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AEE LUESTHER Lc MERTZ LIBRARY

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THERIEW YORK BO TANICAL-GARDEN

FLORA

BOMBAY.

Dates of Publication of the Several Parts of this Volume.

Parv I. pp. 1-192 was published July 1901.
» I. pp. 193-408 3 April 1902.
» Il. pp. 409toend ,, May 1903.

IAC LUDO IRCA. MENIZ LIBRARY

——————oo

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

FLORA OF THE PRESIDENCY
OF BOMBAY.

BY

THEODORE COOKE, C.I.E.
M.A., M.A.I., LL.D., F.L.8., F.G.S., M.INST.C.E.1.

FORMERLY PRINCIPAL OF THE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AT POONA AND DIRECTOR OF TILE
BOTANICAL SURVRY OF WESTERN INDIA,

VOL.

RANUNCULACEHZ TO RUBIACEZ.

PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR
INDIA IN COUNCIL.

LONDON:
TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
1903,

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

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‘

Poo EACLE.

THe necessity for “local” or “regional” Floras to supplement
Sir Joseph Hooker’s great work, ‘The Flora of British India,’ which
deals with several thousand species of plants drawn from a very wide
area and grown under diverse climatic conditions, has been fully recog-
nized by the highest botanical authorities. The inauguration of the
Botanical Survey of India and the subdivision of the great Indian
continent into regions, each forming a branch of the Survey, under the
general supervision of Major Prain, I.M.S., Director of the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, has secured the collection of sufficient
material to warrant the preparation of regional Floras for certain
portions of the entire area. On the extension of the Survey to the
Western Presidency, I was appointed by the Government of Bombay
Honorary Director of the Botanical Survey of Western India, with
Mr. G. M. Woodrow as Assistant; and I was further allowed the
services of a paid Herbarium-keeper, a few native plant-collectors, and
a small annual grant to provide for travelling-allowances and other
incidental expenses. A Herbarium* was established at the College of
Science at Poona, of which I was at that time Principal, and a real
advance was soon made in our knowledge of the botany of the Bombay
Presidency. Since my retirement, after 30 years’ actual residence in
India, I have been selected by the Government of Bombay to carry out
this, the first of a series of regional Floras projected by the Director of
the Survey.

The Presidency of Bombay, including Sind and Baroda (which latter
State, containing 4400 square miles, though removed in 1875 from the

* The Herbarium at the College of Science which had grown largely and had
developed into a highly efficient institution, was wholly destroyed by fire in May 1902;
but as I fortunately possessed a good collection of my own, amassed during many
years’ travel in the Presidency, I was able to present that Herbarium with another
collection of Bombay plants.—T. C,

vi PREFACE.

administrative control of the Government of Bombay, is, for botanical
purposes, included within the limits of the Presidency), extends from
13° 53! to 28° 47'N. lat. and from 66° 43! to 76° 30! E. long., and
contains about 196,000 square miles, an area more than 14 times that
of Great Britain and Ireland.

To the north of the Tapti river, which passes the town of Surat,
stretches the flat alluvial and fertile plain of Gujarat, much of it
without a hill to break the monotony of the landscape for miles. Sind,
still further to the north-west, separated from Baluchistan by the
Kirthar mountains which sometimes rise to a height of 7000 feet, is
much of it a plain of desert sand with occasional ridges of low sand-
hills.

South of the Tapti river the country gradually becomes interspersed
with hills, and further south the Western Ghats (Sahyddris) run parallel
to the sea-coast for about 500 miles, with a general elevation of nearly
2000 feet, though occasionally hills rise to a height of 4000 feet or more
above the sea-level.

The low-lying plain between the foot of the Western Ghits and the
sea, interspersed with hills and with a heavy rainfall and a humid and
enervating climate, is known as the Konkan, while the Deccan is the
extensive elevated plateau behind the Ghits, interspersed with numerous
hills which are either isolated or in short ranges, with a generally light
rainfall and a dry climate.

The rock of which the Ghits are composed is trap, which, from
its peculiarity of breaking away along vertical planes, gives rise to
precipitous scarps and hills of strange fantastic form, whose summits
are sometimes inaccessible. From the top of Mahableshwar, the chief
sanatorium of Bombay, a hill of considerable extent standing at an
elevation of 4500 feet above the sea, magnificent views of some of the
hill-ranges may be obtained. From a well-known locality on that hill
named Elphinstone Point, one can look down into the valley below,
a sheer drop of about 3000 feet, while extending for miles rise tier on
tier of precipitous hills on many of which the foot of a European
has never stepped. The trap-hills are very often bare of vegetation
on their summits, except where, as at Mahableshwar and Matheran
(another sanatorium rising to about 2500 feet above the sea), a capping
of laterite covers the trap, in which case the vegetation is varied and
abundant.

PREFACE. Vil

The highest hill in the Bombay Presidency (except the Kirthar moun-
tains) is a peak in the Deccan rising to 5427 feet above the sea.

The rainfall varies in the Bombay Presidency from 3 or 4 inches, or
even less in the almost rainless districts of Sind, to upwards of 800 inches
on the Western Ghits. ‘he average annual rainfall of some of the
most important stations is as follows (neglecting decimals) :—

in. in
Jacobabad (Sind) ...... 4 130) 121] 9}797 eapqoogobeonnen cor 80
Gana clitenseeetimesetcnncs uf ATW alle es scenes soak 116
TROONB sephisedacanpeceeteees 28 amok Pieesccasiecee 165
BAT OU as bcos sicaece cece. 39 Minthernnve sseeeesasee sna: 242
Ieee, ooaassosnoneeD 49 Mahableshwar ......... 263

Under such diverse conditions of elevation and rainfall the climate is
naturally variable, being excessively humid in some regions and intensely
arid in others, while, as a matter of course, the character of the vegeta-
tion varies with the climatic conditions. For example, in the exceptionally
arid climate of Sind plants oecur which do not appear elsewhere in India,
and a very large proportion of the Sind vegetation consists of plants
which are indigenous in Africa.

The earliest essay at a Flora of Bombay was that of Mr. John Graham,
Deputy Postmaster General, who published in 1839 a Catalogue of the
plants grown in Bombay and its vicinity. Graham died at the early age
of 34, before the work was entirely completed, and its final 50 pages
were carried through the press by Mr. Nimmo. Although a mere list,
as its title implies, for no descriptions of the plants enumerated are
given which is much to be regretted, still the work is excellent as far as
it goes, and gives, what is most valuable in a work of the kind, the
localities from which the several plants were obtained. Considering the
means of communication that existed at the time, for there were no
railways, and travelling was difficult and tedious, one cannot help being
struck with admiration at the number of plants brought together in this
Catalogue, all of which were, as Mr. Graham states, personally examined
either by himself or by Mr. Nimmo, and most of which were correctly
named.

The next work was the ‘ Bombay Vlora’ (published in 1861) by two
well-known botanists, Dalzell and Gibson, The descriptions are somewhat
meagre and no distinguishing characters are given of Orders and Genera,
an omission which has made the work less useful to the student of Indian
botany than it might otherwise have been.

Vill PREFACE.

Since the date of Dalzell and Gibson’s ‘ Bombay Flora,’ thanks chiefly
to the work done by the Botanical Survey, the number of species of
plants known to occur in Bombay has greatly increased. As an instance,
I may mention that, under the Natural Orders Leguminose and Rubiaceze
the present volume contains respectively 284 and 80 species of indigenous
or naturalized plants, while the same Orders in Dalzell and Gibson’s ‘ Flora’
contain 179 and 56.

I have, as far as possible, given the vernacular names of plants, but it
may be as well to caution students of Indian Botany against blindly
accepting the name given to a plant by a native coolie. Natives who
spend most of their lives in the jungle and who are really woodmen, are
generally correct in their nomenclature ; but the ordinary coolie is often
utterly ignorant, yet, rather than confess his ignorance, will sometimes
invent a name to satisfy the “sahib.” The names, too, often vary in
different districts, and it is not uncommon to find the same vernacular
name applied to entirely distinct plants. Still the native names, if
honestly given and not manufactured for the occasion, may often prove
valuable, as I have frequently found to be the case.

Prior to the establishment of the Survey, botanical work was the duty
of no official. All the botanical work was carried on, as a labour of love,
by gentlemen engaged in various branches of the public service, who
devoted to their beloved science all the time that could be spared from
their legitimate avocations. The work done in the Konkan and Sind by
Dr. J. Ellerton Stocks of the Indian Medical Service, that done in the
Konkan by Mr. Law of the Civil Service, and in Belgaum and Kanara
by Dr. Ritchie, are matters of botanical history, and to these pioneers, as
well as to Messrs. Nimmo, John Graham, Dalzell and Gibson, all of
whom worked under no inconsiderable difficulties, botanical science owes
a deep and lasting debt of gratitude. I must not omit to mention the
excellent work done by Mr. G. M. Woodrow, who after many years of
arduous labour in the botanic field, at first as my assistant and subse-
quently as Director of the Botanical Survey of Western India, has
recently returned to Europe, nor of Mr. George Gammie who has
sueceeded Mr. Woodrow. Mr. Talbot, of the Indian Forest Service,
whose labours in N. Kanara, where he has discovered several new species
of plants, are well known, is still at work in India, and we may expect
further valuable results from his untiring energy.

It can hardly be expected that the present ‘Flora’ will be an
absolutely exhaustive one, although I have every reason to believe

PREFACE. ix

that the plants which still remain undiscovered are few. When we
consider that a very large area (more than 1/4 times that of the
British Isles) has to be examined, that the facilities for travelling
leave much to be desired, that the staff to carry out the exploration
is a very limited one, that some of the jungles are rife with malaria
at certain seasons, and that certain of the Ghat districts are difficult
of access and some of them yet unexplored, it will be admitted that the
task botanists still have to face is a formidable one.

My sincere thanks are due to the Director and Staff of the Royal
Botanical Gardens at Kew, who have given me every possible assistance
during the progress of this work, as well as to Sir George King, F.R.S.,
and Mr. C. B. Clarke, F.R.S., both of whom have been constant workers
side by side with me in the Kew Herbarium, and have given me much
aid and friendly counsel. Lastly, I would express my thanks to the
Government of Bombay for the confidence they have reposed in me by
selecting me for the pleasing duty of preparing the Flora of the
Presidency, a confidence which I trust will not be misplaced.

THEODORE COOKE.
Kew, 27th April, 1903.

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Durine the 40 years that have elapsed since the publication of the ‘ Flora of
Bombay’ (1861) by Dalzell and Gibson, our knowledge of the botany of the
Presidency has largely increased, especially during the last 10 years, as a
consequence of the inauguration of the Botanical Survey of India under
Sir G. King. The present volume appears as the first of a series of regional
Floras of India which has been organized by the present Director of that
Survey ; and as this, the first Part of the work (comprising 192 pages), contains
descriptions of more than 130 species which find no place in the corresponding
portion of Dalzell’s ‘ Flora, the necessity for the undertaking is sufficiently
evident.

A difficulty which occurs in the preparation of a local Flora such as the
present, embracing as it does a very wide area, is the want, in many cases, of
information as to the precise localities in which specimens have been collected.
The oider botanists Stocks, Dalzell, Law, &c., who collected in the Presidency,
rarely furnished more definite localities than Konkan, Deccan, Sind and the like;
and there are now in the Kew Herbarium hundreds of specimens supplied by
Dr. Stocks, one of the most indefatigable of Bombay collectors, which afford no
further information on their labels than “ Konkan, Stocks.”” As the Konkan is
a wide area, including Kanara geographically, and com prising within its limits
low-lying coast as well as elevated hilly districts, it is obvious that more
precise information as to locality would be very desirable. I have given all the
information in my power in this direction, and it is to be hoped that future
collectors will endeavour to further supply the need. It would also be a great
advantage if the color of the flowers and the habit of the plants were entered
on the labels, a kind of information which can rarely be obtained from dried
specimens. The Director of the Botanical Survey of India, Major D. Prain,
I.M.S., ‘ Memoirs and Memoranda’ (1894), pp. 392-406, has given excellent
instructions, especially designed for Indian collectors, as to the best mode
of preparing specimens for the Herbarium, a copy of which may be obtained
through the College of Science at Puona.

1 have adhered to the main divisions of the Presidency that Dalzell and Gibson
seem to have worked to, viz. Konkan, Deccan, Gujarat, Southern Mahratta
Country and Sind, as being the most convenient to follow. The 8S. M. Country,
which includes the Collectorates of Belgaum and Dharwar, is nct a geographical
division of the Presidency, but the term is well understood and is more

intelligible to most of its inhabitants than the term “ Karnatak.” Kanara,
which should be strictly included within the Konkan, possesses so many
plants of interest occurring solely within its area, that I have thought it well
to keep it separate. In Dalzell’s time the botany of the Southern Ghats was
little known, and it is to the untiring zeal of Mr. Talbot that our present
knowledge of the botany of N. Kanara is mainly due.

In citing the names of collectors and authorities as to the distribution of
plants, I have appended a ! in all cases where the actual specimens referred to
have been seen and verified by me.

I have given throughout references to Dr. Watt’s valuable ‘ Dictionary of the
Economic Products of India.’

I take this opportunity of expressing my sincere thanks to the Director of the
Royal Gardens and the Staff of the Herbarium at Kew, for their unvarying
kindness, as well as for the valuable advice and assistance they have always
been ready to afford.

TH:
Kew, July 1901.

FLORA OF BOMBAY.

Orpvrr I. RANUNCULACE.

Annual or perennial herbs, more rarely shrubs. Leaves radical or
alternate (opposite in Clematis and Naravelia), entire or divided ;
stipules 0, or adnate to the petioles, rarely free. Flowers regular
(irregular in Delphinium), 1—-2-sexual, rarely bracteate. Sepals 3-many,
(usually 5), often petaloid, imbricate (valvate in Clematis). Petals
imbricate, isomerous with the sepals or many, hypogynous, free, some-
times minute or deformed or 0. Stamens indefinite, hypogynous ;
anthers usually adnate and dehiscing laterally. Carpels many, rarely
solitary, free or rarely subconnate, 1-celled ; ovules 1 or more on the
ventral suture, anatropous, erect with a ventral raphe, or pendulous
with a dorsal raphe; style simple. Fruit of numerous, dry, 1-seeded,
indehiscent achenes, or many-seeded follicles, rarely baccate. Seeds
small; albumen copious; embryo minute.—Disrris. Abundant in tem-
perate and cold regions ; genera 30; species about 500.

Climbing shrubs ; leaves opposite.
Flowers apetalous; terminal leaflet not transformed into

Sy Uh all ge Bicayane deco apnagenoe inde lenouiabcoge ron ppearEeroboneaeG 1, Ciemartis.
Flowers with petals and sepals; terminal leaflet usually
iranstormed into a tendril ...ccsccc..scsssscosses=soeseran 2. NARAVELIA.

Herbs ; leaves alternate.
Flowers regular.

Replay peta LOIN caveat Neneh scion sansisesen swept eran teccsie: 3. THALICTRUM.
Mehals HET PRCBOUSt ssc beniechcasaresaaste sacagtecsinedsmedssts 4, Ranuncutus.
Flowers irregular; posterior sepal spurred ...............06. 5. DELPHINIUM.

1. CLEMATIS, Linn.

Woody undershrubs, usually climbing. Leaves opposite, usually com-
pound, exstipulate; petioles often twining but not changed into tendrils.
Inflorescence axillary or terminal; flowers solitary or panicled. Sepals
usually 4 (rarely 5-8), petaloid, imbricate or valvate. Petals 0. Stamens
many. Carpels many; ovule 1, pendulous. Fruit a head of sessile or
stalked achenes ; style persistent, naked or bearded.—Disrris. All tem-
perate regions ; less common in the tropics; species 180.

Filaments glabrous,
Flowers exceeding 1 in. in diam.

eaves large; flowers purple .........se.csersecsocsssorcosnes 1. C. smilacifolia.
MeavestamalleatlowersuwhillOscccscesessccse sso one cavdecs-cectac- 2. C. triloba.
Flowers less than 1 in. in diam.
Connective of anthers not produced ..........ecs.:s0seee00 3. C. Gouriana.
Connective of anthers much produced ............0.000000 4, C. hedysarifolia.
Filaments hairy ; flowers yellow ...........:sssssssecseeeeceeeenees 5. C. Wightiana.

B

2 I, RANUNCULACE.

1. Clematis smilacifolia, Wall. in Asiat. Res. v. 13 (1820) p. 402.
A woody climber, glabrous except the inflorescence; stems sulcate.
Lower leaves 3-8 by 1-6 in., ovate, acute or acuminate, entire or shortly
serrate, base rounded or cordate, 5—9- (frequently 7-) nerved from the
base ; petioles reaching 6 in. long, twining. Upper leaves sometimes
ence ternate; blades smaller, narrower, cuneate at the base. Flowers
large, exceeding 1 in. in diam., in long, axillary panicles ; pedicels reach-
ing 3 in. long, glabrous. Sepals 4-5, oblong, 3-1 in. long, spreading
from the base, at length reflexed, clothed outside with velvety brown
tomentum, purple inside. Filaments linear, glabrous, the outer longer
than the inner with shorter anthers; connective produced. Achenes
ovoid, compressed, pubescent with thickened margins and long feathery
fails. Fl. B. 1. v. 1, p.3; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 1; Kuntze, Monogr. Clem.
in Verh, Bot. ver. Brandenb. 26 (1885) p. 120; "Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p.1;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 1; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p19: —Flowers: Oct.

Not very common in the Bombay Presidency. Konkan: Stocks!, Law!; in ever-
green forests, not common, Talbot. Deccan: Phunda Ghat, Dalzell §& Gibson.
Kanara: Stocks! ; near Nilkund (N. Kanara), Gibson!; N. Kanara, Ta/bot.—Disrris.
Jaya, Borneo, Philippines.

2. Clematis triloba, Heyne, in Roth. Nov. Sp. (1821) p. 251. An
extensive climber, but often found trailing amongst grass; whole plant
except the older stems sericeo-villous or tomentose; stems sulcate.
Leaves simple or once ternate, entire or shallowly 1—7-lobed, the lobes
usually mucronate ; blades 1-2 in. long, from ovate, acute, i orbicular,
base rounded, cuneate or cordate; petioles slender, twining, {-3 in. long ;
petiolules 1-3 in. long. Flowers white, more than 13 in. across, in
axillary, corymbose panicles ; bracts foliaceous, ovate, acute. Sepals 4—6,
stellately spreading, pubescent outside, glabrous inside, oblong or obovate,
terminated by a tomentose mucro. Stamens j-3 in. long; filaments
ligulate, glabrous ; connective not produced. Achenes ovoid, compressed,
silky-villous, with long feathery tails. Fl. B. I. v.1, p.3; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 1; Kuntze, Monogr. Clem. in Verh. Bot. ver. Brandenb. 26 (1885)
p. 150; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 1; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1897) p. 119; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 370.— Flowers : Sept.—
Nov. Vern. Mor-vel; Rdnjai.

Very common throughout the Deccan. Konkan: Law! Duccan: Gibson!;
Kartriz Ghat near Poona, Law!; Garada, 12 miles 8. of Poona, Gokhale!; Tulligaum,
near Poona, Cooke!; Dongergaon, near Ahmednagar, Cooke!; hills near Poona,
Woodrow! ; Mawal district of Poona Collectorate, Dalzell & Gibson.

3. Clematis Gouriana, Row). Hort. Beng. (1814) p.43. Climbing
to a great height, usually glabrous, except the young parts; stems
groov ed, brown. Leaves pinnate, bipinnate or tripinnate ; leaflets 1-5
by 3- 11 in., ovate or oblong, acuminate, entire or coarsely toothed,
rounded or cordate at the base, strongly nerved and reticulately veined,
upper surface shining; petioles long, slender. Flowers small, scarcely
reaching 3 in. in diam., in much-branched, decompound panicles, yel-
lowish or greenish-white ; peduncles and pedicels more or less pubescent.
Sepals 4, obovate or oblong, puberulous on both surfaces. Filaments
narrow-linear, glabrous; connective not produced. Achenes ovoid,
hairy, with long feathery tails. Fl. B.I.v.1, p.4; Grah. Cat. p. 1;

I, RANUNCULACE A. 3

Dalz. & Gibs. p. 1; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 2; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 1;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 119; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 2, p. 369. C. vitalba, var. Gauriana, Kuntze, Monogr. Clem.
in Verh. Bot. ver. Brandenb. 26 (1885) p. 100.—Flowers: Oct.—Noyv.
Vurn. Mor-vel.

In thickets on the Ghats, common. Konkan: Law!; Matheran, Cooke!; Amboli
Ghat, Cooke! Deccan: Nasik, Woodrow ; Koina valley, below Mahableshwar, Coo/'e!
S. M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie !—Disrris. Java, Philippines.

4. Clematis hedysarifolia, DC. Syst. y.1 (1818) p. 148. A woody
climber ; branches furrowed, the younger parts puberulous, the older
glabrous. Leaves pinnate; leaflets 3-5, coriaceous, 14-43 by ?-22 in.,
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, cordate or rounded at the base, entire or
irregularly toothed, glabrous, shining, very closely reticulately veined,
the reticulations prominent on the upper surface ; petioles up to 3 in.
long, twining. Flowers about ? in. in diam., in many-flowered, decom-
pound panicles; pedicels pubescent ; bracts foliaceous. Sepals 4, ovate
or oblong, densely pubescent outside, at length deflexed. Filaments
ligulate, 4, in. broad, glabrous ; connective much produced. Achenes
ovoid, compressed, hairy, with thickened, tubercular margins and long,
feathery tails. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 4; Kuntze, Monogr. Clem. in Verh.
Bot. ver. Brandenb. 26 (1885) p. 151; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p.1; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 120.—Flowers: Oct.-Nov. VERN.
Bendrichi-vel.

Konkan: Law! Deccan: Koina valley below Mahableshwar, Cooke!; Singhad,
12 miles from Poona, Woodrow! Gusarat: Dang jungles, Woodrow. 8. M. Oounrry:
Londa, Cooke!; Belgaum, Ritchie! Kanara: N. Kanara, Woodrow!, Talbot!

5. Clematis Wightiana, Wall. Cat. (1828) 4674. A woody
climber ; branches clothed with appressed hairs. Leaves pinnate; leaf-
lets 3-5, silky-villous on both surfaces, 1-23 by 3-2 in., orbicular or
broadly ovate, cordate, irregularly toothed or lobed; nerves and veins
prominent beneath ; petioles up to 4 in. long, more or less clothed with
silky hairs. Flowers 13-2} in. in diam., in panicles longer than the
leaves ; bracts foliaceous, lobed or toothed, silky-villous. Sepals 4, pale
golden yellow, 7 by 2 in., ovate, clothed with silky hairs outside, glabrous
inside. Stamens shorter than the sepals; filaments hairy for a short
distance below the middle, the upper portion and the base being
glabrous; connective not produced. Achenes ovoid, compressed, densely
silky and with long feathery tails. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p.5; Grah. Cat. p.1;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 1; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 2; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p.120. C. orientalis, var. Wightiana, Kuntze, Monogr.
Clem. in Verh. Bot. ver. Brandenb. 26 (1885) p. 125.—Flowers: Jan.

A very handsome species confined to the highest Ghats of the Presidency; very
common at Mahableshwar. Drccan: Mahableshwar, Cooke!, Dr. Lush!

2. NARAVELIA, DC.

Stem woody, scandent. Leaves opposite, bifoliolate from the terminal
leaflet being transformed intoatendril. Flowers panicled. Sepals 4-5.
Petals many, linear or clavate, distinct from the stamens. Carpels many ;
ovule pendulous. Achenes with a short, thick, hollow stalk and long,
bearded styles.— Disrriz. S. Asia and the Indian Archipelago ; species 3.

Differs from Clematis by the presence of petals and tendrils.

B2

4 I. RANUNCULACEA.

1. Naravelia zeylanica, DC. Syst. vy. 1 (1818) p. 167. A climbing
shrub. Leaves 2-foliolate, the third or terminal leaflet having been
transformed into a long slender tendril which terminates in three
pointed, hooked branches; leaflets broadly ovate, acuminate, often
unequal at the base, entire or rarely coar sely boothes, pubescent beneath ;
petioles 14-23 in. long. Flowers small, 3-2 in. in diam. Sepals 4-5,
ovate-oblong, densely pubescent externally, caducous. Petals 6-12,
linear-spathulate, usually a little longer than the sepals, Filaments
ligulate, glabrous ; connective produced. Achenes shortly stalked, hairy,
with phe feathery tails. FI. B. I. Me 1, p. 7; Grah. Cat. p. , Dalz. &
Gibs. p.1; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v.1, p. 2; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 2; Woodr.
in Journ. Bambi Nat. v. 11 (1897) Pp. 120; Watt, Dict. Econ. Brod Vos
p. 317. Flowers : Oct.—Dec.

Kanara: Law!; moist forests, Talbot ; Divimana, on the Kumpta and Sirsi Road
(N. Kanara), Woodrow! 8. M. Country: Dharwar districts, Law! Datzelt § Gibson
(Bo. Fl. 1. c.) give as the habitat of this plant ‘Southern Ghats only.” The specimens

I have seen were obtained from Kanara and the Dharwar districts.—Distriz. Ceylon,
Java.

3. THALICTRUM, Linn.

Erect herbs with a perennial root. Leaves compound; petioles
sheathing, often auricled or stipulate. Flowers usually small, panicled
or racemed, often polygamous. Sepals 4—5, petaloid, imbricate in bud.
Petals 0, Stamens many. Carpels usually many; ovule 1, pendulous.
Fruit a small head of sessile or stalked achenes ; style persistent or
deciduous, ecaudate.—Disrriz. Temperate regions of the N. hemisphere ;
a few in tropical India and the Cape; species 50.

1. Thalictrum Dalzellii, Hook. Jc. Pl. v. 9 (1852) t. 868. A rigid
plant, about 1 ft. high; stem and branches slender, grooved, light-
colored, glabrous. Leaves 3-foliolate (except the uppermost which are
usually 1-foliolate); leaflets 1-2 in. in diam., glabrous, pale beneath,
suborbicular or reniform, with a deep acute sinus (uppermost subsessile),
margins crenately and irregularly lobed and toothed; nerves and veins
prominent on both surfaces; petioles of lower leaves 14-2 in. long,
deeply grooved, glabrous ; petiolules 4-1 in. long stipules 3 2 in. long,
oblong, ‘membranous, str ongly nerved. Flowers 4 in. in diam., in small
leafy panicles crowded at the ends of the branches. Sepals 4, nerved,
oblong, obtuse, as long as the stamens. Filaments filiform; anthers
muticous, Achenes less than # in. long, many in each head, shortly
stalked, narrow-oblong, deeply furrowed, glabrous, with a hooked tip.
Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 13; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 2; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 120.—Flowers: Aug.

A rare plant found in a few mountainous districts. Konkan: Ghats, Stocks},

Dalzell!; Ghats near Vingorla, Dalze/l. Deccan: Purandhar, Cooke!, Woodrow !;
Harishchandar, Dalzell & Gibson.

4. RANUNCULUS, Linn.

Annual or perennial, often acrid herbs. Leaves entire or divided.
Flowers white, yellow or red, terminal, solitary or panicled, rarely
axillary and sessile. Sepals 3-5, caducous. Petals as many or more
numerous, with a basal, nectariferous pit or scale. Stamens usually

I, RANUNCULACE®. 5

numerous, shorter than the sepals or petals. Carpels many; ovule 1,
ascending; style short. Achenes capitate or spicate, apiculate or beaked.
—Disrris. All temperate regions; species about 160.

1. Ranunculus sceleratus, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 551. Annual,
erect, 1-2 ft. high; stems and branches hollow, deeply furrowed, gla-
brous. Radical leaves 2-14 in. in diam., reniform, 3-partite almost to
the base; segments obovate, cuneate, again variously lobed or notched.
Upper cauline leaves 3-partite, the segments narrow-oblong, entire or
toothed, glabrous. Petioles sheathing, those of the radical leaves variable
in length, from 1-6 in. long, those of the cauline leaves becoming shorter
upwards, glabrous. Flowers 3-2 in. in diam. Sepals oblong, about
equalling the petals, pubescent, caducous. Petals 4-5, elliptic-oblong,
white. Anthers yellow. Head of achenes cylindric, j-3 in. long;
achenes small, numerous, apiculate. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 19; K. Prantl, in
Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 2, p. 64, fig. 48, c, D; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 120; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6,
part 1, p. 392.—Flowers: Feb.—Mar.

Sryp: Banks of the Indus, common, Stocks !; Sukkur, banks of the Indus, Woodrow!
—Disrris. Europe, N. Asia, China, N. Africa, temperate America.

5. DELPHINIUM, Linn.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed or
divided. Flowers large, racemed or panicled, blue, purple, rosy or white,
very rarely yellow. Sepals 5, subconnate at base, the upper produced
into aspur. Petals 2 or 4, small, the two upper produced into a spur-
like appendage within the spur of the calyx, the two lateral spurless
or wanting. Filaments sometimes dilated at the base. Follicles 1-7,
sessile, free, many-ovuled. Seeds numerous, subfleshy.—D1stris. Tem-
perate zone of the N. hemisphere; species about 40.

1. Delphinium dasycaulon, es. Mus. Senchkenb. v. 2 (1837)
p. 272. Herbaceous, erect, 13-3 tt. high; stem hollow, terete, hairy.
Radical leaves large, reaching 6 in. across, reniform, 5-7-lobed ; lobes
trapezoidal, again variously divided, usually mucronate. Cauline leaves
more deeply divided into narrower segments, with a few hairs on the
upper surface and on the nerves beneath. Petioles sheathing, those of
the radical leaves very long, reaching 1 ft. in length, more or less hairy,
those of the cauline leaves shorter. Flowers bright blue, in Jax racemes ;
bracts subulate, 1 at the base, and 2 alternate ones about the middle of
each pedicel; pedicels about equalling the flowers. Sepals 7 in. long,
pubescent outside, marked with a white, hairy spot near the top; spur
conical, about 2 in. long, slightly recurved, hairy outside. Petals: the
upper cartilaginous, the lower 2-lobed, hairy. Filaments much dilated
at the base. Follicles 3, straight. Fl. B. Lv. 1, p. 25; Dalz. & Gibs.
p. 2; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 120.—Flowers :
Aug.—Sept.

A rare plant. Deccan: Junnar, Stocks!, Woodrow!, Dalzell § Gibson; Kadkala
20 miles W. of Poona, Cooke !—Disrris. Abyssinia.

6 Ii. DILLENIACE.

Orver Il. DILLENIACEA.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, with sheathing petioles, exstipu-
late, or rarely with lateral, deciduous stipules. Flowers yellow or white.
Sepals 5, imbricate, persistent. Petals 5 or fewer, deciduous. Stamens
numerous, hypogynous, many-seriate ; anthers innate, dehiscing by lateral
slits or terminal pores. Carpels 1 or more, free or cohering in the
axis; ovules amphitropous, solitary or few and ascending, or many and
attached to the ventral suture; styles distinct. Fruit follicular, or
indehiscent and sub-baccate. Seeds 1, or many, arillate (except Dillenia) ;
testa crustaceous; raphe short; albumen fleshy; embryo minute, next
the hilum.—Disrris. Tropics of both hemispheres and Australia ;
genera 16; species about 200.

1. DILLENIA, Linn.

Trees. Leaves large, with parallel nerves. Flowers handsome, lateral,
solitary or fascicled. Sepals 5, spreading. Petals 5, usually large,
Stamens nearly free; anthers linear, the inner erect or recurved, introrse,
the outer recurved, extrorse. Carpels 5-20, cohering in the axis, many-
ovuled, indehiscent, when ripe united into a globose fruit enveloped in
the sepals. Seeds not, or sometimes, immersed in pulp, exarillate.—
Disrris. Tropical Asia, Australia; species 15.

Flowers large, often 6 in. in diam. ........,.csseessecesseerecens 1. D. indica.
Flowers small, scarcely 1 in. im diam. .......ssseceeceeereeees 2. D. pentagyna.

1. Dillenia indica, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 535. A middle-sized
tree; trunk straight but not high; branches spreading, forming a round,
shady head. Leaves fascicled at the ends of the branches, oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, 8-12 by about 4 in., sharply serrate, the nerves
close, running into the serratures, not forking at the margins, upper
surface and the nerves beneath more or less pubescent ; petioles 1-2 in.
long, channelled, sheathing. Flowers often exceeding 6 in. in diam.,
white, fragrant, appearing with the leaves, usually solitary towards the
end of each branchlet; pedicels about 3 in. long, clavate, round, smooth.
Sepals orbicular, concave, thick and fleshy. Petals oblong. Stamens
many, the inner larger, and arching over the shorter outer ones. Fruit
large, 3-4 in. in diam., hard outside, fleshy within. Seeds many, im-
bedded in glutinous pulp, compressed, with hairy margins. Fl. B. I.
v. 1, p. 36; E. Gilg. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 6, p. 124,
fig. 65; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 2; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1897) p.120; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p.113. D. speciosa, Thunb.
in Trans. Linn. Soc. v. 1 (1791) p. 200; Grah. Cat. p. 2; Dalz. & Gibs.
p. 2.—Flowers: June. Vurn. Mota-karmal.

Konkan: Banda, Alibag, Dalzell §& Gibson; 8. Konkan, Graham; Sawantwari,
Talbot, Woodrow. 8, M. Country: Belgaum, Talbot.

The thick sepals have an agreeable acid flavor and are eaten by the natives. When
added to syrup they are used as a cough mixture (Dalzell & Gibson).

2. Dillenia pentagyna, Jov). Cor. Pl. y. 1 (1795) p. 21, t. 20. A
middle-sized tree with erect trunk; branches straggling, numerous,
ascending, with drooping ends. Leaves at the extremities of the
branches, very large, reaching 2 ft. and upwards in length, by 1 ft. in

II, DILLENIACE®. fi

breadth (the leaves of young trees larger than those of older, often
attaining a length of 4 ft. or more), smooth and shining when old, downy
when young, the nerves of very young leaves densely clothed with white
hairs, nerves many, often forking towards the margins, margins with
sharp villous teeth at the extremities of the main nerves and of each of
the furcations ; petioles about 2 in. long, channelled, sheathing. Flowers
scarcely 1 in. in diam., fragrant, appearing: before the leaves, in fascicles
from tuberosities on the naked, woody, 2- or 3-years’ old branchlets ;
pedicels 13 in. long, erect, terete, glabrous. Sepals ovate, obtuse, 4 in.
long. Petals oblong-lanceolate, yellow. Filaments numerous, the
outer erect, the inner spreading, twice as long as the outer. Ovaries 5;
styles short; stigmas spreading. Fruit edible, pendulous, size of a small
nutmeg, the fleshy sepals entirely enclosing 5 small, soft capsules. Seeds
reniform, 1 (rarely 2) ripening in each capsule. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 38;
Grah. Cat. p. 2; Dalz. & Gibs. p.2; Bedd. Flor. Sylv. t.104; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. p. 2; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 120;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 3, p. 114.—Flowers: Mar.-Apr. Vury.
Karmal.

Common along the Western face of the Ghats. Konkan: Matheran, Cooke! ;
Sakarpathar, Woodrow. Gusarat: Dang jungles, Woodrow. 8, M. Country: banks
of Gatparba river, Graham; 8. M. Country and Ghats up to Lat. 19°, Dalzell &
Gibson. Kanara: Ghats and Kalanaddi, Ritchie!

The large leaves are used to form a substratum for roof thatch and sold in bundles
for the purpose.

Orver III, MAGNOLIACEZ.

Trees or shrubs, often aromatic. Leaves alternate, undivided, entire
or toothed, stipulate or not. Flowers axillary and terminal, usually
showy. Sepals and petals hypogynous, very deciduous, imbricate,
arranged in whorls of 3. Stamens indefinite, hypogynous; anther-cells
adnate, bursting longitudinally. Carpels many, free or partly cohering,
in one or more whorls on an elongate axis; ovules 2 or more; styles
usually short. Seeds few, sometimes pendulous from a long funicle ;
testa single and crustaceous, or double and the outer fleshy; albumen
granular, or fleshy and oily; embryo minute; cotyledons spreading.—
Distris. Tropical Eastern Asia, N. America; genera 9; species 70.

1. MICHELIA, Linn.

Trees. Leaf-buds enveloped in convolute deciduous stipules which
are connate in pairs. Sepals and petals similar, concolorous, 9 or
more, 3- or more-seriate, imbricate. Stamens numerous, many-seriate ;
anthers linear, adnate, introrse. Gynophore stipitate. Carpels many,
persistent, 2-valved, arranged in a lax or elongate spike, dehiscing dor-
sally; ovules 2, or more. Seeds pendulous by a long funicle.-—Disrrrs.
Temperate and subtropical mountains of India, also in Sumatra, Java
and China; species about 12.

_1. Michelia Champaca, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 536. A tall,
handsome, evergreen tree with a straight trunk; branches ascending,
spreading, forming a close head. Leaves 7-10 by 2-34 in., lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, entire, glabrous above (except when young), glabrous

8 III, MAGNOLIACE.

or more or less pubescent beneath; petioles 3-1 in. long. Flowers about
2-23 in. in diam., very fragrant, axillary, solitary, each enclosed in bud
by a greyish-yellow pubescent, spathaceous, coriaceous, deciduous bract.
Sepals and petals 15 or more, deep yellow or orange; the outer oblong,
acute; the inner linear; pedicels 7 in. long, stout, wrinkled, marked
with an annular scar round the middle. Capsules 3 in., dark brown,
opening on the back by two valves; valves woody, orbicular, covered with
white warty excrescences. Seeds 1-12, brown, polished, variously angled,
rounded on the back. Fl. B. I. v.1, p. 42; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 2;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 120; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 5, p. 241. M. Rheedii, Wight, Ill. v.1, p.14; Grah. Cat. p. 2.—
Flowers: Apr.-Sept. Vuirn. Sonchdpha; Pivala-Chdpha.

Not wild in the Bombay Presidency. The tree is commonly planted near temples ;

the fragrant flowers are used in religious ceremonies and also by women for
ornamenting their hair.—Duisrris, Java.

Orprr 1V. ANONACE.

Trees or shrubs, often climbing, frequently aromatic. Leaves alter-
nate, quite entire, exstipulate. Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual.
Sepals 3 (rarely 2), distinct or united into a 3-lobed or 3-dentate calyx,
usually valvate. Petals usually thick and fleshy, generally 6, biseriate,
hypogynous, valvate or slightly imbricate, the inner sometimes absent.
Stamens usually many, in many series, on a thick torus; filaments short
or 0; anthers adnate, 2-celled, cells extrorse or sublateral, dehiscing by
a longitudinal slit; connective usually produced into an oblong, dilated
or truncate head. Ovaries 1 or more, apocarpous, very rarely (Anona)
syncarpous, with distinct or agglutinated stigmas; ovules 1 or more;
styles short or almost 0. Fruit of one or more sessile or stalked, 1-
or many-seeded, usually indehiscent carpels. Seeds arillate or naked ;
albumen copious, ruminate ; embryo minute; cotyledons divaricating.—

Disrris. Chiefly in the tropics of the Old World; genera 40 ;
species 400.

Anther-cells concealed by the overlapping connective.
Petals 2-seriate, one or both series imbricate in bud
Petals valvate.

Petals subequal.
Petals conniving at the concave base ............ 2. Arraporrys.
Petals flat, spreading from the base.
Ovules 2 or more, l|-seriate on the ventral

ta 1. Uvarta.

BUULILO Ns cccsnestsauaasihsassepeashenvicrssaves 3. Unona.
Ovules 1-2, basa] or sub-basal............. 4. PoLyALtTuta.
Inner petals 4 shorter than the outer, clawed ...... 5, GonrlorTuALAMUS.
Inner petals minute; orOjs.saitsccsiesersconeseresere sent 6, ANONA.

Anther-cells not concealed by the overlapping connective.
Petals valvate, the inner longest.
Ovules 1-2; inner petals not saccate .........sssse000 7. Mintusa,

Ovules 6 or more; inner petals saccate at the base, 8. SACCoPRTALUM.
Petals valvate, the inner shortest .........sccssccsscesserres 9, OropHEA,
Petals imbricate, subequal

1. UVARIA, Linn.

Seandent or sarmentose shrubs, stellately pubescent or tomentose.
Inflorescence terminal or leaf-opposed, rarely axillary; flowers herma-

IV. ANONACE#. 9

phrodite. Sepals 3, often connate at the base, broad, valvate. Petals 6,
orbicular, ovate or oblong, imbricate in 2 series, sometimes connate at
the base. Stamens indefinite; connective produced beyond the cells,
subfoliaceous or truncate. ‘Torus depressed, pubescent or tomentose.
Ovaries indefinite, linear-oblong ; ovules many, 2-seriate; style short,
thick. Ripe carpels numerous, dry or berried, few- or many-seeded.—
Disrris. Tropical Asia and Africa with a few Australian species ; species
about 110.

Capsules blunt at each end ; peduncles slender ; seeds in a single

EWE free eRiict bo eneuaa actives eee tera ace tavaunilee ss cdcnaciosassecacbarts 1. U. Narum.
Capsules tapering to each end ; peduncles thick ; seeds in a double
TOW cacoasecdeatectabosecocncb Seite adaaboricdedoQunoNe adanboronugecasdouanaradsiac 2. U. Hookeri.

1. Uvaria Narum, Blume, Fl. Java, Anon. (1828) p.5. A large
climber. Leaves 2-6 by 1-14 in., oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
glabrous on both surfaces, reticulately veined ; petioles short, less than
+ in. long. Flowers reddish, 1 in. in diam., solitary, terminal ; pedicels
1-14 in. long. Sepals orbicular-ovate, connate at the base, reflexed,
minutely stellately tomentose. Petals usually 6, sometimes 7-8, ovate
or oblong, connate at the base. Connective of anthers produced at the
apex, broad, truncate. Carpels 2—#? in. long, and about 3 in. in diam.,
numerous, scarlet, glabrous, slightly torulose, on slender stalks 3—? in.
long. Seeds chestnut-brown, suborbicular, in a single row, usually 4-5,
those at the ends of the carpels plano-convex, the intermediate ones
compressed, nearly flat. Fl. B.I.v.1, p.50; Grah. Cat. p.3; Dalz.
& Gibs. p.3; Trim. FI. Ceyl. p. 19; King, in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.
Calcutta, v. 4, part 1 (1893) p. 27, and part 2, t.21; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
p- 3; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 120; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. vy. 6, part 4, p. 217. Uvaria lurida, Dalz. & Gibs. p. 3
(not of Fl. B. I.).—Flowers: Nov.

Konkan : Dalzell!, Law!, Stocks! 8. M.Country: Pirwa Ghat, Woodrow. Kanara:
Talbot.

2. Uvaria Hookeri, King, in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta, v. 4,
part 1 (1893) p. 28. A climbing shrub ; all parts except the inflorescence
glabrous. Leaves as in U. Narum, but larger (6-9 in. long). Flowers
as in U. Narum, but larger (1-13 in. in diam.). Carpels ovoid, tapering
to the end, their peduncles thick, 13-2 in. long. Seeds in two rows.
Otherwise asin U. Narum. U. Narum, Wall. Cat. 6473 (in part); Wight,
Ill. vy. 1, p.19, t. 6; Hook. f. & Thoms. Fl. Ind. p. 102 (in part);
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 3. Var. 2, macrophylla, Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 50.

In the Fl. Ind. of Hook. f. & Thoms. p. 102, the authors remarked
that it was not improbable that more than one species had been con-
founded under U. Naruwm. Sir George King has separated U. Narum
into 2 species, founding the new species U. Hookeri, which differs from
his U. Narum in having biseriate seeds, carpels tapering at one end,
larger leaves and flowers, and longer and thicker stalks to the carpels.

Forests of the Western Ghats, King, l.c,

2. ARTABOTRYS, R. Br.

Shrubs, usually sarmentose or scandent. Flowers solitary or fascicled,
often fragrant, usually on woody, hooked, recurved branches ( peduncles).

10 IV. ANONACEA,

Sepals 3, valvate, cohering at the base. Petals 6, biseriate, valvate,
concave at the base, constricted around the organs, again spreading.
Stamens indefinite, oblong or cuneate; connective truncate or pro-
duced; anther-cells dorsal. Torus flat or convex. Ovaries many or
few; ovules 2, erect, collateral; style oblong or columnar. Ripe carpels
berried.—Distris. Tropical Africa, China, Malaya; species about 30.

1. Artabotrys odoratissimus, 2. Br. in Bot. Reg. (1820) t. 423.
A shrub, often scandent. Leaves up to 7 by 14-2 in., oblong-lanceolate,
shortly acuminate, glabrous, shining, acute at the base ; petioles 7-2 in.
long. Flowers yellow, solitary or in pairs, 13-14 in. long; pedicels
2 in. long. Sepals } in. long, connate below, ovate, acute, tips reflexed.
Petals lanceolate above the saccate base, clothed with appressed silky
hairs. Ripe carpels 6-10, obovoid, glabrous, ?-13 in. long, by 3 in. in
diam., yellow. - Seeds oblong, a little flattened, deeply grooved on one
side, more than 2 in. long. Fl. B. I. v.1, p. 54; Grah. Cat. p. 4;
Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 2 (odoratissima) ; King, in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.
Caleutta, v. 4, part 1 (1893) p. 44, and part 2, t.55; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. °
1, p. 21; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 3; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1897) p. 120; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 322. Vurn, Hzrva-
chaépha; Kdla-chdpha.

Not indigenous to the Bombay Presidency, but cultivated largely for its fragrant
flowers. Sir G. King (l.c.) says that it is wild in the southern parts of India and
Oeylon.—Disrris, Java, 8. China.

2. Artabotrys zeylanicus, Hook. f. 6 Thoms. Fl. Ind. y. 1 (i855)
p- 128. Astrong climber. Leaves 4-6 by 13-23 in., oblong-lanceolate,
oblanceolate or elliptic, acute or shortly acuminate, entire, glabrous on
both surfaces; petioles 4 in. long. Flowers solitary or fascicled ;
peduncles leaf-opposed, thickened, hooked, flattened, with 1 or more
pedicels 4 in. long starting from the bend of the hook and 1 more from
its extremity ; bracts at base of pedicel small, acute, rusty-pubescent.
Sepals 3, about j in. long, broadly ovate, acute, cohering below, rusty-
tomentose outside. Petals 1-13 by }in., densely tomentose on both
surfaces, oblong-lanceolate. Anthers sessile. Fruit of 7-10 carpels,
ovoid, mucronate, sessile, somewhat rugose, 4-1 in. long, by 3-? in. in
diam. Seeds # in. long, oblong-ovoid, brown. Fil. B. I. v. 1, p. 54;
King, in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta, v. 4, part 1 (1893) p. 43, and
part 2, t. 53; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 22; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
y. 11 (1897) p. 120.—Flowers: Nov.—Feb.

Rare, except in Kanara. Kanara: Sfocks!, Dalzell!; evergreen forests of N.

Kanara, towards the south; abundant in the forests near the Gairsoppa Falls, Talbot ;
Divimana (N. Kanara), Woodrow !—Distrie. Ceylon.

3. UNONA, Linn.

Trees or scandent shrubs. Flowers usually solitary, axillary or extra-
axillary, rather large. Sepals 3, valvate. Petals 6, valvate in westi-
vation, 2-seriate, the 3 inner rarely absent. Stamens many, cuneate,
the apex of the produced connective subglobose or truncate. ‘Torus flat
or slightly concave. Ovaries many ; ovules 2 or more, 1-seriate (rarely
sub-2-seriate) ; style ovoid or oblong, recurved, grooved. Ripe carpels
usually stalked, elongate and constricted between the seeds or baccate.

IV. ANONACES. ill

Seeds few or many.—Disrris. Tropical Asia and Africa; species
about 50.

Flowers axillary or terminal .......... senteupaater esate sadecesvendeer ees 1. U. pannosa.
Flowers extra-axillary.
Pee AMO LOM, see ei nck acon csinsshece edesasies sSaulad obacsinijecscanice 2. U. discolor.
(Retalalessiihanban nOKORGs tse. tedsesnseseasesssseenctassscenne= 3. U. Lawit.

1. Unona pannosa, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. v. 3 (1851)
p. 207. Atree; young parts puberulous. Leaves lanceolate, rarely
elliptic, acuminate, 24-43 by 1-1? in., glabrous above, more or less
pubescent beneath, sometimes pellucido-punctate, base acute or rounded;
petioles short, less than $ in. long. Flowers axillary or terminal,
solitary, straw-colored; pedicels 4-? in. long. Sepals j-3 in. long,
ovate, acute, pubescent. Petals in 2 series; outer 1-13 in. long, oblong,
acute or subobtuse, covered on both surfaces with fuscous, velvety
tomentum, clawed, the claw rugose outside, glabrous within; inner
petals narrower and shorter than the outer. Ovaries 10-12, strigose ;
ovules 2-6. Carpels 5-7, ovoid or obovoid, ?# in. long, rounded or
pointed, pubescent or tomentose, rarely slightly torulose. Fl. B. I. v.
1, p. 58; King, in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta, v. 4, part 1 (1893)
p- 55, and part 2, t. 72; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 4; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 211. Unona furinosa, Dalz. & Gibs. p.38; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 120. Flowers: Mar.—Oct.

Konan: Hathkambe near Ratnagiri, Woodrow, 8S. M. Counrry: Parwa Ghat,
Daizell § Gibson.

2. Unona discolor, Vahl, Symb.v. 2 (1791) p. 63, t. 36. A shrub,
sometimes climbing. Leaves 3-7 by 1-2 in., oblong-lanceolate, acute
or acuminate, glabrous and shining above, glaucous, smooth or scarcely
pubescent beneath, base rounded; petioles } in. long. Flowers 2-23 in.
long, extra-axillary, solitary, fragrant; pedicels 1—2 in. long, slender,
pubescent, thickening in fruit, with a minute, linear bract below the
middle. Sepals. 2-2 in. long, lanceolate, spreading, subglabrous.
Ovaries oblong, hairy; stigma laterally grooved. Ripe carpels nume-
rous, 2-12 in. long, on stalks j in. long, constricted between the seeds ;
joints 2-5, marked with a ring of pubescence at the constrictions. Fl.
B. I. v. 1, p. 59; Grah. Cat. p. 3; Dalz. & Gibs. p.3; King, in Ann.
Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta, v. 4, part 1 (1893) p. 56, and part 2, t. 74;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 4; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p- 120. Unona Dunalii, Hook. f. & Thoms. Fl. Ind. p. 131; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 3.—Flowers: Aug.

Konkan: Sivapur in the Wari country, Dalzell § Gibson, Woodrow. Kanara: in
evergreen forests, Zal/bot.—Disrris. Malaya.

3. Unona Lawii, Hook. f. g Thoms. Fl. Ind. (1855) p. 132. A
climbing shrub with slender leafy branches; young parts silky-pubescent.
Leaves 2-4 by 1-14 in., oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, gla-
brous above, glaucous and more or less pubescent beneath, base rounded ;
petioles scarcely exceeding 3 in. long. Flowers extra-axillary, solitary ;
pedicels slender, ?-1} in. long, inserted opposite to and a little below
the insertion of the leaf, with a minute, ovate, acute bract below the
middle. Sepals 4-3 in. long, ovate-lanceolate, acute, tomentose without.

Petals: the exterior up to 23 in. long, rarely reaching 7 in. in breadth

bz, IV. ANONACES.

(usually about 3 in.); the interior shorter, narrow-linear, silky-pubes-
cent on both surfaces, with a slightly enlarged, villous claw which is
tubercular within. Ovaries 2-3-ovuled. Carpels many, on a stalk
about in. long, mucronate; joints 1-3, oblong-ovoid. FI. B. I. v. 1,
p- 99; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 3; King, in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta,
v. 4, part 1 (1893) p. 57, and part 2, t. 77,4; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
p- 4; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 120.—Flowers:
Apr.—Aug.
Konkan: Stocks!, Law!, Dalzell!; Wari, Ritchie! Kanara: N. Kanara, Talbot.

4, POLYALTHIA, Blume.

Trees or shrubs. Flowers solitary or fascicled, axillary or leaf-
opposed. Sepals 3, valvate or slightly imbricate. Petals 6, valvate,
2-seriate, flat, subequal, ovate or narrow. Stamens many, cuneate ;
connective truncately dilated beyond the cells. Ovaries indefinite;
ovules 1—2, basal and erect or sub-basal and ascending; style usually
oblong. Ripe carpels berried, globose or oblong, stalked, 1-seeded.—
Disrris. Tropical Asia, Africa and Australia ; species about 50.

Flowers in fascicles or cymes, axillary or from branches below
the leaves ; petals linear.
Leaves narrow-lanceolate, the margins undulate; flowers

MIOLATADLAN Lb mses sacs ct pene sects ecamaeee cere cen cneeue a. te ce oaeeasaes 1. P. longifolia,
Leaves elliptic, the margins not undulate ; flowers fragrant. 2. P. fragrans.
Flowers solitary or 1-3 together, axillary ; petals ovate ......... 3. P. cerasoides.

1. Polyalthia longifolia, Benth. §: Hook. f. ew Fl. B. I. v. 1 (1875)
p. 62. <A tall handsome tree; young branches slender, glabrous.
Leaves membranous, 3-9 by #-12 in., narrowly lanceolate, tapering to
a fine point, shining, both surfaces glabrous, margins undulate ; petioles
about 7 in. long. Flowers 1-1} in. across, yellowish-green, in fascicles
or shortly peduncled umbels; pedicels slender, 1-13 in. long, with a
small, pubescent, deciduous bract about or above the middie. Sepals
2 in. long, triangular, pubescent, the tips reflexed. Petals subequal,
linear, spreading, tapering toa point. Ripe carpels ? in. long, numerous,
stalked, ovoid, obtuse at both ends, glabrous; stalk 3 in. long, stout,
glabrous. Seeds smooth, shining. Fl. B. L v. 1, p. 62; King,in Ann.
Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta, v. 4, part 1 (1823) p. 72, and part 2, t. 99;
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 24; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p. 120; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 313. Guatteria
longifolia, Wall. Cat. 6442; Grah. Cat. p. 4; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 2.
Flowers: Apr.June. Vurn. Asok; Rdt; Asupdla (Gujarati).

Not indigenous. Planted as an avenue tree in many stations in the Presidency,
May be seen at the Sangam, Poona.—Disrais. Ceylon.

2. Polyalthia fragrans, Benth. §° Hook. f. ew Fl. B. I. vy. 1 (1875)
p. 63. A tree; young parts fuscous-tomentose. Leaves 5-8 by 13-34
in., membranous, elliptic, acute, obtuse or acuminate, upper surface
glabrous, shining, lower subglabrous; nerves many pairs, prominent
on the underside; petioles 3-3 in. long. Flowers in short-peduncled,
tomentose cymes from tubercles on the branches ; pedicels very short
in bud, lengthening in flower, up to 1 in. long, with a suborbicular
bract about the middle; peduncles and pedicels becoming thickened and

IV. ANONACE®. 13

woody in fruit. Sepals small, orbicular. Petals subequal, narrow-
linear, 1-14 in. long, by 4 in. broad, puberulous. Carpels numerous
(10-20), oblique, 1-13 in. long, ovoid, blunt; pericarp very brittle.
Seeds orbicular-ovoid ; endosperm transyersely fibrous. Fl. B. I. v. 1,
p. 63; King, in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta, v. 4, part 1 (1893)
p. 72, and part 2, t. 100, A ; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 4; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 120. Guatteria fragrans, Dalz. in Hook.
Kew Journ. Bot. v. 3 (1851) p. 206; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 4.

Konkan: Law!, Stocks!; Sivapur (Wari Country), Woodrow. Kanara: Stocks!;
on the Southern Ghats of N. Kanara, common in evergreen forests, Ta/bot,

3. Polyalthia cerasoides, Hook. f. & Benth. ew Fl. B. I. v. 1
(1875) p. 63. A shrub or small tree with light grey bark; young
branches minutely rufous-tomentose, the older glabrous. Leaves mem-
branous, 3-6 by 1-13 in., oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, glabrous
above, pubescent (afterwards glabrous) beneath, base rounded or subacute;
petioles less than 7 inch long, tomentose. Flowers axillary, 1-3
together from short woody tubercles, greenish; pedicels tomentose,
2-1 in. long, becoming woody in fruit with 1 or 2 large, ovate, pubes-
cent bracts below the middle. Sepals 7 in. long, ovate, acute, with
appressed hairs on the outside, glabrous inside, reflexed. Petals fleshy,
incurved, 2 in. long by 3 in. broad, cblong-ovate, obtuse or subacute,
puberulous. Carpels many (usually more than 20), 2 in. long, ovoid,
apiculate, stalked; stalks 7-1 in. long. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 63; Bedd. FI.
Sylv. t. 1; King, in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta, v. 4, part 1 (1893)
p. 65, and part 2, t. 86, B; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 4; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 120; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1,
p. 313. Guatteria cerasoides, W. & A. Prod. p. 10; Grah. Cat. p. 4;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 3.—Flowers: Mar. Vurn. Hum; Vabbina.

Konkan: Thal Ghat, Jowar forests, Graham, Dalzell § Gibson, Woodrow.

5. GONIOTHALAMUS, Blume.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves shining above with oblique, parallel,
distant, not prominent nerves, forming intra-marginal loops. Flowers
solitary or fascicled, axillary or extra-axillary. Sepals 3, usually large,
valvate. Petals 6, valvate, in 2 series, thickly coriaceous, the outer flat,
ovate or elongate, the inner united into a conical cap over the stamens
and ovary, narrowed at the base into a short claw. Stamens many ;
the produced connective ovate or capitate. Ovaries many; ovules 2,
superposed ; style oblong or elongate. Ripe carpels 1-seeded.—Disvrriz.
Tropical Asia and the Indian Archipelago ; species about 40.

1. Goniothalamus Cardiopetalus, Hook. f. § Thoms. Fl. Ind.
(1855) p. 107. A shrub or small tree. Leaves membranous, 5-8 by
2-23 in., oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, suddenly and shortly acu-
minate ; both surfaces glabrous, margins minutely waved, base cuneate ;
petioles 3 in. long. Flowers usually supra-axillary, solitary, or 2-3 in
a vertical line above the petiole, sericeo-villous when young, afterwards
glabrescent ; pedicels 7-4 in. long, 2-3-bracteate at base ; bracts minute.
Sepals small, 7 in. long, orbicular, with appressed, fulvous hairs on the
outside. Petals velvety; the outer 3-2 in. long, concave, cucullate,
oblong-ovate, acute; the inner 3 shorter and united into a mitreform

14 IV. ANONACER.

column. Style elongate: stigma 2-lobed; ovule solitary. Ripe carpels
2 in. long, oblong, apiculate, sessile. FI. B. I. y.1, p.75; King, in Ann.
Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta, v. 4, part 1 (1893) p. 93, and part 3, t. 129;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 5; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p- 120; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 533.—Flowers: Mar.

Kanara: N. Kanara, Gibson!, Stocks!; Divimana Ghat, Cooke!; Nilkund (N,
Kanara), Ta/bot!; N. Kanara, in evergreen forests; common on the Ankola Ghat,
Talbot; N, Kanara, Woodrow.

6. AINONA, Linn.

Trees or shrubs. Peduncles 1-flowered ; flowers terminal or leaf-
opposed. Sepals 38, small, valvate. Petals usually 6, valvate, in
2 series, the exterior fleshy, concave at base, the inner subsimilar or
smaller, rarely wanting. Stamens many, the produced connective ovoid
at top. Ovaries many, often connate; ovule 1, erect; style oblong.
Ripe carpels confluent in a multilocular, ovoid or globose, many-seeded
fruit—Disrris. Chiefly tropical American; a few species inhabiting
tropical Africa and Asia; species about 400.

Brat tubencled hy. ccccecous:vuceles cosas sacaas oevv ns atees to ateee > coomtoas te 1. A. squamesa,
Fruit smaoth, slehtly arcolate.. sia sues ccecattussvecedtantincaandesads 2. A. reticulata.

1, Anona squamosa, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 537. A tree about
20 ft. high. Leaves 14-3 by 3-14 in., oblong-lanceolate or elliptic,
obtuse or subacute, pellucido-punctate, glabrous above, glaucous and
pubescent beneath when young; lateral nerves 8-11 pairs ; petioles 3 in.
long. Flowers solitary, leaf-opposed, or 2-4, on short, extra-axillary
branchlets ; pedicels 4-2 in. long, bracteate below the middle. Sepals
minute, triangular, pubescent. Petals pubescent on both surfaces; the
exterior about 1 by j in.; the interior minute or sometimes wanting.
Fruit globose, 2-4 in. in diam., usually with a glaucous bloom on the
surface when young, yellowish-green when ripe, easily broken into
large pieces ; areoles well-marked, granulate or tuberculate, 5-6-gonous;
pulp denser than in Anona reticulata and sweeter. Seeds brownish-
black, smooth. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 78; Grah. Cat. p. 3; Blume, Fl. Java,
Anon. p. 107, t. 53, B; Mart. in Fl. Bras. v.18 (1841) p. 14, t. 5, fig.1;
Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 2; K. Prantl, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3,
part 2, p. 37, fig. 31, B, c; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 5; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 120; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 259.
—Flowers: May-July. Vurn. Sitaphal.

The Custard Apple of Anglo-Indians; the Sweet Sop of the W. Indies. Cultivated
and becoming naturalized throughout India, where the fruit is highly valued. The
bruised leaves are used for destroying worms bred in sores (Dalz. § Gibs. 1. ¢.).

2. Anona reticulata, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 5387. A small tree;
young branches tomentose, the older glabrous. Leaves membranous,
4-7 by 1-1 in., oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, cuneate or rounded
at the base, minutely pellucido-punctate, the upper surface glabrous,
the lower with a few scattered hairs; nerves 15-18 pairs; petioles
1-3 in. long. Flowers 2-4, on lateral pedicels ; pedicels about } in.
long, elongating and becoming thick and woody in fruit. Sepals small,
;'; in. long, broadly ovate, acute, tomentose. Petals: the exterior 1} in,
long by } in. broad, tomentose on both surfaces; the interior minute,

IV. ANONACEA. 15

shorter than the sepals. Fruit 4-6 in. in diam., subglobose or some-
what heart-shaped, roughish outside, yellow or yellowish-red when ripe ;
areoles pentagonal, lightly marked. Seeds smooth, blackish. Differs
from Anona squamosa in the larger fruit, the areoles of which are not
so distinctly marked as in that species, in the larger and more pointed
Jeaves, and in the greater number of nerves. FI. B. I. v.1, p. 78;
Grah. Cat. p. 3; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 2; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 5;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 120; Watt, Dict. Eeon.
Prod. y. 1, p. 258.—Flowers: June. VERN. Rdmphal.

The Bullock's heart or Custard Apple of the West Indies. Cultivated, but not so
extensively as the preceding species. The fruit is largely eaten by the natives, more

rarely by Europeans.—Disrris. Tropical America.
Anona muricata, Linn., the Sour Sop of the West Indies, has been occasionally

cultivated in Bombay, but not to any extent.

7. MILIUSA, Leschen.

Middle-sized or low trees. Flowers 1—2-sexual, solitary or fascicled,
axillary or extra-axillary. Sepals 3, minute, valvate. Petals 6, valvate,
in 2 series, the exterior minute, sepaloid, the interior much larger and
thinly coriaceous, often cohering. Stamens many; anthers sub-didy-
mous, cells contiguous, ovoid, extrorse ; connective hardly apiculate.
Ovaries many; ovules 1-2, rarely 3-4; style oblong or very short.
Ripe carpels globose or oblong, 1-many-seeded.—Disrrip. Species 8,
all Indian.

1. Miliusa indica, Leschen. in A. DC. Mém. Fam. Anonacées
(1832) p. 37. A much-branched, variable shrub; young parts fusco-
pubescent. Leaves thinly coriaceous, 14-3 by 2-13 in., oblong-elliptic or
oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, glabrous above, glabrous or pubescent
beneath, base usually rounded, a little oblique, sometimes subcordate ;
petioles short, less than 3in.long, pubescent. Flowers axillary, solitary ;
pedicels slender, 7-3 m. long, bracteate at the base. Sepals small,
ovate, pubescent outside, reflexed. Petals purple; the exterior sepaloid,
broadly ovate, about twice as long as the sepals, pubescent ; the interior
ovate, acuminate, thrice as long as the exterior petals. Stamens
numerous, intermixed with stiff hairs; connective slightly produced,
rounded. Ovaries densely pilose, oblong, 1—2-ovuled. Ripe carpels
numerous, ovoid or obovoid, subsessile, silky-pubescent. FI. B. I. v. 1,
p- 86; K. Prantl, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 2, p. 29,
fig. 23, 4,B; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v.1, p. 34; King, in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.
Caleutta, v. 4, part 1 (1893) p. 157, and part 3, t. 205, A; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. p. 5; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 120.—
Flowers throughout the year.

Common in N. Kanara in the Ghat forests. Kanara: Nilkund (N. Kanara),
Woodrow ; Poteli(N. Kanara), Talbot!

8. SACCOPETALUM, Bennett.

Trees. Leaves deciduous. Flowers axillary, solitary or fascicled.
Sepals 3, small, valvate. Petals 6, valvate, in 2 series, the outer small
sepaloid, the inner much larger, erect or conniving and saccate at the
base. Stamens many; the produced connective conspicuously apiculate,
Ovaries many, 6 or more. Ripe carpels subglobose.

16 IV. ANONACEA.

Reduced to Miliusa by Baillon (Hist. des Plantes, 244), from which it
differs chiefly by its saccate petals.— Disrris. Species 5, of which 2 are
In dian, 1 an inhabitant of Java, 1 of the Philippines, and 1 Australian.

1. Saccopetalum tomentosum, Look. f. §- Thoms. Fl. Ind. (1855)
p- 152. A large tree; young branches tomentose, afterwards glabrous.
Leaves membranous, 4-7 by 23-3 in., ovate-oblong, acute, rounded or
subacute at the base, glabrous or glabrescent above (except the pubescent
midrib), pubescent or tomentose at length glabrous beneath, the midrib
sometimes tubercular; petioles § in. long. Flowers 1 in. in diam.;
peduncles leaf-opposed or subterminal, 0-3 in. long, 1-many-flowered ;
pedicels very slender, 13-23 in. long, bracteate at the base. Sepals
minute. Petals: the exterior small, longer than the sepals, linear,
acute; the interior about 4 in. long, ovate-oblong, obtuse, saccate at
the base, both surfaces pubescent. Stamens numerous, in several rows,
shortly apiculate. Ovaries broadly ovate, hirsute at the base; ovules
4-6, in two rows; stigma sessile. Ripe carpels 5-15, about 1 in. long,
stalked, subglobose, tapering slightly towards the base, succulent, purple
when ripe; stalks 4-lin. long. FI. B. I. v.1, p. 88; Dalz. & Gibs.
p-4; King, in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta, v. 4, part 1 (1893)
p- 159, and part 3, t. 207; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 5; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 121; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 2,
p- 381.—Flowers: Apr.

Western Ghats. Kanara: Kurli, Ritchie!; Talkat Ghat, Dalzell/! S.M.Covunrry:
Padshapur (Belgaum districts), Ritchie!

9. OROPHEA, Blume.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves small. Flowers axillary, solitary, fascicled
or cymose. Sepals 3. Petals 6, valvate, in 2 series; the exterior oval ;
the interior clawed and cohering by their margins into a cap. Stamens
6-12, ovoid, fleshy ; anther-cells dorsal ; connective sometimes prolonged
into aconical, apical point, not truncate. Staminodes 0 or 8-6. Ovaries
3-15; ovules 4; style short or 0. Ripe carpels 1- or more-seeded,
globular or oblong.—Disrris. Tropical Asia and the Indian Archipelago ;
species about 25.

1. Orophea zeylanica, Hook. f. §- Thoms. Fl. Ind. (1855) p. 111.
A much branched shrub or small tree ; young parts fusco-pubescent.
Leaves thinly coriaceous, glabrous, 2-4 by 1-1 in., oblong-elliptic,
shortly and obtusely acuminate, base narrowed or rounded, suboblique ;
petioles ;1, in. long. Flowers green, less than 3 in.in diam.; peduncles
extra-axillary, 3-1 in. long, 1—-3-flowered ; pedicels very slender, variable
in length (frequently about 1 in. long), with a bract at the base of each
pedicel and sometimes another above its middle. Sepals orbicular,
tomentose. Petals: the exterior 7 in. long, similar to the sepals but
larger, broadly-ovate, acute ; the interior 3 in. long, trapezoidal, glabrous,
with pubescent margins, Stamens 6, in a row, their apices pointed,
Ovaries 12-15, glabrous, obovoid, 2-ovuled ; stigma oblong, subsessile,
Carpels 4-4 in. in diam., smooth, glabrous, shortly stalked, 1-2-seeded ;
stalks jy in. long. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 90; King, in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard,
Caleutta, v. 4, part 1 (1893) p. 104, and part 3, t. 146,B; Trim. FI,

IV. ANONACH. nF

Ceyl. v. 1, p. 35; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 6; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 121.—Flowers: Feb.

Kanara: on the Ghats, Stocks!, Dalzell!; N. Kanara, Tallot ; Bodeli, in fruit, in
April, Woodrow.—Distris. Ceylon.

10. BOCAGEA, 8t. Hilaire.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves often pellucido-punctate. Flowers small,
terminal, axillary or fascicled, on woody tubercles, 1-2-sexual. Sepals
ovate or orbicular, scarcely connate at the base. Petals 6, imbricate, in
2 series, subequal, orbicular or concave. Stamens 6-18, thick ; con-
nective produced. Ovaries 3-6, attenuated into a short style; ovules
1 or 2-8 on the ventral suture ; stigma capitate or obtuse. Ripe carpels
stalked, globose.—Disrris. Tropical Asia and 8. America; species 12.

1. Bocagea Dalzelli, Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 1 (1875) p. 92. A
small, handsome, laurel-like tree ; branches slender. Leaves coriaceous,
4-8 by 14-22 in., oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, upper surface
shining, glabrous, lower dull, paler, base narrowed or rounded ; petioles
3-32 in. long, transversely rugose. Flowers small, white, solitary or in
fascicles of 2-10, on small woody tubercles on the branches below the
leaves ; pedicels 2 in. long, with numerous scaly bracts at the base.
Sepals orbicular, connate at the base, glabrous, ciliate. Petals: the
exterior 4 in. long, orbicular, concave; the interior a little shorter,
ciliate. Stamens 12-18, the outer row sometimes imperfect ; connective
broad, projecting above the dorsal anthers. Ovaries 3-5, oblong, hairy ;
style short, lateral, glabrous; stigma small. Ripe carpels 1 in. in
diam., smooth, globose, sessile. Fl. B. I. v.1,p.92; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
p. 6; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1897) p. 121. Guatterca
laurifolia, Grah. Cat. p.4. Sagercea laurina, Dalz. & Gibs. p. 2; King, in
Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta, v. 4, part 1 (1898) p. 7, and part 2,
t. 35, B.—Flowers: Nov. VERN. Sageri; Andi.

The Konkan and Kanara on the hills. Konkan: Stocks!, Dalzell!; ravines at the
western side of the Ghats and hills at Nagotna, Graham; Matheran, Cooke},
Woodrow! Kanara: N. Kanara, in evergreen forests, Talbot.

Orprr V. MENISPERMACEZ.

Seandent or twining shrubs. Leaves alternate, usually palminerved,
entire or lobed, exstipulate. Flowers dicecious, small or minute, fas-
cicled, panicled or racemose, rarely solitary. Sepals usually 6 (rarely
1-4 or 9-12), imbricate in 2-4 series, the outer often minute. Map
FLOWERS: Stamens hypogynous, equal in number and opposite to the
petals; filaments free or connate; anthers various, usually adnate, ex-
trose or lateral. FrmaLm FLOWERS: Staminodes 6 or 0. Ovaries 3
(rarely 1 or 6-12); ovules solitary, usually amphitropous ; styles usually
recurved, simple or lobed. Ripe carpels drupaceous ; style-scar sub-
terminal or, by excentric growth, sub-basal. Seeds usually hooked or
reniform, often curved round an intrusion of the endocarp (condyle,
Miers) ; albumen even, or ruminate, or 0; cotyledons flat or semiterete,
foliaceous or fleshy, appressed or spreading.—-DisrriB. Chiefly in the

tropics of both hemispheres ; genera 32; species about 100.
fo)

18 . VV. MENISPERMACE.

Ovaries 3 or more.
Seed oblong or globose.

Style-scar subterminal ; filaments free ..........eeeeeeeenee 1. Trvospora.

Style-scar sub-basal ; filaments connate..... seopowc 0 -Deneee 2. ANAMIRTA.
Seed horseshoe-shaped.

Petals OH minuteyCUNGALO™! tects. coverseascecedesuwaseceanerses 3. TrmtaAcora.

Petals'6, aurielodintrs..sterscecvbasncerestisaesusdesesandeeeecasec 4. Coccutus.

Ovary solitary.
Sepals free.

Petals of male and female 3-5, free .........c.seeseeseeeess 5, STEPHANTA.
Petals of male 4, connate, of female 1 ......... cee sere e ees 6. CIssAMPELOS,
Sepals connate ......ccccscsesssesccscceccescosens cessecsscssceeceesees 7. CYCLEA,

1. TINOSPORA, Miers.

Climbing shrubs. Leaves cordate or truncate at the base. Flowers
in axillary or terminal elongate racemes or panicles. Sepals 6, in 2
series, the inner Jarger, membranous. Petals 6, smaller than the sepals.
Mate Fiowers: Stamens 6; filaments free, thickened at the apex ;
anther-cells dehiscing longitudinally by an oblique, almost marginal slit.
FEMALE FLOWERS: Staminodes 6, clavate. Ovaries 3; stigmas forked.
Drupes 1-3, ovoid; style-scar subterminal; endocarp rugose, dorsally
keeled, ventrally concave. Seed meniscoid, grooved ventrally or curved
round the intruded sub-2-lobed endocarp; albumen ruminate on the
ventral side only ; embryo slightly curved; cotyledons foliaceous, ovate,
divaricate—Distr1s, Tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia; species
about 8.

Leaves large, 4-6 in. in diam., tomentose or woolly beneath...... 1. Z. malabarica.
Leaves smaller, 2-33 in. in diam., glabrous...........ssesceesereerees 2. T. cordifolia.

1. Tinospora malabarica, Miers, in Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2,
v. 7 (1851) p. 38, & Contrib. v.3 (1864) p. 32. A large climber; young
parts clothed with whitish hairs; stems 3 in. in diam.; smooth and
shining, with light-colored, papery bark more or less warty. Leaves
membranous, 4-6 by 33-5 in., 7-nerved, broadly ovate, cordate, acumi-
nate, pubescent above, whitish-tomentose beneath; petioles reaching
5 in. long, thickened and twisted at the base. Flowers green, in racemes
3-6 in. long; pedicels slender, clustered. Sepals 6, the outer small,
ovate-oblong, obtuse, the inner larger, oblong or suborbicular, concave.
Petals in the male flowers obovate, cuneate, rounded at the apex, not
embracing the stamens. Drupes 1-3 (usually 2), ovoid, smooth, red, on
thick stalks; endocarp marked externally with many sharp-pointed
tubercles. FI. B. I. v.1, p. 96; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 5; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. vy.
1, p. 38; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 6; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1897) p. 121. Coceulus malabaricus, DC. Syst. v. 1, p. 518; Grah.
Cat. p. 4.

The Konkan and Kanara, not common. Konkan: Dalzell § Gibson; in fruit in

January, Woodrow; 8. Konkan, Nimmo (ex Graham). Kanara: moist forests of N.
Kanara, Ta/lhot. -

2. Tinospora cordifolia, Miers, in Ann. § May. Nat. Hist. ser, 2,
vy. 7 (1851) p. 38, & Contrib. vy. 3 (1864) p. 31. An extensive glabrous
climber ; bark corky, grooved. Leaves membranous, 7-nerved, 2-33 in.
long, roundish or subdeltoid, cordate with a broad sinus, reticulately
veined, glabrous on both surfaces, subglaucous beneath ; petioles up to

V. MENISPERMACER. - 19

3 in. long. Racemes often much longer than the leaves, axillary,
terminal or from the old wood. Flowers yellow, the males fascicled,
the females usually solitary ; pedicels slender; bracts lanceolate-
subulate, the lower sometimes foliaceous. Mam riownrs: Sepals:
the 3 outer very small, ovate-oblong acute; the 3 inner larger, mem-
branous, suborbicular, concave. Petals: each loosely embracing a
stamen, claw cuneate, lamina triquetrous or subtrilobed, reflexed at the
apex. FrmMaLe FLOWERS: Petals cuneate-oblong, with entire (not re-
flexed) margins. Drupes 1-3, dorsally convex, ventrally nearly flai,
red, size of a large pea; style-scar subterminal. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 97;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 5; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 6; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 121; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. vy. 6, part 4, p. 63.
Cocculus cordifolius, DC. Syst. v. 1, p. 518; Grah. Cat. p. 4.—Flowers :
Apr. Vurn. Gul-vel.

Very common in thickets throughout the Presidency ; frequently planted. Konkan:
Dalzell § Gibson, Graham. Deccan: Woodrow!; Poona, Woodrow! S, M. Country:
Belgaum, Ritchie!; Badami, Cooke!

2, ANAMIRTA, Colebr.

A climbing shrub. Flowers panicled. Sepals 6, with 2 appressed
bracts. Petals 0. Mate rrownrs: Anthers sessile on a stout column,
2-celled, bursting transversely. FEMALE FLOWERS: Staminodes 9,
clavate, l-seriate. Ovaries 3, on a short gynophore; stigma subcapitate,
reflexed. Drapes on a 3-fid gynophore, obliquely ovoid, dorsally gibbous ;
style-scar sub-basal; endocarp woody. Seed globose, embracing the
subglobose, hollow, intruded endocarp; albumen dense, of horny
granules ; embryo curved ; cotyledons narrow-oblong, thin, spreading.

1. Anamirta paniculata, Colebr. (1819) in Trans. Linn, Soe, y. 13
(1821) p. 66. <A shrub, climbing to a considerable height ; bark ash-
colored, vertically furrowed ; young parts glabrous. Leaves subcoriaceous,
4-8 by 3-5 in., broadly ovate, cordate or truncate (rarely attenuated) at
the base, acute or acuminate (rarely obtuse), 5- (rarely 3-) nerved,
glabrous above, pale beneath, with a tuft of hairs in the axils of the
nerves except the basal ones; petioles terete, striate, glabrous, thickened
at base and apex. Flowers j in. in diam., in branched glabrous panicles,
10-14 in. long, on the old branches; branches of the panicle 1-2 in.
long, many-flowered; buds globular; pedicels short, 1-3 in. long,
divaricate. Sepals subequal, deciduous, ovate-oblong, concave, quite
glabrous. Anthers, in the male flowers, forming a globose head on the
short stout column of adherent filaments. Ovaries 3, on a very short
smooth gynophore, surrounded at base by a ring of minute, fleshy, bifid
staminodes ; stigmas reflexed. Ripe carpels 1-3 (usually 2), 4 in. in
diam. on the thickened branches of the enlarged gynophore, smooth,
black. Miers, Contrib. v. 3, p.51; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v.1,p.40. Anamirta
Cocculus, W. & A. Prodr. p. 446; Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 98; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 4; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 7; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11
(1897) p. 121; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v.1, p. 285. Cocculus suberosus,
DC. Syst. v. 1, p. 519; Grah. Cat. p.4. Vern. Kakaphal; Kakamari;
Vatoli.

Konkan: common, Dalzell § Gibson; in fruit, January, Woodrow. Kanara:
Talbot. $

©

20 V. MENISPERMACE®.

3. TILIACORA, Colebr.

A climbing shrub. Leaves ovate. Flowers in elongate panicles.
Sepals 6, in 2 series, the outer small, the inner much larger, scarcely
imbricate. “Petals 6, minute, cuneate. Marr FLowERS: Stamens 6,
free; anthers 2-celled, introrse. FEMALE FLOWERS: Ovaries 3-12;
styles short, subulate. Drupes obovoid, stalked, laterally compressed ;
style-scar sub-basal; endocarp thin, obscurely ribbed, grooved on both
sides. Seed hooked; albumen oily, ruminate; embryo nearly as long
as the seed; cotyledons fleshy, appressed.—Distriz. East Indies ;
species 1,

1. Tiliacora racemosa, Colebr. in Trans. Linn. Soe. vy. 13 (1821)

. 67. A woody climber; branches cinereous, striate; young shoots
glabrous. Leaves 3-6 by 13-4 in., 3—5-nerved, ovate, acuminate, cor-
date, truncate, or rounded at the base, glabrous on both surfaces, shining
above, very prominently reticulately veined beneath, margins undulate ;
petioles 1-3 in long. Flowers yellow, 7 in. across, in elongate, lax,
axillary, racemose panicles up to 12 in. long; branches 1 in. long,
puberulous, at length glabr6us, male 3-7-flowered at the apex, female
1-flowered ; bracts subulate, hairy. Sepals alike in both sexes; the 3
outer ovate, acute, ciliolate, much shorter than the inner; the inner
oblong, obtuse. Petals in both sexes obovate or suborbicular, slightly
emarginate, much shorter than the stamens. Drupes 1-10, reddish,
2 in. long, ovate, compressed, shortly stalked. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 99;
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 42; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 7; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 56. Tiliacora acuminata, Miers, in Ann. & Mag.
Nat. Hist. ser. 2, v. 7, p. 39; Hook. f. & Thoms. Fl. Ind. p. 187.
Cocculus acuminatus, DC. Prodr. v. 1, p. 99; Grah. Cat. p. 5.—Flowers:
Jan.—Feb. ;

Konkan: Nimmo, fide Graham, |. c., and fide Hook, f. and Thoms, 1. e.

4, COCCULUS, DC.

Climbing or sarmentose shrubs. Flowers in axillary, usually short
panicles. Sepals 6, in 2 series, the inner larger. Petals 6, shorter than
the . sepals, usually auricled. Man» riowrrs: Stamens embraced by
the petals; anthers subglobose, cells bursting transversely. FEMALE
FLOWERS: Staminodes 6 or 0. Ovaries 3; “styles usually cylindric.
Drupes laterally compressed; endocarp horseshoe- shaped, dorsally
keeled and tuberculate, sides excavate. Seeds horseshoe-shaped ; albu-
men scanty; cotyledons linear, flat, appressed.—Disrris. All warm
climates.

Leaves suborbicular, glabrous; panicles large ......s.c..cseeeeeees 1, C. macrocarpus.
Leaves deltoid or hastate, villous ; panicles short .........se.00 2. C. villosus,
Leaves oblong or trapezoidal, at length glabrous ; male flowers

FABCICLED LOMAS HOMLALY | i shssch svepur dasnrertons cia teaten Sean meee 3. C. Leba,

1. Cocculus macrocarpus, Wight § Arn. Prod, (1834) p. 12.
A shrub, climbing to a great height ; trunk sometimes reaching nearly
1 ft. in diam. with wrinkled bark ; young branches dark brown, striate.
Leaves variable in shape, usually broader than long, 2-4 by 2}-44 in.,
5-nerved, reticulately veined, rotund or reniform (rarely broadly ovate,
acute), truncate or cordate at the base, mucronate, glabrous above,

V. MENISPERMACE®. 21

glaucous beneath, margins somewhat undulate ; petioles 2-5 in. long,
slender, yellowish, more or less inserted within the margin of the blade.
Inflorescence in large, much-branched, glabrous, pendulous panicles
11-2 ft. long ; peduncles usually many, in divergent fascicles from the
old wood ; flowers yellow, faintly fragrant, in fascicles or umbels along
the rhachis ; pedicels slender. Sepals thinly membranous, marked (as
are the petals and the ovaries) with purple lines and spots; the inner
sepals obovate-oblong, rather larger than the outer. Petals broadly
cuneate, 3-lobed; the middle lobe emarginate, rarely acute ; the lateral
lobes embracing the stamens. Anthers subglobose. Ovaries oblong,
incurved. Ripe carpels 1-2, nearly sessile, 7-1 in. long, obovate-oblong,
compressed, tapering to a short neck, glaucous; style-scar conspicuous,
basal ; endocarp transversely ridged. Seed doubled into a hook. FI. B.
I. v.1, p. 101; Grah. Cat. p. 5; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 5; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v.
1, p. 43; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 7; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1897) p. 121.—Flowers: Feb.—Mar. Vern. Rémrik ; Waten-vel.

In the Konkan and N. Kanara; abundant at Matheran. Konxan: Dalzell § Gibson,
Law !, Gibson!; Matheran, Cooke !, Woodrow! Kanara: N. Kanara, on banks of rivers

and in moist forests, locally abundant, Ta/boft. 8. M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie !—
Disrris. China.

2. Cocculus villosus, DC. Syst. v. 1 (1818) p. 525, A straggling,
scandent shrub; young parts densely and softly villous; branches
striate. Leaves 13-25 by 1-1} in., 3-5-nerved, ovate-oblong, sub-
deltoid or subhastate, obtuse, subacute or retuse, apiculate, subcordate
or truncate at the base, softly villous on both surfaces, at length nearly
glabrous ; petioles 3 in. long, densely villous. Mane FLowers in small
axillary cymose panicles; pedicels slender; bracts minute, subulate,
hairy. Sepals oblong-ovate, hairy outside, the 3 inner the larger. Petals
thinly membranous, obovate, emarginate, embracing the stamens, smaller
than the petals of the female flowers. FEMALE FLOWERS in axillary
clusters, 2-3 together, rarely racemose. Petals thick and fleshy, divided
at the apex into two triangular lobes with swollen bases, claw hairy.
Ovaries 3, smooth; stigmas terete, thick, reflexed. Drupe size of a
small pea, keeled, transversely rugose. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p.101; Dalz. &
Gibs. p.5; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 7; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 121; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 397.—Flowers:
Dec. Vern. Vasan-vel; Pdravel.

Common in hedges throughout the Presidency. Konkan: Zaw! Duccan: Poona,
Woodrow! Gusarat: Porbandar, Cooke!

3. Cocculus Leeba, DC. Syst. (1818) p.529. A scandent shrub ;
branches cinereous, striate, glabrous; branchlets long, slender, puberu-
lous, at length glabrate. Leaves very variable, 7-13 by g-? in.,
3-5-nerved, oblong, or trapezoidal with rounded angles, subhastate, or
sometimes linear-oblong, usually obtuse, mucronate, glabrous (except
when young), base cuneate or rounded; petioles 3-7 in. long, hairy.
Flowers axillary, small, inserted in a hairy tubercle, the males clustered
in dense axillary fascicles, the females solitary (rarely twin). Petals of
the male flowers deeply and acutely emarginate, with 2 lateral lobes
embracing the stamens. Ovaries 3. Drupe obovoid, keeled, compressed ;
style-scar basal. FI]. B.I.v.1, p.102; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 7; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 121; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.

22 V. MENISPERMACE2.

vy. 2, p. 897. Cocculus glaber, W. & A. Prodr. p. 18.—Flowers: Novy.-
Dec.

In Sind and Gujarat. Sixp: near Karachi, Cooke !, Woodrow! Gusanat: Dwarka,
Woodrow!; Porbandar, Cooke!—Distrie. Afghanistan, Arabia, Africa.

5. STEPHANIA, Loureiro.

Climbing shrubs. Leaves usually peltate. Flowers umbellate. MaLe
FLOWERS: Sepals 6-10, free, 2-seriate. Petals 3-5, shorter than the
sepals, obovate, fleshy. Anthers 6, connate into a ring encircling the
top of the staminal column, bursting transversely, FEMALE FLOWERS:
Sepals 3-5. Petals as in the male. Staminodes 0. Ovary 1; style 3-
6-partite. Drupe glabrous; endocarp compressed, horseshoe-shaped,
dorsally tubercled, sides hollow and perforate. Seed almost annular ;
cotyledons long, slender, 3-terete, appressed Disrris. Tropics of the
Old World and Australia ; species 4.

1. Stephania hernandifolia, Walp. Rep. y.1 (1842) p. 96. A
slender twining shrub; branchlets striate; young shoots glabrous.
Leaves peltate, thinly coriaceous, 3-5 by 23-4 in., ovate or subdeltoid,
acute, acuminate, or subobtuse, mucronate, rounded or truncate at the
base, glabrous on both surfaces or slightly puberulous on the nerves,
glauceseent beneath; petioles 1j-3 in. long, inserted more than 3 in.
within the basal margin, slender, striate, glabrous. Flowers minute,
nearly sessile, in small umbels at the ends of long-stalked axillary umbels ;
bracts subulate. Peduncles about 1 in. long, very slender, glabrous ;
rays 8-12. Sepals: in the male 6, the outer smaller than the inner,
obovate, subobtuse ; in the female usually 3-4, ovate, acute. Petals 3-4,
obovate-cuneate in both sexes, about half the length of the sepals.
Drupes solitary, subsessile, 3 in. long, obovoid, compressed, glabrous ;
endocarp deeply and sharply transversely ridged. Seed curved almost
intoaring. Fl. B. Lv. 1, p. 103; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 6; Trim. Fl. Ceyl.
v. 1, p.45; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p.8; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
vy. 11 (1897) p.121; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 3, p. 359.—
Flowers: July—Aug.

Konkan: Law!, Dalzell & Gibson, Talbot. Duccan: hills near Junnar, Woodrow !;

Khandala, Woodrow! ; Lanoli, Cooke! Kanara: N. Kanara, Ta/bot,—Distris. Malaya,
tropical Africa and Australia.

6. CISSAMPELOS, Linn.

Suberect or climbing shrubs. Leaves often peltate. Main FLOWERS
cymose. Sepals 4. Petals 4, connate into a subentire, short cup.
Anthers 2-4, sessile, connate, encircling the top of the peltate staminal
column, bursting transversely. '8MALH FLOWERS racemose, crowded
in the axils of roundish, leafy bracts. Sepals and petals 1 of each,
2-nerved, adnate to the bracts. Staminodes 0. Ovary 1; style short,
3-fid or 3-toothed. Drupe subglobose ; style-scar sub-basal ; endocarp
compressed, dorsally tubercled, the sides excavated. Seed horseshoe-
shaped; embryo linear; cotyledons appressed.—Disrri. America,
tropical Asia, tropical and 8. Africa; species about 18.

1, Cissampelos Pereira, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1031. A climb-
ing shrub; branches striate, pubescent or subglabrous. Leaves peltate,

V. MENISPERMACE &. a

4-4 in. in diam., orbicular or reniform, often slightly broader tban
long, cordate or truncate at the base, mucronate, pubescent on both
surfaces when young, at length glabrous, underside pale or subglaucous,
margins ciliate ; petiole 13-4 in. long, pubescent, inserted 3-7 in. within
the basal margin. Flowers minute, yellowish. Mane FrLowers pedi-
celled in nearly axillary cymes; peduncles filiform, ? in. long, pubescent ;
bracts small, subulate. Sepals 4, hairy outside, obovate-oblong, concave.
Petals combined into a cyathiform corolla, hairy without, glabrous
within, half the length of the sepals. Filaments longer than the corolla.
FEMALE FLOWERS in elongate, solitary or twin, axillary racemes;
pedicels very short, pubescent or villous ; bracts foliaceous, more or less
stalked or nearly sessile, orbicular or reniform, mucronate, usually softly
villous (sometimes glabrous), ciliate, persistent. Sepal 1, ovate-oblong,
villous on the outside. Petal 1, subrotund, about half the length of the
sepal. Drupe subglobose, compressed, hairy, red; endocarp transversely
ridged. Fl. B. I. v.1, p. 103; Dalz. & Gibs. p.5; K. Prantl, in Engl.
& Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 2, pp. 84, 85, fig. 62, a-F; Trim. Fl.
Ceyl. v. 1, p. 46; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 8; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 121; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 327. Cuss-
ampelos convolvulacea, Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 4, p. 863; Grah. Cat. p. 5.
Flowers: July-Sept. Vury. Pahddmul; Pahddvel.

Konkan: Law!, Dalzell § Gibson, Talbot. Duccan: hills near Junnar, Woodrow! ;
Lanoli, Cooke!; Khandala, Woodrow! Kanara: N. Kanara, Talhot.

7. CYCLEA, Arnott.

Shrubs, usually climbing. Leaves peltate or broadly cordate. Flowers
in axillary panicles. Mate FLOWERS: Sepals 4-8, connate into a cam-
panulate or inflated globose calyx. Petals as many as the sepals, more
or less connate. Anthers 4-6, connate, crowning the staminal column,
bursting transversely. Fruwate Friuowsrs: Sepal 1, oblong. Petal 1,
orbicular. Ovary 1; style short, 3-5-lobed, lobes radiating. Drupe
subglobose; style-scar sub-basal; endocarp horseshoe-shaped, dorsally
tubercled, sides not excavated, convex. Seed horseshoe-shaped ; albumen
scanty; cotyledons slender, 4-terete, appressed.—Disrris. Tropical
Asia ; species 3.

Calyx globose ; teeth 4-8, short..........cocsccsensesoacsescessanseoscooes 1. C. Burmanni.
Calyx campanulate, divided nearly to the base; lobes 4-5......... 2. C. peltata.

1, Cyclea Burmanni, Miers, in Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, v.7
(1851) p. 41, & Contrib. v. 3 (1871) p. 239, t. 121. A climbing shrub ;
branches slender, terete, striate, hairy when young, glabrous when older.
Leaves thinly coriaceous, peltate, 2-5 by 13-34 in., elongate-deltoid,
often pandnriformly sinuate below the middle, sinuate-truncate or scarcely
cordate at the base with rounded angles, shining, glabrous or with a
few scattered hairs above, pubescent and reticulately veined beneath,
margins slightly repand, nerves hairy; petioles 1-1} in. long, hairy,
inserted 3-2 in. within the basal margin. Mae rrowers in axillary
panicles much longer than the leaf, laxly branched, puberulous ; branches
remote, elongate, filiform ; pedicels slender. Calyx subglobose, shortly
4-8- (often 6-) toothed, hairy without, puberulous or glabrous within.
Corolla cyathiform, glabrous, fleshy, margin subentire, involute. Famane
FLOWERS in axillary racemes about as long as the petiole, pubescent.

24 V. MENISPERMACE®.

Sepal 1, suborbicular, pilose outside. Petal 1, orbicular, glabrous and
fleshy, a little smaller than the sepal, to which it is adnate at the base.
Drupe white when ripe ; endocarp muriculate in lines on the back. FI.
B. I. vy. 1, p. 104; Dalz. & Gibs. p.6; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 47; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. p. 8 ; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1897) p. 121.
Clypea Burmanni, W. & A. Prodr. p. 14 (in part); Grah. Cat. p. 5.—
Flowers: Jan. Vern. Pékar.

Hilly parts of the Konkan and Ghats, Dalzell § Gibson. Konkan: Stocks!, Dalzell!,
Gibson!; Western Ghats, Woodrow. §S. M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie, 976!

2. Cyclea peltata, Hook. f.§: Thoms. Fl. Ind. (1855) p. 201. Similar
in general appearance and habit to the preceding species. Jueaves 3-6
by 2-43 in., deltoid or ovate, acute, truncate or slightly sinuate at the
base with rounded angles, mucronate, more or less hairy on the nerves
and veins, margins often ciliate. Flowers minute, smaller than in the
preceding. MALE PANICLES axillary, slender, much-branched ; branches
remote, divaricate, the lower the longer, gradually becoming shorter
upwards, the uppermost very short or obsolete ; flowers subsessile, inter-
ruptedly spicate or collected into heads. Calyx campanulate, divided
nearly to the base into 4 (rarely 5) segments, pilose without. Corolla 4-
(rarely 5-) fid. FEMALE PANICLES racemose, much shorter than the male.
Sepal oblong, glabrous. Petal orbicular, much shorter than the sepal.
Ovary pilose. Drupe pilose. FI. B.I. v. 1, p. 104; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 6;
Miers, Contrib. v. 3, p. 236; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 47; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. p. 8; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 121.

Distinguished from C. Burmanni by the more ovate leaves and by
the calyx, which is campanulate (almost funnel-shaped) instead of
globose, and which is divided almost to the base, instead of being shortly
toothed. The corolla too is more deeply divided than in the preceding
species.

The plant is by no means common in the Bombay Presidency. It may be found

occasionally on some of the Konkan hills, but not nearly so frequently as Cyclea
Burmanni.

Orprr VI. NYMPH ACE.

Aquatic, perennial herbs, with a submerged rhizome. Leaves usually
floating, rarely emersed, usually peltate, involute in vernation, the sub-
merged leaves never divided; petioles long. Flowers usually floating or
sometimes emersed, handsome; scapes 1-flowered, naked ; floral whorls
all free, hypogynous or adnate to a fleshy disk which surrounds or
envelops the carpels. Sepals 3-5. Petals 3-5 or many. Stamens 6-
many ; anthers erect. Carpels 3 or more in one whorl, free or connate
or irregularly sunk in pits of the disk; stigmas as many, peltate or
decurrent. Ovules few or many, scattered over the walls of the cells,
anatropous or orthotropous. Fruit emersed or maturing beneath the
water, formed of the connate carpels, or of separate and indehiscent
carpels, or of the enlarged, turbinate, flat-topped disk with the nut-like
carpels sunk in its crown. Seeds naked or immersed in a fleshy or
pulpous aril; albumen floury or 0; embryo enclosed in the enlarged
amniotic sac.—Disvrie. Throughout the world; genera 8; species
about 36.

VI. NYMPH EACES. 25

Carpels confluent with the disk into one ovary ; ovules many ; seeds

Al DUMINOUS actos ceeesisicsies ce sosteisseacdescasssscn saiecaode- Saini oneneies 1. Nympnaza.
Carpels irregularly scattered, sunk in pits of the turbinate disk ;
ovules 1-2; seeds exalbuminous ...........sceccecseerecscsscecscces 2. NeLUMBIUM.

1. NYMPHZEA, Linn.

Large aquatic herbs ; rootstock creeping. Flowers large, floating, on
long, radical scapes, expanded. Sepals 4, inserted at the base of the
torus. Petals 12-28, in many series, the inner gradually transformed
into stamens, all adnate to the base of the disk. Filaments petaloid,
40-60 in many series. Anthers narrow-linear; slits introrse. Ovaries
mauy, immersed in a fleshy torus and combined with it, forming a
many-celled ovary, crowned by the connate, radiating, furrowed stigmas;
ovules numerous, anatropous. Fruit a soft spongy berry, ripening under
water, bursting irregularly. Seeds minute, nesting in pulp, enclosed in
a sac-like, fleshy aril, albuminous.—Disrrie. Throughout the greater
part of the world; species about 25.

Anthers without appendages ; stigmatic rays with clavate appendages. 1. NV. Lotus.

Anthers with appendages; stigmatic rays without appendages ......... 2. N. stellata.

1. Nympheza Lotus, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 511. Rootstock
tuberous, short, erect, roundish. Leaves peltate, 6-10 in. in diam.,
orbicular or reniform (the younger subsagittate), deeply cordate at the base
the sinus 23-3 in. deep, sharply and irregularly sinuate-dentate, with
very sharp hard teeth, glabrous and often nigro-punctate above, velvety-
pubescent and prominently veined beneath; petioles very long, cylindric,
submerged, glabrous or puberulous, inserted 4-3? in. within the basal
margin. Flowers solitary, 3-8 in. across, red, pale rose, or white, open
in the mornings only; peduncles very long, usually pubescent. Sepals
oblong, obtuse, 5-10-ribbed. Petals about 12, oblong, obtuse, about thrice
as long as broad. Stamens about 40; anthers without appendages ;
filaments much dilated at the base ; pollen smooth. Stigmatic rays 10-
20, with clavate appendages. Fruit 1j in. in diam., fleshy, globose, green,
ripening beneath the water. Seeds ovoid, rough; aril white, transparent.
Fil. B. I. v.1, p. 114; Dalz. & Gibs. p.6; R. Caspary, in Engl. &
Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 2, p. 8, fig. 9,4, B; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1,
p- 49; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 121; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. v. 5, p.436. Nymphea rubra, Roxb. ex Salisb. Parad. Lond.
1, sub t. 14; Grah. Cat. p. 5.—Flowers all the year. Vern. Aamal.

Common throughout India in the warmer parts; cultivated in the Bombay Presi-
dency.—Distris. Africa, Hungary, Java, Philippines,

Var. 1. pubescens, Hook. f. & Thoms, FI. Ind. (1855) p. 241. Leaves
more densely pubescent beneath. Flowers smaller, 3-4 in. in diam.
Sepals oblong, acute. Nymphaa pubescens, Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 2, p. 1154;
Grah. Cat. p. 6.

Equally common with the former. Both are cultivated in the Bombay Presidency,
The roots and seeds are eaten in times of scarcity.

2. Nympheea stellata, Willd. Sp. Pl. vy. 2 (1797) p. 1153. Root-
stock ovoid, short, acute. Leaves peltate, 5-8 in. in diam., orbicular or
elliptic (the younger sagittate), obtusely sinuate-dentate or entire, with
a narrow sinus 2-3 in. deep, glabrous on both surfaces, often blotched

26 VI. NYMPH ACES.

with purple beneath; petioles long, slender, submerged. Flowers soli-
tary, 3-6 in. in diam., usually pale violet, less commonly light blue or
purple, sometimes faintly fragrant, open all the day; peduncles long.
Sepals many-veined, not ribbed, oblong-lanceolate, acute or subobtuse,
streaked with purple lines. Petals linear-oblong or lanceolate. Fila-
ments 10-50, dilated at the base; anthers with a lingual appendage ;
pollen smooth. Stigmatie rays 10-30, without appendages. Fruit
globular. Seeds longitudinally striate. FI. B. I. v.1, p. 114; Grah.
Cat. p.5; Dalz. & Gibs. p.6; Trim. FI. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 50; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 121; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5,
p. 438.—Flowers all the year. Vern. Uplia-Kamal.

Common throughout the warmer parts of India; cultivated in the Bombay Presi-

dency, but not so extensively as the preceding species. The roots and seeds are eaten
in times of scarcity.—Disrris. Africa.

2. NELUMBIUM, Juss.

Aquatic herbs ; juice milky ; rhizome horizontal. Leaves peltate, much
raised out of the water. Scapes 1-flowered. Flowers handsome, rosy,
white or yellow. Sepals 4-5, inserted on the top of the scape, caducous.
Petals and stamens numerous, hypogynous, many-seriate, caducous.
Anthers appendaged. Ovaries many, 1-celled, sunk in the flat top of an
obconic fleshy torus ; ovules 1-2, pendulous ; style very short, exserted ;
stigmas terminal, subdilated. Carpels ovoid, loose in the cavities of the
large spongy torus; pericarp bony, smooth. Seed filling the carpel;
testa spongy ; albumen 0; cotyledons thick, fleshy, enclosing the large
folded plumule.—Disrris. Species 2, one West Indian, the other Asiatic
and Australian.

1. Nelumbium speciosum, Willd. Sp. Pl. y. 2, p. 1258. A large
aquatic herb with slender, elongate, branched, creeping stems sending
out roots at the nodes. Leaves membranous, 1-2 ft. or more in diam.,
orbicular, concave or cupped, erect, exactly peltate, entire, radiately
nerved, glaucous, glabrous ; petioles very long, rough with small distant
prickles, otherwise smooth. Flowers solitary, 4-10 in. in diam., white
or rosy ; peduncles coming off from the nodes of the stem, sheathing at
the base. Sepals small. Petals 2-5 in. long, elliptic, obtuse, finely
veined, concaye, at first erect, afterwards spreading. Anthers with a
clavate appendage. Torus ? in. high, spongy; the top flat, 1 in. broad,
becoming enlarged in fruit to a breadth of 2-4 in. Ripe carpels 3 in.
long, ovoid, glabrous. Fl. B. L. y. 1, p. 116; Grah. Cat. p. 5; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 7; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 51; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1867) p. 121; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 343.—Flowers :
July. Vern. Kamal; Kankadi.—Disrris, Persia, Malaya, China,
Japan, tropical Australia.

In tanks throughout the warmer parts of India, a doubtful native ; cultivated in the
Bombay Presidency, The tender roots and rhizomes are eaten in times of scarcity
and with the seeds and petals are used medicinally by the natives.

Orprer VIL. PAPAVERACEA.

Annual or perennial herbs ; juice milky or colored. Leaves radical or
alternate, exstipulate. Flowers often large, nodding in bud, regular,
hermaphrodite ; perianth and stamens very caducous. Sepals 2-3,

V1I. PAPAVERACES. 27

hypogynous, concave. Petals 4, large, crumpled, 2-seriate. Stamens
very many; filaments slender; anthers erect, slits lateral. Ovary
1-celled or 2-4-celled by the produced placentas; ovules many-seriate,
parietal, anatropous; style short or 0; stigmas radiating, connate and
opposite the placentas or free and alternating with them. Carpels
dehiscing by pores or valves. Seeds many, small; albumen oily and
fleshy ; embryo minute, 2-lobed or 2-fid.—Dusrris. N. temperate zone ;
species about 65.

1. ARGEMONE, Linn.

Branching, glaucescent herbs with yellow juice. Leaves inciso-pin-
natifid, usually spinoso-dentate or rigidly setose. Flowers handsome,
terminal, white or yellow; buds usually erect. Sepals 2-3. Petals
4-6. Stamens indefinite. Ovary 1-celled; ovules many, on 4-7
parietal, filiform placentas; style scarcely any; stigma 4~—7-lobed.
Capsule oblong, short, dehiscing at top by short valves alternating with
the stigmas and placentas. Seeds many, scrobiculate, not crested.—
Disrris. American plants, of which one, Argemone mexicana, has been
naturalized in India.

i. Argemone mexicana, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 508. A prickly
herb 2-4 ft. high, divaricately branched. Leaves sessile, 3-amplexicaul,
variegated with white, 3-6 by 1-22 in., sinuato-pinnatifid ; the segments
inciso-dentate, spiny on the margins, the midrib and the veins beneath,
lower surface very pale; prickles very sharp, yellow. Flowers 1-3 in.
across ; peduncles prickly. Sepals 2-3, concave, nearly valvate in esti-
vation, prickly outside, horned at the apex, very caducous. Petals 1-
1j in. long, twice as many (4-6) as the sepals, imbricate in 2 series,
more or Jess crumpled in estivation, obovate, cuneiform, yellow with
darker parallel veins, deciduous ; bracts foliaceous. Ovary covered with
soft spines; stigma red. Capsules 7-1} in. long, oblong or elliptic,
prickly, rarely unarmed. Seeds blackish-brown, deeply reticulato-scro-
biculate. Fl. B. I. vy. 1, p. 117; Grah. Cat. p. 6; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl.
p-3; Bot. Mag. (1794) v. 7, t. 243; Asa Gray & Sprague, Gen. Pl. U.
States, v. 1, p. 111, t. 47; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897)
p. 121; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 306.—Flowers all the year.
Vern. Pwala-dhotara,—Distr1B. Tropical America, but naturalized in
most warm countries.

The plant has been widely established, and is to be met with along roadsides and as
a weed in cultivated fields throughout India. he yellow juice is used medicinally by
the natives and oil is expressed from the seeds.

Orprr VIII. FUMARIACE.

Annual or perennial herbs with watery juice. Leaves alternate,
usually divided ; segments not jointed. Flowers small, racemed, herma-
phrodite. Sepals 2, scale-like, deciduous. Petals 4, in dissimilar pairs ;
the 2 outer larger, one or both gibbous or spurred; the two inner
smaller, erect, tips often cohering. Stamens 6, in two bundles opposite
the outer petals ; anther of central stamen in each bundle 2-celled, of
lateral stamens l-celled. Ovary 1-celled; ovules 2 or more, amphitropous,
parietal ; stigma obtuse or lobed. Fruita 2-valved, many-seeded capsule

28 VIII. FUMARIACER.

or an indehiscent, 1-seeded nut. Seeds albuminous; raphe sometimes
appendaged; embryo minute.—Drisrris. Widely diffused throughout
the temperate and warm regions of the N. hemisphere and extratropical
Africa; genera 7; species 130.

1. FUMARIA, Linn.

Herbs, usually annual, often diffuse or scandent. Leaves multisect ;
segments usually narrow. Flowers small, white, rosy, or purplish,
in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes. Sepals 2, small. Petals 4,
erect or connivent; the 2 outer dissimilar, the lower flat or concave,
the upper gibbous or spurred at the base; the 2 inner clawed,
keeled, tips free or coherent. Stamens 6, diadelphous, with a basal
spur enclosed in the spur of the petal. Ovary 1-celled; style fili-
form; stigma entire or shortly 2-lobed. Fruit 1-seeded, indehiscent,
subglobose.—Disrris. Europe, Central Asia and extratropical Africa ;
species 8.

1. Fumaria parviflora, Lam. Encyc. vy. 2 (1786) p. 567, var. Vail-
lantii, Loisel (sp.) in Desv. Journ. Bot. v. 2 (1809) p. 358. Diffuse, 6 in.—
2 ft. high ; stem and branches glabrous or faintly puberulous. Leaves
multifid, glaucous; segments flat, narrow-linear, acute, mucronate.
Racemes lax, 1—23 in. long; flowers j-3 in. long, white or pale rose
with purple tips; fruiting pedicels 3 in. long; bracts membranous,
lanceolate, shorter than or equalling the fruiting pedicels. Sepals minute,
caducous. Capsule globose, not pointed, slightly verrucose, polished.
Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 128; Grah. Cat. p. 6; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 7; DC.
Prodr. vy. 1, p. 180; W. & A. Prodr. p. 18; Syme, Eng. Bot. v. 1,
ed. 3, p. 113, t. 77; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p. 121; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 454.—Flowers: Jan. VERN.
Pitpdpda.

A weed found usually in cultivated fields in the Decean and Sind. Duccan: Dalzell
§ Gibson, Woodrow; Sirur, Graham; Khandesh, Woodrow!, Dalzell § Gibson. Sinv:
Stocks, 687!; Cooke!

Orper IX. CRUCIFERA.

Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs, with watery, often acrid
juice. Leaves radical or alternate, exstipulate. Flowers usually racemose.
Sepals 4, free, the 2 lateral often large and saccate at the base, imbricate.
Petals 4 (rarely 0), placed crosswise, imbricate. Stamens 6, 2-seriate,
hypogynous ; the 2 outer opposite the lateral sepals ; the 4inner larger,
in pairs, opposite the other sepals; filaments subulate. Disk with
usually 4 glands opposite the sepals. Ovary 2-celled, by a septum joining
the placentas, or 1-celled or with superimposed cellules ; ovules many
(rarely 1-2), 1-2-seriate, on 2 parietal placentas ; style short or 0; stigma
simple, or with 2 lobes opposite the placentas. Fruit a long or short,
2-celled and 2-valved pod, the valves deciduous and leaving the seeds
on the persistent placentas (replum), or indehiscent, or of superposed
l-seeded joints. Seeds small; albumen 0; cotyledons large, plano-
convex or longitudinally concave or folded, foliaceous in germination ;
radicle turned up on the back of one cotyledon (incumbent) or facing

IX, CRUCIFERZ®. 29

their edges (accwmbent).— Distriz. All temperate and cold regions,
chiefly of the Old World; genera 172; species about 1200.

Pods long, dehiscing throughout their whole length, terete,
4-angled or dorsally compressed (parallel to the septum).
Lateral sepals not saccate at the base.
Pods spreading or ascending; cotyledons ac-

cumbent.
Pods tumid, not compressed ; seeds
DEROVIALO ge tennerc sede incdtonataseacenene 1. Nasturtium.
Pods narrow-linear, compressed ; seeds
IE SORIALE sJcciowstvcsceactsnissvecceeieaetss 2. CaRrDAMINE.
Pods closely appressed to the axis ............44. 4, Eruca,

Lateral sepals saccate at the base.
A twiggy undershrub; leaves small, linear-

oblong ; cotyledons accumbent ............... 3. Farseria.
Branched herb, woody at the base; leaves large,
elliptic oblong ; cotyledons incumbent...... 5. Moricanpia,

Pods short, dehiscing throughout their whole length, com-
pressed at right angles to the narrow septum.
Valves not winged.

OGs, matiy- Seeded) | oars rtssansaecenude ses Sas eeceye soos: 6. CAPSELLA,
RPA -HOOUEM ie fects tra rns vcnbad savas na vncaceciccsnys's ios 7. SENEBIERA,
Walvesswith BrGad WINES 20. .ceccxcesensossnssienuacccees 8, Tuuasrt.

Pods long or short, transversely jointed ; joints indehiscent
or the lower 2-valved.
A leafy undershrub; pods 2-jointed, lower joint
BEGMIESS COSVALVEOs Bercassdeweuscscsscaeacmencseocsen 9, Pruysoruyncnus,

1. NASTURTIUM, R. Br.

Terrestrial or aquatic, branched herbs, glabrous or clothed with simple
hairs. Leaves entire, lobed or pinnatifid. Flowers small, yellow, rarely
white, sometimes bracteate. Sepals short, spreading, equal. Petals
short, narrowed at the base, scarcely clawed or 0. Stamens, 2, 4 or 6;
filaments without wings or teeth. Pods not compressed, subterete ;
valves faintly l-nerved; septum hyaline; style short or long and
slender; stigma simple or 2-lobed. Seeds small, turgid, usually
2-seriate; cotyledons accumbent.—Disrriz. Throughout the world ;
species 20-25.

LNG ROBLING 1NG)d 9) (Gos gandesronnsbonadceacdabesouanacospDapdaoranEeGaC 1. N. officinale.
Morrestrialwienbn: casa. ter ae. csaae erences Sacosccetoeence: 2. N. indicum.

1. Nasturtium officinale, 2. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew, ed. 2, v. 4,
p- 110. An aquatic herb; stem 2-4 ft. long, procumbent and rooting,
fistular, often floating. Leaves green or olive-brown, pinnate; leaflets
sessile, 3-5 pairs and a terminal one, ovate-oblong or sinuately-lobed,
obtuse. Flowers small, 4-1 in. in diam., in short racemes. Petals ex-
ceeding the sepals. Pods 4-1 in. long, shortly cylindric, stalked,
spreading or curved upwards ; fruiting pedicels about equalling the

ods. Seeds minute, muriculate, not winged, red. Fl. B. I. v. 1,
p- 133; Grah. Cat. p. 7; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 4; Syme, Engl. Bot.
y. 1, p. 176, t. 125; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 342.

The Water-cress, introduced into India. It now grows wild in many watercourses

and is cultivated in many places in the vicinity of Indian stations, the leayes being

collected and sold in the markets chiefly for the use of Europeans.—Distris. Afghan-
istan, temperate Europe and Asia,

30 IX. CRUCIFERZ.

2. Nasturtium indicum, DC, Syst. v. 2 (1821) p. 199. Erect,
6-18 in. high, glabrous or hairy; stem branched from the base, terete,
slender. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, runcinate-dentate ; lower leaves 3
by 1 in, usually petioled, inciso-pinnatifid or lobed at the base, the
lobes acute on both sides irregularly dentate from the middle to the
apex; upper leaves subsessile, dentate above the base, subentire at
the apex. Racemes terminal, many-flowered, much elongate; flowers
small, yellow; pedicels 3-1 in. long, ebracteate. Pods }—}? in. long,
straight or slightly curved, subterete, spreading or ascending. Seeds
numerous, minute, ellipsoid, 2-seriate, red, not winged. Fl. B. I. v. 1,
p- 184; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 121. Was-
turtium madagascariense, W. & A. Prodr. p. 19.

Tolerably common throughout the Presidency in damp places. Konkan: Stocks!,
Law! §, M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie, 21 !—Distris. China, Malaya.

2. CARDAMINE, Linn.

Annual or perennial, often glabrous herbs. Leaves entire, lobed or
pinnate. Flowers white or purplish (rarely yellow), ebracteate, arranged
in corymbs or short racemes which afterwards elongate. Sepals equal
at the base. Petals clawed. Pods narrow-linear, compressed, tapering
at both ends ; valves opening elastically ; septum membranous; stigma
simple or 2-lobed. Seeds compressed, 1-seriate, not winged ; cotyledons
accumbent.—Disrriz, Temperate and cold regions of the globe; species
about 60.

1. Cardamine subumbellata, ook. f. § 7. Anders. Fl. B. I. vy. 1
(1875) p. 138. A small much-branched herb, 6-10 in. high; stem and
branches angled, often tinged with purple. Leaves (including petioles)
2-23 in. long, pinnate; leaflets 5-7, about 4-3 in. in diam. (the terminal
leaflet larger), ovate or suborbicular, irregularly crenate or lobed, usually
shortly and obliquely cuneate at the base, sparingly hairy ; radical leaves
absent or few, when present not forming a rosette and with smaller
leaflets than the stem-leaves; petiolules of the lateral leaflets 3+ in.
long, those of the terminal leaflets 1-5 in. long. Flowers small, few,
pale-yellow, at first corymbose, afterwards racemose; pedicels short,
slender. Stamens 6. Pods 3-1 in. long by 7;-74 in. broad, linear-
lanceolate, much flattened. Seeds 4-8, broad-oblong, distant. Trim.
FI. Cey]. v. 1, p. 53; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v.11 (1897) p. 122.
Cardamine hirsuta, var. subumbellata, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot.
vy. 4 (1852) p. 294; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 7. Cardamine hirsuta, var. syl-
vatica, (Link) Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 122.—
Flowers : July—Sept.

On high hills throughout the Southern districts of the Presidency ; abundant at
Mahableshwar. Konkan: Law! Deccan: Khandala, Woodrow; Mahableshwar,
Cooke! ; Karli, Jacquemont, 761! 8. M. Counrry: hills near Belgaum, Dalzeld!—
Distris. Temperate and subtropical regions,

3. FARSETIA, Desv.

Herbs or branched undershrubs, often twiggy, hoary or tomentose.
Leaves small, quite entire, alternate. Flowers spicate or racemed, white,
pink or yellow, sometimes minute. Sepals usually erect, the lateral
ones saccate at the base. Petals clawed. Pods sessile, oblong or linear,

IX. CRUCIFERA. Sil

much compressed; valves flat or convex, with or without a midrib;
septum membranous, veined. Seeds 1-2-seriate, suborbicular, with a
broad membranous wing ; cotyledons accumbent.—Disrris. 8. Europe,
N. Africa, Asia Minor, Persia, Arabia; species about 20.

Flowers large ; seeds 2-seriate .......sccsedsceseescens 1. F. Jacquemontii.
Flowers small; seeds I-seriate ..........ceseeeeeveeeee 2. F. Hamiltonii.

1. Farsetia Jacquemontii, Hook. f. §- Thoms. in Journ. Linn. Soe.
y. 5 (1861) p. 148. An erect, rigid shrub, clothed with appressed hairs
attached by the middle; branches terete, slender. Leaves j-11 by
js-zy in., linear-lanceolate ; petioles very short. lowers large, pink,
in long slender, lax racemes ; buds ellipsoid; pedicels short. Calyx
cylindric; Sepals {—} in. long, linear-oblong, acute, hairy. Petals

3

73-2 in. long. Pods stalked, 1j-2 in. long by 3-4 in. broad, flat,

flaintly 1-nerved or nerveless; stalks {-}+ in. long. Seeds 2-seriate,
flattened, furnished with a broad membranous wing, brown. FI. B. I.
v. 1, p. 140; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 122; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 320.

Sinp: Dalzell!, Woodrow !; Sehwan, Cooke !— Distr. N. India, Afghanistan and
Beluchistan.

2. Parsetia Hamiltonii, Royle, Jil. Bot. Himal. (1839) p. 71.
Twiggy; branches numerous, long, slender, covered with dense appressed
hairs attached by the middle. Leaves linear, very narrow, +-} by 34 in.
Flowers small, pink, in long spicate racemes. Sepals 4-3 in. long,
oblong, obtuse, hairy, the margins scarious. Petals obovate, a little
longer than the sepals. Pods }—? in. long by 3-1 in. broad, flattened ;
style slender. Seeds brown, 1-seriate, with broad, membranous margins.
Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 140; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v.11 (1897) p. 122 ;

Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 320.
Sinp: Woodrow.—Disrris. Afghanistan, Arabia, Algeria.

4. ERUCA, Tourn.

Annual or biennial herbs, erect, branching. Leaves lyrato-pinnatifid.
Flowers white, yellow or violet, veined ; pedicels slender. Sepals erect,
equal at the base. Stamens free, not toothed. Pods ovoid-oblong,
turgid, terete, with an ensiform seedless beak ; valves concave, 3-nerved ;
septum membranous; stigma simple. Seeds numerous, 2-seriate ;
cotyledons conduplicate.—Disrris. Europe, Western Asia; species 3.

1. Eruca sativa, Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8 (1768) n. 1. Erect,
branched, 2-3 ft. high; stems and branches glabrous or with a few
scattered hairs. Leaves petioled, lyrato-pinnatifid, sinuate-dentate,
rarely entire. Flowers white or yellow. Sepals 2 in. long, oblong,
acute, often tipped with hairs. Petals 3 in. long, obovate, veined ;
pedicels § in. long. Pod turgid, 1 in. long, closely appressed to the
axis; beak flattened, 3-nerved, glabrous. Seeds 2-seriate, subglobose.
Fi. B. I. v. 1, p. 158; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p. 122; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 266. Vurn. Safed-sarsu.

A weed of cultivation, found in cultivated places throughout the Presidency. The
plant is extensively cultivated as a cold season crop in the North Western Provinces

and in the Punjab, oil being expressed from the seeds.—Duisrris. Shores of the
Mediterranean, Western Asia.

32 IX. CRUCIFERA,

5. MORICANDIA, DC.

Branched herbs, often woody at the base, glaucous, glabrous. Leaves
entire, amplexicaul or pinnatisect. Flowers large, violet, purple or
rosy. Sepals erect, the lateral saccate at the base. Petals clawed.
Pods linear, elongate, with or without a flattened, 1-seeded beak ;
valves flat or bluntly keeled; stigmatic lobes united into a short cone.
Seeds numerous, 1—2-seriate, compressed, sometimes winged ; cotyledons
incumbent, conduplicate.—Disrris. The Mediterranean region, Arabia,
W. Asia ; species about 5.

1. Moricandia tortuosa, H. f. § Thoms. in Journ. Linn. Soe.
y. 5 (1861) p. 172. Whole plant glaucous and glabrous. Leaves thick,
mucronate ; the lower petioled, 2-5 by 1-2 in., elliptic-obovate, acute or
acuminate, cuneate at base, attenuated into the petiole, the margins
sinuato-crenate ; the upper stem-leaves sessile, lanceolate. Flowers
large, erect, in long few-flowered racemes; buds ellipsoid, acuminate ;
pedicels 3 in. long. Sepals up to } in. long, linear-oblong, acute.
Petals obovate, pale rose-colored, about twice as long as the sepals.
Pods linear, elongate, subterete, striate; beak subcylindric, 3 in. long;
style short, conical. Seeds oblong-ellipsoid, with an ear-shaped wing at
the base and microscopically margined on the sides, chestnut-brown.
F). B. I. v. 1, p. 158 ; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 122.

Stnp: Woodrow.

6. CAPSELLA, Medik.

Annual, branched, often weak herbs, glabrous or hairy. Radical
leaves rosulate, entire, lobed or pinnatifid. Flowers racemed, small,
white ; pedicels slender. Sepals spreading, equal at the base. Petals
short. Stamens free, not toothed. Pods obcordate, cuneate, laterally
compressed ; valves boat-shaped, keeled; septum membranous; style
short. Seeds numerous, 2-seriate, ellipsoid; cotyledons incumbent.—
Disrris. Temperate regions of both hemispheres; species 6.

1. Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Medik. Pflanzen. (1792) p. 85. An
erect herb, 6-24 in. high, glabrous or hairy ; branches terete. Leaves:
the radical rosulate, 2-4 (including the petioles if present) by 3-1 in.,
oblong, acute or oblanceolate, toothed or inciso-pinnatifid, the lobes
acute on both sides, sometimes entire; stem-leaves distant, 1—23 in. long,
oblong-lanceolate, amplexicaul, hastate or sagittate at the base with
acute parallel or diverging auricles. Flowers at first corymbose, after-
wards elongating into a raceme 8-9 in. long. Sepals oblong, obtuse,
Petals oblanceolate, white, about half as long again as the sepals. Pods
glabrous, 3 in. long, by }—j in. broad at top; pedicels slender, smooth,
terete, ebracteate. Seeds numerous, ellipsoid, reddish-brown. Fl. B. I,
v.1,p. 159; Moench, Method. Pl. (1794) p. 271; Syme, Eng. Bot. v. 1,
p- 211, t. 152; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 54; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 122; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. vy. 2, p. 1384.—
Flowers: Jan.

Mahableshwar, ex Woodrow, 1. c,—Duistris. A weed of cultivation ; Europe, Persia,
Asia,

TX. CRUCIFER#. 35°

7. SENEBIERA, Poir.

Annual or biennial, branched herbs. Leaves alternate, entire or pin-
natisect. Flowers in short, leaf-opposed racemes, minute, white (rarely
purple), sometimes apetalous. Sepals short, spreading, equal at the
base. Stamens free, not toothed, small, sometimes 0. Pod short,
didymous, laterally compressed, indehiscent ; valves subglobose, rugose
or crested ; style short or 0. Seeds 1 in each cell; cotyledons indupli-
cate, gradually narrowed into the incumbent radicle——Dtsrris. Tem-
perate and warm regions of both hemispheres; species 6.

1. Senebiera pinnatifida, DC. Mém. Soc. Hist. Par. (1799) p. 144,
t. 9. An annual herb, 6-18 in. high, diffuse or procumbent, much-
branched from the base; branches glabrescent or with scattered, white
hairs. Leaves somewhat fleshy, glabrous or sparsely pubescent: radical
leaves 2-4 in. long, pinnate, the pinnze 6-10 pairs, inciso-dentate ;
cauline leaves 3-1 in. long, pinnatisect or pinnatitid, the segments 3-7,
inciso-dentate, } by 1 in., the ultimate segments oblanceolate, entire,
shortly mucronate. Flowers ,), in. across, in leaf-opposed corymbs,
at first sessile, afterwards racemose. Sepals ovate, obtuse. Petals
often absent, when present white, as long as the sepals, linear or
spathulate. Stamens usually 2 bearing anthers, with 4 filaments (?)
not bearing anthers 1 at each side of a perfect stamen; filaments
subulate ; anthers globose, didymous. Fruiting racemes 1-2 in, long ;
pods 5), in. long by +5 in. broad, didymous, compressed, notched about
equally at the base and apex, reticulato-rugose ; fruiting pedicels very
slender, 3-3; in. long, often slightly hairy. Seeds yellowish-brown,
reniform, minutely punctulate.—Flowers: Feb. Not in Fl. B.I.; Sprague
& Gray, Gen. Pl. U. States, v. 1, t. 72. Senebiera didyma, Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 122.

Sixp: Ruk Junction on the Railway Line in Upper Sind, Cooke!, Woodrow.—
Distris. Temperate 8. America.

8. THLASPI, Linn.

Annual or perennial herbs, usually glabrous. Radical leaves rosulate;
eauline oblong hastate, auricled. Flowers racemose, ebracteate, white
or rosy. Sepals erect, equal at the base. Petals obovate. Pod short,
orbicular, obovate or obcordate, laterally compressed, emarginate; valves
keeled or winged; septum narrow, membranous; style short or long ;
stigma emarginate. Seeds 2 (rarely more), in each cell, not winged ;
radicle accumbent.—Disrris. Europe, Asia, N. America; species 30.

1. Thlaspi arvense, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 646. A glabrous
herb, 6-18 in. high, often corymbosely branched ; stems striate. Leaves :
the lower up to 4 in. long, oblong-obovate, obtuse, sinuate-dentate or
entire, much attenuated at the base; the upper amplexicaul, with acute
diverging auricles, oblong, acute or obtuse, toothed or rarely entire.
Flowers + in. across, in dense, corymbose racemes, afterwards elongating.
Sepals oblong, obtuse. Petals spathulate, half as long again as the
sepals, truncate or slightly emarginate at the apex. Fruiting raceme
long; pedicels 2-3? in. long, spreading. Pods fiat, ¢-g im. in diam.
including the wing, or 4-3 by 2 excluding it, suborbicular, obcordate,
with a deep sinus at the apex; wing gradually increasing in width from

D

384 IX. CRUCIFERE.

the base upwards, the lobes contiguous or sometimes slightly overlapping
at the apex ; style very short. Seeds 4-6 in each cell, irregularly ovoid,
with raised, concentric ridges, black. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 162; Syme,
Eng. Bot. v. 1, p. 202, t. 144; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1897) p. 122.—Flowers: Mar.

Sinv: Kirthar mountains, Woodrow.—Disrrie. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia; a
weed of cultivation.

9. PHYSORHYNCHUS, Hook.

A branched, leafy undershrub. Leaves fleshy ; the lower petioled ;
the upper contracted at the base, auricled. Flowers rather large, in
elongate, ebracteate racemes; pedicels very short. Sepals erect, equal
at the base. Stamens free, not toothed. Pod short, indehiscent,
jointed, the lower joint longitudinally 2-celled with small spurious
valves, the upper joint much larger, ovoid, beaked, 2-celled, cells 2-4-
seeded ; septum thin; style conical; stigma subcapitate. Seeds pen-
dulous from the side of the cell; cotyledons conduplicate—Disrris.
Afghanistan, Beluchistan ; species 1.

1. Physorhynchus brahuicus, Hook. Icon. Pl. (1852) tt. 821,
822. Perennial, erect, about 2 ft. high, glaucous, glabrous ; stem woody
at the base. Leaves thick, entire or sinuate-dentate ; lower 2-5 by
1-3 in., obovate, rounded or acute at the base, attenuated into the
petiole; upper smaller, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, semi-amplexicaul,
auricled. Racemes elongate, much divaricate in fruit; flowers white ;
pedicels 7 in. long, erect, thickened at top. Sepals ovate-oblong, 2 in.
long. Petals obovate, twice as long as the sepals. Pods 4-? in. long;
valves of the lower joint deciduous. Seeds subtriangular, globose,
punctate. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 165; Ait. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 8; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 122.—Flowers: Aug.

Styp: Stocks!; Brahuie hills, Stocks!; Thano-Bula-Khan, Woodrow.—Dtsrris.
Afghanistan, Beluchistan, 8S. Persia.

Stocks says the leaves are eaten like cabbage and are an excellent vegetable.

CuLTIVA'rED Economic PLANTS.

A number of plants of the Order (Crucifere) are cultivated throughout
the Presidency, either as vegetables, or for the oil obtainable from the
seeds. Of these the most important are the several species and varieties
of the genus Brassica.

Brassica NIGRA, Koch. Black mustard. Vern. Rai; Mohari. FI.
B. L. v. 1, p. 156; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 530. Cultivated in
fields,

Brassica CaAMPEstRIS, Linn., of which the following subspecies are
more or less cultivated: Subsp. 1, cAMPEsTRIS proper. The Swedish
turnip. Rarely cultivated in the Bombay Presidency. Subsp. 2, Napus.
The rape or coleseed. Vern, Sarsan; Pivli-rai. Cultivated in fields.
Subsp. 3, Rapa. The common turnip. Vern. Shalgam. Grown in
gardens as a vegetable, chiefly for the use of Europeans. The knol-
kohl or kohl-rabi largely takes the place of the turnip as a culinary
vegetable, being a plant better adapted for cultivation in a_ hot
climate.

IX. CRUCIFERA. oD

BRAssica OLERACEA, Linn.; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 533, of
which the following varieties are more or less grown for food, especially
in districts where water is procurable for irrigation: acephala, Scotch
kail, borecole ; budlata, the Savoy cabbage ; gemmifera, Brussels sprouts ;
capitata, red and white cabbage, the former rarely grown; caulorapa,
the knol-kohl or kohl-rabi ; botrytis, the cauliflower, largely cultivated.

Brassica JuNcEA, Hook. f. & Thoms. Vern. Mohari. FI. B. I. v.1,
p: 157; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. vy. 1, p. 528. Cultivated as a cold
season crop.

A full account of the varieties of the genus grown in India will be
found in Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, pp. 520-534.

The following are also extensively grown :—

RaPHANUS SATIVUS, Linn. The radish. Vern. Mula. FI. B. I.v.1,

166; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 393. Cultivated
throughout the Presidency. The common Indian radish is larger and
coarser than the English plant, and is eaten both raw and cooked.

RAPHANUS SATIVUS, var. caudatus, Linn., the rat-tail radish, or Java
radish, is widely grown, especially in Gujarat. Vern. Mougri. The
long whip-like purple pods often attain a length of 2 feet or more, and
are eaten raw or cooked. The seeds, according to the younger Linneus,
were introduced into India from Java.

