Whole plant smells like the prim-
rose, or like beans in blossom.

PrROLA.' Winter-green.

(P. rotundifoUa. Round-leaved TV,-gr, Stamens
ascending. Style twice as long as the stamens ;
declining and bent down, curved upwards at the end.
Cluster many-flowered. Calyx as long as the stamens.

E. B. 213. Pyrola. G. E. 408.

Busily places, dry heathy woods. * Slade and Randwich Woods,
Gloucestershire. Mr. Sandys, Pembroke Collecje, Oxford.

Per. July, August.

Ls. nearly round. Fl. rather drooping, snowy-white, bell-shaped.
The largest of the Py'rolas, but varies in size.)

(^Andromeda polifolia. Over Heath. Tur,^

(P. media. Intermediate TV. Stamens regularly bent
in. Style twice as long, bending arch-wise. Cluster
of many drooping flowers. Calyx shorter than the

stamens. E. B. 1945. H. L. 30.

Woods. Woods, Meriden, Warwickshire. Bree.

Per. July, August.

Py. media has been confounded with Py. minor : differs from Py.
minor by its very spirally twisted, fl. -stalk, the declination, and
greater length of style. Fl. globose, milk white.)

P. mjinor. Less TV. Stamens regularly bent in. Style
the same length, straight. Stigma five-lobed, point-
less, without a ring. Cluster of many drooping flowers.
E. B. 158. bad. P. rosea. E. B. ^5^^.

Mossy woods, thickets. * * Scrubby Copse, Mungewell. Woods
between Nettlebed and Henley. ;S^. Wood about half a mile
from Henley. Br.

Per. June,

Smaller. Fl. rose-coloured. Style short.

DECANDRIA DIGYNIA.

CHRYSOSPLE'NIUM. Golden-saxifrage.

(Ch. alternifolium. Alternate-leaved G. Leaves alter-
nate. E. B. 54.

' From supposed resemblance of Is. to a pyrus, or pear-tree.

DECANDRIA DIGYNIA. Saxifhiga. 119

Borders of shady rivulets. * Balsal Temple, Warwickshire. Pn.

Dowdeswell Woods, Gloucestershire. Mr. TV. C. Trevclyan.
Per. May.
Ls. kidney-shaped, and notched. Corymb, of deep yellow^.)

Ch. oppositifoliiun. Opposite-leaved G, Leaves oppo-
site. E. B. 490. C. 2. 27- Saxifraga aurea. G.
E. 841.

Watery^ shady places. Shotover Hill, near the spring. Shotover
Plantations. Sb. Horspath Lane. R. W.

Per. Apiil.

Plant fleshy, grows in broad patches of a yellowish hue. Ls.
stalked, inclining to heart-shaped, notched. Fls. corymb termi-
nal, leafy, pale-yellow, mostly four-cleft. Seeds round, blackish.
Paler than the first. Ls. smaller. Stamens eight mostly.

SAXIFRAGA. Saxifrage.

* Calyx spreading. Leaves partly lobed. Stigmas mostly downy.
Flowering-stems erect, m,ore or less leafy.

S. granulata. White Meadow S. Leaves kidney-
shaped, lobed. Stem panicled, leafy. Root beaded.
Germen half-inferior. E. B. 500. C. 1. 30. S.
alba. G. E. 841.

Meadows, pastures, gravelly, or sandy soil. Sm.

Per. May.

Stem, one f. Roof w4th several little grains, attached to one main
fibre, with small fibres. Stem solitary, erect, branched above,
hairs clammy, brown, or reddish. Ls. and c«/, -teeth clothed
with same kind of hairs. jL^. root-ones long stalked, upper
ones nearly stalkless, sharply lobed. Cor. large, white, in-
versely egg-shaped, much longer than cal. Pet. three veined.

F'ar. double^, in gardens.

Has been recommended in stone and gravel, because its roots
resemble small pebbles, the conclusion, therefore, from doctrine of
signatures, should be irresistible. The doctrine of signatures
attributed to any substance, having a resemblance to any organ,
sovereign virtues in removing the diseases of that organ. B. T.F.

S. tridactylites. Rue-leaved S, Leaves wedge-shaped,
Mv\\h three or five segments ; the uppermost undivided.
Stem panicled, leafy. Stalks single-flowered, alternate.
Germen inferior. E. B. 501. C. S. 28. Parony-
chia rutaceo folio. G. E. 624.

Walls, roofs, dry, barren ground.

An. April.

Stems three or four inches, variable in height, erect, round, leafy,
much branched above. Whole plant covered with clammy

120 DECANDRIA DIGYNIA. Saponaiia.

hairs. Ls. liand-shapecl, in three, or pedate in five segments,
swollen, fleshy, upper stalk ones undivided. Fl. small, white.
Cal. urn-shaped. Pet. scarcely exceeding the cal. This plant
flowers soon after Draba verna ; becomes in sunny situations of
red colour. Plant small. Stem in dry situations, sometimes
unbranched, and Is. entire.

SCLERANTHUS.^ Knawel/

S. dnnuus. Annual K, Calyx of the fruit, with spread-
ing, taper, acute, segments. Stems spreading. E. B.
351. Polygonum sehnoides, sive knawel. G. E.
566.

Dry^ sandy fields.

An. June.

Stems spreading in all directions, much branched, leafy, mostly
pale, the outermost trailing at the base only. Ls. opposite,
linear, somewhat keeled, acute, not glaucous, nor silvery. FL
colour of the herbage, stalkless ; clusters, leafy, terminal. Cal,
ten ribbed, stam. from five to eight, imperfect. Vapour of the
decoction received into the mouth in tooth-ache. PL Suea.

{S, perenms. Perennial K, Fruit-calyx with segments
blunt, and converging, edge broad, membranous.
Stems traihng. E. B. 352. G. E. 567.

Sandy plains.* Creaton, Northamptonshire. Morto7i.

Per. August to October.

Hue of the plant glaucous, glistening ; turning reddish with age.
Discrim. The broad, white, membranous edges of the calyx.
The coccus polonicus, an insect, affording a crimson dye, feeds
on this plant. See Upsal Trans. 1742.)

S APON A'RI A. Soapwort. ^

S. officinalis. Common S, Calyx cylindrical. Leaves
eiliptic-spear-shaped. E. B. 1060. C. 2. 29. Sa-
ponaria. G. E. 444.

Meadows^ river sides, under hedges. Headington Hill. Marston,

Stanton Harcourt. Sh. Marston. R. W.
Per. August.
Stems upright, round, leafy, panicled, about eighteen inches.

Plant smooth. Ls. opposite, united at the base, three ribbed.

PI. panicle roundish. Cor. large, pale-pink, sweet scented.

Pet. claw four angled. T^ar.fl. double.

Juice of the bruised Z^., scour almost as well as soap. G. E.

Used instead of Sarsaparilla. See more on this, in Journal de

Med. vol. QQ. p. 478. or fVith. Arrang. and G. E.

' From its somewhat dry, hard flowers, Gr. skleros, hard. = German

2 From the leaves forming a lather with water.

DECANDRIA TRIGYNIA. Silene. 121

DIANTHUS.^ Pink.

* Flowers aggregate.

D. Armeria. Deptford P, Flowers in bundles, tufted.
Scales of the calyx spear-shaped, downy, as long- as the
tube. Petals saw-toothed. E. B. 317. H. L. 134.

Caryophyllus pratensis. G. E. 594.

Pastures^ hedges, on a gravelly soil. Sm. Near Caversham. Sb.

Engleiield, Berks. R. W.
An. July.
Stem round, leafy, erect, one foot, forked, and corymbose at the

upper part. Ls. all opposite, lower ones broader, somewhat

battledore-shaped ; those at the stem joints, and under the fl.

narrow, spear-shaped, acute. Fl. small ; pet. speckled, with

white dots, one fl. mostly opening at a time.

A degree of elegance about this plant, when minutely examined.
* * Flowers solitary, several on the same stem.

(D. deltoides. Maiden P, Flowers sohtary. Scales of
the calyx egg-spear-shaped, acute, seldom more than
two. Leaves bluntish, somewhat downy. Petals
notched, smooth. E. B. 61. Caryophyllus montanus

purpureus. G. E. 593.

Pastures, on gravelly or sandy soil. Langley, Bucks. Salt Hill.

T'ur.
Per. July, October.
Ls. flat. Fl. small, pale rose-colour, with a purple circle.)

DECANDRIA TRIGYNIA.

SILE'NE. Catchfly, or Campion.

* Flowers in leafy racemes, clusters occasionally somewhat forked.

(S. anglica. English Catchfly, Hairy and viscid. Petals
slightly cloven. Flowers from the sides of the stem,
alternate, erect. Lower capsules spreading or bent
back. E. B. 1178. C. 4. 30.

Cultivated fields, gravelly or sandy soil. Near Burnham, Bucks.

Tur.
An. July.

Ls. linear-spear-shaped. Fl. white, or pale rose-coloured.)
** Stem forked; branches panicled.

S. infldta. Bladder Cam, or Catchfly, Flowers
copiously panicled, drooping. Petals cloven half way

1 Flower ol Jove, Gr. from the beauty and fragrance of the fl.

122 DECANDRTA TRIGYNIA. Stellaria.

down, mostly without scales. Calyx smooth, swollen ;
vehied like net-work. Stem erect. Leaves egg-
shaped, acute. Cucubalus Behen. E. B. 164. Sb.
189. Behen album. G. E. 678.

Fields, pastures y way-sides.

Per. June.

Ls. root-ones tufted, battledore-shaped : stem Is., spear-shaped, or
egg-shaped ; all glaucous. Stem round, smooth, glaucous, one
or two feet, repeatedly forked, panicled. Fl. -stalks long, slender.

Cor, white. Cal. veined with purple and green. Anth, some-
times diseased, large and swollen, with purple dust.
Boiled Is., may be eaten as peas. The young shoots boiled, w^ell

flavoured.

* * * Stem, and branches if any, forked, leafy.

S. noctijlora. Night-Jloivering C. Stem forked. Petals
cloven, each with a cloven abrupt scale. Calyx with
ten hairy ribs ; its teeth linear, almost as long as the

tube. E. B. 291.

Fields, on sand or gravel.* Headington. Cowley. Stanton Har-
court. Southleigh. Sb. (Near Wytham Wood, &c. Bx.)

An. July.

Stem erect, round, leafy, repeatedly forked in the upper part. Ls,
spear-shaped, stalkless; low^er ones broader, lowest inversely
egg-shaped. Fl. solitary at the divisions of the stem ; stalks
hairy, clammy. Cal. white, angles and veins green. Cor. pet.
cream-coloured, red tinged, unfolding in the evening, at that
time becoming sweet-scented. Cal. very clammy ; teeth very
long. Seed vessel of first/., conspicuous in the fork of the plant.

(S, nutans • Nottingham C. Harringworth, North-
amptonshire. Morton,)

STELLA'RIA.^ Stitchwort.

S. media. Common Chickweed, Leaves egg-shaped.
Stems trailing, with a hairy alternate line on one side.
Stamens from five to ten. E. B. 537. Alsine media.
C. 1. 20. A. minor, sive media. G. E. 6II.

fVaste and cultivated ground.

An. April.

Stems several, brittle, slender at the bottom. Ls. opposite,
smooth ; stalks folded together at night. Fl. very small, stalks
solitary, axillary, or terminal. Cal. longer than the white
petals. Seeds pale-brown. Stam. uncertain in number.
Seeds food for birds, as the whole plant. The fresh plant

' Lat. From its starry blossoms.

DECANDRIA TRIGYNIA. Stellaria. 123

bruised, a good cooling application to wounds, and ulcers. Fl.
open from nine in the morning until noon, unless rain, after
which, they for some time droop. Shoots and Is., eatable when
boiled, like young spinach .

S. holostea. Great St, Leaves spear-shaped, finely
saw-toothed. Petals inversely heart-shaped. Calyx
without ribs. E. B. 511. C. 2. 30. Gramen leu-
can themum. G. E. 47.

Groves, thickets, dry hedge bottoms.

Per. May.

Anciently called white flowering grass. Rather glaucous. Stems
trailing at the base, slender, supporting themselves erect among
bushes, and grass, square, brittle, woody in the inner part. Ls.
opposite, stalkless, long, sharp-pointed, mid -rib sharp, the
surface slightly glaucous. Stem fork-terminating, somewhat
panicled, i'Y.-^to/A'.v, long, solitary. Cor. white, large. Anth.
yellow. Fil. white. Very ornamental spring/.

S. graminea. Less St. Leaves linear-spear-shaped,
entire. Panicle terminal, spreading, calyx three-ribbed,
nearly as long as the petals. E. B. 803.

Heathy pastures, bushy places, gravelly, or sandy soil. Sm.

Per. July.

Its white starry Jl., conspicuous : herbage concealed by bushes, or
grass : stalks of the panicle very slender. Habit of St. holostea,
but size smaller, not glaucous. Fl. white, panicle straddling.
CaL-ls. pale ; pet. segments linear, deeply divided. Anth. pale-
reddish.

S. glauca. Glaucous Marsh St, Leaves linear-spear-
shaped, entire, glaucous. Flower-stalks partly scat-
tered, erect. Calyx three-ribbed, half as long as the
petals. E. B. 825. S. media. Sb. 141.

Moist meadows, bogs, on gravel. Sm. * Otmoor. Sb. Between
St. Clement's, and Ifliey. Bx.

Per. July.

Discrim. From St. graminea by its glaucous colour, smooth I.
edges, and stem, larger fi. pet. nearly twice as long as the cal.
Fl.-stalks more universally from the sides of the stem, and soli-
tary, less panicled. Three cal.-nerves less prominent. In size
and habit approaches St. holostea, which wants the calyx-nerves,
and rough leaf, and stem edges. The anthers are pale-reddish.
Lower fl. solitary, axillary.

S. uliginosa. Bog- St, Leaves elliptic-spear-shaped,
entire, with a callous tip. Flowers irregularly pani-
cled, from the sides of the stem, or terminal. Petals

124 DECANDRIA TRIGYNIA. Arenaria.

shorter than the calyx. E. B. 1074. C. 6. £8.
Alsine fontana. G. E. 613.

Rivulets, ditches, springs.

An. June.

Herb slender, smooth, pale, somewhat glaucous, green. Stems

branched, four-angled, leafy. Ls. veins many, parallel. Fl.

two or three together. Bract, membranous, spear-shaped. Pet.

very small, segm. narrow, greenish-white. Styles from three,

four, to five.
Discrim. peculiar inflorescence, short pet. Form and structure of

the Ls. Pet. segm. straddling, deeply divided.

ARENA'RIA. Sandwort.

* Stipulas none.

A. trinervis. Plantain-leaved Chickweed^ or S, Leaves
egg-shaped, acute, stalked, ribbed. Calyx obscurely
three-ribbed, with a rough keel. E. B. 1483. C. 4.
31. A. trinervia. Sb. 141.

Shady, bushy places.

An. June.

Stems upright, one f., weak, much branched, round, downy. Ls.
opposite, sometimes with five ribs. Fl, small, white : stalks
longish, solitary, from the forks of the stem, and summits of the
branches. Cal. longer than the pet. Ls. upper ones, nearly
stalkless.

Discrim. From St. media by its small undivided pet. and three-
ribbed Is.

A. serpyllifolia. Thyme-leaved S, Leaves egg-shaped,
nearly stalkless, rough. Calyx hairy ; three outermost
of its leaves five-ribbed. E. B. 9^3. C. 4. 32.
Alsine petrsea. G. E. 612.

Walls, dry, sandy ground.

An. June.

Stems several, three or four inches, spreading, a little branched,
leafy, stiff, slender, forked upwards. Ls. small, entire, thyme-
like, slightly ribbed. Fl.-stalks erect, pet. white, shorter than
the cal. Cal. -ribs a discriminating mark in this genus.

A. tenuifolia. Fine-leaved S» Leaves awl-shaped,
pointed. Stem panicled at the extremities. Capsules
erect, of three valves. Petals spear-shaped, shorter

than the calyx. E. B. 219.

Dry, barren, sandy fields. * * Rewly Abbey. Charlbury Stone
Quarries. Cornfields near Nettlebed. Sb. Cheney Lane. Bx.
An. June,

DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. Sedum. 125

Plant erect, slender. Ls, joined at the base, three-ribbed at the
back, smooth. Fl.-stalks soUtary, single j^., hair-like, erect,
longer than the /*., numerous. Fl. small, white, inconspicuous.
Cal.-ls. spear-shaped, acute, margins membranous, white.
* * Stipulas membranous.

A. rubra. Purple S, Leaves linear, bristle-pointed.
Stipulas membranous, sheathing. Seeds compressed,
angular, roughish. E. B. 852.

Sandy fields. * Shotover Hill, in a furze close, where sand had
been dug. Sb. (Gravel pits on the side of the Abingdon Road,
running through Bagley Wood. Bx. Abundant about Rugby.
Bx.

An. June.

Spreads widely on the ground, the handsome small blossoms
expand in bright weather. Stems limber and feeble, leafy,
round, a little swollen at the joints. Ls. flat, narrow, rather
fleshy. Stip. white, cloven. Fl.-panicles terminal, leafy,
forked, the ends clustered : fl.-stalks downy, clammy. Cal.-ls.
hairy, ribless, margin membranous. Pet. purple, mostly shorter
than cal. Seeds wedge-shaped, angular, rough on the outer
edge, with sharp tubercles. The seeds a distinctive mark.

DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.

COTYLEDON/ Navel-wort/

C. Umbilicus, Common N. Leaves target-shaped,
notched. Flowers in a long spike-like bunch, droop-
ing. Bracteas entire. Root tuberous. E. B. 325.

Old walls.

Per. June.

Stem and Is. fleshy. Stems nearly simple, round, purplish, erect.

Fl.-spike branched, j^. cylindrical, numerous, pale-yellow. Ls.

smooth, stalked ; stem-Is. less target-shaped, at length changed

for small, spear-shaped, entire bract. Cor. cylindric segments

small, erect. Anth. in two rows.

The juice, a cooling application. G. E.

SEDUM. Orpine, and Stonecrop.

* Leaves fiat.

S. Telephium,^ Orpine^ or hive-long. Leaves flattish,
saw-toothed. Corymb leafy. Stem erect. E. B.

» Kotule, a cavity, Gr. from the hollow leaves. ^ From the leaves.

3 Named after Telephus.

126 DECANDRTA PENTAGYNIA. Sedum.

1319. C. 3. S5. Crassula sive Faba in versa. G.

E. 518.

Borders of fields, hedges, bushy places. * Headington Wick Copse.

Shotover Hill. Sb. (Bagley Wood. Bx.)
Per. July.

Plant fleshy. Root of tapering knobs, fleshy. Stems one or two
f., erect, simple, leafy, round, mostly spotted with purple. Ls. irre-
gularly scattered, stalkless, egg-shaped, fleshy, somewhat glau-
cous, rib thick, coloured, gi-adually lost in the summit of the Is,
Fl.-tuft close, crimson, or purple ; sometimes white. Pet,
sharp. Anth. and stigm. more deeply coloured.
Norfolk rustics sometimes hang up this plant, which grows even
w^hen torn from the soil : pretending to judge by the plant's vigour,
of the health of an absent friend. Decoction of Is. in milk, power-
fully diuretic.

Ornamental plant.

* * Leaves swollen, or somewhat cylindrical.

S. dasyphylliim. Thick-leaved White Stonecrop, Leaves
egg-shaped, blunt, fleshy, stalkless ; the lower ones
opposite. Stems feeble. Panicles glutinous. E. B.
^5Q. C. 3. 26.

Walls.

Per. June.

Root of small white fibres. Stems thread-like, w^eak, trailing. Fl.
branching, panicled, clammy, downy. Ls. except those of the
panicled stalk, closely tiled, very thick and fleshy. Fl.-panicle
of few fl. Pet. white, keel purple. Anth. dark-red. Small,
pretty plant, fleshy.

S. acre. Biting Stonecrop, Wall Pepper, Leaves
alternate, nearly egg-shaped, thick, swollen ; spurred
at the base. Cyme of three smooth branches, leafy.
E. B. 839. C. 1. 32. Vermicularis, sive Illecebra
minor acris. G. E. 517.
Walls, roofs, dry, sandy ground.
Per. June.

Stems tufted, weak. Roots small, fibrous. Branches upright.
Ls. grass-green, tiled, fleshy, fixed to the stem by the inner or
upper surface, a little above their base. Fl.-cymes terminal,
three -cleft, when luxuriant. Cal. segm. bluntish. Cor. golden-
yellow. Pet. egg-shaped, acute. Caps, pointed, smooth.
A brilliant little flower. Plant acrid, biting to the taste. Said
to be of great eflicacy in scurvy, in decoction, or outwardly
applied. See Raii Syn. The juice emetic. G, E. The plant will
retain life, for some w^eeks, suspended in the air by the root. An
oz. of the plant, boiled in twelve oz. of ale, taken in four doses,
found useful in dropsy. Lightf.

DECANDRIA PENTACn^NIA. Oxalis. 127

Discrim. Its upright, short, fleshy Is., closely tiled at the barren
shoots. H,

S. album. White Stonecrop, Leaves scattered, oblong,
blunt, nearly cylindrical, spreading, smooth. Panicle
much branched in a corymbose manner. E. B. 1578.
C. 1. 31. S. minus officinarum. G. E. 512. also
513. f. 7.

Walls, 7'oofs. On several old walls at Upper Heyford. Bx,

Per. July.

Root fibrous. Stems prostrate at bottom only, round, green,
or purplish, leafy. Pi. -stems upright, three to five inch. Ls,
scattered, light-green, frequently reddish, slightly attached,
spreading at nearly right angles with the stem, smooth, very
fleshy, from about half an inch to nearly an inch in length,
oblong, blunt, nearly cylindrical, but some of them a little
flatted above. Fl. numerous, white, sometimes tinged with
red, produced in a smooth, much branched, somewhat corym-
bose panicle. Whole plant frequently of a reddish or purplish
colour when growing in a dry exposed situation.

Discrim, From other British Sedums by the oblong, blunt, and
cylindrical shape of the Is. Bx.

S. refiexum. Crooked Yellow Stonecrop, Leaves awl-
shaped, scattered, spurred at the base ; the lowermost
curved back. Flowers cymose. Segments of the
calyx egg-shaped. E. B. 695. Aizoon scorpioides.
G. E. 513.

Walls.

Per. July.

Stems one f., variously spreading, round, entangled, or hanging
down, fleshy. Ls. fleshy, smooth, often reddish, attached by
the flat inner side, a little above their base. Fl.-cyme, terminal,
bright yellow. Fl. many, mostly of six pet. and germs., and
twelve stam. Ls. of the barren branches crowded. This
species remarkably tenacious of life.

(^Sedum rupestre, St, Vincenfs Rocks, Tur,)

OXA'LIS. Wood-Sorrel.

O. Acetosella. Common W, Stalks immediately from
the root, single-flowered. Leaves in threes, inversely
heart-shaped, hairy. Root with many scaly joints.
Stamens all simple. E. B. 762. C. 2. 31. Oxys
alba, a E. 1201.

Groves, and shady places.

128 DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. Lychnis.

Per. April,

Root with many fleshy, reddish scales. Ls, long-stalked, droop-
ing at night, acid, often purplish beneath. Fl. -stalky purplish.
Pet. white, purple-veined, yellow at the base, adhering by a
small glandular swelling on each side.

A pretty plant with large delicate fl. Ls. of bright verdure.
Caps, dart forth their seeds on the slightest touch, by the elastic
seed-coat. Infusion of the Is. pleasant refrigerant in fever.
From the Is, boiled wdth milk, an agreeable w^hey. The expressed
juice evaporated affords a crystalline acid salt, (oxalic acid, as
binoxalate of potash,) sold under the name of Salt of Lemons.
Application to scrophulous ulcers. Ls. sensitive, when struck,
or handled, droop.

AGROSTEMMA.' Cockle/

A. Githago? Corn C. Hairy, calyx teeth rising above
the corolla. Petals undivided, without teeth. E. B.
741. C. 3. 27. Pseudomelanthium. G. E. IO87.

Cornjields.

An. July.

Plant rough, hairs upright. Stem two or three f., branched, leafy,
round. Ls. opposite, linear-spear-shaped. FL terminal, long-
stalked, solitary, large, showy, purple, with bluish streaks.

Seeds black, elegantly rough.

An ornamental weed, on a level with the ripening corn, to be
plucked up before flowering.

LYCHNIS. Lychnis, or Campion.

L. Flos Cuculi, Meadow L. Ragged Robin, Petals
each in three, or mostly four linear segments. Capsule
roundish, of one cell. Stem rough with bristles bent
back. E. B. 5J3, C. 1. 33, Armoraria pratensis
mas. G. E. 600.

Moist 7neadows.

Per. June.

Stem erect, one or two f , angular, leafy, upper part clammy. Ls.
united at their insertion, spear-shaped, nearly smooth. FL
panicle forked, erect. Bract, two at each subdivision. CaL-
rihs ten, dark purple. Pet. rose-coloured, limber, crowned with
two sharp, erect teeth above the claw.
FL of this plant extremely pretty.
Var. in gardens, j^. double.

L. dioica. Red, or White Campion, Flowers dioecious.

' Agrou, and stemma, Gr. crown or chaplet of the fields.
2 Ang. Sax. 3 Gith, name for black seed, in Celtic.

DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. Cerastium. 120

Each petal cloven, crowned with four teeth. Capsule
of one cell. ct. Flowers red. E. B. 1579. C. 2. 32.
L. diurna. Sb. 145. L. sylvestris rubello flore. G.
E. 469. 3. Fl. white. L. dioica. E. B. 1580.
L. vespertina. Sb. 146.

Hedges, fields.

Per. a. May. /3. June.

Red fl. Plant clothed with soft, prominent hairs, somewhat
clammy. Stem upright, roimd, jointed, leafy, eighteen inches to
two f., forked at top, panicled, spreading. Ls. upper stem-
• leaves spear-shaped : lower, egg-shaped, soft, acute. Fl. scent-
less, with partial stalks. Bract, somewhat membranous. Cal.
dark red, in stamen-bearing^., tubular ; in pistil-bearing^., egg-
shaped. Pet. rose-coloured. Claws whitish, crown four-cleft.
Var. red double/., in gardens, called Bachelor's Buttons. Sta-
mens and pistils in a pale var. sometimes in the same/.

Var. white fl. Whole plant taller than the red var. Ls. more
spear-shaped. Fl. larger, white, or pale blush-coloured, fragrant
in the evening, or before rain. The intermediate veins between
the cal.-ribs of the pistil-bearing/., may discrim. from the red var.

CERA'STIUM. Mouse-ear Chickweed.

C. vulgatiim. Broad-leaved M, Hairy, clammy, tufted.
Leaves eg"g-shaped. Petals as long as the calyx.
Flowers longer than their stalks. E. B. 7^9. C. vis-
cosum. C. S. 85. Sb.

Fields, waste ground, dry hanks.

An. April.

Discrim. of this species from C. viscosum by its light green hue,
yellowish in decay, its broad egg-shaped Is., smaller/. Stems
more erect. Pet. white, notched, scarcely longer than the cal.

C. viscosum. Narrow-leaved M, Hairy, clammy, lying
down. Leaves spear-shaped-oblong. E. E. 790. C.
vulgatum. C. 2. 34. Sb. 146.

Meadows, pastures, waste ground, walls.
Per. May.

Not more clammy than C. vulgatum.
Discrim. from C. vulgatum, in being peren., by its recumbent-stems,

darker green hue, narrower Is. fructification larger, pet.

longer, more conspicuous. Fl. -stalks mostly longer. Seeds

rugged. Cal.-ls. membranaceous, or skinny at the edge.

C. semidecandrum, Pentandrous M, Hairy, clammy.
Stamens five. Petals slightly cloven. E. B. 1630,

K

130 DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. Spergula.

fVaste, sandy ground. Walls.

An. April.

In habit resembling C. viscosum, but smaller in every part,
herbage more frequently reddish. Stems spreading at the base,
upper part most clammy. Fl.-stalks longer than m/., bent back,
after flowering, finally erect. Cal.-ls. margin conspicuously
white, dilated. Pet. white, mostly shorter than cal. Stam.
seldom above five. Caps, about twice as long as the cal.

C. arvense. Field Ch. Leaves linear-spear-shaped,
bluntish ; fringed at the base. Petals twice the length
of the calyx ; capsule shorter. E. B. 93. C. 6. 29.
Caryophyllus Holostius. G. E. 5Q5,

Fields on gravel, or chalk. Sm. Between the Parks and Wolvercot.
Stanton Harcourt. Between Witney, and Burford. Sb. Be-
tween Elsfield and Noke Lane, at the back of the Red Lion,
in Stow Wood. Bjc. Road crossing the Hundred Acres, Bul-
lingdon. R. W.

Per. May, June.

Stems very numerous, trailing at the base, tufted, four or five inches,
branched alternately, round, leafy. Fl. terminal, two or three,
white,large,joe#. heart-shaped, veined. 6^erm. globular. Caps.
valves transparent.
Fl. resemble those of Stel. holostea, but somewhat smaller.

C. aqudticum. Water M, Leaves heart-shaped, stalkless.
Flower-stalks from the side of the stem, solitary.
Capsules drooping, egg-shaped, with five cloven teeth.
Petals deeply divided. E. B. 538. C. 1. 34. Alsine
major. G. E. 611.

Watery places, margins of rivers and ditches.

Per. July.

Stems two f., weak, trailing, unless supported ; branched, or forked,
leafy, round, hairs glandular, prominent. Bark, very brittle,
woody part tough. Ls. opposite, pointed, waved, mostly stalk-
less. Fl.-stalks single/., from between the Is. and from the side
of the stem-joint. Pet. white, about as long as the cal. Caps.
deeply splitting.
In habit, deep-cut pet., shape of caps, rather a Stellaria ; the

five styles, however, are constant. This plant resembles Stellaria

nemorum. Larbrea of DC.

SPE'RGULA. Spurrey.

S. arvensis. Corn Sp, Leaves whorled. Stalks when
in fruit bent back. E. B. 1535. C. 5, 31. Saginse

Spergula. G. E. 1125.

Sandy cornfields.
An. June.

DODECANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Asamm. I3i

Stems spreading, variously luxuriant, round, branched, jointed,
clammy, especially the upper part. Ls. linear, blunt. Panicles
terminal, forked, straddling. Cal.-ls, egg-shaped, concave, edge
skinny. Pet. egg-shaped, v^hite, scarcely longer than the cal,
Stam. sometimes five, or intermediate between ten. Seeds tuber-
culated.

Cattle fed with this plant, and poultry with the seeds, in Flan-
ders, &c. Bread, in time of scarcity, made from the seeds, in Fin-
land, and Norway. A field, whitened with its blossoms, changed
in appearance by the sudden closing of the petals, on a black cloud
passing over, and discharging a few drops of rain. F. B. T.

S. nodosa. Knotted Sp, Leaves opposite, awl-shaped,
smooth ; upper ones clustered. Calyx without ribs.
E. B. 694. C. 4. 84. Alsine palustris, foliis tenuis-
simis, seu Saxifraga palustris anglica. G. E. 567. 6. ?

Moist y sandy turf.

Per. July.

Plant very smooth. Stems spreading, mostly trailing, numerous,
slender. Ls. smaller tufts of Is., from the larger pairs of Is. FL
stalked near the extremities of the stems: large in proportion to
the plant, brilliant white, elegant.

The five styles, and five valves of the fruit separate this plant
from the Genus Arenaria. A pretty little plant inj^.

(S. suhulata. Fringed Sp, Leaves opposite, awl-shaped,
bristle-pointed, fringed. Flower-stalks solitary, much
longer than the leaves, a little hairy. E. B. 1082. C.

4. 85, S. saginoides.
Sandy heaths. Iver heath. Bucks. Tur.
Per. Julyy ylugust.
Z/s. with glandular hairs ; their hair-like point very conspicuous;

ill expressed in E. B. Pet. white, nearly as long as the cal.

Stamens five or ten. Seeds pale-brown, encircled with a black

line, but no dilated margin ; Ji. almost perfectly erect.)

Class XL DODECANDRIA. Staynens \2—\9

inclusive*

Order I, MONO G YNIA, Pistil 1 .

'ASARUM. Asarabacca.

A. europceum. Common A, Leaves two on each
stem, kidney-shaped, blunt. E. B. 1083. Asarum.
G. E. 836.

K 2

#

132 DODECANDRIA DIGYNIA. Agrimonia.

Mountainous woods, rare. Between Henley and Maidenhead. E. B.

Per. May.

Stem short, simple, bearing two dark-green /6-.,and one drooping^.

LYTHRUM. Purple Loosestrife.

L. Salicdria, Spiked P. L. Leaves opposite, spear-
shaped ; heart-shaped at the base. Flowers in whorled,
leafy spikes. Stamens twelve. E. B. IO6I. C. 3.

28. Lysimachia spicata purpurea. G. E. 476.

Ditches, watery places.

Per. July.

Stems erect, wand-like, two to four f., four angled, leafy ; some-
times six angled. Ls. stalkless, three in a whorl. All opposite, or
all alternate. fVith. Fl. spike reddish, variable purple. Cal.
teeth six long, six shorter, intermediate. Pet. waved. Stam.
twelve, in two sets.
A showy plant. Useful in dysentery, and diarrhoea.

\i,hyssopif6lium. Hyssop-leaved P,h, Grass-poly. Leaves
alternate, linear-spear-shaped. Flowers axillary, soli-
tary. Stamens six. E. B. 292. Gratiola angusti-
folia. G. E. 581.

Partially dried pits, or ditches ; or places where water has stagnated
during ivinter. * In watery pits, on the left hand of the first
Turnpike Gate on the Banbury Road. Sb. Near Dorchester.
G. E. Between St. Clement's and Cowley Marsh. Bx.

An. Jiily.

Stems a span, several, the principal erect, often branched : side
ones spreading, curved upwards, all square, purplish. Fl. pur-
ple, delicate, small.

DODECANDRIA DIGYNIA.

AGRIMO^NIA. Agrimony.

A. Eupatoria. Common A. Stem-leaves interruptedly
winged ; leaflets elliptic-oblong ; terminal one stalked.
Calyx encompassed with bristles. Spikes elongated.
E. B. 1335. C. 5. 32. Agrimonia. G. E. 712.

Bushy places, road sides, borders of fields.

Per. July.

Stem upright, about two f., leafy, angular, hairy. Ls. alternate ;
leafl. deeply saw-toothed, and with various small intermediate
leaflets. Fl. -spike terminal, long, many flowered, fl,, nearly
stalkless, deep-yellow, small. Cal. bell-shaped. Bract, lobed.

DODECANDRIA DODECAGYNIA. Sempervivum. 133

Cat. permanent, hardened, hooked with bristles, a caps, for the

seeds.

Scent aromatic : plant astringent, bitter, a tonic remedy in infu-
sion, as tea, among the vulgar. Infusion of the root in fever,
among the Canadians.

DODECANDRIA TRIGYNIA,

RESEDA. Rocket.

R. Luteola, Dyer's R, Yellow-weed^ or Weld, Leaves
spear-shaped, undivided. Calyx in four segments. E.
B. 320. Luteola. G. E. 494.

Waste ground^ especially on chalky and on walls.

An. June.

Stem wand-like, two or three f., erect, thick, branched, leafy. Ls.
alternate, blunt, smooth. Fl.-spikes, branch-terminating, fl.,
numerous, pale, greenish. Pet. three, uppermost, three-lobed,
middle lobe cloven, side ones simple, or three-lobed. Stam,
hanging down.
Whole plant used for dyeing woollen yellow and gi'een. Not

unornamental. The yellow^ colour, called Dutch Pink, from this

plant.

R. lutea. Base Rocket. Wild Mignonette. Leaves
deeply three-lobed ; lower ones wing-cleft. Calyx in
six divisions. E. B. 321. R. Plinii. G. E. 277.

Chalky hillsy waste places. * * Bensington. Henley. Sb. Old
Stone Pits, Wheatley. Mr. John Lovegrove.

An. June.

Stems several, growing thick-tufted, round, smooth, leafy. Ls.
alternate, segments three or more, linear, waved, pointed : lower
Is. once or twice winged. Fl.-spikes branch -terminating. FL
numerous, sulphur- coloured. Pet, six, most curiously lobed.
Ornamental.

DODECANDRIA DODECAGYNIA.

SEMPERVrVUM. Houseleek.

S. tectorum. Common H. Leaves fringed. Offsets
spreading. Edges of the petals hairy, entire. E. B.
]320. C. 3. 29. S. majus. G. E. 510.

Walls, cottage roofs.

Per. June.

Ls. in a rose-like tuft, numerous, tiled, fleshy, egg-shaped, acute,

134 ICOSANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Prunus.

above flattish, convex beneath. Fl.-stem, strong, round, leafy.

Corymb, many flowered, branches racemose. Fl. short- stalked,

hract. awl-shaped. Cor. rose-coloured, or pale-reddish buff,

large, handsome.

Want of scales at the germ., may distinguish this genus from
Sedum.

Bruised Is,, a cooling, astringent, external application. Filtrated
juice of the Is. with an equal quantity of Rectified Spirits of Wine.
(Dispensary.)

Juice mixed with honey in aphthous cases.

Planted on the tops of cottages in the North of England. This
was an ancient superstition, to defend from lightning. See
Bourne s Antiquities, p. 241. Ed. 1810. 8vo.

Class XII. ICOSANDRIA. Stamens 20,

or more from the rim of the Calyx,

Order L MONO G YNIA, Pistil I.

PRUNUS. Plum/ and Cherry.

P. Cerasus.^ Wild Oh. Flowers in nearly stalkless
umbels. Leaves egg-spear-shaped, folded flat in the
bud ; somewhat downy beneath. E. B. 7O6. Ce-
rasus vulgaris. G. E. 1502. J. C. nigra. G. E.
1505. Prunus 'Avium. Sb. (black-fruited.)

Woods, hedges.

Tree. April.

The wild black-fruited cherry, is the Pr. Avium of British

writers, and with Pr. Cerasus, the red-fruited, forms one species.

Bark polished, ash-coloured. Fl.-umhels, few ji. Cor. white.
Stip. toothed. Cal. bent back. Fruit black. Var. with red
fruit.
Fruits of Icosandrous plants wholesome.

(P. insititia. Wild Bullace-tree, Flower-stalks in pairs.

Leaves spear-egg-shaped ; rolled spirally while young ;

downy beneath. Branches thorny at the end. E. B.

841.
Hedges. Sb. (About Rugby. Bx.)
Tree. April.

^ Ang. Sax.

2 So named from a city of Pontus, "whence the tree was brought into Italy,
by Lucullus. The origin of the garden cherry. The gum equal to gum-
arabic : nutritious, so much so, as to support life. Hasselquist relates that
more than one hundred men were kept alive by it, during a siege, for nearly
two months. Wood hard, for turning : and stained to imitate mahogany.

ICOSANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. Mespilus. 135

Branches variously spreading, round, stiif, bark reddish, rather
glaucous. Ls. alternate, stalked. Fl. single, or in pairs, stalks
shortish. Pet. white, inversely egg-shaped, large. Fruit glo-
bular, black, bloom coloured blue, fruit sour, austere.
Bark of the root and branches styptic. Infusion of the fl., mixed

with sugar mildly purgative.

Far, The more grateful white -fruited bullace.)

P. spinosa. Sloe, or Black-thorn, Flower-stalks mostly
solitary. Leaves spear-shaped, smooth. Branches
thorny at the end. E. B. 842. P. sylvestris. G. E.

1497.,

Hedges, thickets.

Shrub. March.

Low, thorny, stiff, hark black, rather glaucous. Ls. stalked, early

Is., inversely egg-shaped. Ls. saw-toothed, dark-green. Fl.

white. Cal. spreading. Pet. roundish. Fruit globular, black,

very austere, and astringent. FL appear earlier than the Is., in

great profusion, like a " flaky shower."

Fl. one of the harbingers of spring, appearing before the Is. In-
spissated juice of the fruit, an astringent. Recent fruit to adulte-
rate port wine. Dried Is. a substitute for tea. Green parts of
plum and cherry tribe poisonous, fruit not so. Shrub for hedges,
but too creeping. Wood hard for teeth of rakes. An infusion of
a handful of the fl., purgative. Powdered bark in ague : dose, two
drachms. Juice of the fruit, a marking ink upon linen, or woollen.
The juice of wild plums, combined with muriatic, or sulphuric acid
dyes rose-colour.

ICO SANDRIA PEN TA G YNIA.

MKSPILUS. Hawthorn, and Medlar.

M. Oxyacantha, Hawthorn, Whitethorn, or May.
Thorny. Leaves blunt, variously three-lobed, saw-
toothed, smooth. Styles about two. E. B. 2504.
Crataegus monogyna. Sb. 156. Oxyacanthus. G,
E. 1327.

Thickets, copses, hedges.

Shrub, or small tree. 3fay.

Ls. alternate, stalked, deciduous, dark, shining green, segments

deep, three or five. FL corymbose, terminal, white, large.

Cal. bent back. Pet. concave, sometimes red. Anth. pink,

changing to black. Fruit red, sometimes yellow, mealy.

A beautiful, hardy shrub ; a substitute for the myrtle of warmer
climates. For fences; not creeping. Fruit food for birds, &c.
Wood hard, tough, Branches bear clipping, and close cutting.

13(i ICOSANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. Pyrus.

Var. Fruit white, at Bampton. Bohart. in Ray.

PYRUS. Pear/ Apple, Service.

P. communis. Wild Pear-tree, Iron Pear, Leaves
simple, egg-shaped, saw-toothed. Flower-stalks corym-
bose. E. B. 1784. Pyrum strangulatorium majus.

G. E. 1457.

fVoods^ hedges. Cheney Lane. Headington. Sh.

Tree. ApriL

Tall, handsome tree. Branches in the end curved downwards.
The l.-serratures disappear by culture. Ls. young ones fringed
with white. Stip. linear. FL large, white. Fruit inversely
egg-shaped, variable in flavour, astringent. Anth. pink.
Wood smooth, compact, for turning.
Its snow-white blossoms particularly handsome. As many as

eighty varieties of this in Miller s Gard. Diet. Does not thrive

well in moist soils (bottoms :) does not destroy the grass. Ls. dye

yellow ; give a green to blued cloths.

P. Mains. Wild Apple-tree, Crab-tree, Leaves
simple, saw-toothed. Flowers in a simple umbel. E.
B. 179. Malus sylvestris. G. E. 1461.

fi^oodsy hedges.

Tree. April.

Ls. roundish, oval. Fl. elegant, rose-coloured without, white

within, large. Fruit globose, umbilicated, hard, mostly very

acid. L.-serratures sometimes disappear by culture.

In fl., few shrubs surpass this in beauty. The original of all our
varieties of the apple. Wood hard. Verjuice of the fruit for
sprains and scalds. Bark dyes wool yellow. As a stock on which
to engraft the better apples. From the verjuice, a grateful liquor
might probably be made, by a due mixture of sugar.

For an account of the difierent apple, and pear-trees. See
" Knight's Pomona J'

P. tormindlis. Wild Service-tree, Leaves simple,
somewhat heart-shaped, saw-toothed, seven-lobed ; the
lower lobes spreading. Flower-stalks corymbose,
branched. Crataegus torminalis. Sb. 156. E. B.
298. Sorbus torminalis. G. E. 1471, Tragus, fig.
p. 1010. !

Woods, hedges.* Stanton St. John's. Stokenchurch. Woods
near Ashford Mills. Sb. (Bagley Wood. Bx.)

Tree. April.

Bark smooth, ash-coloured. Branches when young, green. Ls.

' Ang. Sax.

ICOSANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. Spirsea. 137

alternate, veined like net-work, deciduous. Fl. numerous.
Cymose-panic. large, terminal. Fl.-stalks and cal. downy. Pet,
cream-coloured. Styles three, four, or five. Berrien astringent,
greenish-brown, dotted, pleasant acid flavour, when frost-bitten :
occasionally sold in the market.

* P. aucuparia. Quicken-tree, or Mountain Ash.
Roan-tree. Leaves winged ; leaflets uniform, saw-
toothed, smooth. Flowers corymbose. Styles about
three. Fruit globular. Sorbus aucuparia. E. B.
337. S. sylvestris, sive Fraxinus bubula. G. E.
1473.

Woods. (Copse between Childswell Farm, and Wootten Heath.
Bx?) Warwickshire, not uncommon. Pn,

Tree. May.

Apples like berries, scarlet, sour. Seeds two.

A handsome tree, of slow growth, witli a tough, close-grained,

not very hard wood. The Roan-tree, a charm amongst Highlanders.

P. 'Aria, White Beam-tree, White Wild Pear-tree,
Leaves simple, elliptical, cut, saw-toothed, scored ;
downy beneath. Flowers corymbose. Styles about
two. E. B. 1858. Aria Theophrasti. G. E. 1327.
bad fig.

Mountainous woods on a chalky soil.* Stokenchurch. Henley.
Stanton St. John's. Sb. Streatley, Berks. Bx.

Tree. 3fay.

Handsome, small tree. Branches, young ones, also the stalks, cal.,
and under side of Is., mealy white. Ls. stalked, alternate, acute,
veins straight, sunk above. Fl.-corymh, large, terminal, white.
Pet. longer than stam. Styles two, three, or four. Fruit scar
let, globose, mealy, astringent; eatable when mellowed by
frost . Wood h ard .
Called by the Welsh, a lemon-tree, whence some wise travellers

have recorded the growth of the tender lemon on the crags of

Wales ! Flourishes in gravel, or clay.

SPIR^A. Spiraea, Dropwort, Meadow-sweet.

S. Filipendula,^ Common Dr, Leaves interruptedly
winged ; leaflets uniform, saw-toothed, smooth. Stem
herbaceous. Flowers cymose, with many styles. E.
B. 284. Filipendula. G. E. 1058.

Open elevated pastures, on a gravelly, or chalky soil. Sm. Banks of
the Canal, going to Wolvercot. Burford Downs. Sb. Bulling-
don Green, &c. Br.

' From the root knobs hanging as it were from a thread.

138 TCOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA. Rosa.

Per. July.

Root of elliptic knobs. Stem erect, about one f. Ls. few, alter-
nate, leaflets opposite ones nearly equal in size, all saw-toothed,
and jagged. Stip. pair of toothed, united at the base of each
compound /., stalk-embracing. Fl. cream-coloured, often red-
tipped. Styl. in this spec, and in Sp. ulmaria, numerous. Obs.
Such irregular species are enumerated at the end of the order, or

class to which they individually belong.
Var. fl., double in the gardens.
Plant astringent : roots eatable. Linn,

S. Ulmaria,^ Meadow-sweet. Queen of the Meadows,
Leaves interruptedly winged ; downy beneath ; the
terminal leaflet largest and lobed. Stem herbaceous.
Flowers cymose, with many styles. E. B. 960. C.
5. 33. Regina prati. G. E. 1043.
Moist meadoivs, hanks of rivers , ditches.
Per. July.

Root fibrous. Stems erect, three, or four f., angular, furrowed,
leafy, branched above. Ls. leaflets very unequal in size,
sharply saw-toothed, white, downy beneath. Stip. a pair rounded,
saw-toothed, joining the common 1. -stalk, stem-clasping. FL-
cyme, large, compound, its side brandies much above the central
one. StyL six, or eight. Fl. fulsome, sweet, hawthorn-scented.
Recommended by Gerarde as a strewing herb, in halls and ban-
queting houses; the smell thereof making the heart merry, &c.

IGOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA.
ROSA. Rose.^

Species difficult to discriminate. Scopoli observes that : " Every
one knows a rose from a fungus, but to discriminate the true
species is beyond the power even of the consummate botanist."
* Branches bristly. Prickles mostly slender, nearly straight.

(R. spinosissima. Burnet R. E. B. I87. Buckby,
Northamptonshire. Morton.^

(R. Donidna? Dwarf Hairy R, Flower- stalks gene-
rally without bracteas ; bristly, like the globular fruit
and simple calyx. Stem bristly and prickly, like the
downy foot-stalks. Leaflets elliptical, doubly and
sharply saw-toothed, hairy on both sides. Petals
spreading. Wood's Tr. of L. Soc. v. 12. 185. R.

1 From its elm-like leaves ?

2 Greatly indebted to Mr. Haxter, for information on this Genus. II. W.

ICOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA. Rosa. 131)

Sabini /3. Lindl. Ros. 59. R. Sabini. Purton. 3.
44.

Mountains. Allesley, Claverdon, Warwickshire. Rev. TV, T,
Bree.

Shrub. June, or July.
Pet. white and spreading.)

* * Branches without bristles. Prickles nearly straight.

R, tomentosa. Downy -leaved Dog R. Fruit broadly
elliptical, bristly. Calyx copiously winged. Prickles
slightly curved. Leaflets egg-shaped, acute, more or
less downy. E. B. 990. R. villosa. Sb. 159 ?

Hedges, thickets. Marston Lane. Sb.

Shrub. June.

In size, habit, and form of leaflets, agrees with R. canina.

Discrim. from R. canina, by its Is. downy all over on both sides,
greyish-green, slightly fragrant resinous smell. Pet. almost white
in lower part ; upper part, various shades of rose-colour, some-
what sweet. Fruit egg-shaped, scarlet, bristly, conspicuous by
its roughness.
Between the north-end of Marston Lane and Headington Copse,

a rose is found, styled by Mr. Sabine, Rosa tomentosa Oxoniensis.

It is larger than the common R. tomentosa, with larger and more

pointed leaflets : more glandular, but less downy : the fruit more

hispid ; the cal. falls much earlier. Bx.

* * * Branches without bristles. Prickles hooked, compressed. Styles

distinct.

R. rubic/inosa. Sweet Briar^ or Eglantine, Fruit
inversely egg-shaped, bristly towards the base. Calyx
winged. Piickles hooked, compressed ; with smaller
straighter ones interspersed. Leaflets elliptical, doubly
saw-toothed, hairy ; clothed beneath with rusty-co-
loured glands. E. B. 991. H. L. 116. R. sylves-
tris odora. G. E. 1269.

Bushy places. Clifton. Henley Park Hill. Wychwood Forest. Sb.

Shrub. July.

Discrim. from R. tomentosa, by its leafl., more elliptic, bright-
green, slightly hairy above, reddish clammy glands beneath,
most fragrant smell. Fl. more constant and deeper red than
other wild roses ; of a pleasant smell. Fruit scarlet, often
smooth, when cultivated.

Poets apt to confound the Woodbine, and the Eglantine.
For fragrant, but not very lasting hedges.

(R. micrantha. Small-flowered Sweet Briar, Fruit

elliptical, somewhat bristly, contracted at the summit.

^ Calyx winged, deciduous. Prickles hooked, scattered,

140 ICOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA. Rosa.

nearly uniform. Stem straggling. Leaflets egg-
shaped, doubly saw-toothed, hairy ; glandular beneath.
E. B. 2490. R. rubiginosa /3. H. L. 116. f. 10.

Hedges, thickets. Allesley, Bidford, &c. Warwickshire. Rev.

JV. T. Bree. Near Bilton, Warwickshire. Bx.
Shrub. June, July.
Stems straggling. Ls. less fragrant. FL smaller.)

R. Borreri, Downy-stalked Dog R, Fruit elliptical,
smooth. Flower-stalks crowded, hairy. Calyx copi-
ously, often doubly, winged, deciduous. Prickles
hooked. Leaflets egg-shaped, doubly saw-toothed,
hairy, without glands. R. duinetorum. E. B. 2579.
/3. R. rubiginosa inodora. H. L. II7.

Hedges, thickets.

Shrub. June, July.

Prickles much hooked. Pet. light-red.

R. sarmentdcea. Trailing Smooth-leaved R, Fruit
broadly elliptical, naked. Flower-stalks crowded,
smooth or minutely bristly. Calyx strongly winged.
Prickles hooked. Leaflets egg-shaped, doubly saw-
toothed, very smooth. Tr. L. S. 12. 213. R. canina.
C. 5. 34. E. B. Suppl. 2595.

Hedges, bushy places.

Shrub. June, July.

Stem eight to ten f. Fl. pink, fragrant.

R. Forsteri, Downy-ribbed Dog R. Fruit elliptical,
smooth, like the crowded flower-stalks. Calyx copiously,
and somewhat doubly winged. Prickles scattered, coni-
cal, hooked. Leaflets simply saw-toothed ; smooth
above ; ribs hairy beneath. See E. B. Suppl.

Hedges.

Shrub. June, July.

Leaflets five, or seven.

R. canina, Cormnon Dog R, Fruit egg-shaped, smooth,
or somewhat bristly, like the crowded flower-stalks.
Calyx winged, deciduous. Prickles strongly hooked.
Leaflets simply saw-toothed, pointed, smooth. E. B.
992.

R. septum,^ Small-leaved Sweet Briar. H. B. Fl. p.

' Prickles numerous, the larger curved, the smaller awl-shaped; Icaji. small,
doubly saw-toothed, hairy, sharp at each end, glandulose beneath, cal.-seg-

ICOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA. Rosa. 141

'235, * * On the Leys about a mile E. by N. from Upper

Hey ford. JBa;. See u4ppendix.

Hedges, woods, thickets.
Shrub. July.

Discrim. R. canina from R. tomentosa, and R. nibiginosa by its
smooth, shining Is. R. arvensis, has the fruit globular, its ft.,
more in cymes, pet., white, yellow tinged at the base. Stems
and fruit mahogany hue. Fl. -stalks of R. canina peculiarly
polished. Fruit very rarely slightly hispid, bright scarlet.
Remarkable var. in Marston Lane, near Oxford, with doubly
compound Is. Mr. Sabine.

R. canina very ornamental, with its graceful branches, and Is.,
elegant buds, and coral fruit. Scent of the fl., delicate. From
the fruit, ripened by frost, the grateful conserve of Hips, a vehicle
for powders, &c. Petals of this, or other roses dried, a substitute
for tea, in infusion. The moss -like excrescences in rose trees,
habitations of the Cynips Rosee. Infusion of the full-blown paler
rose-petals, aperient. Those of the red-roses, before expansion,
astringent.

* * * * S ranches without bristles. Prickles hooked, compressed.

Styles combined.

(R systyla. Close-styled Dog R, Fruit egg-shaped-
oblong-, smooth. Flower-stalks glandular. Calyx
winged, deciduous. Prickles hooked. Leaflets simply
saw-toothed. Floral receptacle conical. Styles com-
bined, smooth. R. collina. E. B. 1895.

Hedges, thickets. At Donnington Castle, Berks. Mr. Bicheno.

Shrub. June, July.

Prickles dilated at the base. Fl. pinkish, fragrant.)

R. arvensis, WTiite Trailing Dog R, Fruit globose or
elliptical, smooth. Flower-stalks glandular. Calyx
winged, deciduous. Prickles hooked, scattered. Leaf-
lets simply saw-toothed. Floral receptacle slightly
convex. Styles combined, smooth. E. B. 188.

Hedges, thickets, borders of fields.

Shrub. June.

Stems round, glaucous, often mahogany coloured, of which colour
commonly the germens, and fl. -stalks. Ls. leaflets mostly five,
oval, pointed, smooth. Fl.-stalks three, or five, cluster terminal,
stalks not all exactly from one point. Bract, few, spear-shaped,
on each stalk one fl., white, elegant. Fruit dark -blood-coloured,
well flavoured, with simple base of the styles lengthened out.
A pretty species in fl.

ments, and pinnas lengthened out, fruit egg-shaped, smooth. See H. Var. of
R. rubiKin. Lindl. Ros.

142 ICOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA. Rubus.

RUBUS/ Bramble,* Raspberry. ^

Species of this genus, discriminated with difficulty.
* Stem shrubby, angular.

^.fruticosus. Common Bramble, or Blackberry , Stems
angular, furrowed ; barren ones arched and lengthened
out. Prickles hooked. Leaves pedate, (bird-footed,)
of five, stalked, egg-oblong leaflets ; white and downy
beneath. Panicle cylindrical, twice compound. Calyx
bent back, unarmed. E. B. ^15, Rubus. G. E. 127^.
Hedges, thickets, woods.
Shrub. June.

Stems long, trailing in an arched manner, woody, purplish. Ls.
leaflets stalked, green, shining above. Stip. bristle-shaped. FL-
panicles terminal, downy. Fl. blush-coloured, or pink, some-
times white. Berry violet-black, fulsome, sweet. Green twigs
astringent, used for dying woollen, and silk black. Ls. food for
silk-worms.

R. rhamnifolius. Buckthorn-leaved B. Stems angular,
furrowed ; barren ones arched. Prickles bent down-
wards, straight. Leaves slightly pedate, of five, or
three orbicular, inversely egg-shaped, or somewhat
heart-shaped, pointed leaflets ; hoary beneath. Panicle
twice compound, finely hairy. Calyx spreading. W.
and N. ^0. 6. See E. B. Suppl.

Woods, hedges. Abundant in woods about Tangley, Oxfordshire.
Mr. Bicheno,

Shrub. June, July.

(R. leucostdchys. White-clustered B. Stems angular,
downy. Prickles bent downwards, slightly hooked.
Leaves of five or three roundish egg-shaped, or heart-
shaped, pointed, jagged leaflets ; hoary beneath. Pa-
nicle cylindrical, and, like the unarmed bent-back calyx,
minutely glandular. See E. B. Suppl.

Woods, thickets. About Newbury. Mr. Bicheno.

Shrub. July, August.

Pubescence shaggy and shining.)

(R, ylandulosus. Glandular B, Stems angular ; branches
and foot-stalks hairy, with glandular bristles inter-
spersed. Prickles bent downwards, partly hooked.

* More on this Genus,and those of Rosa, and Salix, in our Supplement. R.W.
2 Ang. Sax. 3 From the resemblance of the fruit to a rasp, or file.

ICOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA. Rubus. 143

Leaflets five or three, downy beneath. Panicle and
calyx very prickly and hairy, with copious glandular
bristles.

fVoodsy thickets, hedges. Near Newbury. Mr. Bicheno.

Shrub. July, August.

Panic, corymbose. Pet. white, narrow.)

(R. nitidus. Smooth Shining B. Stems bluntly angu-
lar, spreading, smooth. Prickles hooked. Leaflets
five or three, somewhat hairy beneath. Panicle and
calyx sparingly prickly, without bristles. W. and N.

17. 4.

Thickets, woods. On Snelsmore Common, near Newbury. Mr.

Bicheno.
Shrub. July, August.
Panic, mostly simple. Pet. broadish.)

* * Stems shrubby, round.

R. idceus. Raspberry, Stems round, erect, smooth,
with downy branches ; their prickles straight and
slender. Leaves winged, of ^yq or three egg-shaped,
rather angular leaflets, very downy beneath. Clusters
prickly, somewhat compound. Flowers drooping. E.
B. 2442. G. E. 1272.

Mountainous woods, thickets. Stokenchurch. Mungewell. Sb.
Near Witney. Mr. Haines, Radcliffe Library.

Shrub. May.

Stem shrubby, four f., branched, leafy, rough with small prickles.
Ls. lower ones winged, upper ones in threes only : leafl. egg-
shaped, sharply saw -toothed, strongly veined, green, above
slightly downy, snow-white, cottony beneath. Foot-stalks chan-
nelled above, downy and prickly like the fl. -stalks. Pet. small,
greenish -white. Fruit crimson, pulpy grains numerous, set
with permanent styles : of a delicious perfume, and flavour.
The fresh Is., a favourite food of kids.

R. corylifolius. Hazel-leaved B. Stems round, spread-
ing ; barren ones somewhat angular. Prickles scat-
tered, straight, bent downwards. Leaflets five or three,
roundish-heart-shaped ; finely hairy beneath. Panicle
minutely angular, as well as the bent-back calyx. E.
B. 827.

Hedges, thickets.
Shrub. July.

Discrim. From R. fruticosus, by its roundish stem, much more
brittle, all the prickles nearly straight. Leafl. stalkless, or

144 ICOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA. Potentilla.

nearly so : fruit earlier, browner black, more gratefully acid :
blossoms larger, white.

R. cce'sius. Blue B. or Dew-berry, Stems trailing,
round, glaucous, prickly and bristly. Prickles bent
downwards. Leaflets three ; hairy beneath ; side ones
lobed externally. Calyx embracing the fruit. E. B.

826.

fVoods, bushy places.

Shrub. June.

Stems weak, trailing, pale-green with bright, glaucous tinge. Ls,
leafl., sharply, and doubly saw-toothed ; side ones stalkless,
mostly lobed on the outside. Stip. spear-shaped. Foot-stalks
prickly, downy; prickles all slender. Fl. few, terminal, and
axillary, panicled, prickly. Cal, in the fl., spreading, points
long. Fl. white, sometimes reddish. Pet. waved. Fruit
black, its bloom brightly blue tinged : grains few, rather large,
agreeably acid, very palatable, but not abundant.

FRAGA'RIA. Strawberry.
(F. sterilis. See Potentilla Fragariastrum.)

F. vesca, Wood S, Calyx of the fruit bent back.
Hairs of the foot-stalks widely spreading ; those of the
partial flower-stalks close pressed, silky. E. B. 1524.

Fragaria. G. E. 997-

Groves, thickets.
Per. May, June.

Root : runners long, creeping. Stems short, erect, nearly simple.
Ls. mostly immediately from the root, long-stalked, in threes,
veins parallel. Fl. upright, cymose, bracteated. Pet. white,
notched. Fruit drooping, egg-shaped, fleshy, red, fragrant,
studded with smooth seeds, each with its withered style.
The delicious strawberry with its var., the fruit of a cool climate.
Fruit considered by Linnaeus, very salutary for gouty constitu-
tions.

(^Fragaria eldtior. Hautboy S. Grounds round Coton
House, Warwickshire. Mr, Nelson,)

POTENTILLA. Cinquefoil.

* Leaves winged.
P. anserina. Silver-weed, or Wild Tansy, Leaves
interruptedly winged, saw-toothed, silky. Stem creep-
ing. Stalks axillary, solitary, single flowered. E. B.
861. Argentina. G. E. 993.

Osier holts, spongy meadows.

ICOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA. Tormentilla. 145

Per. July.

Stem-runners reddish, rooting at the joints, where also the Is., and
fl., come forth. Ls. more silvery beneath, root-ones largest.
Fl. large, handsome, yellow. Cal. intermediate segments gene-
rally notched. Pet. roundish, or slightly notched.

Var. Ls. smooth.
An elegant plant. Indicating clay under the surface. Linn,

** Leaves fingered.

P. argentea. Hoary GinquefoiL Leaflets five, wedge-
shaped, jagged ; downy beneath. Stem ascending.
E. B. 89. Quinquefolium Tormentillee facie. G. E. 988.

Pastures on gravel. Henley Park Hill. Sb.

Per. June.

Stems woody, round, half-erect, one f., or more. Ls. alternate,

upper sides green ; lower, snow-white, like the cal., and upper

part of the stem. Stem occasionally forked. F/. yellow, small,

panicled, corymbose.

In form and habit resembling a Tormentilla.
Disc7-im. The pure whiteness of its leaves.