LEPIpIuM sativuM, Linn. The cress. Vern. Aliv. FI. B.I. v. 1,
p- 159; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 627. Widely cultivated, not
ouly for Europeans, but also as a potherb for native use. The seeds
are imported into Bombay in considerable quantities from Persia.

Orpver X. CAPPARIDACEZ.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, erect or climbing. Leaves alternate (rarely
opposite); stipules 2 or 0, sometimes spinescent. Flowers usually
2-sexual, axillary, fascicled or solitary, or terminal and corymbose or
racemose, regular or irregular, often handsome. Sepals 4-8, free or
connate, 1-2-seriate, valvate or imbricate, rarely open in bud. Petals 4
(rarely 0, very rarely 5 or 8), sessile or clawed, imbricate or open, very
rarely valvate in bud, hypogynous or seated on the disk. Stamens
inserted at the base or apex of the torus, few or very many, equal or
unequal, all fertile or some without anthers ; anthers oblong, basifixed.
Disk 0, or tumid, or lining the calyx-tube. Ovary sessile, or with a
long or short stalk (gynophore), 1-celled ; ovules numerous, on 2-4 parietal
placentas ; style short or 0; stigma usually orbicular. Fruit capsular
or bacecate, or dry and indehiscent, very rarely drupaceous. Seeds
reniform or angled; albumen 0 or thin; embryo incurved.—Disrris.
Chiefly tropical; genera 23; species about 300,

Herbs ; fruit capsular.

Stamens sessile on the disk ...........0.s0seeeee+ LSpOdORBOEDUOOOED 1. Crixoms.

Stamens inserted on a gynophore .............ceeeeeeene eee en ees 2. GYNANDROPSIS.
An undershrub, 6-20 in. high; fruit with a membranous wing,

AMG OLIBCCIU SERCO note en: cslers deatcchoetsee vese(nss creas sacireesive . o DiereryGium.

D2

36 X. CAPPARIDACER.

Trees or shrubs ; fruit berried or capsular.

Sepals combined at the base into a tub? ......sceseeseeesereeees 4, Marva.
Sepals distinct, inserted on the edge of the disk............... 5. ORATAVA,
Sepals biseriate.

Stamens 4-6, inserted half way up the gynophore...... 6. OapaBA.

Stamens 8-00 , inserted at the base of the gynophore... 7. CAPPARIS.

1. CLEOME, Linn.

Herbs. Leaves simple or 3-9-foliolate, entire or serrulate. Flowers
solitary or racemose, white, yellow, pink or purple. Sepals 4, spreading.
Petals 4, subequal, sometimes subunilateral. Stamens 4-8, inserted on
the torus. Ovary sessile or with a very short gynophore ; ovules many,
on 2 parietal placentas; style short or 0. Capsule usually elongate,
sometimes inflated, sessile or stalked, 1-celled, 2-valved ; valves mem-
branous, separating from the persistent placentas. Seeds reniform.—
Disrris. In tropical or warm regions throughout the world; species
about 90.

Leaves simple.
Stamiens 6 or less.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, penninerved ; bracts petiolate. 1. C. monophylla.
Leaves ovate, cordate, penninerved; bracts small,
G/T SRA ogeecooeoe euAteana nee oom choo Auaccecodacapsanasuaddosacecs
Leaves suborbicular, palmately 5-nerved; bracts leafy...
Leaves fleshy, ovate or obovate, 3-nerved ; bracts small.
Stamens 10-12.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate; bracts leafy ............0ccsseees 5. C. simplicifolia.
Leaves compound.
Stamens 6; leaflets not exceeding 4 in.; capsule sessile.
Herb with an odor of musk or rue; stem without

. C. papillosa.
. C. quinquenervia.
. CO. Stocksiana,

& cob

jedi Ee aERe ao) Angtnog nash Sore saaecer ianoncsesiecudnteschet auc 6. C. brachycarpa.
Herb with distant prickles on the stem and leaves ...... 7. C. aspera.
Stamens 6; leaflets 1 in:; capsule stalked...........:...ccecee 8. C. Burmanni,

Stamens 10 or more.
Capsule glandular-pubescent ; flowers yellow ........0++ 9. C. viscosa.
Capsule smooth; flowers rosy .........00.00ssssscaceseescorees 10. C. Chelidonii.

1. Cleome monophylla, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 672. Erect,
branched, 1-2 ft. high, more or less hairy or pubescent; stems striate.
Leaves simple, 1-3 by #-% in., passing gradually into bracts above,
oblong-lanceolate, base truncate, rounded or cordate; petioles slender,
1-14 in. long. Flowers pink (not yellow as erroneously described by
Linnzus), solitary in the axils of stalked, leafy bracts, in a long erect
raceme; pedicels slender; bracts ovate or subdeltoid, cordate, strongly
pubescent. Stamens 6. Sepals linear, acute, ciliate with gland-tipped
hairs. Petals oblong, rounded at top, clawed. Capsules 23-33 by !;—3 in.,
subcylindric, pointed, striate, clothed with short stout hairs. Gynophore
very short or 0. Seeds transversely ragose. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 168;
Grah. Cat. p. 7; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 8; Trim, FI. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 55; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1897) p. 122.—Flowers: Nov.

A common weed. Duccan: Gokak, Woodrow, Gusarat: Woodrow, 8. M. Country:
Belgaum, Ritchie, 24! Badami, Cooke !, Woodrow! -—-Disrris. Tropical Africa,

2. Cleome papillosa, Steud. Nomen. ed. 2 (1840) v. 1, p. 382. A
much-branched plant, rough with glandular hairs; branches slender.
Leaves }-1 in. in diam., elliptic-ovate to orbicular, entire, rounded or
cordate at the base, scabrid and papillose; petioles of the lower leaves

X. CAPPARIDACER, on

3-1 in. long, those of the upper leaves very short. Flowers small, pink,
in long slender bracteate racemes ; pedicels filiform ; bracts small (the
uppermost flowers of raceme ebracteate). Sepals lanceolate, glandular.
Petals clawed. Stamens 6. Capsules glabrous or slightly papillose,
striate, very slender, 3-14 in. long by = in. in diam. Gynophore
almost 0, Seeds minute, brown-black, glabrous, granulate. Fl. B. I.
v. 1, p. 168; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 122.—
Flowers: Aug.

Sino: Dailzell, 34!, Stocks!, Vicary!; Rocks in Sind, Stocks!; Thano-Bula-Khan
ae 84 miles from Karachi, Woodrow.—Distrip. Abyssinia, Nubia, Kordofan,
rabla,

3. Cleome quinquenervia, DC. Prodr. v. 1 (1824) p. 239,
Glaucous, 6-12 in. high, the whole plant clothed with glandular hairs ;
branches many from a woody base, rigid, terete. Leaves 4—1 in. in diam.,
ovate or suborbicular, subcordate, palmately 5-nerved from the base,
margins ciliate with gland-tipped hairs; petioles glandular-hairy, those
of the lower leaves 1-13 in. long, those of the upper leaves shorter.
Flowers pale pink, in the axils of leafy bracts on short racemes ; bracts
ovate, acute, subsessile ; pedicels slender, }—3 in. long. Sepals linear,
acute, half as long as the petals, ciliate with gland-tipped hairs. Petals
ovate, acute, with a crested appendage across the inside a little above
the base, glabrous except the tips. Stamens 4. Capsules 1-17 by j-1in.,
narrow-oblong, acute at- both ends, straight or slightly curved, rough
with short, thick, gland-tipped hairs. Gynophore 0. Seeds minute,
numerous, smooth, chestnut-brown. Fl. B. Lv. 1, p.168; T. Anders.,
Fl. Aden., in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 5, Suppl. 1, p. 3; Griff. Itin. notes,
322, n. 1261; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p.122. Cleome
pentanervia, Ait. Cat. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 9.—Flowers : Oct.

Sinp: Laki (Karachi district), Woodrow !; hills in Sind, Vicary !—Drstrrs. Persia,
Afghanistan, Arabia.

4, Cleome Stocksiana, Boiss. Diag. ser. 2 (1853) fase. 1, p. 47.
Perennial, branched from the base, the lower branches striate, subglabrous,
the upper glandular. Leaves fleshy, 3-17 by 4-3? in., glandular-pubes-
cent or subglabrous, palmately 3-nerved; petioles 7-1 in. long, glandular
or smooth. Flowers small, in the axils of leafy bracts on an elongate
raceme; pedicels glandular, 7-3 in. long; bracts elliptic or obovate,
shortly stalked, glandular. Sepals elliptic-oblong. Petals obovate-
spathulate, veined with dark purple veins, clawed. Capsules broadly
linear, 14 by + in., gland-dotted, reticulately veined, shining inside,
pendulous. Gynophore very short. Seeds in 2 series, at first hairy, the
hairs soon falling off, globose, chestnut-brown. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 169;
Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 1, p. 414; Griff. Itin. notes, 225, n. 183; Ait. Cat.
Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 9; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 122.
—Flowers: Oct.

Sinp: Boogta Hills, Vicary!; Laki (Karachi district), Woodrow !—Disrris. Belu-
chistan,

5. Cleome simplicifolia, Hook. f. § Thoms. in Fl. B. I. v.1, p. 169.
Annual, 6-18 in. high ; whole plant clothed with short, rigid, spinulose
hairs from glandular bases; branches many from the base, ascending,
furrowed. Leayes 4-14 by 3-2 in., obovate or oblong-elliptic, strigose

38 X. CAPPARIDACER,

on both surfaces ; petioles of the lower leaves 3—? in. long, those of the
upper gradually becoming shorter. Flowers violet, solitary in the axils
ot leafy bracts on elongate racemes ; pedicels filiform, 2 2 in. long, hairy at
top; bracts narrow-oblong, subsessile. Stamens 12: filaments enlarged
at the apex. Sepals small, J; in. long, ovate, acute, pilose. Petals 4 in.
long, oblong, acute, veined with dark purple veins, glabrous. Capsules
3-1 by § in., long-beaked, glabrous, striate, slightly compressed, toru-
lose. Gynophore 0. Seeds large, yellowish-brown, smooth. Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1897) p. 122. Polanisia simplicifolia,
Camb. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. p. 20, t. 20; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 8.—Flowers :
July—Aug.

A common weed in the Deccan. Konkan: Stocks!; Bombay, Law! Dmccan:
Poona Collectorate, Dalzell § Gibson; near Poona, Dalzell! !; Poona, Jacquemont,
813 !, 814!, Woodrow. S. M. Country : Belgaum, Ritchie, 1018!

6. Cleome brachycarpa, Vahl, (ined.) ex DC. Prodr. vy. 1 (1824)
p- 240. <A perennial herb, 6-18 in. high, with an odor of rue; stems
many from a woody base, the older subglabrous, Le younger glandular
orvaspid=pubescent: Leaves 3-5- foliolate; petioles 3-7 in. long; leaflets
4-2 by =-7 in., obovate-oblong, viscidly puberulous ; petiolules very
short. oe ers ‘Yellow, in the axils of leafy bracts, in lax racemes;
pedicels 2-2 in. long, filiform ; bracts 3-foliolate or simple, subsessile.
Sepals ne in. long, ov ate-lanceolate, much shorter than the petals,
glandular-pubescent outside. Petals j--% in. long, ovate-oblong, subacute, —
glabrous, furnished inside with a small Se appendage above the
short claw. Stamens 6. Capsules g-2 by y/)-¢ 1n., oblong, inflated,
glandular; style about 3 in. long, filiform. ‘Gynophore 0. Seeds
minute, smooth. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 169; T. Anders., Fl. Aden., in Journ.
Linn. Soe. v. 5, Suppl. 1 (1860) p. 4; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v.
11 (1897) p. 122. Cleome Vahliana, Fresen. in Mus. Senckenb. v. 2,
p- 110; Ait. Cat. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 9. Cleome Ruta, Cambess. in Jacq.
Voy. Bot. p. 19, t. 19; Ait. Cat. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 9.—Flowers : Nov.—
May. VeERN. Kdsturz.

Very abundant throughout Sind. Sixp: Dailzel/, 82!; hills in Sind, Stocks, 456!;
Boogta Hills, Vicary!; Karachi, Woodrow!; Sukkur, Cooke!—Disrriz, N. Africa,
Arabia.

7. Cleome aspera, Ken. (ined.) ex DC. Prodr. v. 1 (1824) p. 241.
Annual, 6-18 in. high, much-branched from the base; branches ascending,
grooved, glabrous, armed with small distant prickles from triangular bases.
Leaves trifoliolate; petioles 4-2 in. long; leaflets 1-1 in. long (the
terminal much the largest), oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, glandular
and prickly ; petiolules very short or 0. Flowers small, pink, solitary in
the axils of floral leaves (bracts); pedicels filiform, rans in. long; bracts
subsessile, simple or trifoliolate. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, ney in. long.
Petals 5%, in. long, obovate- spre Capsules = 11 by o-4 in, striate,
subterete, scarcely torulose, tapering at both ends but quite sessile,
glabrous. Gynophore 0. Seeds yellowish-brown, almost orange, trans-
versely and sharply ridged, subglobose. Fl. B. I. vy. 1, p. 169; Trim.
Fl. Cey]. v. 1, p. 56; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1897) p. 123.
—Flowers: Aug.

Southern Districts, rare. 8. M. Country: Dharwar, Woodrow; Badami, Cookel,
Woodrow

X. CAPPARIDACEA, 39

8. Cleome Burmanni, Wight § Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 22. Annual,
6-18 in. high; stem (but not the leaves) rough with minute scattered
prickles. Leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets ovate-oblong or obovate, those of
the lower leaves shorter than the petioles, those of the upper much
longer, glabrous. Capsules 14-2 by ;|, in., subterete, striate, attenuated
at the base, stalked, glabrous. Gynophore + in. long. Seeds as in the
preceding species. FI. B. I. v. 1, p.170; Grah. Cat. p.7; Trim. Fl.
Ceyl. v. 1, p. 56; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 123.

Very similar to Cleome aspera, from which it differs chiefly by the
presence of a distinct gynophore. Trimen (FI. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 56)
considers it doubtfully distinct from that plant.

Siyp: Hyderabad, W. Strachan (fide Woodrow, 1. ¢.).

9. Cleome viscosa, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 672. Annual, erect,
1-3 ft. high ; stems grooved, densely clothed with glandular and simple
hairs. Leaves 3-5-foliolate; petioles of the lower leaves 1-2 in. long,
gradually becoming shorter upwards ; the floral leaves (bracts) often sub-
sessile, Leaflets elliptic-oblong or obovate, acute or obtuse, the terminal
the largest and reaching 14 by 1 in. (when 5-foliolate the basal pair much
reduced); petiolules short, hairy. Flowers yellow, axillary, growing
out into a lax raceme; pedicels slender, terete, hairy. Sepals #5 in.
long, oblong-lanceolate, glandular-pubescent outside. Petals oblong-
obovate, about 4 in. long, veined. Stamens exceeding 20. Capsules
2-25 by + in,, erect, hairy, obliquely striate, compressed, tapering
towards both ends, terminated by a style 4 in. long. Seeds brown-
black when ripe, finely transversely striate, subglobose. Fl. B. I. v. 1,
p. 170; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 57; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 123; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 371. Polanisia
icosandra, W. & A. Prodr. p. 22; Grah. Cat. p. 8; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 8.—
Flowers: Sept.June. Vern, Pivli-tilwdn.

A common weed, widely distributed throughout the Presidency ; very common in
the Deccan and about Poona. Konkan: near the lighthouse at Vingorla, Nairne,
Deccan: widely, Woodrow ; Poona, Cooke!

10. Cleome Chelidonii, Zinn. f. Suppl. (1781) p. 300. Annual,
erect, much-branched, 1-3 ft. high; stem and branches striate, glabrous
except for a few scattered hairs from glandular bases. Leaves 3—9-
(commonly 7-) foliolate, (the number of leaflets diminishing upwards),
passing into simple, linear bracts above; leaflets up to 23 in. long,
oblong-obovate, or the upper narrow-linear, appressedly pubescent ;
petioles reaching 4 in. long, glabrous except for a few glandular hairs.
Flowers rosy, in terminal and axillary racemes, becoming corymbose ;
pedicels 1-13 in. long. Sepals small, ovate, acute. Petals 3-2 in.
long, obovate, mucronate. Stamens indefinite. Capsules 2-4 in. long,
slender, cylindric, tapering at both ends, finely striate. _Gynophore 0,
Seeds yellowish-brown, echinate. FJ. B. L. v. 1, p. 170; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 123. Polanisia Chelidonn, DC.
Prodr. v. 1, p. 242; W. & A. Prodr. p. 22; Grah. Cat. p.7; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 8.—Flowers: July-Feb.

In moist places throughout the Presidency. Konkan: Stocks! Deccan: Bojapore
on the road to Poona, Dalzell §& Gibson; Khadkala, Woodrow ; between Poona and
Karli, Jacquemont, 812!; Lanoli, Cooke!; near Poona, Woodrow! Gusarat: Dang
jungles, Woodrow. §S.M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie, 23!—Disrriz, Java,

40 X. CAPPARIDACE.

2, GYNANDROPSIS, DC.

Annual herbs, usually glandular-pubescent. Leaves 3-7-foliolate.
Flowers racemose. Sepals 4, spreading, deciduous. Petals 4, with
long slender claws, imbricate or open in bud. Stamens 6; filaments
adnate to a slender gynophore, spreading above, subequal. Ovary
stalked; ovules many. Capsule usually stalked, compressed or sub-
terete, usually elongate. Seeds reniform or orbicular; testa rugose ;
cotyledons incurved, accumbent.—Disrris. Tropical regions of both
hemispheres ; species 10.

1. Gynandropsis pentaphylla, DC. Prodr. vy. 1 (1824) p. 238.
Annual, erect, branched, 2-4 ft. high ; stems and branches striate, more
or less clothed with white spreading hairs. Leaves 3—5-foliolate ; petioles
2-3 in. long, sometimes armed with small distant prickles ; leaflets sub-
sessile, 3-14 by 3-1 in., elliptic-obovate, obtuse, acute or acuminate,
cuneate at the base, pubescent on both sides, margins crenate-dentate or
subentire. Flowers at first corymbose, elongating into a dense brac-
teate raceme ; pedicels 3—3 in. long, viscid-pubescent ; bracts subsessile,
trifoliolate, with small obovate leaflets. Sepals lanceolate, glandular-
pubescent, green with white veins. Petals pale pink, 3 in. long, broadly
obovate or suborbicular with a long narrow claw. Gynophore 3-1 in.
long. Stamens purple, inserted about 4 way up the gynophore. Ovary
linear-oblong, glandular, seated on the top of the gynophore; style
almost 0. Capsules 2-34 by 3; in., viscid-pubescent, tapering at both
ends, obliquely striate. Seeds muricate, dark brown. Fl. B. L v. 1,
p- 171; Grah. Cat. p. 7; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 7; Eichler in Mart. Fl. Bras.
v. 13, part 1 (1865) p. 261, t. 58, fig. 3; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.
y. 4, p. 190.—Flowers: June. Varn. Padndri-tilwdn.

A common weed in waste places. Dxccan: Woodrow!; Ahmednagar, Cooke!; Poona,
1 eased Hele, Jacquemont, 810! Gusarat: Woodrow. S. M. Country: Belgaum,

itchie, 1158!

Gynandropsis speciosa, DC., with large rose-colored flowers is often grown as an
ornamental plant in gardens.

3. DIPTERYGIUM, Decaisne.

A twiggy, divaricately-branched undershrub. Leaves small, petioled,
scattered, ovate-oblong, acute, quite entire. Flowers small, bracteate.
Sepals small, equal at the base. Stamens 6, equal. Ovary 1-celled ;
ovules 1-2 in each cell, often 4-winged, the wings afterwards disappear-
ing; style elongate; stigma capitate. Fruit indehiscent, small, pendulous,
ellipsoid, compressed, surrounded by a membranous wing, 1-seeded.
Seeds erect, curved ; cotyledons concave ; embryo incumbent.—DIstR1B,
Arabia, Nubia; species 1.

1. Dipterygium glaucum, Decaisne, in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2, v. 4
(1835) p. 67. A shrub 6-20 in. high ; branches slender, terete, grooved.
Leaves }-} by 'y-7y in., few, and as well as the stems rough with
viscid glands; petioles short. Flowers in long, bracteate racemes ;
pedicels short, filiform. Sepals small, ovate, acute. Petals white, ovate,
obtuse, shortly clawed. Fruit transversely wrinkled. Fl. B. I. v. 1,
p. 164 (under N.O. Crucifere); F. Pax, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanz. v. 3,

X. CAPPARIDACE. 41

part 2, p. 225, fig. 185; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p- 122.—F lowers : Sept.

Sinp: near Jacobabad, Cooke!, Woodrow!—Distris. Arabia, N.E. Africa,

4. MZERUA, Forsk.

Climbing unarmed shrubs, often glaucous. Leaves simple, quite
entire. Flowers corymbose. Sepals 4, united at the base into a per-
. sistent infundibuliform tube forming a 4-lobed calyx; lobes valvate.
Petals 4, smaller than the calyx-lobes, inserted on the edge of the cup-
shaped disk. Disk infundibuliform, lining the calyx-tube, elongated in
the middle into a columnar obconic receptacle or torus, equalling or
slightly exceeding the calyx-tube. Stamens many, inserted on the torus;
filaments free or connate at the base. Ovary seated on a long gyno-
phore, 1—2-celled; placentas 2-4, parietal or cohering in the middle ;
ovules many; stigma subsessile. Berry fleshy, elongate, moniliform,
1- or more-seeded. Seeds large ; St mann fleshy, convolute.—DistRrB.
Tropical Africa, Arabia ; species about 20.

1. Mzerua ovalifolia, Cambess. in Jacquemont, Voy. Bot. (1844)
p. 23, t. 24. A ae shrub with divaricate branches ; bark smooth,
pale. Leaves 1-2 by 2 eikine , elliptic-oblong, obtuse or retuse, mucro-
nate, glaucous, glabrous ; petioles stout, g-z in. long. GE in
corymbs, greenish-white, terminal or on lateral shoots; pedicels }-# in.
long, glabrous; bract 1 at the base of each pedicel, small, “ovate, acuiinate,
rigid, yellow. Calyx-lobes ovate, acute, 3 in. long, hooded at the apex,
with a short horn behind the hood and with a line of dense white
pubescence on the margin. Calyx-tube + in. long, lined with an infun-
dibuliform disk as long as the tube with truncate margins, the columnar
torus slightly exceeding the calyx-tube. Petals ovate-lanceolate, acute,
with slightly undulate margins, half as long as the calyx-lobes and
alternate with them or nearly so, inserted on the margin of the cup-
shaped disk. Stamens many, inserted on the torus. Gynophore # in.
long. Ovary cylindric, truncate; style 0; stigma large. Fruit pale
brown, constricted between the seeds, forming an elongate twisted and
knotted berry, each lobe or knot 1-seeded. Seeds brown, globose,
~echinate. Maerua arenaria, Hook. f. & Thoms.in Fl. B. L. v. 1, p. 171;
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 58; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 9; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 123. Miebuhria oblongifolia, Royle, Il.
Him. Bot. p. 73; Grah. Cat. p. 8; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 8. Cupparis
heteroclita, Roxb. Fl. Ind. y. 2, p. 570.—Flowers : Nov.—Mar.

Konkan: N, & S. Konkan, Law! Duccan: Yeoat, near Poona, Cooke !, Woodrow! ;
between Wai and the Kamatki Ghat, Graham; hedges in the Deccan, Dalz zell § Gibson.
Gusarat: Deesa, Law (fide Graham) ; hedges in Gujarat, Dalz ell § Gibson. 8S. M.
Country: Dharwar, Talbot.

5, CRATZEVA, Linn.

Trees. Leaves 3-foliolate. Flowers in axillary and terminal corymbs,
handsome, usually polygamous. Sepals inserted on the edge of the disk,
deciduous, imbricate. Petals 4, with long claws, open in bud. Disk
hemispheric, lobed, lining the bottom of the calyx. Stamens 8-20,
nserted on the margin of the disk; filaments filiform, elongate. Ovary

42 X, CAPPARIDACE®.

ovoid, on a long gynophore, 1-2-celled; placentas 2; ovules many, in
many series; stigma sessile, discoid. Berry rather large, globose or
ovoid. Seeds few or many, reniform, imbedded in pulp.—Dusrrie.
Tropical regions of the world; species 6.

1. Cratzeva religiosa, Forst. f. Prodr. (1786) p. 35. A small
tree with a much-branched head. Leaves deciduous, 3-foliolate ; petioles
13-3 in. long ; leaflets 2-6 by 13-23 in., ovate, lanceolate or obovate,
acute or acuminate, attenuated at the base, entire, glabrous on both
surfaces, pale beneath and reticulately veined, the lateral leaflets oblique
at the base ; petiolules j-2 in. long. Flowers many, in dense terminal
corymbs, greenish-white; pedicels 1-1? in. long, stout, glabrous. Sepals
petaloid, small, distant, ovate,acute. Petals (including the claw) nearly
1 by 2 in.; claw up to 3 in. long, very narrow. Stamens longer than
the petals, spreading. Gynophore nearly 2 in. long, terete, smooth.
Ovary ellipsoid ; stigma flat. Fruit a globose or ovoid, woody, smooth
or scurfy berry, on the thickened gynophore.. Seeds imbedded in pulp,
nearly smooth, brown. FI. B. J. v. 1, p. 172; Pax, in Engl. & Prantl,
Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 2 (1891) pp. 227, 228, fig. 1387; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
p- 9; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 123; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 583.—Duisrris. Tropical Africa.

Var. 1. Nurvala, Hook. f. & Thoms. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 172. Leaflets
ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed. Berry ovoid. Crateva Nurvala, Buch,-
Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. v. 15 (1827) p. 121; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 8.
Crateva Roxwburghii, Grah. Cat. p. 8—Flowers: Mar. Vern. Vaya-
varna.

Konkan: Stocks!, Law!; Byculla (Bombay), Graham; Karanja Hill, Dalzell &
Gibson ; Wari Country, Dalzell § Gibson. Kanara: Chandwar, Ritchie, 29!; Hulical,
Woodrow !

The tree is often planted near temples and tombs.

Var. 2. Roxburghii, Hook. f. & Thoms. F). B. I. v.1, p.172. Leaflets
ovate or obovate, abruptly acuminate. Berry globose. Crateva Icw-
burghii, Br. in Denh. & Clapp. Travels, App. (1826) p. 224; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 8; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 59.

Konkan: Law!; Wari jungles, Dalzell § Gibson. Gusarat: banks of the Narbada
near Chandod, Dalzell § Gibson.

6. CADABA, Forsk.

Unarmed shrubs. Leaves simple or trifoliolate. Flowers axillary,
solitary, racemose or corymbose. Sepals 4, unequal or 2-seriate, the
2 outer yalvate. Petals 2-4, rarely 0, clawed. Disk prolonged into a
trumpet-shaped or spathulate process with a tubular claw. Stamens 4-6 ;
filaments filiform, exserted, spreading. Ovary 1-celled, on the top of a
long gynophore; ovules many, on 2-4 parietal placentas ; stigma sessile,
Fruit fleshy, long, cylindric, berried, or dehiscing tardily by 2 valves
which leave the pulpy placentas. Seeds subglobose ; testa cartilaginous ;
cotyledons conyolute.—Disrris. Tropical and subtropical E. and W.
Africa, Arabia; species 12.

Shrubs; limb of petals spatbulate.

Ptamens S 15.05 crepeses vaste rddexievatoaus yy o¥s «3h cee ckunvesace 1. C. indica.
PLAMCNS'D ssc. sehso Meer emases ner ibndsstakeonn ssseeon exaenss hi aarene 2. C. farinosa.

A tree; limb of petals suborbicular ...........,.sesoeseseeeees 3. C. heterotricha.

X. CAPPARIDACER. : 43

1. Cadaba indica, Lam. Hncyc. v. 1 (1783) p. 544. A straggling,
much-branched shrub; stems terete, the older smooth, purplish, the
younger pubescent, yellowish-brown. Leaves simple, entire, 3-14 by
3-2 in., elliptic-oblong, obtuse (rarely retuse), mucronate, reticulately
veined, glabrous, base rounded ; petioles ;—4 in. long. Flowers dirty
white, in few-flowered, terminal, l-sided racemes, the upper flowers
corymbose; pedicels 3—3 in. long, pubescent; bract 1 at the base of each
pedicel, subulate. Sepals subequal, ovate-oblong, acute, exceeding 2 in.
long, pubescent outside. Petals spathulate, about equalling the sepals ;
claw long, very narrow. Disk prolonged into a funnel-shaped process
2 in. long, expanded and toothed at the apex, mouth oblique. Stamens 4,
inserted about 3 way up the gynophore, much exserted. Gynophore
?-gin.long. Ovary oblong; style 0. Fruit dehiscent, 1—2 in. by } in.,
cylindric, irregularly torulose, pubescent or smooth. Seeds numerous,
striate, surrounded by an orange-red aril. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 172; Grah.
Cat. p. 8; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 9; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 60; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. p. 9; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 123.—
Flowers: Nov.—Mar.

Konkan: Law!; Cross island (Bombay harbour), Stocks! Duccan: Dalzell § Gibson ;
Bijapur, Cooke!, Woodrow! Gusarar: Dalzell & Gibson; Junaghad, Cooke!; Por-

bandar, Cooke!; Surat, Woodrow, 8. M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie, 980!; Dharwar,
Cooke !

2. Cadaba farinosa, Mursk. Fl. Agypt.-Arab. (1775) p. 68. A
much-branched, hoary, wiry shrub. Leaves 3-2 in. long, ovate or oblong,
obtuse or retuse, glaucous, or whitish and mealy at first, at length
glabrate ; petioles ;4, in. long. Flowers as in Cadaba indica, the limb of
the petals narrower. Stamens 5; filaments inserted about 3 way up
the gynophore. Fruit subterete or slightly torulose, 1-2 in. long, on a
gynophore 3-1 in. long. Seeds reniform-rotundate, compressed. FI.
B. I. vy. 1, p. 173; Ait. Cat. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 10; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
p- 9; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 3.

A rare plant, found in Sind. Sinn: Stocks!, Dalzell!

3. Cadaba heterotricha, Stocks, in Hook. Icon. Pl. vy. 9 (1852)
t.889. A small tree, 12-20 ft. high, glaucous and pulverulent ; branches
hoary. Leaves petioled, orbicular, emarginate, pubescent with stellate
or glandular hairs, often cuneate at the base. Petals 4, orbicular, clawed.
Disk elongated into a process about § as long as the gynophore, bilabiate,
lower lip truncate, the upper elongate, reflexed, 2-3-crenate at the apex.
Filaments 5, glabrous, free. Ovary and gynophore glandular-pubescent.
Fruit unknown.

Stocks says (I. c.).—‘“ The hairs on this plant are of 3 kinds. The
herbaceous parts have an ashy, glaucous look from minute, sessile, stellate
hairs covering the whole epidermis. Mixed with these stellate hairs are
pedicelled ones, forked at the summit. These give a farinaceous look
to the young shoots. ‘Together with these, there are always present
glandular, capitate hairs, few and inconspicuous.” Fl. B. I. v.1, p. 173;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p.9. -

A very rare plant. Sinp: Stocks!;

(1. ¢.).

on rocks near Cape Monze, Stocks ex Fl. B, I.

44 X,. CAPPARIDACE.

7. CAPPARIS, Linn.

Trees or shrubs, often scandent, unarmed or with stipular thorns.
Leaves simple, rarely 0. Inflorescence various ; flowers white or colored,
often showy, usually bracteate. Sepals 4, free or connate at the very
base, in 2 series, imbricate, or the 2 exterior subvalvate. Petals 4, imbri-
cate. Torus short. Stamens usually many, inserted on the torus at
the base of a long gynophore. Ovary stalked, 1-4-celled ; ovules many,
on 2-6 parietal placentas; stigma sessile. Berry stalked, globose or
cylindric, often elongate, rarely dehiscent. Seeds many, imbedded in
pulp; testa crustaceous or coriaceous ; embryo convolute.—Disrris. In
both tropics and in the warm regions of Europe and Asia; species 120.

Flowers axillary, solitary or in fascicles of 2-3.
Prostrate shrub; leaves orbicular; thorns usually hooked. 1. C. spinosa.

Erect shrub; leaves ovate-lanceolate; thorns straight...... 2. C. zeylanica,
Erect shrub; leaves elliptic-lanceolate; thorns minute
(a0) hs nen Sac aee nee non ee PROBE Sbe bone aacioncds doses pacoosdeeunodonenadce 3. C. Heyneana,

Shrub or small tree ; leaves narrow-oblong ; thornsstraight. 4. C. divaricata,
Flowers corymbose (sometimes racemose in C. grandis).
Leafless except on the young shoots, on which the leaves

ALOMIMNGAP My Hee aceaperesesdses earecsteaacaae oo emt ontais aioe tensen 5. C, aphylla,
Leaves oblong with a callous tip, glabrous ; flowers 4-5 in.
Hit be Be doondberidSaansboe bancao see cana soacaeeocubunuAcEdhocoo add 6. C. Moonii.

Leaves oblong or obovate, glabrous; flowers 1} in. indiam. 7. C. Roxburghiti.
Leaves elliptic-obovate, olive-green-pubescent when young ;

Mowers Ua WnyiaMl, | A....cgemncrsee ve-tsee dqnelrist ves <a Peas . C. grandis.
Flowers in shortly peduncled umbels.
An erect shrub; flowers small, few...............ssssescessseses 9. C. pedunculosa,
AGWwOOdYy Climber: .oc..cor-secnnrenenevaccesssesenscs-seciessecvecer 10. C. sepiaria.
Flowers supra-axillary in a vertical line on the branches.
A large climber; young parts fuscous-tomentose ............ ll. C. horrida.
A slender climbing shrub; young parts glabrous ............ 12. C. tenera,

1. Capparis spinosa, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 503. A diffuse,
prostrate shrub; branches terete, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves variable,
4-11 in. in diam., glaucescent, orbicular or from broadly ovate to obovate,
retuse or sometimes acute, mucronate, entire, rounded or cuneate at the
base, glabrous or more or less pubescent; petioles about 3 in. long;
stipules of 2 hooked (rarely straight), orange-colored thorns. Flowers
hatidsome, axillary, solitary; pedicels 1-2 in. long, thickened in fruit.
Sepals subequal.. Petals white, 1-1} in. long, exceeding the sepals.
Filaments purple, longer than the petals. Gynophore 2-3 in. long.
Fruit 1-2 in. long, obovoid, ribbed, red when ripe. Seeds globose,
smooth, brown. Fl. B. I. v.1, p.173; Pax, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf.
y.3, part 2, p. 226, fig. 136, a, B,c,D; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 10; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 123; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. vy. 2,
p. 183. Capparis Murrayana, Grah. Cat. p. 9; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 9.—
Flowers: JanMar. The Caper plant; the pickled flower-buds con-
stitute the capers of commerce. Vern. Kabar; Kalvdri.

In dry beds of streams in many places throughout the Presidency, Konkan: Law!;
Raighar, Dalzell! _ Deccan: Mahableshwar, Cooke!, Dalzell § Gibson, Woodrow ;
Harishchandar, Gibson (fide Graham, |.c.). Sinn: Stocks!; Kirthar mountains, Wood-
row; Ruk Junction on the Railway Line, Upper Sind, Cooce !—Disrris. Europe (the
Mediterranean region), Asia, N. Africa, Australia.

Var. galeata, Hook. f. & Thoms. in Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 1738. Leaves
fleshy, ovate-orbicular, tipped with a more or less curved mucro; lower

X. CAPPARIDACE. 45

sepal very saccate. Cappuris galeata, Fresen. in Mus. Senckenb. v, 2,
p. 111; Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr. v. 1, p. 95.

A maritime plant, growing on the Sind coasts. Sinn: Dalzell!; rocks by the sea
and saltwater creeks, Karachi, Stocks !—Dtsrris. Arabia and H, Africa near the sea.

2. Capparis zeylanica, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2 (1762) p. 720. A rigid,
much-branched shrub; young shoots glabrous. Leaves coriaceous,
14-2} by #-1} in. , elliptic or broadly lanceolate, acute or obtuse, entire,
glabrous on both surfaces, prominently reticulately veined, pale beneath,
base subacute or rounded; petioles { in. long ; stipular thorns short,
straight. Flowers 14-2 in. in diam., axillary, solitary or 2-3 together
on a short shoot; pedicels slender, 1-1) in. long. Sepals nearly equal,
concave. Petals % in. long, white, oblong, obtuse, undulate, the lower
pair spreading, the upper approximate and with a colored spot at the
base. Gynophore 4—? in. long. Ovary oblong, pubescent. Fruit
irregularly ovoid, 2-24 by 1-14 in., pointed or blunt, bright scarlet.
Seeds numerous, imbedded in a white fetid pulp. Fl. B. I. v.1, p. 174;
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 61; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 10; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 123; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 134.
Capparis brevispina, DC. Prodr. v. 1, p. 246; Grah. Cat. p. 8; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 9.—Flowers: Feb.-Apr. Vern. Wagdti; Govindphal.

Konkan: near Vingorla, Dalzell & Gibson. Duccan: W. Deccan, Dilzell §& Gibson ;

Alandi (near Poona), Woodrow. Kanara: N. Kanara, Talbot. S. M. Country :
Dharwar, Woodrow, Talbot.

3, Capparis Heyneana, Wall. Cat. (1828) 6985. An erect shrub,
unarmed or with minute, straight, stipular thorns. Leaves 3-5 by 1-2 in.,
elliptic-lanceolate, acute or panna. narrowed at the base, reticulately
veined, the younger clothed with ferruginous, stellate tomentum, the
older glabrous, shining above; petioles 4 in. long. Flowers very large,
4-5 in. in diam., white or pale blue, arranged in corymbose, 2—6-flowered
racemes, terminal or at the ends of short axillary branches ; pedicels
1-1t in. long and together with the subulate bracts ferrugino tomentose.
Sepals obtuse, tomentose within. Petals flat, obovate, ” spreading, the
2 lower much approximated and with a yellow, pubescent, basal spot.
Filaments as long as the petals. Gynophore 1-1} in. long. Ovary
oblong, tomentose. Fruit not seen. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 174; Grah. Cat.
p. 9; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 10; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1897) p. 123; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p.131. Capparis formosa,
Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. v. 2 (1850) p. 40; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 9.—
Flowers: Apr._May. VeErn. Chayruka.

Konkan: Dalzell!, Law: Ghats of the 8S. Konkan, Zulbot. Kanara: Ritchie,
1614!; in evergreen forests, N. Kanara, Za/bot ; Divimana (N. Kanara), Woodrow.

4, Capparis divaricata, Lam. Encyc. v. 1 (1788) p. 606. A much-
branched shrub or small tree. Leaves 14-2) by 3-} in., 5-7-nerved
from the base, narrow-oblong, obtuse or = ANSE, rarely Foes mucronate,
rounded at the base, the young leaves tomentose, the older glabrous ;
petioles 4-8, in. long; stipular thorns stout, straight or slightly curved.
Flowers Qu in. in diam., axillary, solitary, greenish ; buds beaked, tomen-
tose; pedicels }—? in. long, stout, tomentose. Sepals ovate, acute,
araneoso-tomentose on both surfaces. Petals oblong, acute or rounded

at the top, araneoso-tomentose on both surfaces. Gynophore # in, long.

46 X. CAPPARIDACEX.

Ovary glabrous, ribbed. Fruit 2 in. in diam., subglobose, scarlet, warted,
5-6-ribbed, obtusely beaked, seated on the elongate and erally eer
gynophore. Fil. B. I. v.1, p. 174; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 61; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. p. 10; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 “Bor D- 123.
Capparis stylosa, DC. Prodr. v. 1, p. 246; Grah. Cat. p.8; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 10.—Flowers: Feb.—Apr.

Deccan: common all over the Deccan, Dalzell § Gibson, Talbot ; Rajewadi, Woodrow ;
Alandi, Woodrow. 8. M. Country: Badami, Woodrow !, Cooke!

5. Capparis aphylla, Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. (1821) p. 238. A straggling,
glabrous shrub; branches terete, smooth, green. Leaves on the young
shoots only (the older branches leafless), small, less than 4 in. long,
linear-oblong, acute, spinous-pointed ; petioles very short or 0; stipular
thorns long, sharp, ‘straight, orange-yellow. Flowers in many-flowered
corymbs, from the old branches, or from short lateral shoots ; pedicels
slender, about 4 in. long. Sepals : the outer pubescent, ciliate, sub-
valvate, the ee sepal very saccate, acuminate, the upper ‘much
smaller, ovate-oblong, concave ; inner sepals elliptic, acute, with floccose
margins. Petals red, narrow-oblong, 2 by + in. Gynophore + in. long.
Fruit globular, size of a small cherry, glabrous, beaked. Fl. B. I. v. 3
p- 174; Grah. Cat. p. 9; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 9; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 10;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897). p. 123; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 2, p. 130. Sodada decidua, Forsk. Fl. Agypt. (1775) p. 81.
Capparis decidua, Pax, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 2, pp. 230,
231, fig. 139 (not of Edgew.).—Flowers : Nov.Mar. Vury. Nepti.

Throughout the driest parts of the Presidency; very common in Sind. Dxccan:
Dalzell g Gibson ; widely, Woodrow; Yeoat, near Poona, Woodrow!; island in the
Poona river, Cooke! Guysarar: Dalzell §& Gibson. Stxp: Cooke !—Disrris. Arabia,
N. tropical Africa, Egypt.

6. Capparis Moonii, Wight, il. v. 1 (1840) p. 35. A large
climbing shrub; stems reaching 6 in. in diam.; young branches purple,
glabrous, shining. Leaves 3-4 by 14-2 in., elliptic-oblong, obtuse or
acute, with a short callous tip, glabrous on both surfaces, shining above,
paler beneath ; petioles $$ m. long; stipular thorns short, stout,
hooked. Flowers white, 4—5 in. in diam., in terminal corymbs ; pedicels
15-2} in. long, stout, flattened, glabrous. Sepals: the outer 1 in. in
diam., orbicular, deeply cupped, much imbricate; the inner broadly
oblong, finely tomentose outside. Petals spreading, pubescent on the
upper surface. Stamens very numerous, 2-24 in. long. Gynophore
2-3 in. long. Ovary ovoid, glabrous. Fruit 2-4 in. in diam., subglobose,
pointed, seated on the much thickened w oody stalk. Seeds numerous,
#in.in diam. FI. B. I. v. 1, P: 175; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 62; Talb.
‘Trees, Bomb. p. 10; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 123.
—Flowers: Dee. -Jan. VERN. Wagdtt.

Konkan: Stocks!, Law!; W.Ghats widely, Woodrow. Dnccan: Khandala, Stocks},
Cooke!, Woodrow. 8. M. Country: Ramghat, Ritchie, 26! Kanara: evergreen forests
along the N. Kanara Ghats, Ta/bot.

7. Capparis Roxburghii, DC. Prodr. vy. 1 (1824) p. 247. A
large woody climber; young branches fuscous- or hoary-pubescent.
Leaves 14 -24 by 1-13 in., oblong or obovate, acute or shortly acuminate
narrowed or cuneate at the base, glabrous, shining, pale beneath;

X. CAPPARIDACE &. 47

petioles 4-4 in. long; stipular thorns stout, hooked. Flowers white,
1-13 in. in diam., in corymbs at the extremities of the branches or
on short axillary branches; buds tomentose; pedicels 1-1? in. long,
pubescent or tomentose. Sepals as in the preceding species, but much
smaller, the outer less than 3 in.in diam. Petals broadly obovate-
cuneate. Gynophore 2 in. long. Ovary subglobose, pointed, glabrous.
Fruit 14-2 in. in diam., dark purple (Jovb. 1. c.), globose, umbonate.
Seeds numerous. FI. B. I.v.1, p.175; Grah. Cat. p.9; Dalz. & Gibs.
p. 9(?); Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p.62; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 10; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 123. Capparis corymbosa, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. v. 2, p. 569.—Flowers: Aug. Vern. Wagdti.

Very like the preceding, from which it differs chiefly in size and
pubescence. In the description by Dalzell & Gibson (Bombay Flora,
p- 9), it seems doubtful whether the plant described as C. Rowburyhi
may not be C. Moonii.

Kanara: Stocks!; Kumpta and Ankola Ghat, in evergreen forests, Talbot.

8. Capparis grandis, Linn. f. Suppl. (1781) p. 263. A small
tree ; young shoots covered with olive-green tomentum. Leaves 1-24
by 1-13 in., elliptic-obovate, obtuse (rarely retuse), sometimes mucronate,
the younger clothed with olive-green velvety pubescence, the older
subglabrous, except the midrib; petioles t-2 in. long; stipular thorns
usually absent, when present hooked. Flowers about 1 in. in diam., in
terminal, many-flowered, densely pubescent corymbs, or sometimes in
racemes the lower pedicels of which are furnished with stalked, leafy,
the upper with smal!, deciduous bracts ; pedicels 2-1 in. long. Sepals :
the outer ;—°; in. long, covered with olive-colored pubescence outside,
boat-shaped, valvate ; the inner broadly elliptic, ciliate. Petals oblong-
obovate, the inner surface pubescent. Gynophore usually 2-1 in. long,
sometimes only tin. Ovary ovoid, very acute, glabrous. Fruit the
size of a nutmeg, subglobose, purple, smooth, 2—6-seeded. FI. B. I.
yv. 1, p. 176; Grab. Cat. p. 9; Dalz..& Gibs. p.10; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v: 1,
p: 63; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 123; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 131.—Flowers: Apr._May. Vurn. Pachunda.

Daccan: Gibson!; in the forts of Sholapore and Miraj, Dalzell & Gibson; Bul-
eshwar Hill, Yeoat, 30 miles E. of Poona, Woodrow!; islet in the Mutha-Mula River,

?
Poona, Kanitkar!; near Poona, Cooke! Kanara: Law! S. M. Country: in the

forests of the Dharwar district, Talbot; Belgaum, Ritchie, 979!

9. Capparis pedunculosa, Wall. Cat.(1828) 6999. Anerect shrub
with wiry branches ; young parts pubescent. Leaves bifarious, very close
together, 2-1 in. in diam., broad-elliptic or orbicular, obtuse or acute,
usually mucronate, glabrous, base rounded or subcordate ; petioles very
short ; stipular spies hooked. Flowers white, in simple terminal and
axillary short-peduncled umbels; pedicels 3-1 in. long, filiform. Sepals
less than 7 in. long, reflexed, glabrous. Petals as long as the sepals.
Gynophore 1 in. long, filiform. Fruit subglobose, size of a pea, smooth.
Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 176 (amending citation of no. in Wall. Cat.) ; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 9; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 63; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 11;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 123.

I have seen no specimens from Bombay. Dalzell & Gibson (1. c.) give
Mahableshwar as a locality in which Capparis pedunculosa proper occurs,
I consider thisanerror. Ihave personally examined numerous specimens

48 X. CAPPARIDACES.

of the Mahableshwar plant in situ, aud all of them belonged to the var.
longispina, which is very abundant on the bill.

Var. longispina, Hook. f. & Thoms. (sp.) in Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 176.
Stipular spines straight, acicular, divaricate, sometimes reaching 3 in.
long. Leaves dark green, the upper surface shining, the lower more or
less pubescent.—Flowers: Mar. Vurn. Kolisna.

Konkan: dense woods of the Ghats, Stocks!, Law!; Matheran, Cooke! Deccan:
eee! Mahableshwar, Cooke!, Woodrow! Kanara: along the N. Kanara Ghats,

aool.

10. Capparis sepiaria, Linn. Syst. ed. 10 (1759) p. 1071. A
much-branched, woody climber; young shoots more or less pubescent. |
Leaves 3-14 by 3-3 in., oblong-elliptic or obovate, obtuse, emarginate,
rarely acute, the younger more or less pubescent, the older glabrous ;
petioles ;,-4 in. long, pubescent; stipular spines hooked. Flowers
white, 1-3 in. in diam., in dense, short-peduncled or sessile umbels ;
pedicels 3—3 in. long, filiform. Gynophore j-3 in. long, filiform. Ovary
ovoid, pointed, glabrous or very minutely pubescent. Fruit 7-3 in. in
diam., globose, smooth, black when ripe. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 177; Grah.
Cat. p. 9; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 10; Trim. Fl. Ceyl.v.1, p. 64; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. p. 11; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v.11 (1897) p. 123; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 132.—Flowers: Feb.May. Vern. Kanthar.

Common in dry parts of the Presidency. Derccan: widely, Woodrow; Nasik,
Cooke! Kanara: Haliyal, Ritchie, 1617!

11. Capparis horrida, Linn. f. Suppl. (1781) p. 264. A climb-
ing shrub; branches terete; young parts clothed with rufous tomen-
tum. Leaves 1-3 by ?-2 in., elliptic-oblong, obtuse, acute or retuse,
with a long, stout mucro, narrowed at the base, reticulately veined,
glabrous and shining above ; petioles } in. long ; stipular spines hooked.
Flowers supra-axillary, solitary or 2-3, one above the other in a vertical
line, the upper the longest. Sepals 3 in. long, densely rufous-pubescent
outside, very concave. Petals twice as long as the sepals, densely
villous. Gynophore 17 in. long. Ovary ellipsoid, apiculate. Fruit
subglobose, 13 in. in diam.,on a greatly thickened stalk, obtusely 4-angled,
red-brown. Seedsmany. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 178; Grah. Cat. p. 9; Dalz.
& Gibs. p. 10; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 64; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 11;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 123; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 2, p. 131.—Flowers: Nov.-Apr. Vern. Yarati.

Throughout the Presidency and Sind, tolerably common. Konkan: Sfocks!
Deccan: Woodrow; Poona, Cooke! §S. M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie, 25! Sixp:
Woodrow.

12. Capparis tenera, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. vy. 2 (1850)
p. 41. A climbing shrub; branches slender, terete, glabrous. eaves
membranous, 1-22 by #-1j in., ovate-oblong or lanceolate, acuminate,
glabrous ; petioles } in. long; stipular spines hooked. Flowers white,
1 in. in diam., supra-axillary, usually solitary or sometimes 2 (rarely 3)
together in a vertical line, one above the other ; pedicels filiform, #—14 in,
long. Sepals linear-lanceolate, deflexed. Petals oblong, acute, longer
than the sepals, pubescent. Gynophore # in. long, filiform. Ovar
ovoid, long-pointed, glabrous. Fruit pisiform, § in. in diam., usually
4-seeded. HF). B. I. v. 1, p. 179; Dalz. & Gibs. p.9; Trim. Fl. Ceyl.

X. CAPPARIDACE. 49

v. 1, p. 65; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 11; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 123.—Flowers: Mar.—May.
On the Ghats, rare, Dalzell § Gibson. Konan: Stocks! Kanara: Law!; Kala

naddi, Ritchie, 1613!; Kumpta-Sirsi Road, Woodrow; S. Ghats of N. Kanara,
Talbot.

Orpur XI. RESEDACEA.

Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or pinnatisect; stipules 0,
or glandular. Flowers small, racemose or spicate, bracteate. Calyx
persistent, 4—7-partite, irregular ; lobes imbricate in bud. Petals 2-7,
hypogynous, entire or lobed, equal, or the upper larger, open in bud.
Disk conspicuous, hypogynous (0 in Oligomeris). Stamens usually many,
seated on the disk, free or connate, equal or unequal. Ovary 1-celled,
of 2-6 connate carpels, often lobed at the top and open between the
lobes which bear the sessile stigmas; ovules on 2-6 parietal placentas,
amphitropous or campylotropous. Fruit capsular (a berry in Ochra-
denus), open at the top. Seeds many, reniform; albumen 0; embryo
curved or folded ; cotyledons incumbent.—Disrriz. 8. Europe, N. and 8.
Africa, N. Asia; genera 6; species about 30.

Fruit capsular.

LES IDLRVG T(t nec a a CORER EB SOB OE UB ONC Ce OPP CaCEDEE: ern e og -eeEReone 1. Reszpa.
IEGLENTIS) 2)“ sobaanaoneqdocbeoapenonepuunont eg pC HORS OBABASUSdNbbENoSBOOObE 2. OLIGOMERIS. _
erent DCMI a FIGU AIS peeee as tincses anecdelves case nvans-s-auesdeawedceer se 3. OCHRADENUS.

1. RESEDA, Linn.

Erect or decumbent herbs. Leaves entire, jobed or pinnatisect ;
stipules glandular. Flowers small, racemose, bracteate. Calyx 4-7-
partite. Petals 4—7, unequal, multifid, the upper with a membranous
appendage above the claw. Disk subsessile, broad, dilated on the upper
side. Stamens 10-40, inserted within the disk. Ovary sessile or
stalked, 3-lobed at the apex; placentas 3-6; ovules. many. Capsule
indehiscent, open at top. Seeds numerous.—Disrrip. N. Africa, W.
Asia ; species 26.

Leaves narrow-linear, the upper 3-5-divided ..........06..020eseeees 1. R. pruinosa.

Leaves obovate, the upper undivided ............scsscesenseseeneenees 2. R. Aucheri.

1. Reseda pruinosa, Delile, Flor. Zgypt. [llustr. (1812) p.63. An
erect perennial, 1-13 ft. high; branches terete, glabrous, more or less
papillose. Leaves papillose; the lower linear-lanceolate; the upper
deeply 3-5-divided, the segments narrow-linear. Flowers minute, sub-
sessile, in a dense, terminal, spiciform raceme 6-9 in. long; pedicels
very short when in flower, elongating to ;4,—-1+1n. in fruit; bracts linear-
subulate, deciduous. Sepals 6-7, oblong-lanceolate, with hyaline and
papillose margins. Petals white. Capsules 3 in. long, oblong-obovoid,
slightly contracted at the mouth, erect, appressed to the axis. Seeds
yellowish-white, smooth, subglobose. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 181; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 128; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6,
part 1, p. 436.—Flowers: Mar.

Sinp: Stocks, 587!; Boogta hills, Vicary!; Bullo Khan, Woodrow.

E

‘BO XI. RESEDACEX.

2. Reseda Aucheri, Boiss. Diag. ser. 1 (1842) fase. 1, p. 5. An
erect, branched perennial, 1-2 ft. high, glabrous or slightly papillose.
Leaves 1-2 in. long, entire, oblong-obovate or lanceolate, acute or obtuse,
tapering into a long petiole, glabrous, glaucous. Flowers yellowish-
white, in dense spiciform racemes ; pedicels scarcely ;/; in.long. Sepals
6-7, half as long as the petals, linear, acute, with hyaline margins.
Petals +-2 in. long, the upper 9-11-partite for + of their length, the
entire portion oblong-obovate. Capsules as in the preceding. FI. B. I.
v. 1, p. 181; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 1, p. 434; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.
vy. 6, part 1, p. 436.

Srnp: rare, Dalzell!, Stocks !

R. odorata, Linn. (Mignionette), is often cultivated, especially in the gardens of
Europeans.

2, OLIGOMERIS, Camb.

Herbs. Leaves linear, entire, scattered or fascicled. Flowers small,
in terminal spikes. Calyx 4-partite. Petals 2, distinct or connate at
the base. Disk 0. Stamens 4-8, hypogynous ; filaments free or mona-
delphous. Ovary sessile, 4-angled, 4-cuspidate; placentas 4, many-
ovuled. Capsules angled, open at top. Seeds many.—Disrris. Species
4, of which 3 are S. African and the fourth distributed through N.
Africa, Syria and Persia to India.

1. Oligomeris glaucescens, Cumb. in Jacquemont, Voy. Bot. (1844)
p. 24,t.25. Anannual erect glaucous herb ; stems many, erect, sulcate,
glabrescent. Leaves sessile, 1-2 by 4 in., narrow-linear, acute, glabrous.
Flowers greenish-white, in terminal spikes, the upper portion of the
spikes dense, the lower lax; bract lanceolate, longer than the calyx.
Calyx glabrous ; lobes unequal, lanceolate, acute. Petals equalling the
calyx, connate more than 3-way up. Stamens 3, a little shorter than
the petals; filaments connate at the base. Ovary sessile, depressed-
globose, 4-cuspidate, 4-furrowed lengthwise ; stigmas obtuse. Capsules
very small, membranous. Seeds minute, shining, 7; in. in diam. Fl.
B. I. v. 1, p. 1813; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 123.

Sinn: Stocks, 585! and 591!; Kirthar Mountains, Woodrow.—Distris. Beluchistan,
and westward to Spain and the Canaries.

3. OCHRADENUS, Delile.

Branched glabrous herbs; branches slender, twiggy. Leaves small,
linear, on the younger branches only, solitary or fascicled. Flowers
small, spicate or racemose, often polygamous. Calyx 5-fid. Corolla 0.
Disk unilateral. Stamens 10-20, inserted within the disk. Ovary
sessile, ovoid, closed at the top, 3-cuspidate ; placentas 3; ovules many.
Fruit a many-seeded berry.—Distr1p. Species 2, one Spanish, the other
the foliowing, distributed to Syria and Egypt.

1. Ochradenus baccatus, Delile, Flor. d’ Egypte, (1812) p. 236, t. 31.
Shrubby, 6-12 ft. high ; branches terete, striate, glabrous. Leaves 3-14
by +/y in., entire, scattered near the base of the branches, olive-green,
fleshy, narrow-linear, spathulate, with a callous tip, glabrous. Flowers
yellowish, minute, shortly pedicelled, laxly arranged in rigid racemes, 1-
2-sexual. Calyx 5-6-lobed. Petals 0. Stamens 10-12. Berry small,
1 in. in diam., shortly stalked, obovoid, attenuated at the base, the apex

XI. RESHDACE®, : 51

rounded and obtusely 3-denticulate. Seeds few, pale brown. FI. B. I.
y. 1, p. 182; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 123.

Sinp : Hyderabad ; Karachi, Woodrow.—Disrrais. Westwards to Syria and Egypt.

Orper XII. VIOLACEZ.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or pinnatisect; stipules
foliaceous or small, commonly deciduous in the shrubby species. Flowers
regular or irregular. Sepals 5, usually persistent, equal or unequal,
imbricate in bud. Petals 5, hypogynous, equal or unequal, imbricate
or contorted in bud. Stamens 5; filaments short, broad; anthers
free or connate ; connective broad, produced beyond the cells. Ovary
sessile, 1-celled; ovules many, on 3 parietal placentas, anatropous;
stigma capitate, truncate or cupular, entire or lobed. Fruit a 3-valved
capsule, rarely baccate. Seeds small; albumen fleshy ; embryo straight ;
cotyledons flat.—Duisrris. Throughout almost the whole world, the
herbaceous chiefly in the temperate, the shrubby species more frequent
in tropical regions; genera 21; species 240.

BOOBS IBPOGUCEC ADUNO DASE: (<i cbidce sae caicevaetstddesravot.scncedsosentanent: 1. Viowa.

Repals Tot produced at the. base.....5.-cccccocsereersrsecsnccsrsseonseerors 2. Ionipium.

1. VIOLA, Linn.

Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate; stipules persistent, often
foliaceous. Flowers on 1- (rarely 2-) flowered axillary peduncles, often
dimorphic, some large-petalled which ripen few seeds, others small-
petalled or apetalous and prolific. Sepals subequal, produced below
their insertion at the base. Petals usually spreading, the inner (lower
by the torsion of the pedicels) often the larger, spurred or saccate at the
base. Anthers connate ; the connectives of the two lower often spurred
ati the base. Style clavate, or variously dilated, sometimes straight with a
terminal stigma, or more or less curved with a stigma facing the lower
petal. Capsule elastically 3-valved. Seeds ovoid or globose.—Dtsrris.
Chiefly in the temperate regions of the N. hemisphere and 8. America;
species about 100.

1. Viola Stocksii, Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 1 (1867) p. 453. A low
much-branched herb, 3-6 in. high, with woody base ; branches glabrous.
Leaves (including the petioles) 3-1 by 4-3 in., oblong-obovate, or elliptic-
lanceolate, acute, apiculate, decurrent into the petiole, glabrous, entire
or obscurely crenulate (rarely dentate); stipules fimbriate. Flowers
small, + in. in diam., white with a violet blotch on the uppermost petal ;
pedicels 3-1 in. long, slender, glabrous; bracts = in. long, subulate,
attached near the top of the pedicels. Sepals 3%; in. long, lanceolate,
tapering to a fine point, glabrous, spur very short, rounded. Style
clavate, compressed ; stigma of 2 oblong, parallel disks. Capsules 4-7 in.
long, smooth, cylindric, pointed at both ends. Seeds ovoid, pointed,
white, polished. Viola cinerea, Hook. f. & Thoms. in Fl. B. I. v. 1,
p. 185 (not of Boiss.); Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 124 ;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 244.—Flowers : July—Aug.

Gusarat:(Rajkot (Kathiawar), C. Macnaghten!; Thorala (Kathiawar), C. Mac-
naghten! Sixn: Dalzell, '73!, Cooke!, Woodrow!; Margalli, Vieary!; Moosa-Khail,
Vieary, 11!—Disrris. Beluchistan, Afghanistan,

E2

by XII. VIOLACER,

2. IONIDIUM, Ventenat.

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite. Flowers
axillary, orange or purple. Sepals 5, subequal, not produced at the base.
Petals 5, the lower larger, clawed, saccate or spurred at the base. Anthers
connate or free, 2 or 4 of them gibbous or spurred at the back. Style
clavate, incurved ; stigma oblique. Capsule elastically 3-valved. Seeds
globose ; testa crustaceous.—Disrris. Chiefly tropical American, a few
in Africa, Asia and Australia ; species 40.

1. Ionidium heterophyllum, Ventenat, Jard. de la Malm. (1803)
fol. 27 verso. A small suffrutescent perennial herb, 6-12 in. high,
with many diffuse or ascending branches, glabrous or more or less
pubescent. Leaves linear or lanceolate, 143-2 by 3-3 in., subsessile,
entire, or with serrated margins; stipules gland-tipped, subulate.
Flowers red, axillary, solitary ; pedicels shorter than the leaves, 1} in.
long, erect, slender ; bracts small, above the middle of the pedicel. Sepals
zp in. long, lanceolate, very acute, keeled. Petals unequal, the 2 upper
ones oblong, slightly longer than the sepals, the 2 lateral longer, falcate,
the lowest much larger ‘than the others, having an orbicular or obovate
limb with a long claw which is curved behind into a short spur. Capsules
about + in. in diam., subglobose. Seeds ovoid, acute, longitudinally
striate, yellowish- eee about =; in. Jong. Lonidium suffruticosum,
Ging, in DC. Prodr. v. 1, p. 311; Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 185 ; Grah. Cat. p. 11;
Woodr. in Journ. eae Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 124; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 4, p. 475. Lonidium enneaspermum and J. "heccaspermum, Dalz.
& Gibs. p. 12.—Flowers: Oct.-Dec. VERN. Ratanparas.

Konkan: Stocks! Gusarat: Broach, Woodrow. S. M. Country: Belgaum,
Ritchie, 675!; Badami, Woodrow!; Dharwar, Cooke!

Orper XIII. BIXACEA.,

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate ; pues minute or 0. Flowers
regular, 1-2-sexual. Sepals 4-5, rarely 2-6, imbricate (rarely completely
connate), deciduous. Petals 4-5 or 0, imbricate or contorted in bud,
deciduous. Stamens hypogynous or scarcely subperigynous, indefinite,
rarely definite ; anthers 2-celled, bursting by slits or pores. Disk
thickened, often glandular. Ovary 1- (rarely many-) celled ; ovules 2-
many on each placenta, amphitropous or anatropous ; style and stigmas
free or united. Fruit fleshy or dry, indehiscent or valvular, the valves
bearing the seeds in the middle. Seeds arillate or testa pulpy ; albumen
fleshy, rarely thin ; embryo axile; cotyledons foliaceous, often cordate.
—Drsrris. Throughout the tropics of both hemispheres ; genera 30;
species 160.

Flowers bisexual.

Leaves pulmately divided ; flowers 4—5 in. in diam....... 1. CocittospurmMun.

Leaves simple; flowers 2 in. in diam. ........ecseseeeeeeeeees 2. Brxa.

Blowers-stiall; crprostescscessterseantetsesscsts snl vauvaes snakes 3. ScoLopra.
Flowers dicwcious.

Potala'O |. csv: <kseQeptveh tiene Means rare eranisanaarichelvencdruea 4. Fouacourtia.

Petals 5, with a scale opposite to each ....ceseeseeseeeeeres 5. Hypvocareus.

XIII. BIXACHA., 53

1. COCHLOSPERMUM, Kunth.

Trees or shrubs, with yellow or red juice. Leaves palmately or
digitately divided. Flowers hermaphrodite, large, yellow, handsome.
Sepals 5, imbricate, deciduous. Petals 5, large, contorted in bud.
Stamens many, inserted on an eglandular disk ; anthers oblong or linear,
sometimes apiculate beyond the cells. Ovary globose; ovules many, on
3-5 parietal placentas ; style simple ; stigma minutely denticulate.
Capsule 3-5-valved, incompletely 3—5-celled. Seeds cochleate ; testa
hard, woolly; embryo curved ; cotyledons ovate.—Duisrris. Tropical
regions of the world ; species 11.

1. Cochlospermum Gossypium, DC. Prodr. vy. 1 (1824) p. 527.
A small tree, 8-18 ft. high, with a branching head; bark smooth, ash-
colored. Leaves scattered about the ends of the branchlets, 3—7 in. in
diam., palmately 3-5-lobed, glabrous above, white-tomentose beneath ;
lobes entire, acute; petioles 4-7 in. long, pubescent when young.
Flowers 4-5 in. in diam., in terminal subcorymbose panicles, bright
yellow, appearing before the leaves ; pedicels stout, 2-5 in. long, grooved
and twisted, pubescent. Sepals unequal, oblong, concave, silky outside.
Petals obovate, deeply emarginate. Capsules 2-3 in. long, obovoid, striate
outside. Seeds + in. long, cochleate, covered with an abundance of
white silky wool. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 190; Grah. Cat. p. 22 ; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. p. 12; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 124; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. vy. 2, p. 412. Bombax gossypinum, Linn. Syst. ed. 12,
v. 2, p. 457 ; Roxb. FI. Ind. v. 3, p. 169. Bombaa Gossypium, Cay. Diss.
p- 297.—Flowers: Feb—Apr. VERN. Ganeri.

Found on a few of the Konkan and Deccan hills; often planted near temples.
Konkan: Szocks!; in gardens, Bombay, Graham. Drecan: Chattersinghi hill, Poona
Collectorate, Woodrow !; Kartriz Ghat, Cocke!; hill near Poona, Woodrow! ; Khandesh
hills, Tadlot. S. M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie, 998! Gusarat; Sdtpura jungles,
Dr. Gibson ex Graham,

2, BIXA, Linn.

Small trees with yellow or red juice. Leaves large, quite entire,
penninerved. Flowers hermaphrodite, terminal, panicled, handsome ;
pedicels 5-glandular beneath the calyx. Sepals 5, imbricate, deciduous.
Petals 5, large, contorto-imbricate. Stamens many, inserted on a thick
torus ; anthers oblong, debiscing at the apex by 2 short slits confluent
into a pore. Ovary 1-celled ; ovules many, on 2 parietal placentas ; style
slender, curved ; stigma very shortly 2-lobed. Capsule densely echinate-
setose, loculicidally 2-valved; valves thick, placentiferous in the middle.
Seeds obovoid or trigonous ; funicle dilated at the apex ; testa subfleshy ;
embryo large ; cotyledons flat—Disrris. Species not more than about 2.
The following species is cultivated throughout the tropics for the coloring
matter afforded by the testa of the seeds.

1. Bixa Orellana, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 512. A small evergreen
tree. Leaves 4-8 by 23-5 in., ovate, acute or acuminate, truncate or
subcordate at the base, glabrous on both surfaces ; petioles 2-3 in. long.
Flowers 2 in. in diam., in terminal panicles ; pedicels pubescent. Sepals:
the two smaller concave ; the three larger oblong or suborbicular. Petals
white or pink, obovate. Capsules ovoid or subglobose, clothed with long

54 XIII. BIXACEE.

soft prickles. Seeds trigonous, rounded and grooved on the back,
covered with a red pulp. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 190; Grah. Cat. p. 10;
Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 5; Eichler, in Mart. Fl. Bras. vy. 13, part 1,
p. 433, t. 87; Warburg, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 6,
pp. 310-311, fig. 142; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 12; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 124; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 454.
—Flowers: Aug.Sept. Vurn. Kisrz; Shendri.

Originally a native of America the plant is largely cultivated throughout India. —
The pulp which surrounds the seeds, known in commerce as ‘‘ Avnatto,” is used in dyeing
silk and is largely employed for giving cloths a temporary dye during certain of the
native festivals. The pulp is also used in India by the native milkmen for coloring
butter and is imported in considerable quantities from the W. Indies into Europe,
where it is used for coloring cheese, chocolate, butter and other edibles. See Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. e.

3. SCOLOPIA, Schreb.

Trees with axillary spines, rarely unarmed. Leaves alternate, penni-
nerved, entire or toothed, sometimes 2-glandular at the apex of the
petiole. Flowers hermaphrodite, small, axillary, racemose. Sepals 4—6,
slightly imbricate or subvalvate. Petals as many as, and subsimilar to,
the sepals. Stamens many, inserted on a glandular or eglandular disk ;
anthers ovoid; connective produced. Ovary 1-celled; ovules few, on
3-4 parietal placentas; style filiform; stigma entire or 3-4-lobed.
Berry pulpy within, 2—-4-seeded. Seeds with long funicles ; testa hard ;
cotyledons foliaceous, slender.—Drsrris, 8. and EH. Africa, tropical Asia
and N. Australia; species 15.

1. Scolopia crenata, Clos. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4, v. 8 (1857)
p. 250. A small tree; branches with straight, simple spines when
young, afterwards unarmed. Leaves 2-6 by 1-23 in., ovate, acute or
acuminate, narrowed at the base, glabrous, margins usually with minute,
distant glandular teeth ; petioles }-3in.long. Flowers small, pale pink,
numerous, in axillary panicles shorter than the leaves ; pedicels }-3 in.
long; bracts deciduous. Sepals 5-6, broad-oblong, obtuse, somewhat
fleshy. Petals smaller than the sepals, obovate. Stamens numerous ;
connective of anthers produced, glabrous ; filaments filiform. Style stout,
grooved, + in. long. Berry 3-2 in. in diam., ovoid or globose, pointed.
Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 191; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 12; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 124; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod: v. 6, part 2,
p- 491. Scolopra acuminata, Clos. 1. ¢. p. 251 ; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 70.
Phoberos crenatus, W. & A. Prodr. p. 29 ; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 11.—Flowers :
Mar.

Southern Ghats, not common. Konkan: Law !, Stocks!; on the Ghats to the 8. of
Ramghat, Dalzell & Gibson; W. Ghats, Woodrow. Kanara: Ghats and forests near
Nilkund (N. Kanara), Ta/bot,—Distris, China, Philippines.

4. FLACOURTIA, Commers.

Trees or shrubs, often spinous. Leaves shortly petioled, toothed or
crenate. Flowers small, dicecious. . Sepals 4-5, small, imbricate.
Petals 0. Stamens many, sometimes surrounded by glands; anthers
versatile, short. Ovary on a glandular disk, 2-5-celled ; styles 2 or
more, distinct or connate at the base; stigmas notched or 2-lobed.

XIII, BIXACEA. 55

Fruit indehiscent ; endocarp hard, with as many cells as. seeds. Seeds
obovoid ; testa thinly coriaceous ; cotyledons orbicular.—Disrris. The
warmer parts of Africa, Asia and the adjacent islands ; species 12.

Thorns not bearing flowers and fruit.

Drupe size of a cherry, scarlet when ripe ..:......seccsseeseeeees 1. F. montana.
Drupe size of a plum, purple when ripe............scsssseccssrees 2, F. Cataphracta.
Drupe size of a pea.
Sipe) Gali io sreonsenocqgncrseeosseoneanondeaoneadasaee onepéborsdedc 3. F. Ramontchi,
SGP MASO—45 | CoN. ce cedec.cnoscsascscGascetscenses siemecaddcscescaadess 4. F. latifolia.
Thorns bearing flowers and fruit................0-.:seesecccsesesoesees 5. FP. sepiaria.

1. Flacourtia montana, Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. (1839) p. 10. A
very thorny tree. Leaves 4-7 by 14-3 in., 3-5-nerved from the base,
ovate, acute or acuminate, crenate, glabrous and shining above, glabrate
beneath except the midrib, base acute or rounded ; petioles 3 in. long.
Flowers dicecious, in fascicled densely pubescent racemes. Fruit globose,
obtusely ribbed, size of a cherry, of an agreeable acid flavor, scarlet
when ripe, edible. FI. B. I. v.1, p. 192; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 10; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. p. 12; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 124;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 3, p. 398.—Flowers: Nov.-Dec. Fruit ripe
in March. Varn. Atak.

On the Ghats rare, Graham. Konkan: Law!, Stocks!; Bombay, Dalzell!; W.
Ghats, Woodrow. Kanara: N. Kanara, in evergreen forests, Talbot; Ankola, Wood-
row; Kanara, Law!; Kala naddi, Ritchie, 1619!

Graham describes the fruit as of the size of a crab-apple, but it is not larger than a
cherry. Dalzell & Gibson (/. ¢.) notice that it is in perfection in March.

2. Flacourtia Cataphracta, Loxb. in Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 4 (1805)
p- 8380. <A small tree; branches white-dotted, glabrous, the young
ones armed ; spines compound. Leaves membranous, 2-4 by 1-1? in.,
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, long-acuminate, (the lower leaves on the
branches often obtuse), quite glabrous, crenate-serrate ; petioles $-2 in.
long. Flowers very small, 75-3 in. in diam., diccious, in irregular
glabrous racemes. Ovary flask-shaped, neck contracted; stigmas 4-6,
capitate. Fruit the size of a small plum, very acid. Fl. B.I. v. 1,
p. 193; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 13; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3,
p 398.

This species is included on the authority of Dalzell § Gibson (Bomb. Fl. p. 10), by
whom it is stated to have been found in the Wari country on the banks of rivers.—It

does not appear to have been found by any other collector and Wight & Arnott do not
mention it.

3. Flacourtia Ramontchi, L’Hérit. Stirp. (1784) p. 59, tt. 30,
30,6. A small tree, armed. Leaves glabrous, 14-3 by 1-1t+in., elliptic,
acute or acuminate, attenuated at the base, coarsely crenate or serrate ;
petioles 3-1 in. long, puberulous. Flowers in short-branched glabrous
or puberulous racemes. Sepals ovate, ciliate. Stigmas 5-11, free or
connate. Fruit size of a pea. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 193; Grah. Cat. p. 10;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 399.

Var. 1. sapida. A small tree, often with large compound branched
spines on the trunk ; young shoots pubescent. Leaves 14-3} by 1-1} in.,
broadly elliptic or obovate, usually acuminate, crenate or serrate, glabrous
or pubescent on the veins beneath, base acute; petioles +—5 in. long.

. . . . . 4
Flowers in small, axillary, racemose clusters; pedicels jointed above the

56 XIII, BIXACEA.

middle. Sepals ciliate, very small, ovate or orbicular. Disk with crenate
margin. Stigmas 5-6, nearly sessile. Fruit globular, } in. in diam.,
dark purple. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 193; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 73. Fla-
courtia sapida (sp.), Roxb. Cor. Pl. v. 1, p. 49, t. 69; Grah. Cat. p. 10.
Flacourtia Ramontchi, Dalz. & Gibs. p. 10. Vern. Panavla.

Hills of the Konkan and Deccan. Konkan: Law!, Stocks! §S. M. Counrry: Bel-
gaum, Ritchie, 982!; Chorla Ghat, Dalzeli § Gibson.

Var. 2. occidentalis. Branchlets and voung parts more or less tomen-
tose. Leaves 14-3 by 1-2 in., oblong-elliptic, obovate or lanceolate,
rounded or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, crenate or serrate,
more or less tomentose. Spines slender, straight. Sepals ovate, ciliate.

Rare in the Bombay Presidency. Konkan: Gibson!, Stocks!

4, Flacourtia latifolia, 7. Cooke. A small tree armed with long,
straight, sharp, naked spines which are often compound on the older
stems, sometimes unarmed. Leaves coriaceous, 3-5 by 2-3 in., broadly
elliptic, acute or acuminate (rarely obtuse), crenate-serrate, glabrous,
narrowed at the base, reticulately veined, the veins prominent on the
lower surface ; petioles t-4 in. long, more or less puberulous, those of
the young leayes red. Flowers from the branches, in short pubescent
racemes, yellowish-white ; pedicels jointed near the middle. Sepals
obovate or orbicular, ciliate. Stigmas 3-4 (usually 3), sessile. Fruit
size of a pea, dark purple. /. Ramontchi, var. latifolia, Fl. B. I. v. 1,
p- 193. JF. inermis (?), Grah. Cat. p. 10 (not of Roxb.).—Flowers :
Mar. VeRN. V'dmbat.

Common at Mahableshwar, apparently confined to a limited range of the higher
Ghats. Duccan: Mahableshwar, Cooke! §S. M. Counrry: Chuta hill near Belgaum,
Ritchie, 189!

I have made this a distinct species instead of a variety of /. Ramontchi. The
presence of 3 (rarely 4) stigmas and the larger leaves seem to justify the separation.
The tree, which is abundant at Mahableshwar, has always been a puzzle. Nairne
remarks (Fl. Plts. W. I. p. 20)—‘* What the ¢ambat at Mahableshwar is it is beyond
me to decide.”

5. Flacourtia sepiaria, Mow. Cor. Pl. vy. 1 (1795) p. 48, t. 68.
A much-branched, thorny shrub; spines usually bearing flowers and
fruit. Leaves on the young shoots alternate, on the older fascicled,
3-11 by + in., elliptic, obovate or obcordate, cuneate or narrowed at the
base, more or less crenate-serrate, glabrous, stiff; petioles 3-7 in. long.
Flowers dicecious, axillary, very small, greenish, solitary or in racemose
clusters shorter than the leaves. Male sepals ovate, obtuse ; female
orbicular. Stigmas 3-4, on very short styles. Fruit globular, 3 in. in
diam., smooth. Fl. B. I. vy. 1, p. 194; Grah. Cat. p. 10; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 11; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 73; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 18; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1897) p. 124; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.
y. 3, p. 399.—F lowers: Mar. Vurn. Tdmbat.

Common in the hilly parts of the Konkan and Deccan, Konkan: hilly parts,
Graham; Western Ghats, widely, Woodrow. Duccan: towards the Ghats, Dadzell &
Gibson, Talbot. S. M. Counrry: Dharwar, Cooke!

5. HYDNOCARPUS, Gertner.

Trees. Leaves alternate, serrate or entire; stipules deciduous,
Flowers axillary, solitary or in few-flowered racemes or fascicles, dioecious.

XIII, BIXACER. ap

Sepals 5, much imbricate in bud. Petals 5, with a scale at the base of
each. Marr Frrownrs: Stamens 5-8; anthers oblong or reniform;
connective broad. Ovary 0, or rudimentary. FEMALE FLOWERS:
Stamens as in the male, but without pollen or reduced to staminodes.
Ovary 1-celled ; ovules many, on 3-6 parietal placentas ; stigmas 3-6,
sessile or subsessile, spreading, dilated, lobed. Berry large, subglobose ;
pericarp woody. Seeds numerous; testa crustaceous; albumen oily;
cotyledons foliaceous, broadly ovate, flat.—Duisrris. Tropical Asia ;
species about 6.

1. Hydnocarpus Wightiana, Blume, Rumphia, vy. 4 (1848)
p. 22. A tree, reaching 40-50 ft. in height. Leaves 5-9 by 11-3 in.,
ovate, oblong or lanceolate, oe entire or serrate, glabrous, base
rounded or pene ; petioles +-3 in. long ; stipules lanceolate, deciduous.
Flowers 3-4 in. in diam., solitary or in small racemes. Sepals 5, the outer
ovate, the 8 inner ch larger, very concave. Petals 5, broadly oblong
or orbicular, rounded at the top, fringed with soft white hairs ; scales
about + the size of the petals, ovate, densely hairy. Manz rLoweERs:
Stamens 5, opposite the petals; filaments subulate, hairy at the base,
about equalling the petals. Frmate rLowrers: Stamens 5, as in the

male; anthers without pollen. Ovary globose, hairy ; stigmas flat on
the top of the ovary, each cuneate and 2-lobed. Berry globose or
obovoid, size of a small apple, tomentose. Seeds obtusely angular,
numerous, yellowish. Fl. B. I. v.1, p.196; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 11; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. p. 13; Woody. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 124;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 308. Hydnocarpus inebrians, Wall.
Cat. 6670; Wight, Ill. v. 1, t. 16; Grah. Cat. p. 10.—Flowers: Jan.—
Apr. VERN, Kadu-Kavath.

The Konkans and Kanara, chiefly on hill ranges near the coast. Konkan: Srocks!,
Law!; near Goa, Stocks!, Dalzell!; Vingorla, Ritchie, 31!; 8. Konkan, Talbot,

Dalzell § Gibson; W. Ghats, widely, Woodrow, Kanara: N. Kanara, Ritchie, 31!;
evergreen forests, Zadbot.

Orper XIV. PITTOSPORACEZ.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate or subverticillate, usually
quite entire, exstipulate. Flowers usually hermaphrodite and regular,
terminal or axillary. Sepals 5, imbricate, free or rarely connate at the base.
Petals 5, hypogynous, imbricate, longer than the sepals. Stamens 5,
hypogynons, free, alternating with the petals ; anthers versatile. Torus
small. Ovary 1-celled with 2-5 parietal placentas, or 2-5-celled by the
projection of the placentas ; ovules many, parietal or axile, anatropous ;
style simple ; stigma terminal, entire or lobed. Fruit capsular or inde-
hiscent. Seeds usually numerous; testa thin, smooth or rarely rugose ;
albumen hard; embryo minute; radicle next the hilum; cotyledons
short or indistinct.—Disrriz, Genera 9; species about 90, chiefly
Australian.

1. PITTOSPORUM, Banks.

Erect shrubs or small trees, usually evergreen, glabrous or rarely
tomentose. Leaves entire or sinuato-dentate, subverticillate at the

58 X1V. PITTOSPORACE.A,

apices of the branches in some species. Sepals free or connate at the
base. Petals connivent at the base or beyond the middle into a tube or
coherent, rarely spreading from the base. Filaments subulate; anthers
erect, 2-celled, bursting by slits. Ovary sessile or shortly stalked,
incompletely 2—3-celled; style short. Capsule 1-celled, woody, 2- rarely
3-valved ; valves placentiferous in the middle. Seeds smooth, usually
imbedded in a viscous pulp.—Disrris. Subtropical Asia and Australia ;
species about 50.

Leaves and branches glabrous; capsule size of a pea, glabrous... 1. P. floribundum.
Young branches and inflorescence pubescent or tomentose ;
capsule size of a small cherry, tomentose .................s0c0e0 2. P. dasycaulon.

1. Pittosporum floribundum, Wight & Arn. Prodr, (1834) p. 154.
A small tree; bark light-colored, dotted with lighter specks. Leaves
thinly coriaceous, 3-6 by 14-2} in., lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, glabrous and shining above, paler beneath, undulate ;
petioles }-# in. long. Flowers numerous, in much- a terminal,
compound corymbs ; pedicels glabrous or pubescent. Se: zy in. long,
ovate, acute or obtuse, pubescent outside. Petals yellow, 4 Aas in. long,
narrow-oblong. Ovary very hairy in the lower part ; ovules about 12;
style simple, glabrous; stigma 2-lobed. Capsules pisiform, in. in diam.,
2-valved, about 6-seeded. Seeds obtusely angular, smooth, black. Fl.
B. I. v. 1, p. 199; Grah. Cat. p. 88; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 44; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. p. 18; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 124; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 6, part 1, p. 283.—Flowers: Apr.—Sept. V=Ern.
Yekadi.

Tolerably common along the range of the Ghats. Konkan: in the Ghat forests,
Talbot, Law! Deccan: Rotunda Ghat, Mahableshwar, Woodrow; Khandala, pretty
common, Graham; Khandala valley, Cooke! Kanara: N. Kanara, in the Ghat
forests, Talbot.

2. Saige sas Ape dasycaulon, Miguel, Anal. Bot. Ind. pars 3

(1852) p. 5. A shrub or small tree; young branches clothed with
yellowish tomentum. Leaves 2-5 by. 1-2 in, ae nents or
acuminate, glabrous or the midrib beneath downy ; petioles 7-} in. long,

those of the young leaves tomentose. Flowers ue dann terminal
corymbs, clothed with yellowish tomentum. Sepals 5); in. long, ovate
very acute, densely pubescent outside, ciliate. Petals yellow, 3-4 in.
long, narrow-oblong. Capsules larger than in the preceding species,
2-} in. in diam., compressed, densely tomentose before dehiscence,
2-valved, about 6-seeded. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 199; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
p- 13; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 124.—Flowers :
Noy.-Jan. Vern. Gdpsundi.

Rare; sparingly distributed throughout the Western Ghats. Konkan: Sfocks!,
Dalzell! 8S. M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie, 181!; Ramghat, Ritchie!; near Hubli,

ex Miquel, lc. (Metz. 775)! Kanara: Yacombi (N. Kanara), Woodrow! ; evergreen
forests, Zalbot.

Orper XV. POLYGALACEZ.

Herbs or erect or scandent shrubs, rarely small trees. Leaves alternate
(rarely whorled), simple or occasionally reduced to scales or 0, exstipulate.
Flowers irregular, hermaphrodite, 3-bracteate. Sepals 5, free, much

XV. POLYGALACE. 59

imbricate in bud, the 2 inner larger, sometimes very large, often peta-
loid (wing sepals). Petals 5 or 3, hypogynous, distinct, unequal, the
inferior usually keel-shaped. Stamens 8 (in Salomonia 4-5), hypo-
gynous ; filaments united into a sheath, rarely distinct ; anthers opening
by terminal pores, rarely by slits. Torus small, rarely expanded into an
annular disk. Ovary free, 1-3-celled ; ovules 1 or more in each cell,
anatropous ; style usually curved. Fruit generally a 2-celled, 2-seeded,
loculicidal capsule, or indehiscent, or of 3 indehiscent carpels. Seed
pendulous, often stropbiolate, usually albuminous, often pilose.—DistTRIB.
Genera 15; species 400-500, throughout the warm regions of the
world, except New Zealand.

1. POLYGALA, Linn.

Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite or verticillate.
Flowers spicate or racemose. Sepals unequal, the 2 inner larger (wings)
usually petaloid. Petals 3, united at the base with the staminal sheath,
the lower one keeled and generally crested. Stamens 8; filaments
united for their lower half into a split sheath; anthers opening by
pores. Ovary 2-celled; ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous. Capsule
2-celled, loculicidal, 2-seeded. Seeds pilose or glabrous, almost always
strophiolate and albuminous.—Disrris. Throughout the warm regions
of the globe, except New Zealand and Tasmania ; species more than 200.

Seeds with a strophiole.

Wings obtuse.
Leaves lanceolate; wings petaloid, glabrous; capsule

MAE PUNE Oa. wentennscs iste aene se cacseedcaeseecodaeceanetses 1. P. persicariefolia,
Leaves narrow-linear ; wings with a green midrib;
CAPS W GMO MMaArA Ned ewe. cckedissecceeet estes Secectsecsaesnee 2. P. erioptera.
Wings acute or acuminate.
Racemes long ; capsule not or scarcely ciliate ............ 3. P. elongata.
Racemes short, almost capitate ; capsule densely ciliate. 4. P. chinensis.
acon iwith oul arsuro pli Olomm sroccsccvoncacsticeeespcccnnast sesseee 5. P. irregularis.

1. Polygala persicarizfolia, DC. Prodr. vy. 1 (1824) p. 326.
Stem erect, 6-18 in. high, simple or branching, slender, grooved, pubes-
cent. Leaves subsessile, 1-2 by 3-2 in., oblong-lanceolate, mucronate,
glabrous on both surfaces or with a few scattered hairs, paler beneath,
margins ciliolate. Flowers rose-colored, in terminal and extra-axillary
racemes ; corolla much shorter than the wings ; crest a broad membranous
appendage with a multifid limb ; pedicels ;4—3 in. long, filiform, curved
downwards ; bracts small, linear-lanceolate, acute. Outer sepals 2 in.
long, ovate-oblong, slightly deflexed. Wings membranous, broadly
ovate or suborbicular, with 3-5 conspicuous looping nerves, glabrous.
Capsules elliptic-oblong, emarginate, shorter than the wings, margins
thickened, ciliate. Seeds oblong, clothed with dense subappressed
hairs ; strophiole smooth, hemispheric, not appendiculate at the base.
Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 202; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 13; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 124; Chodat, Monogr. Polygal. part 2, p. 331, t. 27,
figs. 22-23.—Flowers: Aug.—Sept.

On the highest Ghats east of Bombay, Dalzell § Gibson. Konkan: Ghats, Stocks!
Deccan: Mahableshwar, Cooke!; Panchgani, Cooke!; Bowdhan hill near Poona,

Woodrow! Kanara: Law! 8. M. Counrry: Belgaum, Ritchie, 34!—Duisrris. Tro-
pical Africa and Australia.

60 XV. POLYGALACER.

2. Polygala erioptera, DC. Prodr. v. 1 (1824) p. 326. Annual,
6-15 in. high, usually branched from the base or nearly so; branches
Beenie numerous, terete, pubescent or glabrescent. Leaves 3-14
by =;—j in., very variable in form, from oblong-obovate to very narrow
inear, narrowed at the base, apex rounded or subacute, sometimes
mucronate, clothed on both surfaces with minute simple hairs; petioles
about =}; in. long. Flowers yellow, in axillary or extra-axillary, very
short tew-flowered racemes ; crest dorsal, of many bifid or linear fila-
ments arranged in 2 bundles ; pedicels slender, hairy, 3 in. long; bracts
minute, ovate, hairy. Outer sepals 4 in. long, ovate, pubescent.
Wings 3-;'; in. long, obliquely ovate-oblong, pubescent, a little longer
than the capsule, with a strong, green midrib and membranous, ciliate
margins. Capsules oblong-elliptic, not margined, pubescent, ciliate,
shorter and narrower than the wings, obliquely emarginate. Seeds
oblong, densely pilose ; strophiole galeate, horny, smooth and shining or
sometimes with a few hairs, obscurely 3-lobed. Fl. B. I. v. J, p. i
Chodat, Monogr. Polygal. part 2, p. 342, t. 28, figs. 1-4; Woodr. i
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 124. "Polygala Vahliana, DC. Prodi
v. 1, p. 826; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 138.—Flowers: Aug.

Pretty common in Gujarat and Sind. Konxan: Stocks! Deccan: dry fields near
Poona, Woodrow! Gusarar: Broach, Woodrvw ; Ankleswar (near Broach), Woodrow !,
Cooke! Sinp: Karachi, Dalzell!; Jemadar ka Landa (near Karachi), Stocks, 471 !—
Disrris. Arabia, tropical Asia and Africa.

The leaves of the Sind specimens are usually very narrow.

3. Polygala elongata, Klein, ex Willd. Sp. Pl. vy. 3 (1800) p. 879.
Annual, 6-18 in. high, erect or ascending ; branches sleuder, terete,
glabrous or pubescent. Leaves 3-13 by 3-1 in., subsessile, linear-oblong,
obtuse, mucronate. Flowers yellow, - in lax supra-axillary racemes
3-9 in. long ; oresh of a single tubular appendage multifid only at the
apex; pedicels >, in. long; pois small, membranous, ovate, acute,
ciliate, persistent. Outer sepals 54, in. long, lanceolate, acute, with
membranous, ciliolate margins. Wings + in. “long, very oblique, ovate
or subfalcate, acute or mucronulate, a little longer than the capsule,
glabrous or slightly pubescent, not ciliate. Capsules emarginate, very
unequal-sided, oblong, glabrescent, narrowly margined. Seeds pyriform,
clothed with short, appressed, silky hairs; strophiole 3-lobed, very
shortly appendaged, smooth. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 203; Chodat, Monogr.
Polygal. part 2, p. 387, t. 29, figs. 47-48; Woodr.in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 124. ‘Polygala campestris, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ.
Bot. v. 2 (1850) p. 40; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 13.—Flowers: Aug.—Nov.

Konkan: Dalzell!; Malwan, ex Dalzell in Hook. Journ. 1. c.; Sawantwari, Cooke},

Woodrow! Kanara: "Tinai (N. Kanara), Talbot!; Kanara, Thomson ! 8. M. Counrry:
Badami, Woodrow; Belgaum, Ritchie!

4, Polygala chinensis, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 704. Annual, 4-
10 in. high, erect, branched from the base, glabrous or pubescent.
Leaves very variable, 3-14 in. long, obovate, suborbicular or linear-
oblong, rather thick, coriaceous, picias ciliate, mucronate ; petioles

|, in. long, hairy. Flowers yellow, fading to pink, in axillary or extra-
axillary, short, almost capitate, few-flowered racemes; crest of a single
tubular appendage multifid only at the apex; pedicels very short ;
bracts small, membranous, oblong-ovate, acute, ciliate, persistent. Outer
sepals broadly ovate, acuminate, with broad, membranous, ciliate margins.

XV. POLYGALACER. 61

Wings herbaceous, oblique, ovate-oblong, acuminate, with narrow, membra-
nous margins ciliate towards the base, longer than the capsule. Capsules
didymous, orbicular-oblong, strongly ciliate, obhquely obcordate at the
apex, narrowly margined. Seeds hairy; strophiole glabrous or nearly so,
rounded at the apex, furnished with 3 membranous basal appendages. Fl.
B. I. v. 1, p. 204; Chodat, Monogr. Polygal. part 2, p. 385, t. 29, figs. 45—-
46; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. i1 (1897) p. 124; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 315. Polygala arvensis, Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 3, p. 876 ;
Grah. Cat. p. 11; Dalz. & Gibs. p.12. Polygala Rothiana, W. & Ae
Prodr. p. 37; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 13.—Flowers: Oct-Mar. Vury.
Phutdni.

Tolerably common throughout the Presidency. Konkan: Sfocks!; Island of Bom-
bay, Dalzell §& Gibson. Deccan: Dalzell & Gibson, Stocks!, Jacquemont, 1012!,
Woodrow! Gusarat: Surat, Dalzell § Gibson. S.M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie,
985!; Badami, Cooke!—Disrris. Tropical Asia and Anstralia.

5. Polygala irregularis, Boiss. Diag. ser. 1 (1842) fase. 1, p. 8.
Perennial, 8-18 in. high, erect, branching troin the base; branches elon-
gate, twiggy. Leaves very shortly petioled; the lower obovate, very small ;
the upper 3-14 by 3-j in., linear-oblong, mucronate, attenuate at the
base, glabrous, margins repand. Flowers in terminal, elongate lax
racemes, 2-8 in. long; crest small, multifid; pedicels very short, pendu-
lous, thickened at the apex, shorter than the flowers; bracts ovate,
acute, scarious, caducous, leaving a projecting cicatrix. Outer sepals
ovate, acute, margins membranous. Wings 5% in. long, membranous,
petaloid, ovate, obtuse, gibbous at the base, reticulately nerved, longer
than the capsule. Capsules obliquely emarginate, glabrous, margins
membranous, transversely striate, not ciliate. Seeds conical, very acute
at the apex, densely clothed with short hairs; strophiole 0, its place
being taken by 2 lateral inconspicuous, aculeiform, pendent appendages.
Not in Fl. B. I.; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 1, p. 469; Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr.
v. 1, p. 131; Chodat, Monogr. Polygal. part 2, p. 392, t. 30, figs. 12-14.
Polygala abyssinica, Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1897) p. 124
(not of R. Br.).—Flowers: Dec.

A rare plant, found in Sind and on the coast of Kathiawar. Gusarar; Coast of

Kathiawar, Dailzell! Stnpo; Cooke!, Woodrow !—Dtstris. Arabia, Cordofan, Belu-
chistan.

Orprr XVI. CARYOPHYLLACEZ.

Annual herbs, rarely shrubby at the base; the branches often thick-
ened and sometimes articulated at the joints. Leaves opposite, usually
connate at the base; stipules scarious or 0. Inflorescence usually a
dichotomous cyme, rarely racemose or solitary ; flowers regular, usually
hermaphrodite. Sepals 4-5, free or connate, imbricate in bud. Petals
as many as the sepals (rarely 0), inserted on a hypogynous or more rarely
perigynous ring, imbricate. Stamens 8 or 10, rarely fewer, inserted
with the petals ; anthers 2-celled, cells parallel, dehiscing longitudinally.
Torus usually small and annular, or elongated into a gynophore, so
that the petals, stamens, and ovary are stalked within the calyx, or
expanded into an annular disk slightly adhering to the calyx, or into
short glands between the stamens, or, very rarely, into staminodes
opposite the sepals outside the stamens. Ovary free, 1-celled, or some-

62 XVI. CARYOPHYLLACEX.

times imperfectly 2-5-celled at the base; ovules 2 or many, on slender
basal funicles which are either free or united into a column, amphi-
tropous; styles 2-5, stigmatose within at the upper part, or rarely from
the base, free or more or less united. Capsule membranous or crusta-
ceous, rarely sub-baccate, opening by as many valves as there are styles
(or twice as many), rarely indehiscent or bursting transversely. Seeds
generally numerous (rarely few or solitary) ; testa membranous or crus-
taceous ; albumen farinaceous, rarely fleshy ; embryo usually more or
less curved ; cotyledons narrow, incumbent, rarely accumbent.—DrsTR1s.
Throughout the globe ; chiefly in extratropical regions of the N. hemi-
sphere . ; genera 35 ; species about 800,

Stipules 0.
Sepals united into a 4-5-lobed or -toothed calyx.
MSLVIOBIS Serr skacesanccteceaees ac natecsneseteteee tenets semercceancts 1. SAPONARIA.
‘SUA GSRS cass ancasanatnoch asoticb qoasnon? beaspadasuadonoadebacsncugesac 2, SILENE.

Sepals separate.
Capsule long, cylindric, twice as long as the sepals;

petals 2-fid .22h~ 3. cee: seceacuietesse cee sesens cossy Neeeeeeasete 3. CurastiuM.
Capsule short, ovoid, a little longer than the eae
petals 0 ee niatiay ie PSO te a TES: 4, STELLARIA,

Capsule short, about equalling the sepals; petals entire. 5. ARENARIA,
Stipules scarious.

Valves of capsule:d; styles ji free .5. 7. .cusscevssses .cansexceroses 6. SrERGULA.
Valves of capsule 3; styles 3, combined.
Sepals keeled crass. Sodeweenessecdesens ceaonswesespeonemes eis 7. Potycarron.
Nopalsinotrkeeled. Jue. <.c cedure suecioesweccencenetten cea tecueers 8. PoLYcARP&A.

1. SAPONARIA, Linn.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves flat. Flowers in dichotomous
cymes. Calyx more or less tubular, ovoid or oblong, 5-toothed, nerves
obscure. Petals 5, with a narrow claw; limb entire or emarginate, with
or without a basal scale. Stamens 10. Torus small or produced into a
short gynophore. Ovary 1-celled or septate at the very base; ovules
many; styles 2. Capsule ovoid or oblong, opening at the apex by
4 teeth or short valves. Seeds reniform or subglobose, laterally com-
pressed, having the hilum on one of the margins; embryo hemispheric,
forming nearly a circle.-—Disrrie. South Europe, the Mediterranean
region, and extratropical Asia ; species 30.

1. Saponaria Vaccaria, Linn, Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 409. A tall
robust annual, 1-2 ft. high; branches quite glabrous. Leaves 1—23 by
1-2 in., sessile, glabrous; the lower oblong, acute ; the upper oblong-
lanceolate, very acute or mucronate. Flowers in corymbose dichotomous
cymes ; pedicels slender, 1-2 in. long; bracts foliaceous. Calyx 3 in.
long, ventricose in fruit, with 5 broad green nerves and scarious margins ;
teeth triangular. Petals rosy, obovate, slightly emarginate ; claw shortly
exserted ; limb 3 in. long. Capsules included, broadly ovoid. Seeds
globose, black, granulate. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 217; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 1,
p. 525; W node in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 124; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 2, p. 473.—Flowers: Feb. Vurn. Sdbani.

A weed of cultivation, met with in wheat-fields and cultivated ground throughout
India. Konkan: Panwell, Woodrow! Deccan: Nasik, Cooke!, Woodrow !; Maha-
bleshwar, Woodrow!—Distris, A weed of cultivation throughout temperate and
subtropical countries.

XVI. CARYOPHYLLACES. 63

2. SILENE, Linn.

Annual or perennial herbs, frequently viscous in the upper parts.
Flowers solitary or cymose, often forming unilateral spikes or terminal
panicles. Calyx more or less inflated, ovoid, campanulate, clavate or
tubular, 5-toothed or 5-fid, generally 10- (more rarely 20- or 30-)
nerved, 5 of the nerves indicating the line of demarcation between the
sepals. Petals 5; claw narrow; limb entire, 2-fid or rarely laciniate,
frequently with 2 scales at the base. Stamens 10. Torus elongated
into a more or less stalked gynophore. Ovary 1-celled or septate at the
very base; ovules numerous; styles usually 3 (rarely 5). Capsule
dehiscing at the apex by 6 (rarely 3) short valves. Seeds reniform,
laterally compressed, tubercled, with the hilum on the inner margin ;
embryo peripheric, forming a semicircle or a complete circle.-—DrstTRIB.
Europe, N.and S. Africa, N. America, extratropical Asia; species about
250,

1. Silene noctiflora, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 419. Stem erect,
1-2 ft. high, viscous-pubescent in the upper part, usually dichotomously
branched. Leaves: the lower obovate-oblong; the upper narrowly
lanceolate. Flowers Z in. long, few, in a dichotomous cyme. Calyx
hairy and viscous, cylindric, inflated, truncate at the base; teeth very
Jong, subulate, half as long as the tube, ciliate, the points diverging
before the flower opens; nerves very broad, green on a whitish mem-
branous ground. Petals white, tinged with rose within and with yellow
on the outside. Styles 3. Gynophore about } the length of the
capsule. Capsules 2-1 in. long, ovoid-conical. Seeds globose-reniform,
convex on the back, tubercled. Not in Fl. B.I.; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 1,
p- 581; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 124; Syme, Eng.
Bot. v. 2, p. 66, t. 209.—Flowers: Dec.—Jan.

A weed of cultivation which (fide Woodrow, |.c.) is to be met with in cultivated
ground about Poona.—Disrris. Europe, Siberia, W. Asia.

3. CERASTIUM, Linn.

Herbs, usually pubescent or hirsute. Leaves usually small, elliptic
or oblong, rarely subulate. Flowers white, in terminal dichotomous
cymes. Sepals 5 (rarely 4). Petals as many (rarely 0), bifid or.
notched at the apex, seldom entire. Stamens 10, rarely 5 or fewer.
Ovary 1-celled; ovules many; styles 5, opposite the sepals (rarely 4
or 3). Capsule cylindric or conic-ovoid, often incurved, dehiscing at
the apex by twice as many teeth as there are styles ; teeth short, straight
or more rarely recurved. Seeds numerous, brown, globose-reniform,
laterally compressed, granulate or tubercled.—Duisrris. All temperate
regions ; species about 40.

1. Cerastium glomeratum, 7huwill. Flor. Par. ed. 2 (1824) p. 226.
Annual, 6-12 in. high, the whole plant clothed with glandular and
simple hairs. Leaves sessile or nearly so, 3-1 by +-2 in., mucronate ;
the lower leaves obovate-spathulate ; the upper elliptic-ovate, obtuse or
acute, becoming gradually smaller upwards. Flowers white, less than
1 in. across, in corymbose cymes, which are at first capitate afterwards
open and spreading ; pedicels as long as the calyx, at length spreading ;

64 XVI. CARYOPHYLLACES.

bracts ovate, herbaceous. Calyx less than + in. long; sepals hairy,
lanceolate, very acute, their margins narrowly membranous. Petals
about equal in length to the sepals ora little longer, bifid to about
one third of the way down. Capsules more than twice as long as the
sepals, curved upwards. Seeds yellowish-brown, minute, roundish-
obovoid, tuberculate. Syme, Eng. Bot. v. 2, p. 82, t. 221. Cerastiwm
vulgatum, var. glomerata, Edgew. & Hook. f. in Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 2285
var. glomeratum, Trim. VF). Ceyl. v. 1, p. 85. Cerastium indicum, Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p.. 124.—Flowers: Sept.

The only locality in the Bombay Presidency from which the plant has been

obtained is Purandhar, a hill fort in the Poona Collectorate, where it is doubtless an
introduction.—Disrris. Throughout the world.

4. STELLARIA, Linn.

Annual or perennial herbs, usually diffusely branched. Flowers
white, in terminal (rarely axillary), paniculate cymes, rarely subsolitary.
Sepals 5 (very rarely 4). Petals as many, 2-partite or 2-fid, or 0.
Stamens 10 (sometimes fewer), hypogynous or perigynous. Disk
annular or sometimes divided into prominent glands between the
stamens. Ovary l-celled; ovules many (rarely 3); styles 3 (rarely 2-5).
Capsule short, globose, ovoid or oblong, splitting to below the middle
into as many simple or 2-fid valves as there are styles. Seeds nume-
rous, more or less laterally compressed, tubercled, granulate or nearly
smooth; embryo annular.—Distris. All temperate and cold regions ;
species 70.

1. Stellaria media, Cyrill. Charac. Comm. (1784) p. 36. <A very
variable annual; stems 3—20 in. long, much branched, procumbent, with
a line of hairs down one side. Leaves 4-1 in. long, usually glabrous ;
the lower long-petioled, ovate ; the upper sessile, elliptic or lanceolate.
Flowers white, numerous, in terminal dichotomous cymes; _ pedicels
pubescent. Sepals lanceolate, subobtuse, hairy or glandular, margins
searious. Petals shorter than the sepals or 0. Stamens 10, or often
fewer. Capsules ovoid, longer than the sepals. Seeds brown, acutely
tubercled. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 230; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v.1, p. 707; Syme,
Eng. Bot. v. 2, p. 98, t. 229; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p. 124; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 3, p. 38.

The common Chickweed. Has been found at Mahableshwar (fide Woodrow, 1. ¢.),
where it has probably been introduced.

5. ARENARIA, Linn.

Annual or perennial, often tufted herbs. Flowers white, very rarely
pink, in terminal paniculate or capitate cymes, rarely axillary and sub-
solitary. Sepals 5. Petals 5 (rarely 0), entire or slightly notched.
Stamens 10 (rarely 5 or 8), inserted on the disk. Disk annular or of
inter-staminal glands. Ovary 1-celled; ovules many (rarely few) ;
styles 3-4. Capsule short, rarely exceeding the sepals, with as many
entire or 2-fid valves as there are styles. Seeds compressed or turgid,
smooth or tubercled; embryo annular.—Disrris. All temperate and
cold regions ; species 130,

XVI. CARYOPHYLLACE®. 65

1. Arenaria neelgherrensis, Wight §- Arn. Prodr, (1834) p. 48.
Annual ; stems procumbent, elongate, much-branched, with an alternate
line of pubescence on one side. Leaves subsessile, distant, 1-3 by
4-1 in., obovate or elliptic, mucronate, glabrous, dotted with minute,
whitish points. Flowers in terminal, few-flowered cymes or solitary and
axillary ; pedicels long, slender, viscidly pubescent ; bracts leafy. Sepals
ovate, very acute, with a strong dorsal hairy nerve, the margins mem-
branous. Petals usually longer than the sepals. Styles usually 3
(sometimes 2 or 4). Capsules ovoid, about equalling the sepals. Seeds
compressed, transversely striate. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 239; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 15; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb, Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 124.—Flowers :
Feb.

Southern districts of the Presidency ; not common. Kanara: Yacombi(N. Kanara),
Woodrow. S.M.Country: Belgaum and Dharwar, Dalzel/ § Gibson.

6. SPERGULA, Linn.

Annual herbs, with forked or fascicled branches. Leaves opposite,
often with abbreviated leaf-buds in their axils whence the foliage appears
whorled; stipules small, scarious. Flowers white, in peduncled, panicled
cymes. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 10 (rarely 5). Ovary
1-celled; ovules many ; styles 5, opposite the petals. Capsule 5-valved ;
valves entire, opposite the sepals. Seeds black, compressed, margined
or winged; embryo annular.—Disrris. Weeds of cultivation in tem-
perate regions ; species 2 or 3.

1. Spergula arvensis, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 440. Annual,
6-18 in. high, pubescent or glandular ; stems geniculate, branched from
the root. Leaves in false whorls, 1-14 in. long, linear-subulate, semi-
terete, grooved beneath, rather fleshy. Flowers white, {—} in. in diam.,
in terminal, subumbellate cymes; pedicels slender, spreading or deflexed.
Sepals ovate, obtuse, slightly shorter than the petals, with very narrow,
membranous margins. Capsules longer than the sepals, subglobose.
Seeds tubercled, narrowly margined. FI]. B. I. v.1, p. 248; Boiss. Fl.
Orient. v. 1, p. 731; Syme, Eng. Bot. v. 2, p. 126, t. 258; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1897) p. 125; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6,
part 3, p. 320.

Sinp: Kirthar mountains, Woodrow.—Disrris. A weed of cultivation in all tem-
perate regions,

7. POLYCARPON, Linn.

Diffuse or dichotomously branched glabrous or pubescent herbs.
Leaves flat, opposite or whorled ; stipules scarious. Flowers numerous,
small, in crowded, much-branched, terminal, bracteate cymes ; bracts
scarious. Sepals 5, keeled, entire. Petals 5, small, entire or slightly
notched. Stamens 3-5. Ovary 1-celled; ovules many; style short,
3-fid. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds ovoid, not winged.—Drsrris. Tem-
perate and warm regions of both hemispheres ; species 6.

1. Polycarpon Leeflingiz, Benth. § Hook. f., Gen. Pl. v. 1 (1862)
p. 153, in note (Leeflingii) ; Edgew. § Hook. f. in Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 245.
A perennial herb; branches more or less pubescent, 4-10 in. long,

E

66 XVI, CARYOPHYLLACE.

numerous, spreading from a centre, diffuse, wiry, prostrate or ascending
Leaves 1—? in. long, linear-oblong or spathulate, acute or obtuse, pubes-
cent or glabrous ; stipules scarious, white. Flowers small, in numerous,
usually dense, dichotomous cymes, either terminal or in the forks of the
branches ; pedicels stout, more or less pubescent; bracts ovate, acute,
penicillate at the tip. Sepals ovate-oblong, acute, keeled on the back,
margins scarious. Petals small, shorter than the sepals, linear, trun-
cate, toothed at the apex. Capsules very thin, membranous, enclosed in
the sepals. Seeds numerous, subcylindric, rough, pale brown. Trim.
Fl. Ceyl. v.1, p. 87; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 125.

Rare. Drccan: Lanoli, Woodrow!; Mahableshwar, Cooke! 8. M. Country:
Ritchie, 1019! Kanara: Waguli, Ritchie!

8. POLYCARPZEA, Lamk.

Annual or perennial herbs, usually erect. Leaves linear or rarely
ovate, often appearing whorled by the presence of secondary axillary
fascicles; stipules scarious. Flowers in lax or contracted or capitate
cymes, often showy from the white, rosy or purple, scarious sepals.
Sepals 5, scarious, or rarely herbaceous and scarious at the margins only.
Petals 5, entire, 2-toothed or with the margins erose. Stamens 5,
slightly perigynous or subhypogynous, or cohering with the petals into
aring or tube. Ovary 1-celled ; ovules many ; style elongate, 3-grooved,
3-fid or 3-dentate. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds obovoid or compressed ;
embryo curved, rarely almost straight.—Disrris. In tropical or warm,
extratropical countries ; species 24.

WBA ES IIENCAIY aeuendeesssuecmensececse Sang rDgasGCcEad)GouNcCudODKOo 1. P. corymbosa.
Leaves obovate ...... deste cus oneGT oe vata seunschset econ mer ten 2. P. spicata.

1. Polycarpza corymbosa, Lam. Tab. Encyc. et Méthod. v. 2
(1800) p. 129. An erect, annual herb, 6-18 in. high, sometimes woody
below, dichotomously branched ; branches slender terete, the young ones
hoary-pubescent. Leaves 3-} in. long, narrow-linear, mucronate ;
stipules lanceolate, very acute, l-nerved. Jlowers numerous, small, in
dense much-branched, terminal cymes, forming flat-topped heads ;
pedicels hoary-pubescent ; bracts { in. long, silvery white, bristle-
pointed. Sepals lanceolate, very acute, scarious, silvery-white or
colored, much exceeding the petals and capsule. Petals less than 3
the length of the sepals. Capsules very small, shining, brown. Fl. B. 1.
v. 1, p. 245; Wight, Icon. t. 712; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 16; Trim. Fl. Ceyl.
v. 1, p. 88; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 125; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 314.—Flowers : Oct.—Jan.

Common throughout the Presidency. Konkan: Dalzell § Gibson. Dmuccan:
Poona, Woodrow ; Junnar, Woodrow!; Kolapur, Cooke! 8S. M. Country: Belgaum,
Ritchie, 617!; Dharwar, Woodrow. Stnv: Jemadar ka Landa, near Karachi, Szoci's !
—Disrris. Tropical Asia, Africa, America and Australia.

Var. aurea. A smaller plant, very much branched from a woody
base; branches hoary-tomentose. Flowers smaller, orange or brownish
red. Fil. B. I. v. 1, p. 245; Wight, Ill. v. 2, t. 110. Polycarpea
diffusa, Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 125.

Konkan: Stocks! 8, M. Country: Badami, Woodrow !, Cooke!

XVI, CARYOPHYLLACE®, 67

2. Polycarpza spicata, Wight, ex Arnott in Ann. Nat. Hist.
ser. 1, vy. 3 (18389) p. 91. A small slender glabrous herb, 2-4 in. high ;
branches numerous from the root, terete, filiform. Leaves subfleshy,
glaucous, j-1 in. long, petioled, ohovate- spathulate, very much atten-
uated at the base, mucronate ; ; radical leaves rosulate ; cauline leaves in
1-3 whorls between the root and the apex; stipules lanceolate, very
acute, prolonged to a fine point. Flowers in fascicled spikes at the
apex of the peduncles ; peduncles filiform, 1 or more from a whorl of
leaves ; bracts scarious. Sepals scarious, lanceolate, acute, with a
colored, broad, herbaceous midrib. Petals very small, oblong. Capsules
aye 3 as long as sepals. Seeds smooth, shining, brown. FI. B. I.

. 1, p. 246; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 1, p. 738; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat, ve-Ll (1897) p. 125; Oliver, Fi. Trop. ‘Afr. v. 1, p. 146.—Flowers:
Noy.—Feb.

Sind and Kathiawar (Gujarat) not common. GusArat: Mingrol and Porbandar

(Kathiawar coast), Woodrow! Sinn: seashore, Karachi, Dalzeli!; Tata district,
Woodrow! ; Landhi, near Karachi, Cooke!—Dtsrrip. Abyssinia, Arabia, Egypt.

Orver XVII. PORTULACACEZ.

Herbs, rarely undershrubs, usually glabrous and more or less succu-
lent. Leaves opposite or alternate, entire, often fleshy ; stipules scarious
or lacerate, sometimes changed into hairs or 0. Inflorescence various,
usually terminal; flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals fewer than
the petals, usually 2, free or adnate to the ovary at the base, much
imbricate. Petals 4— 5, rarely more, hypogynous or perigynous, free or
connate at the base, imbricate, entire, fugacious. Stamens 4 many,
inserted with the petals and often adnate to them at the base ; ; filaments
filiform ; anthers 2-celled, cells parallel, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary
free or semi-inferior, 1-celled ; ovules 2-imany on basal funicles or a
central column, amphitropous ; style 2-8-fid, branches longitudinally
stigmatose. Capsule membranous or crustaceous, circumsciss or de-
hiscing by as many valves as there are styles. Seeds many or solitary,
compressed ; embryo curved round mealy albumen.—Disrrip. Chiefly
American ; genera 15; species 125.

Ovanyahali-AGNAatOm mane mecce ssensan-cnca seme eaoes see coaceiieeneaeentacetes 1. Portunaca.
Ovaryetr ee cnc. esac. nOOTSBNES Fa stanisiaulere neiscises saleby uascestenhuaateecns 2. Taninum.

1. PORTULACA, Linn.

Diffuse or ascending, fleshy herbs. Leaves alternate or snbopposite ;
stipules scarious or reduced to fascicles of hairs or scales (nodal appen-
dages) at the nodes, or 0. Flowers terminal, solitary or clustered, sur-
rounded by a whorl of leaves. Sepals 2, united at the base into a tube
adnate to the ovary, the free part above deciduous. Petals 4—6, distinct

or a little united at the base, inserted on the top of the tube of the
calyx just where it becomes free from the ovary. Stamens 8 or
numerous, inserted at the base of the petals; filaments subulate or
filiform. Ovary ovoid, semi-inferior, 1-celled ; ovules numerous; style
deeply 3-8-fid. Capsule membranous, semi-inferior, the free part

circumsciss. Seeds’ numerous, compressed, reniform, the crustaceous
¥2

68 XVIT. PORTULACACE.

and shining testa often granulate ; embryo peripheric.—Drstnris. Chiefly
tropical American ; species 16.

Nodes without appendages ; flowers in clusters ...-..........000+ 1. P. oleracea.
Nodes with stipulary scales ; flowers solitary.......s.cessscserees 2. P. Wightiana.
Nodes with a ring of hairs.
PAVOR OPSPOSLLD! 2. cvnevoesnsvrsnscus sans sncgree deena mentdaenss 3. P. quadrifida.
Deaves alternate: root tuberous -3....:.000sccasseeran doses seven 4. P. tuberosa.
Leaves terete or nearly so; root WOOdY ......seeceeeeeeseeeees 5. P. suffruticosa.

1. Portulaca oleracea, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 445. An annual
succulent prostrate herb; stems 6-12 in. long, reddish, swollen at
the nodes, quite glabrous. Leaves fleshy, subsessile, 3-1 in. long,
alternate or subopposite, cuneiform, rounded and truncate at the
apex, spangled when fresh with glistening dots, margins reddish ;
stipules (or nodal appendages) 0. Flowers few together, in sessile
terminal heads. Sepals unequal, obtuse. Petals 5, obovate, yellow.
Stamens 8-12. Style 3-8- (often 5-) partite. Capsules ovoid, cir-
cumsciss. Seeds numerous, black, concentrically striate and granulate.
Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 246; Grah. Cat. p. 81; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 15; Boiss.
Fl. Orient. v. 1, p.'757; Sprague & Gray, Il]. Gen. Fl. Amer. v. 1, t. 99;
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 89; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p- 125; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 329.—Flowers: Oct.—
Dec. The Purslane. Vern. Ghol.

Very common throughout the Presidency from Sind to Kanara, as a weed in
gardens and cultivated ground. ‘The leaves are used as a potherb by the natives,

and with the seeds as a domestic remedy by the Hindus.—A full account of their
uses may be found in Watt’s Dict. Econ. Prod. l.c.

2. Portulaca Wightiana, Wall. Cat. (1828) 6845. A _ small
much-branched prostrate herb, 2-4 in.; stems stout, consisting of a
number of short, angled, glabrous, easily separable joints about % in.
long. Leaves alternate, §-+ in. long, ovate, acute, fleshy, easily de-
tachable ; stipules (or nodal appendages) in a whorl of about 6, scarious,
lanceolate, very acute, persistent, silvery-white, as long as and almost
concealing the leaves. Flowers terminal, sessile, solitary, surrounded
by an involucre of fleshy leaves and a number of thread-like silvery
scales. Sepals broadly oblong-elliptic, rounded at the apex, membranous.
Petals 4, longer than the sepals, united to them at the base and coming
off with them and the lid of the capsule. Stamens 8; anthers yellow.
Style 4-fid to 3 its length. Seeds numerous, reniform, brown, granulate.
Fl. B. L. vy. 1, p. 247; W. & A. Prodr; p. 356; Trim, Fi.- Ceyliwviee
p- 89; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 125.—Flowers :
July—Oct.

Rare; found in the southern districts of the Presidency. S.M. Country: Badami,
Cooke!, Woodrow!; Londa, Woodrow ; Belgaum, Woodrow.—Disrris. Ceylon.

3. Portulaca quadrifida, Linn. Mant. (1767) p. 73. A small
diffuse annual; stems filiform, glabrous, rooting at the nodes. Leaves
opposite, fleshy, 4} in. long, ovate, acute ; stipules (or nodal appen-
dages) a ring of silvery hairs ; petioles short. Flowers terminal, solitary,
subsessile, surrounded by silvery hairs and an involucre of 4 leaves.
Sepals broadly oblong, rounded at the apex. Petals 4, yellow, oblong-
obovate. Stamens 8. Style slender, 4-fid to near the middle. Capsules

XVII. PORTULACACE®. 69

conical. Seeds minutely tubercled. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 247; Grah. Cat.
p- 81; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 15; Wight, Ill. v. 2, t. 109; Boiss. FJ]. Orient.
v. 1, p. 757; Trim. FI. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 90; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 125; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 330.—
Flowers: Noy.

A common weed. Duxccan: Poona, Woodrow! §S. M. Country: Badami, Cooke!;
Dharwar, Woodrow; Padshapur, Ritchie, 1765! Stxp: Karachi, Stocks!

4. Portulaca tuberosa, iow). Hort. Beng. (1814) p.91. A peren-
nial succulent herb ; root thick, fusiform ; branches numerous, prostrate,
glabrous, 2-4 in. long. Leaves alternate, 3-? in. long, fleshy, linear-
oblong, obtuse or acute ; stipules (or nodal appendages) a ring of long
brownish hairs. Flowers terminal, solitary, sessile, surrounded by a
ring of brownish hairs and an involucre of 6-8 long leaves. Petals 5,
yellow. Stamens 20 or more. Style filiform, 5-cleft at the apex.
Capsules ovoid, with a short conical top, smooth and polished. Seeds
black, granulate. Fl. B. I. v.1, p. 247; W.& A. Prodr. p. 356; Trim.
Fl. Ceyl. vy. 1, p. 90; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 1, p. 757; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 125; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1,
p. 331.—Flowers: Aug. Vurn. Jangli-qdjar.

Stxp: Jemadar ka Landa, near Karachi, Stocks!; Malir, river-banks (near Karachi),
Woodrow.—Distris. Ceylon.

5. Portulaca suffruticosa, Wight, in Wall. Cat. (1828) 6842.
Suffruticose, about 1 ft. high; root woody, much divided; branches
numerous, short, terete, glabrous, ascending. Leaves alternate, 1-3 in.
long, terete, or elliptic in section, acute ; stipules (or nodal appendages)
a few, short, brownish hairs. Flowers large, sessile, surrounded by a
ring of brownish hairs and an involucre of 6-8 leaves. Stamens about
16. Seeds minute, black, tubercled. FJ. B. I. v. 1, p. 247; W.& A.
Prodr. p. 356; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 90; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 125.—Flowers: Nov.

A rare plant. Gusarat: Ahmedabad, Woodrow.—Disrris. Ceylon.

2. TALINUM, Adans.

Succulent glabrous herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate or subopposite,
flat; stipules 0. J*lowers terminal, racemed or panicled, rarely solitary.
Sepals 2, herbaceous, ovate, deciduous or rarely subpersistent. Petals 5,
hypogynous. Stamens 5-many, hypogynous or adhering to the base of
the petals. Ovary free; ovules many ; style 3-fid or 3-furrowed at the
apex. Capsule globose or ovoid, papery or thinly crustaceous, 2-3-valved.
Seeds subglobose or subreniform, strophiolate ; testa shining ; embryo
peripheric.—Disrris. Tropical and warm regions of the world; species
11, chiefly American.

1. Talinum cuneifolium, Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 2 (1799) p. 864. A
glabrous shrub, attaining a height of several feet, with erect, slender,
rod-like branches. Leaves 1-2 by 3-1 in., fleshy, obovate, cuneate,
attenuated into the petiole, entire or emarginate, the uppermost mucro-
nate. Flowers in terminal panicles, purple; pedicels curved ; bracts
acute, deciduous. Sepals ovate-orbicular, apiculate, veined. Ovary

70 XVII. PORTULACACES.

subglobose; style 3-fid. Capsules crustaceous, globose, glabrous, about
the size of a pea. Seeds reniform, compressed, concentrically striate.
Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 247; Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr. v. 1, p. 150; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 125. Yalinum indicum, W. & A.
Prodr. p. 3856 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 39.—Flowers: Nov.

Very rare. Hill Forts in the Deccan. Deccan: Singhad, Woodrow; Purandhar,
Woodrow,—Disrris. Arabia, Africa.

Orper XVIII. TAMARICACE.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, small, often scale-like, quite
entire, usually fleshy ; stipules 0. Flowers terminal or axillary, solitary,
or arranged in spicate or paniculate racemes, regular, usually herma-
phrodite. Sepals 5, rarely 4, connate at the base, much imbricate.
Petals as many as the sepals, inserted beneath a disk, imbricate, free or
united at the base into atube. Disk hypogynous or slightly perigynous.
10-glandular, crenate or angled, rarely obsolete. Stamens 5-many,
inserted on the disk, free or variously united at the base; anthers
2-celled, versatile, usually apiculate. Ovary free, 1-celled or imperfectly
septate ; placentas 3-5; ovules 2-many on each placenta, anatropous ;
raphe ventral ; micropyle inferior ; styles 3-5. Capsule dehiscent, with
as many valves as there are styles. Seeds erect, plumed or winged,
albuminous or not; embryo straight ; cotyledons flat ; radicle inferior,
short.—Disrris. Temperate and warm regions of the N. hemisphere
and in 8. Africa, often in maritime or sandy places ; genera 5; species
about 40,

1. TAMARIX, Linn.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves minute, scale-like, amplexicaul or
sheathing. Flowers white or rosy, spicate or densely racemose. Sepals
4—5 (rarely 6), free. Petals inserted beneath a glandular-crenate, angled
or lobed disk, free or slightly connat2 at the base. Stamens 5-10
(rarely 4 or 11-12), inserted on the disk, free, or scarcely connate at
the base into a ring. Ovary attenuated at the apex; ovules many;
styles 3-4 (rarely 2-5), short, thick; placentas very short, basal. Cap-
sule 3-4-valyed. Seeds many, small, glabrous, produced at the apex
into a sessile plume, the axis of which is setiform and feathered with
long hairs; albumen 0; embryo ovoid-oblong.—Disrris. 8. Europe,
N. Africa, Central and tropical Asia, usually near the coast; species
about 20.

Stamens 5,

Flowers 2-sexual, in racemose panicles ............ceessosesreense 1. Z. gallica.
Flowers 1-sexual, in close cylindrical spikes ................e0008 2. T. dioica.
Flowers 2-sexual, in usually interrupted spikes ............... 3. T. articulata.

Stamens 10.
Glands of the disk separating the filaments; axis of plume
WELT LONE. esse pact ei keeen rays aseme rte dead (sid, sane accent tment
Glands of the disk passing into the bases of the filaments ;
axis of plume HOKE fiscerdvssensresscoanestsstovebsyolucarsecavein? 5. T. stricta.

4. T. ericoides.

1. Tamarix gallica, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 270; var. indica,
Willd. in Gesel. Naturf. Fr. Berl. Neue Schr. vy. 4 (1803) p. 214 (sp.).

XVIII. TAMARICACE®. A

A shrub or small tree, with slender erect or pendulous branches.
Leaves ;1,-1 in. long, subulate-acute from a triangular semi-amplexicaul
base, at first imbricate, afterwards distant. Flowers hermaphrodite,
numerous, crowded, in slender lateral and terminal panicled spike-like
racemes; pedicels short; bracts very acute, immediately beneath the
flowers. Sepals 5, much shorter than the petals, triangular-ovate,
margins minutely denticulate. Petals oblong, rounded and often
notched at the top, pink. Disk 5-lobed; lobes entire or nearly so.
Stamens 5, inserted at the margins of the middle of the lobes of the
disk. Ovary bottle-shaped, trigonous, truncate at top; styles 3, arti-
culated to the ovary. Capsules about 4 in. long, conical, somewhat
trigonous, tapering, pale pink, glabrous. Seeds with a plume of white
hairs. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 248. Yamariv gallica, W. & A. Prodr. p. 40;
Grah. Cat. p. 11; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v.1, p.91; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 14 ;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 125; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.
v. 6, part 3, p. 411.—Flowers: Dec.—Mar. Vurn. Jhavrajhad ; Lai.

rome on the banks of the Indus and throughout Sind. Sinn; Woodrow }!,
ooke!

2. Tamarix dioica, Rov). Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 22. A small
dicecious tree with a short trunk; branches spreading with drooping
extremities. Leaves sheathing, glabrous, obliquely truncate, abruptly
acuminate. Flowers 3 in. in diam., in dense peduncled spikes, 1—2 in,
long, forming drooping, terminal panicles ; peduncles about equalling
the spikes ; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, with membranous margins,
persistent. Sepals about half as long as the petals, elliptic-obovate and
with a strong midrib, margins membranous. Petals elliptic-oblong, pink.’
Stamens 5, inserted in the notches of the minute 5-lobed disk (in the
female flowers reduced to short filaments usually without anthers) ;
filaments ligulate. Styles 3, as long as the ovary; stigmas clavate,
truncate. FI. B. I. v.1, p. 249; Grah. Cat. p. 11; Boiss. Fl. Orient.
v.1, p. 777; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 14; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v.11 (1897) p. 125; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 3, p. 410.—
Flowers: Nov. Vurn. Jhdu; Ldl Shdu ; Gaz.

Beds of rivers throughout the Presidency, common. Forms extensive forests along
the Indus. Beds of Konkan and Deccan rivers, Graham. Gusarar; Broach, Cooke! ;
banks of the Nerbudda, Woodrow! Styp: Cooke!, Woodrow !—Disrris, Afghan-
istan, Assam, Birma.

3. Tamarix articulata, Vahl, Symb. v. 2 (1791) p. 48, t. 32. A
shrub or small tree, reaching 20 ft. high; the slender ultimate branches
hoary with a saline efflorescence from the impressed, punctate glands.
Leaves reduced to a short sheath, the free part to a small triangular
tooth. Flowers hermaphrodite, in slender, usually interrupted spikes ;
bracts sheathing, acute, shorter than the flowers. Sepals 5, broadly
elliptic, much shorter than the petals, entire or minutely toothed. Petals
oblong, conniving at the top. Stamens 5; filaments filiform, inserted in
alternate notches of the 10-lobed disk. Capsules trigonous, rounded at the
tip ; styles 3, about half the length of the ovary ; stigmas ovoid. Fl. B. I.
v.1,p.249; Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr. v. 1,p.151; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v.1, p. 777;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p.14; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prodr. v. 6, part 3, p. 409.

Upper and middle Sind eastwards. Sinn: Stocks!, Cooke!—Disrris. Beluchistan,
Algeria, Arabia, S. Africa.

¥ 62 XVIII. TAMARICACEA,

4, Tamarix ericoides, Mottl. in Gesel. Naturf. Fr. Berl. Neue Schr.
vy. 4 (1803) p. 214. A shrub with dark cracked bark. Leaves minute,
scale-like, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, epunctate. Flowers handsome,
jin. in diam. in terminal racemes; pedicels very short ; bracts mem-
branous, acuminate, from a broad base. Sepals ovate-elliptic, with
white membranous margins. Petals 5, rose-colored, slightly unequal,
broadly elliptic-obovate, twice as long as the sepals, with minutely
denticulate margins. Stamens 10, alternately long and short, not ex-
ceeding the petals ; glands of the disk separating the filaments. Styles
3, short, dilated at the apex; stigmas ellipsoid. Capsules dull yellowish-
white. Plume of the seeds with a very long axis, feathered with dirty
white hairs. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 249; Niedenzu, in Engl. & Prantl,
Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 6, fig. 184, o-@; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 14; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 125; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.
vy. 6, part 3, p. 411. Trichaurus ericoides, W. & A. Prodr. p. 40; Grah.
Cat. p. 11; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 14; Camb. in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. p. 58,
t. 70.—Flowers: Nov.Jan. Vurn. Jhdu; Sarub; Kddshernt.

Common in the beds of Konkan and Decean rivers. Konkan: Law!, Stocks!
Deccan: banks of the Indraydni river near Karli, Graham; banks of the Mutha

river (Poona districts), Woodrow! Gusarat: banks of the Narbada river near Broach,
Woodrow! Kanara: Kala naddi, near Sulgeri (N. Kanara), Talbot! Sinpv: Cooke.

5. Tamarix stricta, Boiss. Diay. ser. 2 (1856) fase. 2, p. 57.
Glaucous, glabrous. ‘Leaves closely sheathing, very narrow, shortly and
abruptly mucronulate. Flowers subsessile, in slender, panicled spikes
or racemes; bracts broadly triangular-ovate, cucullate, acuminate, shorter
than the flowers. Sepals oblong-obovate, rounded and minutely denti-
culate. Petals oblong-elliptic, obtuse, minutely toothed at the apex, a
little longer than the sepals. Stamens 10, Disk 10-lobed, the lobes
passing into the slightly dilated bases of the filaments. Stigmas 3, sub-
sessile. Capsules short, conical, dull white. Fl. B. I. v.1, p. 249;
Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 1, p. 778 ; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 14.

A very rare plant. Sinp: Svocks !—Distris, Beluchistan,

Orprr XIX. ELATINACEA.

Semi-aquatic or terrestrial herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite
or whorled, entire or serrate ; stipules twin. Flowers hermaphrodite,
small, regular, axillary, solitary or cymose. Sepals 2-5, free, imbricate.
Petals as many, hypogynous, imbricate. Disk 0. Stamens equal in
number to the petals or twice as many, hypogynous, free; anthers
versatile, 2-celled, the cells dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary free, the
cells as many as the sepals; ovules numerous, on the inner angles of
the cells, horizontal or subascending, anatropous; raphe lateral or
ventral ; styles as many as the cells, distinct from the base ; stigmas
capitate. Capsule septicidal; valves flat, concave or incurved, sepa-
rating from a central placentiferous and often more or less septiferous
column. Seeds straight or curved; raphe on the concave side; testa
often rugose or ribbed; albumen 0, or very thin; embryo conform to
the seed ; cotyledons short ; radicle next the hilum.—Disrris. Through-
out the world ; genera 2; species about 20.

XTX, BLATINACES. 73

1. BERGIA, Linn.

Herbs or undershrubs, erect, decumbent or diffusely branched, often
pubescent. Leaves opposite, serrate or sometimes entire. Flowers
small, axillary, solitary or cymosely fascicled, usually 5-merous. Sepals
acute with an herbaceous midrib, the margins usually membranous.
Ovary ovoid. Capsule subcrustaceous, septicidal.—Distris. Warm
countries throughout the world ; species about 14.

Terrestrial woody plant; stamens 10 .........cescseeeesceoe eens 1. B. odorata.
Semi-aquatic plants.
SLT BIS 19) GonopaccdsqocdoooaactaangdoupoDbbuacboonbacdedaenosucaduEdaC 2. B. ammannioides.
EAM ONS OMeonsarctedaceesdeeswcesseseceneareamnch cleeiceastices auct se 3. B. capensis.

1. Bergia odorata, Hdgew. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. v. 7 (1838)
p. 765. Shrubby, 6-24 in., decumbent or spreading, glandular-pubes-
cent ; the bark deciduous in cinnamon-colored flakes. Leaves subsessile,
often fascicled in the axils, ;,-} in. long, from oblong-lanceolate to
elliptic, obtuse, crenate-serrate, hispid and often glandular on both sides,
often with revolute margins; stipules linear. Flowers solitary or in
axillary fascicles of 2 to 6 or 8; pedicels about as long as the sepals.
Sepals ovate, acute, hairy without and on the margins. Petals obovate-
oblong, entire. Stamens 10, alternately shorter or nearly equal; fila-
ments dilated below. Ovary ovoid, sulcate, narrowed into the styles ;
styles 5, one half the length of the ovary. Capsules 5-celled. Seeds
minute, nnmerous, slightly curved, dark brown, shining. Fl. B. I. v. 1,
p- 251; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v.11 (1897) p. 125. Bergia
estivosa, Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 125. latine
odorata, Dalz. & Gibs. p. 14. Bergia suffruticosa, Fenzl, in Denks. Bot.
Gesel. Regens. v. 3(1841) p. 183; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 1, p. 783 ; Oliver,
Fl. Trop. Afr. v. 1, p. 153; Niedenzu, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3,
part 6, fig. 130, a-s.—Flowers: Oct.—Nov.

The leaves vary much in size ; while usually 3-1 in. long, they occa-
sionally reach nearly lin. I have noticed these large leaves in specimens
from Baroda as also in some from Senegal.

Common in Gujarat and Sind. Guysarar: Surat, Dalzell!; Baroda, Woodrow! ;

Porbandar, Cooke! Sinn: Sibi, Woodrow; Jemadar ka Landa, near Karachi, Stocks! ;
Hyderabad, Cooke!—Duisrris. Trop. Africa, Persia, Egypt.

2. Bergia ammannioides, Mow). Hort. Beng. (1814) p.34. Annual,
6-15 in. high, erect, often with many decumbent branches from the base;
stem and branches glandular, pubescent. Leaves 1-2 by 1-2 in., oblan-
ceolate or elliptic, acute, tapering to a long base or into the petiole, very
sharply serrulate, thinly hispid or glabrescent; stipules subulate, hairy.
Flowers minute, crowded in dense axillary fascicles, subsessile, or pedi-
celled. Sepals 5, linear-lanceolate, very acute, with ciliate, often colored
margins. Petals 5, very thin, elliptic-oblong, acute. Ovary subglobose,
suleate ; styles 5, short. Capsules subglobose, the margins of the valves
incurved, Seeds numerous, minute, ovoid, polished. Fl. B. I. vy. 1,
p- 251; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 14; Boiss. FJ. Orient. v. 1, p. 782; Oliver,
Fl. Trop. Afr. v. 1. p. 152 (exclud. citation) ; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 125. Elatine ammannoides, W. & A. Prodr. p. 41;
Grah. Cat. p. 12.—Flowers : Nov.—Dec.

On the margins of tanks and in other moist places. Konkan: Stocks! Duccan:

Poona, banks of the river Mula, Ranade!; Kelgaon, Cooke!, Woodrow! Sinp: Karachi,
Cooke!; Bubak, Woodrow,—Distris. Abyssinia, Nubia, Senegambia, Australia.

74 XIX. BLATINACHA, -

3. Bergia capensis *, Linn. Mantiss. (1771) p. 241. A glabrous
succulent herb, 3-1 ft. high; stems pink, branched, rooting from the
lower joints. Leaves 1-1} by 1-3 in., elliptic-lanceolate, narrowed at
each end, acute or subobtuse, serrate, glabrous ; petioles short ; stipules
triangular-acute, caducous. Flowers in sessile or subsessile, few or
many-flowered, axillary clusters. Sepals 5, lanceolate, acuminate.
Petals 5, ovate-oblong. Stamens 10. Capsules globose, valves 5, broad,
apiculate. Styles short. Seeds minute, cylindric, slightly curved and
transversely rugose, dark brown. Bergia verticillata, Willd. Sp. Pl.
(1799) v. 2, p. 770; Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 252; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 14; Oliver,
Fl. Trop. Afr. v. 1, p. 152; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p. 125. late verticillata, W. & A. Prodr. p. 41; Grah. Cat. p. 12.
Bergia aquatica, Roxb. Corom. Pl. v. 2, p. 22, t. 142; Boiss. Fl. Orient.
p. 782.—Flowers : Oct.

Margins of tanks and in rice-fields in the Konkan and Deccan. Konkan: Dasgaon,
in rice-fields, Woodrow.—Disrris. Trop. Africa, Egypt.

Orpen XX. HYPERICACEA.

Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees. Leaves opposite (rarely verticillate),
often glandular-dotted, entire or toothed, exstipulate. lowers herma-
phrodite, regular, solitary or cymose, terminal (rarely axillary). Sepals
and petals 5 (rarely 4), distinct imbricate. Stamens usually indefinite,
usually in bundles of 3 or 5, rarely free or all connate; anthers versatile.
Ovary of 3-5 carpels, 1- or 3—5-celled ; ovules few or numerous on
parietal or axile placentas, anatropous ; raphe lateral or superior; styles
as many as the carpels, filiform, free or rarely united. Fruit capsular or
baccate. Seeds straight or variously curved, exarillate; embryo straight
or curved.—Distriz. Temperate and warm regions ; species 210.

1. HYPERICUM, Linn.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves usually sessile. Flowers yellow (rarely
white), solitary, cymose or paniculate. Sepals 5. Petals 5, not hairy
within. Stamens free or connate at the base into 3-8 bundles. Ovary
1-celled, with 3-5 more or less prominent parietal placentas or imper-
fectly or perfectly 3-5-celled ; ovules many (rarely few) ; styles distinct
(rarely united). Capsule septicidal or dehiscing at the placentas ;
placentas adhering to the axis or the margins of the valves. Seeds not
winged ; embryo straight (rarely curved), oblong or cylindric ; cotyledons
shorter than the radicle, sometimes very short.—Distris. In temperate
regions chiefly of the N. hemisphere, and in mountains in the tropics ;
species about 160.

A shrub; flowers large and showy.........sccccssscsersessereseees 1. ZH. mysorense.
AM HOTU OWSUESIMAIL: tres cnspoandecanices se peter Faensouniercgnecs 2. H. japonicum.

1. Hypericum mysorense, JWVall. Cat. (1828) 4808 (Herb.

Madr.). A wuch-branched, glabrous shrub, 4-8 ft. high ; very young
branches obscurely 4-angled. Leaves numerous, decussate, 1-1} by

* Following the ‘ Index Kewensis,’ I have restored Linngeus’s original name (2B, capen-
sis), which was changed by Willdenow (/. c.) on the ground that the plant was not a
native of the Cape.

XX. HYPERICACE®. 75

t-y In., oblong-lanceolate, acute, entire, glabrous, with pellucid striae,
tapering to an amplexicaul base with very small auricles. Flowers
bright golden-yellow, 2—2% in. across, in terminal 1-3-flowered cymes ;
pedicels short. Sepals 4 in. long, oblong- -ovate, acute persistent. Petals
1+ in. long, elliptie- oblong, very oblique, twice as long as the stamens.
Stamens very numerous, in 5 groups, spreading. Ovary 5 5-lobed, tapering
into 5 long, persistent styles; ovules numerous on 5 axile placentas ; :
styles longer than the ovary. Capsules 4 in. long; valves 5, with long
beaks. Seeds cylindric. Fl. B. Lv. 1, p. 253; Trim. FI. ‘Ceyl. vaolk
p. 93. Norysca mysorensis, Wight, Teon. t. 56.—Flowers all the year.

On hills in the Konkan; rare. Konkan: Stocks!

2. Hypericum japonicum, Thunb. Pl. Jap. (1784) p. 295, t. 31.
An annual herb, erect or procumbent ; stem 6- “= = long, 4- -angled,
dichotomously branched above. Leaves 4-3 by 4—% in., amplexicaul,
elliptic or ovate, obtuse at both ends, pellueido- -punctate. Flowers
4-2 in. across in elongate dichotomous cymes; pedicels } in. long;
bracts linear-lanceolate. Sepals lanceolate, acute, entire, persistent,
pellucido-punctate at the margin. Petals yellow, as long as the sepals,
persistent. Stamens not very numerous ; filaments slightly connate at
the base. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentas ; styles 3 (rarely 4),
one third the length of the ovary. Capsules ovoid, equalling the per-
sistent sepals, 3-valved. Seeds oblong, ribbed. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 256;
Trim. FI]. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 93.—Flowers all the year.

Rare. 8S. M. Counrry: Castlerock, Gammie.—Dtstris. Japan, China, Java, Aus-
tralia, New Zealand.

Orper XXI. GUTTIFERZ.

Trees or shrubs, abounding in yellow or greenish juice. Leaves
opposite, coriaceous or membranous, often decussate, rarely whorled,
usually exstipulate. Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary, fascicled,
subracemose or panicled, regular, dicecious, polygamous or hermaphrodite.
Sepals 2-6, imbricate. Petals 2-6 (rarely more or 0), hypogynous,
usually much imbricate or ronmtortod: MALe FrLowers: Stamens usually
indefinite, hypogynous ; filaments free or rarely connate, monadelphous
or in as many bundles as there are petals; anthers various. FEMA
FLOWERS: Staminodes various. Ovary 2-many- or (rarely) 1-celled ;
ovules 1-many, axile or erect from the base of the cavity ; stigmas as
many as the cells of the ovary, free or connate, sometimes peltate, entire,
sessile, subsessile or with a more or less elongate style. Fruit usually
baccate, indehiscent, with a fleshy or pulpy pericarp. Seeds large ;
albumen 0; embryo with a large radicle (tigellus) with small or obsolete
cotyledons, or of thick consolidated or free cotyledons and very short
inferior radicle.—Disrris. Throughout the tropics, chiefly in America
and Asia, rare in Africa; species 350.

Stigma sessile or subsessile; embryo of a solid tigellus with minute
cotyledons or 0.
Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals ........... Suscoasdodue >podepstaasboves decnornde 1. Garcinia.
Calyx closed in bud, bursting into 2 valves .........:0+eeeeeees 2. Ocurocarros.

76 XXI. GUTTIFERAE.

Stigma on a slender style ; embryo of two fleshy, free or consoli-
dated cotyledons with a small radicle.
Ovary i-called lt -ovuled 5.0: .casMovaaeces tense chac css seaescvccsss 3. CALOPHYLLUM.
Ovary -2-cellads 4:ovUled tik ecccucwuensemconseert ekceecs soves coves 4. Musva,

1. GARCINIA, Linn.

Trees, usually with yellow juice. Leaves usually coriaceous. Flowers
polygamous, solitary, fascicled or panicled, axillary or terminal. Sepals
4-5, Petals 4-5, imbricate. Mann rrownrs: Stamens many, free or
united into an entire or 4-lobed mass, or tetradelphous around a rudi-
mentary style ; anthers sessile or on short filaments, 2-celled, dehiscing
by slits or pores, rarely 4-celled, or peltate and dehiscing by a circular
slit (ctrcumsciss): FEMALE or HERMAPHRODITE FLOWnRS: Staminodes
free or variously united. Ovary 2-12-celled ; ovule solitary, erect, or
laterally affixed ; stigma sessile or subsessile, broadly peltate, entire or
radiately lobed, smooth or tubercled. Berry with a coriaceous rind.
Seeds with a pulpy aril; embryo a solid homogeneous mass (tigellus)
without obvious cotyledons.—Disrris. Tropics of the Old World;
species 50.

Flowers tetramerous.
Fruit exceeding 1 in. in diam.

ruittelobosey noberoo ved... .seseeescessancacteeldeesace sees 1. G. indica.
Hruit ovoid, 7—-S-pro0ved <taciscccsaesscceavaivesvsustbessvoren 2. G. Cambogia.
Fruit not exceeding 1 in. in diam.
Fruit globose, slightly 4-lobed......,.° ....c-ccsseccseseeseoee 3. G. Morella.
Flowers pentamerous.
Minuit larre; yellows ey. sess cases doccendecmerecsencenauseseacestinse et 4. G. Xanthochymus.
iFruitismall, green... .se....c:c00s Freee: RSH Oer OUTS ER COCO OESHDEC 5. G. spicata.

1. Garcinia indica, Choiss. in DC. Prodr. v. 1 (1824) p. 561. A
small tree. Leaves 24-3} by 1-14 in., red when young, oblong-lanceolate,
glabrous with entire, repand margins ; petioles [2 in. long. Flowers
axillary or terminal, solitary or in spreading fascicles ; pedicels gradually
thickened upwards, 1—} in. long or 0; bracts scale-like, deciduous. Sepals
;; in. long, decussate, thick and fleshy ; outer smaller, oblong-ovate ;
inner larger obovate-orbicular. Petals 4, thick, a little longer than the
sepals. Mann riowsrs 3-8, in axillary and terminal fascicles, the
pedicels of the terminal fascicles carried on a short peduncle. Stamens
very numerous, on a short column; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing longi-
tudinally ; filaments very short. Frmarn FrLownrs sessile or very
shortly pedicelled, solitary or 2-3 together, the fascicles not peduncled.
Staminodes in 4 bundles, arranged crosswise, each bundle containing
2-7 staminodes in one or more rows; filaments short, very thick.
Ovary 4—8-celled ; stigma sessile, with as many lobes as the cells. Fruit
globose, not furrowed, 1-1} in. in diam., purple throughout. Seeds 5-8,
compressed, embedded in pulp. Fl. B. 1. v. 1, p. 261; Engler, in Engl.
& Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 6, fig. 109, u,s; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
p. 15; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 125; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. y. 3, p. 466. Garcinia purpurea, Roxb. Fl, Ind. v. 2,
p. 624; Grah. Cat. p. 25; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 31. Brindoma indica,
Dupetit-Thouars, in Dict. Sc. Nat. v. 5, p. 340.—Flowers : Nov.—Feb.
Vorn. Kokam; Rdtamba,

The Konkans and Kanara; cultivated in the 8. Konkan and about Goa, Konkan:
Dalzell § Gibson, Talbot; Bombay, Graham; Matheran, Cooke!; Ambeghat, Ranade !;

XXI. GUTTIFER ®. Fit)

Bombay Ghats, Woodrow!; ravines at Khandala, Graham. Kanara: in evergreen
forests, Talbot; near Yellapur (N. Kanara), Talbot!

The fruit is eaten and used for making syrup. A concrete oil or soapy substance
named Kokam is extracted from the seeds, which is used for healing chaps and abra-
sions.

The tree is largely grown in the southern districts of the Bombay Presidency ; in
the Ratnagiri Collectorate alone, it is estimated that upwards of 15,000 trees are in
cultivation. It was known to the Pcrtuguese at Goa under the name of Brindon ;
hence the name Brindonia given to it by Thouars. A considerable trade in Kokam
butter is carried on by the Goanese. A full account of the mode of its extraction from
the seeds will be found in Watt’s Dictionary of Economic Products of India, vy. 3,

pp. 467-470.

2. Garcinia Cambogia, Desrous. in Lamk. Encyc. v. 38 (1789)
p- 701. A moderate-sized tree with round head, drooping branches,
and rough, dark-brown bark; young shoots glabrous. Leaves 2-5 by
3_9 in, elliptic-lanceolate, acute or slightly acuminate, glabrous, nerves
oblique ; petioles }-2 in. long, stout. Matn Frowers in the axils of
fallen leaves, 3 or 4 together; pedicels thickened upwards, variable in
length. Sepals thick and fleshy, with membranous margins; outer
sepals + in. long, shorter than the inner, orbicular; inner elliptic-
oblong. Petals more than twice as long as the sepals, obovate-oblong,
concave, with narrowly membranous margins. Stamens numerous on a
short, thick androphore, monadelphous, forming a globular head. Frmatn
or HERMAPH. FLOWERS larger than the male, in terminal and axillary
fascicles of 1-3. Sepals and petals as in the male. Staminodes 10-20,
unequal, in a ring round the ovary, free or connate at the base. Ovary
globular, grooved ; stigma 5-12-rayed, tubercled. Fruit 24-3 in. in
diam., yellow or reddish, more or less globular, with 7-13 (usually 8)
deep, vertical furrows, not continued tv the apex which is smooth,
depressed, and often mammillate; pericarp very thick, fleshy. Seeds as
many as the grooves of the fruit, 4 in. long, ovoid, compressed, sur-
rounded by a white or red aril; testa pale-brown, veined. FI. B. I.
vy. 1, p. 261; Lanessan, Mem. Garcin. ['T'r. Bot. (1872)] p. 36; Pierre,
Fl]. For. Cochinch. t. 83, H; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 95; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. p. 15; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 464.—Flowers : Jan.—May.
Vurn. Upagi-mara.

On the Southern Ghats. Konkan: Stocks!, Law!; Bombay, Law! Kanara: Stochs!,
Law!; 8. Ghats of 8. Kanara in evergreen forests, Za/bot.

3. Garcinia Morella, Desrous. in Lamnk. Encye. v. 3 (1789) p. 701,
t. 405, fig. 2. A middling-sized tree, with spreading branches, quite
glabrous ; young branches quadrangular, smooth. Leaves 3-5 by 13-

4 in., elliptic-obovate to ovate-lanceolate, subacute or shortly and
bluntly acuminate, narrowed at the base; petioles 7 in. long. Mars
FLOWERS axillary, in fascicles of 2-5, subsessile, or on pedicels }—j in.
long. Sepals 4, decussate, orbicular, concave, the outer the smaller.
Petals 4, a little larger than the sepals. Stamens 25-40, monadelphous,
the filaments combined into a subquadrangular central column, but free
at the apex, the free portion very short; anthers orbicular, flattened,
dehiscing transversely. Rudimentary ovary 0. FEMALE rLowers larger
than the male, solitary, axillary, usually sessile. Sepals and petals as in
the male, the former persistent, the latter deciduous. Staminodes 18—
30, in a ring round the ovary, connate at the base.’ Ovary globular,
smooth, 4-celled ; stigma peltate, irregularly lobed and tubercled. Fruit

78 XXI, GUUTIFER ©.

? in. in diam., subglobose, surrounded at the base by the persistent sepals,
glabrous. Seeds 4, ovoid-reniform, slightly compressed ; testa muri-
culate, dark brown. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 264; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. v. 1,
t. 86; Trim. FI. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 96; Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinch. t. 85, A;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 15; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p- 125; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, iu 472. Hebradendron cambogioides,
Grah. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. v. Z (1836) p. 199, t. 27.— Flowers:
Noy. Vern. Arsina-qurgi ; Depa

The Gamboge tree, occurring frequently in the Kanara evergreen forests. KANARA:
Stocks !, Law!; Siddapur (N. Kanara), Talbot, Woodrow,—Disrris. Siam, Ceylon,

Although the tree is fairly abundant in India, being found in Eastern Bengal,
the Khasia hills and the Western Peninsula, eamboge does not appear to have been
eyer collected in India as an article of commerce, most of the gamboge imported into
Europe being the produce of Siam and Cochin- China. Watt’s Dictionary of Economie
Products of "India, vol. 3, pp. 475-478, contains a very full account of its mode of
collection and uses.

4. Garcinia Xanthochymus, //ook. f., Fl. B. /. vy. 1 (1874) p. 269.
A large tree; trunk straight, covered with dark-colored, scabrous bark ;
branches angular, spreading, forming a large shady head. Leaves
coriaceous, 8-18 by 14-4 in., linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, smooth, shining ; petioles 1-1 in. long, ' transversely rugose.
MAL FLOWERS white, 2 in. in diam., in fascicles of 4-8, from the
axils of fallen eee pedicels thickened upwards, 1-13 in. long.
Sepals 5, fleshy, 4-3 in. long, unequal, orbicular, concave, persistent.
Petals 5, orbicular, “spreading’ 3 in. in diam. Stamens 15-20, in 5
bundles, alternating with 5 fleshy glands ; anthers 2-celled. HerMmapn.
FLOWERS similar to those of the male but with longer pedicels. Ovary
ovoid, pointed, usually 5-celled; stigma 5-lobed, the lobes large, oblong,
“spreading, entire. Fruit as large as a middle-sized apple, smooth, very
little paced at the apex, deep yellow when ripe. Seeds 1-4, oblong.
Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 269; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 15; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. ae, v.11 (1897) p. 125; Watt, gas Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 478.
Xanthochymus pictorius, Roxb. Cor. Pl. y. 2 2, p. 51, t. 196; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 3l.—Flowers: Mar.—May.

Abundant in the evergreen forests of N. Kanara. Konxan: Law!, Stocks!; W.
Ghats (widely), Woodrow ; Island of Karanja, probably planted, Dadzell & Gibson.
Kanara: Southern Ghi Ate, Dalzell § Gibson; N. Kanara, in evergreen forests, abun-

dant, Talbot. The fruit is eaten by the poorer natives and is not unpalatable, though
strongly acid, especially the fleshy pericarp.—Disrris. Penang and the Andamans,

5. Garcinia spicata, //ook. f. in Journ. Linn. Soc. vy. 14 (1875)
p. 436. A middling-sized tree with straight trunk; branches angular,
striate. Leaves coriaceous, 2-4 by 13- 2) in., broadly-elliptie or almost
orbicular, obtuse or retuse, rarely subacute, reticulately veined, the veins
conspicuous in dried pp penenk 5 petioles 2 in. long, stout, transversely
rugose. Flowers about } in. in diam, in the axils of fallen leaves, the
males numerous, sometimes mixed with the females in the same fascicle,
but more commonly crowded in a short spiciform raceme, the females
being in fascicles of 2-5; pedicels 7-3 in. long. Sepals 5, very unequal,
#-} In. long, orbicular, ciliolate, the 2 outer thick and fleshy, the 3
inner larger and thinner. Petals 6 5, membranous, much longer than the
sepals, orbicular, concave, veined. Matn FLOWERS: Stamens in 5
bundles ; filaments combined into a long, somewhat spathulate, fleshy

XXI. GUTTIFER &. 79

androphore, carrying 8-10 anthers near the top, the free portion of the
filament below the anther very short; anthers didymous. Frmarn
FLOWERS usually fascicled. Staminodes in 5 trifid bundles; anthers
sterile. Ovary ovoid, 3-celled; stigma thick, fleshy, 3-lobed. Fruit
green, 1-14 in. long, ovoid or subglobose, 1-3-seeded. Trim. FI. Ceyl.
v.1,p.98. Garcinia ovalifolius, var. ovalifolia, Hook. f. in Fl. B. I.
v. 1, p. 269 (not of Oliver); Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 15. Xanthochymus
ovalifolius, Roxb. Fl. Ind. v. 2, p. 632.—Flowers : Mar.—May.

Evergreen forests of N. Kanara and Konkan Ghats, Tadbot.

Var. macrantha, Leaves larger, 33-7 by 13-38? in., elliptic-oblong,
obtuse or retuse. Male flowers much larger, reaching $ in. in diam.,
fascicled (rarely spiciform). Garcinia ovalifolius, var. macrantha, Fl. B.
I. vy. 1, p. 269; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 15. Xanthochymus ovalifolius,
Grah. Cat. p. 26; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 81; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
vy. 11 (1897) p. 125.—Flowers: Dec.—Jan. Vurn. Haldi; Ont.

This variety is much the more common form in the Bombay Presidency. It
flowers in the cold, while the former flowers in the hot season. It is confined to the
Ghats of the Konkan and Kanara.

Konkan: the Ghats, Da/zell!; 8. of Baitsi (S. Konkan), Ritchie, 1648!; Matheran,
Cooke!, Woodrow. Drccan: ravines at Khandala, Graham; Phunda Ghat, Ritchie! ;
Parghat, Graham. Kanara: Gairsoppa Ghat, common, Talbot.

2. OCHROCARPOS, Thouars.

Trees. Leaves coriaceous, opposite, or ternately whorled. Flowers
in short cymes or lateral or axillary fascicles, polygamous. Calyx closed
before flowering, at length opening valvately into 2 sepals. Petals 4
or more. Stamens indefinite ; filaments filiform, free or shortly con-
nate below ; anthers erect, oblong, 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally.
Ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cell; style short, stout or 0; stigma
3-lobed. Berry 1-4-seeded. Seeds large, enclosed in pulp; embryo of
a large fleshy tigellus with the cotyledons reduced to a small mammilla
or 0.—Disrris. Madagascar, West Africa; species 6.

1. Ochrocarpos longifolius, Benth. § Hook. f. ew T. Anders. in
Fl. B. I. vy. 1 A874) p. 270 (Ochrocarpus). A large tree ; young shoots
terete or slightly 4-gonous. Leaves thickly coriaceous, 6-8 by 2-21 in.,
oblong, obtuse or shortly and bluntly pointed, quite glabrous, with
slightly repand margins and prominent midrib, base rounded, veins
inconspicuous in fresh, but beautifully reticulate in dried specimens ;
petioles 7 in. long, stout. Flowers numerous, in short fascicles on
tubercles from the axils of fallen leaves ; buds globose, apiculate, orange-
red; pedicels 3-? in. long, thickened upwards ; bracts numerous, sub-
ulate. Calyx bursting into 2 valves, reflexed during flowering. Petals
4, ovate-oblong, acute, thin, deciduous, white streaked with red. Stamens
many, sterile in the female flowers. Style short, stout; stigma broad,
peltate. Fruit 1 in. long, obliquely ovoid, tipped by the hard, pointed
style, 1-seeded. Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 89; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 15;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 125; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 5, p. 439. Calysaccion longifolium, Wight, Ill. v. 1, p. 130;
Grah. Cat. p. 27; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 32.—Flowers: Feb.-Mar. Vurn.
Surangi ; Pundga.

80 XXI. GUTTIFER ©.

In the evergreen Ghat-forests of the Konkans and Kanara. Konkan: Stocks},
Law!; Ratnagiri Collectorate, common, Dalzell § Gibson ; Kanheri jungles, abundant,
Graham; Parel and Worlee hills (Bombay), Graham, Dalzell! Drccan: Shirol,
Ritchie, 1650! Kayara: in evergreen forests on the Ghats, Tadbot!; Kadgal (N.
Kanara), Woodrow.

The flower-buds are an article of commerce and used for dyeing silk.

3. CALOPHYLLUM, Linn.

Trees. Leaves coriaceous, shining, striately penninerved. Flowers
polygamous, in axillary or terminal panicles. Sepals and petals 4-12,
imbricate in 2-3 series. Stamens indefinite, free or scarcely connate at
the base; filaments filiform; anthers erect, ovate or oblong, 2-celled,
dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 1-celled; ovule 1, erect; style rather
long; stigma peltate. Drupe indehiscent ; putamen crustaceous. Seed
erect, ovoid or globose; testa thin, or thick and spongy.—Drsrris. Tro-
pical Asia and America; species 25.

1. Calophyllum inophyllum, Zinn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 518. A
very handsome, small or middle-sized glabrous tree, with a crooked
trunk; bark grey, smooth. Leaves 4-7 by 3-4 in., broadly elliptie,
rounded at the apex, often emarginate, with subrepand waved margins
and very close lateral nerves, giving a striate appearance to the blade,
base acute; petioles 3-3 in. long, stout, flat. Flowers 7-1 in. in diam.,
pure white, fragrant, in lax few-flowered racemes 4-6 in. long. Sepals
4, ovate-orbicular, concave, reflexed, ciliolate, the two outer much the
smaller. Petals 4, oblong, obtuse, spreading. Stamens numerous;
filaments united into 4-6 bundles. Style long, twisted; stigma large,
mushroom-shaped. Fruit globose, 1-13 in, in diam., smooth, yellowish ;
pulp scanty. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 273; Grah. Cat. p. 26; Dalz. & Gibs.
p. 31; Engler, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. y. 3, part 6, fig. 105, a-r;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 15; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897)
p. 126; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 29.—Flowers: Dec.—Jan.
Vern. Undi.

A strikingly handsome tree often called the Alewandrian Laurel, cultivated throughout
India; indigenous in the coast districts of the Presidency ; very common at Ratnagiri.

Konkan: Salsette, Graham; Malwan taluka and sandy shores of the S. Konkan,
Dalzdl & Gibson; Love Grove, Bombay, Graham; banks of rivers near the coast,
Law!, Stocks!; Ratnagiri, Cooke!, Woodrow !—Disrnie, Ceylon, E, African islands,

Malaya, Australia, Polynesia. =
The timber is used for knees for boats, and an oil called Wundi is extracted from

the seeds. For an account of the uses of the oil &e. consult Watt, Dict. Econ, Prod.
| ere

2. Calophyllum tomentosum, Wight, Jil. y. 1 (1840) p. 128.
A tree, attaining a great height; young shoots, buds and panicles
clothed with rusty tomentum; young branches quadrangular. Leaves
coriaceous, 3-5 by 1}-2 in., oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, acute at the
base, glabrous, shining; nerves very fine equally conspicuous on both
surfaces ; petioles 3-} in. long, stout, pubescent, at length glabrous.
Flowers 4—? in. in diam., in terminal panicles, and in racemes or panicles
from the axils of the upper leaves; pedicels long, slender, tomentose.
Sepals 4, the outer orbicular, much shorter than the inner, ciliolate.
Petals 4, oblong, obtuse, spreading, exceeding the sepals. Stamens
numerous; filaments united at the base. Style long, flexuous ; stigma

q

2)

XXI, GUTTIFERA,

peltate. Fruit obliquely ovoid, 2? in. long, pointed, smooth. FI. B. I.
v. 1, p. 274; Wight, Icon. t. 110; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 101; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. p. 16; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 32. Calophyllum
elatum, Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 2. Calophyllum anqustifolium, Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 32 (not of Roxb.).—Flowers: Mar.-May. Vern. Pun.

Known‘in W. India as the Pun or Poon tree. It furnishes the Poon
spars of commerce, which are much used for masts.

Dalzell and Gibson (Bombay Flora, p. 32) in describing C. angusti-
folium, adopt the description given by Roxburgh (FI. Ind. v. 2, p. 608),
which is not applicable to C. tomentosum. As, however, Dalzell and
Gibson indicate the same locality (Nilkund Ghat) in which the tree has
been found by Mr. Talbot, there can be little doubt that C. tomentosum
was intended by these botanists, and not OC. angustifolium of Roxburgh.

Kanara: in many of the Ghit evergreen forests of N. Kanara, Nilkund and Gair-
soppa Ghats, common, Ta/bot; Nilkund and Wulwi Ghats, ex Da/zell § Gibson.

3. Calophyllum Wightianum, Wall. Cat. (1828) 4847. A
middle-sized tree, with yellowish bark; young shoots 4-gonous, glabrous.
Leaves coriaceous, 2-34 by 1-1} in., obovate-oblong, cuneate, rounded
at the apex, often emarginate, with close nerves most prominent on the
lower surface ; petioles + in. long. Flowers 3 in. in diam., in racemes
from the upper axils; bracts small, boat-shaped, caducous ; pedicels
slender, 3 in. long. Sepals 4, strongly veined, subequal, deflexed, the
two outer orbicular, the two inner boat-shaped. Petals 0. Stamens
numerous, many-seriate ; anthers large. Style flexuous; stigma peltate
with crenulate margin. Fruit 2 in. long, ellipsoid, smooth, apiculate,
red when ripe. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 274; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 90;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 16; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p. 126; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. vy. 2, p. 338. Calophyllum spurium,
Chois. in DC. Prodr. v. 1, p. 563; Grah. Cat. p. 27; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 32 (speurium).— Flowers: Dec. Vern. Bobbi; Irai.

Western Ghats. Konkan: Law !, Stocks! Kanara: plentiful in Honore, Dalzell
§ Gibson ; very common along the banks of N. Kanara rivers, Talbot; Kala naddi,
Ritchie, 1649!; Yellapur, Talbot!

4. MESUA, Linn.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves closely and finely penninerved. Flowers
hermaphrodite or polygamous, axillary, solitary, large. Sepals 4.
-Petals 4. Stamens indefinite; filaments free or connate at the very
base; anthers erect, oblong, 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary
2-celled, ovules 2 in each cell, erect; style elongate; stigina peltate.
Fruit between fleshy and subwoody, 1-celled by the absorption of the
septum, at length dehiscing by 4 valves; valves often finely striate
without. Seeds 1-4, exarillate ; testa fragile—Duisrris. Tropical Asia ;
species 3.

1. Mesua ferrea, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p.515. A middling-sized,
glabrous tree; trunk straight, erect ; bark smooth, ash-coloured ; young
branches twiggy, slender. Leaves 3-5 by 1-13 in., oblong-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, red when young, afterwards shining above, glaucous
and pruinose beneath, rounded or acute at the base and with close,
inconspicuous nerves; petioles j-3 in. long. Flowers very fragrant,

a

82 XXI. GUTTIFER ©.

1-3 in. in diam., axillary or terminal, solitary or in pairs, subsessile;
buds subglobose; bracts 0. Sepals 4, orbicular, cupped, puberulous
outside, persistent, the inner pair much longer than the outer. Petals
4, pure white, spreading, obovate-cuneate, with crisped and undulate
margins often torn. Stamens very numerous, golden-yellow, much -
shorter than the petals, slightly united at the base into a fleshy ring;
anthers oblong. Style twice as long as the stamens; stigmé peltate.
Fruit 1-11 in. long, ovoid with a conical point, surrounded by the
enlarged sepals ; pericarp tough, semi-woody, at length 2-valved. Seeds
1-4, angular, smooth, chestnut-brown. FI. B.I.v.1, p. 277; Grah. _
Cat. p. 26; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 31; Engler, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf.
v. 3, part 6, p. 219, fig. 103; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 16; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 126; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.
y. 5, p. 236.—Flowers: Mar. Vurn. Ndg-chdpha.

A yery beautiful tree, often planted near temples, indigenous in the forests of
8. Konkan and N. Kanara. Konkan: Law!, Stocks!, Woodrow!; Bombay, Dalzell! ;
Wari (S. Konkan), Dalzell § Gibson. 8.M.Country: Ramghat, Ritchie, 5! Kanara:
about villages, Ritchie, 5!; sparingly in the evergreen forests of N. Kanara, Talbot.—
Dristris. Ceylon.

Orppr XXII. TERNSTREMIACE,

Trees or shrubs, rarely scandent. Leaves alternate (rarely opposite),
simple, usually serrate, coriaceous ; stipules 0. Flowers regular, usually
hermaphrodite, axillary and 1 or more together, or in terminal or axil-
lary racemes (rarely panicled). Sepals 5 (rarely 4-7), free or slightly
connate, imbricate, the inner usually the larger. Petals 5 (rarely 4-9),
free or often united at the base into a ring or short tube, much imbricate
or contorted. Stamens indefinite, rarely equal in number to the petals
or twice as many, hypogynous, free or connate at the base with one
another, or adnate to the base of the petals and deciduous with them
(very rarely persistent); anthers basifixed or versatile, 2-celled, dehiscing
by parallel slits, rarely by terminal pores. Disk 0. Ovary free (rarely
half inferior), sessile, 83-5- (rarely 2—many-) celled; ovules 2—many in
each cell, rarely solitary, never orthotropous; styles as many as the
cells of the ovary; stigmas usually small. Fruit baccate or capsular.
Seeds few or numerous; placentas axile; albumen scanty or 0 (rarely
copious) ; embryo straight or hippocrepiform ; cotyledons yarious.—
Disrriz. Tropical Asia and America, Malaya, few in Africa, absent from
Australia and New Zealand ; genera 32; species about 270.

Styles 3; anthers basifixed ; seeds not winged...........cseceeecseeeeues 1, Eurya.
Style single; anthers versatile ; seeds winged ...........scssceesesenenes 2. Gorponta,

1. BURYA, Thunb.

Shrubs. Leaves usually crenate-serrate and glabrous. Flowers di-
cecious, small, sessile or shortly pedicelled, in axillary fascicles, rarely
solitary ; bracts persistent. Sepals 5, much imbricate. Petals 5, imbri-
cate, connate at the base. Stamens 15 or less (rarely 5), adnate to the
base of the corolla; anthers glabrous, basifixed. Ovary 3- (rarely 2-5-)
celled ; ovules many in the inner angle of each cell; styles 3 (rarely
2-5), free or connate. J ruit baccate; albumen fleshy.—Disrrie,
Warmer parts of Asia and Malaya; species about 10.

XXII. TERNST@MTIACEA, 83

1. Eurya japonica, Thunb. Nov. Gen. (1783) p. 68, var. Thun-
bergiit, Thw. Enum. (1858) p. 41. A shrub reaching 15 feet in height ;
young branches glabrous, striate. Leaves 2-4 in. long, lanceolate, acu-
minate serrate, acute at the base; petioles } in. long. Flowers in
axillary fascicles of 1-3, small; bracts 2, beneath the flowers, small,
oblong, obtuse; pedicels short. Sepals unequal, the 2 outer the smaller,
ovate or suborbicular, glabrous, persistent. Petals white, elliptic-
oblong, about twice as long as the sepals. Stamens 5-15. Styles 3.
Fruit 4—j in., ovoid or subglobose, tipped with the persistent style,
glabrous. Fl. B. I. v.1, p. 284; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v.1, p. 109. Hurya
japonica, Thunb. Fl. Japon. (1784) p. 191, t. 25; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat.
v. 1, t.92; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p.16; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3,
p. 802.

Flowers all the year (Z’rimen).

This plant has been included on the authority of a specimen in Herb. Kew. ticketed
“ Konkan, Stocks,” without any further information as to the locality from which it
was obtained. It does not seem to have been found by any other collector.

2, GORDONIA, Ellis.

Trees. Leaves evergreen, entire or crenate. Flowers solitary and
axillary, or crowded at the ends of the branches, often subsessile,
bracteate. Sepals usually 5, unequal, graduating from the bracts to the
petals. Petals free or slightly connate, much imbricate, the inner the
larger. Stamens indefinite, usually 5-adelphous, or connate into a ring,
or adnate to the base of the petals. Ovary 3-5- (rarely 6-) celled;
ovules 4-8 in each cell, pendulous; style simple; stigma 5-lobed.
Capsule woody, oblong, loculicidal; axis persistent. Seeds flat or com-
pressed, prolonged upwards into an oblong wing; albumen 0 ; embryo
generally straight, oblique ; cotyledons ovate, flat or slightly crumpled ;
radicle small, superior.—Distris. N. America, tropical Asia and Malaya;
species about 10.

1. Gordonia obtusa, Wail. Cat.(1828)1459. A talltree. Leaves
2-4 by 1-14 in., elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, often emarginate, crenulate,
acute at the base, glabrous, shining; petioles jin. long. Flowers 13 in.
across, white ; pedicels jin. long. Sepals orbicular-oblong, silky out-
side. Petals obcordate, pubescent outside, slightly connate at the base ;
styles combined to the apex; stigma peltate, 4-5-lobed. Capsules
1-14 in. long, oblong; valves deeply sulcate towards the apex. Seeds
terminated by a leafy wing. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 291; Wight, Spicil.
Nilgher. v. 1, t. 20; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 17; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.
y. 3, p. 533.—Flowers: July—Sept.

Konkan: Stochsi; Ghats, Talbot.

Orprr XXIII. DIPTEROCARPACEZ.

Resiniferous trees. Leaves alternate, entire or sinuate-crenate, penni-
nerved ; stipules usually small, deciduous or inconspicuous, sometimes
larger and persistent, or caducous leaving an annular scar. Flowers
regular, hermaphrodite, fragrant, in axillary or terminal panicles ; bracts

usually minute or 0, rarely large and persistent. Flowering calyx free
G2

84 XXTIT. DIPTEROCARPACE®,

and campanulate, or very short and adnate to the base of the ovary ;
lobes 5, usually imbricate. Fruiting calyx enlarged; tube free or adnate
to the fruit; lobes unchanged, or 2-3 or all enlarged like a wing.
Petals 5, contorted, connate at the very base or free. Stamens indefinite
or 15, 10, or 5, hypogynous or subperigynous, free or cohering with one
another at the base, or, more rarely, with the petals; filaments short,
usually dilated at the base ; anthers erect, 2-celled, dehiscing introrsely
or laterally by a slit, valves of the cells equal or the inner smaller ; con-
nective often aristate or with an obtuse appendage. Ovary seated on
or slightly immersed in the torus, usually 3-celled; ovules 2 in each
cell, pendulous or affixed laterally, anatropous ; raphe ventral ; micropyle
superior. Fruit free or enclosed in the enlarged calyx, indehiscent or
3-valved, 1- (rarely 2-) seeded. Seeds thick, equal or unequal; testa
thin ; albumen 0; cotyledons equal or unequal, straight or more or less
plaited and crumpled ; radicle directed towards the hilum, usually in-
cluded between the cotyledons.—Distrre. All are natives of tropical
Fast Asia, except 3 species in Africa; genera 12; species about 106.

’

Calyx much enlarged in fruit ; lobes erect.
Calyx in fruit with a distinct tube; 2 lobes only en-

lager ed estamens|Oomme-seseccrertsacatenmenen ns testuceber ses 1, Dirrerocarrvs.
Calyx in fruit with an obscure tube; 3 or all the lobes

enlarged ; stamens 15-many ......... BOHR OSEIGOGSOTOCOO 2. SmorEa.
Calyx with only 2 lobes enlarged ; stamens 10-15 ...... 5. Horna.
Calyx scarcely enlarged in fruit ; lobes reflexed ......... 4, VaTERIA.

1. DIPTEROCARPUS, Gertn.

Lofty resinous trees. Leaves coriaceous, entire or sinuate-dentate ;
stipules large, valvate, enclosing the terminal bud, afterwards caducous,
leaving an annular scar. Flowers large, few, in axillary racemes, white
or reddish. Calyx smooth, or variously ribbed or winged, or transversely
lamellate ; tube free; lobes slightly imbricate when young, afterwards
open or subvalvate, unequal. Stamens indefinite ; anthers linear ; con-
nective acuminate. Ovary 3-celled; ovules 2 in each cell; style filiform.
Fruit nut-like, 1- (rarely 2-) seeded, woody, indehiscent, free, enclosed
in the enlarged calyx 2 lobes of which are produced into long wings,
Seed adnate to the base of the pericarp; cotyledons very large and fleshy,
unequal ; radicle inconspicuous.—Disrriz, Tropical Asia and Malaya;
species about 60.

1. Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Gwrin. f., Fruct. vy. 3 (1805) p. 51,
t. 188. A tall tree; trunk straight to the top; bark deeply cracked.
Leaves 5-12 by 23-6 in., ovate, acute or very shortly acuminate, entire
or sinuate-crenate, glabrous on both surfaces, shining above, base rounded
or acute; lateral nerves prominent, 14-18 pairs, oblique, parallel ;
petioles 1-2} in. long; stipules oblong-ovate, acute, grey-velvety, with
a tuft of soft hairs at the apex. Flowers 3 in. in Ginn, in axillary,
3-8-flowered racemes. Calyx: tube obconic, hoary-puberulous, the
mouth contracted in fruit; the 2 enlarged lobes (wings) 5 by 1 in.,
oblong, obtuse, strongly 3-5-nerved and reticulately veined; the other
lobes deltoid. Petals white, tinged with red, linear, obtuse, puberulous
without, twisted in bud. Stamens numerous ; filaments yellow, linear-
subulate, terminated by a long slender bristle, Fruit 1 in, in diam.,

XXIII. DIPTEROCARPACE®, 85

subglobose, pubescent. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 295; Roxb. Cor. Plts. v. 3,
p. 10, t. 213; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 17; Brandis, Enum. Dipter. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 31 (1895) p. 27; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3,
p. 161.—Flowers: Dec.—Jan. Vern. Challan.

Sparingly in the southern forests of the Presidency. Konkan: Sfocks! Kanara:
Southern Ghats of N. Kanara, certainly indigenous, ex Talbot; Gairsoppa Ghat,
Talbot !—Disrreie. Pegu, Singapore and the Andamans.

In Chittagong, where the tree is abundant, it attains a height of upwards of 200 feet.
Roxburgh (Fl. Ind. y. 2, p. 612) says that the trunk is large enough to furnish a
canoe capable of containing 100 men. It produces the celebrated Garjan or Kanyin
oil, for a full description of the mode of extraction and uses of which, see Watt, Dict.

Keon, Prod. 1. c.
2. SHOREA, Roxb.

Resiniferous trees. Leaves entire or repand, with parallel nerves ;
stipules large, coriaceous and persistent, or small and deciduous, or in-
conspicuous. Calyx: tube very short, not enlarged in fruit, adnate to
the torus ; lobes ovate-lanceolate imbricate, unequally enlarged in fruit,
wing-like (3 usually larger), closely embracing the fruit. Stamens 15-
many; anthers ovate or oblong, rarely linear; connective subulate or
cuspidate ; valves obtuse, rarely cuspidate, equal, or with the exterior
valve the larger. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell; style usually
subulate ; stigma entire or 3-toothed. Capsule coriaceous, indehiscent,
usually 1-seeded, enclosed within the base of the calyx-lobes. Seed
ovoid ; cotyledons fleshy, unequal, usually enclosing the superior radicle,
—Disrris. Tropical Asia and Malaya; species about 80,

1. Shorea Talura, Row). Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 93. A large tree ;
branches glabrous. Leaves 24-4 by 13-2 in., elliptic-ovate, obtuse,
often emarginate, rounded at the base, glabrous; nerves 12-15 pairs 5
petioles 3-? in. long. Flowers exceeding 1 in. in diam., white, in
numerous panicles 24-33 in. long from the axils of fallen leaves.
Calyx: in flower, glabrous, small, lobes ovate, acute; in fruit, 3 lobes
much more enlarged than the other 2, reaching 3 in, long, by 3-3 in.
broad, the two less enlarged lobes 23 by 14 in., all linear-oblong, obtuse,
with 8-12 prominent nerves and with netted veins. Fruit smooth,
obconical, 4-2 in. long. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 304; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
p. 18; Brandis, Enum. Dipter. in Journ. Linn. Soe. v. 31 (1895) p. 84;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 126; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 6, part 2, p. 678. Vatica ltaccifera, W. & A. Prodr. p. 84.
Shorea laccifera, Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 6.—Flowers: Jan—Mar. Vury,
Jalaranda,

Rare. Kanara: Sirsi taluka of N. Kanara, Talbot, Woodrow; Siddapur (N. Kanara),

Woodrow,
3. HOPEA, Roxb.

Resinous tree, glabrous or hoary-tomentose. Leaves quite entire,
coriaceous, usually penninerved and reticulately veined ; stipules small,
deciduous or inconspicuous. Flowers small, in axillary and terminal
panicles, sessile or shortly pedicelled ; bracts 0. Calyx: tube very short,
adnate to the torus; lobes short, obtuse, imbricate, often with mem-
branous margins, in fruit enlarged, the 2 largest wing-like, erect, the
others small, all closely embracing the fruit. Stamens 15 (rarely 10) ;
anthers ovate or orbicular, cells obtuse, valves equal; connective subu-

56 XXIII, DIPTHROCARPACEA.

late or cuspidate. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell; style shortly
terete or subulate. Iruit nut-like, indehiscent, usually 1-seeded, closely
enclosed within the base of the calyx-lobes. Seeds ovoid; cotyledons
fleshy, unequal, enclosing a superior radicle-—Duisrris. Tropical Asia
and Malaya; species about 45.

1. Hopea Wightiana, Wall. Cat. (1828) 6295. A large tree;
young branches pubescent, at length glabrous. Leaves 5-8 by 2-8 in.,
oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse or subacute, glabrous, rounded at the
base ; lateral nerves 7-10, oblique, curved; petioles 4 in. long, velvety-
pubescent. Flowers secund, in axillary panicles, the panicles 1-6
together, slender, glabrous, shorter or rarely longer than the leaves ;
bracts lanceolate, ;;-3 in. long; pedicels very short. Calyx glabrous ;
lobes (when flowering) ovate, obtuse, the exterior larger. Petals pink,
z in. long, oblong, acute, externally pubescent, ciliate. Filaments 10,
dilated at the base, each alternate one carrying 2 anthers; anthers
ovate, each with a long filiform appendage about 4 times its length.
Nuts 3 in. long, ovoid, apiculate, glabrous, surrounded by the accrescent
calyx, 2 of the lobes of which are developed into long crimson wings
2-22 by 3-3 in., oblong-obovate, 7-9-nerved. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 309;
Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 96; Brandis & Gilg, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf.
v. 3, part 6, p. 261, fig. 121, u-m; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 18; Woodr.
iz Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 126; Brandis, Enum. Dipter.
in Journ. Linn. Soe. v. 31 (1895) p. 58; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4,
p. 2738.

A globular, echinate excrescence, resembling the young fruit of the
horse-chestnut, probably due to some insect, often deforms the in-
florescence. Roxburgh described this deformation as Artocarpus lance-
folia (F 1. Ind. v. 3, p. 527).

The figure K, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. 1. ¢., which is taken from
Wight, Ill. t. 37, does not show the 2 anthers on the alternate filaments.
These are well figured by Beddome, 1. c.—Flowers: Mar.—June.

Common along the banks of rivers and streams in the 8. Konkan and N. Kanara,
Konkan: Stocks!; 8, Konkan, Law! Kanara: Supa, Ritchie, 83!; evergreen forests,

N. Kanara, Brandis!; Kila naddi, Ritchie, 83! 8. M. Country: Londa, Woodrow ;
Castlerock, Cooke!

4, VATERIA, Linn.

Resinous trees, glabrous, tomentose or furfuraceous. Leaves quite
entire, coriaceous, penninerved, reticulately veined; stipules small, de-
ciduous or inconspicuous (rarely large and persistent). Flowers white,
in terminal panicles, or 1-3 on axillary peduncles. Calyx: tube very
short, adnate to the torus; lobes imbricate, scarcely enlarged in fruit,
reflexed. Stamens 15 or more; anthers linear or oblong, the exterior
valves of the cells the largest with involute margins ; connective rarely
produced. Ovary 38-celled; ovules 2 in each cell; style subulate ;
stigma small. Capsule ovoid or globose, coriaceous or fleshy, 1-seeded,
indehiscent or 3-valved. Seeds thick; cotyledons thick, unequal, the
largest usually lobed, involute, enclosing the superior radicle-—DisTRrB.
Tropical Asia, Mauritius ; species 3,

1, Vateria indica, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 515. A large and very

handsome tree ; bark whitish; young branches and inflorescence clothed
with hoary, stellate pubescence. Leaves 5-8 by 2-4 in., elliptic-oblong,

XXIII, DIPTRROCARPACE A. 87

shortly pointed or obtuse, cordate or rounded at the base, glabrous ;
lateral nerves 12-15 pairs, very prominent beneath ; petioles 1 in. long,
stout. lowers 7 in. in diam., remote, in large terminal panicles 6-8 in.
long; bracts ovate, acute, caducous; pedicels 4-3 in. long. Calyx
divided nearly to the base; lobes oblong-lanceolate, hoary-puberulous
on both surfaces, not enlarged in fruit, deflexed. Petals a little longer
than the calyx, oblong, obtuse, white. Stamens numerous (about 50) ;
anthers slightly hairy at the base, otherwise glabrous, cells linear ; con-
nective adnate to the apex of the anther, produced into a subulate point,
splitting along with the anther. Ovary pubescent; style longer than
the stamens, filiform, glabrous; stigma small. Capsule 24 by 14 in,
oblong, obtuse, fleshy, 3-valved, the valves l-seeded. Fl. B. I. v. 1,
p. 3813; Grah. Cat. p. 22; Brandis & Gilg,in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf.
v. 3, part 6, p. 271, fig. 127, a-n; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 18; Brandis,
Enum. Dipter. in Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 31 (1895) p. 148; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 126; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6,
part 4, p. 222.—Flowers: Feb—Apr. VERN. Dhupa.

The Indian Copal or Piney varnish tree; abundant in 8. Kanara.—It is very
handsome and often planted as an avenue tree.

Kanara: Siddapur, Sirsi, Woodrow; 8. Ghats of N. Kanara in evergreen forests,
commonly planted along roadsides in the N. Kanara district, Zadbot.

The tree produces the Indian Dammar or Piney resin, which makes a valuable
varnish. For an account of the product consult Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ec.

Orpen XXIV. ANCISTROCLADACEA, Planch. in Annal.
Se. Nat. ser. 3, v. 13, p. 316.

Scandent glabrous shrubs ; branches hooked. Leaves alternate, shortly
petioled, coriaceous, penninerved and reticulately veined, usually entire,
often crowded at the ends of the branches; stipules small, deciduous
or 0. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, in axillary (or apparently ter-
minal) racemes or panicles, soon’ falling off; pedicels articulated at the
base of the flower. Calyx accrescent in fruit ; tube very short, adnate
to the base of the ovary ; lobes 5, unequal, imbricate. Petals 5, alternate
with the sepals, unequal, contorted in estivation, slightly connate at the
base. Stamens 5-10, 1-seriate, those alternating with the petals slightly
longer ; filaments short, dilated and connate at the base ; anthers basi-
_ fixed, introrse, dehiscing longitudinally, apiculate by the slightly pro-
duced connective or muticous. Ovary adnate to the calyx, 1-celled ;
ovule 1 in each cell, erect or laterally affixed; styles 3, articulated to
a rounded or shortly cylindric epigynous disk, each stigmatiferous at
the apex. Fruit a 1-seeded, indehiscent nut, adnate to the turbinate
calyx-tube, surmounted by the enlarged unequal calyx-lobes, mucronate.
Seed subglobose; embryo straight, clavate ; cotyledons subfoliaceous,
divergent ; albumen copious, fleshy, in closely folded brain-like convolu-
tions.—Distris. Tropical Asia; genus 1; species 10.

1. ANCISTROCLADUS, Wall.

For characters see ORDER.

1. Ancistrocladus Heyneanus, Wall. Cat. (1828) 7262. A
scandent shrub, with hooked branches. Leaves deep green, 4-10 by
13-3 in., oblanceolate-oblong, subacute, glabrous, shining, reticulately

88 XXIV. ANCISTROCLADACE A.

veined, narrowed at the base and with subrepand margins ; petioles very
short or 0. Flowers small, very caducous, in branched panicles ; corolla
about equalling the calyx. Calyx-lobes enlarged in fruit, unequal,
13-2; in. long, obovate, cuneate, with prominently and closely reticulate
veins. Petals small, white, ovate-oblong. Stamens 10, alternately
shorter. Fruit small, surmounted by 5 wings (accrescent calyx-lobes).
Fl. B. Lv. 1, p. 299; Grah, Cat. p. 28; ers & Gibs. p. 84; Gilg, in
Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzent. v. 3, part 6, p. 275, fig. 129, a; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. p. 17; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 126.—
Flowers: Mar. Vurn. Kardal.

Pretty common on the Ghats. Konkan: Stocks!, Law!; Matheran, Cooke},
Woodrow !, Macnaghten!; Mira Donger (near Pen), Dalzell S Gibson ; Ghats in the
Thana district, Woodrow, Deccan: ravines at Khandala, Graham; Parghat, Graham.

S. M. Country: Ramghat, Dalzell § Gibson. Kanara: in evergreen “forests of N.
Kanara, Talbot; Divimana (N. Kanara), Woodrow.

Orprr XXV. MALVACEZE.

Herbs, shrubs, rarely soft-wooded trees with tenacious inner bark,
often with stellate hairs. Leaves alternate, frequently palmi-nerved,
entire, toothed or lobed; stipules free, sometimes caducous. Flowers
irregular, hermaphrodite or very rarely dicecious or polygamous (Kydia),
axillary, terminal, solitary, clustered or cymoso-paniculate. Involucral
bracts 2 or more, connate or free (absent in Sida, Abutilon, Bombax, and
Evriodendron). Sepals 5 (rarely 3-4), valvate, more or less united into
a lobed or subentire calyx. Petals 5, more or less adnate to the base
of the staminal-tube, twisted, imbricate. Stamens indefinite (rarely
definite), usually connate into a tube adnate to the base of the petals,
and divided at the apex into numerous antheriferous filaments, or into
2-many 1—many-antheriferous branches, or sometimes emitting shortly
stipitate or sessile anthers from its outer surface ; anthers globose, oblong
or reniform, cells sinuous or twisted, linear or annular, ultimately
1-celled, bursting longitudinally. Ovary 2-many-celled, entire or lobed,
of 2-5 or more carpels, whorled round a central axis: ovules 1 or more,
curved, attached to the inner angle of each carpel; styles distinct or
more or less connate; stigmas linear, peltate, capitate or spathulate.
Fruit of dry cocci, or capsular and loculicidal, sometimes large and
woody. Seeds reniform or obovoid, rarely arillate; albumen scanty,
often mucilaginous or 0; embryo curved in reniform seeds, usually
straight in obovoid; cotyledons leafy, usually folded or crumpled.—
Distris. Warm and temperate regions ; genera 57; species about 700.

Tribe l, MALVEZA, Staminal-tube antheriferous at or to the apex.
Involucral bracts present or 0. Branches of the style as many as the
carpels. Ripe carpels separating from the axis or united into a capsule
(Kydia). Pollen globose, echinulate.

Ovule solitary, ascending ; styles longitudinally stigmatose on
the inside.

Invol. bracts 6-9, connate at the base

seta skige Gunaxdsn exubicneRe 1, ALTHAA,
Envol; bractsia;GQistinGl ratte tesanesckts io ncicucres carvan sesen creas 2. Matva.
Ovule solitary, pendulous; invol. bracts 0 ......ccccscseseeseeeeeeees 3. Spa.

Ovules 2-many,

Invol, bracts 4-6; fruit capsular ..cc.csescsssscsscescsrsesveosens 4, Kypra,
Invol. bracts 0 .cuisisnirittres sccceveilcunss sodvesexaabshasborty et gies 5, ABUTILON.

XXV. MALVACES. 89

Tripp Il. URENER. Staminal-tube antheriferous outside, truncate
or 5-toothed at the apex. Branches of the style twice as many as the
carpels. Ripe carpels separating from the axis. Pollen globose,
echinulate.

Inyol. bracts 4, large, leafy ; flowers densely involucrato-capitate. 6. MALAcuRA.

Invol. bracts 5 or more.

Ripe carpels glochidiate ............sccseosensensenseeeeeteeneerneuns 7. Urnna.
Ripe carpels 1-3-aristate or naked, not glochidiate............ 8. Pavonra.

Trisp Ill. HIBISCEA. Staminal-tube antheriferous outside, trun-
cate or 5-toothed at the apex (very rarely antheriferous). Branches of
the style as many as the cells of the ovary. Fruit capsular, loculicidally
dehiscent ; carpels not separating. Pollen globose, echinulate.

Branches of the style at length spreading ; seeds reniform.

Envols bracts 10> ovary, LO-celled 2.20... cc cuccxssessoresnecneanss 9. Decascuistia.
Imyols bracts; larze;(COrdates ..-.odsacscece scree: nsec dseenres 10, SERA.
Invol. bracts 5 or more; ovary 5-celled ...............sceseeees 11. Hrstscvs.

Branches of the style coherent into a club-shaped mass ; seeds
obovoid or angled.
rrvol a bractsvs—or SMallle cence dace tacienesises til castione sabe teeerceices 12. Tuespesta.
Imnyolepractsrosdarges leah. c.nesnestsassceesceisecereeaessceeencas 13. Gossypium.

Tree LV. (or SusorpER) BOMBACE. Staminal-tube divided at
the apex (rarely to the base) into numerous 1-antheriferous or 5-8,
2-H -antheriferous branches. Style entire or divided into as many very
short branches as there are cells to the ovary. Capsule loculicidally
dehiscent or indehiscent. Pollen smooth.

(ed D2 FU beads oaene ne pe AG scares dtc sdincit peauaese becno ie pnibppacdccoe 14, ADANSONIA.
Calyx truncate or irregularly 3-5-lobed.
Branches of the staminal-tube l-antheriferous ............... 15, Bompax.

Branches of the staminal-tube 2—3-antheriferous ............ 16. ErtopENpDRON.

1. ALTHZBA, Linn.

Herbs pubescent or villous. Leaves lobed or partite. Flowers axil-
lary, solitary or clustered, or arranged in a terminal raceme. Involucral
bracts 6-9, connate at the base. Staminal-tube divided to the apex into
numerous antheriferous linear filaments. Ovary many- (more than 5-)
celled; ovule 1 in each cell; styles as many as the carpels, longitudinally
stigmatose on the inside. Carpels forming a round depressed fruit,
separating from each other and from the short central axis.—Disrrie.
Temperate regions of the Old World; species 32.

1. Althzea Ludwigii, Linn. Mantiss. (1767) p. 98. <A prostrate,
hairy annual, branched from the base. Leaves 1—Iy in. in diam.,
orbicular, deeply 5-7-lobed ; lobes cuneate, 3-5-fid at the apex ; petioles
2-4 in. long, slender. Flowers axillary, 3-1 together ; pedicels 4-1 in.
long. Involucral bracts 7-9, linear, as long as the calyx, hispid with
long white and stellate hairs. Calyx-lobes 3 in. long, deltoid. Corolla
3—# in. in diam., whitish. Anthers round. Fruit 3-3 in. in diam. ;
carpels 8-9, doubly keeled, not winged, wrinkled at the sides, glabrous.
Seeds smooth, brown. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 319; E. Bak. in Journ. Bot. v.
28 (Lond. 1890) p. 140; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p- 126. Malwa Malwensis, Edgew. in Hook. Journ. Bot. v. 2 (1840)

p- 284.—Flowers: Mar.—July.

90 XXV. MALVACER,

Deccan: Poona, Woodrow; Karli, Cooke! Sixp: Stocks, 681!; Shikarpur and
Sukkur, Vicary!; Sehwan, Woodrow; Hyderabad, Cooke !—Distris. Western Asia
and the Mediterranean region, 8. Africa.

Althwa rosea, Cav. Diss. 2 (1786) p. 91, t. 28, fig. 1, the well-
known Hollyhock, a native of Crete and Greece (fide E. Baker, 1. ¢.), is
extensively cultivated as an ornamental plant in gardens throughout
India. It often exceeds 6 ft. in height, with leaves 3-5 in. in diam.,
long-petioled, cordate-ovate, acutely 5-7-lobed, and with very shortly-
pedicelled flowers in a terminal raceme 1-3 ft.loug. The corolla, which
is purple, rose, yellow, or white, often (in cultivation) exceeds 4 in.
across. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 319 (in note); Grah. Cat. p. 12; Dalz. & Gibs.
Suppl. p.6; Firminger, Man. Gard. ed. 2, p. 406; Woodr. Gard. in Ind.
p. 186; E. Bak. in Journ. Bot. vy. 28 (Lond. 1890) p. 207.—Flowers :
Jan.—Mar.

2. MALVA, Linn.

Herbs hirsute or downy. Leaves angled or lobed. Flowers axillary,
solitary or clustered, pedicelled. Involucral bracts 3 (very rarely 2),
distinct. Staminal-tube divided to the apex into numerous antheriferous
filaments. Ovary many- (more than 5-) celled; ovule 1, in each cell ;
styles as many as the carpels, filiform, longitudinally stigmatose on the
inside. Carpels forming a round depressed fruit, separating, when ripe,
from each other and the short central axis, indehiscent, not beaked.—
Disrris. Temperate Europe and Asia, N. Africa; species 17.

Claw of petal bearded.

Carpels rounded on the back ..........s0csssesvgesssnervoseareoeens 1. M. rotundifolia.
Carpels 2-keeled on the back .........00,ssccsssreserecccssenerenees 2. M. sylvestris.
Ailiw ot petal PIADTOWS |<. .ccssceneussnnvccsshanuas dasend¥eniedaves'encas 3. M, parviflora.

1. Malva rotundifolia, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 688. A much-
branched herb, sparingly pubescent and with some stellate hairs. Leaves
112 in. in diam., suborbicular, cordate, crenate ; petioles up to 2-4 in.
long. Pedicels axillary, 1-5 together, 3-13 in. long, deflexed in fruit.
Involucral bracts half the length of the calyx, lanceolate, hairy. Calyx
hairy ; lobes 1 in. long, ovate,acute. Corolla 7 in. in diam., pale purple
or white ; petals notched at the top, bearded at the claw. 'ruit -3 mn.
in diam., olive-brown ; carpels 13-16, pubescent, not reticulated on the
back, the margins of the back rounded, not keeled. Seeds brown-black,
glabrous. Fl. B. I. vy. 1, p. 320; E. Bak. in Journ. Bot. v. 28 (Lond.
1890) p. 341; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 126;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 141.—Flowers: Jan—Mar. Vurwn,
Khaparkuti; Chandiri; Khabdsi. The seeds are used in native medicine
as a demulcent.

Sinp: Stocks, 234!—Disrris. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia.

In the list of Bombay plants given by Woodrow (/. c.) the localities in which this
plant and M. parviflora occur seem to have been transposed.

2. Malva sylvestris, var. mauritiana, Boiss. I'l. Orient. y. 1
(1867) p.819. A sparingly pubescent or nearly glabrate herb. Leaves
1-24 in. in diam., round, cordate, 5-angular or shortly lobed; petioles long.
Pedicels axillary, usually many together, some of them as long as the
flowers. Involucral bracts ovate, shorter than the calyx. Corolla 13 in,
in diam., purple ; claw of petals bearded. Fruit } in. in diam. ; carpels

XXV. MALVACEA. 91

about 10-12, nearly glabrous, reticulated, with 2 angular margins. Seeds
brown-black, glabrous. Fl. B. I. v.1,p.320; E. Bak. in Journ. Bot. v.
28 (Lond. 1890) p. 340; K. Schum. in Mart. Fl. Bras. v. 12, part 3,
p- 265; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 141. Md. mauritiana, Linn.
Sp. Pl. p. 689; Grah. Cat. p. 12; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 6.

BomBay: Capt. Geburne!; in gardens, Graham, Dalzell § Gibson.—Disrris. Europe,
N. Africa, N. Asia.

3. Malva parviflora, Linn. Amen. Acad. ed. 2, v. 3 (1787) p. 416.
A spreading herb, 4-13 ft. high, pubescent and with some stellate hairs.
Leaves 1-22 in. in diam., suborbicular, cordate, obscurely 5-7-lobed,
finely crenate; petioles long, up to 2-4 in. Pedicels axillary, 1 or few
together, short, rarely exceeding ? in. Involucral bracts short, linear,
caducous, hairy at tip. Calyx in fruit accrescent, reticulately veined,
glabrous; lobes ovate, mucronate. Corolla 3-2? in. in diam., purplish or
white. Fruit } in. in diam.; carpels 10, glabrous, strongly reticulated
on the back, the two margins of the back keeled, sometimes slightly
winged, often with a few minuteteeth. Seeds black, glabrous. Fl. B. I.
v. 1, p. 321; E. Bak. in Journ. Bot. v. 28 (Lond. 1890) p. 341; K.Schum.
in Mart. Fl. Bras. v. 12, part 3, p. 263, t. 51; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 126; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 141.
M. rotundifolia, Dalz. & Gibs. p. 21 (not of Linn.).—Flowers : Jan.—Mar.
Vern. Narr; Gogi-Sdy.

Deccan: common about villages, Da/zel/ ; Dongergaon (near Ahmednagar), Cooke ! ;

Jejuri, Woodrow! Sixp: Karachi, Stocks, 582!; Gurapad, Pierce !—Disrris. Europe,
N. Africa, W. Asia.

3. SIDA, Linn.

Herbs or undershrubs, hairy and with stellate hairs. Leaves toothed ;
stipules linear, 4-3 in. long. Pedicels axillary, solitary or clustered,
disarticulating in fruit at a constriction below the calyx. Involucral
bracts 0. Sepals 5, valvate, connate below for 3-4 their length. Corolla
small, yellow or white; petals connate at base and with the staminal-
tube. Staminal-tube divided at the top into numerous antheriferous
filaments. Ovary of 5-12 cells; ovule 1, in each cell, pendulous; styles
as many as the carpels; stigmas terminal. Fruit globose, depressed,
enclosed by the calyx; carpels separating from each other and from the
central axis, beaked or not. Seeds black-chestnut, smooth.—Disrrip.
Throughout the warmer parts of the world, most numerous in America ;
species about 120.

Sar CARe TG TANINE MOU! gs. ccs scecanctetdy doen skoda tecea sis qnsctvasiies 1. S. veronicifolia.
Erect or suberect herbs or undershrubs.
ASCOUS NAIVE ccecscorinenesacanteatcssccsciio de enercessiesnase sis sels snises 2. S. glutinosa.
Stellately hairy.
Petioles spiny at the base ...c00...2..cersoccscsscecweecoseeresters 3. S. spinosa.

Petioles not spiny at the base.
Awns hardly 4 the length of the carpels.

Flowers white; leaves downy on both sides ............ 4, S. grewiotdes.
Flowers yellow.
Leaves lanceolate, glabrous on both sides ............ 5. S. acuta,

Leaves obovate-cuneate, glabrous on the upper side. 6. S. rhombifolia,
var. retusa.
Awns nearly as long as the carpels...........2:ccscseeeeeeees 7. S. cordifolia,

92 XXV. MALVACEA,

1. Sida veronicifolia, Zam. Encyc. v. 1 (1783) p. 5. A perennial
much-branched herb; branches prostrate or trailing, sometimes rooting,
more or less hairy. Leaves 3-2 in. long, cordate, ovate, acute or acu-
minate, serrate, sparsely clothed with stellate hairs; petioles 2-3 in.
long. Pedicels 3-14 in. long, slender, axillary, solitary or twin, jointed
a little above the middle. Calyx 4 in. long, 5-angled, hairy; lobes
triangular, acute or acuminate, Corolla pale-yellow, slightly exceeding
the calyx. Carpels 5, smooth, not reticulated, muticous or with a small
slightly 2-lipped beak, not cuspidate. Seeds brown, glabrous. K.Schum.
in Mart. Bras. v. 12, part 3, p. 319; HE. Bak. in Journ. Bot. v. 30
(Lond. 1892) p. 293. S. hwmils, Cav. Diss. p. 277; Fl. B. I. v. 1,
p. 322; Dalz. & Gibs. p..17; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 141; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 126; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6,
part 2, p. 681.—Flowers: Oct.—Noy.

Common throughout the Presidency on sandy soil, Dalzell § Gibson. Konnan:
Law!; Karanja, on sea sand, Stocks! Gusarat: widely, Woodrow; Gadhavi (Dangs)
and Baroda, Cooke! S. M. Country: Belgaum, fitchie, 217!; Londa and Badami,
Cooke! Stxp: widely, Woodrow.—Disrris. In tropical and subtropical regions of the

globe.

2. Sida glutinosa, Cav. Diss. 1 (1785) p. 16, t. 2, fig. 8. Suberect,
more hairy than S. veronicifolia and glutinous-hairy. Pedicels axillary,
several crowded together, nearly all less than § in. long. Carpels 5-6,
smooth, grey-puberulous, not reticulated ; beak consisting of 2 rounded
or ovate lobes, rather longer than as in S. veronicifolia, but not bicuspidate.
Otherwise as S. veronicifolia. K.Schum. in Mart. Bras. v. 12, part 3,
p. 310; E. Bak. in Journ. Bot. v. 830 (Lond. 1892) p. 293. S. mysor-
ensis, W. & A. Prod. p. 59; Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 322; Trim. FI. Ceyl. vy. 1,
p. 142; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 126.—Flowers :
Noy.—Jan.

Deccan: widely, Woodrow. Konnan: Law!, Stocks! Kanara: Dalzell! 8. M.
Country: Belgaum, Ritchie, 4!—Dtstrin. Widely spread throughout the tropics of
both hemispheres.

3. Sida spinosa, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 683. A suberect branched
shrub, grey from minute stellate hairs. Leaves up to 2 in. long, elliptic,
crenate, obtuse or cuneate at the base, rounded or narrowed at the top

to obtuse triangular, not acuminate, ultimately glabrate above, grey
beneath; petioles 3-1 in. long, with often 1-3 small recurved spines
beneath the petiole. Pedicels 0-? in. long, clustered or solitary, jointed
just below the calyx. Calyx grey, stellately hairy ; lobes triangular.
Corolla slightly exceeding the calyx, pale yellow. Carpels 3 (rarely 6),
pubescent ; awns 2, about 3 the length of the carpel from a conic base,
slightly divergent, with spreading or erect hairs. Seeds smooth, black-
brown. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 323; K. Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf,
y. 3, part 6, p. 42, fig. 18, 5, x, & in Mart. Bras. v. 12, part 3,
p. 297; E. Bak. in Journ. Bot. v. 30 (Lond. 1892) p. 287; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 126; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6,
part 2, p. 686. S. alba, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, p. 960; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 17.
—F lowers: Oct.—Nov.

Konkan: Stocks!; Bombay, Capt. Geburne! Duccan: Woodrow. Gusarar: Wood-
row; Surat, Dalzell & Gibson; Ankleshwar (near Broach), Cooke!; Domas (near
Surat), Cooke! Sinn: Cooke!, Vieary!, Stocks! —Disrrie. Tropical and subtropical
regions of both hemispheres,

XXV. MALVACE®. 93

4. Sida grewioides, Guwill., Perr. et A. Rich. Fl. Senegamb. v.1
(1830) p. 71. A branched undershrub, grey-tomentose with stellate
hairs. Leaves }-1} in. long, elliptic-oblong, sometimes obovate, obtuse,
crenate, downy on both sides; petioles 3-3 in. long. Pedicels 1-2
together, 0-1 in. long, jointed close under the calyx. Calyx (in flower)
much as in S. spinosa, in fruit somewhat enlarged, sometimes exceeding
+ in. in diam., the lobes becoming very broad. Corolla a little longer
than the calyx, white. Carpels 7-8, nearly glabrous, hoary, strongly
reticulated; awns 2, linear, small, hardly 3 the length of the carpel.
Seeds black, smooth, sometimes with stellate hairs near the hilum.
FI. B. I. v.1, p.323; E. Bak. in Journ. Bot. v. 30 (Lond. 1892) p. 238;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 126.—Flowers: Nov.—
Dec.

Sinp: common, Da/zell, 1!; Karachi, Sfocks, 565!, Cooke!, Woodrow.—Dtstrips.
Tropical Africa.

5. Sida acuta, Burm. Pl. Ind. (1768) p. 147. Shrubby, much-
branched ; branches slender, terete, minutely stellately hairy. Leaves
1-2} in. long, lanceolate, with rounded base, sharply serrate, glabrous
on both sides ; petioles 0-7 in. long, shorter than the stipules. Pedicels
1-2 in each axil, shorter or longer than the petiole, jointed about the
middle. Calyx j{-3 in. long; lobes triangular, acute. Corolla nearly
twice as long as the calyx, yellow. Fruit }-1in. in diam.; carpels
5-9, puberulous, not pubescent, strongly reticulated, toothed on the
dorsal margins ; awns 2, nearly linear, about 3 the length of the carpel.
Seeds smooth, black. Grah. Cat. p. 16; Wight, Ic. t. 95; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 17; K.Schum. in Mart. Bras. v. 12, part 3, p. 325; E. Bak.
in Journ. Bot. v.30 (Lond. 1892) p. 238. SS. carpinifolia, Linn. f., Suppl.
(1781) p. 307; Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 323; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 126; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 2, p. 679.—
Flowers: Nov.Dec. Vurn. Béla; Jangali-methi; Lahdn-chikna.

Konkan: common, Law!; Bombay, Capt. Geburne!, Dalzell & Gibson, Graham:
Marmagao, Woodrow. Drccan: Poona, Cooke!, Woodrow!; Kirkee, Woodrow!
S. M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie, 1627!—Disrris. In tropical and subtropical
regions of both hemispheres.

6. Sida rhombifolia, var. retusa, Masters, in F'l. B. I. y. 1 (1874)
p. 324.—Shrubby, erect ; branches minutely stellately hairy. Leaves
on the middle of the stem obovate or truncate, sometimes retuse,
cuneate at base, often coarsely toothed at top, 3-11 in. long, dark green
and glabrous above, more or less tomentose beneath; petioles very short,
3 in. or less. Pedicels axillary and crowded towards the ends of the
branches, jointed above the middle, longer or shorter than the petiole.
Calyx angular ; lobes triangular, acute. Corolla yellow, more than twice
as long as the calyx. Carpels 9-10, reticulated, with 2 short awns.
Seeds smooth, black. K. Schum. in Mart. Fl. Bras. v. 12, part 3,
p. 339; E. Bak. in Journ. Bot. v. 30 (Lond. 1892) p. 239; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 2, p. 682. 8S. retusa, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2,
p- 961; Grah. Cat. p. 16; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 17.—Flowers: Oct.—Dec.
Vern. Bala; Jangali-methi; Ati-bdla.

A common weed. Konkan: “very common,” Dalzell!, Stocks!, Law!; Collem

(Portuguese territory), Cooke! Duccan: Poona, Woodrow! Gusarat: Petlad,
Woodrow! 8, M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie, 62!; Dharwar, Cooke!

94 XXV. MALVACEAE,

7. Sida cordifolia, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 684. Shrubby, branched,
softly hairy and with much stellate hair nearly all over and subper-
sistent. eaves 1-2 in. long, cordate, ovate-oblong, crenate, obtuse or
subacute, not acuminate ; petioles 1-11 in. long. Pedicels solitary or
few together, short, some up to 4? in. long, jointed much above the
middle. Calyx 4-1 in. long; lobes ovate, acute. Corolla slightly
exceeding the calyx, yellow. Fruit +4 in. in diam.; carpels 7-10,
strongly reticulated, ciliate on the upper margins, the two dorsal margins
almost scabrid ; awns 2, nearly as long as the carpels, linear, retrorsely
seabrid-hairy. FI). B. I. v. 1, p. 324; Grah. Cat. p. 16; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 17; K. Schum. in Mart. Bras. v. 12, part 3, p. 329, t. 62; E. Bak. in
Journ. Bot. vy. 80 (Lond. 1892) p. 291; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 126; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 2, p. 680.—
Flowers: Oct.-Noy. Vurn. Bala.

Konxan: Stocks!; Malwan, Dalzell/! Gusarat: Godra, Cooke! S. M. Country:
Belgaum, Woodrow, Ritchie, 611!; Badami, Woodrow !, Cooke!; Dharwar, Woodrow.
—Disrris. Tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres.

All the species of Sida enumerated above yield valuable fibres, but
the species from which the best fibre has been obtained are S. acuta and
S. cordifolia. The fibre from these was, in December 1894, chemically
examined in the Research Laboratory of the Imperial Institute, accord-
ing to the method elaborated by Messrs. Cross and Bevan. Complete
details may be found in the Imperial Institute Journal for January 1895,
p. 29. See also Dr. Watt’s account of Sida fibre in Watt, Dict. Econ.
‘Prod, 1. ©.

4. KYDIA, Roxb.

Trees with stellate hairs. Leaves ovate, entire or lobed. Flowers in
terminal panicles, polygamous. Involucral bracts 4-6, connate at the
base, spathulate-oblong, exceeding the calyx, spreading in fruit, per-
sistent, brown. Sepals 5, connate below the middle, ovate, incurved
over the fruit. Petals 5, obcordate ; filaments united in a tube a little
more than half their length, then divided into 5 spreading branches,
each carrying 3 subsessile anthers ; variously reduced or wanting in the
carpellate flowers. Style-branches 3, each carrying a large peltate
stigma. Ovary 2-5-celled; ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule globose,
woody, at length loculicidally dehiscent. Seed usually 1] in each cell,
reniform-ellipsoid, brown-black.— Disrrip. Species 2, in India.

1. Kydia calycina, Rowb. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 51; Corom. Plts.
v. 3 (1819) p. 12, t. 215. A tree. Leaves 3-6 in. long, palmately
7-nerved, cordate, usually 3—-7-lobed ; lobes often angular, the mid-lobe
the longest, glabrous above, hoary tomentose beneath ; petioles 1-2 in.
long. Panicles many-flowered, clothed with dense tawny tomentum;
pedicels 3 in. long. Involucral bracts 4-6, strongly nerved, accrescent,
1-2 in. long, in fruit. Corolla white or pink; petals emarginate,
exceeding the calyx, clawed, with a tuft of hairs at each side of the
base of the claw. Staminal-tube hairy at the base; filaments longer in
the male than in the carpellate flowers. Capsule loculicidally 5-valved,
about the size of a very small pea, covered with mealy tomentum,

globose, top slightly umbonate. Seeds reniform, striate, brown-black,

XXV. MALVACEA. 95

Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 348; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 24; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 20;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 128.—Flowers: Aug.—
Dec. Vern. Vérang.

Common on the Ghats, Dalzell §& Gibson. Konkan: Ghats, Talbot; Amboli Ghat,

Cooke! Deccan: Khandala and Sattara Ghats, Cooke! Kanara: North Kanara
Ghats, Talbot.

5. ABUTILON, Tournef.

Tomentose herbs or shrubs. Leaves cordate, ovate, toothed or slightly
lobed, long-petioled. Peduncles axillary (uppermost running into a
raceme in A. polyandrum &c.), 1-flowered (in A. ramosum often 2-
flowered), jointed near the flower. Flowers yellow. Involucral bracts 0.
Staminal-tube divided at the top into numerous, antheriferous fila-
ments. Carpels 5-25; styles as many as the carpels, long; stigmas
capitate. Ripe carpels separating from the short central axis, rounded
on the back, dehiscent, truncate, pointed, apiculate or with a short
oblique or horizontal mucro, 3-5-seeded. Seeds reniform, dark brown.
—Disrris. In nearly all warm regions ; species 170.

Carpels 5.
Staminal-tube very short, densely hairy ..............s00000 1. A. polyandrum.
Stanunal-babe long: Cla brOUs! chwaccserecsiesecscscessete ccs esteictece 2, A, Ranadei,
Carpels more than 10, usually 15-20.
Carpels pointed or with a distinct mucro.
Carpels 4-4 in. long.

Carpels hairy, ultimately glabrate, shining ............ 3. A. indicum.
Carpels densely hairy, ultimately shaggy ............... 4. A. asiaticum.
Ger PuIN eee As NOTE. swe sPagdeusausiensensson twas cogas caecves acs 5, A, bidentatum.
Carpels obtuse, without a mucro.
Corolla 2 in. in diam.
Fruit globose, densely silky-villous ..............+sesseeee 6. A. muticum.
Taine (are milly JANA igognededecdsBuadedaUnan iececaspsdbacnedct 7. A. graveolens.
RPO A ANG RO UGAATE.: wos tec esti ctuec.rswesaseoatectie <3t0 24 ims 8. A. crispwin.
Carpels 8-10.
Carpels } in. long; fruit short, cylindric.
Garpels beaked: ciccccniccvcsccssssneoces 2gcusnn6csoocoudooNSONACkee 9. A. ramosum.
Carpels hardly beaked, truncate ......1....000ce0 ssesecsscens 10. A. fruticosum.
Marpeis.+ in lone > fruit OV OI. .2...5<ssecseusPscaversessseeenes Il. A. cornutum.

1, Abutilon polyandrum, Wight et Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 55.
An erect undershrub, 4 ft. high. Leaves up to 9 by 7 in., roundish or
ovate, cordate, long-acuminate, irregularly toothed, tomentose beneath,
the young leaves velvety; petioles 3-4 in. long. Racemes terminal,
8-15 in. long; pedicels 1-24 in. long, jointed near the flower; bracts
(at the base of the pedicels) }—1 in. long, lanceolate, toothed. Calyx-
lobes §—> in. long, lanceolate, tomentose. Corolla 14 in. in diam.,
orange-yellow, purple-veined near the base. Staminal-tube very short,
densely hairy ; filaments long, free almost to the very base. Carpels 5,
acuminate, mucronate, a little longer than the calyx. Seeds smooth,
brown. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 325 (excluding syn. Schlecht); Grah. Cat.
p. 15; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 17; E. Bak. in Journ. Bot. v. 31 (Lond. 1893)
p. 270; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p.126; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. y. 1, p. 17.—Flowers: Novy.-Jan. Vern. Madém.

Abutilon polyandrum, G. Don, Gen. Syst. v. 1 (1831) p. 500, is evi-
dently a misprint for Abutilon polyanthwm and was nothing more than
Sida polyantha, Schlecht, a remote species.

96 XXV. MALVACEE.

Very common on the Ghats. Konan: Stocks!, Law!; Par, Graham; W. Ghits,
widely, Woodrow. 8. M. Covntry: Belgaum, Ritchie, 60!—Duisrris. 8. Africa,
Java.

2. Abutilon Ranadei, Woods. et Stapf, in Kew Bull. (1894) p. 99.
An undershrub, 4 ft. high, densely and minutely stellately tomentose.
Leaves up to 7 by 6 in., co:date, ovate, acuminate, distantly toothed ;
petioles stout, 2-4 in. long. Flowers axillary, solitary ; pedicels 4-1}
in. long, jointed near the flower. Calyx {-3 in. long; base campanulate ;
lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, as long as the tube. Petals 14 by $ in.
long, orange-yellow, purple-veined at base. Staminal-tube 1 in. long,
elabrous ; filaments exceedingly short. Carpels 5, acuminate, mucro-
nate, 5 in. long, densely shortly hairy all over. Seeds large, dusky-black,
furfuraceous-dotted. Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 126.
—Flowers: Jan.

A rare plant, named after N. B. Ranade, for many years keeper of the Herbarium
at the College of Science, Poona, who died of the plague in 1897. Konkan: Ambe-
ghat, on the Ratnagiri and Kolhapur Road, Ranadc}, Woodrow !, Cooke !

3. Abutilon indicum, Sweet, Hort. Brit. vy. 1 (1827) p. 54. Suf-
frutescent, minutely hoary-tomentose. Leaves up to 3} by 2 in,
cordate, ovate, acuminate, toothed, rarely subtrilobate ; petioles 14-3 in,
long ; stipules 2 in. long, linear, acute, deflexed. Pedicels often 1-2 in.
long, axillary, solitary, jointed very near the top. Calyx 3-3 in. long,
divided to the middle ; lobes ovate, apiculate. Corolla 1 in. in diam.,
yellow, opening in the evening. Staminal-tube hairy at the base ;
filaments long. Carpels usually 15-20, longer than the calyx, with
a distinct small acute point, hairy, ultimately shining, dark brown.
Seeds brown-black, densely and minutely scrobiculate. FI. B. I. v. 1,
p- 326; Wight, Ic. t. 12; Grah. Cat. p. 15; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 18;
Trim. F]. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 145; E. Bak. in Journ. Bot. v. 31 (Lond. 1893)
p. 213; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 126; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 16. A. graveolens, Grah. Cat. p. 15.—In
flower most of the year. Vern. Mudra; Petdri. The seeds are used in
native medicine as a demulcent.

Very common, especially in the Deccan, where it is abundant along the roadsides.
Konkan: Law!, Stocks!; Bombay, Capt. Geburne! Deccan: Ahmednagar, Cooke !
S. M. Country: Belgaum, [itchie, 63! Sinp: Jemadar ka Landa, near Karachi,
Stocks, 493 !

4, Abutilon asiaticum, G. Don, Gen. Syst. vy. 1 (18381) p. 503.
Rather more tomentose than A. indicum. Calyx densely clothed with
long woolly hairs. Flowers 2 in. in diam., orange-yellow. Carpels
acuminate, shaggy on the back when ripe. Seeds smooth. Otherwise
as A. indicum. FI. B. I. v.1, p.826; Grah. Cat. p. 15; Trim. Fl. Ceyl.
vy. 1, p. 144; E. Bak. in Journ. Bot. vy. 31 (1893) p. 214; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. y. 1, p. 15.

Bompay: Capt. Geburne!; in gardens, Bombay, Graham.
I have only seen one specimen from Bombay marked as above, in Herb, Kew.

5. Abutilon bidentatum, 4A. Wich. I’). Abyss. vy. 1 (1847) p. 68.
Erect. Leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate, toothed ; lower petioles 4—5
in. long. Carpels about 20, 1} in. long, black, moderately grey-
woolly, tips acuminate. Otherwise as in 4. indicum, from which it

XXV. MALVACEAE. 97

differs chiefly in the slightly smaller fruit, a difference which might
perhaps disappear if a aici number of specimens were available for
examination. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 326. Sida bidentata, Hochst. 1. ec.

Konkan: Stocks !—Distris. Tropical Africa, Arabia.

6. Abutilon muticum, Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed. 2 (1880) p. 65. A
tomentose undershrub. Leaves up to 3-4 in. in diam., cordate, roundish-
ovate, very shortly acuminate, rarely obtuse, velvety on both surfaces,
irregularly toothed ; petioles 1-3 in. long ; stipules lanceolate. Pedicels
-2 in. long, axillary, solitary, stout, jointed near the flower. Calyx
in. long, divided to the middle, very villous; lobes broad, shortly
acuminate. Corolla 2 in. in diam. , orange- yeliow ; petals often lobed.
Fruit globose, depressed at the summit, densely silky- -villous. Carpels
about 25, not beaked. Seeds 3 in each carpel, clothed with minute
shining hairs. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 327; E. Bak. in Journ. Bot. v. 31
(Lond. 1893) p. 214; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 145; Woodr. Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 126; Watt, Dict. Econ: Prod. v.1, p. 17. A. to-
mentosum, W. & A. Prodr. p.56; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 18.—Flowers: Jan.—
June. Vern. Kasili; Karan.

Sap?

Widely distributed throughout the Presidency. Konkan: Socks! Deccan:
widely, Woodrow; Poona, Cooke!; Nasik, Woodrow!; Lasalgaon, Ranade! Gusarat:
Surat, Dalzeli! Sinp: Karachi to Mugger Peer, Perry! ; Karachi, Cooke!

7. Abutilon graveolens, Wight ct Arn. Prodr. (1834) p.56. Stems
with long spreading scattered hairs, and also with a sticky covering of
much shorter hairs. Leaves 2-3 in. in diam., deeply cordate, shortly
acuminate ; petioles 1-2 in. long. Pedicels jointed above the middle.
Calyx-lobes more pointed than in A. muticum and not so villous. Corolla
- large, orange-yellow. Carpels 15-20, acute, not awned. Seeds with
minute, shining, stellate hairs. FI. B. 1. v.1, p. 327; E. Bak. in Journ.
Bot. vy. 31 (Lond. 1893) p. 213; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1897) p. 126; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 16; not Grah. Cat.
p- 15.—Flowers in the cold season. Vern. Barkanghi.

Sinp: Sehwan, Woodrow.—Distris. Extends from tropical Africa to Queensland.
There is no specimen of this plant from Sind or from Bombay in Herb. Kew.

8. Abutilon crispum, Medik. Malv. Fam. (1787).p. 29 (eryspum).
A large annual, more or less hairy ; young parts tomentose. Leaves
22 —3 by 2 in. , ovate, cordate, acuminate, crenate-toothed ; petioles 3-14

long. Pedicels 2 3-14 in. long, axillary, solitary, or 2 together of
different lengths, filiform, jointed “above the middle, bent down in fruit.
Calyx { in. long, divided below the middle; lobes lanceolate. Corolla
3 in. indiam., yellow. Fruit + in. in diam., globose, bladdery, wrinkled ;
carpels 10-12, awnless, when ripe sparsely hairy with a silky lustre on
the sides. Seeds very small, reniform, brownish-black with scattered
minute glistening hairs. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 327; K. Schum. in Mart.
Bras. v. 12, part 3, p. 382, t. 70; E. Bak. in Journ. Bot. v. 31 (Lond.
1893) p. 213; Trim. F]. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 146; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 127.—Flowers: Oct.—Nov.

A rare plant. 8. M. Country: Dharwar, Woodrow; Badami, Cooke !—Disrrip,
In most tropical and subtropical regions.

H

98 XXV. MALVACER.

9. Abutilon ramosum, (Guill., Perr. et A. Rich., Fl. Senegamb. v. 1
(1830) p. 68. Shrubby, erect, 4-5 ft. high, with ash-colored bark,
minutely hairy. Leaves 2-5 in. in diam., cordate, angular, often sub-
trilobate ; petioles 2-4 in. long; stipules subulate, in. long. Pedicels
4-1} in. long, frequently divided into 2 branches near the top, jointed
not far below the calyx. Calyx 3-1} in. long, divided to the middle,
viscous-pubescent; lobes ovate, cuspidate. Corolla 2 in. in diam.,
yellow. Fruit short, cylindric; carpels 8—10, glutinous-pubescent, 4 in.
long, acute, mucronate. Seeds dull, furfuraceous-dotted. FI. B. I.v. 1,
p. 328; E. Bak. in Journ. Bot. v. 31 (Lond. 1893) p. 75; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 127. A. sidoides, Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 18.—Flowers : Dec.

A rare plant. Gusarat: Ahmedabad, Cooke! Campay; Dalzell/! Stxp: Karachi,
Woodrow.—Distris. Tropical Africa, Arabia.

10. Abutilon fruticosum, Gwill., Perr. et A. Rich., Fl. Senegamb.
y. 1 (1880) p. 70. A much-branched rigid undershrub, closely hoary.
Leaves }—2 in. long, deeply cordate, ovate-oblong, acute or obtuse, often
regularly crenate, sometimes toothed; petioles $14 in. long. Pedicels
1-1} in. long, axillary, scattered, slender, jointed near the top. Calyx
in. long, divided more than half way down; lobes ovate, acute or
mucronate. Corolla # in. in diam., yellow. Fruit } in. long, cylindric ;
earpels 10, grey-tomentose, truncate, not beaked. Seeds small, brown,
dotted with minute white hooked hairs. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 328;
Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 1, p. 8836: E. Bak. in Journ. Bot. v. 31 (Lond.
1893) p. 214; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 127.—
Flowers: Aug.-Sept. Unlike other Abutilons, the flowers open at
mid-day (Dalzell MS. in Herb. Kew.). Vern. Pat-til.

Sinp: Dalzell!; Jemadar ka Landa, near Karachi, Stocks, 371!; Malir, near
Karachi, Woodrow !

el

11. Abutilon cornutum, 7’. Cooke. Erect, 2 ft. high, grey-tomen-
tose. Leaves orbicular, 24-3 in. in diam., cordate, very shortly acuminate,
subobtuse, slightly crenate-denticulate ; petioles up to 3} in. long;
stipules ,°; in. long, densely pubescent. Pedicels # in. long, slender,
jointed above the middle. Calyx } in. long, divided more than half way
down; lobes ovate with a long mucro. Corolla spreading, flat, 9 lines
in diam., expanding in the evening. Carpels 8-10, stellately hairy, } in.
long, truncate, with strong mucro. Seeds brown, furfuraceous-dotted.
A. cornutum, Dalzell MS. in Herb. Kew.

Sino: Dalzell 8!; Karachi to Mugger Peer, Perry!

The following is grown as an ornamental plant and is common in
gardens throughout the Presidency :—

Abutilon striatum, Dicks. in Lindl. Bot. Reg. (1839) Miscell. p. 39.
A slender erect branching shrub, glabrous even as to the young parts.
Leaves long-petioled, broadly ovate, 3- or obsoletely 5-lobed; lobes
acuminate or subcuspidate, irregularly coarsely serrate ; stipules
narrowly linear, oblanceolate, acuminate, spreading, subpersistent.
Flowers axillary, large, rosy with white streaks. Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl.
p-8 Gris. Fl. B. W, Ind. p. 79; K. Schum. in Mart. Fl. Bras, v. 12,

XXV. MALVACEA, 99

part 3, p. 426; Firm. Man. Gard. Ind. ed. 3, p. 413. <Abutilon pictum,
Walp. Rep. v. 1, p. 324. Sida picta, Gill. in Hook. Bot. Misc. v. 3
p. 154.

Cultivated in gardens.

6. MALACHRA, Linn.

Hispid herbs. Leaves often angled or lobed. Flowers yellow of
whitish, in dense heads, with foliaceous involucral bracts. Sepals 5,
united into a tube below the middle. Staminal-tube short, truncate or
5-toothed at the apex; filaments numerous. Ovary 5-celled; cells 1-
ovuled; styles 10; stigmas capitate. Ripe carpels separating from the
axis, indehiscent, smooth. Seeds reniform, ascending.—Disrris. Warmer
regions of America ; species 5-6, of which 1 or 2 have become naturalized
in Asia and Africa. The following is one of these :—

1. Malachra capitata, Linn. Syst. ed. 12, vy. 2 (1767) p. 458.
A coarsely hispid annual. Leaves 2—3 in. long, cordate, crenate, from
orbicular more or less lobed or angled, to ovate and entire; petioles
1}-2 in. long, jointed below the blade; stipules }~7 in. long, simple,
linear or often 2—3-branched, the branches connate at or near the very
base, flat at base, above filiform. Pedicels 4-2 in. long, several of
different lengths arranged on avery short stout axillary peduncle, each
pedicel carrying a 4-leaved involucre, 3 of the leaves of which are
equal, the fourth smaller and attached higher up than the others.
Involucral leaves with stiff bristles on the margins and on the nerves
beneath, variously lobed and toothed, with a white spot at the base and
with 2 opposite ciliate appendages, each 2 in. long, on the short stalk
below the blade. Flowérs subsessile, 4-6 within the involucre, yellow.
Calyx membranous; lobes ovate, acute, prominently margined, the
midrib produced into a long bristly point. Carpels 5, rounded on the
back, wedge-shaped on the inner side, white when ripe, reticulated with
brown veins. Seeds smooth, brown-black. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 329;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 127; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 5, p. 109. MW. rotundifolia, Schrank, Pl. Rar. Hort. Monac.
t.56; Grab. Cat. p. 138; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 9.—Flowers: Sept.-
Dec. Vurn. Rdn-bhendi; Vdn-bhendi.

Very common in waste places in the island of Bombay and, especially, in the marshy,
low-lying tract known as the Byculla Flats. The plant, though completely natura-
lized and a weed in many places in India, is not indigenous. Graham (Cat. p. 13)
states that it was introduced from Brazil into Bombay by Nimmo as a fibre-plant.
The plant produces an excellent fibre, but the expectation of its being used in Bombay
as a substitute for Jute has not been realized. For a full account, consult Watt, Dict.
Keon. Prod. 1. ¢.

7. URENA, Linn.

Herbaceous tomentose perennials. Leaves usually angled or lobed.
Flowers clustered, sessile or shortly pedicelled. Involucral bracts 5,
connate at the base, adnate to the tube of the calyx, ultimately rigid.
Sepals 5, connate into a cup-shaped calyx. Petals 5, connate below, -
united to the staminal-tube. Staminal-tube bearing short filaments or
subsessile anthers below the truncate or 5-toothed apex. Ovary 5-
celled ; cells 1-ovuled; branches of the style 10; stigmas capitate.

H2

100 XXV. MALVACEA.

Ripe carpels 5, muticous, covered with glochidiate spines, separating
from a short axis, indehiscent.—Disrrre. Warmer regions of both hemi-
spheres ; species 4—5.

Leaves not divided below: the middle...............cesccsssececavceccescess 1. U. lobata.
eaves dividedi below the middles..2.ccscra- + scncesoc-sccesucwosse vost sack oes 2. U. sinuata.

1. Urena lobata, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 692. Herbaceous, erect,
2-+ ft. high. Leaves usually broader than long, up to 42 by 6 in., cordate,
serrate or toothed, stellately hairy on both surfaces, roundish, angled ;
lobes generally acute or acuminate varying in size and number (3-10 or
more), not extending half way down, sometimes nearly obsolete ; nerves
5-7, prominent beneath, with often a gland at the base of the midrib
aud sometimes on the 2 adjacent nerves ; petioles variable in length, 3-6
in. long, hairy. Pedicels hairy, very short, clustered. Involucral bracts
less than + in. long, equalling or slightly exceeding the calyx and alternate
with its lobes, linear-oblong, acute, united at the base into a cup, clothed
with rigid hairs. Calyx deeply divided : lobes less than + in. long, lanceo-
late, ciliate. Corolla 2 in. long, pink. Capsules pubescent, covered with
blunt spines, each spine having 2 straight bristles pointing downwards
at an angle from the apex. Seeds rounded on the back, wedge-shaped on
the inner side, smooth. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 329; Grah. Cat. p. 13; Dalz.
& Gibs. p. 18; K. Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 6,
p: 45, fig. 19, p, &; Guerke, in Mart. Bras. v. 12, part 3, p. 469;
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p.147; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p- 127; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 212.—Flowers:
Oct.Dec. Vern. Van-bhendi.

Widely distributed throughout the Presidency (except Sind); “a common weed,”
Dalzell § Gibson. Konkan: Stocks!, Law!; Kalyan, Woodrow. Deccan: Poona,

Jacquemont, 298! 8. M. Counrry: Ghats, 40 miles east of Belgaum, Woodrow!;
Castlerock, Cooke!; Parva Ghat, Ritchie, 47!—Disrrie. All tropical regions,

Var. scabriuscula, Mast. in Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 329. Herbaceous.
Leaves roundish, scarcely lobed, with clustered needle-like hairs beneath,
hardly tomentose. Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 127.
U. scabriuscula (sp.), DC. Prodr. v. 1, p. 441; W. & A. Prodr. p. 46;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 18.—Flowers: Dee.

Konkan: Stocks! Duccan: Phunda Ghat, Dalzell § Gibson. S. M. Country:
Belgaum, Woodrow; Ramghat, Dalzell & Gibson.

2. Urena sinuata, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 692. Shrubby, 2-4 ft.
high. Leaves 1-3 in. long, more or less stellately hairy on both surfaces,
cordate or truncate at the base, irregularly lobed to below the middle; lobes
3-5 or more, dilated upwards, with rounded sinuses, serrate or toothed,
pale beneath, with, in most cases, a gland near the base of the midrib
and sometimes on one or both of the adjoining nerves; petioles 3-14 in.
long. Pedicels short, axillary, clustered. Involucral bracts 4 in. long,
linear-oblong, acute, as long as, or slightly longer than the calyx and
alternate with its lobes. Calyx minutely pubescent; lobes lanceolate.
Corolla rose-colored, 3-1 in. in diam., handsome. Capsules and seeds
as in U. lobata. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 329; Grah. Cat. p. 13; Guerke, in
Mart. Bras. v. 12, part 3, p. 472; Trim. Fl. Ceyl, v. 1, p. 148 ; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 127; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6,
part 4, p. 215.—Flowers: Oct.-Nov. Vurn. Jangali-kdpas; Lichi;
Lidn-kd pas.

XXV. MALVACEA. 101

Widely distributed throughout the Presidency (except Sind); a common weed,
Dalzell & Gibson. Deccan: Poona, Woodrow!; Koina Valley, Cooke! Gusarar:
Dabhoi, Woodrow!; Baroda, Cooke! S$. M. Country: Londa, Woodrow; Badami,
Cooke !—Disrris. All tropical regions.

8. PAVONITA, Cav.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves often angled or lobed. Flowers axillary
or clustered at the ends of the branches. Involucral bracts 5-o , nearly
or entirely free. Petals 5, connate at the base, adnate to the staminal-
tube. Staminal-tube bearing numerous filaments below the truncate
or 5-toothed apex. Ovary 5-celled; cells 1-ovuled ; styles 10; stigmas
capitate. Carpels 5, separating from the axis or more or less 2-valved,
never glochidiate. Seed ascending.—Lass, Adans. Fam. v. 2 (1763)
p. 400.—Disrris. Chiefly tropical American ; species more than 60.

ewe) eHTAGHRO—-O; TOMACCOUR: 5.5.05 << 02 02cascseciseveroshoteaa achat doaeos 1. P. glechomifolia.
Invol. bracts 8-14, subulate.
Ripe carpels downy, slightly winged ; leaves entire ............ 2. P. arabica.
Ripe carpels glabrous, narrowly winged; leaves usually lobed.... 3. P. zeylanica.
Ripe carpels unarmed, wingless.................-scsesssesecsoetseeee 4. P. odorata.
Ripe carpels with 3 stout horns and 4 basal appendages......... 5. P. ceratocarpa.
iRipeicanpels wath’ 2) short prigkless.%.-2..s..-.-scer-sc-scnsecces ones 6. P. propingua.

1. Pavonia glechomifolia, Garche, in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Aithiop.
(1867) p. 54. Shrubby, procumbent. Leaves 15-24 by 1-1 in.,
ovate, cordate, acute, or roundish, more or less 3-lobed, coarsely crenate-
serrate, stellately hairy or tomentose ; petioles 1-2 in. long, pubescent
or hairy; stipules subulate. Pedicels 1 in. long, axillary, solitary,
slender, jointed near the flower, stellately hairy. Involucral bracts 5,
leafy, in. long, broadly lanceolate, sometimes unequal, much longer
than the calyx, connate at the base. Calyx deeply divided ; lobes ovate,
acute, densely downy. Corolla yellow, longer than the involucre.
Carpels muricated and with a serrulate crest. Seeds chestnut-colored,
reniform, smooth. Fl. B. I. v.1, p. 330; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 148;
Woodr. in Journ, Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 127. Lebretonia glechomi-
folia, A. Rich. Fl]. Abyss. v. 1, p. 54.

Stxp: Dalzell!, Cooke!; Jemadar ka Landa, near Karachi, Stocks, 497! Gusarat:
Mangrol (coast of Kathiawar), Woodrow !—Distris. Arabia, tropical Africa.

2. Pavonia arabica, Steud. Nom. ed. 2, v. 2 (1841) p. 279 (name
only). A much-branched undershrub, stellately downy all over; stem
woody. Leaves 3-1 in. long, ovate, cordate, prominently nerved beneath,
entire or slightly toothed; petioles 3-1 in. long. Pedicels axillary,
solitary, jointed near the flower and with stellate and glandular hairs.
Involucral bracts 10-13, linear, hairy, more than twice as long as the
calyx, free to the base. Calyx hairy; lobes lanceolate. Corolla pink,
more than twice as long as the calyx. Carpels villous, slightly winged.
Seeds minutely pubescent. Mast. in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. v. 1, p. 193;
Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 331; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p- 127; Hochst. et Steud. in Schimp. Pl. Abyss. exsicc. 2139.—F lowers
in the cold season.

A rare plant. Sinn: Dalzell!, Stocks!; Karachi, Vicary!, Cooke !—Disrris.
Abyssinia.

102 XXV. MALVACEA.

3. Pavonia zeylanica, Cav. Diss. 3 (1787) p. 134, t. 48, fig. 2. A
perennial undershrub, 2-4 ft. high; branches slender, terete. Leaves
roundish, 4-1 in. in diam., cordate or truncate at base, usually 3-lobed,
the mid-lobe the longest, less commonly entire, dentate, stellately hairy ;
petioles 4-11 in. long, viscous-hairy ; stipules filiform. Pedicels 1-1; in.
long, slender, axillary, solitary, viscous-hairy, jointed about three fourths
of their length from the base. Involucral bracts 8-12, free, 2-4 in.
long, twice the length of the calyx or more. Calyx-lobes lanceolate.
Corolla pink, longer than the involucre. Ripe carpels rounded on the
back, wedge-shaped, slightly wrinkled, narrowly winged, glabrous,
enclosed in the persistent involucre. Seeds brown-black, minutely
pubescent. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 331; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 21; Trim. Fl. Ceyl.
vy. 1, p. 149; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 127; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 116.—Flowers: Nov.

Deccan : Dongergaon near Ahmednagar, Cooke! Gusarat: Baroda, Cooke !; Broach,

Woodrow!; Kathiawar, Dalzell, 11! Stnp: Dalzell, 11!; Jemadar ka Landa, near
Karachi, Stocks!—Duisrris. Tropical Africa, Mauritius, Ceylon.

4. Pavonia odorata, Willd. Sp. Pl. v.3 (1800) p. 837. Herbaceous,
erect ; stem and branches covered with viscous pubescence. Leaves 1-2
in. long, cordate, roundish-ovate, slightly 3-5-lobed or angled ; lobes
acute, distantly toothed, stellately hairy on both surfaces; petioles up to
21 in. long, longer than the leaves. Flowers pink, rather longer than in
P. zeylanica, solitary ; pedicels 1-1} in. long, jointed near the flower.
Involucral bracts 10-12, linear, 2 in. long, with long white hairs.
Carpels usually glabrous, not winged. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 331; Trim. Fl.
Ceyl. v. 1, p. 149; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 115.—
Flowers: Oct.

Konkan: Stocks!, Dalzell! S. M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie, 1082 !—Distr1s.
Tropical Africa, Ceylon.

5. Pavonia ceratocarpa, Mast. in Fl. B. I. v. 1 (1874) p. 331.
An undershrub, more or less stellately hairy. Leaves 1-2 by 3-1 in.,
rounded or subcordate at the base, oblong, obtuse, serrate; petioles
4-3 in. long; stipules + in. long, subulate. Pedicels t-} in. long, jointed
near the flower. Involucral bracts 8-10, ciliate, 2 in. long, narrow-
linear, longer than the calyx, connate at the very base. Calyx densely
hispid ; lobes ovate, acute. Corolla yellow or red, hairy without, twice
as long as the calyx. Carpels muricated, triple-crested, with 3 stout
horns and 4 basal wing-like appendages, presenting somewhat the
appearance of a bull’s head. Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 1 (1897)
p. 127. Lebretonia ? Stocks, MS. with description and drawing in Herb.
Kew. in Stocks, 482; not Pavonia ceratocarpa, Dalz. (!) MS. in Herb.
Kew. which is P. arabica.—F lowers: Dee.

A very rare plant which appears to occur in Sind only. Sinn: Stocks, 483!; near
Karachi, Cooke!

6. Pavonia propinqua, Curcke, in Schweinf. Fl. Aithiop. v. 1 (1867)
p. 55. Suffrutescent, stellately hairy. Leaves 1—4 in. long, subcordate,
oblong, crenate, stellately hairy; petioles shorter than the leaves ; stipules
subulate. Pedicels axillary, solitary or clustered at the ends of the
branches. Involucral bracts 10, free or slightly connate at the very
base, closely ciliate, lanceolate, longer than the calyx. Calyx-lobes ovate-

XXV. MALVACEA. 103

lanceolate. Corolla yellow, longer than the involucre, 1 in. in diam.,
conspicuously veined. Fruit subglobose, depressed. Carpels woody,
with 2 short prickles. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 382. P. grewioides, Boiss. FI.
Orient. v. 1, p. 837.

Stnp : Stocks (fide Mast. in Fl. B. I. 1. ¢.). I have not seen any specimens of this
plant from Sind.—Disrris. Beluchistan, Abyssinia,

9. DECASCHISTIA, Wight & Arn.

Tomentose shrubs. Leaves lobed or entire. Flowers shortly pedicelled,
collected in the uppermost axils or at the tops of the branches. Invo-
lucral bracts 10. Calyx 5-divided. Staminal-tube bearing numerous
filaments below the apex. Ovary 10-celled; cells 1-ovuled ; branches
of the style 10 ; stigmas capitate. Capsule loculicidally 10-valved. Seeds
reniform, ascending.—Disrrre. Exclusively Indian ; species 2.

1. Decaschistia trilobata, Wight, Jc. y. 1 (1840) t. 88. Shrubby,
erect, tomentose and with fulvous stellate and simple hairs. Leaves up
to 43 by 33 in., 3-lobed, the lobes of the lower broader than those
of the upper, the uppermost leaves often undivided and subsessile ; lobes
usually oblong, mucronate, dentate, prominently nerved and veined
beneath, the upper side dark-colored, the lower paler, all hairy and
tomentose, often with a gland at the base of the midrib; petioles very
short ; stipules 3? in. long, linear-subulate, often bi- or tri-fid. Pedicels
z in. long, axillary. Involucral bracts 10, linear, acute, 3 in. long, connate
near the base into a cup, hairy. Calyx $2 in. long, divided to about the
middle, clothed with fulvous hairs; lobes ovate, acute or acuminate.
Corolla 2 in. in diam., yellow with purple centre, hairy outside. Capsules
hispid. Seeds smooth. Fl. B. L. v. 1, p. 332; Grah. Cat. p. 14; Dalz.
& Gibs. p. 21; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 19; Woodr. Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 127.—Flowers: Oct.—Nov.

Konkan: Talbot; 8. Konkan, Zaw!; Amboli Ghat, Woodrow! §S. M. Country :
Belgaum, Ritchie, 53!; Castlerock, very abundant, Cooke! N.Kanara: Talhot, 113!;
Supa Ghats, Zadbot.

10. SENRA, Cay.

A softly-canescent undershrub. Leaves cordate, orbicular, 3-lobed.
Flowers axillary, shortly pedicelled; petals purple or yellow spotted
with purple. Involucral bracts 3, large, cordate, free, at length mem-
branous, Calyx 5-divided. Staminal-tube bearing numerous filaments
below the apex. Ovary 5-celled; cells 2-ovuled; branches of the style
5, dilated above, obliquely truncate and stigmatose at the apex. Capsule
loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds, by suppression, solitary, reniform, ascending,
usually pubescent or villous. Species 1.

1. Senra incana, Caw. Diss. 2 (1786) p. 83, t. 35, fig. 3 (Serra)
p. 104 (Senra). Erect or sometimes climbing, not much-branched, softly
downy. Leaves toothed, 3-lobed (the mid-lobe the largest), deltoid ;
petioles 3-12 in.long. Pedicels 3-3 in. long, solitary or clustered, more
crowded towards the ends of the branches. Involucral bracts often 2 in.
long, reticulately veined. Calyx }-3 in. long, campanulate, membranous,
much shorter than the corolla; lobes triangular, acute. Corolla #-3 in.
long, usually violet, rarely yellow. Capsules wrinkled. Seeds hairy,

104. XXV. MALVACES,

brown. FI. B. I. v.1, p. 334; K.Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf.
v. 3, part 6, p. 48, fig. 20, n, F; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1897) p. 127.—Flowers: Nov.—Jan.

Sinp: hills in Sind, Stocks, 503!, Dalzell, 2!, Vicary!; Moach, near Karachi, very
abundant, Cooke!; Jemadar ka Landa, near Karachi, Stocks !

It is a mistake to suppose that this plant grows on rocks, Together with Gossypium
Stocksii, it is found very plentifully near Karachi, on an extensive plain over which
some boulders or outliers are sparingly scattered. It is also common on some of the
Sind hills (Stocks).—Disrrie. Arabia, Abyssinia, Nubia.

11. HIBISCUS, Linn.

Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees. Flowers axillary or solitary or in a
terminal raceme. Leaves various, usually more or less palmately lobed.
Involucral bracts 4-12 (rarely 0), free, or connate. Sepals 5, valvate,
more or less combined into a 5-lobed calyx, sometimes spathaceous and
circumsciss. Staminal-tube truncate or 5-toothed at the apex; filaments
numerous. Ovary 5-celled; ovules 3 or more in each cell; styles 5,
more or less connate; stigma capitate or spathulate. Capsule loculici-
dally 5-valved, sometimes with false dissepiments forming a spuriously
10-celled fruit. Seeds numerous, reniform, subglobose, rarely obovoid,
glabrous, tomentose or woolly.—Disrris. Chiefly in the tropical regions
of both hemispheres ; species about 150.

Capsule 5-celled.

Calyx membranous, inflated......... Nonbessacedcatetavinene coeeeums 1. H. Trionwm.
Calyx not inflated.

Invol. bracts distinct, 8-12, forked or provided with a
leafy appendage.

Stipules semi-cordate, auricled ................2cees0e- 2. H. surattensis.
Stipules lanceolate, o/-<ccsc-t-sensecotemecsenecueeereneneecs 3. H. furcatus.
Wiipmlles Mimears aidzcccctste-ceestaraseethe tinue tenses anence 4. H. radiatus.

Invol. bracts without appendages; seeds cottony.

Leaves long and narrow ; lower often 3-lobed ...... 5. H. hirtus.
Leaves broad-ovate, not lobed ............escsseseeeeeees 6. H. micranthus.
Leaves obovate, retuse or truncate, cuneate at base. 7. H. sindicus.
Leaves deeply 3—7-lobed ............cesescoeescnsoscosees 8. H. intermedius.
involsbracts OFmsceds smoothie ot ceeeceasatecr atten cccereae 9. H. Solandra.
Invol. bracts without appendages, sometimes adnate to
the calyx-tube ; seeds smooth, tubercled or hairy, not
cottony.
Involucral bracts not adnate to the calyx-tube.
A tree; invol. bracts foliaceous, free; seeds
glabrous sie iccan.eospatvacease acu oa secs ranenieatene 10. H. collinus.
An undershrub ; invol. bracts flat, linear, connate
at the base; sceds muricated ...............00e00+ 16. H. punctatus.
Herbs.

Invol. bracts connate at the base.
Invol. bracts narrow-linear; seeds with
minute stellate scales ............ssseseseeee ll. A. lunariifolius.
Invol. bracts spathulate ; seeds shaggy ...... 12. H. pandureformis.
Invol. bracts free.
Invol. bracts linear, shorter than the calyx.
Calyx-lobes eglandular at base; capsule

Dail eedm etc ers cecnee cesoeeneates eek hoc: 13. H. vitifolius.
Calyx-lobes with an obovate gland at base ;
capsule not Winged .......0005 sesoscessees 14. H. cannabinus,

Inyol. bracts subspinous, longer than the
COLYE weseuansvash yevsstxces és navkenttsoavio secs 15, A. cesius.

XXV. MALVACEA. 105

Invol. bracts adnate to the calyx-tube, accrescent,
HET CRAPS MV MUN Oe. cnstssc och sotacieneee ne sanes occ ds 17. H. Sabdariffa.
Calyx elongate, spathaceous, circumsciss. :
Invol. bracts 4-6, broad, leafy.

imvolv bracts avdistincti se asccca.cteseweesiicdes saeco snecses 19. Hi. tetraphyllus.
Invol. bracts 4, connate for their entire length......... 20. H. angulosus.
Invol. bracts 5-6, fugacious ...........s.cseeeeeeee sogeBOnNAC 18. H. ficulneus.

Invol. bracts more than 5, linear.
Invol. bracts shorter than the calyx ............cseseeee 21. H. Abelmoschus.
Invol. bracts equalling the calyx ............ceecscseceeeees 22. H. esculentus.
Capsule with false dissepiments, spuriously 10-celled.
Invol. bracts connate at the base.

LNs i ea tag a ae Bk ey 2 23. H. tiliaceus.

1. Hibiscus Trionum, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 697. Annual, more
or less clothed with stellate hairs. Leaves 1-13 in. long, palmately
divided to the base (the lower leaves sometimes orbicular and undivided) ;
lobes usually 3, again variously lobed and toothed; petioles 1-13 in.
long ; stipules subulate, clothed with long stiff hairs. Pedicels axillary,
longer than the petioles, jointed near the flower. Involucral bracts 8-
12, linear-subulate, less than haif as long as the calyx, ciliate with long
hairs rising from thickened bases. Calyx divided above the middle ;
lobes broadly ovate, acute, membranous, with many hispid tortuous
nerves, which are green at first, afterwards turning purple. Corolla
% in, in diam., yellow with a purple spot at base. Capsules oblong,
obtuse, pubescent. Seeds rounded on the back, dotted with minute,
stellate pubescence. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 334; K. Schum. in Engel. &
Prantl, Pflanzenf. y. 3, part 6, p. 49, fig. 20, 1; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v.11 (1897) p.127. 4H. vesicarius, Cav. Diss. 3, p. 171, t. 64, fig. 2;
Grah. Cat. p. 13; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 19.—Flowers: Aug.—Jan.

Common during the rains, chiefly on black soil, Dalzell § Gibson. Konkan: Stocks!
Bombay, Capt. Geburne! Duccan: widely, Woodrow!; Poona, Cooke! Srxp: widely,
Woodrow.— Disrris. Southern Europe and the tropics of the Old World.

2. Hibiscus surattensis, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 696. Erect or
trailing ; branches slender, sparsely covered with recurved prickles.
Leaves up to 2 in. long, from orbicular, or ovate, acute, to palmately
3—-5-lobed, with a more or less truncate base, crenate-serrate ; petioles
1-1} in. long, prickly ; stipules broad, leafy, ear-shaped, toothed, ciliate.
Pedicels prickly, longer or shorter than the petioles. Involucral bracts
9-12, each consisting of a prickly stalk } in. long, carrying a spathulate
apiculate leaf-like appendage ;°; in. long, prolonged downwards into a
linear toothed ciliate spur 3 in. long. Calyx membranous, deeply
divided; lobes ovate, acuminate, the tips often armed with stout
recurved prickles, with colored mid- and marginal-nerves and _ hairy,
sometimes prickly, margins. Corolla yellow, centre dark purple. Capsules
ovoid, hairy. Fl. B. I. v.1, p. 384; Grah. Cat. p. 13; Dalz. & Gibs.
p. 20; K. Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 6, p. 48,
fig. 20, a; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 152; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 127; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 246.—Flowers :
Nov.—Dec.

A rare plant. Konkan: Island of Salsette, Jacguem. Voy. '794!; Malabar Hill,

Bombay, Dailzell § Gibson. Kanara: Kumpta, Woodrow!—Dtsrreis. Tropical Asia,
Africa, Australia.

106 XXV. MALVACE.

3. Hibiscus furcatus, Willd. Enum. (1809) p. 736. Suffrutescent,
rambling or climbing ; stem thinly covered with recurved prickles from
thickened colored bases. Leaves 21-3 in. long, clothed with appressed
hairs, palmately 3-5-lobed, cordate or truncate at the base, prickly on
the nerves beneath, crenate-serrate ; lobes acute or acuminate ; petioles
2-4 in. long, prickly. Calyx enlarged in fruit, deeply divided ; lobes
lanceolate, hispid with stiff bristles from thickened bases. Involucral
bracts 8-1 2, variable, a prevalent form consisting of a stout stalk, across
the top of which is attached a small oblong leafy appendage, which is
prolonged upwards into a curved horn, all densely hispid. Flower-buds
with a tuft of hairs at the ape; corolla large, 3 in. in diam., yellow
with purple centre. Capsules > in. long, ovoid, ” pointed, enclosed in the
enlarged calyx. Fl. B. Lv. 1, P- 339 ; ‘Dalz. & Gibs. p. 19; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. p. 19; Trim. Fl. ee fre 1, p. 152; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 127; Watt, ‘Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 241.—Flowers:
Dec.—Feb.

Konkan: Talbot, Stocks!, Ritchie, 58!; Bombay, Law!; Sawantwari, Woodrow! ;

Ghats near Goa, Cooke! S. M. Counrry: Castlerock, C ‘coke | Ramghat, Ritchie !—
Distris. Tropics of the Old World.

4. Hibiscus radiatus, Cav. Diss. 3 (1787) p. 150, t. 54, fig. 2. A
tall undershrub, 5-6 ft. high; branches armed with small prickles.
Leaves 3 by 2 in., sometimes entire, ovate-acute, usually palmately
lobed ; lobes narrow- or broad-lanceolate, serrate ; petioles up to 32 in.
long, armed with distant prickles ; stipules linear, with stiff bristles from
spinous or thickened bases. Pedicels 3-1 in. long. Involucral bracts
5-10, very often forked, linear, shorter than the calyx. Calyx-lobes 2 in.
long, ovate, acuminate, with reflexed bristle-pointed prickles on the
margins. Corolla large, bell-shaped, yellow with purple base; petals
spreading horizontally. Capsules ovoid, beaked, densely hairy. Seeds
smooth. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 335; Guerke, in Mart. Fl. Bras. v. 12, part 3,
p- 559; not Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 127.

Deccan: Phunda Ghat, Ritchie!

A rare plant in the Bombay Presidency. A single fragment, marked as above in Herb.

Kew. is the only Bombay specimen I have seen, The plant named H. radiatus by
Woodrow in Journ. Bomb. Nat. is H. cesius, Garcke.—Disrris. Malaya, Java.

5. Hibiscus hirtus, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 694. Shrubby, hairy.
Leaves 3-5 by 1-23 in., oblong, acute or acuminate (the lower often
shortly lobed) crenate, serrate, or irregularly toothed, more or less
stellately hairy on both surfaces ; petioles 3-13 in. long, hairy ; stipules
4 in. long, subulate. Pedicels 1-23 in. long. Involucral bracts 6-9,
subulate, shorter than the calyx. Calyx hairy, divided nearly to the
base ; lobes 3 in. long, narrow-lanceolate. Corolla about 1 in. in diam.,
white or occasionally. pink. Staminal-tube toothed at the top; anthers
in tufts. Capsules globose. Seeds clothed with long white hairs. Fl.
B. I. v. 1, p. 335; Grah. Cat. p. 14; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 20; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 127.—Flowers : Oct.-Jan. Vurn.
Dupdari.

I cannot find the large gland on the underside of the midrib mentioned
by Masters (Fl. B. I. 1. ¢.).

Very common all along the lower Ghits. Konkan: Stocks, 13!; Bombay, Capt.
Gelurne!; below Matheran, Cooke! Drccan: Khandala, Poona, Pullig aun, ‘oodrow! ;
below Phunda Ghat, /?ifchie, 48

XXV. MALVACEA, 107

6. Hibiscus micranthus, Linn. f. Supp!. (1781) p. 308. Shrubby,
erect ; branches slender, terete, stellately hairy. Leaves 1-2 in. long
(in Sind specimens often smaller), more or less scabrid and hairy, ovate,
acute or obtuse, serrate, sometimes cordate ; petioles }-1 in. long, often
very short towards the top of the plant; stipules } in. long, subulate,
hairy. Pedicels longer than the petioles, reaching 17 in. long, slender,
jointed above the middle. Involucral bracts 6, filiform, hairy, longer or
shorter than the calyx. Calyx short, deeply divided; lobes lanceolate,
hairy. Corolla small, pink or pink and white, stellately hairy outside.
Stamens in tufts on tie staminal-tube. Capsules j—-; in. in diam.,
globose. Seeds reniform, cottony. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 85; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 20; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 153; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v.11
(1897) p. 127.—Flowers : Oct.

Common. Konkan: Stocks! Deccan: Ahmednagar, Tulligaum, Cooke!; Poona,
Woodrow! Gusarat: Kathiawar, Dalzell § Gibson ; Broach and Kaira, Woodrow! S.M,
Country: fitchie, 210! Stxp: widely, Woodrow.—Distriz. Tropical Africa, Ceylon.

7. Hibiscus sindicus, Stocks, in Hook, Ic. Plant. (1852) t. 802. A
subspinous much-branched shrub, scarcely 1 ft. high; branches terete,
light-colored, stellately tomentose. Leaves 5-1 in. long, cuneate,
obovate, retuse or truncate, toothed at the top, subsessile, more or less
stellately hairy; stipules subulate. Pedicels short, axillary, solitary.
Involucral bracts 6-8, linear-acute, connate at the base, much shorter
than the calyx. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, longer than the capsule. Flowers
very pale yellow; petals longer than the calyx, twisted into a tube below.
Anthers ina globose head. Capsules globose, smooth. Seeds clothed
with long white wool. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 336; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 127.

Sinp: rare, Dalzell, 7!; Jemadar ka Landa, near Karachi, Stocks, 450 !—Duisrris.
Beluchistan.

8. Hibiscus intermedius, 4. Rich. Vent. Fl. Abyss. v. 1 (1847)
p- 58. A weak-stemmed annual; stem slender, hispid with deflexed
aculeiform simple or stellate white hairs. Leaves 1-2 in. long, pellu-
cido-punctate, deeply 3-7-lobed (lobes again more or less irregularly
lobed or toothed), cordate or truncate at the base, upper surface sub-
glabrous, lower slightly stellately-hairy; petioles 1-23 in. long. Pedicels
axillary, solitary, shorter than the petioles. Involucral bracts strap-
shaped, hairy, shorter than, or equalling the calyx. Calyx-lobes lanceo-
late, hispid on the nerves beneath. Corolla 1 in. long, pale yellow with
purple centre, exceeding the calyx. Capsules hispid, beaked. Seeds
numerous, black, clothed with minute rigid unicellular shining, more
or less tufted hairs. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 8336; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 127. H. scandens, Dalz. & Gibs. p. 20.

Smxp: Stocks, 480!, Dalzell, 5! Gusarar: Kathiawar, Dalzell, 5!—Duisrrre,
Arabia, tropical Africa.

9. Hibiscus Solandra, L’Hér. Stirp. vy. 1 (1784) p. 103, t. 49.
Herbaceous, erect. Leaves orbicular-ovate, obtuse or acute, with a few
simple and stellate hairs, crenate (upper leaves often palmately lobed) ;
petioles #-13 in. long, slender. Flowers arranged in a terminal lax
raceme ; pedicels 1-1} in. long, jointed near the top. Calyx divided to
about the middle, pubescent; lobes lanceolate, prominently 3-nerved.
Involucral bracts 0. Corolla ;8; in. long, white ; petals obovate. Capsules

108 XXV. MALVACER.

slightly hairy, ovoid, somewhat wrinkled, beaked ; beak short, hairy.
Seeds smooth, blackish. Fl. B. IL v. 1, p. 336; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1,
p- 155; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 127. Lagunea
lobata, Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 3, p. 733; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 21.—Flowers:
Oct.—Noy.

Konkan: Stocks! S. M. Country: Dharwar, Cooke!; Belgaum, Stocks § Ritchie,
973!; near Belgaum, Dalzell § Gibson. Gusarar: Woodrow.—Disrris. Asia, tropical
Africa.

10. Hibiscus collinus, low). Hort. Beng. (1814) p.51. Arboreous.
Leaves 5 by 4 in., cordate, 3-lobed ; lobes acute or acuminate, glabrous,
except on the nerves on the upper surface, irregularly toothed ; petioles
1-23 in. long; stipules subulate. Pedicels 24 in. long. Involucral
bracts 3 by }—,%; in., leaf-like, free, lanceolate, about equalling the calyx.
Calyx pubescent, divided below the middle; lobes ovate, acute, 1-nerved.
Corolla 3 in. across, pink with dark centre. Capsules ? in. in diam.,
globose, slightly pointed, densely covered with fulvous hairs. Seeds
amooth. Fl, B. I. v. 1, p. 338; Trm. FL Ceyl.v. 1, p..Ja25 aie
Trees, Bomb. p. 19; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 127;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 236.—Flowers: Aug.

Cultivated extensively in gardens. Konkan: Stocks!—Distris. Ceylon.