(P. verna, St, J^incenfs Rocks. Gloucestershire. Tur.)
P. 7*eptans, Common Creeping C. Leaflets five, in-
versely egg-shaped, saw-toothed. Stem creeping.
Stalks axillary, single-flowered. E. B. 862, C. 1.

87« Quinquefolium vulgare. G. E. 987.

Meadows, pastures, way-sides.

Per. June, August.

Stems long, thread-shaped, rooting at the joints, like Pot. anserina.
Ls. in pairs from each joint; stalks long, erect; leafl., dark-
green. Fl, large, yellow, rising higher than the Is. Gal. inter-
mediate Is.y deeper green. Pet. inversely heart-shaped, broad.
* * * Leaves in threes.

P. Fragariastrum, Strawberry -leaved C, Leaflets
three, roundish-egg-shaped, saw-toothed, hairy. Stems
prostrate. Seeds wrinkled, hairy at the scar. Fraga-
ria sterilis. E. B. 1785. C. 3. 30. F. minime
vesca, sive sterilis. G. E. 998.

Dry, gravelly pastures.

Per. April.

Stems leafy without creeping runners. Ls. -stalks long, hairy :
leafl. broad, coarsely saw-toothed, silky. Fl. white. Seeds:
receptacle small, and dry.
The habit and seeds of this agree with Fragaria : as wanting a

pulpy fruit, it accords with the Genus Potentilla.

TORMENTILLA. Tormentil.
T. officinalis. Common T., or SeptfoiL Stem ascend-

146 ICOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA. Geum.

ing, branched. Leaves almost stalkless. Stipulas cut.
E. B. 863. C. 5. 35. Tormentilla. G. E. 992.
Potentilla Tormentilla. Sb. 162.

Barren pastures, heaths, bushy places.

Per. June.

Root very large, woody. Stems slender, weak, wiry, often trail-
ing, leafy, round. Ls. in threes, deeply saw-toothed. FL-
stalks, long, hair-like, solitary, opposite to the Is. Cal. segments
egg-shaped, alternately smaller. Pet. inversely heart-shaped,
yellow. FL occasionally of five joe^., and ten cal., segments.
Plant eminently astringent.

T. reptans. Trailing T, Stem prostrate, scarcely
branched. Leaves stalked. Stipulas undivided. E.
B. 864. Potentilla procumbens. Sb. l62.

Hedges, borders of fields.
Per. June.

Root small, slender. Stems one, or two; eighteen to twenty
inches, not rooting. Plant hairy, light-green. Ls. root-ones in
fives, long-stalked : stem-Is. in threes, stalks shorter, all inversely
egg-shaped, deeply saw-toothed. Floral-Is. stalkless, narrow,
nearly entire. Fl. bright-yellow, twice as large as those of
Tormentilla officinalis, the stalks long, hair-like, opposite to the
Is. Stem sometimes not simple.

The term, reptans, or creeping, does not accord with the not-
rooting, trailing stem of this species.

GEUM. Avens.

G. urhanum. Common A, Herb JBennet? Stem
leaves three-lobed, root- ones somewhat lyre-shaped.
Stipulas rounded, cut. Flowers nearly upright. Styles
naked. E. B. 1400. C. 2. S%. Caryophyllata.
G. E. 994.

Woods, shady, dry hedges, thickets.

Per. June.

Root fibrous, blackish. Stem upright, two f., round, panicled,

leafy. Ls. lobed, cut. Fl. terminal, sohtary, yellow, pet.,

mostly shorter than the cal. Seeds downy, awns brown, or

purplish, hooked.

Root astringent, slightly aromatic.

G. rivdle. Water A, Root leaves interruptedly winged,
somewhat lyre-shaped. Stipulas egg-shaped, acute,
cut. Flowers drooping. Styles hairy above the curva-

• After St. Benedict ?

POLYAXDRIA MOXOGYXIA. Chelidonium. 147

ture. E. B. 106. Baxter's Plates, 3. Caryophyl-
lata montana purpurea. G. E. 994.

Moist meadows, woods. Marston. Xoke. Sb. Calves Close,

Headington. R. W. Elsfield Copse. R. W.
Per. May.
Root creeping, woody, reddish. Fl.-stem erect, round, gi-acefully

drooping at the top ; as the friiit ripens, becomes erect. Cor.

tawny-brown, pet., erect. Cal. purplish-brown, erect. Fl. ter-
minal, two, or three.

Sir J. E. Smith considered this one of our most picturesque
natives, from the rich combination of the dark leaves, with the
glowing reddish brown of the stem and caL, delicate colour of the
pet. J and graceful position of the flowers.

Grows also in Canada. Root astringent, very aromatic. Var,

fl. double, in gardens.

(CO'MARUM. Marsh^cinquefoil.

C. palustre. Purple M. E. B. 172. Pentaphyllum

rubrum palustre. G. E. 987-
Sponyy, muddy boys, ditches. Allesley, Warudckshire. Bree.

Coleshill Bogs, Wanvickshire. Purton.
Per. June, July.
Ls. winged, with five, rarely seven, leaflets ; upper ones three-

lobed. FL and/zv/zV, dark-pui-ple.)

Class XIII. POLYANDRIA. Stamens
numerous^ from the receptacle.

Order L MONO G YNIA, Pistil 1 .

CHELIDO'NIUM.^ Celandine.

C. majus. Common a E. B. lo81. G. E. 1069.

Waste grounds, thickets, especially on chalk. Sm.

Per. May, June.

Plant brittle, tender, juice orange-coloured, fetid, about two f. Ls.

winged, smooth, rounded, lobed, notched. Fl. umbels, on long,

axillarv stalks. Cal. soon fallinsr. Pet. roundish, golden.

Stam. same colour. Pod. rugged.

Its orange juice probably suggested its being given in jaundice :
so the bark of the barberry has been given for its yellow colour.
A gay plant in May and June.

' Gr. Chelidon, a swallow, from its appearance and disappearance about the
time of those birds. A Gr. tale. See Fl. Classica, hy Billerbeck.

L 2

148 POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Papaver.

PAPATER. Poppy.

* Capsules bristly.
P. hybridum. Round-7'ougJi-headed P, Capsule nearly
globular, furrowed, bristly. Calyx hairy. Stem leafy,
many- flowered. Leaves doubly wing-cleft. E. B. 43.

Argemone capitulo torulo. G. E. 873.
Sandy, chalky fields.* Sm. Parks. Ensham. Sb. and R. W. 1830.

Near the half mile trees, Ensham Road. B.i\ Beyond the

Parks. R. W.
Stem weak, much branched, spreading. Ls. leaflets linear, narrow.

F'L deep-crimson, or purplish, small, pet. crumpled; pollen

bright-blue. Germ, bristles erect.

A permanent species.

P. Argemone. Long-rough-headed P. Capsule club-
shaped, ribbed, bristly. Calyx slightly hairy. Stem
leafy, many-flowered. Leaves doubly wing-cleft. E.

B. 643. C. 5. SS, Argemone capitulo longiore. G.
E. 373.

Cornfields, on gravel, or sand. Sm. Parks. Sb.

An. June.

Plant slender, delicate. Ste7n branched alternately, round, bristly.

Fl. pale, or dull scarlet, short lived, solitary, terminal, small.

Cal. deciduous. Pet. narrow, inversely egg-shaped. Stam.

dilated upwards. Anth. stalked. Pollen blue. Caps, oblong",

swelling upwards.

Var.fl. double.

* * Capsules smooth.

P. duhium. Longsmooth-headed P, Capsule smooth,
oblong, angular. Stem many-flowered, hairy. Bristles
on the flower-stalks close-pressed. Leaves doubly
wing-cleft. E. B. 644. C. 5. 37.

Cultivated fields .

An. June, July.

Discrim. from P. Argemone, by its smooth pods. Stem about two
f., leafy. Ls, segments broader than in P. Argemone, P. hy-
bridum. Cor. light-scarlet; pet. broader than the length,
notched. Pollen yellow.

Discrim. The close-pressed bristles of its fl.-stalks, from P.
Rhoeas.

P. Rhoeas, Common Red P. Corn Rose, Capsule
smooth, nearly globular. Stigma many-rayed. Stem
many-flowered, rough, like the flower-stalks, with hori-
zontal bristles. Leaves wing-cleft, cut. E. B. 645.

C. 3. 3^. G. E. 371.

POI.YANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Nuphar. 149

Cornfields, too abundant.

An. June,

Ls. once or twice wing-cleft, sawed. Cor. deep, bright scarlet.

Pet. large, broad, glossy, crumpled, black spot sometimes near

the base of each. Pollen purplish black. Caps, egg-shaped,

smooth.

A most brilliant weed. Its syrup a gentle opiate, and to colour
draughts, &c. Many beautiful varieties with half double fl., rose
colour and white.

* P. somnlferum* White P, Capsule nearly globular,
smooth as well as the calyx and stem. Leaves notched,
clasping the stem, glaucous. E. B. 2145. P. sylves-

tre. G. E. 370.

Uncultivated places. * * Near the Observatory. By Godstow
Nunnery. Sb. Between St. Clement's, and Cowley Marsh. Bx.
An. June.

Plant glaucous, mostly smooth. Stem leafy, branched, three or
four f. Ls. simple, oval, roundish, blunt. Fl. large, terminal,
white or purplish, often a deep violet spot on each pet.,^. droop-
ing in bud, then erect, (soon falling.) Stigm. rays bent down-
wards.

Seeds oily, sweet, pleasant tasted, not narcotic. Caps, in infu-
sion a mild, opiate fomentation. Opium is the dried, milky juice
of the green caps.

NYMPH^A. White Water-lily.

N. alba. Great White W, Leaves heart-shaped,
entire ; even beneath. Petals elliptic-oblong. Rays
of the stigma sixteen, curved invi^ards. Root horizon-
tal. E. B. 160. G. E. 819.

Clear pools, slow rivers.

Per. July.

Ls. floating in the water, a span wide. Fl. large, white, spear-
shaped, of several rows, gradually lessening, and running into
stamens. Fl. four or five inches wide. Cal.-ls, spear-shaped,
white, base often tinged with light blush colour. Stalk of large
tubes.

Fl. sink under water in the evening. Stimulus of the light and
sun raises them ; when that stimulus ceases, the fl., droop by
their own weight to a certain depth. The still heavier fruit
finally sinks to the bottom. A magnificent plant in fl., with the
air and habit of a tropical production. Sm.

NUPHAR. Yellow Water-lily.

N. Mtea* Common Yellow W. Calyx of five leaves.
Border of the stigma entire. Foot-stalks two-edged.

150 POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Tilia.

Lobes of the leaves meeting each other. H. L. 141.

Nymph^a lutea. E. B. L59. G. E. 819-

Rivers, pools.

Per. July.

Ls. floating on the water, stalks two-edged. Ls. heart-shaped,
smooth, even, rounded at the end. Fl. about two inches wide,
golden yellow, large, but much smaller than those of N. alba.
Pet. yellow with orange spot. Stam. and Anth. curved back-
wards. {Fl. have a brandy smell.) Cal. concave, yellow, green
outside. Stigm.. flat, rayed. Seed-vessel a coated berry, burst-
ing, irregularly. Whole plant somewhat smaller than N. alba.

TFLIA. Lime-tree.

*- T. europcea. Common Smooth L, Linden-tree, Nec-
taries none. Leaves tv^^ice the length of the foot-
stalks, quite smooth, except a woolly tuft at the origin
of each vein beneath. Cymes many-flowered. Cap-
sule leathery, downy. E. B. 610. T. foemina. G.

E. 1483.

Woods, hedges. Stokenchurch Woods. Sb.

Tree. July.

Tall, upright tree ; branches smooth, spreading. Ls. heart-shaped,

alternate, saw-toothed. Fl.-stalks long, axillary. Bract., linear,

entire, pale, aflixed to each fl. -stalk about half its length. Cal.

green. Pet. yellowish. Fl. strongly fragrant.

Bark by maceration separates into layers, and is used for
making gardener's mats : an export from Russia. Tree bears the
smoke of a city to a certain degree. Made by Fenelon an orna-
mental tree in Calypso's island ; perhaps to compliment the taste
of Louis the Fourteenth, about whose palaces the Lime was pro-
fusely planted. Name of Linnaeus derived from the name of this
tree, in Swedish.

* (T. grandifolia. Broad-leaved Downy L. Nectaries
none. Leaves downy ; especially beneath ; origin of
their veins woolly. Branches hairy. Umbels mostly
three-flowered. Capsule woody, downy, top-shaped,
with five prominent angles. T. europeea /3. rubra. Sb.

166.

Woods, hedges. Near Streatham Wells, Surry. Mr. Dubois in his
Herbarium at Oxford. Stokenchurch Woods, apparently planted.
Mr. Bicheno. /§. Stokenchurch Woods. Bobart. Not now to
be found at Stokenchurch. Dr. fVilliams. One tree observed
there by Mr. Bicheno, in the autumn of 1824.

Tree. June, July. A fortnight earlier than T. europaea.

POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Cistus. 151

Branches round, brown, shining red, in var. /3. Ls. as large as in
T. europsea, less entire at base, less pointed, foot-stalks ratlier
long-er, upper surface briglit green, minutely hairy about the
ribs, more or less so at the edges, between the saw-teeth ; under
side rather paler, not glaucous, ribs and veins curiously fringed,
besides the woolly tufts there. Germ, large, densely hairy.
Caps, five or six angled.

Some old Limes of this species in the church-yard of Sedlitz, in
Bohemia, said to bear hooded Is.^ ever since the monks of a neigh-
bouring convent hanged on them. See Jacq. Frag. 19. t. 11. f. 3.
A protestant libel, no doubt.)

*(T.parvif6Ua, Small-leaved L, Nectaries none. Leaves
smooth above ; glaucous beneath, With scattered, as
well as axillary, hairy blotches. Umbels compound,
many-flowered. Capsule roundish, brittle, nearly-
smooth. E. B. 1705.
Woods. Stokenchurch Woods, plentifully. Mr, Bicheno. New

College Garden. R. W.
Tree. August, a month later than T. europaea.
Aspect peculiar. Ls. much smaller than in T. europaea, more
glaucous beneath, more sharply saw-toothed, very often lobed
towards the points. Stalks more slender. Fl. very fragrant,
like Honeysuckle. Caps, small, coat very thin, tender.)

CISTUS. Cistus.

* Dwarf shrub, with stipulas,

C. Helidnthemum, Common Dwarf G. Shrubby,
trailing, with fringed stipulas. Leaves elliptic-oblong ;
white and downy beneath. Calyx-ribs bristly ; its
outer leaves spear-shaped, fringed. E. B. 1321. C.
5. 36. Helianthemum anglicum luteum vel album.
G. E. 1282.

Hilly pastures on chalk or gravel. Sm. Bullingdon Green. Shot-
over Hill. Stokenchurch. Sb.

Plant somewhat shrubby. July.

Root woody. Stems several, simple, springing from one root,
leafy, round, hairs short. Ls. opposite, stalks short, slightly-
curved outwards, green above, hairs simple. Stip. spear-shaped,
acute. Fl.-cluster, loose, terminal, pet. bright yellow, some-
times white. Cal. three large Is., reddish, two outer Is. ten
times smaller. Pet. roundish-heart-shaped.

J^ar. double fl. in gardens : a variable species. Stam. irritable,
touched with a pin, &c. they retire from the style : the experi-
ment should be tried in calm, warm weather, on fresh opened fl.
An elegant, and ornamental plant : its delicate fl., very fleeting.

152 POLYANDRIA POLYGYNTA. Anemone.

POLYANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.

DELPHraiUM. Larkspur.

D. Consolida^ Field L, Capsule solitary. Nectary
of a single leaf. Stem subdivided, spreading. E. B.
1889. Consolida regalis sativa. G. E. 1082. f.

1, 2.

Sandy^f or chalki^ cornfields. Near the Parks. Banbury. Bx.

An. June, July.

Ls. in many divisions, with linear segments. Fl. blue.

AQUILKGIA. Columbine.^

A. vulgaris. Common G, Nectaries about the length of
the petals ; their spurs curved inwards. Leaves and
stem smooth. Capsules hairy. E. B. 297 • A. cce-
rulea. G. E. 1093.

Meadows, pastures, thickets. Headington Wick Copse. Stow

Wood, Wychwood Forest. Sb.
Per. June.
Stem not very leafy, branched. Ls. mostly root-Is., stalks very

long. Ls. twice in threes, bluntly lobed, glaucous beneath ; Is.

on the stem nearly stalkless, uppermost of three entire, acute

leafl. FL drooping, purple, sometimes rose-coloured.
In gardens, of various forms and colours. A handsome plant

with its large irregular fl.

STRATIO'tES ALOI'DES. Water-soldier,

Naturalized in abundance, in the pond of Magdalen College
Meadow, by Mr. Baxter, Such naturalizations should of course
be noticed, to prevent confusion in the stations of plants.

POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA.

ANEMO'NE, Gr. Anemone.

A. Pulsatilla, Pasque-Jlower^ A. Flower solitary,
nearly upright. Involucre in deep linear segments.

' Name implies a supposed power of uniting wounds.

2 Columba, a dove ; from the resemblance of the nectaries and petals to
doves. Mrs. Bockett.

3 From its flowering about Easter. G. E. Some explain the name from the
fl., being used to colour eggs purple, among catholics, and the Scotch, at
Easter. Query. Do the flowers yield a purple dye ?

POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA. Thalictrum. 153

Petals six, erect. Seeds with feathery tails. Leaves
doubly winged, cut, with fine linear lobes. E. B. 51.
H. L. 44. A. pratensis. Sb. l69. Pulsatilla vul-
garis. G. E. 385.

Highy open, chalky pastures. Sm. Wychwood Forest, near Corn-
bury Quarry. Burford Downs. Sb. Streatley Downs, Berks. Bx\

Per. April.

Fl. dull, violet blue, outwardly silky. Pet. moderately spreading.
A plant of great beauty, including its silvery seed-plumes. Herb

acrid, blistering tlie skin.

A. nemorosa, Wood A. Flower solitary. Petals six,
elliptical. Seeds pointed, without tails. Involucre,
leaves three, or five-parted, stalked, lobed and cut. E.
B. S55. C. 2. 38. A. nemorum alba. G. E. 383.

Groves, thickets, heathy ground.

Per. u4pril.

Root black outwardly. Stem solitary, simple, one-flowered. Ls.

root-ones, long, stalked. Fl.-caL, o. Pet. white, often purple

at the back. Stam. much shorter than cor., sometimes changing

into narrow pet.
On its Is. and pet. occasionally a minute fungus, iEcidium fuscum.

Sow. Fung. 53.

An elegant decoration to our woods and thickets. Pet. ex-
panded in line weather, drooping and folded against rain. Var.
fl., reddish.

CLEMATIS. Traveller's Joy.

C. Vitalha^ Common T, Leaves winged ; leaflets
heart-shaped, partly cut. Footstalks twining, perma-
nent. Panicles forked, not longer than the leaves. E.
B. 612. G. 4. 37. Viorna. G. E. 886.
Hedges.
Shrub. July.

Stems branching, long. Is. opposite. Panic, axillary, leafy. Cor.
white, almond-scented : pet., leathery, downy. Seed, awn
feathery, long.

Foliage a rich, mantling tapestry. Its abundant silvery seed-
plumes, in autumn and winter, make a beautiful appearance.

THALICTRUM. Meadow-rue.

T. flavum. Common M. Stem erect, furrowed, leafy.
Leaves doubly winged; partly three-lobed. Panicle

• White vine.

154 POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA. Rauimculus.

compound, close, corymbose. Flowers and stamens

erect. E. B. 367-

Wet meadows, about the banks of rivers and ditches.

Per. June.

Stem two or three feet. Ls. alternate, twice compounded ; base
of the foot-stalks sheathing. Stip, toothed, within the Is. leaflets
variable in breadth, veiny, glaucous beneath. Fl. panicle much
branched, leafy. Fl. yellow^ish- white. Anth. yellow.
Plant acrid, yet eaten by cattle : bruised Is., produce a slight

blister.

ADO'NIS. Pheasant's-eye.

* A, autumnalis* Corn Ph, or Adonis-flower, Petals
about eight, inversely heart-shaped. Fruit egg-shaped.
Stem branched. E. B. 308. C. 2. 3?. Flos Adonis,
fiore rubro. G. E. 387. Baxter's Plates, 7.

Cornfields. * * Near the Observatory. Sb.

An. May.

Stem much branched, upright, round, leafy, slightly furrowed. Ls.

alternate, thrice compounded, segments linear, alternate, acute.

FL solitary, terminal. Cor. pet., crimson, glossy, at the base

deep purple. Stam. anth. and styles same colour. Cal. pale

green, soon falling.

An elegant plant; its red joe^*., contrasted with the dark and
green eye of the j^., give it a rich appearance.

RANU'NCULUS. Crowfoot.

* Leaves simple.

R. Flammula, Less spear-wort C, Leaves egg-spear-
shaped, bluntish, stalked. Stem reclining. Root
fibrous. Seeds smooth. E. B. 387. C. 6. 37- R.
fiammeus minor. G. E. 961. /3. R. flammeus ser-
ratus. G. E. 962.

Watery places.

Per. July.

Roots long, fibrous. Stems numerous, round, branched, leafy,
hollow. Ls. spear-shaped, acute, lower ones many ribbed,
variable, partly entire, partly saw-toothed, Fl.-stalks long,
round, terminal, also opposite the Is. bright golden. Cal. bent
back. Cor. honey-pore very small.

Discrim. R. Lingua differs from this by its greater size, erect
stem, and Is., more approaching to stalkless.

Distilled water of this for procuring instantaneous vomiting in
some cases of poison. Plant very acrid, and blistering.

POLYANDRIA .POLYGYNIA. Ranunculus. 155

R. Lingua, Great Spear-wort C Leaves spear-
shaped, pointed, nearly stalkless, somewhat saw-toothed.
Stem erect, many-flowered. Root fibrous. Seeds
smooth. E. B. 100. H. L. I7I. R. flammeus
major. G. E. 961.

Marshes, reedy pools, ditches, * * Banks of the Cherwell, near
King's Mill. Sb. Ditch on the right hand side of the lane,
beyond Folly Bridge. Bx.

Per. July.

FL large, bright golden, all the parts of this much larger than
those of R. Flammula. Vid. plant back. Acrid. More silky,
with hairs close-pressed.

R. Ficdria, Pilewort G, Less Gelandine, Leaves
heart-shaped, angular, stalked, smooth. Petals, nume-
rous, eUiptic-oblong-. E. B. 584. C. 2. S9, Cheli-
donium minus. G. E. 81 6.

Meadows bushy places, hedge banks.

Per. April,

Root with long, fleshy knobs. Plant smooth, shining, somewhat

fleshy. Stems several, a few inches high, one-flowered. Fl,

erect, long-stalked. Cal, three or five leaved. Pet. varnished,

golden, eight or ten .

Its glossy, yellow fls., turning white, abundantly enamel our
banks and thickets in the month of April.

* * Leaves lobed, or cut.

R. auricomus, Wood G, Goldilocks, Root leaves
kidney-shaped, deeply three-cleft, notched ; stem-leaves
divided to the base into linear segments. Stem many-
flowered. Calyx coloured. E. B. 624. C. 2. 41.
G. E. 954.

Dry groves, bushy, shady places. Magdalen College Walks. R. W.

Per. April.

Stem about one f., upright, branched, leafy, round. Ls. root-ones
long-stalked, sometimes five-cleft : stem-Is., stalkless. Fl. termi-
nal, solitary, erect, bright golden. Cal. pale yellow. Nect. a
naked pore. Pet, sometimes wanting. Plant not caustic.
Easily discrim., by the distinct character of the root, and stalk-Is.

R. scelerdtus. Water G, Gelery -leaved G, Stem
erect, hollow, much branched. Leaves smooth ; lower
ones somewhat hand-shaped ; upper fingered. Fruit
oblong. Seeds very numerous, minute. E. B. 681.
C. 2. 42. R. palustris rotundifoHus. G. E. 962.

Watery places.

An. June.

156 POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA. Ranunculus.

Plant pale, shining green, juicy, smooth for the most part. jL*.
lower ones long-stalked, lobed, cut: upper Is., segments linear,
entire. Fl. numerous, small, palish yellow. CaL bent back,
shaggy. Honey -pore somewhat tubular. Fruit cylindric, blunt,
seeds thick set.

Plant variable in size, virulently acrid, blistering the skin to
cause a sore healed with difficulty. Used, it is said, by vagabonds
for the effects mentioned above, to cause compassion ; hence, per-
haps, its name scelerdtus, rascally.

R. hulbosus. Bulbous C. Butter-cups, Calyx bent
back. Flower-stalks furrowed. Stem upright, many-
flowered. Leaves compound. Root bulbous. Seeds
smooth. E. B. 515. C. 1. 38. G. E. 953.

Pastures J meadows, grass-plots, waste ground.

Per. May.

One to one and a half f. Ls. in threes, three-cleft. Fl. golden
yellow. Root solid, roundish bulb, with fibres springing fi-om it.
Stems one or more, erect, one ft., branched above, round, hairy,
hollow, leafy. Ls. hairy, compound, three-cleft. Fl. large,
yellow, terminal, solitary. Cal.-ls. egg-shaped, concave, turning
back close to the stalk. Pet. roundish, notched at the end, con-
cave, varnished. Nect.-scale inversely heart-shaped. Bulb for
the next year formed on the top of the old one. Plant acrid,
eaten by cattle. Such acrid plants mixed with the less pungent,
a useful stimulus, perhaps, supplied by nature in food of cattle.
Var.fl. double in gardens.

R. hirsutus. Pale Hairy C. Calyx bent back, pointed.
Stem upright, many-flowered, hairy. Leaves three
parted. Root fibrous. Seeds tuberculated. E. B.

1504. C. 2. 40.

Moist meadows, waste, or cultivated ground. * Southleigh Com-
mon. Sb.
Per. June. •

Stems one or more, upright, branched, leafy, round, hollow. Ls,
hairy, pale, cut. Fl. -stalks hairy. Cal. rough with glandular
hairs. Pet. shining yellow. Neat, covered with a scale. Seeds
compressed, margined, rough on both sides with sharp tubercles.

R. repens. Creeping C, Calyx spreading. Flower-
stalks furrowed. Scyons creeping. Leaves compound,
cut ; the uppermost entire. E. B. 516. C. 4. SS.
R. pratensis etiamque hortensis. G. E. 951.

Meadows, moist pastures.
Per. June.

Discrim. By its fibrous root, and long, creeping runners, from R.
bulbosus. Fl.'Stems erect, branched, leafy. Ls. rather broader.

POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA. Ranunculus. 157

darker than in R. bulbosus, often marked with a black spot.

Ls, more distinctly three-partite ; sometimes smooth.

Plant acrid, blistering.

Var. with double fl. in gardens.

R. acris. Upright Meadow C, Calyx spreading.
Flower-stalks round and even. Leaves in three, deep
lobed and cut segments ; those of the uppermost linear
and entire. Stem erect, covered with close hairs. E.
B. 652. C. 1. 39.

Meadows, pastures.

Per. June.

Root tuberous, long-fibred. Stem upright, two f., round, branched
above. Ls. root-ones, the stalks long, hairy, upright, three or
five partite, variously subdivided and cut : uppermost Is., com-
paratively stalkless, lobes linear, three. Pet. yellow, shining.
Nect. scale one, notched.

Discrim. From R. auricomus by its scale nect., and by its cat.,
spreading ; from R. bulbosus, and R. hirsutus, by its round fl.-
stalks from the last two also, and from R. repens. Bear in
mind the smooth seeds to discr., it from those species with sharp-
pointed prickly seeds.

Plant acrid. Var. fl. double.

R. arvensis. Corn G. Seeds very prickly at the sides.
Leaves once or twice deeply three-cleft, with linear-
spear-shaped segments. Stem erect, much branched,
many-flowered. E. B. 135. C. 6. 3Q, R. arvorum.
G. E. 951.

Cornfields,
An. May.
Plant pale. Fl. small, yellow. Seeds strikingly armed on the

side with prominent prickles, projecting more than those of R.

parviflorus.

Plant very acrimonious, producing in animals colic, and death,
by gangrenous stomach. Poisonous to sheep, who greedily devour
it. Three ounces of the juice killed a dog in four minutes. Best
antidote vinegar. See Brugnon Mem. Turin, v. 4. 108. Cows
and horses eat it.

R. parviflorus. Small-flowered C, Seeds armed at the
sides with small hooked prickles. Leaves roundish-
heart-shaped, simple, hairy, sharply cut ; upper ones
three-lobed. Stem prostrate. E. B. 120.

Gravelly fields, hedges. * Bullingdon Green. Shotover Hill.

Southleigh. Sh. Elsfield. Bx, Abingdon Road, near Oxford.

R. W.
An. May.
Humble in growth. Ls. foot-stalks long, dilated. Ls. all notched ;

158 POLYANDRIA POLYGYNTA. Helleborus.

towards the end of the trailing branches, Is., often simple, spear-
shaped, entire, small. Fl.-stalks solitary, opposite to the Is. Fl.
small, yellow, pet. small, soon falling. Seeds compressed.

R. hederdceus. Ivy G, Seeds wrinklede Leaves
roundish-kidney-shaped, with three or five lobes, entire,
smooth. Stem creeping. E. B. 2003. C. 4. 39.

Shallow rivulets, ditches, pools. Stanton Harcourt. Southleigh
Ensham Common. Sh. Littlemore. R. W. Marston, &c. Bx.

Per. May.

Plant small, smooth, shining, juicy. Stems creeping, or floating
when in the water, branched. Plant rooting at its joints. Ls.
numerous, long-stalked, edges entire : brown spot sometimes in
the disk of Is. Fl.-stalks simple, solitary, axillary, or opposite
to the 1-stalks. Pet. very small, oblong, white, claw yellow.
Stam. five to ten. Seeds swollen, numerous, thick set in a
roundish form.

R. aqudtilis. White floating G, Seeds wrinkled.
Leaves in hair-like segments under water ; above water
somewhat target -shaped, lobed, bluntly notched. E. B.
101. G. E. 829. R. heterophyllus.^ Sb. 175.
Marston Lane. Southleigh. Sb. /3. R. aquatilis.*
Sb. 175. Millefolium, sive Maratriphyllon, flore et
semine Ranunculi aquatici, hepaticse facie. G. E. 827.
7. R. circinatus.^ Sb. 1^5, Christ Church Mea-
dow. Southleigh. Sb. 5. R. fluviatilis.'* Sb. I76.
Isis. Cher well. Windrush. Sb.

Ditches, ponds : ^. rivers.

Per. May, June.

Stems long, round ; Is. alternate. Stip. broad, membranous. Ls.
above the water five-lobed, broadly notched. Nect. tubular.
Fl. white, large, elegant.
Var. in Is. several.

A beautiful ornament to ponds and ditches.
In var. /3. the Is. all cut, and narrow. In y. Ls. smaller, rounded,

very finely cut. ^. Ls. all gashed, and lengthened out by the

rapid current of water, hence rarely flowering.

"hELLFBORUS. Hellebore.

H. viridis. Green H, Stem many-flowered, leafy.
Leaves fingered. Petals spreading. E. B. 200. C.
6. 34. Helleborastrum. G. E. 97^.

' Various-leaved. Sb. 2 Milfoil-leaved. Sh. ^ Fine-

leaved Water C. Sb. -* Fennel-leaved Water C Sb.

POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA. Caltha. 169

Woods, thickets, on chalk.* ^ Stoken Church. Woodperry Farm.
Nuffield. Sb. In a wood at Mungewell. John Oglander, Esq.
Merton College.

Per. February.

Root fleshy, fibres long, simple. Plant large in all its dimen-
sions. Stem scarcely one f., round, once or twice divided. Ls,
saw-toothed : root Is., larger. Fl. solitary, foot-stalks shortish,
all green. Pet. all green, spreading, permanent. Styles three
or four. Whole plant smooth, bright green, shining.
Root acrid, purgative.

H. foetidus. Stinking H, Beards-foot, or Setter-wort,
Stem many-flowered, leafy. Leaves pedate, (bird
footed.) Petals converging. E. B. 613. Helleboras-
ter maximus. G. E. 97^.

Thickets, ivaste ground, on chalk. * * Cornbury Stone Quarry.
Sb. Wade's Farm, Rodborough Common, Gloucestershire.
Mr. Sa7idys, Pembroke College, Oxford.

Per. March.

Stem branching, bushy, whole plant smooth. Ls. stalked, spread-
ing, dark, dull green, lobes spear-shaped, saw-toothed. Fl.-pa-
nicle pale green. Bract, many, spear-shaped : these with the^.,
and whole inflorescence also pale green. The closing pet., out-
side tipped with dull purple. Nect. margin notched, honied.
Styles three or four.
Earliest of our native fl. Whole plant fetid, acrid, violently

purgative. Styles few in these two species for polygynia.

There is a beautiful flower bank of the Helleborus hyemalis, a

common, foreign, Europaean species, in the classical garden of St.

John's College, Oxford, well worth the florist's inspection, in the

early part of February.

CALTHA.^ Marsh.marigold.

C. palustris. Common M. Stem erect. Leaves heart-
shaped, rounded. E. B. 506. C. 1. 40. C. palus-
tris major. G. E. 817.

Marshy meadows.

Per. April.

Root fibres simple, many. Stem one f., and a half, somewhat
branched, leafy, roundish, furrowed. Ls. notched, veiny,
smooth, dark green, shining : root-Is. on long, hollow, half cylin-
dric stalks, the rest alternate, nearly stalkless. Stip. inside of
the l.-stalk, sheathing, membranous, withering. Fl. very large,
handsome, golden, axillary, and terminal, solitary. Pet. con-
cave. Stam., and pistils, golden colour also.
The young buds pickled, a good substitute for capers. In the

true caper, the germen simple.

' From Lat. cdlathus, cup.

160 DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA. Teucrium.

This early flowering plant makes a rich and brilliant appearance
in the spring. Var. /. double in gardens.

Class XIV. DIDYNAMIA. Stamens 4 :
2^wo outermost longest.

Order I. GYMNOSPERMIA. Seeds apparently
naked ; four at most.

'AJUGA. Bugle.

* Bugula. FL whorled blue.

A. reptans. Common JB. Almost smooth, with a soli-
tary stem, and creeping scyons. Lower lip of the
corolla four-cleft. E. B. 489. C. 2. 43. Bugula.
G. E. 631.

Woods f moist pastures.

Per. May.

Stem erect, about one f., square, leafy. Scyons take root, here and
there, at the insertion of their Is. Ls. opposite, egg-shaped, scol-
loped, tapering into broad foot-stalks. Stem-Is, nearly stalkless,
in opposite cross pairs. Fl. in thick-set whorls : bract. ^ purplish,
scolloped. Cor. full blue, streaked with white : sometimes all
white, or flesh-coloured. Whole plant generally with a purplish
tinge.
Vulnerary according to the older writers ; hence the French had

this expression : — Those who have Bugle, and Sanicle, need no

surgeon. Almost any other leaf would probably answer the same

indication of excluding the air, and healing a wound, by what

surgeons call \}c\q first intention.

(A. Ghamce'pitys, E. B. 77» Ufford, near Helpston
Stone-Pits, Northamptonshire. Morton.)

TEU'CRIUM. Germander.

T. Scorodonia. Wood G. Wood Sage. Leaves heart-
shaped, hairy, saw-toothed, stalked. Clusters crowded,
leaning to one side. Stem erect. E. B. 1543. C.
5. 40. Scorodonia seu Salvia agrestis. G. E. &^%.

Woods, heathy, bushy places.
Per. July.

DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA. Nepeta. 161

Stems erect, one, or two f., leafy, square, hairy. Fl.-spikesy one
terminal, and several side ones : a pair of egg-shaped hract., at
the base of their partial stalks. Ls, opposite, saw-toothed, or
sharply notched, wrinkled, darkish green. FL pale yellow,
with purple, projecting stamens.
Bitter : has been used as an innocent substitute for hops.

T. Scordium, Water G. Leaves oblong, stalkless,
downy, with tooth-like serratures. Flowers axillary,
stalked, in pairs. Stem traihng. E. B. 828. Scor-

dium. G. E. 66l.

Low, wet meadows.** On the banks of the Isis, near Hig:h-

Bridge. Ensham Common. Sh.
Per. August,
Root creeping. Stem square, branched. Ls, opposite, veiny,

somewhat downy. Fl. pale purple.

Plant very bitter. Scent strong, disagreeable. This plant
formerly to remove obstructions, &c. Sir J. E. Smith observes
of this plant : ^* a sort of key to all locks, now grown rusty and out
of use." Decoct, of this, a useful fomentation for gangrenous
sores.

T. Chamcedrys, Wall G, Leaves somewhat egg-
shaped, stalked, deeply notched or cut. Flowers
axillary, three together, stalked. Stem roundish, hairy.
E. B. 680. Chamsedrys major latifolia. G. E. &5{S.

Old, 7'uined buildings, stony hanks. ** Witney, on the right hand

side of the old road leading to Burford. Sb,
Per. June.
Root creeping. Stem bushy, nearly upright, six or eight inches,

leafy. Branches and Is., opposite, lengthened out at the base.

Cat. bell-shaped. Cor, reddish- purple. Lower lip with a large,

round, concave, central lobe, and two small, sharp, side ones :

the two others, erect, parallel, very sharp lobed sides, between

which the stam,, and style project upwards.

Whole plant very bitter : formerly much cultivated for medical
use; as a deobstruent, and expectorant: not the appearance, from
its stations, of being a native.

NETETA. Cat-mint.

N. catdria. Common C, or Nep, Whorls stalked,
crowded into spikes. Leaves finely downy, heart-
shaped, stalked, with tooth-like serratures. E. B. 137.
Mentha felina, seu Cattaria. G. E. 682.

Banks, road sides, chalky, of gravelly soil. Sm,

Per. July.

M

162 DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMTA. Mentha.

Root long, thready. Stems two or three f., square. Plant except

cor., downy, velvet-like. Cal.-ribs strong, prominent. Spikes

at the tops of the branches.

In E. B., the cai., represented reversed ; the shorter teeth, (in
nature,) the lowermost. Cor., white, or purplish, lower lip
sprinkled with crimson, or purple dots. This genus marked, by
its notched, central lobe.

Bruised herb aromatic, like penny-royal, (Ment. Pulegium.)
Cats delight in its odour, (except when raised from seed,) chewing
the young branches, and rolling in a kind of ecstacy upon the
plant.

VERBE'NA. Vervain.

V. officinalis. Common V, Stamens four. Spikes
slender, panicled. Leaves oblong, deeply cut, with
many clefts. Stem mostly solitary. E. B. 7^7 • C.
1.41. V. communis. G. E. 718.

Road sides, dry, waste ground, near milages.
Per. July.

Root branching, woody. Stem curved at the base, about one f.,
square, leafy, rough, panicled at the top. Ls. opposite, lower
ones three-cleft. Fl. small, stalkless ; each with a small, spear-
shaped bract. CaL, tubular. Cor., pale lilac. Seeds ripened,
marked with excavated dots. Fl.-branches opposite.
Root formerly worn round the neck superstitiously, in scrophu-
lous cases, as a charm. Many species of Verbena have two sta-
mens only. The plant called by the Romans Verbena, used as a
token of mutual confidence between them, and their enemies : also
for making wreaths and brooms for their altars, and chaplets for
their priests : in a general sense, they called whatever was bound
round the altar Verbena. Billerbeck in Fl. Classica, seems to con-
sider our plant the same with that of the Greeks and Romans,
p. 7. Pliny remarks, if the dining room be sprinkled with water,
in which the herb has been steeped, the guests will be the merrier !
G. E.

MENTHA.' Mint.

M. sylvestris. Horse Mint, Spikes shaggy, scarcely
interrupted. Leaves sharp, with deep toothed serra-
tures ; chiefly downy beneath. Bracteas awl-shaped.
Calyx hairy all over. E. B. 686.

Waste ground. Road side between Woodstock and Stonesfield, just
after passing a Lodge on the outside of Woodstock Park. Bx.
Bayswater, near the Mill. R. W.

' Hairs of the calyx, and flower-stalk, afford good specific distinctions, in
difficult cases. Sm. Lin. Tr. v. 5. 178. Herbage full of pellucid dots, lodg-
ing an aromatic, and stimulant oil.

DIDFNAMIA GYMNTOSPERMIA. Mentha 163

Per. August^ September,

Plant three f., hoary or greyish green. Cal. hairy. Fl. pale pur-
ple. Ls. upper surface hoary ; under shaggy with close, white,
soft hairs.

(M. rotundifSlia. Round-leaved M, E. B. 446. Be-
tween High and West Wycombe, Bucks. Tiir, For
description, see the very useful Compendium of Sir »/.
E. Smithes English Flora, 12mo : or Appendix.)

(M. viridis. Spear M. Spikes interrupted. Leaves
stalkless, spear-shaped, acute, naked. Bracteas bristle-
shaped, somewhat hairy, as also the calyx teeth.
Flower-stalks very smooth. E. B. 2424. M. romana.
G. E. 680.

Marshy places. Bilton, near Rugby, Warwickshire. Bx,

Per. August.

Plant deep green. Stems two or three f. Spikes panicled, acute,
nearly all the whorls a little distant from each other. Cal. nar-
row, smooth ; the teeth often hairy. Cor. light purple, gene-
rally longer than the stamens.)

M. hirsuta. Hairy M. Flowers in heads, or whorled.
Leaves stalked, egg-shaped. Calyx clothed with erect
hairs. Flower-stalks with hairs curved back. H. L,
166. a. E. B. 447. M. aquatica. Sb. 182. M.
aquatica, sive Sisymbrium. G. E. 684. {. Flowers
all whorled. About rivulets, &c. Fl. Br. 6I8. M.
Sativa. E. B. 448.

JVatery jdaces^ very common^

a. The most common of all our Mints.

^. About rivulets on the side of Shotover Hill, near Oxford ;
Mr. Tilleman Bobart. Herb. Bobart. Banks of the Canal,
beyond High Bridge. Otmoor. Sb.
Per. July.
Roots long, branched, creeping. Stem square, branched, purplish.

Branches opposite. Ls. sometimes almost stalkless : spreading,

pointed, saw-toothed from a little above the base to near the tip.

Fl. lilac, in a large, round, terminal head, divided into three

parts, accompanied by a pair, seldom more, of smaller axillary

heads. Fl. -stalks, and ca.L, very hairy. Stam., generally longer

than the cor.

Out of water it grows much smaller, more purple, with a single
head oi fl. Very variable species. Under headed var., &c. Sm.
comprehends every plant that has been taken for Ment. aquatica,
and Ment. hirsuta oi Linn. L. Tr. v. 5. 19o.

Every sort of mint, according to Linn., prevents the coagulation
of milk. Eaten too largely by cattle, their milk coagulates with

M 2

164 DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA. Glechoma.

difficulty into cheese curd. Fl. Suec. Mice, according to Mr.
Macdonald of Scalpa, Hebrides, have a great aversion to the smell
of mint : laying a few green or dry leaves on any articles will pre-
serve them from the depredation of mice. F. T. 1. p. 130.

(M. rubra. Tail Bed 3L E. B. 1418. G. E. M.
Sativa rubra, 680. Kiver side, a mile below Denham,
Bucks. Tur, For description ; see Compendium of
Smith's English Flora, a higbly useful manual : or
Appendix.)

M. arvensis. Corn 3L Flowers whorled. Leaves
egg-shaped, saw-toothed. Stem much branched, dif-
fuse. Calyx bell-shaped, short, covered all over with
horizontal hairs. E. B. 2119. Calamintha aquatica.
G. E. 684.

Sandy cornfields frequent, especially where water has stagnated.

Per. July.

Root creeping by fleshy shoots. Ls. egg- elliptical, blunt, with
somew^hat stiff, prominent hairs. Fl. -stalks mostly smooth.
Cal. more bell-shaped than the other British species. Fl. red-
dish lilac. Scent compared to cheese covered with blue mould.
Plant pale green. Stam., equal in length to the limb of cor.
Hooker supposes the Ment. agrestis, E. B., not distinct from this.
FL Scot. Whorls much shorter than the h.

M. Pulegium. Penny-royal, Flowers whorled. Leaves
egg-shaped, somewhat notched. Stem trailing. Flower-
stalks and calyx all over downy ; teeth fringed. E. B.
1026. Pulegium regium. G. E. 67I.

Wet commons, margins of brooks. Binsey Common. Port Mea-
dow. Otmoor. Sb. On a Common, near Ipsdon. Bx.

Per. July.

Smallest of the genus. Ls. small, dowmy, curved back. Fl.-ivhorls,
numerous, close. Fl. purplish, sometimes white. Smell pe-
culiarly strong, resembling Thymus Nepeta. Ls. underneath
set with deep, semi-transparent dots. Stam. equal. Pistil as
long as the stam. Stalks about one f., and a half, weak.
Antispasmodic, stimulant.

GLECHO'MA. Ground-ivy.

G. hederdcea. Common G. Gill, or Ale-hoof, Leaves
kidney-heart-shaped, notched. E. B. 853. C. S. 44.
Hedera terrestris. G. E. 856.

Dry, shady places, road sides, hedge banks.

Per. April.

Hoots creeping, sending out trailing scyons. Ls. veiny, downy.

DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA. Lamiuiri. 165

dotted beneath with glandular points, from which the oil of the
plant proceeds. FL axillary, about three to each leaf^fl.-stalks
short. Cor. bluish, under lip largest, marked with dark purple
and white. Stam., sometimes imperfect. Sialks, lower part
trailing, flow^ering part erect.

Herb strong-smelling : to give ale a flavour : used for this, until
hops substituted, in Hen., the Eighth's reign. Infusion of the Is.,
gently aperient. Small protuberances of many cells found on the
Is. ; the nests of insects. Gradually expels plants growing near it.

LA'MIUM. Dead-nettle/

L. album. White J9., or Archangeh Leaves heart-
shaped, pointed, strongly saw-toothed, hairy. Flowers
about twenty in a whorl. Tube of the calyx shorter
than its teeth. Upper lip of the corolla notched ; side
teeth solitary, spear-shaped. E. B. 768, C. 2. 45.
G. E. 702.

Waste ground, borders of fields, road sides.
Per. April.

Root creeping. Stems upright, twelve to eighteen inches, square,
leafy. Ls. in pairs. Fl. large, hairy, cream-coloured, hand-
some. Stam.y hair3^ Anth., black.

The sweet fl. much frequented by bees. Called Dead-nettle
from its not stinging, although resembling Urtica dioica, the Sting-
ing-nettle. Herb not eaten in general by domestic animals. Fl.,
sometimes of a pinky tinge.

Young' leaves eaten as a pot herb, in spring. Fl. Suec.

L. purpureum. Red D,, or Archangel, Leaves heart-
shaped, bluntish, unequally notched, stalked ; the upper
ones crowded. Stem partly procumbent, partly leafless.
Calyx-teeth spear-shaped. Tube of the corolla closed,
near the bottom, with hairs. E. B. 769« C. 1. 42.

L. rubrum. G. E. 7^3.

Waste, and cultivated ground.

An. April, Sfc.

Not more than half the size of Lam. album. Stems ascending,
leafy, a little branched below, then naked, in their upper part,
thickly clothed with leaves. Fl., purple, sometimes white.
Pollen or anther-dust, lead-red. Ls., ends pointing mostly down-
wards. May be eaten like the last.

L. incisum. Cut-leaved D,, or Archangel. Leaves
heart-shaped, dilated, stalked, irregularly cut ; the
upper ones crowded. Stem partly leafless. Tube of

' Ang.-Sax.

[66 DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA. Galeopsis.

the corolla internally naked ; marginal teeth dilated,

combined. E. B. 1933.

Cultivatedy and waste ground. Cornfields beyond Cowley. /. Og-
landeTf Esq. Merton College, Oxford. Between Rose Hill, and
Cowley. Bx.

An. May.

Rather smaller than Lam. purpureum, resembling it in Is. Fl.y
narrower than in Lam., purpureum, more like those of Lam.
amplexicaule. Seeds abundant, producing plants like them-
selves ; hence not deemed a var., of Lam., purpureum. The
young Is.y of this, and Lam., amplexicaule, may be eaten as a
pot-herb.

L. amplexicaule. Great Henhit. Henhit D. Floral
leaves stalkless, kidney-shaped, blunt, deeply notched,
partly lobed, clasping the stem. Teeth of the calyx
linear-awl-shaped, as long as their tube. E. B. 77C^»
C. 2. 46. Alsine Hederula altera. G. E. 6l6.

Sandy fields.

An. May.

Early ^., with an abortive, yet fertile cor. Red velvet tip of the
cor., makes the plant conspicuous. Lobed f,.-ls., generally pale
at their base. Pollen vermilion. Ls., lower on l.-stalks, heart-
shaped, blunt, saw-toothed bluntly. Ft. purple. Cal., very
hairy.

GALEOPSIS. Hemp-nettle.

G. Lddanum, Red H. Stem scarcely swollen below
the joints. Leaves spear-shaped, somewhat saw-
toothed, hairy. Upper lip of the corolla slightly
notched, whorls remote. E. B. 884.

Dry, gravelly, chalky cornfields. Sm.

An. June.

Root fibrous. Stem about one f., oppositely branched, square,
hairs bent down. Ls. stalked, veins hairy beneath : upper side
with close-pressed, scattered hairs. Cor., rose-coloured, inter-
mixed with, crimson and white ; upper lip slightly notched.

G, Tetrahit, Common H, Stem bristly ; swollen
below the joints. Corolla twice the length of the
calyx ; upper lip nearly straight. E. B. 207. Can-
nabis spuria. G. E. 7^9.

Cultivated ground.

An. June,

Plant one to two f., rough with sharp prickles, calyx-teeth very
pungent. Cor. various in size and colour, from purple to white ;
base of the lip almost always] with elegant dark streaks. Anth.,

DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA. Betonica. 167

two-lobed, hairy. Upper whorls nearly contiguous. Ls. egg-
spear-shaped, hispid, saw-toothed. Cal.-teeth very long, bristle-
shaped. Colour of the/, variable.

Harvest men attribute to handling this plant, occasional severe
inflammation of the hand, or finger. F. T.

G. versicolor. Large Flowered H,y Bee-Nettle. Stem
bristly, swollen below the joints. Corolla thrice the
length of the calyx ; upper lip swollen ; middle lobe of
the lower lip heart-shaped. E. B. 667. C. 6. 38.

Sandy fields. * * Near Bladon. Mrs. Thomas, Oxford, and Mr.
Coles, Woodstock.

An. July, August.

FL larger than in G. Tetrahit, yellow marked with red, or orange,
on the palate : lower lip, middle segm,, purple, bordered with
white ; upper lip, broad, very hairy, much notched : a hand-
some plant mfi.

GALEO'BDOLON. Weasel-snout.
G. luteum. Yellow TV, Yellow Archangel. E. B.
787. G. Galeopsis. Sb. 185. Lamium luteum. G.
E. 702.

Shady, rather moist places.

Per. May.

Stems upright, simple, about one f., square, as in all this nat. order.
Ls. upper ones sub-egg-shaped, pointed, of various length, bright-
green, deeply, unequally saw-toothed, somewhat hairy. Fl.
whorled, large, yellow, longer than the cal. ; the under lip acute,
spotted and streaked with red. Cal.-teeth spreading, bristly.
Bract., linear. Ls., uppermost egg-spear-shaped.
FL, of a Leonurus; habit of a Lamium. Leaves sometimes

variegated.

BETO'NICA. Betony.

B. officinalis. Wood B, Spike interrupted. Middle
segment of the lower lip notched. E. B. 1142. C.

3. 3S, Betonica. G. E. 714.

Woods, thickets. Shotover Hill. Stow Wood. Southleigh. Sb.
Per. July.

Plant rough with stiif hairs: hence its power of provoking sneez-
ing, when dried. Stem simple, about one f., and a half, almost
leafless. Ls., root-ones on long stalks, egg-shaped, saw-toothed
bluntly : uppermost Is., oblong, opposite, nearly stalkless. Spike
blunt, of several whorls, the lowermost generally remote, with
a pair of leaf-like hract. Small entire bract., to each fl. Cor.,
dull-rose-colour, downy, sometimes pale, or white.
Said to be mildly astringent, and the root emetic, violently pur-
gative, intoxicating, when fresh : often smoked as tobacco. Tn

108 DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA. Stachys.

powder causes sneezing. Antonius Musa, physician to the Empe-
ror Augustus, stated this plant to be a remedy for forty-seven
disorders : hence the proverbial compliment : — " You have more
virtues than betony." Another Italian proverb is: — "Sell your
tunic, and buy betony."

STA'CHYS. Woundwort.
S. sylvdtica. Hedge TV. Six or eight flowers in a
whorl. Leaves heart-shaped, stalked. Stem solid.
E. B. 416. C. 3. 34. Galeopsis vera. G. E. 704.

Hedges, shady situations.

Per. July.

Stems two or three f., hairy, leafy. Ls. minute, strongly saw-
toothed, deep, dull green, soft: upper ones on shorter foot-
stalks, gradually smaller, diminishing to spear-shaped, entire
b7'act. Spike erect, terminal. FL, deep, dull blood-colour,
marbled about the mouth, with a darker hue, intermixed with
white.
Smell pungent, fetid : plant dyes yellow.

S. palustris. Marsh JV, Six to ten flowers in a whorl.
Leaves linear-spear-shaped, half embracing the stem,
almost stalkless. Root tuberous. E. B. 1675. C.
3. 35. Panax coloni. G. E. 1005.

Wet hedges, fields , hanks of ditches, rivers.
Per. July.

Stems two or three f., straight, rough w ith bent dowm bristles. Ls.,
opposite, saw-toothed, silky above, rather woolly beneath,
acute : upper ones heart-shaped at the base. Spike with whorls
accompanied by two small Is., under each. Cor., purple, lower
lip streaked with white.

Sw^ine fond of the roots. In times of scarcity, the roots have
been made into bread : increases much by root, hurtful in many
cornfields. Old Gerarde gives a most solemn account of the sup-
posed virtues of this plant in healing w^ounds.

S. germanica. Downy TV. Many flowers in a whorl.
Leaves notched, closely silky ; woolly beneath. Stem
woolly, erect. E. B. 829. S. F. G. E. 695.

Fields, hedges, road sides, on limestone. * * Near Witney. Sb. and
R. W. Stonesfield. On the road side, between Woodstock
and Enstone. Sb. Betw^een Blenheim and Ditchley. Wood-
ward. Cornfields at Brize-Norton. Rev. Dr. Goodenough,
Side of the road leading from Woodstock to Sturges Castle. Bx.
Ducklington, Berks. Bicheno in H. Fl.

Per. July.

Ls. rather pointed, netted with veins : root -ones on long stalks, the
rest smaller, nearly stalkless ; floralls. spear-shaped, bent back.
Whorls axillary, numerous. Bract., linear. FL, purple within,

DIDYNAMTA GYMNOSPERMIA. Marrubium. 169

streaked about the mouth with white ; outside whitish, and very
downy.

The Stachys lanata of the garden has blunter leaves, stems
trailing at the base, where they take root.

S. arvensis. Corn TV, Six flowers in a w^horl. Stem
weak and slender. Leaves heart-shaped, blunt, notched,
slightly hairy. Corolla scarcely longer than the calyx.
E. B. 1154. C. 4. 41.

Gravelly, sandy, or chalky fields. Parks. Stanton Harcourt,

Southleigh. Sb.
An. August.
Stem spreading, often prostrate. Ls., opposite, on short foot-stalks,

in some degree, three-nerved at the base. Cor., variegated with

white, and pale purple. Smell disagreeable, as in the genus.

Cal., stalkless, hairy.

BALLOTA. Black Horehound.

B. nigra. Stinking B, H. Leaves egg-shaped, undi-
vided, saw-toothed. Calyx funnel-shaped, abrupt, with
short spreading teeth. E. B. 46. Marrubium nigrum.
G. p. 701.

Hedges, waste places.

Per. July.

Stem two or three f., upright, branched. Ls., lower heart-shaped.
Bract., bristle-shaped. TVhorls half way round the stem. Cor.,
dull purple : upper lip with white hairs. Cal., attaining its
full size long before the expansion of cor. Cor., upper lip
cloven, vaulted, outwardly clothed with white hairs, more or
less converging into a pointed tuft.
Smell pungent, disagreeable. Decoct., of plant recommended in

nervous and hysteric disorders. Ray. ^ar. ^., sometimes white :

Littlemore. K. W.

MARRU'BIUM. White Horehound.

M. vulgar e. Common White H, Calyx-teeth ten,
bristle-shaped, hooked backwards. Leaves roundish-
egg-shaped, wrinkled, unequally saw- toothed. E. B.

410.

Dry, waste ground, road sides. ^"^ BuUingdon Green. Sb. Marston
Lane. Behind the Parks. R. W.

Per. July.

Stems several, bushy, simple in the upper part. Ls., stalked,
veined. PVhorls thick, axillary. Cor., white, lower lip in three
segments, side ones small, sharp ; middle one large, inversely
heart-shaped, notched. Whole plant white with down.

170 DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA. Thymus.

Plant aromatic, bitter, hoary. The extract a popular, but in
reaUty an injurious remedy for coughs and asthmas. In large
doses aperient. A case on record, where a salivation, which had
continued more than a year, was stopped by an infusion of this,
by Linn. The dry calyxes of the ripe fruit adhere like burs.

CLINOPODIUM. Wild Basil.

C. vulgdre. Common Wild B, Whorls bristly, in-
volucral leaves awl-shaped. Flower-stalks branched.
Leaves obscurely saw-toothed, egg-shaped. E. B*
1401. Acynos. G. E. 675.

Bushy places, hedges, road sides.

Per. July.

Stems wavy. Ls., stalked, rather blunt. fVhorls terminal, and-

axillary. FL, numerous, light purple ; stalks hairy, branched ;

at the foot of the small 11. -stalks several bristly, hairy Is, Cal.,

ribbed, lower teeth longest. Cor., twice as long as the calyx,,

with two hairy knobs at the orifice.

Plant aromatic.
Discrim. By its bristle-shaped, floral Is.

ORFGANUM. Marjoram.

O. vulgdre. Common M, Heads of flowers roundish,

panicled, crowded, erect. Involucral leaves longer than

the calyx, egg-shaped, smooth. Calyx with five acute,

unequal teeth ; throat hairy. E. B. 1 148. C. 5. 39»

Origanum anglicum. G. E. 666.

Bushy places, on limestone, or gravel. Sm. Under Woodstock

Park Wall. About Henley. Near Headington Wick, &c. Bx.

Per. July.

Roots creeping. Stems about two f., leafy, purple. Ls., opposite,
shortly stalked, egg-shaped, entire, dotted with glandular spots.
KL, rose-coloured. Bract., purple, smooth, entire, spear-shaped.
Cal., purple tinged.

Bees fond of the Jl. Smell of the plant fragrant, thyme-like.
Stimulant, for culinary uses ; but O. Marjorana preferred. Dried
Is., in decoction as tea, grateful. The essential oil very acrid ; an
application to the painful nerve of a carious tooth. The tops dye
purple. In some parts of Sweden put into ale, to give it an
intoxicating quality, and to prevent its turning sour.

T.

THYMUS. Thyme, or Calamint.

Seiyylhmi, Wild T. Flowers in small heads.
Stems creeping, recumbent. Leaves flat, egg-shaped,

DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA. Thymus. 171

blunt, entire ; fringed at their base. E. B. 1514. C.
2. 47. Serpyllum vulgare. G. E. 570.

Heaths, Var. »j. Bullingdon Green. Sb.
Per. July.

Roots fibrous, creeping. Stems crowded, filiform, (thread-like,)

branched, leafy. Ls., with resinous dots. Fl.y heads terminal,

leafy. Fl.-stalks short, hairy. Cat., ribbed, dotted, purple, teeth

fringed. Cor,, purple, lower lip variegated, deeply three-cleft.

The bruised leaves when trodden on, diifuse an aromatic smell.

Several var,y in size, uprightness, and hairiness. Diseased with

downy swellings, as in Veronica Chamsedrys, Cerastium, and

Glechoma. The lemon -thyme a garden var. Essential oil very

heating. Bees attached to the^. of this, and other aromatic plants.

Larva of the handsome Phalsena Papilionaria feeds on this.

Esteemed a nervine, as tea. An infusion of the Is., recommended

by Linn., to remove head-ache, occasioned by an excess of the

preceding evening. Ft. Suec.

T. 'Acinos, Basil T, Flowers about six in a whorl,
on simple stalks. Stem branched, ascending. Leaves
oblong, shortly stalked, acute, saw-toothed. Calyx
gibbous at the base. E. B. 411. C. 1. 43. Ocymum
sylvestre. G. E. 675.

Cultivated fields, especially 071 sand, gravel, or chalk. Sm. Head-
ington Wick. Stonesfield. Southleigh. Sb.

An. July.

Ls,, in distant pairs, egg-shaped, variable in shape, to roundish, or
oblong, acute, entire at the base. Ls., sometimes entire : upper
taper at the base. Cal., mouth fringed with hairs. Cor., lower,
middle segment inversely heart-shaped, marked at the base with
white, and a spot or two of crescent-shaped, darker purple. FL,
bluish purple. Plant aromatic. FL, sometimes white.

T. Calamintha. Common Galamint. Whorls on forked,
many-flowered, axillary stalks. Leaves egg-shaped,
blunt, with shallow serratures. Hairs in the mouth of
the calyx not prominent. E. B. I676, Melissa Ca-
lamintha. Sb. Calamintha vulgaris officinarum. G.
E. 687.

Way sides, borders of fields, chiefly on gravel. Near the Observa-
tory. Ensham. Sb. Cowley Field. R. W.

Per. August.

Specific difference between this, and Thy., Nepeta, not easily
defined. Z/5., of this larger, with smaller serratures. Stem Ydore
constantly erect. Fl.-stalks, lower, shorter than the Is. : hairs
at the mouth of the cal., less prominent. Fl.-stalks axillary.
Ls., stalked, in opposite pairs. Flavour of this much less like
Penny-royal, (Mentha Pulegium.) Cor.y hght purple, dotted
with violet.

172 DIDYXAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA. Scutellaria.

Whole plant has a peculiarly sweet, aromatic flavour, and
makes a pleasant tea, especially mixed with smaller portions of
Pepper-mint, Balm, or some others of the same natural family. Sm.

T. JVepeta, Less Calamint, Whorls on forked, many-
flowered stalks, longer than the adjoining leaf. Leaves
saw-toothed. Hairs in the mouth of the calyx promi-
nent. E. B. 1414. C. 6. 40. Melissa, Sb. 190.

Calamintha odore pulegii. G. E. 687.

Dry hanks, way sides, on chalk. Sm. En sham, on the road to
Stanton Harcourt. Sb. Bank on the side of the Abingdon
Road, going through Bagley Wood. B.v.

Per. August.

Stems ascending, square, rough. Ls., stalked, egg-shaped. Fl.-
stalks axillary, repeatedly forked. Cal.-hairs closing it like a
mouse-trap, very closely. Cor., variegated with pale pur-
ple, and white. Ls., smaller than in Thy., Calamintha.
Plant pungent, smelling like Penny -royal, (Mentha Pulegium^)

used as a stomachic tea.

SCUTELLARIA. Skull-cap.

Cal. when in fruit, like a box with a fixed lid, or a helmet with
its crest.

S. galericuldta. Common S, Leaves spear-shaped,
notched, rugged ; heart-shaped at the base. Flowers
axillary. E. B. 5%S. C. 3. 86. Lysimachia galeri-
culata. G. E. 477.

Margins of rivers, ditches.

Per. July.

Stem erect, about one f., and a half, thickly clothed with Is., to the
top, square, roughish. Ls., opposite, spreading, stalked. Fl.,
almost stalkless, a little drooping. Cal. on the upper side with
a small, concave scale, enlarged after the fall of the cor. Cor.,
blue, the palate streaked with white, tube pale, purplish. Stam.,
and sty., white. Stig., simple.
The cal., becoming dry divides into two parts, and thus the seeds

are discharged. Plant bitter.

(S. minor. Less S. Leaves egg-shaped, nearly entire ;
heart-shaped, and occasionally lobed, at the base.
Flowers axillary. E. B. 524. C. 4. 43. Gratiola
latifolia. G. E. 581.

Moist heaths on gravel. Sm. Packington, Warwickshire. Tur,

Per. July, August.

Scarcely one third the size of the former Sp. Ls., broader. Plant

three to five inches. Fl., pale, reddish purple, or delicate pink.

Lower lip white, dotted with red.)

DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. Rhinanthus. 173

PRUNELLA.' Self-heal.

P. vulgaris. Common S., or Slough-heaL All the
leaves egg-oblong, stalked. Teeth of the upper lip of
the calyx scarcely discernible. E. B. 96l. C. 4. 42.
Prunella. G. E. &m.

Meadows, pastures.

Per. June,

Stems six to ten inches, square. Spikes terminal, solitary, cylin-
drical, blunt, close, with a pair of stalkless Is., at their base.
fVhorls each with a pair of kidney-shaped, purple edged, fringed
hract. Cor., violet, sometimes red, or white. Ls. opposite.
Astringent. Asteroma Prunellae, a new species found on this,

by Mr. Haines, RadcliiFe Library. Since found by Mr. Baxter.
See Bax. Stirp. Crypt. Oxon. No. 79.

DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA.

BARTSIA.^ Bartsia.

B. Odontites. Red B. Leaves spear-shaped, saw-
toothed ; the floral ones alternate. Flowers forming
clusters, leaning one way. Stem square, branched.
Root fibrous. E. B. 1415. Euphrasia Odontites.
C. 1. 44. Sb. 192- Cratseogonon Euphrosine. G.

E. 91.

Meadoivs, pastures.

Aw. July.

Stem oppositely branched. Ls. stalkless, spreading, opposite,

except the smaller floral ones. Fl.-chisters, long, leafy. Cor.

rose-colour. Cal. purplish. Anth. lobed, acute. Whole plant

reddish .

RHINANTHUS.^ Yellow Rattle.^

R. Crista-galli, Common Yellow R. Stem slightly
branched. Leaves spear-shaped, saw-toothed. Calyx
smooth. Style concealed by the upper lip. Seeds
with a dilated membranous border. E. B. 657. C.
5. 43.

' Die Braune, quinsy, German, from its healing sores in the throat.
2 Named after a Prussian botanist. H.

* Rin, nose, and anthos, flower. Gr.

* From the ripe seeds rattling in the capsules.

174 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. Melampyrum.

Meadows, pastures.

An. June.

Stem four-cornered, often spotted with red. Ls., opposite, stalkless,
beneath grey, with a curious net-work of green veins. Spike
terminal, leafy. FL, on short stalks. Cor., twice as long as the
calyx, yellow, upper lip compressed, tipped with two blue spots.
ChL, bladdery, with strong ribs, and a net-work of veins, pale
greenish -yellow, mouth contracted.
Cattle not fond of this plant.

EUPHRA'SIA. Eye-bright.'

E. offijcinalis. Common E, Leaves egg-shaped, fur-
rowed, deeply toothed. E. B. 1416. C. 5. 42.

Euphrasia. G. E. &&S.

Heaths, mountainous pastures.

An. July.

Stem mostly branching from the bottom, often purplish. Ls.,
stalkless. FL, about the top of the stem, axillary, stalkless, soli-
tary. Cor.y generally white, striped with purple, and stained
with yellow in front.
A weak astringent, in repute formerly in complaints of the eyes.

The spot in its cor., something like a pupil, according to the

exploded doctrine of signatures, an indication of marvellous

virtues. See Saxifraga yranulata. F. T.

MEL A'MPYRUM. ^ Cow-wheat.

(M. cristdtum. Crested C Spikes four-cornered.
Bracteas heart-shaped, closely tiled, finely toothed. E.
B. 41.

M^oods, thickets. In a field that goes off Moreton Green in the

road from Wendover to Ellesborough, Bucks. Tur,
An. July.
Cor. yellow, upper lip purple.)

(M. arvense. Purple C Spikes conical. Bracteas lax,
spear-shaped, wing-cleft. Calyx -teeth longer than the
tube. Corolla closed. E. B. 53. M. coeruleum. G.
E. 90.

Cornfields, light soil. Packington, Warwickshire. Tur.

An. July.

Cor., yellow, tipped with purple. Bract., purple. Ls., spear-

' Deserving of such an appellation from its bright eye-like blossoms.

2 Melas, black, puros, wheat. The authority for accentuation, adopted in
this work, in general, is John BeckmanrCs Lexicon Botanicum, Exhihens Etymo-
logiam, &c. 8vo.

DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. Lathreea. 175

shaped ; one or two of the upper pairs, wing-cleft at the base,

occasionally.

A beautiful plant in fl.)

M. pratense. Common Yellow C Flowers axillary,
stalkless, in partly distant pairs, leaning to one side.
Corolla closed ; lip direct, (straight.) Leaves spear-
shaped, upper floral-ones toothed at the base. E. B.
llS. Cratseogonon album. G. E. 91.

Woods, bushy places. Copse under Shotover Hill. Stow Wood.
Tar Wood. SK

An. July.

Stem slender, divided into several opposite, spreading branches.
Cor, pale at the base, deep yellow towards the tip. Lip lower
one straight, not bent downwards, as in M. sylvaticum : palate
with two deep yellow, raised plaits. Anth., cohering at their tips.

Discrim. Fl. of Mel., sylvaticum, smaller, and mouth of cor. more
gaping. Ls. shortly stalked, spear-shaped, taper-pointed. Upper
Fl.-leaves, with long, awl-shaped, turned back teeth, ending in
an acute spear-shaped point.
Cor. in M. pratense, four times as long as the closed calyx, lower

lip protruded. H.

Where this plant abounds, the butter [said by Linn.y to be

yellowest, and best. Swine fond of the seeds, and hunt for them.

Fl. Suec.

(M. sylvaticum. Wood G. Flowers axillary, in distant
pairs, turned to one side. Corolla gaping ; lip bent
downward. Leaves nearly all entire. E. B. 80^.

Mountainous woods, among firs. Sm. Wick Cliffs, Gloucester-
shire. Tur.
An. July, August.
Ls. entire. Cor. deep yellow.)

LATHR^A.' Tooth-wort. *

L. Squamdria, Great T, Flowering branches erect,
simple. Flowers axillary, on one side of the stem,
drooping ; lower lip in three lobes ; upper cloven. E.
B. 50. Dentaria major Matthioli. G. E. 1585.

Dry, shady places, where the suns rays can scarcely penetrate, at the
roots of hazels, or elms. Woodstock Park. Woods near Ashford
Mills. Sb. (Copse close to Cumnor Hill.) Y.

Per. April.

Root or lower part of the stems scaly, tiled, fleshy. Ls., root-ones
none. Stems succulent, {Is., membranaceous, coloifred.) Flor.-

» Lathraios, Gr. hidden, from its partly hidden stem.
2 From the resemblance of the scaly roots to teeth.

176 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. Antirrhinum.

Is.y roundish, oval, one at the base of each fruit stalk. CaL,
bellying. Cor. pale purple, except the lower lip. The real roo<
fibrous and parasitical. ?

PEDICULA'RIS/ Louse-wort,^ or Red Rattle.

P. palustris. Marsh L., Tall R. R, Stem solitary,
branched. Calyx egg-shaped, hairy, ribbed, in two

unequally notched, crested lobes. E. B. 399.

Marshes- J boggy meadows. Peat bogs on Bullingdon Green. Behind
Headington Hill. Southleigh Meadows. Sb.

Per. June.

Stem, twelve to fifteen inches. Ls. scattered, here and there oppo-
site, leaflets winged, wings egg-shaped, notched, with blunt seg-
ments. Fl. axillary, solitary, dark-rose-coloured, handsome,
fl.-stalks short. (7«/., inflated, can hardly be styled five-lobed.
Cor. tube white, lip, upper much compressed. Caps., egg-
shaped, when ripe, projecting beyond the permanent cal.
Plant acrid, not acceptable to cattle. Blossom sometimes white.

V, sylvdtica. Pasture L,, Dwarf R, R. Stems seve-
ral, spreading, simple. Calyx oblong, angular, smooth,
in five, unequal, notched segments. E. B. 400. Pe-

dicularis. G. E. IO7I.

Moist, heathy pastiires. Shotover Hill. Southleigh Heath. Sb.

Per. Sm. May.

Root thick. Stems many, short, three or four inches, central one
erect, Ls., alternate, winged, leaflets acutely notched or saw-
toothed. Fl.-Is. less compound. From the crown of the root,
a circle of egg-shaped, undivided, curved back, notched Is. Fl.
axillary, solitary, rose-coloured. Cal. with four larger, and
four smaller angles alternately. Cal. nearly half as long as the
cor.
The expressed juice, an injection in sinuous and fistulous ulcers.

Fl. Suec. G. E.

ANTFRRHINUM.^ Toad-flax, or Snap^-dragon.

* Leaves dilated. Stems limber.

A. Gymhaldria. Ivy-leaved Sn, Leaves broadly heart-
shaped, five-lobed, alternate, smooth. Stems trailing.

* From pedkulus, a louse,

2 From a supposed quality of producing scab, and lice, in sheep, which feed
on the plant: others say, because the plant destroys lice. Chiefly an Alpine
genus.

3 Anti,a.nd rin, Gr. nostrils ; so called from the seed resembling the nostrils
of a heifer. PUn.

* The corolla when pressed, laterally, between the fing-er and thumb, gapes,
and when let go, elastically recloses.

bIDYNAMlA ANGIOSPERMIA. Antirrhinum. 177

E. B. 502. C. 1. 45. Cymbalaria italica. G. E.
530.

Old walls ; from Italy originally.

Per. June,

Herb smooth, shining, often purpUsh. Stems very long. Ls.
smallest with three lobes, on longish foot-stalks, often purple
beneath, i^/. solitary, on simple, axillary stalks, purple ; palate
yellow, downy ; spur as long as the cal. pale. Caps, bursting
at the top. Seeds wrinkled.
The trailing branches of this elegant plant variously interwoven

form a thick and beautiful kind of tapestry on old walls.
FL sometimes white.

A. spurium, Round-leaved Fluellin^ or Sn, Leaves
roundish-egg-shaped, downy, chiefly alternate. Stems
trailing, hairy. E. B. 691. C. 3. 37. Veronica
fcemina. G. E. 625.

Cornfields. Cowley. Southleigh. Sh. Between St. Clement's

and Cowley Marsh. Between Bullingdon Green, and Shotover

Hill. Bx.
An. July,
Ls. on short foot-stalks, broad, (roundish,) pointed, hairy, mostly

entire. Fl.-stalks axillary, solitary, hairy, single-flowered. Cal.

segments egg-shaped, pointed. Cor. spur curved back ; the

upper lip violet, the lower yellow. Liower fruit-stalks generally

shorter, upper ones, longer than the k.

FL of this sometimes monstrous, as in Antir. Linaria, var. Pelo-
ria. Seeds of Ant. spurium, and of An. Elatine beautifully covered
with net-work. Bic.

A. Elatine. Sharp-pointed Fluellin^ or Sn. Leaves
chiefly halberd-shaped, alternate ; lowermost egg-
shaped, opposite. Stems trailing, hairy. E. B. 692.
C. 1. 46. Elatine altera. G. E. 625.

Cornfields, on gravel or chalk. Sm. Headington. Southleigh.

Sb. Between St. Clement's and Cowley Marsh. Between

Bullingdon Green and Shotover Hill. Bx.
An. July.
Stems and general habit resembling Ant. spurium. Cal. segments

approacliing to spear-shaped. Cor. yellow, upper lip violet.

Fl. occasionally regular, five-cleft, as in Ant. Peloria.

A quaint case, quoted by Gerarde from Lobel, where this plant
proved eminently successful in saving an ulcerated nose, con-
demned to be cut off with one consent by divers eminent physi-
cians and surgeons. Plant astringent.

* * Leaves narrower. Stems upright.

A. repens. Creeping, Sweet-scented, Pale-blue Toad-
Jlax. Leaves linear, glaucous, scattered ; partly

N

178 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. Antirrhinum.

whorled. Stem panicled. Calyx smooth, the length
of the spur. E. B. 1253.

Chalky banks. Between Ewelme and Swincombe. Sb. Shooter's
Hill. Pangbourn, Berks. R. W. In a clay pit, near a lane,
leading off the Theale road, Berks, to Mr. Wilder' s, Purley.
R. W. On a chalk hill, Henley. Dillen. and ^m.

Per. July.

Stems numerous, erect, branched. Herbage smooth, glaucous.
Ls. entire, stalkless, narrow. Ft. in terminal spikes. Fl.-stem
stiff, upright. Fl. in some states of the atmosphere, fragrant.
Cor. spur, and lower lip whitish, upper lip, and tube striped
with greyish blue. Spur conical, shorter than the fl.-stalk.
A var. has been found near Southampton, with fl. like those of

Ant. Lin aria, var. Peloria.

A. LmdriaJ Common Yellow T, Leaves linear-spear-
shaped, crowded. Stem erect. Spikes terminal.
Flowers tiled. Calyx smooth, shorter than the spur.
E. B. 658. C. 1. 47 « Linaria lutea vulgaris. G.

E. 550.

Hedges, borders of fields on gravel. * Sm. Stanton Harcourt.
Southleigh. Dorchester. Sb. Near Summer Town. Near
Stonesfield. -S.r.

Per. August.

Stems erect, two f., leafy, scarcely branched. Ls. entire, spread-
ing, little glaucous. Spike erect, many-flowered. Bract, spear-
shaped. Cor. large, bright yellow, handsome, masqued, with
downy, orange coloured mouth. Spur awl-shaped, five times as
long as the cal.
A deformed var, found with regular, tubular blossoms, mouth

closed and pursed up, five equal stamens, with two to five spurs,

termed Peloria. E. B. 260. C. 6. 41. §. : its roots planted in a

barren soil, return to Ant. Linaria, but the seeds of Peloria sown

in a rich soil preserve the monstrous appearance of the var. fVilld.

Other species of Ant. liable to the transformation.

Ls. in infusion diuretic, purgative : in ointment with lard, mixed

with the yolk of an egg for pain in haemorrhoids. The expressed

juice mixed with milk, poison to flies.

A small glass of the distilled w^ater, with a drachm of the bark

of Sambucus 'Ebulus in powder, powerfully diuretic in dropsical

cases. C.

A. minus. Least Sn. Leaves spear-shaped, blunt,
downy, mostly alternate. Stem much branched, spread-
ing. Calyx longer than the spur. E. B. 2014. C.
5. 41. A minimum repens. G. E. 549.

' From the leaves resembling linum, flax ,

DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. Scrophularia. 179

Sandy fields. Southleigh. Stanton Harcourt. Sh. Between St.
Clement's, and Cowley Marsh. Between Bullingdon Green,
and the Asylum. Bx.

An. June.

Root small, zigzag. Stem various in height, leafy. Ls. clammy.
Fl.-stalks numerous, axillary, solitary, simple, somewhat longer
than the Is, Fl. small, inconspicuous, purplish, under lip white,
three -cleft, palate yellow. Cal. segments unequal, battledore-
shaped, with prominent, clammy hairs. Caps, egg-shaped,
blunt. Seeds curiously furrowed.

* * * Corolla without a prominent spur.

A. majus. Great Sn, Corolla with a rounded promi-
nence at the base. Flowers in a dense cluster. Leaves
spear-shaped. Segments of the calyx, egg-shaped,
blunt. E. B. 129. An. purpureum, sive album.

G. E. 549.

Old walls. Sb. New College Lane. Jesus College Walls, &c.
R. W.

Bien. July.

Stems short, spreading, rod-like, leafy, Fl.-stems twelve to
eighteen inches, smooth below, hairy, and clammy above. Fl,
stalks, short, with a concave bract, at their base, and sometimes
a pair of narrow-spear-shaped bract, close to the cal. Cal.-ls.,
brown and clammy on the outside. Cor. rose-coloured, some-
times white ; a large, yellow spot on the protuberant part of the
under lip.

A deep crimson var. in gardens. Ls. dark-green, smooth, entire,
on short foot-stalks, alternate ; branch-Is. opposite.
The plant continues to live long enough to produce flowers, only

in dry situations. Dioscorides reports two wondrous properties

of Antirrhinum, the latter of importance, even in the present day ;

that, hanged about a person, it preserves him from witchery, and

that it maketh a man gracious in the sight of people ! G. E.

SCROPHULA'RIA.^ Fig-wort.

S. nodosa. Knotty-rooted F, Leaves imperfectly heart-
shaped, acute; three-nerved at the base. Stem four-
cornered. Root tuberous. E. B. 1544. S. major.

G. E. 716.

Hedges, woods, thickets.

Per. July.

Root thick, beset with small knobs. Stem two to three f , upright,
simple, leafy. Ls. upper ones nearly stalkless, spear-shaped,
lower ones opposite, stalked, saw-toothed, shining, dark-green

* From supposed virtues of the plant in scrophula.

N 2

180 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. Digitalis.

above; paler beneath. Fl. -stalks axillary, terminal, forked)
each with a pair of spear-shaped bract, ; all together forming a
compound, upright panicle. Cor. dull-green, with a livid, pur-
ple lip. Blossom-tube filled at the base with a honey-like liquor,
whence the delight of wasps : as also Scr. aquatica.
An ointment with the root, formerly used in piles, and scrophula.
Scabby swine washed with a decoction of the Is. Infusion of the
plant sudorific. Plant hung about the neck, or carried about one,
supposed to keep a man in health, as, according to Old Gerarde's
remark, " divers do rashly teach." G. E.

Bruised plant fetid, like elder. The knotty form of the root
might suggest the notion of its use in glandular, and scrophulous
swellings, agreeably to the doctrine of Signatures. See Saxifraga
granulata.

/3. Paler-flowered variety of Bobart, at Cumnor, near Oxford.

S. aquatica. IVater F, Water Betony, Leaves
heart- egg-shaped, bluntish, on foot-stalks running down
the stem. Stem winged. Root fibrous. E. B. 854.

C. 5. 44. Betonica aquatica. G. E. 715.

Watery places ^ margins of pools y and rivers, wet meadows.

Per. July.

Stem upright, nearly simple, three or four f., square, smooth, leafy.
Ls, opposite, stalked, egg-oblong, heart-shaped at the base, saw-
toothed. Fl. in small, forked panicles, oppositely compounded
into a long, leafless, bracteated bunch. Cor. tube greenish, in-
flated, its larger lip, dark, dull blood-colour.
Planted with advantage near bee-hives. Bruised herb fetid : in

poultice for scrophulous, and cancerous sores. A beautiful plant

when variegated. C.

DIGITA'LIS/ Fox-glove.'

D. purpurea. Purple F, Segments of the calyx egg-
shaped, acute. Corolla blunt ; its upper lobe scarcely
cloven. Leaves downy. E. B. 1297- C. 1. 48.
G. E 790.

Pastures, hedges, banks, on gravel, or sand. Sm,. * Stokenchurch.
Between Nettlebed and Henley. Sb. Copse just above Childs-
well Farm. Bjc. Mixbury. Mr. Roundell Palmer, Trin.
Coll. Oxford.

Bien. July.

Stem upright, wand-like, leafy, three or four f. Ls. alternate, egg-
shaped, or elliptic-oblong, notched, rugged, veiny, root-ones
largest. L. -stalks half embracing the stem. Spike terminal,

1 From its resemblance to a thimble. Beckman.

^ From the name of a German botanist, &c. or from the Anglo-Saxon,
foxes-glofe. See Benson's Anglo-Saxon Vocabularium.

DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. Orobanche. 181

erect, simple, of numerous, large, drooping/*, each with a short
stalk, and bract. Cor. one inch and a half, bell-shaped, purplish
crimson, beautifully speckled with eye-like spots inside ; margin
slightly lobed. Stam. bent. Caps, egg-shaped, sharp-pointed.
A direct sedative ; to be used with caution. Infusion, Tincture,
or Powder. Mat. Medica. Important for alleviating the distress-
ing symptoms of hydrothorax, or water on the chest. Combined
with squill and blue pill, it enables the patient to hold out a consi-
derable time. See the valuable Treatises on Digitalis^ of Drs.
Withering, and Hamilton.

Var. with milk-white y?. in our gardens.
A stately, and elegant plant.

LIMOSELLA/ Mud-wort.

L. aqudtica. Common M, Leaves spear-shaped, or battle-
dore-shaped ? Foot-stalks twice as long as the flower-
stalks. E. B. 357. H. L. 62.

Muddy spots, where water has stagnated during winter. * Binsey
Common. Noke. Sb. Port Meadow. Cowley Marsh. Bx.

An. July.

A diminutive plant escaping the notice of all but the scrutinizing

observer.

Stem prostrate, or root with naked runners. Ls. root-ones smooth,
entire. Fl, solitary, from the root, small. Fl, -stalks simple, as
the fruit ripens, bent in. Cal. segments sharp. Cor, without,
whitish ; inside, red. Caps, globular, grooved in its upper side.
Stam. four, two a little higher.

OROBANCHE.^ Broom-rape.

* Bracteas solitary.

{O major. Great Br. Stem simple. Corolla inflated ;
upper lip slightly notched ; lower with acute, nearly-
equal segments. Stamens quite smooth in the lower
part. Style downy. E. B. 421. C. 4. 44. Rapum
genistse, sive Orobanche. G. E. 1311. ?

Bushy places on gravelly soil, on the roots of broom, or furze. Sm,
Allesley, Bickenhill, Leek Wootten, Warwickshire. Bree, Pn.
Flora.

Per. June, July,

* From limus, mud.

2 i. e. Strangle tare, Gr. Orobon anchei. The Orobanches are not altoge-
ther parasitical ; they acquire sustenance, and stability, not only from the
foster-plant, but also from the soil, by their root-fibres: their taste is acrid,
and astringent. Rev. Dr. Sutton. Mich§li mentions that the Orobanche is
proscribed by public edict in Tuscany, on account of its choking the neigh-
bouring plants. Curtis.

182 DIDYNAMLA ANGIOSPERMIA. Orobanche.

Stem twelve to eighteen inches, simple, erect, succulent, with scatter-
ed, upright, spear-shaped, leafy scales ; its base bulbous-formed,
and more scaly. Fl. stalkless, spike terminal, rather close-set,
upright. Cor. dull, purplish yellow, soon turning brown, and
withered. Bract, solitary, spear-shaped, mostly shorter than
the fl. Cal.-segments spear-shaped, acute. Stam, rather shorter
than the tube. Stig. of two, yellow, separate globules.

O. eldtior. Tall Br, Stem simple. Corolla funnel-
shaped ; lower lip with acute, nearly equal segments.
Stamens downy. Styles smooth. E. B. 5QS, O.

major, of Sb. 191."

Never on the roots of hroom^ or furze. * Rev. Dr. Sutton. Fields
near the road between Oxford and Woodstock, left hand, near
the half-mile trees. Bx. Mr. Baxter gathered a specimen
with a spike of sixty-five flowers. Near the Parks. Stanton
Harcourt. Henley. ^S'^.

Per. July, August,

This species first well distinguished from Orob. major, by the Rev.

Dr. Sutton, in Linn. Trans. : as common as Orob. major, in some

counties.

Discrim. from O. major as taller, more of a yellowish colour, the
spike of fl. much longer, more numerous, sometimes above one
hundred. Cor. less inflated, border much curled, and fringed.
Stam. downy on the inside from the bottom upwards for half
their length, but smooth in the upper part. Stig. inversely
heart-shaped. Cal.-ls. united at the base before.

O. minor. Less Br, Stem simple. Corolla nearly
cylindrical ; lower lip with curled segments, the middle
one largest and lobed. Stamens fringed. Style smooth.
E. B. 422.

Clover fields. In a clover field (Trifolium pratense,) near Buck-
land, Berks. Dr. Williams, Professor of Botany, O.vford.
Woods about Ewelme. The Rev. Dr. Lloyd, late Bishop of
Oxford. Bx. Above Headington Wick Copse. R. W. 1832.

An July, August.

Smaller than Orob. major, more purplish. Stem more inclined to
be zigzag. Bract, solitary. Stam. in the lower part, fringed
with projecting hairs. Stig. purple.

» Dr. Williams, Prof. Bot. Oxford.

TETRADYNAMIA SILICULOSA. Lepiclium. 183

Class XV. TETRADYNAMIA. Starnens 6.
Order L SILICUL OS A. Pistil 1 .

DRABA. Whitlow-grass.

D. verna. Common Whitlow -grass. Stalks imme-
diately from the root, naked. Petals deeply cloven.
Leaves spear-shaped, somewhat notched, hairy. E. B.

6^&. C. 1. 49. Paronychia vulgaris. G. E. 624.

Walls, hanks, dry, waste ground.
An. March.

Fl.-stalks two or three inches, erect, simple, leafless. Fl. white,
small, in a corymb of many^., soon lengthened into a some-
what zigzag raceme. Pouch elliptical, smooth, crowned with
the permanent, stalkless stig. Ls. flat on the ground, in a circle
round the root ; hairs simple, and forked also.
This unattractive plant, with its small, starry blossoms is viewed
with pleasure from its early appearance : somewhat pungent, said
to be good as a salad. Stalk and fl. drooping in the night, and in
rainy weather. The true Whitlow-grass is not easily ascertained.

CAMELrNA. Gold of Pleasure.^

* C. sativa. Common G, Pouches inversely egg-
shaped, margined, style simple. Leaves spear-arrow-
shaped. Alyssum sativum. E. B. 1254. Myagrum.
G. E. 273.

Cultivated fields. * Third field past Joe PuUen's tree, to Heading-
ton Hill. R. W. 1832.

An. J?me, July.

Plant two f. or more ; more or less panicled above. Fl. small,
pale yellow. Seed-pouches pear-shaped, large, on long foot-
stalks, tipped with the styles, which are, according to Smith,
commonly longer than represented in E. J5.

LEPrDIUM. Pepper-wort.

L. campestre. Common Mithridate P. Pouch scaly,
with glandular dots, notched ; bordered at the summit.
Style very short. Stem-leaves arrow-shaped, toothed.
Thlaspi campestre. E. B. 1385. C. 5, 45. Sb.
199. /3. G. E. 262. T. vulgat.

Cultivated fields. Southleigh. Stanton Harcourt. Sh. Between

Bullingdon Green, and Shotover Hill. Bx.
An. June.

• A pompous name not at all applicable to this homely species.

184 TETRADYNAMIA SILICULOSA. Teesdalia.

Whole plant more or less hoary. Stem erect, about one f.,
branched above, leafy. Ls. lower spear-inversely-egg-shaped,
stem-Is. clasping the stem. KL small, white, in small corymbs,
soon lengthening into very long spikes. Pet, battledore-shaped,
scarcely longer than the cal. Pouch roundish, protuberant.

f^ar. with smooth Is,

(L. ruder die. Narrow-leaved P. E. B. 1595. Thlaspi
minus. G. E. 262. Almost every where about
Bristol, Gloucestershire. Tur,) See Appendix,

(^Hutchinsia petrcea. Rock H, H. L. 31. Lep. petrseum.
E. B. 111. St. Vincent's Rocks, Gloucestershire.
Mr. Sandys, Pembroke Coll. Oxford.)

(TEESDAXIA.^ Teesdalia.

T. nudicauUs. Naked -stalked, or Irregular T. Petals
unequal. Iberis nudicaulis. E. B. 327- C. 6. 42.
Bursa pastoria minima. G. E. 276.

Dry^ harreuy gravelly fields.^ * Pond bank, near Tubney, Berks. Y.

Coleshill Heath, Warwickshire. Purt, Fl.
An. May.
Ls. lyre-shaped. Fl. minute, white.)

THLASPI/ Shepherd's Purse. Mithridate Mustard.

T. arvense. Mithridate Mustard, or Penny Cress.

Pouch flat and round, shorter than its stalk. Leaves

smooth, oblong, toothed. Stem erect. E. B. 1659.

C. 6. 43. T. Dioscoridis. G. E. 262.
Cultivated, or waste ground. Near Stow Wood. Stanton Harcourt.

Southleigh. Sb. Broughton-Pogges. Dr. Goodenough. Field

near Cowley Gate, &c.
An. June,
Plant smooth. Stem erect, about one f., leafy, branched in the

upper part. Ls. alternate, arrow-shaped, and clasping the stem

at their base. Fl. many, extremely small, white. Pouch very

large, erect, borders very broad, figure almost circular : the

short style in a notch on the top.

The seeds, an ingredient formerly in the Mithridate confection.
Taste pungent: flavour of plant like garlick: gives a taste to the
milk of cows which feed on it. Seeds abound with oil, formerly
in use for rheumatism.

» After Mr. Robert Teesdale, F.L.S. ob, 1804.

2 From Gr. thlaoy to break, because the fruit is in form rugged, and, as it
were, broken.

TETR ADYNAMIA SILICULOSA. Cochlearia. 185

T. perfolidtum. Perfoliate Shepherd^s Purse. Pouch
inversely heart-shaped. Stem-leaves heart-shaped,
rather sharp at the base, clasping the branched stem.
Style very short. E. B. 2354. H. L. 46. T. rotun-
difoHum. G. E. 266.

Limestone pastures. * * Old stone quarries between Burford
and Witney ; Burford Downs. Sb., and Hooker. 1818.

An. April.

Stem in a rich soil branched from the bottom ; four to six inches,
spreading:, smooth, leafy. Ls. glaucous, smooth, slightly
toothed : root-Is. stalked, egg-shaped, blunt ; the rest alternate.
Fl. white, small, not much longer than the caL, heads close,
corymbose, gradually lengthened into long clusters of seed-
vessels. Pouch crowned with the stig. CaL purplish.

T. Bursa Pastoris, Common Shepherd^ s Purse. ^
Hairy. Pouch inversely heart-shaped, not bordered,
somewhat triangular. Root leaves wing-cleft. E. B.
1485. C. 1. 50. Bursa Pastoris. G. E. 276.

Capsella genus, of DC.

Waste, and cultivated ground, way sides.

An. April.

Root branched. Stem variable in height, branched, leafy. Fl. on
branches, a corymb, and at length shooting into a spike-like
bunch, small, white. Ls. root-Is, spreading, generally sharply
toothed : stem-Is. oblong, stalkless, stem clasping, their base
spear-arrow-shaped. Pouch margin scarcely dilated, crowned
with the style. Seeds pendent.
The seeds and young fl. eaten by birds : plant found in almost

every part of the globe. Ls. root-ones sometimes entire. Plant

diseased by a minute, white, parasitic fungus, Uredo Thlaspi.

Taste not pungent.

COCHLEA'RIA. Scurvy-grass. (Horse Radish.)

(C. officinalis. Common So. Gr, Root leaves roundish ;
stem-leaves oblong, stalkless, sinuated. Pouch round.
E. B. 551. H. L. 148. C. rotundifolia. G. E. 401.

Pocks and muddy places by the sea-coast, as also upon high mountains.

Packington, Warwickshire. Tur.
An. May.
Ls. succulent, smooth, shining. Fl. white, in corymbose tufts.

Pouches obscurely veined, style-tipped.)

* C. Armordcia, Horse-radish. Root leaves oblong,
notched ; those of the stem lengthened out, spear-

' From the shape of the pouch.

186 TETRADYNAMIA STLICULOSA. Iberis.

shaped, either cut or entire, stalkless. E. B. 2328.
Raphanus rusticanus. G. E. 241.

Common, as the refuse of gardens. Sides of the Canal, near High

Bridge. Banks of the Isis, near Iffley. Sb.
Per. May.

Root very long, cylindrical, white, strongly pungent, and acrid,
deep-rooted in the ground. Stems two f., erect, branched, leafy.
Ls. root-ones resembling those of a dock, large, long-stalked,
veiny, wing-cleft occasionally. Fl. white, numerous, corym-
bose, at length racemose. Pouch elliptic, compressed, with a
short style, and large stigma. F'ruit seldom perfected.
Root scraped, a condiment at table, anti-scorbutic : its infusion
in cold milk, an excellent cosmetic. In palsy, and dropsy, a
powerful stimulant, as compound spirit, Armor : and infusion com-
pound. Strong infusion of the leaves, or root, emetic. Ls. in in-
fusion dye straw-colour.

SENEBIFRA/ Wart-cress.

S. Coronopus.^ Common TV, Swine' s-cr ess. Pouch
undivided, crested with little sharp points. Style pro-
minent. Leaves vi^ing-cleft, subdivided. Coronopus
Ruellii. E. B. 1660. G. E. 427.

Waste ground, way sides.

An. June.

Stems prostrate, depressed, branched, leafy. Ls. alternate, seg-
ments mostly half- wing-cleft, along their fore-edges; terminat-
ing one linear spear-shaped, entire. F'l. clusters opposite the
Is. corymbose, stalkless, lengthened out as the fruit swells. Cor.
very small, white. Pouch kidney -heart-shaped, crowned with
the short style, large, compared with the fl. Plant somewhat
glaucous, taste mustard-like, acrid.
The ashes an ingredient in Stephens's once too much celebrated

remedy for stone, and gravel.

The whole plant is nauseously acrid and fetid, and must require

much boiling to render it eatable. Sm.

IBFRIS. Candy-tuft.

I. amdra, Bitter G, Stem herbaceous. Leaves spear-
shaped-linear, acute, partly notched. Flowers in oblong
clusters. E. B. 52.

Chalky fields.^* Henley. Nettlebed. Mungewell. Sb. About
Henley and other places in Oxfordshire. Hudson. About
WalUngford, Berks. E. Fl. Between the Asylum and Bul-

* From Senebier, of Geneva, a physiological botanist.
2 Raven's foot.

TETR ADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA. Cardamine. 187

lingdon Green. Between Ipstone and Penley Hangings. Bx.

Goring. Mr. L. Darwall, Trin. Coll. Cambridge.
An. June.
Stems spreading, numerous, each ending; in a raceme of fl. FL

showy, milk-white. Pouch sharply notched at the end.

In gardens among our hardy annuals : smaller than lb. umbel-
lata.

TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA.

(DENTARIA. Coral-wort.

D. hulbifera. Bulb-hearing C, Lower leaves winged ;
upper leaves simple, with a bulb growing in their axils,
(i. e. in the angles formed by the leaf-stalk, and stem.)
E. B. 309. G. E. 984.

Moist woods, rare. Woods at Loudwater, between Beaconsfield,

and High Wycombe. Tur.
Per. Aprily May.
Axillary bulbs, dark purple, scaly, propagating the plant. Root

toothed. FL, rather large, purple.)

CARDA'MINE.^ Ladies'-smock,^ or Cuckoo-Flower.^

* Leaves winged,

C. hirsuta. Hairy L, or G. Leaves winged, without
stipulas ; leaflets stalked, roundish-oblong, notched.
E. B. 49^. C. 4. 48.

Waste and cultivated ground, moist, shady places, Southleigh
Heath. Sh. A weed in garden ground, at Headington
Quarry ; also in several gardens, Warwickshire. Bx.

An. April.

Stem three to twelve inches, erect, branched, leafy, zigzag, with
scattered hairs. Ls. in a circle on the ground, alternate, lower-
most leaflets round, or heart-shaped, the rest oblong, all of them
notched, hairy, with stalks^ opposite or alternate, rarely quite
smooth. Fl. small, white, numerous. Corymb terminal, soon
lengthening into a spike. Stam., two often deficient. Silique
filiform.
As a salad in its early state, tasting like water-cress.

C. pratensis. Meadow L. or G. Leaves winged, with-
out stipulas ; leaflets of the root-ones roundish and

' The i made long by Borrichius. Beckmann.

2 The profusion of the white fl. of the C. pratensis gives the appearance at a
distance of linen bleaching.

3 From the early appearance of the fl. about the time the cuckoo arrives.

188 TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA. Nasturtium.

toothed ; those of the stem-leaves spear-shaped, entire ^
Petals with a tooth upon the claw. E. B. 776. C,
3. 40. Cardamine. G. E. 259.

Meadows, moist pastures.

Per. April.

Root sometimes toothed. Stem about one f., simple, leafy. FL
white, or pale purplish, in a handsome corymb, terminal, length-
ening out.
The dried fl. in dose from half to two drachms, have been

used in epilepsy, probably with little eiFect, from the obstinate

nature of the disease. See Med. Tr. Ls. acrid.

Var.W\\\\ double fl. in gardens; handsome, propagating itself

by the leaflets. Ls. in salad with other herbs.

C. amdra. Bitter L. or C Leaves winged, without
stipulas ; leaflets of the lowermost roundish ; of the
rest toothed or angular. Stem creeping at the hase.
Style obliquely lengthened out. E. B. 1000. C. 3.

39.

Watery places, the sides of rivers and brooks* Near Gosford
Bridge. On the banks of the Thames, about three miles from
Reading. Sh. Side of the Canal between Oxford and Wol-
vercot. The Rev. Dr. Whately, Protestant Archbishop of
Dublin. Side of the Towing-path between High Bridge and
Heyfield's Hut. Bx. Between St. Clement's and Marston.
Banks of the Cherwell. Mr. T, TV. Weaver.

Per. May.

Immediately distinguished by its violet-hued anth. and broad-
toothed angulate leaflets of the upper Is. Fl. large, in a termi-
nal corymb, white or cream-coloured. Ls. much resembling
those of the water-cress : pungent, nauseous, bitter, may be
mixed in salads. The caterpillar of the pretty Pap. Cardamines
feeds on the different species.
Suckers springing, but not always, from the bosom or axil of the

leaves.

NASTURTIUM.^ Cress.

N. officinale. Common Water- Or. Leaves winged ;
leaflets roundish-heart-shaped, wavy. N, aquaticum,
sive Crataeve Sium. G. E. 257. Sisymbrium Nas-
turtium. E. B. 855. C. 6. 44. Sb. 206.

Clear springs, rivulets, ponds.
Per. Sm. June. Bien. Sb.

' Name applied originally to some plant stimulating the nostrils. Plin.
This genus separated from Sisymbrium by BR.: the accumbent cotyledons,
and short, thick swollen pods affording a clear character.

TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA. Nasturtium. 189

Stems spreading, for the most part floating, branched, leafy, strik-
ing root from the under side. Ls. lower ones large, alternate,
somewhat lyre-shaped, terminal leaflet largest. FL white, in a
flattish corymb, at length growing into a spike. Pods shortish,
slender, curved upwards. Fruit-stalks horizontal.
Young Is. warm, pungent, agreeable to the taste : in salad : the
expressed juice with that of brook-lime, and scurvy-grass, anti-scoi-
butic, stomachic : near London regularly cultivated. B. T.

N. syhestre» Creeping Yellow G, Leaves winged ;
leaflets spear-shaped, deeply saw-toothed, or cut ; those
of the uppermost nearly entire. Root creeping*.
Sisymbrium sylvestre. E. B. 23^4. C. 3. 41. Sb.

206. Eruca aquatica. G. E. 248.

Gravelly, wet meadows^ margins of rivers, ditches. Banks of the
Canal beyond High Bridge. Port Meadow. Binsey Common.
Otmoor, Sb.

Per. June.

Stems erect, one f., or more, leafy, T^igzag, furrowed. Ls. alter-
nate, leaflets of the lower ones running down the stem, elliptic-
oblong, deeply cut, or toothed ; those of the upper ones nar-
rower, deeply saw-toothed, or entire. Commori -footstalk chan-
nelled. FL bright yellow, numerous, in clusters, in a kind of
panicle about the stem tops, each, cluster soon lengthening out
greatly, and becoming zigzag. Pods seldom come to perfection,
the plant increasing much by root.

N. terrestre. Annual Yellow C. Leaves wing-cleft,
lyre-shaped, unequally toothed. Root tapering. Petals
scarcely so long as the calyx. Pod curved, swollen.
Sisymbrium terrestre. E. B. 174'7» C. 5. 49. Sb.

207.
Banks of ditches. * Near the Diamond House. Sh. Merton

College Meadow. Near Medley Lock. Otmoor. Bx.
An. June.
Stem about one f., nearly erect, branched, leafy. Ls, alternate or

opposite, lobes confluent, i. e. run in with the mid rib of each 1.

FL racemed, yellow, numerous, small. Fruit-stalks in cylindric

clusters, partial stalks alternate, horizontal, each with a

shortish, swelling pod.

N. amphibium is peren. has pet. larger, pods smaller, style
longer. (JDiscrim.) from N. sylvestre by its wing- cleft Is. minute
pet. and more swollen pods.

N. amphibium. Amphibious Yellow C. Great TVater
Radish. Leaves oblong, spear-shaped, wing-cleft, or
saw-toothed. Roots fibrous. Petals longer than the
calyx. Pod elliptical. Sisymbrium amphibium. E.

190 TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA. Sis/mbrium.

B. 1840. Sb. 207. Raphanus aquaticus. G. E.

240.

Rivers f ditches.
Per. Jul^.

Roots long, perpendicular. Stem crooked at the joints. Ls, root-
ones stalked. F'i. yellow. Stifle lengthened out. Pods short,
small, pointing upwards. Fruit-stalks longer than the pods, at
length bending downwards.

Grows to a great size, with long, floating stems, and comb-like
Is. under water : in dryer situations of a smaller form, and broader
Is. Ends of the general fl. -stalk often swollen into a purplish sub-
stance, cauliflower-like. Ls. variable in form ; those under water
deeply wing-cleft, otherwise deeply saw-toothed.

SISY'MBRIUM. Hedge-mustard.

S. officinale. Common H. Pods pressed close to the
main stalk, awl-shaped, downy. Upper leaves mostly
runcinate, hairy. Stem rough with bristles bent back.
Erysimum officinale. E. B. ^35, C. 5. 50. Sb.
201. E. Dioscoridis Lobelii. G. E. 254.

Waste ground, hy road sides and on hanks.

An. July.

Stem two f. Easily known by its long, spreading branches, set
with numerous, close-pressed seed pods, and terminating in a
small, dense cluster of lemon -coloured fl. Branches widely
spreading, ascending. Ls. lower ones somewhat winged,
upper ones halbert- shaped ? terminal lobe nearly at the end, in
both large, in former Is. rounded, in the upper oblong. Raceme
very long. Fruit-stalks very short.
Infusion of the herb, or seeds, formerly recommended in asthma,

and hoarseness : superseded by better remedies.

S. 'Irio, Broad H, M. London Rocket, Leaves
runcinate, toothed, smooth as well as the stem. Pods
erect. E. B. 1631. C. 5. 48.

Waste ground, hanks, heaps of ruhbish, * * (chiefly about London.^
Under Merton Wall. Rose Lane. Sb. and Bx. (1818.)
Naturalized in the Botanic Garden. Bx. Covered rubbish in
the spring, after the gi^eat fire of London. Sm. E. F.
Morison, in his Prseludia Botan. : seems to argue for its produc-
tion by spontaneous generation, from the fixed and volatile
salts, sulphur, &c.

An. July.

Stem about two f., branched, round. Ls. alternate, wing-cleft,
lobes recurved; lower Is., generally terminated by a long,
halbert-shaped lobe ; upper ones usually simple, spear-shaped,
with one or two teeth towards the base. Fl. small, yellow.

TETRADYNAMIA SIJJQUOSA. Ery'simum. 191

Siliques numerous, long, slender. Fruit-stalks short in compa-
rison with the siliques : seeds protuherating a little through the
valves, giving the appearance of a slightly jointed silique.
Flavour of the plant like mustard.

S. Sophia. Fine-leaved H,, or Flix-weed,^ Leaves
doubly wing-cleft, leaflets linear, a little hairy. Petals
smaller than the calyx. E. B. 963. Sophia Chirur-
gorum. G. E. 1068.

Rubbish, dry banks, waste ground, dunghills.

An. June.

Stem about two f., erect, branched, very leafy. Ls. alternate,
spreading : last segment of leaflets spear-shaped, acute, entire,
terminal ones largest. Fl. very small, pale-yellow. Corymb
soon growing into a very long spike of numerous slender siliques,
parallel to the stalk, which are erect on spreading stalks.
The feathery segments of the Is. not devoid of symmetry. The

pods retain the seeds all winter : food for small birds. Vermifuge.

Strength of gunpowder said to be increased, by adding to it a tenth

of the seeds. Fl. Suec.

BARBARE'A.^ Wmter-cress.

B. vulgaris. Bitter W, Yellow Rocket, Lower leaves
lyre-shaped, the terminal lobe roundish ; upper inversely
egg-shaped, toothed. Barbarea. E. G. 243. Erysi-
mum Barbarea. E. B. 443. Sb. 202.

Moist, waste ground, about hedges, or in marshy meadows.

Per. May,

Stem two or three f., simple, or branched, erect, angular. Ls, all
alternate, deep, shining green, strongly veined, upper Is. stem-
clasping : leaf-rib broad. Fl. in terminal corymbs, soon length-
ening into a spike, numerous, yellow ; cal. also partly coloured.
A winter salad of the young Is.
Var, double fl. in gardens.

ERY'SIMUM.^ Treacles-mustard.

E. cheiranthoides. Worm-seed Tr, Leaves spear-
shaped, obscurely toothed, roughish, with starry, three-

1 Flix-weed, i. e. flux, from its supposed quality in the seeds, (dose one
drachm,) of curing fluxes of the bowels. Formerly called " Sophia Chirurgo-
rum," " the wisdom of surgeons." Ger. observes the Paracelsians do brag
very much of an herbe called Sophia, &c. We must be content to accept of
this for the true Sophia, until some one point out the true one, &c,

2 From St. Barbara.

3 From eruo, Gr. to preserve, on account of its excellent qualities.

** From its entering into the exploded Theriaca, or Venice Treacle.

192 THTRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA. Cheiranthus.

partite hairs. Siliques erect, on horizontal stalks.
Stigma almost stalkless. E. B. 942. Camelina. G.
E. 273.

Turnip fields, gardens, osier holts, hedges. * * Osier Holts, near
Godstow. Southleigh, in the fields adjoining Tar Wood. Sh.
Near Godstow Nunnery. Bx,

An. June.

Stem erect, varying in size, and branching, leafy, angular. Ls.
stalkless, sometimes quite entire. Fl. numerous, small, yellow,
lengthening into a spike-like corymb. Cal. yellowish, erect.

E. Allidria, Garlick Tr. Mustard; Jack by the
Hedge ; or Sauce alone. Leaves heart-shaped,
broadly toothed, stalked. E. B. 796. C. 2. 48.

Alliaria. G. E. 794.

An. April. Bien. Sh.

Stem upright, about one f., or more, leafy, branched slightly in

the upper part. Ls. alternate, deep, shining green, smooth. Fl.

small, white. Siliques erect, spreading, long. Stam. glands

four.

Bruised plant, a strong garlic smell : Is. may be eaten. For-
merly used for seasoning : praised as an outward application in
gangrene, considered as diaphoretic, diuretic : when fowls eat the Is.,
their flavour rendered very rank : boiled, when near its fl. -state,
an excellent green, for food. Seeds bruised provoke sneezing.

CHEIRANTHUS.^ Wall-flower.

Q>. fruticulosus. Wild W, Leaves spear-shaped, acute;
most hoary beneath, with simple, close hairs. Stem
shrubby. Branches angular. Style prominent. E.
B. 1934. Ch. Cheiri. Sb. 202. H. L. ?

Old walls.

Shrubby. May.

Roots and stems somewhat woody : branches green, numerous,
angular, tufted, erect, leafy. Fl. in a corymb, simple cluster,
bright golden ; delightfully fragrant. Ls. crowded, mostly
entire, stalked. Cal. often purplish, or brown. Siliques erect,
hoary.
Var. numerous in gardens.

HE'SPERIS. Dame's-violet.

H. matrondlis. Z>. V. Partial flower-stalks the length
of the calyx. Leaves egg- spear-shaped, toothed.

1 Anthos, a flower, and cheir, a hand, Gr.

TETRAD YNAMIA SILIQUOSA. Arabis. 193

Stem upright, slightly branched. Pods smooth, irre-
gularly swollen, equal-sided, nearly upright. H. ino-
dora. E. B. 731. Viola matronalis. G. E. 46^.

Hilly pastures^ n^ar rivulets, but rare. Fringford. Mr. Roundell
Palmer^ Trinity Coll. Oxford. (Near Cheltenham, on the
Cotswold ridge.) Sm, Frequent in gardens.

Per. May, June.

Somewhat hoary. Fl. terminal, corymbose, pale purple, or white ;
very fragrant in the evening. Sm. Pods without thickened margin.

'ARABIS.' Wall-cress, or Rock-cress.

A. thalidna. Common Wall-cress, Leaves hairy, more
or less toothed ; root-ones somewhat stalked, spear-
oblong. Stamens not much shorter than the petals.
Stem branched. Pods pointing upwards. E. B. 901.
C. 2. 49. Sisymbrium thalianum. of H. Br. Fl.

fValls, dry, sandy ground.

An. April.

Root tapering. Stem solitary, slender, upright, two to ten inches,
branched, leafy. Ls. root-ones close to the ground, the rest
alternate, stalkless, smaller. Fl. white, corymb-stalks small,
growing at length into a lengthened out raceme. Cal. bristly
upw^ards. Honey-bearing glands very minute, at the base of
stams. Siliques slightly curved.
Plant pungent : soon withers away after seeding.

A. hirsuta. Hairy Wall-cress, Leaves toothed and
bristly. Stem rough, with simple spreading hairs.
Pods quite erect, with slightly keeled valves. Turritis
hirsuta. Sb. 204. E. B. 587.

Old walls, stony banks.** Rewley x\bbey. Sb. Helton Park
wall. R. W. Bank on Shotover Hill. B.i.

Per. June.

Root woody. Stems many, one much stronger than the rest, erect,
one f. and a half, leafy, branched. I^s. root-ones inversely egg-
shaped, slender at their base, stem-Is, halbert-spear-shaped,
partly embracing the stem. Fl. small, white, corymb becoming
racemose. Siliq. numerous, in a long spike, beaded as it were
by the projecting seeds, crowned with the almost stalkless
stigma.
By cultivation becomes almost smooth.

A. Turrita, Tower W. Upper leaves toothed, clasp-
ing the stem. Flower-stalks the length of the calyx,
each with a leafy bractea. Pods linear, flat, thick-

' Chiefly of a northern hemisphere.
0

191 TETRADYNAMTA STLTQUOSA. Biassica.

e(l^"ed, curved back in one direction. E. B. I78. H.
L.^176. Turritis major. G. E. Tj^.

Old ivalh. * * Magdalen College Myalls. Sh. and Rev. Mr. White,
Fellow of Magdalen Coll. Chford. April , 1832. It grew formerly
within the Old Quadrangle. R. W.

Bien. May.

Root woody. Stems full one f, simple, upright. Ls. pale green,
root-ones rough, egg-shaped-oblong, lengthened out at the base ;
stem-ones regularly decreasing upwards in size, somewhat saw-
toothed. Fl. pale sulphur, in a leafy spike. Siliq. very long,
at first erect. Fl. -stalks short compared with the siliq.

TURRFTIS. Tower-mustard.

T. glabra. Smooth T, Root leaves toothed, rough ;
the rest entire, clasping the stem, smooth. E. B. 777»
C. 4. 47. Turritis. G. E. ^72.

Banks, road sides, gravelly soil. * * Stow Wood. Sb.

An. June.

Stem straight, smooth, wand-like, two f., or more, leafy, at first
simple. jL*. root ones in a tuft, spear-shaped ; stem-Is. alter-
nate, stalkless, upright, arrow-shaped. Fl. sulphur, numerous,
small, in a corymb, soon becoming a spike. Siliq. long, linear,
opening at the base, approaching the stem, tiled.

BRA'SSICA. Cabbage, Turnip, &c.

B. Napus, Rape, or Cole-seed. Root spindle-shaped.
Leaves smooth ; upper ones spear-shaped, heart-shaped
at their base, clasping the stem ; lower ones lyre-
shaped, toothed, smooth. E. B. 2146. Bunias sylves-
tris, &c. G. E. 235.

Cornfields, waste ground.
Bien. April.

Root forming a kind of trunk above ground. Stem branched, about
two f., spreading, leafy, smooth. Ls. light green, somewhat
glaucous: stem-ones alternate, broader ; stalk-ones stalkless. Fl.
bright yellow. Cal. yellowish, much spreading. Siliq. on slen-
der stalks, spreading, beaded, with an angular point.
Expressed oil from the seeds for the wool-comber : the seed
cake remaining an excellent manure, half a ton to an acre, and for
fattening cattle. According to Martyn, Fl. R. it is the residue of
the lint-cake, (flax-seed c.) w-hich is used for the latter purpose.

B. Rapa, Common Turnip. Root stem-like, fleshy,
round, depressed. Root leaves lyre-shaped, rough ;

• Ana;. Sax.

TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA. Sindpis. 195

those of the stem smooth ; the uppermost entire, or
slightly toothed. E. B. 2176. Rapum majus. G.
E. S82.

Cultivated fields, and their borders.
Bien. April.

Root a continuation of the stem. Stem upright, branched, leafy,
one to three f., and more smooth. Ls. upper stem ones, heart-
shaped, embracing the stem, tapering to a point, somewhat
glaucous : root-ones stalked, deep green. Fl. bright yellow,
numerous, rather large, in terminal corymb, lengthening. Cat.
widely spreading. Siliq. cylindric, veiny, smooth, sub-erect.
Root winter food for cattle, and for the table : rendered sweet
by cultivation. Aperient, flatulent : the fermented juice by distil-
lation becomes an ardent spirit. The roots in a cellar, or in sand,
send out winter sprouts for salad. Introduced into this country as
an agricultural object of extent, by Lord Townsend, in the time of
George the First. Root of extraordinary size occasionally ; viz.
thirty-six pounds, and four turnips together of an hundred weight.
Martyn.

Turnip poultice useful application to broken chilblains. The
Swedish turnip surely a distinct species.

^, campestris. Common JVild Navew\ Root tapering.
Root leaves lyre*shaped, rough ; stem-leaves smooth,
clasping, oblong", partly wing-cleft ; all somewhat glau-
cous. E. B. 2234.

Sides of rivers, marsh ditches. Between Cropredy and Morlington.
Fl. Br.

An. June, July.

Stem slender, erect, branched, leafy, one to two f, 'somewhat glau-
cous, Ls. stern-ones heart-shaped-arrow-shaped at the base,
uppermost entire, tapering to a point. FL yellow, pet. roundish
in the Umb. Siliq. upright, cylindric, or obscurely four-cornered,
veiny. Seeds slightly project. Beak awl-shaped, slightly
furrowed, square at the base.

Var.fl. white.

SINATIS." Mustard.

S. arvensis. JVild M. Charlock,^ SiHques with
many angles, swollen, rugged, much longer than their
own awUshaped beak. Leaves toothed; partly lyre-

i Naveau, Fr,

2 Seque lacessenti fletiun factura sinapis. Columella.

3 Cerlice, Ang. Sax.

o 2

196 TETR ADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA. Sinapis.

shaped, or halbert-shaped. E. B. 1748. C. 5. 47-
Rapi strum arvorum. G. E. 233.

Cornjieids.

An. June.

Root tapering, stiff. Stem one to two f., more or less branched,
slightly furrowed, leafy, rough. Ls. harsh, stalked ; upper ones
stalkless. Cal.-leaves linear, pale green. Cor. bright yellow,
rather large. Pet. always yellow, veinless. Siliq. about eight -
angled.
Seed mixed with, or instead of mustard. Annoying weed in the

cornfields, of course, to be weeded early before seeding. Seed

will vegetate after having lain many years deep in the ground.

Young plant may be boiled and eaten.

S. alba, JVIdte M, Pods bristly, rugged, spreading,
shorter than their own broad and long sword-shaped
beak. Leaves lyre-shaped. E. B. 1677. C. 5. 46.
Sinapi album. G. E. 244.

Cultivated^ and waste ground.
An. Ju7ie.

Root small, tapering. Stem one to one ft. and a half, branched,
leafy, slightly furrowed, rough. Ls. rough, jagged, toothed,
lowest deeply wing-cleft, terminating segment very broad. 6a/.-
Is. linear, green, horizontal. Cor. yellow, claws long, rather
large. Fr.-stalks long, ascending. Seeds globose, yellow. Pod
beak rough.

Young herb in salad, with cresses, Lepid. sativum. Seeds culi-
nary, medicinal. See Cullen, ^-c.

S. nigra. Common M, Siliques four-cornered, smooth,
slightly beaked, close-pressed to the stalk. Lower
leaves lyre-shaped, wing-cleft ; upper linear-spear-
shaped. E. B. 969. Sinapi sativum pr. G. E. 244.

Fields^ waste ground.
An. July.

Root small. Stem three to four f., upright, much branched, spread-
ing, smooth, leafy. Ls. lower, lobed and toothed, rough ; Is. of
the smaller branches hanging down. Fl. many, bright yellow.
Cal. somewhat yellow. Seeds round, smooth, brown. FL-
stalk short.

Useful stimulant in cookery, and in medicine ; its continued use
not to be recommended. Powdered seeds, the common mustard
for the table. Yield an oil not of much acrimony. A table
spoonful of tJie whole seeds aperient : powdered, curdle milk,
bruised infused seeds emetic ; in cataplasm, as a stimulant applied
to the soles of the feet, in sinking stage of fever : topically, in rheu-
matic pains. Ls. in spring may be boiled, and eaten. JSee
Cullens Mat. Med.

MONADELPHIA PENTANDRIA. Eroclium. 107

RATHANUS. Kadish/

R. Raphanistrum. Wild R. Jointed Charlock. Pods
jointed, slightly furrowed, of one spongy cell. Leaves
stalked, lyre-shaped. E. B. 856. C. 4. 46. R.
sylvestris. G. E. 240.

Cornjieldsy troublesome.

An. June.

Root spindle-shaped. Stem one to two f., branching, glaucous,

bristly, leafy. Ls. toothed, rough, uppermost simple, oblong.

FL large, lemon, white, or violet-coloured, streaked with veins,

which become dark-purple as the fl. advances in age. Cal.

slender, bristly upwards. Siliq. erect, tapering, beaked, smooth,

joints falling off separately.

Linnaeus supposed the seeds eaten in bread to produce Raphania,
a convulsive disease. Taste of the plant acrid. Were the f=^eeds
dangerous, they would make great ravages eaten elsewhere : this
is not the case.

Class XVI. MONADELPHIA.

Filaments combined in one set.
Order L PENTANDRIA. Stamens 5.

ERO'DIUM.^ StorkVbill.3

E. cicutdrium. Hemlock St. Stems trailing, hairy.
Stalks many-flowered. Leaves winged ; leaflets stalk-
less, wing-cleft, sharply cut. Stamens simple. E. B.
1768. Geranium cicutarium. C. 1. 51. G. cicutse
folio inodorum. G. E. 945. y. Erodium pimpinellsB
fohum. Sb. 211.

Waste ground, y. Fields, Headington Hill. Cowley. Sb. Head-
ington. R. W.

An. May, June.

Stems mostly branched, leafy. Ls. alternate towards the root,
often opposite near the extremity of each branch : leaflets
mostly alternate, hairy. Stip. in pairs, acute, egg-shaped, mem-
branous. Fl. opposite to the Is. or axillary, lengthened out,
umbellated, rose-coloured ; pet. inversely egg-shaped. Plant
not inodorous.
Appendages of the seeds in Erod. cicutarium, and Erod. Mos-

' Raedic, Ang. Sax.

2 Erodios, Gr. a heron. H.

3 Beaks twisted like a cork-screw, bearded within. Abbot.

198 MONADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Geranium.

Ghatiim contract into a spiral form when dry, and straighten
themselves when moist : its different movements may be seen
by alternately moistening and drying them, on a white plate
before the fire.

Var. y. the Erod. pimpinellsefolium of Sb. has two or three of
its pet. marked with a green depression near the base : a variable
mark.

* E. moschatum. Musky St, Stems depressed, hairy.
Stalks many-flowered. Leaves winged ; leaflets nearly
stalkless, elliptical, nnequally cut. Perfect stamens
toothed at the base. E. B. 902. Geranium moscha-

tum. G. E. 941.

Mountainous pastures. On Shotover Hill, near Oxford. Good-
enough, Bishop of Carlisle, in E. Fl. From some garden pro-
bably : found in gardens, in, and near Oxford, occasionally. R.W.

An. June, July.

Strong musky smell. Plant very like Erod. cicutarium, more
hairy. Ls. broader. Fl. smaller, more numerous, in a roundish
head. Stems swollen, and crooked at the joints. Ls. leafl.
terminating one three-cleft.

MONADELPHIA DECANDRIA.

GER A 'NIUM. Crane's-bill.

G. pratense. Blue Meadow Cr. Stalks two-flowered.
Leaves in about seven deep segments, sharply wing-
cleft and saw-toothed. Capsules hairy all over. Sta-
mens smooth, much dilated at the base. E. B. 404.
C. 4. 49. G. batrachoides. G. E. 942.

Rich, moistish pastures, thickets. St. Clement's. Marston. Soutli-
leigh. Sb. Mr. Morrell's meadow, Headington Hill. R. W.
(Meadows near the Devil's Backbone, going to South Hinksey.)
Ditch side between the Diamond House, and Woodstock Road,
&c. Sx.

Per. June.

Stems two f. or more, erect, round, red and swollen at the base,
branched above in a forked manner, with a 1. or two at each sub-
division, with one or two pairs of brown, spear-shaped stip. Ls.
root-ones on long foot-stalks. Fl.-stalks long with four bract, at
their division. Pet. very large, inversely egg-shaped, veiny,
fine blue. Cal. awned, drooping and closed after flowering.
Style longer than the stam..

Discrim. Ls. in G. sylvaticum much less deeply cut. Its large
purple^, and many and deeply divided Is.

MONADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Geranium. 11)1)

Var. Fl. white.

G. robertidnum. Stinking Cr, Herb Robert, Stalks
two-flowered. Leaves three, and five-cleft, thrice-
wing'-cleft, somewhat pedate (bird-footed,) outline five-
angled. Calyx with ten angles. Capsules wrinkled,
simply keeled. E. B. I486. C. 1. 52. G E. 939

Waste groundy ivalls, hanks, hedges.
An. June.