11. Hibiscus lunariifolius, Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 3 (1800) p. 811.
Herbaceous ; young parts densely clothed with appressed simple and
stellate hairs. Leaves 3-4 in. in diam., orbicular, serrate, cordate with
a wide sinus, glabrate when mature, shallowly 3—5-lobed ; lobes acumi-
nate; petioles as long as, or longer than the blade; stipules subulate.
Flowers axillary, pedicelled, ultimately growing out into a terminal
raceme 4-6 in. long; pedicels short and stout. Involucral bracts usually
5, narrow-linear, acute, generally shorter than the calyx. Calyx divided
below the middle, sinuses rounded ; lobes lanceolate, acuminate. Corolla
yellow with a purple centre, 2 in. across. Capsules at first hairy, after-
wards subglabrous, beaked. Seeds brown-black, reniform, covered with
minute scattered stellate scales. FI. B. I. v.1, p. 338; Trim. Fl. Ceyl.
v. 1, p. 153.

Kanara: Ritchie, 1623! I have only seen one specimen from Bombay, which is in
Herb. Kew. marked as above.—Disrris. Tropical Africa, Ceylon.

12. Hibiscus pandurzeformis, Burm. Fl. Ind. (1768) p. 151,
t. 47, fig. 2. Herbaceous, 6-8 ft. high, hoary ; stem and branches
clothed with rigid hairs. Leaves 23-3 in. long, cordate, variously lobed,
usually acute, irregularly toothed, both surfaces covered with silky hairs;
petioles 14-84 in. long, hairy. Pedicels stout, axillary, solitary or in
pairs, one of each pair much longer than the other, the short pedicel of
each pair jointed in the middle. Involucral bracts 6—9, almost free,
about half as long as the calyx, linear, dilated upwards, densely ciliate.
Calyx 3 in. long, hispid; lobes lanceolate, 3-nerved. Corolla yellow
with purple centre, hairy outside. Capsules ovoid, very hairy. Seeds
shaggy. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 3388; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 20; Trim. Fl. Ceyl.
vy. 1, p. 154; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 127.—
Flowers: Oct.

Konkan: Stocks!; Bombay, Capt. Geburne! Deccan: Chinchwad and Tulligaum
(near Poona), Woodrow! Gusarat: Surat, Daizell S Gibson. ‘5S. M. Counrry: Bel-
gaum, Ritchie, 986 !, Cooke !—Disrxis, Tropical Africa, Australia, Ceylon.

XXV. MALVACER. 109

13. Hibiscus vitifolius, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p.696. Herbaceous,
more or less hairy and tomentose. Leaves cordate (the lower 4-5 in.
across), 3-7-lobed; lobes acute or acuminate, crenate, serrate or toothed,
tomentose beneath ; petioles 2-3 in. long, hairy. Pedicels axillary,
solitary or clustered ‘at the ends of the branches, jointed about the middle,
foncer (rarely shorter) than the petioles. Involucral bracts 7-12, free,
2 in. long, linear, acute, hairy. Calyx ? in. long; lobes 3 in. "long,
ovate, acute, 3-5-nerved. Corolla 2- D1 in. across, sulphur-yellow with
a purple centre. Capsules hairy, apiculate, 5-winged, the wings ae
culately veined. Seeds brown, minutely tubercled. Fe B: i, sels
p. 8388; Grah. Cat. p. 13; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 20; Trim. FI. Conte v. if
p. 154; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897 ) p. 127; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 248.—Flowers : Oct.-Dec. Vern. Vein-kapas.

Konkan: Steeks!, Law!; Revadanda, Woodrow!; below Matheran, Cooke! ; Malwan,
Dalzell § Gibson. Deccan: Bahuli (Poona districts), Woodrow! ; hills in the Deccan,

Stocks! S. M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie, 491! —Disrris. Tropical Africa,
Australia, Ceylon.

14. Hibiscus cannabinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. cae p- 1149. A
shrub with prickly stems. Leaves 2 in. across, glabrous, cordate (those
near the base often undivided), roundish-ovate, the upper deeply
palmately 3—5-lobed ; lobes usually narrow-lanceolate, serrate; petioles
13-2 in. long, sometimes prickly ; stipules 3 in. long, subulate. Pedicels
axillary, very short. Involucral bracts 7-10, free, 3 in. long, linear,
acute, often with prickly margins, shorter than the calyx. Calyx (in
fruit) 1 in. long, divided three fourths of the way down; lobes long,
lanceolate, very acute, with a strong midrib and thickened, often prickly,
margins, and with an oblong-obovate gland at the base of each lobe.
Corolla yellow with purple centre. Capsules ovoid, beaked, very hairy.
Seeds large, brown, dotted with minute stellate scales. Fl. B. I. v. 1,
p. 339; Grah. Cat. p. 13; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 20; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. -v. 11 (1897) p. 127; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 231.—
Flowers: Jan. VERN. Ambddi.

Said to be found wild on the Ghats, but largely cultivated for its fibre, which is
extensively employed by the natives in the manufacture of ropes, coarse sacking and

other articles required for agricultural purposes. For a full account consult Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod, 1. c.—Drstrrs. Cultivated in most tropical countries.

15. Hibiscus cesius, ‘Garcke, in Oester. Bot. Zeit. (1849) p. 850,
& in Peters, Reise Mossamb. p. 125. Herbaceous, erect, 4—5 ft. high ; stem
and branches light-colored, terete, with a few, often bristle-pointed
prickles. Leaves 3-5- -partite ; segments +—2 in. long, lanceolate, sharply
serrate, more or less stellately hairy ; ; petioles 1; —2 in. long, w ith a few
small prickiy and scattered bristles ; stipules “in. long, pubulatc: with
long hairs. Pedicels up to 4 in. long, jointed near the flower, slender,
with a few small prickles below, the prickles longer and more numerous
above the joint. Involucral bracts usually 10. free, 1-12 in. long,
straight or very slightly curved, spreading like a ray beneath ‘the flower,
subspinous, prickly. Calyx # in. long, divided nearly to the base ; lobes
lanceolate, strongly nerved, distantly ciliate. Corolla large, yellow with
purple centre, stellately hairy on the outside. Capsules ovoid, pointed ;
valves setose. Seeds pilose. H. pentaphyllus, Muell. Fragm. Austr. v. 2,
p- 18; Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. v. 1, p. 198. H. heptaphyllus, Dalz. & Gibs.

110 XXV. MALVACEA.

p- 20. H. Gibson, Stocks, im Harv. et Sond. Fl. Capensis, v. 2, p. 587 ;
Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 389. H. radiatus, Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11
(1897) p. 127.—Flowers: Sept.—Oct.

Deccan: (rare) Stocks!; N. Deccan, Gibson!; Junnar (Poona districts), Cooke1;

Dhulia, Woodrow !; Mountain valleys, Eastern side of the anes n Ghats, Dalzell §
Gibson. '—Drsers. Afghanistan, N. ‘Australia, 8. Africa.

16. Hibiscus punctatus, Dalz. in Dalz. § Gibs. Bomb. Fl. (1861)
p- 20. Suffruticose, 3-4 ft. high, scarcely branched. Leaves 1-34 in.
long, pellucido-punctate, ovate, obtuse, unequally 3-lobed (the mid-lobe
very long), sinuate-dentate, with scattered stellate hairs on both surfaces ;
petioles 1—3 in. long ; stipules small, linear-lanceolate. Pedicels 3-22 in.
long, jointed near the flower, solitary, or clustered at the ends of the
branches. Involucral Bae -10, flat, linear, acute, ;* in. long, connate
at the base. Calyx 2 in. long, covered with dense stellate tomentum,
divided to the middle; lobes lanceolate. Flowers pale rose-colored.
Capsules ovoid, nearly as long as the calyx, pubescent, with a short beak.
Seeds muricated, black. Fl. B. L. v.1, p. 340; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 127.—Flowers: Aug.—Dec.

Gusarat: Broach Collectorate (rare), Dalzel § Gibson; Surat, Dalzell! Stnp:
Stocks!; Karachi, Woodrow !, Cooke! ; Jemadar ka Landa, near Karachi, Stocks |

17. Hibiscus Sabdariffa, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 695. Annual,
erect, glabrous, unarmed ; stem and branches purple. Leaves 2—3 in.
long, cuneate at the base, usually 3-5-lobed (the lower leaves sometimes
entire); lobes lanceolate or oblong, the mid-lobe the longest, serrate,
glandular on the midrib beneath, often blotched with purple ; petioles
13-24 in. long, reddish-purple; stipules 3 in. long, linear, acute.
Pedicels axillar y, very short, stout, joited near the base, purple.
Involucral bracts 10, lanceolate, shorter than the calyx, adnate to its
base, purple. Calyx fleshy; lobes lanceolate, 3-nerved, purple, and,
together with the involucre, accrescent in fruit. Corolla purple with
darker centre. Capsules ovoid, beaked, hairy. Seeds large, black-brown,
closely covered with minute stout stellate hairs. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 340;
Guerke, in Mart. Fl. Bras. v. 12, part 3, p. 556; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 127; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 243.
H., Subdariffa, Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 7—Flowers: Oct.—Dec. Vurn.
Ldl- or Tambadi-ambadi.

Cultivated throughout the Presidency, especially in Gujarat. A strong fibre may
be obtained from the stems, and an agreeable acid jelly is made from the succulent,
calyces. The plant is known to Anglo-Indians as the Rozelle, and is the Red Sorrel
of the West Indies. For a full account of its mode of cultivation and uses, see Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod, 1. c.—Disrris. Tropies of the Old World.

18. Hibiscus ficulneus, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 695. Annual,
usually prickly. Leaves cordate, orbicular, angled or palmately 3-5-
lobed ; lobes with wide sinuses, slightly hairy, coarsely crenate ; petioles
3 in. long; stipules j in. long, narrow-linear, acute, slightly hairy.
Pedicels shorter than the petioles, axillary or in a lax raceme. Invo-
lucral bracts 5-6, broadly lanceolate, villous on both surfaces, caducous,

Calyx spathaceous, 7 in. long, densely villous. Corolla 14 in. long.
Capsules 12 in. long, ovoid, hairy, with a long slightly curved beak.
Seeds round, black, suleate, faintly pubescent, I'l, B. I. v. 1, p. 340;

-

XXV. MALVACEA, iil

Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 127; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 4, p. 240. Abelmoschus ficulneus, W. & A. Prodr. p. 53; Grah.
Cat. p. 14.

Yields an excellent fibre, which Roxburgh considered the best fibre
produced from any of the species of Hibiscus with which he had ex-
perimented.

Not common in the Bombay Presidency. Konkan: Stocks!, Ritchie, 57!, Cooke!
—Disrris. Tropics of the Old World.

19. Hibiscus tetraphyllus, Row. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 52. A
large annual erect hairy plant, 4-6 ft. high; stems with small scattered
prickles. Leaves 33 in. long, scabrid with short stiff hairs, cordate,
serrate, acutely angled or more or less palmately 5—7-lobed ; lobes again
variously divided, usually acuminate; petioles 2-5 in. long, prickly.
Stipules 2 in. long, linear-lanceolate, with stiff bristles on the margins.
Pedicels less than 1 in. long, axillary and clustered at the ends of the
branches, stout, sometimes with a few prickles. Involucral bracts 4,
longer or shorter than the calyx, 3-? in. long, ovate-lanceolate. Calyx
softly villous, within and without, ovoid, acuminate in bud, 7 in. long ;
sepals connate to the very tip, splitting down one side. Corolla 2-3 in.
across, yellow with purple centre. Capsules 13 in. long, ovoid, 5-angled,
hispid, cuspidate. Seeds faintly pubescent. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 341;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 127; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 4, p. 246. Abelmoschus tetraphyllus,.Grah. Cat. p. 14; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 19. A. Warreensis, Dalz. & Gibs. p. 19.—Flowers: Oct.
Vern. Jangali-bhendi ; Ran-bhendi.

Common. Konkan: Sfocks!, Dalzeli!; Matheran and Sawantwari, Cooke! ; Amboli
Ghat and Jambalpada (near Pen), Woodiow!; Karanja and the Meera Hills, Da/zel/
g Gibson; Girgaum Woods, Bombay, Graham. Gusarat: Bilapur, Woodrow!
Kanara: Cooke!

20. Hibiscus angulosus, Stewd. Nom. ed. 2, v. 1 (1841) p. 758.
A large perennial herb; young parts hispid with long rigid simple and
stellate hairs. Leaves 4 in. long, cordate, irregularly toothed, deeply
3-5-lobed, hispid when young, more or less glabrate when mature ;
petioles of lower leaves long, reaching 6 in., those of the upper shorter.
Flowers large, 4 in. across, axillary, growing out into a terminal raceme ;
pedicels reaching 4 in. long, hairy. Involucral bracts 4, ovate, acute,
13 in. long, completely connate and enclosing the calyx and flower-bud,
afterwards splitting down one or more sides, softly hairy within, more
or less hispid without, especially on the sutures, generally persistent in
fruit. Calyx thin, membranous, pubescent, splitting down one side,
caducous. Capsules 14 in. long, ovoid, acuminate, hairy. Seeds reniform,
with pubescent strie. Fl. B. I. v.1,p.341; Trim. FI. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 156;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 128. Abelmoschus angu-
losus, W. & A. Prodr. p. 53.

Wight and Arnott (1. c.) in describing this plant have evidently
mistaken the involucre for the calyx and described it as such.

Konkan: Stocks!

The only specimens I have seen from Bombay are those marked as above in Herb.

Kew. ‘The plant does not seem to haye been found by any other Bombay collectors,
—Disrris. Ceylon,

LA XXV. MALVACEA,

21. Hibiscus Abelmoschus, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 696. A tall
annual; stems clothed with long deflexed hairs. Leaves polymorphous,
more or less cordate, the lower ovate, acute or roundish-angled, the
upper palmately 3—7-lobed divided nearly to the base ; lobes narrow-
acute, or oblong-ovate, crenate, serrate, or irregularly toothed, hairy on
both surfaces ; petioles lin. long, hairy ; stipules 4 in. long, subulate,
hairy. Pedicels stout, equalling or shorter than the petioles. Invo-
lueral bracts 8-12, eilvouts: -hairy, 3 in. long, shorter than the calyx,
caducous. Calyx 17 in. long, hairy, ovoid, cuspidate in bud; sepals
connate, except at’ te tips, 5-toothed at the apex, splitting down one
side. Corolla 3 in. across, yellow with purple centre. Capsules fulvous-
hairy, oblong-lanceolate, acute. Seeds subreniform, blackish, with a
few raised strie. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 342; Guerke, in Mart. Fl. Bras.
v. 12; part 3, p. 570; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 156; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v: 11 (1897) p. 128; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 229.
Abelmoschus moschatus, Medik. Malv. p. 46; K. Schum. in Engl. &
Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 6, p. 49, fig. 21, B-F; Grah. Cat. p. 14.
A, muscatus (?), Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 7.—Flowers in the cold season.
The Musk-mallow. Vern. Kasturi-bhendi.

The stems yield an excellent fibre. The seeds when ground are used
in perfumery, possessing an odor of musk, and are known in Europe
under the title “‘ grains d’ambrette.” Consult Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. e.

Cultivated extensively throughout the Presidency and in most tropical countries.—
Disrris. Tropics of the Old World.

22. Hibiscus esculentus, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 696. Hairy,
erect, not prickly. Leaves cordate, 3-5-lobed ; lobes oblong, coarsely
toothed, scabrous ; petioles 6 in. long, hairy ; stipules subulate. Pedicels
about 1 in. long. Involucral bracts 8-10, deciduous, equalling the
calyx. Flowers yellow with purple centre. Staminal-tube antheriferous
throughout. Fruit pyramidal-oblong, 6-8-ribbed, 7-9 by 1-1j in.
Seeds striate, hairy. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 343; Guerke, in Mart. Fl. Bras.
v. 12, part 3, p. 569; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v.11 (1897) p. 128;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 237. Abelmoschus esculentus, W. & A.
Prodr. p. 53; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p.7; K.Schum. in Engl. & Prantl,
Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 6, p. 48, fig. 20, x.—Flowering time depends on
the time of sowing. Vern. Bhendi; Rama-turai; Bhajichi-bhendi.

Extensively cultivated throughout India, where the fruit and seeds are used as a
vegetable, and also medicinally, as a demulcent.

The native country of the plant is doubtful, but it is probably of African origin,

though naturalized in India.—Disrrim. Naturalized or cultivated in most tropical
countries.

23. Hibiscus tiliaceus, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 694. A tree;
young parts pubescent. Leaves 4-5 in. long, cordate, roundish-ovate,
abruptly acre finely reticulately veined, entire or crenulate ;
petioles 11-2 in. long; stipules subulate. Flowers in terminal racemes ;
peduncles with a small linear deciduous bract at the base; pedicels
short, stout. Involucral bracts 10, connate above the middle, lanceolate,
acute, shorter than the calyx, tomentose. Calyx 3 in. long, divided
nearly to the base ; lobes narrow-lanceolate with a Rear mid-nerve,
tomentose. Corolla 2-3 in. across, pubescent outside, yellow in the
morning, turning red in the afternoon, centre dark crimson, Staminal-

XXV. MALVACEA, ils

tube antheriferous all the way down. Styles connate ;*, in. below the
stigmas. Capsule } in. in diam., globose, with a short ea spuriously
10-celled, 5-valved, hidden in the paeereat calyx, tomentose. Seeds
sobreniform, lage sulcate. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 348; K. Schum. in
Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 6, p. 48, fig. 20,1; Trim. Fl. Ceyl.
v. 1, p. 157; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 128; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 247. Paritiwm ee St-Hil.; W.& A.
Prodr. p. 52; Grah. Cat. p. 14; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 19.—Flowers: Jan.
VerN. Belapata.

Found wild only near the sea. Konkan: Talbot, Stocks!; Ratnagiri and banks of
the Terricol river, Dalzell §’ Gibson. Kanara: along the sea-coast and banks of tidal
rivers, Talbot. Duccan: gardens at Dapoorie (planted), Gbson!; gardens in Poona
(planted), Woodrow !—Dtsrris. All tropical regions.

The tree yields a useful, easily separable fibre, which, according to Roxburgh,
gains in strength by tarring. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. c.

The following plants of the genus are grown as ornamental plants in
‘gardens throughout the Presidency :—

Hibiscvs Rosa-sinensis, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 694. Arborescent ;
stem without prickles. Leaves short-petioled, ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
more or less acuminate, irregularly and coarsely serrate towards the top,
entire near the base, glabrous on both sides or with a few minute
stellate hairs on the nerves beneath; stipules lanceolate-subulate,
glabrous. Pedicels axillary, solitary, very long, as long as, or longer
than the leaves, jointed above the middle. Involucral bracts 5—7, about
half as long as the calyx, lanceolate, glabrous. Calyx divided almost to
the middle, puberulous with very minute stellate hairs ; lobes ? in. long,
lanceolate. Corolla 3 in. in diam., tubular below, red ; petals thrice as
long as the calyx. Staminal-tube exserted far beyond the petals.
Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 344; Spr. Syst. v. 3, p: 108; Don, Syst.v.1, p. 478;
Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p.6; Firm. Man. Gard. ed. 3, p. 412; Woodr.
Gard. Ind. p. 179, et in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 128; Waitt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 242.—In flower during most of the vear.
The Shoe flower of Anglo-Indians. Vern. Jasud.

Cultivated in gardens everywhere throughout India. There is a variety with straw-
coloured flowers.

Hibiscus mutabilis, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 694. A small tree without
prickles. Branches tomentose. Leaves cordate, long-petioled, suborbi-
cular, 5—7-lobed or angled, irregularly crenate-dentate, often entire near
the base, more or less softly pubescent or tomentose ; stipules linear-
lanceolate. Pedicels 4-5 in. long, jointed near the flower, axillary,
solitary. Involucral bracts 7-10, linear-lanceolate, shorter than the
calyx. Calyx-lobes ovate, acuminate, velvety-pubescent. Corolla 3-4
in. across, spreading, white or pink in the morning, turning red
before night ; petals almost twice as long as the calyx. Staminal-tube
shorter than the corolla. Capsules globose, flattened, hairy. Seeds
reniform, hispid. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 344; Spr. Syst. v. 3, p. 104; Firm.
Man. Gard. ed. 3, p. 411; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p- 128; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 242. H. Rosa-mutabdilis,
Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 7.—The Changeable Rose.

Cultivated in gardens throughout India, A native of China.

114 XXV. MALVACER,

Hibiscus syriacus, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 695. A bushy shrub, 4-5 ft.
high, not prickly. Leaves $—-2 in. long, cuneate at the.base, the lower
ovate or rhomboid-ovate, the upper more or less 3-lobed, repand-toothed,
slightly pubescent when young; petioles $-2 in. long, puberulous.
Pedicels axillary, shorter than or equalling the petioles. Involucral
bracts 6-7, linear, 1-nerved, shorter than the calyx. Calyx scurfy-
tomentose ; lobes oblong, acute. Corolla lilac-blue, with dark purple
eye. Capsules oblong, obtuse, slightly hairy. Seeds pilose. FI. B. I.
v. 1, p. 344; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 7; Firm. Man. Gard. ed. 3,
p- 411; Woodr. Gard. Ind. p. 181, et in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1897) p. 128; K. Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 6,
p- 49, fig. 21.

Cultivated as an ornamental plant in gardens throughout India.—Disrris. Warm
regions of the Old World.

12. THESPESIA, Soland. ex Corr.

Trees or erect shrubs. Leaves entire, or angularly lobed. Inflor-
escence axillary, solitary or racemose. Involucral bracts 5, deciduous,
or 0. Calyx truncate, 5-toothed. Staminal-tube toothed at the apex.
Ovary 4—5-celled; cells few-ovuled; styles club-shaped at the apex,
E-furrowed, or subdivided into erect club-shaped short stigmatiferous
branches. Capsule loculicidally dehiscent or almost indehiscent. Seeds
glabrous or pubescent. Cotyledons much folded, usually glandular with
black dots.x—Distris. Tropical Asia, Africa and the Pacific Islands ;
species about 6.

WRPHYES OAGUBG ® ch cbeocirarsscrrssarekssware sews ta nccawntnoHusag nn 1. T. macrophylla.
GHVESICNILITO £..- sc caccsroctetsserdsuratesvorces abskecte sevecnadeest os 2. T. populnea.

1. Thespesia macrophylla, Blume, Bijdr. (1825) p. 73. Ashrub,
3-4 ft. high. Leaves 3-6 in. long, cordate or truncate at the base, 3-
lobed ; lobes triangular, acuminate, finely reticulately veined, with black
glandular dots on the lower surface, subglabrous on the upper ; petioles
14-34 in. long. Peduncles 3-4 in. long, axillary, 3-flowered; pedicels 3-3
in. long. Involucral bracts 5, small, subulate, fugacious. Calyx cupular,
truncate, persistent ; teeth subulate, 4-3 in. long. Corolla 3 in. in diam.,
yellow with crimson centre. Capsules 1. in. long, ovoid, pointed, 4-5-
valved, pilose. Seeds glabrous. Thespesia Lampas, Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. (1861) p.19; FI. B. I. v. 1, p.3845; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 19; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 128; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. y.
6, part 4, p. 45.—Flowers: Aug.-Oct. Vurn. Ldn-bhendi.

The calyx-teeth vary much in length. Most of the Bombay speci-
mens have the minute calyx-teeth described by Dalzell (7. c.); in a few
they are longer. I have seen specimens from other parts of India with
calyx-teeth exceeding 4 in. in length.

Very common along the Western Ghats. Konkan: Dalzell!, Stocks!, Law!; Ghats
and Konkan, Pifchie! Kanara: in forests, Talbot. Drccan: Khandala, Cooke !—
Distris. Tropical Africa, Java.

2. Thespesia populnea, Soland. ea Correa, in Ann. Mus. v. 9
(1807) p. 290. A small tree. Leaves 3-6 in. long, broadly ovate,
cordate, acuminate, entire, smooth, finely reticulately veined, with 5-7
prominent neryes and often a glandular pore in one or more of the

XXV, MALVACER. 115

intercostal spaces beneath, sometimes with a few minute peltate scales
on one or both surfaces; petioles 2-4 in. long; stipules subulate,
deciduous. Pedicels 2-3 in. long, axillary, shorter or longer than the
petioles. Involucral bracts 0 or 5, lanceolate, shorter than the calyx,
caducous. Calyx cupular, truncate, covered with minute peltate scales ;
teeth minute, sometimes obscure. Corolla 2-3 in. in diam., yellow
with purple base. Capsules globose, 1 in. in diam., covered with
minute peltate scales, surrounded at the base by the persistent
calyx. Seeds 3 in. long, ovoid, channelled along the back, pubescent.
Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 345; Grah. Cat. p. 15; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 18; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. p. 19; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p.128 ;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 6, part +, p. 45.—Flowers in the cold season.
The Tulip or Portia tree; the Bhendy tree. Vern. Bhendi-ke-jhdar.

Wild along the sea-shores of the districts south of Bombay. Often planted as a
roadside tree; abundant along the road which passes through the Marine Lines,
Bombay. Konkan: Talbot; Bombay, Capt. Geburne!, Cooke!, Shrivardhan, Woodrow.
N. Kanara: along the sea-shore, Za/bot. S. M. Country: Dharwar, planted as a
roadside tree, Cooke!

The wood is fine-grained and tough and has been used for gun-stocks and cart-
wheels ; the bark affords a strong fibre, which is not, however, of commercial import-
ance. Consult Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. ]. e-—Drsrris. Tropical Asia and Africa, the
Pacific islands; maritime.

13. GOSSYPIUM, Linn.

Erect herbs or shrubs, sometimes subarboreous. Leaves 53-9-lobed,
rarely entire. Involucral bracts 3, large, usually cordate, incised, toothed
or entire, sprinkled with black dots. Calyx truncate or shortly 5-
toothed, sprinkled with black dots. Staminal-tube bearing numerous
filaments below the naked, or very rarely, antheriferous apex. Ovary
5-celled; cells many-ovuled; style club-shaped, 5-furrowed; stigmas 5.
Capsule loculicidally 3-5-valved. Seeds densely clothed with cottony
hairs ; cotyledons much folded, sprinkled with black dots.—Disrrre.
Throughout the tropics of the Old and New World; species few.

The synonymy of the forms of Gossypium is much complicated from
the fact that, owing to the readiness with which the plant admits of
hybridisation, many of the commercial cottons are hybrids. The re-
searches of Todaro have recently supplied important additions to our
knowledge of the cultivated cottons of the world, and much valuable
information, as to the history and cultivation of the Indian cottons, may
be obtained from Watt’s Dictionary of the Economic Products of India,
v. 4, pp. 1-174.

Flowers wholly yellow, or yellow with purple base ; invol. bracts

laciniate.
Cotton adherent to the seeds.
Seeds without underlying down.............00...00csesseeeeeees 1. G. Stocksit.
Seeds with underlying GOWN ...2s:.::00scc0rsssencesseseoeedeoe 2. G. herbacewm.
Cotton easily separable from the seeds ...............000seseeeees 3. G. barbadense.
Flowers wholly purple, or yellow with purple base ; invol. bracts
subentire or toothed, not laciniate.cs....c-.i2:eresssccsestssssescece 4. G. arboreum.

1. Gossypium Stocksii, Mast. in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 1 (1874)
p. 346. Shrubby, branching, often climbing. Leaves 1-22 in, in diam.,
orbicular, cordate, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes again more or less deeply
divided so as to make a 5-lobed leaf, mucronate, palmately nerved, more
or less tomentose and with black glandular dots ; petioles #1] in. long,

12

116 XXV. MALVACEA.

sprinkled with black dots: stipules 7 in. long, lanceolate. Pedicels
axillary, jointed, 1-flowered. Involucral bracts up to 1 in. long, oblong-
elliptic, not or scarcely cordate at base, palmately nerved, sprinkled like
the calyx with black dots, deeply laciniate; segments 8-12, linear-
lanceolate, with rounded sinuses. Calyx 55, in. long; lobes short,
triangular at base, very acute. Corolla J in. long, yellow with purple
base; petals toothed. Staminal-tube antheriferous all the way down;
anthers reniform. Capsules 3-5-valved; valves mucronate. Seeds
wedge-shaped, cottony; cotton yellowish, adherent and close appressed
to the seeds, giving them a silky appearance before being pulled out,
without underlying down. ‘Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 20; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 128; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. vy. 4, p. 39.
G. obtustfolium, Stocks, 469, in Herb. Kew.; Dalz. MS. in Herb. Kew. ;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 21. G. herbaceum, Todaro, Cult. Cot. p. 132.—Flowers :
Dec. Vurn. Hiragundi-kdpas.

This appears to be the only species in which the involucral bracts are
not distinctly cordate.

Sixp: Stocks, 469 (labelled G. obtusifolium) in Herb. Kew.!; Dalzell (similarly
labelled) in Herb. Kew.!; very abundant at Moach, near Karachi, Cooke!

Stocks (n. 469, Herb. Kew.) remarks that it is “ quite wild on limestone
Jills.” This has been interpreted to mean that the plant grows on rocks,
which is far from being the case. It is very abundant on an extensive
plain at Moach, near Karachi. The writer, some years ago, planted in
the small botanical garden attached to the College of Science at Poona,
seeds of G. Stocksii collected by him on this plain. The plants grew

luxuriantly, showing a strong tendency to become climbers, or at least
ramblers.

2. Gossypium herbaceum, Linn. Sp. P/. (1753) p. 693. Annual
or perennial; stems erect, more or less hairy. Leaves divided to the
middle, cordate, usually with a gland on the midrib beneath, 3-5- (some-
times 7-) lobed; lobes broadly ovate, acuminate, shortly mucronate,
more or less hairy; petioles twice as long as the pedicels; stipules
linear-lanceolate. Involucral bracts ovate obtuse, not gashed below the
middle, slightly connate below, the entire portion subrotund. Calyx
truncate or obsoletely crenulate, much shorter than the involucre.
Corolla yellow with purple base; petals obovate, cuneate. Capsules
ovoid-globose, mucronate ; cells 6—7-seeded. Seeds 6-7, ovoid, with
white cotton overlying a greyish firmly adherent down. FI. B. I. v. 1,
p- 846 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 8; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 20; Todaro,
Cult. Cot. p. 131, t. 4, figs. A, B, C, et t. 11, fig. 18; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 4, p. 25.

The species (. herbaceum proper, according to Todaro, does not occur
in India.

Var. 1. Wightianum. Shrubby ; stems erect, somewhat hairy.
Leaves, when young, clothed with short thick closely stellate hairs,
ovate-rotund, almost obsoletely cordate, 3-5- (rarely 7-) lobed; lobes
ovate-oblong, acute, constricted at the base into the rounded sinus,
which in the young leaves rises up as a fold; stipules on the pedicels
almost ovate, the others linear-lanceolate, acuminate. Pedicels erect in
flower, recurved in fruit, } the length of the petioles, Involucral bracts

XXV. MALVACHR. EV;

small, slightly united at the base, ovate, cordate, acute, shortly toothed.
Corolla yellow with purple base, becoming reddish on the outside after
maturity. Capsules small, ovoid, acute, 4-celled with 8 seeds in each
cell. Seeds small, ovoid, subrotund; velvet very short and firmly
adherent ; woo] white or whitish-red. G. Wightianum, Tod. Cult. Cot.
p. 141, t. 4, figs. 1-9, et t. 11, fig. 10; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 128; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 28.

Hinganghat cotton, ex Woodrow l.c. This, according to Todaro,
is the principal source of the Indian cotton.

The wild cotton from Badami in Woodrow’s list 1. ¢. appears to be a
wild condition of G. Wightianum, or a hybridised form with perhaps
G. neglectum.

Var. 2. religiosum, Mast. in Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 347. Perennial,
diffuse. Leaves hairy, 3-5-lobed; lobes triangular, acute; stipules
cordate, acuminate. Involucral bracts large, deeply laciniate. Corolla
uniformly yellow or yellowish-white. Capsules 4~5-celled, oblong,
much pointed. Seeds free, with firmly adherent tawny down; under-
lying cotton of the same color or white; cotton not easily separable
from the seeds. G. religiosum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. v. 3, p. 185; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 128; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4,
p. 16; not of Grah. Cat. p. 15; not of Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 8.

A vigorous shrub, thriving in moist sandy soil, ex Woodrow, l. c.

Yields the cotton known as Nankin or Khaki cotton. Its cultivation
has been periodically encouraged by Government officials, with a view to
obtain khaki-colored or nature-dyed cotton. Roxburgh was of opinion
that the plant came to India from China.

Var. 3. lirsutum, Mast. in Fl. B.I. v.1, p. 347. Shrubby; young
parts hairy. Leaves divided to the middle, 3-5-lobed ; lobes triangular.
Inyolucral bracts deeply laciniate, obtuse. Flowers wholly pale yellow
without purple base. Capsules ovoid, acute. Seeds free, clothed with
closely adherent green or grey down underlying long white wool.
G. harsutum, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, p. 975; Tod. Cult. Cot..p. 210; Parl.
Sp. Cot. p. 41, t. 5 (exclud. some syn.); K. Schum. in Engl. & Prantl,
Pilanzenf. v. 3, part 6, p. 51, fig. 23; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4,
p17. G. barbadense, var. Upland Georgian, Royle, Cot. in India, p. 148,
t. 3, fig. 4.

The deeply laciniate involucral bracts resemble those of G. barbadense,
of which R. Wight considers it to be a variety. The foliage, how-
ever, resembles that of G. herbacewm, while the cotton is adherent to
the seeds which are furnished with underlying down. It is not impro-
bable that it may be a hybrid.

Grown largely in the 8. M. Country, especially in the Dharwar Collectorate. The
cotton is known as Saw-ginned Dharwar, or Upland Georgian.

3. Gossypium barbadense, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 693. A
much-branched shrub reaching 5-8 ft. high, glabrous or the young parts
more or less pubescent. Leaves cordate, black-dotted, the midrib or the
two lateral nerves with a gland, deeply 3-5-lobed; lobes acuminate ;
petioles rather long, slender ; stipules linear-lanceolate. Pedicels short,
stout, often glandular at the top, axillary, solitary. Involucral bracts
very large, deeply laciniate. Corolla yellow with purple base. Capsules

118 XXV. MALVACER.,

3-5-celled, ovoid, acuminate. Seeds free or coherent, black, covered
with readily separable cotton, without any underlying down. FI. B.I.
y. 1, p.347; K. Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 6, p. 52,
fig. 24; Todaro, Cult. Cot. p. 284; Guerke, in Mart. Fl. Bras. v. 12,
part 3, p. 582; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 15.

Yields the American varieties known as Barbadoes, Bourbon and Sea
Island cottons. It was introduced into Bombay in the early part of the
present century, where it failed in Gujarat and all the Northern provinces
of the Presidency, but was successfully established in the Dharwar Col-
lectorate, though its yield per acre was not large. (Dalzell & Gibson,
Bombay Flora, Suppl. p. 8.)

Var. 1. brasiliense. A much-branched shrub. Leaves large, 3-7-
lobed with the sinuses rising up as a fold between the lobes. Involucral
bracts large, deeply laciniate. Corolla large, wholly yellow or yellow
with purple base. Capsules ovoid, acuminate, shorter than the involucre ;
cells 7—-9-seeded. Seeds firmly adhering together; cotton easily
separable from the seed, without any underlying down. G. brasiliense,
Macf. FI. Jamaica (1837) p. 72 “ chain cotton”; Tod. Cult. Cot. p. 265;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 128; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 4, p. 28. G@. acuminatum, Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 8. G. Vau-
pellit (?), Grah. Cat. p. 15. G. relagtosum (?), Grah. Cat. p. 15.

One of the varieties classed as kidney-cottons from the coherent seeds.
Pernambuco or Brazilian cotton, an introduction by the Portuguese from
Peru or Brazil. (Dalzell gd Gibson, 1. ¢.)

4. Gossypium arboreum, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 693. Arbor-
escent; branches purple, hairy. Leaves deeply palmately 5~—7-lobed,
with often an extra tooth in the sinus, coriaceous, subglabrous ; lobes
linear-oblong, contracted at the base, bristle-tipped; petioles villous,
longer than the pedicels, rigid ; stipules lanceolate. Pedicels axillary,
1-flowered, jointed above the middle. Involucral bracts cordate, ovate-
acute, subentire. Corolla small, purple; petals spreading. Staminal-
tube antheriferous for its whole length. Capsule about 1 in. long, oblong,
pointed. Seeds free, covered with white cotton not readily separable
from the seed, overlying dense greenish velvety down. Fl. B. I. vy. 1,
p. 347; K.Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 6, p. 52, fig. 25 ;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 128; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. vy. 4, p. 5. G. religiosum and G. vitifolium (?), Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl.
p. 8.—Vurn. Narma; Deva-kdpas.

In gardens and about temples; not grown as a field crop. The cotton, which is of
fine quality, is used in making the sacred thread, ‘“‘ Munj” ; hence the native name.

Var. 1. neglectum. Shrubby, size dependent on soil and cultivation.
Leaves 3-5-7-lobed ; lobes narrower than in G. arboreum, acute, rarely
bristle-tipped, hairy; extra tooth less distinct than in G. arborewm.
Inflorescence on short lateral branches, 2-4-flowered ; corolla yellow
with purple centre. Involucral bracts much larger than in G. arboreum,
with greatly elongate lateral ears, ovate, acute, toothed above. Capsules
pointed. Seeds with green velvet down below white cotton. G. neglectum,
Tod. Cult. Cot. p. 169; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p. 128 ; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 7.—Vurn. Deshi at Ahmednagar,
ex Woodrow l. e.

XXV. MALVACE®. 119

Cultivated in parts of the Deccan, but more extensively in Bengal, Central India,
Rajpootana and the N.W. Provinces, as a field crop. The cotton is known commer-
cially as “ Bengals.”

14. ADANSONIA, Linn.

Trees with a low trunk of great diameter. Leaves digitate ; leaflets
3-9; quite entire. Pedicels axillary, 1-flowered. Involucral bracts 2.
Flowers large, pendulous. Calyx ovoid or oblong, deeply 5-fid, silky-
villous within. Petals 5. Staminal-tube dividing above into numerous
longish 1-antheriferous filaments; anthers reuiform. Ovary 5—10-celled;
cells many-ovuled; style shortly divided at the apex into as many
spreading stigmatic branches as there are cells to the ovary. Fruit
oblong, woody ; cells packed with farmaceous pulp. Seeds reniform,
nesting in pulp; hilum lateral; testa thick ; albumen thin, membranous ;
embryo curved. Cotyledons much contortuplicate, enclosing a_ slightly
curved radicle.-—Disrris. Species 2, one of which is African, the other
Australian.

1. Adansonia digitata, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1190. Trunk of
great diameter at base, rapidly narrowing upwards. Leaves deciduous,
glabrous ; leaflets 2-5 in. long, obovate-oblong, acute or obtuse ; petioles
up to 6 in. long, villous ; petiolules 0-1 in. long. Pedicels reaching 8 in.
long, softly hairy. Calyx tawny-tomentose outside, grey silky-villous
within, divided below the middle; lobes 2 in. long, oblong-lanceolate.
Ovary densely villous ; style up to 4 in. long, lower part villous. Fl.
B. i y. 1, p. 348; Grah. Cat. p. 16; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl p. 9;
K.Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Pfanzenf. v. 3, part 6, p. 59, fig. 28;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 20; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p- 128; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 105.—Flowers: May—June.
The Baobab or Monkey-bread tree. Vurn. Gorak-amla; Gorak-
chinch.

The tree is not indigenous to India, but has been planted in a few
places in the Bombay Presidency. It is supposed to have been intro-
duced from Africa by Arabian traders. The fruit is used medicinally by
the natives, who esteem it cooling; the leaves are eaten with their food,
and are supposed to restrain excessive perspiration (Graham).

There are several trees on the so-called Island of Karanja in Bombay harbour,
and a tree, celebrated in Meadows Taylor’s romance of Tara, as the tree under which
executions used to be held when the Mahomedans were in power at Bijapur, still exists
at that place.—Drsrris. Endemic in tropical Africa,

15. BOMBAX, Linn.

Trees, often lofty. Leaves digitate; leaflets 3-9, subentire. Pedicels
axillary or subterminal, solitary or clustered, 1-flowered. Petals 5,
narrow or obovate, often pubescent. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate or
irregularly 2-5-lobed. Stamens indefinite, inserted at the base of the
calyx, adnate to the petals, united into 5 bundles opposite to the petals.
Ovary 5-celled ; cells many-ovuled ; style clavate, 5-gonous or shortly
5-fid. Capsule loculicidally 5-valved ; cells very densely woolly within.
Seeds obovoid or subglobose, polished or opaque; albumen thin ; coty-

120 XXV. MALVACER.

ledons much contortuplicate covering a straight radicle.—DisTRiB.
Chiefly tropical American ; species about 10.

Trunk prickly ; leaflets lanceolate ; filaments flattened ...... 1. B. malabaricum.
Trunk not prickly ; leaflets obovate ; filaments filiform ... 2. B. insigne.

1. Bombax malabaricum, DC. Prodr. v. 1 (1824) p. 479. A
tall deciduous tree, with straight buttressed trunk and wide-spreading
branches ; bark grey, covered with hard sharp conical prickles. Leaves
large; leaflets 3-7, entire, 3-7 in. long, glabrous, penninerved, reticu-
lately veined, lanceolate or oval, cuspidate, acute at the base; petioles 8 in.
long, glabrous; petiolules 3-1 in. long; stipules small, triangular,
caducous. Flowers numerous, near the ends of the branches, appearing
before the new leaves. Calyx thick, usually 3-lobed; lobes rounded,
densely silky within, glabrous without, coming away from the receptacle
with the stamens and corolla. Corolla bright red, tomentose on the
outside, sparingly pubescent within; petals elliptic-oblong, recurved,
with close parallel veins. Stamens more than 60, arranged in 5 bundles
of about 9-12 each, and an inner bundle of 15 of which the 5 inner-
most are longest; filaments flattened, slightly pubescent, rather more
than half as long as the petals, connate only at the base of the bundles.
Ovary conical, glabrous ; style a little longer than the stamens; stigmas 5,
linear, + in. long. Capsules 4-5 in. long, ovoid, downy, 5-valved, lined
within with white silky hairs. Seeds 3 in. long, numerous, ovoid,
packed in white cotton. FI. B.I. v. 1, p. 849; Grah. Cat. p. 16;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 128; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 1, p. 487. Salmalia malabarica, Schott. & Endl. Meletem.
p. 35; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 22.—Flowers: Feb.-Mar., when the tree is
bare of leaves. The Silk-cotton tree. Vurn. KAdte-Sdveri; Sdvar;
Sdur.

The cotton obtained from the capsules, though not well adapted for
spinning, is an excellent material for filling beds, cushions and pillows,
for which purpose it is extensively used in India and, under the name
of Simal, exported to Europe. A gum called Mocha-ras, employed in
native medicine, is also a product of the tree, while the inner bark affords
a fibre which can be used in the manufacture of cordage.—See Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. e.

Very common throughout the Presidency. Konkan: hilly parts, Graham; widely,
Woodrow. Deccan: Poona, Cooke! 8.M.Counrry: Law!

2. Bombax insigne, Wall. Pl. Asizt. Rar. v. 1 (1830) p. 71,
tt. 79, 80. A tree, leafless in the hot season ; trunk unarmed ; branch-
lets sometimes prickly. Leaves glabrous ; petioles longer than the
leaflets ; leaflets 7-9, glabrous, 5-6 in. long, obovate, shortly acuminate,
attenuate at the base; petiolules }-3 in. long. Pedicels 4 in. long,
solitary, scattered on the leafless branches, stout, jointed at top. Calyx
14 in. long, urceolate-globose, truncate or slightly 2-lobed, finally deeply
2-cleft, sometimes prickly outside, densely silky-hairy within. Corolla
showy, scarlet or white; petals 5 in. long, narrowed at the base,
stellately tomentose outside. Staminal-bundles consisting of 50 or more
unequal filiform filaments, about } the length of the corolla. Ovary
ovoid, tomentose (red, V'albot); stigma 5-lobed. Capsules oblong, woody,
7-10 in. long, obtusely 5-angular, glabrous. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 349;

ond

XXV. MALVACHEA. 120

Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 21; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p. 128.—Flowers : Feb.—Mar.

Appears to be var. Wighti of Prain in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. v. 62
(1893) p. 67.

Southern districts of the Presidency, not common. Kanara: Kaiga Ghat, Talbot ;

N. Kanara, in deciduous forests, Za/bot; below the fall on the Kala naddi, Litchie,
1629 !—Disrris, Burma and the Andaman Islands.

16. ERIODENDRON, DC.

Trees unarmed or with thorns. Leaves digitate; leaflets usually
entire. Pedicels 1-flowered, axillary, solitary or clustered. Involucral
bracts 0. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate or irregularly 3—5-lobed, persistent.
Flowers rosy or whitish ; petals 5, oblong, slightly connate at the base,
pubescent or woolly. Stamens in 5 bundles opposite the petals, connate
at base, each bearing 2-3 sinuous or linear anthers. Ovary 5-celled ;
cells many-ovuled ; style cylindric, dilated; stigma obscurely 5-lobed.
Capsule woody or coriaceous, oblong, dehiscent by 5 thin deciduous
valves, densely woolly within. Seeds obovoid or globose, numerous,
enveloped in copious silky cotton; testa crustaceous, polished ; albumen
thin ; cotyledons contortuplicate-—Distris. America, tropical Africa ;
species about 3.

1. Eriodendron anfractuosum, DC. Prodr. vy. 1 (1824) p. 479.
A tall tree ; trunk prickly when young ; branches horizontal, in whorls
of 3. Leaves glabrous ; petioles 4—6 in. long; leaflets 5-8, lanceolate,
2-5 in. long, cuspidate, entire, glaucous beneath; petiolules 55 in. long ;
stipules filiform, caducous. Pedicels 1-2 in. long, in clusters of 2-8.
Calyx 3—? in. long, glabrous outside, hairy at the base within, 5-lobed ;
lobes rounded or triangular, sometimes almost obsolete. Flowers 13-2 in.
in diam., dirty white, appearing with the young leaves at the ends of
the branches; petals twice the length of the calyx, woolly outside.
Ovary conical, glabrous. Capsules fusiform, blunt, lined with long
white silky hairs. Seeds j in. long or more, pyriform, glabrous, black,
enveloped in silky wool. FI. B.I. v.1, p. 350; Grah. Cat. p. 17; Dalz.
& Gibs. p. 22; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 161; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 21;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 129; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 3, p. 258.—Flowers: Jan. The White Silk-cotton tree. VERN.
Shameula ; Pdndhari-Sdvar.

The floss from the capsules is used for the same purposes as that of
Bombax malabaricum, but is of greater commercial value and is largely
imported into Europe, where it is known as Kapok. The tree is so rare
- in Bombay that it is not of economic importance in that Presidency.
Very rare in the Bombay Presidency. Duccan: wild in Khandesh, Graham ;

Khandesh, Dalzel/ § Gibson; Mawal (Poona districts), planted, Woodrow !—Disrris.
8. America, W. Indies, Ceylon.

Orpurn XXVI. STERCULIACE.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, usually with soft wood, the herbaceous parts
usually with stellate often mixed with simple hairs. Leaves alternate,
simple, lobed or digitate, usually stipulate. Inflorescence axillary (rarely
terminal), usually cymose. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or unisexual.

122 XXVI. STERCULIACHE®.

Sepals valvate, more or less combined into a calyx. Petals 5, hypo-
gynous, free or connate at the base or 0. Stamens various ; filaments
(a), united into a column or tube, divided at the apex into 5 teeth or
ligulate lobes (staminodes), alternating with the petals, and bearing, in the
spaces between the staminodes, solitary or 2-5-nate (rarely indefinite),
stalked or subsessile anthers ; or (4), staminodes 0, the column bearing
many anthers many-seriate from the middle to the top (Eriolena), or
l-seriate at the top of the cup; or (¢), the anthers adnate to the top of
the column and arranged in a ring or without order (Sterculia): or (d),
fertile stamens 5, almost if not entirely free and alternate with the sepals,
staminodes 0 or 5 opposite the sepals. Anthers 2-celled ; cells parallel
or diverging, rarely confluent at the top (/elicteres). Ovary free, 4-5-
(rarely 10-12-) celled or reduced toa single carpel; ovules 2-many
(rarely 1), in each cell attached to the inner angle, ascending or hori-
zontal, anatropous or amphitropous ; raphe ventral or lateral ; micropyle
inferior ; styles as many as the cells of the ovary, distinct or more or
less connate. Fruit dry, rarely baccate; carpels sometimes united into
a loculicidal or woody indehiscent capsule, sometimes dividing when
ripe into cocci, which are indehiscent or dehiscing by 2 valves or folli-
culately. Seeds not woolly, sometimes arillate ; albumen fleshy, thin,
or 0; embryo straight or curved; cotyledons foliaceous, flat, folded or
convolute, rarely fleshy; radicle short, pointing in different directions
in different species.—Disrris. Throughout the tropical regions of both
hemispheres and in 8. Africa and extratropical Australia; genera 41 ;
species more than 500.

Flowers unisexual or polygamous ; petals 0.
Ant hers LOOT MOLesies ce mecees dost taae sarc: poadeapeecanedenete 1. Srercunia.
AMEN OLS D2. cb seen seach athecassoasconcyanmacenberes: evans seeits 2. Hoririera.
Flowers hermaphrodite ; petals present.
Petals deciduous; andreecium columnar below, dilated
into a cup above; anthers on the margin of the cup,
usually alternating with staminodes,
Capsule membranous, inflated ..............:060008 3. Kunrnovia.
Capsule woody, not inflated.
Anther-cells divaricate ; seeds not winged. 4. Hericrurns.

Anther-cells parallel ; seeds winged......... 5. PrerosrerMum.
Petals deciduous; andrecium tubular, conical, antheri-
ferous for nearly its whole length; staminodes 0... 6. Ertoumna.

Petals persistent ; andreecium tubular, antheriferous at
the margin; anthers alternating with staminodes ...
Petals marcescent ; andreecium tubular at the base only ;
stamens 5, staminodes 0.
Ovary b-colled 5 sacs. co cese te ceen meek ake eee 8. Murocuta.
Ovary L-colled b,c cacevaziisssaecaaeswe sss eucterscesen 9. WavTHuria.

7. Mepnuanta.

~

1. STERCULIA, Linn.

Trees. Leaves undivided, lobed or digitate. Inflorescence paniculate
(rarely racemose), usually axillary. Flowers unisexual or polygamous.
Calyx 4—5-fid or partite, usually colored. Petals 0. Staminal-column
bearing at its apex 10-30 anthers arranged in a ring or without order.
Carpels of the ovary 5, subdistinct ; ovules 2—-many in each carpel ;
styles connate at the base; stigmas as many as the carpels, free,
radiating. Ripe carpels distinct, follicular, sessile or stalked, woody or
membranous. Seeds 1—many, naked or rarely winged, sometimes arillate ;

XXVI. STERCULIACE &. 123

albumen bipartite, adhering to the cotyledons ; cotyledons flat or slightly
undulate, thin or fleshy; radicle near to, or remote from the hilum.—
Disrris. Warmer regions of both hemispheres, especially in tropical
Asia ; species about 70.

Follicles coriaceous or woody ; seeds not winged.

ME NOR CLISREAL OR So aes cance tthe pied cRayandemausic as .cbsmetsedanteleets 1. S. fetida.
Leaves palmately lobed.
Follicles armed with sharp stinging hairs .........-e:scseeeeeeeee 2. S. wrens,
Follicles rusty villous, without stinging hairs ................4. 3. S. villosa.
Meavesrentime NOMLObeC. jceteserecece sneer asesee se cee se sarene sacar: 4, 8. guitata.
Follicles membranous, opening before maturity ; seeds few, not
BU AUSCC acne waters awccieetseieas seller aasunawesianta <umaidbwaas decd esis\elevawnkies 5. S. colorata.
Follicles very large, woody ; seeds many, with a corky wing ...... 6. 8S. alata.

1. Sterculia foetida, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1008. A large tree ;
bark whitish, flaking off ; branches whorled, horizontal. Leaves digitate,
crowded at the ends of the branches; leaflets 5—9, subsessile, 4-7 by
14-2 in., oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, tapering to the base,
pubescent when young, glabrous on both surfaces when mature; petioles
6-9 in. long, terete, grooved; stipules caducous. Flowers 1-13 in. in
diam., in erect racemose panicles 6-8 in. long, formed immediately
under the young leaves; pedicels #-1 in. long, jointed above the middle.
Calyx deeply divided; lobes linear-obiong, subacute, spreading, much
longer than the tube, slightly pubescent outside, woolly inside. Matn
FLOWERS: Staminal column 3 in. long, curved, hairy at the base, bearing
10-15 anthers. FrMay rLowers: Carpels 5, downy ; gynophore stout,
din. long. Staminodes subsessile, in a ring beneath the carpels. Styles
deflexed, hairy. Follicles 1-5 (commonly 3), 4-5 in. long, boat-shaped,
shortly beaked, thick and woody, bright red when ripe, nearly glabrous
without, quite glabrous within. Seeds numerous, ? in. long, ovoid-
oblong, the back with a small yellow caruncle on one side at the base.
Fl. B. I. y. 1, p. 354; Grah. Cat. p. 18; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 10;
Wight, Icon. tt. 181, 364; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 164; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. p. 22; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v.11 (1897) p.129; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 3, p. 362.—Flowers: Mar.-May. VERN.
Jangli-badam ; Pun.

Not common in a wild state; often planted. Konkan: Law!, Stocks!; Konkan
pee), Woodrow!; Bombay, Capt. Geburne!; Mahim and Girgaum Woods (Bombay),
Graham.

The flowers have a most offensive odor, The seeds are roasted and eaten, especially

in times of scarcity.—Disrrie. East tropical Africa, the Moluccas, North Australia,
Ceylon.

2. Sterculia urens, Mow). Cor. Pl. v. 1 (1795) p. 25, t. 24. A
large tree ; young parts more or less pubescent; trunk erect, straight ;
bark white, smooth, papery, the outer surface thin, peeling off, the inner
coat fibrous and netted. Leaves 8-12 in. in diam., crowded at the ends
of the branches, shallowly palmately lobed, glabrous or nearly so above,
velvety beneath; lobes 5, caudate-acuminate, base cordate; petioles
terete, 5-9 in. long, velvety-tomentose. Flowers yellow, numerous,
small, t-3 in. in diam., the hermaphrodite or female mixed with many
males, in much-branched glandular-pubescent terminal panicles appear-
ing before the leaves at the ends of the branches. Calyx campanulate,
hairy on both surfaces; lobes oblong, acute, about as long as the tube,
with a small hairy gland at the base of each lobe. MALE FLownRs :

124 XXVI. STERCULIACER,

Staminal-column short; filaments 10. Hermaprn. rnowsrs: Carpels
usually 5, on a short stout gynophore; style short, thick, hairy ;
stigmas 5. Stamens iv a ring round the carpels. Follicles 4-6, ovoid-
oblong, 1 in. long, densely pubescent, the pubescence mixed with
stinging hairs. Seeds 3-6, oblong, black. FI. B. I. v. 1, p.355; Roxb.
Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 50; Grah. Cat. p. 18; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 23; Trim.
Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 164; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 22; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 129; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 3,
p. 364.—Flowers: Dee—Feb. Vurn. Kandol; Karai; Pandruk.

Common throughout the Konkans. The bark of the tree is white
and when the leaves have fallen the tree has the appearance of being
dead and withered.

Konkan: Stocks!, Law!, Dalzell!; Bombay, Capt. Geburne!; Matheran Hill (not
reaching the summit), Cooke! Dxccan: Khandesh Satpudas, Talbot. Kanara: Kala
naddi, Ritchie, 73! S. M. Counrry: N. East of Belgaum, Mitchie! ; Castlerock,
Woodrow! Gusarat: Panech Mahals, Brandis!; Dangs, Woodrow, 11!—Disrrre.
Assam, Ceylon.

A gum called Katila, which has been used as an inferior substitute for tragacanth,
is obtained from the tree; the seeds are roasted and eaten by the poorer natives and

in some parts of India are ground and used asa kind of coffee. See Watt, Dict.
Keon. Prod. l. ec.

3. Sterculia villosa, Row). Hort. Beng. (1814) p.50. A tree with
light-colored bark; branches few, spreading. Leaves 10-18 in. in diam.,
palmately 5-7-lobed, glabrescent or thinly stellately hairy above, velvety
and with spreading hairs intermixed with the pubescence beneath, lobes
long-acuminate, base cordate ; petioles 6-15 in. long, pubescent, enlarged
and very downy near the top; stipules lanceolate, caducous. "lowers
pinkish, ? in. in diam., in much-branched rusty-pubescent terminal
panicles 12-14 in. long, males and females intermixed, the males much
the more numerous. Calyx campanulate, downy outside, divided to the
middle ; lobes oblong-lanceolate, acute, nerved. Mate FLownrs:
Staminal-column ;*; in. long, recurved; stamens 10. }’pMALE rLOWERS:
Ovary strigose with stellate hairs; gynophore ;'; in. long, stout, cylin-
dric ; style stout, hairy, deflexed. Staminodes on a ring beneath the
ovary. Follicles about 5, oblong, 13-2 in. long, spreading, rusty-
villous. Seeds oblong, smooth, black. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 355; Grah.
Cat. p. 18; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 22; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 22: Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 129; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6,
part 3, p. 8365.—Flowers: Dec.—Feb. Vern. Scardol.

From Gujarat southwards to N. Kanara. Konkan: Stocks!; near Goa, Dalzell! ;
8. Konkan, Graham; Vingorla, Dalzell § Gibson. Kanara: Dalzell § Gibson, Talbot ;
Kala naddi, Ritchie, 85! Gusarar: Gadhivi (Dangs), Woodrow.

A valuable fibre is obtained from the /iher which is made into ropes and bags

(Wat).

4, Sterculia guttata, Low). Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 50. A tall
tree ; trunk straight ; bark much cracked; young shoots clothed with
stellate down. Leaves 5-8 by 3-44 in., ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate,
glabrous above, stellately pubescent, prominently nerved and reticulately
veined beneath, base rounded or subcordate; petioles 1-2 in. long,
terete, stout, pubescent ; stipules ensiform, caducous. Flowers ¢ in.
across, yellow spotted with purple, generally arranged in fascicles of 3,
along the branches of short rusty-pubescent racemes, the pedicel of the

XXVI. STERCULIACE®. 125

central flower of each fascicle longer than the others ; bracts lanceolate,
beneath each flower, that beneath the central flower of each fascicle the
larger. Calyx campanulate, densely pubescent without, clothed with
stellate hairs within ; lobes oblong, subacute, about equalling the tube,
ultimately reflexed. Matm rrowers: Staminal-column slender, ex-
ceeding / in. long; anthers 10-12. Hermapuropirn rrowmrs: Ovary
globose, strigose with stellate hairs ; gynophore stout, round, } in. long;
style stout, deflexed. Follicles 1:5, obovoid, 3 in. long, deep orange-
colored, villous without, smooth and pink within, Seeds large, size of a
bean, oblong; testa long, brittle. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 355; Grah. Cat.
p- 17; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 23; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t..105 ; Trim. FI. Ceyl.
v. 1, p. 165; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 22; Woodr. in Joann, Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 129; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 3, p. 363.—
Flowers: Jan-Feb. Vurn. Kukar ; Golddr.

Throughout the forests of the Konkan and 8. Kanara; common on the Ghats.
Konkan: Dalzell!, Law!, Stocks!; Bombay, Capt. Geburne!; near Ratnagiri,
Woodrow!; W. Ghats, Cooke}, Woodrow! Kanara: 8. Kanara, Dalzell §& Gibson.

5. Sterculia colorata, Row). Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 50. A tree,
erowing to a great size; trunk erect; bark ash-colored ; branches
numerous, spreading. Leaves crowded at the ends of the branches,
broader than long, 4-8 by 5-9 in., deeply cordate at the base, glabrous or
the young leaves pubescent, variable in ae commonly 3-lobed ; lobes
triangular, acuminate ; main nerves 3-5; petioles 4-12 in. long; stipules
lanceolate. Flowers about 1 in. long, numerous, appearing before the
leaves, in short terminal panicles “densely clothed with orange-red
coral-like stellate tomentum. Calyx funnel-shaped ; tube very ‘long ; :
lobes 4 in. long, triangular, covered outside with orange-red stellate
tomentum, villous at the base inside. Staminal-column B12) i in. long,
ultimately exserted, bearing at its top about 30 sessile anthers,
Styles short, recurved. Follicles stalked, glabrous, membranous, 3 in.
long, opening before maturity; valves flat, leaf-like, elliptie- oblong,
veined. peceds usually 2, one adhering to each oe of the gaping
follicle, 3 in. long, ovoid, smooth, yellow. Bl, Be lov 1, pt 309 =) Grab:
Cat..p. 17; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 23; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 166; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. p. 22; Woodr. A Journ. Bomb. Nat. v.11 (1897) p. 129 ;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 3, p. 361.—Flowers: Mar.—April.
VERN. Kaushi.

Throughout the Konkan and Deccan forests. Konkan: Stocks!, Law!; Bombay,
Law!; W. Ghats, Woodrow; Elephanta Hill, Graham. Deccan: jungles in the
Decean, Dalzell § Gibson; Lanoli, Cooke!, Kanitkar! §S. M. Counrry: jungles
north of Belgaum, /itchie, 9389!—Disrris. Pegu, Ceylon.

6. Sterculia alata, Row). Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 50. A tall tree ;
trunk straight; bark smooth, ash-colored (not white); young parts
covered with dense golden stellate pubescence. Leaves crowded about
the ends of the branches, falling before the flowers appear, 4-10 by
3-7 in., ovate, cordate, acute or shortly acuminate, glabrous on both
surfaces, 3-7-nerved ; petioles 2-33 in. long, terete, subglabrous; sti-
pules minute, subulate. Flowers about 1 in. across, in subpanicled
few-flowered racemes from the old axils below the ‘leaves ; pedicels
short; bracts ensiform, caducous. Calyx campanulate, divided almost
to the base ; lobes 5 (rarely 6), valvate, thick and fleshy, linear-lanceo-

126 XXVI. STERCULIACE®.

late, coated without with dense ferruginous stellate down, striate
within with red and yellow veins. Mare rowers: Staminal-column
slender, three-fourths the length of the lobes of the calyx, bearing 5 or
6 very small sterile ovaries at its apex, round which are arranged 4-5
phalanges of subsessile stamens; pollen smooth, yellow. FEMALE or
HERMAPHRODITE FLOWDRS: Ovaries 5, sessile; ovules numerous; styles
very short, pilose, recurved; stigma 2-lobed. Staminodes or stamens
round the base of the ovary. Follicles 5, subglobose, about 5-in. in
diam., on stalks 12 in. long, hard and woody, clothed with mealy pubes-
cence without, corky within. Seeds about 40, oblong, compressed,
furnished with a corky oblong-obovate wing, which, with the seed, is
about 3 by 14 in.; cotyledons not separable from the mealy albumen ;
radicle small, close to the hilum. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 360; Dalz. & Gibs.
Suppl. p. 10; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 22 ; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 129; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 3, p. 360.
Sterculia Haynii, Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 230.

A very rare tree in the Bombay Presidency, the only locality from which it has
been reported being the foot of the Burboli Ghat in N. Kanara, where it has been

found by Talbot and Woodrow. It has been planted about Poona and Khandala.—
Disrrie. Chittagong, Pegu and the Andamans.

Sterculia populnifolia, Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 50 (erroneously
cited as S. populifolia in Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 62, in Fl. B. I. v. 1,
p. 361, and in Woodrow’s list Journ. Bomb, Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 129),
is not indigenous. It has been planted in the old botanic garden at
Hewra (fide Woodrow, 1. ¢.).

Sterculia campanulata, Wall., a native of Pegu and Java, has also
been planted as an ornamental tree. A tree may be found in the
grounds of the hotel at Khandala (fide Woodrow, 1. c.).

2, HERITIERA, Ait.

Trees. Leaves simple, coriaceous, scaly beneath, penninerved. Flowers
small, unisexual, in axillary panicles. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-fid. Petals 0.
Staminal-column slender, bearing, in a ring beneath the apex 5 adnate
anthers with parallel cells. Carpels of the ovary 5, subdistinct; ovule 1
in each carpel ; style short ; stigmas 5,thick. Ripe carpels woody, inde-
hiscent, keeled or winged on the back. Seeds exalbnminous; cotyledons
thick ; radicle next the hilam.—Dzisrris. Tropical Asia, Africa and
Australia, near the coast ; species 4-5.

1. Heritiera litoralis, Dryand. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 1, v. 3 (1789)
p- 546. <A tree, attaining a considerable size; bark longitudinally
furrowed; young parts scaly. Leaves 5-8 by 2-4 in., elliptic-oblong,
acute or obtuse, glabrous above, entirely covered beneath with minute
silvery scales, base rounded or acute; petioles ? in. long; stipules small,
setaceous, caducous. Flowers small, the females rather larger than the
males, in tomentose much-branched drooping axillary panicles in the
upper axils shorter than the leaves. Calyx campanulate, 4—6-toothed,
clothed on both surfaces with orange-yellow, stellate pubescence ; teeth
short, ovate, acute. Stamiual-column shorter than the calyx; anthers 5,
sessile. Carpels of the ovary glabrous; style tapering, much shorter
than the calyx. Ripe carpels 1-8, spreading horizontally, 1-3 in. long,
broadly ovoid, thick and woody, smooth or tubercled, the dorsal margin

XXVI. STERCULIACE &. 2

with a broad keel or wing. Seeds lin. long. The fruit remains on
the tree for a considerable time. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 863; Grah. Cat.
p- 18; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 22; Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. Ixxv,
foi, ie. G: Tam. F). Ceyl: v. 1, p. 167; K. Schumjan Engl. &
Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 8, part 6, p. 99, fig. 51; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 22;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 223.—Flowers: July—Oct. Vurn.
Sundri.

The Looking-glass plant. Rare in the Bombay Presidency. Found along the
banks of the Kala naddi and near the coast of N. Kanara and at Karwar, but nowhere
abundant (Zadbot). Nimmo (ex Graham, |. ¢.) gives its habitat as 8. Konkan, but
Dalzell § Gibson (Bombay Flora, p. 22) have failed to find it there.—Dusrris.
Tropics of the Old World, near the coast.

3. KLEINHOVIA, Linn.

A tree. Leaves quite entire, 3—7-nerved. Flowers in large terminal
panicles ; bracts small or remote from the calyx. Sepals 5, at length
free, deciduous. Petals unequal, the upper with longer claws, margins
involute. Staminal-column elongate, adnate to the gynophore, dilated
above into a 5-fid bell-shaped cup, the divisions each with 38 anthers,
and alternate teeth without anthers; anthers shortly stalked, cells
divaricate, distinct. Ovary inserted within the dilated apex of the
staminal-column, 5-lobed, 5-celled ; ovules 3-4 in each cell; style
slender, at length divided. Capsule membranous, inflated, turbinately
5-lobed, loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, globose, naked,
tubercled, exalbuminous ; cotyledons spirally twisted ; radicle next the
hilum.—Disrris. One species, Asiatic.

1. Kleinhovia Hospita, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2 (1763) p. 1865. A
middle-sized tree ; young shoots and panicles tomentose. Leaves 4-6
by 3-5 in., broadly ovate or suborbicular, cordate, acuminate, palmately
3-5-nerved, glabrous on both surfaces; petioles 1—4 in. long, terete ;
stipules linear, j in. long. Flowers rosy, in large terminal panicles;
pedicels jointed about the middle. Sepals 2 in. long, linear, acute,
pubescent outside. Petals 5, unequal, shorter than the sepals. Capsules
membranous, inflated. Seeds usually 1 in each cell, roundish, tubercled.
Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 364; Grah. Cat. p. 18; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 23, and Suppl.
p- 10; K. Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 6, p. 93,
fig. 48, B-D; Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. xxxiii, t. 4, tig. 4;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 22; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p- 129; Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. v. 1, p. 226; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4,
p. 566.—Flowers: July-Aug.

A handsome tree, planted throughout the Presidency, said by Nimmo (ex Graham,
1. c.) to be found in the 8. Konkan. It is probable that an introduced, not an indi-
genous, plant is referred to. Leddome (1. c.) states that it has never been seen by him
in any of the southern forests, and Zadbot does not mention it as growing in the

S. Konkan or Kanara, Several trees may be seen growing in the botanical garden of
the College of Science at Poona.—Drstris., Malaya, East tropical Africa.

4, HELICTERES, Linn.

Trees or shrubs, more or less stellately pubescent. Leaves entire or
serrate. Flowers axillary, solitary or fascicled, Calyx tubular, 5-fid at

128 XXVI. STERCULIACER.

the apex; lobes often unequal. Petals 5, equal, or somewhat 2-lipped,
with long claws which sometimes have ear-shaped appendages. Staminal-
_ column elongate, adnate to the gynophore, 5-toothed or 5-lobed at the
apex; anthers in groups at the top of the column between its teeth ;
cells divergent, sometimes confluent. Ovary at the top of the column,
5-lobed, 5-celled ; ovules many in each cell; styles 5, subulate, more or
less united, slightly thickened and stigmatose at the tips. Follicles
spirally twisted or straight. Seeds tubercled ; albumen scanty ; coty-
ledons leafy, folded round the radicle which is next the hilum.—DrstR1p.
Warmer regions of both hemispheres, chiefly America ; species about 30.

1. Helicteres Isora, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 963. A shrub or
small tree ; young shoots clothed with stellate hairs. Leaves bifarious,
3-5 by 2-4 in., oblong, obovate or roundish, cordate, suddenly and
shortly acuminate, closely dotted on both surfaces with stellate hairs,
more or less irregularly crenate-serrate ; petioles +3 in. long; stipules
subulate, 1 in. long. Flowers 1-13 in. long, distinctly bilabiate, in
axillary clusters of 2-6 together ; pedicels very short, stellately tomen-
tose ; bracts small, subulate, hairy. Calyx tubular, ? in. long, somewhat
2-lipped, stellately pubescent without, curved, laterally compressed,
mouth wide; teeth triangular, unequal. Petals red at first, fading to
lead-color, very unequal, closely reflexed on the calyx, separate but with
the claws closely hooked together. Staminal-column fused with the
gynophore, much exserted, suddenly deflexed ; anthers 10, in a ring
round the ovary. Ovary conical, on a curved gynophore 13 in. long ;
style as long as the ovary, deflexed. Follicles 5, beaked, 2-23 in. long,
linear, twisted together into the form of a screw, stellately tomentose.
Seeds numerous, angular; testa loose, wrinkled. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 365;
Grah. Cat. p.16 ; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 22 ; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 168 ; Pierre,
Fl. For. Cochinch. t. 208, 8; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 23; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 129; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4,
p. 212.—Flowers: July—Dec. Varn. Murudseng ; Kewan.

Abundant in hilly jungles throughout the Presidency. Konkan: Law!; Salsette,
Jacquem., 941!; Koina valley, Cooke!, Woodrow! Deccan: hilly parts, Dalzell §
Gibson. Gusarat: widely, Woodrow. Kanara: abundant in hilly jungles, Zadbot.
S.M. Country: Belgaum Ghats, /i/ehiec, 69!; Londa, Cooke!, Woodrow! ; Castlerock,

ooke !
' re strong fibre has been extracted from the bark and the follicles have been employed
medicinally among the natives, but are of doubtful therapeutic value.

5, PTEROSPERMUM,, Schreb.

Trees or shrubs, scaly or stellately tomentose. Leaves coriaceous,
often oblique, entire or more or less angled or toothed above, penni-
nerved. Peduncles axillary, short, 1- or few-flowered. Flowers often
very long; bracts usually 3, entire, laciniate, or 0. Calyx tubular, 5-fid
or 5-partite, deciduous. Petals 5, obovate, oblong or linear, deciduous.
Staminal-column adnate to the gynophore, bearing 15 fertile stamens
and 5 staminodes, the fertile stamens in groups of 3 between the
staminodes ; anthers stipitate, linear, erect, cells parallel. Ovary
inserted within the apex of the column, 5-celled ; ovules many in each
cell; style entire; stigma 5-furrowed. Capsule woody or coriaceous,
ovoid or oblong, terete or angled, loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds ascend-
ing, produced above into a wing; albumen thin or 0; cotyledons

XXVI. SPERCULIACE#. 129

corrugated or folded ; radicle inferior—Dristris. Tropical Asia ;
species 15.

Leaves deeply cordate and subpeltate................:1:eeeeeee 2. P. acerifoliwi.
Leaves not or slightly oblique at the base ....................06+5 4. P. Heyneanwin,
Leaves distinctly oblique at the base.
imval. bractsventires Di Or tri-lid. sc.c.cccdcesececc--ccce st eees. 1. P. suberifolium.
InvOlN bracts pMNAtSeCh eevcescsn.ncachercasecast-cecaess-nea-s-- 3. P. reticulatum.

1. Pterospermum suberifolium, Zam. Tab. Encyc. et Meéthod.
v. 3 (1823) p. 136, t. 576. A small tree; young parts covered with a
light-buff stellate tomentum. Leaves distichous, 23-4 by 1j{—1# in.,
oblong or obvate-oblong, acuminate, often irregularly angled towards the
apex, glabrous above, clothed with a cream-colored tomentum beneath,
oblique and rounded at the base ; petioles + in. long, tomentose ; stipules
small, caducous. Flowers fragrant, white, 14-2 in. across, axillary ;
buds oblong, prominently 5-ribbed; pedicels thick, jointed, tomentose ;
involueral bracts 3, a little distant from the flower, entire, bi- or tri-fid,
caducous. Calyx divided to the base; sepals linear, subacute, reflexed,
stellately tomentose outside, hairy within. Petals slightly shorter than
the sepals, lanceolate-oblong, distantly spangled with stellate hairs on
the outside when young. Stamens connate into a short tube at the
base; anthers linear. Ovary densely silky-villous; ovules 4 in each
cell. Capsules 14-22 in. long, ovoid-oblong, tapering at both ends,
covered with fine white tomentum. Seeds with a broad terminal wing,
twice as lone as the seed. Fl. B. Lv. 1, p. 8367; Grah. Cat. p. 19;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 24; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 23; Woodr.in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 129; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p.362.—
Flowers: Dec. Vern. Muchakund.

In the forests of S. Konkan and Kanara; planted in many places. Konkan:
Dalzell §& Gibson, Graham, Talbot. Dxccan: planted in the old Botanic Garden
Kirkee, Woodrow! ; Dapudi, near Poona, Woodrow! Kanara: S. Ghats of N. Kanara,
Talbot ; N. Kanara, Woodrow.

2. Pterospermum acerifolium, /Vil/d. Sp. Pl. v. 3 (1800) p. 729.
A large tree; bark smooth, ash-colored; young parts clothed with
floceose pubescence. Leaves variable in shape and size, 10-14 by
6-12 in., orbicular or oblong, entire or variously lobed, cordate and
sometimes peltate, at length glabrous above, clothed beneath with
whitish floccose tomentum ; petioles 4-12 in. long, terete, tomentose ;
stipules multifid, caducous. Flowers fragrant, white, axillary, solitary
or in pairs; involucral bracts multifid, caducous. Sepals up to 4 in.
long, linear-oblong, obtuse, densely tomentose outside, villous in a broad
line within. Petals linear-oblong, somewhat obliquely cuneate, slightly
shorter than the sepals. Staminodes club-shaped. Ovary oblong,
5-angled, 5-celled; ovules 12-20 in each cell. Capsules 4-6 in. long,
oblong, 5-angled, clothed outside with furfuraceous pubescence. Seeds
obliquely ovoid, compressed ; wing large, thin. The ripe fruit remains
for a long time on the tree. FI. B. L. v. 1, p. 368; Grah. Cat. p. 20;
Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. xxxv; K. Schum. in Engl. & Prantl,
Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 6, p. 93, fig. 48, H; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 23;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 129; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 6, part 1,-p. 862,—Flowers: Dec.-Mar. Vurn. Karnikdr.

K

130 XXVI. STERCULIACEZ.

The tree is extensively planted, but a doubtful native. Stocks! gives the Konkan
as its habitat, and Woodrow and Talbot report that it is abundant on the Deviman
Ghat in N. Kanara. Graham mentions it as growing in a garden in Kolaba and in
the Girgaum woods, Bombay. Beddome (/. c.) says that the tree has only been seen
by him in gardens.—Disrris, Chittagong, Birma.

3. Pterospermum reticulatum, Wight ¢ Arn. Prodr. p. 69. A
middling-sized tree. Leaves 33-6 by 2-3 in., cuneate-oblong, acuminate,
often cut at the apex into several acute lobes or céarse teeth, oblique
and subcordate at the base, the underside covered with a cream-colored
mealy tomentum dotted with darker minute stellate hairs, glabrous
above: nerves and veins prominent beneath and covered with buff
stellate tomentum ; petioles 1-3 in. long. Flowers 1-3, in the upper
axils, 1j-1? in. across; involucral bracts pinnatisect, a little distant
from the flowers, stellately tomentose, segments filiform. Calyx rusty-
pubescent outside, villous within; sepals linear-oblong, subobtuse.
Petals obovate-oblong, spreading. Staminodes filiform. Ovary hairy ;
ovules about 6 in each cell. Capsules up to 34 in. long, ovoid, contracted
at the base, stellately pubescent. Seeds 4 in each cell, prominently
veined, dark brown; wing papery, oblique, faleate. The ripe fruit
remains for a long time on the tree. FI]. B. I. v. 1, p. 369; Bedd. For.
Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. xxxiv; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 23; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 129. Pterospermum Lawianum,
Nimmo, in Grah. Cat. p. 246; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 24.—Flowers: Dec.—
Feb.

Western Ghats, rare ; planted in Poona (Woodrow). Kanara: Falls of Gairsoppa
(rare), Talbot!; Deviman Ghat, Talbot!

4. Pterospermum Heyneanum, Wall. Cat. (1828) 1169. A
middle-sized tree; young shoots covered with ferruginous stellate
pubescence. Leaves 4-6 by 2-3 in., oblong, acuminate, more or less
angled or toothed towards the apex, rounded or subcordate, not or but
slightly oblique at the base, glabrous above, grey-pubescent beneath ;
nerves and veins prominent, clothed with ferruginous pubescence ;
petioles 3-2 in. long, rufous-pubescent, attached a little within the
margin ; stipules ensiform, 3 in. long. Flowers up to 34 in. across,
white, fragrant ; involucral bracts imbricate, subpersistent, foliaceous,
broadly ovate, deeply and variously gashed, the segments triangular,
acute. Sepals up to 2 in. long, rufous-pubescent on the outside, villous
within. Petals obovate, spreading. Capsules 2 in. long, narrowed at
both ends. Seeds 8-10 in each cell ; wing as in the preceding species.
Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 369; Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. xxxiv ; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. p. 23; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 129.
— Flowers : Dec.—Feb.

I have seen no specimens of this tree from Bombay. ‘The specimens in Herb, Kew.
marked P. Heyneanum by Stocks and Dalzell are all referable to P. reticulatum. The
leaves of P. Heyneanuwm are much less oblique at the base than those of P. reticulatum
while its stipules and flowers are larger. The involucral bracts of P. retieulatum

are pinnatisect with filiform segments, those of P. Heyneanum foliaceous, variously
cut and gashed. The capsules of P. Heyneanwm contain 8-10, those of P. reticulatum

4 seeds,
6. BRIOLZENA, DC.

Trees. Leaves cordate, crenate or serrate, stellately pubescent or
tomentose beneath. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered. Flowers rather

XXVI. STERCULIACE2. 131

large; bracts multisect, laciniate or small and caducous. Calyx 5-fid,
or at length 5-partite. Petals 5, deciduous, with dilated tomentose
claws; blade flat, glabrous. Staminal-column bearing outside many-
seriate, 1-antheriferous filaments up to the apex; anthers erect, oblong-
linear, cells parallel ; pollen globose, muricate. Staminodes 0. Ovary
sessile, 5—10-celled; ovules many in each cell; style stigmatose at the
apex, stellately 5-10-lobed. Capsule woody, dehiscing loculicidally.
Seeds ascending, produced above into a wing ; albumen thin; cotyledons
folded or contortuplicate ; radicle next the hilum.—Drsrrre. Species
about 7, all Indian.

Involueral bracts multisect.

Peduneles few-flowered ..........ssceseeeeeers Sednemeniestentae 1. H. Stocksiz.
Peduneles many-flowered.
Sepals lanceolate ; style pubescent...............seceeeees 2. E. Hookeriana.
Sepals linear-oblong; style glabrous.................0+5. 3. LE. Candollei.
Involucral bracts entire or toothed, not multisect ......... 4, HE. quinquelocularis.

1. Eriolzena Stocksii, Hook. f. § Thoms. in Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 370.
A tree or shrub (?); bark purplish; young parts stellately pubescent.
Leaves 3-5 by 23-4 in., deeply cordate, orbicular, shortly and bluntly
acuminate, irregularly crenate, 5—7-nerved, dotted above with stellate
hairs, finely pubescent beneath ; petioles 2-3 in. long, terete, clothed
with dense, stellate pubescence ; stipules linear-falcate, caducous.
Flowers 14-2 in. across, near the top of a long peduncle, in few-
flowered lax axillary racemose cymes; peduncles reaching 6 in. long,
stellately pubescent ; pedicels 3 in. long, grooved, pubescent ; involucral
bracts multisect, segments very numerous, linear or filiform, clothed
with dense stellate pubescence so as to appear mossy. Sepals lanceolate,
cuspidate, stellately pubescent outside, villous within, glandular at the
base inside. Petals obovate, cuneate. Ovary 8—10-lobed, pubescent ;
style stout, long, pubescent. Fruit not seen. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 370;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 24; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)

- 129.
4 Scarcely if at all distinct from H. Hookeriana, the next species. There
are two good specimens of #. Stocksii in Herb. Kew. ticketed “ Konkan,
Stocks,” but as there is no fruit on either, it is impossible to say
whether the species should be maintained as separate or united with
EL, Hookeriana.

Koyxan: fide Stocks!

2. Eriolena Hookeriana, Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 70. A small
tree. Leaves 4-5 in., as broad as long, roundish, cordate, acuminate,
irregularly crenate-dentate, dotted with small tufts of stellate hairs
above, finely pubescent beneath ; nerves prominent on the underside ;
petioles 1-23 in. long. Peduneles axillary, 3-6 in. long, stellately
pubescent when young, afterwards glabrous. Fiowers 14-2 in. across,
in many-flowered cymes towards the extremities of the branches; invo-
lucral bracts shorter than the calyx, multisect, the segments linear,
Sepals linear-lanceolate, pubescent outside, stellately-hairy and glandular
at the base within. Petals obovate, claw densely pubescent within.
Style pubescent ; stigma 8-10-lobed. Capsules ovoid-oblong pointed,
10-valved, valves pubescent. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 370; Grah. Cat. p. 20;

K2

132 XXVI. STERCULIACE®,

Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. xxxv, t. 5, fig. 2; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
p. 24; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. vy. 3, p. 265.—Flowers: Mar.-April.
Vern. Bute; Bother.

Along the Southern Ghats, not common. ‘The Konkans and the dry forests of the
Satpudas, Talbot.

3. Eriolzena Candollei, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. y. 1 (1830) p. 51, t. 64.
A tree ; bark grey ; young parts stellate-hairy. Leaves 5-7 by 3-5 in.,
broadly ovate, cordate, acute or acuminate, glabrous or with a few
stellate hairs above, grey-tomentose beneath, crenate or crenate-dentate ;
petioles 13-24 in. long. Flowers 13 in. across, in corymbose cymes at
the extremities of long peduncles, yellow, showy ; involucral bracts
subpinnatifid, pubescent. Sepals linear-oblong, acute, pubescent on both
surfaces. Petals oblong, the apex notched; claw thick, villous. Stigma
8-10-lobed ; lobes revolute. Capsules 2 in. long, woody, ovoid, acute,
beaked, 10-valved, the valves usually villous at the inner margins.
Seeds numerous, imbricate. Fl. B. I. v.1, p.370; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 24;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 24; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897)
p- 129; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 265.—Flowers: Mar.—May.
Vern. Bothi; Hadang.

Konkan: Stocks!, Dalzell!, Talbot. S. M. Country: Belgaum, Talbot ; Ramghat,
Dalzell, Talbot. KANARA: deciduous forests of N. Kanara, 7a/bot.—Disrris. Birma.

4, Eriolzna quinquelocularis, Wight, Icon. t. 882* (1847).
A small tree. Leaves up to 5 by 6 in., orbicular, cordate, acuminate,
coarsely crenate-serrate, dotted with small tufts of stellate hairs above,
softly tomentose beneath ; petioles 2-5 in. long, tomentose when young,
becoming at length nearly glabrous. Flowers about 2 in. across, in
peduncled, few- (usually 1-3-) flowered cymes near the ends of the
branches ; involucral bracts a little distant from the flower, minute,
entire or with toothed margins, very caducous. Sepals linear-oblong,
acute, 1 in. long, pubescent on both surfaces, glandular at the base
inside. Petals obovate-oblong, equalling the sepals ; claw broad, thick,
densely pubescent, deflexed between the sepals. Ovary pubescent ;
style long, the lower portion hairy ; stigma 5-lobed, the lobes revolute.
Capsules woody, 1} in. long, pointed, 5-celled, 5—10-valved; valves
tubercled, more or less pubescent, usually silky-villous at the inner
angle. Seeds numerous, imbricate ; wing papery, falcately curved.

In Wight’s figure (Icones, t. 882) the artist has made it appear that
the petals are outside the calyx. The claw of the petal is in appearance
like the sepals and is deflexed between them. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 371;
Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. xxxv, t. 5, fig. 2; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. p. 24; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 129;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. vy. 3, p. 265. Hriolena Hookeriana (?), Grah.
Cat. p. 20.—Flowers: July. Vern. Badjari-dhdman ; Bothi.

Konkan: Law!, Stocks,!; Bombay, Captain Geburne!; Forests of the Konkan,

Talbot. Duccan: Khandala, Woodrow!; Purandhar, Poona Districts, Woodrow !
S. M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie, 72!

* Wight, Icon. v. 3, p. 7, describes the plant under Microchlena, but states that
the genus ought to have been united with Lriochlena (now Eriolena), from which (he
remarks) it does not differ in any essential point. In the Index to the Icones, page 86,
he cites his Plate 882, as representing Hriochlena,

XXVI. STERCULIACH ”®. 133

7. MELHANIA, Forsk.

Herbs or undershrubs, softly tomentose. Leaves simple, ovate or
cordate, crenate or serrate. Peduncles axillary, 1-few-flowered. Flowers
yellow ; bracts cordate or narrow, often longer than the calyx. Calyx
5-partite. Petals 5, withering round the ovary. Stamens 10, of which
5 are sterile, connate below into a short cup, the staminodes ligulate
wlternating with the perfect stamens; anther-cells parallel. Ovary
sessile, 5-celled ; ovules 1—-many in each cell; style short, rarely long :
branches 5, subulate, spreading, stigmatose on the inside. Capsule
loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds albuminous ; cotyledons plicate, 2-partite :
radicle inferior.—Disrris. Africa, the warmer parts of Asia and tropical |
Australia; species 16.

Cymes axillary ; invol. bracts linear.

ipetalsdloupen than! the sepals)... -acscsosssos.cssespite qcomt-aeaerines lL. MW. tneana.

Petals shorter than the sepals.........0.ss.<--ccseccsnesseeneasonens 2. M. abyssinica.
Cymes) terminal; invol. bracts Ovate ..........4.....sm.--s0s-ersa0ee- 3. M. tomentosa.
Cymes axillary; invol. bracts reniform, greatly enlarged in

EE nee oo, acs stead rcaesuecteace aks arsoadenevucurs suas aboayervteeacss 4. M. Denhamii.

1. Melhania incana, Heyine, in Wall. Cut. (1828) 1200. An
undershrub, 4-15 in. high ; branches terete, slender, the young ones
stellately tomentose. Leaves 1—21 by 3-3 in., oblong, obtuse, rounded
at the base, serrulate or subentire, glabrous above, more or less tomen-
tose beneath, 3-nerved from the base; petioles 4—? in. long; stipules
; in. long, filiform. Flowers axillary ; peduncles longer or shorter than
the petiole, 1-4-flowered; pedicels short; involucral bracts 3, linear-
oblong, a little shorter than the sepals, tomentose. Sepals lanceolate,
acuminate, tomentose. Petals obovate, longer than the sepals. Capsules
hairy, globose, shorter than the sepals. Seeds angled, tuberculate.
Bi. B. 1. v. 1, p. 372; Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 68.

Rare. Specimens have been found at Badami in the 8. Maratha Country, not
elsewhere as far as is at present known.

2. Melhania abyssinica, 4. ltich. Vent. Fl. Abyss. (1847) y. 1,
p. 76. A low much-branched undershrub; branches terete, cano-
tomentose. Leaves 1 by } in., elliptic, obtuse, doubly serrate or some-
times sublobate, pubescent above, cano-tomentose beneath; petioles
pubescent, j-3 in. long; stipules { in. long, subulate, stellately hairy.
Flowers } in. across, axillary, solitary ; pedicels 3 in. long; involucral
bracts linear, shorter than the sepals. Sepals lanceolate, acute, pubes-
cent. Petals obovate, shorter than the sepals. Stigma subsessile.
Capsules ovoid, silky-villous, a little longer than the sepals. FI. B. I.
v. 1, p. 372; Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. v. 1, p. 231. Melhania ovata, Boiss.
Fl. Orient. v. 1, p. 841, eael. syn.

Sinp: Stocks!

T have seen but a single specimen which was collected by S¢ocks! in Sind.—Disrris.
Abyssinia, Cape de Verde Islands.

3. Melhania tomentosa, Stocks, cv Mast. in Hook. f. Fl. B. I.
v. 1, p. 373. A cano-tomentose branched shrub. Leaves 1-2 by
7-1j in., ovate-oblong, acute, crenate-serrate, cano-tomentose on the
underside, more or less pubescent above, rounded or subcordate at the

base; petioles 4-3 in. long, tomentose ; stipules subulate, pubescent.

134. XXVI. STERCULIACES.

Flowers in terminal 2-3-flowered peduncled cymes; pedicels j-4 in.
long, softly pubescent ; involucral bracts } in. long, ovate, acuminate,
tomentose, shorter than the sepals. Sepals ?in. long, narrow-lanceolate,
cuspidate, tomentose. Petals exceeding the sepals. Capsules subglobose,

silky-villous, shorter than the sepals. Seeds angled, muriculate.
GusARAT: near Deesa, Stocks! Sinp: Dalzell!, Cooke!, Woodrow!

4, Melhania Denhamii, 2. Br. in Denh. § Clapp. Trav. (1826)
App. p. 232. A small shrub; young parts hoary-pubescent. Leaves
3-14 by 1-7 in., elliptic, stellately hairy above, hoary-pubescent beneath,
crenate-serrate, apiculate, 5-nerved at the base; petioles 4-3? in. long;
stipules 8; in., subulate, hairy. Flowers in axillary peduncled race-
mose cymes; pedicels very short ; involucral bracts greatly enlarged, up
to 2 in. broad in fruit, reniform, broader than long, membranous, veined,
apiculate, completely enclosing the capsule. Sepals ovate-lanceolate,
pubescent. Petals about equalling the sepals, yellow. Style as long as
the ovary. Capsules globose, densely pubescent, the size of a pea. Seeds
smooth, angled. Melhania Denhami, Masters, in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr.
v. 1, p. 230; Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 378; K. Schum. in Engl. & Prantl,
Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 6, p. 77, fig. 40, @, 1; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 129. Melhania bracteosa, Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 1,
p- 841.—Flowers: Nov.—Dee.

Sinp: Stocks!, Cooke!; hills near Karachi, Strachan!—Distris. Beluchistan,
tropical Africa and Arabia.

8. MELOCHIA, Linn.

Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees, stellately pubescent, the stellate mixed
with simple hairs. Leaves usually serrate. Flowers usually small,
clustered or panicled. Calyx 5-fid or 5-toothed, campanulate or inflated.
Petals 5, spathulate or oblong, marcescent. Stamens 5, opposite the
petals, connate at the base or beyond the middle ; staminodes 0, or
(rarely) minute and dentiform ; anther-cells parallel. Ovary sessile or
shortly stalked, 5-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell; styles 5, free or united
at the base, stigmatose and usually thickened above. Capsule loculi-
cidally 5-valved. Seeds ascending, more or less albuminous ; embryo
straight ; cotyledons flat; radicle next the hilum.—Distris. Warmer
regions of both hemispheres ; species about 50.

AY branched Herb. jotivcstacts.-sssseusacedsecuscaecnseticesepacaneste ames 1. M. corchorifolia.
ASIA EPEC troy pederheesinscaceccess cote peueeardetieveccmrasteemenesre es 2. M. velutina.

1. Melochia corchorifolia, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 675. An
erect branched herb; stems and branches nearly glabrous. Leaves very
variable in size and shape, 1-3 by 4-13 in., ovate-oblong, acute, serrate,
sometimes obscurely lobed, glabrous on both surfaces or with a few
scattered stellate hairs, base acute, rounded or truncate ; petioles
81 in. long, slender; stipules lanceolate, 3 in. long, ciliate. lowers
small, pink, subsessile, densely crowded in terminal clusters ; involucral
bracts lanceolate-subulate, hairy. Sepals lanceolate, ciliate, } in. long.
Petals } in. long, thin, oblong-cuneate, truncate. Capsules depressed-
globose; valves sparingly hairy. Seeds angular, mottled black and grey.
Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 374; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 170; Woodr. in Journ.

XXVI. STERCULIACE®. 135

Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 129; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 225.
Riedleva corchorifolia, DC. Prodr. v. 1, p. 491; Grah. Cat. p. 19; Dalz.
& Gibs. p. 24.—Flowers: Sept.—Nov.

Gusarat: Godra, Cooke !, Woodrow! Kanara: Hohenhacker !—Disrri. Ceylon.

2. Melochia velutina, Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. xxxv,
t. 5, fig. 3. A small ornamental tree; young parts stellately hairy.
Leaves up to 7 by 6 in., broadly ovate or suborbicular, acute, cordate,
truncate, or subacute at the base, serrate, velvety on both surfaces when
young, both surfaces and especially the upper losing much of their
pubescence when older; petioles 14-33 in. long, stellately pubescent ;
stipules 3 in. across, foliaceous, orbicular-ovate, nerved, very caducous.
Flowers j in. across, pale-pink, in many-flowered terminal and axillary
corymbose panicles; peduncles and pedicels velvety. Calyx campanu-
late, velvety ; lobes 5, deltoid-ovate, connate for about half their length.
Petals about twice as long as the calyx, ovate-oblong, veined. Stamens
inserted with the petals on a hypogynous disk; filaments glabrous,
flattened, dilated at the base, more or less connate, but easily separable
into 5 distinct filaments. Ovary pilose ; styles 5, free. Capsules 2 in.
long, deeply 5-lobed, oblong, pilose. Seeds black, with a thin papery
wing. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 374; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p- 129; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 226. Riedleia tiliefolia, DC.
Prodr. y. 1, p. 491; Grah. Cat. p. 19; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 24. Gilosso-
spermum veluttnum, Wall. Cat. 1153; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 11.—
Flowers: Nov. Vern. Methuri.

Widely planted throughout the Presidency; a very doubtful native. Konnan:
Stocks!; Bombay, Lambert!; Bassein, Dalzell § Gibson. Duccan: Poona, planted
in gardens, Cooke!, Woodrow!; Khandala (planted), Graham. 8. M. Country:
Belgaum Camp, Ritchie, 71!; Belgaum, Dalzell & Gibson.—Dtstrie. Mauritius, Malaya,
wild or cultivated.

9. WALTHERIA, Linn.

Herbs, shrubs (rarely trees), with stellate mixed with simple pubescence.
Leaves serrate; stipules narrow. Flowers usually small, in dense
axillary or terminal clusters. Calyx 5-fid. Petals 5, spathulate, mar-
cescent. Stamens 5, connate at the base, opposite the petals ; staminodes
0; anther-cells parallel. Ovary sessile, 1-celled; ovules 2; style excen-
tric ; stigma club-shaped above or fimbriate. Capsule 2-valved, 1-seeded,
Seed ascending, albuminous; embryo straight; cotyledons flat ; radicle
next the hilum.—Dzisrris. 1 species widely diffused throughout the
tropics, 2 in Africa, 2 in Oceania and the remainder natives of tropical
America; species about 16.

1. Waltheria indica, Zinn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 673. A perennial
erect herb 2-3 ft. high; stems terete, softly cano-pubescent. Leaves
1-21 by 3-12 in., ovate or elliptic, obtuse, rounded or subcordate at
the base, toothed or serrate, softly pubescent on both surfaces, strongly
nerved, the nerves impressed on the upper surface ; petioles 7-3 in. long,
densely pubescent; stipules subulate, hairy. Flowers § in. in diam.,
yellow, sessile, in dense axillary heads which are peduncled or not ; invo-
lucral bracts narrow-lanceolate, ciliate. Calyx campanulate ; teeth
triangular, very acute, ciliate, about 3 as long as the calyx. Capsules

136 XXVI. STHRCULIACE®.

very small, enclosed in the calyx, membranous. Seeds solitary, smooth,
black. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 3/4; Grah. Cat. p. 246; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 23;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 130.—Flowers : Aug.-
Sept.

A tolerably abundant weed. Konkan: Stocks! Deccan: Dongergaon, near

Ahmednagar, Cooke! 8. M. Country: Badami, Woodrow!; Bagalkot, Graham ;
Dharwar, “Woodrow !—Disrr1e. Throughout the warmer regions of the world,

The following plants of the Order (Sieroulicease) have been introduced
into the Presidency, and are extensively cultivated :—

Pentapetes phanicea, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 698, an annual with showy
scarlet flowers 1-13 in. in diam., which open at noon and drop next
morning, a native of Bengal and the N.W. Provinces, is cultivated in
gardens, especially in Sind. FL B.Lyv. 1 ip. Oils Dale & Gibs. Suppl.
p. 11; K. Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf, 3, part 6, p. 77,
fig. 40, D, E; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part i, ap: 131.—Flowers :
Aug.—Nov. Vurn. Dupdri.

Abroma augusta, Linn. f. Suppl. (1781) p. 341 (Ambroma), a shrub or
small tree with velvety branches and large dark-red flowers, is often
cultivated as an ornamental plant in gardens. The seeds are enveloped
in light cottony wool ; hence its name ‘ Devil’s Cotton.” —It is very easily
grown and the bark affords a very strong fibre, an account of which will
be found in Watt’s Dictionary of Economie Products of India, v. 1,
pp. 8-9. Fl. B. I. v.1, p. 875; Grah. Cat. p. 18; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl.
p- 10; K. Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 6, p. 85,
fig. 44,s-c; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 180; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 8.—Flowers: Jan. VeERN. Ulat-kambal.

Guazuma tomentosa, H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. Pl. (1821) v. 5, p. 320,
a sinall tree, a native of tropical America, with obliquely cordate leaves
and showy yellow flowers in large terminal and axillary panicles, is
widely planted as an ornamental tree throughout the Presidency. It is
sometimes called the Bastard Cedar and yields a fairly good fibre suitable
for rope-making. Fl. B. I. v.1, p. 375; Grah. Cat. p. 18; Dalz. &
Gibs. Suppl. p.11; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 107 ; Woodr. in Journ, Bomb.
Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 1380; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 184.—
Flowers: Mar.Aug. Vern. Rudrakshi.

Orper XXVIl. TILIACEA.

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. Leaves usually alternate, entire,
toothed or rarely lobed ; stipules 2, free, usually small and deciduous,
rarely persistent or 0. Tlowers axillary or terminal, usually cymose,
regular, hermaphrodite (rarely unisexual). Sepals 3-5, free or connate
or united into a campanulate calyx, usually valvate. Petals as many or
fewer or 0, alternate with the sepals, inserted round the base of the
torus, contorted, or variously imbricate, induplicate or valvate. Stamens
usually indefinite, sometimes distant from the petals on the top of an
elevated torus, sometimes covering a small or discoid torus, or (rarely)
inserted close to the petals round the edge of the torus; filaments free
or rarely connate into a short ring at the base or shortly 5—10-adelphous,

bl Ok

XXVIII. TILIACE®. 137

all antheriferous or some without anthers; anther-cells 2, parallel, con-
tiguous, dehiscing longitudinally or by an apical pore, pa) divergent
and confluent at ‘top. Ovary free, sessile above the torus, 2-10-celled ;

ovules attached to the inner angle of the cells, iene or twin,

pendulous from the top or ascending from the base, sometimes few
inserted at the middle of the cell, sometimes numerous, 2—-many-seriate,
anatropous or subanatropous ; raphe ventral or lateral ; style entire or
divided at the apex into as many lobes or stigmas as there are cells to the
ovary, rarely divided to the base, or the stigmas large, sessile, distinct or
united into one. Fruit 2-10- or 1-celled by suppression, or many-celled
by false septa, dry, drupaceous or baccate and indehiscent, or separating
into cocci, sometimes loculicidally (rarely septicidally) dehiscent. Seeds
solitary or numerous in each cell, ascending, pendulous or transverse,
exarillate ; testa usually coriaceous or crustaceous, sometimes pilose ;
albumen fleshy, copious or thin, rarely 0; embryo straight, rarely curved;
cotyledons ovate or cordate-orbicular, foliaceous or slightly fleshy ;

radicle next the hilum, short or rarely longer than the ‘cotyledons.—

Disrrtp. Most abundant in the tropics of both hemispheres, less in the
temperate, wanting in the arctic zones ; genera 40 ; species about 350.

Anthers opening by slits.
Petals usually foveolate or glandular at the base ; stamens
springing from the apex of a raised torus,

Bruit without prickles ~..........0--.<-+0. pbtedasocadocasscniaucs 1. Grewia.
Fruit prickly.
reese trl hilar eons cac.sccsors sae atidasieise se naicisiiciaceenes 2. ERINOCARPUS.
Herbs or undershrubs ; fruit small..................06. 3. TRIUMFETTA,
Petals not foveolate or glandular at the base; stamens
springing from a contracted tOruS ...........cscseceeeeeeeeeeens 4. Corcuorus.
Anthers opening by a terminal pore.
IBebals\SeMalOid, i. scccnesaeutat vsti wctlebilsonseeecieas sibs ahi vce d wie sclebes 5, ELmocarrus.

1, GREWIA, Linn.

Trees or shrubs, usually stellately pubescent. Leaves 3-7-nerved.
Flowers usually yellow, in axillary, terminal or extra-axillary cymes or
panicles. Sepals 5, distinct. Petals 5, usually with a gland at the base
within, generally shorter than the sepals, inserted round the base of the
torus, very rarely 0. Stamens numerous, inserted on a turbinate often
clandular torus. Ovary 2—4-celled; ovules 2—many in each cell; style
subulate ; stigma short, 2—5-lobed or laciniate. Drapes 1—4-pyrened,
entire or 2-4-lobed ; pyrenes 1- or 2-many-seeded and spuriously sep-
tate between the seeds. Seeds ascending or horizontal ; albumen copious,
fleshy or rarely scanty, or almost 0 ; cotyledons flat, foliaceous’or fleshy.—
Disrris. Warmer regions of the Old World; species about 60.

Inflorescence terminal and axillary (sometimes extra-axillary) ;
flowers in umbellate cymes.

HMeCh SALUD OL SMAI HER .....c,c0cnes-spoeres nee cecwns Beara seie L. G. columnaris.

Scandent shrubs.
Torus long; drupes deeply lobed, purplish ..............- 2. G. wmbellifera.
Torus short; drupes yellow, wrinkled ......-.- SobponaIobe 3. G, orientalis.
Torus long; ‘drupes obscurely lobed, purple ............++ 4, G. umbellata.

ee leaf-opposed and axillary (sometimes extra-axil-
lary
Leaves scabrous with stellate hairs ........ .......cecceceeeee ees 5. G. heterotricha.

Leaves glabrous or nearly sO ..........eceeeceeceensosseser sone 6. G. vopulifolia.

138 XXVIII. TILIACHZS.

Inflorescence axillary (rarely extra-axillary).
Leaves usually hoary, at least beneath.

Gland of the petals minute or 0 .........scesssessessscesscserece 8. G. orbiculata.
Gland of the petals conspicuous.
Leaves 3-norved from the base......ccsscscccssssescscsssesses 7. G. salvifolia.
Leaves 5—6-nerved from the base.
Stipules leafy; auricle 45: ..s+-<caevxcnresmersapincwndqaas's<is 9. G. tiliefolia,
Stipules linear-lanceolate ...,....1..-c0ces-ssnscoecaceccscoes 10. G. asiatica.

Leaves not hoary beneath.
Drupes with a crustaceous rind.
Leaves ovate-oblong; anthers hairy ............ssesecessees ll. G. pilosa.
Leaves orbicular ; anthers glabrous ..........00cccsececeseeese 12. G. villosa.
Drupes fleshy.
Flowers all bisexual.
A small tree; leaves lanceolate ; drupes didymous ... 15. G. levigata.
A straggling shrub; leaves roundish, irregularly

toothed or lobed; drupes 1-4-lobed ............0eeee 14. G. abutilifolia,
Flowers polygamous.
A branched shrub; stamens more than 40 ............ 15. G. hirsuta.
A small tree ;. stamens 16-20 ..............csececcseooeeee 16. G. polygama.

Inflorescence terminal in panicled cymes ; flowers involucrate. 17. G. Microcos.

1. Grewia columnaris, Sm. in Rees, Cyclop. (1811) v. 17, n. 5.
A much-branched shrub or small tree; young parts stellately pubescent.
Leaves 2-34 by 3-12 in., elliptic-oblong, acute or acuminate, serrate,
crenate or dentate, more or less rough with short, stellate hairs, at
length glabrous or nearly so, rounded at the base, 3-nerved; petioles 3-
; in. long, pubescent. Flowers in umbellate cymes, which are more or
_less corymbose when terminal ; buds conical, ribbed, dilated at the base,
densely pubescent ; peduncles solitary or 2-3 together, axillary, extra-
axillary and terminal, twice as long as the petioles ; pedicels 3—5, shorter
than the peduncles, supported by small lanceolate deciduous bracts.
Sepals 4 in. long, linear-oblong, pubescent outside, 3-nerved. Petals
white, 1 in. long, oblong, acute, entire; gland less than half the length
of the petal, densely villous on the upper margin, less so on the lateral
ones. Torus nearly + in. long, softly villous, 5-angled, hairy at the apex,
the part beneath the gland glabrous. Stamens shorter than the sepals.
Ovary densely hairy; style longer than the stamens; stigma 5-lobed,
papillose. Drupes 4} in. in diam., subglobose, depressed, slightly 4-lobed,
bristly with stiff hairs from glandular bases; stones 4, 2-celled. Fl. B.
I. v. 1, p. 388; Grah. Cat. p. 21; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 26; Trim. Fl. Ceyl.
v. 1, p. 174; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 25; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 130.—Flowers: Apr.—June.

Konkan: Malabar hill, Bombay, Graham; Salsette, common, Graham. Kanara:
in evergreen forests of N. Kanara, Santayeri, Talbot.—Disrris. Java, East tropical
Africa, Ceylon.

2. Grewia umbellifera, Bedd. For. Man. in Flor, Sylvat. p. xxxvii.
A large scandent shrub; stem at the base covered with blunt protu-
berances ; branches terete, the young ones slightly fulvous-pubescent.
Leaves 3-5 by 1-2 in., elliptic-oblong, acute or acuminate, serrulate or
dentate, reticulately veined, dotted with minute stellate hairs, ultimately
glabrous, base rounded or subacute, 3-nerved ; petioles +-2 in. long,
pubescent; stipules + in. long, lanceolate, acute. "lowers in umbellate
cymes ; buds oblong, grooved, pubescent ; peduncles terminal and axil-

lary, 1-1} in. long, 1-3 together, pubescent ; pedicels 4-4 in. long, 10-20

XXVII. TILIACER. 139

crowded together in each umbel; bracts of the pedicels oblong-lanceolate.
Sepals 3 in. long, linear, acute, hairy. Petals white, 3 in. long, oblong,
acute; gland oblong, rounded at the apex, half as long as the petal,
margins villous. ‘Torus 3 in. long, softly villous. Style glabrous;
stigma 5-lobed. Drupes purplish, fleshy, 3 in. across, deeply 2—4-lobed,
subglabrous ; stones 2-4, 1-seeded. Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 26. Grewia
Ritchiei, Mast. in Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 389; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 26.
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 130.—Flowers: Dec.—Jan’.

Konkan: Stocks!, Ritchie, 991! Kanara: Yellapur and Gairsoppa, Talbot, 64!

3. Grewia orientalis, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 964. A sarmentose
shrub ; young parts fulvous-pubescent. Leaves 2-5 by #2} in., ovate-
elliptic, acuminate, crenate-serrate, glabrous, except on the nerves
beneath which are clothed with appressed, simple hairs, rounded or
subacute and more or less oblique at the base, 3-nerved ; petioles 4-1 in.
long, rufous-pubescent. Flowers about 13-2 in. across, in small axil-
lary and terminal peduncled umbellate cymes shorter than the leaves ;
buds ovoid-oblong, ribbed, pubescent ; pedicels shorter than the flowers,
each with a small deciduous lanceolate bract at the base. Sepals 3-1
in. long, linear-oblong, acute, fulvous-pubescent outside, rugose within,
with inflexed margins. Petals one third the length of the sepals, ovate-
oblong, entire or very slightly emarginate ; gland exceeding half the
petal, the upper margin thick, very densely hairy. Torus 5-angled,
villous except at the insertion of the glands, the villous portion usually
longer than the glabrous part, with 5 villous teeth at the base. Ovary
pilose ; stigma 5-lobed. Drupes yellow, wrinkled, the size of a small
cherry, hairy ; stones 4, 1—-2-celled. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 384; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 26; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v.1, p. 176; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 25;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 130.—Flowers: June.

On the Southern Ghats, Dalzell § Gibson.—Disrriz. Ceylon.

4, Grewia umbellata, [tov). Hort, Beng. (1814) p. 42. Shrubby,
scandent ; branches virgate, thinly stellate-hairy. Leaves 4-5 by 13-2
in., oblong, acuminate, serrulate, glabrous on both sides, reticulately
veined, rounded at the base, 3-nerved ; petioles } in. long. Flowers in
axillary, extra-axillary and terminal umbellate cymes; buds narrow-
oblong, striate; peduncles longer than the petioles, 1 or more together ;
pedicels many, from the top of the peduncle; bracts below the pedicels
oblong-lanceolate. Sepals 2-4 in. long, pubescent outside. Petals
lanceolate, entire, about half as long as the sepals; gland about half as
long as the petal, pilose at top, the lateral margins ciliate. Torus rather
long, villous. Drupe the size of a cherry, stellately hairy, slightly
wrinkled, obscurely lobed, purplish, 1-celled, l-seeded. Fl. B. I. v. 1
p- 385.

Masters, in Fl. B. I. 1. c. gives the Konkan as a habitat of this plant—I have seen
no specimens from the Konkan.—Disrris. Philippines, Sumatra, Penang, Singapore.

?

5. Grewia heterotricha, Mast. in Fl. B. J. v.1, p.385. A scandent
shrub; branches striate; young parts clothed with ferruginous stellate
hairs. Leaves 2-4 by 1-2 in., ovate-oblong, acute, scabrous above with
short stellate hairs, more densely stellately hairy beneath, finely serrate,
base rounded or cordate, oblique ; petioles } in. long, densely stellately

140 XXVIII. TILTACEA.

hairy; stipules subulate, nearly equalling the petioles, caducous. Flowers
in axillary and leaf-opposed, fulvous-pubescent, umbellate cymes; buds
oblong, striate; peduncles 1-14 in. long ; pedicels 3-1 in. long ; bracts
beneath the pedicels lanceolate. Sepals 2 in. long, densely fulvous-
pubescent outside. Petals half as long as the sepals, oblong-lanceolate,
entire; margin of gland villous. Torus elongate, villous. Style longer
than the stamens, glabrous: stigma obscurely 5-lobed. T'ruit not seen.
Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 385; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 26; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 130.—Flowers: Nov.

KANaRA: common in the evergreen forests of N: Kanara from Ainshi southwards,
ex Talbot; Nilkund, Zalbot; Gairsoppa Falls, Talbot !

6. Grewia populifolia, Vahl, Symb. vy. 1 (1790) p. 33. An
undershrub, 2-6 ft. high ; stems and branches terete, slender. Leaves
up to 1} by 14 in., broadly ovate or suborbicular, sometimes obovate,
acute or obtuse, coarsely dentate, glabrous or nearly so, base rounded or
cuneate ; petioles 1-} in. long, very slender; stipules small, linear,
caducous. Flowers pure white, }-1 in. across; buds oblong, tomentose ;
peduncles usually solitary, leaf-opposed, thickened near the top, bearing
| (rarely 2 or 3) flowers; bracts 2, near the middle of the pedicel,
caducous, leaving a mark which has the appearance of a joint. Sepals
2-7 in. long, linear-oblong, tomentose outside. Petals linear-oblong,
usually notched, about two thirds the length of the sepals, attached
along the back of the gland; gland broad, suborbicular or obscurely
3-lobed, the margin villous. Torus about ;'; in. long, the lower portion
glabrous, faintly ribbed, with 5 densely villous teeth at the top beneath
the ovary. Ovary 4-lobed, glabrous (rarely pilose); style longer than
the stamens; stigma 4-5-lobed. Drupes smooth, orange-yellow, about
in. broad, usually of two separable halves, each half didymous; stones
l-4, muriculate, 1—-2-celled. Fl. B. L. v. 1, p. 385; Trim. Fl. Ceyl.
v. 1, p. 178; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 1, p. 843; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 26;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 180; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 4, p. 182.—Flowers: Aug.—Oct. VuRN. Gango; Gangi.

Common in Sind. 8. M. Counvry : Dharwar, Talbot, Woodrow ; Badami, Woodrow !,
Cooke! Sinn: Vicary!, Stocks, 530!, Dalzell, 67!, Cooke!; Karachi, Woodrow! ;
rocky ground in Sind, Stocks!

The acid fruit is eaten by the natives and the wood is used for walking-sticks.
—Disrris. Arabia, 8. Persia, Afghanistan, Beluchistan, tropical Africa, Mauritius,
Ceylon.

7. Grewia salvifolia, Heyne, cv Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. p. 239 (1821).
A shrub or small tree, 6—8 ft. high; branches hoary-pubescent. Leaves
14-2 by 4+ in., ovate-oblong or lanceolate, rounded and oblique at the
base, 8-nerved, minutely serrate or subentire, upper surface glabrous or
with a few scattered hairs, the lower densely hoary-tomentose ; petioles
} in. long, hoary-tomentose ; stipules 3 in. long, subulate. Flowers in
small umbels ; buds ovoid-oblong, striate; peduncles 1-3, less than
1 in. long ; pedicels }—4 in. long, usually 3 on each peduncle, stellately
tomentose, thickened at the top; bracts lanceolate. Sepals } in. long,
linear-oblong, tomentose without. Petals yellow, { in. long, obovate,
notched ; gland hairy, one third the length of the petal. Torus short,
glabrous except at the apex beneath the ovary; style exceeding the
stamens ; stigma 4-lobed, lobes deflexed. Drupes j; in. across, sparsely
pubescent, 1—4- (usually 2-) lobed, Fl. B. L. v. 1, p. 386; Talb. Trees,

XXVIII. TILIACH®. 141

Bomb. p. 26; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1897) p. 130 ; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. vy. 4, p. 182. Grewra bicolor, Juss. in Ann. Mus. v. 4.
p. 90, t. 50, fig. 2; Boiss. Il. Orient. v. 1, p. 844.—Flowers: June—
Aug. Vern. Bihul.

Not common. 8. M. Country: Badami, Cooke! Stryp: juills in Sind, Stoc/'s, 532 !

8. Grewia orbiculata, Roitl. in Ges. Naturf. Fr. Neue Schr. v. 4
(1803) p. 205. <A shrub reaching 6 ft. high; young branches softly
pubescent. Leaves 1-23 by 3-14 in., ovate-oblong, suborbicular or
obovate, acute or obtuse, minutely and: irregularly serrate, hoary-
tomentose beneath, velvety above, base rounded or cordate often
oblique ; petioles } in. long, densely pubescent; stipules lanceolate,
eaducous. Flowers in umbellate cymes; buds subglobose or ovoid ;
peduncles axillary, 1-3 together, reaching 14 in. long, densely pubescent ;
pedicels 1-3, sometimes more, on the top of each peduncle, {3 in. long,
pubescent ; bracts linear-lanceolate, caducous. Sepals } in. long, oblong,
acute, pale-tomentose without, minutely hairy within. Petals yellow,
obovate, entire, half as long as the sepals; gland minute or scarcely
any. ‘Torus very short, almost 0. Ovary villous; stigma 4-lobed,
laciniate. Drupes pilose, slightly 2-lobed; stones 1-2, 2-celled. FI. B.
J. v. 1, p. 886; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p.26. Grewia rotundifolia, Juss. in
Ann. Mus. Par. vy. 4 (1804) p. 92, t. 50; Wight, Icon. t. 45.

Rare. Konkan: Talbot. Duccan: hills at Gokak, Ritchie, 1634!

9. Grewia tilizfolia, Vahl, Symb. vy. 1 (1790) p. 35. A tree,
30-35 ft. high; bark pale brown; young parts densely pubescent.
Leaves 3-5 by 2-3 in., ovate, acuminate with a tendency to become
lobate at the apex, crenate-dentate, upper surface minutely stellately
hairy or subglabrous, the nerves pubescent, lower surface hoary-tomen-
tose, cordate and inequilateral at the base, 6-nerved, 3 nerves at the
larger and two at the smaller side of the midrib; petioles 1-* in. long,
pubescent; stipules 2 in. long, leafy, somewhat faleate, auricled, with a
rounded lobe on the lower side, veined. Flowers small, umbellate ;
buds obovoid-oblong or subglobose, tomentose ; peduncles 3 or several,
axillary, thick, about equalling the petioles; pedicels 3-5, divergent,
shorter than the peduncles; bracts beneath the pedicels linear-
lanceolate. Sepals { in. long, oblong, subacute, pubescent outside,
glabrous within. Petals about half as long as the sepals, oblong or
spathulate, entire or notched ; gland about one third the length of the
petal, densely white-villous on the margin. ‘Torus rather long, ribbed,
glabrous, with 5 obscure villous teeth at the apex. Ovary villous; style
longer than the stamens ; stigma somewhat irregularly 5-lobed. Drupes
size of a pea, black, globose or 2- (rarely 4-) lobed; stones 1—2-celled.
Fl. B. 1. v. 1, p. 886; Grah. Cat. p. 21; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 26; Bedd.
Flor. Sylvat. t. 108; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 175; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
p- 26; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 130; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 183.—Flowers: May-Aug. Vurn. Dhdman ;
Thadsal.

Common throughout the Presidency in deciduous forests. Konkan: Stocks !, Law},
Gibson!; Worli (Bombay), Da/zel/!; Elephanta and Salsette, Graham. Dnuccan :
Ganesh Khind (Poona), Woodrow!; Koina valley below Mahableshwar, Cooke!

Kanara: Yellapur, Zalhot!; Kala naddi, Ritchie, 79!—Distriz. Birma, Ceylon.
East tropical Africa. :

142 XXVII. TILIACES.

Var. lJeptopetala, Brandis (sp.). Branchlets and underside of the
leaves varying from glabrous to densely and softly tomentose. Petals
without a gland or the gland reduced to a thickened base with a few
hairs.

10. Grewia asiatica, Linn. Mantiss. (1767) p. 122. A small tree ;
young parts stellately pubescent. Leaves 3-7 by 23-5 in., ovate or
suborbicular, acute or subacuminate, irregularly and coarsely toothed,
subglabrous above, hoary-tomentose beneath, obliquely cordate or
rounded at the base, 5—6-nerved ; petioles 3 in. long, thickened at the
top ; stipules nearly as long as the petioles, linear or lanceolate, acute.
Flowers slightly larger than in the preceding species, in umbellate
cymes; buds obovate-oblong, ribbed, pubescent ; peduncles axillary,
1-4 together, slender, 3-13 in. long, puberulous ; pedicels 2-5, shorter
than the peduncles; bracts beneath the pedicels lanceolate. Sepals
2 in. long, linear-oblong, acute, pubescent outside. Petals yellow,
oblong or ovate-oblong, subacute, notched, about two thirds the length
of the sepals; gland about one third the length of the petal, the margin
white-villous. ‘Torus 4 in. long, glabrous below, with a villous ring at
top beneath the ovary. Ovary villous. Drupe globose, 1—2-lobed,
1-celled, pilose. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 386; Grah. Cat. p. 21; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 26 et Suppl. p. 11; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 1, p. 844; Pierre, Fl. For.
Cochinch. t. 155; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 26; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 180; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 177.—
Flowers: Apr—June. VuerRN. Phalsa.

Extensively cultivated throughout the Presidency ; largely in Gujarat. The fruit is
gratefully acid and sherbet in made from it. Konkan: Law!; Bombay, Gibson!,
Captain Geburne! Deccan: truly wild in the Poona Collectorate, ex Dalzell &
Gibson ; hills near Poona, Woodrow! Sinn: Woodrow!; Jemadar ka Landa, near
Karachi, Stocks!—Duisrris. East tropical Africa.

11. Grewia pilosa, Lam. Encyc. v. 3 (1789) p. 48. A shrub
or small tree. Leaves 2-3 by 3-13 in., ovate-oblong, acute, irre-
gularly serrate, stellately hairy on both surfaces, base rounded or
subcordate, more or less oblique, 3-nerved ; petioles ;!,—3 in. long, hairy ;
stipules linear-subulate, hairy, longer than the petioles. Flowers in
short axillary umbels; buds oblong, obtuse, slightly dilated at the base,
pilose, ribbed ; peduncles 1-3 together, as long as, or longer than the
petioles, pilose; pedicels usually 3, about as long as the peduncles,
pilose; bracts beneath the pedicels ovate. Sepals 3 by 3/5 in., linear,
acute, pilose without, glabrous within, with a small pale pubescent
patch at the base inside. Petals usually bifid at the apex, rounded and
thickened at the base, nearly 4 in. long, linear-oblong, hairy near the
base outside, and with a few small tufts of stiff, fascicled hairs about
; of the way up; gland oblong, about one third the length of the petal,
pilose at top, less densely so on the lateral margins. Anthers with a
few simple hairs on the back. Torus short, glabrous, 5-lobed at the
apex beneath the ovary, the lobes ciliate. Ovary hairy ; style pilose at
the base; stigma small, bifid. Drupes stellately hairy, 1—4-lobed,
yellowish brown; rind crustaceous ; stones 1-4, muricate, 1-3-celled ;
mesocarp thick, fibrous. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 888; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 26;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 26; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1897)
p. 130.—Flowers: Aug.-Oct. Vurn. Khatakhati.

XXVII. TILIACH&. 143

Throughout the Presidency in deciduous forests. Dxccan: Dalzell § Gibson ;
Singhad hill near Poona, Woodrow! S. M. Counrry: Badami, Cooke!, Woodrow!
Gusarat: near Deesa, Stocks!

12. Grewia villosa, Willd. in Ges. Naturf. Fr. Neue Schr. v. 4
(1803) p. 205. A shrub reaching 6 ft. high ; branches grey-puberulous.
Leaves 14-3 in., rotund-ovate, subcordate, shortly acuminate or rounded,
crenate-serrate, thé serratures usually w ith a tuft of hairs at the apex,
5-nerved, rugoso-reticulate with numerous transverse veins, rough with
stellate hairs above, velvety beneath; petioles 3—1 in. long, densely
villous; stipules foliaceous, ovate-oblong, acute, hairy, caducous.
Flowers in axillary or leaf-opposed cymes; buds ellipsoid, pilose ;
peduncles very short; pedicels 2-4; bracts oblong. Sepals 7-3 in.
long, lanceolate, pilose. Petals dull yellow, oblong-obovate, slightly
emarginate, about half the length of the sepals ; gland orbicular-oblong,
ciliate, a little less than half the length of the petal. Anthers glabrous.
Torus very short, almost 0. Ovary densely pilose; style hairy; stigma
lacerate. Drupes globose, about 4 in. in diam., yellowish- -red ; rind
crustaceous, stellately hairy ; stones 4, 1-2-seeded, smooth, in a ‘sweet
edible pulp. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 388; ‘Grah. Cat. pact; Dalz. & Gibs.
p. 25; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 26; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1897) p. 130; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 184.

Throughout the Presidency in dry districts; common in Sind. Konxan: Séocks!,
Gibson! Deccan: Nalatwar, near Kaladgi, Graham; throughout the Deccan,
sparingly, Dalzell §& Gibson. Gusarat: Porbander, Cooke!, Woodrow! S1xp: Stocks,
510!, Dalzell, 84!, Woodrow !, Cooke!; Karachi, Woodrow) —Disnnrs. Tropical Africa:

The fruit is eaten. Dalzell calls it “ very delicious.”

There is in Herb. Kew. a single specimen communicated by S/ocks (n. 616) !, in
which the sepals have a curious trifid appendage at their apex.

13. Grewia lzvigata, Vahl, Symb. v. 1 ee . 34. A small
tree; branches slender, terete. Leaves thin, 2-41 by 7-1? in., lanceo-
late, acuminate, sharply serrate-dentate, sparsely stellately hairy when
young, at length glabrous or nearly so, base acute, 3-nerved ; petioles
z in. long, hairy ; stipules linear-lanceolate, nearly as long as the
petioles. Flowers in umbellate cymes ; buds ovoid or subglobose, many-
ribbed, pubescent ; peduncles axillary, 1-2 together, longer than the
petioles, sparsely hairy towards the apex; pedicels about equalling the
peduncles, pilose ; bracts beneath the pedicels linear-lanceolate. Sepals
3—t in. long, linear, subacute, stellately pubescent outside, furnished
with a small hairy gland at the base inside, 3-nerved. Petals small,
one third the length of the sepals, triangular, often notched; gland
almost as long as the petal, densely villous on the upper margin, less
densely on the lateral ones. Torus rather long, ribbed, the lower part
glabrous, the upper part villous, the villous portion shorter than the
glabrous part, sometimes reduced to a narrow band. Ovary pilose ;
stigma 5-lobed, the lobes laciniate. Drupes glabrous, 1-4-lobed ; stones
l-celled. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 389; Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinch. t. 161;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 26; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p. 180; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 179.—Flowers: Aug.—Oct.
Vern. Kaori; Gulgollop.

Not common. Konkan: Law!, Stocks!; Bombay, Captain Gehurne!; Amboli
Ghat, Cooke! Deccan: near Junnar, Woodrow! S. M. Counrry: Londa, Cooke!;

144 XXVIII, TILIACEA,

Dharwar, Woodrow. Kanara: Kala naddi, Ritchie, 78!; N. Kanara, near villages
and in deciduous forests, not common, Ta/ho/,—Disrrin. Tropical Africa, Malaya,

Australia.
The tree yields a fibre which is used for cordage in Kanara but is not sufficiently
abundant to be of commercial importance. C ‘onsult. W att, Dict. Econ, Prod. 1. e.

14. Grewia abutilifolia, Vent. cv Juss. in Ann. Mus. Par. v. 4
(1804) p.92. A straggling shrub ; young parts stellately hairy. Leaves
3-43 by 23-3 in., roundish-ovate, acute or acuminate, often more or
less lobed, irregularly serrate, scabrous above, stellately hairy beneashy
base subcordate, 3-nerved ; petioles 3-3 in. long, hairy ; stipules 4 in.
long, lanceolate, ee Flowers in short, aumbellate cymes ; buds ovoid
or oblong, pilose; peduncles axillary, 1-3 together, shorter than the
petioles, hairy ; pedicels usually 8, longer than the peduncles, pilose ;
bracts lanceclate, acute, hairy. Sepals 4 + in. long, linear-oblong, acute,
hairy outside. Petals about a quarter the length ‘of the sepals, oblong,
rounded at the apex, entire ; gland a little more than half the length of
the petal, margin villous. Torus short, with tufted hairs at the apex,
the lower part glabrous. Ovary villous; style much longer than the
stamens, olabrous ; stigma Jaciniate. Drupes } in. across, pe
minutely stellately hairy, obscurely 4-lobed, wrinkled. FI. B. I. v. 1
p. 390; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 26; Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinch, t. 165 ; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. p- 26; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 130.
—Flowers: June.

Common in N. Kanara along nalas and in moist shady eee somewhat rare in
other distvicts. Konkan: Stocks !, Law!; Bombay, Dr. Lush! Deccan: Dalzell §
Gibson ; Chatarsinghi hill, near Poona, Cooke! %. M. Counrry: Dharwar, Woodrow !
Kanara: Halyal (N. Kanara), Talbot !—Disrris. Java.

15. Grewia hirsuta, Vahl, Symb. vy. 1 (1790) p. 34. A branched
shrub; young parts softly pubescent with (usually) fulvous hairs.
Leaves distichous, 2-3 by 7-11 in., ovate or lanceolate, acute, serrate,
the upper surface elabrescent or with a few stellate hairs, the lower
usually densely villous with fasciculate hairs, base rounded, oblique,
3-nerved ; petioles ;,-+ in. long, densely hairy ; stipules subulate,
longer than the petioles, linear- lanceolate, hairy. Flowers polygamous
(male and bisexual), in axillary umbellate cymes; buds ovoid, densely
villous; peduncles 1-8; pedicels 2—4, very short, pubescent ; bracts
linear-lanceolate, bairy. Matz rrownrs: Sepals ;-;°%; in. long, linear-
lanceolate, softly hairy outside. Petals § in. long, oblong, rounded at
the apex, entire, hairy at the back; gland about half the length of the
petal, orbicular- oblong with a fringe of long, white, stiff hairs on the
upper margin, ciliate on the lateral ones. Stamens more than 40, inter-
mixed with white hairs. Torus short, the lower part glabrous with a
ring of long soft hairs at the apex. JHmrMAPH. FLOWuRS as in the
male. Ovary densely villous, the hairs often equalling or sometimes
exceeding the stamens ; style elabrous ; stigma 5-lobed, the lobes
fringed ; Sauithets very Emil, Drupes 4 in. in diam., fleshy, wrinkled,
slightly 4-lobed, sparingly stellately hairy ; stones 4, 2-celled. Fl. B. re
v. 1, p. 391; Grah. Cat. p. 21; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 176; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. p. 26; Woodr. in ‘Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 3 (1897) p. 130;
Pierre, I’). For. Cochinch. t. 167.—Flowers : Aug.—Sept.

Konkan: Stocks!, Law!; Salsette jungles and on the Ghits, Graham, Dmccan :

XXVIII. TILIACE®. 145

hills near Poona, Woodrow! ; Bowdhan, 19 miles from Poona, Cooke! 8S. M. Country
Dharwar districts, in deciduous open forests, Ta/dot.

16. Grewia polygama, /iow). Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 42.—A small
much-branched tree; young parts velvety-tomentose; branches terete,
slender. Leaves distichous, 2-45 by 3-14 in., oblong-lanceolate, very
acute, irregularly serrate, glabrous or with a few stellate hairs on the
upper surface, velvety beneath, base rounded or subacute, 3-nerved ;
petioles 3-1 in. long, softly hairy; stipules longer than the petioles,
subulate, hairy. Flowers about 5 in. across or less, polygamous (male
and bisexual) in axillary umbellate cymes ; buds oblong or subglobose,
densely pubescent; peduncles axillary, 1-5 together, short, hairy ;
pedicels 2-6, divergent, usually shorter than the peduncles; bracts
subulate, hairy. Mane riownrs: Sepals +-+ in. long, linear, acute,
pilose outside, glabrous within. Petals white, ;4, in. long, oblong,
rounded or subacute at the apex, entire, hairy on the back; gland half
as long as the petal, orbicular-oblong, with a fringe of long white stiff
hairs on the upper margin, ciliate on the lateral ones. Stamens 16-20,
with short white hairs intermixed. Torus =), in. long, the lower part
glabrous, with a dense ring of erect stiff white hairs at the apex and a
ring of fewer and longer hairs at the base. HurMapH. FLowmrRs as in
the male. Ovary very hairy, the hairs shorter than the stamens; style
glabrous ; stigma laciniate. Drupes } in. across, hairy, brownish,
obscurely 4-lobed ; stones 4, l-seeded. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 391; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 26; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 177; Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinch.
t. 166; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 26; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1897) p.180; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p.181. Grewia lancefolia,
Grah. Cat. p. 21.—Flowers: Sept._Nov. Varn. Gauli; Gavali.

Pretty common along the Ghats, especially those to the south. Konkan: Stocks!;
Kanheri jungles, Graham; Matheran, Woodrow; Amboli Ghat, Woodrow. S. M.
Country: Dharwar, Ta/bot!—Distris. Ceylon, Pegu, N. Australia.

A decoction of the leaves has been recommended as a never-failing remedy in cases
of dysentery. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. l. c.