Stems spreading, round, red, especially in exposed situations, and
in autumn with the Is. Ls. opposite, long-stalked, in threes,
exterior leafl. running one into the other at the base. Fl. on
long;, cloven, axillary, and terminal stalks. Partial 1. -stalks
short. Cal. hairy. Pet. purple, undivided, a hand-shaped
white mark at the base. Herb rank smelling, fleshy.
Astringent : smell of the bruised Is. to drive away bugs : infu-
sion for cattle in hsematuria. Perhaps recommended by the
doctrine oi signatures from its red Is.

G. lucidum. Shining Cr, Stalks two-flowered. Leaves
five-lobed, roundish. Calyx bellying-pyramidal, trans-
versely wrinkled. Capsules wrinkled, thrice-keeled.
E. B. 75. H. L. 32. G. saxatile. G. E. 938.

descr. n, 3.

Walls, shady places.

An. June.

Stems branched in a spreading manner, swelling at the joints,

glossy, succulent, often red. Ls. opposite, shining, stalks long,

lobes three-cleft, blunt. FL rose-red, small.

An elegant and delicate plant.

G. molle, Dove's-foot Cr, Stalks two-flowered, alter-
nate, opposite the leaves, which are rounded, or kidney-
shaped, many-lobed, notched, and downy. Capsules
numerously wrinkled, smooth. Seeds without dots.
Ev B. 778. C. 2. 50. G. columbinum. G. E.
938.

Meadows, 'pastures, way sides.

An. May.

Stems spreading or trailing, reddish, hairs expanding horizontally.

Ls. roundish, lobed, segments broadish. Fl.-stalks solitary.

Fl. erect, larger than those of G. pusillum. Pet. cloven. Stip.

two-partite. " Smell musky."
Var. Fl. white.
Discrim. In G. rotundifolium the seeds are dotted, and pet.

entire.

G. pusillum. Small-flowered Cr, Stalks two-flowered.

2(>0 MONADELPHIA DEC!ANDRIA. Geranium.

Leaves kidney- shaped, hand-shaped, cut, downy. Cap-
sules keeled, even, clothed with erect hairs. Seeds
without dots. Anthers only five. E. B. 385. G.
parvifloruiTL. C, 6. 86. Sb. 213.

Gravelly fields, waste ground.

An. June.

Stems trailing when unsupported, branched, variable in luxuriance.
Ls. mostly linear, sharp segments. Fl. small, pale purple.
Cal. awnless.

Discrim. From G. molle, by its even, downy seed-coat : from
G. rotundifolium, by the downiness of that part being close-
pressed, pointing upwards, and by its smooth seeds : the pet.
scarcely exceed the calyXy not so deeply cloven as those of
G. molle.

G. pyrendicum. Perennial Dove^s-foot Gr, Stalks
two-flowered. Petals twice the length of the calyx.
Leaves kidney-shaped, lobed. Capsules keeled, even,
somewhat downy. Seeds without dots. E. B. 405.
C. 3. 42.

Meadows, pastures.

Per. June.

Stems erect, two or three f., branches spreading, hairy. Pet.

deeply cloven, lobes roundish. Fl.-stalks axillary. FL pretty

large, bluish purple.
Discrim. From G. molle, by the seed-cases, being even, not

wrinkled. Fl. much larger,
Var. FL white.

G. rotundifolium. Soft Round-leaved Or, Stalks two-
flowered. Petals entire. Leaves kidney-shaped, cut,
downy. Capsules even, hairy. Seeds veined like net-
work. E. B. 157.

Waste ground, barren pastures, walls, banks.

An. June.

Stems straggling, downy. Ls. downy, somewhat pale, roundish.

FL small, rose-coloured. Cal. awned.
Discrim,. Seeds dotted, petals entire, rounded.

G. dissectum. Jagged-leaved Gr. Stalks two-flowered.

Petals cloven. Leaves in five, deep, jagged segments,

nearly to the base of the foot -stalk. Capsules hairy.

Seeds veined like net- work. E. B. 7'53. C. 6. 45.

G. columbinum majus, dissectis foliis. G. E. 938.
Gravelly, waste ground, hedges, fallow fields.
An. June.
/S^em branched, straggling. Ls. lobes narrow. i^/.-*jJa//^6" axillary,

short. Cal. pointed. Pet. pale-crimson, notched.

MONADELPHTA POLYANDRIA. Malva. 201

G. columhinum, Long-atalked Cr, Stalks two -flowered,
thrice as long as the leaves, which are in five, very deep,
jagged segments. Capsules quite even and smooth,

Seeds veined like net- work. E. B. 259.

Fields, dry banks, on a gravelly, or limestone soil. Sm. Cowley.
Between Witney and Burford. Sb. (North Hinksey.) Rev,
Mr. Round, Balliol College, Oxford. Near Headington Wick
Copse. Field near the path, between Tagg's Farm, and Forest
Hill. R. W.

An, July.

Plant slender, hs, segments linear. Fl. delicate, pale purple.
Antli. blue. Seeds with minute dots.

Discrim. Its long (1. -stalks, large, five-angled cal. awned ; hairs of
the stem and stalk point downwards, the rest upwards.

MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA.

MALVA. Mallow.

M. sylvestris. Common M. Stem upright, herba-
ceous. Leaves with about seven acute lobes. Foot-
stalks and flower-stalks hairy. E. B. 67I. C. 2. 5L
G. E. 930.

Hedges, road sides.

Per. June.

Stem much branched, spreading, round. Ls. alternate, somewhat
heart-shaped, saw-toothed, plaited. Cor. pet. inversely heart-
shaped, longer than the cal. rose-coloured, veined with deeper
purple than in the next, shining.

Discrim. From M. rotundifolia, by its upright, bushy stem, and
large purple fl.
Mucilaginous, emollient, but less so than the Althaea officinalis

(Marsh Mallow.) Fibres of mallows beautiful, finer than camel's

hair.

M. rotundifolia. Dwarf M. Stems trailing. Leaves
roundish-heart-shaped, about five-lobed bluntly. Stalks
when in fruit bent downwards. E. B. 1092. C. 3.
43. M. sylvestris pumila. G. E. 930.

Waste ground, way sides in towns or villages.

Per. June.

Stems short, straddling, not much branched. Ls. notched, plaited,

slightly lobed : foot-stalks very long, hairy. Fl. on shorter

stalks, axillary. Cor. twice the length of cal, notched, pale

purple, or lilac, smaller than in M. sylvestris.

Mucilaginous, emollient.

202 DIADELPHIA HEXANDRIA. Fuiiiaria.

M. moschata. Musk M. Root leaves kidney-shaped,
cut ; the rest in five, deep, wing-cleft, jagged segments.
Calyx hairy ; its outer leaves linear-spear-shaped. E.
B. 754. C. 4. 50.

Grassy borders of fields, way sides, 07i gravelly soil. Sm. * Culham
Heath. Southleigh. Between Witney and Burford. Sb,
Headington. 3frs. Lorina Walker. N.E. corner of Cowley
Marsh, &c. Bx. Mixbury, and Finmere. R. Pr.

Per. June.

Stems about two f. round. Ls. root- ones on long stalks : stem-Is. on
shorter stalks. FL axillary, on long stalks, large, rose-coloured.
Pet. abruptly jagged.
A beautiful plant during the hot months diffusing a musky

odour.

Var. White ^. in gardens.

Class XVII. DIADELPHIA. Filaments
combined in two sets.

Order L HEXANDRIA. Stamens 6.
FUMA^RIA. Fumitory.

* Pod with many seeds. Nectary single,

(F. solida. Solid Bulbous F, Stem mostly simple,
erect. Leaves twice in threes. Bracteas hand-shaped,
longer than each flower-stalk. E. B. 1471. Radix
cava minor. G. E. 1091.

Groves, thickets, sparingly : perhaps a doubtful native. Sm. Woods

near Studley, Warwickshire. Pn. Fl.
Per. April, May.
Root bulbous, solid. Fl. tipped with purple.)

(* F. lutea. Yellow F, Pods nearly cylindrical, shorter
than their stalks. Stem angular, erect. Bracteas
minute. Spur short, rounded. E. B. 588. G. E.
1088.

Old /Falls ; perhaps naturalized. Caversham, near Reading,
Berks. Mr. L. Darwall, Trin. Coll. Cambridge. Broadway
Hills, Gloucestershire. P?i. Fl.

Per. May.

Root fibrous, Fl. lemon -coloured, with yellow tips.)
* * Pod single-seeded. Nectary single.

DIADELPHIA OCTANDRIA. Poly'gala. 203

F. officinalis. Common F, Cluster rather lax. Pods
single-seeded, globose, abrupt, on upright stalks, twice
as long as the bracteas. Stem spreading. Segments
of the leaflets spear-shaped. E. B. 589. C. 2. 52.
F. purpurea, G. E. 1088.
An. May.

Stem much branched, spreading, leafy. Plant smooth, glaucous,
somewhat fleshy. Ls. doubly winged, principal divisions mostly
alternate. Clusters ofjl. opposite the Is., simple, many-flowered.
Fl. alternate. Bract, small. Fl. rose-coloured, keel green to
the upper and under pets, which are deep red at the summits.
Spur short, blunt.

Tonic. Expressed juice dose two ounces twice a-day, to cleanse
the skin from leprous disorders. C alien . Infusion of the Is. a cos-
metic, and to remove freckles.

F. capreolata. Ramping F. Cluster rather lax. Pods
single-seeded, globose. Stem climbing by means of
the twisting foot-stalks. Leaflets wedge-shaped, lobed.

E. B. 943. C. 6. 47.

Cultivated fields. Behind the Parks. Sb, Garden ground, Head-
ington. R. W.

x\n. June.

Stem three or four f. Pet. pale red, tipped with deep red.

Discrim. From F. officinalis by its (F. capreoL) greater size, less
glaucous hue, twisting foot -stalks, paler, less gaping fl., spur
more projecting, larger cal.-ls. pods more globose.

DIADELPHIA OCTANDRIA.

POLY'GALA. Milk-wort.

P. vulgaris. Common M. Flowers crested. Bracteas
three, at the base of each flower-stalk, deciduous.
Wings about equal to the corolla. Stems ascending,
simple, herbaceous. Leaves linear-spear-shaped. E.
B. 76. Polygala. G. E. 563. 3. 4. 564. 5.

Gravelly, heathy pastures.

Per. June.

Stem lying down, and ascending. Ls. deep green, smooth. Fl.
blue, white, flesh-coloured, or purple, aWays marked with
green lines, in terminal bunches. Crest of the cor. elegantly
fringed. Cal. permanent, becoming green, wrapping up the
young pod. Cal.-wings about as long as the cor. Fil. in two sets,

204 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Genista.

like two expanding hands, with four lingers to each. Anth.

yellow.

Plant bitter ; in infusion, about a quarter of a pint, daily in the
morning fasting, expectorant in catarrhous cough : in powder, dose
of the root three grains.

DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA,

SPA'RTIUM. Broom.

S. scoparium^ Connnon B. Leaves in threes, or soli-
tary. Branches angular, without thorns. Filaments
all in one set at the base. Legume fringed. E. B.
1389. C. 5. 52. Genista. G. E. 1311.

Dryy(jravelly thickets, fields, "^ Henley. Sb, (Bagley Wood. Bx.^
Stem strong, tough. Branches numerous, straight, smooth, ever-
green. Ls. deciduous, often simple on the upper end of the
branch. Fl. mostly solitary, axillary, drooping, large, bright
yellow, often orange outwardly. Stam. monadelphous at the
base, four long, and six short. Style twisted almost into a
circle. Seeds polished.

Broom tea, a useful remedy in dropsy. The seeds, and ashes
have been also used witli the same indication. Young j^., some-
times pickled. The black, ripe pod discharges its seeds by an
elastic movement. A flaxy substance has been procured from this
plant. The twigs for carpet brooms.

GENISTA. Green-weed.

G. tinctoria. Dyer's Gr. Wood-waxen, Leaves
spear-shaped, smooth. Branches round, slightly fur-
rowed, erect, without thorns. E. B. 44. Genistella
tinctoria. G. E. 1316.

Pastures f thickets, dry borders of fields. * Under Headington Wick
Copse. Southleigh. Henley. Sb. Finmere. R. Pr, Head-
ington Copse. (Beyond South Hinksey. Bx.')

Shrub. June.

Branches low in growth. Fl. bright yellow. Pod nearly cylin-
dric. Ls. alternate, stalkless, undivided. Fl.-ls. shorter than
the blossom.
Seeds mildly purgative.
Plant dyes a good yellow colour ; with woad a good green.

Milk of cows feeding upon it is rendered bitter. Ray.

G. dnffUca, Needle Gr. Petty Whin, Thorns nearly

1 From Scopa, a broom.

DIADELPHIA DECANDIUA. Ononis. 205

simple. Flowering branches unarmed. Leaves egg-
spear-shaped. E. B. 132. G. aculeata. G. E.
1320.

Moist, boggy heaths.''^ Kidlington Common. Ensham Heath.

Sh. (A little beyond Childswell Farm. Bj.)
Shrub. May.
About one f., woody. Fi. small, lemon-coloured. Standard

yellow. Pods oval, swollen. Old branches without is., beset

with thorns.

ULEX. Furze.^

U. europcEus, Common F. Whin, or Gorse,^ Teeth
of the calyx scarcely observable, converging. Bracteas
egg-shaped, lax. Branches erect. E. B. 7^2. Ge-
nista spinosa vulgaris. G. E. 1319.

Sandy, gravelly heaths, commons.

Shrub. April; and occasionally at all seasons.

Stem shrubby. Branches dense, green, thorny. Ls. awl-shaped,

solitar}^, pungent, deciduous. Fl. axillary, large, bright yellow.

Pod oblong, downy.

Blossoms make a brilliant appearance, spread over our heaths ;
Linnaeus fell on his knees at such a brilliant appearance, on view-
ing this plant in full blossom in England. Impatient of cold.
Team horses supported by this plant, cut young, with the thorns
bruised in a mill. Blossoms honey scented.

The wood is very hard. The chief use of this shrub is to afford
firing for the poor. Its full growth is attained in four years, and it
ought not to be cut more frequently. Sm.

(U. nanus. Dwarf F, Teeth of the calyx spear-shaped,
spreading. Bracteas minute, close-pressed. Branches
reclining. E. B. 7^3. Genista aculeata minor, sive
Nepa Theophrasti. G. E. 1321.

Dry, elevated heaths. Cough ton Park. Dunnington Heath.

Studley, and Ash wood Commons. Pn. Fl.
Shrub. August, October.

Scarcely half the size. Fl. smaller, and paler.)

ONO'NIS. Rest-harrow."

O. arvensts. Common R, or Cammock.^ Stem hairy.
Branches at length thorny. Flowers mostly solitary.
Leaves generally simple ; entire towards their base.
E. B. 682. E. B. Suppl. 2659. Sb. 220. 3. O.

' Ang. Sax.

2 From its strong, woody roots stopping the harrow.

3 Ang. Sax.

200 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Orobus.

spinosa. Sb. 220. Anonis sive Resta bovis. G. E.
1322.

Barren pastures, sandy road sides.

Per. June.

Root strong, woody. Branches in a barren soil, and on an old
root terminating in a spine. Ls. alternate, stalked, lower ones
often in threes. Fl. axillary, short stalked, rose-coloured.
Standard twice as long as the wings, and keel. Smith considers
Ononis spinosa of some authors as a var. of this, in an older, or
more starved state.

ANTHYLLIS. Kidney-vetch.

A. vulnerdria,^ Common K,^ or Ladies'* finger. Her-
baceous. Leaves winged, unequal. Heads of flowers

in pairs. E. B. 104. A. leguminosa. G. E. 1240.

Chalky limestone, dry pastures. Sm, * Bullingdon Green. Bur-
ford Downs. Stokenchurch Hills. Sb. Various places in the
neighbourhood of Headington. R. W.

Per. June.

Stems not quite erect, leafy, terminated by two heads of thick-set,
stalkless yellow fl. Bract, fingered. Cal. membranous, hairy.
FiJam. their structure singular.
FL sometimes scarlet, or white. Herbage, good pasturage for

sheep.

'OROBUS. Bitter-vetch.

O. tuberosus* Common B. Heath Pea, Leaves
winged, elHptic-spear-shaped. Stipulas half-arrow-
shaped ; toothed at the base. Stem simple, erect.
E. B. 1153. C. 1. 53. Astragalus sylvaticus.

G. E. 1237.

Woods. * Between Caversham and Mapledurham. Near Henley.
Sb, Shotover Hill. R. Pr. (Bagley Wood. Mr. F. T.
Scott, Worcester Coll. Oxford.)

Roots tuberous, outwardly black. Stems one f. Ls. the common
stalk projects beyond the leaflets. Fl. purple and red, in long-
stalked, axillary clusters. Pod tipped with a permanent, chan-
nelled style.
Highlanders said to chew the sweetish roots, which will for a

long time repel the attacks of hunger ; and brew a sort of liquor

from them. This supposed to be the nutritive Chara mentioned

in Caesar's Commentaries, and by Dio.
An elegant plant.

' From its supposed vulnerary qualities.

DIADELPHIA DECANDRTA. Lathyrus. 207

LATHYRUS. Vetchling, and Everlasting Pea.

* Flowers mostly solitary.

L, ^Aphaca. Yellow V, Stalks single-flowered. Ten-
drils without leaves. Stipulas between heart and
arrow-shaped. E. B. II67. Pn. fig. C. 5, 51.
Aphaca. G. E. 1250.

Borders of sandy, or gravelly fields, ** Under the hedge, south side
of the road, going from St. Clement's to Cowley Marsh. Hedge
on the south side of the same Marsh. Bx. Between the Roman
Catholic Chapel, and the Asylum. Meadow near the Iffley
Road. R. W, Between Caversham and Mapledurham. Sh,

An. June.

Ls. none. Tendrils springing from a pair of large, opposite, stalk-
less, leaf-like stipulas of an oblong triangular form. FL droop-
ing, lemon -coloured, stalks long. Herbage glaucous tinged.
Seeds of this, and the other species nutritious.

L. Nissolia, Crimson V, Grass Vetch, Stalks
mostly single-flowered. Leaves simple, without tendrils.
Stipulas awl-shaped. E. B. 112. C. 6. 51. Ervum

sylvestre. G. E. 1249.

Bushy places, grassy borders of fields* * Nuneham, on the right hand
side of the London Road, near the four mile stone. Southleigh.
Sb. Between the old and new road to Ensham, about half a mile
from the Bridge. Near old stone-pits about half a mile, S.W.
from South Hinksey. Bx.

An. June.

Distinguished by its simple, grassy Is. FL rich crimson. Pods
long, linear. Plant, unless in flower, easily overlooked : beau-
tiful plant in blossom.

* * Flowers numerous on each stalk,

L. pratensis. Yellow Meadow V, Stalks many-
flowered. Tendrils mostly simple, each bearing a pair
of spear-shaped leaflets. E. B. 67O. C. 3. 44.

Meadows, pastures, thickets.
Per. June.

Stems angular, smooth, two or three f. Stip. unequally arrow-
shaped, stem-embracing. Fl. large, bright yellow, on long,
erect stalks.

This vetch supplies excellent fodder, early and late, makes good
hay, and thrives on a clay soil. First sow the seeds, then part the
roots. Said, however, not to be agreeable to cattle : besides pro-
ducing very few seeds.

L. sylvestris. Narrow-leaved., Everlasting P, Stalks
many-flowered. Tendrils branched, each bearing a

208 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Vicia.

pair of sword-shaped leaflets. Stem winged. E. B.

805. C. 6. 52.

Groves, thickets, moist hedges. In a Copse under Shotover Hill. Sb.

Side of the ditch round Headington Copse, not far from Marston

Lane. B.v. (About Bagley Wood. BiC.)
Per. Ju7ie.
Stems smooth, five or six f. i^/, many together, on long, axillary

stalks : variously tinted with purple and violet, with a green

tinge. Wings violet.

(L. latifolius. Broad leaved Everlasting P. Stalks
many-flowered. Tendrils branched, each bearing a pair
of elliptical leaflets. Stem winged. E. B. 1108.

L. major latifolius. G. E. 12^9.

Woods, rare ; by some supposed a doubtful native. Spernal Park.

Warwickshire. Pn. Fl.
Per. July, August.
Larger, smooth. Fl. large ; pet. all rose-coloured.)

L. palustris. Blue Marsh V, See Appendix*

VrCJA. Vetch.

* Stalks lengthened out, many-jiowered.

V. sylvdtica, JVood V* Stalks many-flowered. Leaf-
lets elliptical. Stipulas crescent-shaped, deeply toothed.
E. B. 79.

Woods, hedges. * Medley Grove. Sh. Hedges by the side of the

road, going from Burford to Wychwood Forest. Between Ful-

brook, and the Hit or Miss public-house. Ex.
Per. June.
Stems very numerous, weak, zigzag, slightly furrowed, six to seven

f. Stip. tipped with a minute bristle. Fl. whitish, elegantly

streaked with a purple, and greyish blue.

An elegant plant. •

V. Gracca, Tufted V. Stalks many-flowered. Flowers
tiled. Leaflets spear-shaped, downy. Stipulas half-
arrow-shaped, mostly entire. E. B. 1168. C. 5. 54.

Hedges, thickets, osier grounds, low meadows.

Per. June.

Stem when climbing, three or four f. Each leaf consists of many
spear-shaped, entire leaflets. Fl. numerous, violet. Pods hang-
ing down, light -brown.
Rather an ornamental plant, with its close long spike of purple

flowers. At the extremity of the keel, two deep purple spots.
* * Flowers a.xillary, nearly stalkless.

V. sativa. Common /^. Flowers nearly stalkless,

DL\DELPH1A DECANDRIA. Vicia. 209

mostly in pairs. Leaflets elliptic-oblong; lower ones
abrupt. Stipulas with a blackish depression beneath.

Seeds round, smooth. E. B. 334^.

Corjijields, cultivated grounds.

An. June.

Ls. winged ; tendril terminating the leaf-stalk branched. Pet.

purplish crimson.

Plant varies in size, and in the form and breadth of the Is.

Sown as pasturag^e for horses. Seeds food for pigeons.

V. angustifoUa, Narrow-leaved Crimson V. Flowers
solitary, nearly stalkless. Leaflets linear ; lower ones
inversely heart-shaped. Stipulas with a pale depres-
sion beneath. Seeds round, smooth. Sb. 224. E.
B. Suppl. 2614.

Grassy pastures, on chalk, or gravel, Sm. Shotover Hill. Stow
Wood. Sb. Hills between Wytham and Ensham bridge. Bx.
An. June.

Plant smaller than any variety of Vicia sativa : of a slender,
delicate habit, distinguished by its very conspicuous, elegant, crim-
son fl., white at the keel, and lower edge of the wings, and rather
large in proportion to the other parts. E. Fl.

(V. lathy roides. Spring V. Flowers solitary, nearly
stalkless. Leaflets elliptic-oblong ; lower ones inversely
heart-shaped. Tendrils simple, shorter than the leaf-
lets. Seeds cubic, warty. E. B. 30.

Fallow fields, gravelly soil, chalky pastures, dry hanks. Sm. Side of
the bridle road from Spernall to Studley, Warwickshire. Pn. Fl.
An. ^pril. May.
Stem three to four inches, downy. Fl. bluish purple.)

V. sepium. Common JBush V, Flowers about four
together, in short axillary clusters. Legumes upright,
smooth. Leaflets egg-shaped, blunt ; the upper ones
gradually smaller. E. B. 1515. V. maxima dume-
torum. G. E. 1227-

Thickets, hedges.

Per. May.

Stems about two f. weak, climbing with tendrils. Stip. more or

less crescent-shaped, and toothed. Cor. variegated with blue,

dull purple, and greenish white.

Has been recommended as excellent food for cattle.

ERVUM. Tare.

E. tetraspermiim. Smooth-podded T, Flowers mostly

p

210 DIADELPHTA DECANDRIA. Hippocrepk

in pairs. Legume smooth, with four seeds. Leaflets
oblong, bluntish. E. B. 1223. C. 1. 55.

Cornfields y hedges y thickets.

An. June.

Stem branched, weak, climbing, square. Leafl, numerous, alter-
nate, their common stalk ending in a branched tendril. Fl. on
long:, slender, axillary stalks, drooping-, pale blue, veiny. Cal.
hairv.
The names Smooth Tare, and Hairy Tare, are applicable to the

pods alone, for the herbage is most hairy in the Erv. tetrasper-

mum, or Smooth Tare.

E. hirsutum. Hairy-podded T, Ousters many-flowered.
Legumes hairy, with two seeds. Leaflets abrupt.
E. B. 970. C. 1. 54. V. sylvestris, sive Cracea,
minima. G. E. 1228.

Cornfields y and other cultivated ground.

An. June.

Stems branched, nearly smooth, climbing by branched tendrils.
Leafl. numerous, alternate, elliptic, notched at the end. Fl.
from about five to seven, on short partial stalks, on a longish,
axillary, common stalk, small, pale blue, with a dark spot on
each side of the point of the keel. Pods, drooping, short.

ORNFTHOPUS. Bird's-foot.

O. perpusillus. Common IB, Leaves winged. Flowers
in heads, accompanied by a leaf. Legumes curved
inwards, beaded. E. B. 369. C. 6. 53. Ornitho-
podium minus. G. E. 1241.

Sandy y gravelly pastures. * Between Shotover and Cuddesdon. Sb,

An. Ju7ie.

Stems more or less trailing, leafy. Ls. winged, with an odd leaf-
let, small. Fl. stalkless, in little terminal heads. Standardy
and wings elegantly striped with red and white, Iceel greenish.
A small, and beautiful plant.

HIPPOCRETIS. Horse-shoe-vetch.

H. comosa. Tufted H, Legumes umbellate, rough ;
their joints bowed, serpentine, neither dilated, nor bor-
dered. E. B. 3U

Dry, chalky hanks. Bullingdon Green. Stokenchurch Hills.

Burford Downs. Sh. Headington Quarry. Henley. Bx.
Per. May.
Stems numerous, trailing. Fl. pale yellow, streaked with brown.

The singular figure of the pods must strike the most casual
observer.

DIADELPHIA DECANDRTA. Astragalus. 2J1

o'

HEDYSARUM. Saint-foin/

* H. Onobrycliis, Common Saint-foin, Leaves winged
with an odd one, nearly smooth. Legume single-
seeded, toothed at the margin and ribs. Wings of the
corolla not longer than the calyx. Stem lengthened
out. E. B. 96. Onobrychis seu caput gallinaceum.
G. E. 1243.

Dry, chalky hitls, open downs.
Per. June.

Plant lying down, two to three f. Fl. spiked, crimson, varie-
gated. Standard egg;-shaped, with a little tooth in the notch at

• the end, red in the middle, with eight or ten deeper coloured
lines, white at the edges, and mottled with red : wings red and
white ; keel reddish, with deeper coloured lines.

Valuable for feeding cattle ; gi'ows luxuriantly where grass or
corn would yield but small produce.

ASTRA'GALUS. Milk-vetch.

A. glycyphyllos. Sweet M, Wild Liquorice. Stem
prostrate. Legumes obscurely triangular, curved
inwards. Leaves longer than the flower-stalks ; leaf-
lets oval. E. B. 203. Hedysarum glycyrrhizatum.
G. E. 1233.

Woods, thickets, borders of fields, on gravel or chalk. * Sm. (Be-
tween the two Hinkseys : beyond South Hinksey, not uncom-
mon. Bx.) Side of a ditch round Headington Copse, near
Marston Lane. R. W. Cuddesdon, near the Palace. R. W.
Per. July.

Stem two to three f., more or less zigzag. Ls. alternate, leafi.
roundish or oval, with an odd one. Stiji. egg-shaped, pointed
at the base. Fl.-spikes axillary,^, pale sulphur coloured, often
with a brownish tinge. Pods reddish.

Chewed Is. of a sweetish taste, changing to a somewhat unplea-
sant bitter.

A. hypoylottis,^ Purple Mountain M. Stem prostrate.
Flowers in round heads. Legumes egg-shaped, deeply
channelled along the back, compressed, hairy ; hooked
at the point. Leaflets blunt. E. B. 274.

Downs, dry pastures. * * Burford Downs. Sb. Under a wall on
the side of the road between Witney and Burford, about three
or four miles from the latter place. Bx.

Per. June.

' Sain-foin, Fr.

2 i. e. with Is. somewhat tongue-shaped.

p 2

212 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Trif61mm,

Stem zigzag. Ls. alternate, spreading, winged with an odd one :
leaji. ellijDtic-egg-shaped, gradually lessening, with the terminal
one smaller, hairy beneath, nearly smooth above. Fl. heads
erect, axillary, scarcely longer than the Is. until after flower-
ing. Stalk and cal. clothed with black hairs, mixed more or
less with white ones. Cor, fine violet.

Var. Fl. white.

TRIFO'LIUM, Trefoil, Clover, and Melilot.

The^. of all the species, dried and powdered, may be made into
bread. Ls. in all the British species in threes, hence the name
trefoily three Is.
* Flowers in clusters, or spikes. Seeds one or more. Melilotus.

T. officinale. Common Melilot. Clusters on one side
of the stem only. Legume prominent, acute, trans-
versely wrinkled, hairy, with two seeds. Stem erect.
Stipulas awl-shaped. E. B. 1340.

Thickets, hedges, borders of fields.

An. June.

Stem branched, leafy. Ls. in threes, rarely more, stalked : leafl.

upper ones inversely egg-shaped, narrow, saw-toothed. Fl.

yellow, in long, axillary stalked spikes, with small bracteas.

Standard folded. A newly observed Melilot species with white

flowers, described, in H. Br. FL, Melilotus leucantha.

The leaves when dry, and seeds have a flavour approaching to
that of bitter almonds ; hence a bad weed among bread-corn.
Fresh Is. taste and smell like hay.

* * Flowers in heads. Seeds several.

(T. ornithopodioides. See Appendix,)

T. repens. White T, Dutch Clover, Heads globose,
resembling umbels. Flowers somewhat stalked. Le-
gume within the calyx, four-seeded. Stems creeping,
solid. E.B. 1769. C. 3. 46. T. pratense. G. E.
1185.
Meadows, pastures.
Per. May.

Ls. alternate, on long, upright stalks : leafl,. on small, partial stalks,
inversely heart-shaped, or roundish, finely toothed, smooth.
Ls, generally stained after flowering, the fl.-heads spread out-
wards and downwards, like an umbrella. Fl. cream-coloured,
rarely reddish, (sometimes become leafy,) hanging down in
decay.

Valuable fodder for cattle in the dry, autumnal months : an ex-
cellent bottom in pastures. Where this plant abounds spontane-
ously, an indication of a good soil.

* * * Seeds single. Calyx generally hairy.

DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Trifolium. 213

T. siihterrdneum. Subterraneous T, Heads hairy, of
about four flowers. Involucre central, bent back, rigid,
starry, embracing the fruit. E. B. 1048. C. 2, 54.

Dry, gravelly pastures, barren heathy places. * * Shotover Hill, by
the road to Cuddesdon. Sh. and Bx.

An. June.

Stems trailing, spreading close to the ground, almost concealed by
the broad, sheathing stip. of the numerous Is. Leafl. inversely
heart-shaped, entire. Fl.-stalks at first erect, before the fruit
ripens, bent to the ground, producing from their extremities
white thick fibres, star-like at their tips. The long slender
milk-white petals render this plant conspicuous. Cal. teeth
long, hairy.

T. pratense. Common Purple Clover.^ Honey- suckle

Trefoil, Spikes close. Stem ascending. Petals

unequal. Calyx hairy, four of its teeth equal. Stipulas

egg-shaped, bristle-pointed. E. B. 177^^*

Meadows, pastures.

Per. June.

Stems about one f., slightly branched, leafy. Leajl. elliptic, more

or less acute, with a pale, crescent-shaped, angular mark. Spikes

terminal, solitary, between a pair of nearly stalkless Is. Fl.

many, fragrant, light purple, petals united at the base, and to

the stam.
Var. Fl. white.

Most valuable for fodder or hay ; most nutritious of its tribe.
The " holy trefoil's" leaf formerly supposed a potent charm against
witches, probably from its three leaves being emblematic of the
Trinity. The heads dye woollen green, with alum, or copperas.

T. medium. Zigzag T, Spikes lax. Stems zigzag
and branching. Petals nearly equal. Stipulas taper-
ing, converging. Two upper calyx-teeth rather the
shortest. E. B. 190.

Klerated, dry, chalky, or yravelly pastures. Sm.

Per. June.

Differs from Trif. pratense, in its lax head of fl., longer and

narrower stip., and more unequal calyx, and its remarkably zigz-ag

stem. Fl.-heads rather larger. Pet. purple. Leafi. spear-shaped,

with minute serratures invisible to the naked eye.

T. arvense. Hareh-foot T, Spikes close, egg-shaped,
cylindrical, very hairy. Stipulas spear-shaped, bristle-
pointed. Calyx-teeth longer than the corolla, perma-
nently bristle-shaped. Leaves linear-inversely-egg-
shaped. E. B. 944. C. 6. 50. Lagopodium, Pes
leporis. G. E. 1193.

* Ang. Sax.

214 DTADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Trifolium.

Sandyy barren Jields.

An . July.

Stem mostly erect, much branched, somewhat zigzag. Ls, stalked,
leafl. nearly stalkless. FL numerous, pale reddish. Cor. almost
concealed by the teeth of the cal.
A weed, not worthy of cultivation : aromatic when dried.

T. scahrum. Rough Rigid T, Heads stalkless, axil-
lary, also terminal and egg-shaped. Calyx-teeth une-
qual, spear-shaped, rigid ; finally curved back. Stems
traihng. E. B. 903. C. 6. 48.

Chalky y dry, sandy fields.* Near Jericho, on the road side, going
to Port Meadow. Sb. Side of the road between the Asylum,
and Shotover Hill. Old stone-pits on BuUingdon Green. B.v.
Shotover Hill, by the old London Road. R. W.

An. June.

Stems four to seven inches, stiif, round, hairy. Leafl. inversely
egg-shaped, or inversely heart-shaped, toothed. Stip. spear-
shaped. Fl. -heads of many thick-set, white, or pale blush-
coloured il. Segments of the cal. in its seeding state most
remarkably bent back.

T. striatum. Soft Knotted T. Heads stalkless, both

axillary and terminal, egg-shaped. Calyx elliptical,

furrowed, hairy ; with straight bristle- shaped teeth.

Stems trailing. E. B. 1843.

Dry, barren, sandy fields, and pastures. * Jericho. BuUingdon
Oreen. Wychwood Forest. Sb. BuUingdon Green. Bx. 1831,

An. ,Tune.

Stems often downy, zigzag. Ls. alternate, distant, the lower on
long, the upper on short stalks. Leafl. inversely egg-shaped,
or inversely heart-shaped, finely toothed, downy. Stip. egg-
shaped, broad, pointed. Cal. with ten deep furrows, and five
green teeth tapering, which are lengthened out after flowering.
Cor. pale rose-coloured.

Discrim. The ribs of the cal. and the cal. itself rounded, nearly
globular in shape : by the downy softness of the plant.
* * * * Calyx of the fruit inflated, bladdery.

T . fragiferum. Strawberry -headed T, Heads roundish.
Calyx finally inflated, bent back, with two terminal
teeth. Stems creeping. E. B. 1050. C. 2. 55.
G. E. 1208.

Moist meadows, pastures.

Per. August.

Ls. on long stalks. Leafl. inversely egg-shaped, or inversely

heart-shaped, sharply toothed. Stip. spear-shaped, large, acute.

Fl.-heads roundish. Pet. rose-coloured. Cal. greatly inflated

in the upper side, tinged with crimson. Plant, the habit of

Trif. repens.

DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Lotus. 215

Produce late, and inconsiderable.

***** Standards bowed archwise^ dry and membrunous.

T. procumbens. Hop T. Heads oval, tiled, many-
flowered. Standard finally bowed archwise, furrowed.
Stems spreading, or trailing. Common leaf-stalk
longest at the base. E. B, 945. T. agrarium. C.
3. 45.

Dryy gravelly fields and pastures.

An. June.

Leafl. inversely egg-shaped, notched at the end, toothed. Fl.
lemon-coloured, permanent, at length brown, and membranous,
and distinguished by its broad, furrowed standard.
Acceptable to cattle.

T. minus. Less, Yellow, T, Heads hemispherical.
Flower stalks straight, stiff. Standard nearly even.
Stem trailing. Common foot-stalk of the leaf very
short. E. B. 1256. T. procumbens. C. 5. 53,
T. luteum minimum. G. E. 1186. T. dubium. Sb.231.

jDry, gravelly fields and pastures.

An. June.

Stems little branched, six to twenty four inches. Ls. the central
leaflet on a, more partiul stalk than in Tr. procumbens, or in
Tr. filiforme. The leafl. of all three species inversely egg-shaped,
notched at the end, and toothed. Fl. twelve to fifteen, yellow,
standard not broad.

T. filiforme. Slender Yellow T, Clusters lax, of few
flowers. Common stalks hair-like, wavy. Standard
even. Stems trailing. Leaflets all nearly stalkless.
E. B. 1257.

Sandy, or gravelly , grassy pastures. Sm. Bullingdon Green,

Southleigh Heath. Sb.
An. 3fay.
Plant very slender. FL three to eight, leaning one way, yellow,

small.

LOTUS. Bird's-foot-trefoil.

L. corniculdtus. Common B. Heads flattened at the top,
of few flowers. Stems lying down, pithy. Legumes
spreading, nearly cylindrical. Claw of the standard
inversely egg-shaped. Filaments all dilated. E. B.
2090. C. 1. 56, Trifolium siliquosum minus. G. E.

1190.

Open, grassy pastures.

216 DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. Medicare.

c

Per. June.

Stems much spreading, leafy, angular, with close-pressed hairs.
Ls. alternate, hairy, leafl. in threes : a pair of leafy stip. at the
Lase of their common stalk. Leafl. inversely egg-shaped, acute.
F I. -stalks axillary, solitary, very much longer than the Is. Fl.
two to five, fine yellow^, as they fade, turning orange, a leaf at
the base of the fl.-head ; keel pale yellow, striped with red at
the base. Cal.-teetli, spaces between rounded. Le(jume shining
purple.
FI. greenish when dried ; plant worthy of cultivation, pasturage

for sheep : makes good hay.

L. major. Great JB. Heads flattened at the top, many-
flowered. Stems erect, tubular. Legumes drooping,
cylindrical. Claw of the standard linear. Shorter
filaments not dilated. E. B. 2091. Var. C. villo-

sus. Sb.

fVet, bushy places, osier liolts, hedges.

Per. June.

Stem one to tw^o, or three f., hairy, like the Is. Fl. six to twelve,
duller orange than in Lot. corniculatus. Cal. -teeth, spaces
between, narrow and acute, not rounded, as in Lot. cornicu-
latus.

L. tenuis. (H. Br, FL) Slender B, Heads depressed,
umbellated, from six to ten flowers. Stem prostrate,
slender. Leaflets spear-shaped. Flower-stalks very
long. Calyx-teeth shorter than the tube. E. B.
Suppl. 2615. L. decumbens. Smith's E. Fl.

Meadows, fields. * In the broad, green-sward path, leading
off the Cowley road, near the gate up to the x\sylum. R. W.
1832.

Per. June, August.

Discrim. The general slenderness of the plant, and its spear-
shaped leaflets, from L. cornic. and L. major.

MEDICA'GO. Medick.

(* M. sativa. Purple M, or Lucerne, Clusters
upright. Legumes spiral. Stem erect, smooth. E.
B. 1749. Trifolium Burgundiacum. G. E. 1189.

Hedges, pastures, borders of fields. Grafton, Warwickshire. Pn. Fl,

Per, June, July.

Fl. violet. Perhaps a variety of M. falcata.)

M. lupulina. Black M. or Nonesuch, Spikes egg-
shaped, erect. Legumes, (pods) kidney-shaped, rugged

POLYADELPHIA POLYANDRIA Hypericum. 217

and veiny, single-seeded. Stem trailing. E. B. 971-
C. 2. 57. Trifolium luteum lupulinum. G. E. 1186.

Meadows, pastures, cultivated fields.

An. June.

Stems several, widely spreading, leafy. Ls. like those of a trefoil,

leafl. inversely egg-shaped, finely toothed at the front edge. FL

small, bright yellow. Pods very black, with traces of a spiral

structure.

In Norfolk called Nonesucli, usually mixed for a crop with rye
grass (Lol, perenne.) Excellent fodder for sheep.

M. maculdta. Spotted M, Stalks two, or three

flowered. Leaflets inversely heart-shaped, spotted.

Stipulas dilated, sharply toothed. Legumes, spiral,

depressed, fringed with long, spreading bristles. Sb.

232. M. polymorpha. E. B. I6I6. C. 3. 47-

Trifolium cordatum. G. E. 1190.
Gravelly soil. Sm. Near the Physic Garden. Sb. Christ

Church Meadow. Bx. Between St. Clement's and Iffley,

growing near Salvia verben. R. W.
An. June.
Fl.-stalks axillary, solitary, slender. Legumes coiled up into a

ball, like a snail's shell, brown. FL yellow.

Fodder for cattle.

Class XVIII. POLYADELPHIA.

Filaments combined, in more than tivo sets.

Order L POLYANDRIA, Stamens numerous,

HYPERICUM. St. John's-wort.^

H. Androscemum,^ Tutsan,^ or Park leaves. Styles
three. Capsules pulpy. Stem shrubby, compressed.
E. B. 1225. G.3.48. Clymenon Italorum. G.E.543.

* St. John's Wort, in former times, considered as powerful for the expulsion
of witches, for the prognostication of the fates of young men, and maidens.
In Lower Saxony, girls gather sprigs of it on Midsummer night, and fasten
them4o the walls of their chamber. If the sprig, the next morning, remain
fresh, a suitor may be expected, if it drop, or wither, the maiden is destined to
an early grave. Hyp. perforatum was the species used in this country. Fl.
B. T. Transparent dots of the Is. lodge an essential oil.

2 i. e. andros, aima, man's blood, as if the plant flowed, when bruised, with
a juice like blood.

3 Tout sain, Fr. all-heal.

218 POLYADELPHIA POLYANDRIA. Hypericum.

Moist, slmdy lanes, thickets and woods.* Shotover Plantations.
Stokenchurch. Nettlebed Woods. Sb. In a ditch on the top
of Shotover Hill, a little before you come to the gate leading to
Mr. Schutz's. Bx.

Shrub. Jul^/.

Stem woody, perennial. Ls. opposite, stalkless, wide-spreading,
egg-shaped, or rather heart-shaped, entire, veiny, smooth, as
the rest of the plant. Panicles terminal, more or less accurately
three-forked. Pet. and sta7n. yellow. Styles of the same colour
changing to purple. Fruit purple-black, elliptic.

Discrim. Its shrubby stem, large fl., and black fruit.

H. qiiadrdngulum. Square S. W, St, Peter^s-wort.
Styles three. Stem herbaceous, with four sharp
angles. Leaves with copious, pellucid dots. Segments
of the calyx spear-shaped. E. B. 370. C. 4. 52. H.

quadrangulare. Sb. Q>S5,

Moist meadows, thickets, and about the banks of rivers.

Per. July.

Stems perfectly erect, two f. Ls. opposite, elliptic, or egg-shaped,

each pair crossing those next to them. Fl. small, pale yellow.

Odour of bruised plant, lemon-like.

H. perforatum. Common Perforated S, W. Styles
three. Stem two-edged. Leaves blunt, with copious
transparent dots. Segments of the calyx spear-shaped.
E. B. 295. C. 1. 57. Hypericum. G. E. 539.

Groves, thickets, hedges.

Per. August.

Stems about two f., perfectly erect, leafy. Ls. opposite, each pair
crossing those below them, oblong, somewhat elliptic, entire. A
short, simple, leafy branch from the bosom of each 1., the upper
ones bearing fl., and forming a forked, leafy panicle, terminating
the stem. Fl. bright yellow. Edges of the cal. and pet. as
well as their outward surface, marked with dark purple spots
and lines, containing a red, essential oil, staining the fingers.
The fl. tinge spirits and oil of a fine purple.

(H. dubium. See Appendix.)

H. humifusum. Trailing S. W* Styles three. Flowers
somewhat cymose. Stem compressed, trailing. Leaves
elliptical, smooth. Segments of the calyx egg-shaped,
leafy. E. B. 1226. C. 3. 50. H. supinum glabrum.
G. E. 541.

Sandy, gravelly, heathy, rather boggy pastures. Sm. * Bullingdon
Green. Southleigh Heath. Sb. (Bagley Wood.) B.x. Road
side, between Shotover Hill, and Cuddesdon, R. W.

Per. June.

POLYADELPHIA POLYANDRIA. Hypericum. 219

Stems several, slender. Ls. stalkless, opposite, dotted, thin, mem-
branous. Fl. axillary, also terminal, mostly solitary, yellow, in
a sort of forked corymb. Cal. edges toothed with purple glands,
as also the margins of the pet. Stam. styles, and germ, yellow.
Fruit turns red, as it ripens : lower Is. assume the same hue.

Discrim. Small size, slenderness, few flowers.
A pretty plant.

H. montdnum. Mountain S. W. Styles three. Calyx

with close, prominent, glandular serratures. Stem

erect, round, smooth. Leaves egg-shaped, naked,
clasping the stem. E. B. 371.

Wild, bushy hills, gravelly, or chalky woods. Sm, * Stokenchurch.
Henley. Mapledurham. Sb.

Per. July.

Stems two f. or more. Ls. opposite, their margin dotted with
purple beneath. Fl.-panicle terminal, upright, of few, length-
ened out, forked branches, destitute of Is. Bract, opposite,
spear-shaped, fringed with a row of brown, stalked glands.
Pet. lemon -coloured. The fringed cal. -Is. give the fl. some
resemblance to the moss-rose.
An elegant plant. Distinguished from Hyp. hirsutum by its

smoothness, and the panicle quite destitute of Is.

H. hirsutum. Hairy S, Styles three. Calyx spear-
shaped, with glandular serratures. Stem erect, round.
Leaves egg-shaped, downy. E. B. 1156. C. 3. 49-
Ascyrum. G. E. 54^.

Thickets, hedges.

Per. July.

Stem about two f., leafy, more or less hairy, panicled in the upper
part. Fl, yellow, very numerous. Bract, cal.-ls. and tips of
the pet. fringed with blackish stalked glands. J^s. in cross pairs.
A handsome plant.

H. pulchrum. Small Upright Handsome S, TV. Styles
three. Calyx egg-shaped, with glandular serratures.
Stem erect, round. Leaves clasping the stem, heart-
shaped, smooth. E. B. X^TJ . C. 1. 56.

Woods, and bushy, heathy places. Bullingdon Green. Shotover

Hill. Southleigh. Sb.
Per. July.

Whole plant smooth. Ls. in distant pairs, stalkless, mostly bent
-downwards. Fl.-pet. golden yellow, outwardly tipped with

scarlet, their edge glandular. Anth. red.

An elegant plant, with its tall, straight, slender, panicled stems,
bearing numerous, yellow buds, tipped with red, intermixed
with already expanded fl.

220 SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA ^Q. Tragopogon.

(H. elodes. Marsh S. fV. Styles three. Calyx blunt,
glandular. Stem trailing-, creeping, round, shaggy,
like the roundish, blunt leaves. Panicle of few flowers.
E. B. 109. H. tomentosum. G. E. 540. Ascyron
supinum elodes. G. E. 542.

Spongy, especially rather mountainous, hogs. Sm. Coleshill bog,
and pool, Warwickshire. Pn, Fl.

Per. July, August.

Stems spongy. Fl. lemon- coloured with green lines.)

Class XIX. SYNGENESIA. Anthers
united into a tube. Flowers compound.

Order I. POLYGAMIA jS^QUALIS. Florets all

perfect, Jive stamens eacJi^ and one pistil, producing
one seed,

Ohs, A compound flower is enclosed by one common calyx.
Surface of receptacle concave, or flat, or convex, or pyramidal, or
globular. Sometimes naked, i. e. marked only with small dots, or
cells ; or hairy, or chafl'y, for separating the florets. Plants of the
class Syngenesia generally bitter, but few poisonous. Purtons Fl.

A natural tribe, consisting of the genuine Compotmd Flowers,
having a common calyx, and combined anthers, Sm.
* Florets all strap-shaped ; a natural order.

TRAGOPO'GON. Goat's-beard.

T. pratensis. Yellow G, Calyx about equal to the
corolla. Leaves keeled, tapering ; dilated and some-
what wavy at the base. Flower-stalk cylindrical.
E. B. 434. T. luteum. G. E. 785.

Grassy pastures and meadows.

Bien. June.

Plant eighteen inches to tw^o f , very milky. Fl. solitary, termi-
nal, bright yellow, opening at day-break, and closing before
noon, unless the weather be cloudy ; hence called, " Go to bed
at noon.'' Ls. grass-like, sheathing the stalk at the base, alter-
nate, sharp pointed, widening at the base. Seeds with feathery
crowns, lightly cohering like a cobweb.
Cal. in Huntingdonshire specimens always exactly equal with

the corolla, Norfolk ones invariably exceeding it. fVoodward in

JVitli. Germ., with a tuft of hairs at the summit.

SYNGENESIA POL YG AMI A MQ. Sonchus. 221

The root cultivated in gardens for Asparagus. Linn, in Fl.
Suec. Before the stems shoot up, the roots, boiled like Asparagus,
have the same flavour, and are nearly as nutritious. fVith.
Gerarde, in his Herbal, observes, that in delicate taste, they far
surpass either carrots, or parsneps. The spring shoots eaten in the
same manner : but theTrag. porrifolius, Salsify, was usually culti-
vated for culinary purposes.

PICRIS/ Ox-tongue.

P. echioides. Bristly 0. Outer calyx of five, broad,
prickly scales. Down stalked. Leaves wavy. E. B,
972. C. 3. 51. Buglossum luteum. G. E. 798.

HedgeSy borders of fields.
An. July.

Plant covered with stiff spines, each growing out of a white tuber-
cle, bright, shining green. Fl. bright yellow. Upper Is.
heart-shaped, clasping the stem ; lower spear-siiaped. Inner cal.
of eight equal leaves, each producing a winged, purplish awn.
Seeds appear beautifully wrinkled when magnified. Fl. some-
times remains open until nine at night. With. Agreeable pot
herb when young, aperient.

P. hieracioides, Hawkweed 0, Outer calyx of nume-
rous scales, much shorter than the inner. Leaves
spear-shaped, wavy, embracing the stem ; root-ones
toothed. Down stalkless. Stem rough. E. B. 196.
Hieracium asperum. G. E. 298.

Dry hanksy borders of fields, gravelly, or chalky. Srn. Headington
Wick. Bladon. Stanton Harcourt. Sb. (Between Ferry
Hinksey and Cumnor Hurst. Bx.) Near Headington Wick
Copse. R. W. Betw^een Headington and Shotover. R. W.

Bien. July.

Plant rough wdth short hairs, dark green. Fl. bright yellow,
with spear-shaped bracteas. Branches furrowed, purple on the
upper side, and in their axils. Fl. from the side of the stem,
rising on branches lengthened out above that which terminates
the central stem. Fl. corymbose. Fruit- stalks loosely scaled
up to the cal. Globe of seeds and feathers a perfect ball.

SONCHUS. Sow-thistle.

S. arvensis. Corn iS. Flower-stalks and calyx bristly,
somewhat umbellate. Leaves runcinate, finely toothed,
upper ones heart-shaped at the base. Root creeping.
E. B. 674. C. 4. 53. S. arborescens. G. E. 294.

^ So called from the bitterness of the plant, })kros, Gr. bitter.

222 SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA .^Q. Lactiica.

Cornfields y hedges, chalky soil. Sm.

l-'er. July.

Figure of the Is. various. Plant three to four f. Cal. flower-
stalks, and upper part of stem clothed with brown, glandular
hairs. Cor. large, deep yellow, sometimes outwardly reddish.
Ls. the uppermost of all entire. Cal. after flowering swelling at
the base. L.-segments triangular.
A troublesome weed from its creeping root of oblong, fleshy

branches. The flower follows the course of the sun very regularly.

Flow^ers close between eleven and twelve at noon. Horses fond

of it. Hairs of cal. and fruit-stalks pale green, terminated by

yellow globules.

S. olerdceus. Common S, Flower-stalks cottony. Calyx
smooth. Lower leaves runcinate, toothed. E. B.
843. C. 2, 58. S. Icevis. G. E. 292.

Cultivated, and waste ground.

An. July.

Shape of the Is. variable. Young flower-stalks clothed with a
white, cottony web, soon falling off". Cal. smooth, at first cylin-
drical, afterwards swelling much at the base. Flower-stalks
both axillary, and terminal, cymose. Cor. yellow. Upper Is.
oval-spear-shaped, saw-toothed on the edges. Stem brittle.
May be used as a cooling cataplasm. Young leaves in some

countries are boiled, and eaten. Flowers open about six, or

seven, shut at eleven, or twelve. Linn. Fl. Suec,
Horses and rabbits very fond of this plant,

LACTU'CA. Lettuce.

L. virosa, Strong -scented L, Leaves horizontal, finely
toothed ; their keel prickly. E. B. 1957. L. sylves-
tris major, odore opii. G. E. 309-

Hedges, borders of fields. * Marston Lane. Sb. Side of the
New Road, going from Botley to Ensham. Bx. Between
Dunchurch and Southam, Warwickshire. B.v.

Bien. July.

Ls. deep green. Whole plant abounds with a milky juice,
smelling like opium : this issues on the slighest touch from the
calyx, and more tender leaves. Root-leaves inversely egg-
shaped, the rest, smaller, clasping the stem, waved, or indented
(toothed.) Floral leaves, heart-shaped, pointed. Fl. small,
palish yellow, their stalks with numerous small bracteas. Root-
leaves broad, entire. Light/. One leaf at the base of each
flowering branch. Fl. opens about seven, closes about ten,
forenoon ?
The extract useful in dropsy, in doses from eighteen grains, to

three drachms, in twenty-four hours. It proves laxative, promotes

urine, and gentle sweats, abates the thirst. Collin. According

SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA JEQ. Leontodon. 223

to Svvediaur it is sedative, and diuretic, and useful in dropsy,
as opium often proves. See 3Iat. Med,

PRENANTHES. WalMettuce.

P. murdlis. Ivy -leaved W, Florets five. Leaves run-
cinate. E. B. 457- C. 5. 58. Sonchus Isevis mura-
]is. G. E. 293.

Old walls, woods, chalky soil. Sm. On the top of Stanton Harcourt
Kitchen. Stokenchurch Woods. Sh. Magdalen College.
Long Wall, &c. R. W.

Per. July.

Plant smooth, brittle. Fl. bright yellow, small. Ls. wing-cleft,
with sharp lobes pointing backwards ; root- Is. on footstalks, the
rest embracing the stem. It varies with entire leaves on the
stem. Ls. often purplish beneath. Terminal lobe of the leaves
live-angled, three-lobed. Uppermost leaves spear-shaped. Fl.
buds drooping.

LEO'NTODON.^ Dandelion/.

L. Taraxacum, Common D. Outer scales of the calyx
bent back. Leaves r uncinate, toothed, smooth. E. B.
510. C. 1. 58. Taraxacum officinale. Sb. Dens
Leonis. G. E. 290.

Meadows, pastures.

Per. August.

Plant stemless. Fl. solitary, large, bright yellow. FL-stalks

simple, round, hollow, brittle. Whole plant milky, bitter. Fl.

open in the morning, and in fine weather only. Down on a

long footstalk.

By culture, and especially by blanching, this herb sufficiently
mild to be eaten in a salad. Sm. Eng. Fl. Leaves early in
spring, an excellent ingredient in salads. The French eat the
roots, and blanched leaves, with bread and butter. Many of the
inhabitants of Minorca, subsisted on this plant, after the destruc-
tion of their harvest. Small birds fond of the seeds. An excellent
deobstruent in visceral obstructions. Mr. Purton recommends
prescribing with it, Fumaria officinalis. May be blanched by the
simple process of laying a tile upon the plant. Mat. Med. in Extr.
and Decoct.

( T. palustre. See Appendix.)

» i. e. Lion's tooth, from Le.6n^ odousy Gr.

2 Dent de lion, Fr. From the supposed resemblance of the leaf, to the
tooth of the lion.

/'

224 SYNGENE8IA POLYGAMIA ^:Q. Apcirgm.

APA'RGIA. Hawkbit.

A. hispida. Rough H, Stalks naked, single-flowered.
Leaves runcinate, sparingly toothed, rough. Florets
hairy at their orifice ; glandular at the tip. Seeds
scarcely beaked, all with feathery down. Hedypnois
hispida. E. B. 554. Leontodon hispidum. C. 5.
56. Sb. 239. Hieracium dentis leonis folio hirsutum.
G. E. 303.

Pastures, especially on chalky or limestone. Sm,
Per. July.

Root spindle-shaped, black. Fl. bright yellow, drooping in bud,
in flower erect. Seeds uniform. Ls. generally covered with
forked, stiff" hairs. Stalks upright, hairs forked. Florets their
summits terminate in five teeth, at the back of each a triangular
cluster of brown glands.

Fl. opens about four in the morning, shuts at three in the even-
ing generally. Linn. Fl. Suec.

A. hirta. Deficient H. Stalks naked, single-flowered.
Leaves toothed, rough. Calyx nearly smooth. Outer
row of seeds crowned with scales only. Hedypnois
hirta. E. B. 554<, Leontodon hirtum. C. 6. 59.
Sb. 238. Thrincia hirta. H. Br. Fl.

Gravelly heaths, commons. Sm.

Per. July.

Root abrupt. Fl. smaller than in Apargia hispida, without its
yellow hairs at the orifice, and without the brown glands at the
back of the tip of the florets. Fl. droop before flowering. Cal.
nearly smooth. Fl. reddish beneath.

A. autumndlis, .Autumnal H. Yellow DemVs Bit*
Common stalk branched ; partial ones scaly. Leaves
spear-shaped, toothed, or wing^cleft, nearly smooth,
«/i '..-^ ^ leaf-stalks sw^ollen beneath the flow^er, tapering down-
wards, Hedypnois autumnalis. E. B. 830. Leon-
todon autumnale. Sb. ^^"6, Hieracium minus, sive
leporinum. G. E. 296.

Meadows, pastures.

Per. August.

Fl. bright yellow, small, often reddish outside, numerous. Cal.
and top of stalk slightly downy. Root abruptly bitten off", with
long, simple fibres from its sides. Flower-stalks scaly, hollow,
each containing a small tuft of very white cotton. The root
becomes abrupt in the second or third year of the plant's growth.

SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA JEQ. Hieracium. 225

Seed'dowti of central flowers sometimes tapering out into a kind
of short, small foot-stalk, feathered, brownish white, which
colour readily distinguishes it from Hypochseris radicata.

HIERA'CIUM.' Hawkweed.^

H. Pilosella. Common Mouse-ear H. Leaves elliptical,
entire ; cottony beneath. Scyons creeping. Stalks
single-flowered, naked. E. B. 1093. C. 4. 54.
Pilosella repens. G. E. 638.

* Stalk naked, single-flowered, immediately from the root.
Dry, open pastures, hanks.
Per. June,

Florets pale 'yellow above, elegantly striped with red beneath.
According to Gerarde powerfully astringent. A cochineal
insect (coccus,) found on the roots, according to Linn. Ft. Suec.

* * Stem leafy.

H. murdrum, Broad-leaved Wall H, Stem corymbose,
with a solitary leaf. Leaves egg-heart-shaped, wavy,
with radiating teeth chiefly at the base. E. B. 2082.

Pulmonaria gallica, sive aurea latifolia. G. E. 304,
Old walls. Sm. Magdalen College Walks. Bx.
Per. June.

Smith in Eng. Botany, under plant figured for Hier. murorum
(2082) observes: Hier. sylvaticum t. 2031, w^e presume to be
the murorum of all our local Floras.

" The Hier. murorum of Dr. Sibthorp's Fl. Oxon. is, undoubt-
edly, the H. sylvaticum of Sir J. E. Smith's Eng. Flora, which is
now (September, 1831) growing in great plenty on the walls of
Wadham College garden, but where I could not find a single plant
of H. murorum.

There are no specimens of perfect plants, that I know, of Dr.
Sibthorp's in the Sherardian Herbarium ; but when he arranged
that collection according to the Linnsean arrangement, he appears
to have considered the H. murorum, maculatum, and sylvaticum
of Smith as mere varieties of the same species." Bx.

H. sylvaticum. Wood H. Stem simply racemose,
many-leaved, solid. Leaves egg-spear-shaped, toothed
chiefly about the base ; teeth pointing forward. E. B.
2031. H. murorum. Fl. Br. 830, a. Sb. 241.

Dry, chalky woods, dry banks, old park walls. Sm. Wadham
College Wall. Stow W^ood. Sb. Magdalen College Walks.
Bx.

Per. July.

* A most intricate and difficult genus. 2 Ang.-Sax.

Q

22G SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA MQ. Crepis.

Hier. sylvaticum differs from Hier. murorum in the root-leaves
being spear-shaped, and sUghtly toothed ; the leaf -stalks being
longer in shape, the stem-leaves more than one, and the whole
plant considerably larger. PVifli. ed. 1818. p. 898. Root
slender, slightly creeping, with long, simple fibres. Stem
panicled.
H. sahaudum, Shruhhy, Broad-leaved H, Stem erect,
copiously leafy, many-flowered. Leaves egg-spear-
shaped, sharply toothed, rough-edged, somewhat clasp-
ing ; hairy beneath. Flowers corymbose. E. B. 349-
Coppices f groves, thickets.
Per. July.

Plant somewhat shrubby, rongh, stiff. Fl. numerous, bright
yellow, open in the forenoon only. Ls. alternate, broad, acute,
dark green, almost smooth above ; paler, somewhat glaucous,
very hairy beneath : lower ones spear-shaped elliptical, length-
ened out at the base ; greater part of those on the stem egg-
spear-shaped, half embracing the stem. Flower-stalks erect,
downy, forming a thin corymb, liable to many different ap-
pearances. In shady places, plant sometimes smooth, but
always stiff. Stems two to three f. or more. Stigmas covered
with blackish hairs.
H. umhellatum. Narrow-leaved H, Stem erect, leafy,
almost solid, imperfectly umbellated. Leaves scattered,
linear, slightly toothed, nearly smooth as well as the
calyx. E. B. 1771» C. 6. 58. H. intybaceum.
G. E. 298.

Groves, gravelly thickets.

Per. July.

Fl. yellow, on long fl. -stalks, in a corymbose umbellated form, ter-
minal. Points of the outer segments of the calyx turned back.
Plant used to dye wool of a fine yellow colour. Linn, Fl. Suec»

* H. amplexicaule. See Appendix,

CRETIS. Hawk's.beard.
C. tectorum. Smooth H, Smooth Succory Hawk-
weed. Root leaves runcinate ; the rest clasping, spear-
shaped, and arrow-toothed. Stem smooth. Calyx
rough. Seed-down stalkless. E. B. IIIL C. 5.

55, Hieracium aphacoides. G. E. 297*

Dry pastures, meadows, waste ground, thatched roofs.

An. June,

Root tapering. Herb very various in size and luxuriance. Stem
upright, smooth, rarely a little hairy, generally stained with
purple just above each branching. Panicle upright, forked,
corymbose, and with small leaves. Fl. rather small. Down

SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA iEQ. Cichorium. 227

rough, stalkless. Cal. furrowed, sprinkled lengthways with
clammy hairs. Styles^ as soon as they have passed through the
anthers, brown.

HYPOCHtERIS. Cat's-ear.
H. maculatay and H. glabra. See Appendix,
H. radicdta. Long-rooted G* Leaves r uncinate, blunt-
ish, rough. Stems branched, naked, smooth. Flower-
stalks scaly. Down of all the seeds stalked. E. B.
831. C. 3. 52. Hieracium longiiis radicatum. G.
E. 298.

Pastures, waste ground.

Per, July.

Ls. all from the root, close to the ground. Fl. large, bright yellow.
Root very long. Recep. beset with long, sharp, chaify scales
among the florets, the character of the genus. Down on the
stalk feathery, rough. Flor. purplish on the outside, Flower-
atalks thickest nearest the flower. CaL-scales roughish at the keel.
Scales spear-shaped, one at the base of each branch, with a few
white, bristly teeth at the base on each side.

LATSANA. Nipple-wort."

L. communis. Common JV. Calyx of the fruit angular.
Stem branched, panicled, leafy. Leaves egg-shaped,
stalked, toothed. Flower-stalks cyhndrical, even,
slender. E. B. 844. C. 1. 59. Lampsana. G. E. 255.

fVaste and cultivated ground.
An. July,

Ls, slightly toothed. Root-Is. lyrate, the rest egg-shaped, alter-
nate, stalkless, pointed, fl.-stalks alternate, erect, with a small
pointed bractea at the base of each. FL small, bright yellow.
Cal, smooth, permanent.

The young Is. in spring, taste like radishes : eaten by the inha-
bitants of Constantinople, raw as a salad. In some parts of
England, boiled as greens. Lightf, Fl. Scot.
L. pusilla. See Appendix,

CICHO'RIUM. Succory.
C. 'Intybus, Wild S, Flowers in pairs, both nearly
stalkless. Root leaves runcinate. E. B. 5S9, C. 4.
5Q, C. sylvestre. G. E. 284.

Bo7'ders of fields, road sides.
Per. July.

Stem two or three f., hard and tough, alternately branched, with
lateral flowers from the side of the stem, mostly in pairs, with

* From its supposed virtue in the cure of sore nipples. ' Ang.-Sax.

q2

228 SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA MQ. Arctium.

small, stem- clasping leaves. F'l. large, handsome, brilliant

sky-blue. Cylinder of the anthers striped blue, and white.

The Is. blanched, a salad in spring, and the roots may be eaten
at table. This plant different from Garden Endive, Cich. Endi-
via. Root roasted, a substitute for coffee in some parts of Ger-
many, said, when dried, to have served to make bread. The
herb in a cultivated state, excellent early fodder for horses and
cows.

Flowers found white, but rarely.

* * Florets all tubular , with afire-cleft spreading limb ; a natural
order.

'ARCTIUM. Burdock/

A. Lappa,^ Common B, or Clot-bur, Leaves stalked,
heart-shaped, wavy, without prickles. Calyx when in
seed nearly smooth. E. B. 1228. C.4 . 55. Bar-

dana major. G. E. 809.

Waste ground, way sides, dunghills.

Bien. July.

Plant branched, spreading. Stem erect. Ls. on hollow foot-
stalks, very large, when full-sized. Fl. numerous, nearly stalk-
less, purple. Cal. of numerous narrow scales, each tipped with
-an incurved hook, by means of which the whole calyx, laden
with ripe seeds, easily separating from its stalk, adheres to
clothes or the coats of animals, a curious provision by which
the seeds are dispersed, the calyx being rubbed to pieces by
the animals attempting to remove the encumbrance. Recept.
bristly. Cor. tube white, bordered. Anth. bluish purple.
Root and stalks eatable, and nutritive : the stalks should be cut

before the plant flowers, the rind peeled off, and then boiled ; or

they may be eaten raw as a salad. Lightfoot. Decoction of the

roots a good substitute for that of Sarsaparilla. Has been given in

success in dropsy. Seeds food for birds : recommended to fatten

poultry. C.

A. Bardana» Woolly-headed B, Leaves stalked,
heart-shaped, nearly entire and even, without prickles.
Calyx when in seed cottony. E. B. 2478.

Waste ground, way sides, rubbish. (Bagley Wood. Bx.) Lane
leading from Bullingdon Green to Cheney Lane, nearly opposite
the windmill. Bx.

Bien. July, August.

Like the foregoing in size and habit. Is. less waved, (undulated)
more downy beneath. Stem of a dull red. Cal. globose. Sm.
This species raised from seed is found constant. Willd. Blos-
som purpls.

' Ang.-Sax.

2 From lahein, Gr. (to seize :) from its taking hold of soft clothes, &c.
Mixta tenax segeti crescere lappa solet. Ovid.

SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA JEQ„ Cardiuis. 229

SERRATULA. Saw-wort/
S. tinctoria. Common S, Leaves with copious, bristly
serratures, wing-cleft, somewhat lyre-shaped ; terminal
lobe largest. Seed-down roughish. E. B. 38* Ser-
ratula. G. E. 713.

Groves, thickets, grassy pastures.

Per. July.

Ls. smooth on both sides : lower ones generally undivided, some-
times all. Plant firm, rigid. Fl. purple, sometimes white ;
somewhat corymbose at the top. Down of the seed glossy, with
a brown, or gold tingle. Cal. scales of an elegant brown colour.
Globular form of the florets resembles an old fashioned wine-
glass. Ls. half embracing the stem. Stigma forked deeply.
Plant dioecious in effect.
Affords a yellow dye for coarse woollen : used in. Sweden for

that purpose. This plant untouched by cattle.

CA'RDUUS. Thistle/

* Leaves running down the stem.

C. nutans. Musk T, Leaves not running all the way
from one leaf to another, thorny. Flowers solitary,
drooping. Calyx-scales spear-shaped ; their upper
part spreading. E. B. 1112.

fVaste ground, fallow fields, dry, barren pastures.

An ? July.

Stem two or three f, slightly furrowed, slightly cottony. Ls.
alternate, green on both sides. Fl. smell strongly of musk in
warm weather, l^l.-stalks woolly, round, naked. Cal.-scales
leafy points, slightly cottoned. Ls. with a white rib. Styles
bent back towards the side. Fl, musky, especially in the even-
ing. Linn. Cal.-scales dull red : the outward spines wide and
open, the inward ones erect : terminate in a strong, yellow
thorn. Pollen grey, globular, set with fine points. Small stalks
naked.
The dried flowers of this, and of Car. lanceolatus, used in some

countries for a rennet to curdle milk. Many kinds of moths hover

over the flowers at night. The down of this may be used as a

material in making paper.

C. acanthoides. Welted T, Leaves running down the
stem, sinuated, very thorny. Flowers crowded, some-
what stalked. Calyx globose ; scales linear, partly
curved back. E. B. 973. C. polyacanthos. C. 6.
54. Sb. 245. Polyacanthos. G. E. 1173. Thistle
upon Thistle.

' Ang.-Sax. 2 Ang.-Sax.

230 SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA JEQ. Carduus,

Hedges, dry, waste ground.

An. July.

Three f., or more : more green than Card, tenuiflorus : clothed on
every side with scalloped leafy wings : edges of these, as well
as of the leaves, fringed with numberless straddling thorns of
various lengths. The lengthened out flowering-branches termi-
nate in irregular clusters of purple, erect flowers, less than those
of Card, nutans. Cal.-scales slightly woolly. Partial flower-
stalks thorny : inner calyx-scales coloured ; not close as in
Cnicus palustris.
Discrim,. from Card, nutans, by its upright calyx. Florets

cloven half way down, the lowermost segments separated nearly

to the base.

C. tenuiflorus. Slender-flowered T. Leaves running
down the stem, sinuated, thorny. Flowers crowded,
stalkless. Calyx nearly cylindrical ; scales egg-shaped
at the base ; somewhat curved back at the point.
E. B. 412. C. 6. 55,
Dry, sandy ground. Sm. * Dorchester. Bensington. Sb. Yarnton,

near the Church. Bx.
An. July.

Root-Is. on short footstalks, somewhat lyrate, and a little cottony
beneath, (as are the upper ones.) Fl. long, clustered, erect,
pale rose-coloured. Cal.-scales with, a membranous margin, and
strong yellow terminal thorn ; pale in their lower part, green at
the tip. Florets ten to fifteen, or more. Plant three or four
feet high.

* * Leaves stalkless,

C. marianus. Milk T. Our Ladi/s Thistle. Leaves
wavy, thorny, clasping the stem ; root ones wing-cleft.
Calyx-scales leafy, curved back, channelled ; thorny at
the margin. E. B. 976. C. 3. 54. C. Marise. G.

E. 1150.

Waste ground, hanks of ditches. * Near Abingdon. Bx.
An. June.

Ls. shining, deep green, elegantly marbled along the veins with
white, which botanists of the dark ages report to have been
caused by the milk of the Virgin Mary falling upon a plant of
this species. Fl. large, purple, solitary, at the end of each
branch. Cal.-scales each terminating in a long, bent back,
strong thorn, fringed at its base with smaller spines. Four or
five feet high. Cal. stem naked.

When young, eaten as salad. The young stalks peeled and
soaked in water, excellent. Scales of the cup as good as Arti-
chokes. Root good to eat, early in the spring. fVitJi. An emul-
sion may be formed from the oily seeds.

SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA .^Q. Cnicus. 231
CNICUS. Plume-thistle.

* Leaves running down the stem (decurrent?) Stem winged.

Cn. lanceoldtus. Spear P. T. Leaves running down
the stem, wing-cleft, hispid, with variously-spreading,
thorny lohes. Calyx egg-shaped, shaggy. Stem
furrowed, hairy. Carduus lanceolatus. E. B. IO7.
Sb. 244. Carduus lanceatus. G. E. 1174.
Waste ground, banks by road sides.
Bien. July.

Three or four f. Fl. terminal, erect, large, purple. Stem covered
like the back of the leaves and calyx with a cotton-like web.
Cal. -scales spear-shaped, thorny, spreading. Point of the leaves
long, very sharp. Ls. green, rough on the upper side, hoary
underneath. CaL-scales innermost bristly, dry, unarmed,
Recept. hairy, conical.

A shelter for other plants : one of the first to grow where other
plants would not thrive. The fl. like those of the artichoke curdle
milk. Larva of Cin. Cardui' feeds on this. Almost all the
species of Card, and Cnicus, may be eaten, when young. Bien-
nial weed, readily destroyed by mowing it before it seeds.

Cn. palustris. Marsh P. T, Leaves running down the
stem, wing-cleft, toothed, thorny, rough. Flowers
crowded. Calyx egg-shaped, minutely thorny, nearly
smooth. Carduus palustris. E. B. 974^« C. 6. 5Q^
Sb. 245.

Moist meadows, 'pastures, watery spots by road sides,

Bien. July.

Stem erect, three to six f., very straight, with long, wand-like
branches, deep green, often purplish. Ls. dark green. FL
terminal, deep purple, sometimes white. Cal. with abrupt, close
scales, tippped with small, short, harmless prickles. Cal. -scales
woolly, green, tipped with deep purple, without a rib along the
back.
* * Leaves stalkless, or partially running down the stem. Stem

not winged.

Cn. arvensis. Creeping P. T, Cursed Thistle, Leaves
stalkless, wing-cleft, thorny, nearly smooth. Stem
panicled, solid. Calyx egg-shaped ; outer scales
thorny. Root creeping, tuberous. Carduus arvensis.
E. B. 975. C. 6. 57. Sb. 245. C. vulgatissimus
viarum. G. E. 1173*

' Jermyn's (nowMrs. Ford's) Butterfly Collector's Vade Mecum ; a pleasing,
useful work, on British Butterflies. 12mo.

232 SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA ^Q. Cnicus,

Cultivated fields, way sides, very common, trouhlesome weed.

Per. July.

Roof deeply creeping, very tenacious of life. Stem panicled, solid,

angular, smooth, three or four f Fl. palish purple, sometimes

white.

The burnt plant yields good ashes for glass-making. Ray.
The down, a useful ingredient in paper -making. iMTith.

Cn. eriophorus. Woolly -headed P. T. Leaves stalk-
less, wing-cleft, with two-ranked, thorny segments ;
bristly above. Calyx globular, densely woolly, leafy at
the base. Carduus eriophorus. E. B. 386. Sb.
246. C. eriocephalus. G. E. 1152.

Dry pastures, road sides.

Bien. July,

Stem three f. or more, erect, much branched, many angled, hairy.
Ls. with two ranks of oblong, straddling segments, alternately
pointing upwards and downwards, and armed with very strong
thorns. Upper side of leaves rough : under, cottony. FL soli-
tary, terminal, erect, very large, six or eight inches in circum-
ference. Cal.-scales mostly terminating in a linear, blunt, leafy
appendage, fringed, thorny. FL sometimes white. Ls. lower
spreading on the ground, often two feet long. Cal. as long as
an e^g.
Recept, eatable like the artichoke.

Cn. pratensis. Meadow P, T. Leaves stalkless, spear-
shaped, wavy or lobed, fringed with unequal prickles ;
loosely cottony beneath. Stem downy, slightly leafy,
single flowered. Calyic cottony, with tapering, small
scales, closely tiled. Carduus pratensis. E. B. 177»
Sb. 246. Cirsium anglicum. G. E. 1183. C. mon-
tanum anglicum. G. E. 1183. f. 5.

Low, wet pastures, meadows.

Per. June.

Root fibrous, creeping. Stem slightly furrowed, one to two f.
Lower Is. somewhat cut. Differs from Cn. heterophyllus by the
leaves not being woolly underneath, but downy. Generally
one flower, and two stem-leaves, half embracing the stem. FL
red. Antli. with five horny, yellow, spear-shaped points.

Cn. acaulis. Dwarf P, T. Stalks immediately from the
root, single-flowered, shorter than the smooth calyx.
Carduus acaulis. E. B. l6l. Carlina acaulos minor,
flore purpureo. G. E. 1158.

Pastures, meadows.

Per, July.

Ls, wide-spreading, depressed close to the ground, smooth, shining,

SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA ^Q. Carlina. 233

wing-cleft, very thorny. Cal.-scales narrow, smooth, rather
blunt. Fl. erect, deep crimson. Plant nearly stemless.
The leaves spread, and exclude other plants from growing
beneath them. The different Cnici and Cardui afford nourish-
ment to the larvas of several insects. When cultivated, and
without cultivation, Cn. acaulis acquires a stem.

ONOPORDUM. Cotton-thistle.

O. Acanthium, Common C. T, Calyx-scales awl-
shaped, spreading in every direction. Leaves egg-
oblong, sinuated, woolly on both sides. E. B. 977-
C. 5. 57. Acanthium album. G. E. 1149.

Pf^aste ground, hedge banks, road sides,

Bien. July.

Hoary green, five f. high, clothed with a white, cottony web.
Stem winged up to the calyx. Ls. completely running down
the stem, edged with large, unequal thorns. Fl. terminal,
solitary, purple. Cal. thorns in the lower part bent back. Cal.
globose. Lower Is. with deep, triangular teeth, which are again
toothed, each tooth terminated by a sharp, whitish thorn. Upper
Is. spear-shaped, with a few distant teeth .
The receptacle, and young stems may be boiled, and eaten.

The ancients supposed this plant a specific in cancer, Fl. Suec,

The seeds a favourite food of small birds, particularly gold-finches.

Heads of this, and Card, marianus, used by bird-catchers as a

decoy to small birds.

CARLFNA. Carline-thistle.

C. vulgaris. Common C T. Stem corymbose, many-
flowered. Flowers terminal. Outer calyx-scales wing-
cleft ; inner whitish. E. B. 1144. C. sylvestris

major. G. E. 1159.

Dry, sandy, heathy pastures, fields.

Bien. July.

Stem one f., stiff. Fl. erect. Cal.-scales, inner, long, linear,
smooth, radiating, yellowish white, everlasting, like the rays of
flowers in Poly gam. Superf. Anth. with two bristles at the
base. Ls. alternate, sinuated, very thorny, veiny ; two yellow
spines to each small tooth. Florets central, tubular, purplish.
The dry plant will remain standing a year and more, battered

and bleached, a miserably looking skeleton. Linn. Fl. Suec.

Presence of this plant indicates a very barren soil. Said to be

useful in hysteria. Amcen. Acad.

Named after the Emperor Charlemagne, because reported that

a Carlina was pointed out to him by an angel, to cure his

234 SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA MQ. Eupatorium.

army of the plague. Root pungent, bitter, tonic ; the flowers

close before rain ; retain this property for a long time.

* * * Florets all tubular, level generally ; jiowers mostly with no ray,.

BIDENS.' Bur-marigold.

B. tripartita, Three-lobed B. Leaves in three seg-
ments. Bracteas unequal. Bristles of the seeds two
or three, erect. E. B. 1113. C. 4. 57. Eupato-
rium cannabinum foemina. G. E. 711'

Watery places, sides of ditches a7id ponds.

An. August.

Stem two or three f. Ls. opposite, toothed, cut into one large
lobe w^ith two or three smaller at its base. Fl. solitary, termi-
nating each branch, rather drooping, surrounded with several
simple, spreading, entire, rough-edged leaves. Cal.-scales
streaked with brown. Ls. upper simple, oval-spear-shaped.
Cal. leafy at the base.
Woollen and linen may be dyed yellow with a decoction of this

plant. The Cyprinus auratus, gold-fish, has been destroyed by the

seeds adhering to the gills and jaws.

B. cernua. Nodding B. Leaves spear-shaped, deeply
saw-toothed. Flowers drooping. Bracteas nearly-
equal, entire. Bristles of the seeds about four, erect.
E.B.I 114. C. 3. 55.

Ditches, ponds.

y. Bidens minima, i. e. smallest. Dry places where water has been,
and margins of ponds. A starved specimen of this plant found
on the north side of Shotover Hill. Sb.

An. August.

Stem less spreading than in Bid. tripartita. Ls. embracing the
stem, undivided. Fl. large, brighter yellow than in Bid. tripar-
tita. Fl. sometimes with large, radiant, strap-shaped female
florets, is the Coreopsis bidens of Linn.

EUP ATO'RIUM. " Hemp-agrimony.

E. cannabinum. Common H. Leaves opposite, in
three, or five, deep, spear-shaped segments ; the middle
one longest. E. B. 428. E. cannabinum mas. G.
E. 711.

Watery, boggy places.

Per. July.

Stems two or three f. or more, reddish, erect, branched, downy,

1 From the two teeth in the genus.

5 From Eupator, King of Pontus- Plin.

SYNGENESIA POLYGAM. SUPERF. Artemisia. 235

leafy. Fl. very numerous, light reddish purple, in a thick, ter-
minal, clustered corymb. Florets about five, or six, with pro-
jecting, long, cloven styles : silvery bristles crown the germen
and seed, separating the florets. Plant slightly aromatic. Leafl.
towards the point very entire. Fl. sometimes white. Germ.
with minute, shining globules. In young plants, the upper Is.
simple.

Decoction of the roots violently emetic, and cathartic ; a rough
medicine in jaundice, and dropsy. An infusion of the plant used
to foment ulcers with by Boerhaave. Tournefort mentions that
the Turks cure the scurvy with this plant. One ounce of the
juice, or one drachm of extract, a dose. Lightf. See G. E.

SYNGENESIA POLYGAM, SUPERFLUA.

* Discoid flowers (rayless.^

TANACE'TUM. Tansy.

T. vulgare. Common T, Leaves doubly wing-cleft,
deeply saw-toothed, naked. E. B. 1229. Tanace-
tum> G. E. 650.

Hilly pastures, hedges, road sides * Shotover Hill. Southleigh. Sb,

Per. July.

Stems erect, one or two f. Ls. numerous, alternate. Fl. in a

terminal, flat corymb, yellow. Perfect florets of disk tubular,

five-cleft: of the ray, few, strap-shaped, with three teeth ; these

florets often wanting.

Plant strong-smelling, very bitter : the seeds to destroy worms,
the leaves used to flavour a kind of pudding. A curled var. found
in gardens, more grateful to the stomach. One drachm of the
dried flowers beneficial in hysteria arising from suppressions.
Lightf. A green dye from this plant. The fly avoids meat rubbed
with this plant.

ARTEMrSIA.' Wormwood, and Mugwort.*

A. Absinthium. Common TV. Leaves in many deep
segments, clothed with close silky down. Flowers
drooping, hemispherical. Receptacle hairy. E. B.
1230. Absinthium latifolium sive ponticum. G. E.

1096.

Waste ground, villages.
Per. August.

1 So called from Artemisia, Queen of Halicarnassus, wife of Maus61us.

2 Ang.-Sax.

236 SYNGENESIA POLYGAM. SUPERF. Gnaphaliam.

Stems hard, in tufts about one f., furrowed, leafy. Plant pale,,
whitish green. Ls. alternate, doubly wing-cleft, edges entire*
FL in a leafy panicle, broad. Plant intensely bitter, and
strongly aromatic. Ls. root-ones thrice wing-cleft. Stalk-Is.
twice wing-cleft ; floral spear-shaped, undivided. Ls. green
above, white underneath.

A substitute for hops. The oil used to destroy w^orms. The
leaves destroy the sharpness of sour beer, as does the salt. Infu-
sion of the leaves, combined with a salt, strongly diuretic in some
dropsical cases. The long continued use of bitters, destroys the
tone of the stomach. See Cullen, The flesh of sheep, and the
milk of cows, rendered bitter, by eating this plant. Turkies fond
of it. A fomentation of the plant, steeped in boiling water, good
recent and repeated application to a bruise. fVith. Sfc. Smell of
the plant will drive away ants. Scopoli. Often laid in drawers
and chests in the country to drive away insects.

A. vulgaris. Mugwort. Leaves wing-cleft, flat, cut ;
(segments long, opposite,) downy beneath. Clusters
simple. Flowers egg-shaped. Receptacle naked. E.
B. 978. A. mater herbarum. G. E. 1103.

Waste ground^ hedges, borders of fields.
Per. August.

Stems three or four f., leafy, branched, with numerous, longitudi-
nal, purplish ribs. Ls. alternate, somewhat lyrate, smooth, and
dark green above ; cottony and very white beneath ; three-
lobed at the end. FL in axillary, simple, leafy spikes, or clus-
ters, erect, or straddling, egg-shaped, stalkless. Floral-Is. undi-
vided, linear, spear-shaped. Florets longer than the calyx.
Stems sometimes green. Plant weakly aromatic, slightly bitter.
Pliny, according to Gerarde, ascribes an extraordinary influence
to this plant, worthy the attention of modern travellers, if they
could believe, or feel its power : " The traveller or wayfaring man,
that hath the herb tied about him, feeleth no wearisomeness at
all!" G. 1104. The cottony covering of the herbage, rubbed
off, forms the moxa of the Japanese, for performing actual cautery.
Lightfoot remarks that the moxa is prepared from the pith, (me-
dulla) of the stalk. The young leaves eaten as a pot-herb by the
Highlanders. Light/. Moxa prepared by beating, and rubbing
the dried tops and leaves of this plant between the hands, until
only the fine, internal, woolly fibres remain, which are then
combed and formed into little cones.
Sheep fond of this plant.

GNAPHALIUM.^ Cudweed,^

* Caly.v white, or reddish,

G. dioicum. Mountain C Shoots trailing. Stem

* So called from gndphalon, Gr. down, or woolliness.

2 From its supposed power to excite rumination in cattle. Ray.

8YNGENESIA POLYGAM. SUPERF. Gnaphalium. 237

unbranched. Corymb simple, terminal. Flowers dioe-
cious. Seed-down feathery, various. E. B. 267- Gr.
niontanum purpureum et album. G. E. 640.

Dry, mountainous, or heathy pastures. ** Woodcot Heath. Sb.

Per. June.

Ls. battledore-shaped, pointed, entire, bright green, and smooth
above ; beneath very white, and cottony. Ls. of the traiUng
shoots mostly opposite. Flowering stem three or four inches,
with alternate, spear-shaped leaves, half embracing the stem,
terminated by a simple corymb of four or five flowers, white or
reddish ; of the nature of the flowers, styled Everlastings.
* * Calyx hroivn, and less ornamental.

G. rectum. Upright Wood C. Stem simple, erect,
panicled, many-flowered, leafy. Leaves linear-spear-
shaped, naked on the upper side ; silky beneath. E.
B. 124. G. anglicum. G. E. 639.

Groves, thickets, pastures, in a soil which is dry, or gravelly.

Per. August.

One and a half to two f. Cal. brown with a blush-coloured hue.
Fl. terminal, and also axillary, stalkless, spiked. FL- stalks
very short, from the sides of the stem, from the bosom of the
leaves, from one to five, or more flowers, the lowermost some-
what distant, the upper crowded.

G. uUginosum, Marsh C. Stem much branched,
spreading. Leaves linear-spear-shaped, somewhat
embracing the stem, cottony on both sides. Flowers
in close, terminal tufts, shorter than the leaves. E. B.

1194. G. vulgare. G. E. 639.

Sandy, watery places, or where water has stood during winter.

An. August.

Stem three to nine inches : distinguished by its very numerous,
spreading branches, each terminated by a close head of yellow-
ish brown, shining flowers, encompassed with many leaves.
Branches erect at their extremities, alternately subdivided.
Cal.-scales spear-shaped, acute, dark, shining brown.

G. minimum. Least (7. Stem erect, branched. Leaves
spear-shaped, acute, flat. Flowers conical, in small
side and terminal tufts, longer than the leaves. E. B.
1 157. Filago montana. Sb. 262. F. minor. G.

E. 641.

Barren, sandy, or gravelly soil. Shotover Hill, near the road to
Cuddesdon. Sb.

An. June.

Stem a few inches, slender, simple, naked below, forked, corym-
bose above. Ls, alternate, pressed to the stem, woolly on both

238 SYNGENESIA POLYGAM. SUPERF. Erigeron.

sides. Fl. small, stalkless, often solitary. Cal.-scales awl-
shaped, keeled.
G. germanicuKYi. Common C Stem erect, proliferous
at the top. Leaves spear-shaped. Heads globose,
many- flowered, from the side in the axils of the
branches, as well as terminal. Calyx-scales bristle-
pointed, smooth. E. B. 946. H. L. 43. Filago
germanica. Sb. 262. F. sive Herba impia. G. E.
642.

Pastures y fields, waste ground^ on gravelly soil, Sm,
An. July.

Easily distinguished by its proliferous stem or two or more
branches springing from a single head, and as it were overtop-
ping its parent ; hence according to Gerarde, called Herba
impia, or Wicked Cudweed, Ls, numerous, alternate, erect,
waved, woolly on both sides. Cal. five-cornered. Branches
horizontal, mostly two, and sometimes three from below the
head terminating the main, and thicker stem : rising above the
main stem.

The plant is astringent : the powder and decoction have suc-
ceeded in dysentery and diarrhoea. Light/,

CONY'ZA. Spikenard.

C. squarrosa, Plowman^s S, Leaves spear-shaped,
downy, notched. Stem herbaceous, corymbose. Calyx-
scales leafy, curved back. E. B. 1195. Baccharis
monspeliensium. G. E. 792.

Chalky, or limestone situations, Sm.

Bien. August,

Plant downy, bitter, slightly aromatic, upright, two or three f.

Stem reddish. Ls. wrinkled; root-ones large, tapering at the
base, notched ; upper ones entire. Fl. in a terminal, leafy
corymb. Cal. egg-shaped, outer scales with green tips, the
inner erect, reddish, fringed. Florets dusky purple, or yellow.
The root-leaves resemble somewhat in shape those of the Fox-
glove. Recept. tuberculated. FL-ls. small, one on each fruit-
stalk.

** Radiated flowers.

ERFGERON. Flea-bane.'
E. acris. Blue F, Stem racemose. Stalks mostly
single-flowered. Leaves spear-shaped, or tongue-
shaped, stalkless. Ray erect. Seed-down as long as
the florets of the ray. E. acre. E. B. 1158. C. 1.
60. Conyza ceerulea acris. G. E. 484.

' Ang.-Sax.

SYNGENESIA POLYGAM. SUPERF. Tussilago. 239

Dry, gravelly, or chalky pastures. Sm.

Bien. July, August. Sometimes in April. Ray.

Stem one or two f., upright, straight, furrowed, purplish, hairy. Fl.
many in a racemose form, in long, bracteated, alternate footstalks.
Ls. scattered, the lowermost inversely egg-shaped, often coarsely
saw-toothed. The flowers appear delicately streaked with blue,
from the numerous, linear florets of the ray, encompassing the
disk. Seed-down copious, long, rough, by which the plant is
easily recognised. I'aste of the plant acrid.

TUSSILA'GO/ Colt's-foot/ and Butter-bur.

T. Farfara. Colfs-foot, Stalks single-flowered, clothed
with scaly bracteas. Flowers radiant. Leaves roundish
heart-shaped, angular and toothed. E. B. 429. C.
2.60. Tussilago. G. E. 811.

Moist, slmdy situations, chalky or marly soil, Sm.
Per. March.

Fl. terminal, solitary, in bud drooping; in expansion erect, lemon -
coloured. Cal. of several simple, parallel, equal scales ; a few
scattered scales at the base. Ls. on long foot-stalks, from short,
side branches. Ls. very smooth above, cottony, and veiny
beneath. Younger Is. rolled back. The leaves appear after the
flower.

Leaves bitterish, mucilaginous, astringent. Troublesome weed
from its deep, creeping root. Roots destroyed by cutting off" the
crown of them in March. Basis of herb-tobacco. Plant recom-
mended by Cullen in scrophula, in decoction. Cul. Mat. M. and
Fuller. Med. Gym. With. &c. The roots consolidate clay on
the banks of rivers. Linn. Custom of smoking this plant through
a reed, very ancient, mentioned by Pliny, as a remedy for cough.
A room may be cleared of gnats, by opening the windows,
and smoking or burning this plant, or tobacco. Curtis. The
cotton impregnated with salt-petre, makes good tinder. Sherard,
and With. The leaves, either smoked like tobacco, or taken in
infusion, reputed good for coughs.

T. PetasitesJ Butter-bur. Thyrsus close, egg-oblong.
Flowers tubular, discoid. Leaves heart-shaped, un-
equally toothed, approximating, three-ribbed at the
base. E. B. 431. C. 2. 59. Petasites. G. E.

814.

Moist, boggy meadows, rivulets, margins of rivers. Sandford Lane.

Sb. and R. W.
Per. April.

> From tiissiSy a cough, the plant being reputed good in coughs.

2 From the shape of the leaf. ^ Ang.-Sax.

' So called from its large leaves, supposed to resemble a petasus, or cap.

240 SYNGENBSIA POLYGAM. SUPERF. Senecio.

Fl.-stalks ten or twelve inches, simple, purple, scaly, rising before
the leaves. Florets pale red, all hermaphrodite, in appearance.
Ls. on long foot-stalks, growing to two or three feet in diame-
ter, downy beneath. Cal. of four series of reddish, spear-shaped
scales.
Planted near bee-hives, as an early flowering plant, by some

Swedish economists. The root in the spring resinous, aromatic.

SENE'CTO.' Groundsel,^ or Ragwort.

* Flowers witliout rays.

S. vulgaris. Common G, or Simson,^ Flowers dis-
persed, without rays. Leaves wing-cleft, toothed,
segments blunt, smoothish ; clasping at the base. E.
B. 747. C. 1. 61. Erigerum. G. E. 278.

Cultivated, or waste ground, dry hanks, tops of walls, very common.

An. At almost all seasons.

Plant slightly fleshy. Fl. terminal, somewhat corymbose. Florets
all tubular, yellow, hermaphrodite, so that the species belongs
strictly to Polyg. sequalis. Seed-down stalkless, rough. CaL-
scales spear-shaped, at the base ; at length spreading, and star-
like in appearance. Ls. alternate.
A strong infusion of the plant emetic. The bruised leaves a

suppurative application to boils : the plant is good against worms ;

the juice may be given to horses for this end. Birds in cages, fed

with the young buds, and leaves.

* * Fl. with rays, becoming rolled hack.

S. viscosus. Stinking G, Rays rolled back. Leaves
wing-cleft, clammy. Outer calyx lax, almost as long
as the inner. Stem with many spreading branches.
E. B. 32. Erigerum tomentosum. G. E. 278.

PVaste ground, chalky, or sandy soil. Sm. * * Near Baldon. Sh.

An. June.

Whole plant covered with a clammy, fetid liquor, arresting insects,
&c., hairy. Stem straggling, not simple, as in Sen. sylvaticus.
Fl. twice as long as those of sylvaticus. Cal. hairy. Cal.-scales
approaching at the top. Fl. in loose umbels, of two or three.

S. sylvaticus. Mountain G, Rays rolled back. Leaves
stalkless, wing-cleft, lobed and toothed. Outer calyx
short, with bluntish discoloured tips. E. B. 748.

Bushy, heathy, places, gravelly, or sandy soil. Southleigh Heath,
Ensham Heath. Sb.

An. June.

* From S^nex, an old man, because the seeds are downy, and hoary, like
the grey locks of age. Plin. 2 Ang.-Sax.

3 Corruption of the Fr< Senegon.

SYNGENESIA POLYGAM. SUPERF. Senecio. 241

Fetid, hairy, clammy. Stem straight, upright, waud-like, about
three f. Upper Is, more finely divided than in Sen. viscosus.
Fl. corymbose, numerous, small, pale, with short, small, curved
back rays. Ls. segments alternately large, and small.
* * * FL with spreading rays. Leaves wing-cleft.

* S. squdlidus. Inelegant Ragwort, Rays spreading,
elliptical, entire. Leaves smooth, wing-cleft, with
distant, and somewhat linear, segments. E. B. 600.

Plentiful on almost every wall iji and about Oxford. Dillenius sent
seeds of this to Linnaeus, from the Oxford garden, perhaps the
plant, originally a native of Sicily, and South of Europe.

An. June, October.

Stem erect, branched, sometimes slightly hairy. Ls. embracing
the stem, flat, rather fleshy, often purplish beneath. Fl. soli-
tary at the end of terminal, straggling, bracteated, corymbose
stalks. Cal. smooth, almost hemispherical, its outer scales few,
small. Smell somewhat resembling tansy. Fl. bright golden
colour, large. Florets broad. At first sight, much like a var. of
Sen. Jacobeea.

S. tenuifoUus, Hoary R, Rays spreading, oblong.
Leaves wing-cleft, somewhat rolled back ; paler, and
downy beneath. Stem erect, loosely cottony. E. B.

574. S. erucifohus. C. 5, 64.

fVoods, hedges, road sides, chalky, or gravelly soil. Sm.

Per. August.

Stem simple, erect, wand-like, one to three f., leafy, furrowed,
downy, white. Ls. alternate, the uppermost with linear seg-
ments, little toothed. Fl. corymbose, bright yellow. CaL-
scales broad, gi-een, more or less woolly, with a white membra-
nous border. Rays soon become turned back. Ls. wings
linear-awd-shaped : lower Is. on long leaf-stalks. 3Iid-r2b of the
Is. underneath protuberating.
No plant is more variable in the appearance of its leaves.

The plant is found wdth but little hoariness, low^er Is. stalkless,

segments rather broad.

S. Jacobwa,^ Common R. Rays spreading, oblong,
toothed. Leaves doubly wing-cleft, somewhat lyre-
shaped, with spreading, toothed, smooth segments.
Stem erect. Seeds of the disk hairy. E. B. 1130.
Jacobeea. G. E. 280.

Pastures, waste groilnd, road sides.
Per. July.

Stem erect, two or three f., furrowed, leafy, corymbose. Ls,
alternate, deep, shining green ; lower, on stalks, the rest em-

' From Jacobus, Lat. for James ; in reference to the Saint of that name.

R

242 SYNGENESIA POLVGAM. SUPERF. Solidago.

bracing the stem. Fl. numerous, in terminal, upright corymbs,
bright golden colour. Seeds of the ray smooth. Cal. and
flower-stalks often covered with a cottony web. Bruised herb,
fetid. Ls. less segments broader towards the end.
A decoction of the flowers dyes yellow : larva of the handsome
Phal. Jacobsese feeds on this.

S. aqudticus. Marsh R, Rays spreading, elliptic-
oblong. Leaves lyre-shaped, saw-toothed ; the lower-
most inversely egg-shaped, and undivided. Seeds

smooth. E. B. 1131.

Marshes, watery places.

Per. July.

Ls. smooth, variable in form, from egg-shaped, to deeply wing-
cleft, of a lighter colour than those of Sen. Jacobsea. FL also
fewer, larger than S. Jac. Ls. terminal segment largest.
* * * * Fl. radiant. Leaves undivided,

* ? S. saracenicus. Broad-leaved R, Rays spreading,
nearly entire. Flowers corymbose. Leaves spear-
shaped, saw-toothed, minutely downy. Stem solid.
E. B. 2211. Solidago sarracenica. G. E. 429.

Moist meadows, and pastures, watery lanes, rare. Sm, Shotover

Plantations. Bx.
Per. July, August.
Three to five f., smooth. Fi. yellow. Seeds mostly smooth.

SOLID A'GO.^ Golden-rod.

S. Virgaurea, Common G. Stem slightly zigzag,
angular. Clusters downy, panicled, crowded, erect.
Leaves partly saw-toothed. E. B. 301. Virga aurea.
G. E. 430.

Groves, thickets, grassy lanes, heaths. '* *

Per. August.

Stem branched above, from ten inches to three f., curved below,
then erect, leafy. Ls. roughish, paler beneath on winged foot-
stalks, root-ones inversely egg-spear-shaped, saw-toothed to
notched. Stem-Is. alternate, rolled back, more entire. FL
yellow, in terminal, and axillary clusters. Bracteas spear-
shaped, downy. Rays of the flower from five to nine or ten.
Bruised herb smells like wild-carrot. Cal.-scales spear-shaped,
with a green line along the back, and a membranous border.
Valuable plant near bee-hives, flowering late, and thriving on a

poor soil. Esteemed vulnerary, diuretic. See Gerarde, and his

strange commendations of its virtues.

' From a supposed vulnerary power of solidating wounds.

SYNGENESIA POLYGAM. SUPERF. Inula. 243

INULA. Elecampane, and Flea-bane.

* ? I. HeUnium^ Elecampane, Leaves egg-shaped,
rugged, clasping the stem ; downy beneath. Calyx-
scales egg-shaped, leafy. E. B. 1546. Helenium.
G. E. 793.

Moist meadows, pastures, * * Stanton St. John's, Sh, Near a
foot-path leading from the new to the old road to Ensham,
about three miles from Oxford. R. W. Meadow near the
Plough Public-house, Horton. R. W.

Stems a yard or more, thick, leafy, branched above, downy. Ls.
alternate, large, more downy beneath, slightly saw-toothed,
veiny; root-ones on stalks; the rest clasping the stem. Fl.
very large, terminal, solitary, bright, golden. Rays of very
numerous, linear, spreading florets. Seeds four-angled. Whole
plant of large dimensions. Lower Is. spear-shaped.
Root useful to promote expectoration. Decoction of the root

cures sheep of the scab. Bruised and steeped in urine, with balls

of ashes and whortle-berries, it dyes blue.

L dysenterica* Common Flea-bane. Leaves oblong,
downy, clasping the stem with their arrow-shaped
base. Stem woolly, panicled. Calyx-scales bristle-
shaped, hairy. E. B. 1115. C. 3. 56. Conyza

media. G. E. 482.

tVatery places hy road sides, clear ditches.

Per. August.

Stem one f or more, upright, branched in a corymbose manner,
woolly, with alternate, oblong, spreading leaves veiny, their
under side more densely clothed with hoariness. Fl. numerous,
terminal, solitary, bright yellow. A7ith, with two long bristles
at the base. Seeds rough. Plant exhales a soapy smell. Ray.
Russian soldiers cured of a dysentery by this herb, according to
General Keith's report. Linn. Fl. Suec.

L pulicdria. Small Flea-bane. Leaves clasping the
stem, wavy. Stem much branched, hairy. Flowers
hemispherical ; ray scarcely longer than the disk. E.
B. 1196. C. 3. 57. L uliginosa. Sb. ^5Q. Co-
nyza minima. G. E. 482.

Moist, sandy, heathy spots, ivhere water has stagnated during winter. *
Noke. Sb. Horton road, leading on to Otmoor. R. W.

An. August.

Stem near two f., erect, spreading, or lying down, often purplish,
zigzag, leafy. Ls. spear shaped, or oblong, curved back, hairy

» From having been said to spring from the tears oi Helen. Plin. See
also Ger.

r2

244 kSYNGEN. POLYGAM. SUPERF. Bellis.

on both sides, fetid. Fl. mostly solitary, soon overtopped by
other flower- branches, erect, hemispherical, dull, pale yellow.
Recept. tuberculated . Cal. hairy, Anth. bristles very small.

CINERA'RIA. Flea-wort.

C. integrifolia. Mountain FL Flowers simply and
imperfectly umbellate, with several spear-shaped brac-
teas resembling an involucre. Root-leaves elliptical,
obscurely toothed ; the rest spear-shaped ; all shaggy.
Stem unbranched. E. B. 152. Sb. 255. C. cam-

pestris. H, L. "^5,

Chalky downs. Sm. * * Dowms of Dorsetshire, and Oxfordshire.
Hooker. Mungewell, on Grime's Dyke. Burford Downs. Sb,
Downs, near 5Streatley, Berks. B.v.

Per. May.

Root long, thready. Root-Is. spreading on the ground, egg-shaped,
battledore-shaped, or inversely egg-shaped, lengthened out at
the base, generally bent back at the margin. Stem-is. alternate.
Stem six to twelve inches, erect, simple, furrowed, woolly. CaL-
scales with a membranous margin. Florets of the ray generally
broadest in the middle. Fl. bright yellow., three or four.

BELLIS. Daisy/

B. pei'enJiis. Common D, Root creeping. Flower-
stalk immediately from the root, one-flowered, naked.
E. B. 424. C. 1. 62. B. sylvestris minor. G. E. 6SQ.

Pastures, meadows , almost every where.

Per. May, November. Sm.

Tufts of leaves spreading in a star-like form upon the ground. Ls,
inversely egg-shaped, blunt, notched, slightly hairy, all chiefly
from the root. Stalks three or four inches, generally upright,
round, hairy. Cal. dark green, spreading : scales in two rows.
Ray of several spreading, somewhat linear florets, notched at
the tip, polished white, mostly tinged with crimson at the end,
especially underneath. Disk yellow, tubular. Recept. very
conical, hollow.
Taste of the leaves somewhat acrid. Not acceptable to cattle,

or to geese. Gerarde makes this strange observation : the juice

of the leaves and roots " given to little dogs with milk keepeth

them from growing great." The leaves indeed are aperient.

Schroder imputes to them similar powers.

Double, as well as proliferous, daisies, red, white, or speckled,
common in gardens.

' From its clo&ing at night.

SYNGENESIA POLYGAM. SUPERF. Py'rethrum. 245
CHRYSA'NTHEMUM. Ox-eye.

* Rays white.

Ch. Leucdnthemum. Great White 0, Moon Daisy.
Leaves clasping the stem, oblong, blunt, cut ; toothed
in a wing-cleft manner at the base ; root-ones inversely
egg-shaped, stalked, saw-toothed, inclining to notched.
E. B. 601. C. 5. 62. Bellis major. G, E. 634.

Paatures, way sides.

Per. June.

Stem erect, two f., furrowed, with reel, intermediate ribs. Ls.
lower stem ones on long- foot-stalks, saw-toothed, cut : the rest
stalkless, embracing- the stem, alternate, oblong, jagged, toothed,
in a winged form about the base. Fl. handsome, large, solitary
at the end of each branch : disk flat, yellow, rays pure white,
elliptical, two ribbed. • Seeds black, witli white, elevated ribs.
The young leaves may be eaten in salads.
* * Rays and disk yellow.

Ch. segetum. Yellow 0. Corn Marigold, Leaves
clasping the stem, glaucous ; jagged-saw- toothed
upwards ; toothed at the base. E. B. 540. C. 6. 60.
G. E. 743.

Corn fields y turnip fields, abundant.
An. June.

Stem two or three f., erect, alternately branched, leafy, smooth,
and glaucous. Ls. alternate, oblong, pointed, more or less cut,
and jagged, three-cleft frequently at the end. Fl. solitary, ter-
minal, their branches gradually thickened upwards, large, hand-
some, bright golden. Ray -florets in a single series, inversely
heart-shaped.

A law obliges the farmer in Denmark to root up this very hand-
some weed. Dried, is eaten by horses : it dyes yellow.

PY'RETHRUM.^ Feverfew.^

This genus distinguished from Chrysanthemum by the crown of
the seed.

P. Parthenium^ Common F. Leaves stalked, com-
pound, flat ; leaflets egg-shaped, cut ; the uppermost
running one into another at the base. (With.) Flower-
stalks corymbose. Stem erect. Rays shorter than
the diameter of the disk. E. B. 1231. Matricaria.
G. E. 652. M. Parthenicum. Sb. 258.

• PurtthroHy Gr.

2 Feferfuge, Ang.-Sax.

3 From Minerva. Plin.

246 SYNGEN. POLYGAM. SUPERF. Matricaria.

Waste ground, hedges, walls. * Headington, near the Black-boy,
on a wall in the lane, leading to Barton. R. W. Walls of St.
John's College, Oxford. Bx»
Per. June.

Stem branched, leafy. Ls. alternate, simply, or doubly winged,
segments running down the 1. -stalk, dull, palish green. FL-
stalks long, thickest towards their summit. Ray sometimes
wanting. FL often double, the florets of the disk all becoming
strap-shaped, and white. Leafl. two or three pairs, a large one
terminating, wedge-shaped, with lobes, the middle of which is
three-cleft, the side ones scalloped; magnified leaflets appear
sprinkled with minute spangles.

Anti-hysteric, drunk as an infusion. Expressed juice vermi-
fuge. Light, Plant bitter, aromatic, yields an oil by distillation.

P. inodoimm. Corn F. Scentless Mayweed, Leaves
stalkless, two-winged ; in numerous, hair-like, pointed
segments. Stem branched, spreading. Crown of the
seeds entire. E. B, 676. H, L. 101. Chrysanthe-
mum inodorum. Sb. 257-

Cultivated fields, way sides.

An. July.

Stem about one f., branched, leafy, smooth. Ls. winged in a
lyrate manner. FL terminal, solitary, large, much resembling
Chry. Leucanthemum. Stalks naked. Disk yellow, ray white.
Cal.-scales smooth. Recept. conical, naked. Seeds with a mem-
branous, undivided border.
Py'rethrum distinguished from 'Anthemis, by a naked recept.

and from Matricaria by its crowned seed. From Matric. chamo-

milla by its larger flowers, and its seed crowned at the top, with a

very shallow, whitish, membranaceous border.

MATRICARIA. Wild-Chamomile.

This genus differs from Pyrethrum in the total want of a crown
to the seed, and in the sharply conical, nearly cylindrical, recep-
tacle. Sm.

M. Chamomilla. Common Wild-C. Leaves mostly
smooth, two-wing-cleft; leaflets linear, simple, or
divided. Rays spreading. Calyx-scales dilated, blunt-
ish. E. B. 1232. C. 5. 63. Chamsemelum. G.
E. 754.

Cultivated, and waste grounds^ dunghills, road sides.

An. June.

Stem about one f., much branched, very leafy, smooth. Ls. stalk-
less, clasping the stem, smooth, twice wing-cleft in the lower,
often simply winged in the upper leaves. Fl. numerous, termi-
nal, solitary, about the size of the Anih. nohilis, or Common

SYNGEN. POLYGAM. SUPERF. 'Anthemis. 247

Chamomile, partaking of a somewhat similar smell. Recept.

between a conical, and cylindric form, smooth, naked. Disk

greenish yellow. Ray white.

Distinguished from Anth. arvensis, by its smooth, and naked
recept. Anth. arven. also more hoary in its appearance. Anth.
Cotula, distinguished from M. Chamomilla, by its fetid smell,
lighter hue, and narrow^, bristly scales of recept.

Properties similar to those of the common chamomile. Light-
foot observes that twenty or thirty grains of the flowers, are sudo-
rific : a blue oil obtained from the flowers.

'ANTHEMIS. Chamomile.

* Rays white.

*A. nobilis. Common C* Leaves doubly winged, semi-
cylindrical, acute, a little downy. Stem trailing.
Scales of the receptacle membranous, blunt, shorter
than the florets. E. B, 980. Chamsemelum roma-
num. G. E. 755.

Open, gravelly pastures, commons ."^ Southleigh Heath, near the Hill
Houses. Otmoor. Sb.

Per. July.

Stems about one f., branched, soft-haired. Leafl. slender, entire,
or two and three-cleft. Fl. terminal, solitary, white, with a
yellow disk. Whole plant intensely bitter, but not disagreeable
in smell.
The cold infusion of the flowers, stomachic : the warm, excites

vomiting. The tonic, powdered flowers have succeeded in ague.

Leaves and flowers for antiseptic fomentations. The double

flowers weaker in power than the single.

A. arvensis. Corn Ch, Receptacle conical ; its scales
spear-shaped, acute, keeled, prominent. Seeds crowned
with a four-angled border. Leaves doubly wing-cleft,
hairy ; segments parallel. E. B. 602.

Cultivated fields. Cornfields. Sh. * Near Botley Pound. Mr.
James Benwell,^ and Bx. Tunbridge field, Stanton St. John's.

» James Benwell, employed many years in the Botanic Garden, a very
intelligent, although uneducated man, singularly conversant with the Botany,
and localities of Oxfordshire plants, and well acquainted with the practical
part of some other branches of Natural History. He died Oct. 7, 1819, aged
84 years. John Ireland, M.D. liberally honoured his memory with a respect-
able funeral : some of the principal scientific persons, in Oxford, attended his
remains, at the Doctor's request ; carrying in their hands sprigs of rosemary,
to throw into the grave of this humble son of science. A print, I am told, a
striking and characteristic likeness, was published of Mr. Benwell, in his
82nd year ; and a short memoir may be seen in Jackson's Oxford Paper, from
the pen of Dr. Ireland. R. W. " Mr. Benwell's integrity, and industry, and
a natural propriety, and civility of manners, gained him general respect.
Though in a humble station, his merits, like those of Willisel,the companion
of Ray, deserve commemoration." — Oxford Journal, Oct. Vdth, 1819.

248 SYNGEN. POLYGAM. SUPERF. AchilMa.

R. W. Field, near Ire ton Hill, Bayswater. Headington, near
the London Road. R. W.

An. or Bien. July.

Plant with hoary pubescence, ^tem upright, about one f., much
branched. Ls. alternate. Herh covered with soft, cottany
hairs ; little or no smell. Fl. terminal, disk yellow, ray broad,
white, becoming curved back. Cat. woolly, its inner scales
broad, and membranous at the edge. Leafl. cut into two, or
three narrow segments. Fl. pleasantly scented.

A. Cotula, Stinking Mayweed y or Ch. Receptacle
conical ; its scales bristle-shaped. Seeds without any
border. Leaves doubly wing-cleft, slightly hairy ;
segments spreading. E. B. l??^* C. 5, 61. Co-
tula fcetida. G. E. 757.

Cornfields^ waste ground.

An, Blay.

Stem a foot and a half, upright, much branched, leafy, smooth.
Ls. alternate, two or three wing-cleft, stalkless, fiat, bright,
palish green, nearly smooth. Cal.-scales narrow, slightly bor-
dered. Fl.-disk lemon -coloured, convex. Rays white, three
toothed. Bristle-shaped scales of the recept. shorter than the-
florets.
Plant strongly fetid ; acrid, covered with minute glands, so as

to blister the hand of the reaper.

Said to drive away fleas (Linn, Fl. Suec.) by its abominable

smell.

ACHILLE'A.* Yarrow.

The short, broad, rounded florets of the ray afford a good dis-
tinction of this genus. Sm.

A. Ptdrmica,^ Sneesce-wort Y, Goose-tongue. Leaves
linear, pointed, equally, and sharply saw-toothed,
smooth. E. B. 757. C. 5. 6O. Ptarmica. G. E.

606.

fVet hedges, thickets, banks of rivers.

Per. Jidy.

Root creeping. Stems firm, erect, about two f., smooth. Fl. in a

corymb of several fiowers ; disk and ray white. Fl. rather few,

somewhat large. Ls. stalkless, alternate. Florets of the centre

very short, dirty yellow.

Juice applied to the mouth provokes the saliva. The dried
plant powdered occasions sneezing. Young tops pleasant in
salads.
A. Millefolium. Common Y. or Milfoil.^ Leaves

* From Achilles, the pupil of Chiron.

2 From ptairoy Gr. to sneeze.

' Mille, a thousand, from its numerously divided leaves ; feuille, a leaf.

SYNGEN. POLYGAM. FRUSTR. Centaurea. 241)

doubly wing- cleft, slightly hairy ; segments linear,
toothed, pointed. Stem furrowed. E. B. 7*58. C.
6. 61.

Meadows, pastures.
Per. July.

Distinguished from Achil. Ptarmica, by its compound leaves and
smaller, corymbose flowers, generally white ; often with a reddish,
or purplish ray.

Stem erect, furrowed, about one f. Lea.fl. numerous, three to five-
cleft, variable. Ls. compounded of twenty or more wings, each
of which is subdivided into three or seven pairs of smaller wings,
which are again cut into three, or five-cleft, spear-shaped
segments.

Leaves aromatic, astringent. An ointment made of the leaves
to heal up wounds. A leaf thrust up the nostril occasions bleed-
ing; hence the old English name, nose-bleed. The plant mixed
by the Dalecariians in beer, during fermentation to increase its
intoxicating powers. The bruised leaves applied to wounds for
healing them.

SYNGENESIA POLYG. FRUSTRANEA,

CENTAURE'A.^ Knapweed ; and Blue-bottle ', and

Star-thistle.

* Calyx-scales fringed.
C. nigra. Black K, Calyx-scales oval, fringed with
upright, hair-like teeth. Lower leaves somewhat lyre-
shaped, with angular lobes ; upper ones egg-shaped.
Flowers discoid. Seed-down very short, tufted. E.

B. 278. Jacea nigra. G. E. 7^7.
Var. /3. with radiant flowers.
Pastures, road sides. /3. Near Oxford. Dill. Between Bladon

and Yarn ton. Dill. Southleigh. Shotover Hill. Sb. This

var, not uncommon. R. W.
Per. July.
Stem rough, firm, stiif, angular, about two f. Branches alternate.

Ls. hard ; lower, spear-shaped, many of them somewhat lyrate :

upper entire ; all alternate, but a little clustered under the

flowers. Fl. terminal, solitary, red, hermaphrodite, commonly

without a ray, tubular. Cal.-scales blaclv.

A decoction of the heads of this, said to have afforded relief in
diabetes. Pnth.

C. Cyanus, Corn Blue-bottle. Calyx-scales saw-

' From the Centaur, Chiron.

250 SYNiiEN. POLYGAM. FJIUSTR. Centaurea.

toothed. Leaves linear-spear-shaped, entire ; lower
ones toothed towards their hase. E. B. 277* C. 6.
62. Cyanus vulgaris. G. E. 732.

Cornfields.

An. Juli/.

Stem two, or three f., erect, angular, much branched alternately.
Ls. stalkless, light greyish green, with three ribs, and somewhat
cottony beneath ; louder ones generally toothed ; root-ones (in the
young plants) entire. Fl. solitary. Cal.-scales with brown
indentations. Flor, of the ray, bright, shewy blue, horizontal,
very large ; of the disk, smaller, purplish. Filam. just below
the anth. with a frinsre of silvery hair.
Fl. dye sugar blue. Linn. FL Suec.
White and dark-purple varieties introduced into our gardens,

but not permanent. The flowers afford a blue colour; the

expressed juice mixed with cold alum water. The separate /orei

in Fng. Bot. coloured with this, by way of experiment, has stood

well for thirty years. Sm.

C. Scahiosa. Greater Kn, Calyx-scales egg-shaped,
fringed, somewhat downy. Leaves wing-cleft ; seg-
ments bluntly spear-shaped, roughish, partly toothed.

E. B. 56. Jacea major. G. E. 7^7«

Borders and ridges of cornfields, way sides.

Per. July.

Stem hard, about two f., erect, alternately branched, leafy. FL
solitary, on long foot-stalks, shewy. Cal.-scales triangular,
acute, comb-like in the margin, tipped with black. CaL globu-
lar, permanent, becoming bent back, very conspicuous from its
silvery hue. Ls. alternate, root-ones on long foot-stalks. Fl.
purple, very large, sometimes white. Seeds food for small birds.

(C. sohtitidlis. Yellow St. T. Not far from Cirencester.
Bobart. in Tur. See Appendix.)

GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. Orchis. 251

Class XX. GYNANDRIA. Stamens
situated either on the style^ or germen.

Order L MONANDRIA. Stamen, or Stalkless

Anther, /.

* Anther of two, distinct, vertical cells, fixed to the summit of the
column,

ORCHIS. Orchis.

The three outer leaves of the flowerj in the Orchis tribe, are
termed the calyx, the two inner leaves, petals, by Sir J. E. Smith.
See his Introduction to Botany, p. 461.

Salep is prepared from the different roots of Orchises ; nourish-
ing, and supposed invigorating. Mr. Moult describes his method
of making Salep in Phil. Trans, v. 59. p. 1. See also PercivaVs
Essays, Pt. II. p. 37.

Mr. Salisbury assures us that he found no difficulty in making
the seeds of various Orchideoe germinate, and raised plants in this
way. See his Latin Paper in Linn. Trans, v. 7. p. 31, Other
persons have also succeeded in raising plants of this tribe from
seed.

* Knobs of the root roundish, undivided.

O. hifolia. Butterjiy 0. Knobs of the root oval, taper-
pointed. Lip of the nectary spear-shaped, entire, about
half the length of its very long- spur. Side calyx-
leaves spreading downwards. E. B. 22. C. 6. 65.
O. hermaphroditica. G. E. 211.

Groves, thickets. Shotover Hill. Tar Wood. Sb, Fields, near
Begbroke. (Bagley Wood. Bx.)

Per. May.

Ls. immediately from the root, oval, two, sometimes three. Those
on the stalk resemble spear-shaped stipulas. Spike long, lax.
El. palish white, greenish, very fragrant, especially morning-,
and evening. Ls. resemble those of the Lily of the Valley
(Convallaria majalis.)

O. pyramiddlis. Pyramidal 0, Knobs of the root
oval. Lip of the nectary in three, equal, entire lohes,
with two protuberances above ; spur long and slender.
E. B. 110. H. L. 106. Cynosorchis major. G. E,
205.

Grassy hills, chalk banks. Sm.** Wych wood Forest. Between
Woodstock and Enstone. Caversham Warren. Sb. (Old Stone-

252 GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. Orchis.

pit, about half a mile west of South Hinksey. Road side
between Witney and Burford. Bj;.) Slope of the hill, opposite
Basildon Grotto, Berks. R. W.

Per. June.

Ls. spear-shaped, acute, five or six. Plant silky, glossy, palish
green. Spike close, with buds erect, assuming a pyramidal
form, whilst the flowers are expanding. Fl. purple, but are
sometimes found white, fragrant. Flowers later than most of
the orchis tribe. Bract, coloured, the length of the germen.

O. Morio,^ Green-winged Meadow 0. Knobs of the
root oval, double. Lip of the nectary four-cleft, or
three-lobed, somewhat notched ; spur blunt, ascending".
Calyx many-ribbed, converging. E. B. 2059- C 3.
59. Cynosorchis morio foemina. G. E. 208.

Meadows and pastures, in somewhat moist grass.

Per. 3Ia7/.

Root-knobs nearly globose. Ls. spear-shaped, deep green. Spike
rather loose, from four to eight, or ten flowers : colour from pale,
to reddish purple, but in all the varieties, the calyx-leaves pre-^
serve their green-ribbed markings. Disk of the lip pale, dotted
with purple. Common stalk, bract, and germ, more or less
tinged with purple. The calyx-leaves converge, and form a
vaulted arch over the stamens. Stem six inches to a foot.

O. mdscula. Early purple 0. Knobs of the root oval.
Lip of the nectary three-cleft, notched, middle lobe two-
cleft ; spur blunt. Calyx-leaves three-ribbed ; two
side ones bent upwards. E. B. 681. C. 2. 62. Cy-
nosorchis morio mas. G. E. 208.

Pastures, groves, dells.

Per. Api'il.

Ls. root-ones spear-shaped, broad, generally more, or less spotted.
Slalk a foot high, with a large, loose, upright spike of purplish
red flowers : bract, of the same hue. Lip spotted at the base.

Discrim. Its early bloom, and spotted leaves. From Or. Morio,
by its taller stem, numerous flowers, side calyx-leaves bent
upwards. Fl. rarely white.

Roots of this species said to be used particularly for the making of
Salop : the roots of the other species probably equally well
adapted. Salep is thus made : the largest and soundest bulbs
are gathei-ed, skinned, and boiled over a gentle fire for half an
hour ; afterwards they are strung upon a thread, and hung up
to dry in the shade : these, reduced to powder are the restora-
tive and nutritious Salep.

* Morio, in alluMon to the shape of part of the flower. Gerarde in his
Herbal observes in regard to another species. Morio mas, (the Or. mascula)
that the flowers are " in shape like to a foole's hood;" hence tlie name of
Morio, a fool, or jester.

GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. Orchis. 253

O. ustuldta. Dwarf Scorched-flowered 0. Knobs of
the root oval. Lip of the nectary three-lobed, the
middle one two-partite, longer, rough with small points.
Spur blunt, not half the length of the germen. Calyx
approaching at the top. Leaves spear-shaped. E. B.
18. H. L. ^%. Cynosorchis minor pannonica. G.
E. 207.

Dry^ open, chalky spots, Sm..* Burford Downs. Caversliam
Warren. Sb. Streatley Downs, Berks. Bx. Road from
Ensham to Abingdon. BenweU, and JVh.

Per. May.

The upper part of the flower, purple brown, lower part, or nect.
white, sometimes slightly tinged with purple, and speckled with
dark brown points. The flowers on a cursory view, especially
before expansion, appear as if scorched, or blackened by heat.
Ls, five or six. Stem four to eight inches. Spike short, close
set. Helmet of the flower has a burnt appearance,

O. militdris. Military 0. Knobs of the root oval.
Lip of the nectary five-lobed, downy ; two middle
lobes dilated, rounded. Spur blunt, not half the
length of the germen. Calyx approaching at the top,
taper-pointed. E. B. Suppl. 2675. Tr. L» Soc, 12. 31.

Chalky hills. Sm. * On hills by the Thames, near Cawsham
(Caversham) bridge, a mile from Reading, and on several hills,
on the other side the water, towards Wallingford ; first
observed by 3Ir. Broum. Merreit, Ray. At Streatley, between
Reading and Wallingford; also at Penley Hangings, Stoken-
church, where Dr. Williams first found it. Mr. BicJieno. Sm.
in Eng. Fl. Beech Woods between Fawley Court, and Bix-
gibwen, about a mile and a half from Henley. Professor Dau-
heny, and B.v.