17. Grewia Microcos, Linn. Syst. ed. 12, v. 2 (1767) p. 602.
A shrub ; young parts stellately pubescent. Leaves 4-6 by 13-21 in.,
elliptic-oblong, acuminate, glabrous, entire or slightly and irregularly
toothed, base oblique, rounded or acute, 3-nerved, the nerves and
veins prominent beneath ; petioles 1-3 in. long; stipules 1-1 in. long,
linear, acute. Flowers in terminal panicles ; buds subglobose or ovoid,
grey-tomentose, 2 or 3 close together enclosed within an involucre of
6-8 oblong-lanceolate imbricate bracts ; pedicels short; bracts of the
pedicels subulate. Sepals 4 in. long, obovate-oblong, tomentose on both
surfaces. Petals less than } the length of the sepals, ovate, acute,
pubescent at the base outside ; gland half as long as the petal, slightly
ciliate. Torus short, lobed at the apex. Ovary glabrous; style much
longer than the stamens, glabrous; stigma minate, bifid. Fruit globose
or slightly obovoid, about 2 in. across, purplish, glabrous, wrinkled ;
mesocarp fibrous; stone l-celled. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 392; Grah. Cat.
p- 21; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 26; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 177; Pierre, Fl.
For. Cochinch. t. 152; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 26; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb.. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 180; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 179.—
Flowers: May—Oct. Vurn. Shirul; Asolin.

Several stones examined by me were unmistakably 1-celled.

L

146 XXVII. TILIACEA.

Common in evergreen forests throughout the Konkan and N. Kanara. The fruit
is eaten by the natives. Konkan: hilly parts, Dalzell § Gibson, Graham; Goa
jungles, Dr. Lush (ex Graham); W. Ghats, Woodrow. Duccan: Fitzgerald Ghat
below Mahableshwar, Cooke!, H. M. Birdwood ; Koina valley, Cooke! S.M. Country:
Londa, Woodrow!; Castlerock,’ Woodrow! Kanara: Hohenhacker, 753!; in ever-
green forests, Talbot.

2. ERINOCARPUS, Nimmo.

A tree. Leaves broad, palminerved, toothed or lobed. Flowers large,
in terminal panicles ; bracts broadly ovate. Sepals 5, distinct. Petals 5,
foveolate or glandular at the base, inserted round the base of the torus.
Stamens indefinite, springing from a raised torus, free or the exterior
very shortly connate intoaring. Ovary 3-5-celled; ovules 2 in each
cell; style filiform. Fruit woody, indehiscent, triquetrous, angles some-
what winged, the cordate faces echinate, 1—-4-celled. Seeds 1 in each
cell, pendulous, oblong; testa coriaceous ; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons
ovate, flat—Disrris. Peninsular India; species 1.

1. Erinocarpus Nimmonii, Grah. Cat. Bomb. Plis. (1839) p. 21.
A small tree. Leaves up to 8 in. in diam., orbicular, acutely 5-7-lobed,
irregularly toothed, glabrous, cordate at the base, 5—-9-nerved ; petioles
2-42 in. long. Flowers yellow, 14-2} in. across, in lax, terminal panicles;
buds oblong, fulvous-pubescent, 5-pointed, 2 or 3 together enclosed in
an involucre of broadly ovate acute bracts, which are velvety-tomentose
on both surfaces and very caducous. Sepals up to 13 in. long, narrow-
linear, acute, deflexed, covered outside with fulvous, stellate pubescence,
the inner surface glabrous. Petals a little shorter than the sepals, with
a very long narrow claw; limb obovate; gland oblong, with ciliate
margins. Ovary 3-5-celled, pilose with stiff hairs ; style long, filiform,
glabrous. Fruit 1—4-celled, triquetrous, 13-2 in. long, acuminate, angles
winged, faces cordate at the base, covered with straight or slightly curved
prickles from broad bases. Seeds 1 in each cell, 1 in. long, oblong.
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 27. Erinocarpus Nimmoanus, M. Masters, in Hook. f.
Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 394; K. Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf.
v. 3, part 6, p. 26, fig. 12,8; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 27; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v..11 (1897) p. 265; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3,
p- 257.—Flowers: Aug.-Sept. Vern. Chaora; Cher; Jangli-bhendi.

I have examined several of the fruits and have invariably found them
4-celled with 1 pertect seed in each cell.

Konkan: Stocks!, Law!; Bombay, Graham!, Capt. Geburne!; hills near Matheran,
H. M. Birdwood, Kanithar!; Wassind, Kanitkar!; top of Karanja Hill, Graham.
Deccan: hills of the Deccan, Stocks !, Gibson!; Khandala, Woodrow !; Koina valley,
below Mahableshwar, Cooke! 8. M. Country: Belgaum, Jeitchie, 81! Kanara:
N. Kanara forests, Ta/bot.

3. TRIUMFETTA, Linn.

Herbs or undershrubs with stellate pubescence. Leaves serrate,
entire or 3-5-lobed. Flowers yellow, axillary or leaf-opposed, few or
densely fasciculately cymose. Sepals 5, distinct, frequently mucronate
at the apex. Petals 5 (rarely 0), glandular, thickened or foveolate at the
base, inserted round the base of the torus. Stamens indefinite or rarely
twice as many as the sepals, inserted on a glandular torus, free. Ovary
5-celled; ovules 2 in each cell; style filiform; stigma 2-5-toothed,

a

XXVII. TILIACER. 147

Capsule subglobose, echinate or setose, indehiscent or separating into
cocci. Seeds 1-2 in each cell, pendulous, albuminous ; embryo straight ;
cotyledons flat, foliaceous.—Disrris. Throughout the tropics generally ;
species about 40. ;

Leaves ovate lanceolate ; basal half of the spines of the capsule

hispid, the upper half glabrous; stamens 10..................06. 1. TZ. pilosa.
Lower leaves more or less 3-5-lobed; spines of the capsule

PIE DLOUS sea haMeNS Smt" Madasescser sacs cdaceeesiecdas sce aescouccnccace 2. T. rhomboidea.
Leaves orbicular; spines of the capsule pubescent; stamens

Ble sacs ox Aaa Nani daianireeie es olidaxtoacdseltsdandeaavas saltvanec<core: 3. T. rotundifolia.

1. Triumfetta pilosa, Ztoth, Nov. Pl. Sp. (1821) p. 223. A large
branched perennial herb; branches clothed with soft stellate hairs.
Leaves 3-5 by 1-2 in., ovate, acute, irregularly serrate, stellately hairy
above, felted with stellate hairs beneath, rounded or subcordate at the
base, 5-nerved ; petioles of the lower leaves 1-14 in. long, those of the
upper much shorter, all very hairy; stipules lanceolate, acute. Flowers
in fascicled axillary and leaf-opposed cymes; buds narrow-oblong, slightly
dilated at the base, stellately hairy ; peduncles usually shorter than the
petioles, hairy ; pedicels many, very short, very hairy; bracts subulate,
hairy. Sepals > in. long, with tufts of stellate hairs outside, linear-
oblong, mucronate. Petals yellow, oblong-obovate, a little shorter than
the sepals, the glandular base densely ciliate. Fruit (excluding the
spines) about 4 in. in diam. ; spines 1 in. long, hooked and with a trans-
parent point, the basal half of the spine hispid, the upper half glabrous.
Seeds 8, rounded on the back, 3 in. long, flattened on one side, dark
brown, smooth, polished. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 394; Dalz. & Gibs. p- 25;
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 179; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897)
p- 265; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 202.—Flowers: Nov.
Vuern. Nichardi.

Konkan: Bombay, Law!; Wari, Dalzell. Deccan: Panchgani, Cooke!, Woodrow!
8. M. Counrry: Nagargali, near Dharwar, Cooke!; Castlerock, Woodrow! Kanara:
Kala naddi, Fitchie, 988!—Disrris. Abyssinia, W. tropical Africa, Ceylon.

2. Triumfetta rhomboidea, Jacquin, Enum. Pl. Carib. (1760) p. 22
& Select. Am. (1763) p. 147, t. 90. Suffruticose, 2-5 ft. high ; branches
slender, more or less pubescent with simple hairs. Leaves variable,
stipules subulate ; lower leaves 2-3 in. in diam., usually 3-lobed, irregu-
larly serrate, clothed with simple and stellate hairs on both surfaces and
simple hairs on the nerves beneath, base cordate or cuneate, the petioles
up to 14 in. long, more or less hairy ; upper leaves usually simple, with
very short petioles. Flowers 1 in. across, yellow, in dense terminal and
leaf-opposed cymes; buds oblong apiculate; peduncles and pediceis
very short; bracts subulate. Sepals oblong, hooded and apiculate at the
apex. Petals shorter than the sepals, obovate-oblong, ciliate at the base ;
claw very long. Stamens 8-15. Fruit 4 in. in diam., the surface at the
base of the spines araneously pubescent; spines glabrous, the bristle
points hooked, very slender, transparent. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 395; Trim.
Fi. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 179; K.Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Pilanzenf. v. 3,
part 6, fig. 13, a, B; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 265;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 202. Triumfetta angulata,
Lam. Encye. v. 3, p. 421; Grah. Cat. p. 21; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 25.—
Flowers: Sept.—Dec.

L2

148 XXVII. TILIACEA.

Konkan: Ghotande near Jambalpada, Kanitkar! Deccan, Poona, Woodrow.
S. M. Country: Dharwar, Cooke!; Belgaum, Ritchie, 46! Kanara: Hohenhacker,
40!; Kala naddi, Ritchie, 46!—Disrris. Malaya, China, tropical Africa.

3. Triumfetta rotundifolia, Lam. Encyc. y. 3 (1789) p. 421.
Suffruticose. Leaves #-14 in. in diam., orbicular, irregularly toothed,
glabrous or stellately hairy above, softly grey-tomentose beneath, base
rounded or cuneate, 3-5-nerved ; petioles 4-1} in. long, tomentose ;
stipules subulate. Flowers about 4 in. across, in interrupted racemes ;
buds oblong, clavate, 5-pointed, grey-tomentose ; peduncles and pedicels
very short, tomentose. Sepals linear-oblong, apiculate, stellately pubes-
cent outside. Petals a little shorter than the sepals, obovate, ciliate at
the base. Stamens 15-25. Fruit ovoid, 1 in. long, pubescent beneath
the spines; spines dilated at the base, pubescent, the bristle points
hooked, transparent. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 395; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 25;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 265.—Flowers: Aug.

Konkan: Stocks! Deccan: Poona, Jacquemont, 964!, Kanitkar!; Ahmednagar,
Cooke! Gusarar: Surat, Dalzell § Gibson.

4, CORCHORUS, Linn.

Herbs or undershrubs, with simple and stellate hairs. Leaves serrate.
Flowers small, yellow ; peduncles very short, axillary or leat-opposed,
1- or few-flowered, bracteate. Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, naked at the
base. Stamens numerous or rarely twice as many as the sepals, inserted
on a very short torus. Ovary 2-5-celled ; ovules many in each cell;
style short, the apex stigmatose, hollow, crenulate. Capsule siliquiform
and naked, or subglobose and echinate or muricate, loculicidally 2-5-
valved, rarely transversely septate between the seeds, many-seeded.
Seeds pendulous or horizontal, albuminous; embryo usually incurved ;
cotyledons foliaceous.— Disrris. Throughout the Tropics; species
about 35.

Capsule globose ; beak 0 ........sssecsssesessseeeersenseseeseeeecees 1. C. capsularis.
Capsule elongate; beak entire.
Capsule glabrous, cylindric, 10-ribbed ; beak long, erect... 2. C. olitorius.
Capsule scabrous or aculeate, 3-angled; beak short, erect. 3. C, ¢ri/ocularis.
Capsule short ; beak entire.

Annual; capsule pubescent, 3-valved ........ceecseeseeeeeeeeees 4. (. fascicularis.

Perennial ; capsule glabrous, 4-valved .........:..ceeeeeneeees 5. C. Antichorus.
Cupsule elongate; beak trifid, spreading,

Capsule cylindric, not winged .......-....sseseseeees E velgserteeie es 6. C. tridens.

Capsule 6-angled, 3 of the angles winged ...............600005 7. C. acutangulus.

1. Corchorus capsularis, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 529. Annual,
growing very tall under cultivation; stem and branches glabrous.
Leaves 3-4 by 3-11 in., lanceolate, acute or acuminate, glabrous, serrate,
the lower serrature on each side usually prolonged into a filiform
appendage, base rounded or acute; petioles reaching 14 in. long, shorter
upwards, slender, glabrous ; stipules }—4 in. long, filiform. Flowers less
than 4 in. across, in short cymes; buds obovoid, shortly apiculate ;
peduncles short ; pedicels 1-2, short. Capsules } in. in diam., sub-
globose, not beaked, depressed, broader than long, ridged and muricated,
5-valved; valves woody, without transverse septa. Seeds few in each
cell, wedge-shaped, smooth, brown, Fl, B, I. vy. 1, p. 397 ; Grah. Cat.

XXVII. TILIAGHA. 149

p. 246; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 25; Trim. Fi. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 181; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. - a} (1897) p. 265; Watt, Dict. Eeon. Prod.
v. 2, p. 535.—Flowers : Sept.

Konkan: Salsette and both Konkans, Graham; Bombay, Ranade!, Woodrow! ;
Vingorla, Woodrow. Gusarat: Woodrow.

A doubtful native. The well-known fibre Jute is obtained from this plant and from
Corchorus olitorius. For a full description of the fibre, the mode of its extraction, &c.,
see Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 2, pp. 545-562, also v. 4, pp. 558-560.

2. Corchorus olitorius, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 529. Annual,
3-4 ft. high, much-branched ; stems glabrous. Leaves 24-4 by 1}-2in.,
elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, glabrous, serrate, the lower
serratures on each side prolonged into a filiform appendage over 4 in.
long, rounded at the base, 3-5-nerved ; petioles ?-1 in. long, slightly
hairy, especially towards the apex; stipules subulate, +3 in. long.
Flowers pale yellow ; buds obovoid, angled, cuspidate ; bracts lanceolate ;
peduncle shorter than the petiole; pedicels 1-3, very short. Sepals
z In. long, oblong, apiculate. Petals + in. long, apione pea
Style short ; stigma microscopically papillose. Capsules 14—2} in. long,
linear, cylindric, erect, 10-ribbed, beaked, glabrous, Bonini valves
with transverse partitions between the seeds. Seeds trigonous, black.
Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 397; Grah. Cat. p. 20; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 25; Boiss. Fl.
Orient. v. 1, p. 845; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 182; K. Schum. in Engl.
& Pranti, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 6, p. 19, fig. 8, a; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 265; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 540.
—Flowers: Sept. Very. Banpdt.

Common, springing up in gardens and cultivated ground; a doubtful native.
Konkan: Bombay, Daizell, Geburne! Dnccan: Poona, Cooke!, Woodrow! S. M.
Country: Belgaum and Ramghat, Ritchie, 149! Gusarat: Woodrow. Sinp:
Woodrow !—Disrris. All tropical regions.

ae well-known fibre Ju¢e is obtained from this plant as well as from C. capsularis,
which see,

3. Corchorus trilocularis, Linn. Mantiss. (1767) p.77. Annual;
stems and branches more or less hairy. Leaves 1-4 by #-1+ in., elliptic
or oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, serrate (the lower sentabures often
destitute of filiform appendages), somewhat rough below, base rounded
or cuneate ; petioles 1-4 in. long, pilose ; stipules lanceolate-subulate.
Flowers in short cymes; buds ovoid or obovoid apiculate; bracts
lanceolate-subulate ; peduncles very short, leaf-opposed, hairy ; pedicels
very short, pubescent. Sepals + in. long, linear-oblong, acuminate.
Petals oblong, slightly longer than the sepals. Capsules 2-3 in. long,
with a short erect beak, hairy when young with stiff stellate hairs,
scabrous when old, 3-4-angled, 3—4-valved; valves with transverse
partitions between the seeds. Seeds trigonous, black. FI. B. IL. v. 1,
p. 897; Grah. Cat. p. 20; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 25; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 1,
p- 845; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 265; Watt. Dict.
Econ. Prodr. v. 2, p. 544.—Flowers: Sept. Vern. Kadu-chinch.

Deccan: Poona, Cooke!, Woodrow!, Jacquemont, 961!; Sholapore district, Law.
Gusarat: Woodrow, Dalzell,—Disrrr. Tropical Africa, Afghanistan,

4. Corchorus fascicularis, Lam. Encyc. v. 2 (1786) p. 104.
Annual, 6-18 in. high, much-branched from the base; stem and

150 XXVII. TILIACER.
branches terete, glabrous. Leaves 3-1} by 1-3 in., elliptic-oblong,
obtuse, serrate, the lower serratures not (or rarely) produced into
filiform appendages, glabrous, base rounded or cuneate; petioles very
short, pilose; stipules lanceolate-subulate. Flowers in very short
(almost sessile), leaf-opposed cymes; buds sbovole apiculate; bracts
long, lanceolate ; peduncles 2-5-flowered. Sepals ;'; in. long, linear,
apiculate. Petals oblong-obovate. Capsules 4 in. long, shortly beaked,
straight, cylindric, pubescent, 3-valved ; valves slightly septate between
the seeds. Seeds wedge-shaped, black, smooth. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 398;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 24; Trim, Fl. Ceyl. V. 1, pi l8os Woodr: in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 265; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 539.
—Flowers: Sept. Vurn. Bahuphalli.

Tolerably common in the hotter parts of the Presidency. Dxccan: Poona, Wood-
vyow!; Kolhapur, Cooke! Gusarar: Woodrow; Surat, Dalzedd—Distris. Tropical
Africa, Australia, Ceylon.

5. Corchorus Antichorus, Raensch. Nom. ed. 3 (1797) p. 158.
Perennial, 6-9 in., prostrate, much-branched — the base ; branches
twisted, imbricate, woody. Leaves 1-? by +-1in., roundish, usually
wrinkled, elabrous, irregularly crenate- serrate, the serratures not
appendaged, base rounded or cuneate ; petioles z-l in. long, very
slender ; stipules subulate. Flowers numerous, on ]éaf-opposed cymes ;
buds obovoid, apiculate; bracts lanceolate-subulate; peduncles and
pedicels very short. Sepals 3; in. long, linear- oblong, apiculate. Petals
longer than the sepals, oblong-obovate. Capsules 3-3 in. long, cylindric,
beaked, glabrous, often curved upwards, 4-valved; valves scarcely, if at
all, septate between the seeds. Seeds trigonous, black. Fl. B. I. vy. 1,
p- 398; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 1, p. 846; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 265; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 535. Corchorus
humilis, Munro, Hort. Agrensis, App. p. 35; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 25.—
Flowers: Sept.-Oct. Vurn. Mudhiri.

Common in dry and hot districts ; a member of the Indian desert flora. Drccan:
Dalzell. Gusarar: Dailzell; Rajkot (Kathiawar), Cooke!; Gogo (Kathiawar),
Dalzell! Stxp: Stocks}, Daizell! : Hyderabad, Strachan !—-Disrris. Tropical Africa,
Afghanistan, Arabia, Cape de Verde Islands.

6. Corchorus tridens, Linn. Mantiss., App.(1771) p. 566. Annual,
1-2 ft. high; branches glabrous. Leaves 14-34} by 4-1 in., linear-
oblong or lanceolate, crenate-serrate, the lower serratures on each side
usually prolonged into filiform appendages, glabrous or more or less
pubescent ; petioles }—}in. long ; stipules subulate, + in. long. Flowers
1-4 together, nearly sessile ; buds obovoid, apiculate. Sepals 3 in. long,
linear-oblong, apiculate. Petals obovate-oblong, slightly longer than
the sepals. Capsules 1-1} in. long, slender, glabrous, terminating in
3 stellately spreading or deflexed points, 3-valved; valves without
partitions. Seeds truncate at both ends, black. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 398;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 265; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 2, p. 544.

Sinp: Woodrow, Stocks!—Disrris. Tropical Africa and Australia.
7. Corchorus acutangulus, Lam. Encyc. v. 2 (1786) p. 104.

Annual, much-branched; branches more or less pubescent. Leaves
1-3} by 4-14 in., ovate, acute, serrate, the lower serratures on each side

XXVII. TILIACEA. Tou

usually produced into filiform appendages, glabrous, base rounded ;
petioles 4-1 in. long, slender, hairy; stipules lanceolate, acicular.
Flowers small, in leaf-opposed cymes ; buds obovoid, apiculate ; bracts
filiform ; peduncles almost 0; pedicels 2-3, very short. Sepals ,*; in.
long, linear-oblong, apiculate. Petals spathulate, a little longer than the
sepals. Capsules }—14 in. long, erect, stout, cylindric, truncate, 6-angled
(3 of the angles winged) ; valves 5-4, slightly septate or without parti-
tions; beak 3-fid, the tips stellately spreading or recurved. Seeds
truncate, dark brown. FI. B.I. v. 1, p. 398; Grah. Cat. p. 20; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 25; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 183; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 265; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 584.—F lowers :
Sept.

A common weed. Konkan: Law!, Stocks!; Bombay, Capt. Geburne!; Parel

(Bombay), Woodrow!; Neral (below Matheran), Woodrow! Gusarat: Godra,
Cooke! Sixp: Jemadar ka Landa (near Karachi), Stoc/s!—Distris. Ceylon.

5. ELHZOCARPUS, Linn.

Trees. Leaves simple, entire or serrate. Flowers in racemes, rarely
polygamous. Sepals 4-5, valvate (rarely imbricate), distinct. Petals
as many as the sepals, laciniate, lobed or rarely entire, inserted round
the base of a thickened glandular torus. Stamens numerous (rarely
8-12), inserted on the torus between the glands; anthers linear, de-
hiscing by a transverse valve at the apex. Ovary 2-5-celled; ovules 2 in
each cell; style subulate, entire. Drupe with a single bony tuberculate
stone, 3-5- or (by suppression) l-celled; cells 1-seeded. Seeds pendulous;
testa crustaceous or bony; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons broad, flat or
undulate.—Disrris. Tropical Asia, islands of the Pacific and Australia ;
species abqut 50.

Anthers not terminated by an awn.

ID AWN HERI, “soncbcadcsemosadobo saodbosdodanooosobodasbouudaddeogsnN0 1. EL. Ganitrus.
Drupe 1-5-celled.
Anthers bearded ; filaments short, straight ...............06 2. EH. serratus.
Anthers rarely bearded ; filaments long, twice bent......... 3. LH. oblongus.

Anthers terminated by a long awn.
Leaves obovate.

LONER UC Met DeELCLOdys acewesc crane neces ete sewicetenacusenweleeinettes 4, i. tuberculatus.
Stone nupose; NOt tubercle yc. eccescaceecsecnecssecseeccsensaace= ny J2e aristatus.
(Meaves Ovabe=)aNCeOlates.n..cccsceccccocccess tems secseccesecbeccecness 6. EH. Munroii.

1. Eleocarpus Ganitrus, Row). Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 42. A tree.
Leaves 4-6 by 1-1? in., oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate (rarely
obtuse), obscurely and irregularly crenate-serrate or subentire, decurrent
into the petiole, glabrous ; petioles 3-3 in. long. Racemes 2-3 in. long,
from the old wood; buds ovoid-conical, pointed; pedicels 7 in. long.
Sepals 2 in. long, oblong, acuminate, pubescent outside. Petals 5 in.
long, oblong, laciniate about half way down, ciliolate. Stamens about
40, in groups opposite each petal; filaments very short ; anthers linear,
one valve tipped at the apex with a small tuft of glistening hairs.
Ovary pilose, 5-celled ; style longer than the stamens. Drupes 3-j in.
in diam., globose or somewhat obovoid, purple; stone tubercled, 5-celled,
5-seeded. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 400; Grah. Cat. p. 22; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 27;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 27 ; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)

152 XXVII. TILIACEZ.

p- 265; Watt, Dict. Econ, Prod. vy. 3, p. 205.—Flowers: Jan.—Feb.
Vern. Rudrdksh.

On the Western Ghats, but not common. Konkan: W. Ghits, De Crespigny;
S Konkan, Graham; on the higher Ghats, Da/zell & Gibson.—Distris. Malaya.

The tubercled stones are made into rosaries and bracelets which are worn by

Brahmins and Fakirs. The stones are imported from Singapore where the tree is
abundant.

2. Eleocarpus serratus, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p.515. A small
tree; young parts pubescent. Leaves 2-43 by 1-2 in., oblong or obovate,
obtuse, acute or shortly acuminate, irregularly crenate, glabrous, often
with glandular thickenings in the nerve-axils, base acute; petioles
2-; in. long, glabrous. Flowers in drooping racemes 2-3 in. long, in

the axils of fallen leaves; buds ovoid; pedicels 3-2 in. long. Sepals
z in. long, lanceolate, acute. Petals 4, in. long, white, cuneate-obovate,
laciniate half way down. Stamens about 30; filaments short; anthers
linear, one valve tipped at the apex with a small tuft of glistening hairs.
Ovary pilose, 3-celled ; style slender, longer than the stamens, the basal
part hairy. Drupes 1-17 in. long, oblong, narrowed at the base, bluntly
pointed at the apex, greenish yellow, smooth; stone oblong, pointed,
much tubercled, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 401; Trim. Fl.
Ceyl. v. 1, p. 184; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 27; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.
v. 3, p. 206.—Flowers: Jan.-Feb. Vurn. Perinkara.

Kanara: 8. Ghats of N. Kanara in evergreen forests; common near the falls of
Gairsoppa, Talbot; Kadgal (N. Kanara), Talbot, 281 !—Duistris. Malaya, Ceylon.

The fruit is pickled in oil and salt like olives, and the outer fleshy portion eaten in
curries (Watt).

3. Elzocarpus oblongus, Gwrin. Fruct. v. 1 (1788) p. 202, t. 43.
A tree, the foliage often tinged with red. Leaves 3-4 by 13-2 in.,
elliptic, acute or acuminate, crenate-serrate with a small glandular point
at each of the crenatures, quite glabrous, shining, base cuneate ; petioles
7-14 in. long, more or less pubescent. Flowers in racemes from the axils
of fallen leaves ; buds ovoid or subglobose ; peduncles 3-5 in. long, red ;
pedicels 7-3 in. long, red. Sepals + in. long, ovate, acute, reddish
brown. Petals {—3; in. long, white, fringed to about half way down or
a little less, ciliolate. Stamens about 45, in groups of about 9 opposite
each petal ; filaments long, curved outwards at the base, abruptly incurved
at the apex; anthers not (or rarely ?) bearded at the apex, the valves
puberulous. Ovary pilose; style short, conical, hairy. Drupes 1—1{ in.
long, oblong, narrowed at both ends ; stone 2-celled, 2-seeded. Fl. B. I.
v. 1, p.403; Grah. Cat. p. 21; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 27; Wight, Icon. t. 46;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 27; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 1, p. 265;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 3, p. 206.—Flowers: May. Vurn. Adsav;
Kdsa.

On the higher Ghats to the south. Konkan: Gibson!, Law! Deccan: Wai Ghat,
Graham!; Mahableshwar, H. M. Birdwood, Cooke!; near Satara, Woodrow! Kanara:
Ritchie, 1635! N. Kanara in evergreen forests, Za/bot.—Disrrip. Malaya.

4, Elzocarpus tuberculatus, Rovb. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 93;
Fl. Ind. v. 2, p. 594. A large tree. Leaves 5-8 by 23-4 in., obovate-
cuneate, obtuse, obscurely crenate-dentate or subentire, strongly penni-
nerved, glabrous above, fulvous-pubescent on the nerves beneath, base
usually rounded; petioles 1 in. long, more or less hairy. lowers very

XXVII. TILIACEZ. 153

numerous, in rusty-pubescent racemes 2-4 in. long; buds ovoid, acute ;
pedicels up to 1 in. long. Sepals 3—,% in. long, oblong-lanceolate or
linear-oblong, acute, fulvous-pubescent without and with a few hairs
within. Petals a little longer than the sepals, wedge-shaped, hairy at
the base inside, silky villous outside, laciniate one third of the way down.
Stamens 40-50; filaments ;/, in. long; anthers slender, linear, each with
an erect awn 51-3 in. long, which is often slightly curled or twisted.
Ovary conical, silky-villous, 2-celled; style silky near the base, rapidly
tapering from base to apex. Drupes 13-2 in.; stone compressed,
tubercled on the flattened sides and with a thickened margin. Fl. B. I.
v. 1, p. 404; K. Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 6, p. 4,
fig. 1, A, B; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 27; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v.
11 (1897) p. 265; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 206. Monocera
tuberculata, W. & A. Prodr. p. 83; Wight, Icon. t. 62; Dalz. & Gibs.
p. 27.—Flowers: Jan. Vern. Rudrak.

In Wight’s Icon. t. 62, the style is incorrectly copied from Roxburgh’s
drawing.—It is shown as terete, glabrous, while it should have been
shown as tapering, silky.

Southern Ghats from Belgaum southwards ex Zudbot. Kanara: Stocks !, Hohen-
hacker, 531 !—Distri. Malaya.

5. Elzeocarpus aristatus, Row). Hori. Beng. (1814) p. 42; F7.
Ind. vy. 2, p.599. A tree. Leaves 8-11 by 3-44 in., obovate-cuneate,
obtuse, acute or somewhat acuminate, more or less irregularly crenate-
serrate, glabrous on both surfaces, base acute (rarely rounded); petioles
1 in. long, usually glabrous. Flowers numerous ; buds long, elliptic-
lanceolate, pointed. Sepals ;% in. long, pubescent. Petals cuneate, a
little longer than the sepals, hairy at the base within, silky-villous with-
out, somewhat more deeply and more finely divided at the apex than in
the last species. Stamens 40-50; awn erect; filaments glabrous, short.
Ovary 2-celled, silky-villous, conical; style tapering from a conical base,
the basal portion silky. Fruit of the size and shape of an olive; stone
oblong, pointed at both ends, somewhat rugose (not tuberculate), 1- or
(rarely) 2-celled. FI. B.I. v. 1, p. 405; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 27.
Monocera Roxburghu, Wight, Icon. t. 63—Flowers: Apr.

Rare. Konkan: Stocks!; Talkat Ghat, Dalzel/!

6. Elzocarpus Munroii, Mast. in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 407.
A tree. leaves 23-4 by 1{-2 in., crowded towards the ends of the
branches, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, crenate-serrate, glabrous on both
surfaces, base rounded, acute or subcordate; petioles 1-13 in. long,
glabrous. Flowers numerous in racemes which are usually shorter than
the leaves ; buds ellipsoid ; pedicels 3-3 in. long. Sepals ;%; in. long,
narrow-lanceolate, acute, pubescent without. Petals a little longer than
the sepals, oblong, silky on both surfaces, laciniate about one third of
the way down; segments 10-12. Ovary 2-celled, silky-puberulous ;
style straight, tapering, longer than the stamens, the basal half silky-
puberulous. Drupe size of a small olive, yellowish, edible; stone 1-
celled. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 407; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 27. Monocera
Munro, Wight, Icon. t. 952.—Flowers: Sept.—Oct.

This plant has been included on the authority of a specimen in Herb, Kew. marked
** Konkan, Stocks!”

154 XXVIII. LINACEA.

Orvrr XXVIII. LINACEA.

Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees, usually glabrous. Leaves usually
alternate, simple, entire, rarely crenate-serrate ; stipules lateral or intra-
petiolar or 0. Inflorescence various, normally racemose. Flowers
regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5 (rarely 4), free or connate at the base,
imbricate. Petals as many as the sepals, hypogynous or rarely slightly
perigynous, imbricate, often contorted, usually fugacious, blue, yellow
or white, rarely rosy. Stamens as many as the petals with as many
interposed staminodes, or twice (rarely thrice) as many, united at the
base into a ring or a short hypogynous or slightly perigynous tube ;
filaments filiform, inserted on the apex or a little below the apex of the
tube, within or without; anthers versatile, 2-celled, dehiscing longitu-
dinally ; glands 5, entire or didymous, usually adnate to the staminal-
tube or obsolete. Ovary free, entire, 3-5-celled; ovules 1-2 in each
cell, inserted beneath the apex of the inner angle, pendulous, anatropous ;
raphe ventral; micropyle superior; styles ge -5, free or more or less
connate; stigmas terminal. Fruit capsular, septicidally splitting into as
many (or by ‘the presence of false dissepiments), double as many valves
as there are cells to the ovary, Sates no axis, less commonly a drupe.
Seeds in each valve or pyrene 1-2 2, usually compressed ; testa sometimes
expanded into a membranous wing; albumen fleshy or 0; embryo almost
as long as the seed, straight or rarely incurved ; cotyledons flat or plano-
convex, usually ovate or elliptic; radicle superior.—Disrris. Through-
out the world; genera 14; species about 135.

FUOT DS Mite oa cso co aa ae eres eccac ac enon dec eeeee ee eee Lao
PANKEFECLAUNGOPSHTUD sete toes ceeem ete eects Sacgea cuties aceon 2. RetnwarDTIA.
A scandent shrub, with hooked woody tendrils .................005 . 3, Hueonta.

1. LINUM, Linn.

Herbs sometimes suffrutescent, usually glabrous. Leaves generally
alternate, narrow, entire, 1—many-nerved ; stipules 0 or glanduliform,
Inflorescence various. Sepals 5, entire. Petals 5, contorted, fugacious.
Stamens 5, connate at the base, ‘hy poe rynous, alternate with the petals,
often alternating with minute or setiform staminodes ; glands 5, small,
adnate to the staminal-tube outside, opposite to the petals. Ovary 5-
celled, the cells imperfectly septate, 2-seeded, or with a perfect, fissile
septum, 10-valved, 1-seeded. Seeds compressed ; albumen scanty ;
embryo straight. —Disrrin. Temperate and warm regions ; species 80.

Blowers larve;nliin.in diam,, blue! scssssuecceesess ssa cresereienees 1. L. usitatissimum,
Flowers small, 4 in. in diam., yellow ..........scsscssccecsesescees 4, L. mysorense.

1. Linum usitatissimum, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 277. Annual,
2-4 ft. high; stems solitary or few, corymbosely branched; branches
ascending towards the apex. Leaves up to 14 in. long, linear- lanceolate,
attenuated at both ends, acute at the apex. Flowers vabout 1 in. across,
in corymbose panicles. Sepals: the two outer elliptic, acuminate, with
entire membranous margins; the three inner broader, acuminate, with
ciliate margins, all strongly 3-nerved, the middle nerve alone reaching
the apex. Petals blue, slightly crenate. Capsules mucronate, the edge
of the dissepiments in the interior glabrous. Seeds compressed, ellipsoid,

XXVIII. LINACE®. 155

smooth, dark brown, shining. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 410; Grah. Cat. p. 34;
Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 16; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p. 265 ; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 2.—Flowers: Feb—Mar. Vurn.
Alsi; Javas.

The well-known flax-plant. Native country unknown, but supposed to have origin-
ally been introduced from Egypt, where it was in use in the time of the Pharaohs.
It is grown in India for the oil procurable from the seeds, not for the fibre. Fora

full account of the plant and its uses, consult Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. e—Ditsrris.
All regions where flax is cultivated for oil or fibre.

2. Linum mysorense, Heyne, in Wall. Cat. (1828) 1507. Annual,
6-18 in. high, glabrous; stem erect, slender, striate, leafy. Leaves
sessile, }-? in. long, oblong-elliptic or obovate, mucronate, tapering at
the base, 3-nerved. Flowers + in. across, on short pedicels, solitary,
collectively forming a corymbose terminal panicle made up of unilateral
cymes. Sepals in. long, elliptic-lanceolate, pointed, glabrous, 3-nerved.
Petals yellow, about twice as long as the sepals, obovate, rounded at the
apex, acute at the base. Filaments dilated and connate below. Ovary
glabrous ; styles slightly connate at the base. Capsules globose, apiculate,
surrounded by the persistent sepals. Seeds 10, elliptic, compressed,
smooth. FI..B.I.v.1, p. 411; Grah. Cat. p. 33; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 16;
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 188; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1897) p. 265; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 1—Flowers: Oct.-
Dec. Vurn. Undri.

Very common on the Konkan and Deccan hills; abundant at Mahableshwar.

Deccan: hills at Par, Dalzel/!; Khandala, Graham; Kolhapur, Woodrow; Maha-
bleshwar, Cooke !—Disrris. Ceylon.

2. REINWARDTIA, Dumort.

Undershrubs. Leaves alternate, membranous, usually serrate, penni-
nerved ; stipules minute, caducous. Flowers large, yellow or white, in
very short fasciculate axillary racemes or in dense corymbs at the ends of
the branches ; pedicels bracteate. Sepals 5, entire. Petals 5, contorted,
fugacious. Stamens 5, connate at the base, hypogynous, with as many
interposed setiform staminodes. Glands 2-3, adnate to the staminal-
tube. Ovary 3-5-celled, cells 2-locellate; ovule 1 in each locellus;
styles 3-4 (rarely 5 or 7), filiform, stigmatose at the apex. Capsule
globose, splitting into 6-8 valves; valves 1-seeded. Seeds reniform ;
albumen thin ; embryo straight.—Disrris. Endemic ; species 1 or 2.

1. Reinwardtia trigyna, Planch. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 7
(1848) p. 522. An undershrub, 2-3 ft. high ; branches terete, with
longitudinally wrinkled bark, glabrous. Leaves 2-4 by 1-12 in., elliptic-
lanceolate, acute, distantly serrate, decurrent into a short petiole, glabrous,
mucronate ; stipules minute, subulate, caducous. Flowers yellow, hand-
some, 1-13 in.across. Sepals }—3 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, very acute.
Petals obovate, cuneate. Stamens 5, dimorphic, long stamens and short
styles and short stamens and Jong styles occurring in different flowers ;
pollen grains of the short stamens larger than those of the long ones.
Styles normally 3, free or connate at the base, sometimes 4,5 or 7 of
different lengths; stigmas of the long styles larger than those of the
short ones. Capsules globose, shorter than the sepals. FI. B. I. vy. 1,
p- 412; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 265; Watt, Dict.

156 XXVIII. LINACER.

Econ. Prod. y. 6, part 1, p. 427. Retnwardlia trigyna, Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 16. Linum trigynum, Roxb. in As. Res. v. 6, p. 357; Grah. Cat.
p. 34.—Flowers: Jan. Varn. Abai.

Widely planted in gardens, but found wild in a few localities.—Dalzell notes that it
occurs wild on Miradonger, near Pen in the Konkan, where it has also been found by
Woodrow. I have found it in the Deccan on the banks of the Koina river below
Mahableshwar far removed from any habitation.

The dimorphism of the sexual organs of Reinwardtia trigyna has been treated of by
Alefeld in Botan. Zeit. (1863) p. 282. Sir Henry Collett in 1884 made a careful and
exhaustive examination of upwards of 100 fresh specimens from the hills below Simla,
and the subjoined table gives the forms which he has been able to differentiate (MS.
in Herb. Kew.).

A. Long-styled forms.
Stamens in 2 rows, 3 of the stamens being distinctly longer than the other 2.
(a) Styles 3; stamens about half as long as the styles.
(b) Styles 4, three long and one short, the latter equalling the longer stamens.
(c) Styles 5, three long and two short, the 2 shorter equalling respectively the
long and short stamens.
B. Short-styled forms.
Stamens in 2 rows, three being distinctly longer than the other two.
(a) Styles 3, equalling in length the 2 shorter stamens.
(>) Styles 3, standing below the 2 shorter stamens.
(c) Styles 7, standing below the 2 shorter stamens.
(d) An abnormal form with all 5 stamens of slightly unequal lengths; the 3
styles on a level with the shortest stamen.
C. All the styles and stamens of the same length.

Sir H. Collett’s observations make it evident that the species FR. tetragyna can
scarcely be maintained as a separate one, a fact long since suspected by Hooker (Fl.
B. I. v. 1, p. 412 under R&, tetragyna).

3. HUGONIA, Linn.

Scandent shrubs, often tomentose. Leaves alternate, penninerved,
stipulate. Inflorescence various ; flowers yellow, the 2 lowest peduncles
of each branch converted into spiral hooks. Sepals 5. Petals 5, hypo-
gynous, contorted, fugacious. Stamens 10, connate at the base into a
short tube, with glandular swellings between the petals. Ovary 5-celled ;
ovules 2 collateral in each cell; styles 5, filiform, stigmatose at the
apex. Drupe globose, fleshy or baccate. Seeds compressed, albuminous ;
embryo straight or slightly curved; cotyledons flat ; radicle short.—
Disrris. Tropical Asia and Africa; species 6.

1. Hugonia Mystax, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 675. A rambling
scandent shrub; branches yellow-tomentose, with short horizontal
branchlets, leafless below and provided near the ends with a pair of
circinate hooks. Leaves 14-2} by 1-1} in., elliptic-obovate, obtuse or
subacute, entire, reticulately veined, the veins conspicuous on both
surfaces, glabrous, base tapering; petioles ;'; in. long, hairy ; stipules
lanceolate-subulate. Flowers at the extremities of the short branchlets
1-14 in. across, terminal and in the upper axils; pedicels short, 1-
flowered, clothed with soft yellow hairs. Sepals 7, in. long, ovate-
lanceolate, acute, fulvous-pubescent. Petals many times longer than
the sepals, thin, ovate-oblong, acute or truncate. Styles longer than the
stamens; stigmas capitate. Drupes about % in. in diam., globose, sur-
rounded by the persistent sepals; pulp scanty; stone bony, grooved,

XXVIII. LINACEA. 57

10-celled, with usually 2 or 3 seeds. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 413; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 17; Trim. FI). Ceyl. v. 1, p. 189; Reiche, in Engl. & Prantl,
Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 4, p. 33, fig. 29; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 28; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 802.— Flowers: Aug.

Rare. Konkan: Law!, Stocks!; between Malwan and Vingorla, Dalzel/! Kanara:
Stocks !—Disrris. Ceylon.

Orpen XXIX. MALPHIGIACEA.

Trees or shrubs, often climbing. Leaves (in the Indian genera)
opposite, entire ; glands often present on the petiole or the bottom of
the blade or margin of the leaf; stipules small or 0. Inflorescence
axillary and terminal; flowers hermaphrodite, regular or irregular ;
pedicels articulated, bracteate. Calyx usually 5-partite; segments
imbricate, very rarely valvate, 1 or more (never all) furnished with a
large gland, rarely eglandular (Aspidopterys). Petals 5, longer than the
calyx, usually equal, fimbriate or dentate, clawed or not. Disk incon-
spicuous. Stamens usually 10, hypogynous or subperigynous, equal, or
1 or more much longer than the others ; filaments free or connate at the
base ; anthers short, 2-celled. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules solitary in each
cell; styles 1-3, straight or circinate ; stigmas terminal or sublateral,
inconspicuous. Fruit (in the Indian genera) of one or more winged
samaras. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight or curved; radicle
superior. — Disrrrs. Throughout Brazil and Guiana, less widely in
tropical America, Africa and Asia; species about 600,

Styles 1, rarely 2; calycine gland large ...........s.cssscssoredensees 1. Hiprace.

Sevlewto sjcalycme, Gland O) . 3.2 <2 aceite 02 xitesiacsinctiennns Woes ceiuedslee 2. AsPIDOPTERYs.

1. HIPTAGE, Gertn.

Scandent shrubs. Leaves opposite, coriaceous, entire, petioled,
eglandular, exstipulate. Racemes terminal and axillary, sometimes
compound; peduncles erect, bracteate at the base, articulated with the
2-bracteate pedicels. Flowers white, fragrant, the fifth petal discolored.
Calyx 5-partite, with 1 large gland partly adnate to the pedicel. Petals
clawed, unequal, silky. Stamens 10, declinate, all fertile, one much
larger than the others; filaments connate at the very base. Ovary
3-lobed ; lobes appendiculate; styles 1-2, filiform, at first circinate,
the others rudimentary; stigma capitellate. Fruit of 1-3 samaras,
2-3-winged. Seeds subglobose; cotyledons unequal, thick, curved.—
Disrrie. Tropical Asia; species 4.

1. Hiptage Madablota, Grin. Fruct. v. 2 (1791) p. 169, t. 116.
A large woody much-branched climbing shrub; young parts silky.
Leaves coriaceous, 4-7 by 1}-3 in., elliptic-oblong, acuminate or acute,
entire, glabrous, strongly nerved beneath, base acute ; petioles 3-3 in,
loug, silky-pubescent. Flowers $—#? in. across, fragrant, white, in erect
finely tomentose racemes about as long as the leaves ; bracts lanceolate.
Calyx persistent, densely pubescent outside ; lobes oblong, obtuse, one
with a large oblong gland at the base outside. Petals twice as long as
the sepals, orbicular, clawed, fringed on the margin, the uppermost petal
broader than the rest. Carpels with a central wing between the two

lateral, the inner wing 1-1; in. long, the 2 lateral wings ? in. long.

158 XXIX. MALPHIGIACE®.

Seed solitary, globose. Fl. B. I. v.1, p. 418; Grah. Cat. p. 28; Trim. *
FI. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 193; Niedenzu, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3,
part 4, p. 46, fig. 38, n, et p. 49, fig. 39, D; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 28;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 265; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 4, p. 252. Heptage Madablota, Dalz. & Gibs. p. 33.— Flowers :
Jan.Mar. Vern. Madhumdlati; Haladvel. ;

Grows abundantly on the Western Ghats. Konkan: S/ocks!, Law!, Woodrow;

Bombay, in gardens, Graham. Drccan: Panchgani, H. M. Birdwood. Kanara;
Supa, on the Kala naddi, Ritchie, 1001!—Disrris, China, Java, Ceylon.

2, ASPIDOPTERYS, A. Juss.

Scandent shrubs. Leaves quite entire, petioled, eglandular, ex-
stipulate. Panicles axillary or terminal, simple or compound ; peduncles
bracteate ; pedicels usually slender. Flowers white or yellow, inodorous.
Calyx short, 5-partite, eglandular. Petals clawed, entire. Stamens 10,
all perfect; filaments filiform, distinct or connate at the base; anthers
ovate, glabrous. Ovary 3-lobed, the lobes flattened at the back, the sides
winged ; styles 3, glabrous ; stigmas capitate. Fruit of 1-3 samaras
surrounded by a scutiform, ovate or orbicular, membranous wing, some-
times shortly crested in the middle. Seeds oblong, subterete ; cotyledons
straight, equal ; radicle short.—Disrrip. Tropical Asia ; species 15.

Nucleus not dorsally winged.

Leaves ovate-elliptic, glabrous beneath ........s.esseeseerenees 1. A, Roxburghiana.
Leaves cordate, clothed with white tomentum beneath ...... 2. A. cordata.
Nucleus dorsally winged .......5....ccccscseecscnecncnseeteceeeeeoeee 3. A. canarensis.

1. Aspidopterys Roxburghiana, 4. Juss. in Ann. Sc. Nat.
ser. 2, v. 18 (1840) p. 267. A climbing shrub; branches slender ; young
parts glabrous or tomentose. Leaves 3-4 by 15-2 in., ovate-elliptic,
acuminate, entire, glabrous on both surfaces except on the midrib
which is more or less pubescent, base rounded; petioles 7—} in. long,
rusty-pubescent. Flowers small, % in. across, in dense terminal and
axillary rusty-tomentose panicles; bracts lanceolate, pubescent. Calyx
persistent ; lobes ovate, obtuse, tomentose. Petals obovate, concave,
white. Stamens 10; filaments connate at the base, the exterior shorter.
Ovary pilose; styles slightly longer than the stamens. Samara linear-
oblong, 1-2 by 4? in., membranous, glabrous, yellowish-brown ; nucleus
not winged or keeled. FL B. I. v. 1, p. 420; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 33;
Niedenzu, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 4, p. 46, fig. 38, a;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 29; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11
(1897) p. 265. Hirea indica, Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. 90; Grah. Cat.
p- 28.—Flowers: Dec.

Forests of the Western Ghats; not common. Konkan: Dalzell § Gibson; Ghat
forests, Talbot. Dxcoan: hills near Satara, Woodrow; Khandala, Dalzell § Gibson ;
Khandala Ghat, Graham.

2. Aspidopterys cordata, A. Juss. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2, v. 18
(1840) p. 267. A slender climber; young parts tomentose. Leaves
4-7 in. in diam., orbicular or broadly ovate, abruptly terminated by a
broad acuminate tip, glabrous or nearly so above, white-tomentose
beneath, base cordate ; petioles 1-1} in. long, rusty-pubescent. Flowers

3 in. across, in tomentose lax panicles; bracts subulate or 0. Calyx

XXIX. MALPHIGIACE A. 159

small; lobes ovate, acute. Petals thrice as long as the lobes of the
calyx, oblong-elliptic, rounded at the apex. Samara orbicular or slightly
elliptic, 1-13 in. in diam., membranous, closely reticulately veined,
glabrous, pale brown; nucleus not dorsally winged or keeled. FI. B. I.
v. 1, p.421; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 34; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 29; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 265.—Flowers: Sept.—Nov.
Vern. Buryel.

Throughout the Konkan, Deccan and Kanara in moist forests. Konkan: Stochs!;
island of Salsette, Jacguemont, 991!; near Pen, Dalzell § Gibson; Matheran, Wood-

vow. Deccan; Bowdhan jungle, near Poona, Cooke! 8S. M. Counrry: Belgaum,
Ritchie, 181!; Londa, Woodrow. Kanara: Yellapur (N. Kanara), Talbot!

3. Aspidopterys canarensis, Dalz. in Hook. Kiw Journ. Bot. v.3
(1851) p. 37. A climbing shrub; branches with wrinkled bark,
glabrous. Leaves 3-4 by 13-2 in., elliptic-lanceolate, obtusely acumi-
nate, glabrous when adult, sparingly clothed with fusiform hairs
attached by the middle when very young, margins repand, base rounded
or subacute; petioles + in. long, channelled, glabrous. Flowers in
long-pedicelled umbelliform racemes from a very short peduncle, which
is clothed with minute rusty-tomentose bracts ; pedicels filiform, 3-2 in.
long, glabrous. Calyx rufous-tomentose outside ; lobes ovate, obtuse.
Petals oblong, obtuse, 4 times as long as the calyx. Ovary glabrate.
Samaras 1-14 in. in diam., suborbicular, very membranous, pale
yellowish-brown, the margins entire or lobed towards the apex ; nucleus
with a dorsal wing. Fl. B. 1. v. 1, p. 420; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 29;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 265.—Flowers: Feb.—
Mar.

The Ghats of the Konkan and Kanara; rare. Konkan: Stocks!, Dalzell!

Kanara: Dalzell; evergreen forests of the Supa Ghats, N. Kanara (rare), Talbot ;
Kumta and Sirsi Road, Woodrow ; Nilkund (N. Kanara), Woodrow.

Orppr XXX. ZYGOPHYLLACES.

Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees; branches usually articulate. Leaves
opposite or alternate (by suppression), stipulate, 2-3-foliolate or pinnate ;
leaflets entire, epunctate, sometimes connate; stipules twin, persistent,
sometimes spiny. Peduncles usually 1-2 in the axils of the stipules, 1-
flowered, rarely bracteate. Flowers hermaphrodite, regular or irregular,
white, yellow or red, rarely blue. Sepals 5 (rarely 4), free or rarely
connate at the base, imbricate (rarely valvate or open), in estivation.
Petals 5-4 rarely 0, hypogynous, free, imbricate or contorted, rarely
valvate. Disk convex or depressed, rarely annular inconspicuous or 0,
eglandular. Stamens as many as the petals or twice (rarely thrice) as
many, inserted at the base of the disk, those opposite to the petals
often connate at the base with the claw of the petals; filaments
filiform, usually with a scale within at the base or the middle ;
anthers versatile, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary sessile or rarely on
a short gynophore, furrowed, angled or winged, 4—5- (rarely 2-12-)
celled; cells very rarely with partial transverse septa; ovules 2 or
more (rarely 1), often filiform, pendulous or ascending; raphe ventral ;
micropyle superior ; style simple, terminal, angular or furrowed ; stigma
simple, rarely discoid, or stigmas 5. Fruit various (never baccate),

160 XXX. ZYGOPHYLLACER,

coriaceous or crustaceous, sometimes dividing into 2-10 dehiscent or
indehiscent (sometimes spiny) cocci cohering or free from the axis,
or capsular and septicidally dehiscent. Seeds usually pendulous and
solitary (rarely 2 or more) in each cell, oblong or linear; raphe
adnate or free; testa membranous, crustaceous or thick and muci-
laginous; albumen scanty (rarely 0); embryo as long as the seed,
green, straight or rarely curved ; cotyledons oblong or linear, thick or
foliaceous; radicle short, straight, superior.—Disrriz. Tropical and
warm regions of both hemispheres ; rare in tropical Africa; genera 17 ;
species about 100.

Seeds iexal buminosicecsescavsasestectovesacs vet dears caencsiiees secon setts 1. Trrevuvs.
Seeds albuminous.
Petal OM er ce se ccs veces ontees wocustdale ones Uaeeas ee ativan deneeaeeenee 2. SEETZENIA.
Petals 4-5.
Stamens’ U2=L) ssslek si oss dais a oleae cisclecrens ave netrewee sesaeeee 3. PEGANUM.
Stamens 8-10.
Ovules axile ; stipules not spiny .............0008 4, ZyGorayiuum.
Ovules basal ; stipules spiny .. ..........sccsecesees 5, Fagonia.

1. TRIBULUS, Linn.

Branching prostrate herbs, often with silky hairs. Leaves stipulate,
opposite (or sometimes alternate by suppression), usually one of the pair
smaller than the other, abruptly pinnate. Flowers solitary, pseudo-
axillary, white or yellow. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, spreading,
imbricate, fugacious. Disk annular, 10-lobed. Stamens 10 (rarely 5),
inserted on the base of the disk, the longer opposite to the petals, the
5 shorter with a small gland outside ; filaments filiform, naked. Ovary
sessile, hirsute, 5-12-lobed, 5-12-celled ; ovules 1-5 in each cell, super-
posed; _ style short, pyramidal or filiform; stigmas 5-12. Fruit
5-angled, of 5-12 winged or spinous or tuberculate indehiscent cocci.
Seeds obliquely pendulous ; testa membranous ; embryo exalbuminous ;
cotyledons oval; radicle short.—Distris. Warmer regions of the globe;
species about 15.

Cocci with 2 long and 2 short spines .......ccssssccscsccssecsecsenees 1. 7. terrestris.
Woeci broad ly win ledy-remecsnoncheoseue acs te esceeeentoenceedechmacatm cra 2. T. alatus.

1. Tribulus terrestris, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 387. A pro-
cumbent herb; stems and branches pilose; young parts silky-villous.
Leaves opposite, abruptly pinnate, one of each pair usually smaller than
the other, sometimes wanting; stipules lanceolate, hairy; leaflets 3-6
pairs, }—3 in. long, oblong, mucronate, sericeo-villous with appressed hairs
beneath and more or less so on the upper surface, base rounded oblique ;
petiolules very short, pilose. Flowers axillary or leat-opposed, solitary ;
pedicels 4—? in. long, slender, hairy. Sepals 7 in. long, lanceolate, acute,
hairy. Petals % in. long, oblong-obovate ; claw short, hairy. Ovary
bristly ; style short, stout ; stigmatic lobes longer than the diameter of
the style. Fruit globose, consisting of (usually) 5 hairy or nearly
glabrous, often muriculate, woody cocci, each with 2 pairs of hard
sharp spines, one pair longer than the other. Seeds several in each
coccus, with transverse partitions between them. Fi. B. I. v. 1, pi 42a
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 45; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 1, p. 902; Trim. Fl. Ceyl.
y. 1, p. 194; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 266;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p.78. Tribulus lanuginosus, Linn,

XXX. ZYGOPHYLLACE®. 161

Sp. Pl. p. 387; Grah. Cat. p. 35.—Flowers throughout the year.
Vern. Gokru; Sardta.

In dry and hot parts of the Presidency, a common weed. This and the next species
are members of the Desert Flora.

Deccan: Dalzell & Gibson, Graham, Woodrow; Bijapur, Cooke!; Poona, Cooke!
Gusarat: Dalzell § Gibson; Kathiawar, Dalzeli § Gibson; Deesa, Stocks! 8. M.
Country ; Padshapur (Belgaum districts), Ritchie, 1666! Sinp: Woodrow; Jemadar
ka Landa, near Karachi, Stocks!

The plant is used medicinally throughout India and the young leaves and stems
are eaten asa potherb. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ¢.

2. Tribulus alatus, Delile, Flor. Agypt. [llustr. (1812) p. 62.
Annual; branches procumbent or ascending, densely silky-villous.
Leaves as in the former species; stipules broadly ovate, acute, hairy.
Flowers 4-3 in. in diam. Sepals 53, in. long, ovate, acuminate, villous
outside. Petals very thin, scarcely longer than the sepals, cuneate-
oblong, the apex sometimes slightly dentate. Stamens 5 (or ? 10).
Ovary bristly with long white hairs; style short, stout. Fruit of
5 2-seeded cocci, the cocci very hirsute, the spines confluent into
toothed wings. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 423; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 1, p. 902;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 266; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 78.—Flowers: Oct.Dec. Native names Nindo-
trikund ; Latak.

In all the specimens examined by me the number of stamens was
invariably 5 and not 10.

A member of the Desert Flora growing in Sind. Sip: Stocks!, Vicary!; Sewan,
Cooke!, Woodrow !—Disrxis. North Africa, Arabia.

2, SEETZENTA, Br.

A small prostrate herb, frutescent at the base, usually glabrate.
Leaves opposite, stipulate, trifoliolate ; leaflets obovate, apiculate.
Flowers small, axillary, solitary. Sepals 5, linear-oblong, valvate,
incurved at the apex. Petals 0. Disk small, 5-lobed. Stamens 5,
inserted on the disk; filaments filiform, glabrous, naked at the base ;
anthers subglobose. Ovary oblong-clavate, sessile, 5-gonous, truncate,
fleshy, 5-celled; ovule 1, in each cell, pendulous; styles 5, short,
spreading ; stigmas small, capitate. Capsule pendulous, ovoid, pen-
tagonal, separating into 5 1-seeded cocci with a narrow succulent
exocarp on the back only; endocarp crustaceous. Seeds solitary,
ovoid, compressed ; testa thiek with 3 skins, the outer membranous,
the middle one cellular and mucilaginous, the inner coriaceous ; albumen
thin ; cotyledons thick.—Disrris. Africa; species 1.

1. Seetzenia orientalis, Dene. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2, v. 3 (1835)
p- 281. A branching herb; stem and branches terete, articulate, some-
what swollen at the nodes, usually glabrous. Leaves glaucous; petioles
74-2 im. long ; stipules intrapetiolar, triangular, ciliate; leaflets fleshy,
the terminal one the larger, + in. long, obovate, the lateral oblique, all
-with a hard, polished, horny apiculation. Flowers solitary, axillary;
pedicels exceeding the leaves, 4-3 in. long, cernuous, often abruptly
deflexed at the apex, glabrous. Fruit as in the genus. Seeds oblong,
compressed, somewhat pointed at the ends, smooth, brown. Fl. B. I.

M

162 XXX. ZYGOPHYLLACH A.

vy. 1, p. 424; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 1, p. 916; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 266.—Flowers: Oct.

Sinp: rare; Sind hills, Dalzell!, Stocks, 1200!; Hala range, Vicary!; Laki,
Woodrow.—Disrris. N. and 8. Africa, Arabia.

3. PEGANUM, Linn.

Branching perennial-rooted herbs. Leaves alternate, not glandular,
entire or irregularly multifid; stipules setaceous. Flowers solitary on
subterminal leaf-opposed pedicels, white. Sepals 4-5, narrow, often
foliaceous and pinnatifid, open in estivation, persistent. Petals 4-5,
subequal, imbricate. Disk annular or cup-shaped. Stamens 12-15,
inserted at the base of the disk, some without anthers; filaments
dilated below; anthers linear. Ovary globose, deeply 2-3-lobed,
2-3-celled ; ovules many in each cell, suspended by short funicles from
the central angle; styles basal, twisted, 2-3-keeled above the middle,
the keels stigmatose. Fruit globose, 3-4-celled, dry and dehiscing with
3 valves, or baccate and indehiscent ; cells many-seeded. Seeds angled ;
testa spongy, scrobiculate ; albumen fleshy ; embryo curved.—Distrip.
Species 4, of which 1 is widely dispersed on the shores of the Mediter-
ranean and tropical Asia, the others natives of Central Asia and
Mexico.

1. Peganum Harmala, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 444. A bush,
1-3 ft. high, dichotomously and corymbosely branched. Leaves 2-3 in,
long, multifid, the segments narrow, linear, acute. Flowers ?-1 in.
across, solitary, sessile or pedicelled. Sepals narrow, linear, acute,
usually exceeding the petals. Petals white, elliptic-oblong. Capsules
globose, ;8,—4 in. in diam., deeply lobed, veined, glabrous. FI. B. I.
vy. 1, p. 486 (under Rutacew); Grah. Cat. p. 85; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 45 ;
Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 1, p. 917; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v.11
(1897) p. 267; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 124.—Flowers :
Oct.—Dec. Vurn. Harmal.

Common in the drier parts of the Presidency. Konkan: Law! Duccan: Indapur
(Poona Collectorate), Dalzell § Gibson; Bijapur, Cooke!, Woodrow! Sinv: Stocks! ;
Hyderabad, Woodrow!—Disrris. Soongaria, Arabia, N, Africa and westward to
Hungary and Spain.

me plant is of considerable repute in native medicine. See Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. 1. e.

4. ZYGOPHYLLUM, Linn.

Small shrubs or prostrate herbs; branches terete, often spinescent.
Leaves opposite, 1-2-foliolate ; leaflets usually fleshy ; stipules 2, often
spiny. Flowers from among the stipules, white or yellow, usually
marked with a red or purple spot at the base. Calyx 4~5-partite,
persistent or deciduous, imbricate. Petals 4-5, clawed, imbricate and
contorted. Disk fleshy, angular, cup-shaped or concave. Stamens
8-10, inserted at the base of the disk, longer than the petals; filaments
filiform, with a scale at the base within ; anthers oblong. Ovary sessile
on the disk, 4-5-gonous, 4-5- (rarely 2-3-) celled, attenuated into an
angled style; stigma minute; ovules 2-many in each cell, superposed ;
raphe free or adnate. Fruit capsular, 4-5-gonous or 4-5-winged,
indehiscent or septicidally dehiscent into 5 cocci, or loculicidally
5-valved, the endocarp sometimes separating. Seeds 1 or more in

XXX, ZYGOPHYLLACE®. 163

each cell, pendulous; testa crustaceous; albumen scanty ; cotyledons
oblong.— Distriz. Natives chiefly of the Cape and Australia; species
about 54.

Aumuallsleayes sumplanCYMMGIMICs . sec. cnvesesscecesccescsacaneecesesis 1. Z. simplex.
BerennialesleavesactOlOlatey 2b.cacsascsiecssrewetes ccsssSceeneesioscees 2. Z. coccineum.

1. Zygophyllum simplex, Linn. Mantiss. v. 1 (1767) p. 68.
A sueculent watery much-branched procumbent herb; branches
slender, reddish, striate, glabrous. Leaves small, subsessile, cylindric,
oblong or obovate, obtuse, fleshy; stipules lanceolate, acute. Flowers
small. Sepals obovate, cucullate at the apex. Petals yellow, spathulate,
spreading, margins flat. Staminal-scale bipartite, hyaline, the segments
obovate. Ovary turbinate, glabrous, ribbed; style tapering. Capsules
deflexed, rugulose, separating: into 5 compressed 3-5-seeded cocci.
Seeds minute, oblong, attenuated at both ends, smooth. FI. B. I. v. 1,
p-. 424; Boiss. F]. Orient. v. 1, p: 912; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
ve 2d (1897) p- 266; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. . 6, part 4, p. 375.—
Flowers: Noy.Jan. Vury. Puildni.

Very common all overSind. The plant is eaten bycamels. Sinn: Royle!, Stocks!;
Hala range, Vicary!; Karachi, Cooke !, Woodrow!—Disrriz. Arabia, tropical Africa,
Western Asia.

2. Gygophyllum coccineum, Jinn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 386.
Suffruticose ; branches woody, striate and papillose, hoary at first with
a white powdery tomentum, at length glabrous. Leaves 2-foliolate,
powdery; petioles stout, fleshy, grooved, longer than the leaflets ;
stipules triangular, scarious ; leaflets oblong, cylindric or semicylindric,
obtuse, minutely powdery. Flowers solitary, white or tinged with
yellow. Sepals fleshy, cucullate, the margins membranous. Petals
spathulate, spreading, longer than the sepals, undulate on the margin.
Staminal-scale ovate-lanceolate, entire or lacerate at the apex. Ovary
glabrous or velvety. Capsules 2 in. long, oblong or obovoid, 5-ribbed,
truncate at the base and the apex; cocci 3-5-seeded. Seeds small,
ovoid, acute, tubercled, compressed. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 425; Boiss. Fl.
Orient. v. 1, p. 915.

Rare. Sinp: on hills, Stocks!

5. FAGONIA, Linn.

Branching herbs woody at the base, erect or prostrate. Leaves
opposite, 1-3-foliolate, the leaflets quite entire, mucronate; stipules
often spiny. Flowers solitary from among the stipules, rosy or violet,
rarely yellow. Sepals 5, deciduous, imbricate. Petals 5, clawed,
caducous, imbricate. Disk short, inconspicuous. Stamens 10, inserted
on the disk; filaments filiform, naked; anthers shortly oblong. Ovary
sessile, 5-gonous, 5-celled, narrowed into a 5-gonous subulate style
ovules 2, near the base of the cell, collateral, pendulous from ascending
funicles; stigma simple. Fruit 5-gonous, of 5 1-seeded cocci which
dehisce along the ventral suture and separate from a horny endocarp.
Seeds erect, compressed, broadly oblong ; testa mucilaginous ; albumen
horny; cotyledons broad, flat, ovate. —DI1stRIB. Widely dispersed
throughout the Mediterranean and the Eastern regions, rarer in ‘S.
- Africa, California and Chili; species 2 or 3, well-defined.

M2

164 XXX. ZYGOPHYLLACE A.

1. Fagonia cretica, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 386. A small spiny
erect undershrub, more or less glandular; branches slender, terete,
striate, glabrous. Leaves opposite, 1-3-foliolate ; petioles very variable
in length, from 3-1} in. long, deeply striate, very slender; stipules
2 pairs of sharp slender thorns sometimes exceeding } in. long ; leaflets
3-3 by ,-1 in., linear, acute (when the leaflets are 3 in number, the
middle the largest), sessile or with very short petiolules. lowers smail,
pale rose-colored ; pedicels slender, 7-3 in. long. Sepals 4 in. long,
ovate, aristate. Petals twice as long as the sepals, spathulate ; claw
long. Ovary hairy; style tapering. Fruit glandular-pubescent, rounded
at the base, pyramidal towards the apex, deeply 5-partite almost to the
axis. Seeds ovoid, acute, flattened, smooth. Fagonia arabica, Linn. Sp.
Pl. p. 386; Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 425; Boiss. FI. Orient. vy. 1, pia
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 266; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 3, p. 308. Fagonia mysorensis, Roth, Noy. Sp. p. 215; Grah.
Cat. p. 35; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 45.—Flowers: Oct.Dec. Vurn.
Dhaméasa.

Common in the Deccan; less common in Sind. Duzccan: Dalzell § Gibson; in
grain fields (common), Graham; Bijapur, Cooke!, Woodrow! Sinn: Woodrow},
Cooke !

The plant has some repute in native medicine. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. c.

Orprr XXXI. GERANIACE.

Herbs, undershrubs, rarely trees, often glandularly pubescent. Leaves
opposite or alternate, rarely entire, often 2-stipulate. Flowers herma-
phrodite, regular or irregular, solitary, umbelled, cymose or racemose ;
peduncles usually axillary. Sepals 5, rarely fewer, free or united to the
middle, usually imbricate, the posticous sometimes spurred, persistent
or rarely deciduous. Petals as many as the sepals or fewer (by
suppression) or 0, hypogynous or subperigynous, variously imbricate,
rarely contorted. Torus scarcely expanded into a disk, with 5 glands
alternating with the petals, or eglandular, raised in the centre, rarely
flat. Stamens as many or twice as many (rarely thrice as many) as the
sepals ; filaments filiform or dilated or connate into a ring; anthers
versatile, 2-celled, cells parallel, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 3-5-
(rarely 2-) lobed, 3-5-celled. Carpels united with the axis as far as the
insertion of the ovules, prolonged above into a styliferous beak or into
styles which are more or less united ; stigmas capitate, linear or ligu-
late ; ovules 1-2 or many in each cell, anatropous, pendulous; raphe
ventral. Fruit capsular, 3-5-lobed; lobes 1-seeded, often separating
from the axis, septicidal or Joculicidal, rarely berried. Seeds pendulous,
horizontal or ascending, usually exarillate; testa membranous, rarely
subcrustaceous; albumen scanty or 0, rarely thick and fleshy ; embryo
straight or curved; cotyledons flat, plano-convex or variously folded,
foliaceous or thick, rarely fleshy ; radicle short, straight, looking towards
the hilum, or longer, inflexed or usually incumbent on the cotyledons.—
Distris. Temperate and subtropical regions of both hemispheres ;
genera 20; species about 800.

Several varieties of the Pelargonium (commonly called Geranium) are cultivated in

gardens, where they flourish and bloom extremely well, ‘The genus is not indigenous
to India.

XXXI, GERANIACEA. 165

Glands alternate with the petals ; flowers regular or nearly so.
IPErlech SbAMENAMlpe ens ceecet seas eanccoreaiectersetinesesiecncoress 1, Monsonra.
Perfect stamens Dis Staminodes 5 .......0-scocccsecasrscscsccees 2. Eropium.
Glands 0); leaves compound.
Herbs ; fruit capsular.

TERY ES S-FOMOLALO! wens nneverseiencassncceiersneseasiectenesscess 3. OXALIs.
RCAVES APMUPLLY PINNALC: <<, cossencceveseseorensesccoeasees 4, Bropnyrum.
PETER leavCEMMENAlD: tacdazgentts oSsaees td sans sn<nwensbavsseeenene 5. AVERRHOA.
Flowers irregular ; leaves simple; sepals usually colored ...... 6. Impatiens.

1. MONSONIA, Linn.

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, toothed or
divided. Flowers regular; peduncles axillary, bracteate about the
middle, 1-flowered or umbellately many-flowered. Sepals 5, imbricate.
Petals 5, hypogynous, imbricate ; glands 5, alternate with the petals.
Stamens 15, all antheriferous, very shortly connate at the base into
a ring and higher up into 5 bundles, one bundle of 3 stamens opposite to
each sepal. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled, beaked, the beak ending ina styie
bearing 5 linear branches which are stigmatose on the inside; ovules 2
in each cell, superposed. Lobes of the capsule 1-seeded, separating
septifragally from the placentiferous axis, the tails rolling up elastically
from the base to the apex, bearded within. Seeds exalbuminous, the
radicle incumbent on convolutely folded cotyledons.—Disrris. Africa
and tropical Asia; species about 12.

Flowers solitary ; petals longer than the sepals ............... 1. M. senegalensis.
Flowers umbelled ; petals shorter than the sepals ............ 2. M. heliotropioides.

i. Monsonia senegalensis, Gwill. § Perr. Fl. Seneg. Tent. v. 1
(1830) p. 131.—A diffuse annual herb, 3-12 in. high, woody at, and
divaricately-branched from the base, clothed with viscid glandular hairs.
Leaves #-1j by 3-3 in., ovate, acute or subobtuse, mucronate, distantly
toothed, glabrous above or nearly so, softly villous beneath and on the
margins, base cordate or rounded; petioles reaching 13 in. long, slender,
softly hairy ; stipules lanceolate-subulate, very acute, hairy. Peduncles
reaching 13 in. long, slender, hairy, usually 1-flowered, often sharply
deflexed near the flower or at the bracts; bracts 2, subulate, hairy,
inserted on the peduncle one fourth to one third of the way up from the
base. Sepals elliptic-oblong, awned, becoming somewhat obovate in
fruit, 1-2 in. long (excluding the awn), densely clothed with long, soft
hairs, the margins membranous ; awn about {5 in. long. Petals pink,
2 in. long, obovate. Filaments broad and flattened at the base. Carpels
stipitate, obconical, clothed with stiff hairs, obliquely truncate, with 2-3
pocket-like depressions or wrinkles beneath the apex; beak 3 in. long,
finely downy outside and with long silky hairs on the inner face. FI.
Be Lv. 1, p. 427; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 41; Boiss. Fl. Orient. y. 1,
p. 898; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 266. Geranium
Lawianum, Nimmo, in Grah. Cat. (flyleaf).—Flowers: Aug.

Throughout the dry districts of the Presidency; not common. Deccan: hills near
Ganesh Khind, Poona, Woodrow!; Chattersinghi hill near Poona, Woodrow! ; Don-
gergaon near Ahmednagar, Cooke!; Indapur and N. of the Bhima river, near Khed,
Gibson. Gusarat: Baikar near Deesa, Stocks! Sinp: Jemadar ka Landa, near
Karachi, Stocks!—Drstris. Beluchistan, Arabia, Senegambia.

166 XXXI. GERANIACEE.

2. Monsonia heliotropioides, Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 1 (1867)
p- 897. A small hoary annual, with a woody rootstock. Leaves chiefly
radical, 3-1 by 3-3 in., variable in shape, ovate, obtuse or rhomboid,
softly villous with long white hairs on both surfaces, sharply denticulate ;
base cordate, rounded or cuneate ; petioles up to 21 in. long, clothed
with long white hairs; stipules subulate, hairy. Flowers in umbels on
the summit of a very long scape which sometimes reaches 8 in. long,
slender, distantly clothed with long, white hairs; bracts beneath the
pedicels lanceolate ; pedicels 5-8, slender, slightly hairy. Sepals 7%; in.
long, elliptic-oblong, abruptly mucronate, becoming enlarged and obovate
in fruit, canescent outside, the margins membranous. Petals obovate,
shorter than the sepals. Filaments slightly ciliate. Carpels stipitate,
densely hairy at the base, obliquely truncate, with 2-3 grooves or
wrinkles beneath the apex; beak up to 34 in. long, slightly downy
outside, clothed with silky hairs within. Fl. B. Lv. 1, p. 428;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 266.—Flowers: Aug.

Rare. Srp: Thano-Bula-Khan road, 51 miles from Karachi, Woodrow.—Dtsrr1B.
Westwards to Egypt.

2. ERODIUM, L’Herit.

Herbs, rarely undershrubs ; branches swollen or jointed at the nodes.
Leaves usually pinnately divided. Flowers regular or irregular; peduncles
axillary, umbelled at the apex, rarely 1-flowered. Sepals 5, imbricate.
Petals 5, hypogynous, imbricate, with alternating glands. Stamens 5,
alternating with 5 staminodes. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled, beaked, the
beak running into a style with 5 longitudinally stigmatose branches ;
ovules 2 in each cell, more or less superposed. Lobes of the capsule
l1-seeded, separating septifragally from the axis, the beaks rolling up
elastically from the base to the apex, hairy on the inner surface, each
with usually 2 pits at the top below the beak. Seeds exalbuminous ;
embryo incumbent on the induplicate or flexuous radicle.—Dtsrris.

Chiefly in temperate regions in the N. hemisphere of the Old World ;
species about 50.

~_

(1789) p. 414. An annual herb; branches short or long, sometimes
reaching 2 ft. and upwards, more or less clothed with white hairs.
Leaves oblong, pinnatisect ; segments 7-11 pairs, sessile, not decurrent,
ovate-oblong or obovate, deeply inciso-dentate ; stipules scarious, ovate-
lanceolate, acute. Peduncles many-flowered; pedicels hoary; bracts
small, scarious, ovate. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, shortly mucronate,
hairy outside. Petals obovate, unequal, as long as, or longer than the
sepals, purple, often spotted. ilaments glabrous, without teeth.
Beak 5-6 times as long as the carpels, pits with a concentric fold
beneath. Seeds very smooth; cotyledons 3-lobed. Fl. B. I. v. 1,
p. 484; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 1, p. 890; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 266.—Flowers : Feb.—Dee.

A very rare plant, occurring in Sind. It is abundant near Quetta, which is not,
however, within the limits of the Bombay Presidency.

Sino: ‘Tata district, Woodrow!—Disrris. Throughout Europe and temperate
N. Asia.

1. Erodium cicutarium, J’ //érit. ex Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 1, v. 2

XXXT. GERANIACH A. 167

3. OXALIS, Linn.

Acid herbs, rarely shrubby. Leaves radical or cauline, alternate,
digitately or pinnately 3-foliolate. Flowers on axillary, 1- or more-
flowered peduncles, regular, yellow, rosy or white. Sepals 5, imbricate.
Petals 5, hypogynous, contorted. Disk without glands. Stamens 10,
free or united at the base, all antheriferous. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled ;
ovules 1-many in each cell; styles 5, distinct; stigmas terminal,
capitate, 2-fid or laciniate. Capsule dehiscing loculicidally; valves
persistent to the axis. Seeds with an outer fleshy coat bursting
elastically ; testa crustaceous; albumen fleshy; embryo straight.—
Disrriz. Largely distributed in S. Africa and S. America; a few
species in temperate and tropical regions ; species more than 200.

1. Oxalis corniculata, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 435. A small
procumbent herb; stems rooting, pubescent with appressed hairs.
Leaves palmately 3-foliolate; petioles 14-34 in. long, very slender,
pubescent ; stipules small, oblong, adnate to the petiole; leaflets 3-1 in.
long, obcordate, cuneate at the base, subsessile, glabrous or with a few
appressed hairs and with ciliate margins. Flowers axillary, subum-
bellate ; peduncles solitary, up to 34 in. long, deflexed in fruit, pubescent ;
bracts beneath the pedicels lanceolate, hairy. Sepals 3-7; in. long,
oblong, obtuse, appressedly hairy outside. Petals yellow, oblong, rounded
at the apex, emarginate, twice as long as the sepals. Stigma papillose.
Capsules ? in. long, linear-oblong, 5-angled, shortly beaked, tomentose.
Seeds numerous, broadly ovoid, acute, transversely striate, brown. Fl.
B. I. v. 1, p. 486; Grah. Cat. p. 35; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 42; Wight,
Icon. t. 18; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 1, p. 866; Trim. FI. Ceyl.v. 1, p. 196;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 266; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 5, p. 658.—Flowers: Oct.-May. Vern. Ambusi.

Common everywhere; a troublesome weed in gardens.—Disrris. Cosmopolitan.

4, BIOPHYTUM, DC.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves crowded at the ends of the stem
and branches, abruptly pinnate; leaflets opposite, oblique. Flowers
dimorphous, in small umbels ; peduncles terminal. Sepals 5, imbricate,
lanceolate, acuminate. Petals 5, yellow, connate into a salver-shaped
corolla. Stamens 10, distinct; filaments free, the 5 inner longer.
Ovary 5-celled ; styles 5; stigmas notched at the apex or 2-fid. Capsule
ovoid or oblong or subglobose, dehiscing loculicidally into 5 spreading
valves. Seeds asin Owalis.—Disrris. Tropical Asia, Africa and America;
species about 20.

1. Biophytum sensitivum, DC. Prod. v.1(1824) p.690. Annual;
stem erect, from 1-10 in. long, stout or slender, glabrous or hairy.
Leaves sensitive, crowded into a rosette on the top of the stem 15-3 in.
long; petiole short ; rhachis slender, glabrous or hairy ; leaflets opposite,
3 in. long, 6-15 pairs (the terminal pair the largest, the pairs becoming
smaller downwards), oblong, obliquely rounded and apiculate at the
apex, subsessile, glabrous, paler beneath. Flowers dimorphic, 3 in. across,
yellow; peduncles many, of various lengths up to 4 in. long, slender,
pubescent or glabrous ; pedicels many ; bracts lanceolate, small, crowded

168 _XXXI. GERANIACES.

beneath the pedicels. Sepals lanceolate, acute, with parallel nerves.
Corolla much exceeding the sepals; lobes rounded, spreading. Style
nearly glabrous. Capsules ellipsoid, apiculate, slightly exceeding the
sepals ; cells few-seeded. Seeds ovoid, transversely striate. Fl. B. I.
v. 1, p. 486; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 42; Reiche, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf.
v. 3, part 4, p. 16, fig. 14, @; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v.1, p. 197; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 266.—Flowers : Oct.—Jan.

A common weed in the Konkan during the rains. Konyxan: Sion, near Bombay, .

Woodrow !; Neral, Woodrow! Drccan: Poona, Cooke!, Woodrow! Gusarat: Baroda,
Woodrow. Kanara: Talbot !—Duisrrie. Tropical Asia, Africa and America.

5. AVERRHOA, Linn.

Trees. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, exstipulate. Flowers regular,
small, in short panicles. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, hypogynous,
contorted. Glands 0. Stamens 10, very shortly connate at the base
into a ring, all perfect or 5 without anthers. Ovafy 5-lobed, 5-celled ;
ovules numerous; styles 5, distinct ; stigmas capitate. Berry oblong,
indehiscent. Seeds naked or arillate ; albumen fleshy, scanty ; embryo
straight.—Distris. Probably natives of the New World; species 5 or 4,
of which the following are cultivated in many hot countries.

Leaflets 5-11; fruit with sharp angles; seeds arillate ............ 1. A. Carambola.
Leaflets 11-35 ; fruit with obtuse angles; seeds exarillate......... 2. A, Bilimbi.

1. Averrhoa Carambola, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 428. A small
tree with close drooping branches. Leaves alternate; leaflets 5-11,
irritable to the touch, 14-23 by #-14 in., ovate-oblong, acuminate,
entire, glabrous or pubescent above, glaucous and glabrous beneath, base
oblique, acute; petiolules short, stout, pubescent. Flowers in short
racemes chiefly axillary or sometimes springing from the bark. Sepals
3-t in. long, glabrous. Petals more than twice as long as the sepals,
oblong-obovate, variegated white and purple. Stamens 10, of which 5
are shorter and without anthers, or sometimes 1 or 2 of these longer
and antheriferous ; filaments dilated at the base. Fruit oblong, acutely
angled, yellow. Seeds arillate. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 489; Dalz. & Gibs.
Suppl. p.16; Bedd. For. Man. in Fl. Sylvat. p. xxxix; Reiche, in Engl.
& Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 4, p. 16, fig. 14, m, and p. 22, fig. 20;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 266; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
p- 29; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 359.—Flowers: May—Aug.
Vern. Kamaranga.

Cultivated in many parts of India for its fruit which is eaten. See Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. |. ¢.

2. Averrhoa Bilimbi, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 428. A small tree,
15 to 20 ft. high. Leaflets 11-35, entire, 1}-2 by ? in., oblong, more
or less pubescent on both surfaces, base usually rounded, somewhat
oblique ; petiolules ;;-} in. long, pubescent. Flowers from the trunk
and branches; panicles villous. Sepals 4 in. long, ovate-lanceolate,
acute, pubescent. Petals oblong-spathulate, more than twice as long as
the sepals. Fruit oblong, obtusely lobed. Seeds exarillate. Fl. B. Lv. 1,
p. 439; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 16; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 117; Reiche,
in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 4, p. 22, fig. 19; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. p. 29; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 266;

XXXI. GERANIACEA. 169

Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 359.—Flowers: Mar.-May. Vurn.
Bilimbi.

Cultivated throughout the plains of India. The fruit is very acid when green, and
is made into pickles, &&. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ¢.

6. IMPATIENS, Linn.

Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubby at the base, usually
glabrous. Leaves simple, variously arranged, exstipulate or with stipular
glands ‘at the base of the petiole. Flowers irregular, often handsome,
axillary, solitary or in racemes (less commonly in scapes), resupinate.
Sepals 3 (very rarely 5), colored, imbricate ; 2 anterior when present
minute; 2 lateral small, flat, usually green; posterior (lip) (anterior
in flower owing to inversion of the flower) large, petaloid, usually pro-
duced into a hollow spur. Petals 3 (or 5); anterior (standard) (posterior
in flower, outer in bud) erect; lateral (wings) 2-lobed or composed of 2
united together. Stamens 5; filaments short, broad ; anthers cohering.
Disk 0. Ovary oblong, 5-celled; ovules many in each cell, 1-seriate ;
stigma sessile, 5-toothed. Capsule short or long, loculicidally dehiscent ;
valves 5, elastically springing away from a placentiferous axis. Seeds
smooth or tubercled, glabrous or hairy ; albumen 0; embryo straight.—
Disrris. A genus of about 135 species, the greater number natives of
the mountains of tropical Asia and Africa; rare in temperate Europe,
N. America, N. Asia and S. Africa.

Scapigerous ; rootstock tuberous, perennial ; flowers racemed.
Spur shorter than the flower or 0.

Spuicla vate ObbUsumen.ccasmnsdescsec-cecectes ase esssencssee odes 1. LZ. Beddomei.

BSE Oy acts oe eciste Sstean 5 Uacaeue de ecdehcvnce dees adele cubes seve seats 2. I. Stocksii.
Spur longer than the flower.

Wine sia“ artitenescsscntenncenaeccaatcestaradnccceqsessmeonsarerns 3. I. acaulis,

Writs: d-parhiver n.cact csaerwectncscnectioosesesececetsciontncsess 4. I. rivalis.

Annual ; leaves all opposite or the upper (rarely all) whorled
in threes (never alternate).
Spur as long as, or longer than the flower; leaves all

opposite.
Flowers 3-1 in. across; wings auricled at the base... 5. LZ. chinensis,
Flowers 4 in. across ; wings with long claws ......... 6. L. Kleinii.

Spur shorter than the flower or 0.
Flowers purple or rosy.
Pedicels with a line of pubescence.

Lip saccate ; leaves reaching 4 in.............c00000 7. I. inconspicua.
Lip boat-shaped ; leaves not exceeding lin. ... 9. LZ. Lawit.
Pedicel sie labrous:cccssescsceeee-e eee spasene. velecaensasees 8. I. oppositifolia.
Pedicels rufous-hairy all over ............ssseeesseee 11. L. tomentosa,
SSE VEMOW ceiterainn Sanere == sacernc sense secer cache tons vans 10. L. Dailzelliz.
Annual ; leaves subopposite and whorled.
Tall, 2-3 ft. high; flowers 1-14 in. across ............ss000+00 12. L. latifolia.
Short, 4-8 in. high; flowers 4 in. across ................sseeeee: 13. L. lucida.
Mostly annual; leaves alternate, usually distant.
Spur long.
Serpe HUE STINGRO! co tio<s ace ects clcceavyaxc<tedssesdsseeds edsiresse 14. 1. Balsamina.
APEC ADLOUS atacsse cee re cstert cer ses tonne scianceeevecoreaten 16. L. pulcherrima.
SOTO mca Slo nvillLOUSsseessestes scteesdsesem teltenseiaclecloremclacls owen 15. L. scabriuscula,

1. Impatiens Beddomei, Hook. f. in Fl. B. J. v. 1, p. 442. Root-
stock tuberous, perennial; scape about 1 ft. high. Leaves 14-3 in. in
diam., all radical, fleshy, orbicular and reniform, cordate, with distant

170 XXXI, GERANIACER,

short teeth on the margins; nerves flabellate, conspicuous beneath ;
petioles 1-2 in. long. Flowers } in. in diam., 6-15 in each raceme ;
racemes 1-4 in. long; bracts broadly ovate, obtuse or acute ; pedicels
slender, 4-1 in. long. Sepals obliquely ovate. Standard short, broader
than long. Wings a lobed, the lobes subequal or the inner the smaller.
Spur rather shorter than the flower, 2 in. long, incurved, clavate, rounded
at the apex. Capsules } in. long, ellipsoid. Sceds minute, granulate.
Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 442; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 266.
Impatiens scapiflora, W. & A. Prodr. p. 1387; Wight, Icon. +. 967;
Grah. Cat. p. 34 (not of Heyne).

Konkan: Western Ghats, De Crespigny ex Woodrow ; 8. Konkan, Graham.

2. Impatiens Stocksii, Hook. f. & Vhoms. in Journ. Linn. Soc.
v. 4 (1860) p. 119. A small glabrous plant scarcely reaching 5 in.
high. Rootstock tuberous, perennial. Leaves 3-1 in. in diam., orbi-
cular-oblong or broadly ovate, crenate, usually with a small tooth between
the crenatures; petioles 3-13 in. long. Flowers few, 3-6 Bai
racemes 1-1} in. long; bracts small, ovate, ee pedicels 2 3—I in. long,
rather stout for the size of the plant. Sepals 7 jz in. long , ovate, obtuse.
Standard somewhat rhomboidal, as broad as long. Wings with 3 obtuse
lobes, the lower the longest. Spur 0. Capsules 4+ in. long, ellipsoid.
Seeds minute, linear-oblong. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 442; Dalz. & Gibs.
p. 42; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 1 (1897) p. 266.

Konkan: Stocks!; mountains of the Konkan, Woodrow. Kanara: Law!

3. Impatiens acaulis, Arn. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. vy. 1 (1835)
p- 825. Rootstock tuberous, perennial; scape 3-12 in. high. Leaves
all radical, variable in size and shape, 15-65 in. in diam., suborbicular,
ovate or oblong, obtuse or subacute, glabrous, subentire or crenate, often
with irregular short teeth, base subcordate or rounded, truncate or
subacute; petioles 1-2) in. long. Flowers pink, 1-17 in. across,
in racemes 1-4 in. long; bracts ovate ; pedicels #-1 in. long. Sepals
ovate, obtuse. Standard short, obovate, concave, broader upwards.
Wings 2-partite, the terminal lobe the largest. Spur long, very slender,
curved. Capsules ? in. long, ellipsoid, acute at both ends. Fl. B.I.v.1,
p- 443; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 42; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 201; Woodr..in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 266. Impatiens scapiflora, Hook. in
Bot. Mag. v. 64 (1837) t. 3587 (not of Heyne).—Flowers : Sept.—Nov.

A very beautiful plant found on wet rocks on many of the Konkan and Deccan
hills. It is very common at Mahableshwar, often out of reach on the summit of
rocks over which water trickles. It may be found in similar places at Khandala.

Konkan: mountains of the Konkan, Stocks!; the Ghats, Dalzeli § Gibson;
Matheran, H. M. Birdwood. Deccan: Mahableshwar, Cooke!; Khandala, Woodrow! ;
Lanoli, VW oodrow! ; Fitzgerald Ghat, below Mabableshwar, Co oke!, H. M., Birdwood.

4. Impatiens rivalis, Wight, in Madr. Journ. v. 5 (1837) p. 13, t. 8.
Rootstock tuberous ; scape 6-18 in. high. Leaves very variable in form
and pubescence, 2-7 in. long, ovate-oblong or elliptic, glabrous or more
or less hairy above, irregularly, sometimes obscurely, crenate-serrate
with distant short stout teeth, base cordate, rounded or acute ; petioles
reaching 7 in. long. Flowers as in the preceding species ; bracts ovate.
Standard broader than long, vaulted. Wings 3-partite. Spur very
long, curved. Capsules as in J. acaulis, Fl. B. Lv. 1, p. 444; Wight,

ay

XXXI. GERANIACES. 117i

Icon. t. 751; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 42; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb, Nat. v. 11
(1897) p. 266.—Flowers: Aug.—Jan.

The only specific distinction between this species and J, acaulis seems
to be in the wings, which are tripartite in J. rivalis and bipartite in
I. acaulis. The specimens of Stocks from the Konkan (var. 2, F]. B. I.)
have very large leaves, attenuated and somewhat oblique at the base,
with very long petioles.

Konkan: Stocks! 8. M. Country: Ramghat, Dalzedi!

5. Impatiens chinensis, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 937. Stem
4—20 in. high, erect, angled, from a rooting prostrate base, glabrous.
Leaves all opposite, subsessile, 1-4 in. long, the breadth very variable,
linear-oblong or obovate, sharply serrate, the serratures usually termi-
nating in a stiff bristle, the upper surface more or less hairy, the lower
silvery-grey, glabrous, base rounded or subcordate; petioles usually
almost 0, or, if present, short and broad; stipules linear-lanceolate,
recurved. Flowers 3—1 in. across, rose-purple or white ; pedicels slender,
axillary, solitary or fascicled, shorter or longer than the leaves, deflexed
in fruit. Sepals 3 in. long, linear-acute, with a callous point. Standard
orbicular, acuminate or horned. Wings semi-obovate, auricled at the
base. Spur long, slender, incurved. Capsules }—? in. long, ellipsoid,
tapering at both ends, turgid in the middle. Seeds numerous, shortly
oblong, smooth, black, shining. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 444; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 42; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 266. Impatiens
fasciculata, Lam. Encye. v. 1, p. 863; Wight, Icon. t. 748.

Konkan: Dalzell § Gibson. Kanara: Sampkhand, Yacombi (N. Kanara), Woodrow.

6. Impatiens Kleinii, Wight §° Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 140. A
slender branched annual, 6-15 in. high. Leaves all opposite, usually
petioled, 1-24 by ?-1 in., elliptic, lanceolate or obovate, acute or obtuse,
distantly serrulate, more or less hairy on the veins above, glabrous and
glaucous beneath, base narrowed into a short petiole; stipules 0, or of
2 small glands. Flowers very small, 7-3 in. across, violet-purple ;
pedicels 5-# in. long, axillary, filiform, solitary or twin, deflexed in
fruit, glabrous. Sepals =, in. long, linear, acute. Standard small,
orbicular-oblong, horned. Wings with long claws, broadly obovate,
almost entire. Spur slender, usually longer than the flower, straight or
curved. Capsules narrow, 4 in. long, fusiform. Seeds few, globose,
black, shining. FI. B. IL. v. 1, p. 445; Grah. Cat. p. 34; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 43; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 266.

Common in the rains. Konkan: Stocks!; Miradonger, Dalzell! S. M. Country:
Castlerock, Cooke! Kanara: Sampkhand (N. Kanara), Woodrow!

7. Impatiens inconspicua, Benth. in Wall. Cat. (1828) 4741. A
small plant, 4-12 in. high, much-branched from the base. Leaves
variable, the lower usually petioled, the upper sessile or nearly so,
3-4 in. long, ovate, oblong or linear, serrate, glabrous or pubescent
above, pale beneath, base rounded or acute; stipules setaceous or 0.
Flowers pink, small; pedicels with a line of pubescence, axillary,
solitary or twin, very slender, shorter than the leaves. Sepals linear-
subulate. Wings with a broad rhomboid-obovate terminal lobe and a
small linear lateral one. Lip saccate, acuminate, not spurred or with a

172 XXXI. GERANIACEA,

very minute spur. Capsules 3 in. long, ellipsoid, shortly pointed, turgid
in the middle. Seeds few, subglobose, black, shining. Fl. B. I. v. 1,
p- 447; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 43; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p- 266.—Flowers: Aug.-Oct. Vern. Terda.

A very variable plant whose different forms are numerous.

The following varieties are given by Sir J. Hooker in the Fl. B. I.
(1. ¢.) :—

VaR. inconspicua proper, of which the plate 970 in Wight’s Icones is
taken as the type.

Stem 4-8 in. high, somewhat robust, branched. Leaves ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, petioled, strongly serrate. Pedicels usually short.
Spur 0.

Var. 2. pusilla. Smaller. Lower leaves more or less _petioled,
lanceolate, serrate ; the upper longer, narrow, subsessile, remotely serrate.
I, pusilla, Heyne, in Wall. Cat. 4745.

Var. 3. filiformis. Slender, much-branched. Leaves subsessile, very
long, slender, remotely serrate, the lower sometimes petioled and lan-
ceolate. Flowers few. J. filiformis, W. & A. Prod. p. 140; Grah. Cat.
p. 34.

Khandala, Graham.

Var. 4. ramosissima. Robust, much-branched. Leaves short, sessile,
oblong, obtuse or subacute, subcordate or rounded at the base. Flowers
reddish-purple. Standard keeled, with a row of hairs along the keel
and with a short greenish horn. Wings tinged with darker purple at
the base. Lip veined within. Spur minute. J. ramosissima, Dalz. in
Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. v. 3, p. 230.

This variety is very common throughout the Presidency. It is abundant on many

of the Konkan and Deccan hills during September and October,
Konkan: Law!, Stocks!

8. Impatiens oppositifolia, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 937. Erect,
1-11 ft. high, glabrous, flaccid. Leaves 1-3 in. long, opposite,
subsessile or the lower petioled, linear or linear-lanceolate, oblong or
obovate, obtuse or acute, remotely spinous-serrate, glabrous or with a
few short hairs above, pale beneath; stipules small, subulate. Flowers
about + in. across, purple or purple with an orange tinge; pedicels
elongate, slender, quite glabrous, axillary, solitary or 2-3 together.
Sepals linear, with a callous point. Standard orbicular. Wings with a
broadly obovate clawed terminal lobe and a small falcate lateral one.
Lip somewhat conical. Spur short, stout, usually curved like a hook.
Capsules ;>,—} in. long, ellipsoid, attenuated at both ends. Seeds sub-
globose, glabrous, black, shining. FI. B. L. v. 1, p. 448; Grah. Cat.
p. 34; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v.1, p. 202; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1897) p. 266.

Very common in the Konkans. Konkan: Stocks!, Dalzell! ; Vingorla, Dalzell!;
Ghat road, Wadi to Poladpur, Woodrow! Duccan: Parghat, Dalzell/! 8, M. Country:
Belgaum hills to the North, Ritchie, 120! Kanara: Tinai (N. Kanara), Talbot !;
Halyal (N. Kanara), Talbot!

9. Impatiens Lawii, Jook. f. § Thoms. in Journ, Linn, Soc. v. 4
(1860) p. 122. Erect, much-branched, 8-12 in. high; stem stout,

XXXI. GHRANIACE®. 173

glabrous. Leaves sessile or nearly so, 7-1 by 4-3 in., smaller upwards,
oblong or ovate, obtuse or acute, distantly spinous-toothed or subserrate,
upper surface scabrid, the lower glabrous and paler, base rounded or
cuneate, the upper leaves sometimes cordate ; stipules 0. Flowers # in.
across ; pedicels equalling the leaves, detlexed in fruit and with a line
of pubescence. Sepals linear-lanceolate. Standard orbicular, cuspidate.
Wings with very broad obovate subsessile terminal, and small lateral
lobes. Lip boat-shaped. Spur 0, orrudimentary. Capsules 3 in. long,
ellipsoid, acute at both ends. FI. B. 1. v. 1, p. 448; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 43; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 266.—Flowers :
Oct.

Konkan: S. Konkan, Dalzell § Gibson; W. Ghats, Woodrow; S. Konkan, Law!
S. M. Country: Castlerock, Woodrow.

10, Impatiens Dalzellii, Hook. f. §- Thoms. in Journ. Linn. Soe.
v. 4(1860) p. 123. Smooth, erect, branched, 10-18 in. high. Leaves
2-5 by 3-13 in., lanceolate or oblong (the upper often linear), acute or
acuminate, spinous-serrate (the basal serratures often with long cilia),
glabrous or with short hairs above, pale beneath, base cordate, truncate
or acute; the lower leaves with short petioles, the upper sessile or sub-
sessile; stipules 0. Flowers yellow, about 3 in. across ; pedicels shorter
than the leaves, solitary or sometimes fascicled on the very short
peduncle, not, or rarely, deflexed in fruit. Sepals long, linear-lanceolate,
somewhat falcate, acuminate, exceeding the lip in length when in bud.
Standard orbicular, hooded, winged on the back and horned. Wings
with an obovate lateral lobe, slightly incumbent on a clawed obovate
terminal one. Lip boat-shaped, acuminate, streaked inside with red
veins. Spur very short. Capsules about 3 in. long, ellipsoid, turgid in the
middle, tapering at both ends,smooth. Seeds few (rarely as many as 5),
large, black. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 449; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 43; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 266.—Flowers: Sept.—Oct.
ae Ghats, Dalzell!, Stocks!: Deccan: Purandhar, Woodrow !; Mahableshwar,

coke }

Very common at Mahableshwar in the early part of October.—It may be at once
recognized by its yellow flowers.

11. Impatiens tomentosa, Heyne, in Wall. Cat. (1828) 4751.
Stem erect, not much branched, the upper part more or less clothed
with rufescent hairs. Leaves 3-1 by {-3 in., elliptic- or ovate-oblong,
the uppermost sometimes linear, acute or subobtuse, all distantly spinous-
serrate, more or less hispid or tomentose above, pale and tomentose
beneath, the nerves often clothed with rufous hairs, base usually rounded ;
petioles short, more or less rufous-hairy. Flowers 3-} in. across;
pedicels solitary, rufous-hairy, deflexed in fruit. Sepals linear-lanceolate,
ciliate. Standard orbicular-oblong, slightly keeled, apiculate. Wings
with a small ovate acute lateral lobe incumbent on a large, sessile
terminal one. Lip saccate, acuminate, hairy outside. Spur short, stout,
hooked or 0. Capsules + in. long, turgid in the middle, acute at both
ends. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 449; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 43 (exclud. syn. I. ramo-
sissima).—F lowers : Sept.

Deccan: Phunda Ghat, Dalzell § Gibson.

This appears to be a rare plant in the Bombay Presidency. Dalzell gives Phunda
Ghat in the Kolhapur State as its habitat, but I have seen no specimens from thence.

174 XXXI. GERANIACEA.

12. Impatiens latifolia, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 937. A robust
branched glabrous annual, 2-3 ft. high; branches alternate. Leaves
membranous, 2-5 by 3-2 in., alternate, subopposite or subverticillate,
often crowded at the ends of the branches, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
crenate-serrate (the crenatures often setose), glabrous or pubescent
above, glabrous beneath, base cuneate ; petioles 1-2 in. long, glabrous.
Flowers 1-1} in. across, rose-purple or violet, in axillary fascicles ;
pedicels very slender, usually recurved in fruit. Sepals ovate, cuspidate.
Standard broad, 2-lobed, winged and spurred behind. Wings 2-lobed.
Lip greenish-white or reddish, boat-shaped, acuminate. Spur green,
long, slender, straight or incurved. Capsules ellipsoid, turgid. Fl. B. I.

v. 1, p. 450; Grah. Cat. p. 34; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 44.

Common on the Konkan hills. Konkan: Stocks!, Law!, Dalzell §& Gibson.

13. Impatiens lucida, Heyne, in Wall. Cat. (1828) 4788. A
slender glabrous annual, 4-8 in. high. Leaves subopposite or whorled,
14-4 by ?-2 in., ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, crenate-serrate
(the crenatures sometimes setose), glabrous or with a few scattered hairs
above, paler beneath, base cuneate ; petioles 5-1; in. long, very slender,
glabrous. Flowers small, 3 in. across, solitary or fascicled. Sepals
small, ovate, acute. Standard orbicular-oblong, horned and keeled at
the back. Wings with broad (nearly orbicular) terminal lobes and
scarcely any lateral ones. Spur very long, 3 or 4 times as long as the
flower, slender, incurved. Capsules } in. long, ellipsoid, turgid in the
middle, attenuated at both ends, glabrous. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 451.

Konkan: Stocks!

14. Impatiens Balsamina, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 938. Annual,
erect, 1-3 ft. high; stem glabrous or pubescent, slightly branched.
Leaves alternate, up to 6 in. long, lanceolate, acuminate, deeply serrate,
glabrous, decurrent into a glandular petiole. Flowers rose-colored,
showy ; pedicels 1-3, axillary, slender, pubescent, shorter than the leaves.
Sepals minute, ovate. Standard small, orbicular, retuse, horned. Wings
broad, the lateral lobes rounded, the terminal sessile, very large. Lip
small, boat-shaped, mucronate. Spur short or long, incurved. Capsules
tomentose. Seeds reticulate. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 453; Trim. Fl. Ceyl.
v. 1, p. 203; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 334.

Var. 1. coccinea. Leaves very deeply serrate. Flowers medium-
sized. Spur long and slender. J. Balsamina, Dalz. & Gibs. p. 44;
Grah. Cat. p. 34; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 266;
TI. cornuta, Linn. This is the common form in the Bombay Presidency.

Western Ghats widely, Woodrow; Parva Ghat, Ritchie, 123!; hills north of
Belgaum, Ritchie!; Konkan: Dalzell!, Stocks!

Van. 2. brevicalcarata, T. Cooke. Leaves reaching 6 in. long, narrow-
lanceolate. Flowers smaller. Standard winged at the back, horned at
the apex. Spur very short, stout, incurved.

This variety occurs at Mahableshwar and does not agree with any of the varieties
given in the Flora of British India. It agrees with a specimen in Herb. Kew. from
Rottler’s Herbarium, marked J. cornuta from Samulcott.

15. Impatiens scabriuscula, /Heyne, in Rowb. Fl. Ind. (ed. Carey)
y. 2 (1824) p. 464. Low, erect, 4-10 in. high, usually much-branched,

XXXI, GERANIACER. 175

pubescent and tomentose. Leaves 1-2 in. long, elliptic-lanceolate or
obovate, serrate, glabrous or with a few hairs above, more or less hairy
on the nerves beneath, base narrowed into the petiole, which is some-
times slightly glandular. Flowers rose-colored, } in. across, axillary,
fascicled ; pedicels short, scabrid. Sepals small, linear-lanceolate, hairy.
Standard somewhat rhomboidal, hairy outside, produced into a long
hairy beak. Wings with long oblong-obovate terminal, and small rounded
lateral lobes. Lip boat-shaped, acuminate, hairy. Spur 0. Capsules 3 in.
long, ellipsoid, mucronate, villous. Seeds globose, minutely tubercled,
dark brown. FI). B. I. v.1, p. 454; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 44; Bedd. Ic.
t. 144.

Very rare. Konkan: Stocks!; 8. Konkan, Dalzell § Gibson.

16. Impatiens pulcherrima, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. v. 2
(1850) p. 37. Stem erect, 13-2 ft. high, glabrous, simple or branched.
Leaves alternate, membranous, 3-5 by 13-2 in., elliptic-oblong, acumi-
nate, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs above, glabrous and glaucous
beneath, crenate-serrate, the crenatures setose, base acute; petioles
4-14 in. long, the upper part often with stipitate glands. Flowers
violet-purple, 14-2 in. across; pedicels 2-3 in. long, 2-3 together, curved
in fruit. Sepals small, lanceolate. Standard orbicular, notched, spurred
and keeled at the back. Wings broad, the terminal lobes obovate, the
lateral lobes large, oblong-elliptic. Lip short, deeply boat-shaped,
mucronate. Spur long, curved. Capsules 3 in. long, very turgid in the
middle, at first puberulous, at length glabrous, obtusely beaked. Seeds
subglobose, rugose. FI. B. I. v. 1, p.458; Dalz. & Gibs. p.44; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 266.—Flowers: Sept.—Oct.

In the Flora of British India }. c. the sepals are described as bifid.
In all the specimens I have examined, I have found the sepals entire at
the apex.

Rather rare. Konkan: shady jungles in the Wari country, Dalzell § Gibson; road

from Wadi to Poladpur, Woodrow! Dxrccan: Fitzgerald Ghat below Mahableshwar,
Cooke! §S. M. Country: Londa, Woodrow.

A very handsome plant which has been successfully grown at Kew from seeds
supplied by Dalzell. There is an excellent figure in the Botanical Magazine for 1851,
t. 4615,

Orprr XXXII. RUTACEA.

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, abounding in pellucid glands filled with
essential oil. Leaves-exstipulate. Flowers regular, usually herma-
phrodite, in axillary or terminal cymes or panicles, never spiked. Calyx
ot 4-5 small lobes or sepals. Petals 4-5, hypogynous, valvate or imbri-
cate. Stamens 4-5 or 8 or 10, rarely more (Citrus, Agle); filaments
usually free, hypogynous ; anthers 2-celled, introrse. Disk within the
stamens, crenate or lobed, sometimes large and long. Ovary of 4-5 free
or connate carpels ; ovules usually 2 in each cell; styles as many as the
carpels, free or variously united; stigmas terminal, entire or lobed.
Fruit a capsule, berry or drupe, or of 1-4 capsular cocci. Seeds usually
solitary in the cells; testa various, often crustaceous and shining ;
albumen fleshy or 0; embryo straight or curved; radicle always superior,
—Distriz. Throughout the warm and temperate regions of the world ;

176 XXXII. RUTACEM.

the greatest number occur in S. Africaand Australia; genera 82; species
about 650.

Ovary deeply 2-5-lobed ; fruit capsular or 3-5-coccous.
Herbs, sometimes shrubby at the base; flowers hermaphrodite. 1. Rura.
Shrubs or trees ; flowers polygamous.
TEES GVOOSG Goohcasoeoc neocoontndgpsecnbotosdo-enersonseoe 2. Evopta.
TWEENS EMIS VOEE I) So acooenooocoop nonce ndpongenTopocnoe oacnnognocinc 3. ZANTHOXYLUM.
Ovary entire or slightly 2-5-lobed ; fruit drupaceous or baccate,
usually indehiscent.
Flowers polygamous ; seeds albuminous.

NbamMense—-O Mocsaccccsccewasvavecseseeess wadendettet Seceamene sees 4. Toppa.iA.
Stamens 8 ..... Ca ee A en eg Ud «ee RS ee tap 5. ACRONYCHIA.

Flowers hermaphrodite; seeds exalbuminous.
Ovules solitary or twin in each cell.
Unarmed.
Style very short, persistent ........seasesseeeees 6. Guycosmis.
Style jointed on the top of the ovary, decidu-
ous ; leaves pinnate.

Filaments not dilated at the base......... 7. Murraya.
Filaments dilated at the base ............ 8. CLAUSENA,
Armed ; leaves 3-8-foliolate.
Stamens 6; calyx 3-lobed .............ccssceeeeee 9. TRIPHASTA.
Stamens 8 or 10.
Calyx 4-5-lobed ... ..........006 saneen aoe aes 10. Litonta.
Calyx cupular, obscurely lobed ............ 11. Luvunea.
Unarmed or armed ; leaves 1-foliolate.
Anthers linear-oblong ; disk elongate ......... 12. PARAMIGNYA.
Anthers ovate or cordate (except in A. mis-
S7O718) i; (CASK CUP MAI s.anascareasseoseascceceas 13. ATALANTIA.
Ovules many in each cell.
Stamens 20-60 ; leaves 1-foliolate................0000 14. Cirrus.
Stamens 10-12; leaves pinnate ................e000 15. Frronta.
Stamens 30-60; leaves 3-foliolate ................4 16. ANGLE.

1. RUTA, Linn.

Strong-smelling glanduloso-punctate herbs, often shrubby below.
Leaves alternate. l'lowers numerous, in terminal corymbs, cymes or
panicles, greenish or yellow. Calyx short, 4-5-lobed or -partite, per-
sistent. Petals 4-5, concave, often toothed or ciliate, imbricate. Disk
thick, urceolate, 8-10-glandular or 8-10-foveolate. Stamens 8-10, inserted
round the base of the disk, the alternate shorter; filaments dilated at
the base. Ovary sessile, deeply 3-5-lobed, 3-5-celled ; ovules pendulous
from the axis of the cells ; style central, stigmatose at the apex. Capsule
4-5-lobed ; lobes indehiscent or dehiscing at the apex, many-seeded.
Seeds angled ; testa pitted ; albumen fleshy ; embryo slightly curved ;
cotyledons sometimes 2-partite.— Disrrie. Chiefly Mediterranean,
Western and Central Asian ; species about 40.

Flowers 4-merous; filaments glabrous .........cssseseecseeseseeeees 1. R. graveolens.
Flowers 5-merous; filaments pilose ............cessessseceese ssrees 2. PR. tuberculata.

1. Ruta graveolens, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 383, Var. angusti-
folia, Hook. f. in Fl. B. L. v. 1, p. 485. Leaves petioled, decompound ;
segments cuneate, spathulate-oblong or linear-oblong. Flowers in
divaricately spreading corymbs; pedicels longer than the capsule;
bracts lanceolate. Sepals triangular, acute. Petals oblong-obovate,
pectinate, abruptly clawed. Capsules obtuse, shortly pedicelled. Seeds
angled. uta graveolens, Grah. Cat. p. 36; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl.

XXXII, RUTACE, a er

p- 17; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 267.—VzErn.
Satdp.

Cultivated for its medicinal properties in gardens throughout India. Below the
Ghats it is largely grown, “being much used by the Konkan people as a fumigation in
infant catarrh ” (Dalzell & Gibson). Consult Watt, Dictionary of Economic Products
of India, y. 6, part 1, p. 593.—Disrrr. Westward to the Canary Islands.

2. Ruta tuberculata, Morsk. fl. Hgypt.-Arab. (1775) p. 86. Stem
erect or ascending, terete, branched, woody, minutely glandular, glaucous,
glabrous. Leaves 3-1 in. long, linear-oblong or somewhat spathulate,
obtuse or subacute, pustular and pubescent, base narrowed into the
petiole. Cymes dichotomously branched; flowers j in. across, the
central one of each cyme sessile, the others shortly pedicelled. Sepals
small, broadly elliptic, about =; in. long. Petals 3-j in. long, yellow,
elliptic-oblong, obtuse, concave, entire, glabrous. Filaments dilated and
hairy at the base. Capsules 5-lobed, 5-celled, tubercled, often with 2
seeds in each cell. Fl. B. L. v.1, p. 485; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 267; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 594.
Haplophyllum tuberculatum, Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 1, p.939.—Flowers: Dec.

Stnp: Boogta hills, Vicary!; Sibi, Cooke!, Woodrow !—Distr1s. Egypt and Algeria.

2. EVODIA, Forst.

Trees cr shrubs, unarmed. Leaves opposite, simple or 1—3-foliolate
or imparipinnate ; leaflets pellucido-punctate, quite entire. Flowers
small, in axillary paniculate cymes, unisexual. Sepals 4—5, imbricate.
Petals 4-5, sessile, valvate or slightly imbricate. Disk 4~5-lobed.
Stamens 4-5, inserted at the base of the disk; filaments subulate ;
anthers oblong. Ovary deeply 4-lobed, 4-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell,
collateral or superposed; style basilar. Fruit of 4 coriaceous 2-valved
l-seeded cocci; endocarp horny, elastically separable, 2-lobed. Seeds
oblong; testa bony or crustaceous, shining; hilum linear; albumen
fleshy ; embryo straight; cotyledons ovate.—Duisrris. Tropical Asia,
Malaya, the Mascarene and Pacific Islands and Australia; species 22.

1. Evodia Roxburghiana, Benth. Fl. Hongk. (1861) p. 59. A
small soft-wooded tree, about 30 ft. high; bark corky; branches
opposite. Leaves 3-foliolate; petioles 15-4 in. long, terete, glabrous ;
leaflets 2-5 by 11-2} in., oblong, acuminate, closely pellucid-dotted,
with slightly repand margins, glabrous on both surfaces, shining above,
base narrowed, the lobes sometimes unequal; petiolules 4-3 in. long.
Flowers dicecious, small, in dense axillary bracteate cymes; pedicels
short, more or less glandular-pubescent ; bracts minute, broadly ovate,
acute. Sepals minute, broadly elliptic or suborbicular. Petals white,
7; in. long, ovate, acute, reflexed. Manu Flowers: Stamens 4; fila-
ments glabrous; anthers elliptic. Disk pulvinate, pubescent. FEmMarp
FLOWERS: Ovary pubescent; style short, thick; stigma obsoletely
4-lobed. Staminodes 4, with small barren anthers. Cocci the size of a
peppercorn, 2-valved. Seeds black, globose, polished, shining. Fl. B. I.
yv. 1, p. 487; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 214; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 30;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 267; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 3, p. 305. Xanthoxylon triphyllum, Wight, Icon. t. 204 ;
Grah. Cat. p. 36; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 45,—Flowers: May.

N

178 XXX. RUTACEA.

Tolerably abundant along the line of the Ghats. Konkan: Stocks!, Law! Drccan:
Parghit, Graham; Mahableshwar, Cooke!, Woodrow!, H. M. Birdwood ; ravines at
Khandala, Graham. S. M. Counrry: Ramghat, Ritchie,200! Kanara: throughout
the Ghats of N. Kanara in moist situations; forests near Yellapur, N. Kanara, Tadbot.
—Distris. Sumatra, Java, Ceylon.

3. ZANTHOXYLUM, Linn.

Shrubs or trees, often armed. Leaves alternate, 3-foliolate or pinnate ;
leaflets opposite or alternate, entire or crenate, often oblique, pellucido-
punctate. Flowers polygamous, small, in axillary or terminal, usually
paniculate cymes. Calyx 3-8-fid, imbricate, rarely 0. Petals 3-5,
rarely 0. Martz riowrrs: Disk inconspicuous. Stamens 3-5, hypo-
gynous. Ovary rudimentary. FEMaLy FLownRs: Stamens 0 or squami-
form. Disk very short. Carpels 1-5, oblique, 1-celled; ovules 2 in
each cell, usually collateral; styles sublateral, short or long, free or
connate above ; stigmas capitate. Fruit of 1-5 globose coriaceous or
fleshy 1-seeded carpels dehiscing ventrally ; endocarp horny, separating
or not. Seeds globose or oblong, often hanging out of the carpel ; hilum
broad; testa bony or crustaceovs, blue or black, shining; albumen
fleshy ; embryo straight or curved ; cotyledons flat; radicle very short.
—Disrris. Throughout the tropical and warm regions of the world;
species 80.

Leaves 3-foliolate ; branches of the cyme alternate.................. 1. Z. ovalifolium.
Leaves 5-many-foliolate; branches of the cyme opposite ......... 2. Z. Rhetsa.

1. Zanthoxylum ovalifolium, Wight, Jil. v. 1 (1840) p. 169.
A shrub about 6 ft. high, glabrous, armed with short straight or
slightly curved prickles from thickened bases. Leaves 3-foliolate ;
petioles 2-1 in. long; leaflets coriaceous, 3-4 by 15-1} in., elliptic-
oblong or obovate, bluntly acuminate, tip rounded, emarginate, glabrous
on both surfaces, obscurely crenate, base acute; petiolules 3 in. long.
Flowers ;*; in. across, in dense paniculate cymes with alternate branches ;
peduncles and pedicels glabrous, the latter very short. Calyx small;
lobes minute, fleshy, triangular. Petals ;4, in. long, ovate, obtuse,
valvate. Ripe carpels solitary, spherical, size of a pea, slightly pitted,
glabrous. Seed globose, smooth, shining, black. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 4925
Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. xli, et Anal. Gen. t. 6, fig. 3;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 30; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897)
p. 267; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 325.—F lowers: Nov.—
Dee.

Rare; the only specimens I have seen have been collected in Kanara. Kanara:
Hohenhacker, 763 a!, Stocks!, Woodrow!; Yacombi, Woodrow !—Drsrris. Singapore.

2. Zanthoxylum Rhetsa, DC. Prod. vy. 1 (1824) p. 728.—A
middle-sized tree, covered all over (even occasionally the petioles and
peduncles) with sharp curved or straight prickles, those from the old
wood with a solid conical base; bark corky, deeply cracked; branches
numerous, spreading. Leaves crowded at the ends of the branches,
equally or unequally pinnate, 12-20 in. long; leaflets 8-20 pairs, 3-5
by 14-21 in., opposite, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, caudate-
acuminate, entire, glabrous, the upper side of each leaflet rounded at the
base, the lower side narrowed into the costa; nerves 10-12 on the upper
side, 2 fewer on the lower; petiolules very short. lowers in large
terminal paniculate cymes often more than 12 in, broad, the branches

XXXII. RUTACER. 179

opposite, angled ; bracts minute, caducous; peduncles very long, some-
times prickly. Calyx-lobes minute, triangular. Petals 4, elliptic, j; in.
long, yellow, valvate. Ripe carpels + in. in diam., spherical, rugose.
Seeds globose, bluish-black, smooth, shining. FI. B. I. v.1, p. 495;
Grah. Cat. p. 36; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 45; Bedd. For. Man. in Flor.
Sylvat. p. xli, et Anal. Gen. t. 6; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 30 ; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 267; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6,
part 4, p. 325.—Flowers: July—Oct. Vern. Yisal; Chirphal; Kokli.
Konkan: Vingorla, Dalzel/!; Waral (Ratnagiri districts), Woodrow; Banda in the
Wari country, Da/zell. Deccan; Khandala, Graham; Khandesh, Graham; Par
village, Graham. 8. M. Country: Parva Ghat (Belgaum districts), Ritchie, 1187!
Kanara; Karwar, Talbot; throughout N. Kanara in moist, evergreen forests, Talbot.
The unripe carpels are gratefully aromatic and have the flavor of orange peel.
The seeds taste exactly like black pepper. Both are employed in Southern India as
condiments. ‘The essential oil obtained from the fruit is used medicinally. See Watt,

Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ¢.
4. TODDALIA, Juss.

Subscandent or sarmentose shrubs, usually prickly. Leaves alternate,
1-3-foliolate ; leaflets sessile. Flowers small, in axillary or terminal
cymes or panicles, unisexual. Calyx short, 2-5-toothed -lobed or -partite.
Petals 2-5, imbricate or valvate. Disk inconspicuous or slightly elongate.
MALE FLowrrs: Stamens 2-4-5 (or 8, the alternate ones opposite the
petals, short and imperfect), inserted at the base of the disk; filaments
subulate or filiform. Ovary rudimentary, simple or 4-partite. FrMare
FLOWERS: Ovary ovoid, oblong or globose, sessile or inserted on a short
torus, 2—7- (very rarely 1-) celled; ovules 2 in each cell, superposed or
collateral; style short or 0; stigma capitate. Fruit pisiform, sub-
globose or lobed, coriaceous or fleshy, punctate, 2~7-celled; cells 1-
(rarely 2-) seeded. Seeds angled, reniform; testa coriaceous ; coty-
ledons oblong or linear.—Disrriz. Tropical and subtropical Asia, Africa
and Australia; species about 8.

Erickly shrub; froit 3—7-celled ; petals 5 ...2..,.0.csecccosdecsessnenas 1. T. aculeata.
Unarmed tree; fruit 2-celled ; petals 2-3...........sscesscsecsscsevene 2. T. bilocularis.

1. Toddalia aculeata, Pers. Syn. v. 1 (1805) p. 249. A large
sarmentose shrub, usually armed with sharp curved or straight prickles
(sometimes unarmed). Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets coriaceous, sessile,
15-3 by 7-12 in., lanceolate-oblong or obovate, usually with a long
blunt acumen, notched at the apex, crenulate or subentire, glabrous,
many-nerved, the midrib often prickly, base acute. Flowers white, 1-1
in, across, in axillary cymes. Calyx small, glandular ; lobes triangular.
Petals 5, oblong, thickened at the apex, imbricate. MALE FLOWERS:
Petals shorter than the stamens; buds globose. Ovary (rudimentary)
eylindric-oblong, grooved, seated on a lobed disk. FEMALE FrLownRs:
Petals longer than in the male; buds oblong. Stigma sessile, 5-7-
lobed. Fruit globose, size of a large pea, 3-5-grooved, orange-colored,
pitted on the rind, 3-7-celled. Seed solitary in each cell, smooth,
reniform, rounded on the back. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 497; Grah. Cat.
p- 37 (Toddelia); Dalz. & Gibs. p. 46; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 215;
Engler, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 4, p. 176, fig. 101,
a-K; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 31; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1897) p. 267; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 67. Limonia
oligandra, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 2 (1850) p. 258; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 28.—Flowers: Sept.-Dec. Vurn, Jangli-kdli-mirchi.

N2

180 XXXII. RUTACE®.

Konkan: Law!, Stocks!, Dalzeli!; 8. Konkan, Graham. Deccan: Khandala,
Dalzell & Gibson ; Mahableshwar, Cooke}, H. M. Birdwood. 8. M. Country : Ramghat,
Ritchie, 91! K ANARA ! plentiful, Dalzell 6 Gibson; Sirsi (N. Kanara), Talbot, 338 !—
Disrri. Sum: utra, Jaya, China, the Philippines, Ceylon.

A valuable medicinal plant, the root-bark especially possessing high therapeutic
properties. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ¢.

2. Toddalia bilocularis, Wight § Arn. Prod, (1834) p. 149. A
handsome, middle-sized tree with dark green foliage, unarmed. Leaves
3- foliolate ; petioles 14-3 in. long, terete, elabrous ; leaflets 3-72 by
11-3 in., elliptic-lanceolate, bluntly acuminate, notched at the “tip,
entire, elabrous, base acute ; lateral nerves numerous, parallel and
uniting into one that is parallel to and close to the margin; petiolules
4-3 in. long. Flowers terminal and from the upper axils. Calyx
cupular. Petals usually 2 (sometimes 3), orbicular-oblong. Stigma
large, peltate. Fruit as large as a small cherry, 2-celled. FI. B. I. v. 1,
p- 497; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 46; Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. xliii,
et Icon. t, 167; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 31. Dipetalum biloculare, Dalz.
in Kew Journ. Bot. vy. 2 (1850) p. 38.

A very rare plant, of which but few specimens have been available for examination.
Kanara: Dalzell § Gibson.

5. ACRONYCHIA, Forst.

Trees. Leaves opposite or alternate, very rarely 3-foliolate ; leaflets
large, quite entire, pellucido-punctate. Flowers in axillary and terminal
corymbs, polygamous. Calyx short, 4-lobed, imbricate, sometimes
enlarged after flowering. Petals 4, much longer than the calyx,
spreading or revolute, valvate. Disk thick, 8-gonous, tomentose or
pubescent. Stamens 8, inserted beneath the disk; filaments subulate,
the alternate longer. Ovary inserted in the hollowed apex of the disk,
pubescent or tomentose, 4-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell, superposed ;
style terminal, short or long; stigma 4-grooved. Fruit 4-celled, the
cells 1—2-seeded, or drupaceous with a coriaceous or bony putamen,
or capsular and loculicidally 4-valved. Seeds usually exserted and
dependent from a slender funicle; testa black; albumen copious ;
embryo straight; cotyledons oblong, flat.—Duisrris. Tropical Asia,
Australia and the Pacific Islands ; species 15.

1. Acronychia laurifolia, Bluine, Cat. Gew. Buitenz. (1828) p. 63 ;
Bijdr. p. 245. A small tree with oe smooth bark; young twigs
glabrous. Leaves 1-foliolate; leaflets 3-5 by 14-2 in. , oblong-lanceolate
or somewhat obovate, usually shortly a obtusely acuminate, entire,
glabrous and shining above, base acute ; petioles }—3 in. long. "Flowers
fragrant, in paniculately corynbose cymes; buds linear-oblong; peduncles
long, straight, terete; pedicels glabrous. Calyx small ; lobes broadly
ovate, ciliolate. Petals | in. long, yellowish-white, strap-shaped, cucul-
late, inflexed at the apex, hairy at the base inside. Stamens shorter than
the petals; filaments dilated and hairy at the base; anthers versatile.
Disk 8-ribbed, softly pubescent towards the apex. Ovary conical, softly
hairy ; style shorter than the stamens. Capsules }—} in. in diam., sub-
globose, 38—5-celled, glabrous, rough with immersed glands, more or less
lobed, tip angled or grooved. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 498; Trim. Fl. Ceyl.

, p- 216; Engler, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf, v. 3, part 4, p. 180,

XXXII, RUTACER. 181

g. 104; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 31; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11
(1897) p. 267. Cyminosma pedunculata, DC. Prod. v. 1, p. 722; Dalz.
& Gibs. Suppl. p. 17. Clausena simplicifolia, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot.
v. 3 (1851) p. 180; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 30.—Flowers : Aug.—Sept.

Konnan: Law!, Stocks! Kanara: Dalzell!; Godhuli (N. Kanara), Talbot ex
Woodrow, l.c.; Karwar, Talbot !, Woodrow.—Distrie. Sumatra, Java, Cochinchina.

6. GLYCOSMIS, Corr.

Unarmed trees or shrubs. Leaves 1-foliolate or imparipinnate ;
leaflets usually alternate. Flowers small, in axillary, rarely terminal
panicles. Calyx 5-partite ; lobes broad, imbricate. Petals 4—5, imbricate.
Stamens 8-10, free, inserted round a disk; filaments subulate, dilated
below; anthers small, often furnished with a dorsal or apical gland.
Ovary seated on the disk, 2-5-celled ; ovule solitary in each cell,
pendulous. Berry pulpy or somewhat dry, 1-3-seeded. Seeds oblong ;
testa membranous ; cotyledons equal; radicle very short.—Duisrr1s.
Tropical Asia and Australia ; species 5.

1. Glycosmis pentaphylla, Corr. in Ann. Mus, Hist. Nat. v. 6
(1805) p. 386. An erect shrub or small tree. Leaves 3-5- (rarely 1-)
foliolate ; leaflets 2-8 by 2-27 in., subsessile, alternate and subopposite,
polymorphous, usually oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, acute or acuminate,
entire or obscurely crenulate, glabrous, base acute. Flowers small, less
than 3 in. across, crowded in small clusters in erect axillary panicles
1—4 in. long ; pedicels very short; bracts beneath the calyx triangular.
Calyx small; lobes ovate-orbicular, margins membranous, ciliolate, with
a gland on the outside of each lobe a little below its apex. Petals
imbricate, white, very broadly obovate or suborbicular, the margins
membranous. J ilaments flattened; anthers with a gland at the apex
and sometimes with another smaller gland at the back of the anther.
Ovary on a short thick disk, covered all over, as is the style, with
mammillate glands ; style as wide as the ovary in bud. Berry globose,
& in. in diam., apiculate, smooth, pinkish-white or cream-colored.
HI. B. I. v. 1, p. 499; Grah. Cat. p. 23; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 29; Bedd.
For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. xlii, et Anal. Gen. t. 6; Trim. Fl. Ceyl.
v. 1, p. 217; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 31; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 267 ; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 512.

Common throughout the moist evergreen forests of the Konkan and N. Kanara.
Konkan: Law!, Stocks!; Wada, Woodrow!; jungles in the Konkan, Dalzell &
Gibson. Duccan: Khandala, Woodrow. Kanara: Kala naddi, Ritchie, 87! S. M.
Country: Castlerock, Woodrow!; Belgaum Ghats, Mitchie, 87!—Disrris. Malaya,
China, Borneo, Australia, Ceylon.

7. MURRAYA, Linn.

Shrubs or small trees, unarmed. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets alternate,
petioluled, cuneate or oblique at the base. Flowers solitary, axillary, or
in terminal corymbs or axillary cymes. Calyx 5-fid or 5-partite. Petals 5,
free, imbricate. Stamens 10, free, the alternate shorter ; filaments linear-
subulate ; anthers small, short. Disk stipitiform. Ovary seated on the
disk, 2-5-celled, narrowed into the style ; ovules 1—2 in each cell, super-
posed or collateral; style elongate, at length deciduous ; stigma capitate.

182 XXXII, RUTACHA.

Berry small, 1—2-celled, oblong or ovoid, 1-2-seeded. Seeds witha woolly
or glabrous testa ; cotyledons equal —Disrrie. Tropical Asia; species
about 5.

Blowers tows) leaflets: S=70...0cts.cesesseseddeesttnenreatencesereess eats. 1. M. exotica.
Hlowers numerous; leaflets L125 vive...scssscseccce cess cote acoecccoes 2. M. Kenigii.

1. Murraya exotica, Linn. Mantiss. y. 2 (1771) p. 563 (Murrea) ;
var. 2, Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 503. A small evergreen tree; bark smooth,
yellowish-white ; branches slender. Leaves imparipinnate, 4-7 in. long ;
petioles glabrous ; leaflets 3-7, alternate, 14-3 by 3-1} in. (the terminal
leaflet the largest), ovate-elliptic, obovate or - rhomboid, ‘usually acuminate
with a notched tip, entire, glabrous and shining, hee acute, oblique ;
petiolules 3-7 in. long. Flowers very fragrant, campanulate, solitary
or in terminal and axillary corymbs. Sepals small, glandular, oblong,
obtuse. Petals white, 3-? in. long, oblong- lanceolate, subobtuse, erect
at the base, the upper half spreading. Filaments flat, linear, tapering
beneath the anther. Ovary 2-celled. Berry 3-2 in. in diam., oblong
or ovoid, pointed, smooth, l-celled, 2-seeded, red when ripe. Gaaie
Cat. p. 24; Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. xliv, et Anal. Gen.
t. 7, fig. 2; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 219; Engler, in Engl. & Prantl,
Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 4, p. 187, fig. 108, a-c; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
p- 381; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 267; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 288. Murraya paniculata, Jack, in Mal. Mise.
v. 1, p. 31; Dalz. & Gibs.’ p. 29.—Flowers: June-Oct. Vurn. Kunti ;
Chula-jutt.

Pretty common on the higher Ghats; frequently grown in gardens throughout the
Presidency. Konkan: Stochks!; Ghats, Talhot; Rohe, Dalzell § Gibson. Dnocan:
Khandala, Woodrow; Mahableshwar and Matheran, H. M. Birdwood; Lanoli,
Kanitkar! 8. M. Country: Ramghat, Ritchie, 89! Kanara: Kala naddi, Ritchie,

89!; Ghats of N. Kanara, Talbot. —Distris. China, Australia and the Pacific
Islands, Ceylon.