Per. May.

Chief character of this species, the regular, linear, incurved seg-
ments of the lip, broader than in Or. tephrosanthos, and not
notched and ragged as in Or. fusca, but much narrower. Bi-
cheno in Tr. Linn. Soc. 12. 32. Fl. distinguished by their
silvery ash colour, and the total want of the dark ribs, or stains
in Or. fusca. (Or. militaris, E. B. 16.) Sm. E. Fl.

Discrim. Tapering points, and grey hue of the calyx, and the
more lengthened out lip, contracted in the middle.

O. tephromnthos^ Monkey 0. Knobs of the root oval.
Lip of the nectary downy, in five lobes ; four of them
equal, linear, entire. Spur blunt, not half the length

' From its ash-coloured spike, tejjhros, ashes. Gr.

254 GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. Orchis.

of the germen. Calyx approaching at the top, taper-
pointed. H. L. 82. O. mihtaris. E. B. 1873. Sb.
10.

Chalky hills. Sm.* Found by Mr. Brown, between. Wall in gford
and Reading. Merrett. On Ridgway hill, near Mapledurham,
Oxfordshire. Dr. Lamb. x\mong bushes on the rising ground
to the west of the great chalk-pit, near Caversham, facing the
Thames. Mr. Bicheno. Caversham Warren. Sb. Goring,
near Reading. Mr. L. Darwall.
Per. May.

Lip three-partite, smooth, segments linear, the intermediate one
two-cleft, with a sharp point between, petals (calyx-Is.) acute.
Spur somewhat incurved, twice as short as the germen. Bract.
very short. W. This plant easily known by the narrow seg-
ments of the lip, and the petals {calyx-Is.) tapering to a point.
A delicate plant, smaller than Or. militaris, or Or. fusca. Spike
remarkably abrupt in its termination. Bicheno in Trans, Linn,
Soc. 12. 34.

Smith in JE. Fl. is doubtful with regard to this species and Or.
militaris, both of which differ from Or. fusca, in their taper-
pointed calyx. All three smell like Woodruff in drying. E. Fl,
* * Knobs of the root tapering, clustered.

O. viridis. Frog 0, Knobs tapering, clustered, hand-
shaped. Lip of the nectary linear, with three teeth ;
the middle one much the smallest. Spur very short,
slightly cloven. Satyrium viride. E. B. 94. Sb.
11. Habenaria viridis. H. L. loO. Serapias batra-
chites altera. G. E. 224.

Moist pastures f meadows. Shotover Hill. Southleigh. Cornbury.
Burford Downs. Sb.

Per. June.

Fl. pale, greenish. Calyx-leaves approaching, forming a helmet in
shape. Stem five to eleven inches. Bract, awl-spear-shaped,
keeled, much longer than the flowers, somewhat incurved.
Stem-Is. spear-shaped, pointed, lower ones broadish, blunt.
Nect, sides purplish red, inner part yellow.

* * * Knobs of the root hand-shaped (palmate.)

O. latifoUa, Marsh Broad-leaved, Palmate 0, Knobs
imperfectly hand-shaped. Lip of the nectary convex,
notched, slightly three-cleft, sides bent back ; spur
conical. Bracteas longer than the flowers. Stem
hollow. E. B. 2308. C. 5. 65. Palma Christi
mas. G. E. 220. Serapias palustris latifolia. G. E.
222.

Marshes, moist meadows.

GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. Orchis. 255

Per. May.

Stem leafy, one to two feet. Ls. sheathing, spear-shaped, broadish,
commonly unspotted. Spike close, many-flowered. Bract.
erect, leafy, sometimes coloured. Fl. pale flesh-coloured, or
full rose, or crimson ; the spreading calyx dotted. Lip its
middle variegated. Spur bent downwards. Cal. two outer
segments bent back.

Discrim. Its scarcely three-cleft lip, broad, nearly erect, sharp-
ened leaves, and by its bracteas longer than the germen.

O. maculdta. Spotted Pahnate 0* Knobs hand-shaped,
spreading. Lip of the nectary flat, notched, three-
lobed ; spur cylindrical, rather shorter than the germen.
Bracteas shorter than the flowers. E. B. ^'^^^ H, L.

lis. Palma Christi foemina. G. E. 220.

Meadows, jmstures, woods.

Per. June.

Plant slender. Stem leafy, simple, twelve to eighteen inches. Ls.
spear-shaped, keeled, spotted on both sides. Spike egg-shaped.
Bract, purplish, awl-shaped. Ground of the flower, in general,
white, tinged with a purple blush, the spots deep purple. Lip
intermediate segment, small, and sharp. Fl. sometimes white.
Cal. three inner segments approaching at the top, the side ones
spreading. The Or. Morio, and Or. mascula, have also fre-
quently, spotted leaves.
The bulb destined to bear the next year's plant will sink in

water ; that from which the present plant springs will, from its

comparative lightness, swim in the water. Linn. Fl. Suec.

O. conopsea,^ Aromatic 0. Knobs hand-shaped. Lip
of the nectary in three entire, equal lobes ; spur very
long and slender, twice as long as the germen. Calyx
widely spreading, E. B. 10. Serapias minor, nitente
flore. G. E. 222. S. gariophyllata. G. E. 223.

Moistish meadows, pastures. * * Rough pastures adjoining Cowley
Common. Sb. Bogs under Headington Wick Copse. Mr.
Thomas Perry, Headington. (N. W. of Wytham Wood. Bx.)

Per. June.

Stem twelve to eighteen inches, angular above. Ls. spear-shaped,
pointed, lower stem-leaves sheathing, upper ones stalkless.
Spike long, lax. Fl. flesh-coloured, or pale purple, very
fragrant. Calyx-Is. two outer spear-shaped, at right angles with
the lip. Spur semitransparent. Fl. sometimes white.

Discrim. Great length of the almost bristle-shaped spur, and its
hand-shaped root, sufficient.

1 From an imaginary resemblance of an insect genus, called conops.

256 GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. Ophrys.

HERMINIUM. Musk-Orchis.

This genus clearly marked by the petals and lip nearly resem-
bling each other, being all three-lobed. Sm,

H. monorchism Green Musk-0, Root leaves two,
spear-shaped. H. L. 138, Ophrys monorchis. E.

B. 71» Testiculus odoratus. G. E. 218.

Chalky banks, hillocks, not common. Sm, Stokenchnrch Woods.
./. Oglander, Esq. Purtons Fl. Found also in Berkshire. Sm.
E. Fl. Bank, near Rodborough Common, Gloucestershire.
Mr. Sandys, Pembroke Coll. Oxford. Near Great Kimble,
Bucks. Miss Mainstone and Px.

Per. June, July.

This species has, to the casual observer, but one bulb : the bulb
for the following year, being slowly and distantly formed at the
end of one of the root fibres : one of the least species of the
Orchis tribe. Stem four or five inches high. Stalk nearly
naked. Lip of nectary cross-shaped. Fl. yellowish -green,
sweet, hs. root ones sheathing : stem-Is. one, or two, stalkless.
Pract. spear-shaped.

OPHRYS. Insect-Orchis.

O. muscifera. Fly Ophrys. Lip twice as long as the
calyx, with four, expanded lobes, somewhat downy ;
the disk polished. Petals linear. Column blunt. E.

B. 64. H. L. 31. Orchis my odes. G. E. 313.

Chalky pastures. * * Near Wormsley. Sb. Several parts of
Berkshire. Sm. E. Fl. In a Beech Wood, near Henley, near
the road to Fawley, almost opposite Fawley Court; inj^. May
23rd, 1831. Px.

Per. June.

Cal. widely spreading, green. Pet. ascending, linear, resembling
the feelers of an insect, very narrow, chocolate colour. Lip
oblong, blackish purple, with a blue band, below the upper
lobes. Stem nine to fifteen inches. Ls. three or four, spear-
shaped, many-veined. Pract. spear-shaped, sheathing, longer
than the germen.
Linn, considered all those species of Ophrys which resemble

insects, as rar. of one species.

O. apifera. Bee Ophrys. Lip the length of the calyx,
swollen, with five, bent back, marginal lobes \ the ter-
minal one awl-shaped ; the rest hairy above. Calyx
coloured. Column with a hooked point. E. B. 383.

C. 1. ^^. Baxter's (Generic,) plates, 8. Testiculus
vulpinus secundus sphegodes. G. E. 212.

GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA Ne6ttia. 257

Meadovjs, jmstures, on chalk. Sm. * * Pcnley Hangings. Sb.
(Near some old stone-pits, S.W. of South Hinksey. B:x:.) South
side of Shotover Hill. Bjc. Appleton, Berks. Miss Hoskins.
Near Nuffield. Rev. Mr. Gore, Mmjd. Coll. Oxford.

Stem leafy, a foot high. Nect. purplish brown, spotted with
yellow. Calyx-Is. rose-coloured.

Discrim. Most allied to Oph. aranifera, from which it differs in
having the three calyx-leaves reddish, and a nect. of five lobes
instead of three : the central lobe (a hooked proboscis,) also
forms a recurved point, compared by some, to the sting of the
bee.
The plant from the curious resemblance of its flower to the bee,

is too generally rooted up with avidity by florists, as are other

similar species. Every true botanist will gather with a sparing

hand, whatever rarity he may meet with.

O. aranifera. Early Spider Ophrys, Lip the length of
the calyx, swollen, hairy, rounded, with four shallow,
bent back, marginal lobes. Column acute, curved
inward. Cells of the anther near together. Petals
linear, smooth. E. B. 65. O. fucifera. C. 6. 67.
Orchis andraclmitis. G. E. 216.

Ihy, chalky, limestone, or gravelly pastures, and pits. Sm. * * Old
Stone Quarries, near Wheatley. Between Witney and Burford,
on the road side near the four mile stone. Caversham Warren.
Sb. Not found about Wheatley, in 1831. Bx.

Per. ^pril.

Stem less tall than Op. a])ifera. Cal. -leaves, and petals, green,
shorter than the nect. Nect. slightly notched at the end, hairy,
except the spot towards the base, dusky, with greenish margin,
green underneath,

Discrim. From Oph. apifera, by its large middle lobe of the nect.
simply notched, and not ending in three recurved points : it also
flowers two or three months earlier.
Curtis in Flor. Lond. gives his mode of successfully cultivating

this species.

* * Anther parallel to the stigma, permanent.

NEO'TTIA. Ladies' Traces.^

N. spiralis. Sweet Ladies^ Traces. Leaves egg-shaped,
stalked. Spike spirally twisted, on one side only of
the stem. Bracteas downy, swollen. Lip egg-shaped,
entire. Ophrys spiraHs. E. B. 541. C. 4. 59.
Triorchis. G. E. 218.

1 The protuberant germens, placed one above the other, somewhat resemble
plaited hair, whence perhaps the name : traces for tresses.

S

258 GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA. Listera.

Ope7i pastures f chalky ^ or gravelly soil, meadows. Sm. On the
south side of Shotover Hill. Sb. Shotover Hill. R. W. 1831.

Per. August.

Bulbs several, oblong. Stem single, five or six inches, with a few
small, sheathing leaves. Spike terminal, erect, of many, small,
greenish-white, stalkless, sweet-scented flowers, leaning to one
side, but arranged in a spiral line, each overshadowed by a con-
cave, pointed bractea. Calyx-leaves, three glued together
appearing as one.
Generally found with three bulbs, and a small rose of leaves, and

the stem almost bare to the flower-spike.

LISTERA/ Listera, or Twayblade.

L. ovdta. Common Twayblade,^ Leaves elliptical,
opposite. Nectary with two linear-oblong, nearly
parallel, lobes. Column with a posterior hood, and
with an appendage, in which is placed the anther.
Ophrys ovata. E. B. 1548. C. 3. 60. Ophris bifo-
ha. G. E. 402.

Groves, thickets, meadows, pastures. Stow Wood. Shotover.
South -Leigh. Sb.

Per. May.

Root fibrous, perennial. Whole plant greenish. Stem a foot, or
eighteen inches, with a pair, generally, of sheathing, elliptical,
ribbed, smooth leaves, like those of plantain. Below the leaves,
the stem angular, smooth ; above them, round, downy, termi-
nating in a long spike of numerous green flowers, each on a
'foot-stalk, with an acute bractea, not half the length of the ger-
men. Cal. lightly tinged with brown. Fl. fragrant. Seed-
vessel globose.

L. Nidus avis, Bird^s-nest L. Leaves none. Stem
clothed with sheathing scales. Nectary with two
spreading lobes. H. L. 58. Ophrys Nidus avis. E.
B. 48. Satyrium abortivum, sive Nidus avis. G. E.

S28.

Shady woods, especially beech, on chalk, or loam. Sm. * * Most
abundantly in the fine beech woods about Hurley, Berks. Sm.
Eng. Fl. Tar Wood. Stoken church Woods. Sb. (Bagley
Wood. Bx. and Rev. Mr. White, Fellow of Magd. Coll. Oxford,
Wood, near Cumnor Hill, Y.)
This plant in habit nearly approaches to the genera Orobanche,

Lathreea, and Monotropa, found among decayed leaves.

Bulbs in bundles. Whole plant pale brown. Bract, sheathing,

' After Dr. Martin Lister, the conchologist.
2 From its two leaves, iway, or two, for twain.

GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA Epipactis. 259

dry, scaly. Root fixed on one side only. Stem brittle, twelve
to fifteen inches, thickest at the base. Spike cylindrical. Small
turned up fibres of the root somewhat resemble a bird's-nest.
* * * Anther ierminal, fixed.

EPIPACTIS. Helleborine,

E. latifoUa, Broad-leaved H* Leaves egg-shaped,
clasping the stem. Lower bracteas longer than the
drooping flowers. Lip shorter than the calyx, entire,
with a minute point. Germen downy. H. L. 102.
Serapias latifolia, E. B. 269* Helleborine. G. E.
442.

Shady woods, thickets. * * North-Leigh. Stokenchurch Woods. Sh.
Beech Woods, between Fawley Court, Bixbrand, and Henley,
May 23rd, 1831. Bx. (Bagley Wood. Bx.)

Per. Jvly,

Root creeping horizontally. Stem simple, erect, nearly two feet.
Ls. many, alternate, all the leaves strongly nerved, thin, some-
what stiff. Spike erect, many flowered. Fl. on short stalks,
brow^nish-green, or dark-purple. Cal. and pet, egg-shaped,
green, tinged with purple. Smell of the flower faint, aromatic.
Ls. and floral-Is. gradually narrower, as they are placed higher
on the stem. Nect. margin purplish, disk dull red, or tawny.

E. palustris. Marsh H, Leaves spear-shaped, clasping
the stem. Flowers slightly drooping. Lip rounded,
blunt, notched, as long as the petals, with a notched
protuberance on the disk. H. L. 89. Serapias palus-
tris. E. B. 270. S. longifoha. Sb. 14.

fVatery places, swampy m^eadows, especially on chalk or gravel. Sm.*
North side of Shotover Hill. Bogs near Stow Wood. Combe.
Sb. Bogs under BuUingdon Green. Bx. Between the old
and new road, going to Ensham. Bx.

Per. July.

Root creeping. Stem erect, simple, twelve to eighteen inches. Ls.
lower ones, inclining to egg-shaped, upper, spear-shaped, all rib-
bed. Spike erect. Bract. spear-sha])ed, about equal to the germen.
Fl.-stalks and germ, downy, purple. Fl. larger than in Ep.
latifolia. Pet. internally white, striped, and streaked with
crimson, and a yellow^, central line. Germ, long, narrow : in
Ep. latifolia, it is short, and inversely egg-shaped.

E. grandiflora* Large White H, Leaves elliptic-spear-
shaped. Bi'acteas longer than the smooth germen.
Flowers stalkless, erect. Lip abrupt, shorter than the
calyx, with elevated lines on the disk. E. pallens. H.

L. 76. Serapias grandiflora. E. B. 271.

Woods, thickets, chiefly or chalk. Sm. * Shotover Plantations.

S 2

260 GYNANDRIA HEXANDRIA. Aristolochia.

Stokenchurch Woods. (Ray adds : not far from the way lead-
ing from Oxford to London. Rays Synopsis.) Sb. Plentiful,
along with Orchis bifolia, in the beech woods above Hurley, and
Bisham Abbey, Berks. Sm. Eng. FL

Per. July.

Root creeping. Stem about a foot. Ls. ribbed, various in breadth,
half sheathing. FL three to eight, large, white. Bract, lower
ones, like leaves in form. Germ, long, nearly stalkless, slender,
deeply furrowed. Pet. not much expanded, enclosing the lip of
the nect.

(E. ensifolia. Narrow-leaved White H, Leaves spear-
shaped, pointed. Bracteas minute, much shorter than
the smooth germen. Flowers stalkless, erect. Lip
abrupt, half as long as the calyx, with elevated lines on
the disk. H. L. 77* Serapias ensifolia. E. B. 494.
and Purton's FL fig. vol. ii. p. 428.

Mountainous woods, hut rarely. Sm. Oversley Wood. Ragley
Woods. Purton's FL Coleshill, Leek Wootten, and Allesley,
Warwickshire. Bree in Pn. FL

Per. June.

Stem one f., very leafy. Ls. narrow, two-ranked. Fh white.)

(E. rubra. Purple H, Leaves spear-shaped. Bracteas
longer than the downy germen. Flowers stalkless,
erect. Lip tapering to a point, with elevated undulat-
ing lines on the disk. Serapias rubra. E. B. 437.
Helleborine angustifolia sexta Clusii. G. E. 442.

Stony, mountainous woods, very rare. Sm. Steep Bank, sloping to
the South, Hampton Common, Gloucestershire. Tur.

Per. June, July.

FL purple. Lip white.)

(^Gypripedium Calceolus, Lady's Slipper, E. B. 1.
found in Gloucestershire, by a Botanist, resident at
Woodchester. See Turner's, &c. Bot. Guide, and
Appendix to Flora,)

GYNANDRIA HEXANDRIA.

ARISTOLO'CHIA. Birthwort.

A. Glematitis, Common B, Leaves heart-shaped.
Stem erect. Flowers crowded, upright. Calyx grow-
ing on one side only. E. B. 398. H. L. 149. A.
Saracenica. G. E. 847.

^ " MONOECTA MONANDRIA. Euphorbia. 261

Woods ^ tliickets, ruins of nunneries^ and abbies. Near the walls of
Godstow Nunnery. Sb. On the mound, south and west of
God stow Nunnery. Sept. 1832. /. H. Near Kencott. Rev,
Dr. Goodenough. Garden ground, at Sir x\lexander Croke's,
Studley Priory. R. W. 1832.
Per. July.

Stems nearly two feet, round, erect, slightly furrowed, zigzag. Ls,
alternate, stalked, entire, the side nerves branching in a pedate
manner. Fl. axillar}/-, on shortish stalks, pale yellow. Cal. of
one leaf, globose at the base with six furrows, then funnel-
shaped, ending in a tongue-hke figure. Stamens very short and
thick, grow out of the style. It rarely ripens its fruit, (in fine
fruit at the Oxford Botanic Garden, 1832. Bx.) except by the
assistance of some small insect, Tipula pennicornis, which enters
the flower, and being imprisoned there, brushes the pollen about
the stigma. This insect observed within the globular base of
the flower by Mr. Baxter, Oxford, several times. Purtons Fl,
See Sm. Introd. to Botany, pp. 256, 257. edit. 3.
An abbey plant; among those formerly cultivated in their
gardens.

Roots bitter, acrid, emmenagogue ; violently emetic. An in-
gredient in the once celebrated Portland Powder for gout, now de-
servedly exploded : the long continued use of bitters very injurious
to the stomach. See Culten Mat. Med. Leaves smell like tinc-
ture of Opium, (Laudanum.)

Class XXL MONOECIA. Sta^nens and
Pistils in separate Jlowers^ on the same plant.

Order I. MONANDRIA. Stamen 1.
EUPHO'RBIA.^ Spurge.

What in this genus was formerly considered as a single flower,
is now denominated an involucre including one central, pistil -bear-
ing flower without anthers, and several a7z^Aer-5mrmy,mon an drous
ones : each stamen is in itself considered as an imperfect flower.
The number of the stamens is inconstant. Best specific characters
from the shape of the nect.-leaves, and involucres : number of rays
in the umbel, variable. H.

* Umbel of three branches.

E. Peplus. Petty S, Wart-wort, Umbel mostly
three-branched, repeatedly forked. Bracteas egg-

' So called from Euphorbus, physician to King Juba. Plin. 25. 7,

262 MONOECIA MONANDRIA. Euphorbia.

shaped. Leaves inversely egg^thaped, stalked, entire.
Nectaries crescent-shaped. Seeds dotted. E. B. 959.

C. 1. 35, Peplus sive Esula rotunda. G. E. 503.

u4 common weed.

An. Juli/.

Root tapering. Stem erect, mostly branched at the base, leafy.

Ls. or partial involucres, opposite, nearly stalkless. Seeds

marked with depressed dots. Plant light-green,
Discrim. From Euph. helioscopia, by being rather more slender,

by its entire leaves, horned nect., and three-cleft umbel.

Juice of this, and especially Euph. helioscopia used for destroy-
ing warts.

E. exigua. Dwarf S. Umbel mostly three-branched,
forked. Bracteas spear-shaped. Leaves linear-spear-
shaped. Nectaries horned. Seeds wrinkled. E. B.
1836. C. 4. 36. Esula exigua. G. E. 503.

Gravelly cornfiehh. Sm.

An. June.

Root small. Stem one, or more, erect, three to six inches, leafy.
Plant slender, smooth, pale green. Ls. alternate, stalkless,
upright, acute, entire. Neat, each with a pair of green horns.
Seeds four- angled. Fl. yellow. Umhel of three, four, or five
rays. Involucre of two, three, or four leaves, somewhat bent
back. Involucellum of two leaves, hollowed out.

* * Umbel of four branches.

* ? (E. Ldthyris, Caper S. Umbel four-branched, forked.
Leaves opposite, four-ranked, stalkless, entire ; heart-
shaped at the base. E. B. ^^55, Lathy ris seu Cata-

putia minor, G. E. 503.
Dry, stony thickets, probably naturalized* In several places about

Ufton, near Reading, Berks, springing up periodically for a year

or two after the bushes have been cut, and until choked by

briars, &c. Rev. Dr. Beeke, Dean of Bristol.
Bien. June, July.
Erect, two to three feet, purplish. Fl. in the forks.)

* * * Umbel of five branches,

E. helioscopia,^ Sun S. Common IVart-wort, Umbel
of five, then three-cleft, then forked branches. Brac-
teas inversely egg-shaped, leaves wedge-shaped, both
saw-toothed. Nectaries four, entire, roundish. Cap-
sule smooth. E. B. 883. C. 1. 3^. Tithymalus
helioscopius. G. E. 498.

' From its umbel being turned to the sun, as the flower of most other
plants.

MONOECIA MONANDRIA. Zannichellia. 263

A common weed.

An. July.

Main stem upright, generally with side branches at the base. Ls.

scattered. Nect. at first green, then yellow. Involncellum of

three leaves. Plant brig;ht green.

The corrosive, ulcerating juice a])plied to remove warts, should
be used with caution, near the eyes. The plant gives a disagree-
able taste to the flesh of cattle, feeding on it. Linn. FL Suec.
* ** * Umbel of sixy or m.ore branches.

E. amygdaloides. Wood jS. Umbel of about six forked
branches ; with numerous long, axillary flower-stalks
beneath. Brae teas rounded, perfoliate. Leaves blunt,
hairy. Capsule smooth. E. B. 256. Tithymalus

characias amygdaloides. G. E. 500.

Woods, groveSy thickets.

Per. April.

Stems several, two feet, curved, round, downy, often red, leafy
above. Ls. thickset, alternate, spreading, inversely egg-
shaped, spear-shaped, blunt, paler beneath, downy. FL small,
yellow. Nect. crescent-shaped. The leaves almost evergreen,
although of a delicate texture ; the plant is elegant in appear-
ance ; somewhat shrubby.
A var, with variegated leaves in gardens.

ZANNICHE'LLIA.' Horned-pondweed.

Z, palustris. Common H. Anther of four cells. Stig-
mas entire. E. B. 1844.

Ponds, ditches. * Between Headington and the Wick. Sb. In
the stream of water that divides Cowley Marsh from Bullingdon
Green. Bx,

An. June.

Plant with the habit of a Potamogeton, floating, rising to the sur-
face when in flower. Stem thread-shaped, much branched,
leafy. Ls. opposite, linear, narrow, acute, entire, grassy.
Bract, axillary, tubular, including a pair of flowers. Germ.
oblong, compressed, mostly toothed at the back. Stigma much
dilated, target-shaped. The collective capsules somewhat
resemble a bird's claw.

* So named, in honour of a Venetian apothecary.

2<51 MONOECIA TRIANDRIA. Sparganium.

MONOEGIA TRIANDRIA,

TYPHA. Cat*s-tail, or Reed-mace.

T. latifolia. Great G, or Reed-mace, Leaves some-
what sword-shaped, convex beneath. Catkin conti-
nuous, germen, and stamen-bearing parts close toge-
ther. Receptacle hairy. E. B. li55. T. major.
C. 3. 61. Typha. G. E. 46.

Ponds y ditches f slow streams, amo7ig reeds. On the side of the pond
under Headington Wick Copse. Sb, Pond between the
Minchery, and Sandford. Bx.

Per. June.

Plant conspicuous by its tall steins, and large, mace-like, brown
spikes. Stem six feet, or more, straight, simple, leafy at the
bottom. Ls. erect, linear, half an inch to an inch wide. Cat-
kin club-like, terminal, erect. Pistil-bearimj part, dark-brown ;
stamen-hearing yellowish, with a leaf, or two from the base, or
middle among the stamens. Each seed on a feathery stalk.
The roots have been eaten in salads : the down used to stuff

mattresses ; the leaves to bind the hoops of casks. The creeping

roots soon choke up a small piece of water.

T. angustifolia. Less G, or Reed-mace. Leaves slightly
semicylindrical ; channelled above. Barren catkin
divided from the fertile one. Receptacle scaly. E. B.
1456. T. minor. C. 3. 62.

Pools, ditches. More rare than the last. Cowley, near the London
Road. Sh. Banks of the Cherwell, near King's Mill, and
Marston. Rev. Mr. Huntley, All Souls' Coll. Oxford. Bx.

Smaller, more slender than Typ. latifolia : height nearly equal.
Ls. more convex on the underside, not half so broad.

Discrim. The bare space between the pistil, and stamen-bearing
catkins, in T. angustifolia.

SPARGA'NIUM.' Bur-reed.

S. ramosum. Branched B. Leaves triangular at the
base, with concave sides. Conmion flower-stalk branched.
Stigma linear. E. B. 744. C, 5. m, G. E. 45.

Ditches, margins of ponds, and rivers.
Per. Jiily.

Stem upright, two or three feet, leafy, smooth, divided at the top
into many, alternate^ slightly zigzag, flowering branches. Ls,

' Spdrganon, (swaddling clothes) a bandage, as the broad leaves may be
used for bandages.

iMONOEClA TRIANDRIA. Carex. 265

root-ones sword-shaped, erect; stem-leaves merely hollow, and
sheathing at the base. Fl.-heads alternate, stalkless, many-
flowered : lowermost pistil-bearing ; upper, stamen-bearing,
smaller, more numerous, closer together. Parts of fructifica-
tion vary in number. Fruit in brown, prickly heads.
The Is. without sharp points serve well for package.

S. simplex, Unbranched Upright B. Leaves triangu-
lar at the base, with flat sides. Common flower-stalk
simple (not branched.) Stigma linear. E. B. 74^5»
C. 5. 67. S. latifolium. G. E. 45.

Pools, ditches, Otmoor. Sb. Christ-church Meadow. Port Meadow.
Bx,

Per. June.

Lowermost head of fl. mostly on a partial stalk. Cal. of a paler
brown than in Sp. ramosum ; also a smaller plant, though the
flower-heads are larger. Antli. (in Sp. simp.) of the stamen-
bearing heads, pale yellow.

CAREX. Carex, or Sedge.

In distinguishing the diflerent species of this genus, attention
must be paid to the root, the vagina, or sheathing leaves, the
shape of the spikes, of the glumes, the number of the stigmas, the
shape of the fruit, and irregularities produced by soil, and
situation.

The young leaves, and flower-stalks of many Carices are eaten
by cattle, and though coarse, afford early pasturage. The large,
coarser sorts, might be wrought up, with other materials for
thatching, and protection against weather. Carices with creeping
roots, are well qualified to give stability to the surface of boggy
land. Those growing by the side of rivers, enable the banks to
resist the violence of their currents. Cattle not fond of these ; and
thus man receives more benefit from their growth. See Goodenough
on British Carices, in Linn. Trans, vol. 2nd. throughout.

Leaves used for tying young hop-plants to the poles.

Where a species of this genus, is said to have vaginas, or
sheathing leaves, the spikes are necessarily on foot-stalks ; the term
vagina, sheath, referring to the floral leaf, embracing the whole, or
part of the foot-stalk, or flower-stalk. Id.

* Dioecious,

C. dioica. Creeping Separate-headed O, Spikes sim-
ple, dioecious. Fruit egg-shaped, ribbed, ascending,
finely saw-toothed at the edges. Root creeping. E.
B. 543. Schk. Car. A. 1. Host, t. 41.

Spongy hogs. Peat bogs on Bullingdon Green. Under Heading-
ton Wick Copse. Sb.
Per. June.
Stem five, or six inches, simple, slender, roundish, leafy below ^ ^

266 MONOECIA TRIANDRIA. Carex.

sheathing, triangular, very narrow, Stip. very short and blunt.
Spike linear, erect, blunt, solitary. jSm/es brownish. Stam. slender.
A7ith. long, sulphur-coloured. Stig. two : Is. and culm (straw-
stem) smooth. Fern, spike becomes egg-shaped, or roundish.
* * Spike solitary, simple.

C. puUcdris, Flea} O, Spike simple ; florets in the
upper half with stamens ; in the lower with stigmas.
Fruit spreading, bent backwards, polished, lengthened
out at both ends. Stigmas two. E. B. 1051. H»

L. 177. Schk. Car. 9. A. 8. Host, t. 75.

Spongy y muddy hogs. Peat bogs on Bullingdon Green. Sb.

Per. Jmie.

The dark-brown, bent back, highly polished seed-cases give this

species a very characteristic appearance. Stem simple, slender,,

from three to ten inches, sheathed at the base, with several

slender, smooth, spreading leaves.

The fibrous root at all times distinguishes this from Car dioica,
the root of which is creeping.

* * * Spikelets crowded, each composed of barren and fertile florets.

Stigmas two,

C. stelluldta. Little Fruit-Prickly Pointed C. Spike-
lets three or four, roundish, slightly distant. Barren
florets at the base. Fruit diverging, with a tapering,
scarcely divided beak. E. B. 806. Schk. Car. 45.
C. 14. Host, t. 53. C. echinata. Sb. 28.

Boggy meadows. Peat Bogs on Bullingdon Green. South-Leigh
Heath. Sh.

Per. June,

Root fibrous. Stem six to twelve inches, erect, simple, except at
the base, triangular. Ls, flat, keeled. Spikelets compound, all
at nearly equal distances. A leafy bractea generally under the
lowest spikelet. Glumes, egg-shaped, with a white edge, and
broad, green nerve. Fruit ending in a rough-edged beak,
notched at the end, but not deeply cloven, nor gaping.

(^Garex curta. See Appendix,^

C. ovdlis. Oval-spiked C, Spikelets about six, oval,
crowded, alternate, with a bractea under the lowermost.
Fruit spear-shaped, rough-edged, bifid, slightly furrowed,
nearly entire, the length of the spear-shaped, acute
scales. E. B. 306. Schk, Car. 39. B. 8. Host, t.

51. C. leporina. Sb. 27.

Marshes, watery meadows. Peat Bogs on Bullingdon Green. South-
Leigh Heath. Sb, Between Headington Quarry and Shotover

J From its flea-like appearance.

MONOECIA TRIANDRIA. Carex, 267

Hill, near the foot-path. (Bagley Wood.) Bx.

Per. June,

Culm (straw stem), a foot, to sixteen inches. Ls. sheathing the
lower part of the stem, rising about equal to it. General Spike
terminal, erect, largest spikelet terminal. Bracteas solitary,
spear-shaped, similar to the scales, but broader, and longer at
the base of each spikelet, the lowermost longer than the rest,
and ending in a leafy, bristly point. In each spikelet a few of
the lower flowers male, the rest female. Scales egg-spear-
shaped, acute.

Distinguished in all its stages by the number of the spikelets,
the acuteness of the scales, and the situation of the male and
female flowers. G.

C. remota. Remote C Spikelets several, solitary,
simple, remote, nearly stalkless. Bracteas very long,
overtopping the stem. Fruit egg-shaped, with a slightly
cloven heak. E. B. 832. Schk. 46. Car. E, S3.
Host, t. 52.

Moist , shady places, and by ditches. Marston Lane. Tar Wood.
Sh.

Per. June,

Plant slender, weak, pale, whitish green. Stem about one foot,
triangular upwards, roundish below, leafy. Ls. long, narrow.
Spikes, except the uppermost, placed in the axil of the leaves,
alternate, six, eight, or more, of male and female flowers, three
or four of the lowermost very distant, each accompanied by a
very long, upright, leafy bractea, taller than the top of the stem ;
the upper spikelets nearer to each other, with very short brac-
teas. Glumes egg-shaped, membranous. Sti(/. two.
An elegant species.

C. intermedia. Soft Brown G. Spikelets numerous,
crowded into an ohlong, close spike ; the lowermost
and terminal ones fertile ; intermediate ones barren.
Stem upright, triangular. E. B. 2042. Schk. Car.
16. B. 7. Host, t. 50. C. disticha. Sb. 26.

Marshy, watery meadows.

Per. May.

Root creeping. Stems, twelve or eighteen inches, or more, leafy
at the bottom only. Ls. few, nearly upright. Spike oblong,
bluntish, rusty brown, composed of numerous, crowded, ascend-
ing, egg-shaped spikelets, of which two or three of the lower-
most, and one or two of the uppermost, are almost entirely with
stigmas, the rest, nearly, as completely with stamens. Bract.
egg- spear-shaped, membranous, brown, the lowest ending in a
leafy point. Stig. two, sometimes three. Lower spikelets some-

268 MONOECIA TRIANDRIA. Carex.

what remote. Resembles Car. ovalis in habit, but its epikelets
more numerous, smaller, more spear-shaped. Style in Car.
intermedia divided to the base ; in Car. ovalis only about one
fourth.

C. muricdta. Great Fruit-Prickly Pointed C, Spike
oblong, close, prickly, with the broad, rough-edged,
cloven, spreading beaks of the fruit. Spikelets round-
ish, mostly simple. Hoot fibrous. E. B. 1097«
Schk. Car. 20. E. 22. Host, t. 54. C. spicata. Sb.

27.

Moist pastures, shady places ; especially on a sandy soil. Sm.
Cowley. Littlemore, Sb.

Per. June.

Root fibrous. Herbage bright green. Stem upright, twelve or
eighteen inches, naked, except at the base. Ls. ilattish, narrow,
taller than the stem. Spikelets about ten, rather crowded,
lower ones distant. Bract, egg-shaped, membranous, the lower-
most generally tipped with a rough, leafy point. Glumes egg-
shaped. Fruit deeply cloven at the point. Stiy. two.

Like Car. vulpina, but smaller; its spike never more than
doubly compound, and straw not enlarged under the spike, as in
Car. vulp.

C. divulsa. Grey G, Spike lengthened out, lax.
Spikelets above, approximating ; of its lower half
finally very distant, mostly single. Fruit erect, smooth-
edged ; roughish at the cloven point of the beak : root
fibrous. E. B. 629. Schk. Car. 20. W. w. 89.
Host, t. 55.

Moist, shady pastures.

Per. May.

Plant pale greyish hue. Stem a foot, or more, weak, reclining.
Ls. sheathing, taller than the stem, with white, membranous,
torn sheaths, and stipulas. Spike erect, lengthened out, inter-
rupted, sometimes branched at the bottom. Spikelets alternate,
bracteated, nearly stalkless, upright, egg-shaped. Stiy. two,
downy, long. Caps, a little spreading, but not diverging. The
figure in Enyl. Bot. wants \he fruit.

Dr. Hooker considers Car. divulsa, a var. of Car. muricata, in
Fl. Scot.

C. vulpina. Great Rough G, Spike thrice compound,
close, less compact in the lower part, blunt. Fruit
spreading, with a notched, rough-edged beak. Scales
pointed. The three angles of the stem compressed,

iMONOECIA TRIANDRIA. Carex. 269

very sharp. E. B. SO?. Schk. Car. I7. C. 10. Host,
t. 56. Gramen palustre cyperoides. G. E. 21.

fVatery places, margins of ponds, and rivers.

Per. June.

Stems many, erect, naked, about two feet, stout. Ls. sheathing
the lower part, long, deep green, very rough on the edges, and
nerve. Spikelets several, alternate, rather remote, with a
linear bractea to eacli. Stir/. 2. Stem above the lowest spike-
let much diminished in thickness.
This species marked by the stoutness of its straw, the closeness

and stiff nature of the spike, and the supra-decomposition : nearly

allied to Car. muricata.

C. paniculdta. Panicled C, Spike more than doubly
compound, loosely panicled, interrupted, acute. Fruit
spreading, with an abrupt, saw-toothed beak. Stem
sharply triangular, with flat interstices. E. B. 1064.
Schk. Car. D. 20. Host, t. 58.

fVet pastures, spongy hogs. Peat bogs on Bullingdon Green.
Under Headington Wick copse. Sh.

Per. June.

Root fibrous, of very large, firm tufts. Stems two or three
feet, erect. I^s. upright, broadish, rough on the edge«, and
keel. Bract, egg-shaped, terminating in a bristle. Stig. two.
Spike more or less branched.
The lax, branchy spike discriminates this species. The whole

spike, at its first opening, three sided, oblong, and acute. This

Car. well suited for consolidating boggy, loose ground, by its

imm.ense, large-raised tufts.

* * * * Stamen-bearing, and pistil-hearing florets in separate spikes ;

the Stamen-hearing one solitary, very rarely or occasionally more than

one. Bracteas leafy, often sheathing. (* Pistil-hearing spike, long,

and linear. Stamen-hearing spike, terminal^

C. pendula. Great pendulous G. Sheaths nearly as
long as the flower-stalks. Fertile spikes cylindrical,
very long, drooping. Fruit densely crowded, egg-
shaped, beaked. E. B. 2315. C. 3. QS. Schk.
Car. 100. Q. 60. Host, t. 100.

Most woods, hedges. Tar Wood. Sh. Ditches on both sides of
the Faringdon road, going up the hill, just beyond Botley. Bx.

Per. June.

Root fibrous. Stem three to five or six feet, erect, leafy, triangular.
Ls. long, broad, harsh. Spikes on shortish stalks, cylindrical,
very long, from five to seven.

Discrim. Its great size, very long, cylindrical, drooping, ele-
gant spikes; very small capsules for its size.

C. strigosa. Loose pendulous G. Sheaths nearly equal

270 MONOECIA TRIANDRIA, Carex.

to the flower-stalks. Spikes slender, loose, slightly
drooping. Fruit spear-shaped, triangular, ribbed. E.
B. 994. Schk. Car. 94. N. 53.

Groves and thickets^ *. Noke Wood. Sb. (In Wythain Wood,

near Oxford. Rev, Dr, Sheffield,
Per. June.
Root fibrous. Siem, erect, slender, two feet, leafy, triangular,

taller than the leaves. Ls. light green, broadish. Spikes,

female, four, five, or more, on thread-shaped stalks, slender,

soon drooping. Stiff, three. Seed elliptical, triangular. Spikes

all sheathed at the base,
Discrim. From Car. sylvatica, by its flower-stalks scarcely longer

than the sheath, by its three cornered and acute capsules, but

not with a long, taper beak.

C. sylvatica. Pendulous TVood C. Sheaths not half
the length of the flower-stalks. Spikes slender, rather
loose, drooping. Fruit egg-shaped, triangular, beaked,
without ribs. E. B. 995. Schk. Car. 111. L. 1.
101. Host, t. 84.

W^oods, especially on a clay, wet soil, Sm,

Per. June.

Ls, in tufts from the joints of the roots, yellowish green. Cap-
sules smooth, and with a beak nearly as long as the capsule,
cloven at the end. Stig. three. Stamen-bearing spikelet
generally single.
The drooping spikes, and their thread -shaped stalks, pale green

of the leaves, and bending of the stem, render this an elegant

plant.

The Laplanders form a wadding of this plant, carded and

dressed, for their shoes and gloves, to protect them from the winter

cold, and summer heat. Linn. The leaves of this (and of

other Carices), are used for binding wine flasks of glass, bottoming

common chairs, and for stopping the interstices of casks, by the

cooper. Linn. Fl. Suec.

** * Pistil-hearing spikes cylindrical, or oblong, egg-shaped, or roundish.

C. Pseudo-cyperus, Bastard-cyperus C» Sheaths
scarcely any. Pistil-bearing spikes dense, cylindrical,
drooping, many-flowered. Scales awl-shaped. Fruit
spreading, spear-shaped, furrowed, rough-edged, with a
deeply cloven beak. E. B. 242. Pseudo-cyperus.
G. E. 29. (Host, V. 1. 63. t. 85.)

fVet, shady places ; viargins of rivers and ponds. Sm. * * Ditch
bank at the foot of the bridge, in Binsey Lane. Bx. Ditches
near Eton, Bucks, not uncommon. Tur.

Per. .Tune.

MONOECIA TRIANDRIA. Carex. 271

Stem one foot, or more, with three, sharp, rough angles. Spike-
lets one and a half, to two inches, green, on rough stalks. Xn
elegant species.

C. pallescens. Pale C, Sheaths very short. Pistil-
bearing spikes cylindrical, stalked ; at length drooping.
Fruit inversely egg-shaped, triangular, inflated, smooth,
very blunt, with a minute abrupt beak. E. B. 2185.
H. L. 178. Schk. Car. 108. K, k. 99.

Meadows, jmstures, riioist, shady places. * Copse under Shotover
Hill. SI). Wytham Wood. Y. Headington Copse. Heading-
ton Wick Copse. Bx.

Per. June,

Stem erect, twelve, or eighteen inches. Ls. rather short, flat,
pale. Bract, leafy, upright, longer than the stem, very slightly
sheathing at the base. Spike, stamen-bearing one, single, erect,
close, pale brown. Pistil-bearing ones, two or three, short,
somewhat egg-shaped, blunt. Fruit nearly equal in length to
the glumes, closely set, swollen, smooth, light green.

Discrim, Its palish green colour when in liruit. All the spikes
near the top of the stem. Pistil-bearing spikes in their mature
state nearly cylindrical.

Q.Jlava. Yellow G» Sheaths short, nearly equal to the
flower-stalks. Pistil-bearing spikes roundish, egg-
shaped. Fruit triangular, smooth, with a cloven
beak curved downward. Stem nearly smooth. E. B.
1294. Schk. Car. 72. H. SQ. Host, t. 63. Gramen
palustre echinatum. G. E. 17'

Boggy meadows.

Per. June.

Stem erect, about a foot generally, triangular, leafy at the base.
Ls. bright green, erect, broadish, marked with two rough lines
on their upper side. Bract, leafy, remarkably spreading, with
very short sheaths. Stamen -bearing Spike spear-shaped, erect,
mostly solitary.

Discrim. Its long, straddling, leafy bract, and prickly, round,
pistil-bearing heads. Varies greatly in height, and luxuriance.

(Ca7'e.v Oederi, and Cfitlva. See Appendix,)

C. distans. Distant Smooth C Sheaths tubular,
lengthened out, nearly equal to the flower-stalks.
Pistil-bearing spikes elliptic-oblong, widely distant.
Scales pointed. Stem smooth. E. B. 1234. Schk.
Car. 102. T. 68. Host, 1. t. 77-

Muddy marshes.
Per. June.

272 MONOECIA TRIANDRIA. Carex.

Root fibrous. Stem twelve to eiglitccn inches, weak. Z/.9. shortj
rather broad, flower-leaves longer, narrower; their upper
sheaths almost concealing the flower-stalk : lower sheath
enclosing about half the flower-stalk. Fruit cloven at the
summit.

Diacrim. The great distance of the pistil-bearing spikes from each
other : the smoothness of the leaves, and capsules discrim. from
Car. hirta.

(C. binervis. See Appendix.)

C. prcBcox, Early Spriuf/ C Sheaths about equal
to the very short flower-stalks. Spikes elHptical,
rather crowded. Scales of the pistil-bearing ones
pointed. Fruit pear-shaped, downy, with an abrupt,
entire point. E. B. 1099. H. L. 2^. Schk. Car.
68. F. 27. Host, 1. t. 68.

Dry heaths, hillocksy oj^en, barren pastures. Shotover Hill. Sb.

Per. April.

Root creeping. Stem ascending obliquely, from three to six inches,
firm, naked. Ls. root-ones short. Bract, erect, often wanting.
Stamen-bearing spike rather blunt, club-shaped, their glumes
elliptical, or egg-shaped. Pistil-bearing one egg-shaped.

Discrim. From Car. pilulifera by its shortly stalked spikes, and
its fl.-stalks with a sheath nearly equal to the fl. -stalk in length ;
its creeping root, and erect stalk. Conspicuous in spring, by its
numerous, tufted anthers.

C. pilulifera. Round-headed C Sheaths none. Pistil-
bearing spikes two or three, stalkless, close together,
almost globular, with pointed scales. Fruit triangular,
roundish, downy, with a short, cloven beak. E. B.
885. Schk. Car. 78. T. 39. Host, t. 84.

Heaths, moors. North-Leigh Heath. Sb,

Per. June.

Root fibrous. Stem weak, reclining, naked, six to twelve inches.
Ls bright-green, shorter than the straw. Bract, narrow, short,
stalkless, without any perceptible sheath. Spike, stamen-bear-
ing one, spear-shaped, glumes pointed.

Discrim, Capsule somewhat downy as in Car. proecox, but the
linear, stamen-bearing spike, the pistil-bearing ones stalkless,
and the reclining straw-stalk, distinguish it in every stage.

C. panicea. Pink-leaved C, Sheaths lengthened out,
about half the length of the flower-stalks. Pistil-
bearing spikes one or two, distant ; lower one rather
lax. Fruit swollen, smooth, cloven at the summit.
Stem smooth, bluntly triangular. E. B. 1505. Schk.
Car. 110. L. 1. 100. Host, 1. t. 79.

MONOECIA TRIANDRIA. Carcx. 273

Meadows, moist pastures.

Per. June.

Root creeping. Stem erect, ten to fifteen inches, smooth. Ls.
glaucous, shorter than the straw-stalk. Bract, acute, shorter
than the stem. SheatJis long, furrowed, pale. Spike, stamen -
bearing spike one, sometimes two, spear-shaped, acute. Pistil-
bearing spike remote, erect, on slender stalks, twice the length
of the sheath ; their scales loosely tiled, egg-shaped, pointless.
F'ruit longer than the scales, egg-shaped, bluntish, capsule
rather distant, of a light greenish, or yellowish hue. Sheath
lower, enclosing about half the foot-stalk, upper ones nearly the
whole. Caps, often affected with the smut, and turned into
sooty dust.

Discrim, Its loose, rather distant capsules. In its younger state
resembles young specimens of Car. recurva : but in Car. pani-
cea, the lowermost sheath is full half the length of the footstalk,
in Car. recurva, about one quarter.

C. recurva* Glaucous Heath C. Sheaths short. Pistil-
bearing spikes two or three, cylindrical, close, drooping,
on long, at length recurved stalks. Fruit elliptical,
triangular, roughish, blunt, slightly notched. E. B.
1506. C. flacca. Schk. Car. II7. O. P. 57. Host,

1. t. 90.

Moist meadows, pastures, groves, wet, barren, heathy ground.

Per. June.

Root creeping. Whole plant glaucous. Stem upright, from eight
to eighteen inches, roundish, with three angles. Ls, erect,
broadish, shorter than the stem. Bract, erect, about as high as
the stem ; sheaths short, with a small appendage on each side.
Stamen -bearing spikes linear-spear-shaped, mostly solitary.
Pistil-bearing spikes, at first erect, soon drooping, cylindrical,
very close, glumes egg-shaped, blackish. Stig. three. Fruit
closely tiled, elliptical, bluntly three- angular, swelling, entire,
soon black.

Discrim. (Varies much in size and habit.) Its cylindrical, droop-
ing, black spikes, glaucous leaves, short, ear- append aged sheaths,
roundish caps., smooth straw-stalk, creeping root.

C. ccespitosa. Tufted Bog C, Stignmas two. Sheaths
none. Pistil-bearing spikes, cylindrical, blunt, erect ;
uppernjost stalkless, the lowermost sometimes stalked.
Leaves and ear-appendaged bracteas, linear, erect.
Fruit permanent, elliptical, flat, many-ribbed, with a
very short, abrupt beak. E. B. 1507. Schk. Car. 57.
A, a, and B, b. 85. Host, t. 91.

Marshes, wet, sh(td(y places.

Per. May.

T

274 MONOECIA TRIANDRIA. Carex.

Root creeping. Stems nine to twelve inches. Ls, erect, almost
as tall as the stem, narrow, acute, bright green. Bract, at the
base, a pair of round, black, ear-like appendages. Stamen-
bearing spike mostly solitary, spear-shaped, erect, with green-
ribbed scales. Pistil-bearing sp. cylindrical, shortish, blunt,
close, its scales elliptical, black, green-ribbed. F'ruit permanent
after it is ripe. Black glumes of the pistil-bearing spikes appear
to the eye, as if deeply margined with a Ughter colour. Scales
shorter than the ripe, black caps,

Discrim. Fruit in Car. stricta falling almost as soon as ripe. Car.
csespitosa, flowers nearly a month later.

(C. stricta. Glaucous Straight'lcaved C. Stigmas
two. Slieaths none. Pistil-bearing spikes nearly stalk-
less, erect, cylindrical, lengthened out, acute ; often
barren-flowered at the top. Bases of the leaves like
net-work. Fruit elliptical, flat, with a short, cloven
beak, foiling off (deciduous.) E. B. 914*. Schk. Car.

GO. t. V. 73.
Marshes, At Pophills, side of a ditch, near to the river Arrow.

Purtoris Fl, v. 3. pt. II.
Per. April,

Rather glaucous, erect, one and a half to two f. Spike two inches.)
***** Barren and fertile jiorets in separate spikes. Barren spikes

two or more,

C. acuta. Slender- Sjjikcd C, Stigmas two. Spikes
cylindrical, slender ; drooping in flower ; afterwards
erect. Fruit elliptical, witli a blunt, undivided beak.
E. B. 580. Schk. Car. 61. E, e. 92. Host, 70. t.
95. C. gracilis. C. 4. 62. Sb. 32.

Watery meadows, about ditches and pools.

Per. May.

Root creeping. Stem variable in height, from three inches to one,
two, or three feet. Its summit drooping in flower, soon becom-
ing erect, Ls. bright, deep green, drooping near the top. Spikes
scales of the stamen -bearing ones spear-shaped, bluntish ; of the
pistil-bearing ones linear, sharpish.. Bract, one at the base of
each pistil-bearing spike.

Discrim, In its young state resembles Car. pendula, distinguished
from it by its tw^o stigmas. Discrim. Its slenderness of habit,
drooping flowers, compressed, .undivided caps. Flowers a week
or two later than Car. riparia, and Car. paludosa. Sheaths none.

C. paludosa. Smaller Common G, Stigmas three.
Stamen-bearing spikes cylindrical, bluntish, erect ; the
pistil-bearing ones with taper-pointed scales. Fruit
egg-shaped, triangular, compressed, with a notched

MONOECTA TRIANDRIA. Carox. 27/5

beak. E. B. 8O7. Schk. Car. 121. O, o. 103. Host,
1. t. 92. C. acuta. C. 4. 6I. Sb. 32.

Bo(j(jy meadows y about the margins of ditches ^ and rivers.

Per. April.

Root very creeping. Ls. about half an inch broad, erect. Stem
one to two feet. Spikes generally three pistil-bearing, and
three stamen-bearing ; the latter terminal, near together, with
scales oblong, blunt. Bract, sheathless, a leafy one accompany-
ing each pistil-bearing spike ; one or two of the lower ones
longer than the stem.

Discrim. From Car. acuta, by its less slender, and more erect
form, and its three stigs. From Car. riparia, by its more, or less
blunt, and not pointed glumes, in stamen-bearing spike ; very
acute in Car. riparia ; its caps, very slightly divided at the sum-
mit, but not beaked or forked, fruit smaller, less inflated, than
in Car. riparia.

C. riparia. Great Common G, Stigmas three. Stamen-
bearing- spikes erect, with taper-{)ointe(l scales. Fruit
egg-shaped, swollen, with a deeply-cloven beak. C. 4.
60. E. B. 579. Schk. Car. 122. Q. q. o. C. crassa.
Host, 1. t. 93.

Watery places^ very common.

Per. April.

Root widely creeping. Stem two or three feet, leafy, angles three,
very sharp at the edges of the leaves. Ls. broad, erect, those
of the stem with a sheathing, veined-like net-work at the base.
Spikes mostly three stamen-bearing, and three pistil-bearing.
Scales of pistil-bearing spikes spear-shaped, tipped with a small,
rough awn. Stamen-bearing spikes crowded, three- angular,
generally acute at the end. Bract, sheathless, a leafy one to
each pistil-bearing spike, one or two of the lower ones often
overtopping the stem : upper bract, somewhat stalkless.

Discrim. Its black, triangular, acute, stanion-bearing spikes, and
pointed, forked capsules. Stamen-bearing spikes, belbre flower-
ing, brownish black ; in flower, reddish brown ; out of flower,
light-brown. Larger than Car. paludosa, broader leaves, thicker
spikes.

(C. IcBvigdta, See Appendix,^

C. vesicdria. Short-spiked Bladder C. Pistil-bearing
spikes cylindrical, short, abrupt, on short stalks. Scales
all spear-shaped, acute. Sheaths none. Fruit egg-
shaped, inflated, with a lengthened out, cloven beak.
E.B. 779. Schk. Car. 124. S, s. IO6. Host, 1. t. 98.

Marshes, wet meadows. About Oxford, but rather rare. Bobart.
Cowley Field, on the banks of the CherwoU. Sb. Ditch round
Christ-church Meadow. Bog under Bullingdon Green. Long
Meadow. B.v.

T 2

276 MONOECIA TRIANDRIA. Carex.

Per. June.

Root creeping. Stem upright, two feet. Ls. erect, bright green,
longer than the straw-stalk, at the time of flowering. Spikes
about three stamen -bearing, and three pistil-bearing, the former
slender, acute, wath linear, spear-shaped scales. The latter
thick, and short, with sharp scales ; lower-ones stalked, longer.
Sti(/. three. Fruit thickly ranged, spreading, longer than the
scales, egg-shaped, pointed, yellowish, shining;, when ripe.
Bract, leafy, stalkless, each pistil-bearing spike longer than the
extending under straw-stem. Shorter bract, often extending
under the stamen -bearing spikes.

Discrim. Its yellow hue, narrow, short scales, and green, inflated,
smooth, conic, bladder-like capsules.

G. ampuUdcea. Slender-beaked Bottle G, Pistil-bear-
ing spikes cylindrical, lengthened out, with short foot-
stalks. Scales all spear-shaped, acute. Sheaths none.
Fruit inflated, globose, with a linear, cloven beak. E.

B. 780. Schk. Car. 125. T, t. IO7. Host, 1. 1. 99.

C. rostrata. Sb. 32.

Pools, marshes, margins of rivers. Peat bogs on Bullingdon Green.
Under Headington Wick Copse. Beyond Iffley, on the banks
of the Isis. Sh.

Per. June.

Root creeping. Ls. narrow, longer than the straw-stalk. StraW'
stalk one to two feet. Spikes two or three stamen-bearing;
about the same number of pistil-bearing ; topmost stamen -bear-
ing spike often slightly curved, very slender. Bract, one
accompanying every spike, upper ones shorter than the straw-
stem, one or two of the lower ones much longer, all stalkless.

Discrim. Pistil-bearing spikes longer, and more slender than those
of Car. vesicaria, consisting of numerous, spreading, yellowish,
inflated, roundish capsules, each terminating in a linear beak,
nearly the length of the caps, and cloven at the point, resem-
bUng a long necked bottle with a cloven beak.

C. hirta. Hairy G. Plant hairy. Pistil-bearing spikes
egg-shaped-cylindrical, remote. Scales awned. Sheaths
nearly as long as the flower-stalks. Fruit hairy,
swollen, with a deep-cloven beak. Stem rough-edged.
E. B. 685. Schk. Car. I27. U, u. 108.

Pf^et meadows, woods, watery places.

Per. June.

Root creeping, dov/ny. Straw-stem erect, about two feet. Ls.
scarcely so tall as the stem, most hairy beneath ; sheath gene-
rally woolly. Bract, a leafy one to every pistil-bearing spike,
one or two lower ones often higher than the culm (straw-stem.)
Spikes pistil -bearing ones, two or three : stamen -bearing, spear-

MONOECIA TETRANDRIA. Urtica. 277

sliaped, with egg-shaped, brown, rather pointed scales, out-
wardly hairy. Fruit egg-shaped, acute.
Discrim. The thick down of the leaves, and particularly of the
sheaths, and capsules.

(CJHiformis, See Appendix,)

MONOECIA TETRANDRIA,

ALNUS. Alder.

A. glutinosa. Common A, Leaves roundish- wedge-
shaped, wavy, saw-tootlied, glutinous, blunt ; downy at
the branching of the veins beneath. H. L. 59- Alnus.

. G. E. 1477. Betula Alnus. E. B. 1508. Sb. 64.

Watery places, moist woods.
Tree. March.

Branches dark, spreading, crooked, glutinous, when young. Ls.
alternate, footstalked, deep, shining green, with many almost
parallel veins. Catkins, stamen-bearing ones, long, drooping,
cylindrical : pistil-bearing ones, small, oval, ascending, reddish
brown .

Valuable for piles of bridges, &c., enduring moisture well. The
bark and leaves for dying, tanning, and staining nets. Wood
used by the wheelwright, and turner. The knots beautifully veined.
Sheep will feed on the leaves. Plant astringent. The catkins
dye green. Grass grows well under its shade ; a picturesque
tree, spreading over the still pool : planted in a low meadow, the
ground round it becomes boggy.

Wood hard, used for clogs or pattens. The hark dyes linen of a
dull red, and, with iron, brown, or black. Sm.

URT'ICA^ Nettle.

U. urens. Small Stinging N. Leaves opposite, sharply
saw-toothed, elliptical, with about five longitudinal
ribs. Clubs nearly simple. E. B. 1236. C. 6. 70.
U. minor. G. E. 707.

ji troublesome weed.

An. July.

Plant much branched, pale green, covered with stinging bristles.
Bract, small, bent back.

Discrim, From Ur. dioica, by its smaller size, annual, fibrous
root, brighter colour, and elliptical leaves.

' So called, ab urendo, from burning, or stinging.

278 MONOECIA PENTANDRIA. Bry6nia.

The chopped leaves mixed with the food of young turkies.
Stimj a fine-pointed tube, perforated at top, with a bag of poison at
its base. The skin being punctured by the sharp point, the acri-
monious fluid rises to the top, and is carried into the wound. A
leaf appUed of the Dock (Rumex), or of Plantago lanceolata, or of
the Nettle itself, is a speedy remedy for the painful sting. Sting
of this species peculiarly inflammatory.

U. dioica. Great Stinging Nettle, Leaves opposite,
heart-shaped. Clusters much branched, in pairs, mostly
dioecious. Root creeping. E. B. 17«50. C. G. 69.

U. urens. G. E. 7O6.

Waste ground.
Per. July.

Occasionally monoecious. Roots creeping. Stems erect, three
feet, leafy, simple, bluntly four angled, clothed with stinging
bristles. Ls, stalked, pointed, veiny, saw-toothed. Stip. egg-
shaped. Clusters axillary-, in pairs, spreading ; longer than the
footstalks.

The stalks, like flax or hemp, may be converted into cloth, or
paper. Astringent : a leaf put on the tongue, and pressed
against the roof of the mouth, stops bleeding at the nose. Para-
lytic limbs have been advantageously excited hy^ urtication, or
striking them with Nettles. The young spring shoots eaten boiled.
Asses browse on the leaves. The leaves are fed on by the larvas of
Pap. Atalanta, Urticae, Paphia, C. Album, and lo ; five of our
most beautiful butterflies. Nettle tea considered by the vulgar as a
diet-drink to purify the blood.

Woollen stufis dyed green with the juice. The roots, with alum,
dye yellow, A rennet made from a strong decoction of Nettles ;
a quart of salt to three pints of decoction, to be bottled up for use.
A table spoonful of this will coagulate a large bowl of milk.

MONOECIA PENTANDRIA.

BRYO'NIA. Bryony.

B. dioica. Red-berried B. Leaves somewhat five-
lobed, hand-shaped, rough on both sides with hard
points. Barren and fertile flowers on separate plants.
E. B. 439. B. alba. G. E. 869.

Hedges, thickets.

Per. July.

Root very large. Stems annual, climbing by simple tendrils. Ls.
alternate. Fl. in axillary bunches, between the tendril and
leaf Cvr, whitish, veined with green. Stam. of three, short

MONOECIA POLYANDRIA. Myriophyllum. 279

filaments, two of which bear each of them two anthers, the third

mostly one. Style divided into three branches. Berries red, of

one cell, full of fetid juice. Leaf-lohcs obscurely triangular.

Root purgative, acrid : one dr. in wine a dose. Cataplasm of

the root a powerful discutient. One pound of the fresh root in

decoction, a purgative for horned cattle. The roots have been

formed into the human shape to represent mandrakes. In summer,

the root less juicy, and weaker in its power. Ger. reports to have

seen a root of this plant of half a hundred weight.

The true B. alba of Linn, found on the continent, has black
fruit, being called alba, from its white root, in contradistinction
to Tamus, the black-rooted Bryony. Sm.

MONOECIA POLYANDRIA.
CERATOPHYLLUM. Hornwort.

C. demersum. Common II. Fruit armed with three
spines. Segments of the calyx notched at the ex-
tremity. E^ B. 9 17.

Ditches, fish jmnds.

Per. July.

Plant much branched, floating under water. Fi. stalkless,
whorled, each in the bosom of a leaf. Ls. whorled, twice-
forked, saw toothed, leaflets bristle-shaped ; lower ones linear :
leaves closer upwards, crowded close towards the end.

MYRIOPHYLLUM. Water-Milfoil ' .

M. spicdtum. Spiked TVater-M, Flowers in whorled,
interrupted, leafless spikes. E. B. 83.

Ditches, pools.

Per. July,

Conspicuous by its numerous red flower-spikes, erect, above the
surface of the water, to prevent injury to the pollen. Stems
slender, much branched upwards. Ls. in fours, spreading, very
delicately comb -like, sunk in the water. Cal. acute, fringed.
Pet. blunt, concave, entire. Whorls, lower ones of pistil-bear-
ing flowers more distant.