2. Murraya Keenigii, Spreng. Syst. Veg. v. 2 (1825) p. 315.
A small tree with dark grey bark. Leaves imparipinnate, up to 12 in.
long ; petioles terete, pubescent ; leaflets 11-25, alternate, #-2 by 2 3_] in.,
obliquely ovate or somewhat rhomboid, acuminate, obtuse or acute, tip
usually notched (the lower leaflets often suborbicular or obovate, much
smaller than the upper), irregularly crenate-dentate, glabrous or nearly
so above, pubescent beneath, sprinkled with black dots ; petiolules very
short. Flowers white, in much-branched terminal peduncled corymbose
cymes ; peduncles and pedicels pubescent. ' Calyx pubescent ; lobes sub-
acute, triangular. Petals j in. long, linear-oblong, rounded at the apex,
gland-dotted. Filaments dilated at the base. Ovar 'y 2-called 5 ovules
solitary (rarely 2), in each cell. Fruit ovoid or subglobose, }-2 S in
diam., apiculate, rough with glands, black, ¢ 9-seeded. FI. ’B. L. Vagile
p- 503; Bedd. For. °Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. xliv; Trim. Fl. Coy
pe Be 290 ; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 31; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 267; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 288. Bergera
Kenigti, Linn. Mantiss. p. 563; Grah. Cat. p. 24; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 29.
—Flowers: Feb.-Apr. Vern. Kadhi-nim.

Common all along the line of the Ghits. Konkan: Law!, Stocks! ; on the Ghats,

common, Dalzell §& Gibson. Duccan: Mahableshwar, common, Cooke!; hills near
Poona, Woodrow! §. M. Country: Hill of Backur, 5 miles west of Belgaum, Ritchie,

XXXII, RUTACEA. 183

105! Kanara: Ritchie!; common in the Supa district of N. Kanara, Talbot.—
Disrris. Ceylon.

The leaves under the name of Karripék are used to flavor curries, and the leaves,
bark, and root are employed in native medicine. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. c.

8. CLAUSENA, Burm.

Trees or shrubs, unarmed. Leaves imparipinnate, usually deciduous ;
leaflets membranous. Flowers small, in terminal or axillary cymes,
panicles or lax racemes. Calyx 4—5-lobed or -partite. Petals 4-5, free,
usually tender, elliptic or rotund, imbricate. Stamens 8-10, free, the
alternate a little shorter; filaments dilated in the middle or below the
middle, subulate at the apex; anthers short. Disk stipitiform. Ovary
4_5- (rarely 2-3-) celled, stalked ; ovules 2 in each cell, collateral or
superposed ; style usually distinct, at length deciduous ; stigma obtuse,
entire or 2-5-lobed. Berry ovoid, oblong or globose, 2-5-celled. Seeds
oblong ; testa membranous; cotyledons equal, plano-convex.—D1stRIB.
Chiefly tropical Asia, a few in tropical Africa and Australia; species 14.

Flowers in terminal panicles, usually 5-merous; ovules

COllaberal nace se econ ee eck oct sac aew wan eeuceete eae seieleRisieiein Give seers 1. C. indica.
Flowers in axillary racemes, usually 4-merous; ovules
d 2. C. Wild 7
RUN HOSeU ese seca secnee te nace cen smmene erin cstsmesescsesicens 2. C. Wildenowii.

1. Clausena indica, Oliver, in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 5 (1861), Suppl.
2, p.36. A-shrub orsmalltree. Leaves 4-10 in. long ; petioles slender,
terete, glabrous; leaflets 7-13, alternate, 14-3 by ?-14 in., ovate-oblong
or lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, acute or rounded, notched at the tip,
crenulate, glabrous, shining, base very oblique; petiolules { in. long.
Flowers small, in terminal corymbosely branched peduncled panicles ;
pedicels short. Sepals ovate, acute, ciliolate. Petals white, elliptic, 5 in.
long. Ovary 2-5-eelled, glabrous, papillose ; ovules 2 in each cell, col-
lateral. Fruit nearly globular, } in. in diam., salmon- or cream-colored ;
pulp abundant, edible. FI. B.I. v. 1, p. 505; Bedd. For. Man. in Flor.
Sylvat. p. xlv; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 221; Engler, in Engl. & Prantl,
Pflanzent. v. 3, part 4, p. 187, fig. 108, u-o; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 32 5
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 267 ; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. y. 2, p. 358. Piptostylis indica, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 3
(1851) p. 33, t. 2; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 29.—Flowers: Apr.—May.

S. M. Country: Parva Ghat, Dalzell! Kanara: common in the evergreen forests
on the Ghats of N. Kanara from Ainshi southwards, Zalbot.—Distris. Ceylon.

2. Clausena Wildenowii, Wight § Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 96.
A large shrub ; young parts more or less pubescent. Leaves 6-16 in.
long; rhachis slender, terete ; leaflets 5-15, membranous, distant, 2-4
by. 2-14 in., ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute, obtuse or acu-
minate, more or less emarginate, crenulate, finely reticulately veined
and gland-dotted, glabrous, base very oblique; petiolules } in. long,
pubescent. Flowers fragrant, in slender racemes 3-10 in. long, from
the axils of the young leaves and shorter than them. Sepals ovate,
acute, ciliate. Petals white, + in. long, ovate, concave, reticulately veined.
Filaments dilated at the base. Ovary 4-angled or grooved, cylindric,
4-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell, superposed ; style short; stigma 4-lobed.
Fruit size of a large pea, ovoid, smooth, greenish-white, 1—2-seeded.

184 XXXII. RUTACER.

Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 506; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 30; Bedd. For. Man. in Flor.
Sylvat. p. xlv, et Anal. Gen. t. 7, fig. 3; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 222;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 32; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p. 267.—Flowers: Feb.

Konkan: Stocks! §.M. Counrry: Ramghat, Ritchie, 1644!; Chorla Ghat, Dalzell
§& Gibson. Kanara: Stocks!; Hatkumba (N. Kanara), Ritchie, 1644!; Ghats of
N. Kanara in evergreen forests, Ta/bot.—Disrris. Moluccas, Ceylon.

Clausena Wampi, Oliver (Cookia punctata, Sonnerat), a native pro-
bably of China, is often grown in gardens. Its fruit is about as large
as a marble and is used for tarts and preserves. Girah. Cat. p. 243
Dalz. § Gibs. Suppl. p. 12.

9. TRIPHASIA, Lour.

A spiny shrub. Leaves alternate, 3-foliolate; leaflets ovate, obtuse,
usually crenate, the lateral smaller. Flowers solitary or in 2—3-flowered
cymes, axillary, white, odorous. Calyx 3-lobed. Petals 3, free, imbri-
cate. Stamens 6, free, subequal ; filaments subulate, dilated at the base ;
anthers linear. Disk fleshy, annular or stipitiform. Ovary seated on
the disk, ovoid, 3-celled, narrowed into the style; ovule 1 in each cell ;
style slender, at length deciduous ; stigma obtuse or capitate and 3-lobed.
Berry small, ovoid, 1—3-celled, 1-3-seeded. Seeds oblong, immersed in
mucilage; testa coriaceous; cotyledons plano-convex, often unequal
and lobed.—Distris. A native of China, cultivated in the tropics ;
species 1. :

1. Triphasia Aurantiola, Louw. Fl. Cochinch. vy. 1 (1790) p. 153.
A spinous straggling shrub; branches terete ; spines axillary, straight,
slender. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets thick and soft, 3-13 by 3-3 in.
(the terminal leaflet much the largest, the lateral ones more rounded
and oblique), ovate-elliptic, tip rounded, notched, crenulate, closely gland-
dotted, glabrous, base cuneate; petiolules short. Flowers fragrant,
solitary or in 2-3-flowered peduncled cymes; pedicels very short.
Calyx 3-lobed; lobes broadly ovate or suborbicular, ciliolate. Petals 3,
linear-oblong, rounded at the tip, 4+ in. long, white. Fruit ellipsoid,
2 in, long, fleshy, apiculate, gland-dotted. Triphasia trifoliata, DC.
Prod. v. 1 (1824) p. 536; Fl. B. I. v.1, p. 507; Grah. Cat. p. 235
Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 12; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 32; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 267; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4,
p- 88.—VeRN. Chin-ke-limbu.

A native probably of China, grown in gardens throughout India. The fruit is used
in preserves and pickles, being a common ingredient in Chinese preserved fruits.

Graham is in error in stating that the plant is a native of the 8. Konkan. Dalzell
and Gibson (Suppl. to Bo. Fl. p. 12) correct a similar error.

10. LIMONTA, Linn.

Shrubs or small trees, often spiny. Leaves alternate, 3-foliolate or
imparipinnate ; petiole winged ; leaflets opposite or alternate. Flowers
paniculate, racemose or fascicled. Calyx 4-5-lobed or -partite ; lobes
equal. Petals 4-5, imbricate. Disk annular or stipitiform. Stamens
8-10, free, subequal; filaments subulate; anthers cordate or linear-

XXXII, RUTACER. 185

oblong. Ovary oblong, 4-5-celled; ovules 1-2 in each cell; style short,
thick, at length deciduous ; stigma obtuse or capitate. Berry globose,
1—4-celled, 1-4-seeded. Seeds imbedded in mucilage ; cotyledons fleshy.
—Disrris. Tropical Asia; species 2-3.

1. Limonia acidissima, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2 (1762) p. 554. A
spinous glabrous shrub or small tree; spines sharp, 3-]| in. long.
Leaves pinnate, 1-4 in. long; petiole and rhachis jointed, the former
narrowly, the latter very broadly winged; leaflets 2-4 pairs, 1-2 by
4] in., trapezoid-ovate, obtuse, rarely acute, notched at the tip, crenu-
late, glabrous, base cuneate; joints of rhachis obovate-oblong, crenulate.
Flowers in umbelliform, often leafy racemes; peduncles 2-3 together
from the axils of fallen leaves ; pedicels slender. Calyx small, glandular ;
lobes 4, broadly-ovate, acute. Petals 4, glandular, ¢ in. long, elliptic-
oblong. Stamens 8, free, subequal; filaments linear-subulate. Disk
stipitiform. Ovary papillose, 4-celled; style stout. Berry 4 in. in
diam., globose, 1-4-seeded, very acid. Fl. B. I. v.1,p.507; Grah. Cat.
p- 23; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 29; Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. xlv;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 32; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 641.—
Flowers : Apr.—May.

S. M. Country: Falls of Gokak, Dalzell §& Gibson, Graham; hills at Padshapur,
’ Graham.

11. LUVUNGA, Ham.

Scandent glabrous shrubs, usually armed with axillary spines. Leaves
3-foliolate; leaflets coriaceous, quite entire. Flowers in axillary, fascicled
or panicled racemes. Calyx cupular, entire or obscurely 4—6-lobed.
Petals 4-5, free, thick, oblong or lanceolate, imbricate. Stamens 8-10,
equal or subequal; filaments linear-subulate, free or connate below ;
anthers linear or linear-oblong. Disk elevated, annular or cupular.
Ovary 2-4-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell, superposed ; style short, con-
tinuous, stout, at length deciduous; stigma capitate. Berry large,
ellipsoid, with a thick rind, 1—3-seeded. Seeds large, ovoid; testa
membranous, nerved ; cotyledons equal, oblong, fleshy.—Drsrris.
Tropical Asia; species about 4.

1. Luvunga eleutherandra, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. vy. 2 (1850)
p. 258. Shrubby, scandent, with long, flexuose branches armed with
sharp axillary somewhat deflexed or scarcely curved spines 3—# in.
long. Leaves large, 3-foliolate ; petiole 1-3 in. long; leaflets nearly
equal, 2-5 by 1-23 in., coriaceous, elliptic-oblong or obovate, shortly
acuminate, entire, glabrous, base usually acute; petiolules short. Flowers
in axillary glabrous racemes or panicles shorter than the petioles.
Calyx cupular, truncate, entire or obscurely lobed, glandular. Petals
2 in. long, thick, glandular, elliptic-oblong, subacute. Stamens 8, shorter
than the petals ; filaments all free, longer than the style. Ovary 3-celled,
glandular; style short, stout. Berry 4-1 in. long, ellipsoid, pitted. FI.
B. I. v. 1, p. 509; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 30; Engler, in Engl. & Prantl,
Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 4, p. 189, fig. 109, m—z; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 224;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 32; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p- 267.—Flowers: Jan.

186 XXX1I. RUTACEA,

Konkan: Stocks!, Dalzell!; the Ghats, common, Dalzell § Gibson. Kanara: in
moist, evergreen forests, Zal/bot; Mundele, ?itchie, 1647 !; Divimana Ghat, Woodrow!
—Disrris. Java, Ceylon.

12. PARAMIGNYA, Wight.

Erect or climbing shrubs, unarmed or with axillary spines. Leaves
1-foliolate (the articulation often obscure), subcoriaceous, persistent.
Flowers rather large, axillary, solitary or fascicled. Calyx cupular or
small and 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5, free, imbricate or very rarely indupli-
cato-valvate. Stamens 8-10, free, equal or subequal; filaments linear ;
anthers linear-oblong. Disk thick, columnar. Ovary 3-5-celled ;
ovules 1 or 2, obliquely superposed in each cell; style elongate, con-
tinuous with the ovary, finally deciduous ; stigma capitate. Berry ovoid
or subglobose, often contracted at the base, 1—5-seeded ; rind thick.
Seeds large, oblong, compressed ; testa membranous ; cotyledons fleshy,
equal.— Disrrie. Tropical India; species 4.

1. Paramignya monophylla, Wight, Jil. v. 1 (1840) p.109. A
climbing evergreen shrub, the older branches armed with sharp re-
curved axillary spines 3-3? in. long. Leaves numerous, 1-foliolate,
gland-dotted ; petioles 3-2 in. long, usually twisted ; leaflets 2-4 by
123 in., ovate-oblong, acute, obtuse or acuminate, entire or nearly so,
glabrous, base rounded often oblique. Flowers white; pedicels axil-
lary, 1-3 together, pubescent. Calyx softly woolly ; lobes 5, shallow,
rounded. Petals 5, linear-oblong, # in. long, recurved. Filaments flat,
linear, hairy, suddenly tapering beneath the anthers. Ovary hairy, 3-5-
celled; style long, stout, the lower part hairy. Berry obovoid or
ellipsoid, 1 in. long, smooth. Seeds numerous, large, compressed.
Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 510; Grah. Cat. p. 25; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 30; Engler,
in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v- 3, part 4, p. 191, fig. 111, a-B; Trim.
Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 224; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 33: Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 267; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1,
p- 110.—Flowers: Nov.-Jan.

Konkan: Law!; Ghats, Stocks!; Amboli Ghat, Kanitkar!; 23 miles west of Ratna-
giri, Woodrow! ; jungles at Virdi and throughout the S. Konkan as far as the Savitri
river, Dalzell §& Gibson. Deccan: Phunda Ghat, Ritchie, 9935!; Parghat, Dalzell &
Gibson. §. M. Counrry: Ramghat, Ritchie, 993! Kanara: evergreen forests of N.
Kanara, Talbot; Chandawar (N. Kanara), Woodrow !—Distris. Ceylon,

13. ATALANTTA, Corr.

Shrubs or small trees, spinous or unarmed. Leaves alternate, 1-
foliolate, coriaceous, persistent; stipule-like scales which belong to un-
developed leaf-buds are often present at the base of the petioles and
spines. Flowers in axillary (rarely terminal) fascicles, racemes or
panicles, rarely solitary. Calyx 3-4-lobed, or -partite, sometimes irre-
gularly split. Petals 3-5, free or adnate to the stamens and united with
them into a tube, imbricate. Stamens 5-8 (rarely ,15-20), free or irre-
gularly connate into a tube, subequal or the alternate shorter ; anthers
ovate-oblong or with a cordate base (linear-oblong in A. missionis),
Ovary 2-4- (rarely 3-5-) celled; ovules 1 or 2, collateral; style at
length deciduous; stigma capitate. Berry large, subglobose, 1—5-celled,
j—5-seeded. Seeds oblong; cotyledons fleshy, plano-convex.—DiIsrRiB,
‘Yropical Asia and China, 1 in Australia; species 10.

XXXII. RUTACEA. 187

Stamens usually combined into a tube.
Calyx irregularly split to the base ; cymes contracted ......... 1. A. monophiylla.
Calyx regularly or subregularly lobed ; cymes long, racemose. 2. A. racemosa.
Stamens not combined into a tube.
Ovary sunk in the annular disk ; anthers cordate ............++- 3. A. ceylanica,
Ovary stipitate; anthers linear-oblong..............-seceeeseeeeeeee 4, A. missionis.

1. Atalantia monophylla, DC. Prod. v. 1 (1824) p.5385. A shrub
or small tree with numerous rigid branches, the older ones armed with
short sharp axillary spines. Leaves 1-foliolate ; petioles 7 in. long, with
1 or 2 stipulary scales at the base; leaflet coriaceous, 1-3 by 3-1; in.,
ovate-oblong or elliptic, obtuse, emarginate, bright green, entire, glabrous,
reticulately veined. Flowers crowded in axillary fascicles or in racemose
much-contracted cymes; buds oblong or slightly clavate; pedicels j-3
in. long; bracts minute. Calyx, at the time of flowering or after it,
irregularly split at the base. Petals white, 2 in. long, cuneate-obovate,
rounded or subacute, clawed, adnate to the staminal-tube. Stamens 8 ;
filaments united into a tube almost throughout their entire length ;
anthers small, elliptic, inserted on the triangular teeth of the staminal-
tube. Disk inconspicuous. Ovary conical, gradually sloping into the
style, 3-5-celled; style long, cylindric, equalling the staminal-tube.
Berry globular, very like a lime, about as large as a nutmeg, usually
4-celled ; cells l-seeded. FI. B.I. v.1, p.511; Grah. Cat. p. 23; Dalz.
& Gibs. p. 28; Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. xlvi, et Anal. Gen.
t. 7, fig. 5; Engler, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 4, p. 191,
fig. 111, o-p; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 226; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 33;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v.1, p. 3849. Atalantia floribunda, Wight, Icon.
t, 1611.

Konkan: on the Ghats, ex Dalzell § Gibson, and ex Graham. KANARA: moist

forests of N. Kanara, ex Talbot. 8S. M. Country: Belgaum Ghats, ex Za/bot.—Disrris.
Ceylon.

2. Atalantia racemosa, Wight § Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 91. A
shrub or smail tree; spines strong and sharp, sometimes absent. Leaves
1-foliolate ; leaflet 2-4 by 1-12 in., elliptic, rounded at the apex, emargi-
nate, entire or crenulate, glabrous, reticulately veined, base acute; petioles
2 in. long. Flowers in axillary racemose cymes ; pedicels short ; bracts
minute, subulate. Calyx usually 4- sometimes 3-5-lobed ; lobes rounded
or subacute, ciliolate. Petals white, 2 in. long, broadly elliptic or obovate,
very concave in bud, not adnate to the staminal-tube, glandular. Stamens
8; filaments usually united into a tube throughout nearly their entire
length, sometimes united at the base only when they are linear and
flattened ; anthers large, cordate, attached at the back near the base on
the triangular teeth of the staminal-tube or the triangular apex of the
filaments. Disk cupular. Ovary ovoid, oblong, or obovoid; style short,
stout, somewhat clavate. Berry globular, 2? in.in diam. Fl. B. I. v. 1,
p. 512; Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. xlvi; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1,
p- 226; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 33. <Atalantia monophylla, Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 267. Sclerostylis atalantioides, W. &
A. in Wight, Icon. t. 71 (in textu S. parviflora) ; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 29.—
Flowers: Nov.—Dec. Vurn. Makad-limbu ; Rdan-limbu.

Konkan: Law!, Stocks!, Dalzell!, Capt. Geburne!; Amboli Ghat, Woodrow,

Deccan: Khandala, Cooke!; Raighar, Dalzell!; Par, Dalzell.Distris. Ceylon.
Much more common than the preceding species, which is rare. Atalantia racemosa

188 XXXII. RUTACEX.

has been frequently mistaken for A. monophylla and ticketed as such by collectors.
In a recent communication from Mr. Gammie of the College of Science at Poona, that
gentleman informed me that there was not, when he wrote, a single specimen of
A, monophylia in the College Herbarium, all the specimens there preserved being
specimens of A. racemosa, though some had been erroneously labelled as A. monophylla.
A, racemosa is tolerably abundant at Mahableshwar and Matheran, but I have seen no
specimen of A. monophylla from either locality.

3. Atalantia ceylanica, Oliver, in Journ. Linn, Soc. y. 5 (1861),
Suppl. 2, p. 25. A much-branched shrub, usually armed with sharp
stout spines }-1 in. long; bark smooth; young parts glabrous. Leaves
1-foliolate ; petioles + in. long; leaflets very variable, coriaceous, 1—4 in.
long, ovate-oblong, elliptic-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, rounded at the
apex or with an emarginate or 2-lobed tip (rarely obtusely acuminate),
entire, glabrous. Flowers crowded in short finely pubescent corymbose
or racemose cymes much shorter than the leaves; bracts minute ;
pedicels short. Calyx 4-lobed; lobes shallow, rounded, ciliate, sometimes
obscure. Petals 4 (rarely 3 or 5), 3 in. long, elliptic-oblong, obtuse,
slightly concave, glandular. Stamens 8, the alternate ones longer;
filaments flat, free, or 2 to 3 of them more or less combined; anthers
cordate. Disk annular, subcupular. Ovary sunk in the disk, 2-celled ;
ovules 2 in each cell, collaterai; style short, stout; stigma clavate.
Berry 3-2 in. in diam., globose or ovoid, 2-4-seeded. FI. B. I. v.1,

2

p. 512; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 227; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 33.

Deccan: Phunda Ghat, Ritchie!

This species has been included on the authority of a single imperfect specimen in
Herb. Kew. marked “‘ Phoondah Ghat, Ritchie” ; it does not seem to have been found
by any other collector.—Drstrip, Ceylon.

4, Atalantia missionis, Oliver, in Journ. Linn. Soc. vy. 5 (1861),
Suppl. 2, p. 25. A small much-branched tree, armed with long sharp
spines which are solitary or in pairs; branchlets smooth, often angled.
Leaves 1-foliolate ; petioles }-} in. long; leaflets thick and coriaceous, 2-3
by 1-14in., broadly oblong-obovate or elliptic, obtuse or rounded, entire or
crenulate, undulate, glabrous, glaucous when dry, base acute ; nerves and
veins obscure. Flowers small, white, in glabrous racemes 1—23 in. long.
Calyx usually 4- (rarely 5-) lobed; lobes ovate-triangular. Petals 5,
lanceolate-oblong. Stamens 8, equal ; filaments free, broader and flattened
near the base; anthers narrow-linear. Ovary seated on a gynophore,
4—5-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell; style stout, thickened upwards. Berry
1 in. in diam., globose, with a thick rind, 4~5-celled; cells 1—2-seeded.
Seeds globose, embedded in glutinous mucilage. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 518;
Bedd. For. Man. in Fl. Sylvat. p. xlvi; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 383; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 349.

Kanara: N, Kanara in evergreen forests, near Karwar, ex Zadbot.

14, CITRUS, Linn.

Trees or shrubs, usually spinous. Leaves 1-foliolate ; petiole often
winged; leaflets entire or crenulate, coriaceous, persistent. Flowers
white or pinkish, sweet-scented, solitary, fascicled or in small cymes.
Calyx cupular or urceolate, 3-5-fid. Petals 4-8, linear-oblong, thick,
imbricate. Stamens 20-60; filaments variously connate, compressed at
the base; anthers oblong. Disk large, cupular or annular. Ovary

XXXII. RUTACEA. 189

many-celled ; ovules 4—8 in each cell, 2-seriate ; style deciduous ; stigma
capitate. Berry globose or oblong, fleshy, many-celled; septa mem-
branous; cells few-seeded, filled with horizontal or fusiform cellules
replete with juice. Seeds horizontal or pendulous; testa coriaceous or
membranous ; embryos sometimes 2 or more in one seed; cotyledons
plano-convex, often unequal ; radicle small, superior.—Disrris. Tropical
Asia, 5 species ; Australia, 2 species.

Young shoots and leayes glabrous; transverse vesicles of pulp

concrete.
Young shoots purple; petals tinged with red; flowers
often unisexual ; fruit often mammillate at the apex... 1. C. medica.
Young shoots greenish-white ; petals white; flowers bi-
SexUa eearnitenOb Memmi weccdentecseosesetensresceasors 2. C. Aurantium.
Young shoots and underside of leaves pubescent ; transverse
VESICIOS FO tmp) GASEINCbi.taciascemeis soeacrchicsciiceee meee iccoe deste: 3. C. deeumana.

1. Citrus medica, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 782. A shrub or small
tree flowering and fruiting almost the whole year; young shoots
glabrous, purple. Leaves 1-foliolate ; petioles naked or winged; leaflets
3-6 in. long, elliptic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, usually obtuse, crenate-
serrate, base acute. Flowers white, usually tinged with red, small or
medium sized, often unisexual, 5-10 in a raceme. Stamens 20-40.
Fruit globose or oblong, often mammillate at the apex, usually yellow
‘when ripe; rind thick or thin. Fl. B. I. v.1, p.514; Brandis, For. Fl.
p: 51; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 33; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11
(1897) p. 267; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 349.

Cultivated throughont the Presidency; said to be wild on the Western Ghats.
Graham (Cat. Bo. Pl. p. 25) mentions the occurrence of a plant called by the natives
Malunga, apparently wild near Par and on the level part of the Rotunda Ghat
(below Mahableshwar), which, however, Da/zell § Gibson (Bo. FI. Suppl. p. 18) failed

to find. Mr. Nairne (Flowering Plants of W. India, p. 48) mentions that he had
himself found the plant on the Parpoli Ghat (Wari Country).

The varieties of Citrus medica cultivated in the Bombay Presidency
are the following :—

Var. 1. Citrus medica proper. The Citron. Fruit large, oblong,
obovoid or somewhat irregularly shaped ; mammilla obtuse ; rind thick,
very aromatic; pulp scanty, subacid. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 514; Brandis,
For. Fl. p. 52. Citrus medica, Linn.; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 138.—
Vern. Mahdlungi.

Var. 2. Limonum. The Lemon. Petiole margined or winged.
Fruit ovoid, yellow, mammillate ; rind thin; pulp abundant, very acid.
F). B. I. v. 1, p.515; Brandis, For. Fl. p.52. Citrus Limonum, Risso,
in Ann. Mus. Par. v. 20, p. 201; Grah. Cat. p. 25; Dalz. & Gibs.
Suppl. p. 138.

Var. 3. acida. The Sour Lime of India. Leaflets elliptic-oblong.
Racemes short; flowers small; petals usually 4. Fruit usually small,
globose or ovoid; rind thick or thin; pulp pale, very acid. FI. B. I.
y. 1, p. 515; Brandis, For. Fl. p. 52. ? Citrus Bergamia, Dalz. & Gibs.
Suppl. p. 13.—Vurn. Limbu. Very widely cultivated.

Var. 4. Limetta. The Sweet Lime of India. Fruit globose, 3-5 in.
in diam.; rind thin, smooth, adhering to the pulp; juice abundant,

190 XXXII. RUTACER.

sweet, not aromatic. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 515; Brandis, For. Fl. p. 52.
Citrus Limetta, Risso; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 138.—Vuern. Mitha limbu.
Widely cultivated.

2. Citrus Aurantium, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 782. A tree,
rarely a shrub; young shoots glabrous, greenish-white. Leaves 1-folio-
late ; leaflets 3-6 in. long, elliptic or ovate, obtuse, acute or acuminate ;
petioles naked or winged, the wing often obovate and nearly as large as
the blade. Flowers bisexual, pure white. Stamens 20-30. Fruit
globose, generally oblate, not mammillate, usually orange-colored ;
rind loose or adherent; pulp sweet, yellow, rarely red. FI. B. I. v. 1,
p. 515; Grah. Cat. p. 25; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 12; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. p. 84; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 268 ; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 8385.—Vurn. Ndringt.

The sweet. and bitter orange; widely cultivated. Of the former
(C. aurantium proper, F]. B. I. 1. c.) many kinds are cultivated in India,
one of the best of which is probably that known as the “ Cintra ” Orange,
the name of which was supposed to denote its Portuguese origin.
Dr. Bonavia is of opinion that the term is a corruption of a Sanskrit
name Santara, and has nothing to do with the Portuguese town Cintra.

This orange is cultivated in many places in the Bombay Presidency
(e.g. about Poona), but Nagpur in the Central Provinces is the great
source of supply for the Bombay market. The tree is capable of pro-
ducing 2 crops of fruit annually, but as such excessive production would
naturally result in deterioration, the Nagpur orange-growers, by allowing
one plantation to rest while the other is bearing, obtain a yield of fruit
at two different seasons, from two distinct plots.

The fruit of the Cintra Orange weighs from 7 to 10 ounces, has a
smooth loose skin in one variety, tight in another, with pulp of a deep
orange color and excellent flavor.

The Ldédu Orange of the Deccan comes next to the “ Cintra” among
the cultivated oranges of the Presidency. The fruit weighs 7 to 8
ounces, but the color of its skin is not attractive. Woodrow (Gar-
dening in India) mentions a remarkable malformation which occurs in
many of the fruits, viz., that at the stigmatic end, enclosed within the
skin, a small completely formed orange, as large as a marble, with
5 or 7 carpels, may often be found. The tree grows toa large size.
Woodrow mentions one in Sir A. Sassoon’s garden (Garden Reach,
Poona) which, planted 20 years previously, had covered an area of
400 square feet.

The Mandarin Orange (Ldl Lddu of the Deccan) produces a handsome
fruit, which is in season from November to January. The appearance
of the fruit is attractive, but in flavor the pulp is inferior to that of
the Ladu.

A variety of the Mozambique Orange, named Ahdguzt, is also grown in
the Deccan. The fruit attains a large size, sometimes weighing as much
as 13 ounces. The skin is tight and the endocarp so strong that the

uit can only be sucked ( Woodrow).

An orange, called in the vernacular Resemi-ndring?, is cultivated about
Poona. It produces a small fruit weighing about 3 ounces, with very
little juice and a great number of seeds (about 20). It is a very poor
orange and hardly worth cultivating.

XXXII. RUTACER. 191

The Bitter or Seville Orange (var. 2, Bigaradia, F). B. I. 1. ¢.) does not
appear to be largely cultivated in India.—It is grown sparingly on the
hills about Panchgani and used for making marmalade.

A full description of the several species and varieties of Citrus grown
in India may be found in Watt’s Dictionary of Economic Products of
India, vol. 2, pp. 333-358. Woodrow (Gardening in India, p. 202
et seq.) gives a concise account of the mode of growing, budding and
pruning the orange.

3. Citrus decumana, Murr. Syst. ed. 13 (1774) p. 580. A tree
30-40 ft. high; young shoots pubescent. Leaflets large, 6-9 in. long,
ovate-oblong, frequently emarginate, pubescent beneath ; petioles broadly
winged. Flowers large, white. Stamens 16-24. Fruit large, pale
yellow, globose or pyriform ; rind thick; pulp varying in color from
crimson to pale pink or yellow ; vesicles distinct. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 516;
Grah. Cat. p. 25; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 12; Brandis, For. Fl. p. 55 ;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 34; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p- 268; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 348.—VeErRN. Papanas.

The Pummelo, or Shaddock of the W. Indies, a native of the Malayan
and Polynesian Islands, largely cultivated in the Presidency and arriving
at great perfection along the coast of Kanara and the Konkan.

Dr. Bonavyia (Cultivated Oranges and Lemons of India and Ceylon,
p- 167) says ‘* The best pummelos I have ever seen are the thin-skinned
red pummelos of Bombay. All the other varieties of pummelo I have
seen in India and Ceylon are not to be compared with this and hardly
worth propagating to any extent.”

15. FERONIA, Corr.

A spinous tree. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate ; petioles simple or
winged; leaflets opposite, subsessile. Flowers white, in lax racemes
or panicles, polygamous. Calyx small, flat, 5-toothed, deciduous.
Petals 5 (rarely 4—6), spreading, imbricate. Stamens 10-12 (some of
them often imperfect) ; filaments dilated, villous in front and on the
margins, subulate at the apex; anthers linear-oblong. Disk short.
Ovary oblong, 5—6- at length 1-celled ; ovules many, crowded, in many
series, on 5-6 at length parietal placentas ; style 0; stigma oblong,
fusiform, deciduous. Berry globose, 1-celled, many-seeded, filled with
pulp; rind woody. Seeds oblong, compressed; cotyledons thick,
fleshy. —Disrri1s. Tropical India and Java; species 1.

1. Feronia Elephantum, Corr. in Trans. Linn. Soc. v. 5 (1800)
p- 225. A moderate-sized tree with straight sharp strong spines
3-1} in. long. Leaves smelling of aniseed, alternate, imparipinnate ;
petiole and rhachis flat, often narrowly winged ; leaflets 3-9, opposite,
1-2 by 3-1 in., cuneate or obovate, tip often crenulate. Flowers small,
numerous, dull red, in lateral or terminal pubescent panicles, male and
female flowers often in the same panicle. Calyx small, 5—6-lobed ;
lobes triangular. Petals 5-6, free, elliptic-oblong, + in. long, spreading
or deflexed. Stamens 10-12, 1-seriate; filaments equal, subulate,
densely hairy at the base within; anthers large, linear-oblong. Ovary
glabrous, sessile. Fruit 2-23 in. in diam., globose, hard ; pericarp
woody, rough, grey-colored, Seeds embedded in an edible pulp. Fl. B,

192 XXXII, RUTACEA.

I. v.1, p. 516; Grah. Cat. p. 24; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 30; Bedd. Flor.
Sylvat. t. 121; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 228; Engler, in Eng. & Prantl,
Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 4, p. 193, fig. 112; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 34;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 268; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. vy. 3, p. 324.—Flowers: Mar. Vurn. Aavath.

The Elephant- or Wood-apple; often cultivated. Konkan: Stocks!, Capt.Geburne! ;
in gardens, Bombay, Graham. Duccan: cultivated, Jacquemont, 984!; Ahmednagar,

Graham; gardens, Poona, Cooke! Kanara: Halyal, Ritchie, 1643! Gusarat: Dalzell
&§ Gibson ; valley of the Tapti, common, Graham.—Disrris. Java, Ceylon.

16. AGGLE, Corr.

Spinous trees. Leaves 3- (rarely 5-) foliolate; leaflets membranous,
subcrenulate, pellucido-punctate. Flowers hermaphrodite, rather large,
white, in axillary panicles. Calyx small, 4-5-lobed, deciduous. Petals
4-5, oblong, spreading, imbricate. Stamens numerous; filaments short,
subulate ; anthers elongate, erect. Disk inconspicuous. Ovary ovoid,
attenuated into the style; cells 8-20 peripheral; ovules numerous,
2-seriate; style short; stigma capitate or fusiform, deciduous. Berry
globose or ovoid, 8-15-celled ; cells many-seeded ; rind woody. Seeds
numerous, oblong, compressed, in an aromatic pulp; testa woolly and
mucous.—Disrris. Java and tropical Africa ; species 2-3.

1. HEgle Marmelos, Corr. in Trans. Linn. Soc. v. 5 (1800) p, 228.
A small tree, armed with strong straight sharp spines 3-1 in. long.
Leaves 3- (rarely 5-) foliolate; petioles puberulous, 1-13 in. long;
leaflets lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 14-3 by #-13 in., glabrous, the
lateral leaflets subsessile, the terminal leaflet long-petioluled. Flowers
bisexual, greenish-white, scented; buds globose; pedicels pubescent.
Calyx flat, pubescent, 4-lobed; lobes rounded, sometimes obscure,
ciliolate. Petals 4, much imbricate, 3 in. long, free, oblong, coriaceous.
Stameis numerous, sometimes 50 or more ; filaments subulate, glabrous,
free or sometimes 2 or 3 of them more or less united or subfascicled ;
anthers linear-oblong, apiculate. Ovary 11-celled, glabrous, ovoid-
oblong, faintly ribbed, seated on an elevated disk ; cells many-ovuled ;
ovules biseriate. Fruit 2-5 in. in diam., globose; rind grey or yel-
lowish; pulp sweet, thick, orange-colored. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 516;
Grah. Cat. p. 24; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 31; Engler, in Engl. & Prantl,
Pflanzent. v. 3, part 4, p. 194, fig. 113; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 34;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 268; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 1, p. 117.—Flowers: Apr-May. Vurn. Bel.

Cultivated in many places and found wild occasionally in the Deccan. Konkan:
Stocks!, Law!; Bombay, Capt. Geburne! Elephanta, Graham. Deccan: wild in
many parts, ex Dalzell § Gibson; widely planted, Woodrow; about temples in the
Decean, Graham. 8. M. Country: Gatpraba river N. of Belgaum, /itchie, 994!

The Bael tree, known commonly as the Bengal Quince. Many parts of the tree
possess highly valuable medicinal properties, and the dried unripe fruit has been long
used as a remedy for diarrhoea and dysentery. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. l.e.

XXXIIT. SIMARUBACE A, 193

Orprr XXXIII. SIMARUBACEA.

Trees or shrubs, usually with bitter bark. Leaves usually alternate,
pinnate, rarely simple; stipules 0, or deciduous. Inflorescence mostly
axillary, paniculate or racemose, rarely spicate ; flowers regular, usually
small, diclinous or polygamous, rarely hermaphrodite. Calyx 3-5-lobed
or -partite. Petals 3-5, very rarely 0, imbricate or valvate. Disk
annular, cupular, or elongated into a gynophore, rarely 0. Stamens
inserted at the base of the disk, equal in number to the petals or twice
as many ; filaments free, naked, often with a scale at the base ; anthers
oblong, usually introrse, 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary often
deeply 2—5-lobed, 1-6-celled ; ovules usually solitary (rarely many) in each
cell; raphe ventral; micropyle superior; styles 2-5, free at the base
and apex or at the base only, or connate by the usually capitellate
stigmas. Fruit drupaceous or capsular or sometimes samaroid. Seeds
usually solitary, pendulous; testa membranous ; albumen copious, fleshy,
scanty or 0; embryo straight or curved; cotyledons usually plano-
convex or flat, rarely contorted or rugose ; radicle superior.—Dtstris.
Tropical and warm regions; species about 120.

Ovary deeply divided.

Meavese pinnate es friMlinsAMANOl Necvsndesscencssccauereacdescseseoee 1. AILANTHus.
Leaves simple ; fruit drupaceous, winged ..............s.e0eeeee 2. SAMADERA.
Ovaryientane se CAVES 2-lOlNOlalen sc. vecnetsscesessacovsceaesssesecvsceseos > 3. BaALAnIrEs.

1. AILANTHUS, Desf.

Lofty trees. Leaves alternate, pinnate; leaflets alternate or sub-
opposite. Flowers in terminal or axillary branched panicles, small ;
pedicels bracteate. Calyx short, 5-fid; lobes equal, imbricate. Petals 5,
spreading, induplicato-valvate. Disk 10-lobed. Stamens 10 in the
male, 2-3 in the hermaphrodite and 0 in the female flowers, inserted
at the base of the disk; filaments very short or filiform, without scales.
Ovary 2-5-partite (rudimentary in the male flowers); ovule 1 in each
cell, semianatropous; styles connate. Samaras 1-5, large, membranous,
linear-oblong, veined, l-seeded in the middle. Seed compressed ; testa
membranous ; albumen scanty, adhering to the testa; cotyledons flat,
foliaceous, suborbicular.—Distris. India, Australia, China ; species 3-4.

Leaflets coarsely toothed ; filaments shorter than the anthers. 1. A. exce/sa.
Leaflets entire ; filaments longer than the anthers............... 2. A. malabarica.

1. Ailanthus excelsa, Mow). Cor. Pl. v. 1 (1795) p. 24, t. 23.
A tree 60-80 ft. high. Leaves unequally or equally pinnate, usually
8-12 in. but sometimes reaching 2-3 ft. long, the younger tomentose,
the older more or less so or glabrous; leaflets 8-14 pairs, alternate or
subopposite, very variable in shape, 4—6 in. long, coarsely and irregularly
toothed or sublobate, very unequal at the base; petiolules ?—2 in. long.
Flowers in large lax often much-branched panicles; pedicels long,
slender. Calyx-lobes ovate-triangular. Petals ¢ in. long, ovate-
lanceolate, glabrous, reflexed. Filaments glabrous, about half as long
as the anthers. Samara 13-21 in. long by 3-3 in. broad, lanceolate,
acute at both ends, reddish-brown, twisted near the base, many-nerved,
the nerves reticulate above the seed, otherwise nearly parallel. Seed
solitary in the centre of the samara. IF). B. 1. v. 1, p. 518; Grah. Cat.

Oo

194 XXXIII, SIMARUBACER.

p- 387; Dalz. & Gibs. p. aw Pierre, Flor. For. Cochinch. t. 295, a;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 35; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p- 268; Watt, Dict. eo. Prod. v. 1, p. 148.—Flowers: Jan.—Mar.
VERN. ‘Makipale

Konkan: Dalzell!, Stocks! Duccan: Gitson, Woodrow, Gusarat: English burial-

ground, Surat, Gebuwrne; common about Broach and Baroda, Dr. Lush.—Distrw.
India (N.W. Proy., W. Peninsula, Behar); Queensland (var. imberbiflora),

2. Ailanthus malabarica, DC. Prod. v. 2 (1825) p. 89. A large
tree. Leaves very large, 1} ae sone: crowded, spreading, glabrous ;
leaflets 8-10 pairs, 3-6 by 1}-2% in., alternate or subopposite, ovate-
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, tapering, acute or acuminate, entire,
glabrous, glaucous beneath, unequal-sided at the base, the upper side
the larger and rounded, the lower smaller and acute ; petiolules 3-2 in.
long. Flowers white (the bisexual rather larger than the male), in lax
axillary panicles; pedicels short. Calyx-lobes triangular, acute. Petals
about 4 in. long, oblong-lanceolate. Stamens longer than the petals ;
ans filiform, much longer than the anthers. Samara 2-24 by
3—2 in., linear- oblong, rounded at both ends, reddish-brown, not or ‘very
rarely twisted. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. oL8s Grah. Cat. p- 37; Dalz. & Gibs.
p. 46; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v.1, p. 230 ; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. ‘35 ; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 268.—Flowers : Feb.-Mar.

Konkan: Stocks!, Law!, Gibson, Dalzeli!; Nagotna, Dalzell & Gibson, Woodrow.
Deccan: Pant Sachiv’s country at Udhar, Ranishwar, Dailzell & Gibson, KANARA:
N. Kanara, in evergreen forests, Za/bot; Kumpta-Sirsi Road, Woodrow.—Distxis.
India (W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon, Cochinchina.

2. SAMADERA, Gertn.

Small glabrous trees. Leaves alternate, simple, short-petioled,
oblong, coriaceous, shining. Flowers hermaphrodite, few, in axillary
and terminal umbels. Calyx small, 3-5-partite, glandular at the base
outside, imbricate. Petals 3-5, coriaceous, much longer than the calyx,
imbricate. Disk large. Stamens 6-10, with small basilar scales,
included. Carpels 4-4, distinct, free; ovule solitary, pendulous ; styles
free at the base, more or less united above; stigmas acute. Drupes
1-5, large, dry, compressed, rigid, winged. Seed solitary; testa mem-
branous ; cotyledons plano-convex, fleshy; radicle very short.—
Disrris. Tropical Asia and Madagascar ; species 3.

1. Samadera indica, Gertn. Fruct. v. 2 (1791) p. 352, t. 156.
A small tree 30-35 ft. high, with stout branches. Leaves large, some-
times reaching 10 by 33 in., elliptic-oblong, usually shortly acuminate,
entire, reticulately veined, glabrous, shining, base rounded rarely sub-
acute: petioles 3—? in. long, stout. Flowers in few- or many-flowered
umbels; peduncles axillary, glabrous, often longer than the leaves ;
pedicels 3—? in. long, glabrous, red. Calyx small, ‘glabrous, persistent ;
lobes broad, thick, ciliate. Petals 3-1 in. ‘long, oblong, obtuse.
Stamens twice as many as the petals and slightly shorter than them ;
filaments long, with a hairy scale at the base. Ovary shortly stalked,
glabrous, usually 4-celled; style glabrous, a little longer than the
stamens. Ripe carpels 2-2} in. long, nearly semicircular, much com-
pressed, smooth, reticulate. Seed large. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 519; Grah.

XXXIII. SIMARUBACE. 195

Cat. p. 37; Engler, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 4, p. 211,
fig. 120; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 231; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 35; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. v- 6, part 2, p. 451.

Konkan: throughout the 8. Konkan jungle, Mimmo ex Graham; jungles near Goa,
Dr. Lush; along river-banks, Talbot.—Distr1e. India (W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon.

The tree furnishes the Niepa bark of commerce.—See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. c.

3. BALANITES, Delile.

Spiny shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, 2-foliolate ; leaflets cori-
aceous, entire. Flowers greenish, in axillary cymes, fragrant. Sepals 5,
concave, imbricate. Petals 5, oblong, spreading, glabrous or villous,
imbricate. Stamens 10, inserted in the furrows at the base of the disk ;
filaments naked, filiform, subulate ; anthers inserted at the back. Disk
thick, depressed-conic or pulvinate, 10-grooved, hollowed at the apex.
Ovary globose, half-immersed in the disk, villous, 5-celled; ovule solitary
in each cell, linear, pendulous below the apex of the cell; style short,
subulate, terete or 5-furrowed ; stigmas 1 or 5, simple, minute. Drupe
fleshy, oily ; putamen bony, 5-angled, 1-celled, 1l-seeded. Seed pendu-
lous, ovoid; testa subfibrous; albumen 0, embryo green, ovoid ;
cotyledons thick, oblong, plano-convex, sometimes corrugated or
2-lobed ; radicle superior.—Duisrris. Northern and Tropical Africa,
Tropical and Western Asia ; species 2.

1. Balanites Roxburghii, Planch. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4, v. 2
(1854) p. 258. A small tree rarely reaching 30 ft. high ; young parts
pubescent or tomentose ; branches yellowish-green, glabrous or pube-
rulous; spines 1-1} in. long, axillary, straight, strong, very sharp.
Leaves 2-foliolate; petioles 3-7 in. long; leaflets elliptic or obovate,
obtuse or subacute, sometimes slightly mucronate, base usually acute ;
petiolules very short. Flowers small, greenish-white, fragrant, in
axillary few- or many-flowered short-peduncled cymes or fascicles.
Sepals ovate, $ in. long, pubescent outside, silky within. Petals oblong-
obovate, glabrous outside, silky villous within, very little longer than
the sepals. Filaments subulate, glabrous; anthers attached at the back.
Disk cupular, with a 10-lobed glandular margin. Ovary silky-villous ;
style short, conical. Drupes large, ovoid, woody, anguiar, 1-2 in. long,
5-grooved. Fl. B. I. v.1, p. 522; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 35; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 268; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.
v. 1, p. 363.—Flowers: Mar—May. Vern. Hingu; Hinganbet.

Engler & Prantl (Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 4, p. 355, fig. 189) unite this
with B. egyptiaca, Delile, a species growing in N. and Tropical Africa
which is distinguished from B. Rowburghii by its glabrous petals.

Konkan: Bombay, Capt. Geburne! Duccan: widely, Woodrow; Ahmednagar,

Cooke!, Woodrow! S$. M. Country: Dharwar, Cooke!, Woodrow! Gusarat: Ahmed-
abad, Cooke!—Distrrs. Drier parts of India.

Orper XXXIV. OCHNACEZ.

Trees or shrubs with watery juice. Leaves alternate, glabrous, simple
(very rarely pinnate), coriaceous, stipulate. Flowers hermaphrodite,
usually paniculate, rarely solitary. Sepals 4-5, free, imbricate. Petals
4-12 (usually 5), free, deciduous, spreading, imbricate. Disk enlarged

02

196 XXXIV. OCHNACES.

after flowering, sometimes 0. Stamens inserted at the base of or on
the disk, 4, 5, 8, 10 or indefinite ; filaments usually short, persistent ;
anthers linear, dehiscing longitudinally or by terminal pores. Ovary
short and 2-10-lobed, or terete, elongate and 1—10-celled ; placentas
axile or parietal; ovules 1—2 in each cell or indefinite, ascending or
rarely pendulous; raphe ventral; micropyle superior; style simple,
subulate, acute, straight or incurved; stigma simple, terminal. Fruit
indehiscent, drupaceous or baccate, compound, each drupe or pyrene
1-4-seeded, or capsular and 1-d-celled with septicidal dehiscence.—
Distris. Tropical regions of the world, very many in America; genera
12; species about 150.

SUBIMENS INGELNILG! 1.5 doccctas cockeco ns cui ences teciatce ae messes cote rece eeeweeane 1. Ocuna.
SUPE I 18 2) 1a KU aie ee eee Ree Om ae eR gry A UR a eae eet 2. Gompuia.

1. OCHNA, Linn.

Glabrous trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, usually serrate, shining,
many-nerved; stipules 2. Flowers yellow, in panicles or umbels,
springing from a scaly bud beneath the last year’s leaves, bracteate.
Sepals 5, imbricate, persistent, colored. Petals 5-12, deciduous,
imbricate. Disk thick, lobed. Stamens indefinite, eed at the
base of the disk, shorter than the petals ; anthers dehiscing longitudi-
nally, deciduous. Ovary 1-celled, deeply 3-10-lobed; lobes obtuse ;
ovule solitary in each cell, axile; styles connate or sometimes free at
the apex; stigmas simple or capitate. Drupes 3-10, seated on the
enlarged disk. Seed erect, oblong; testa membranous; cotyledons
thick, plano-convex; radicle minute.——Distrie. Tropical Asia and
Africa; species 25.

A small tree: flowers in short racemes ............ccessscecocceccces 1. O. squarrosa,

A low undershrub ; flowers in long-peduncled umbels ............ 2. O. pumila.

1. Ochna squarrosa, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2 (1762) p. 731. A shrub
or small tree. Leaves 2-5 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, elliptic or obovate,
usually acute, finely serrulate, quite glabrous, base nero into a short
petiole ; stipules lanceolate, }—j in. long. Flowers fragrant, in umbel-
late panicles on the old wood, or sometimes on short leafless branchlets ;
pedicels jointed. Sepals coriaceous, 3-7 in. long, elliptic-oblong, with
close parallel veins. Petals 5-12, a little longer than the sepals.
Stamens indefinite, deciduous; filaments very short; anthers long,
linear. Styles completely combined, longer than the stamens. Fruit
of 3-6 drupes, j in. long, ee es sessile, black, surrounded by the
persistent calyx. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 523; Grah. Cat. p. 37; Dalz. &
Gibs. Suppl. p. 17; Trim. FL. Cevl. v. 1, p. 233; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
p. 36; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. ih (1897) p. 268 ; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 4389.—Flowers: Feb.April. Vurn. Kanak-
champa.

Konkan: Law!; 8. Konkan, on hills near the sea, Talbot; Parel road, Bombay,
planted, Graham. Deccan: gardens about Poona, Cooke!, Woodrow! S. M. Coun-
ry: Castlerock, Woodrow. Kanara: Dalzell!, Stocks!; near Karwar, Talbot, 116!;
Chandawar, Litchie, 1667 !—Disrris. India (E. & W. Peninsulas, Birma); Ceylon.

Ochna pumila, Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nep. (1a )
p- 2: 304, A low undershrub about 2 ft. high. Leaves 4-63 by 13-2 in.,
oblanceolate, spinous-serrate, glabrous, base acute ; petioles short ;

XXXIV. OCHNACEE. 197

stipules lanceolate, }-3 in. long. Flowers 3-6, in axillary umbels;
peduncles 2-3 in. long, with 2 lanceolate bracts 13 in. long at the base ;
pedicels 1-12 in. long, slender, jointed below the middle; bracts below
the pedicels 3-3 in. long, lanceolate. Sepals 3 in. long, coriaceous,
elliptic-oblong. Petals upwards cf 1 in. long by 3 in. broad, obovate,
with a very short narrow claw, tender. Stamens indefinite ; filaments
short ; anthers elongate. Styles connate throughout their entire length,
shortly 4-divided at the apex. Drupes reticulately rugose, 3-3 in. long,
ellipsoid. Fl. B. I. v.1, p. 524; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1897) p. 268. Ochna nana, Buch.-Ham. in Wall. Cat. 3761; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 46.

Konkan: Dalzell §& Gibson.—DtsrriB. India (at the foot of the Himalayas, Pegu).

2. GOMPHIA, Schreb.

Glabrous trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, coriaceous,
shining, narrowly serrate, many-nerved ; stipules 2. Flowers yellow,
in axillary or terminal bracteate racemes ; pedicels jointed near the base.
Sepals 5, usually colored. Petals 5, imbricate. Disk thick, lobed.
Stamens 10, inserted at the base of the disk ; filaments short; anthers
opening by terminal pores. Ovary 5—6-lobed ; lobes 1-celled ; ovule
solitary in each cell; styles connate; stigma simple. Drupes 5 or
fewer, seated on the enlarged disk. Seed erect; testa membranous ;
cotyledons fleshy, plano-convex ; radicle very short.—Disrris. Chiefly
Tropical American, a few species in Africa, fewer in Asia; species
about 80.

1. Gomphia angustifolia, Vahl, Syinb. v.2 (1791) p. 49. A small
much-branched tree; young parts glabrous. Leaves 3-6 by 1-2 in.,
distichous, oblong-lanceolate, acute, finely serrate, glabrous, closely
reticulately veined, base acute ; petioles very short; stipules deciduous.
Flowers in pyramidal terminal and axillary panicles; buds globose ;
pedicels slender, jointed near the base. Sepals 4 in. long, elliptic.
Petals ~ in. long, obovate, shortly clawed. Stamens 10; filaments
short; anthers rugose. Ovary glabrous, 4+—5-lobed; lobes obovoid ;
style much exceeding the stamens. Drupes 5 or fewer, }-3 in. in diam.,
usually obovoid, smooth, reticulately veined, surrounded by the persis-
tent sepals. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p.525; Grah. Cat. p. 38; Trim. Fl. Ceyl.
v. 1, p. 235; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 86; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3,
p. 533.

Konkan: on the Ghats of the 8S. Konkan, Talbot; S. Konkan, Nimmo ex Graham.—
Distris. 8. India; Singapore, Ceylon, Philippines.

Orprr XXXV. BURSERACEX.

Balsamiferous trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate (very rarely oppo-
site), 3- (rarely 1-) foliolate or imparipinnate, without or rarely with
stipules. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, usually small, race-
mose or panicled. Calyx 3-5-fid or -partite, imbricate or valvate.
Petals 3-5, free or rarely connate, deciduous, imbricate or valvate.
Disk annular or cupular, rarely inconspicuous, free or adnate to the
calyx-tube. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, inserted

198 XXXV. BURSERACEA.

at the base or margin of the disk, equal or unequal; filaments free,
rarely connate at the base; staminodes 0; anthers usually versatile,
2-celled. Ovary free, 2-5- (rarely 1-) celled, usually attenuated into a
short style; ovules 2 (very rarely 1) in each cell, axile, usually pendu-
lous, rarely ascending ; micropyle superior ; raphe ventral ; stigma
undivided or 2-5-lobed. Fruit drupaceous, usually indehiscent, con-
taining 2-5 pyrenes, or rarely pseudo-capsular and dehiscent. Seeds
pendulous ; testa membranous ; albumen 0.—Disrrie. Tropics of both
hemispheres ; genera 18 ; species about 160.

Drupe dehiscent ; pyrenes separating .............ececeeeeeecnenees 1. Boswniuta.
Drupe indehiscent ; pyrenes not separating.
Calyx 5-fid; disk lining the calyx-tube .....................0.. 2. GaruGa.
Calyx-4-foothad!s disk Cupullar Qe.c..csces ceeces nee. e eee ese rae 3. ComMIrHora.
Calyx usually $-fid ; disk annular £......<...scseseses-eeseees- 4. CaNnaRium.

1. BOSWELLIA, Roxb.

Trees usually with papery bark. Leaves alternate, crowded at the
ends of the branches, deciduous, imparipinnate; leaflets opposite,
usually serrate. Flowers hermaphrodite, small, white, in axillary
racemes or panicles. Calyx small, 5-toothed, persistent. Petals 5,
narrowed at the base, imbricate. Disk annular, crenate. Stamens 10,
alternately long and short, inserted at the base of the disk. Ovary
sessile, 3-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous; style short; stigma
3-lobed. Drupe trigonous, 3-valved, valves separating from the
pyrenes ; pyrenes bony, 1-seeded, finally separating from the trigonous
axis. Seeds compressed, pendulous ; cotyledons contortuplicate, mul-
tifid; radicle superior.—Disrriz. India; Tropical Africa; species
about 6.

1. Boswellia serrata, Rowb. ex Coleb. As. Res. v. 9 (1807) p. 379,
t.5. A deciduous middle-sized tree; bark ash-colored, peeling off in
thin flakes ; young shoots and leaves pubescent. Leaves 8-15 in. long;
leaflets opposite, 1-23 by 3-11 in., sessile, 8-15 pairs and an odd one
(the pair at the base of the leat often much smaller than the others),

variable in shape, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, usually equilateral and

obtuse, crenate-serrate, more or less pubescent, base acute, rounded, or
somewhat truncate. Flowers in axillary racemes, shorter than the
leaves. Calyx pubescent outside; lobes broadly triangular-ovate.
Petals 1 in. long, ovate, pubescent outside, tips inflexed. Stamens
inserted at the base of an annular crenate disk; anthers slightly pubes-
cent. Ovary surrounded by the disk; style grooved. Drupe t trigonous;
pyrenes heart-shaped; cotyledons trifid. Fl. B. L. v. 1, p. 52 28 Talb.
Trees, Bomb. p. 36; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 a 897) p.2 268 ;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 515. Boswellia thurifera, Roxb. ex
Fleming, in Asiat. Res. v. 11, p. 158; Grah. Cat. p. 42.—Illowers:
Feb.-Apr. Vern. Sdlai; Sdlphali.

Konkan: Stocks!, Nimmo ex Graham. Duccan: Sitpudas of the Khandesh dis-
trict, Zalbot; hills in the Deccan, widely, Woodrow ; Kartriz and Kamatki Ghats on
the road to Mahableshwar, H. M. Birdwood; hill-sides, Poona districts, Woodrow ;
Pal jungles, Khandesh district, Kanithar! 8. M. Counrry: hill of Shendur in the

Chichuri taluka, Belgaum Collectorate, Law ex Graham.—Disrris. ‘Throughout
India.

Var. glabra, Hook. f. Fl. B. I. Uc. Glabrous ; leaflets entire or

XXXV. BURSERACE. 199

nearly so, rounded at the apex. Boswellia glaber, Roxb. Hort. Beng.
p- 90; Grah. Cat. p. 42.
Padshapur (Belgaum districts), Ritchie, 1009 !—Disrris. N.W. India.

2. GARUGA, Roxb.

Trees more or less tomentose. Leaves crowded towards the ends of
the branches, alternate, imparipinnate; leaflets opposite, subsessile,
serrate. Flowers in dense panicles, polygamous. Calyx campanulate,
5-fid, valvate. Petals 5, inserted on the tube of the calyx, induplicato-
valvate. Disk thin with a crenate margin, lining the calyx-tube.
Stamens 10, equal, free, inserted in the tube of the calyx at the margin
of the disk. Ovary ovoid, sessile, 4—5-celled, attenuated into an erect
style ; ovules 2 in each cell; stigma capitate, 4-5-lobed. - Drupe without
valves, globose, fleshy, containing 1-5 bony rugose pyrenes. Seed
conform to the cell; testa membranous; cotyledons thin, contor-
tuplicate ; radicle short, superior.—Disrris. Tropical Asia, America,
and Australia ; species 8-10.

1. Garuga pinnata, Rowvb. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 33; Cor. Pl.
v. 3, p. 5, t. 208. A tree sometimes reaching 50 ft. in height; bark
furrowed, the outer layers peeling off in flakes. Leaves 6-18 in. long,
deciduous in the cold season; leaflets 6-10 pairs and an odd one,
opposite or nearly so, subsessile, sometimes 6 in. long, lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, usually acuminate, oblique, crenate, pubescent when
young, at length glabrous. Flowers yellow, in much-branched axillary
tomentose panicles, several together at the ends of the branches ; bracts
deciduous. Calyx 3} in. long, campanulate, cleft a little less than half
way down, densely tomentose outside ; lobes ovate-oblong, subobtuse.
Petals 5 in. long, linear-oblong, tomentose outside, sparsely pubescent
within, attached ‘to’ the tube of the calyx beneath the margin of the disk,
tip thickened, inflexed. Disk thin, lining the calyx-tube, crenate.
Stamens inserted on the tube of the calyx ‘at the margin of the disk
between the crenatures; filaments slightly hairy. Style long, stout,
hairy ; stigma capitate, 5-lobed. Drupes black, fleshy, size of a goose-
berry, edible ; pyrenes 1-3 (commonly 2), bony, rugose. Seed with a
membranous wing. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 528; Grah. Cat. p. 43; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. p. 37; Engler, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 4,
p- 257, tig. 150; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 268;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 483.—Flowers: Feb.—Mar. VERN.
Kakad.

Koynan: Law!; hilly parts of the Konkan, Graham; Bombay, Capt. Geburne! ;
Matheran Ghat, H. M. Birdwood. Drccan: Ganesh Khind (Poona), Woodrow! :
Deccan hills, Woodrow. S. M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie, 1016! Kanara: Honore,
Hohenhacker, 726! Guussrat: hills, Woodrow.—Disrriz. Throughout India; Malaya,
Philippines.

The drupe is eaten raw, pickled or cooked, and the young shoots and leaves are used
as fodder, especially for elephants. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ¢.

3. COMMIPHORA, Jacquin, Hort. Schcenbr. v. 2 (1797) p. 66,
t. 249.

(BaLsAMODENDRON, Kunth.)

Balsamiferous trees or shrubs; branches often spinescent. Leaves
membranous, 3-foliolate, sometimes with very small lateral leaflets, or

200 XXXV. BURSERACER.

imparipinnate ; leaflets sessile or shortly petioluled, small, crenate or
serrate, rarely entire. Flowers polygamous, small, fascicled, shortly
pedicelled. Calyx cupular, urceolate or tubular, 4 (rarely 5—6)-toothed
or -lobed, persistent. Petals 4 (rarely 5-6), inserted on the margin of a
more or less concave disk, oblong, erect, spreading or reflexed at the
apex, valvate or induplicato-valvate. Stamens 8-10, inserted on the
margin of the disk, the alternate usually longer, rarely equal; filaments
dilated at the base; anthers ovate. Disk cupular. Ovary ovoid, sessile,
3- rarely 2-4-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell; style short ; stigma obtusely
3-4-lobed. Drupe ovoid or subglobose ; epicarp 2—6-valved ; pyrenes
crustaceous or woody, connate into a compound pyrene, one cell seed-
bearing, the rest barren.—Disrrip. Africa ; species 35,

Oslyx-lobes equalling the tubo. ...:.....:..sccsssveccarsersneocacernasace 1. C. Mukul.
Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube.
Unarmed; sstumens eq uallety.t:.0res-cene eee eee ener eee 2. C. Stocksiana.
Armed ; stamens alternately long and short. ..............0...06 3. C. Berryi.

1. Commiphora Mukul, Fngl. in DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 4 (1883)
p- 12. Shrubby, 4-6 feet high; young parts glandular-pubescent ;
branches knotty and crooked, divaricate, usually ending in a sharp spine.
Leaves 1-3-foliolate; leaflets subsessile (the terminal up to ? by } in.),
rhomboid-ovate, serrate-toothed in the upper part (the tapering base
entire), smooth, and shining, the lateral leaflets when present less than
half the size of the terminal ones. Flowers in fascicles of 2-3; pedicels
very short. Calyx campanulate, glandular-hairy ; lobes 4-5, triangular,
as long as the tube. Petals brownish-red, broadly linear, nearly thrice
the length of the calyx, reflexed at the apex. Stamens 8-10, alternately
long and short, half the length of the petals. Disk 8—10-lobed, the
alternate sinuses deeper and in these are inserted the shorter stamens.
Ovary oblong-ovoid, attenuated into the style. Drapes red when ripe,
5-3 In. in diam., ovoid, acute; epicarp 4-valved ; pyrenes ovate, acute,
readily splitting into 2. Balstmodendron Mukul, Hook. ex Stocks, in
Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. v. 1 (1849) p. 259, t. 8; Fl. B. I. v.1, p. 529;
Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 2, p. 3; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 37; Woodr. in
Journ, Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 268; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1,
p- 366. Balsamodendron Roxburghii, Stocks, in Journ. As. Soc. Bomb.
v. 2 (1848) p. 391 (not of Arnott); Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 19; Aitch.
Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 30.—Flowers: Mar.Apr. Vern. Gugal.

Dry regions of Sind and Khandesh. Deccan: Peit, 380 miles north of Poona,
Woodrow !, Dalzell § Gibson; between Salher and Abowna (Khandesh), Dalzell
Gibson. Sinp: hills in Sind, Stocks, 440!

The gum-resin known as Gugal or Indian Bdellium is obtained from the tree. It
is extensively used in native medicine. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ¢.—
Distris. India (Rajputana); Beluchistan, Arabia.

2. Commiphora Stocksiana, Engl. in DC. Monogr. v. 4 (1883)
p- 17. An unarmed shrub, much resembling C. Mucul in general habit ;
branches not tipped with a spine; young shoots and leaves rusty-
pubescent. Leaves 2-3 pairs with an odd one; leaflets entire, the
terminal obovate, petioluled, the lateral subsessile, usually oblong-obovate.
Flowers fascicled, 1-3 together, subsessile. Calyx urceolate; teeth
short. Petals red or white, obovate, acute, spreading at the apex, not
reflexed. Stamens equal in height. Disk equally toothed. Drupes
red, subglobose, shortly pointed, marked by 4 conspicuous white sutures,

XXKV. BURSERACE. 201

the alternate ones not reaching to the apex, 2-valved, the valves semi-
bifid. Balsamodendron pubescens, Stocks, in Journ. As. Soc. Bomb. v. 2
(1848) p. 395, t. 26; Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. v. 1 (1849) p. 264, t. 9;

Aitch. Pi. & Sind Pl. peo05 HEB. Tf. v. pp. 5295, Boiss: FI. Orient.
v.2,-p. 2; Talb. Trees, Bomb. pols Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v.11 (1897) p- 268 ; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 369.—Flowers :
Mar.-Apr. Vurn. Bayi.

Protium pubescens, W. & A. Prodr. (1834) p. 176, having been trans-
ferred to the genus Commiphora becomes Commiphora pubescens by right
of priority, aad Balsamodendron (now Commiphora) pubescens of Stocks
(1848) has been called Commiphora Stocksiana by Engler.

Sixp: hills and rocky places, Stocks, 439 !—Drsrere. Beluchistan.

3. Commiphora Berryi, Lngl. in DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 4 (1883)
p- 17. A much-branched small tree or bush ; branches spiny, the lateral
ones ending in sharp spines. ae 3-foliolate ;_ petioles slender ;
leaflets obovate, sessile, the terminal 3-2 in. long, twice as large as the
lateral ones, all entire or the upper “part obsoletely crenate, glabrous,
cuneate at the base. Flowers small, about 3 in. long, subsessile, solitary
or fascicled. Calyx campanulate ; teeth 3-4, short, triangular. Petals
3-4, twice as long as the calyx, with a recurved apex which terminates
in an incurved tip. Stamens 6-8, alternately long and short, those of
the male flowers longer than those of the female or hermaphrodite
flowers. Disk small, 6—8-crenate. Drupes oblong, apiculate. Balsa-
modendron Berryi, Arn. in Aun. Nat. Hist. v. 3 (1839) p. 86; Fl. B. I.
v. 1, p. 529; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 126; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 237;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p- 87; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p- 268; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 366. Balsamodendron gileadense,
Grah. Cat. p. 43 (not of Kunth).—Flowers : Feb.-Mar.

Cultivated, but not apparently wild, in the Bombay Presidency. Graham (/. c.)
says that it was introduced into Bombay in 1837 by Mr. Watson from Mecca. It is

abundant in the dry jungles to the east of the Nilghiris (Beddome) and is largely used
for hedges throughout the Madras Presidency.

4. CANARIUM, Linn.

Tall balsamiferous trees. Leaves large, alternate, distant, impari-
pinnate (rarely 1-3-foliolate); leaflets usually petioluled, often very
unequal, the lowest rotund, remote from the base, or sessile at the base
of the leaf and stipuliform. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, in
axillary branched panicles. Calyx cupular or urceolate, 3- (rarely 5-)
lobed or -fid, valvate, persistent. Petals 3-5, thick, usually longer than
the calyx, valvate or slightly imbricate. Disk annular, entire or lobed.
Stamens 6-10, inserted outside the disk or at the base of the disk;
filaments free or connate at the base with one another and with the
disk. Ovary ovoid (rudimentary in the male flowers), 3- (rarely 2-4-)
celled ; ovules 2 in each cell; style short or equalling the ovary in length;
stigma capitate, 2-4-lobed. Drupe ovoid or ellipsoid, often trigonous,
with a 1- 3-celled, 1-3-seeded stone. Seed conform to the cell; testa
membranous ; cotyledons sometimes partite, contortuplicate ; radicle
short, straight, superior.—Distris. Tropical Asia, Africa, Malaya;
species about 70,

202 XXXV. BURSERACER.

1. Canarium strictum, Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 49. A large
tree ; young branches and leaves beneath densely rufous-tomentose.
Leaves coriaceous, shining and glabrous above, reaching 2 feet (Beddome,
Flor. Sylvat. 1. c. says 4 feet) in length; leaflets 3-7 pairs and an odd
one, 4-8 by 12-34 in., ovate-oblong or ovate, to ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, opposite or alternate, finely serrate, with 10-15 pairs of
lateral nerves very prominent beneath ; petiolules 1-3 in. long. Flowers
in short-branched axillary panicles shorter than the leaves; pedicels
very short. Calyx usually 3-lobed, cupular, rusty tomentose outside ;
tube 3 in. long; lobes triangular, j,in.long. Petals } in. long by 4; in.
broad, oblong-obovate, slightly hairy on the outside towards the rounded
apex. Ovary ovoid, attenuated into a style as long as the ovary,
glabrous, rudimentary in the male flowers. Drupes 13-2 in. long,
ellipsoid or.ovoid, tapering at both ends; stone hard, bony. Fl. B.I.v.
1, p. 5384; Dalz. & Gibs. p.52; Engler, in DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 4, p. 118 ;
Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 128; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 37; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 268; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 96.—
Flowers: Feb—Apr. Vurn. Raldhup.

Konkan: Law !, Dalzell, 1679!; Mira hills near Pen, Dalzell § Gibson ; Matheran,
near the Chauki, H. M. Birdwood. Kanara: Law!; Ainshi Ghat (N. Kanara),
common, Za/bot.—Distris. India (W. Peninsula).

The tree is known as “the black dammar tree” and yields a brilliant resin. For
particulars as to its uses, consult Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ¢.

Orprr XXXVI. MELIACE.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, usually pinnate ;
leaves or leaflets usually entire. Flowers regular, usually hermaphrodite,
in terminal or axillary panicles. Calyx usually small, 4—5-tid or -partite,
imbricate, rarely valvate. Petals 4-5 (rarely 3-7), sometimes free and
contorted or imbricate, sometimes connate or adnate to the staminal-
tube and valvate. Stamens 4-10, generally 8-10 (very rarely more),
inserted with the petals outside of the base of a hypogynous disk ;
filaments united by their margins into a more or less complete tube
which is entire, toothed or variously laciniate, rarely free; anthers
introrse or versatile, erect, usually sessile on the staminal-tube, included
or exserted, 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally ; connective sometimes
produced. Disk various, usually annular, or tubular and sheathing, free
or adnate to the ovary or staminal-tube, or 0. Ovary usually free, 2-5-
celled ; ovules 1—2 (rarely more) in each cell, collateral or superposed ;
raphe ventral, micropyle superior; style simple; stigma disciform or
capitate. Fruit capsular, baccate or drupaceous. Seeds exalbuminous
or with fleshy albumen, winged or not; embryo flat; hilum usually
ventral ; cotyledons fleshy —Disrris. Frequent in the warm regions of
Asia and America, rarer in Africa; genera 37; species about 300,

Seeds not winged; filaments united into a tube.
Seeds albuminous ; cotyledons foliaceous,

TGA VOR BUN PlO a6 occes.- nse dacesecescussenepadbsdedvewasqseenancs. 1. Turr#a,
Leayes compound,
Common petiole winged ..........s.sesressesvesescees 2. NAREGAMIA.
Common petiole not winged.
Flowers elongate ; fruit drupaceous.........++ 3. Metta.

Flowers globose ; fruit baccate ..........se0..+6 4, CIPADESSA.

XXXVI, MELIACE. 263

Seeds exalbuminous ; cotyledons thick.
Flowers and staminal-tube oblong ; style long.

Ieee jeeti MTS e de enon ance ce cocooreuandeenocnde 5. AZADIRACHTA.
Disk large, usually sheathing the ovary;
Ota SIA Zesceceesdcestaenkie buco scieon sncucoeeeas 6. DysoxyLum.

Flowers and staminal-tube globose or turbinate ;
style short or obsolete.
Anthers included in the staminal-tube or
the tips only exserted. :
Fruit baccate.

Anthers 5; seeds exarillate ......... 7. AGLATA.
Anthers 10, in 2 series; seeds aril-
MA Gue Rite catebanesmatonae casecemens 8. Lansrum.
Fruit capsular.
Seedstarilllatiowsncstesdsecescetescasenes 9. Amoora.
Seedsiexarillatey icsc.es.cderssccceeeces 10. Carapa.
Anthers wholly exserted from the staminal-
tube.
Fruit baccate, indehiscent...............+6. 11. Watsura.
Fruit capsular, loculicidal................+. 12. Huynza.

Seeds winged.
Filaments united into a tube.

Staminal-tube cup-shaped; disk conspicuous............ 13. Soymipa.

Staminal-tube cylindric; disk 0 .............csseeeeeeeeeee 14. Cnugrassta.
Filaments distinct.

SHENTON G0) = coognagcrignnooadve aan 90eSeubdoE cade Haccooenboden: 15. Cupreua.

SLAW TGTAS 10) Googssonc: cppoadosososcouceoc7ucedencoopepcsopgonCocHeG 16. CuLoroxyLon,

1. TURRZEA, Linn.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, petioled, entire or obtusely lobed.
Flowers in axillary clusters or short racemes, bracteate. Calyx 5-—4-
toothed or -partite. Petals 5-4, elongate, free, contorted. Staminal-
tube cylindric, toothed at the apex; anthers 10 or 8, short, included
or exserted, inserted just within the mouth, alternating with the teeth.
Disk annular or obsolete. Ovary 5 (or more) -celled; ovules 2 in each
cell, superposed ; style filiform, thickened at the apex ; stigma discoid or
capitate. Capsule 4 (or more) -celled, cells 1—2-seeded, 5- or many-
valved ; valves woody or coriaceous, separating from the winged axis.
Seeds oblong, with a broad ventral hilum, the margins sometimes winged ;
albumen fleshy ; embryo curved ; cotyledcns foliaceous ; radicle terete.—
Disrriz. Tropical Asia and Tropical and South Africa ; species about 23.

Teeth of siaminal-tube subulate; anthers shorter than the teeth;

Buylenustiexserved: -c.dessessssesceisecarssesrede vdecessdeapwocconsecascecsacs 1. TZ. virens.
Teeth of staminal-tube short; anthers longer than the teeth; style
PERS OREO ocr cis aanon se sass aae enero ced sccscemcscteersancscnseseas decades 2. T. villosa.

1. Turrza virens, Linn. Mantiss. alt. (1771) p. 237. A shrub
3-4 ft. high. Leaves coriaceous, alternate, elliptic-lanceolate, sub-
acuminate, emarginate, quite entire, glabrous, paler beneath; petioles
very short. Flowers in axillary or lateral clusters, yellow ; bracts small,
linear, villous. Calyx small, shortly 5-fid, persistent, sericeo-villous.
Petals lanceolate or spathulate. Staminal-tube about 1 in. long, with
10 lanceolate teeth ; anthers alternate with the teeth and shorter than
them ; style just exserted. Ovary 5-celled. Capsule { in. long, hairy.
Pl. B. I. v. 1, p. 541.

Dalzell & Gibson (Bomb. Fl. p. 36) state that the plant is ‘‘ common on the Ghats.”

204 XXXVI. MELIACE 2.

The only specimen in Herb, Kew., marked Z. vérens in Dalzell’s handwriting, is
without flowers, but the leaves and capsules are unmistakably those of TZ. villosa.
Graham (Cat. Bomb. Plts. l.c.) gives as the habitat of 7. virens, Khandala and the
bottom of Parghit, where it is, he states, abundant, flowering in April and May. I
have myself collected specimens on the hills not far from Parghat in the month
of May in full flower, but these were all Turrea villosa, and were, as Graham describes,
destitute of leaves when the flowers appeared. There can be little doubt that both
Graham and Dalzell have mistaken 7. villosa for 7. virens. Neither author mentions
T. villosa at all, while 7. virens has not, as far as I am aware, been fuund by any
botanical collector. It seems more than doubtful therefore if 7. virens really occurs
in the Bombay Presidency.

There are but 2 authentic specimens of the species in existence, one in the Linnean
Herbarium in the Linnean Society, and the other in the British Museum, both of
which I have seen. Keenig the collector states that they were found on heaps of
scoriz from extinct volcanoes in the East Indies, but gives no precise locality.

2. Turrzea villosa, Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar. (1840) p. 182. A large
shrub. Leaves membranous, appearing after the flowers, 2-4 by 13-2}
(when mature), elliptic or ovate, acuminate, entire, softly villous when
young, becoming more or less glabrous when old, base acute or rounded ;
petioles 1-3 in. long, pubescent. Flowers axillary, 13-2 in. long,
solitary or in fascicles of 2-6, or in short-peduncled umbels; buds
clavate. Calyx campanulate, pubescent outside, 5-toothed ; teeth trian-
gular. Petals yellow, linear-spathulate. Staminal-tube reaching 1 in.
in length, glabrous ; teeth very short; anthers longer than the teeth of
the staminal-tube. Ovary 5-celled; style long, far-exserted ; stigma
large, ovoid. Capsule subglobose, about 4 in. in diam., glabrous. FI. B.
I. v. 1, p. 542; Wight, Icon. t. 1593; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 38;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 268.—Flowers: Apr.—
June.

Konkan: Law!; Ghats in 8. Konkan, Capt. Geburne!; near Pen, Woodrow.
Deccan: Mahableshwar hills, Ralph, 213!; Koina Valley, below Mahableshwar,

Cooke! Kanara: moist forests of the Supa subdivision of N. Kanara, Zalbot.—
Distris. India (Anamallay hills); Java.

2. NAREGAMIA, W. & A.

A glabrous branching undershrub. Leavesalternate, 3-foliolate. Flowers
axillary, solitary. Calyx 5-fid, deciduous, imbricate. Petals 5, elongate-
spathulate, free, contorted. Staminal-tube elongate, cylindric, inflated
at the apex; anthers 10, appendaged at the apex. Disk annular. Ovary
ovoid, 3-celled; ovules 2 in each cell, collateral, pendulous ; style fili-
form; stigma capitate. Capsule ovoid-globose, 3-lobed, 3-celled,
loculicidally 3-valved; valves separating from the 3-winged axis, cells
2-seeded. Seeds pendulous, curved, truncate at both ends, with a short
double membrane along the side next the axis; albumen fleshy; co-
tyledons foliaceous.—Disrris. India; Angola (W. Tropical Africa).

1. Naregamia alata, Wight § Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 117. Suffru-
ticose, about 1 ft. high. Leaves 3-foliolate, 1-3 in. long (including the
winged petiole); petiole 3-1} in. long; leaflets 7-2 in. long, sessile (the
terminal slightly the largest), cuneate-obovate, sometimes obtusely lobed,
entire, glabrous. Flowers 1-14 in. long, longer than the pedicels, white,
axillary, solitary. Calyx hairy outside; lobes oblong-lanceolate. Petals
linear-spathulate. Capsule somewhat membranous, 3-lobed, 3-valved,
valves orbicular. Seeds muriculate, chestnut-brown, terete, curved,

XXXVI. MELIACE®. 205

truncate at both ends. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 542; Grah. Cat. p. 30; Dalz.
& Gibs. p.36; Harms, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 4, p. 281,
fig. 158, e-H; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 269;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 342.—Flowers: Nov.-Dec. VERN.
Kdpur-bhendi.

Konkan: Dalzell!; east of Panwell, rare, Nimmo ex Graham; plentiful on the
sides of nalas near Vingorla, Da/zell §& Gibson; Sawantwari, Kanitkar!; Vingorla,
Kanitkar! Kanara: Thomson!; Karwar, Woodrow !—Duisrris. India (W. Peninsula) ;
Angola (a pubescent form).

3. MELIA, Linn.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simply or 2-3-pinnate with an
odd one, the young ones often stellately tomentose; leaflets toothed,
serrate or entire. Flowers hermaphrodite, elongate, in large many-
flowered axillary much-branched panicles. Calyx 5—6-partite, imbricate.
Petals 5-6, free, much exceeding the calyx. Staminal-tube a little
shorter than the petals, laciniate, the mouth dilated; anthers 10, within
the staminal-tube at its apex, sessile between its laciniz, erect. Disk
annular. Ovary 5-8-celled; cells opposite the sepals; ovules 2 in
each cell, superposed; style cylindric, much exceeding the ovary ;
stigma capitate. Drupe subfleshy; endocarp woody; cells 1-seeded.
Seeds pendulous, elliptic; testa crustaceous ; albumen fleshy or scanty ;
cotyledons foliaceous; radicle terete, superior—Disrris. Tropical Asia
and Australia; species about 12.

Flowers lilac ; anthers nearly equalling the teeth of the purple

BLPUTUUTI Al CDG) ee scinsaes cite sesh ec cie Seis ce beaiosinc esa aistelue isa cise anaes 1. M. Azedarach.
Flowers white; anthers exceeding the teeth of the white
Blanes bib er evens ces secs sete sw dae. senavesecoteucsresiccetorcecvewmaecve 2. M. composita.

1. Melia Azedarach, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 384. A tree reaching
40 ft. Leaves impari- bi- (or sometimes tri-) pinnate, 9-18 in. long ;
pinne opposite or alternate; ultimate leaflets 3-11, opposite or nearly
so, 3-2 by 4-1 in., ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, obtusely serrate,
sometimes lobed, glabrous on both surfaces, slightly inequilateral at
the base; petiolules short, slender. Flowers fragrant, lilac, in long-
peduneled, axillary panicles which are shorter than the leaves and
glabrous or sparsely puberulous; pedicels slender. Calyx pubescent
outside, divided nearly to the base; lobes ovate-oblong acute, ciliolate.
Petals 3 in. long, oblong-lanceolate. Staminal-tube purple, >; in. long,
glabrous, slightly ribbed outside, faintly pubescent within, acutely 20-
toothed; anthers sessile, glabrous, apiculate, 1 between each pair of teeth.
Ovary glabrous, 5-celled. Drupe ellipsoid-globose, 4-seeded. Fl. B. I.
v. 1, p. 544; Grah. Cat. p. 30; Harms, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf.
v. 3, part 4, p. 287, fig. 160, a-L; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 1, p. 954; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. p. 39; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 269 ;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 221. Melia sempervirens, Sw. Prodr.
Veg. p. 67; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 15.—Flowers: Apr.—May. Vury.
Bakdn-nimb ; Bakdyan.

Cultivated throughout the Presideney; common about villages in the Konkan and
Decean. The tree is known to Anglo-Indians as the Persian lilac the bead-tree or
bastard cedar and has some medicinal value. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ¢.—
Distris. India (Sub-Himalayas) ; Persia, China.

206 XXXVI. MELIACEA.

2. Melia composita, Willd. Sp. Pl. (1799) v. 2, p. 559. A tall
handsome tree; young branches densely clothed with stellate pubescence,
ultimately smooth. Leaves bi- sometimes tri-pinnate, 9-30 in. long ;
ultimate leaflets 5-11, opposite, 2-3 by 1-13 im. (the terminal the
largest), from ovate-lanceolate to ovate-rotund, acute or acuminate,
entire or crenulate, thinly stellately pubescent on both surfaces when
young, at length glabrous, base acute or rounded, more or less oblique ;
main nerves 7-8 pairs ; petiolules 3} in. long. Flowers greenish-white,
+ in. long, fragrant, in stellately pubescent many-flowered branched
panicles shorter than the leaves; peduncles long ; pedicels short. Calyx
stellately tomentose outside, deeply divided; lobes ovate, erect, ciliate.
Petals 1 in. long, linear-spathulate, concave, pubescent outside, pube-
rulous within, ciliate. Staminal-tube scarcely 1 in. long, slightly ex-
panded at the mouth, 10-toothed (the teeth bifid), silky puberulous on
both surfaces; anthers exserted, pubescent, longer than the teeth.
Ovary glabrous, 5-celled ; style a little longer than the staminal-tube,
overtopped by the apiculate anthers; stigma cylindric, 5-toothed, teeth
erect. Drupes ovoid or ellipsoid, 1-14 in. long, smooth, yellowish.
Seed 1 in each cell, smooth, pointed. Grah. Cat. p. 30; Dalz. & Gibs.
p. 36; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 12; Brandis, For. Fl. p. 69; King, in
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 64, p. 18. Melia dubia, Hiern (not of Cay.),
Fl. B. I. v.1, p. 545; DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 1, p. 453; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 223 (excluding from all three the syn. MW. superba,
Roxb.) ; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 39 ; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1897) p. 269. Melia robusta, Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. 33.—Flowers :
Mar. Vern. Kadu-khajur ; Kdla-khajur.

I have followed Sir G. King in the separation of this species from
M. dubia, Cav., with which it had been united by Mr. Hiern, Fl. B. I.
7.c. The reasons given by Sir G. King (1. ¢.) for its separation appear
quite conclusive.

Konkan: hilly parts of the Konkan, Graham. Deccan: Malshiras, Purandar
taluka, Kanitkar!; Parghit, Dailzell § Gibson. S. M. Country: on the Gatparba

river, Ritchie, 1021! Kanara: common on the Supa Ghats, Talbot; Harihar and
Yacombi, Woodrow.—Disrris. India generally; Australia, Angola.

4. CIPADESSA, Blume.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate or subopposite, imparipinnate
or 3-foliolate ; leaflets entire or coarsely serrate. Flowers hermaphrodite,
in axillary panicles. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5, valvate. Stamens
5-10; filaments united below into a short tube, free above, 2-toothed
at the apex, antheriferous between the teeth; anthers short. Disk
cupular, adnate to the base of the staminal-tube. Ovary 5-celled ;
ovules 2 in each cell, collateral; style short; stigma capitate. Fruit
baccate, subfleshy, 5-ribbed, 5-celled ; cells 1-2-seeded. Seeds angled ;
albumen fleshy ; embryo curved ; cotyledons oblong ; radicle superior.—
Disrris. India, Java; species 4.

1. Cipadessa fruticosa, Blume, Bijdr. (1825) p. 162. A small
much-branched shrub; young parts silky. Leaves imparipinnate,
4-9 in. long; leaflets 3-6 pairs and an odd one, opposite, 13-23 by
5-1 in., elliptic-lanceolate, acute at both ends, very coarsely serrate,
rarely subentire, glabrous except the nerves which are more or less hairy ;

XXXVI. MELIACER. 207

petiolules very short, slender. Flowers small, white, in axillary corym-
bose panicles which are shorter than the leaves; peduncles long, slender;
pedicels short. Calyx pubescent outside, 5-toothed; teeth short, tri-
angular. Petals § in. long, membranous, oblong, acute, pubescent
outside. Stamens a little shorter than the petals; filaments hairy
inside, the teeth sharp and as long as the anthers. Ovary glabrous ;
style short; stigma capitate, shortly 5-lobed. Berry 4-1 in. in diam.,
globose, 5-lobed, scarlet. Seeds angular. FI. B. 1. v. 1, p. 545; Harms,
in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 4, p. 281, fig. 158, a-p ; Trim.
Fl. Ceyl. v.1, p. 245; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 39; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb, Nat. v.11] (1897) p.269. Mallea Rothu, A. Juss. in Mém. Mus.
Par. v. 19 (1830) p. 222, t. 18, fig. 6; Grah. Cat. p. 31; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 37.—Flowers: Sept. VERN. Gudmei.

Konkan: Stocks! Deccan: abundant on the Kartriz Ghat near Poona, Graham ;
Kadakvasla near Poona, Cooke!; Khandala, Woodrow. S. M. Country: Belgaum
hills, Ritchie, 110!—Drsrris. India (W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon, Java.

5. AZADIRACHTA, A. Juss. Mém. Mél. (1830) p. 68, t. 2, n. 5;
C. De Candolle, in DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 1, p. 459, t. 6, fig. 10.

Trees. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate; leaflets serrate. Flowers
hermaphrodite, in axillary panicles. Calyx 5-partite. Petals 5, much
exceeding the calyx, free, imbricate. Staminal-tube a little shorter
than the petals, laciniate at the apex; anthers within the tube at its
apex, sessile, opposite to the lacinie. Disk 0. Ovary 3-celled, the cells
opposite the petals; ovules 2 in each cell, collateral; style much ex-
ceeding the ovary ; stigma shortly cylindric, 3-toothed. Drupe 1-seeded ;
endocarp woody. Seed exalbuminous, ellipsoid; cotyledons very thick
and fleshy, acutely 2-lobed at the base; radicle exserted from the
cotyledons, superior.—Disrris. India, Ceylon, Java; species 1.

1. Azadirachta indica, A. Juss. in Mém. Mus. Par. v. 19 (1830)
p- 221. A large tree 40-50 ft. high, with a straight trunk. Leaves
simply pimnate, 8-15 in. long, crowded near the ends of the branches ;
leaflets 9-12, subopposite, 1-3 by 3-13 in., obliquely lanceolate, some-
times falcate, acuminate, serrate, glabrous on both surfaces, base inequi-
lateral, acute; petiolules very short. Flowers white, fragrant, in
branched glabrous panicles shorter than the leaves; bracts minute,
lanceolate, caducous. Calyx puberulous outside, divided almost to the
base ; lobes rotund-ovate, minutely ciliolate. Petals +in. long, obovate-
oblong, faintly puberulous outside, ciliolate. Staminal-tube glabrous, a
little shorter than the petals, obconic, the laciniz truncate and toothed
at the apex; anthers 10, opposite the lacinie and a little shorter than
them, apiculate. Disk 0. Ovary glabrous, 3-celled, the cells opposite to
the petals ; ovules 2 in each cell, collateral ; stigma 3-toothed, included
in the tube. Drupes the shape of an olive, 3-? in. long, glabrous,
1-seeded. Grah. Cat. p. 30; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 36; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1,
p- 244; DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 1, p. 459, t. 6, fig. 10 ; Harms, in Engl.
& Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 4, p. 287, fig. 160, m-s. Melia Aza-
dirachta, Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 385; Fl. B. 1. v.1, p. 544; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
p- 88; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 269; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 211.—Flowers: Mar.-May. Vurn. Nim.

208 XXXVI. MELIACE®.

Cultivated throughout the Presidency and self-planted, but nowhere really wild ;
common about villages. Konkan: Stocks! Duccan: Poona, Cooke!; Hubli, Hohen-
hacker, 765!—Disrris. Cultivated throughout India and in many hot climates.

The well-known Vim or Margosa tree. Its valuable properties attracted the notice
of the Mohammedans on their arrival in India and it was named by them Azad-
daracht-i-hindi from its resemblance to the Persian lilac (Melia Azedarach), Fora full
description of the valuable products of the tree, consult Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. c.

6. DYSOXYLUM, Blume.

Glabrous often foetid trees. Leaves large, alternate (rarely opposite),
impari- or abruptly-pinnate; leaflets usually quite entire, oblique at
the base. Flowers hermaphrodite, in axillary or supra-axillary lax
panicles. Calyx short, 4—5-fid or -partite, imbricate, caducous. Petals
4-5, valvate or slightly imbricate, free or connate below with the
staminal-tube (never with the ovary). Stamens united into a tube
which is a little shorter than the petals and usually laciniate or crenate ;
anthers 8-10, inserted beneath the apex of the staminal-tube, glabrous,
included or half exserted. Disk tubular, crenulate or entire at the
mouth, glabrous or ciliate, usually sheathing and exceeding the ovary.
Ovary free, 3-5-celled, attenuated into a style much longer than the
ovary ; ovules 1-2 in each cell, superposed or collateral ; stigma discoid.
Capsule thickly coriaceous, globose or pyriform, 1-5-celled, loculicidally
2-5-valved ; cells 1-2-seeded. Seeds exarillate (rarely arillate); coty-
ledons thick, plumule often hirsute; albumen 0.—Disrrip. Malaya,
Australia, New Zealand, Polynesia; species 85.

Leaves imparipinnate; calyx nearly half as long as the

HMOwOer, LOMESTODSCUTG, 42. ccacdusecasacceacctenscvesacsinnncredeoeest 1. D. binectariferum.
Leaves abruptly-pinnate; calyx short, lobes acute ......... 2. D. malabaricum.

1. Dysoxylum binectariferum, Mook. f. ex Bedd. in Trans. Linn.
Soc. vy. 25 (1866) p. 212. A tree 30 ft. high or more; young parts
finely puberulous. Leaves imparipinnate, pale, 6-10 in. long; rhachis
angular ; leaflets 5-9, alternate, 4-7 by 13-3 in., oblong-elliptic, acu-
minate, glabrous on both surfaces, entire or obscurely and distantly
toothed, base acute often inequilateral; nerves about 14 pairs, prominent
beneath ; petiolules 31-1 in. long. Flowers 2 in. long, in axillary or
supra-axillary subglabrous panicles which are shorter than the leaves ;
pedicels short, articulated. Calyx cupular, nearly half as long as the
flower, coriaceous, truncate, entire or obscurely lobed, glabrous. Petals
4, greenish-yellow, valvate except at the apex, tomentose outside.
Staminal-tube cylindric, toothed, glabrous; anthers 8, included. Disk
surrounding and twice as long as the ovary, irregularly 8-toothed, the
teeth again dentate. Ovary ribbed, villous, attenuated into the style,
4-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell; stigma hemispheric, truncate. Capsules
2-21 in. long, obovoid or subglobose, grooved, glabrous, orange-colored
when ripe, 4-celled, 4-seeded. Seeds large, nearly 1 in. long, purplish-
brown, shining. FI. B. I. v.1, p.546; DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 1, p. 493;
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v.1, p. 247; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 39 ; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 269; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 199.
Epicharis exarillata, Arn. ex W. & A. Prodr. p. 120 (not of Nimmo);
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 37. Guarea binectarifera, Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. 28;
Grah. Cat. p. 31.—Flowers: Aug.-Sept. Vurn. Yerindi,

Konkan: near Vingorla, Dalzell & Gibson. Deccan: Lanoli Grove, Graham;

XXXVI. MELIACEX. 209

Khandala, Woodrow; Phunda Ghat, Ritchie, 675! Kanara: common near the Falls
of Gairsoppa, Zalbot.—Distris. India (W. Peninsula, Assam and Khasia hills) ;
Ceylon, the Andamans.

2. Dysoxylum malabaricum, Bedd. ex Hiern, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I.
vy. 1 (1875) p. 548. A very large tree ; young shoots slightly puberulous.
Leaves up to 18 in. long, abruptly-pinnate; rhachis angular ; leaflets
alternate or subopposite, 4-5 pairs, 4-9 in. long, pale green, elliptic-
oblong, acuminate, entire, puberulous when young; lateral nerves 12-20
pairs, prominent beneath ; petiolules 1-} in. long. Flowers 3 in. long,
in axillary racemiform panicles shorter than the leaves; buds oblong ;
pedicels + in. long. Calyx short, finely pubescent outside, deeply
4-lobed ; lobes ovate, acute. Petals 4, linear-oblong, subacute, imbri-
cate. Staminal-tube urceolate, with 8 deep emarginate crenatures,
contracted about % of the way up; anthers 8, alternate with the crena-
tures, included. Disk cupular, truncate, subentire or irregularly toothed,
not concealing the ovary, pubescent within. Ovary densely pubescent,
tapering into the style, 4-celled; ovules 2 in each cell; stigma capitate,
4-lobed. Fruit 2 in. in diam., pyriform, verrucose, bright yellow when
ripe, 3-4-seeded. Seeds bluntly trigonous ; testa reddish brown; coty-
Jedons green. Fl. B. I. v.1, p. 548. Dysowylum glandulosum*, Talb.
Trees, Bomb. p. 39.—Flowers: Feb.

Kanara: evergreen forests of N. Kanara, Talbot, 228!—Duisrris. India (W.
Peninsula).

7. AGLATA, Lour.

Trees or shrubs, glabrous, lepidote, or stellately-pubescent. .Leaves
alternate, pinnate; leaflets opposite, often oblique at the base, quite
entire. Flowers polygamo-diccious, minute, in axillary branching
panicles. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-partite, imbricate. Petals 5, free, or
more or less connate at the base, imbricate. Staminal-tube urceolate
or subglobose, 5-toothed or quite entire at the apex ; anthers usually 5,
or 4 or 10, included or half exserted, erect. Disk inconspicuous. Ovary
1-2- (rarely 3-) celled, short ; ovules 1-2 in each cell; style thick, very
short or 0; stigma scarcely broader than the style, 1-3-toothed. Berry
1- or few-seeded ; pericarp coriaceous. Seeds with a fleshy integument.—
Disrais. Tropical and subtropical Asia and Polynesia; rare in temperate
climates ; species more than 50.

1. Aglaia odoratissima, Blume, Bijdr. (1825) p. 171. A tree
reaching 40 ft. high; young branches, petiolules and inflorescence
covered with minute brown deciduous scales. Leaves 3-7 in. long,
imparipinnate ; leaflets opposite, usually 5 (rarely 3 or 7), thinly coria-
ceous, 2-44 by 1-2 in., elliptic-oblong or obovate, usually shortly
acuminate, upper surface glabrous, the lower and especially the nerves
more or less lepidote, base cuneate ; petiolules 3—} in. long (those of the
terminal leaflets the longest). Flowers globular, in axillary or supra-
axillary pyramidally-branched elongate lepidote panicles 3-8 in. long.
Calyx appressedly lepidote-pubescent outside; lobes 5, short, rounded,
ciliolate. Petals yellow, 4 in. long, much longer than the calyx, unequal,

* The glands in the axils of the lateral nerves noted by Mr. Talbot (/. c.) appear to
be the work of insects.
Pp

210 XXXVI. MBLIAOBA.

broadly elliptic-oblong, rounded at the apex, glabrous. Staminal-tube
urceolate-globose, shorter than the petals, truncate, the mouth open,
obscurely 5-lobed; anthers 5, concealed in the tube, inserted below its
mouth. Ovary small, stellately lepidote; style half as long as the
staminal-tube; stigma small, broadly ovoid. Berry $—} in. long, pyri-
form or subglobose, velvety-tomentose, buff-colored, usually 1-seeded.
Seeds ellipsoid. King, in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. v. 64 (1895) p. 67;
Harms, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 4, p. 299, fig. 163, e.
Aglaia Roxburghiana, Hiern, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 555 (not of
Miquel); DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 1, p. 604; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 246 ;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 40; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 145.—
Flowers: Nov.—Dec.

Konkan: Stocks!, Law! 8S. M. Country: Ramghat, Ritchie, 1658! Kanara:
Kumpta, Talbot, 2955!; Falls of Gairsoppa, Talbot, 2673 !; Karwar (near the coast),
Talbot, 499!; evergreen forests of N. Kanara, from Ainshi southwards, Talbot.—
Disrris. India (W. Peninsula and Birma); Singapore, Ceylon, Java, Sumatra.

8. LANSIUM, Rumpbh.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves imparipinnate. Inflorescence axillary ;
flowers small, dicecious, the male usually in lax branching panicles, the
female spicate or racemose. Sepals 5, rounded, imbricate. Petals 5,
rounded, connivent, imbricate. Staminal-tube globose, mouth crenulate;
anthers 10, subacute, usually in 2 rows, the shorter one included, the
longer semi-exserted. Disk inconspicuous. Ovary globose, 3-5-celled ;
ovules 1-2 in each cell, attached to the axis; style very short, thick;
stigma truncate, 3-5-lobed. Berry 3-5-celled, corky or fleshy. Seeds
solitary or twin, collateral, oblong, exalbuminous, embedded in a pulpy
aril; hilum ventral ; cotyledons transverse ; radicle superior.—DIsTRIB.
India, Malaya; species 4-6.

1. Lansium anamallayanum, Bedd.in Trans. Linn. Soc. v.25 (1866)
p- 212. A moderate-sized tree. Leaves imparipinnate, 6-9 in. long;
leaflets 3-5, alternate, 3-6 by 1-2 in., elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate,
glabrous on both surfaces, base acute, subequilateral; petiolules 3-3 in.
long. Flowers in panicles, spikes or racemes shorter than the leaves,
2-3-fasciculate, the hermaphrodite flowers sessile; buds globose. Calyx
rugose outside; lobes orbicular, ciliate. Petals + in. long, elliptic-
obovate, veined. Staminal-tube irregularly crenate, striate inside ;
anthers 2-seriate, the upper row slightly exserted. Ovary densely
hairy, 3-lobed, 3-celled ; ovules usually 2 (sometimes 1 Beddome) in each —
cell; style very short; stigma large, 3-lobed. Fruit oblong, size of a
grape, 2-celled, 2-seeded. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 558; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat.
t. 131; DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 1, p. 597; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 40; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 269.—Flowers: Apr.—May.
Vern. Telya.

Kanara: abundant on the 8. Ghats of N. Kanara in evergreen forests, Talbot;
Hulical, Woodrow !—Disrris. India (W. Peninsula).

9. AMOORA, Roxb.

Trees, often tall; young parts sometimes lepidote. Leaves usuall
wed ae eee e y
imparipinnate ; leaflets few- or multi-jugate, entire. Flowers poly-

XXXVI. MELIACEA, 211

gamo-dicecious, small, the male in axillary panicles, the female usually
in spikes or racemes. Calyx 3-5-partite or -fid. Petals 3-5, thick,
concave, free or rarely slightly united at the base, imbricate or rarely
valvate. Staminal-tube a little shorter than the petals, subglobose or
campanulate, obsoletely 6-10-crenate ; anthers 6-10, included, sessile or
subsessile. Disk obsolete. Ovary sessile, depressed, 3-5-celled ; ovules
1-2 in each cell; style 0 or short or elongate; stigma entire or toothed.
Capsule subglobose, coriaceous or woody, 3-4-celled; cells 1-seeded,
loculicidally 3-5-valved. Seeds in a fleshy aril, with ventral hilum ;
cotyledons often conferruminate; radicle superior.—Drsrris. Tropical
and Subtropical Asia, Polynesia and Australia ; species about 25.

Leaves imparipinnate.
Petals 3; anthers 6.

Seeds withyarscarlotiartl <2... \csde.dsesaceseeceteeeascesdseetencueees 1. A. Rohituka.

Seeds with an orange-colored aril .............cecessesseceeessecee 2. A. cucullata.
Rotals4:santhers:8) sls. cesssecsoocaseecws Dadenivacoatees sox sta nesaen sete 3. A. Lawii.

PMY GS ADEUPLEY PIN ALO? «<< 1008 csckeenedsnccevawedsesane veces fancaedages 4. A. canarana.

1. Amoora Rohituka, Wight § Arn. Prodr. (1834) p.119. An
evergreen tree 30-60 ft. high; young parts finely silky. Leaves large,
imparipinnate, 1-23 ft. long; leaflets opposite, 4-8 pairs and an odd
one, 38-9 by 13-4 in., elliptic-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
glabrous on both surfaces, very inequilateral, obtuse or acute at the base ;
petiolules 7-3 in. long. Mam Frowers numerous, erect, 1 in. long, sub-
globular, in solitary axillary panicles more than half as long as the leaves,
the branches of the panicle about 3 in. long spreading at right angles or
slightly drooping ; bracts beneath each flower small, scale-like; pedicels
short. Calyx glabrous, 5-partite ; lobes orbicular, ciliate. Petals 3,
orbicular, concave, thick, glabrous, much larger than the calyx-lobes.
Staminal-tube nearly as long as the petals, subglobular, with a small
opening at the apex ; anthers 6, subsessile, elliptic-oblong, attached near
the base of the tube, the tips Just exserted. FEMALE or HERMAPHRODITH
FLOWnRS larger than the male, in axillary or supra-axillary solitary
spikes much shorter than the leaves. Calyx and petals as in the male,
the anthers narrower. Ovary hairy, globular or ellipsoid; stigma
3-lobed. Fruit 1-13 in. in diam., globular, yellow when ripe ; pericarp
coriaceous, smooth, 3-celled, opening by 3 valves. Seed oblong with
a scarlet aril. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 559; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 249; DC.
Monogr. Phan. v. 1, p. 581; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 41; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb, Nat. v. 11 (1897) p.269; King, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
v. 64 (1895) p. 53; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 224. Amoora
macrophylla, Nimmo, in Grah. Cat. p. 31. Aphanamixis Rohituka,
Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinch. t. 344 ; Harms, in Engl. & Prantl, PHanzenf.
v. 3, part 4, p. 292, fig. 162, g.—Flowers: July.

Konkan: Law!, Stocks!; 8, Konkan Ghats, Talbot. Deccan: Khandala, Graham ;

planted in gardens, Woodrow. Kanara: abundant in the forests of Yellapur (N,
Kanara), Ta/bot.—Disrris. India (W. Peninsula, Assam, Oude); Ceylon, Malaya,

Philippines.

2. Amoora cucullata, Roxb. Cor. Pl. v. 3 (1819) p. 54, t. 258.
A tree 30-40 ft. high. Leaves imparipinnate, 12-15 in. lovg ; leaflets
2-4 pairs and an odd one, opposite or subopposite, 3-7 by 14-22 in.,
oblong-elliptic, subfaleate, subacute, glabrous on both surfaces, base
rounded very inequilateral except that of the terminal leaflet ; petiolules

P2

212 XXXVI. MELIACE.

3-2 in. long. Maz Fiowers about + in. long, in axillary lax branched
sparingly lepidote panicles about equalling the leaves ; peduncles long ;
pedicels short. Calyx lepidote outside, 3-lobed ; lobes rounded, ciliolate.
Petals 3, longer than the calyx, broadly elliptic, concave, glabrous.
Staminal-tube scarcely shorter than the petals, obovoid, irregularly
and obtusely 5—7-toothed ; anthers 6, attached half way up the tube.
Rudimentary ovary stalked, ovoid-oblong, truncate, obscurely grooved.
FEMALE or HERMAPHRODITE FLOWERS a little larger than the male, in
few-flowered supra-axillary racemes about 2 in.long. Calyx, petals and
staminal-tube as in the male. Ovary lepidote, ovate, 3-angled, 3-celled ;
stigma sessile, large, 3-lobed. Fruit depressed, globular, 2-5 in. in
diam., dehiscing by 3 valves; pericarp coriaceous. Seeds 3, rounded,
trigonous, with an orange-colored aril. Fl. B. I. v.1, p. 560; Dalz.
& Gibs. p. 837; DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 1, p. 583; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
p- 41; King, in Journ. As. Soe. Beng. v. 64 (1895) p. 55 ; Watt, Dict.
Keon. Prod. v. 1, p. 224.

S. M. Country: Pérva Ghat (Belgaum Collectorate), Dalzell g Gibson.—DistR1B.
India, Lower Bengal and the Andamans.

3. Amoora Lawii, Hiern, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. (1875) v. 1, p. 561.
A moderate-sized tree ; young branches lepidote with yellowish-brown
scales, at length glabrous. Leaves imparipinnate, 6-9 in. long ; common
petiole short; leaflets 1-2 pairs and an odd one, opposite or sub-
alternate, 24-43 by 1-132 in., elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
glabrous, base rounded or acute, subequilateral ; petiolules 1-3 in. long.
Flowers white, in axillary much-branched panicles clothed with
yellowish-brown scales. Calyx lepidote, truncate, more or less obscurely
4-toothed. Petals usually 4, glabrous, 3 in. long, broadly elliptic-oblong.
Staminal-tube subentire at the apex, glabrous outside, slightly ribbed
inside ; anthers 8 (rarely 7), long, triangular-oblong, attached near the
base of the staminal-tube, the tips just level with its apex. Ovary
conical, 3-celled, lepidote; style almost 0: stigma 3-toothed. Fruit
buff-coloured, pyriform, densely lepidote, 1 in. long. Fl. B.I. v. 1,
p. 561; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 41; DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 1, p. 585.
Epicharis exarillata, Nimmo, in Grah. Cat. p. 31. Nemedra Nimmonii,
Dalz. in Dalz. & Gibs. p. 37.—Flowers: Dec.—Jan. Vern. Burumb.

Konkan: Stocks!, Law1, Dalzell! ; hills about Nagotna, Graham; Karjat, Woodrow !;
Amboli Ghat, Kanitkar! Deccan: Khandala, Graham; Parghit, Graham. Kanara:

throughout the evergreen forests of N. Kanara; very common in the Ainshi Ghat
forests, Za/bot.—Disrrip. India (W. Peninsula).

4. Amoora canarana, Jiern, in Hook, f. Fl. B. I. v.1 (1875) p. 560.
A tree; young parts, inflorescence and calyx lepidote. Leaves abruptly-
pinnate, 6-15 in. long; leatlets 4-6 pairs, subalternate, 3-7 by 14-
23 in., oblong, acute or acuminate, glabrous above, lepidote beneath,
narrowed at the base ; petiolules }-4 in. long. Flowers small, in dense di-
varicately-branched panicles much shorter than the leaves ; buds globose ;
pedicels short. Calyx obtusely 3-5-toothed, lepidote outside. Petals
3-4, orbicular, glabrous, ;!; in. long. Staminal-tube obovoid, glabrous,
truncate or very faintly and obscurely toothed at the apex, the mouth
open ; anthers 6, sessile, attached near the mouth of the tube, the tips
just exserted. Ovary lepidote; style 0; stigma 3-toothed. Fruit

XXXVI. MELIACE. POS:

(immature) obovoid. Fl. B. I. v.1, p. 560; DC. Monogr. Phan. v 1,
p- 586; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 41; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11
(1897) p. 269.—Flowers: Mar.—April.

Kanara: Stocks!; Goond, Talbot, 2730!; throughout the evergreen forests of
N. Kanara, from Goond southwards, Za/bot.—Disrris. India (W. Peninsula).

10. CARAPA, Aubl.

Glabrous littoral trees. Leaves impari- or abruptly-pinnate ; leaflets
opposite, entire. Flowers hermaphrodite, in lax axillary cymose
panicles. Calyx 4-5-fid or -partite. Petals 4-5, free, reflexed.
Staminal-tube urceolate-globose, 8-10-dentate, the teeth entire or bi-
partite ; anthers 8-10, alternate with the teeth of the staminal-tube.
Disk fleshy, cup-shaped, adherent to the base of the ovary. Ovary 4-5-
ribbed or sulcate, 4-5-celled ; ovules 2-8 in each cell; style short;
stigma discoid. Fruit capsular, subglobose, large, 6-12-seeded ; pericarp
fleshy, debiscing by 4 valves. Seeds exarillate, large, thick, angular ;
testa hard, spongy; hilum large, ventral ; cotyledons amygdaloidal.—
Distris. Tropical countries, usually littoral; species 6.

1. Carapa obovata, Blume, Bijdr. (1825) p.179. A small tree.
Leaves abruptly-pinnate, 3-6 in. long; leaflets coriaceous, 1-2 pairs,
3-4 by 13-12 im., oblong-obovate or elliptic, obtuse or shortly acuminate,
rarely subacute or notched, glabrous, base narrowed, subequilateral ;
petioles ;—3 in. long. Flowers in axillary few-flowered cymose panicles
14-23 in. long ; pedicels 3-3 in. long. Calyx-teeth broad, rounded. Petals
z in. long, broadly elliptic-oblong, rounded at the apex. Staminal-tube
shorter than the petals ; anthers included. Ovary broadly ovoid; style
conical ; stigma large, discoid. Fruit the size of an orange, 3-4 in. in
diam., apiculate when young, not so when ripe. Seeds angular; testa
hard, spongy. King, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 64 (1895) p. 87; DC.
Monogr. Phan. v. 1, p. 718. Curapa moluccensis, Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 567
(in part); Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 136; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 251;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 42; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 141.

Sea-coasts of the Konkan, 7a/bot.—Disrris. Muddy sea-coasts of India and Ceylon,
Tropical Africa, Malaya, N. Australia.

11. WALSURA, Roxb.

Trees. Leaves 1-5-foliolate; leaflets usually opposite, entire.
Flowers small, hermaphrodite, in axillary and terminal many-flowered
panicles. Calyx short, 5-fid or 5-partite, imbricate. Petals 5, free,
imbricate or subvalvate. Stamens 10 or 8; filaments linear or flattened,
free or connate into a tube; anthers terminal, or inserted in the notch
at the apex of the filament. Disk usually annular, fleshy. Ovary short,
2-3-celled, sunk in the disk; ovules 2 in each cell, collateral; style
short ; stigma turbinate-capitate, 2-3-toothed. Fruit baccate, shortly
tomentose, indehiscent, 1- (rarely 2-) celled, 1-2-seeded. Seeds en-
closed in a fleshy aril, exalbuminous.—Disrris. India, Malaya; species

about 12.

1. Walsura piscidia, Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 32. A small
tree ; young parts glabrous. Leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets subcoriaceous,
2-33 by #-1} in., oblong-elliptic, obtuse, sometimes retuse, glabrous on

214 XXXVI. MELIACEZ.

both surfaces, shining above, paler beneath (the lateral leaflets opposite,
very shortly-petioluled, the terminal with a longer petiolule), base sub-
acute. Flowers yellowish-white, in corymbosely-branched axillary or
terminal panicles about equalling the leaves; buds globose ; peduncles
long, pubescent; bracts minute, triangular, caducous. Calyx small,
pubescent outside ; lobes ovate, acute. Petals ;1; in. long, ovate-oblong,
acute, glabrous or puberulous outside, imbricate. Staminal-tube half as
long as the petals, hairy inside, equally 10-cleft for about two-thirds of
its length, the divisions 2-toothed at the apex ; anthers 10, acuminate,
slightly hairy, inserted between the teeth and exceeding them. Disk
large, annular. Ovary sunk in the disk; stigma 2-dentate. Berry
35 in. long, ovoid, oblong or subglobose, bright orange-yellow when
ripe, finely tomentose, minutely apiculate. Seed usually solitary, com-
pletely enveloped in a white jnicy aril. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 564; DC.
Monogr. Phan. v. 1, p. 634; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 250; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. p. 41: Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 269 ; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 299.—Flowers: Nov. Vern. Wdlsura ;
Walursi.

&. M. Country: Ramghat, plentiful, Dadzell! Kanara: evergreen forests of
N. Kanara, common in the Devimana Ghat forests, Tau/bot.—Disrris. India (W.
Peninsula) ; Ceylon.

The bark of the tree is used for poisoning fish ; hence the specific name.

12. HEYNEA, Roxb.

Trees, rarely shrubs. Leaves imparipinnate ; leaflets opposite, petio-
luled, entire. Flowers small, hermaphrodite, in axillary and terminal
corymbosely-branched long-peduncled panicles. Calyx 4-5-fid, imbri-
cate. Petals 4-5, free, oblong, suberect, subimbricate, much longer than
the calyx. Staminal-tube deeply 8-10-tid, the lobes linear, 2-toothed at
the apex, bearing the anthers between the linear teeth. Disk annular,
fleshy. Ovary sunk in the disk, 2—3-celled, narrowing into the style ;
ovules 2 in each cell; style as long as or longer than the ovary ; stigma
discoid, 2-3-dentate. Fruit capsular, 1-celled, 2-valved, 1-seeded. Seeds
exalbuminous, with a thin white aril; cotyledons hemispheric ; radicle
superior.— Distris. India, Malaya; species 3.

1. Heynea trijuga, low). Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 33. A small tree
reaching 30 ft. Leaves 6-15 in. long; common petiole with a thickened
base; rhachis slender, glabrous; leaflets 2-6 pairs and an odd one,
24-54 by 1-24 in., ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
glabrous above, glaucous and pubescent or glabrous beneath, base
rounded or acute; petiolules 3-3 in. long, the terminal ones the longer.
Flowers about 4+ in. long, white, in corymbosely-branched panicles
nearly as long as the leaves; peduncles very long, slender, glabrous ;
bracts linear-lanceolate, caducous. Calyx with a few scattered hairs on
the outside; lobes ovate, subacute. Petals much longer than the calyx
with a thickened midrib and membranous finely ciliolate margins.
Staminal-tube shorter than the petals, split for about two-thirds ot its
length, the lobes linear, 2-dentate, slightly hairy outside, densely so
within ; anthers between the teeth of the lobes, about equal to them
in length or a little longer, slightly mucronate. Ovary glabrous;
style slightly obconical; stigma 2-dentate, with a thickened ring at
tlie base. Capsules 4-4 in. long, ovoid or subglobose. FI. B. I. y. 1,

XXXVI. MELIAOEX. Ds

p- 565; Grah. Cat. p. 31; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 38; DC. Monogr. Phan.
v. 1, p. 713; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 42; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 269.—Flowers: Feb.—Mar. Vern. Limbdra.

Konkan: Stocks!; common all along the Ghats, Dalzell § Gibson. Dnccan :
Khandala, Graham, Woodrow ; Parghat, Graham. Kanara: common along the banks
of rivers and in evergreen forests in N. Kanara, Zudbot; Kasarli, Litchie, 1190!;
Yacombi, Woodrow !—Distr1s. Throughout India generally.

13. SOYMIDA, Adr. Juss.

A lofty tree with bitter bark and hard wood. Leaves abruptly-
pinnate ; leaflets opposite, obtuse, entire. Flowers hermaphrodite, in
axillary and terminal panicles. Sepals 5, short, imbricate. Petals 5,
spreading, clawed, contorted. Staminal-tube short, cup-shaped, 10-
lobed, lobes 2-dentate; anthers inserted between the teeth. Disk
conspicuous. Ovary ovoid, 5-celled; ovules many in each cell, biseriate,
pendulous; style short; stigma thick, discoid, 5-angled. Capsule
woody, 5-celled, septifragally 5-valved, the valves consisting of 2 plates
separating from the 5-winged axis. Seeds pendulous from the top of
the axis, imbricate in two series, compressed, winged at both ends;
cotyledons foliaceous, 2-auricled at the base; radicle very short,
superior.—Disrris. One species, endemic in India.

1. Soymida febrifuga, Adr. Juss. Mém. Mus. Par. v.19 (1830)
p- 251, t. 22, fig. 26. A tall tree. Leaves 9-18 in. long, crowded
towards the ends of the branches; leaflets 3-6 pairs, opposite, 2-43 by
1-23 in., elliptic or oblong, obtuse, glabrous, penninerved, the nerves
numerous and conspicuous beneath, base rounded, inequilateral, the
lower side generally extending further down the petiolule than the
upper; petiolules 4-3 in. long. Flowers in large terminal or axillary
divaricately branched panicles often equalling the leaves, the branches
of the panicle alternate; pedicels very short ; bracts minute, triangular,
acute. Sepals 5, rotund, the margins membranous, slightly lacerate.
Petals 5, obovate, + in. long, clawed, often notched at the apex.
Staminal-tube about half as long as the petals, slightly urceolate ;
anthers attached by the middle of the back. Ovary glabrous; stigma
large, discoid, 51, in. in diam., 5-lobed, the lobes radiating to the centre.
Capsules 1-22 in. long, obovoid, 5-celled, 5-valved. Seeds winged.
Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 567; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 88; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 8;
DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 1, p. 722; Harms, in Engl. & Prantl, Planzenf.
v. 3, part 4, p. 271, fig. 152, x-m; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 42; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 269; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.
vy. 6, part 3, p.318. Swietenia febrifuga, Roxb. Hort. Beng. p.33; Cor.
Pl. v. 1, p. 18, t. 17; Grah. Cat. p. 32.—Flowers: Mar. VERN.
Ruhin ; Rohan.

Konkan: Slocks!; Thana districts, Woodrow. Duccan: Khandesh and Jowar
jungles, Dalzell & Gibson. Gusarat: Graham. 8. M. Counrry: in dry forests and
on stony hills, Ziadbot.

The bark of the tree has been recommended as a substitute for Peruvian bark, The

heart wood is heavy and close-grained and well adapted for ornamental furniture. See
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. c.

£16 XXXVI, MELIACER,

14. CHUKRASSIA, Adr. Juss. Mém. Mus. Par. v. 19 (1830)
p- 251.

Cuickrassia, Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 122; Hook. f. & Benth.
Gen. Plant.

A tree. Leaves abruptly-pinnate; leaflets alternate or opposite.
Flowers hermaphrodite, rather large, in terminal panicles, 4-5-merous.
Calyx short, dentate. Petals oblong, free, erect, contorted. Staminal-
tube cylindric, its mouth with 10 short blunt teeth ; anthers 10, erect,
inserted within the teeth, entirely exserted. Disk obsolete. Ovary
shortly stalked, cylindric, 3-5-celled ; ovules numerous, 2-seriate ; style
short, stout ; stigma discoid. Capsule woody, 1—5- (usually 3-) celled,
3-5-valved. Seeds numerous, winged below, exalbuminous ; cotyledons
orbicular, inequilateral—Duisrris. India, Ceylon; species 1.

The name originally given to this genus by Adr. Juss. (Mém. Mus. Par. vy. 19
[1830] p. 21) was Chukrassia, derived from the Bengali name of a tree of the genus
which Roxburgh (Hort. Beng. [1414] p. 33) gave as Chukrasi. Subsequent to the
publication of the name as Chukrassia by Adr. Juss., Roxburgh (Fl. Ind. [1832]

. 899) corrected the Bengali name to Chickrassee, and Wight and Arnott (Prodr.
iss] p- 122) adopted the spelling Chickrassia, as agreeing better with the more
recent vernacular synonym given by Roxburgh. This mode of spelling the name of
the genus has been adopted in the ‘Genera Plantarum’ of Hooker and Bentham and in
Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 568. Oontinental and other foreign botanists are however reverting
to the original mode of spelling the name (e¢. g. DC. Monogr. Phan. and Harms in
Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf.), and, as there can be no question as to its correctness, the
spelling of the name as Chukrassia and not Chickrassia is certain to be ultimately
adopted universally.—The change has therefore been made above.

1. Chukrassia tabularis, Adr. Juss. in Mém. Mus. Par. vy. 19
(1830) p. 251, t. 22, fig. 27. A tall tree; voung branches lenticellate,
glabrous. Leaves abruptly-pinnate, 12-18 in. long ; leaflets 5-8 pairs,
2-5 by 1-23 in. (the upper leaflets often larger than the lower), ovate
or ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, glabrous above, more or less
velvety beneath, base inequilateral, the upper side the larger and
usually rounded, the lower side usually acute; petiolules 4~2 in. long.
Flowers in terminal panicles which are sborter than the leaves, the
branches of the panicles spreading, many-flowered; buds oblong.
Calyx pubescent outside, obtusely 5-toothed. Petals dirty-white, 2 in.
long by 4 in. broad, linear-oblong, spathulate. Staminal-tube eylindric,
glabrous. Ovary hairy, attenuated into the style; stigma 4-lobed, just
appearing above the apex of the staminal-tube. Capsules ovoid or
obovoid, 17-24 in. long, by about % in. in diam. Seeds winged,
14 by 3 in. (including the wing). I. B. I. v.1, p. 568; Grah. Cat.
p- 32; Harms, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 4, p. 271,
fig. 152, s-1; DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 1, p. 726; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 43;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 269; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 2, p. 268.—Flowers: Feb.-Apr. Vurn. Ldl-devddr ; Dulmara,

Konkan: Law!, Stocks!; Matheran, H. M. Birdwood. Dxuccan: Hewra botanical

garden, Dalzeli! Kanara: evergreen forests of N. Kanara, Zalbot; Yellapur,
Woodrow.—Distris. India (W. Peninsula).

Var. velutina, King, in Journ. As.Soc. Beng. v.64 (1895) p.88. Leaflets
tomentose or pubescent on both surfaces. Panicles tomentose. Petals
puberulous on the outside. Capsules often 4-valved. Trim. Fl. Ceyl.
y. 1, p. 252; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 43. C. velutina (sp.), Wight & Arn.

XXXVI. MELIACHS. 217

Prodr. p. 123; Roem. Synop. fasc. 1, p. 185; DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 1,
p- 727; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 252. C. Mimmonii, Grah. in Wight, Ill.
v. 1, p. 148; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 38.

Konkan: Woodrow!, Talbot; Tungar hill, Graham; jungles at Rohe, Dalzell ¢
Gibson. Kanara: N, Kanara, Talbot.—Disrris. India (W. Peninsula); Oeylon.

15. CEDRELA, Linn.

Tall trees with colored wood. Leaves pinnate; leaflets numerous,
usually quite entire. Flowers hermaphrodite, small, in terminal and
subterminal panicles. Calyx short, 5-partite. Petals 5, suberect, free,
imbricate. Stamens 4—6, free, inserted at the top of the disk, some-
times alternating with staminodes ; filaments subulate ; anthers broadly
oblong, versatile. Ovary sessile on the top of the disk, ovoid, 5-celled,
the cells opposite the petals ; ovules 8-12, biseriate, pendulous ; stigma
discoid. Capsule coriaceous, 5-celled septitragally ; valves 2-lamellate.
Seeds pendulous, compressed, imbricate, winged; albumen thin, fleshy ;
cotyledons flat, subfoliaceous; radicle short, superior.—DistTRIB.
Tropical Asia, Australia, America; species about 16.

‘1. Cedrela Toona, Row). ex Rottl. § Willd. in Ges. Naturf. Fr.
Neue Schr. vy. 4 (1803) p. 198. A tall tree reaching 60 ft.: branches
numerous, forming a shady head. Leaves abruptly-pinnate, 12-18 in.
long or more ; leaflets opposite or alternate, 4-15 pairs, 2-6 by 3-23 in.,
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire or slightly undulate,
glabrous, base inequilateral, the upper side usually larger rounded, the
lower smaller acute; petiolules 3-3 in. long. Flowers white, honey-
scented, in large drooping terminal more or less pubescent panicles
nearly as long as the leaves ; buds ovoid or oblong; pedicels short,
slender. Calyx divided nearly to the base; lobes orbicular-ovate,
ciliate. Petals 1 in. long, broadly elliptic, obscurely veined, ciliate,
keeled at the base inside. Stamens 5, each inserted on one of the
orange-colored hairy lobes of the disk; staminodes 0; filaments
subulate ; anthers oblong, cordate, rounded and apiculate at the apex.
Ovary hairy, ovoid or subglobose; stigma ;4, in. in diam. Capsules
oblong, ?-1in. long. Seeds with amembranous wing at each end, about
2 in. long including the wings. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 568; Grah. Cat.
p- 246; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 38; DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 1, p. 745; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. p. 48; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p- 269; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 233.—Flowers: Jan. Vurwn.
Mand-nim ; Kudak ; Tuni.

Koyxan: road to Matheran, Kanitkar!, Cooke!; Rambig, Matheran, H. M.
Birdwood, Dxccan: ravines at Khandala, Graham, Woodrow; Panchgani, Wovdrow;
Khandala, Dalzell & Gibson. Kanara: abundant in the forests of N. Kanara;
immense trees common at Yellapur, Za/bo¢.—Distris. India (Central and Southern
and Birma); Java, Australia.

The tree is known as the Toon, the Indian Mahogany tree and the Moulmein Cedar.

The wood is valuable for furniture, the flowers yield a dye and the bark has some
repute in native medicine. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. c.

16. CHLOROXYLON, DC.
A lofty tree; wood yellow, hard. Leaves abruptly-pinnate; leaflets
numerous, very oblique, entire. Flowers small, in axillary and terminal
pubescent panicles. Calyx short, 5-partite. Petals 5, clawed, imbricate.

218 XXXVI. MELTACER,

Disk thick, 10-lobed, pubescent. Stamens 10, inserted in the sinuses
at the base of the disk; filaments subulate, the alternate somewhat
longer ; anthers cordate, apiculate, versatile. Ovary immersed in the
disk, pubescent, depressed, 3-lobed, 3-celled ; ovules about 8 in each
cell, attached to the axis, ascending; style short: stigma obscurely
3-lobed. Capsule oblong, coriaceous, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved.
Seeds compressed, exalbuminous, margins angular, winged above ;
cotyledons plano-convex.—Disrris. India and Ceylon ; species 1.

1. Chloroxylon Swietenia, DC. Prodr. v. 1 (1824) p. 625.
A tree 30-40 ft. high; bark corky, rough, deeply furrowed, yellowish.
Leaves 6-9 in. long, abruptly-pinnate ; leaflets subopposite or alternate,
10-20 pairs, #-13 by 4-3 in., oblong, obtuse, glabrous, glaucous, very
inequilateral, the upper side of the leaflet larger than the lower and
rounded, the lower side acute at the base; petiolules ;4,—4 in. long.
Flowers in branched many-flowered terminal and axillary panicles
shorter than the leaves; buds globose; bracts minute, caducous. Calyx
pubescent, deeply divided; lobes ovate. Petals 5% in. long, ovate,
acute, sagittate at the base, abruptly and shortly clawed, externally
pubescent. Disk fleshy, pubescent. Stamens inserted between the
lobes of the disk, shorter than the petals. Ovary immersed in the disk,
3-lobed, pubescent. Capsules oblong, acute, glabrous. Seeds ?-;% in.
long (including the membranous, somewhat falcate wing), jg; in. broad.
Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 569; Grah. Cat. p.382; Dalz. & Gibs. p.39; Engler, in
Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 4, p. 171, fig. 99, a—w (under
Rutacee) ; DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 1, p. 748. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 253;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 43; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p- 269; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 270.—Flowers: Mar.—Apr.
Vern. Halda; Billu.

Konkan: Law!, Stocks!, Dalzell!, Woodrow! &.M. Oountry: abundant in the dry
deciduous forests of the Dharwar and Belgaum districts, Zalbot; Falls of Gokak,
Graham, Woodrow; hills N. of Belgaum, fitchie, 104!—Distris. India (W.
Peninsula); Ceylon. .

The Indian Satinwood tree. The wood is hard and durable, beautifully mottled and

excellent for the manufacture of furniture, for which purpose it is much used in
Ceylon. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. c.

Orper XXXVII. CHAILLETIACEZ.

Small trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, quite entire; stipules 2,
deciduous. Flowers small, unisexual or polygamous, in corymbose
cymes. Sepals 5, free or connate, imbricate. Petals 5, free, sub-
perigynous, notched or 2-fid, with often an inflexed lamina which is
adnate to the face of the petal. Stamens 5, subperigynous, all or some
only fertile, free or adnate to the corolla; anthers oblong; connective
often thickened at the back. Disk of 5 glands or scales or a5-glandular
or lobed cup. Ovary free, 2-3-celled ; ovules anatropous, in pairs from
the top of each cell, pendulous; styles 1-3, free or more or less
connate; stigmas simple or capitate. Drupe pubescent or hispid,
transversely oblong or didymous, compressed ; epicarp entire or splitting
and disclosing the putamen; putamen 1-8-celled, the cells 1-seeded.

, XXXVII. CHAILLETIACEE. 219
Seeds pendulous, hilum broad ; testa membranous; albumen 0; embryo
large; cotyledons thick; radicle small, superior.—Distris. Tropics
of the Old and New World; genera 3; species about 40.

1. CHAILLETIA, DC.

Flowers polygamo-moneecious. Sepals 5, unequal, united at the base
or above it, obtuse. Petals 5, 2-fid. Stamens 5, sometimes slightly
adnate at the base to the petals. Disk of 5 quadrate scales placed
opposite the petals. Ovary 2-3-celled—Dusrris. Tropical Asia, Africa
and especially America; species about 30.