M. verticilldtum. Whorled JVater-M. Flowers all
axillary, from the whorled leaves. E. B. 218.

Ponds, ditches; less common than Myr. spicatum. Sm. By the
bridge on the Botley road, near the lane going to Medley. Sb,

Per. July.

Ls. in fives, lower ones comb-like ; upper, comb»like-wing-cleft.

' From its numerously divided leaves. Mille, a thousand.

280 MONOECIA POLYANDRIA. Arum.

Stem, upper part raised above the surface of the water, clothed
to the top with leaves, less finely cut than those under water ;
all whorled. FL axillary, pale green, sometimes hermaphro-
dite, but lower ones mostly pistil-bearing ; upper, stamen-
bearing. Stig. four, short, finely tufted.

SAGITTA'RIA. Arrow-head.

S, Sagittifolia, Common A, Leaves arrow-shaped,
tapering- to a point. Stalk simple. E. B. 84. Sagitta
major et minor. G. E. 41 6.

Ditches, ponds J margins of rivers.

Per. July.

Stems and footstalks triangular, spongy. FL pistil-bearing, few,
forming one or two of the lowermost whorls. Ls. on long foot-
stalks ; those under water linear. Fl. three in a whorl. Bract.
one at the base of each flower oval, spear-shaped. Fl. white,
with a purplish tinge at the claw of the petals, which are very
transient.
A bulb at the lower part of the root. This a considerable

article of food among the Chinese, who cultivate the plant. FL

Suec.

Very ornamental plant.

A var. with small Ls. 0. parvifolia. Sb. Dorchester. Sb. Sa-
gitta aquatica omnium minima. Ray, 258.

ARUM. Cuckoo-pint.

A. maculdtum» Common C. or TVake Robin, Stem
none. Leaves halbert-ar row-shaped, entire. Spadix
hollow, club-shaped, blunt. E. B. 1298. C. 2.63.
A. vulgare. G. E. 834.
Groves, bushy places, borders of fields, hedge banks.
Per. May.

Ls. root ones generalty spotted with black. Stalk immediately
from the root, simple. Sheath erect, large, acute, hollow, pale
green, sometimes spotted, enfolding the pillar of fructification,
whose summit is cylindrical, blunt, purplish, spongy within :
below this several rows of glands tipped with fil. then a crowded
band of purple anthers, below which stand numerous germens.
The scarlet spike of berries appears conspicuous in the autumn,
without leaves. The root abounds with a mucilage, which aiFords
(an acrid, G. E.) starch : the fresh root very acrid : mild by dry-
ing. The root dried and powdered used by the French to wash
the skin, and called Cypress powder; a good cosmetic. The dried
root affords a wholesome nourishment, like flour. The naked
summit of the flower-stalk gives out considerable heat, (R. W.)

MONOECIA POLYANDRIA. Qucrcus. 281

for several hours subsequent to the first opening of the sheath. See

Sm. Intr. Bot. p. 70.

Roots of the plant taken up after the leaves decay, continue acri-
monious for a long time. The root has been substituted for
soap. The berries acrimonious.

POTKRIUM. Salad-Burnet.

P. Sanguisorba, Common Salad B, Thorns none.
Stem somewhat angular. Stamens much longer than
the calyx. E. B. 860. C. 2. 64. Pimpinella hor-
tensis. G. E. 1045.

Clialky hills. Sm.

Per. June.

Stems upright, branched, leafy, smooth. Ls. winged with an odd
one; Leaflets round, saw-toothed. Fl. in round heads, foot-
stalks long-, upright, terminal. Stamen-bearing flowers below,
pistil -bearing flowers above: this imusual. /S^ttm. hang out of
the flower, like purple silk, u^nth. yellow. Stiff, purple, radi-
ated. Habit of Sanguisorba officinalis.
Taste of the leaves resembling cucumber ; used in salads. Has

been cultivated for cattle : bears mowing three times during the

summer : it does not answer.

QUERCUS. Oak.

Q. Itobur\ Common British Oak. Leaves deciduous,
(falling off,) inversely egg-shaped, oblong, broader
towards the extremity ; sinuses of their indentations
rather acute ; lobes rounded. Fruit-stalks lengthened
out. E. B. 1342. Q. vulgaris. G. E. 1339,
1340.
Woods, hedges.
Tree. April.

Ls. alternate, nearly stalkless, somewhat inversely egg-shaped,
deeply sinuated, lobes blunt. Fl. stamen-bearing ones in slen-
der, drooping, stalked, yellow clusters : pistil-bearing three or
four, their stalk long : Calyx of these latter, entire, scaly, subse-
quently the cup of the acorn.

Tree remarkable for its picturesque appearance, slowness of its
growth, bulk, and longevity. Thrives on a hilly soil of marl or
loam. Roots deep ; does not bear much lopping. Wood hard,
tough, somewhat flexible : preferred for our glorious navy in ship-
building, as not easily splintering. Oak saw-dust used for dying
fustian, of a drab, or brown colour. The black obtained from the

' Strength : classical name for the oak.

282 MONOECIA POLYANDRIA. Qucrcus.

oak apples, bright, but not durable : that from the genuine galls
more durable. Bark for tanning leather: from its astringency
valuable in medicine, e. g. in ague, &c. The galls, used in
making ink, or balls on the leaves, arise from a small insect,
a Cynips, depositing an egg on the perforated leaf: the ball grows
with the insect worm hatched in its centre. This larva or worm
changes to a four winged insect, like its parent. The larvas of
various butterflies and moths feed on the leaves.

The oak in a rich soil, and suitable climate, nearly triples its
value of timber in about nine years. An oak in about fifty years
becomes lit for the dock-yard, and ship-building. The oak
derives its chief nourishment from its tap root, which should, there-
fore, be preserved from injury. fVilh. The acorns formerly the
food of Britons ! ! Pheasants and hogs epvt the acorns also. Tim-
ber of this species better than that of Q. sessiliilora. See Ger. Em.
1341. I. Strange remarks on oak apples.

" Dr. Stukeley, in liis Itinerarium Curiosum, thus notices the
oak which very many inhabitants of Oxford remember to have
stood near the entrance of the Water-walk in Magdalen College.
* The old oak is still standing nigh to which the founder ordered
his college to be built.' The foundation of the college was in
1448. The tree must have been old and large when the founder
assigned the northern boundary to be near the great oak. If we
suppose it to have been then between three and four hundred
years old, it may have been planted about the time of the Norman
conquest. It fell in 1789. It had become hollow, and was much
decayed at the root. Its girth was twenty-one feet nine inches ;
the height about seventy-two feet." — J, S. Duncan s Botanical
Theologij. Edit. 2nd. p. 84.

Evelyn in his Sylva mentions that this oak may be " seen,

whose branches shoot sixteen yards from the stem." Evelyns
Silva, (an. 1662.) by Hunter, p. 498. Edit. 1776. Plot in his
Oxfordshire (edit, anno l()77.) observes of this once gigantic tree :
that " there miglit 256 horses stand under that ^ree ; or allowing
two square feet for diman, 3456 men. Plot, pages 158, 159. An
oak to supply the place of the abovementioned celebrated tree
was planted, April 8th, 1807, by Mr. Robert Perison, Gardener,
Oxford, '^ on the left as you enter the walk on the spot where the
large oak grew." — Robert Penson, Oct. 1832.

Q. sessilijiora, Stalkless fruited oak. Leaves on stalks
lengthened out, falling off, oblong ; with opposite, acute
sinuses. Fruit stalkless. E. B. 1845.

IVoods, less common than the first. In Bagley Wood, and divers
other places, first observed by Mr. Bobart. Ray. (Bagley
Wood. Bx.) I found two vars. of this species, one with
stalkless leaves; and another with longish, tiled (imbricated)
scales, the first at Stanton St. John's ; the second, between
Shotover and Cuddesdon. An eminent Botanist to whom the

MONOFX'IA POLYANDRIA. Betula. 283

specimens were sent, informs me, that Q. sessiliflora '^ varies
with sessile (stalliless) leaves, and that the acorn-cups, in the
second var. are in a curious state, producing its scales in the
form of abortive leaves." R. W. 1832.

Tree. April, May.

Wood far inferior. Ls. more equally wing-cleft; in var. ^. downy.

FAGUS. Beech, and Chestnut.

* F. Castdnea, Sweet C. Leaves spear-shaped, sharply
saw-toothed ; smooth beneath. Prickles of the outer
calyx compound and entangled. Stigmas six. E. B.

886. Castanea. G. E. 1442.

ff^oods, plantations.
Tree. May.

The Spanish Chestnut, Fagus Castanea, occurs, but we presume
not as indigenous.

F. sylvdtica. Common B. Leaves egg-shaped, indis-
tinctly saw-toothed. Prickles of the outer calyx simple.

Stigmas three. E. B. 1846. Fagus. G. E, 1444.

Woods, on chalky hills. Sm,

Tree. April.

Bark very smooth. Ls. shining, waved, finely fringed. jF7. in

small, round, hairy tufts, long-stalked, with spear-shaped bracts.

Cal. of the fruit egg-shaped, silky. Nuts sharply ti'iangular.

A beautiful tree, bears lopping well, but allows no verdure to
flourish under it : thrives in a rich soil : retaining its old leaves
during winter, it forms excellent cut hedges for shelter. The wood
brittle, soon decaying in the air: under water durable: burnt
affords a large quantity of potash. The leaves gathered in
autumn form tolerably good mattresses. The nuts, when dried
and powdered, make wholesome bread : they fatten swine. The
poor in Silesia use the expressed oil of the nuts for butter.

The branches and leaves of this tree feather almost to the
ground. The var. with purple foliage very ornamental in shrub-
beries. The boards of this thinly splitting wood formerly used by
the bookbinder for covers of books. Fat of hogs fed on the mast
not solid. Linn. Ccesar (De Bello Gallico,) lib. 5. c. 12. asserted,
that there was no beech timber in Britain, nor fir.

BE'TULA. Birch.

B. alba. Common B. Leaves egg-diamond-shaped,
acute, unequally saw-toothed, nearly smooth. E. B.
2198. Betula. G. E. 1478.

fVoods,

Tree. April.

Bark of the trunk white, with paper-like outer bark (epidermis)

284 MONOECIA POLYANDRIA. Corylus.

rugged and dark, when old. Branches elegantly drooping. Ls.

alternate, stalked. The foliage in autumn of a full yellow.

There is a var. with more drooping branches.

This a very hardy tree. Wood firm, tough, white. The
slender twigs formed into brooms and rods : or as Mr. Light-
foot expresses it : " answer the purposes of cleanliness, and
correction." The leaves dye yellow. Hats, surtouts, and cups
made of the bark, in the North of Europe, also shoes, cover-
ings for houses, torches. A hole bored in the tree in spring,
exudes a sweet sap, which properly fermented, with sugar added,
forms a pleasant wine. Bark may be used for tanning, and for
rope -making. Canoes made of it. The inner bark anciently used
to write upon. The knotty excrescences a beautifully veined
wood. Lightfoot in Fl. Scot., recommends Birch-wine as a sub-
stitute for the " poisonous whiskey," and subjoins a receipt for the
wine. Horse harness made of the twisted boughs of the birch in
some parts of the Scotch Highlands. Garnett.

CA'RPINUS. Hornbeam/

* C. Betulus, Common H. Bracteas of the fruit flat,
oblong, saw-toothed, with two side lobes. E. B. 2032.

Betulus sive Carpinus. G. E. 1479.

Woods, hedges.

Tree. May.

A low, rigid, elm-like tree. Sm,

CO'RYLUS. Hazel-nut.
C. Avelldna. Common H, or Stock-nut, Stipulas
egg-shaped, blunt. Leaves roundish, heart-shaped,
pointed. Young branches hairy. Calyx of the fruit
bell-shaped, torn at the edge, shorter than its nut.
E. B. 723. H. L. 17. C. sylvestris. G. E. 1438.

Hedges, copses.

Small tree. 3Iarch.

Ls. produced after the flowers, doubly saw-toothed, veiny. The

catkins fall off entire. Styles vivid crimson, twelve or fourteen.

Makes good charcoal. Regular revenue raised from nut-woods,
cut every sixteen years : freeholders of £15. or £'20. per annum,
make regularly £60. a-year by their nut-woods. (^PVith.) The
wood for fishing-rods, hoops ; the shoots for springles to fasten
down thatch, and for hurdles Chips of hazel put into turbid wine
to clear it. Twigs of hazel, twisted together, so as to be full of
chinks, and steeped in ale during its fermentation, then hung up
to dry, put into wort, instead of yeast. An oil from the nuts, used
by painters. The divining rod, for the supposed discovery of
water-springs, and metal, taken from the young forked twigs. See

' From the hardness of the wood.

DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. 285

Evelyns Sylva, hy Hunter, p. 223. See Quarterly Review. No. 44.
in Article " Popular Mythology of the Middle Ages," pages 373,
374. and " Curiosities for the Ingenious," Duod. pages 155. to 161.
" The divining-rod when held in a certain position, and under
certain circumstances, is said to discover the situation of metals,
&c. in the earth, by dipping as it approaches the place beneath
which they immediately lie."

Class XXII. DIOECIA. Stamens and
Pistils in separate Jlowers^ on different plants.

{MONANDRIA. Stamen L)

Several willows. Sm.

DIANDRIA.

SALIX. Willow, Sallow, and Osier.

Linn sens observes, that the species of this genus are made out
with very great difficulty. Sp. PL 1449.

The differences found in the germens, styles, and stigmas, toge-
ther w^ith the shape of the leaves, afford good specific marks for the
discrimination of Salices. Seasons for studying the Salices, or
Willows, are 1st. their flowering time : 2ndly, the early part of
summer, to observe their stipulas, before the leaves come to their
full size, and 3rdly, when the leaves come to their full size. They
must be observed in their growing state for several seasons, to be
well discriminated. The flowering period of willows is of short
duration, during the greatest part of the summer we have no
flowers to assist our investigations. The willows afford food for
a great variety of insects. The large excrescences, on the branches
and leaves of willows, are the nests of different species of insects
(the Cy nips.) The stamen-bearing willows should alone be planted
in walks: the pistil-bearing ones multiply too fast, and form a
thicket. *

* Full grown leaves saw-toothed, smooth, or nearly so.

S. triandra. Long -leaved Triandrous W. Leaves
linear-oblong, saw-toothed, smooth ; rather unequally
sloping at the base. Stamens generally three. Ger-
men stalked, egg-shaped, compressed, smooth. Stig-
mas nearly stalkless. E. B. 1435.

TVet woods, hedges, osier -grounds.

' The Botanist will find a valuable collection of Grasses, British Willows,
and Roses, cultivated in the Botanic Garden, Oxford. Several Willows have
been lately planted round Christ-church Meadow.

280 DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix.

Tree. May and Auyust. Sm.

If suffered to grow, becomes a large tree. Ls. smooth on both

sides, the base narrow, and sloping off, towards the stalk. Catk.

cylindrical, yellow, with hairy, blunt scales. Ned, very blunt.

Stiff, spreading, cloven. Stam. twice as long as the scales.

It casts off its bark annually in large portions, like the plane-
tree. Bark lightly astringent, bitterish, has been found service-
able in the cure of agues: in doses of one or two drachms.

Sa. amygdalina very much resembles tliis species. The nar-
rower-leaved willows generally named osiers ; this one of the most
valuable for white basket work, producing rods eight or nine feet
long, tough, and very durable. Sm,

S. Hoffmamiidna. Short-leaved Triandrous W, Leaves
egg"- shaped-oblong, saw-toothed, smooth ; sHghtly
rounded at the base. Stamens three. Germen stalked,
egg-shaped, compressed, smooth. Stigmas nearly

stalkless. C. 6. 7^. E. B. Supp. 2620.

Banks of rivulets. " Common almost every where about Oxford .
Frequent also about Rugby, Warwickshire, 1831." Bx.

Shrub, or small tree. May.

A handsome species, growing from ten to fifteen feet high, casting
its bark in the autumn like the other triandrous willows. Ls.
egg-shaped, or egg-spear-shaped, with a very taper point ; the
under side light green, scarcely glaucous.
IJiffers from Sa. triandra in its humbler growth, in the leaves

being rounded at the base, and in the larger, rounded, ear-shaped

stipulas : and from Sa. amygdalina in the leaves being not glau-
cous underneath, and in wanting the deep furrows of the young

twigs, so remarkable in that species." B.ic.

(S. amygdalina. Broad-leaved Triandrous TV, ; or
Almond-leaved TV, Leaves egg-shaped, saw-toothed,
smooth ; rounded and unequal at the base. Stamens
three. Germen egg-shaped, compressed, smooth \ its
stalk almost as long as the scale. Stigmas nearly
stalkless. Young branches furrowed. E. B. 1636.

Banks of rivers and ditches. Pn. Fl.

Shrub, or small tree. April, May ; and again in Avrjust.
A large, bushy shrub, casting its bark.)

* S. pentandra, Sweet Bay-leaved TV, Leaves egg-
shaped, pointed, notched, glandular, smooth. Foot-
stalks glandular at the summit. Stamens five, some-
times less or more, hairy at the base. Germen egg-
shaped, tapering, smooth, nearly stalkless. E. B. 1805.

Near rivers. Banks of the Cherwell, Christ-church Meadow,
Oxford. Bx.

Tree. June, July.

DTOECIA^DIANDRIA. Salix. 287

Ls. broad, shining, closely notched, smooth on both sides. Foot-
stalks short, glandular. Stipulas scarcely any. Catk. stamen-
bearing, yellow, handsome, fragrant, rather thick. Ls, alter-
nate, ascending. From fifteen, to twenty feet high.
Deserving of cultivation for its beauty and fragrance. Known
by its broad, odoriferous leaves, whose serratures exude a yellow^
resin, and by its numerous stamens. The leaves afford a yellow
dye. The down may be used for cotton, mixed with cotton.
Down of willows, a lining for the nests of some kinds of birds.

* S. nigricans, Dark-hroad-leaved TV, Leaves elliptic-

spear-shaped, acute, notched, smooth, with a downy
rib above ; glaucous beneath. Stamens two, thrice
the length of the hairy scales. E. B. 1213.

Fens, osier-grounds. Banks of the Cherwell, Christ-church
Meadow, Oxford. Bx.

Shrubby. ^2>rih

Ls. a little rounded at the base, dark green. Foot-stalks very
broad at their base. Catk. thickish, with inversely egg-shaped,
brown, hairy scales. Branches brittle, dark coloured. Scarcely
forms a tree. Ls, in drying become black. Ls. in the pistil-
bearing plant shorter, and less notched, more tapering towards
the base.

S. mtellina.^ Yellow JV. or Golden Osier. Leaves

spear-shaped, tapering to a point, with cartilaginous

serraturrs ; smooth above ; glaucous and somewhat

silky beneath. Stipulas minute, spear-shaped, falling-

olT (deciduous,) smooth. Gcrmen stalkless, egg-spear-

sha'^^ed, smooth. Scales linear-spear-shaped, acute,

fringed at the base, lon£;-er than the j)istil. E. B.

1389.

Osier-grounds y swamps.

Tree. Ma;(/.

Branches yellow, shining. Ls. alternate. Catk. cylindrical, acute,

appear with the leaves.

Known at a distance by the yellow colour of its branches. A
handsome tree of a moderate height, conspicuous for its gracefully
drooping, golden twigs. The down of the seeds has been made
into paper : the bark used for dying. Used for palms at Easter
in the Greek Russian churches. A tough and flexible osier. Wood
tough and white. The lopped pistil-bearing branches become
straight.

* S. decipiens. White Welsh, or Varnished W. Leaves

spear-shaped, pointed, saw-toothed, very smooth ;

• From viteUus, the (yellow) yolk of an egg.

288 DIOECIA— DTANDRIA. Salix.

floral ones partly inversely-egg-shaped and curved back.
Foot-stalks somewhat glandular. Germen tapering,
stalked, smooth. Style longer than the cloven stigmas.
Branches smooth, highly polished. E. B. 1937.

Low meadows, moist liedgesy osier-grounds. Christ-church Meadow,

Oxford. Bx.
Tree. May.

" There is a large tree of this species of willow, growing by the
side of the ditch round Christ-church Meadow, about a. stone's
throw from the junction of the Cherwell and Isis. I should guess,
from its size, that it cannot be less than fifty years old, and fifty
feet high. The trunk, near the ground, measures six feet ten
inches in girth. It has been confounded with Sa, fragilis, by some
botanists, but it is very distinct from that, and may readily be dis-
tinguished from most other willows, by its cane-coloured shining
twigs, as if varnished, and when not in leaf, having much more
the appearance of a poplar, than a willow ; whence it has been
called the poplar-willow, and sometimes the cane-willow. The
Rev. Dr. Walker, in his History of the Hebrides, vol. ii. p. 267,
* thinks it may probably be the Sa. amarina, of Pliny. Hoffmann
appears to have been the first who distinguished this as a species.
He has described, and figured it in his Historia Sdlicum, published
in 1785 — 7. The tree in Christ-church Meadow must, I think,
have been growing there prior to that time.' " Bx. Oct. 23, 1830.

S. fragilis. Crack W, Leaves egg-spear-shaped,
pointed, saw-toothed throughout, very smooth. Foot-
stalks glandular. Germen egg-shaped, abrupt, nearly
stalkless, smooth. Scales oblong, about equal to the
stamens and pistils. Stigmas cloven, longer than the
style. E. B. I8O7.

Marshy grounds, hanks of rivers.
Tree. April.

Catk. appearing with the leaves, coming forth at the base of the
foot-stalk, with two or three very small leaves. Branches
with a slight blov/ break off. Catk. stamen -bearing ones, cylin-
drical, scales inversely egg-shaped, villose (with soft hairs.)
^ect. of two glands, yellow, the largest between the stamens
and spike-stalk (rachis,) the smallest between the stamens and
scale. Several other smooth willows are also brittle.
Remarkable for the crookedness of its branches, and its large,
broad, dark, shining leaves.

Bees fond of the stamen-bearing flowers of this, and other
willows. Caterpillar of the white satin moth, (Salicis) feeds on
the leaves. Roots boiled for a considerable time, used by the
Swedes to stain eggs purple. Fl. Suec. A similar ancient prac-
tice, in Scotland, at Easter. See Anemone Pulsatilla.

DIOECIA—DIANDRIA. Salix. 289

(S. RusseUidna, Bedford TV. Leaves spear-shaped,
tapering at each end, saw- toothed throughout, very
smooth. Foot-stalks glandular, or leafy. Germen
tapering, stalked, longer than the scales. Style as
long as the stigmas. E. B. 1808.
Banks of rivers, and ditches. Pn. FL
Tree. April, May.

A more handsome tree, of a brighter hue. Branches slender
and straight, not angular at their insertion like Sa. fragilis. Tim-
ber and bark very valuable.) Sm.

* &. purpurea. Bitter Purple TV, Branches trailing,
lying down. Leaves partly opposite, inversely egg-
spear-shaped, saw-toothed, very smooth ; narrow at the
base. Stamen one. Stigmas very short, egg-shaped,
nearly stalkless. E. B. 1388. C. 6. 71. f. 5.

Lmjo meadows, hanks of rivers and ditches. In a ditch round Christ-
church Meadow, Oxford. Bx.

Shrub. March.

Branches long, slender, tough, frequently purplish, Catk. stamen-
bearing ones, very slender, nearly stalkless. Scales black at
the tip, hairy. Anth. orange -coloured, double, or four-lobed.
Pistil-bearing catk, same in size and form. Germen stalkless,
small, egg-shaped, silky.
Leaves and twigs extremely bitter.

Discrim. Diifers, according to Sm. from Sa. Helix, by its spread-
ing, decumbent habit, never becoming a tree ; by its purple
branches, smaller, and more slender catk. by its small, egg-
shaped, blunt, nearly stalkless stigmas. More rare than Sa.
Helix.
Hoifmann unites the species Sa. purpurea, and Sa. Helix, under

the name of Sa. monandra, followed in this by Curtis, and

approved by Hooker in Fl, Scot, But see H, British Fl. 1830.
Valuable osier for fine basket-work, but more especially for

platting in a growing state into low, close fences, to keep out hares

and rabbits, the leaves and bark being so bitter, that those animals

will not touch either.

S. HelL%\ Rose /F'.' Branches erect. Leaves partly
opposite, oblong-spear-shaped, pointed, slightly saw-
toothed, very smooth ; linear towards the base. Stamen
one. Style nearly as long as the linear, divided stig-
mas. E. B. 1343. S. monandra. C. 6. 71. Sb. 16.

Marshes, osier -grounds, banks of rhmlets,

' So called, because the tops of the branches are sometimes expanded into
httle scaly heads, somewhat resembling roses ; this is the effect of an insect.
Curtis.

U

290 DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix.

Tree. May.

Discrim. Nine to ten feet. Ls. more truly spear-shaped, and taper-
pointed than those of Sa. purpurea. Catk, pistil-bearing ones,
somewhat longer, twice as thick, stand on longer stalks. Germen
stalkless, egg-shaped, silky. Style considerably lengthened out,
smooth, and naked. Stig. linear, lengthened out. Ls. also less
glaucous, and not so bitter as in Sa. purpurea.

Branches pale yellow^ish, or purple ash. Ls. much lengthened out.
Planted to keep up gravelly banks of rivers. Sa. purpurea, a

more rare plant than this.

S. Lamhertidna,^ Boy ton W* Branches erect. Leaves
partly opposite, inversely egg-spear-shaped, pointed,
saw-toothed, smooth ; rounded at the base. Stipulas
none. Stamen one. Stigmas egg-shaped, blunt,
notched, very short, nearly stalkless. E. B. 1359.

Low meadows, osier-grounds, hanks of rivers. At Harley Ford, near
Henley-upon-Thames. Eng. Fl. and Turn, and Dillwyn, Bot.

Guide,

Tree. March, April.

In height, and appearance resembles Sa. Helix, but with shorter
leaves, foot-stalks short. Catk. smaller than in Sa. tielix ; scales
round, black ; stig. different in shape. The young branches,
and leaves much resemble those of a honey-suckle in their glau-
cous hue, with a purplish tinge, in their upper part. Ls. broad,
spear-shaped, dilated above the middle, broader and shorter
than those of Sa. Helix.

S. rubra. Green-leaved Osier. Stamens combined
below. Leaves linear-spear-shaped, lengthened out,
acute, smooth, with shallow serratures ; green on both
sides. Stigmas egg-shaped, undivided. E. B. 1145.

Low meadows, osier-grounds; rare. Between Maidenhead and
Windsor. /. Sherard.

Tree. April, May.

A small tree, wdth long and narrow tawny brown leaves.
** Full grown leaves entire, more or less silky.

S. repens. Creeping Dwarf W. Leaves elliptic-spear-
shaped, straight, somewhat pointed, nearly entire ;
almost naked above ; glaucous and silky beneath.
Sti|)ulas none. Stem depressed, with short, upright
branches. Germen stalked, egg-shaped, downy. Cap-
sules becoming smooth. E. B. 183. S. depressa.
Sb. 16.

Sandy, rtiuuntainous heaths, where the ground is rather moist. Sm.

• Found by Mr. Lambert, abundantly, near his family seat, at Boyton,
Wilts. A good osier. Considered by Dr. Hooker, as a very slight variety of
Sa. purpurea, or Sa. Helix, in Fl. Scotica But see his Br. Fl. p. 414. 1830.

DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. 291

Shrub. May.

Young: twigs woolly. Ls. egg-shaped, or ovally oblong. Catk.
from the sides of the stem. Seed-vessel somewhat red. Stems
taking root. Ls. with short foot-stalks, terminated by a short
point. Catk. numerous, alternate, short, blunt, scales inversely
egg-shaped, blunt, hair^^, reddish. Root thick, creeping, knotty,
blackish. Ripens its caps, in June, and July.
Smallest of our common willows.

Sa. cinerea, ^ee Appendix.

S. aurita. Round-eared, Trailing Sallow, Branches
trailing. Leaves somewhat saw-toothed, convex, in-
versely egg-shaped, blunt, with a small, hooked point ;
hairy, and netted with veins, on both sides. Stipulas
roundish, convex, toothed. Germen silky, stalked.
Stigmas nearly stalkless. E. B. 1487.

Moist woods, and thickets.

Shrub. April.

Very branching, small tree, w^ith hoary, brownish, ash-coloured
branches. Ls. alternate, with short foot-stalks, when fully
grow^n, curled, and waved. Stip. more frequently rounded,
toothed, soft-haired, veiny, and persistent. Catk. from the very
short side branches, solitary, cylindrical, scales brown, more or
less hairy.

Smallest of the Sallows ; not so general as Sa. aquatica : covered
with small catk. in x\pril, or May, while the leaves are just
budding. Branches shoot horizontally to a great extent. Ls.
vary much in size : known by their great ruggedness, inversely
egg-shaped, or blunt form, and hooked point.

S. aquatica. Water Sallow. Stem and branches erect.
Leaves slightly saw-toothed, inversely egg-shaped-
elUptical, minutely downy, flat ; rather glaucous
beneath. Stipulas rounded, toothed. Germen silky,
stalked. Stigmas nearly stalkless. E. B. 1437. S.

cinerea. With, S. acuminata. Sb. 17.

Wet hedge-rows, icoods, swamps, hanks of ponds, or rivers.

Shrub, or small tree. April.

Ls, with short foot-stalks, more or less acute, even, scarcely rough,
all soft, ash -coloured green, the upper surface ultimately becom-
ing smooth, underneath sea-greenish, veiny, and a little hairy.

Nearly allied to Sa. aurita ; much smaller in all its parts, than
Sa. caprea. Catk. cylindrical, with small, brown-tipped, hairy
scales, an oblong nect. to each. Ls. vary in size and shape,
more or less inversely egg-shaped, downy, and veiny ; thin,
soft, pliable, flat, and not crisped, or waved, in which latter par-
ticulars they differ greatly from those of Sa. cinerea, and Sa.
aurita.

U 2

202 DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix.

Dr. Hooker unites Sa. cinerea, and Sa. aqiiatica into one spe-
cies. Fl. Scotica, But see his Br. FL p. 424 — 5.

One of the most common of all our willows. The bark has
been made into coarse paper, and pasteboard ; the wood excellent
for fuel, also for stakes, and hurdles, and for waggon staves.

S. caprea^ Great Round-leaved jS. Stem erect.
Leaves roundish, egg-shaped, pointed, saw-toothed,
waved ; pale and downy beneath. Stipulas somewhat
crescent-shaped. Catkins thick and oval. Germen
stalked, egg-shaped, silky. Stigmas nearly stalkless,

undivided. Capsules swelHng. E. B. 1488.

floods, hedges.

Tree. April.

Twigs downy. Ls, variable in shape, alternate, foot-stalked,

upper surface somewhat bare, and smooth. Stamens yellow.

Seed-vessels foot-stalked, oval, bellying out at their base, shaggy.

Stip. only to the uppermost leaves.

Its showy, copious, yellow blossoms make a cheerful appearance
in early spring. Its bark bitter, and astringent ; has been recom-
mended as a substitute for the Peruvian bark. Its wood useful
for hurdles. Its bark may be used for tanning, and for dying
linen yarn black. The wood tough, makes good charcoal for
gun-powder, and for crayons. The catkins early food for bees.
Discrim. Easily known by its large, broad, roundish leaves,

waved at their edges, and clothed beneath with a thick, white,

cottony down. Catkins very thick, and blunt. Scales of the

flower-buds silvery before expansion. Succeeds best in a dry

soil.

The catkins vulgarly called goslings, from their similarity of
colour, and appearance, about the time when goslings are hatched :
covered with blossoms before the leaves appear.

Wood used for cutting-boards and whetting-boards of shoe-
makers, to smooth their knives upon. Lightfoot.

S. acuminata ? * Long-leaved S. Stem erect. Leaves
spear-shaped-oblong, pointed, wavy, finely toothed ;
glaucous and downy beneath. Stipulas half-egg-
shaped ; then kidney-shaped. Catkins cylindrical.
Germen stalked, egg-shaped, hairy. Style as long as
the undivided stigmas. E. B. 1434. S. caprea lati-
folia. G. E. 1390. leaves.

* Literally goat's (willow,) from supposition of goats browsing on it.

2 " Sibth. seems to include under this species, the Salix cinerea, and Sal.
aquatica of the Eng. FL, both very common about Oxford. I have not yet
met with the true Salix acuminata of Sw. F/. BnY. Oct. 1830." Bx. S. acu-
mindta var. rugosa. Sm. Common about the Cherwell. Christchurch
Meadow. Bx. With smaller, more rugged leaves. Sm.

DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. 293

Rather moist woods and hedges, frequent . Sm.
Tree. ^pril.

Tree scarcely so large as Sa. caprea. Ls. three to four inches, by
one inch.

S. vimindlis. Common Osier, Leaves linear, very
long, inclining to spear-shaped, lengthened out, taper-
pointed, entire, wavy : snow-white and silky beneath.
Branches straight and slender. Germen stalkless.
Style as long as the linear, undivided stigmas. E. B.
1898.
fVet meadows, osier-grounds, hanks of rivers.
Tree-like. May.

Branches very long, silky. Ls. scattered, with short foot-stalks,
somewhat erect : under side of the leaves with an elevated
nerve, and numerous, diverging, somewhat parallel veins. Style
lengthened out, and thread-shaped. Ls. longer than in any
other species, narrow, almost linear. Caps, stalkless, egg-
shaped, silky.

Many varieties of this species, cultivated in osier-grounds : the
value of the common -osier, for basket-work is universally known :
is used also for hoops. Planted to keep up the banks of rivers. In
thriving situations, and where osiers are in demand, osier-grounds
have been known to pay an annual rent of ten pounds an acre :
ordinarily, if properly managed, they pay four or five. With.

The specific distinctions of Sa. stipularis, and Sa. mollissima,
rest, according to Dr. Hooker, upon very slight grounds ; so
nearly allied are they to Sa. viminalis. FL Scotica, But see his
Br. FL p. 423.

Discrim, Silvery appearance of the leaves underneath, the long,
and slender nect, of the stamen-bearing flowers, and the very
long style of the pistil-bearing flower.

Osiers difier from sallows in their long, straight, flexible, and
mostly tough twigs ; their generally stalkless germens, and length-
ened out styles and stigmas, Sm,

(S. Smithidna. Silky-leaved Osier, Leaves spear-
shaped, pointed, slightly wavy, minutely toothed ; soft
and scarcely visibly downy above ; whitish and silky
beneath. Stipulas crescent- shaped, minute. Catkins
egg-shaped. Germen stalked. Style shorter than the
linear, deeply divided stigmas. S. mollissima. E. B,

1509.
Meadows and osier-grounds, Pn, Fl.
Shrub. April, May,
Shrub, with reddish, wand-like, but brittle twigs.) Sm.

(S. stijmldris, Auricled Osier. Leaves spear-shaped,
pointed, slightly wavy, obscurely notched j soft and

294 DIOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Ruscus.

nearly naked above ; white and downy beneath. Sti-
pulas half-heart-shaped, stalked, very large. Nectary
cylindrical. Germen egg-shaped, nearly stalkless, as

well as the linear, undivided stigmas. E. B. 1214.
Osier-beds. Pn. Fl,
Shrub. March.
Shrub, with upright, downy, reddish, tall, but brittle twigs. Ls.

about a span, almost upright.)

S. alba. Common White W, Leaves elliptic-spear-
shaped, pointed, saw- toothed, silky on both sides ; the
lowest serratures glandular. Stamens hairy. Germen
smooth, almost stalkless. Stigmas deeply cloven.
Scales rounded. E. B. 2430. Salix. G. E. 1389.

Moist woods, low pastures , meadows.

Tree. May ; often again in July. Sm.

Ls. alternate, with short foot-stalks, taper-pointed, acutely and

regularly, finely saw-toothed. Catk. lengthened out, slender.

Scales elliptically spear-shaped, brown, downy. Stamens yellow,

a little longer than the scales.

When allowed to grow without lopping, becomes a very large
and lofty tree ; soon decays, if lopped. The wood is white, agree-
able to burn, as not smoking, and aifording a regular heat : from
its whiteness preferred for making milk-pails, and butter-firkins :
used also for flooring, for chests, and boxes. The bark, boiled
with water, in a copper vessel, will dye wool or silk of a blood-red ;
with the addition of a little alum, of a cinnamon colour. The
bark recommended in the cure of agues by the Rev. Mr, Stone,
Phil. Trans, v. 53. p. 195. a drachm of the powdered bark, given
every four hours, between the fits. The bark of the Sa. triandra,
Sa. fragilis, and Sa. caprea, have the same properties. See
J'Vhite's Observations, Sfc. on the Broad-leaved fVillow, (Sa. caprea,)
Bath, 1 798. This species one of the best in the genus for tanning :
of very rapid growth : a good tree to plant in avenues, for its
agreeable shade, and the beautiful, silvery appearance of the
leaves. The inner bark has afforded a miserable substitute for
bread.

DIOECIA TRIANDRIA,

RUSGUS. Butcher's-broom.'

R. aculedtus. Common B, Leaves egg-shaped, with

very sharp-pointed thorns, flowering on the upper side

without a leaflet. E. B. 560. Ruscus. G. E. 907.

Hedges, woods. Between Caversham and Mapledurham. Sb.

* From its use.

DIOECIA— PENTx\NDRIA. Humiilus. 29o

Woods in Counties of Oxford, and Berks ; not far from Read-
ing. Bobart in Rail Syn.

Per. ? March.

Biennial? evergreen for one winter, herbaceous. Stems about
two feet, round, branched, stiif, slightly furrowed. Ls. dark
green, alternate, spreading, twisted, hard, entire, tipped with a
sharp thorn ; bearing a solitary flower about the middle, on the
upper side. Berry globular, large, scarlet. Fl. in reality, on a
foot-stalk, from the bosom of the leaf, yellowish white.
Bacon and cheese defended from the mice, by its sharp, prickly

leaves and boughs placed round them.

DIOECIA TETRANDRIA.

VISCUM. Mistletoe.
V. album. Common White M. Leaves spear-shaped,
blunt. Stem forked, with stalkless, hitermediate heads,
of about five flowers. E. B. 1470. Viscum. G. E.

1350.

Parasitical on the Apple-tree, Oak, &c. Near Bland's Court. Sb,

Ipston. Bx.
Small Shrub. 3Iay,
Stems straddling, repeatedly forked, pale greenish. Ls. opposite,

entire, smooth, permanent, colour of the stem, leathery. FL in

small, axillary heads, stalkless, yellowish. Anth. pitted over.

Berry globose, white, semi-transparent, full of clammy pulp.

Bird-lime from the berries, and bark. The berries eaten by the
Thrush, Fieldfare, &c. pass through them, and adhere to the bark
of trees, where they vegetate. Plant eaten greedily by sheep.
This the sacred plant of the Druids.' Used to dress up churches
and houses at Christmas.^ Formerly prescribed in epilepsy. -

DIOECIA PENTANDRIA.

HU'MULUS. Hop.

H. Lupulus, Common Hop, (One sp. only known.)
E. B. 427. Lupus salictarius. G. E. 885.

Thickets, hedges.

Per. June.

Stems twining, from right to left, angular, rough, leafy. Ls. oppo-
site, foot-stalked ; upper heart-shaped, undivided ; lower ones,
three, or five-lobed, saw-toothed, veiny, rough. Stip. bent
back. FL greenish-yellow, pistil-bearing ones, bitter, fragi^ant.

' See History of Druidism, in Henry's England, vol. i.
2 See " Selection from Gent. Mag." vol. i. p. 245.

296 DIOECIA OCTANDRIA. P6pulus.

Its climbing twigs, vine-like leaves, and clustered, and catkined
flowers ornamental. The use of the catkins of the hop in beer,
first introduced in the beginning of the sixteenth century, and then
considered as an adulteration of the liquor. Covering hop-grounds
with stones recommended to prevent the breed of insects, (aphides)
upon them. The young shoots eaten in the spring. Cloth, and
paper, may be made from the stalks, steeped in water and beaten.
The plant will dye wool yellow.

Tinct. and extract of hops, mild opiates. Pillow of hops said
to have the same opiate eiFect. Linn, in Sp. PL puts this strange
question under H. Lupulus: what is that electric murmur, like
very distant thunder, when the wind agitates the hop-poles ? Seeds
used in constipation. FL Suec.

DIOECIA HEXANDRIA.

TAMUS. Black Bryony.

T. communis, Vommon B, Leaves heart-shaped, undi-
vided, acute. E. B. 91. Bryonia nigra. G. E. 87I.

Hedges, thickets, (jroves, woods.

Per. June.

Root blackish outwardly. Stems slender, long, twining, though
without tendrils, j^^. dark green, variable in shape, from
kidney, to heart-spear, and triangular-spear-shaped, and to
halbert-shaped. FL greenish. Berries red.
The tawny leaves, and red berries, a decoration to our hedges,

in autumn. Root acrid, formerly used as a stimulating plaster.

The young shoots eaten as asparagus.

DIOECIA OCTANDRIA.'

POTULUS. Poplar.

P. alba, TVhite P. Abele-tree, Leaves lobed and
toothed ; somewhat heart-shaped at the base ; snow-
white and densely downy beneath. Fertile catkins
egg-shaped. Stigmas four. E. B. 1618. G. E.

1486.
Moist woods.
Tall tree. March.
Root creeping, with abundance of suckers. Bark smooth : branches

* See Sm. Introd, Botany, p. 482.

DIOECIA— OCTANDRIA. P6pulus. 297

horizontal. Ls. nearly triangular, alternate, more or less deeply
. cut into rather acute lobes ; above dark green, smooth. Stip,
on young branches, linear-spear-shaped, toothed. Scales of the
catk, hand-shaped, hairy, jagged. Anth. violet. Leaf-stalks
flat, grooved on each side. Fl. like those of Pop. tremula. Ls,
roundish in the young trees. Ls. without glands at the base
and serratures. Linn,

Eaten by horses, sheep, and goats. Of very quick growth, at
maturity in some places in twenty years. For avenues in moist
grounds. Wood not easily hable to take fire, nor to blaze. The
wood is white, soft, tough, and of a close grain, serving for wain-
scotting, floors, laths, packing boxes, &c.

P. canescens. Grey P. Leaves roundish, deeply waved,
toothed ; hoary and downy heneath. Fertile catkins
cylindrical. Stigmas eight. E. B. 16 19- P. alba,
foliis minoribus. G. E. 1487.

Wet, turfy meadows. Sm,

Tree. March.

Branches more upright and compact than in Pop. alba. Trunk
grey, silvery, wood much firmer. Ls. rounder, much less white,
less deeply or acutely lobed, than those of Pop. alba. Pistil-
bearing catk. longer, scales more cut and hairy, Stig, spread-
ing in two opposite directions.

P. tremula, Aspen^ or Trembling P, Leaves nearly
round, toothed ; smooth on both sides. Foot-stalks
compressed. Young branches hairy. Stigmas four,
erect, vdth an ear-appendage at the base. E. B. 1909.
P. Lybica. G. E. 1487.

Moist woods.
Tree. March,

Ls. with a little point, bluntly toothed, entire at the base, quiver-
ing with almost every breath of air, by their long, vertically
flattened foot-stalks. Stip. bristle- shaped, visible on the most
luxuriant shoots only. Catk. scales of the pistil-bearing flowers
hand-shaped, jagged. 6'ermey^ short, thick. /S%. crimson. At
the base of the young leaves, two united glands.
Leaves beset sometimes with red globules, the nest of a Tipula,
(an insect.) Bark smooth, green, used for torches : favourite food
of beavers. Fl, Suec. Drives away crickets. Fl. Suec. Grows
in all situations, and in all soils. Wood light, woolly, soft, durable
in the air. The Highlanders, according to Lightfoot, suppose our
Saviour's cross made of this tree, and that hence its leaves never
rest.

P. nigra. Black P. Leaves deltoid, pointed, saw-
toothed, smooth on both sides. Catkins all lax and

298 DIOECIA ENNEANDRIA. Mercurialis.

cylindrical. Stigmas four, simple, spreading. E. B.
1910. G. E. 1486.

Watery places, hanks of rivers.

Tree. March.

Footstalks only half as long as the leaves. Ls. trowel -shaped,

deep gi'een. Catk. drooping. Germ, lengthened out, slender,

egg-shaped.

Wood not apt to splinter : for gun-stocks. Bark to support the
nets of fishermen. The red berry-like substances on the leaves,
occasioned by an insect. Grows rapidly ; bears cropping. Inner
bark has been converted into bread, in Kamtschatka. Paper
may be made of the cotton-down of the seeds. Roots dissolve
into a jelly-like kind of substance, formerly used for bringing
on a callus in fractured bones.

DIOECIA ENNEANDRIA.

MERCURIA'LIS. Mercury.

M. perennis. Perennial Rough M, Stem perfectly
simple. Leaves rough. Root creeping. E. B. 1872.
C. S. 65. Cynocrambe. G. E. 333.

Banks, husky places, groves.

Per. April.

Stems one foot high. Ls. rough, opposite, stalked, egg-shaped,

saw-toothed, dark green. Supposed nect. very narrow^, rising

above the styles. Stamen-bearing spikes longer than the leaves.

Caps, rough, hairy. Fl. green.

Fetid, very poisonous. Sir H. Sloane, in Rail Syn. Has been
recommended as a pot-herb : its virulence diminished by boiling.
In drying, turns blue : steeped in water, affords a fine, deep blue,
not fixable. Lightfoot mentions that the infusion has been taken
to bring on a salivation : the experiment dangerous with so poison-
ous a plant.

M. annua. Annual Smooth M, Stem with branches
crossing. Leaves oblong, smooth. Root fibrous. Bar-
ren flowers in numerous, spiked, alternate tufts. E. B.
559. C. 5. 68. M. mas et fcemina. G. E. 33^,

Waste, or cultivated ground. * * ?

An. August.

Plant darkish, fleshy, shining green, fetid. Ls. egg-shaped, acute,

saw-toothed. Pistil-bearing flow^ers axillary, on simple footstalks,

about two together, sometimes with a stamen -bearing y?. Caps,

double, prickly.

DIOECIA MONADELPHIA. Juniperus. 299

Qualities similar to those of M. perennis, but less virulent :
removes warts : mucilaginous : purgative, as a syrup.

HYDRO'CHARIS. Frog-bit.

H. Morsus ranee. Common F. E. B. 808. C. 3. 64.
Morsus ranae. G. E. 818.

Ditches, ponds.

Per. July.

Fl. proceeding from brown, membranous stip. with straight, sim-
ple roots. Plant smooth. Ls. floating, kidney-shaped, entire,
often purple underneath. Fl. white, centre yellowish, sometimes
with six pet. The removal of the outer skin of the dry leaves, dis-
covers a beautiful net- work of veins. Plant increases by runners.

DIOECIA MONADELPHIA.
JUNITERUS. Juniper.

J. communis. Common J. Leaves three in each whorl,
tipped with a thorn, spreading, longer than the ripe fruit.
Stem erect. E. B. 1100. Juniperus.' G. E. 137^.

Hills, heathy downs. Stokenchurch Hills. Sb. Between Blen-
heim and Ditchley. Mr. Woodward. Juniper Hill. E. B.
Headington Quarry. Bx. Near the Grotto, Basildon, Berks,
R. JV.
Low shrub. May.

Stems and branches intricate, widely spreading. Ls. sharp -pointed,
linear, smooth, evergreen, glaucous on the upper side. Catk.
axillary, small, stalkless, with tiled bract. Berry round, green ;
when ripe, in two years dark purple, with a glaucous tinge,
sweetish. Juice of the plant resinous. Plant variable in
growth.

Easily transplanted. Wood hard, durable, for veneering, &c.
Bark for ropes. From the berries gin, diuretic. Gum Sandarach,
or Pounce, from this shrub. The true Geneva, a malt spirit, dis-
tilled a second time, with Junipers added. The berries, according
to With., left out, and the flavour given to the spirit by oil of tur-
pentine. Berries eaten by thrushes and grouse, give the flesh a
pitchy taste. Infusion of the hemes with gin, for dropsical
patients. A Beer from the berries, among the Swedes. Juniper
wood cinders keep light a long time. Oil of Juniper acts on the
kidnies powerfully like turpentine.

300 POLYCJAMTA MONOECIA. A'triplex.

TAXUS. Yew^

* T. baccdta. Common Y. Leaves two-ranked, crowded,
linear, flat. Receptacle of the barren flowers globular.
E. B. 746. Taxus. G. E. 1370.

fVoods. Churchyards. Cornbury Quarry. Sh. A very ancient

Yew, in Iffley Church Yard. /. H,
Tree. March.

Trunk straight, smooth, with deciduous bark. Ls. dark green,
smooth, evergreen. Fl. axillary, with tiled bract. Stamen-
bearing fl. sulphur-coloured, without cat. Pistil-bearing ones
with a small, green cal,, which at length becomes of a fine red
colour, waxy, and soft, surrounding the seed.
Wood hard, beautifully red grained : at present, for inlaying,
and for mill-wheel cogs. Planted in church yards for its funeral
appearance, and for archers' bows anciently. Bears clipping well,
hence suited to the now obsolete Dutch taste of gardening, and cut
into various grotesque shapes. Makes excellent screen -hedges.
The berries sweet, innocent : the green leaves deadly poisonous.
Tree said to attain more than four hundred years. Tree of great
diameter : one mentioned by Lightfbot, and seen by Pennant, of
fifty-six feet and a half in circumference. Bears transplanting
when old. Berries of the yew, sweet, mucilaginous, eatable.
R. W. Seeds poisonous? J. H. See Richard, Dotanique Medicate.

Class XXIII. POLYGAMIA,

Order L MONOECIA.
A'TRIPLEX. Orache.

A. pdtula. Spreading Halbert-leaved 0, Stem her-
baceous, spreading. Leaves triangular- spear-shaped,
somewhat halbert-shaped. Calyx of the fruit (warty)
tuberculated at the sides. E. B. 936. A. hastata.
C. 2. QG. Sb. 90. A. sylvestris vulgaris. G. E.

Cultivated, and waste ground, dunghills.

An. August.

Root fibrous. Ls. alternate, stalked, mealy beneath : lower ones

halbert-shaped, one of the auricles sometimes wanting, deeply,

irregularly toothed ; the upper more narrow, spear-shaped, mostly

* Ang. Sax. See some fine lines to the " Yew," in Mr. Gillet's pleasing
little volume, entitled the " Juvenile Wreath," &c. p. 37. Duod. 1832. See
also, " Selection from Gent. Mag." vol. i. p. 346.

POLYGAMIA MONOECIA. A'triplex. 301

entire. Fl. clusters terminal, and from the side, long, interrupted,
somewhat leafy. Valves of the seeds toothed only at the edges.
Seeds dotted.

Sometimes used for a pot-herb, like spinach. Ls. and stem
beautifully studded with shining particles, when covered with early
dew.

A. angustifSlia, Spreading Narrow-leaved 0. Stem
herbaceous, spreading. Upper leaves spear-shaped,
entire ; the lower ones somewhat halbert-shaped.
Calyx of the fruit halbert-shaped, slightly warty at the
sides. E. B. I774. A. patula. Sb. 90. A. syl-

vestris angustifolia. G. E. 326.

Cultivated and waste ground.

An. August.

Stems more straddling than in Atr. patula; deep, glaucous hue,
slightly furrowed. Ls, lower ones, halbert-shaped, not toothed,
nor sinuated : upper, spear-shaped, entire, all spreading horizon-
tally. Cal. valves entire at the edge, disk either smooth, or with
only a few tubercles. Seed half the size of Atr. patula, scarcely
dotted.
Considered by Hooker as a var. of Atr. patula, in Fl. Scotica,

Doubtfully distinct : not constant to its characters. Greville.
Found w^ith Atr. patula : both species conspicuous by their long,
straight, straddling branches, with enlarged calyx, by which last
mark, an Atriplex is distinguished from a Chenopodium.

END OF TUB PH^NO'CAMOUS' FLORA OF OXFORDSHIRE, AND
ITS CONTIGUOUS COUNTIES.

• Pluenogamous plants, are /lowering plants, in contradistinction to Mosses,
Lichens, &c. of the Class Cryptogamia,

APPENDIX.

(mostly plants of the contiguous counties.)

* Fraxinus heterophylla. Simple-leaved Ash. Leaves
both simple and compound, with tooth-Hke serratures.
E. B. 2476.

Woods and hedges. See Flora, page 3.
Tree. April, May.

Ls. occasionally in threes, or even of five leaflets.
A variety of Fr. excelsior ? Sm.

GaUum anglicum. Wall Bed-straw* Leaves about six
in a whorl, spear-shaped, pointed, fringed with prickles.
Stem straggling, rough. Flower-stalks cloven. Fruit

granulated, without hairs. E. B. 384.

TValls, and dry, sandy ground. Warwickshire. Pn, Fl.

An. June, July.

Scarcely a span. Fl. few, pale yellow. Sm.

Rubia peregrina. Wild Madder, Leaves four or
more, in a whorl, elliptical, shining and smooth on the

upper side. Flowers five-cleft. E. B. 851.

Thickets, on stony, or sandy ground. St. Vincent's Rocks, Glou-
cestershire. Turner.
Per. June, August.
Ls. evergreen, broad. Berry black. Sm.

Lonicera Xylosteum, Upright Fly Honeysuckle, Stalks
two-flowered. Berries distinct. Leaves entire, downy,
E. B. 916. Periclymenum rectum germanicum. G.

E. 1294.

Thickets, and rocky places ; rare. Edgbaston Park. P.Warwick-
shire. Withering in Tur.

Shrub. July.

Stem erect, bushy, four to five feet. Fl. small, reddish, or cream-
coloured. Sm.

Ribes alpinum. Tasteless Mountain Currant. No
prickles. Clusters always erect. Bracteas longer than

304 APPENDIX.

the flowers. Leaves polished at the back. Berries

smooth. Stem erect. E. B. 704.

fVoodsy rare. See Flora, p. 67.

Shrub. May.

Berry red, insipid, mucilaginous. Sm.

Ribes nigrum. Black Currant, No prickles. Clusters
hairy, drooping, with a separate flower-stalk at the base
of each. Flowers oblong. E. B. 1291. R. n. 3.

G. E. 1593.

Sandy swamps and thickets, banks of rivers. See Flora, p. 67.

Shrub. May.

Ls. strongly scented when rubbed. Berry black. Sm.

Pimpinella dioica. Dwarf Burnet-saxifrage* Leaflets
all nearly linear. Umbels panicled. Flowers dioecious.

E. B. 1209. Peucedanum pumilum. G. E. 1054.

Limestone rocks ; rare. See Flora, p. 83.

Per. May, June.

Glaucous, even, about a span high. Sm,

Scilla autumnalis. Autumnal Squill. Leaves linear,
numerous. Cluster slightly corymbose. Flower- stalks
without bracteas, ascending, the length of the flowers.
E. B. 78. C. 6. 25. Hyacinthus autumnalis minor.
G. E. 110. See Flora, p. 94.

Dry pastures.
Per. September.

Stalk three inches. Ls. channelled, numerous, Fl. rose-
coloured. /Stom. reddish ; jDw^iY blue. Sm.

Oxy'ria reniformis. Kidney-shaped Mountain-sorreL

Rumex digyims. E. B. 910.
Near mountain rills. See Flora, p. 101.
Per. June.

Stem erect, eight inches. Ls. kidney-shaped, abrupt. Sm.
Andromeda polifolia. Marsh Andromeda, Clusters

terminal. Leaves alternate, spear-shaped, rolled back ;

glaucous beneath. E. B. '^\S.
Mossy boys. Iver Heath. Bucks. Tur.
Shrub. June.
Six to nine inches, evergreen. Fl. white, or reddish, drooping. Sm.

Silene nutans. Nottingham Catchjly. Panicle with
drooping, partly forked, branches ; from one side of the
stem only. Petals deeply cloven, with Hnear-segments,
and an acute, cloven scale. Leaves elliptic-spear

APPENDIX. 305

shaped, downy. E. B. 465. Lychnis sylvestris alba

nona Clusii. G. E. 470.
Limestone rocks. See Flora, p. 122.
Per. June, July.
Cal. half an inch long, its ribs downy. Fl. white, fragrant in the

evening. Sm.

Sedum rupestre, St, Vincenfs Rock Stonecrop. Leaves
glaucous, spurred at the base, those of the branches
awl-shaped, erect, in five close rows. Flowers imper-
fectly cymose. Calyx segments, elliptical, blunt. E.
B. 170.

Rocks, rare. See Flora, p. 127.

Per. July.

Reddish, eight to nine inches. Ls. closely tiled. Pet. yellow. Sm.

Rosa spinosissima, Burnet Rose. Flower-stalks with-
out bracteas, mostly smooth, as well as the simple
calyx. Fruit globose, abrupt, somewhat depressed.
Prickles of the stem straight, unequal, numerous, inter-
mixed with glandular bristles. Leaflets roundish,

smooth, with simple serratures. E. B. I87.
Sandy heaths. See Flora, p. 138.
Shrub. July.
Of humble growth. Pe^. white. i^rwzV black. Sm,

" Rosa septum. Small-leaved Sweet-briar. Prickles
numerous, larger curved, smaller, awl-shaped. Leaflets
small, doubly saw-toothed, hairy, acute at each end,
glandulose beneath. Calyx-segments and pinnse length-
ened out. Fruit smooth, (ovate)" Lindl. Syn.
p. 101. De Cand. Fl. Fr. ed. 3. v. 6. p. 538.

Near Bridport, Warwickshire. Rev. TV. T. Bree.

Shrub. June.

A densely branched bush, about three feet high, distinguished in
the common French plant by long, slender, flexuose twigs,
with large, nearly straight, or falcate, or even uncinate,
prickles, and small, distant, spear-shaped leaflets, mostly seven,
acute, (mostly, but not invariably,) at the base as well as at the
point. The petioles are glandulose, sometimes hairy, and bear
a few straightish or curved prickles. The peduncles and calyx-
tube are usually naked, but occasionally both, or the former
only, bear setae, which are larger on the base of the tube,
although less remarkably than in R. rubiginosa. The calyx-
segments are variously glandulose, and the narrowly spear-
shaped pinnae issue more or less exactly at right angles,
and have little sharp divaricated, gland-tipped teeth. The

X

300 APPENDIX.

styles are included, and very slightly hairy. In Mr. Bree"'s
plant, which I have seen only under cultivation, I find but little
difference, except that the ramuli are less flexuose, and the leaf-
lets not remarkably distant, rather larger, and more hairy,
almost shaggy beneath. The pinncE of the calyx are less divari-
cated, and have glands on the edges only, (as they have in a spe-
cimen gathered by Mr. Woods, at Troyes, which, also, has
larger leaflets.) The flowers are white, clustered or solitary,
according, as usual, to their situation on the bush. The fruit
is scarlet, egg-shaped, (rounded at the base,) when solitary : I
have no note of its shape in the bunches.^ The prickles, which
have a few setce among them, are numerous, the larger ones
strongly hooked. Whether setce exist in the foreign plants I
know not; I find none in my limited number of specimens.
Desvaux, Journ, de Bot. for 1813. v. ii. p. 116. assigns to this
species nine vars. and describes five of them as wanting glands,
or bearing them only on the petioles. He expresses a strong
persuasion that both R. sepium and R. rubiginosa pass into R.
canina." Hookers Brit. Fl. v. 1. p. 235, 236.

Potentilla verna. Spring CinquefoiL Root leaves of
five or seven inverse ly-egg- wedge-shaped, partly saw-
toothed, furrowed leaflets ; bristly at the edges and ribs
beneath. Upper stipulas dilated. Calyx-segments
partly three-ribbed. Stems trailing. E. B. 37. Pen-
taphyllum incanum minus repens. G. E. 989.

Elevated pastures. See Flora, p. 145.

Per. April, May.

Stems spreading all round. Pet. yellow.

* Stratiotes aloides. Water Aloe, or Water-soldier,
Leaves sword-shaped, channelled, with a prominent rib,
and sharp marginal prickles. E. B. 379. Militaris

aizoides. G. E. 825.

Boolsy and ditches. In the Isis, near the cottages, Nuneham Park.
Mr. Hewlett, Botanic Garden, Oxford. Fen ditches, Northamp-
tonshire. Morton in Turner, &c. See Flora, p. 152.

Per. July.

Putting forth suckers (stoloniferous,) floating. Fl. white; some
imperfect. Sm,.

'Ajuga Chamce'pitys, Ground Pine. Yellow Bugle.
Stem spreading, branched. Leaves in three, deep,
linear, entire segments. Flowers solitary, axillary,
shorter than the leaves. E. B. 77» Chamsepitys mas.
G. E. 525.

1 De Candolle describes the fruit of the French plant as longer than that
of R. rubiginosa.

APPENDIX. 307

Sandy fields, rare. See Flora, p. 160.

An. April, May.

Hairy, glutinous, aromatic. Fl. yellow.

Mentha rotundifolia. Round-leaved Mint, Spikes in-
terrupted, somewhat hairy. Leaves elliptical, blunt,
wrinkled, sharply notched, shaggy beneath. Brae teas
spear-shaped. E. B. 446.

Moist, waste ground, rare. See Flora, p. 163.

Per. August, September.

Green, viscid ; smell acrid. Stam, prominent. Sm.

Mentha rubra. Tall Red Mint, Flowers whorled.
Leaves egg-shaped. Stem upright, zigzag. Flower-
stalks, and lower part of the calyx, very smooth ; its
teeth hairy. E. B. 1415. M. sativa rubra. G. E.
680.

Ditches, a?id watery places. See Flora, p. 164.

Per. September.

Smoothish, four to six flowers. Fl. large, reddish. Sm.

Lepidium ruderale. Narrow -leaved Pepperwort. Sta-
mens two. Petals none. Leaves smooth ; lower
ones wing-cleft, toothed ; upper, linear, entire. Pouch
notched. E. B. 1595. Thlaspi minus. G. E. 262.

JVaste ground, muddy, or calcareous soil. See Flora, p. 184.

An. June.

Plant one foot. Ls. fleshy. Fl. minute. Sm.

Hutchinsia j»e^r<^«. Rock Hutchinsia, Leaves winged,
entire. Petals scarcely equal to the calyx. Stigma
stalkless. Seeds two in each cell. H. L. 31. Lepi-
dium petrseum. E. B. 111.

Limestone rocks, and walls. See Flora, p. 184.
An. March, April.

Stem branched, two to three inches, smooth. Fl. small, white.
Sm.

Ldthyrus palustris. Blue Marsh Vetchling. Stalks
many-flowered. Tendrils branched, each bearing seve-
ral elliptic-spear-shaped leaflets. Stipulas spear-shaped.
E. B. 169.

Boggy meadows and thickets. Wood near Abingdon, Berks. Tur.
Per. July, August.

Plant four feet, stalk winged. Fl. variegated with blue and
purple. Sm.

Trifolium ornithopodioides, Bird^s-foot Trefoil, Flow-

X 2

308 APPENDIX.

ers about three together. Legume prominent, eight-
seeded, twice as long as the calyx. Stems rechning.
E. B. 1047. C. 2. .53.

Barren^ gravelly pastures. Near Oxford. Ray.

An. June, July.

Fl. slender, pale reddish ; keel very small. Sm.

Hypericum dubium. Imperforate St. John's wort.
Styles three. Stem obscurely four-angled. Leaves
blunt, nearly destitute of transparent dots. Segments

of the calyx elliptical. E. B. 296.

Rather mountainous groves and thickets. Near Meriden, Warwick-
shire. Tur.
Per. July) August,
Young root shoots bright red. FL yellow. Sm,

Leontodon palustris. Marsh Dandelion, Outer scales
of the calyx shorter, tiled, egg-shaped. Leaves sinuated

and toothed, not quite smooth. E. B. 553.

Low, boggy meadows. Rare. Bog in Windsor Great Park, Berks.

Tur.
Per. June, July.
Smaller. FL stained with red outside. Sm.

Hieracium amplexicaule. Stem-clasping Hawkweed,
Glandulous hairy. Stem corymbose. Leaves toothed :
root ones oblong-egg-shaped, with leaf- stalks ; stalk-
leaves heart-shaped at the base, clasping the stem.
Allionii Flora Pedemontana, tab. xv. f. 1 . Suppl.
E. B. 2690.

Walls. Naturalized on the walls of Oxford Garden.

Mr. JBicheno observes, that it has an equally good right to a

place in the British Flora as Senecio squalidus, and some other

plants.

Per. August.

A most distinct and well marked species, every where clothed

with brownish glandular hairs, most thick on the peduncle and

involucre. The lower stalk-leaves are more or less oblong, the

upper ones truly heart-shaped. Hooker s British Flora. The

plant smells like tallow. Bx.

Hypochieris maculdta. Spotted Cat's-ear. Stem soli-
tary, nearly naked, mostly simple. Leaves egg-shaped-
oblong, undivided, toothed. E. B. 225. Hieracium
primum latifolium. G. E. 301.

Chalky hills. Bernak Heath. Ray in Tur.
Per. July.

APPENDIX. 30J>

Ls. rough, sj)oited. Fl. large, yellow. Sm.

Hypochceris glabra. Smooth Cafs-ear, Nearly smooth.
Calyx oblong-, regularly tiled. Stems branched, some-
what leafy. Leaves toothed or sinuated. Down of
the marginal seeds stalkless. E. B. 575. C. 3. 53.

Gravelly yround. On the gravelly grounds near Middleton, War-
wickshire. Ray. Washwood Heath, near Birmingham, Wither-
ing in Tur.

An. June, u4ugust.

Various in size. FL small, bright yellow. Sm.

Lapsana pusilla. Dwarf Nipple-wort, Swine's Suc^
cory. Stalks immediately from the root, leafless, sub-
divided ; swelling and tubular at the summit. Leaves
inversely-egg-shaped, rough-edged, toothed. H. L.
^5, Hyoseris minima. E. B. 95. H. mascula.
G. E. 288.

Gravelly fields. Sandy fields, Spratton, plentifully, Northampton-
shire. Morton in Tur.
An. June.
Ls. depressed. Fl. small, yellowish. Sm.

Centaurea solstitidlis. Yellow Star-thistle, St. Barna-
by's thistle. Flowers terminal, solitary. Calyx-scales
doubly thorny. Stem winged, from the spear-shaped,
unarmed leaves running down the stem (decurrent);
root leaves lyre-shaped. E. B. 243. Carduus solsti-

tialis. G. E. 1166.

Cultivated fields, hedges ; rare. See i^/om. jo. 250.

An. July to September.

Stem one foot and a half to two feet. FL bright yellow. Sm.

Cypripedium Galceolus, Common Lady's Slipper, Stem
leafy. Appendage to the column elliptical, blunt,
channelled. Lip somewhat compressed, shorter than
the petals. E. B. 1. H. L. 42. Galceolus Marise.

G. E. 443.

Mountainous woods ; very rare. See Flora, p. 260.

Per. June.

One foot. Fl. of a rich dark brown ; lip swollen, yellow. Sm.

Carex curta. White Garex, Spikelets about six, ellip-
tical, slightly distant, scarcely bracteated. Scales egg-
shaped, membranous, about as long as the egg-shaped,
swollen, smooth fruit. E. B. 1386. Host. V. 1.
37. 48. Schk. Car. 43. t. C. 13.

310 APPENDIX.

Watery meadows, borders of pools and ditches. At Virginia Water,

Windsor Forest. Bp. of Carlisle. Sm, E. Flora.
Per. June.
One foot. Spikes short, of a silvery hue. Sm.

Carex Oederi. Oederian Carex. Sheaths and flower-
stalks all very short. Fertile spikes, roundish-egg-
shaped. Fruit glohular, triangular, direct, smooth,
with a straight cloven beak. Stem smooth. E. B.

1773.

Wet commons. See Purt. Flora.

Per. July.

Of humble growth, and less yellow than C. flava. Sm.

C?iVQyifulva, Tawny Carex. Sheaths tubular, length-
ened out, shorter than the flower-stalks. Fertile spikes,
egg-shaped, erect. Scales pointless. Fruit egg-shaped,
triangular, direct, smooth, with a straight, cloven,
rough-edged beak. Stem rough. E. B. 1295.
Schk. Car. 101. t. T. 67.

Boggy meadoivs. Virginia Water, Windsor Forest. Rev. Dr.
Goodenough, in Tur.

Per. June, July.

Slender, tw^elve to fifteen inches. Spikes tawny brown. Fruit
brownish. Sm.

Carex hinervis. Green ribbed Carex. Sheaths tubular,
lengthened out, shorter than the flower-stalks. Fertile
catkins cylindrical, distant ; partly compound. Scales
pointed. Stems smooth. Fruit with two principal
ribs. E. B. 1235. Schk. Car. t. R. r. r. 160.
(Schkur's Carices is styled by Smith an admirable and

most correct work.)

Dry heaths. Black Park. Windsor Great Park, Berks. Tur.

Per. June.

Larger and stouter. Spikes blackish. Sm.

Carex IcEvigata, Smooth-stalked Beaked Carex. Spikes
cylindrical ; fertile ones stalked. Scales all pointed.
Sheaths very long. Fruit triangular, with a cloven
beak. E. B. 1387- Schk. Car. t. S. ss. 162. Willd.
C. patula. Ibid. t. B. b. b. II6. C. sethiopica. Ibid.

107. t. Z. 83.

Marshes and boggy thickets. Bog in Great Windsor Park. Tur.

Per. June.

Bright green, smooth, three feet. Fruit green. Sm.

APPENDIX. 311

Csirexfiliformis, Slender leaved Car ex. Fertile spikes,
egg-shaped. Scales pointed. Sheaths nearly equal to
the short flower-stalks. Fruit egg-shaped, hairy, with
a deeply cloven beak. Leaves linear, channelled,
smooth. E. B. 904. Schk. Car. 82. t. K. 45.

Boggy meadows, not common. Short wood near Pucklechurch,
Gloucestershire. Tur,

Per. June.

About two feet, smooth. Ls. narrow. Spikes blackish. Sm.

Salix rubra. Green leaved Osier, Stamens combined
below. Leaves linear-spear-shaped, lengthened out,
acute, smooth, with shallow serratures ; green on both
sides. Stigmas egg-shaped, undivided. E. B. 1145.

Low meadows, osier-grounds, &c. Between Maidenhead and

Windsor. /. Sherard, in Sm. E. Fl.
Tree. Ajml, May.
A small tree, with long, tawny branches. Ls, long and narrow.

Sm.

DIFFERENCES OF NOMENCLATURE.

Sb. Sibthorp. E. B. English Botany. C. Curtis Fl. Lond.
H. Hooker Fl. Lond.

Chara hispida, is the Chara tomentosa of Sb.

Callitriche aquatica, is the C. aquatica of E. B.

Cladium Mariscus, is the Schoenus Mariscus of E. B.

Fedia Genus, formerly part of the genus Valeriana of E. B. &c.

Rhynchospora Genus, formerly part of the genus Schoenus of
E. B. &c.

Scirpus caricinus, is the Schoenus compressus of E. B.

Eleocharis genus, part of the genus Scirpus of E. B. &c.

Phalaris arundinacea, is the Calamagrostis colorata of Sb.

Phleum asperum, is the Phleum paniculatum of E. B., and the
Phalaris paniculata of Sb.

x\lopecurus agrestis, is the Al. myosuroides of C.

Agrostis vulgaris, is the Agr. tenuis of Sb.

Aira cristata, is the Poa cristata of Sb.

Holcus avenaceus, is the Av^na elatior of C.

Glyceria genus, is part of the genus Poa of Linn. &c.

Glyceria fluitans, is the Festuca fluitans of Sb.

Triodia decumbens, is the Poa decumbens of E. B. and the
Festuca decumbens of Sb.

Festuca ovina, is the Fest. tenuifolia of Sb.

gigantea, is the Brom. giganteus of C. and Sb.

. sylvatica, is the Bromus sylvaticus of E. B.

pinnata, is the Bromus pinnatus of E. B.

Bromus racemosus, is the Bromus pratensis of E. B. and Bromus
arvensis of E. B.

asper, is the Bromus hirsutus of C. and Sb.

Galium saxatile, is the Gal. procumbens of Sb.

314 DIFFERENCES, &c.

Galium tricorne, is the Gal. spurium of Sb.

Moe'nchia erecta, is the Sagina erecta of E. B., C, and Sb,

Myosotis palustris, is the Myos. scorpioides palustris of C.

versicolor^ is the Myos. nana of Sb.

Primula vulgaris, is the Pr. acaulis of C. and Sb.

veris, is the Pr. officinalis of C.

Villarsia nymphseoides, is the Menyanthes nymphaeoides oi
E. B. and Sb.

Anagallis cserulea, is the An. arvensis, var. |S. of Sb,

Erythrsea Centaurium, is the Chironia centaurium of E. B.
and C.

Chenopodium iicifoUum, is the Chen, viride of C, and the Ch.
serotinum of Sb.

olidum, is the Ch. Vulvaria of Sb.

acutifolium, is the Ch. polyspermum of C. and Sb.

Ulmus montana, is the Ulraus effusa of Sb.

Cuscuta Epithymum is the C. Europeea of E. B. and Sb.?

ToriHs Anthriscus, is the Caucalis Anthriscus of E. B., C, and Sb.

infesta, is the Caucalis infesta of E. B. and C, and C.

arvensis of Sb.

nodosa, is the Caucalis nodosa of E. B. &c.

Anthriscus vulgaris, is the Scandix Anthriscus of E. B., C.»
and Sb.

Myrrhis odorata, is the Scandix odorata of E. B. and Sb.

temulenta, is the Chserophyllum temulentum of E. B.,

C, and Sb.

Bunium flexuosum, is the B. Bulbocastanum of C.

Slum inundatum, is the Sison inundatum of E. B. &c.

CEnanthe Phellandrium, is the Phellandrium aquaticumof E. B.
&c. Pimpinella dissecta of Sb. is a var. of P. saxifraga of the Fl.
of Oxfordshire, &c.

Cnidium Silaus, is the Peucedanum Silaus of E. B. &c»

Pastinaca sativa, is the Past, sylvestris of Sb.

Scilla nutans, is the Hyacinthus non scriptus of C. and Sb.

Juncus compressus, is the J. bulbosus of E. B. &c.

acutiflorus, is the J. articulatus of E. B. and the J. ne-

morosus of Sb.

Juncus lampocarpus, is the J. compressus of Sb.

Luciola genus, is part of the genus Juncus.

Rumex sanguineus, is the Rumex acutus of C. Rumex /3. viri-
dis of Sb. is a var. of R. sanguineus of the F], of Oxfordshire.

DIFFERENCES, &c. 3ir)

Rumex Hydrolapathum, is the R. aquaticus of E. B. &c.
Epilobium parviflorum, is the Epilob. villosum of C. and Sb.
Calhina vulgaris, is the Erica vulgaris of E. B., C, and Sb.
Poly'gonum lapathifolium, is the Pol. pensylvanicum of C. Po-
lyg. salicifolium of Sb. is a var. of Pol. lapathifolium of Sm.
Py'rola minor, is the Pyr, rosea of E. B. 2543.
Silene inflata, is the Cucubalus Behen of E. B. and Sb.
Stellaria media, is the Alsine media of C. &c.

glauca, is the Stel. media of Sb.

uliginosa, is the Larbrea aquatica of DC.

Lychnis dioica, comprises the Lych. diurna,and Lych. vespertina,
of Sb. Both these species of Sb. considered by Sm. as var. of
Lych. dioica.

Cerastium vulgatum, is the C. viscosum of C. and Sb.

viscosum of C. the vulgatum of C. and Sb.

Prunus Cerasus, and Prunus 'Avium, See Fl. of Oxfordshire.
Mespilus Oxyacantha, is the Crataegus monogyna of Sb.
Pyrus torminalis, is the Crataegus torminalis of E. B. and Sb.

aucuparia, is the Sorbus aucuparia of E. B.

Rosa tomentosa, is the R. villosa of Sb. ?

micrantha, is the R. rubiginosa ^. of H. Fl. Lond.

Borreri, is the R. dumetorum of E. B. and the R. rubigi-
nosa inodora of H. L.

sarmentacea, is the R. canina of C.

sepium, is a var. of R. rubiginosa, Lindley Ros.

sy'styla, is the R. collina of E. B.

Potentilla Fragariastrum, is the Fragaria sterilis of E. B., C, &c.
Tormentilla officinalis, is the Potentilla Tormentilla of Sb.

reptans, is the Potentilla procumbens of Sb.

Nuphar lutea, is the Nympheea lutea of E. B., Sb., &c. Tilia
Europsea i?. rubra of Sb. is a var. of T. grandifoUa of the Fl. of
Oxfordshire.

Anemone Pulsatilla, is the An. pratensis of Sb.
Ranunculus aquatilis, contains Sibthorp's R. heterophyllus, R.
aquatilis, R. circinatus, and R. fluviatilis, under it as varieties.

Mentha hirsuta, is the M. aquatica of Sb. Mentha sativa of
E. B. is a var. of M. hirsuta of Sm. E. Fl.

Galeobdolon luteum, is the Galeobdolon Galeopsis of Sb.
Thymus Calamintha, is the Mehssa Calamintha of Sb.

, Nepeta, is the M. Nepeta of Sb.

Bartsia Odontites, is the Euphrasia Odontites of C. and Sb.

31(5 DIFFERENCES, &c.

Orobanche elatior, is the Or. major of Sb. {Dr. fVilliamsy
Prof. Bot. Oxford.)

Camelina sativa, is the Alyssum sativum of E. B.

Lepidium campestre, is the Thlaspi campestre of E. B., C, and
Sb.

Hutchinsia petrsea, is the Lepidium petrseum of E. B.

Teesdalia nudicauUs, is the Iberis nudicauUs of E. B. and C.

Senebiera Coronopus, is the Coronopus RuelUi of E. B.

Cardamine hirsuta, is the C. flexuosa of Withering.

Nasturtium officinale, is the Sisymbrium Nasturtium of E. B.,
C, and Sb.

sylvestre, is the Sisym. sylvestre of E. B. &c.

terrestre, is the Sisymb. terrestre of E. B., C, and

Sb.

amphibium, is the Sisymb. amphibium of E. B.

and Sb.

Sisymbrium officinale, is the Ery'simum officinale of E. B., C,
and Sb.

Barbarea vulgaris, is the Erysimum Barbarea of E. B. and Sb.

Cheiranthus fruticulosus, is the Ch. Cheiri of Sb.

H^speris matronalis, is the Hesp. inodora of E. B.

'Arabis thaliana, is the Sisymb. thalianum of H. Br. Fl.

hirsuta is the Turritis hirsuta of Sb. and E. B.

Erodium cicutarium y., is the Erod. pimpinellsefolium of Sb.

cicutarium, is the Geranium cicutarium of C.

Geranium pusillum, is the Geranium parvifiorum of Sb. and T,

Trifolium procumbens, is the Trif. agrarium of C.

. minus, is the Trif. procumbens of C.

Lotus major, is the Var. /3. villosus of Sb.

tenuis, is the Lotus decumbens of Sm. E. Fl.

Medicago maculata, is the Med. polymorpha of E. B. and C.

Hypericum quadrangulum, is the Hyp. quadrangulare of Sb.

Leontodon Taraxacum, is the Taraxacum officinale of Sb.

Apargia hispid a, is the Leontodon hispidum of Sb. and C, and
the Hedy'pnois hispid a of E. B.

hirta, is the Hedy'pnois hirta of E. B. and Leontodon

hirtum of C. and Sb. and the Thrincia hirta of H. Br. Fl.

autumnalis, is the Hedyp. autumnalis of E. B. and

Leontodon autumn ale of Sb.

Hieracium sylvaticum, is the Hierac. murorum of Sb.
Carduus acanthoides, is the polyacanthos of C. and Sb.

DIFFERENCES, &c. 317

The Genus Cnicus, made part of the genus Carduus of Linn.
Gnaphalium minimum, is the Filago montana of Sb.

germanicum, is the Filago germanica of Sb.

Sen^cio tenuifolius, is the Sen. erucifolius of C.
I'nula pulicaria, is the In. uliginosa of Sb.
Cineraria integrifolia, is the Cin. campestris of H.
Py'rethrum inodorum is the Chrysanthemum inodor. of Sb.
Orchis tephrosanthos, is the Orchis militaris of Sb. and E. B.

viridis, is the Saty'rium viride of Sb. and E. B. and Ha-

benaria viridis of H.

Herminium monorchis, is the Ophrys monorchis of E. B.

Epipactis latiloUa, is the Serapias latifolia of E. B.

palustris, is the Ser. palustris of E. B. and Ser. longi-

foKaofSb.

grandiflora, is the Epipactis pallens of H. L. and Ser.

grandiflora of E. B.

ensifolia, is the Ser. ensifoha of E. B.

rubra, is the Ser. rubra of E. B.

Typha latifolia, is the Typ. major of C.

angustifolia, is the Typ. minor of C.

Carex stellulata, is the Ca. echinata of Sb.
ovalis, is the Ca. leporina of Sb.

intermedia, is the Ca. disticha of Sb.

muricata is the Ca. spicata of Sb.

recurva, is the Ca. flacca of Schkr.

acuta, is the Ca. gracilis of C. and Sb.

paludosa, is the Ca. acuta of C. and Sb.

riparia, is the Ca. crassa of Host.

— - ampullacea, is the Ca. rostrata of Sb.

Alnus glutinosa, is the Betula Alnus of E. B. and Sb.

Salix Helix, and Salix purpurea, are united by Curtis, and Hoif-
mann, under the single appellation of the Salix monandra.

Salix repens, is the Salix depressa of Sb.

aquatica, is the Sa. acuminata of Sb. ? and Sa. cinerea of

With.

Smithiana, is the Sa. mollissima of E. B.

Atriplex patula, is the Atr. hastata of C. and Sb.
- angustifolia, is the Atr. patula of Sb.

INDEX

OF THE

PRINCIPAL ENGLISH NAMES.

Abeletree
Acorus, or Sweet-flag
Adonis-flower
Agrimony

Hemp

Alder

Buckthorn

Ale-hoof

Alexanders

Alkanet

Bastard

All-heal (Tutsan)

Aloe, Water

Andromeda, Marsh

Anemone

Angelica

Apple-tree

Archangel

Yellow

Arrow-grass

head

Asarabacca
Ash

Mountain

Asparagus
Aspen

Asphodel, Bog,
Avens

Lancashire

Barberry

Barley

Bartsia

Base-rocket

Basil, Wild

Bastard-Alkanet

Cyperus

Stone-parsley

Toad-flax

Beaked-parsley

Beak-rush

Beam-tree, White

Bear's-foot

Bed-straw

Beech

Page
296

95
154
132
234
277

66
164

81

49

49

217

152, 3

304

152

82
136
165
167
104
280
131
3,303
137

95
297

94
146

101

32

173

133

170

49

270

79

68

76

12

137

159

37, 303

283

Bee-nettle
Bee-Orchis (Ophrys)
Bell-flower
Bennet Herb
Bennet Way
Bent-grass
Betony

Paul's

— — — Water

Bilberry

Bindweed

Birch

Bird's-foot

Bird's-nest

- trefoil

(carrot

Birthwort

Bistort

Bitter-sweet

Bitter-vetch

Blackberry

Black-Bindweed

Bryony

Horehound

Thorn

Bladderwort
Blinks
Blue-bottle
Bog-Asphodel

bean

rush

Borage

Bramble

Brank

Brome- grass

Brooklime

Brookweed

Broom

Butcher's

rape

Bryony, Black

Red-berried

Buck-bean
Buck-thorn

Page

167

256

56

146

32

18

167

3

180

109

55

283

210

215

117

74

260

112

63

206

142

115

296

169

135

7

34

249

94

52

12

50

142

115

28

4

64

204

294

181

296

278

50

65

320

INDEX OF THE

Buck-wheat

Bugle

Bugloss

Viper's

Bullace
Bull-rush
Burdock
Bur-marigold

reed

Burnet
Burnet-rose

, Salad

Saxifrage

Bur-parsley
Butcher's-Broom
Butter Bur
Butter-cups
Butter-wort

Cabbage

Calamint

Caltrops, Freshwater

Cammock

Campion (Catchfly)

(Lychnis)

Canary-grass

Candy-tuft

Carex

Carline-thistle

Carrot

Catchfly

Nottingham

Cat-mint
Cat's-ear
Cat's-tail-grass

■ (Reed-mace)
Celandine
Celery, Wild
Centaury
ChafTweed
Chamomile

Wild

Chara
Charlock

Jointed

Chequered Daffodil

Cherry

Chervil

Needle

Chestnut
Chick weed

Chironia
Christmas
Cicely
Cinquefoil

Germander
Mouse-ear
Plantain-leaved
Small water

Marsh

Cistus

Page

Page

112

Clary

8

160

Cleavers

39

51

Clot-bur

228

51

Clover

212

134

Club-rush

12

12

Cockle

128

228

Cock's-foot-grass

25

234

Codlings and Cream

107

264

Cole-seed

194

41

Colt's-foot

239

138

Columbine

152

281

Comfrey

50

83, 304

Coral-wort

187

75

Cornel

41

294

Corn-marigold

245

239

Corn-salad

11

156

Cotton-grass

14

6

■ Hare's-tail

14

Cotton-thistle

233

194

Couch-grass

33

171

Cow-berry

109

44

Cow-parsley, rough

77

205

■ smooth

76

321

Cow-parsnep

85

128

Cowslip

52

16

Cow-wheat

174

186

Crab-tree

136

265

Cranberry

109

233

Crane's-bill

198

74

Cress

188

121

Penny

184

304

Rock

193

161

Swine's

186

227

Wall

193

16

Wart

186

264

Water

188

147

Winter

191

82

Crocus

11

64

Cross-wort

37

41

foot

154

247

Cuckoo flower

187

246

280

A^VF

1

Cudweed

236

195

Currant

66, 303, 4

197

Cursed-thistle

231

92

Cyperus, Bastard

270

134

Cypress-grass, Millet

14

76

76

Daffodil

91

283

Chequered

92

122

Daisy

244

5

Moon, or Ox-eye

245

129

Dame's-violet

192

124

Dandelion

223

34

Dane-wort

86

64

Darnel

31

43

Dead-nettle

165

77

Deadly-nightshade

62

144

Devil's-bit

35

147

Yellow

224

151

Dew- berry

144

PRINCIPAL ENGLISH NAMES.

321

Dock
Dodder
Dog-rose
Dog's-tail -grass
Dog-wood
Drop- wort

Water

Duckweed
Dwale

Earth-nut
Eglantine
Elder

Water

Elecampane

Elm

Enchanter's Night-shade

Eringo

Everlasting

Everlasting-Pea

Eye-bright

Featherfoil

Fescue-grass

Feverfew

Field Madder

Figwort

Flag, Sweet

Flax

Toad

Flax-seed

Flea-bane

Flea-wort

Flix-weed

Fleur-de-luce

Flowering-rush

Fluellin

Fly-honeysuckle

Fool's-parsley

Forget-me-not

Fox-glove

Fox-tail-grass

French- willow

Fringed Water-lily

Fritillary

Frog-bit

Fumitory

Furze

Garlick
Gentian
Geranium
Gerarde, Herb
Germander

chickweed

speedwell

Gill

Gipsy-wort

Goat's-beard

Page
102

72
140

25

41
137

80
7

62

77
139

86

86
243

71
3

74
236
207
174

53

25

245

36

179

95

88

176

46

238, 243

244

191

11

117

177

303

79

46

180

17

106

53

92

299

202

205

91

73

198

82

160

5

5

Mountain 4

164

8

220

Golden-rod

saxifrage

Goldilocks
Gold of Pleasure
Gooseberry
Goose-corn
foot

grass

tongue

Gorse
Gout-weed
Grass, Arrow

Barley

Bent

Brome

Canary

Cat's-tail

Cock's-foot

• Cotton

Couch

Dog's-tail

Fescue

Fox-tail

Goose

Hair

Hare's-tail Cotton

Heath

Knot

—— — Lyme

Mat

— Meadow

Melic

Millet

Millet Cypress

Oat

of Parnassus

poly

■ Quaking

Rye

Scorpion

Scurvy

Soft

Sweet

Timothy

Vernal

Wheat

Whitlow

Great Water-radish

Greek-valerian

Green-weed

Grey-mill, or Millet

Gromwell

Ground-ivy

Ground-pine

Groundsel

Guelder-rose

Hair- grass
Hare-bell
Hare's-ear
Hare's-tail-grass

Page

242

118

155

183

66

97

69

38,39

248

205

82

104

32

18

28

16

16

25

14

33

25

25

17

38,39

19

14

24

112

32

15

23

21

18

14

30

87

132

24

31

46

185

21

22

16

9

33

183

189

56

204

48

48

164

306

240

86

19
94
84
14

322

INDEX OF THE

Hart-wort

Haver

Hawk-bit

Hawk's-beard

Hawk-w^eed

Hawthorn

Hazel-nut

Wych

Heart's-ease

Heath

• grass

— — - pea

Hedge-mustarti

' parsley

Hellebore

Helleborine

Hemlock

■ — Less

Hemp-agrimony

Hemp-nettle

Henbane

Hen-bit

Small

Herb-bennet
— ; — Gerarde
-— Paris

Robert

- — two-pence

High-taper

Hog-weed

Holly

Hone-wort

Honey-suckle

Fly

Hooded-milfoil

Hop

Horehound, Black

Water

White

Hornbeam

Horned-pond weed

Hornwort

Horse-radish

Horse-shoe-vetch

Hound's-tongue

Houseleek

Hutchinsla

Hyacinth

Wild

Insect-orchis

Iris, Yellow-water

Ivy

Ground

Jack-by-the-hedge
Jacob's-ladder
John's-wort, St.
Jointed Charlock
Juniper
Kidney-vetch

Page

85

30

224

226

225

135

284

72

60

110

24

206

190

75

158

259

80

79

234

166

62

166

6

146

82

116

199

54

61

85

43

79

65

303

7

295

169

8

169

284

263

279

185

210

49

133

184

94

94

256
95
95

164

192
56
217
197
299
206

Kipper-nut
Knapweed
Knawel
Knot-grass

Lady's-finger
Lady's Traces
Lady's Bedstraw

Mantle

Slipper

Smock

Thistle

Lamb's Lettuce

Lancashire Bog-Asphodel

Larksi)ur

Laurel, Spurge

Less-Hemlock

Lettuce

— Wall

Lily of the Valley

Lily, Water, White

■■ ■ — Yellow

Lime-tree

Linden-tree

Ling

Liquorice, Wild

Listera

Live-long

London Rocket

Loosestrife

• Purple

Louse wort
Lychnis
Lyme -grass

Madder, Field
Madder, Wild
Mad wort, Mountain
Mallow
Mantle, Lady's
Maple
Mare's-tail
Marigold, Bur

Corn

Marsh

Marjoram

Marsh Andromeda

Cinquefoil

Marigold

Penny- wort

Trefoil

Mat-grass
May

May- weed
Meadow-grass
■ rue

saffron

' sweet
Meadows, Queen of the
Medick
Medlar

Page
77
249
120
112

206
257

37

42
260
187
230

11

94
152
111

79
222
223

95
149
149
150
150
110
211
258
125
190

54
131
176
128

32

36

303

4

201

42

112

1

234

245

159

170

304

147

159

84

52

15

135

246, 248

23

153

105

137, 138

138

216

135

PRINCIPAL ENGLISH NAMES.

323

Melic-grass

Melilot

Mercury

Mezereon

Mignonette, Wild '

Milfoil

' Hooded

■ • Water

Milkwort

Milk-vetch

Millet-Cypress-grass

Millet-grass

Mill, or Millet, Grey

Mill. Mountain

Mint

Cat

Horse

Mistletoe
Mithridate Mustard

■ Pepper- wort

Moenchia

Money-wort

Moon Daisy

Moschatell

Mountain Ash

' Germander

Madwort

— — — Sorrel

Speedwell

Mouse-ear (Myosotis)

chickweed

Mouse-tail

Mud- wort

Mugweed

Mugwort

Mullein

Musk-orchis

thistle

Mustard

Hedge

Mithridate

Tower

■ Treacle

Narcissus
Navel-wort
Navew, Wild
Needle-chervil

■ Shepherd's

Nettle

Bee

Dead

Yellow

Hemp
Stinging

Nightshade

Deadly
Enchanter's

Nipple-wort
Xcmesuch

Page

21

212

298

111

133

248

7

279

203

211

14

18

48

88

162

161

162

295

184

183

46

54

245

116

137

4

4

101, 304

4

46

129

90

181

37

236

61

256

229

195

190

184

194

191

91

125

195

76

76

277

167

165

J 67

166

277

63

62

3

227

216

Nottingham Catchfly
Nut, Earth

Hazel

Kipper

Pig

Oak

Oat, or Oat-grass

Olive, Spurge

Orache

Orchis

Insect

Orpine
Osier

Our Lady's-Thistle
Ox-eye Daisy
Ox-tongue

Pansy
Paris, Herb
Park-leaves
Parnassus, Grass of
Parsley

Bastard Stone

Beaked

Bur

Fool's

^— — Hedge

Piert

Rough Cow

■ — Smooth Cow

Parsnep

Water

Pasque-flower
Paul's Betony
Pea, Everlasting

Heath

Pearl-wort

Pear-tree

Pellitory of the Wall

Penny-Cress

royal

Penny-wort, Marsh
Pepper-saxifrage

Wall

— wort

Mithridate

Periwinkle

Persian-willow

Persicaria

Peter's-wort, St.

Petty-whin

Pheasant's-eye

Pig-nut

Pile-wort

Pimpernel

Water
Yellow

Pink
Plantain
Water

Page

304

77

^84

77

77

1181
30
111
900
261
256
125
285
230
245
221

60

116

217

87

82

79

76

75

79

75

42

77

76

84

78

152

3

207

206

45

136

42

184

164

84

83

126

183

183

68

106

112

218

204

154

77

155

54,304

64

54

121

40

105

324

INDEX OF THE

Page

Plantain leaved Chickweed 124

Plowman's Spikenard 238

Plum 134

Plume-thistle 231

Pond-weed 43

— Horned 263

Poplar 296

Poppy 148

Potentilla 144

Prickwood 66

Primrose 52

Print, or Prim Print 3

Privet 3

Purple-loose-strife 131

Purse, Shepherd's 184

Purslane 101

Quaking-grass 24

Queen of the Meadows 138

Quicken-tree 137
Quinsy-wort (see Squinancy-

wort) 36

Radish 197

Horse 185

Great Water 189

Ragged Robin 128

Ragwort 240

Ramsons 92

Ranunculus 154

Rape 194

Raspberry 142

Rattle, Red 176

Yellow 173

Red-rattle 176

Reed 31

Reed-mace 264

Rest-harrow 205

Rib-wort 40

Roan-tree 137

Robert, Herb 199

Rock-cress 193

Rocket 333

Base 133

London 190

Yellow 191

Rock-rose 151

Rose-bay 106

Rose 138

Burnet 138

Dog 140

Rock 151

Rough Cow-parsley 77

Rush 96

. Beak 12

Bog 12

Bull 12

Club 12

Flowering 117

Spike 14

Twig 9

Wood 99

Rye-grass

Saffron, Meadow
Sage

Wood

Saintfoin

Saint John's-wort
Saint Peter's- wort
Salad, Burnet

Corn

Sallow

Sandwort

Sanicle

Yorkshire

Sauce-alone

Saw-wort

Saxifrage

Burnet

Golden

Pepper

Scabious

Devil's-bit

« Sheep's-bit
Scorpion-grass
Scurvy-grass
Sedge
Self-heal
Septfoil
Service, Wild
Setter-wort
Sheep's-bit, scabious
Shepherd's-needle

purse

staff

Sherardia

Silver-weed

Skull-cap

Slipper, Lady's

Sloe

Slough-heal

Smallage

Smooth Cow-parsley

Snake-weed

Snake's-head

Snap-dragon

Sneeze-wort

Snow-drop

Soap-wort

Soft-grass

Soldier, Water

Solomon's-Seal

Sorrel

Mountain

Sheep's

Wood

Sow-bane
Sow-thistle

Speedwell, Germander
Speedwell, Mountain
Spikenard, Plowman's
Spike-rush

Page
31

105

8

160

211

217

218

281

11

285

124

74

6

192

^9

119

83, 304

118

83

35

35

58

46

185

265

173

145

136

159

58

76

184

34

36

144

172

260

135

173

82

76

114

92

176

248

90

120

21

152

95

102

101, 304

104

127

69

221

5

4

238

14

PRINCIPAL ENGLISH NAMES.

325

Spindle-tree

Spiraea

Spurge

Laurel

Olive

Spurrey
Squill

Squinancy-wort
Star of Bethlehem

earth

thistle

wort Water

Stinging-nettle

Stitchwort

Stock-nut

Stone-crop

Stone-parsley, Bastard

Stork's-bill

Strawberry

Succory

Sulphur-wort

Sun -dew

Sweet-Briar

Flag

grass

Swine's-cress
Sycamore

Tansy

Tare

Teasel

Teesdalia

Thistle

Carline

Cotton

. Cursed

Musk

. Our Lady's

. Plume

Star

Thorow-wax
Thyme

Timothy-grass
Toad-flax

. Bastard

Tooth-wort

Tormentil

Tower-mustard

Traveller's-joy

Treacle-mustard

Trefoil

Bird's-foot

Tulip

Turnip

Tutsan

Tway-blade

Twig rush

Two-pence, Herb

Valerian

Page
66
137
261
111
111
130
94, 304
36
93
40
249
2
277
122
284
125
79
197
144
227
80
89
139
95
22
186
112

235
209

34
184
229
233
233
231
229
230
231
249

84
170

16
176

68
187
145
194
153
191
212
215

92

194

217

258

9

54

Valerian, Greek

Valley, Lily of the

Venus' comb

Vernal-grass

Vervain

Vetch

Bitter

Horse-shoe

Kidney

Milk

Vetchling

Villarsia

Violet

Dame's

Water

Viper's-bugloss

Wake Robin
Wall- cress

flower

lettuce

pellitory

pepper

Wart-cress
Wart-wort
Water Aloe

Betony

Chickweed, small

__«-_ Cress

— Dropwort

— Elder

— Horehound

— Iris, yellow

— Lily, fringed

— Lily, (white and yellow)

— Milfoil

— Parsnep

— Pimpernel

— Plantain

— Soldier

— Starwort
Violet

— wort

Way-bennet
Wayfaring tree
Weasel-snout
Weed, Green
Weld, or Yellow- weed
Wheat, Buck
Cow

grass

10

Whin

Petty

White-beam-tree

Horehound

rot

— thorn

White Water-lily
Whitlow-grass
Whortle-berry
Wild Basil

Page

56

95

76
9
162
208
206
210
206
211
207

53

59
192

53
51

280
193

192
223

42
126
186
262
152
180
34
188
80
86
8
95
53
149
279
78
64
105
152
2
53
116
32
86
167
204
133
112
174
33
205
204
137
169
84
135
149
183
109
170

326

INDEX OF THE &c.

Wild

Celery
Chamomile
Hyacinth
Liquorice
Madder
Mignonette
Navew

Oat, or Haver
Pear-tree
Tansy

Willow

herb

Winter- cress
green

Woodbine
Woodruff
Wood-rush
Wood sage
«- — sorrel

Page

82

246

94

211

303

133

195

30

136

235

285

106

191

118

65

36

99

ICO

127

Wood waxen
Worm-seed
Wormwood
Woundwort
Wych elm
Hazel

Yarrow
Yellow-Devil's-bit

— Pimpernel

Rattle

Rocket

Water-Iris

lily

weed, or weld
wort

Yew

Yorkshire Sanicle

Page
204
191
235
168
71
72

248
224

54
173
191

95
149
133
108
300
6

INDEX

TO

THE GENERA.

N. B. Figures in first columns refer to the Introduction pages.

Page

Page

Acer

109

112

Atropa

100

62

Achillea

127

248

Avena

95

30

Acorus

108

95

Adonis

116

154

Ballota

117

169

Adoxa

110

116

Barbarea

120

191

jEg^opodium

104

82

Bartsia

118

173

iEthusa

105

79

Bellis

126

244

Agrimonia

113

132

Berberis

106

101

Agrostemma

112

128

Betonica

117

167

Agrostis

94

18

Betula

132

283

Aira

94

19

Bidens

126

234

Ajuga

117

160

Borago

135

50

Alchemilla

97

42

Brassica

121

194

Alisma

108

105

Briza

95

24

Allium

107

91

Bromus

95

28

Alnus

130

277

Bryonia

130

278

Alopecurus

94

17

Bunium

103

77

Anagallis

99

54

Bupleurum

104

84

Anchusa

98

49

Butomus

110

117

Andromeda

111

304

Anemone

116

152

Callitriche

91

2

Angelica

105

82

Calluna

109

110

Anthemis

127

247

Caltha

116

159

Anthoxanthum

93

9

Camelina

119

183

Anthriscus

102

76

Campanula

100

56

Anthyllis

123

206

Card amine

120

187

Antirrhinum

118

176

Carduus

125

229

Apargia

125

224

Carex

129

265

Apium

104

82

Carlina

125

233

Aquilegia

115

152

Carpinus

131

284

Arabis

120

193

Caucalis

103

75

Arctium

125

228

Centaurea

127

249

Arenaria

111

124

Centunculus

97

41

Aristolochia

128

260

Cerastium

112

129

Artemisia

126

235

Ceratophyllum

131

279

Arum

132

280

Chaerophyllum

102

76

Arundo

96

31

Chara

91

1

Asarum

113

131

Cheiranthus

120

192

Asparagus

95

Chelidonium

115

147

Asperula

97

36

Chenopodium

101

69

Astragalus

123

211

Chlora

109

108

Atriplex

135

300

Chrysanthemum

127

245

328

INDEX TO THE GENERA.

Page

Page

Chrysosplenium

111

118

Fraxinus

92 3

,303

Cichoriura

124

227

Fritillaria

108

92

Cineraria

127

244

Fumaria

122

202

Circaea

92

3

Cistus

115

151

Galanthus

107

90

Cladium

92

9

Galeobdolon

117

167

Clematis

116

153

Galium

96 37

,303

Clinopodium

117

170

Genista

122

204

Cnicus

125

231

Gentiana

101

73

Cnidium

104

83

Geranium

121

198

Cochlearia

119

185

Geum

114

146

Colchicum

108

105

Glechoma

116

164

Comarum

114

147

Glyceria

95

22

Conium

103

80

Gnaphalium

126

236

Convallaria

107

95

Convolvulus

90

55

Hedera

101

67

Conyza

126

238

Hedysarum

123

211

Cornus

97

41

Helleborus

- 116

158

Corylus

131

284

Heracleum

105

85

Cotyledon

112

125

Herminium

128

256

Crepis

124

226

Hesperis

120

192

Crocus

93

11

Hieracium

124

225

Cuscuta

101

72

Hippocrepis

123

210

Cynoglossum

98

49

Hippuris

91

1

Cynosurus

95

25

Holcus

95

21

Cypripedium

128

260

Hordeum

96

3S

Hottonia

99

53

Dactylis

95

25

Humulus

133

295

Daphne

110

111

Hutchinsia

119

184

Datura

99

62

Hyacinthus

107

94

Daucus

102

74

Hydrocharis

134

299

Delphinium

115

152

Hydrocotyle

104

84

Dentaria

120

187

Hyoscyamus

99

62

Dianthus

111

121

Hypericum

124

217

Digitalis

118

180

Hypocheeris

124

227

Dipsacus

96

34

Draba

119

183

Iberis

119

186

Drosera

106

89

Ilex

97

43

Inula

127

243

Echium

98

51

Iris

93

11

Eleocharis

94

14

Elymus

96

32

Jasione

100

58

Epilobium

109

106

Juncus

108

96

Epipactis

128

259

Juniperus

135

299

Erica

109

110

Erigeron

127

238

Lactuca

125

222

Eriophorum

94

14

Lamium

117

165

Erodium

121

197

Lapsana

125

227

Ervum

123

209

Lathraea

118

176

Eryngium

102

74

Lathyrus

123

207

Erysimum

121

191

Lemna

92

7

Erythrasa

99

64

Leontodon

125

223

Euonymus

101

66

Lepidium

119

183

Eupatorium

126

234

Leucojum

107

90

Euphorbia

129

261

Ligustrum

92

3

Euphrasia

118

174

Limosella

118

181

Linum

106

88

Fag us

131

283

Listera

128

258

Fedia

93

11

Lithospermiim

98

48

Festuca

95

25

Lolium

96

31

Fragaria

114

144

Lonicera

100 65,

303

INDEX TO THE GENERA.

329

Lotus

124

Page
215

Plantago

97

Page
40

Luciola

108

99

Poa

95

23

Lychnis

112

128

Folemonium

100

56

Lycopsis

98

51

Polygala

122

203

Lycopus

92

8

Polygonum

110

112

Lysimachia

99

54

Populus

134

296

Lythrum

113

132

Potamogeton

98

43

Potentilla

114

144

Malva

121

201

Poterium

130

281

Marrubium

117

169

Prenanthes

125

223

Matricaria

126

246

Primula

99

52

Medicago

123

216

Prunella

117

173

Melampyrum

118

174

Prunus

113

134

Melica

95

21

Pyrethrum

127

245

Mentha

116

162

Pyrola

111

118

Menyanthes

99

52

Pyrus

114

136

Mercurialis

134

298

Mespilus

114

135

Quercus

131

281

Milium

94

18

Moenchia

98

46

Iladiola

98

46

Monotropa

110

117

Ranunculus

116

154

Montia

96

34

Raphanus

121

197

Myosotis

98

46

Reseda

113

133

Myosurus

106

90

Rhamnus

100

65

Myriophyllum

130

279

Rhinanthus

118

173

Myrrhis

103

77

Rhynchospora

93

12

Ribes

101 66

,303

Narcissus

107

91

Rosa

114

138

Nardus

94

15

Rubia

303

Narthecium

107

94

Rubus

114

142

Nasturtium

120

188

Rumex

108

102

Neottia

128

257

Ruscus

133

294

Nepeta

117

161

Nuphar

115

149

Sagina

98

45

Nymphaea

115

149

Sagittaria

131

280

Salix

132

285

CEnanthe

103

80

Salvia

92

8

Ononis

123

205

Sambucus

106

86

Onopordum

125

233

Samolus

100

64

Ophrys

J 28

256

Sanguisorba

97

41

Orchis

128

251

Sanicula

102

74

Origanum

117

170

Saponaria

111

120

Ornithogalum

107

93

Saxifraga

111

119

Ornithopus

123

210

Scabiosa

96

35

Orobanche

118

181

Scandix

102

76

O rob us

123

206

Schoenus

93

12

Oxalis

112

127

Scilla

107 94j

304

Oxyria

108 101,

304

Scirpus

93

12

Scleranthus

111

120

Papaver

115

148

Scrophularia

135

179

Parietaria

97

42

Scutellaria

117

172

Paris

110

116

Sedum

112

125

Parnassia

106

87

Sempervivum

113

133

Pastinaca

105

84

Senebiera

119

186

Fedicularis

118

176

Senecio

127

240

Peplis

107

101

Serratula

126

229

Phalaris

94

16

Sherardia

97

36

Phleum

94

16

Silene

111 121,

304

Picris

125

221

Sinapis

121

195

Pimpinella

103 83,

304

Sisou

103

79

Pinguicula

92

6

Sisymbrium

120

190

330

INDEX TO THE GENERA.

Page

Page

Slum

103

78

Tragopogon

125

220

Smyrnium

104

81

Trifolium

123

212

Solanutn

100

63

Triglochin

108

104

Solidago

127

242

Triodia

95

24

Sonchus

125

221

Triticum

96

33

Sparganium

129

264

Tulipa

108

92

Spartium

122

204

Tussilago

127

239

Spergula

112

130

Typha

129

264

Spiraea

114

137

Stachys

117

168

Ulex

122

205

Stellaria

111

122

Ulmus

102

71

Stratiotes

152

,340

Urtica

130

277

Symphytum

98

60

Utricularia

92

7

Tamus

133

296

Vaccinium

109

109

Tanaceturo

126

235

Valeriana

93

10

Tax us

135

300

Verbascum

99

61

Teesdalia

119

184

Verbena

117

162

Teucrium

117

160

Veronica

92

3

Thalictrum

116

153

Viburnum

105

86

Thesium

101

68

Vicia

123

208

Thlaspi

119

184

Villarsia

99

53

Thymus

117

170

Vinca

100

68

Tilia

115

150

Viola

101

59

Tordylium

105

85

Viscum

133

295

Torilis

103

75

Tormentilla

114

145

Zannichellia

129

263

INDEX

TO THE

PRINCIPAL TECHNICAL TERMS, &c.

■WHICH OCCUR IN THE

INTRODUCTION.

Page

AcERINEiE

65

Bundle

Acotyledonous plants

55, 56, 59

Calyx,

Aculeus

33

acute

Alse

16

augmented

Albumen

36

blunt

Alburnum

41

caducous

Algae

22

ciliated

Alismaceae

€0

deciduous

Amarillideae

61

double

Amentaceae

68

entire

Amentum

14

imbricated

Anther

17

lopped

Apetalous plants

56,57

many-flowered

Apocyneae

63

obtuse

Aquifoliaceae

67

persistent

Arillus

36,50

prickly

Arista

14

serrate

Aristolochieae

61

single

Aroideae

60

squarrose

Asparagineae

60

tiled

Asphodel!

€0

wanting

Atripliceae

62

Cambium

Awn

14

Campanulaceae
Caprifoliaceas

Beard

16

Capsule

Berberideae

«5

cell

Berry

18

column

Betulineae

€7

dissepiment

Blossom

15

ioculament

Boragineae

63

partition

Bractea

33

suture

Buds

45

valve

Bulb

25,45

Caryophylleje

coated

25

Catkin

scaly

25

Celastrineae

solid

25

Cell

Bulbils

45

Celtideae

Bunch

33

Characeae

Page
34
13
15
14
15
15
15
15
14
15
14
15
14
15
15
15
15
14
14
14
14
40
«3
64
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
66
14
67
18
67
i9

332

INDEX TO THE

Page

Chenopodeae 62

Chorisanthery 64

Cichoraceae 64

Cisteae 66

Clasper 33

Classes 21, 58

Linnaean 21, 22

Classifications 53

Cluster 33

Colchicaceae 60

Columella 50

Compositae 64

Cone 19

Confervas 59

Coniferse 68

Convolvulaceae 63

Corolla 15

bell-shaped 15

butterfly-shaped 16

caducous 17

campanulate 15

ciliate 17

crenate 17

cross-shaped 16

cruciform 16

deciduous 17

denticulate 17

dipetalous 16

folded 16

fringed 1 7

funnel-shaped 15

gaping 16

hexapetalous 16

marcescent 17

monopetalous 15

notched 17

papilionaceous 16

persistent 17

personate 16

plicate 16

polypetalous 16

revolute 17

ringent 16

rosaceous 1 6

rotate 15

salver-shaped 15

serrate 17

toothed 17

twisted 17

undulate 16

waved 16

wheel-shaped 15

Cortical layers 40

Corymb 34

Corymbiferae 64

Cotyledonous plants 55, 56

Cotyledons 36

Crassulaceae 66

Cruciferae 66

Cucurbitaceae 66

Culm 26

Page
Cup, (see Perianth and Calyx)
Cupuliferae 68

Cyme 34

Cynarocephalae 64

Qyperaceae 60

Dicliny

67

Dicotyledonous plants

61

Dicotyledons

55,56

Dipsaceae

64

Dissepiment

18

Down

33

Droseraceae

66

Drupaceae

67

Drupe

18

Embryo

36,52

Embryonate plants

55,59

Endocarp

50

Epicarp

50

Epicorolly

64

Epidermis

39

Epipetaly

64

Epistaminy

61

Ericineae

G3

Euphorbiaceas

67

Fasciculus

34

Ferns

22,59

Filament

17

Flags

22

Floral-leaf

33

Floret, ligulate

20

radiate

20

tubulose

20

Flower-cup

13

Flowers

19

aggregate

19

compound

20

glumose

20

ligulate

20

radiate

20

simple

19

tubulose

20

umbelliferous

14

Flower-stalk

26

axillary

26

clustered

26

opposite to a leaf

26

scattered

26

terminal

26

Fluviales

60

Fragariaceae

67

Frond

26

Fructification

13

Fruit

50

Fulcra

33

Fumariaceae

65

Funguses

22

Gemmule

52

Genera

24

PRINX^IPAL TE(;HNICAL TERMS, &c.

333

Gentianeae

Genus

Geraniaceae

Germen

Germination of seeds

Gland

Glume

Grafting

Gramineae

Grossularieae

Hair

Halorageae

Helmet

Hepaticae

Hilum

Honey-cup

Husk

Hydrocharideae

Hygrobieae

Hypericineae

Hypocorolly

Hypopetaly

Ilicineae

Inembryonale vegetables

Inflorescence

Integument, herbaceous

Involucre

partial
universal

Irideae

Jasmineae

Junceae

Junci

Keel
Kernel

#

Labiatae
Leaf, acerose

acuminate

acute

alternate

amplexicaul

arrow-shaped

awl-shaped

battledore-shaped

bijugate

bilobate

binate

bipartite

bipinnate

bipinnatifid

biternate

blunt

bundled

canaliculate

carinate

cauline

Page
C3
54
65
17
52
33
14
44
CO
66

33
66
16
22
36,52
17
U
61
66
65
62
65

67
55
33
39
14
14
14
61

63
63
60

16
36

63
27,32
29
29
32
32
27
•27
27
32
28
30
29
31
28
31
29
33
30
30
31

Page

Leaf, chaffy 32

channelled 30

comb-like 28

conjugate 30

connate 32

cordate 2T

costate 30

crenate 29

crescent-shaped 27

cuneiform 27

curled 29

cylindric 30

dagger-pointed 29

decurrent 32

decussate 33

deltoid 27

demersed 32

dentate 29

depressed 32

diamond-shaped 28

digitate 30

doubly-winged 31

doubly ternate 31

egg-shaped 27

elliptic 27

emarginate 29

emersed 32

ensiform 30

entire 29

equitant 32

erect 31

fasciculated 33

fiddle-shaped 28

fingered 30

fleshy 30

furrowed 30

halbert-shaped 28

hand-shaped 28

hastate 28

heart-shaped 27

horizontal 32

imbricated 33

jagged 28, 29

jointed 29

keeled 29

kidney-shaped 27

laciniate 28

lanceolate 27

linear 27

linguiform 30

lobed 28

lopped 29

lunulate 27

lyrate, or lyre-shaped 28

mucronate 29

natant 32

needle-Shaped 27, 32

notched 29

oblong 27

obovate 27

obtuse 29

334

INDEX TO THE

Page

Page

eaf, orbiculate

26

Leaf, three-lobed

28

oval

27

thrice-ternate

31

ovate

27

tiled

33

palmate

28

tongue-shaped

30

panduriform

28

toothed

29

partite

28

triangular-shaped

27

pectinate

28

trilobate

28

pedate

32

trowel-shaped

27

peltate

31

truncate

29

perfoliate

32

tubular

30

pinnate

30

tufted

33

abruptly

31

tripartite

29

alternately

31

twice-ternate

31

decursively

31

two-ranked

33

interruptedly

31

undulate

30

oppositely

31

unequal

29

with an odd one

31

vaginant

32

pinnatifid

28

veiny

29

doubly

28

verticillate

32

plaited

29

waved

30

pointed

29

wavy

29

praemorse

29

wedge-shaped

27

quatern

32

whorled

32

quinate

30

wing-cleft

28

quine

32

winged

30

radical

32

abruptly

31

reniform

27

alternately

31

repand

29

decursively

31

retuse

29

interruptedly

31

rhomboid

28

oppositely

31

ribbed

30

with an odd one

31

round

26

wrinkled

29

roundish

26

Leaf-stalk

26

rugged

29

Leaves

26,46

rugose

29

compound

26,30

r uncinate

28

determinate

26,31

sagittate

27

simple

26

saw-toothed

29

Legume

18

semi-amplexicaul

32

Leguminosae

67

semi-cylindric

30

Liber

40

seminal

31

Lichen

22

sene

32

Lilia, and Liliaceae

60

serrated

29

Lineaj

65

doubly

29

Linnaean classification

20

sessile

32

Liverwort

22

sharp

29

Loculament

18

sheathing

32

Lorantheae

64

sinuate

29

Lysimacheae

62

spatulate

27

spear-sliaped

27

Malvaceae

65

spreading

3L

Medullary tube

41

starry

32

Metsocarp

50

stellate

32

Monocotyledonous plants

59

strap-shaped

27

Monohypogyny

59

striated

30

Monoepigyny

61

subrotund

26

Monoperigyny

60

subulate

27

Monopetalous plants

56,57

sulcate

30

Mosses

22

sword-shaped

30

tern

32

Narcisseae

61

ternate

30

Natural familioe, Juss. method of 54

PRH

SCIPAL '

rECHJ

aC^AL TERMS, &c.

335

Natural families, Key to

Page
58

Raceme

Page
33

Nayadeae

60

RanuDCulaceae

65

Nectary

17

Receptacle

19

Nut

18

bristly

19

Nutrition

37,48

chaffy

19

Nyniphaeaceae

61

common

19

Onograriae

66

naked

19

Orchideae

61

of flower

19

Orders

22

of fructification

19

Angiospermia

22

of fruit

19

Gymnospermia

22

of seeds

19

Polygamia aequalis

23

proper

19

frustranea

23

Resedaceae

66

necessaria

23

Rhamneae, Rhamni

67

segregata

23

Ribesiese

^Q

superflua

23

Root

24, 38

Siliculosa

23

bitten

25

Siliquosa

23

branching

25

Organs of reproduction

49

bulbous

25

Orobancheas

62

creeping

25

Oxalideae

65

fibrous
fusiform

25
24

Palate

16

granulated

25

Panicle

34

premorse

25

Papaveraceae

65

ramose

25

Paronychieae

66

repent

25

Pediculares

62

spindle-shaped

24

Peduncle

26

tuberous

25

Perianth

13

Rosaceae, Roseae

67

of the flower

13

Rubiaceae

64

of the fructification

13

of the fruit

13

Salicarieae

67

Pericarp

18,

36,50

Salicineae

67

Perichaetium

14

Sanguisorbieae

67

Pericorolly

63

Santalaceae

62

Perigonium

49

Sap

48

Peripetaly

66

Sarcocarp

36, 50

Peristaminy

62

Saxifrageae

66

Petiole

26

Scape

26

Pistil

17

Scrophulariae >
Scrophularineae \

62

Germen

17

Stigma

18

Seed

19,52

Style

17

coat

36

Pith

42

cotyledon

36

Placenta

50

eye, or scar

52

Plantagineas

62

Semperviveae

66

Plantule

52

Sheath

14

Podosperm

50,51

Silicle

J8

Polemoniaceae

63

Silique

18

Pollen

17

Solaneae

63

Poly galeae

65

Spadix

14

Polygoneae

62

Spatha

14

Polypetalous plants

56,57

Species

24,54

Pomaceae

67

Spike

33

Pome

18

Spikelet

34

Portulaceae

66

Spine

33,48

Potameas

60

Spiraceae

67

Potamophileae

60

Stalk

26

Prickles

24,33

Stamens

17

Primulaoeae

62

anther

17

I'rops

33

epigynous

56,67

336^

INDEX TO THE &c.

Page

'

Page

stamens, filament

17

Synanthereae

64

hypogynous

5G, 57

perigynous

56, 57

Tendril

33

pollen

17

Thorn

33,48

Standard

16

'J^hroat

16

Stem, angular

26

Thymeleae

62

climbing

25

Thyrsus

34

creeping

25

Tiled

14

dichotomous

26

Tiliaceae

65

diffuse

26

Tissue, cellular

35

erect

25

vascular

35

flexuous

26

Trees

25

forked repeatedly

26

Trophosperm

50

jointed

26

Trunk

25

lax

26

Tuft

34

procumbent

25

Turio

45

proliferous

26

Typhaceae, Typhae

60

radicant

25

repent

25

Umbel

14,34

rooting

25

partial

14

round

26

universal

14

scandent

25

Umbelliferae

64

straight

25

Umbilicus

36

trailing

25

Urticeae

67

turning

26

twining

26

Vaccinieae

63

upright

25

Valerianeae

64

winged

26

Valves

18

zigzag

26

Varieties

54

Stems

39

Verbenaceae

63

Stigma

18

Violarieae

66

Stipe

26

Volva

14

Stipula

33, 47

Straw

26

Whorl

33

Strobile

19

Wide-spreading

14

Style

17

Wings

16

Supports

24, 25, 33

Wood

41

Sutures

18

CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS.

Page 9. To C. Mariscus— add E. B. 950. G. E. 29. Cyp.

long. inod. sylvestris. For Thames, read TJmme.
Page 11. Fedia olitoria — add : Not uncommon about Heading-
ton. R. W.
Page 15. E. pubescens— add E. B. Suppl. 2633.
Page 17. For P. paniculata, read Phalaris, &c.
Page 40. Expunge the first e, in Plaintain.
Page 49. After Anchusa, * *.
Page 57. C. rapunculoides — add Near Adderbury, Road-side,

Mrs, Roundell.
Page 59. For Viola, read Violet.
Page 87. Add, White berried elder. Sir Joseph Lock's Grounds,

Headington, near the London Road. R. W.
Page 91. Expunge Bx. habitat, for Narcissus Pseudo, &c.
Page 97. Top — for Octandria, read Hexandria.
Page 116. Expunge Elatine tripet : and description.
Page 118. Andromeda, &c. — for Over Heath, read Iver, &c.

and expunge Mr. Sandys' habitat.
Page 124. A. tenuifoUa — add Headington, on a wall, and on

the ground. 1832. R. W.
Page 127. S. album — add Islip. ^.r.
Page 130. Expunge under C. aquat. Larbrea of DC.
Page 148. Papaver hybrid. — hr Ensham road, read Woodstock^

&c.
Page 152. After Banhury^ add Road.
Page 162. Mentha sylvest. — add Cuddesdon, by the VVheatley

Road-side, near the Palace. R. W.
Page 168. S. sylvatica — for Ls. minutey read acuminate, (i. e.

taper-pointed.)
Page 178. A. repens — add after chalky hanks, an *, for scarce.
Page 178. A. Lindria — add Path between the Asylum, and

Bullingdon Green. R. W.
Page 182. O. elatior — add Field between Barton, and Sandhill.

R. W.

2 A

338 CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS.

Page 187. On the first a in Dentaria, place an acute accent.

Page 217. In note to St. John's-wort — for drop, read droop.

Page 223. For T. palustre, read L. &c.

Page 246. After College, add Gardens.

Page 280. In Sagittifolia, substitute a small s.

Page 282. For 1448, read 1458. |

Page 299. After Hydrocharis — add i. e. delighting in water. Gr.

Page 300. Taxus — for funeral, read funereal.

P. Ixxxii. For pinnatified, read pinnatijid.

Page civ. For White-root, read TVliite-rot.

Drummond's Letters, &c. A few passages in this interesting
little work, to be read with caution and explanation.

The following is a list of several plants, mentioned in Sir Alex-
ander Croke's critical and elegant edition of the " Regimen Sdni-
tatis Salernit(inum." Talboys, Oxford, 1830 : — Sage, Wormwood,
Poppy, Fennel, Mallows, Mint, Primrose, Tansy, Mustard, Violet,
Nettle, Chervil, Elicampane, Penny-royal, Celandine, Sallow,
Vervain, Henbane.

Respecting the Elsfield habitat for Lonicera Caprifolium, Flora,
p. 65. See Lady Smith's interesting Memoir and Correspondence
of the late Sir J. E. Smith, 1832. vol. i. p. 438. See also in the
same work, vol. i. a concise Memoir of the scientific and munifi-
cent Professor, Dr. J. Sibthorp, with three of his letters, &c.

Any mistakes pointed out by the reader or critic, will be
corrected in a future Supplement to this Work. Number of Plants,
introduced into the Flora of Oxfordshire, and its Contiguous CouU'.
ties, about eight hundred, and ninety-four. Callitriche ; see more
in U. Br. Fl. and Arnott in Journ. of Nat. and Geog. Sc. vol. i.
p. 426, &c.

L. rugdsum, naturalized between Oxford and Iffley, and in
Christ Church Meadow. Br.

Antirrhinum purpureum, not uncommon on old walls in Oxford.
R. W.

Insert after Aquilegia, p. cxv. Gen. Char, of Strati o'tes.
Sheath two-leaved. Cal. three-cleft. Cor. three-petalled. Berry
angular, six-celled. N. O. Hydrocharideae. Richd. — Page 152.

THE END. -

Edited hy the same Author.

ARISTOTELIS

DOCTRINE MORALIS EPITOME,

PER THEOPH.GOLIUIVI.

Oxonii: Typis N. Bliss, 1814, duod. — Little more than a hasty reprint of

a once scarce work.

ANTONII RICCOBONI PARAPHRASIS IN
RHETORICAM ARISTOTELIS.

AD EDITIONEM HANG ACCESSERUNT, MURETI SUMMiE BREVIORES.
LONDINI, 1820. 8vo.

By the same Author.
PLAIN AND CURSORY THOUGHTS

ON

CATHOLIC EMANCIPATION, &c.

BY CHAS. MACKLIN, ESQ. 1829.

A FRIENDLY LETTER, &c.

BY PHILIPPUS ANTI-OSIANDER, S.T.P.

Oxford, 1831.

See Christian Remembrancer, May 1831. p. 282.

A FEW WORDS IN FAVOUR OF
PROFESSOR POWELL, AND THE SCIENCES,

BY PHILOMATH : Oxoniensis, 1832.
See Gent. Mag. for December 1832. p. 450.

Latin Works preparing for publication^ hy the same

Author.

1. SPECIMENS OF LATIN STYLE, from the earliest exist-
ing Records of the Language, to the Extinction of the Western
Empire ; with a short Critical, and Biographical Account of the
several Authors, whose works are quoted.

2. THE LIFE OF WILLIAM OF WAYNFLETE,
FOUNDER OF MAGDALEN COLLEGE, OXFORD, includ-
ing a Sketch of the Manners, Customs, Literature, and general
;^tate of Society, in the Age in which the Founder lived.

K-f

Printed by J. Munday, Oxford.

I

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