1. Chailletia sumatrana, Mig. Pl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (1860) p. 328.
A bush or small tree. Leaves 2-4 by 1-1? in., elliptic or oblong-
elliptic, acuminate, entire, glabrous, base acute ; petioles -4.—% in. long ;
stipules [laren Flowers small, in axillary or extra-axillary clusters.
Sepals 5), in. long, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, densely pubescent. Petals as
long as the sepals or a little longer, linear- -oblong, deeply notched at the
apex. Connective of anthers broad. Ovary (in the female flowers
only) downy; styles 2, recurved. Fruit transversely oblong or ob-
cordate, didymous, compressed, covered with soft greyish down; epicarp
coriaceous, 2-valved, dehiscing along the edge ; stone thin, hard, rugose,
covered by a soft scarlet mesocarp. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 254.
Chailletia gelonioides, Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat. (1871) p. lix,
meee. bs HE Bt y. 1 (1875) p. 570; Talb..Treeg, Bomb. p. 43:;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 269; Watt, Dict. Econ,
Prod. v. 2, p. 263. Moacurra gelonioides, Roxb. Fl. Ind. v. 2, p. 69;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 52.—Flowers: Apr.—June.

Konkan: Stocks!; edge of the Ghats in lat. 16°, Dalzell! 8S. M. Counrry:
Rameghat, Ritchie, 1655!, plentiful, Dalzell § Gibson. KaNara: very common in

N. Kanara near the Falls of ie Talbot.—Distris. India widely; Ceylon,
Sumatra.

Orper XXXVIII. OLACACEA.

Trees or shrubs, erect, scandent or twining. Leaves alternate (rarely
opposite), simple or lobed, exstipulate. Inflorescence cymose or
racemose (rarely capitate), terminal, axillary or extra-axillary ; flowers
usually small, regular, hermaphrodite, polygamo-dicecious or dicecious.
Calyx 4-5-toothed, sometimes accrescent, free or adherent to the fruit,
valvate or imbricate. Petals 38-6, valvate or imbricate, free or more or
less coherent. Stamens 3-15, inserted with the petals and more or less
adnate to them, all antheriferous or rarely some without anthers ;
filaments free or rarely monadelphous ; anthers erect, 2-celled, dehiscing
longitudinally. Disk hypogynous or perigynous, Rony “shaped or (Ok
Ovary free or halt-inferior, 1-celled or imperfectly 2-3—5-celled (from
the dissepiments not reaching the apex of the cavity); ovules 1-5,
pendulous from the apex of a minute free central placenta, or from the
side or apex of the ovarian cavity, the funicle (or ? placenta) often
dilated into a thickened process above the ovule; style simple or 0;
stigmas 1 (rarely 2), entire or lobed. Fruit drupaceous or dry, in-
deniscent, 1- (rarely 2-) celled, 1- (rarely 2-) seeded, free or more or

220 XXXVIII. OLACACHA,

less adnate to the calvx-tube and disk. Seed pendulous; albumen
fleshy, entire or lobed, rarely wanting; radicle superior; cotyledons
leafy, flat or folded, rarely fleshy.—Disrris. Tropics of both hemi-
spheres ; genera about 45; species about 220.

Stamens 10; calyx notiaccrescont) si..0s....4..--+0cce--ceconsecncarteane 1. Ximena.
Niamensic);) Calyx aACeresCeNumewac-ter ested. aesnecsarcnaaxctcsss.eevces 2. Ovax.
Stamens usually 5 (rarely 4).
Stamens opposite the petals or the lobes of the calyx when
petals are absent.
Stamens 5; ovary 3-5-celled ............sceseccesseoccseseves 3. STrROMBOSIA.
Stamens 4-5 ; ovary l-celled; petals 0 ................200.- 4. CANsJBRA.
Stamens 5, alternate with the petals.
Trees or erect shrubs.
Petals glabrous within.

Petalsconnate Ceccedcesasecoscease ones ve ue steenaeee 5. GoMPHANDRA.
Potala Tree tenia c.caescesin« te ous cceseastoratceersas meen 6. APopDyYyTEs.
Petals: villons* within’. ..2c.;sceac-crascecaccccteicacte ce eae 7. Mappta.
A climbing shrub ............... sea sualsde toss eeesecrscsterscs 8. SarcosTiaMa.

1. XIMENIA, Linn.

Shrubs or low trees; branches spiny. Leaves alternate, quite entire.
Flowers rather large, racemose, usually hermaphrodite. Calyx small,
4-5-toothed or -lobed, not altered in fruit. Petals 4-5, hypogynous,
valvate, hairy within. Stamens twice as many as the petals, hypo-
gynous ; anthers innate, linear, erect. Staminodes 0. Ovary superior,
3-4-celled ; ovule solitary in each cell, pendulous, anatropous; style
columnar: stigma simple. Drupe ovoid, l-celled; stone solitary.—
Disrris. Throughout the Tropics of both hemispheres ; species 4—5.

1, Ximenia americana, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1193. A small
much-branched spiny shrub; young parts glabrous; branches often
ending ina spine. Leaves coriaceous, 1-2 by 3-12 in., elliptic, obtuse
at both ends, the apex sometimes emarginate; petioles scarcely 7 in.
long. Flowers white, fragrant, bisexual or sometimes polygamous,
3 in. long, in short racemes which are axillary or on the ends of lateral
twigs ; buds oblong, subacute ; pedicels short ; bracts minute, subulate.
Calyx small, glabrous, deeply divided; lobes 5, ovate, acute, ultimately
reflexed. Petals much longer than the calyx, ;% in. long, equalling
the stamens in length, linear-oblong, acute, shaggy inside. Ovary
glabrous, ovoid-conical, longitudinally sulcate, rugose. Fruit ovoid
or ellipsoid, 7-1 in. long, deep orange when ripe; pericarp pulpy;
endocarp l-celled, l-seeded. Fl. B. I. v.1, p.574; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1,
p. 255; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 44; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1897) p. 269; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 319.—Flowers:
Jan.—Feb.

S. M. Country: Kedur, near Badimi, Woodrow!; north-east of Belgaum, Ritchie,
994!—Disrris. India (E. & W. Peninsulas) ; Malaya, Tropical Africa, America.

2, OLAX, Linn.

Trees or shrubs often scandent, sometimes armed. Leaves alternate.
Flowers small, in axillary simple or branched racemes. Calyx minute,
cup-shaped, truncate or obscurely toothed, much enlarged in fruit,
enclosing the drupe, but free. Petals 4-6, bypogynous, free or more or
less coherent, valvate. Stamens (fertile) usually 3, generally opposite

XXXVIII. OLACACHSA. 221

the edges of the petals and attached to their bases, rarely opposite their
centres; anthers adnate to the filaments, oblong, 2-celled, dehiscing
longitudinally. Staminodes 5-6, bifid, usually opposite the petals.
Ovary free, more or less 3-celled below, 1-celled above, usually surrounded
by a cup-shaped hypogynous disk; ovules 3, linear, pendulous from the
apex of a central placenta; style simple; stigma 3-lobed. Drupe
globose or oblong, more or less covered by the accrescent calyx; stone
crustaceous, l-celled, l-seeded. Seed spuriously erect, albuminous ;
embryo minute in the apex of fleshy albumen; radicle superior.—
Distris. Chiefly in the Tropics of the Old World, a few in Australia ;
species 25-30.
Olimbing shrubs.

PAMOABOs) GRUPO Gen encase egaacdascasaaterseccspsegeyedSaenevensbesee 1. O. scandens.
(Umanmedpdnuperquinsiaesaccse-ceasssteeeseesietesasessecanenasecees 2. O. Wightiana.
A low undershrub ; pedicels solitary .................sssceccecesceees 3. O. nana.

1. Olax scandens, Row), Cor. Pl. v. 2(1798) p. 2,t. 102. A climbing,
much-branched shrub, armed with slightly curved stout prickles on the
old wood ; branches terete, more or less pubescent. Leaves 2-34 by
1-13 in., elliptic or oblong-elliptic, usually obtuse, glabrous above,
glabrous or pubescent beneath, entire, base rounded or subacute ; petioles
a-4.1n. long, pubescent. Flowers white, fragrant, about 2 in. long, in
axillary racemes which are shorter than the leaves ; buds oblong, some-
what clavate ; pedicels short, pubescent ; bracts ovate-oblong, as long as
the pedicels, pubescent, ciliate, caducous. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate,
ciliate. Petals linear, acute, more or less connate. Stamens about half
as long as the petals. Ovary ovoid, glabrous; style about half as long
as the petals ; stigma 3-lobed. Drupes globose, 2 in. in diam., apiculate,
covered, except the top, by the accrescent calyx. I. B. L. v.1, p. 575;
Grah. Cat. p. 22; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 256; Engler, in Engl. &
Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 1, p. 240, fig. 153; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
p- 44; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 270; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 479.—Flowers: Feb.

Along the Ghats, Graham. Deccan: Khandala, Woodrow, Graham. KanaRa:

Nilkund (N. Kanara), Woodrow.—Disrxis. Throughout Tropical India and Birma;
Ceylon,

2. Olax Wightiana, Wall. Cat. (1828) 6779. A large much-
branched unarmed scandent shrub or small tree ; young parts glabrous.
Leaves 3-5 by 13-2} in., oblong-elliptic, acuminate, subacute or obtuse,
glabrous and shining, entire, base acute or rounded ; petioles 3 in. long.
Flowers about 2 in. long, white, in axillary solitary or clustered racemes
about 1 in. long; buds clavate; pedicels puberulous or subglabrous ;
bracts minute, much shorter than the pedicels, caducous. Calyx ex-
ternally puberulous, truncate or obscurely lobed. Petals puberulous on
the outside near the apex, linear, acute. Stamens 3, each inserted at
the edge of a pet»l and about half its length. Staminodes 5, opposite
the petals and nearly as long as them. Ovary ovoid, glabrous; style a
little shorter than the petals; stigma deeply 3-lobed. Drupes ? in.
long, oblong or subglobose, covered, except at the top, by the accrescent
ealyx. FI. B. I. v,1, p.575; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 27; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1,
p- 256; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 44; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11
(1897) p. 270.—Flowers : Dec.—Feb.

222 XXXVIII. OLACACHA.

Konkan: high hills, Dadzell!, Zaw!; Campuli, Woodrow! Dxrccan: Dahili, near
Poona, Woodrow! Kanara: common in the evergreen forests of the Ghats of
N. Kanara, from Ainshi southwards, Talbot; Falls of Gairsoppa, Zadbot !—Disrris.
India (W. Peninsula); Ceylon, Malacca.

3. Olax nana, Wall. Cat. (1828) 6783. A low undershrub;
branches from a woody rootstock, twiggy. Leaves subsessile, 1-2} by
3-8 in., oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, glabrous, base usually acute; midrib

4 8 : L ; : :
strong. Flowers }—,; in. long, white, solitary, axillary ; pedicels slender,

3-3 in. long. Calyx free, minute, cup-shaped, truncate or obscurely
lobed. Petals 3, oblong-obovate, rounded at the apex, the tip inflexed,
cohering about half way up but readily separable. Stamens 3, one in
the centre of each petal, a little more than half the length of the petal
and adnate to it about half way up; anthers yellow. Staminodes 6,
one at each edge of each petal and a little shorter than it. Ovary
ovoid; style shorter than the stamens. Fruit globose, 7 in. long,
apiculate, deep yellow when ripe, nearly covered by the accrescent calyx,
I-seeded. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 576; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1897) p. 270; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 479.

Gusarat: Rajkot (Kathiawar), C. Macnaghten!—Disrais. India (W. Himalaya,
Punjab, Nipal).

3. STROMBOSIA, Blume.

Trees or shrubs, usually glabrous. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, quite
entire. Flowers small, in axillary cymes, regular, hermaphrodite.
Calyx : a shallow cup, more or less 5-lobed. Petals 5, free, hairy within,
valvate. Stamens 5, opposite the petals and adnate to them; anthers
2-celled. Staminodes 0. Ovary inferior or superior, more or less
imperfectly 4-5-celled, surrounded by a lobed disk; ovules 4-5, pendu-
lous from a central placenta. Fruit drupaceous: stone crustaceous.
Seed pendulous; embryo minute, within fleshy albumen.—DIsTr1B.
Species 6, one in Tropical Africa, the others Tropical Asiatic.

1. Strombosia ceylanica, Gard. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 6
(1846) p. 350. A large tree with greyish bark. Leaves coriaceous,
33-63 by 13-2} in., oblong-lanceolate, shortly acuminate, acute or obtuse,
glabrous, base inequilateral, usually acute; petioles 3 in. long, glabrous.
Flowers subsessile, crowded in heads on axillary scaly tubercles. Calyx
minute; lobes very short, suborbicular. Petals longer than the calyx,
linear-oblong, acute, externally glabrous, hairy within, recurved at the
apex. Filaments opposite the petals and adnate to them throughout
their whole length, the anthers appearing as if sessile in the centre of
the petals about one-third the way below their apex. Disk large, fleshy.
Ovary inferior, adnate to the calyx-tube, 5-celled. Fruit pyriform when
young, more or less globose when old, apiculate, rugose, deep purple,
tuberculate when ripe. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 579; Trim. Fi. Ceyl via
p. 257; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 45 ; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1897) p. 270. Spherocarya leprosa, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. yv. 3
(1851) p. 84; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 223.—Flowers: Dee.

Konkan: Law!; in the Wari Oountry, Dalzell & Gibson; Konkan Ghats, Talbot.
Kanara: Dalzell!: Poteli (N. Kanara), Woodrow ; N. Kanara Ghats, Ta/bot.—Distris,
India (W. Peninsula); Oeylon.

XXXVIII. OLACACER. 223

4. CANSJERA, Juss.

Climbing shrubs, sometimes spiny. Leaves alternate, entire, penni-
nerved. Flowers in short axillary spikes, hermaphrodite, mono-
chlamydeous. Perianth tubular or urceolate, regular, 4—5-lobed.
Stamens as many as the lobes of the perianth and opposite to them ;
filaments glabrous, free, or attached between the thick fleshy lobes of
the disk; anthers small, oblong, adnate, 2-celled, dehiscing longi-
tudinally. Ovary superior, ovoid-conical, glabrous; ovule solitary,
pendulous from a short placenta; style cylindric; stigma capitate,
4-lobed. Fruit superior, drupaceous, surrounded at the base by the
marcescent perianth; mesocarp thin; endocarp bony. Seed solitary,
erect, roundish ; embryo in the upper part of fleshy albumen ; radicle
superior ; cotyledons sometimes 3, very long, plano-convex.—DiIsTRiB.
Tropical Asia and Australia; species 4.

1. Cansjera Rheedii, J. F. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 13, v. 2
(1791) p. 280. <A climbing shrub, sometimes spiny ; young branches
yellowish-green, pubescent. Leaves 1}-3? by 3-13 in., thinly coria-
ceous, oblong-lanceolate or ovate, glabrous on both surfaces, base
narrowed or rounded, often slightly inequilateral ; main nerves 3-5 pairs,
curved, ascending; petioles ~,-3 in. long. Flowers +; in. long, in
pubescent axillary spikes 4-1 in. long, one or two spikes from an axil ;
bracts minute, linear-lanceolate, one at the base of each flower.
Perianth pubescent externally, urceolate, 4-5-toothed, the apices of the
teeth recurved. Fruit about 4 in. long, ovoid or ellipsoid, orange-red,
surmounted by the remains of the style, glabrous. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 582;
Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. clxxix, t. 26, fig. 6; Trim. Fl.
Ceyl. v. 1, p. 259; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 45; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 270.—Flowers: Nov.—Dec.

Konkan: Law!; Elephanta, Graham; Salsette, Graham. Deccan: valley of the
Koina, Cooke! S.M. Country: Parva Ghat (Belgaum districts), Ritchie!; hills east
of Belgaum, Ritchie, 926! Kanara: on the Ghats in evergreen moist forests, Talbot ;

Yellapur, Woodrow.—Disrris. Throughout India; Indian Archipelago, Hongkong,
N. Australia.

5. GOMPHANDRA, Wall.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, entire, penninerved (rarely
3-nerved at the base). Flowers small, polygamo-dicecious, cymose.
Calyx cup-shaped, minutely 4-5-toothed. Petals 4 or 5, inserted on a
short hypogynous disk, more or less connate into a corolla, free at the
apex, valvate, often absent in the female flowers. Stamens 4 or 5,
hypogynous, alternate with the petals; filaments fleshy, flattened,
usually with a small tuft of gland-tipped hairs at the top on the back,
hollowed in front; anthers small, pendulous from the apices of the
filaments, 2-lobed, dehiscing longitudinally. Mate rLowers with rudi-
mentary ovary sunk in the fleshy disk ; stigma minute. FmmaLE FLOWERS
with long cylindric 1-celled ovary and large discoid stigma; ovules 2,
collateral, pendulous from the apex, the funicle dilated. Fruit elongate,
drupe-like, surmounted by the remains of the stigma; pericarp smooth,
thin; endocarp leathery. Seed solitary, pendulous; albumen fleshy,
bipartite ; embryo minute.—Disrris. Tropical Asia; species 5 or 6.

224 XXXVIII. OLACACEE.

Leaves thin; inflorescence axillary; hairs on the filaments

Us ALLY, Very, ONL, scr.cc uareatanceane settee epee se cettectscrecesreas 1. G. azillaris.
Leaves coriaceous ; inflorescence extra-axillary or leaf-opposed ;
hairs on the filaments short Or O1....0,.2s-.c0sccececsnssesescoccess 2. G. polymorpha.

1. Gomphandra axillaris, Wail. Cat. (1828) 3718. A shrub or
small tree; branches terete, glabrous or puberulous. Leaves thin,
reaching 6 in. in length, very variable in breadth, from broadly elliptic-
oblong to narrow-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, glabrous on both
surfaces, paler beneath, base acute, rarely rounded ; petioles 4—} in.
long. Flowers practically unisexual, rarely polygamous, very small,
2-10 (usually 3) together, in puberulous paniculate axillary cymes a
little longer than the petioles. Calyx minute, cup-shaped, 4-5-toothed,
ciliolate. Petals connate into a tubular corolla; lobes 4-5, ovate,
acuminate, ultimately spreading, the tips inflexed. Stamens exserted,
the hairs usually 3 or 4 times as long as the anthers; pollen-grains
acutely trigonous. Ovary small, oblong, 4-5-gonous. Style conical ;
stigma sessile, 4—5-toothed. Drupes }-3 in. long, oblong, blunt at both
ends, smooth, white. Seeds large. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p.586; Bedd. For.
Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. xi; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 261; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. p. 45. Platea axillaris, Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. p. 44; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 28.—Flowers: Apr.—May.

Konkan: Ghats, Talbot. S. M. Country: Chorla and Pirva Ghats (Belgaum
districts), Dalzell 6 Gibson. Kanara: common in the evergreen forests of the Kanara
Ghats, Za/bot.—DistriB. India (Silhet and W. Peninsula); Ceylon.

2. Gomphandra polymorpha, Wight, Jil. (1840) p.103; Wight,
Icon. t. 953. A shrub. Leaves coriaceous, otherwise as in the pre-
ceding; petioles rather longer than in G. awillaris. Flowers more
numerous than in that species, rather larger, sessile; panicle leaf-
opposed * or extra-axillary, rarely axillary. Corolla more deeply lobed
than in G@. axillaris. Stamens exserted; hairs on the filaments about
the length of the anther, sometimes absent. Drupes as in G. awillaris.
Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 586; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p. 270. G. coriacea, Wight, Ill. p. 103; Bedd. For. Man. in Flor.
Sylvat. p. xi, t. 9, fig. 4; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 261.—Flowers: Dec.

Konkan: ZLaw!, Dalzell! Kanara: Santaveri, Woodrow.—Distris. India (W.
Peninsula) ; Ceylon.

6. APODYTES, E. Meyer.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves entire. Flowers hermaphrodite, small,
in corymbose cymes or terminal or axillary panicles. Calyx small,
5-toothed. Petals 5, hvpogynous, free, valvate. Stamens 5, alternate
with the petals and slightly coherent with them at the base ; filaments
dilated ; anthers 2-lobed. Ovary 1-celled, obliquely gibbous; ovules 2,
pendulous, superposed ; style excentric, more or less incurved ; stigma
small. Drupe obliquely ovoid, compressed ; stone crustaceous, 1-celled,
1-seeded. Seed pendulous; embryo small, in the apex of fleshy albumen ;
cotyledons narrow.—DisrriB. Tropical Asia, Tropical and Subtropical
Africa; species 9.

* «The peduncle is at first axillary, but aleaf being most commonly produced upon
it at about its middle, its upper part, of course, appears opposite to this new leaf and
more strikingly so when a leaf-bud has been developed in the axil of the latter.” —
Thwaites, Enum. p. 44.

XXXVIII. OLACACEA. 225

1. Apodytes Beddomei, Masters, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. vy. 1 (1875)
p- 588. A shrub. Leaves membranous, 3-5 by 11-21 in., turning
black in drying, ovate, acute or acuminate, glabrous, base rounded or
acute more or less inequilateral ; petioles 11 in. long. Flowers 3 in.
long, in branched terminal panicles ; buds ellipsoid ; pedicels pubescent,
the ultimate ones very short. Calyx small, cup-shaped; lobes obscure,
ciliolate. Petals oblong-elliptic, obtuse at the apex. Anthers elongate,
linear-oblong. Drupes obliquely ovoid, a long, rugose. Apodytes
Benthamiana, Var. (3, Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 140.—Flowers: Mar.

A very rare plant. I have seen but a single specimen from the Bombay Presi-
dency, collected by Mr. Talbot from Dadmune, N. Kanara!—Disvris, India (W.

Peninsula).
7. MAPPIA, Jacq.

Trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers small, polygamous, in terminal
corymbose cymes, pubescent outside, rarely glabrate. Calyx small,
5-toothed. Petals hypogynous, valvate, villous within. Stamens 5,
hypogynous, alternate with the petals ; anthers oblong, dorsifixed ;
connective often mucronate. Disk cup-shaped, surrounding the
ovary, sometimes inconspicuous. Ovary 1-celled; ovules 2, pendulous 5
style short; stigma thickened. Drupe with a slender crustaceous
or subwoody putamen. Seed pendulous; embryo large, in fleshy
albumen; cotyledons foliaceous; radicle superior.—Disrris. India;
Ceylon, Tropical S. America; species 8-10.

1. Mappia foetida, Miers, Contrib. v. 1 (1851) p. 64. A small tree
with a shady head; young branches pale and with wrinkled bark.
Leaves crowded towards the ends of the branches, 3-6 by 13-3 in.,
ovate-oblong, acuminate, dark green and glabrous above, paler and
pubescent on the nerves beneath, reticulately veined, base rounded or
acute more or less inequilateral; petioles }—1} in. ‘long, glabrous or
faintly pubescent. Flowers in terminal panicles 2-4 in. Tone ; ; pedicels
stout, densely pubescent. Calyx small, pubescent exter nally, 5-toothed;
teeth triangular, very acute. Petals yellow, + in. long, lem oplane:
acute, densely sericeo-villous on both surfaces, tip inflexed. Stamens 5,
a little shorter than the petals and alternate with them ; filaments
flattened and dilated below, attached to the edges of the petals at the
base ; anthers elliptic-oblong, not apiculate. Disk shallow, cup-shaped,
villous within. Ovary ovoid, densely clothed with silky hairs, free,
attenuated — a tous slightly conical style. Drupes ellipsoid or some-
what opovoid, 3 3-2 in. long, pubescent when young, glabrous and purple
when ripe. Fl. 8. I. v. i p- 589; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 141; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. p. 45 ; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.'v. 11 (1897) p. 270.
Mappia oblonga, Dalz. & Gibs. p. 28.—Flowers: Oct.-_Nov. VERN.
Kdlgur ; Ghanera.

Common along the Ghats, abundant at Mahableshwar. The flowers are very fetid.
Konkan: Law!, ” Dalzell! ; Western Ghats, widely, Woodrow; Ghats opposite Goa,
Dalzell § Gibson. Dwccan: Mahableshwar, abundant, Cooke !, H, M. Birdwood,
§. M. Country: Belgaum, /itchic, 1012!; near Belgaum, Cooke! Kanara: Ghats of
N. Kanara, Zalbot.—Disrris. India (W. Peninsula).

8. SARCOSTIGMA, Wight & Arn.
Scandent shrubs. Leaves alternate. TFlowers dicecious, minute, in
distant sessile fascicles arranged on elongate interrupted spikes. Calyx
Q

226 XXXVIII, OLACACEA.

cup-shaped, unequally 4-5-toothed. Petals 4-5, united into a short
tube which is adnate to a stipitiform torus, free above, valvate, slender,
flat. Matin FLowErs: Stamens hypogynous, alternate with the petals
and scarcely cohering with them at the base ; filaments filiform; anthers
versatile. JrMALE FLOWERS: Ovary sessile, l-celled, superior; ovules 2,
pendulous from the apex of the cell, funicle thick; stigma subsessile.
Drupe oblong ; epicarp coriaceous; putamen woody. Seeds pendulous;
albumen 0; cotyledons fleshy, cordate at the base, wrapping round the
short superior radicle.—Disrriz. Tropical Asia ; species 3 or 4.

1. Sarcostigma Kleinii, Wight g& Arn. in Edin. New Phil. Journ.
(1882-33) p. 299. A large climbing shrub; young branches terete,
glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, 4-12 by 2-4 in., oblong, oblong-lanceolate
or ovate, acuminate or acute, glabrous, shining, closely reticulately
veined (the reticulations prominent on both surfaces), base acute, rarely
rounded ; petioles 7-2 in. long. Inflorescence axillary or extra-axillary,
in spicate racemes which are solitary or fascicled and longer than the
leaves ; flowers minute, in fascicles of 1-4, subsessile along a woody
rhachis. Mae rrowrrs: Calyx small, cup-shaped, pubescent outside,
5-toothed ; teeth short, triangular. Petals 7, in. long, oblong, acute,
reflexed. Stamens a little shorter than the petals. Ovary rudimentary,
small, conical. Frmatn FLoweERs slightly larger than the male. Calyx
and petals as in the male. Stamens small, about half as long as the
ovary, hvpogynous. Ovary large, oblong or somewhat obovoid, pubes-
cent; stigma large, subsessile, conical. Fruit 1-14 in. long, the shape
of an olive, bright orange-red, externally rugose. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 594;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 221; Miers, Contrib. v. 1, p. 103, t. 18 (female flowers
only); Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 46; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 2,
p- 478.— Flowers: Nov.

Kanara: in evergreen forests along the N. Kanara Ghats ; common near the Falls

of Gairsoppa, Talbot. S.M. Country: Chorla Ghat (Belgaum districts), Dalzell §
Gibson.—Distris. India (E. & W. Peninsulas).

Orper XXXIX. ILICACE.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves usually coriaceous and evergreen, alternate,
simple, exstipulate or with 2 minute stipules. Flowers small, usually
dicecious, in axillary cymes, fascicles or umbels, the male flowers with
an imperfect ovary, the female with imperfect stamens. Calyx per-
sistent, 3-6-partite or -lobed ; segments or lobes imbricate. Petals 4-5,
rarely 6-8, connate at the base (or connate in the male and free in the
female), deciduous, imbricate. Stamens isomerous wih the petals,
inserted on the base of the corolla; filaments subulate ; anthers shortly
oblong, dorsifixed. Disk 0. Ovary free, 3-6- (rarely many-) celled ;
ovules 1 or 2, collateral, pendulous; style very short or 0; stigma
capitate or discoid. Drupe with 2 or more 1-seeded free (rarely con-
nate) stones. Seed pendulous; testa membranous; albumen copious,
fleshy ; embryo minute.—Disrriz. Chiefly tropical; genera 3; species
about 220.

XXXIX. ILICACE®,

bo
bo
“I

1. ILEX, Linn.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, often shining. Flowers axillary,
white. Calyx small, persistent, 4—6-lobed or 4-6-partite. Corolla rotate,
4—6-partite ; lobes obtuse. Stamens isomerous with the corolla-lobes,
slightly adherent to the short tube; anthers oblong. Ovary sessile,
subglobose, 2—12-celled; ovules 1-2 in each cell; style short, thick,
or 0; stigmas free or confluent. Drupe globose, rarely ovoid, with
2-16 stones.—Disrris. Tropical and temperate regions of the world,
most numerous in N. America, rare in Africa and Australia; species
more than 200.

1. Ilex malabarica, Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. (1871) t. 143. A large
tree quite glabrous. Leaves 2-4 by 4-13 in., elliptic or lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, often mucronate, usually entire but sometimes with
one or two spinulose teeth towards the tin, glabrous on both surfaces,
dark green and shining above, very pale beneath, base acute ; petioles
3-lin. long. Flowers in axillary fascicles or very shortly peduncled
umbellate cymes, rarely solitary; pedicels 3-8, slender. Calyx puberu-
lous outside; lobes usually 6, broadly ovate, acute, ciliate. Petals white,
united at the base into a deciduous corolla about +4; in. long; lobes 4-6,
oblong, rounded at the apex. Stamens 4-6, inserted at the base of the
corolla; filaments short. Ovary in the female globose; style short,
thick ; stigma large, obsoletely 6-lobed. Ovary in the male imperfect,
with 4 minute stigmas. Drupes small, globose, § in. in diam., usually
6-celled, crowned by the thick style and supported by the persistent
ealyx. Fl. B. I. v.1, p. 600; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 46; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 270; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4,
p- 328. Ilex Wightiana, Dalz. & Gibs. p. 143 (not of Wall.).—F lowers:
Feb—Apr.

Konxin: Ghats, Dalzell § Gibson, Stocks !, De Crespigny ex Woodrow ; in evergreen
forests, Talhot; Ghats near Sivapur (Wari country), Da/zel/! Kanara: along the

banks of streams near Amod, Supa subdivision of N, Kanara, Talbot.—Distris. India
(W. Peninsula).

Orpen XL. CELASTRACEAE.

Trees or erect or climbing shrubs, sometimes spinescent. Leaves
opposite and alternate, usually coriaceous, simple, never lobed; stipules
very caducous or 0. Flowers small, hermaphrodite or polygamous,
usually cymose. Calyx small, 4-5-lobed or -partite, imbricate, per-
sistent. Petals 4-5 (rarely 0), inserted under the edge of the disk or
continuous with its margin, imbricate. Stamens 5, 4 or 3 (rarely 2),
inserted under, on, or within the edge of the disk; filaments subulate,
usually short; anthers short, muticous, 2-celled. Disk usually con-
spicuous, pulvinate or flattened, lobed or entire, rarely 0. Ovary sessile
on the disk, free or adherent at the base, 2-5-celled; ovules 1-2 in each
coll, anatropous, erect, rarely 1 and pendulous, or many ascending and
attached to the axis; raphe ventral in the ascending, dorsal in the
pendulous; style short, thick or 0; stigma simple or lobed. Fruit
capsular, baccate, drupaceous or samaroid. Seeds usually arillate, some-
times winged; albumen fleshy or 0; embryo usually large; cotyledons

Q 2

228 XL. CELASTRACES.

flat, foliaceous ; radicle almost always inferior.—DisrriB. Throughout

tropical and temperate regions of the world; genera 39; species
ubout 400.

Stamens 4-5 (rarely 10); filaments usually incurved ; seeds
albuminous.
Leaves opposite (sometimes alternate in Lophopetalum).
Fruit capsular, dehiscent.
Ovules 1-2 in each cell.

Petals fae %.c-dricccesiccassoderedsacesadsseceeee 1. Evonymus.
Petals connate ..... Re tere le Bae Raia 2. Microrroris.
Ovules 4 or more in each Cell ...........0...00000- 3. LopuorpEraLuM.
Fruit indehiscent, coriaceous ...........cceeeeceeeeeeees 4, PLEUROSTYLIA.

Leayes alternate ; fruit capsular and dehiscent.
Cells 2-ovuled.

Shrubs, usually scandent; ovary free ......... 5. CELasTRus.
Erect often spinous shrubs; ovary confluent
vonlelals dayesc0 NGI senpeacoaodon aoobadecoobebr DpaepOsSdaDCSS 6. GyMNosPoRtA.
Leaves alternate and opposite; fruit drupaceous and
ANG EMISCEM secacr eonannson eer easaecescmentiossnanceeiersiyatensie 7. ELmonENnpDRON.
Stamens 3; filaments recurved ; seeds exalbuminous.

Fruit Gry 5 Seeds winged |). .2<>acconsscedemandurodenupuwensuenes 8. HrrrocratTa.
Fruit baceate; seeds not winged ..........scseseeeeeeeeeees 9. Sauacta.

1. EUONYMUS, Linn.

Trees or shrubs, usually glabrous. Leaves opposite ; stipules caducous.
Flowers axillary, small. Calyx 4-5-fid, persistent. Petals 4-5, inserted
on the disk; filaments usually very short; anthers broad, 2-celled.
Disk large, fleshy, 4-5-lobed. Ovary sunk in the disk, 3-5-celled;
ovules 2 in each cell; style short or 0; stigma 3-5-lobed. Capsule
3--5-celled, 3-5-lobed, angled, or winged, sometimes echinate, loculi-
cidally 3-5-valved, cells 1—2-seeded. Seeds enclosed in a fleshy aril,
albuminous; cotyledons broad, foliaceous—Disrris. India, China, Japan,
Malaya, Europe and N. America; species about 40.

1. Euonymus indicus, Heyne, ex Wall. in Rowb. Fl. Ind. (ed.
Carey) v. 2 (1824) p. 409. A small tree. Leaves coriaceous, 2[-4 by
1-21 in., elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, acute or sometimes shortly
acuminate, entire or with a few obscure serrations towards the apex,
glabrous on both surfaces, smooth and shining above, base acute;
petioles 3-2 in. long; stipules linear-subulate, very caducous. Flowers
about + in. across, axillary, solitary or in peduncled umbellate cymes ;
peduncles 1-2, variable in length, from 0-1; in. long; pedicels 1-38,
glabrous, when more than 1 and on the top of a peduncle about 4 in.
long, when not peduncled reaching 1 in. long. Calyx glabrous, fleshy,
deeply divided; lobes semicircular, entire. Petals reddish, orbicular-
oblong, fringed at the apex. Stamens inserted on the disk near its
margin ; filaments short, flattened. Disk } in. in diam., 5-lobed, fleshy.
Ovary sunk in the disk. Fruit 3 in. long, obovoid-clavate, 5-winged.
Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 608; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 47; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 270. Huonymus Goughii, Wight, Il.
v.1, p.178; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 47; Wight, Icon. t. 215.—Flowers :
Dec.—Feb.

S. M. Country: Castlerock, Woodrow, Kanitkar! Kanara: evergreen forests of
N. Kanara Ghats; common on the 8. Ghats of N. Kanara, Talbot; Devimana Ghat,
N. Kanara, Woodvow!—Disrrin. India (W. Peninsula).

XL. CELASTRACHZ. 229

2, MICROTROPIS, Wall.

Glabrous trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, persistent, exstipulate,
entire. Flowers in sessile clusters or peduncled cymes, axillary or
supra-axillary, sometimes unisexual. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5
(rarely 0), connate at the base. Stamens 5, inserted on the disk or the
tube of the corolla; filaments very short; anthers broadly ovate. Disk
0 or annular, free or connate with the petals. Ovary free, ovoid, per-
fectly or imperfectly 2-3-celled; ovules 2 in each cell, collateral at the
inner angle; style thick; stigma minute, 2-4-lobed. Capsule oblong,
coriaceous, 1-celled, 2-valved, 1-seeded, tardily dehiscent, surrounded
at the base by the calyx. Seed erect, exarillate; testa polished.—
Disrris. Singapore, Nepal, Ceylon, Malaya, Java; species 9.

BOWwersiImssessnle CMISHELS scaccassccecsecie assess moses ne vested 22> siariaes 1. M. latifolia.

IMOMeRsMun PEC UMelEdnCyIMeS Wwersdecescceecss severe ceomesemseeas 2. M. microcarpa.

1. Microtropis latifolia, Wight, MSS. ex Laws. in Fl. B. I. v. 1
(1875) p. 613. A small tree. Leaves coriaceous, opposite, 35-5 by
13-3 in., elliptic, acute or shortly acuminate, glabrons, light green above,
very pale beneath, reticulately veined, base acute, margins repand ;
petioles 1-1 in. long, rugose. Flowers sessile, in axillary or extra-
axillary clusters. Calyx 5-lobed, externally rugose, the upper margin
membranous, lacerate. Petals ;4;-3 in. long, obovate-cuneate, united at
the base into a ring. Stamens inserted on the ring, erect: filaments
short, flat. Ovary somewhat flask-shaped, furrowed. Fruit 3-3? in.
long, oblong-ellipsoid, narrowed at both ends. Seeds rugose. FI. B. I.
y. 1, p. 618; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 47.

Konkan: without locality, Stocks !—Duistris. India (W. Peninsula).

2. Microtropis microcarpa, Wight, Icon. (1845) t. 975. An
erect shrub. Leaves coriaceous, opposite, 14-2 by ?-1 in., elliptic or
oblong-lanceolate, subobtuse, glabrous above, pale beneath, base acute,
margins repand; petioles } in. long. Flowers in peduncled cymes,
shorter than the leaves. Calyx large, 5-lobed, persistent in fruit, much
imbricate, the lower part thick and fleshy and externally rugose, the
upper part membranous, petal-like, lacerate. Petals about 3 in. long,
obovate, clawed, veined, soon falling off. Stamens inserted at the base
of the petals; filaments very short; anthers large. Ovary ovoid-
conical, ribbed; style very short. Fruit 3 in. long, narrow-oblong,
subeylindrie or ellipsoid, pointed, apiculate, longitudinally rugose.
Seed 1; testa reddish-brown, shining. Fl. B.J. v.1, p. 614; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. p. 47.

Konkan: without locality, Stocks !—Distris. India (W. Peninsula).

3. LOPHOPETALUM, Wight.

Glabrous trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate, exstipulate.
Flowers rather large, in axillary or terminal cymes. Calyx 5-lobed ;
lobes short, rounded. Petals 4—5, continuous with the disk, persistent,
the inner side cristate or lamellate, the margins usually fimbriate.
Stamens 5-6, inserted on the disk ; filaments subulate; anthers oblong.
Disk large, usually 4-5-lobed. Ovary small, continuous with the disk

230 XL. CELASTRACES.

and immersed in it, trigonal or pyramidal, 3-4-celled, contracted into
the style ; ovules 4 or more in each cell, 2-seriate ; style short; stigma
capitate. Capsule coriaceous, 3-4-angled, 3-4-celled, loculicidally
dehiscent. Seeds few or many, rarely winged, arillate; albumen
fleshy.—Disrris. India, Malaya, Java; species about 9.

1. Lophopetalum Wightianum, 4rn. in Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 1,
v. 3 (1839) p. 151. A large tree. Leaves 3-6 by 14~2} in., coriaceous,
ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute or shortly and_ bluntly
acuminate, glabrous, entire, reticulately veined, base rounded or sub-
acute; petioles 4-3 in. long, striate. Flowers nearly ? in. across, in
branched terminal and axillary panicled cymes. Calyx 5-lobed, adhering
to the disk; lobes orbicular. Petals obovate, continuous with the lobes
of the disk, with a membranous laciniate crest on the inner face,
minutely denticulate at the apex. Disk fleshy, more than j in. in diam.,
5-lobed, adherent to the calyx. Ovary glabrous, triangular in cross
section at the base, sunk in the disk; style short, conical. Fruit sharply
triangular in cross section, 4 in. long, 3-celled. Seeds oblong, compressed,
surrounded by a long linear wing (fide Dalzell & Gibson |. ¢.). Fl. B. I.
v. 1, p. 615; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 48; Wight, Icon. t. 162; Bedd. Flor.
Sylvat. t.145; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 47; Woodr.in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 270; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. vy. 5, p. 92.—Flowers :
Mar.-May. Vern. Balpale.

Konkan: Dalzell, 1669!; Wari, Stocks!; 8. Konkan, Woodrow! ; evergreen forests
of the Konkan Ghats, Zadbot. Kanara: in evergreen forests of the Ghats, Za/bot ;
Sampkhand, Woodrow,—Disrris. India (W. Peninsula).

4. PLEUROSTYLIA, Wight & Arn.

Trees or shrubs. lLeaves opposite, exstipulate. Cymes axillary,
short, few-flowered. Calyx small, 4-lobed. Petals 5, exceeding the
calyx. Stamens 5, inserted below the disk; filaments short, flat;
connective of the anthers dilated at the back. Disk thick, crenulate.
Ovary half-immersed in the disk and confluent with it, 1-2-celled ;
ovules 2 in each cell, erect; style short, thick; stigma broad, peltate.
Fruit coriaceous, indehiscent, 1-2-celled. Seed 1 (rarely 2), erect,
covered by an arilliform endocarp; testa coriaceous; albumen copious,
fleshy ; cotyledons large, orbicular.—Disrris. Mountains of the Indian
Peninsula, Ceylon, Mauritius, and Madagascar ; epecies 2.

1. Pleurostylia Wightii, Wight § Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 157.
A shrub or small much-branched tree; young parts glabrous; bark
rough, pale. Leaves 14-24 by }-1} in., elliptic-oblong, oblong-lanceolate
or somewhat obovate, usually rounded at the apex, sometimes emarginate,
pale, glabrous, reticulately veined, entire, acutely tapering at the base ;
petioles very short, scarcely } in. long. Flowers j—% in. across, in small
axillary paniculate cymes; peduncles short, more or less pubescent ;
pedicels usually shorter than the peduncles. Calyx glabrous ; lobes short,
rounded. Petals elliptic-oblong, rounded at the apex, concave. Stamens
shorter than the petals. Drupes 2 in. long, ovoid, supported on the per-
sistent calyx, white, smooth. Fl. B. I. v.1, p. 617; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 47;
Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. Ixvi, t. 10, fig. 1; Trim. Fl. Ceyl.

XL. CELASTRACE. 251i

v. 1, p. 271; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 48; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 270.

The Ghats, Dalzell § Gibson.—Distris. India (mountains of the W. Peninsula);
Ceylon, Mauritius, Madagascar.

5. CELASTRUS, Linn.

Shrubs usually scandent, unarmed. Leaves alternate; stipules
minute or 0. Flowers in axillary and terminal racemes or panicles,
sometimes unisexual. Calyx urceolate at the base, 5-fid. Petals 5,
inserted below the disk, spreading at the apex. Stamens 5, inserted on
the margin of the disk. Disk cup-shaped or concave, 5-lobed. Ovary
seated on the disk (not immersed), 2—4-lobed, 2-4-celled; ovules 2 from
the base of the cell, collateral, erect; style thick; stigma 3-4-lobed.
Capsule terete, globose or oblong, coriaceous, 2—4-celled, dehiscing locu-
lieidally, the cells 1-2-seeded. Seeds erect, enclosed in a fleshy aril ;
testa membranous ; albumen copious, fleshy ; cotyledons foliaceous.—
Distris. Tropical Asia, China, Japan, Australia, N. America, and
Madagascar ; species about 15.

1. Celastrus paniculata, Willd. Sp. Pl. v.1 (1797) p. 1125. A
climbing unarmed shrub; young branches usually covered with pale
lenticular warts. Leaves alternate, 25-4 by 13-2} in., broadly elliptic,
ovate, or obovate, shortly acuminate, crenate-serrate in the upper part,
usually entire near the base, glabrous, base rounded or acute; petioles
qg-+ in. long. Flowers yellowish- or greenish-white, unisexual, in
terminal pyramidal panicles 2-6 in. long; pedicels pubescent; bracts
small, lanceolate. Calyx pubescent outside; lobes semiorbicular, ciliate.
Petals 3 in. long, oblong, rounded at the apex. Mann FLowErs:
Stamens inserted on the margin of the disk; filaments short; anthers
oblong, about ;'5 in. long. Rudimentary ovary small, subconical, slightly
3-toothed at the apex. FrMaLe Flowers: Ovary globose, narrowed
into a short stout style, glabrous; stigma large, 3-lobed. Stamens
inserted on the edge of the disk which is larger than the disk in the
male flowers ; anthers small, without pollen, ovate, acute or subtriangular,
about z'; in. long. Capsules 3-4 in. in diam., subglobose, bright yellow,
transversely wrinkled, 3-valved, the valves spreading after dehiscence
remaining united at the base exposing the seeds. Seeds 1-6, often
solitary, ovoid, cinnamon-brown, striate, completely enveloped in a
searlet fleshy aril. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 617; Grah. Cat. p. 38; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 47; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 272; Liésener, in Engl. & Prantl,
Pilanzenf. y. 3, part 5, p. 194, fig. 120, e-u ; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 48 ;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 270; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 2, p.237.— Flowers: Nov._Feb. Vurn. Mdl-kdngoni ; Karad-
kdngont.

Konkan: throughout the hilly parts, Graham, Dalzell §& Gibson ; Matheran, H. M.
Birdwood. Duccan: hills near Alandi (Poona districts), Kanitkar!; Deccan, widely,
he Gusarat: widely, ex Woodrow. 8. M. Counrry: Belgaum, Ritchie,

An oil of some therapeutic value is extracted from the seeds and known as Black
Oil (Oleum nigrum). Consult Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ¢,—Disrris. Throughout
India in hilly districts ; Ceylon, Malaya, Philippines.

2By XL. CELASTRACEA.

6. GYMNOSPORIA, Wight & Arn.

Shrubs or small trees often spinous. Leaves alternate, exstipulate.
Flowers small, greenish or yellow, in axillary solitary or fascicled cymes.
Calyx 4-5-fid or 4-5-partite. Petals 4-5, spreading. Stamens 4-d,
inserted on the margin of, or beneath the disk; anthers broadly didy-
mous. Disk broad, lobed or sinuate. Ovary usually with a broad base,
confluent with the disk, trigonal or pyramidal, 2-3-celled ; ovules 2 in
each cell; style short; stigmas 3. Capsule obovoid or rarely globose,
3-gonous, 2—3-celled, 1-4-seeded. Seeds with a perfect or imperfect aril
or “exarillate ; testa coriaceous ; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons foliaceous.—
Distr. Dry and hot parts of Asia, Africa, Australia, and Malaya; less
common in the Pacific and Mascarene Islands ; ; Species about 55,

Branches unarmed.
Cymes dichotomous, 1-2 in. long
Branches armed.
Cymes reduced to subsessile clusters from tubercles on the old
wood) :)ripe capsules brightred! 2 1p.. ser eeseesesaeeseeceessecnee 2. G. Rothiana.
Cymes axillary ; ripe capsules dark purple ................c0eceee 3. G. montana.

edaehenlect oss de velve Saaecnuanietecer l. G. puberula.

1. Gymnosporia puberula, Laws. in Hook. f. Fl. B. 1. vy. 1
(1875) p.619. A shrub; branches unarmed. Leaves 2-27 by 1-12in.,
obovate, acute or acuminate, serrate-crenate, reticulately veined, glabrous
or nearly so above, hispid on the nerves and veins. beneath, base tapering,
acute ; petioles oa in. long. Flowers in slender, dichotomous cymes
1-2 in. long, which are axillary or fascicled at: the ends of short
branches ;_ pedicels slender; bracts a acute. Calyx deeply
divided ; lobes suborbicular. Petals jy in. long, elliptic, obtuse. Fruit

1

obovoid, 3 in. long. Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 48.

Korxan: Law! Kanara: forests near the Ainshi Ghat (N. Kanara), ex Talbot.—
Distris. Apparently endemic in the Bombay Presidency.

2. Gymnosporia Rothiana, Laws. in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 1
(1875) p. 620. A large shrub, sometimes a small tree, usually armed
with long straight thorns. Leaves coriaceous, 3-43 by 13-22, broadly
obovate-cuneate, rounded or very shortly and tae acuminate at the
apex, crenulate, ‘dark green, glabrous and polished above, pale beneath,
reticulately veined, the veins not prominent on the indent petioles
3-2 in. long, stout. Flowers greenish-white, in short-peduncled or
subsessile cymes or fascicles from the tubercles of the older branches.
Calyx glabrous, divided nearly to the base; lobes broadly ovate or
triangular, with membranous ciliolate margins. Petals } in. long, ovate-
oblong, obtuse, the margin entire or faintly denticulate. Stamens
shorter than the petals ; filaments flattened, inserted below the 10-lobed
fleshy disk at alternate sinuses. Ovary glabrous; style stout, short,
subcylindric; stigmas 3, as long as the style, spreading. Capsules
3-lobed, bright red when ripe, the valves turning back in dehiscence
shewing their white inner surfaces. Seeds 6, ellipsoid, } in. long, with
a small basal aril, brownish-orange, smooth, shining. Talb. Trees, Bomb.
p. 48; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 270. Oclastesis
Rothiana, Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 159 ; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 47 and p. 318,
Celastrus emarginata, Grah. Cat. p. 39 (not of Roth).—Flowers: Apr.
June. Vern. Yenkli,

XL. CELASTRACER. De

Konkan: hills in the Konkan, common, Dalzell §& Gibson; Matheran, Kanitkar !
S. M. Counrry: Ramghat, Ritchie, 141! Deccan: Panchgani, Woodrow; Maha-
bleshwar, Cooke !, Graham. Kanara: War d!; Katgal (N. Kanara), Za/bot.—Disrx1.
Apparently endeinic.

3. Gymnosporia montana, Beith. I'l. Austr al, v. 1 (1863) p. 400.
A tall shrub or sometimes a small tree ; young branches often spinescent
at the extremiies and bearing leaves and flowers. Leaves turning very
pale in drying, coriaceous, about 14-2 by 2-14, variable in size and
shape, elliptic or obovate, usually rounded at the apex, entire or crenu-
late, tapering at the base into the petiole; petioles 2-3 in. long.
Flowers in axillary usually furcately-branched cymes ; peduncles ens
solitary or fascicled ; pedicels filiform, jointed below the middle ; bracts
small, lanceolate, acute. Cal yx-lobes broadly elliptic-oblong, rounded at
the apex, ciliate. Petals 3 in. long, elliptic-oblong. Filaments flattened
and dilated at the base. Disk fleshy, 10-lobed. Ovary glabrous,
orbieular ; style in the fertile flowers deeply 2-8-cleft. Capsules about
as large as a good-sized peppercorn or small pea, purple when ripe.
Seeds glabrous, chestnut-brown, rugose, arillate. I'l. B. I. v. 1, p. 621;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 48; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p. 270. Celastrus montana, Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. (1821) p. 154; Roxb. Fl.
Ind. v. 1, p. 620 ; Grah. Cat. p. 38 ; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 48. Celastrus senegal-
ensis, Lam. Eneye. ve Lip. 66l:; Bedd. hes Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. lxvi,
t. 10, fig. 2; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 239.—Flowers: Oct.
Vury. Hekel ; Mil-kénguni.

Konkan: Law!, Stocks! Deccan: hills near Alandi (Poona districts), Kanithar ! ;
Kamatki Ghat, abundant, Woodrow; Kartriz hills (Poona districts), Kanitkar!;
Dongergaon (near Ahmednagar), Cooke! ; Khandesh, Edgeworth! Gvsarat: Koodiana,
Daizell §& Gibson. Kanara: Sirsi, Hohenhacker, 7341 Stnp: Dalzell & Gibson.—

Distris. India (Central, South-western, and North-western parts); Afghanistan, Central
Africa, Malaya, Australia.

7. ELHODENDRON, Jacx. f.

Trees and shrubs, usually glabrous. Leaves opposite and alternate ;
stipules minute, caducous. Flowers in axillary cymes, small, sometimes
polygamous, usuilly white or green; peduncles solitary or fascicled.
Calyx 4-5-partite. Petals 4-5, spreading. Stamens 4-5, inserted
beneath the margin of the disk; filaments short, subulate; anthers
subglobose. Disk thick, 4-5-sinuate, -angled or lobed. Ovary pyra-
midal, confluent with the disk, usually 3-gonous, 2-5-celled; ovules 2 in
each cell ; style very short ; stigma 2—5-lobed. Drupes dry or succulent ;
stone 1-3-celled, cells 1- (rarely 2-) seeded. Seeds erect, exarillate ;
albumen fleshy; cotyledons flat.—Disrris. Tropical Asia, America and
Australia, 8. Afriza ; species 30.

1. Elzodendron glaucum, Pers. Syn. v. 1 (1805) p. 241. A
small tree. Leaves 21-6 by 1-2} in., extremely variable, elliptic, acute
or acuminate, often twisted at the apex, crenate-serrate or subentire,
glabrous, base acute or rounded; petioles 4-2 in. long. Flowers
numerous, in divaricate axillary or extra-axillary paniculate dichoto-
mously branched cymes; pedicels slender, glabrous; bracts smal], ovate,
acute. Calyx very deeply divided ; lobes unequal, orbicular, with
membranous margins. Petals + in. long, oblong, obtuse, distant.
Stamens much shorter than the petals; anthers roundish. Disk thick

234 XL. CELASTRACEE.

and fleshy. Drupes obovoid, 3-} in. long, apiculate. Fl. B. I. v. 1,
p. 623; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 49; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 270; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 207. Eleodendron
Roxburghii, W. & A. Prodr. p. 157; Grah. Cat. p. 88; Dalz. & Gibs.
p. 48.—Flowers: Feb.-Aug. Varn. Bhutkes; Tdémruj.

Konkan: Law!, Stocks! Duccan: Dapudi, near Poona, Woodrow!; Harishchan-
dragad, Graham; Sattara and Kamatki Ghats, Dalzell & Gibson; Peint taluka,
Woodrow; Bhimashankar, Gibson. S. M. Counrry: Belgaum, Ritchie, 1006!;
Duddi, Ritchie!; Padshapur, Ritchie!; Dharwar forests near Devilkope, Talbot.
Kanara; Ghats of N. Kanara; common in the Goond forests, Zallot,—Du1strir.
India (the hotter parts) ; Malaya.

8. HIPPOCRATEA, Linn.

Small trees or scandent shrubs. Leaves opposite, petioled, the petioles
articulated at the base; stipules caducous. Flowers in axillary (rarely
terminal) cymes or panicles, small, green or white. Calyx small, 5-
partite. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 3; filaments free or adnate to
the ovary, dilated at the base, recurved or reflexed at the apex ; anthers
didymous. Disk conical or cup-shaped. Ovary free or confluent with
the disk, 3-celled; ovules 2-6 in each cell; style short. Fruit of 1-3
distinct carpels, each 2-valved or indehiscent ; cells few-seeded. Seeds*
compressed, usually winged below, exarillate; albumen 0.—Disrris.
Tropical Asia, Australia, Africa, and America; species about 60.

Stvle overtopping the stamens; ripe carpels reaching 2 in. in
y 8 p Pp 8

SFY iq 8 figcpeodocare Shs: donuepaonSodont dogs ie coeaoseidosdgocadbncededbeses s00ds 1. H. obtusifolia.
Style shorter than the stamens.
Ripe carpels reaching + in. in length ; anthers subsessile ...... 2. H. Grahami.
Ripe carpels reaching 14 in. in length ; filaments longer than
HECYE TASTE dL ougcdedbeavosotbndocecobD ane oC TUNDcOTE UARonCanOaKE DpSacnd: 3. H. indica.

1. Hippocratea obtusifolia, Rovb. Fl. Ind. vy. 1 (1832) p. 166.
A climbing shrub; young parts glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, 3-5 by
13-2? in., elliptic, ovate or lanceolate, rounded, acute or very shortly
acuminate, entire or shailowly crenate-serrate, reticulately veined,
glabrous, base rounded or acute; petioles 3-7 in. long. Flowers in
axillary paniculate dichotomous cymes usually shorter than the leaves ;
buds conical. Calyx small, puberulous, deeply divided ; lobes triangular-
ovate. Petals } in. long, triangular, acute, subfleshy, puberulous out-
side, l-nerved. Stamens 3; filaments short, flat, broad. Style over-
topping the stamens, conical-subulate. Carpels 13-2 by 3-17 in.,
oblong-obovoid, compressed, emarginate, prominently nerved and veined,
4-6-seeded. Seeds 2 in. long, subfaleate, compressed, the funicle deve-
loping into a large membranous wing 3 by 3 in. at the base of the seed,
the funicle conspicuous in the middle of the wing. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 623;
Grah. Cat. p. 27; Wight, Icon. t. 963; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 275;

* After the opening of the flower, a fold is produced on the back of the ovary which
grows rapidly and attains a great size, compared with the rest of the ovary. he fold
is hollow and its cavity communicates with that of the cell, on the back of which it is
inserted. For a long time the cavity of the fold remains empty, but a short time
before maturity the funicle which supports each ovule elongates greatly, and forces
the ovule to pass out of the cell and into the fold. See Payer, Organog. Comp. p. 163,
t. 39,

“a

XL. CELASTRACE®, 230

Losener in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 5, p. 227, Ae. 130, E-G;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 49; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p- 270.—Flowers: Jan. VERN. Daushir.

Not common. Konkan: Stocks!, Dalzell!, Talbot. Duccan: Lanoli Grove and
Khandala, Graham; about Pdr, Graham. Kanara: Ainshi (N. Kanara), Talbot.—

Disrris. India (EH. & W. Peninsulas); Ceylon, Malaya, China, Australia, Tropical
Africa.

2. Hippocratea Grahami, Wight, Jil. v. 1 (1840) p. 134. A
clinbing glabrous shrub. Leaves coriaceous, entire, 24-5 by 13-23,
ovate-elliptic, acute or subacuminate; petioles 7 in. long. Flewers
white, in dense branched panicles longer than the leaves; buds globose ;
peduncles several, crowded towards the euds of the branches ; bracts
minute, lanceolate. Calyx divided to the base or oe so; lobes orbi-
cular, with laciniate or cillute margins. Petals =,-4 in. long, oblong,
membranous. Anthers subsessile. Style shorter than the stamens.
Carpels linear-oblong, reaching nearly 4 in. long, striate, rounded
and emarginate at the apex. Seeds about 1 in. long, ovoid-oblong ;
basal wing 14 by 3, the funicle conspicuous in its centre. FI. B. I.
aA, p: 624; Wight, Icon. t. 380; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 82; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. p- 49; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1897) p. 270.—
Flowers : Jan.—Apr. VERN. Lokandi; Yesti.

Konkan: Law!; common at Matheran, H. M. Birdwood. Dxrccan: Phunda Ghat,
Ritchie, 1651! 8. M. Country: near Dharwar, Hohenkacker, 754! Kanara: Katgal
(N. Kanara), Talbot !—Disrris. India (W. Peninsula).

3. Hippocratea indica, Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 1 (1797) p. 193. A
climbing shrub; young parts glabrous. Leaves opposite, 13-3 by 3-
13 in., elliptic, usually bluntly acuminate, pale, glabrous, finely serrate,
tapering at the base; petioles 3-3 in. long. Flowers yellow, minute ;
cymes corymbosely branched, paniculate, shorter than the leaves, in
opposite leaf-axils ; buds oblong or obovoid; bracts small, ovate, acute.
Calyx glabrous ; lobes triangular-ovate. Petals py in. long, subfleshy,
elliptic-oblong, acute; filaments longer than the anthers. Style shorter
than the stamens. Carpels ellipsoid, 1-13 by 2-3, ed at the apex,
not emarginate, striate. Seeds 53; in. long ; basal wing ? by 2 in., with
conspicuous funicle in its middle. FI. B. Lv. up. Cade: Roxb. Cor.
Pl. v. 2, p. 16, t. 180; Grab. Cat. p. 27; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 32; Trim.
Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 276; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 49; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 270.—Flowers: Apr. Vurn. Kazurdtt ;
Turrulr.

Konkan: moist forests, Zadhot ; along the Ghits, pretty common, Dalzell § Gibson.
Duccan: banks of the Koina river above Par bridge, Graham. Kanara: Divimana,
Woodrow!; moist forests of N. Kanara, Ya/bot.—Dtistris. India (hotter parts) ;
Ceylon, Malaya, Africa.

9. SALACTIA, Linn.

Scandent or sarmentose shrubs or small trees. Leaves usually oppo-
site, petioled, coriaceous, shining above, exstipulate. Flowers small,
axillary or extra-axillary, fascicled or cymose, rarely solitary or 2-nate.
Calyx small, 5-partite. Petals 5, spreading, imbricate. Stamens 3
(very rarely 2 or 4), inserted on the disk, free or connate with the
ovary; filaments conniving at the apex, recurved; anthers small, de-

236 XL. CELASTRACER.

hiscing extrorsely (on account of the recurved filaments), adnate, 2-celled,
lobes divaricating at the base. Disk thick, sinuate. Ovary sunk in the
disk, conical, 3-celled; ovules 2,4 or more in each cell, affixed to the
axis, 1- or 2-seriate ; style usually very short ; stigma simple or 3-lobed.
Fruit baccate, edible, 1-3-celled ; cells 1-4-seeded ; rind coriaceous or
subwoody; pulp mucilaginous. Seeds large, angular; testa rather
thick, coriaceous or fibrous ; cotyledons thick, usually conferruminate.—
Distris. Tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, and America ;
species about 130.

Flowers from axillary or extra-axillary tubercles.
Flowers few.

WG Warsi s.emacas secs Senate rs esesecusesme casemate sapideerauisiciewaoars 1. 8. prinoides.
PTO WOES Hla or ct vieeade ces cscs eset a ncenes oeas trie kinaew earns ote canoes 2. S. Brunoniana.
IB OWESAUMETOUS!” seds.tslcgeaccacdvasche nee ecece wee ner emma eat teeneea 3. S. macrosperma.

Flowers in short-peduncled cymes, not from axillary tubercles. 4. 8. oblonga.

1. Salacia prinoides, DC. Prodr. v. 1 (1824) p. 571. A large
straggling or climbing shrub ; branches divaricate ; young twigs angular,
glabrous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, 17-33 by 1-13 in., elliptic-oblong,
shortly acuminate, subobtuse, crenate-serrate or entire, glabrous, base
acute; petioles 34-7 in. long. Flowers yeilow, 4 in. in diam., 3-6
(rarely more), from small tubercles in the axils of the leaves or from
the smaller branches below the leaves; pedicels slender, 4-3 in. long.
Calyx cupular, persistent ; lobes 5, rounded, concave, pubescent outside,
ciliate. Petals much larger than the calyx-lobes, oblong or cbovate,
clawed, rounded at the apex and with membranous margins. Disk
convex, fleshy. Stamens 3 from the face of the disk, inserted at a little
distance from the ovary; filaments narrow, flat, erect ; anthers small,
transversely oblong, 2-celled. Ovary conical, trigonous. Fruit 3 in.
in diam., subglobose, minutely apiculate, fleshy, red when ripe, 1-celled,
I-seeded. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 626; Grah. Cat. p. 27; Dalz. & Gibst
p. 33; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 276; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 50; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p.270.—Flowers: Dec.—Feb. Vern.
Nisul-bondi.

Konkan: Stocks!, Law!; Atgaon, Woodrow!; Malhar and Amboli (Salsette),
Nimmo ex Graham; Wari Country, not common, Dalzell § Gibson. Drccan: Khan-
dala, Graham; Phunda Ghat, Ritchie, 1603! 8. M. Country: Parva Ghat (Belgaum
districts), Ritchie, 1652! Kanara: near Sirsi, Hohenhacker, 749!; Dehalli (N.
Kanara), Talbot ex Woodrow.

The scandent form is often found on river-banks in N. Kanara (Kala naddi, &e.),
the erect shrubby form is abundant in the evergreen forests of the 8S. Ghats of N.
Kanara, Zalbot.—Disrrip. India (Silhet, Khasia mountains, and the E. & W.
Peninsulas) ; Ceylon, Java, Philippines.

2. Salacia Brunoniana, Wight § Arn. Prodr, (1834) p. 105. A
scandent shrub(?); branches terete. Leaves coriaceous, oblong or
elliptic, acuminate, subobtuse, minutely serrate, glabrous, base acute ;
petioles 7 in. long. Flowers few (1-2), from an axillary tubercle ;
pedicels about equalling the petioles. Calyx with 5 short blunt teeth.
Petals ovate from a broad base, sessile, coriaceous, with incurved margins
(when dried), entire, somewhat persistent. ‘Torus cup-shaped, thick
and fleshy, at first nearly enclosing the ovary. Stamens short, from
the inner side of the torus. Ovules 2, superposed. Fl. B. I. v. 1,

XL. CELASTRACER. DON

p. 626; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 33; Taib. Trees, Bomb. p. 50; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 270.

This has been included on the authority of Dalzell § Gibson (Bo. Fl. p. 33), who
give its habitat as Rameghat (S. WM. Country), but there is no specimen from that
locality in Dalzell’s Herbarium in Herb. Kew., and the plant does not seem to have
been found by any other collector. There is but one specimen in Herb. Kew. which
is from Wight’s Herbarium, and this specimen is destitute of fruit and has but a
single flower on it. The description above is taken from Wight § Arnott, Prodr, 1. ¢.
Weodrow § Talbot simply quote Dulzell § Gibson. F

3. Salacia macrosperma, Wight, Icon. t.962. A scandent shrub;
branches not lenticellate. Leaves coriaceous, 34-5 by 14-2 in., elliptic-
oblong, acuminate, subobtuse, entire, glabrous, cuneate at the base ;
petioles 7-1 in. long. Flowers in dense fascicles from axillary or extra-
axillury tubercles. Calyx-lobes much shorter than the petals, oblong,
fringed with rust-colored hairs. Petals elliptic-oblong, ;4, in. long.
Disk convex, slightly depressed in the centre, margined at the edge.
Stamens inserted close to the ovary ; filaments very short, broad. Ovary
almost entirely sunk in the disk; style very short. Fruit 1 in. in
diam., globose, verrucose, orange when ripe. Fl. B. IL. v. 1, p. 628;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 50; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p. 270. S. Rowburghit (?), Dalz. & Gibs. p. 33.—Flowers: Jan.

Konkan: N. & S. Konkan, Law! S. M. Counrry: Ramghat, Ritchie, 99!
Kanara: Gihson!; Yacombi (N. Kanara), Woodrow!; Ainshi Ghat, Talbot !—Distrip.
India (W. Peninsula).

4. Salacia oblonga, Wall. Cat. (1828) 4226. A scandent shrub ;
young parts glabrous ; branches lenticellate. Leaves numerous, 3-6 by
11-2 in., elliptic-oblong, rounded or sometimes obtusely acuminate at
the ap x, crenate-serrate, glabrous, tapering into the petiole, prominently
reticulately veined beneath; petioles + in. long, rugose. Flowers
greenish-yellow, axillary, usually 3 together, with or without a short
common peduncle. Calyx persistent, glabrous outside, deeply divided ;
lobes orbicular, finely ciliate, about half as long as the petals. Petals
lin. long, oblong, rounded at the apex, spreading. Stamens inserted
on the disk close up to the ovary ; filaments erect, dilated at the base,
the triangular dilated base embracing the ovary ; anthers suborbicular-
oblong, 2-celled. Ovary about half immersed in the disk, conical, at-
tenuated into the style which is slightly shorter than the stamens.
Fruit reaching 2 in. in diam., globose or somewhat pyriform, orange
when ripe. Seeds 1-8, angular, large, immersed in pulp. FI. B. I.
wei p. 628; Wight, Ill. t.47,8; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 33; Trim. Fl.
Ceyl. v. 1, p. 277; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 50; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 270.—Flowers: Dec.—Feb.

Konkan: N. & S. Konkan, Zaw! S. M. Country: Chorla Ghat, Da/zell § Gibson,

Kanara: evergreen forests of the N. Kanara Ghats from Ainshi southwards, Talbot ;
Ainshi Ghat, Za/bot, 1378 !—Disrris. India (W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon.

Orpver XLI. RHAMNACEZ.

Trees or shrubs, erect or scandent; branches sometimes spinescent,
sometimes climbing by their extremity which is bare of leaves (Gouania).
Leaves alternate (opposite in Scutia and Sageretia), usually coriaceous ;

938 XLI. RHAMNACER.

stipules small or 0, sometimes transformed into prickles. Flowers
hermaphrodite or polygamous, small, greenish, usually axillary, solitary
or variously fascicled. Calyx 4-5-fid; lobes shortly triangular, erect
or recurved, usually keeled within, valvate. Petals 4-5 (rarely 0), in-
serted on the throat of the calyx-tube, usually less than its lobes, cucul-
late or involute, sessile or clawed. Stamens 4-5, opposite to and inserted
with the petals, often enclosed within their folds; anthers versatile,
2-celled, sometimes ovoid and dehiscing longitudinally, sometimes reni-
form and 1-celled, by the confluence of the cells at top, and opening
into 2 valves by an arched slit. Disk fleshy and filling the calyx-tube,
or thin and lining it, entire or lobed. Ovary sessile, free or immersed
in the disk, wholly free from, or more or less adnate to the calyx-tube,
3- (rarely 2-4-) celled; ovule 1 (rarely 2) in each cell, erect, anatropous ;
raphe dorsal; style erect, short, usually 2-4-fid. Fruit superior or
interior, 8- (more rarely 1—4-) celled, capsular and often winged, or
drupaceous. Seeds with fleshy albumen (rarely exalbuminous); embryo
large, straight; cotyledons flat, fleshy.—Distris. Warm regions and
tropics of both hemispheres ; genera 37; species about 420.

Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1-celled ; ovary 3-inferior .............::0eeees 1. VuntTiLaao.
Fruit drupaceous ; stone 1-4-celled ; ovary d-inferior ............... 2. ZizyPHus.
Fruit baceate ; pyrenes 2-4; ovary superior.
Distthin linn iphe callyx-fulbe prcssctesrcce ecards eecnasseees 3. Ruamnus.
Disk fleshy, filling the calyx-tube.
Flowers pedicelled, in axillary umbels .............4. een 4. Scurta.
Flowers sessile, in long spicate panicles... ..... ......seeeeees 5. SAGERETIA.
Fruit capsular.
Fruit globose ; ovary }-inferior «,.2.....--.sssseservveeeseenetsseoee 6. CoLuBrina.
Fruit boldly angled ; ovary quite inferior.............cscesseeeeeees 7. Gouania.

1. VENTILAGO, Gerin.

Scandent shrubs. Leaves subdistichous, alternate, petioled ; stipules
very minute, caducous. Flowers small, in terminal and axillary panicles
(rarely fascicles). Calyx 5-fid; tube obconic ; lobes spreading, acute,
keeled within. Petals 5, deltoid or obcordate, cucullate, involute.
Stamens 5, adnate to the base of the petals and a little longer than
them. Disk 5-gonous, naked or pubescent, its margin free. Ovary
immersed in the disk, subglobose, 2-celled; style very short, compressed ;
stigmas 2, short. Ripe fruit subglobose, 1-celled, 1-seeded, surrounded
at its base or middle by the adherent calyx-tube, the fruit prolonged
into a linear or linear-oblong coriaceous apical wing. Seed subglobose,
exalbuminous.—Disrris. Tropics ; species about 16.

Flowers in terminal panicles,

Nut girt at the base by the persistent calyx ...........:00008 1. V. madraspatana,
Nut girt round the middle by the persistent calyx............ 2. V. calyculata.
Flowers in axillary fascicles ......:....sccsccsvessscesenerseserseesens 3. V. hombaiensis.

1. Ventilago madraspatana, Gwrin. Fruct. v. 1 (1788) p. 223,
t. 49, fig. 2. A large much-branched woody climber; young branches
and panicles pubescent. Leaves 2-4 by 1-13 in., oblong-lanceolate or
elliptic-ovate, subacute, entire or more or less crenate, glabrous above,
glabrous or puberulous beneath, base rounded or acute; main nerves
4-8 pairs, alternate, ascending; petioles }-$ in. long; stipules small,
subulate. Flowers greenish, with an offensive odor, 3 in. in diam.,

XLI. RHAMNACES. 239

in large spreading and drooping leafless pubescent terminal panicles ;
buds 5-angled; pedicels very short. Calyx pubescent or puberulous
outside, glabesvent within; lobes erect, triangular, very acute, keeled on
the inner face and with a hard incurved point at the apex within.
Petals much smaller than the calyx-lobes, enveloping the stamens and
shorter than them. Disk softly pubescent. Ovary pubescent; styles
more or less divergent. Nuts about + in. in diam., yellowish, globular,
supported by the persistent calyx which forms a flat disk at the base of
the fruit; wing 15-2 in. long by 4—? in. broad, linear-oblong, 1-nerved,
rounded at the apex and terminated by the remains of the bifid style.
Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 631; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 48; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 51 ;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 271; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 227. V. maderaspatana, Wight, Icon. t. 163;
Grah. Cat. p. 40; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 279.—Flowers: Dec.—Jan.
Vern. Lokandi; Kdnvel.

Konkan: Stocks!; common at Matheran, H. M. Birdwood; 23 miles east of
Ratnagiri, Woodrow. Deccan: Khandala, Dalzell § Gibson, Graham; Lanoli Grove,
Graham. §.M. Country: Ramghat, Ritchie, 1685!; Padshapur, Dr. Lush.—Disrure.
India (W. Peninsula, Tenasserim) ; Ceylon.

The root bark produces a valuable dye which is well adapted for ¢asar silk. See
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. e.

2. Ventilago calyculata, Vulasne in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4, v. 8
(1857) p. 124. An extensive climber. Leaves 2-53 by 1-24 in.,
elliptic-oblong, subacute, crenate-serrate, pubescent: when young (especi-
ally the lower surface), base oblique, rounded or acute; nerves 4—6 pairs ;
petioles + in. long. Flowers with an offensive odor, numerous, greenish,
in densely pubescent paniculate spikes. Ovary pubescent. Fruit 14-
2 in. long (including the wing), girt about the middle by the persistent
calyx ; wing pubescent, 3 in. broad, rounded at the apex, terminated by
the remains of the bifid style. FI]. B. I. v. 1, p. 631; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
p- 51; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb, Nat. y. 11 (1897) p. 271 ; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 226.

Konkan, Law!, Stocks!; in deciduous forests, Tu/bot. 8. M. Country: Belgaum
Ghats, Ritchie!; Dharwar, Woodrow; Badami, Bhiva! Kanara: Yellapur (N. Kanara),
Woodrow.— Disrris. India (throughout the hotter parts); Java.

3. Ventilago bombaiensis, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Jowrn. Bot. v. 3
(1851) p. 86. Branches, petioles and inflorescence fulvous-pubescent.
Leaves 3-4 by 1-13 in., lanceolate, acute or subacuminate, crenate (the
crenatures with callous points), glabrous, shining, base oblique, acute ;
main nerves 3-4 (rarely 5) pairs, furnished with rufous-villous glands
in the axils; petioles 4 in. long; stipules subulate. Flowers (15-20),
fascicled in the axils of the leaves; pedicels shorter than the petioles,
fulvous-pubescent. Calyx strongly fulvous-pubescent outside, cleft about
half way down ; lobes triangular, very conspicuously keeled on the inner
face. Petals truncate at the apex, cuneate at the base, shorter than the
stamens. Disk filling the calyx-tube. Filaments flattened; anthers
subglobose, enveloped by the petals; connective shortly excurrent.
Ovary sunk in the disk, 2-celled ; ovule 1 in each cell; style bifid, fleshy,
slightly recurved at the apex. Fruit not seen. FI. B. Lv. 1, p. 631;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 48; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb, Nat. y. 11 (1897) p. 271.
—Flowers: Feb.

240 XLI, RHAMNACES.

In the absence of fruit it is impossible to determine this plant with certainty.
Bentham (Journ. Linn, Soe. vy. 5 [1861] p. 77) says that he suspects Dalzell’s specimens
to be sile-shoots from V. calyculata with the inflorescence abnormally axillary. The
shape and nervation of the leaves are, however, opposed to this view. In addition to
the specimens obtained by Dalzell from Chorla Ghat, there is one other specimen in
Herb. Kew. marked “ Konkan, Stocks,” while I have in my own Herbarium 4 good
specimens, in full flower, collected from Devimana Ghat (N. Kanara) in the month of
February. Unfortunately none of these specimens are in fruit. Woodrow in his list
of Bombay plants (1. ¢.) gives Tinai (N. Kanara) as a habitat of the plant, while
Mr. Talbot (Trees, Bomb. p. 51) says he has no knowledge whatever of it. Beddome
(Icon. t. 114) fignres a plant which he has named Zizyphus wynadensis, but of which no
specimens exist either at Kew or in the British Museum, The figure exactly represents
this plant. In the Index to his Icon. (p. ii), Beddome withdraws the name Zizyphus
wynadensis in favor of Ventilago bombaiensis, Dalz. The general appearance of the
plant is in favor of its being a Ventilago rather than a Zizyphus. No fruit has been
figured by Beddome, but he describes the plant as a /ofty tree, while Dalzell allows it
to be inferred that it is (as are all the species of Ventilago) a climber. Lawson in
Hook. f. Fl. B. Lv. 1, p. 631 & p. 683, retains both plants under the same citation
from Bedd. Icon. One of these must of course disappear.—Local botanists would
render a service by obtaining the fruit and so clearing up the question.—Distris.
Apparently endemic.

2. ZIZYPHUS, Juss.

Trees or shrubs often decumbent or sarmentose, usually armed with
sharp straight or hooked thorns (transformed stipules). Leaves sub-
distichous, alternate, 3-5-nerved, usually coriaceous. Flowers axillary,
fascicled or in sessile or peduncled cymes, small, greenish. Calyx 5-fid ;
tube broadly obeconic; lobes triangular-ovate, acute, spreading, keeled
within. Petals 5 (rarely 0), cucullate, deflexed. Disk 5-10-lobed, flat
or pitted, the margin free. Stamens 5, enclosed by the petals and longer
than them. Ovary immersed in the disk and confluent with it at the
base, 2—4-celled ; styles 2-3, conical, free or connate, divergent; stigmas
small, papillose. Drupe globose or oblong, with a woody or bony 1-4-
celled 1—4-seeded stone. Seed plano-convex; albumen 0 or scanty ;
cotyledons thick; radicle short.—D1srris. Tropical Asia and America
and in temperate regions of both hemispheres ; species about 60.

Petals 5.
Styles connate to the middle.
Fruit exceeding 4 in. in diam.; leaves tomentose beneath... 1. Z. Jwjuba.
Fruit under 3 in. in diam.
Leaves glabrous ......cccseeeeeseeeeeneeeeeeeesea essa eeseeeeneees 2. Z. trinervia,
Leaves tomentose on both sides ............ceeeeseeseeceneees 3. Z. rotundifolia.
Leaves clothed with silky hairs beneath .................0+5 4. Z, Enoplia.
Styles distinct or nearly so.
Fruit 3-1 im. im diam. ......ceeeeeeeeeeeeeee essen eeeeeneeeeeneeeees 5. Z. xylopyra.
Fruit $-§ im. im diam. oe... eeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeee enue es 6. Z. horrida,
Patals Ow cevaelsecdceasecmerena Mua ee tc ciomcte eerie tina Weoameis andre mys secens 7. Z. rugosa.

1. Zizyphus Jujuba, Lamk. Encye. v. 3 (1789) p. 318. A small
much-branched tree or large shrub; young branches softly pubescent.
Leaves 1-23 by $-1} in., bifarious, ovate-elliptic, rounded at both ends,
slightly inequilateral at the base, faintly and irregularly denticulate,
slabrous above, covered beneath with a dense whitish or buff tomentum,
strongly 3-nerved from the base ; petioles j-} in. long; prickles solitary
or in pairs, when twin i often straight, the other bent. Flowers
greenish-yellow, in small axillary clusters or short-peduncled axillary
eymes. Calyx pubescent or woolly outside, glabrous within, cleft about
half way down; lobes triangular, prominently keeled on the inner face

XLI, RHAMNACE, orl

for about half their length. Petals cucullate, rounded at the apex,
deflexed with the stamens between the calyx-lobes ; pedicels short, hairy.
Stamens enclosed in the petals, but not exserted beyond them ; filaments
yi; in. long, slightly dilated at the base. Disk with 10 grooved lobes.
Ovary about half sunk in the disk, ovoid; styles 2, connate for about
half their length. Drupes edible, 3-3 in. in diam., globose, fleshy,
smooth, yellow or orange when ripe; stone 1-2-celled. Fl. B. I. v. 1,
p- 632; Grah. Cat. p.39; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 49 ; Weberbauer, in Engl. &
Prantl, PAanzenf. v. 3, part 5, p. 403, fig. 198, a-p; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
p- 52; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 271; Watt, Dict.

. ae peat — Fs Din

Dann Dard y,

van’
the
nd;
TD
“ C6
fgh
hi!
3
5 J
A SrncE the note on page 240 res
ini, 1 have been fortunate enough t

ge; College of Science at Poona,

ten

ie the Herbarium Keeper in that College.
that the plant is a Ventilago and not a Zizyphus.
climber by Mr. Bhide.

zigzag ; bark light-colored. Leaves 3-2 in., orbicular or ovate, spmnous-
dentate, clothed beneath with a whitish or buff tomentum, less densely
tomentose above; petioles 3-} in. long, tomentose; stipular thorns
usually in pairs, one straight, sharp and slender, nearly as long as the
leaf, the other short, hooked. Flowers in axillary sessile pubescent
cymes ; buds globose; pedicels short. Calyx pubescent outside, cleft
about half way down ; lobes triangular-ovate, keeled on the inner face
for about half their length. Petals cuneate, rounded or truncate at the
apex, longer than the stamens. Filaments deflexed together with the
enclosing petals. Disk 10-lobed, with a pit opposite to each lobe.
Ovary 2-celled; styles 2, united to above the middle. Drupes globose,
3 in. in diam., glabrous, red when ripe, edible. Zizyphus nummularia,
R

pecting Ventilago bombaiensis was in type,
0 receive from Professor Gammie, of the

two specimens of the plant which wer
ly collected, one at Devimana and the other at Castlerock, by Mr Bhide,

¥ The fruit on the specimens is immature, but still sufficient to show

It is described as a

240 XLI, RHAMNACE.

In the absence of fruit it is impossible to determine this plant with certainty.
Bentham (Journ. Linn, Soe. vy. 5 [1861] p. 77) says that he suspects Dalzell’s specimens
to be sile-shoots from V. calycu/ata with the inflorescence abnormally axillary. The
shape and nervation of the leaves are, however, opposed to this view. In addition to
the specimens obtained by Dalzell from Chorla Ghat, there is one other specimen in
Herb. Kew. marked “ Konkan, Stocks,” while I have in my own Herbarium 4 good
specimens, in full flower, collected from Devimana Ghat (N. Kanara) in the month of
February. Unfortunately none of these specimens are in fruit. Woodrow in his list

£ Rombay plants (1. ¢.) gives Tinai (N. Kanara) as a habitat of the plant, while
™ ~-> Bomb. p. 51) says he has no knowledge whatever of it. Beddome

‘teh he has named Zizyphus wynadensis, but of which no

~"+ Museum. The figure exactly represents

““aAwaws the name Zizyphus

Leaves v--
Styles distinct or nearly sv.
Fruit $-1 in. in diam. ...........seeseeeeeee
Fruit $-§ im. in diam. .........seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesen esse esenees
27-170 [610 RR instr senaue rane nenor cen obad Paar pooner quboc bas 1, Livery

1. Zizyphus Jujuba, Lamb. Encyc. vy. 3 (1789) p. 318. A small
much-branched tree or large shrub; young branches softly pubescent.
Leaves 1-24 by $-12 in., bifarious, ovate-elliptic, rounded at both ends,
slightly inequilateral at the base, faintly and irregularly denticulate,
slabrous above, covered beneath with a dense whitish or buff tomentum,
strongly 3-nerved from the base ; petioles {-} in. long; prickles solitary
or in pairs, when twin i often straight, the other bent. Flowers
greenish-yellow, in small axillary clusters or short-peduncled axillary
eymes. Calyx pubescent or woolly outside, glabrous within, cleft about
half way down; lobes triangular, prominently keeled on the inner face

XLI, RHAMNACEA, at

for about half their length. Petals cucullate, rounded at the apex,
deflexed with the stamens between the calyx-lobes ; pedicels short, hairy.
Stamens enclosed in the petals, but not exserted beyond them ; filaments
tz in. long, slightly dilated at the base. Disk with 10 grooved lobes.
Ovary about half sunk in the disk, ovoid; styles 2, connate for about
half their length. Drupes edible, 4-3 in. in diam., globose, fleshy,
smooth, yellow or orange when ripe; stone 1-2-celled. Fl. B. I. v. 1,
p. 632; Grah. Cat. p.39; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 49; Weberbauer, in Engl. &
Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 5, p. 403, fig. 198, a-p; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
p- 52; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 271; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 367.—Flowers: Sept.-Oct. Vurn. Bor; Ber.

Not abundant in a truly wild state, but plentiful near sites of former villages
throughout the Presidency. —Dr. Gibson (fide Graham 1. c.) states that it is abund: unt
in the Khandesh jungles, particularly towards the Tapti. It is extensively cultivated
throughout India for its edible fruit and for its timber, which, though small, is much

valued for certain purposes. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ¢.—Distre. Throughout
India; Afghanistan, Ceylon, Ohina, Australia, Africa.

2. Zizyphus trinervia, Rovb. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 17 (not of
Poir.); #l. Ind. v. 1, p. 606. A small unarmed tree. Leaves 1-3 by
%-11 in., elliptic, subobtuse, often mucronate, serrate (the serratures
Sith short callous points), prominently 3-nerved from the base, glabrous,
shining, base more or less oblique, rounded or subacute ; petioles 2 > ils
long; stipules filiform, caducous. Flowers greenish-yellow, in axillary
peduncled cymes scarcely } in. long. Calyx finely pubescent outside ;
lobes triangular, keeled within, deflexed. Petals small, shorter than the
recurved stamens, obtriangular, cuneate. Disk 10-lobed, not grooved.
Filaments flattened. Ovary 2-celled; styles 2, united to the middle.
Fruit 2 in. in diam., globose or obovoid, somewhat rugose, 1—2-celled,
yellow when ripe. Z. trinervius, var. glabratus, Heyne, in Roth, Nov. Sp.
(1821) p. 159. Z. glabrata, Wight, Icon. t. 282; Laws. in Hook. f.
Fl. B. I. v.1, p. 633 ; Woodr. in Tourn. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 271;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 367.—Flowers : Nov.—Dec.

Gusarat: Surat, Woodrom; Ahmedabad, Cooke!, Woodrow.

This species was named “a trinervia by Rowhurgh (Hort. Beng. p. 17) in 1814, and
Wallich (Roxb. Fl. Ind. v. 2 [1824] p. 354) after a comparison df Roxburgh’s plant
with that named Z. glabr ae by Heyne (Roth, Nov. Sp. [1521] p. 159), found them to

be identical, The older name given by Roxburgh is therefore retained.—Disrris.
India (E. Bengal, Bhotan, W. Peninsula).

3. Zizyphus rotundifolia, Lamk. Encyc. v.3 (1789) p. 319. A
small shrub branched from near the root; branches divaricate, slender,
zigzag ; bark light-colored. Leaves 3-# in., orbicular or ovate, spinous-
dentate, clothed beneath with a whitish or buff tomentum, less densely

tomentose above; petioles 3-1 in. long, tomentose; stipular thorns

usually in pairs, one straight, sharp and slender, nearly as long as the
leaf, the other short, hooked. Flowers in axillary sessile pubescent
cymes ; buds globose; pedicels short. Calyx pubescent outside, cleft
about half way down ; lobes triangular-ovate, keeled on the inner face
for about half their length. Petals cuneate, rounded or truncate at the
apex, longer than the stamens. Filaments deflexed together with the
enclosing petals. Disk 10-lobed, with a pit opposite to each lobe.
Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2, united to above the middle. Drupes globose,
3 in. in diam., glabrous, red when ripe, edible. Zizyphus numnularia,
R

242 XLI. RHAMNACES.

DC. Prodr. v. 2 (1825) p. 21 (in syn.); W. & A. Prodr, (1884) p. 1625
F). B. I. v. 1, p. 633; Grah. Cat. p. 247; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 49; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. p. 52; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 271;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 370.—Flowers: Oct.—Dee.
Vern. Jangra; Gangr.

Very common in Gujarat, where it is often very troublesome to sportsmen from its
hooked thorns. Gusarart: Broach, Woodrow! Porbandar (Kathiawar), Cooke !
M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie, 211!—Disreis. India (Punjab, W. Peninsula);

ersia,

The fruit has a pleasant acid flavor and is eaten during times of scarcity. See
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ec.

4. Zizyphus Ginoplia, Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8 (1768) n. 3. A
straggling shrub often semi-scandent by its prickles; young branches
rusty-tomentose. Leaves numerous, distichous, 1-23 by }-1 in., ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, acute or subacuminate, with pubescent or tomentose
tips, minutely denticulate, glabrous or pubescent above, densely silky
with appressed rufous hairs beneath, base very oblique; main basal nerves
usually 3, with numerous ascending branches, the lowest branch on the
large side of the leaf starting almost, but usually not quite, from the
base; petioles 1-} in. long; stipular prickle 1, stout, short, hooked,
pubescent except the tip. Flowers 12-20, in subsessile pubescent pani-
culate cymes which are slightly longer than the petioles. Calyx hairy
outside; lobes ovate, acute, keeled to the middle or a little below it.
Petals obovate, cuneate, shorter than the calyx-lobes, exceeding the
stamens. Disk with 10 short deeply pitted lobes, glabrous. Styles
united almost to the apex. Drupe edible, + in. in diam., globose or
obovoid, 1- (rarely 2-) celled, black, shining ; pulp scanty ; stone woody
or bony. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 634; Grah. Cat. p.39; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 49 ;
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 280; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 52; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 271; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6,
part 4, p. 371.—Flowers: Aug.—Sept. Vern. Burgi.

Konxan: Graham, Dalzell & Gibson; in moist forests, Talbot. Duccan: Dalzell &
Gibson. 8.M. Country: Belgaum jungles, Pitchie, 1382!; Badami, Cooke!; Dharwar,

Woodrow! Kanara: in moist forests of N. Kanara, Zalbot; Kala naddi, Ritchie,
152!—Disrrie. Throughout the hotter parts of India; Tropical Asia, Australia,

5. Zizyphus xylopyra, Willd. Sp. Pl. v.1 (1797) p. 1104. A
straggling shrub, or in favorable situations, a tree; branches armed or not,
covered when young witha short grey tomentum. Leaves 13-3 in. long,
elliptic-oblong or suborbicular, crenate-serrate, often mucronate, glabrous
above, covered with white or yellowish tomentum beneath, very oblique
and sometimes cordate at the base ; petioles } in. long; stipular prickles
frequently absent (when present, twin, one straight, the other curved).
Flowers sometimes 4-merous, in small dense pubescent paniculate cymes ;
peduncles + in. long; pedicels short. Calyx pubescent outside ; lobes
ovate, acute or acuminate, keeled about half way down. Petals spathu-
late, with long claws. Disk thin, 5-angled. Ovary 3- (rarely 2-)
celled; styles 3 or 2, distinct or nearly so. Fruit hard and woody,
3-1 in. in diam., globose, covered with close dense grey tomentum ;
stone large, very thick and hard, 2-8-celled, 2-3-seeded. Fl. B. I. v. 1,
p. 634; Grah. Cat. p. 39; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 49; Trim. FI. Ceyl. vy. 1,
p. 282; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 271: Watt,

XLI. RHAMNACE. 943

Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 374.—Flowers: May-July. Very.
Gute.

Konkan: Law!, Stocks!; the Ghats pretty common, Graham; Matheran near
Garbat Point, C. Macnaghten!; Hart Point, H. M. Birdwood. Dsaccan: Bowdhan,
near Poona, Cooke!, Woodrow!; Lanoli, Woodrow! S. M. Country: near Belgaum,
Ritchie! Kanara: in moist forests growing to a tree, a straggling shrub in drier parts
of the Presidency, Talbot; Kala naddi, Ritchie, 138!—Disrris. India (N.W. Prov.,
Oude, Rajputana, W. Peninsula); Ceylon.

6. Zizyphus horrida, [oth, Nov. Pl. Sp. (1821) p. 159. A shrub
with slender divaricate branches. Leaves 2-11 by 3-1 in., broadly
elliptic or suborbicular, often mucronate, crenate, glabrous; petioles
3-1 in. long; stipular prickles from broad triangular bases, twin, one
straight and the other hooked, 4-} in. long, glabrous, shining, hard and
sharp. Flowers in dense much-branched pubescent cymes; peduncles
stout, + in. long; pedicels shorter than the peduncles. Calyx pubescent
outside ; lobes ovate, acuminate, keeled about half way down. Petals
broadly obovate with a very long claw. Disk 5-angled, not pitted.
Styles 3, distinct or nearly so. Fruit }-2 in. in diam., globose, woody,
3-celled, 3-seeded. FI. B. I. vy. 1, p. 636; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 52.

Konkan: Stocks!

I have seen only one Bombay specimen which is in Herb. Kew. marked as above,
without more precise information as to locality. —Distris. India (W. Peninsula).

7. Zizyphus rugosa, Lamk. Encyc. v. 3 (1789) p. 319. A large
straggling armed shrub sometimes climbing; young branches clothed
with fulvous tomentum. Leaves 2-5 in. long, broadly elliptic, shortly
acuminate, denticulate, glabrous above, fulvous-tomentose beneath, base
oblique, often cordate; petioles 4-} in. long, tomentose; prickles from
a broad base, solitary, short, recurved, tomentose except the tips.
Flowers in long-peduncled tomentose cymes arranged along usually
leafless spinous branches forming a panicle (the cymes sometimes turned
to one side); buds globose and as well as the peduncles and pedicels
densely tomentose. Calyx pubescent outside; lobes ovate acute, the
keel on the inner face reduced to a line. Petals 0. Disk 5-lobed.
Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2, connate below the middle. Drupe 3-3 in. in
diam., globose or pyriform, white when ripe; stone thin, 1-celled,
l-seeded. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 636; Grah. Cat. p. 39; Dalz. & Gibs.
p. 49; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 282; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 52; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 271; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.
v. 6, part 4, p. 872.—Flowers: Dec.-Feb. VERN. Turan.

Very common throughout the Ghats of the Presidency. KonKan: Stocks! ; Konkan,
and Ghats, Ritchie, 185!; Bombay, Capt. Geburne! Duccan: Mahableshwar, Cooke! ;
Khandala, Woodrow !; Ganesh Khind (Poona), Woodrow! ; [gatpuri, Kanitkar! Kanara:
N. Kanara Ghats, Talbot. Stxp: Hyderabad, Cooke! The fruit is eaten largely by
the hill tribes in April and May. Dalzell & Gibson (/. c.) consider it palatable, but [
have always thought it mawkish.—Disrris. India generally ; Ceylon.

3. RHAMNUS, Linn.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate (rarely subopposite), petioled,
penninerved ; stipules small, deciduous. Flowers hermaphrodite or
polygamous, axillary, racemose or eymose, the cymes fasciculate.. Calyx
4-5-fid; tube urceolate; lobes keeled within. Petals 4—5 or 0, inserted
on the edge of the disk. Disk lining the calyx-tube, the margin thin.

R2

244 XLI. RHAMNACEX.

Stamens 4-5; filaments very short. Ovary free, ovoid, 3-—4-celled,
attenuated into a 3-4-fid style; stigmas obtuse, papillose. Fruit a
berry-like drupe, oblong or globose, girt at the base by the small calyx-
tube; pyrenes 2-4, dehiscent or indehiscent, 1-seeded. Seeds obovoid ;
testa membranous or crustaceous; albumen fleshy; cotyledons flat,
recurved at the margins ; radicle short.—Distr1s. Warm and temperate
regions of both hemispheres ; species about 60.

1. Rhamnus Wightii, Wight g Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 164. A
large glabrous, unarmed shrub. Leaves alternate (rarely a few sub-
opposite), 24-4 by 3-12 in., ovate-oblong, acuminate, finely serrate,
glabrous, base rounded or subacute; petioles 3-3 in. long, puberulous.
Flowers in axillary fascicles, or in fascicles along an elongate, axillary
rhachis; pedicels shorter than the petioles. Calyx pubescent outside,
cleft about half way down; lobes triangular, keeled on the inner face.
Petals minute, lanceolate, flat. Stamens 5. Ovary 3- or 4-celled ;
styles 3 or 4, connate half way up. Berry } in. in diam., globose,
supported by the persistent calyx and tipped with the remains of the
styles, smooth, reddish-purple when ripe. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 639; Dalz.
& Gibs. p. 50; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 283; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 52;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 442.—Vzurn. Ragt-roda.

Rare. Found only on the highest hills of the Northern Ghats (Dalzell § Gthson).
There is one specimen in Herb. Kew. from Dalzell (!) from Hewra botanical garden,
but no specimen from a plant truly wild. Mr. Woodrow informs me that he has

searched for the plant bimself and sent collectors to search for it, but has failed to find
it.—Disrris. India (W. Peninsula); Ceylon.

Rhamnus triqueter, Laws. in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 1 (1875) p. 639,
has been found by N. B. Ranade, late herbarium-keeper in the College
of Science, Poona, on the hill fort of Kori about 12 miles 8. of Lanoli.
It has also been found at the hill fort of Purandhar about 25 miles
from Poona. The plant is a native of the Western Himalaya and the
Salt range in the Panjab, and has not been found wild in Western
or Southern India. It seems highly probable that the ancestors of the
plants in the two Deccan hill forts were introduced, perhaps as medicinal
plants. Mr. Woodrow informs me that they were abundant on the
highest parts of the walls of the Kori fort.

4. SCUTIA, Commers.

Glabrous shrubs, spinous or unarmed ; branches often angular. Leaves
opposite or subopposite, coriaceous, penninerved. Flowers hermaphro-
dite, in axillary fascicles, or subumbellate. Calyx 5-fid; tube hemi-
spheric or turbinate ; lobes ovate, acute, thickened at the apex. Petals 5,
clawed, erect, flat or cucullate. Disk filling the calyx-tube, the margin
free, undulate. Stamens 5, as long as the petals, free. Ovary ovoid or
globose, immersed in the disk, free, 2-4-celled, narrowed into a short
2-3-fid style ; stigmas obtuse, papillose. Iruit obovoid or subglobose,
dry or slightly fleshy, girt at the base by the persistent calyx-tube ;
pyrenes 2-4, crustaceous, angular or compressed. Seeds compressed ;
testa membranous; albumen O or thin.—Duisrris. Asia, Africa and
Tropical America ; species 8.

1. Seutia indica, Brongn. in Ann. Se. Nat. ser. 1, v. 10 (1827) p. 363.
A straggling shrub, sometimes scandent; branches often decussate, armed

XLI. RHAMNACER. 245

with recurved prickles. Leaves subopposite, subbifarious, 7-13 in. long,
orbicular, elliptic or obovate, entire, glabrous, dark green and shining
above ; petioles 1 in. long; stipules subulate. Prickles hooked, usually
inserted a little higher up than the petiole and a little to one side of it.
Flowers small, in axillary umbels which are as long as, or sometimes
slightly longer than, the petioles; peduncles and pedicels glabrous.
Calyx glabrous; lobes ovate, acute, keeled below the thickened apex.
Petals deeply bifid, clawed, as long as the stamens. Stamens inserted
on the mouth of the calyx-tube and enclosed by the petals. Fruit 4 in.
in diam., globose, smooth ; pyrenes crustaceous, compressed. FI. B. I.
v. 1, p. 640; Grah. Cat. p. 39; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 50; Trim. FI. Ceyl. v.
1, p. 284; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 53; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 271.—Flowers: Feb.—Apr. Vurn. Chimat.

Very common on the higher Ghats; abundant at Mahableshwar, where it is known

as the “wait-a-bit” thorn. Konkan: Stocks!, Law!, Dalzell, 80! Duccan: Phunda
80

Ghat, Ritchie, ae Mahableshwar, H. M. Birdwood, Cooke!, Woodrow! Kanara:

Ritchie, 80!; Supa Ghats of N. Kanara, Ta/bot.—Distrm. India (W. Peninsula) ;
Mauritius.

5. SAGERETIA, Brongn.

Shrubs unarmed or spinous; branches often decussate. Leaves sub-
opposite ; stipules minute, deciduous. Flowers hermaphrodite, very
small, fascicled along terminal or axillary leafless paniculate branches.
Calyx 5-fid; tube hemispheric or urceolate; lobes ovate, acute, keeled
within. Petals 5, clawed, cucullate. Stamens 5, equalling the petals or
nearly so. Disk cupular, filling the calyx-tube, the margin free, 5-lobed.
Ovary ovoid, sunk in the disk, free, 3-celled; style short, 3-furrowed ;
stigmas 3, capitate or obtuse. Fruit globose, coriaceous, indehiscent ;
pyrenes 3. Seeds oblong ; albumen thin; cotyledons flat.—Disrris.
Central and E. Asia, Java and the warmer parts of N. America; species
about 11.

1. Sageretia oppositifolia, Brongn. Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 1, v. 10
(1827) p. 360. A shrub or small tree; branches slender, spinous,
tomentose when young. Leaves 14-4 by 3-13 in., ovate-oblong, acute
or acuminate, serrate, clothed beneath when young with a dense woolly
tomentum, base rounded or cordate; petioles 4 in. long. Flowers in
sessile clusters along the branches of terminal and axillary tomentose
panicles ; buds globose ; bracts ovate, acute. Calyx pubescent outside ;
lobes triangular, thickened at the apex, keeled on the inner face. Petals
obovate, clawed, longer than the stamens, keeled on the back. Disk in
the form of a deep cup with free margin. Fruit obovoid, + in. long, not
lobed, black when ripe, edible. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 641; Brandis, For. Fl.
p. 95; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 53.

Konnan: Stocks! and ex Brandis 1.c. There is only one specimen in Herb Kew.

from Bombay marked ‘ Konkan, Stocks.”—Disrris. Throughout the greater part of
India ; Java.

6. COLUBRINA, Rich.

Erect or sarmentose shrubs. Leaves alternate; stipules small,
deciduous. Flowers axillary, cymose or paniculate. Calyx 5-fid; tube
hemispheric. Petals 5, inserted below the disk, clawed, cucullate.

246 XLI. RHAMNACEA,

Stamens 5, enclosed within the petals; filaments filiform. Disk thick,
filling the calyx-tube, annular, 5-angled or 5-10-lobed. Ovary sunk in
the disk and confluent with it, subglobose, 3-celled, attenuated into a 3-fid
or 3-partite style; stigmas obtuse, papillose. Fruit subglobose, girt
below the middle by the tube of the calyx, 3-celled; cells 1-seeded,
tardily dehiscent. Seeds obovoid, compressed, 3-gonous ; albumen thin,
fleshy ; cotyledons orbicular.—Disrris. Chiefly in the Tropical and
warmer parts of N. America ; species about 10.

1. Colubrina asiatica, Brongn. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 1, v. 10
(1827) p. 369. A glabrous much-branched unarmed shrub. Leaves
membranous, 13-3 by 1-21 in., broadly ovate, acute or acuminate,
crenate-serrate or subentire, glabrous, rounded or subcordate at the
base ; petioles 3-3 in. Jong. Flowers yellowish, in small axillary shortly
peduncled pubescent cymes which are shorter than the petioles. Calyx-
lobes broadly and acutely triangular, keeled on the inner face, scarcely
thickened at the apex. Petals as long as the calyx, enveloping the
stamens and longer than them, broadly obovate or orbicular, cucullate,
the claw short and very slender. Ovary 3-celled ; style 3-fid. Capsule
globose, quite smooth, 3 in. in diam. Seeds chocolate-brown, rounded
on the back, angled on the ventral side, slightly emarginate at the base,
smooth. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 642; Grah. Cat. p. 39; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 50 ;
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 285; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 53.— Vurn. Guti.

Konkan: Ghits of the Konkan, 7albot; Wlephanta, Dalzell § Gibson, Graham ;

near the sea at Ratnagiri, Stocis!, Dalzell/!—Disrris. India (E. & W. Peninsulas) ;
Java, Borneo, Australia, §.H. Africa, Ceylon.

7. GOUANIA, Linn.

Unarmed climbing shrubs, cirrhiferous. Leaves alternate, petiolate ;
stipules oblong, deciduous. Flowers polygamous, small, in axillary or
terminal spikes or racemes ; rhachis often cirrhose. Calyx superior, 5-fid ;
tube short, obeonic ; lobes 5. Petals 5, inserted below the margin of
the disk, cucullate. Stamens 5, enclosed within the petals; anthers
dehiscing longitudinally. Disk glabrous or pilose, epigynous and filling
the calyx-tube, 5-gonous, or produced into 5 horns. Ovary sunk in the
disk, 3-celled ; style 3-partite or 3-fid; stigmas minute. Fruit coriaceous,
inferior, crowned by the persistent limb of the calyx, 3-winged or boldly
3-angled. Seeds plano-convex, obovate; albumen scanty.—DisrRis.
Chiefly Tropical American ; species about 50.

1. Gouania microcarpa, DC. Prodr. vy. 2 (1825) p. 40. A shrub
climbing by circinate axillary or sometimes extra-axillary tendrils,
Leaves 2-4 by 1-21 in., ovate or elliptic, acute or acuminate, entire,
glabrous, penninerved, rounded or subcordate at the base ; secondary
nerves 4-6 pairs, the pairs near the base often opposite ; petioles }~# in,
long. Flowers in distant pubescent clusters, on the long branches of
spicate terminal and axillary panicles. Calyx pubescent outside ; lobes
triangular, thickened at the apex, keeled on the inner face. Petals
spathulate, clawed, truncate or slightly emarginate at the tip. Disk
pubescent, the angles truncate, Fruit 4 in. long by 2 in. broad, pubes-
cent at first, afterwards glabrous and polished, with 3 large lobes

XLI. RHAMNACES. 247

(scarcely wings) which are rounded at top and bottom. FI. B. I. v. 1,
_p- 643; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 286; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 53.
G. leptostachya, Dalz. & Gibs. p. 50; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 53 (not
of DC.).—Flowers: Nov.—Dee.

Konkan: Stocks!; Wari, Dalzell, 1684!; Banda, Dalzell §& Gibson. S.M. Country:
Ramghat, Ritchie, 1684! Kanara: very common on the N. Kanara Ghats, Talbot;
Divimana (N. Kanara), Woodrow!; Supa, Ritchie, 1684!; Kumpta, Cooke !—Duisrris.
India (W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon, Java.

Orper XLII. VITACEA, Lindl.
(AMPELIDEA, Endl.; Hook. f. & Benth. Gen. Pl.)

Small trees or shrubs which are usually climbers (except Lee); juice
copious, watery; stems and branches nodose. Leaves alternate (the
lower sometimes opposite), simple or digitately or pedately 3-1 1-foliolate,
rarely pinnate. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite (rarely unisexual),
usually small, generally greenish, in cymes, racemes, panicles or thyrsi
usually opposite the leaves ; peduncles otten transformed into simple or
compound tendrils. Calyx small, entire, or 4—5-toothed or -lobed. Petals
4-5, free or variously cohering, valvate, usually caducous. Stamens 4-5,
opposite to the petals, inserted at the base of the disk or between its
lobes; filaments subulate. Anthers free or connate, short, 2-celled,
introrse. Disk between the stamens and ovary, various in form, free or
connate with the petals and stamens or the ovary, urceolate, annular or
widely expanded, rarely entirely confluent with the ovary. Ovary
usually sunk in the disk, 2—6-celled ; ovules 1-2 in each cell, ascending,
anatropous; raphe ventral ; style short, conical, subulate, or 0; stigma
capitate or discoid, sublobate. Fruit baccate, often watery, 1—6-celled ;
cells 1-2-seeded. Seeds erect, rugulose ; testa bony; embryo short, at
the base of cartilaginous (often ruminate) albumen; cotyledons oval ;
radicle inferior.—Disrris. Throughout the tropical and temperate regions
of the whole world ; genera 3; species about 375.

Shrubs, usually scandent and cirrhose ; stamens distinct, free; ovary

ZaCOMCM erred Ris Cite casero ee een ooeetcc tee cemeea eRe eas Caaee eh atatetaaeis Y, Vucis;
Erect shrubs, ecirrhose ; stamens connate with the disk; ovary 3-6- ~
QUE rragercnecanacsaarohasna suspect sags dewdaetvsccee snvendnwsel secaswondiomrads 2. LEEA,

1. VITIS, Linn.

Shrubs usually cirrhose, sarmentose, often climbing to a great height,
very rarely erect. Leaves simple or compound (very rarely 2-pinnate).
Flowers small, sometimes polygamous, umbellate, cymose, paniculate,
racemose or spicate ; peduncles leaf-opposed (very rarely axillary), usually
towards the ends of the branches. Calyx short, entire or 4—5-toothed
or -lobed. Petals 4-5, free or calyptrately cohering at the apex. Disk
various or obsolete. Stamens 4-5, inserted below the margin of the
disk ; anthers free. Ovary 2-celied (sometimes imperfectly), very rarely
3-4-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell; style 0 or short. Berry ovoid or
globose, 1—2-celled; cells 1-2-seeded.—Disrriz. Chiefly Tropical and
Subtropical ; not common in Tropical America ; species about 320,

248 XLII, VITAOEA.

Leaves simple.
Flowers 4-merous.
Amrerect shrub: stondrils;Oe +. seeeetee saan: acerca rae 1. V. Woodrowiti.
Scandent shrubs; tendrils leaf-opposed.
Leayes quite glabrous.
Stems terete or obscurely angled.
Leaves pale green.

Stems woody DelOw savecgectescusn gay emp eees eae 2. V. pallida.
Stems weak; trailing. (..:-..c.s<s0cedsepapessensnes 3. V. repens.
Leaves blotched with white above, bright red
beneath: voccsh.ccssvcqsdstecsruswevoneccespasaeene canes 4. V. discolor.
Stems and branches acutely angled or winged ...... 5. V. quadrangularis.

Leaves pubescent or tomentose beneath.
Leaves ovate.

Leaves subtomentose beneath ; flowers green ... 6. V. gigantea.
Leaves when young densely tomentose beneath ;
HOwers pine choc onceve sen cacensncticsns eet eenneeee 7. V. repanda.,
Leaves with orange-red pubescence- beneath ;
flowers greenish-yellow ...............seeseeeeeens 8. V. adnata.
Leaves 3-5-lobed, grey tomentose beneath ......... 9. V. Linnei.

Flowers 5-merous; peduncles cirrhiferous.
Leaves 3-5-lobed, floccose on both sides; flowers scarlet. 10. V. tomentosa.
Leaves ovate, glabrous above ; flowers greenish-purple. 11. V. indica.
Leaves 3-7-lobed, at length glabrous; flowers reddish-
DROW Wace tiene a aoe eae eat ote ORT area 12. V. latifolia.
Leaves 3-foliolate (sometimes simple in V. Rheedei).
Flowers 4-merous.
Leaflets sessile or subsessile.
Berry black, smooth, 1-seeded ; leaflets subsessile ... 13. V. Rheedei.
Berry scarlet, hispid, 1-seeded; leaflets quite sessile. 14. V. setosa.
Leaflets stalked.

Berry black, smooth, 2-4-seeded .............cseceee eee 15. V. trifolia.
Berry yellow, afterwards turning red, smooth,
MS SOOUED calor. de susnscotede sntesale kudos cenakaireoanmritentit 16. V. canarensis.
BLOW Ors! O=MECTOUN |) wu...sccscirss sdodebutns suse aeecn sus scchutenecieds 17. V. araneosa.
Leaves digitate, usually 5-foliolate ; flowers 4-merous.
Stipules small, cordate; berry black ...........0....ceeseeseene 18. V. elongata.
Stipules large, ear-shaped ; berry red ..............0cceeeeeee 19. V. auriculata.
Leaves usually pedate (sometimes 3-foliolate in V. danceo-
laria).
Flowers bisexual.
Leaves 5-7-foliolate; stems glabrous ...............:0.0e 20. V. tenuifolia.
Leaves 7-11-foliolate ; stems pubescent or hairy ...... 21. V. pedata.
Ti bay ni) Colle to (1 isp nonbodentn dnsasasoc 06,...pdtece Gone np aSanadsAbengae 22. V. lanceolaria.

1. Vitis Woodrowii, Stapf, MS. An erect shrub 5-6 ft. high;
trunk 3-4 in. thick at the base; bark rough, grey; lower branches
2-3 ft. long, annual, ecirrhose, slightly tomentose at the apex. Leaves
up to 9 in. long and broad, pale green, cordate-ovate or cordate-rotund
(with a broad sinus), usually shortly (rarely obscurely) 3-lobed, acute or
acuminate, repand-crenate (the crenatures recurved), at first sparingly
tomentose, at length glabrate, rather firm, palmi-nerved ; petioles nearly
equalling the blade, more or less tomentose when young; stipules
triangular-ovate, reddish, caducous. Flowers tetramerous, in compound
umbels ; peduncles 1 in. or afterwards 2 in. long; primary rays usually
4, about 3—# in. long at time of flowering, afterwards up to 13 in. long;
pedicels at time of flowering } in., afterwards 3 in. long, thick, straight.
Calyx saucer-shaped; limb membranous, truncate or very obscurely
lobed. Petals 4, calyptrately deciduous, hooded and thickened at the
apex. Disk 4-lobed. Style short, stout, conical. Berry obovoid-globose,

XLII. VITACEA. 249

‘about 1 in. in diam. Seed solitary. ? Cissus vitiginea, Dalz. & Gibs.
p. 40 (not of Roxb.) ; Cissus , Grah. Cat. p. 33 (n. 244).—Flowers :
June. Vern. Girnul.

Very closely allied to V. pallida, W. & A., from which it differs in
the absence of tendrils, an erect thick trunk and larger leaves which are
almost invariably 3-lobed. The root contains starch-granules in abund-
ance, of variable form, also raphides which are pointed at one end and
2-3-furcate at the other ( Woodrow).

Konkan: Bombay, Capt. Gebwrne! Duccan: common in the Poona districts,
Woodrow !; a roadside bush, Nairne; Bowdhan forest near Poona, Woodrow !—Disrris.
Apparently endemic in the Bombay Presidency.

2. Vitis pallida, Wight ¢ Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 125. A climbing
shrub; stems woody below, terete or nearly so; tendrils simple.
Leaves 3-6 in. in diam., pale green, cordate (with a wide sinus), ovate or
orbicular, shortly acuminate, glabrous, the margins with shallow distant
glandular incurved serratures; petioles 2-5 in. long; stipules mem-
branous, broadly oblong, obtuse, caducous. | Flowers in compound
umbellate cymes; peduncle 1—2 in. long, thick and fleshy. Calyx
saucer-shaped, the margins membranous. Petals 4, calyptrately de-
ciduous but free at the apex, triangular-ovate. Style rather long,
slender. Disk 4-lobed. Berry 1- (rarely 2-) seeded, size of a pea,
pyriform or subglobose, mucronate, supported on an incurved pedicel.
Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 647; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 291; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
p- 55; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 271. Cissus.
pallida, Planch. in DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 5, part 2, p. 477.—Flowers :
‘June-July.

Rare in the Bombay Presidency. S. M. Country: Padshapur, Ritchie; near
Dharwar, Talbot.

3. Vitis repens, Wight & Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 125. Scandent,
quite glabrous; branches subterete when fresh, angled when dry;
young shoots glaucous; tendrils weak, leaf-opposed, forked. Leaves
membranous, pale green, 3-6 by 1-3} in., broadly ovate, acuminate,
glabrous, the margins undulate and distinctly spinous-toothed, base
deeply cordate ; main nerves about 4 pairs, the lower pair branching
outwards ; petioles 1-24 in. long; stipules rounded. Flowers in com-
pound umbellate cymes ; buds conical; peduncles leaf-opposed, solitary
or rarely fascicled, 1-24 in. long ; pedicels slender. Calyx membranous,
truncate. Petals 4, triangular-ovate, subacute, 5 in. long, free. Berry
subglobose or pyriform, 3-3 in. in diam., usually 1-seeded. FI. B. I.
v. 1, p. 646; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 55; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 271. V. glauca, W. & A. Prodr. p. 126. Cissus repens,
Lam. Encye. v. 1, p. 81; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 39 ; Planch. in DC. Monogr.
Phan. v. 5, part 2, p. 504. Cissus cordata, Roxb. FI. Ind. v. 1, p. 407 ;
Grah. Cat. p. 32.—Flowers: Feb.—Mar.

I have followed Planchon (J. ¢.) in uniting this species with V. glauca.
Although Lawson (FI. B. I. 1. c.) makes Cissus cordata Roxb. a synonym
of both V. repens and V. glauca, he still retains these as separate
species.

Konkan: Dalzell § Gibson, Graham, Talbot, S. M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie,
114! Kanara: in evergreen forests, not common; Ghats near Supa, Talbot, 20!;

Nilkund (N. Kanara), Woodrow.—Disrri. India (KE. Tropical Himalaya, Assam,
Chittagong, W. Peninsula); Java, Amboyna.

250 XLII. VITACEA,

4. Vitis discolor, Dulz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot, v. 2 (1850)
p. 39. Scandent; stem woody at the base only; young shoots and
branches more or less 5-6-angled, deep red; tendrils leaf-opposed,
forked. Leaves 3-5 by 1}-22 in., ovate-oblong, acuminate, usually
irregularly blotched with white above, deep red and shining beneath,
remotely bristle-serrate, glabrous, base more or less oblique, cordate,
truncate or rounded, sometimes cuneate; main nerves 5-7 pairs ;
petioles red, those of the lower leaves reaching 2 in., those of the upper
leaves about 4 in. long or less ; stipules ovate-oblong, rounded at the apex.
Flowers 4-merous, in umbellate cymes on umbellately arranged branches ;
buds oblong; peduncles leaf-opposed, slender, short or long, and as well
as the pedicels deep red. Calyx glandular, fleshy, truncate. Petals red
outside, glabrous, 71; in. long, thickened at the apex. Disk 4-lobed.
Style long, glabrous. Fruit subglobose or pyriform, about 7 in. long,
red when ripe. Seed solitary. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 647; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. p. 55; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 271; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 253. Cissus discolor, Blume, Bijdr.
p- 181; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 40; Planch. in DC. Monogr. Phan. v,5,
part 2, p. 496.—Fiowers: Aug.-Oct. Vern. Telitsayel.

A very handsome plant, often grown in gardens in India and in conservatories in
England. According to Watt (/. c.) depth of color and breadth of leaf are obtained
when the plant is grown in shade.

Konkan: Law!, Stocks!, Dalzell!, Talbot; W. Ghats, Woodrow! Dxccan: below

Mahableshwar near Wada bungalow, Cooke! Kanara: moist forests of N. Kanara,
Yellapur, Zadbot!—Disrris. Throughout India, Java.

5. Vitis quadrangularis, Wall. Cat. (1828) 5992. Stems leafless
when old, very long, fleshy, glabrous, much contracted at the nodes,
quadrangular, the angles of the young branches winged ; tendrils long,
slender, simple. Leaves 1-2 in. long, broadly ovate or reniform, sometimes
3-7-lobed, denticulate, glabrous, cordate, rounded, truncate or cuneate
at the base; petioles 1-3 in. long; stipules small, broadly ovate, obtuse.
Flowers in shortly peduncled cymes with spreading umbellate branches.
Calyx cup-shaped, truncate or very obscurely lobed. Petals 4, ovate-
oblong, acute, 3 in. long, hooded at the apex. Disk erect, 4-lobed.
Style short, stout. Berry obovoid or globose, scarcely { in. long,
apiculate, red when ripe, 1- (very rarely 2-) seeded. Fi. B. I. v. 1,
p. 645; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 289; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 54;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 271; Wight, Icon. t. 51;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 256. Cissus quadrangularis,
Linn. Mantiss. p. 39; Planch. in DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 5, part 2,
p. 509; Grah. Cat. p. 33; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 39. Crssus edulis, Dalz. in
Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. v. 9 (1857) p. 248; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 40.—
Flowers: July. Vurn. Chauddri; Kandvel; Harsankar.

Throughout the driest districts of the Presidency, Tadbot. Konkan: in gardens
Bombay, Graham. Gusarat: in hedges, Dalzell § Gibson ; Bhavnagar (Kathiawar),
Woodrow.

The succulent stems are eaten in curries when young. Graham says that the Arabs,
when suffering from affections of the spine, make beds of them. See Watt. Dict.
Econ. Prod. 1. ¢.—Disrris. Throughout India; Java, E. Africa, Malaya, Ceylon.

6. Vitis gigantea, Bedd. in Trans. Linn. Soc. v. 25 (1866) p. 212.
An enormous climber; trunk 4-5 in. in diam.; bark corky ; branches

XLII. VITACEZ. 251]

terete, glabrous; tendrils bifid. Leaves 6-8 by 5-6 in., exactly cordate
with a deep sinus, long-acuminate and mucronate, glabrous above, sub-
tomentose beneath, bristle-crenate, 5-nerved from the base, much
reticulate; petioles 2-5 in. long; stipules glandular. Flowers minute,
green, cymose ; peduncles shorter than the petioles ; branches of the cymes
3-5, umbellate or bearing 2-3 umbellate branches at the apex. Fruit
not seen. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 648. Cissus gigantea, Planch. in DC.
Monogr. Phan. v. 5, part 2, p. 622.—Flowers: Aug.

There is but one specimen in Herb. Kew. communicated by Mr. Talbot.—It is
without fruit. Kanara: Karwar, Talbot, 229!, Woodrow,

7. Vitis repanda, Wight § Arn. Prodr. (1834) p.125. Scandent ;
branches terete, covered with appressed rufous tomentum when young,
at length more or less glabrate; tendrils forked or 0. Leaves 3-7 by
2-6 in. (the lower sometimes opposite), broadly ovate, cordate, acuminate,
coarsely crenate-dentate, inciso-serrate or sublobed, often repand,
densely tomentose when young, particularly on the underside, at length
glabrous above ; petioles 1-33 in. long; stipules oblong, rounded at the
apex. Peduncles leaf-opposed, solitary or sometimes 1-4, each bearing
1—4 compound umbellately branched cymes; buds oblong-globose, hairy
at the tips. Calyx truncate, hairy outside. Petals 4, pink, triangular-
oblong, ;4; in. long, free or scarcely cohering at the apex. Berry
pyriform, mucronate, l-seeded. Seed obovoid, smooth. Fl. B. L. v. 1,
p- 648 (exclud. syn. Cissus vitiginea, L.); Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 292;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 55; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p- 271. Cissus repanda, Vahl, Symb. v. 3, p. 18; Grah. Cat. p. 32;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 39; Planch. in DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 5, part 2,
p- 474.—Flowers: Mar.-Apr. Vury. Gendal.

Common throughout the Presidency on the border of the heavy rainfall zone,
Talbot. Konkan: Law!, Stocks!; Malabar Hill, Bombay, Graham; Elephanta

Island, Graham. Deccan: Bowdhan Forest near Poona, Woodrow !—Dtsrriz.
Throughout India; Ceylon.

8. Vitis adnata, Wall. Cat. (1828) 5998. Scandent; stems and
inflorescence clothed with orange-red pubescence, at length glabrate ;
tendrils forked. Leaves 3-5 by 2-33 in., broadly ovate, abruptly and
shortly acuminate or cuspidate, bristle-serrate, densely clothed with
orange-red pubescence beneath, pubescent (at length glabrate) above;
main nerves 4-5 pairs, prominent beneath ; petioles 1-3 in. long, pubes-
cent ; stipules suborbicular, hairy, caducous. Flowers greenish-yellow, in
much-branched peduncled compound umbellate cymes; buds oblong;
fruiting pedicels more or less recurved. Calyx truneate or obscurely
lobed. Petals 4, sometimes cohering at the apex and calyptrately
deciduous. Berry 7 in. in diam., obovoid or subglobose, glabrous,
apiculate, 1- (rarely 2-) seeded, black when ripe. Seeds with angular
pits on the surface. FI.B.I. v. 1, p.649; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 290;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 55; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p. 271; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 251. Cissus adnata,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. v. 1, p. 405; Wight, Icon. t. 144; Planch. in DC.
Monogr. Phan. v. 5, part 2, p. 494.—Flowers: Dec.

Roxburgh (J. c.) says that the stipules are adnate, but I have not
found them so, nor has Planchon (Monogr. l.c.). In Roxburgh’s figure

252 XLII. VITACDA.

(Jeon. 1787), which has been copied by Wight (Icon. 144), the stipules
are shown with a deep green centre, which cannot be distinguished in
dried specimens.

Konkan: Stocks! Deccan: Bowdhan near Poona, Woodrow, Bhiva! Kanara:

Law!; moist forests near Goond (N. Kanara), Ta/bot.—Distris. ‘Throughout India ;
Java, Borneo, Philippines, Ceylon.

9. Vitis Linnzi, Wall. Cat. (1828) 5987. Scandent, clothed with
short grey or fulvous pubescence; branches terete; tendrils stout,
simple, woody, pubescent near the base, glabrous upwards. Leaves
2-53 by 132-5 in., rotund-ovate, cordate or truncate at the base,
shallowly or deeply palmately 3-5- lobed, sharply and irregularly dentate,
softly ES and grey beneath (generally like the leaves of
Malva) ; petioles 3-12 in. long, pubescent ; stipules membranous, ovate,
obtuse, pubescent * outside. Flowers 4-merous, in pedunculate cymes of
5-6 unequal branches; pedicels umbellate, slender, pubescent; buds
oblong fs subglobose, pubescent. Calyx truncate, pubescent outside.
Petals ;,-;; in. long, pubescent outside, oblong, hooded, often calvp-
trately deciduous, usually free at the apex. Disk fleshy, 4-lobed.
Style as long as the ovary. Berry 3 in. long, pyriform, blue and with a
glaucous bloom on the surface, drooping, “apiculate, l-seeded. Seed
obovoid, rugulose. Fl. B. I. v.1, p. 649; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 291 ;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p- 271; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 255. Cissus vitiginea, Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 117;
Planch. in DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 5, part 2, p. 472.—Flowers: Aug.

There can be no doubt that this plant is the true Cissus vitiginea of
Linneus, the original type of his genus Cissus. Linnzeus (Flor. Zeyl.
[1747] p. 24) describes the leaves as subrotund, obsoletely pentagonal
(as of Malva), tomentose, and the berry as blue, descriptions which
are quite characteristic, that which compares the leaves to those
of Malva especially so. In Ameen. Acad. ed. 1, v. 1 (1749) p. 390,
Linnzus amplifies the description, and in Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 117 he gives
the name C. vitiginea to the plant which he again describes therein.

Deccan: near Wadi Station, G.I. P. Railway, Cooke! S. M. Country: Badami,
Woodrow !—Disrrie. India (W. Peninsula); Ceylon.

10. Vitis tomentosa, Heyne, in Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. (1821) p. 157.
Scandent; stems stout, covered with a dense reddish or white detergible
tomentum ; tendrils long, forked, woody. Leaves 4-8 in. long, as broad
as, or sometimes broader than long, palmately 3-5-angled, -lobed or
-partite, closely serrate-dentate, floccose with whitish cobwebby wool,
base cordate with a wide sinus, less commonly truneate ; petioles 13-3 in.
long; stipules short, truncate. Flowers 5-merous, scarlet, small, sessile,
in shortly peduneled compact densely woolly cymes 1-2 in. long, at the
ends of stiff leaf-opposed peduncles ; peduncles bearing a long 1-3-
forked tendril below the cyme; buds broadly oblong, truncate, arane-
ously woolly. Calyx thin, membranous, woolly outside, covering over
the petals in bud, 5-lobed; lobes short, triangular. Petals 5, ovate-
oblong, not cohering at the apex, glabrous. Ovary conical, 10-furrowed
at the apex; style 0; stigmafoveolate. Berry subglobose, 2 in. in diam.,
2-3-seeded. Seeds ovoid-oblong, coarsely and irregularly rugose.
Bl. B, 5..¥.. 1; .p, 650; “Prim, Fi, athe v. 1, p. 288; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
p. 55; Watt, Dict. Heou: Prod. 6, part 4, p. 258. Ampelocissus
tomentosa, Planch. in Journ, Vigne Amer. (Dec. 1884) p. 375 & in

XLII. VITACHA. 253

DC. Monogr. Phan. y. 5, part 2, p. 376.—Flowers: Mar. Vourn.
Shend-vel.

S. M. Country: common in the forests of the Dharwar districts along the banks of
streams and rivers, Zalbot; Belgaum, Ritchie, 116! Kanara: dry forests on the

N. Kanara border, Talbot; Mandgod (N. Kanara), Talbot, 144!—Disrris. India
(W. Peninsula); Ceylon.

11. Vitis indica, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 202. Scandent; stems
stout, hollow, cylindric, more or less floccose-woolly, striate; tendrils
simple, 6 in. long or more, floccose-woolly. Leaves 4-9 by 3-8 in.,
broadly ovate, deeply cordate with a narrow sinus and rounded lobes,
acute or acuminate, coarsely glandular-dentate, glabrous at length above,
rufous- or grey-tomentose onthe nerves beneath; nerves 6-8 pairs,
prominent beneath, the two lower pairs much branched on the lower
side; petioles 3 in. long, densely floccose-woolly. Flowers 5-merous,
greenish-purple, almost hidden in a reddish woolly tomentum, nearly
sessile, in dense clusters on the thick branches of a racemose or panicu-
late cyme 2-3 in. long; buds oblong-obovoid, flattened at the top;
peduncles 2-7 in. long, usually bearing a simple tendril below the cyme.
Calyx small, truncate. Petals oblong, j, in. long. Ovary grooved ;
stigma foveolate. Berry 3 in. long, ovoid-oblong, smooth, purple.
Grah. Cat. p. 33; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 41; Trim. FI. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 288;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 55; King, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 65 (1897)
p- 112. Vitis erroclada, W. & A. Prodr. p. 130; Laws. in FI. B. I. v. 1,
p- 651; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 271. Schembra
Vall, Rheede, Hort. Mal. v. 7, p. 11, t. 6. Ampelocissus erioclada (?),
Planch. in DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 5, part 2, p. 380.

Konkan: Graham; evergreen forests, Talbot. Kanara: Kadgal, Woodrow ;
evergreen forests, Za/bot.—Disrris. India (W. Peninsula); Ceylon.

12. Vitis latifolia, Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 18. An extensive
climber ; stems weak, finely striate, glabrous ; tendrils forked. Leaves
4-7 in. long, as broad as long, orbicular, cordate, 3—7-angled or -lobed
(sometimes palmately), sharply and irregularly toothed, reticulately
veined, tomentose beneath when young, at length glabrous; main nerves
5-7 pairs, the lowest pair almost horizontal, branched on the lower side ;
petioles 2}-4 in. long. Flowers small, 5-merous, deep reddish-brown,
in compact thyrsoid cymes; buds ovoid-oblong, glabrous; peduncles
bearing a slender forked tendril below the cyme. Calyx small, truncate.
Petals 7/5 in. long, oblong, not cohering at the apex. Style 0; stigma
foveolate. Berry edible, $-% in. long, globose, glabrous, usually 2-
(rarely 3-) seeded, black. Seeds ellipsoid, 1-3 in. long, rounded and
transversely grooved on the back, flattened on, and with a raised ridge
im the middle of the face, smooth, polished. Fl. B. I. v.1, p. 652; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. p. 55; Woodr. in Journ, Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 271.
Cissus latifolia, Vahl, Symb. v.3, p.18; Grah. Cat. p.32; Dalz. & Gibs.
p. 39. <Ampelocissus latifolia, Planch. in Journ. Vigne Amer. (Dec.
1884) p. 374 & in DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 5, part 2, p. 370.—Flowers :
June-Aug. Vern. Nadena.

Konkan: common, Dalzell § Gibson ; Malabar Hill (Bombay), Graham; W. Ghats,
Kanitkar !, Woodrow!; Ratnagiri, Nairne. Deccan: Bowdhan near Poona, Woodrow !
Kanara: moist forests near the coast; common near Karwar and on the N. Kanara

Ghats, Talbot. Gusarat: Godra, Cooke!—Distrip. India (N.W. Proy., Assam,
W. Peninsula).

254 XLII, VITACE.

13, Vitis Rheedei, Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 127. Quite glabrous;
stem stout, cylindric or tetragonous. Leaves variable, usually 3-foliolate
(with very shortly stalked or sessile leaflets), sometimes 3-partite or
3-lobed or simple (often all 3 kinds of leaves on one and the same
plant); leaflets or segments unequal, the middle one lanceolate, the
lateral ones very obliquely ovate or oblong, all acuminate or acute,
bristle-serrate, glabrous on both sides; petioles 1—2 in. long; stipules
ovate-orbicular. Flowers 4-merous, in subumbellate divaricate cymes
which are usually shorter than the petioles, numerous near the end
of the branch and the last cyme terminating it; pedicels short. Calyx
saucer-shaped, subtruncate. Petals 4, free. Style long. Berry 3 in.
long, obovoid, 1-seeded, black. Seed 3-3; in. in diam., girt with a ring
round the middle, smooth, yellowish-white. Fl. B. L. v. 1, p. 653;
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 293; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p.55. Cissus trilobata,
Lam. Encye. v.1, p. 31; Grah. Cat. p. 33; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 39; Planch.
in DC. Monogr. Phan. vy. 5, part 2, p. 503.

Konkan: ex Dalzell § Gibson 1. c.—Distris. India (W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon,

14. Vitis setosa, Wall. Cat. (1828) 6009. Whole plant clothed
with scattered glandular bristly hairs ; stem herbaceous, prostrate, weak,
succulent, striate and sulcate; tendrils leaf-opposed, forked, long.
Leaves succulent, sessile, 3-foliolate (the lower sometimes simple);
leaflets subfleshy, 2-3 by 13-2 in., shortly petioluled (the petiolule of the
terminal leaflet the longest), elliptic or obovate-oblong, obtuse, irregularly
bristle-toothed or laciniate, glabrous or nearly so above, glandular-hispid
on the nerves beneath, pale green; stipules broadly ovate, acute.
Flowers ;, in. long, contracted in the middle, arranged in leaf-opposed
or apparently terminal dichotomous or trichotomous lax divaricate gland-
ular cymes ; peduncles 13-8 in. long, glandular-hispid; pedicels short.
Calyx cup-shaped, subtruncate. Petals hooded at the apex, ultimately
reflexed. Style subulate. Berry j—°; in. in diam., ovoid, glandular-
hispid, scarlet. FI. B. I. v.1, p. 654; Trim. Fl. Ceyl.:v. 1, p. 296;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 55; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p- 271; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4,*p. 257. Cissus setosa,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. v. 1, p. 410; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 41; Planch. mam
Monogr. Phan. v. 5, part 2, p. 608. Vern. Ahdjagolicha-vel.

Planchon is, I think, in error in calling the cymes axillary.

Deccan: Woodrow!; Alandi, near Poona, Bhiva!; Poona districts, Cooke!;
about Junnar, Dalzell & Gibson. 8. M.Counrry: Kuput hills of Dharwar in dry rocky
situations, 7a/bot.—Distris. India (W. Peninsula); Ceylon.

Every part of the plant is acrid. It has some repute in native medicine, being used
to promote suppuration and assist in the extraction of Guinea-worms.—See Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ¢.

15. Vitis trifolia, Zinn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 208. Scandent ; stems
herbaceous or woody at the base only, compressed, densely pubescent
when young; tendrils short, slender, usually branched. Leaves
3-foliolate ; common petioles 3-1 in. long; leaflets thick, 13-2} by 4-14
(the middle one the largest), rotund-ovate, ovate-lanceolate or obovate,
acute or obtuse, crenate-serrate or subinciso-dentate, more or less
pubescent on both surfaces ; main nerves 5-6 pairs; petiolules of the
lateral leaflets 3-1 in. long, those of the terminal leaflets twice as long ;
stipules small, ovate, acute. Flowers in branched divaricate pubescent

XLII. VITACER. 255

long-peduncled cymes ; buds globose ; pedicels about 4 in. long. Calyx
pubescent outside, funnel-shaped, truncate or obscurely 4-lobed.
Petals 4, oblong, rounded at the apex, ;); in. long, hooded, pubescent
outside. Disk cup-shaped with a plicate margin. Style conical. Berry
turbinate, fleshy, 3-? in. long, 2-4-seeded. Seeds triangular, rounded
and rugose on the back, cuneate on the face. King, in Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. v. 65 (1897) p. 402. Vitis carnosa, Wall. Cat. 6018 ; Laws. in
F). B. I. v. 1, p. 654 (evelud. syn, Cissus auriculata, Rowb.); Trim. FI.
Ceyl. v. 1, p. 204; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 56; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 271; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 252.
Cissus carnosa, Lam. Encye. v. 1, p. 31; Roxb. Fl. Ind. v. 1, p. 409;
Grah. Cat. p. 33; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 40; Planch. in DC. Monogr. Phan.
v. 5, part 2, p. 570.—Flowers: Aug. Vurwn. A’mbat-vel.

There is no doubt as to the identity of this plant with Vitis trifolia,
Linn. That Linneus included under the genus Vitis a plant with
4-merous flowers is easily accounted for by the fact that he never saw
the plant. There is no specimen in the Linnean Herbarium in the
Linnean Society, and Linneus merely copied a portion of the very
meagre description given by Ray, Hist. Pl. v. 3 (1704) lib. 28, p. 68,
who calls the plant Vitis pearmedoorica, a synonym quoted by Linneus.
Ray, however, merely quotes Pettiver, who first described the plant in
Phil. Trans. vy. 22 (1700-1701) p. 707. I have personally examined
Pettiver’s actual specimens which are in the British Museum. Rheede
(Hort. Mal. v. 7, t. 9) gives a good figure of the plant.

Konkan: Ghats, Talbot. Deccan: widely, Woodrow; Bhadgaon near Poona,
Bhiva!; below Mahableshwar, Cooke!; hills near Bowdhan (Poona district), Wood-
row! §. M. Counrry: Badami, Woodrow!; common in the Dharwar district border-

ing on N. Kanara, Talbot. Kanara: Ghats of N. Kanara, Zadbot. — Disrris.
Throughout India; Ceylon, Malacca.

16. Vitis canarensis, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. y. 3 (1851)
p. 123. Whole plant except the inflorescence at length glabrous ;
branches terete, striate. Leaves 3-foliolate, long-petioled; leaflets 3-4
by 13-23 in., elliptic-obovate or lanceolate, suddenly and shortly acu-
minate, pubescent on both surfaces, at length glabrous, distantly serrate,
reticulately veined, base inequilateral, somewhat cuneate ; petiolules of
the lower leaflets 3 in. long, those of the terminal leaflets twice as long.
Flowers in axillary or leaf-opposed puberulous cymes ; peduncles shorter
than the petioles. Calyx small, truncate or obscurely lobed. Petals 4,
oblong, subacute, hooded at the apex, ,-,\, in. long, faintly puberulous
outside. Style short; stigma acute. Berry ; in. in diam., globose,
almost smooth, yellow, afterwards turning red, dry, l-seeded. Seeds
} in, long, ellipsoid or subglobose, smooth, speckled and faintly trans-
versely striate. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 655; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 56,
Cissus canarensis, Planch. in DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 5, part 2, p. 620,—
Flowers: Apr.

Kanara: Supa Ghats of N. Kanara in evergreen forests, common, Talbot ; Kanara,
Dailzeli!; Ainshi (N. Kanara), Za/bot, 2700!—Disrris. Apparently endemic.

17. Vitis araneosa, Laws. in Hook. f. Fl. B. I, v. 1 (1875) p. 657.
Scandent, the whole plant covered with floccose down which is deciduous
except on the underside of the leaves ; tendrils forked. Leaves 3-folio-
late, ultimately glabrous above, clothed beneath with persistent floccose

a
ey, bi

256 XLII. VITACES.

down, the common petiole 1-2} in. long; terminal leaflets 3-4 by 14-2
in. , elliptic or lanceolate, acute, * ereniate. “serrate, attenuated or rounded
and nearly equilateral at the base, on petiolules about 4-2 in. long;
lateral leaflets scarcely smaller, very inequilateral at the base. (the lower
side much the larger and rounded, the upper side smaller and acute),
on petiolules about 4 as long as those of the terminal leaflets. Flowers
5-merous, in leaf-opposed small umbellate cymes; peduncles reaching
3 in. long, bearing a forked tendril below the cyme; pedicels very
short. Calyx small, Ens, 5-lobed or truncate. Petals 5,
oblong, rounded at the apex, ;/, in. long. Ovary ribbed at the apex;
style ‘short, stout; stigma foveolate. Berry globose, size of a pea,
14-seeded. Seeds ellipsoid, 4 by 4 in., rugose, pointed at one end,
longitudinally grooved on the back and with a deep circular de-
pression on the face. ‘Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 56; Planch. in DC.
Monogr. Phan. v. 5, part 2, p. 405; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6,
part 4, p. 252. Cissus araneosus, Dalz. & Gibs. p. 41.—Flowers: Sept.

Rare. Deccan: highest Ghats west of Junnar, Dalzell & Gibson.

This plant has been included on the authority of Dalzell and Gibson (Bomb, FI.
p- 41), who give its habitat as the highest Ghats west of Junnar. I have seen no

specimens from the Bombay Presidency, those in Herb. Kew. being from the Pulney
Hills ex Herb. Wight.—Disrris. India (W. Peninsula).

18. Vitis elongata, Wall. Cat. (1828) 6016. A large glabrous
climber; stems very long, somewhat compressed, succulent, smooth,
branching only near the top; tendrils long, simple, leaf-opposed. Leaves
digitately usually 5- (less commonly 3-) foliolate, the common petiole
2-4 in. long, sulcate; stipules small, cordate; leaflets 4-6 by 1-2 in.,
oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, narrowed
into a very short petiolule. Flowers greenish-purple, 4-merous, in
di- or di-trichotomous leaf-opposed cymes, the ultimate branches short,
umbellate. Calyx membranous, cup-shaped, truncate. Petals 4, oblong,
subacute, ;4;-3 in. long. Disk 4-lobed. Ovary ovoid; style slender ;
stigma simple. Berry about the size of a cherry, ellipsoid, 1-seeded,
black when ripe. Seed # in. long, ellipsoid, pointed at one end, rugose
on the back and with a large elliptic pit on the face. Fl. B. I. v. 1,
p. 658; Talb. Trees, Bomb, p. 56; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1897) p. 272. Cissus elongata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. v. 1, p. 411; Planch.
in DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 5, part 2, p. 621.—F lowers : May—Oct.

Kongan: Law! Deccan: Lanoli, Dalzeli/!; Khandala, Bhiva!; Panchgani,
Cooke!; Mahableshwar, Cooke! Kanara: in the forests on the coast near Karwar,

Talbot ; Sirsi-Kumpta road, Woodrow!—Distris. India (Sikkim Himalaya, Bengal,
Silhet, Coromandel).

19. Vitis auriculata, Wall. Cat. (1828) 6031. An extensive
climber; branches succulent; young parts softly pubescent; tendrils
leaf-opposed, 2-3-cleft. Leaves 5-foliolate, common petioles 3-6 in.
long, stipules large, ear-shaped ; leaflets membranous, 2-6 by 1-4 in.,
obovate or rhomboidal, acute or shortly acuminate, serr ate, glabrous
above, more or less pubescent beneath; petiolules 142 j in. long, those
of the terminal leaflet nearly twice as long as those of the lateral ones.
Flowers 4-merous, small, in much-branched divaricate cymes longer
than the petioles; peduncles weak, striate, pubescent ; pedicels very
short. Calyx membranous, truncate, pubescent outside. Petals 4,
oblong, obtuse, hooded at the apex, pubescent outside. Fruit the size

XLII. VITACEA. 257

of a cherry, globose, smooth, shining, red when ripe, l-seeded. Seed
ellipsoid or subglobose, concave on the face. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 658;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 56; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p. 272. Cissus auriculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. (ed. Carey) v. 1 (1820) p. 430 ;
DC. Prodr. v. 1, p. 632; Grah. Cat. p. 246; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 40;
Wight, Icon. t. 145.; Planch, in DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 5, part 2, p. 560.
—Flowers: Mar.—June. Vern. Kali-vel; Jangli-kaornt.

Konkan: on rocks by the seashore, Bombay, Woodrow; Vingorla, Dalzell & Gibson-
Deccan: Sindewadi, top of Kartriz Ghat (Poona districts), Woodrow! S.M. Country :

about Dharwar, Law ex Graham; Belgaum and Dharwar districts, Ta/bo¢.—Distr1.
Throughout India,

20. Vitis tenuifolia, Wight g Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 129. Scan-
dent; stems slender, striate, glabrous; tendrils leaf-opposed, slender,
usually forked. Leaves compound, petioled, the petioles 1-3 in. long ;
leaflets 5-7, 1-3 by 3-2 in. long, the lateral pedately arranged, the
terminal leaflet slightly larger and with a longer petiolule than the
lateral ones, all lanceolate, acuminate, mucronate, cuneate at the base,
shallowly repand-serrate, glabrous. Flowers bisexual, 4-merous, in
axillary dichotomously branched lax divaricate cymes. Calyx funnel-
shaped, truncate. Petals 4, ovate-oblong, obtuse, hooded at the apex,
zzin. long. Disk 4-lobed. Style short, conical. Berry 3-3 in. long,
turbinate-globose, cream-colored when ripe, 1-4-seeded. Seeds 5% in.
long, pointed, cuneate on the face and with a prominent longitudinal
midrib down the centre of the rounded back, transversely rugose at
each side of the midrib. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 660; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1,
p- 295; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 56; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1897) p. 272. Cissus tenutfolia, Heyne, in Wall. Cat. 6022; Planch.
in DC. Monogr. v. 5, part 2, p. 563.—Flowers: May-Aug.

Kanara: moist forests of the N. Kanara Ghats from Ainshi southwards, Talbot;
Gudehalli near Karwar, Woodrow.—Disrris. India generally ; China, Japan.

21. Vitis pedata, Vahl, ex Wall. Cat. (1828) 6027. Scandent,
softly pubescent, sometimes hairy, rarely glabrate ; tendrils long, slender,
forked. Leaves 7—11-foliolate, the lateral leaflets pedately arranged ;
common petioles 2-3 in. long, hairy or glabrate: leaflets 2-5 by 1-23
in., oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, pubescent or glabrous, often
oblique at the base ; petiolules variable in length, those of the terminal
leaflets usually much longer than those of the lateral ones. Flowers
bisexual, white, in axillary divaricate shortly pedunculate corymbose
cymes. Calyx shallow, 4-lobed; lobes triangular. Petals 4 (rarely 5),
triangular, calyptrately deciduous, cohering at the apex. Disk large,
cup-shaped, exceeding the ovary. Berry about the size of a pea, sub-
globose or often 4-lobed, 2—4-seeded, cream-colored when ripe. Seeds
hemispheric, smooth, with a deep circular pit closed by a thin membrane
on the flat lower face. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 661; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1,
p. 295; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p.56; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4,
p- 256. Cissus pedata, Lamk. Encye. v. 1, p. 81; Grah. Cat. p. 33 ;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 40; Planch. in DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 5, part 2,
p: 508.

Konkan: Stocks!, Dalzell!, Graham, Talbot. Kanara: not common, Talbot ;
Shiroli (N. Kanara), 7a/bot, 2687 !—Disrrie. India generally; Malaya, Ceylon.

S

258 XLII. VITACHA.

22. Vitis lanceolaria, Wall. Cat. (1828) 6013. Scandent, glabrous
except the inflorescence; stem woody; branches with lenticellate bark ;
tendrils long, slender, simple. Leaves 3- or 5-foliolate (in the latter
case the leaflets pedately arranged); petioles 1-23 in. long; leaflets
stalked, 3-5 by 1-2 in., oblong-lanceolate, irregularly serrate, glabrous.
Flowers 4-merous, diccious, axillary ; male cymes paniculate, longer
than the petiole; female cymes denser, corymbose, shorter than the
petiole ; branches of the inflorescence pubescent. Calyx funnel-shaped,
truncate at the apex. Petals ovate-oblong, obtuse, hooded at the apex,
zz in. long. Stigma large, 4-lobed. Berry about 3 in. in diam., globose,
2-4-seeded, cream-colored when ripe. Seeds ellipsoid, obtusely angular
on the face, rounded and with a single deep groove on the back, smooth.
Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 660; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 296; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
p- 56; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 272. Cissus
lanceolaria, Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. 11; Grah. Cat. p. 33. Cissus murt-
cata, Dalz. & Gibs. p. 40. Tetrastigma lanceolarium, Planch. in DC.
Monogr. Phan. v. 5, part 2, p. 423.—Flowers: Dec.—Mar. Vurwn. Kazor-
licha-yel. ;

Konkan: Graham; Matheran, Woodrow. Kanara: plentiful, Dalzell § Gibson ;

N. Kanara Ghats in evergreen forests, Za/bot.—Disrris. India (Assam, EH. & W.
Peninsulas) ; Oeylon,

Vitis vinifera, Linn, The grape vine (VERN. Angur) is cultivated in
several parts of the Presidency. The moist climate of the Konkan is
not suitable for vine-growing, but in parts of the Deccan, e.g. Ahmed-
nagar, and especially Nasik, grapes of fairly good quality are grown for
the Bombay warket. The vines are usually trained on live posts cut
from Erythrina indica, a tree known in the vernacular as the Pangara.

The vine is largely cultivated in Sind, the climate of which province
seems highly favorable to its growth. Woodrow (Gardening in India)
speaks in terms of high approbation of the system of growing the vine
at Hyderabad which was introduced by Mr. Strachan.

For an exhaustive account of the culture of the vine in India consult
Watt’s Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, pp. 258-296. Woodrow (Garden-
ing in India, ed. 5 (1889) pp. 218-230) gives a full account of the mode
of culture adopted in the Bombay Presidency.

2. LEBA, Linn.

Small trees, shrubs or herbs; branches usually striate or sulcate.
Leaves alternate, usually large, simple or 1-2-3-pinnate; petioles often
dilated at the base; stipules sheathing. Peduncles leaf-opposed or sub-
terminal. Tendrils 0. Inflorescence corymbosely cymose. Flowers
small, red, yellow, white or green. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5, connate
at the base and adhering to the staminal tube, revolute. Stamens united
at the base into a 5-lobed tube; filaments inserted between the lobes of
the tube, inflexed ; anthers either free and exserted or connate and
enclosed in the tube. Ovary inserted on the disk, 3-8-celled ; ovules
1-2 in each cell, erect; style short ; stigma thickened. Fruit 3-8-celled,
baccate, usually succulent, depressed-globular and lobed. Pyrenes
wedge-shaped. Seed compressed.—Disrris. Tropical Asia, Africa, a
few species in Australia; species about 50.

XLII. VITACES. 259

MARUVGS SUMP scans Sekt Ae eee enin tea sa uadanec0Ns gvsiebvasis cus) sous’ 1. L. macrophylla.
Leaves usually simply pinnate.
Main nerves of leaflets close ; bracts subpersistent.

BtemsnwithrOris paws) c.cccecratsesscosaconssessdsacseaeess cess 2. L. crispa.
Shera WitHOUb OPIS WINES .cccdesscscess.csGccrcoreseivendsins 3. L. aspera.
Main nerves of leaflets not close; bracts caducous ......... 4. L. latifolia.

Leaves 2-3-pinnate.
PEER A DEOUB oni tascisctivesevauses on Ciecewdsedesseiuaeencsescene 5. L. sambucina.
Leaves hairy beneath.
Lobes of staminal-tube entire .........ssscsscsscsscsseeececees 6. L. robusta.
Lobes of staminal-tube notched.
Leaves with scattered glandular discs beneath ......... 7. L. equata.
Leaves without glandular discs ................ bib sieeeict . 8. L, setuligera,

1. Leea macrophylla, Rowb. ew Hornem. Hort. Hafn. v. 1 (1813)
p- 231. Herbaceous, erect, 1-3 ft. high; root tuberous, perennial, red.
Leaves simple, broadly ovate, cordate, acute or acuminate, coarsely
serrate or sublobed, nearly as broad as long, the lower leaves up to
2 ft., the upper 6-9 in. long, dark green and glabrous above, cano-
pubescent beneath ; main nerves opposite, 8-10 pairs, very prominent ;
petioles 2-5 in. long, deeply striate, glabrous. Flowers white, in
terminal much-branched puberulous corymbose cymes often 1 ft. long ;
buds oblong ; peduncles deeply grooved ; pedicels short. Calyx divided
about 3 of the way down ; lobes triangular-ovate, tipped with a small
hard point. Petals oblong. Staminal-tube deeply divided ; lobes oblong,
entire or emarginate ; anthers laterally united in bud. Berry }—4 in. in
diam., black, 3—6-celled, depressed-globose, usually 3-6-lobed. Fl. B. I.
v. 1, p. 664 (excluding syn. LZ. latifolia); Grah. Cat. p. 247; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 41 ; Wight, Icon. t. 1154; C. B. Clarke, in Trim. Journ. Bot.
(1881) p. 187; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 57; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 272; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 617.—Flowers :
July-Sept. Vern. Dinda.

Konkan: Nimmo ex Graham; Neral, Woodrow!; W. Ghats, Woodrow. Dxccan:
Singhad near Poona, Bhiva! Kanara: common in the forests near Yellapur (N.
Kanara), Talbot.

The root is employed in native nredicine, being used for the cure of Guinea-worm.
See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. c—Distris. Throughout the hotter parts of India.

2. Leea crispa, Linn. Mantiss. v. 1 (1767) p. 124. Anerect shrub,
4-8 ft. high; stems somewhat woody, jointed, swollen above the joints,
and together with the branches, peduncles, and petioles, furnished with
6-8 short crisp wings. Leaves usually simply pinnate (the lower pair
of leaflets rarely with one (or both?) of the pair compound); leaflets
oblong, very parallel-sided, 4-7 by 13-3 in., acute or shortly acuminate,
sharply serrate, glabrous above, pubescent on the nerves and veins
beneath, usually rounded at the base ; main nerves 12-20 pairs, pro-
minent, parallel, nearly straight, one running into each serrature; veins
transverse, nearly parallel, close, conspicuous beneath ; petiolules of the
lateral leaflets 3-3 in. long, those of the terminal much longer.
Flowers greenish-white, in small terminal slightly pubescent cymes ;
bracts subpersistent, linear-subulate, j-4 in. long; bracteoles 4 in. long,
lanceolate. Calyx shortly divided; lobes triangular, gland-tipped.
Petals oblong. Lobes of the staminal-tube linear-oblong, bifid ; anthers
not united in bud. Style grooved. Berry 3 in. in diam., depressed-
globular, usually 2-6 (or more) -lobed, black when ripe. FI. B. I. v. 1,

82

260 XLII, VITACES.

p. 665; C.-B. Clarke, in Trim. Journ. Bot. (1881) p. 185; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. p. 57; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 616.—Flowers: Aug.

Konkan: from the sea-level upwards in moist forests, Ta/bot, Kanara: Karwar,
Talbot!—Disrris. India (W. Trop. Himalaya, Oude, W. Peninsula).

3. Leea aspera, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. v. 20 (1841) p. 36 (not
of Wall.). A shrub 6-10 ft. high; stems terete, not crisply winged.
Leaves usually simply pinnate (one or both the leaflets of the lowest pair
sometimes compound); leaflets 5-7, elliptic, not parallel-sided, 5-8 by
24-4 in., more or less acuminate, glabrous or with short stiff hairs above,
finely pubescent beneath, irregularly serrate, cordate at the base ; main
nerves 12-18 pairs carried nearly to the margin, then curved and bi-
fureate so that the crenatures of the margin are often nearly twice
as many as the nerves; petiolules }—? in. long, those of the terminal
leaflets twice as long as those of the lateral ones. Flowers white, in
much-branched trichotomous pubescent cymes, which are shorter than
the leaves ; bracts linear-subulate, 1-3 in. long, subpersistent. Calyx
shallowly lobed; lobes gland-tipped and with membranous margins.
Petals ovate-oblong, subacute. Staminal-tube divided about 3 way
down ; lobes bifid, sloping towards the apex ; anthers not united in bud.
Berry size of a pea, depressed-globular, often 2—6-lobed, smooth, black
when ripe. FI. B. I. v. 1, p. 665; C. B. Clarke, in Trim. Journ. Bot.
(1881) p. 186; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 57; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 272; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 616.—Flowers :
July—Aug.

Konkan: Law!; Bombay, Capt. Geburne! Deccan: Khandala, Cooke!; Karli,
Woodrow! Kartriz hills near Poona, Kanithar! Kanara: throughout N. Kanara in

moist forests, Talbot; Karwar, Talbot!, Woodrow!—Disrrip. India (W. Tropical
Himalaya, Oude, W. Peninsula).

4. Leea latifolia, Wall. Cat. 1828, 6821. A shrub; young branches
rusty-puberulous. Leaves simply pinnate ; leaflets 3-5, elliptic-oblong,
9-12 by 6-11 in., subacute or obtuse, distantly serrate, glabrous above,
mealy-white pubescent beneath, base cordate; main nerves opposite,
8-10 pairs ; veins transverse and distinct ; petiolules of terminal leaflets
3-1 in. long, the upper pair of lateral leaflets sessile or nearly so, the
lower pair (when present) shortly stalked. Flowers in long-peduncled
pubescent umbellate cymes ; bracts caducous. Calyx pubescent outside ;
lobes short, triangular, with membranous margins. Petals oblong. Lobes
of the staminal-tube notched ; anthers united in bud. Style angled and
ribbed; stigma concave. Berry size of a pea, depressed-globular, usually
2-6-lobed. C. B. Clarke, in Trim. Journ. Bot. (1881) p. 188; King, in
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 65 (1897) p. 410. ZL. coriacea, Laws. in FI. B.
I. v. 1, p. 665; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 57. ZL. cinerea, Laws. in FI. B. I,
v. 1, p. 665.

There is but one specimen (in fruit only) from Bombay in Herb. Kew. labelled
“ Konkan, Stocks” !—Distris. India (W. Peninsula); Malaya.

5. Leea sambucina, Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 1 (1797) p. 1177. A shrub
4-10 ft. high; branches numerous, straight, tough, the young ones green,
giabrous. Leaves 15-20 in. long, 2- (rarely 3-) pinnate ; leaflets 3-8
by 14-84 in., oblong or elliptic-oblong, acuminate, coarsely and irregu-
larly serrate, glabrous, base acute or cuneate ; main nerves 7-12 pairs,

XLII. VITACE. 261

prominent beneath, arched ; petiolules of the lateral leaflets }—3 in. long,
those of the terminal much longer. Flowers white, in large branched
corymbose cymes; bracts inconspicuous, caducous. Calyx shortly
divided ; lobes subacute or rounded and with membranous margins.
Lobes of the staminal-tube rounded at the apex, notched; anthers
united in bud. Berry 4-3 in., depressed-globular, often 2~—6-lobed,
smooth, shining, purple- “black. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 666 (excluding some
synonyms); C. B. Clarke, in Trim. Journ. Bot. (1881) p. 139; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. p. 57 ; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) >. 272 ;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 618. ZL. Staphylea, Roxb. Hort. Beng.
p- 18; Grah. Cat. p. 33; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 415" Erm._ Fl. Ceyl.ye-1,
p- 297.—Flowers : July— Oct. Vurn. Kurkani ; Dinda.

Where there is a heavy rainfall short aerial roots are developed abun-
dantly from the branches (Talbot 1. c.).

Widely distributed throughout the Presidency. Konkan: Stocks!, Law!; W. Ghats,
Woodrow; Konkan and Ghat jungles, common, Dalzel/! ; Salsette, Graham ; Matheran,
Cooke!, H. M. Birdwood. Deccan; Khandala, Cooke! ; Lanoli, Woodrow! ; Kartriz
Ghat near Poona, Kanitkar!; Karli, Woodrow! ; Mahableshwar, Cooke!, H. M.
Birdwood.—Distris. Throughout India ; Malay islands, Ceylon.

6. Leea robusta, lowb. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 18. A shrub 5-6 ft.
high; young branches rusty-pubescent. Leaves simply pinnate to
tripinnate; rhachis and petioles angled, not winged; leaflets 3-9 by
1-33 in. (the terminal leaflets very much larger than the lateral ones,
acute at the base while the lateral leaflets are rounded), oblong or
elliptic-oblong, acuminate, irregularly serrate, sparsely strigose above,
pubescent and with the nerves sparscly strigose beneath ; main nerves
8-12 pairs, ascending ; petiolules of the terminal leaflets often reaching
2 in., those of the lateral leaflets 4-4 in. long. Flowers greenish-white
in long-peduncled much-branched compound cymes; bracts caducous.
Calyx divided about 3 of the way down. Lobes of the staminal-tube
rounded or truncate, not bifid at the apex; anthers slightly united in
bud. Berry + in., depressed-globular, black when ripe; pyrenes 6-4.
C. B. Clarke, in Trim. Journ. Bot. (1881) p. 164; King, in Journ. As.
Soc. Beng. v. 65 (1897) p. 417; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 57. L. diffusa,
Laws. in Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 667.—Flowers: Aug.

Konkan: Mira Donger near Pen, Dalzell!| Kanara: Ghats of N. Kanara and sea-
level near Kadra, Yadbot.—Distris. India (Nipal, Khasia mountains, Andamans) ;
Malaya.

7. Leea zequata, Linn. Mantiss. v. 1 (1767) p. 124. A shrub
4-10 ft. high ; young shoots more or less pubescent. Leaves 2-pinnate
(the upper often simply pinnate or rarely simple); rhachis angled but
hardly winged, pubescent ; petioles not dilated at the base ; leaflets 3-7
by 1-1? in., oblong or ovate-oblong, acuminate, irregularly serrate, more
or less hairy on both surfaces, covered beneath with numerous flat
circular discs; main nerves 7—12 pairs, ascending, curved; petioles of
the lateral leaflets 3-7 in., those of the terminal reaching 1 in. long.
Flowers white, very shortly pedicelled, in short compact pubescent cymes ;
bracts large, broadly ovate, obtuse, caducous. Calyx pubescent and
sparsely covered with elandular discs outside, cleft about 1 the way down;
lobes ovate, subacute. Lobes of the penne tube oblong, bifid ; anthers
united in bud. Berry 1 in. in diam., depressed-globular, usually 2-6-

262 XLII. VITAOEZ.

lobed, black when ripe. C. B. Clarke, in Trim. Journ. Bot. (1881) p. 163;
King, in Journ. As. Soe. Beng. v. 65 (1897) p. 418. LZ. hirta, Roxb. ex
Hornem. Hort. Hafn. v. 1, p. 231; Laws. in Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 668;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 57; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 617.—Flowers
in the rains (Talbot).

The circular discs on the underside of the leaves furnish an excellent
specific character. They are found on no otber Indian Leea and are
always present in this species.

Kanara: evergreen forests near Karwar, Jabot 1. c.—Distars. India (Sikkim
Himalaya, Assam, East Bengal, Silhet, the Andamans).

8. Leea setuligera, C. B. Clarke, in Trim. Journ. Bot. (1881) p. 105.
Leaves compound, 2-3-pinnate; leaflets elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate,
acuminate, sharply and closely serrate, clothed with stiff bristles between
the nerves above, bristly on the nerves beneath, base rounded or sub-
acute ; main nerves about 7-12 pairs; petiolules of lateral leaflets 0-3 in,
long. Flowers in small compact umbellate cymes ; bracts linear-subulate,
caducous ; peduncles 13-1? in. long; pedicels very short. Lobes of the
staminal-tube bifid ; anthers united in bud. Fruit not seen.

The flowers are, as far as it is possible to judge from a dried specimen,
red.

There is but one specimen in Herb. Kew. labelled “ Konkan, Stocks” (!) which
matches with no other specimen of Leea in the Herbarium.

Orprr XLII. SAPINDACEZ.

Trees or shrubs, rarely climbing herbs. Leaves alternate (rarely
opposite), generally compound; stipules caducous or 0. Flowers usually
polygamo-dicecious, often irregular. Calyx usually 4—5-lobed or 4-5-
sepalous ; lobes or sepals often unequal, imbricate or rarely valvate. Petals
4-5 or 0, free, equal or unequal, eften bearded or squamate at the base
within. Disk annular or unilateral, rarely wanting in the male flowers.
Stamens 5-10 (usually 8), inserted inside the disk at the base of the
ovary, or outside, or on the disk, sometimes unilateral; filaments often
pubescent, usually free; anthers 2-celled, basifixed or versatile. Ovary
centric or excentric, entire, lobed or partite nearly to the base, 1—4-celled ;
ovule 1 (rarely 2 or more) in each cell, affixed to the axis of the ovary,
ascending; style simple or divided, usually terminal; stigma usually simple.
Fruit capsular or indehiscent, entire or lobed, sometimes winged. Seeds
globose or compressed, arillate or naked, usually exalbuminous ; embryo
usually thick, sometimes plicate or spirally convolute.—Distrrs. Through-
out the world, especially in the Tropics ; genera 73; species 500-800.

Erioglossum edule, Blume, Bijdr. p. 229, a tree which occurs in the Sikkim Himalaya,
Assam, Birma, the Indian Archipelago, and North-western Australia, has been planted
in the Girgaum Woods, Bombay, but is certainly not indigenous. It has sweet-
scented flowers in panicled racemes, and the wood is useful, strong, and durable,
chocolate-colored in the centre.

Blighia sapida, Konig, in Kon. & Sims, Ann. Bot. v. 2, p. 571, the Akee tree of
Jamaica, a native of Africa and the West Indies, has been planted in Parel and
Dapuri gardens and in Lanoli Wood. It has abruptly-pinnate leaves, 3 or 4 pairs of
pale-green glabrous leaflets, small white flowers and a brigbt-red pear-like fruit about

XLIII, SAPINDACHE. 263

4 inches long, which is edible, but (fide Dalzell & Gibson) can only be eaten fried and
is insipid (see Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 13).

Filicium decipiens, Thwaites, Enum. p. 408, a very ornamental tree, rather slow of
growth, with bright-green fern-like leaves, narrow leaflets and a winged rhachis, has been
grown at Poona from seeds procured from the botanical gardens at Peradeniya, Ceylon
(see Woodrow, Gardening in India, ed. 5, p. 232),

Leaves alternate, exstipulate ; seeds exalbuminous.
Stamens inserted within the disk.
Flowers irregular; disk unilateral.

Herbs ; fruit an inflated capsule... .............. 1. OarprospHrMuM,
Trees or shrubs; fruit indehiscent.
BeaVes WINUSEOS cocci cavtareectevsGeteeke oases 2. Hemicyrosa,
Weaves) 1l—S-foliolatens,. ccccse.cocctcaswsssaene . 3, ALLOPHYLUS.

Flowers regular; disk annular.
Fruit. not inflated, indehiscent ; flowers small.
Fruit not breaking up into cocci; petals0. 4. Scunmrcumra.
Fruit of 1-3 indehiscent cocci.

Sepals free, much imbricate ............ 5. Sapinpus.

Sepals connate, valvate or nearly so. 6. Nupuniium.

Fruit an inflated capsule; flowers large ....,.... 7. Harrvwria.
Stamens inserted outside the disk; fruit 3-winged ...... 8. Doponaa.
Leaves opposite, stipulate; seeds albuminous ............ aaa 9. Turpinia,

1. CARDIOSPERMUM, Linn.

Climbing tendril-bearing herbs with wiry stems. Leaves alternate,
exstipulate, 2-ternate; leaflets coarsely crenate or serrate. Flowers
irregular, polygamo-dicecious, in axillary racemes or cor, mbs, the common
peduncle 2-cirrhose. Sepals 4, much imbricate, the 2 exterior small.
Petals 4, arranged in pairs, the two upper furnished with a large scale
below the base of each, the 2 lower smaller, distant, each furnished with
a small crested scale. Disk unilateral, undulate, of 2 glands opposite
the lower petals. Stamens 8, excentric; filaments unequal, free or
connate at the base. Ovary sessile or subsessile, 3-celled ; ovule solitary,
ascending; style short, 3-fid. Capsule membranous, trigonous, 3-celled,
3-valved, inflated, loculicidal. Seeds globose, usually arillate at the base ;
testa crustaceous ; cotyledons large, transversely conduplicate.—DisrR1s.
Chiefly in Tropical America and Africa; species about 30.

Capsules winged at the angles ............ssceesseessersceseeeeses 1. C. Halicacabum.
Oapsules not winged at the angles ......... Lesescasssecseceenes 2, C. canescens.

1. Cardiospermum Halicacabum, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 366.
Annual and perennial ; branches slender, striate, pubesceut or glabrous.
Leaves deltoid, 2-ternate ; petioles 7-13 in. long; ultimate segments of
the leaves lanceolate, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, inciso-serrate, very
acute at the apex and narrowed at the base. Flowers white, 3-} in.
long, in few-flowered umbellate cymes; peduncles slender, stiff, axillary,
14-4 in. long, provided beneath the cyme with 2 opposite usually
circinate tendrils; pedicels very slender, §-3 in. long. Outer sepals
rounded, obovate, usually with a few scattered hairs on the back just
below the apical margin; inner sepals larger than the outer, rounded,
membranous. Petals rounded at the apex. Style very short. Capsules
shortly stalked, subglobose or more commonly depressed-pyriform, tri-
gonous, truncate at top, winged at the angles, bladdery, veined. Seeds
globose, 3—} in. in diam., smooth, black, with a small white heart-shaped
aril, FI. B. I. v.1, p. 670; Grah. Cat. p. 28; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 34;

Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 34; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 299; Radlk. in

264 XLIII. SAPINDACE®.

Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 5, p. 308, fig. 159, a-c; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 272; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.
v. 2, p. 155.— Flowers: Dee. Vern. T'ejovati; Kapal-phodi.

Known as the Heart-pea or Balloon-vine. Common in hedges throughout the
Presidency, Graham, Dalzell § Gibson. Deccan: hills, Woodrow; Poona, Ragji!,
Cooke!, Jacquemont, 443! Sixp: Stocks.

The root, leaves and seeds are extensively employed in native medicine. See Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod, 1. c.—Distris, Most warm countries,

2. Cardiospermum canescens, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. v. 1 (1830)
p- 14. Scandent; stem shrubby, deeply 5-furrowed, more or less pubes-
cent. Leaves 2-ternate, pubescent on both sides; ultimate segments
smaller than in the preceding species and blunter, the terminal segment
mucronate or cuspidate. Flowers larger than in the preceding species,
2-3 in. long, in long-peduncled umbellate cymes. Tendrils as in
C. Halicacabum. Capsules 1-14 in. long, inflated, subglobose, 3-angled,
not winged. Seeds as in the preceding species. Fl. B. L. v. 1, p. 670;
Wight, Icon. t. 74. C. Corindum, Trim. FI. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 300.

I have seen only one specimen from Bombay in Herb. Kew. marked “ Konkan,
Stocks !””—Disrris. India (Birma, W. Peninsula); Ceylon, Abyssinia.

2. HEMIGYROSA, Blume.

Trees. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, pinnate, pale ; leaflets opposite
or nearly so, 2-3 pairs, petioluled, entire, coriaceous, oblong, reticulately
veined. Flowers polygamo-moneecious, irregular, in axillary many-
flowered paniculately arranged spicate racemes. Sepals 5, unequal, erect,
concave, the 2 outer smaller. Petals 4-5, unequal (the 5th often
deficient or scale-like), erect, clawed, with a jagged hooded scale near
the base. Disk pulvinate, unilateral. Stamens usually 8, unequal,
unilateral ; filaments pilose; anthers not or scarcely exserted. Ovary
excentric, turbinately trigonous, 3-celled ; ovule solitary in each cell ;
stigma trigonous, obtuse. Fruit indehiscent, thickly coriaceous, fleshy
or woody, trigonous or globose, velvety or tomentose, 3-celled, the cells
hirsute within. Seeds oblong, exarillate ; testa ccriaceous ; cotyledons
fleshy, equal.—Disrriz. Tropical Asia; species 3-4.

1. Hemigyrosa canescens, 7'waites, Enum. (1858) p. 56 & p. 408.
A middle-sized tree with a crooked trunk of considerable girth ; bark ash-
colored. Leaves variable in length ; rhachis smooth ; leaflets 2-8 pairs,
opposite or subopposite, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, acute or emarginate,
3-5 by 1-12 in., entire, glabrous, shining, ashy green; petiolules g—4
in. long. Flowers about }-} in. long, in simple or panicled velvety-
pubesceut racemes which are axillary or scattered over the branches;
bracts minute, triangular. Sepals unequal, the 2 outer ovate-orbicular,
ciliate, the 3 inner larger, orbicular, concave, with ciliate or laciniate
margins. Petals white, oblong-spathulate, shortly clawed, slightly
laciniate ; scale about 4 as long as the petal, hairy at the base, 2-lobed at
the apex, the lobes laciniate. Stamens slightly longer than the petals ;
filaments hairy. Fruit 4-1 in. in diam., subglobose or trigonous, velvety-
tomentose, apiculate, yellow. Fl. B. I. v.1, p.671; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat.
t. 151; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 801; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 58; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 272; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.

XLIII. SAPINDACEZR. 265

v. 4, p. 221. Cupania canescens, Pers. Syn. v. 1 (1805) p. 413; Grah.
Cat. p. 29; Dalz. & Gibs. p.35.—Flowers: Feb—May. Very. Karpa;
Lokhundi.

Konkan: Parel, Woodrow; Matheran, Kanithkar!, H. M. Birdwood. Duccan:

Palasdari, Woodrow!; Bimashankar, Gibson; Khandala, Graham. 8. M. Country:
Ramghat, Dalzell § Gibson,—Disrxis. India (Birma, Madras, W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon,

3. ALLOPHYLUS, Linn.

Shrubs or small trees, ecirrhose. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, 1-3-
foliolate ; leatlets usually large, entire or serrate. Racemes simple or
laxly paniculate, axillary. Flowers irregular, small, polygamo-dicecious.
Sepals 4, in opposite pairs, cucullate, membranous, widel y imbricate, the
2 outer smaller. Petals 4 (the place of the 5th vacant), usually small,
naked insideor with a shaggy scale above the claw. Disk unilateral,
lobed or swollen into 4 glauds opposite the petals, very rarely obsolete.
Stamens excentric or scarcely centric, included or shortly exserted.
Ovary usually 2-celled; ovule 1 in each cell, ascending from its base.
Fruit indehiscent, usually 1-2-lobed; lobes subzlobose, fleshy or dry.
Seeds erect, usually with a very short fleshy aril; embryo curved;
cotyledons plicate.—Disrris. Chiefly Tropical America; less frequent
in Tropical and 8S. Africa, the Pacific Islands and Australia; species
about 80.

1. Allophylus Cobbe, Blume, Rumph. v. 3 (1847) p. 131. A
small tree, or a shrub often climbing to a considerable height. Leaves
3-foliolate, 3-53 by 13-2% in., alternate, crowded at the extremities of
the branchlets, drooping ; common petioles 2-21 in. long, ferrugineo-
pubescent; leaflets ovate or elliptic, acute or acuminate, sharply and
distantly serrate-dentate, more or less hairy or pubescent on both sur-
faces, the terminal leaflet usually acute at the base, the lateral leaflets
usually Sng and more or less oblique; petiolules of the lateral
leaflets z+ in., those of the terminal leaflets sometimes reaching | in,
long. een small, white, shortly pedicelled, in fascicles along the
branches of spicate axillary 2—-4-branched racemes. Sepals glabrous.
Petals cuneate, with a fringed scale above the claw. Stamens 8. Ovary
2-lobed, hairy. Fruit globose, smooth, size of a pea, red when ripe.
Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 673; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 303; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
p- 58 ; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 272; Watt, Dict.
Keon. Prod. v. 1, p. 175. Schmidelia Kobbe, Lamk. Tab. v. 2, p. 443,
teol2, f. 2. S. Cobbe, DC. Prodr. v. 1, p. 610; Grah. Cat. p, 29.
Cardiospermum Schmidelia & Cardiospernum villosa, Dalz. & Gibs. p. 34.
—Flowers: May-Aug. Vern. Tipan.

Konkan: Mira hills near Pen, Dalzell & Gibson. Deccan: Lanoli, Woodrow,
Kanitkar! Mahableshwar, very common, Cooke!, H. M. Birdwood. Kanara: in
moist forests and along the banks of rivers and streams in N. Kanara, usually a
scandent shrub, 7a/bot.—Disrris. India (Assam, Silhet, Birma, E. & W, Peninsulas);
Ceylon, Malaya, N. Australia.

4, SCHLEICHERA, Wilid.
Trees. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, pinnate; leaflets opposite or
alternate. Flowers regular, polygamo-dicecious, small, fascicled on slender
simple racemes or panicles; pedicels slender. Calyx small, 4—6-fic.g,

266 XLIII. SAPINDACES.

lobes valvate or obscurely imbricate. Petals 0. Disk complete, with
waved margin. Stamens 5-8 inserted within the disk ; filainents more
or less pubescent. Ovary 3-4-celled, attenuated into a rigid style;
ovule 1 in each cell, erect ; stigma 3-4-lobed. Fruit dry, subcrustaceous,
indehiscent, ovoid, cuspidate with the style, 1-3-celled. Seeds with a
fleshy aril, erect; embryo conduplicate ; cotyledons connate, unequal.—
Distris. Tropical Asia and the Philippines ; species 2.

1. Schleichera trijuga, Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 4 (1805) p. 1096. A
large tree 40-60 ft. high, with smooth grey bark. Leaves abruptly
pinnate ; petioles and rhachis terete, pubescent; leaflets 2-4 pairs (the
leaflets of the lowest pair 2-33 by 1-23 in., those of the terminal pair
4-9 by 11-4 in.) opposite or nearly so, usually very obtuse (rarely
shortly acuminate), entire, glabrous, base rounded or tapering ; lateral
nerves 12-20 pairs with reticulate veins between; petiolules very short,
articulated with the rhachis. Flowers white or yellowish, fascicled, on
interrupted often branched racemes which are axillary or below the
leaves, often several on short branchlets. Calyx-lobes acute. J ruit
size of a small plum, pointed, often echinate with stout rather blunt
prickles. Seeds 1 or 2, enclosed in a pulpy edible aril which has a
pleasant acid taste; testa smooth brown. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 681; Grah.
Cat. p. 29; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 35; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v.1, p. 304; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. p. 59; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 272;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 2, p. 487. Sapindus trifoliata, Linn.
Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 367—Flowers: Feb.-_May. VERN. Kosimb.

Konkan: Stocks!; Bombay, Law!; Kanheri forests and Salsette, Graham ; Thana
districts, Cooke!; Matheran Ghat, H. M. Birdwood. Drccan: Khandala, Woodrow.
Kanara: Mandgod (N. Kanara), Talbot, 364!; Sirsi, Woodrow; Kala naddi (below
fall), Ritchie, 1657 !—Disrris. Throughout India; Oeylon, Java, Timor.

The tree is sometimes known as the Lac tree, the lac which is produced on it being
the most highly prized quality. The wood is hard and durable and the oil obtained
ae ne seeds has been employed for the cure of itch, See Watt, Dict. Keon.
Prod. l.c.

5. SAPINDUS, Tournef. ex Linn.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, simple, 1-foliolate or
abruptly pinnate ; leaflets usually entire. Flowers polygamous, regular,
in terminal or axillary racemes or panicles. Sepals 4-5, in 2 series,
much imbricate. Petals 4-5, naked or with scales above the claw.
Disk complete, annular or fleshy, usually lobed. Stamens usually 8-10,
inserted within the disk ; filaments free, usually pilose ; anthers versa-
tile. Ovary entire or 2—4-lobed, 2—4-celled ; ovule 1 in each cell; style
terminal; stigma 2-4-lobed. Fruit fleshy or coriaceous, 1-2 (rarely
3-4-) coccous, the cocci oblong or globose, indehiscent. Seeds usually
globose, usually exarillate ; testa crustaceous or membranous ; cotyledons
thick; radicle short.—Dusrris. Tropical regions of the world; species
about 40.

1. Sapindus laurifolius, Vahl, Symb. v. 3 (1794) p. 54. A
handsome tree. Leaves abruptly-pinnate; leaflets subopposite, 2-3
pairs, 3-7 by 1-4 in., lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
entire, glabrous aboye, more or less pubescent beneath, base acute ;
inin nerves about 8-12 pairs; petioles 3 in. long, pubescent. Flowers

XLIII. SAPINDACER. 267

dingy white, in terminal rusty-pubescent panicles, the males numerous,
the bisexual flowers few. Sepals 5, rotund-ovate, ciliolate, fulvous-
pubescent outside, glabrous within, 4 in. long. Petals 4-5, shortly
clawed, narrower than the sepals, lanceolate, villous outside and more
or less so within, usually furnished with 2 villous scales attached at
each side of the petal about half way up. Disk concave with a fleshy
hirsute margin. Stamens 8; filaments villous; anthers oblong, apicu-
late. Ovary densely hairy. Fruit fleshy, 2- (usually 3-) lobed, clothed
with fulvous hairs when young, glabrous and wrinkled when ripe, with
1 seed in each lobe. Seeds blackish, smooth, about the size of a large
pea, very hard. Grah. Cat. p. 29; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 34; Brandis, For.
Flor. p. 106; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 306. S. trifoliatus, Fl. B. I. v. 1,
p- 682, in part (not of Linn.); Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 59; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 272; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6,
part 2, p. 468.—Flowers: Oct-Dec. Vurn. Litha.

Generally to be met with about villages in the Konkan, Graham. Konkan:
Stocks!, Dalzell!; Rambdég (Matheran), H. M. Birdwood. S. M. Country: Ram-
ghat, Ritchie, 1000!; Londa, Bhiva! Kanara: Kala naddi, [itchie, 1000!; indi-
genous on the Ghats of N. Kanara in evergreen forests, Za/bot.—Disrris. Oultivated
in Bengal and in 8S. & W. India.

Var. emarginatus. Leaflets ovate-oblong or obovate-oblong, glabrous
above, softly tomentose beneath, rounded or emarginate at the apex.
Sapindus emarginatus (sp.), Vahl, Symb. v. 3 (1794) p. 54; Wight &
Arn. Prodr. p. 111; Grah. Cat. p. 29; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 35; Bedd. Flor.:
Sylvat. t. 154; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 307. 8. trifoliatus, Hiern, in Hook.
f. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 682, in part (not of Linn.); Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.
vy. 6, part 2, p. 468.

Found in the same localities as the preceding.

The berries of both trees are used as a substitute for soap ; hence the name Soap-
nut tree which is given to them by Anglo-Indians. The fruit is also employed in

native medicine, while the wood is hard and useful for many purposes, See Watt,
Dict, Econ. Prod. 1. c.

6. NEPHELIUM, Linn.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, pinnate; leaflets
subopposite, entire (rarely serrate). Flowers numerous, regular, small,
olygamo-dicecious, in terminal and axillary racemes or panicles. Calyx
small, 4-6-lobed, usually cupular; lobes short, valvate or slightly im-
bricate in bud. Petals 4-6 or 0, villous, rarely with 2 scales. Disk
annular or swollen, glabrous or pubescent. Stamens 6-8, inserted
within the disk, long-exserted; filaments filiform, usually pubescent.
Ovary pubescent, often verrucose, 2-3-lobed ; lobes 1-celled, 1-ovulate ;
style 2—3-fid or -partite, the lobes recurved. Fruit 1-3-coccous, inde-
hiscent, globose or ovoid, echinate, tubercled or smooth. Seeds ellipsoid
or globose, exalbuminous, covered with a pulpy aril; cotyledons fleshy
but not plicate.—Disrris. Chiefly Malayan ; species about 20.

1. Nephelium Longana, Camb. in Mém. Mus. Par. v. 18 (1829)
p. 30. A tree 30-40 ft. high ; bark smooth, flaking off in small pieces ;
young parts clothed with rufous stellate pubescence. Leaves 4-18 in.
long, equally or unequally pinnate; rhachis rusty-puberulous when
young, afterwards glabrous ; leaflets 2-5 pairs, reddish when young,

268 XLIII, SAPINDACEA,

coriaceous, 23-8 by 1-2 in., oblong or ovate-lanceolate, more or less
oblique, shortly acuminate, glabrous and reticulately veined, base
cuneate; main nerves 10-15 pairs, prominent beneath; petiolules
g-2 in. long. Flowers small, white, in clusters on the branches of
terminal and axillary large much-branched puberulous panicles ; pedicels
short, pubescent. Calyx 5-6-lobed; lobes obtuse, densely pubescent.
Petals 5—6, linear-spathulate, pubescent, about as long as the calyx.
Disk pubescent. Stamens 6-10, inciuded in the female, exserted in
the male flowers ; filaments hairy at the base. Ovary 2—3-lobed ; style
long; stigmas 2, recurved. Fruit supported on the persistent calyx,
edible when young, globose, reddish, tubercled, Seed solitary, enveloped
in a fleshy pale subacid aril, black, shining. Fl. B. I. v. 1, p. 688;
Grah. Cat. p. 29; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 35; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 309;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 59; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p. 272; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 348.—Flowers: Feb.—Apr.
Vern. Unb; Vumb.

Konkan: Law!, Stocks!; evergreen forests of Konkan Ghats, Talbot. Drccan :
Mahableshwar, Cooke!; Koina valley, H. M. Birdwood; Pdr in a ravine near which
there is a forest chiefly of Vwmh trees, ex Graham 1.c. S. M. Country: Ramghat,
Dalzell § Gibson. Kanara: Ritchie, 1656!; evergreen forests of N. Kanara Ghats,
Talbot ; Ainshi (N, Kanara), Tu/bot, 952 !—Disrrip. India (HE. Bengal, W. Peninsula) ;
Ceylon. Often cultivated in tropical countries.

The fruit is about the size of a cherry and the pulpy aril is eaten. See Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. 1. ¢.

Nephelium Lit-chi, Camb., the Litchi introduced from S8. China has
been occasionally, though rarely, cultivated in Bombay. See Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 346.

7. HARPULLIA, Roxb.

Erect trees. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, pinnate ; leaflets alternate,
entire. Flowers regular, dicecious or polygamous, racemose or paniculate,
pedicelled. Sepals 4-5, erect, equal. Petals 4-5, linear-obovate, some-
times clawed, but without either glands or scales. Disk obscure.
Stamens 5-8, elongate, centric. Ovary oblong, 2-lobed, 2-celled; ovules
2 in each cell; style usually elongate; stigma linear, usually more or
less twisted. Capsule coriaceous, inflated, 2-lobed, 2-celled, loculicidally
2-valved, cells 1-2-seeded. Seeds subglobose, exalbuminous, usually
arillate; embryo thick.—Dusrris. Tropical Asia, Australia and Mada-
gascar ; species about 6.

1. Harpullia imbricata, Thwaites, Enum. (1858) p. 56. A large
tree with an erect straight trunk ; young parts finely fulvous-pubescent.
Leaves imparipinnate ; rhachis cylindric, 6-10 in. long, pubescent ; leaflets
4-5 pairs, opposite or alternate, 3-6 by 1-2 in., oblong-lanceolate,
obtusely acuminate, entire, glabrous and shining, bright light green, thin ;
main nerves 8-12 pairs; petiolules 4-1 in. long. Flowers 3 in. long,
in lax drooping axillary panicles; pedicels long, slender, puberulous.
Sepals 5, free, oblong, obtuse, fulvous-pubescent, subpersistent. Petals
much exceeding the sepals, spathulate, veined, and with a long claw
which is pubescent within. Stamens in bisexual flowers shorter than
the petals, in male flowers exserted beyond them. Ovary ovoid, hairy ;
style 3 or 4 times as long as the ovary, much exserted; stigma oblong,

XLIIT, SAPINDACER. 269

usually more or less spirally twisted. Capsules inflated, broadly reniform,
compres-ed, broader than long, about 1 by 13-432, bright orange, ulti-
mately glabrous, tipped with the long persistent style. Seeds ovoid,
black, smooth, with a small disciform aril. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 311;
Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 158. H. cupanioides, Hiern, in Hook. f. FI. B. 1.
v. 1, p. 692 (not of Roxb.) ; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 59; Woodr.in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 272. Streptostigma viridiflorum, Thwaites,
in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 6 (1854) p. 298, t. 9.—Flowers: Nov.—Jan.

There is no doubt that this plant is perfectly distinct from H. eupani-
oides of Roxburgh.

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. (1824) p. 442, describes H. cupaniordes, a native of
Chittagong, as having a somewhat 2-lobed ovary, a short style, a 2-lobed
stigma with reflexed lobes, a semi-oval seed, of which the inner side is
straight, with a deep orange aril covering the whole seed. The Bombay
plant agrees exactly with the description given by Thwaites (Kew Journ.
Bot. l.e.) and Trimen (FI. Ceyl. 1. ¢.) and with the plate (t. 158) given
by Beddome. The aril of the Bombay plant is small and disciform, the
seed is ovoid, black, the style is long and the stigma oblong and spirally
twisted.

Konkan: Stocks!, Law! Kanara: in the evergreen forests of N. Kanara; very

common in the forests near Goond, Za/bot.—Distris. India (Chittagong, Birma,
8S. Andamans, W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon, Sumatra, Borneo, Java.

8. DODONZZA, Linn.

Shrubs, rarely trees, often viscous. Leaves alternate, exstipulate,
simple or abruptly-pinnate. Flowers unisexual or polygamo-dicecious in
axillary or terminal racemes, corvmbs or panicles, inconspicuous. Sepals
2-5, imbricate or valvate. Petals 0. Disk obsolete in the male, small
in the female flowers. Stamens 5-10 (usually 8), inserted on the outer
side of the disk ; filaments very short ; anthers linear-oblong, obtusely
4-conous. Ovary sessile, 3-6-gonous, 3-6-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell,
collateral or superposed. Capsule membranous or coriaceous, 2—6-gonous,
septicidally 2—6-valved, valves winged at the back, cells 1-2-seeded.
Seeds lenticular or subglobose, compressed, exalbuminous, exarillate ;
funicle thickened; testa crustaceous or coriaceous ; embryo spirally
convolute.—Disrris. Chiefly Australian; species about 65.

1. Dodonza viscosa, Linn. Mantiss. v. 2 (1771) p. 149. A shrub,
rarely a small tree, with erect twiggy branches often angled; young parts
scurfy-puberulous. Leaves subsessile, simple, more or less viscid with a
yellowish resinous exudation, 13—4 by 1-13 in. (the breadth very variable),
oblanceolate, subacute or shortly apiculate, glabrous, shining, tapering
much towards the base. Flowers greenish-yellow, small, in short few-
flowered axillary spreading cymes ; pedicels slender, nodding. Sepals
oblong, +45-g in. long, about equalling the stamens. Anthers oblong-
linear, very large. Ovary pilose; style long. Capsules membranous,
compressed, 3—# in. long and slightly broader, with a wide marginal wing
notched at the base and apex, viscid, orange-brown. Seeds black.
fl, B. I. v. 1, p. 697; Trim. FI. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 312; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
p. 60; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 272; Watt, Dict
Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 172. D. Burmanniana, DC. Prodr. v. 1, p. 616;
Grah. Cat. p. 30; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 36; Aitch. Pb. & Sind PI. p. 34,

270 XLII. SAPINDACEA,

D. angustifolia, Linn. f. Suppl. Pl. p. 218.—Flowers: Nov. . Varn.
Jakhmi.

Throughout the Presidency, chiefly in dry open situations. Konkan: Stocks!, Law!
Deccan: Khandala Ghat, Graham. S. M. Country: Badami, Kanithar!, Woodrow,
Cooke!; Dharwar, Woodrow; very common on sandstone hills north and east of
Belgaum, Graham, Dalzell § Gibson. Stxp: Stocks, 573!, Cooke!

The specimens from Sind are usually very narrow-leaved.—Drstris. Throughout
India, Ceylon and in most warm countries.

9. TURPINIA, Vent.

Glabrous trees or shrubs with terete branches. Leaves opposite,
stipulate, usually imparipinnate ; leaflets opposite, serrulate, sometimes
with coriaceous stipules. Flowers white, small, regular, hermaphrodite,
in terminal and axillary panicles with opposite branches. Calyx 5-fid,
imbricate, persistent. Petals 5, sessile, imbricate. Disk raised, crenate
or lobed. Stamens 5, inserted outside the disk between the lobes ;
filaments flattened. Ovary sessile, 3-lobed, 3-celled ; ovules few or very
many and then 2-seriate, ascending, anatropous ; styles 3, united or free ;
stigmas subcapitate. Fruit subglobose, indehiscent, fleshy or coriaceous,
3-celled; cells few- or many-seeded. Seeds angular, compressed, ex-
arillate ; testa crustaceous or bony; hilum large; albumen fleshy ;
embryo straight ; cotyledons plano-convex.—Disrris. East and West
Indies, Malaya, China and the northern provinces of 8. America ; species
about 8.

1. Turpinia pomifera, DC. Prodr. vy. 2 (1825) p.3. A large tree;
young parts glabrous. Leaves 6-15 in. long, opposite, stipulate, usually
imparipinnate ; rhachis glabrous; stipules intrapetiolar, triangular,
caducous ; leaflets 3-9, opposite, 25-8 by 1-3 in., oblong-lanceolate,
shortly acuminate, finely serrate, glabrous and shining; main nerves 5-6
pairs, distant, ascending ; petiolules of the lateral leaflets 4-3 in., of
the terminal ones up to 2 in. long; stipels lanceolate-subulate, caducous.
Flowers numerous, near the ends of the branches, in lax axillary and
terminal panicles shorter than the leaves; pedicels glabrous. Calyx-
lobes oblong, obtuse, ciliate. Petals white, oblong, obtuse, slightly
exceeding the calyx, ciliate. Stamens about equalling the petals or a
little shorter; filaments glabrous. Ovary broadly ovoid, glabrous,
furrowed, tapering into a stout style. Fruit globose, smooth, purplish-
black, 4-1 in. in diam.; pericarp fleshy. Seeds angular, shining, dark
brown. FI. B. I. v.1, p.698; Trim. FI. Ceyl. v.1, p.313; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. p. 60; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 272; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. vy. 6, part 4, p. 203. 7". nepalensis, Wall. Cat. 4277 ;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 47.—Flowers: Jan.

Konkan: Law!, Stocks!, De Crespigny ex Woodrow; evergreen forests, Talbot.

8. M. Country: Parva Ghat, Dalzell § Gibson. Kanara: evergreen forests, Talbot,—
Distrib. India generally; Ceylon, Yunan, China.

Orppr XLIV. SABIACEZ.

Trees or erect or climbing shrubs, glabrous or with simple hairs.
Leaves alternate, simple or compound, exstipulate. Flowers herma-
phrodite or polygamous, usually panicled. Calyx 4-5-partite, imbricate.

XLIV. SABIAODR. Qi

Petals 4-5, imbricate. Disk usually small, annular. Stamens 4-5,
opposite the petals, inserted at the base of or on the disk, free or coherent
with the petals, all perfect or 2 only perfect and 3 without anthers ;
filaments clavate, flattened or subulate; anthers didymous, the cells
separated by a thick connective and bursting transversely by a deciduous
cap. Ovary sessile, 2-3-celled, compressed or 2-3-lobed ; ovules 1-2 in
each cell; styles 2-8, free or connate or 0; stigmas punctiform. Ripe
carpels 1-2, dry or fleshy, indehiscent. Seeds compressed or globose,
basilar ; hilum broad; testa membranous or coriaceous; albumen Oy
cotyledons often contorted; radicle deflexed.—Dusrriz. Tropical and
subtropical regions chiefly of the N. hemisphere; genera 4; species
about 3d.

1. MELIOSMA, Blume.

Trees or shrubs, usually pubescent. Leaves alternate, simple or
imparipinnate ; leaflets subopposite, the terminal one rarely wanting.
Flowers small, hermaphrodite, in branched terminal, or terminal and
axillary panicles; bracts caducous. Bracteoles and sepals 5-9, persistent,
forming an uninterrupted whorl round the petals. Petals 5: 3 large
nearly orbicular, valyate ; 2 smaller, interior, placed behind the fertile
stamens, either membranous and nearly free, or reduced to a bifid scale
adnate to the filament. Stamens 5: 2 fertile, opposite the smaller
petals, the filaments short, flattened incurved, expanded at the top into
a cup which bears 2 globose cells that burst transversely, springing back
elastically ; 3 deformed, broad, opposite the larger petals, 2-fid, with 2
empty cells together forming a cup over the pistil. Disk cupular or
annular with 2-5 simple or dentate teeth. Ovary sessile, 2- (rarely 3-)
celled, contracted into a simple or 2-partite style; ovules 2 in each
cell; stigma simple. Drupe small, oblique, subglobose ; stone crusta-
ceous, 1-celled, with usually a basilar rounded projection over which the
seed is curved. Seeds globose; testa membranous ; cotyledons con-
duplicate ; radicle incurved.—Disrris. Tropical Asia, Malaya, a few in
S. America ; species about 32,

1. Meliosma Wightii, Planch. ex Brand. For. Fl. (1874) p. 116.
A small tree; branches, petioles and panicles clothed with ferruginous
pubescence. Leaves 32-7 by 13-23 in., coriaceous, oblong-elliptic or
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, usually entire, glabrous above except on
the nerves, prominently reticulately veined and more or less pubescent
beneath ; petioles about 3 in. long. Flowers small, in rigid pyramidal
rufous-hairy panicles. Sepals and bracteoles about 7-9, all suborbicular,
ciliate, the outer ones pubescent outside. Petals membranous, the
3 larger ones rounded, obtuse, the 2 smaller bifid. Ovary flask-shaped,
glabrous. Drupes 7-3 in. in diam., nearly globular, supported on the
persistent sepals. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 4; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p- 314;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 60. Millingtonia pungens, Wight, Icon,
t. 964.

Kongan: Dailzell!

I have seen only one specimen from Bombay which was collected by Dalzell. The
plant appears to be tolerably common on the Nilgherries,—Distkis. India (W.
Peninsula); Ceylon,

272 XLV. ANACARDIACEX,

Orprr XLV. ANACARDIACE.

Trees or shrubs usually with oleo-resinous often acrid juice. Leaves
alternate, simple or compound, exstipulate. Flowers small, regular,
}-sexual, polygamous, or 2-sexual, usually panicled. Calyx 3-5-partite,
sometimes accrescent. Disk flat, cupular or annular, entire or lobed,
rarely obsolete. Stamens equal in number to the petals, rarely more,
inserted under (rarely on) the disk ; filaments usually subulate ; anthers
2-celled, basi- or dorsi-fixed. Ovary superior (half inferior in Hol-
garna), 1- or 2-6-celled, rudimentary or 2-38-fid in the male (of 5-6
carpels in Buchanania) ; ovule solitary in each cell, pendulous from the
top or side of the cell or from an ascending basal funicle. Fruit
superior (except in Holigarna), usually a 1—5-celled, 1-5-seeded drupe ;
stone sometimes dehiscent. Seed exalbuminous; embryo straight or
eurved; cotyledous plano-convex; radicle short.—Duisrriz. Chiefly
tropical ; genera 55 ; species about 450,

Ovary 1-celled or if 2-celled with 1 cell early suppressed.

Ovyules pendulous from a basal funicle.
Leaves pinnate or 3-foliolate (sometimes simple in
BES CONUS) Secdeeastecsiecesseeesccsessocs Ueesdeasce: Meqeee 1. Ruvs.

Leaves simple.
Flowers polygamous.

Stamems 1-5; fruit a fleshy drupe.........-. 2. MANGIFERA,
Stamens 8-10; fruit a reniform nut ......... 3. ANACARDIUM,
Flowers hermaphrodite; stamens 10; fruit a
TUDO yee scessstestseece sees cease sense cemeee none soecemecer 4, Bucuananta.
Ovules pendulous from the top or above the middle of
the cell.
Leaves pinnate.
Petals: vallvatels pt yle ull s.r. seas. sens eeeseevecieden mas 5. Sotenocarpus.
Petals imbricate; styles 3-4 ...........sseceeeseeeee 6. Ovina.

Leaves simple.
Stamens 5-6; styles 3.

Petals imbricate; drupe superior ......-..+6+ 7. SEMECARPUS.
Petals valvate; drupe inferior..............06+ 8. Hoxicarna,
Siamens 4 estyley lis. ..csesssscnc-seceewesedercnsesesee 9, Nornopnaia.
Ovary 4-5-celled ; leaves pinnate .........s.ssesseseereee ApsoacodbIn5 10. Sponpras.

1. RHUS, Linn.

Trees or shrubs often with acrid juice. Leaves alternate, 3-foliolate
or imparipinnate (simple in 22. Cotinus). Flowers small, in terminal and
axillary panicles, polygamous. Calyx small, 4—6-partite, persistent ;
segments subequal. Petals 4-6, equal, spreading, imbricate. Stamens
4, 5, 6 or 10, inserted at the base of the disk, free ; filaments subulate ;
anthers short, imperfect in the female flower. Ovary sessile, ovoid or
globose, 1-celled ; ovule pendulous from a basal funicle; styles 3, free
or connate, short or long; stigmas simple or capitate. Drupe small,
dry, compressed ; stone coriaceous, crustaceous or bony. Seed pen-
dulous from the funicle ; testa membranous ; cotyledons flattish ; radicle
hooked, short, superior.— Disrris. Chiefly in warm extrat ropical regions
of both hemispheres ; species about 120.

1. Rhus mysurensis, //eyne, ex Wight § Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 172,
A shrub or small tree; branches woody, often spiny, the younger pubescent,
Leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets obovate, cuneate, sinuate-toothed or sublobed,

_

XLV. ANACARDIACEZ, PAT (3

with a few scattered hairs above, softly pubescent beneath; terminal
leaflet sessile or shortly petioluled, much larger than the lateral ones,
reaching 1-L} in. long ; lateral leaflets Sain sometimes very small.
Flowers in terminal and axillary branched pubescent panicles ; pedicels
short ; bracts minute, linear, pubescent. Calyx ae outside, much
shorter than the petals ; lobes ovate. Petals zis in. long, oblong, sub-
acute, glabrous. Disk 5-lobed, the lobes often notched. Drapes rae in.
in ipo subglobose, brown, glabrous, shining. Engler, in DC. } eae
Phan. v. 4, p. 420. Rhus mysorensis, Hook. f. in FI. B. I. v. pe De)
Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 35; Talb. eres Bomb. p. 61; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 2 272; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6,
part 1, p. 497.—Flowers: June. Vurn. Amani.

Deccan: Ghat between Wai and Wathdar, Cooke!; hills near Poona, Woodrow !
Chattarsinghi hill near Poona, Kanitkar! S.M. Coustry: common in the Dharwar
forests, Zu/bot. Styp: on the hills, Stocks, 475!—Disrris. India generally.

Graham states that the bark is used for tanning, and in Rajputana, where the shrub is

ecmnon, it is largely employed for this purpose and is said to give a fine brown color
to leather.—See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ¢.

2. MANGIFERA, Linn.

Trees. Leaves alternate, petioled, simple, entire, coriaceous. Flowers
small, polygamous, in terminal panicles. Calyx 4—5-partite ; segments
imbricate, deciduous. Petals 4-5, free or adnate to the disk,
imbricate; nerves thickened, sometimes ending in excrescences.
Stamens 1-5, inserted just within the disk or on it, 1 usually more
perfect and much longer than the others, the others with imperfect or
smaller anthers, or reduced to teeth, or absent. Ovary sessile, 1-celled,
oblique ; ovule pendulous, funicle basal or inserted on the side of the
cell above its base (rarely horizontal). Drupe large, fleshy ; stone
compressed, fibrous. Seed large, compressed; testa papery ; cotyledons
plano-convex, often unequal and lobed.—Disrris. Tropical Asia, chiefly
Malaya; species about 30.

1. Mangifera indica, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 200. A large
spreading evergreen tree reaching 50 ft. in height, all parts glabrous
except the inflorescence. Leaves crowded at the ends of the branches,
coriaceous, 5-10 by 11-8 in,, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, acute,
acuminate or subobtuse, shining, entire, the margins often undulate, base
narrowed ; petioles $ 21 in. long. Flowers moneecious, + in. long, with
a somewhat disagreeable odor, arranged i in large many-flowered pubescent
panicles longer than the leaves ; pedicels short, thick ; bracteoles ovate,
small. Sepals ovate, concave, pubescent outside, shorter than the petals.
Petals oblong, subacute, reflexed, glabrous, with 3 strong orange-colored
ridges on the inner face. Disk fleshy, 5-lobed. Stamen 1; filament
subulate; anther purple. Ovary glabrous. Drupes large, fleshy,
obliquely pyriform or subovoid, subcompressed, 3-8 in. long; stone
compressed, fibrous, very hard. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p.18; Grah. Cat. p. 41;
Dalz. & Gibs, p.51; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p.61; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb,
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 273; Engler, in DC. Monogr. v. 4, p. 198; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 146.—Flowers: Jan.-Feb. VERN. A'mb.

The well-known Mango tree, cultivated throughout India and in the Tropies
generally, It is said to be wild in the Western Peninsula from Khandesh southwards,
but in the case of a tree so widely cultivated as is the Mango, the fruit of which is

eaten largely by the natives and its stones dropped everywhere throughout the jungles,
Ty

Q74 XLV. ANACARDIACE,

it is difficult to determine in what localities the tree may be considered truly wild.
It is planted everywhere throughout the Presidency, and its dense shady foliage
renders it valuable as a roadside tree as well as for planting near main roads in topes,
whose shade at midday is valuable to wayfarers and their cattle. The fruit varies
much in quality, in some cases being graphically described as a mixture of tow
with turpentine, while in the case of some of the more highly cultivated trees the fruit
is very delicious.

Bombay has been long celebrated for its cultivated mangoes, of which those grown in
the island of Bombay are undoubtedly the best, perhaps from the care bestowed on
their cultivation. Most of the mangoes grown throughout the country are raised
from seedlings, with the result that the quality of the fruit is extremely variable. To
secure good fruit, grafting is essential, and was apparently introduced into Bombay by
the Portuguese, to propagate the valuable kinds known as the Mazagon (Bombay) and
Goa mangoes. Of the Bombay mangoes, the best kinds are those known as the Aphoos
(probably a native corruption of the Portuguese name A/phonse) and the Pirie. The
fruit of both weighs on an average about 8 ounces, that of the Aphoos is greenish-
yellow on the unexposed, red on the exposed side, without any stigmatic point or beak,
The flavor of the fruit is indescribably delicious and it commands the highest price in
the market. The Pirze mango has less of a yellowish tinge on the unexposed side than
the Aphoos, the exposed side being red, and the fruit is furnished with a distinct beak,
The ripe fruit does not keep as well as that of the Aphoos and the flavor is not quite
so good, so that its market price is lower. The midrib of the leaves and the branches
of the inflorescence of the best variety of the Aphoos are of a rich rosy color, while the
corresponding parts of the Pirze are white or greenish-white. Woodrow (‘ Gardening
in India,’ edition 5 [1889] pp. 69-72 & pp. 240-260) gives a full description of the
best modes of growing and grafting the mango, as well as a list of the most celebrated
trees in the Bombay Presidency and the localities in which they are to be found.
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. vy. 5, pp. 146-156, also gives valuable information.

3. ANACARDIUM, Rottb.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, petioled, simple, coriaceous, quite
entire. Flowers polygamous, in terminal bracteate panicles. Calyx
5-partite, deciduous, erect, imbricate. Disk filling the base of the calyx,
erect. Stamens 8-10, all or some fertile; filaments connate and adnate
to the disk. Ovary obovoid or obcordate ; ovule 1, ascending from a
very short lateral funicle. Nut reniform, seated on a large pyriform
fleshy body, formed of the enlarged disk and top of the peduncle ; peri-
carp cellular and full of oil. Seed reniform, ascending; testa mem-
branous, adherent; cotyledons semi-lunar; radicle short, hooked.—
Disrris. Tropical America; species 6, of which 1, the following, has
been naturalized in Asia.

1. Anacardium occidentale, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 383. A
small tree with a short thick crooked trunk ; branches terete, glabrous.
Leaves coriaceous, 4-6 by 25-3 in., obovate or elliptic, roundel at the
apex, glabrous, finely reticulately veined, base cuneate; main nerves
10-12 pairs, prominent beneath ; petioles 3-3 in. long. Panicles ter-
minal, longer than the leaves, the branches cymose ; peduncles lengthen-
ing with age; bract 4-2 in. long, ovate, very acute, nerved, puberulous
outside. Sepals 4 in. long, lanceolate, puberulous outside. Petals
4-3 in. long, linear-lanceolate, deflexed from the middle, minutely
puberulous outside. Stamens about 9, one longer than the others, the
longer one exserted beyond the recurved petals. Ovary about +), in.
long, glabrescent, attenuated into a subulate style } in. long. Fruit
reniform, 1 in. long, its pedicel large, fleshy, dark-colored. FI. B. I.
v. 2, p. 20; Grah. Cat. p. 40; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 18; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. p. 61; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1897) p. 278;

Bs

XLV. ANACARDIACEA, 275

Engler, in DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 4, p. 219; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.
v. 1, p. 232.—Flowers: Jan-Mar. Vurn. Kdju; Hijuli-badam; Geru
mavu.

The Cashew-nut tree, a native of Tropical America, naturalized and cultivated in
India, especially near the coast. Konkan: Sfocks!; Malabar and Parel hills (Bom-
bay), Graham; Salsette, common, Graham; Southern Konkan, Dalzell & Gibson ;
Ratnagiri, Cooke!, Kanithkar!; Vingorla, Ritchie, 142!; Wari Country, Dalzell &
Gibson. S. M. Country: Dharwar, Talbot.

The nuts are eaten roasted and are much esteemed. The plant is also used in
native medicine. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ¢.

The fruit is very curious, the nut appearing to be outside it, an error into which
Graham and Dalzell & Gibson have fallen. What is regarded by them as the fruit
is, however, the enlarged pedicel and disk on which the nut is seated.

4. BUCHANANIA, Spreng. in Schrader, Journ. v. 4
(1801) p. 234.

Trees, Leaves alternate, petioled, simple, coriaceous, quite entire.
Flowers hermaphrodite, small, white, in terminal and axillary branched
panicles. Calyx short, obtusely 3-5-toothed or -lobed, persistent, im-
bricate. Petals 4-5, oblong, imbricate, at length recurved. Disk
orbicular, 5-crenate. Stamens 8-10, free, inserted at the base of the
disk. Carpels 5-6, free, seated in the cavity of the disk, one fertile,
the others imperfect; ovule 1, pendulous from a basal funicle; style
short ; stigma truncate. Drupe small, scantily fleshy ; stone crustaceous
or bony, 2-valved. Seed gibbous, acute at one end; cotyledons thick ;
radicle superior.—Disrris. Tropical Asia, Australia and the Pacifie
Islands ; species about 25.

Leaves broadly oblong, more or less villous beneath; panicles
STUUR E Ugalde: Shcke odoe seeps osneree Eee nena nae descr eoet ee nsuracsseciids 1. B. Lanzan.

Leaves narrowly oblong, glabrous beneath; panicles glabrous . 2. B. angustifolia.

1. Buchanania Lanzan, Spreng. in Schrader, Journ. v. 4 (1801)
p. 234. A tree 40-50 ft. high, with straight trunk; young branches
clothed with silky hairs. Leaves thickly coriaceous, 5-10 by 23-5 in.,
broadly oblong, obtuse, sometimes emarginate, glabrescent above, more
or less villous beneath, reticulately veined, the nerves and veins im-
pressed on the upper surface, base rounded ; main nerves 10-20 pairs ;
petioles about 3 in. long. Flowers small, sessile, greenish white, in
terminal and axillary pyramidal ferrugineo-pilose panicles which are
shorter than the leaves; bracts small, caducous. Calyx-lobes short,
broadly ovate, ciliate. Petals 45 in. long, ovate-oblong, subacute. Disk
fleshy. Stamens 10, a little shorter than the petals; filaments flattened;
anthers about as long as the filaments. Ovaries: 1 perfect, conical;
villous, the other 4 reduced to cylindrical filaments. Drupes obliquely
lentiform, 3-3 in. in the long diameter, black; stone hard, 2-valved.
Buchanania latifolia, Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 32; Hook. f. Fl. B. 1.
y. 2, p. 23; Grah. Cat. p. 41; Dalz. & Gibs. p.52; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat.
t.165; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 62; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1897) p. 273; Engler, in DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 4, p. 182; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. y. 1, p.544.—Flowers : Jan.Mar. Vern. Char; Piyal.

The specific name Lanzan is derived from the native Birmese name,
and was given to the plant by Sprengel in 1800-1801. The name is
therefore prior to that given by Roxburgh (1814), and though not as

mh

O76 XLY. ANACARDIACER,

characteristic as Roxburgh’s name (/atifolia), must necessarily be adopted.
See note under B. angustifolia, the next species.

Korxan: Stocks!; Bombay, Lambert!; Wari, Cooke!; Baitsi (Wari Country),
Dalzell §& Gibson. Deccan: Kartriz Ghat (near Poona), Woodrow!; Singhad hill,
Woodrow! Gusarat: Barria jungles east of Baroda, Gibson; Dangs, Woodrow,
S. M. Country: Belgaum, Law!, Ritchie, 1010!—Disrris. Hot and drier parts of
India.

The fruit is eaten and an oil is extracted from the kernels. See Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. 1. ¢. ’

2. Buchanania angustifolia, Lovb. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 32;
Fl. Ind. y. 2 (1832) p. 386. A glabrous tree. Leaves thinly coriaceous,
3-6 by 1j-2 in., linear-oblong, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse or
rounded, very often emarginate, quite glabrous, reticulately veined, the
nerves and veins slightly prominent on the upper surface, base rounded
or acute; main nerves 12-15 pairs; petioles 7-1} in. long, slender.
Flowers in glabrous branched panicles about equalling the leaves ;
pedicels s;-;4 in. long. Cualyx-lobes semiorbicular. Petals ;1, in. long,
oblong. Lertile ovary pilose. Drupes 3 in. in diam., obliquely globose,
slightly compressed. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 23; Grah. Cat. p. 41; Wight,
Icon. t. 101; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p. 316; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p: 62;

Engler, in DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 4, p. 184.

This tree has been included on the authority of Graham (l.c.), who gives the
Ajanta jungles as its habitat. It has not apparently been found in the Bombay Pre-
sidency by any other collector. Dalzell § Gibson do not include the plant in their
Bombay Flora, and Talhot (1. c.) merely quotes Graham. There are no specimens in
Herb. Kew. from the Bombay Presidency. Wight’s specimens and those in Herb.
Rottl. are from Southern India. Roxburgh states (/. c.) that it is a native of the
south end of India. On the other hand, Du/hie (9350 in Herb. Kew. !) has found the
plant in the Chanda district of the Central Provinces.—Disrris. India from the
Central Provinces southward.

Note.—Steudel, Nom. y. 1, p. 233, and, following him, Daydon Jackson, in ‘Index
Kewensis,’ give L. Lanzan, Spreng. in Schrader, Journ. v. 4 (1801), as a synonym for
B. angustifolia.—The plant to which the name B. Lanzan was given by Sprengel was
first described by Buchanan in Asiat. Res. y. 5 (1798) p. 128, but was not named in that
Tali Sprengel, two years later, named the plant B. Lanzan from the native

irmese Name communicated by Buchanan, and at the same time founded the genus
Buchanania (1800-1801). Roxburgh (Hort. Beng. [1814] p. 32), no donbt in
ignorance of Sprengel’s work which had appeared in a journal printed in Gottingen
in 1801, gave the same name to the genus. That the plant described by Buchanan
could not possibly have been B. angustifolia of Roxburgh is evident from the fact
that B. angustifolia is not a native of Birma, but is confined to S. India, whereas,
from Buchanan’s notes, it is clear that the plant described by him was abundant on
the mountainous districts of Upper Birma and that its seeds were widely distributed
commercially and used for the same purposes as almonds. Moreover, Roxburgh
(Fl. Ind. v. 2, p. 885) makes it quite clear that the B. Lanzan of Sprengel was the
same plant that he deseribed as B. /a/ifolia. Roxburgh quotes Buchanan in Asiat.
Res. (/. c.) as the original author, and gives the native name of the plant as Larmzon,
which is doubtless a misprint for Lawnzan. See remarks under the preceding species.

5. SOLENOCARPUS, Wight & Arn.

A tree. Leaves alternate, crowded towards the ends of the branches,
imparipinnate ; leaflets opposite, glabrous, crenulate. Flowers herma-
phrodite, small, in terminal branched panicles. Calyx minute, 5-toothed,
imbricate, deciduous. Petals 5, spreading, valvate. Disk broad, an-
nular. Stamens 10, inserted at the base of the disk. Ovary free,
sessile, 1-celled ; ovule 1, pendulous from the top of the cell; style

XLV. ANACARDIACE. 277

clavate; stigma obliquely truncate. Drupe small, obliquely obl ong
truncate, compressed ; pericarp cellular, full of oil ; stone bony. Seed
linear, compressed ; cotyledons linear, plano-conyex ; radicle very short,
thick, superior.—Disrris. Peninsular India; species 1.

1. Solenocarpus indica, Wight § Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 171. A
tree. Leaves imparipinnate; rhachis slender, angled ; leaflets sessile
(except the terminal one, which has a petiolule about 3 in. long), 2-34
by 4-17 in., oblong, acuminate, slightly crenate, glabrous on both
surfaces, pale beneath, base oblique, the upper side of the leaflet shorter
than the lower and suddenly contracted at the base; main nerves 8-10
pairs, faint. Flowers white, in much-branched panicles, the branches
puberulous, angled ; pedicels solitary or 2-3 together, short. Calyx-
lobes scarcely =, in. long, deltoid. Petals oblong-lanceolate, about 3 in.
long and about 5; in. broad. Drupes j in. long, pedicelled. Fl. B. I.
v. 2, p. 27; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 233; Engler, in DC. Mouogr. Phan.
vy. 4, p. 250; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 62.—Flowers: Jan.

Rare in the Bombay Presidency. Da/lzel/ in Herb. Kew. without locality! Konkan:
Stocks! Kanara: in the evergreen forests of the Yellapur taluka in N, Kanara, rare,
Talbot.—Disrris. As the genus,

6. ODINA, Roxb.

Trees with stout soft branches. Leaves few at the ends of the
branches, alternate, usually imparipinnate, deciduous ; leaflets opposite,
quite entire. Flowers small, moncecious or dicecious, fascicled, shortly
pedicelled, in simple and panicled terminal fascicled racemes. Calyx
4-5-lobed, persistent ; lobes rounded, imbricate. Disk annular, crenate.
MALE FLownrs: Stamens 8-10 inserted below the disk. Ovary 4-5-
partite. FmmaLe Flowers: Ovary sessile, oblong, 1-celled ; ovule 1 in
each cell, pendulous from near its apex by a long funicle, often abortive
in 3 of the cells; styles 3-4, stout; stigmas simple or capitellate.
Drupe small, compressed, oblong, subreniform, crowned by the distant
styles; stone hard. Seed compressed; embryo curved ; cotyledons flat,
fleshy ; radicle superior.—Disrris, Africa and Tropical Asia; species
about.13.

1. Odina Woodier, tov). Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 29; Odina
Wodier, Rov. Fl. Ind. v. 2 (1832) p. 293. A large tree 40-50 ft.
high ; trunk thick; bark ash-colored, smooth, exfoliating ; young parts
more or less stellately puberulous. Leaves crowded about the ends of
the branches, 10-18 in. long; leaflets membranous, green above, brown
beneath (when dry), 3-5 pairs and an odd one, 3-6 by 1-2 in., ovate-
oblong, acuminate, glabrous, shining, tinged with pink when young,
base acute or rounded, often oblique ; main nerves 6-8 pairs ; petiolules
of the lateral leaflets 0-3 in. long, those of the terminal leaflets much
longer. Flowers purplish, appearing when the tree is bare of leaves,
crowded in cymose fascicles, the male racemes compound, the female
simple; pedicels very short, fulvous-pubescent ; bracts ovate, acute,
pubescent outside, ciliate. Calyx-lobes about 5/5 in. long, ovate-orbi-
cular, ciliate. Petals 4, ovate-oblong, acute, $-} in. long. Stamens
in the male flowers equalling the petals. Ovary in the female
oyoid-oblong, in the male rudimentary, 4-lobed. Drupes reniform,

278 XLV. ANACARDIACE®,

compressed, red. Fl. B. I. v.2, p. 29; Grah. Cat. p. 42; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 51; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 123; Engler, in DC. Monogr. Phan. vy. 4,
p- 267; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 1, p.318; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 62 ; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 273; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.
yv. 5, p. 445.—Flowers: Feb—May. Vern. Shimti; Moya.

Common throughout the Presidency in deciduous forests. Konkan: Law!, Stocks!;
Malabar bill and Elephanta (Bombay), Graham. Duccan: Khandala, Bhiva!;
Bowdhan near Poona, Woodrow. Gusarat: Rajkot, Woodrow. Kanara: Kala
naddi, Ritchie, 140!—Disrris. India; Ceylon.

Often planted as a roadside tree, especially in the Madras Presidency, a purpose
for which it is by no means suitable, as it is bare of leaves in the hot weather when
shade is required. It grows very readily from cuttings, which is perhaps the reason
of its being so often planted. ‘The tree exudes a gum which is not of much yalue, and
the bark is employed in native medicine. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ¢.

7. SEMECARPUS, Linn. f.

Trees. Leaves alternate, simple, quite entire, coriaceous. Flowers
small, polygamous or dicecious, in terminal (rarely axillary) panicles.
Calyx 5-6-fid; segments deciduous. Petals 5-6, imbricate. Disk
broad, annular. Stamens 5-6, inserted at the base of the disk, imper-
fect in the female flowers. Ovary very rudimentary or 0 in the male
flowers; in the female superior, 1-celled ; ovule pendulous from the
apex of the cell, funicle short; styles 3; stigmas subclavate. Drupe
fleshy, oblong, subglobose or reniform, oblique, seated on a fleshy re-
ceptacle formed of the thickened disk and calyx-base ; pericarp charged
with acrid resin. Seed pendulous; testa coriaceous, the inner coat
somewhat fleshy; embryo thick; cotyledons plano-convex; radicle
superior.—Disrris. Tropical Asia and Australia; species about 38.

1. Semecarpns Anacardium, Linn. f. Suppl.(1781) p. 182. A
moderate-sized tree. Leaves 7-24 by 4-12 in., obovate-oblong, rounded
at the apex, coriaceous, glabrous above, ashy grey or buff and more or
less pubescent beneath and with cartilaginous margins, base rounded,
cordate or cuneate, sometimes shortly auricled; main nerves 15-25 pairs
making a large angle with the costa, sometimes nearly horizontal, pro-
minent on both surfaces; petioles 3-13 in. long. Flowers greenish-
white, subsessile, fascicled in pubescent panicles which are equal to or
shorter than the leaves, the female panicles shorter than the male;
pedicels short; bracts lanceolate, pilose. Calyx-segments about 3 in.
long, pilose outside. Petals {-+ in. long by ;', in. broad, ovate, acute.
Ovary in the male flowers rudimentary, hairy ; in the female subglobose,
densely pilose, crowned with the 3 styles. Drupes 1 in. long, obliquely
ovoid or oblong, smooth and shining, black when ripe, seated on a fleshy
receptacle or hypocarp about ? in. long, smooth and yellow when ripe.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 30; Grah. Cat. p. 41; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 52; Bedd.
Flor. Sylvat. t. 163; Engler,in DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 4, p. 478, & in
Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 5, p. 175, fig. 110, u—-n; Talb.
T'rees, Bomb. p. 62; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v.11 (1897) p. 273;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. vy. 6, part 2, p. 498.—Flowers: May-July.
Vern. Bibba; Bhildvd.

Throughout the Presidency in dry forests. Konkan: common, Dalzell § Gibson,
Law!, Stocks!, Graham; Wari Country, Dalzell §& Gibson. Dxccan: common,
Dalzell & Gibson; Singhad, Woodrow. 8S. M. Counrry: Belgaum, Qitchie, 1014!

XLV. ANACARDIACES. 279

: j a ke eld ant :
Gusarat: Graham. Kanara: Kala naddi, Ritchie, “—!— Distrin. India; E. Archi-

pelago, N. Australia, 4

The tree is known to Anglo-Indians as the marking-nut tree, the juice of the pericarp
being used for marking cotton cloths. An acrid viscid juice is extracted from it
which is used in making a kind of varnish, while the fleshy receptacles on which the
drupes rest are roasted and eaten. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. c.

Var. cuneifolia, DC. Prodr. v. 2, p. 62. Leaves cuneate at the base,
often tomentose beneath. S. cuneifolia (sp.), Roxb. Fl. Ind. v. 2, p. 86 ;
Grah. Cat. p. 41.—Flowers: Dec. Vern. Bibu.

Daizell, without locality, in Herb. Kew.! Duccan: Lanoli Grove, Khandala and
jungles about Par, Grakam.—Disrris, Tropical Himalaya, Khasia mountains and

Behar.
This is included on the authority of Graham (l. c.).

8. HOLIGARNA, Ham.

Lofty trees. Leaves alternate, simple, quite entire, coriaceous ; petiole
furnished with 2 or 4 spur-like deciduous appendages. Flowers small,
crowded, in axillary and terminal racemes or panicles. Calyx superior ;
tube cup-shaped ; teeth 5, imbricate. Petals 5, densely villous in front,
cohering at the base aud with the edge of the disk, persistent, valvate.
Disk lining the calyx-tube, obscure in the female flowers. Stamens 5,
inserted at the edge of the disk, coherent at the base with the petals ;
filaments subulate, glabrous ; anthers small, subglobose. Ovary in the
male flowers 0, in the female flowers inferior, 1-celled ; ovule pendulous
from near the top of the cell; styles 3-5, terminal ; stigmas capitate or
clavate. Drupe inferior, subcompressed, oblong or ovoid, resinous,
acrid; stone coriaceous. Seed parietal; testa membranous; embryo
thick ; cotyledons plano-convex ; radicle minute, next the hilum.—
Disrris. Throughout India ; species 5 or 6.

Leaves quite glabrous beneath ; drupe almost entirely included

GRU HOLE 02, '0as 52a, Vevennssscagteataeonseat seas spauteare ts went 1, H. Arnottiana,
Leaves rusty-pubescent beneath ; drupe {-% exserted from the |
(OES popcnsd scondee baagbsapeconde sodoagsoncooosaSb od ooSebsoudseoyBeSHneS 2. H. Grahamii.

1. Holigarna Arnottiana, Hook. f. in Fl. B. I. v. 2 (1876) p. 36.
A tall tree; branches densely leafy at the apex. Leaves 6-12 by 2-4 in.,
obovate or oblanceolate, decurrent into the petiole, acute or rounded at
the apex, glabrous on both surfaces, paler beneath; main nerves 12-20
pairs, prominent on both surfaces, nearly straight, making a large angle
with the costa; petioles 7-1 in. long, with 2 petiolar spurs or tubercles
at the top, which are early deciduous. Flowers minute, crowded, in
rufous-tomentose panicles which are shorter or longer than the leaves,
Calyx-teeth very short. Petals 4, in. long, oblong, acute. Drupes
reaching 1 in. long, obliquely ovoid, rounded at the top, quite glabrous,
long-pedicelled, almost entirely included in the torus. Talb. Trees, Bomb.
p- 63; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1897) p. 278; Engler, in
DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 4, p. 497; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 259.
Holigarna longifolia, W. & A. Prodr. p. 169 (not of Roxb.); Grah. Cat.
p. 41; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 51.—Flowers: Jan—Feb. Vurn. Hulyeri.

Common in the evergreen forests of the Konkan and N. Kanara. Dalzell in Herb.
Kew. without any locality! Konkan: Stocks!; hilly and wooded parts, Graham.
S. M. Country: Woodrow! Kanara: Nilkund (N. Kanara), Zalbot!; Diyimana,
Woodrow.—Distris, India (Western and Southern Ghats).

280 XLY. ANACARDIACES.

2. Holigarna Grahamii, Hook. f. in F/. B. I, vy. 2 (1876) p. 37.
A tree 20-30 ft. high ; young branches ferrugineo-tomentose. Leaves
12-16 by 4-6 in., rigidly coriaceous, oblanceolate, triangular above the
middle, acute or acuminate, glabrous and shining above, ferrugineo-
pubescent beneath, base cuneate; main nerves 20-30 pairs, prominent
and pilose beneath ; petioles 4—3 in. long, stout, with 1 or 2 spurs on
each side 3-3 in. long. Flowers in rusty-tomentose terminal panicles,
clustered, the male panicle about 1 ft. long, the female shorter. Calyx
cup-shaped ; lobes minute. Petals =), in. long, 54; in. broad. Drupes
about 4 in. long, enclosed in the cup-shaped torus, except one-sixth or
one-fourth of the upper part which is exserted. Fl. B. IL. v. 2, p. 37;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 63; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897)
p- 273; Engler, in DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 4, p. 499; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 4, p. 260. Semecarpus Grahamii, Wight, Icon. t. 235; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 52.

Konkan: Law!, Storks!; Mira hills near Pen, Dalzell & Gibson. Dnrccan:
Kbandala, Woodrow. S. M. Country: Ramghat, Ritchie, 1677! Kanara: common
on the N. Kanara Ghats from Ainshi southwards, Za/bot.—Distris. India (W.
Peninsula).

9. NOTHOPEGIA, Blume.

Trees. Leaves alternate or opposite, coriaceous, quite entire. Flowers
small, bracteate, polygamous, in short axillary racemes. Calyx small,
4-5-lobed, persistent. Petals 4-5, spreading, imbricate. Disk annular,
4-5-lobed. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the margin of the disk; filaments
free, pilose. Ovary free, sessile, ovoid, 1-celled; ovule 1, pendulous
from near the top of the cell; style short. Drupe depressed-globose,
striate, apiculate with the style, seated on the slightly thickened torus.
Seed pendulous; testa membranous; cotyledons thick, plano-convex ;
radicle very short, sublateral—Distr1s. India (W. Peninsula); species 3.

1. Nothopegia Colebrookiana, Blume, Mus. Bot. v. 1 (1849)
p- 203. A small tree about 15 ft. high, with acrid milky juice. Leaves
3-83 by 13-23 in., elliptic-oblong, acute or acuminate (rarely subobtuse),
glabrous and shining above, pale beneath, base decurrent into the petiole ;
main nerves 15-20 pairs ; petioles 3-2 in. long. Flowers small, white ;
the female sessile or nearly so, in more or less rufous-pubescent racemes
which are much shorter than the leaves, solitary and fascicled ; the male
racemes much longer and more branched than the female. Calyx-lobes 4,
about 1, in. long. Petals 4, bairy on the back, linear-oblong, obtuse,
75 in. long and about 54 in. broad, with recurved tips. Stamens 4.
Drupes seated on the slightly enlarged torus, the shape of a fig, about
2 in. long, longitudinally striate, purple ; pulp copious, edible. FI. B.I.
v. 1, p. 40; Trim. Fl. Ceyl]. v. 1, p. 325; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 63;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 273; Engler,in DC. Monogr.
Phan. v. 4, p. 467, & in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 5, p. 175,
fig. 110, a-p; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 5, p. 480. Glycycarpus
racemosa, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 2 (1850) p. 89; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 51
(exclud. syn.).—Flowers: Jan._Mar. VERN. A'mberi.

Konkan: Stocks!, Law!; Baitsi (Wari Country), Ritchie, 422! Deccan: Phunda
Ghat, Zitchie, 422! 8S. M. Country: Ramghat, Mitchie, 422! Kanara: evergreen
forests of N. Kanara Ghats, common, Ta/bot; Divimana Ghat, Woodrow! ; Sampkhand
(N. Kanara), Woodrow !—Disrris, India (W. Peninsula); Ceylon.

XLY. ANACARDIACEA, 281

10. SPONDIAS, Linn.

Deciduous glabrous trees. Leaves usually crowded at the ends of the
branches, alternate, imparipinnate ; leaflets subopposite, usually caudate-
acuminate. Flowers small, shortly pedicelled, polygamous, in terminal
sprealing panicles. Calyx small, deciduous, 4-5-fid; lobes slightly
imbricate. Petals 4—5, spreading, subvalvate. Disk cup-shaped, broad,
crenate. Stamens 8-10, inserted beneath the disk. Ovary sessile, free,
4—5-celled ; ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous ; styles 4-5, conniving above.
Drupe fleshy ; stone hard, thick, 1-65-celled, the cells erect or diverging
and opening by canals through the top of the stone. Seed pendulous ;
testa membranous; embryo straight ; cotyledons elongate, plano-convex ;
radicle short, superior.—Distris. Tropical regions ; species about 8.

Panicle 12-15 in. long; stone rough ..............c00-secccesensseses 1. S. mangifera.
Panicle 6-8 in. long; stone smooth ...............cecsecssesessscees 2. 8. acuminata,

1. Spondias mangifera, Willd. Sp. Pl. y. 2 (1799) p. 751. A
glabrous tree 30-35 ft. high ; trunk straight; bark smooth, ash-colored ;
branches nearly horizontal. Leaves 12-18 in. long, the common petioles
slender, terete, smooth, striate ; leaflets 3-5 pairs and a terminal one,
3-7 by 13-8 in. oblong or elliptic-oblong, acuminate, quite entire, more
or less oblique ; main nerves numerous, horizontal, straight, joined by a
strong intramarginal one; petiolules 1-7 in. long. Flowers 1- or 2-sexual,
sessile, numerous, pinkish-green, in sparingly-branched glabrous terminal
panicles 10-15 in. long. Calyx-teeth minute, triangular. Petals ;1,-3
in. long, ovate-oblong, acute. Disk 10-crenate. Stamens 10, about
half as long as the petals. Drupes ovoid, yellow, about 12 in. long ;
stone woody, hard, rough with irregular furrows and cavities, fibrous
outside. Seeds usually 1, more rarely 2 or 3. Fi. B. I. v. 2, p. 42;
Grab. Cat. p. 42; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 19; Trim. FI. Ceyl. vy. 1,
p- 827; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 63; Engler, in DC. Monogr. Phan. vy. 4,
p. 248, & in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. y. 3, part 5, p. 149, fig. 97, B-p;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 3, p. 388.—Flowers: Feb.—Apr.
Vern, A’mbdda.

Often planted throughout the Presidency. Konkan: Stocks!; Girgaum and Mahim
woods (Bombay), probably planted, Graham. Gusarat: widely planted, Woodrow,
&. M. Country: Ramghat, Mitchie, 1008!; Belgaum (planted), Ritchie, 1008 !
Kanara: Usheli jungles, Ritchie, 1008 !—Disrris. Throughout tropical Asia.

The ripe fruit is eaten, but is not very palatable, having an astringent terebinthaceous

taste. It is known to Anglo-Indions as the hog-plum. It is not, however, the hog-
plum of the W. Indies, which is Spondias dulcis, Willd.

2. Spondias acuminata, Jtorb. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 384. An
elegant middle-sized tree with a dense crown ; trunk perfectly straight ;
bark smooth, olive-grey ; branches spreading in all directions, from
erecto-patent above to divaricate below. Leaflets 5-8 pairs, subopposite,
elliptic, caudate-acuminate, entire, obscurely crenulate, polished. Panicles
6-8 in.long. Drupes ovoid, yellow when ripe, the size of a pullet’s egg ;
stone smooth, fibrous outside. FI. B. I. v. 2, p.42; Roxb. FI. Ind. v. 2,
p- 451; Grah. Cat. p.42; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 63; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 6, part 3, p. 338.

Konkan: hills near Kanheri, Graham, 1.c. Kanara: Talbot.

The existence of the plant in the Bombay Presidency is somewhat doubtful. I have
seen one imperfect specimen from the hills near Kanheri which does not appear to
differ from S. mangifera. Engler, in DC. Monogr. Phan. vy. 4, p. 249, considers the
species a doubtful une. The specimens in Herb, Kew, are very imperfect.

282 XLVI. MORINGACE.®.

Orper XLVI. MORINGACE.

Unarmed trees with soft wood. Leaves alternate, 2-3-pinnate, the
pinne and pinnules imparipinnate, opposite; leaflets opposite, quite
eutire, obovate, caducous, and, as well as the pinne and pinnules, with
glands at the base ; stipules 0. Flowers large, white, or white streaked
with red, hermaphrodite, irregular, in axillary panicles. Calyx cup-shaped,
5-cleft; segments unequal, petaloid, deciduous from above the base,
imbricate. Petals 5, unequal, the upper smaller, the lateral ascending, the
anterior the larger. Disk lining the calyx-tube. Stamens inserted on the
edge of the disk, declinate, 5 perfect opposite the petals alternating with
5 (or 7) which are reduced to antherless filaments ; anthers dorsifixed,
1-celled. Ovary stipitate; ovules numerous, in 2 series, on parietal
placentas; style slender, tubular; stigma perforated. Capsule elongate,
beaked, 3-6-angled, 1-celled, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds many, in pits
of the valves; testa corky, winged or not; albumen 0; embryo straight ;
cotyledons plano-convex ; radicle very short, superior; plumule many-
leaved.—Disrris. W. Asia and N. Africa.

A Natural Order of doubtful affinity, containing 1 genus (Moringa)
and 3 species.

1. MORINGA, Lamk.
Character of the Order.

Leaves usually 3-pinnate; leaflets 4-} in. long, nerves

Obscure; flowers White ..........1....ssscecsscscessccncceeres 1. M. pterygosperma.
Leaves usually 2-pinnate; leaflets 8-134 in. long, nerves
distinct ; flowers yellow, streaked with red .............+- 2. M. concanensis.

1. Moringa pterygosperma, (erin. Fruct. y. 2 (1791) p. 314.
A small or middle-sized tree ; bark corky; wood soft; root pungent ;
young parts tomentose. Leaves usually 3-pinnate, sometimes 13 ft.
long; rhachis slender, thickened and articulated at the base; pinne
and pinnules opposite, deciduous, their rhachides very slender, articu-
lated and with a gland at the articulations; ultimate leatlets 3-} by
1_3 in., the lateral elliptic, the terminal obovate and slightly larger
than the lateral ones ; nerves obscure ; petiolules of the lateral leaflets
;ls-qly in., those of the terminal 4-7 in. long. Flowers white, in large
puberulous panicles. Calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate reflexed, puberulous
outside. Petals spathulate, veined. Stamens 5 fertile, alternating with
5-7 antherless ones; filaments villous at the base. Ovary oblong,
villous; style cylindric. Pods reaching 18 in. long, 9-ribbed. Seeds
3-angled, the angles winged. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 45; Grah. Cat. p. 43;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 311; Ait. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 36; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat.
t. 80; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 64; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1897) p. 273; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 276.—Flowers: Jan.—
Apr. Vern. Shevga.

The horseradish tree or drumstick tree of Anglo-Indians. It is found wild in the
forests of the Western Himalaya and Oudh, but is cultivated throughout India and in
many other tropical countries. The scraped root furnishes an excellent, substitute for
horseradish, while the long immature pods are vsed in making what is known to
Europeans as drumstick-curry. Several parts of the tree are used in native medicine
and an oil called Ben oil is extracted from the seeds. The oil is highly valued by
watchmakers and generally as a lubricant for fine machinery, while perfumers hold it

XLVI, MORINGACEZ, 283

in high esteem from the property it possesses of absorbing and retaining fugitive odors.
It seems surprising that a greater trade is not done in this oil considering the number
of trees that are planted throughout India.—Consult Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ¢.

2. Moringa concanensis, Vimmo,in Grah. Cat. Bo. Pl. (1839)
p. 43. A tree, glabrous except the young parts and the inflorescence.
Leaves 2- (very rarely 3-) pinnate, reaching 13 ft. long; primary
pairs 5-6, distant, 4-8 in. long, the primary rhachis thickened at the
base and as well as the secondary articulated, and with a gland at the
articulations ; leaflets 4-6 pairs and an odd one, broadly elliptic or sub-
orbicular, obtuse at both ends, often retuse at the apex, of variable size,
sometimes 2-14 by 4-1 in., pale beneath, articulated with a slender
petiolule =1,-+ in. long ; nerves 4-8 pairs, slender, distinct. Flowers in
lax divaricate thinly pubescent panicles reaching 14 ft. long; pedicels
4-3 in. long, articulated with the flower; bracts minute, caducous.
Calyx thinly tomentose, about 3-3 in. long; segments white, oblong,
reflexed. Petals yellow, veined with red, oblong or oblong-spathulate,
the lower about 2 in. long. Stamens 5 fertile and 4-5 staminodes ;
filaments hairy at the base. Capsules straight, acutely triquetrous,
slightly constricted between the seeds, 1-14 ft. long; valves hard,
3-5 in. broad. Seeds white or pale yellow, 3-angled, $-3 in. long,
3-winged ; wings very thin, hyaline. Fl]. B. I. v. 2, p.45; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 311; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 64; Hook. Icon. Plant. ser. 4, v. 6
(1899) t. 2596 ; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 275.—Flowers: Oct.—
Dec. Vurn. Mhua (in Sind).

A somewhat rare plant. Konkan: Law!, Dalzell!, Capt. Geburne!; jungles near

Pen, Dalzell! Sitnp: Stocks, 584!, Dalzell, 58!; Sind hills, Da/zel/!—Disrris. India
(Rajputana) ; Beluchistan,

Orper XLVII. CONNARACEZ.

Trees or shrubs erect or scandent. Leaves alternate, exstipulate,
1-3-foliolate or imparipinnate ; leaflets quite entire. Flowers usually
hermaphrodite, racemose or paniculate, regular or subregular. Calyx
5-lobed or -partite, usually persistent, imbricate or valvate. Petals 5,
usually narrow, free or slightly cohering, very rarely valvate. Stamens
perigynous or hypogynous, sometimes declinate, 5 or 10, those opposite
the petals usually shorter and often imperfect ; filaments filiform, often
connate at the base. Disk 0 or small, annular or incomplete. Carpels
5, rarely 1-3 or 6-7, globose-ovoid, hirsute, 1-celled; ovules 2, collateral,
ascending, orthotropous ; styles subulate or filiform ; stigmas capitellate,
simple or 2-lobed. Fruit usually of 1 (rarely 2-3), sessile or stalked
1- (rarely 2-) seeded follicles. Seed erect, often arillate; testa thick,
sometimes arilliform below the middle, the aril various; cotyledons
fleshy in the exalbuminous, leafy in the albuminous seeds ; radicle supe-
rior, rarely ventral.—Disrris. Tropics ; genera 14; species about 140.

Calyx enlarged after flowering ; follicles sessile .............sse0000 1. Rourna.
Calyx not enlarged after flowering ; follicles stipitate ............... 2. Connarus.

1. ROUREA, Aubl.
Trees or shrubs sometimes scandent. Leaves imparipinnate ; leaflets
opposite or alternate. Flowers small, numerous, in axillary panicles ;
pedicels usually slender. Sepals 5, broadly ovate or orbicular,

28 . XVII. CONNARACE.E.

imbricate, enlarged and clasping the base of the ripe follicle. Petals 5,
usually linear-oblong. Stamens 10; filaments connate at the base.
Ovaries 5, of which 4+ are usually impertect ; styles slender. Follicle
sessile, curved. Seed erect, arillate, exalbuminous.—DisrRis, Species
about 52, all tropical.

1. Rourea santaloides, Wight §: Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 144. A
climbing or sarmentose shrub; branches slender. Leaflets 2-4 pairs
and a terminal one, 14-31 by 2-14 in., coriaceous, elliptic or lanceolate,
caudate-acuminate, shining above, prominently reticulately veined
beneath, base rounded, less commonly acute; petioles 3-3 in. long.
Flowers small, in glabrous racemose panicles, several of which spring
from leaf-axils; pedicels short, slender; bracts minute. Sepals >1) in.
long, broadly ovate or suborbicular, more or less minutely ciliolate.
Petals 33, in. long, spathulate-oblong. Ovaries ovoid, glabrous ; styles
shorter than the stamens; stigmas 2-lobed. Follicles 2 in. long, conical-
ovoid, tapering to a point, falcately curved, chestnut-brown, finely
striate, supported on the enlarged calyx, dehiscing ventrally. Seeds
about 2 in. long, ovoid-oblong, arillate. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 47; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 53; Trim. FI. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 15; Gilg, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf.
v. 3, part 3, p. 63, fig. 34, F-u; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 64; Wocdr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 420; Watt, Dict. Evon. Prod. v. 6,
part 1, p. 570.—Flowers: Oct. Vern. Vardhdard.

Konkan: Stocks!; Wari Country, Dalzell § Gibson; Miradonger near Pen, Ka-
nitkar!, Woodrow. S. M. Country: Belgaum districts, Cooke!; Ramghat, Ritchie,
126!; Castlerock, Cooke!, Woodrow! Kanara: Yellapur, Woodrow; abundant on
the hills near Karwar, 7a/bot.— Disrris. India (Konkan to Travancore).

Mr. Talbot reports a variety with ciliate sepals and small follicles at Ainshi Ghat
(N. Kanara). I have generally found the sepals of the species above described to
be, if not ciliate, at all events almost invariably minutely ciliolate. I have examined
specimens from the Konkan, Castlerock, Belgaum districts, and Ramghat, with the
above result.—I haye not seen any specimens of the variety noted by Mr, Talbot.

2. CONNARUS, Linn.

Trees or shrubs often scandent. Leaves imparipinnate ; leaflets
usually 5, quite entire. Flowers small, in axillary and terminal
branched panicles. Sepals 5, not enlarged after flowering, imbricate,
embracing the pedicel of the fruit. Petals 5, linear or ligulate, slightly
dilated upwards. Stamens 10, those opposite the sepals long, with
perfect anthers, those opposite the petals shorter and sometimes anther-
less. Ovaries 5, densely pubescent, 4 usually imperfect or obsolete, the
fifth with a slender style ; stigma capitellate. Follicle oblique, stipitate,
inflated, glabrous or pubescent within. Seed arillate; testa shining ;
albumen 0; cotyledons amygdaloid.—Disrris. Species about 80, all

tropical.’
A branched shrub; follicles not striate nor shining, contracted
into the Stalks. sive, estacuteivew.tecesttesuoneieess ciseutersGvarse<Necens 1. C. monocarpus.
A climbing shrub; follicles chestnut-brown, strongly striate,
shortly narrowed into the stalk.........:sesccsessessereeneeeseeeeeeee 2. C. Wightii.
A small tree; follicles dark brown, striate, cordate at the base... 3. C. Ritchei.

1. Connarus monocarpus, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 675. A much-
branched shrub. Leaflets 1 or 2 pairs with a terminal one, 3-4 by 1j-
1? in., glabrous, shining, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, obtusely acumi-

XLVII. CONNARACER, 285

nate, rounded or acute at the base ; nerves 3-5 pairs ; petiolules of the
lateral leatlets }-j in., those of the terminal leaflets longer. Flowers
about + in. long, crowded, in erect pyramidal densely pubescent terminal
panicles ; pedicels short, stout, articulated with the flower. Sepals
ovate-oblong, subacute, densely pubescent. Petals much longer than
the calyx, linear-oblong, more or less pubescent outside. Follicles
glabrous within, at first bright scarlet, afterwards dark brown outside,
13-2} in. long, fusiform, slightly faleate, tapering into a narrow stalk
surrounded at the base by the persistent (non-accrescent) calyx, smooth,
not striate nor shining. Seeds 1 in. long, ovoid, slightly compressed,
surrounded at the base by a large pulpy yellow aril; testa black, shining.
BB. T. Ns 2 P- 50; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 53; Grah. Cat. p. 385; Trim. Il.
Ceyl. v. 2, p. : Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 65; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 Pigg) p- 420 ; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 517. Con-
narus pinnatus, Lamk. Eneye. v. 2, p. 95; Grah. Cat. p. 35.—Flowers :
Feb. Vern. Sundar.

Konkan: Stocks!; 8. Konkan, Nimmo ex Graham; Southern Ghats, Dalzell &

Gibson; Goa jungles, Graham. Kanara: Ghit forests of N. Kanara, Talbot.—
Disrris. India (from the Konkan to Travancore) ; Ceylon.

2. Connarus Wightii, Hook. f. in Fl. B. I. v.2 (1876) p. dl.
An extensive climber. Leaflets 3-34 by 13-1? in. , elliptic- -ovate, ob-
tusely pointed, coriaceous, hardly shining, reticulately veined, elabrous 3
nerves 5-6 pairs, arched, slender. Follicles 13 by ? in., compressed,
bright red, afterwards chestnut-brown, strongly striate on the faces,
narrowly keeled at the sutures, slightly pointed at the apex, base shortly
. narrowed into the stalk, quite glabrous within. Seeds obovoid-oblong,
compressed, arillate at the base; testa black, shining. Talb. Trees,
Bomb. p. 65; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 420.—
Flowers: Feb.

Konkan: Amboli Ghat, Kanitkar! §. M. Ey Castlerock, Woodrow !, Cooke!

Kanara: Potelli (N. Kanara), Zudbot, 2733!; Karwar, Talbot, 89!—Duisrris. India
(Western Peninsula).

3. Connarus Ritchei, ook. f. im Fl. B: I; v..2 (1876) p
A small tree (?). Leaflets 3-4 by 12 —1? in., elliptic- ‘lanceolate, ee
acuminate, finely reticulated, quite glabrous. Flowers 3 in. long, in
rusty-pubescent panicles. Sepals ovate-oblong. Petals about twice as
long as the sepals. Follicles ? by 3 in., turgidly oblong, rounded at the
top, cordate at the base, as broad from ee to suture as across, dark
brown, striate. Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 65.—Flowers: Apr.

A rare plant. S. M. Country: Ramghit, Ritchie, 931! Kanara: Law!, Stocks!;
Supa Ghats of N. Kanara, Zadbot,—Disrris. India (W. Peninsula).

Orpder XLVIII. LEGUMINOSA.

Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate (very rarely opposite),
usually stipulate, compound (rarely simple); leaflets sometimes stipel-
late. Flowers usually irregular and hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, combined
or free, often unequal, sometimes combined into 2 lips. Petals 5 (rarely
fewer), usually irregular and imbricate in SusporpgErs 1 and 2, regular
and yalvate in 3. Stamens normally 10 (rarely fewer) or indefinite,

286 XLVIII,. LEGUMINOS#.

perigynous or subbypogynous ; filaments free or variously combined ;
anthers 2-celled. Ovary free, with 1 or more ovules on the ventral
suture ; style simple, cylindric, often declinate. Fruit a legume more
rarely follicular or indehiscent or breaking up into 1-seeded joints, very
rarely fleshy and drupe-like. Seed usually exalbuminous ; cotyledons
foliaceous or amygdaloid with a straight or inflexed accumbent radicle.—
Disrris. The second largest Natural Order of flowering plants. Of
the three Suborders into which it has been subdivided, the first is
distributed throughout the globe, the second and third confined to
tropical and warm regions ; genera about 400 ; species 6000 or 7000.

Susporper I. PAPILIONACEZ.

Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, digitate or pinnate, rarely
1-foliolate or simple, often terminating in tendrils. Flowers irregular
(rarely subregular), hermaphrodite. Calyx gamosepalous, 5-toothed or
-lobed or the upper lobes more or less connate, or bilabiate, the 2 upper
lobes opposed to the 3 lower, rarely closed in bud and spathaceous.
Corolla papilionaceous ; petals 5, free or adnate to the staminal tube,
the posterior (standard) outside in bud, the 2 lateral (wings) intermediate,
the 2 lower inside and usually cohering by their lower margins (keel).
Stamens 10, diadelphous, monadelphous or free. Ovary free. Embryo
with an inflexed radicle. Cotyledons accumbent.

Trize I. GENISTEH. Herbs or shrubs. Leaves simple or digitately
3-o -foliolate. Stamens monadelphous. Pod dehiscent, not jointed.
Anthers uniform ; keel-petals scarcely cohering ....s+..sseeceeees 1. Rornta.

Anthers dimorphous; keel-petals firmly cohering.
Keel obtuse.

Calyx 2-lipped ..........cccsscecsecceerersscveerscenceeesecees 2. ARGYROLOBIUM.

Calyx subcequally 5-toothed ............ssssseescecseceerees 3. Lorononis.
Keel beaked.

Ietyelaibin) scish: Gaaasqudoosoacaoosucoridooxcaodsboridonncnberosoo 4. Hnynanpta.

POG GUNG TOI seen ances eceelcqeceonplecnsnoc os tresignaicectceet 5. CRoravarta.

Tripp Il. TRIFOLIA. Herbs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, the veins
of the leaflets usually excurrent into teeth; stipules usually adnate to
the petiole. Stamens diadelphous; filaments usually dilated at the
apex. Pod usually dehiscent, not jointed.

Pod elongate, straight or recurved ....ccssececseseeeeeseneeeeeerees 6. TRIGONELLA.

Pod short, globose Or OVOId ......c.csecseceeneeeecneaeeneeeeeeeeees 7. MELILoTus.

Pod spirally falcate, circinate or cochleate ......+++.s.seseeereeees 8. Meprcago.

Trips II]. LOTER. Herbs. Leaves pinnately 5-foliolate ; leaflets
entire. Stamens diadelphous ; filaments all or the alternate ones dilated
at the apex. Pod dehiscent, not jointed.

Lowest pair of leaflets stipule-like.........cssseeeesseeeeseeeeneeecees 9. Lorus.

Trine 1V. GALEGEA. Herbs or shrubs. Leaves pinnate, usually
many- (rarely 3-1-) foliolate ; petiole not cirrhiferous. Stamens usually
diadelphous ; filaments filiform at the apex. Pod not jointed, usually
dehiscent, but if indehiscent, usually small, 1-2-seeded, or membranous-

inflated.

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS,

Anthers apiculate ; hairs medifixed.

Stamens monadelphous ............sceseeeecseeeescesseseeesoeees 10
Stamens diacle] phous ..........ccecsseeenreeceecsenseererneeeeeees 11

Anthers muticous; hairs basifixed.
Pod 1-seeded, indehiscent.

Herbaceous plant (the Bombay species).........s.seeeee 12.

Pod few- or many-seeded, tardily dehiscent.
Filaments not dilated.
A climbing shrub (the Bombay species)
Filaments dilated ; pod 6-8-seeded.

ee eeeseee

PATO OCHS HII DIGs cramettnccateessoaahcmennsea ene ss aoaden LAs

Pod many-seeded, soon dehiscing.
Flowers generally in leaf-opposed racemes; pods

287

. CYAMoPsIs.
. INDIGOFERA.

Psora.ka.

. MILLETTia.

MunDuvutea.

flattened, continuous or scarcely septate ............ 15, TEerurosta.
Flowers in axillary racemes.
Pod very long, distinctly septate ...............64 16, SusBAnra.
Pod short, not transversely septate, often longi-
huGunalliye2-COMOG sreswss eas caeeesacecedeceeasce ese 7. ASTRAGALUS.

Trips V. HEDYSAREZH. Herbs or shrubs sometimes twining or

scandent.

Leaves impari- or less commonly abruptly-pinnate (rarely

simple) ; petiole not cirrhiferous. Stamens diadelphous or monadelphous.

Pod jointed if more than 1-seeded.

Leaflets exstipellate.
Stamens monadelphous; anthers uniform.

Ibeanileyis) 13)" poccoscoddoncdeosdoocsgencrondcascndbecndecceqodade 18. TavmrRNInRA.

IbGELES) Gt SE ooqesdencsane n60ecuceopdg sob adesounecuedooncosoecoce 19. GuissaspIs.
Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1); anthers uniform.

Spiny shrub with simple leaves ...........s.sseeeeeeeeeee 20, ALHaaI.
Stamens monadelphous ; anthers dimorphous.

Joints of pod 2-6, echinate ; calyx-tube short......... 21. Zornta.

Joints of pod 1-2, rugose ; calyx-tube long............ 22. STYLOSANTHES.
Stamens in 2 bundles of 5 each ; anthers uniform.

Pod twisted, enclosed in the calyx............scsceceeeees 23. SmiTuta.

Pod straight, exserted from the calyx ............00006- 24, AlscHyNOMENE.

Seed solitary ; pod boat-shaped ........0....cesececeeeeees 25, EvEroris.
Seeds many ; pod not distinctly jointed.

TR eyal HwTAEel eocooonesacnnandaxceocoonscogdinsndoocoasdcsor 26. Pycnosrora.

12f6y6| 31 Eh hoe qnocodopnsnaccecosassoodopspsroncabengascansqonc 27, PspupaRTHRIA.
Seeds 2 or more; pod distinctly jointed.

Joints of pod folded on one another............+4 28. Uraria.

Joints of pod not folded on one another.

dointa of pod turgid! | -sic.necancte-ceqvscnctece 29, ALYSICARPUS.

Joints of pod flattened.
A tree ; racemes fascicled from the old

TOOL! rocaooacnonenoangonsnccapenecoonsonsans 30,
Herbs or shrubs; racemes simple or
panicled from the year’s shoots ...... 31.

OUGENIA.

DusMoDIUM.

Trise VI. VICI. Herbs (except Abrus) low or climbing. Leaves
usually abruptly-pinnate; petiole ending in a tendril or bristle (very

rarely in an odd leaflet); stipules usually foliaceous.

Leaflets exsti-

pellate. Stamens diadelphous (the tenth suppressed in Abrus); anthers
uniform. Pod dehiscent, not jointed.

Shrubs with the tenth stamen absent ......... sescecsseeeesseenees 32. ABRUS.

Herbs with diadelphous stamens (9 and 1) ............0sseeeseeees 33. Latuyrvs.

Trizn—E VII. PHASEOLEM. Climbing or prostrate herbs, rarely

erect or shrubby, very rarely trees.

Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate (rarely

288 XLVIIT. LEGUMINOS®.

1- or 5-7-foliolate).
Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous.

Leaves not gland-dotted ; leaflets stipellate.
Style beardless.
Nodes of raceme not tumid ;
length.
Stamens diadelphous; stipules and bracts con-
spicuous, persistent.
Style filiform ; calyx-teeth distinct .........
Style flattened upwards; calyx truncate ... 35
Stamens monadelphous; stipules and _ bracts
minute, caducous.

petals about equal in

Anthers uniform, all fertile ...............00 36
Alternate anthers sterile....... Bs PEER aasron 37

Nodes of raceme more or less tumid,
Petals very unequal.

Bracts 2, opposite, persistent, stipular or caducous.
Pod dehiscent, not jointed.

. SHUTERTA.
. DUMASIA.

. GLycinn.
. TERAMNUS,

Climbing shrubs ....... sapdnuods-oacpecocaanoas0 38. Mucuna.
ATMEC Hil COS)sosssseenscesesorseesecneee nesta 405000 39. Exyrurrna.
Petals equal.
Stainens diadelphous.
Herbs.
Two upper calyx-teeth not fused
rhnkifo) (Co) os emaciceerasobeuadee danorico dod 40, Grona.
@ Two upper calyx-teeth fused into
UII 6 nocosaaronnoooadaqonondocacadaocIon 41. Ganactia.
: Shrubs or trees.
Flowers small, panicled ............ 42, SraTnoLoBus.
Flowers large, racemose ............ 43. Burma.
Stamens monadelphous.
Upper lip of calyx projecting............ 44. CaNAVALIA,
Upper lip of calyx not projecting ...... 45, Pupraria,

Style bearded below the stigma.
Stamens diadelphous.
Stigma oblique.

Keel spiral ...... marboncoatos: adaducmmedesvareanen 46

Beolmouspital. ccccesccseceacceccesveceesspconsesee 47
Stigma terminal.

Petals very unequal in length ............... 48

Petalsvequaliimlenpthen.-tvesmecceseateranetere 49

Leaves gland-dotted beneath ; stipellz often abortive ; nodes
of raceme not tumid.
Style not bearded.
Ovules 3 or more.
Pod with deep lines between the seeds; seeds

wath a largestropmiole, cavarvecncscrsscesanersssen 50
Pod with faint lines between the seeds; seeds
with a small strophiole ..............0scceseceee 51
Ovules 1-2.
Calyx-teeth accrescent........:sessseeeee aeengneceeercgnOw

Calyx-teeth not acerescent.
Leaves pinnate; pod compressed ........4.++
Leaves digitate ; pod turgid
Tripp VIII. DALBERGLE.

nate; leaflets usually exstipellate.

eater meee nentee

Trees or shrubs.

. PHASEOLUS.
. VIGNA.

. CLITORIA.
. Douicuos.

. ATYLOSTA.
. Dunparta.
. CYLISTA.

. Ruyncirosta,.
. FLEeMINGIA.

Leaves imparipin-
Stamens monadelphous or diadel-

phous; anthers usually uniform. Pod longer than the calyx, continuous,

indehiscent.
Leaflets distinctly alternate.
Flowers small, whitish or reddish ............ss000+ Se eisa sures 55
Flowers large, yellow .......secsscessorsersseere POE OO von 00
Leaflets opposite.
Pod flat, almost woody, not winged ........cscssceesseeperwees AZ

Pod flat, thin, winged down one or both sides 58

. DALBERGIA.
. Prmrocarrus,

. PONGAMIA,
. Dnurris.

XLVIIT. LEGUMINOS®. 289

Trize IX. SOPHOREZH. Trees or shrubs (rarely herbs). Leaves
imparipinnate. Stamens free or very slightly connate at the base. Pod
not juinted, indehiscent or 2-valved.

Od miaralitocnerscccen i sais dots cuca scislqeisns sine doves sivesiccseiicoss esas a 59, Sopmora,

1. ROTHIA, Pers.

Annual diffuse herbs. Leaves digitately 3-foliolate. Flowers numerous,
minute, axillary, solitary or in very short racemes. Calyx-tube turbinate ;
calyx-lobes as long as the tube, the two upper broader and arched.
Corolla scarcely exserted ; petals nearly equal, narrow, clawed, those
of the keel very slightly cohering. Stamens monadelphous, the staminal-
tube split at the top; anthers uniform, minute. Ovary sessile, linear ;
ovules numerous ; style short, straight, fil:iform ; stigma capitate. Pod
linear, slender, nearly straight, compressed, many-seeded, continuous
within, dehiscing by the upper suture.—Distris. Species 2, of which
one is a native of Tropical Asia, the other of India and N. Australia.

1. Rothia trifoliata, Pers. Syn. Pl. v. 2 (1807) p. 302 & p. 659.
A much-branched hairy prostrate herb growing in sandy soil; stem
slightly woody at the base. Leaflets somewhat fleshy, 2-3 in. long,
oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, mucronate, clothed
with silky hairs; petioles shorter than the leaves; stipules elliptic-
oblong, acute, sometimes slightly falcate, hairy, ;4, in. long; petiolules
very short. Flowers on very short pedicels, solitary or 2-4 together,
in very short axillary racemes. Calyx silky-hairy, {7 in. long ; segments
lanceolate, very acute. Corolla yellow, fugacious; standard clawed,
pink. Pods 13-2 in. long, silky, narrow-linear, flattened, straight or
nearly so, pointed by the style. Seeds numerous, 20 or more. FI. B. I.
v. 2, p. 63; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 7; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 420; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 569.—
Flowers: Aug.—Oct.

Duccan: Bijapur, Woodrow!; Burhanpur (S. M. Railway), Woodrow!; Hotgi,

Bhiva! 8. M. Counrry: Badami, Cooke!, Woodrow; Belgaum, Ritchie, 1727 !—
Disrris, India and Ceylon in sandy soil, N. Australia,

2. ARGYROLOBIUM, Eekl. & Zeyh.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves digitately 3-foliolate ; stipules free.
Flowers in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes or umbels. Calyx 2-lipped,
deeply divided ; teeth 5, distinct (in the Indian species), 2 teeth forming
the upper, and 3 the lower lip. Corolla scarcely exserted ; standard
suborbicular ; wings oblong. Keel-petals broad, joined down the back
to the obtuse incurved tip. Stamens monadelphous; anthers dimorphous.
Ovary linear, sessile ; ovules numerous ; style curved gradually upwards ;
stigma terminal, often oblique. Pod linear, compressed, silky or villous,
continuous within or septate between the seeds, subtorulose.— Distrib.
Species 40-50, chiefly South-African.

1. Argyrolobium roseum, Jaub. g Spach. Illustr. v. 1 (1842)
p. 116. A small diffuse annual; stems many from the root, reaching
6 in. long, very slender, terete, clothed with short appressed silky hairs.

U

290 XLVTIT. LEGUMINOS®.

Leaves 3-foliolate; petioles ;°,—3 in. long, silky; stipules minute, triangular,
acute, persistent. Leaflets j-3 by ;4-} in., broadly obovate-cuneate,
occasionally retuse (the lateral leaflets more or less oblique), silky on
both sides with appressed hairs; petiolules very short. Peduncles
reaching 1-2 in. long, very slender, 1-4-flowered. Calyx pubescent
outside ; upper lip shorter than the lower; teeth all triangular, acute.
Corolla rose-colored or purplish ; standard longer than the upper lip of
the calyx. Pods 4-? in. long by 4 in. broad, silky-pubescent. Seeds
10-15. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 64; Ait. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 38. A. Kotschyi,
Boiss. Diag. ser. 1, fasc. 6, p. 32.

A very rare plant. Sinp: Stocks!; Boogta hills, Vicary ex Aitchison (I. ¢.).—
Distris. India (N.W. Provinces) ; Beluchistan, Persia.

3. LOTONONIS, DC.

Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves digitately 3-foliolate ; stipules connate
or free. Flowers in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes or umbels. Calyx-
tube narrow, turbinate, the 4 upper teeth more or less connate, the
lowest deeper and narrower than the others. Corolla slightly exserted ;
standard oblong ; wings shorter and narrower ; keel longer, suddenly in-
curved at the tip, its petals firmly united along the back. Stamens united
in a tube slit along the top; anthers dimorphous. Ovary sessile or
scarcely stalked; ovules many; style abruptly incurved at the base;
stigma terminal, often oblique. Pod linear, usually compressed, but in
the species below turgid.—Disrris. Chiefly inhabitants of 8. Africa;
species about 60.

1. Lotononis Leobordea, Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 2 (1848)
p- 607. <A diffuse much-branched herb; stems less than 6 in. long,
clothed as is the rest of the plant with fulvous silky hairs. Leaves
somewhat fleshy ; petioles as long as the leaves. Leaflets subsessile,
4-% In. loug, obovate or oblanceolate, sometimes mucronate; stipules
ovate-lanceolate, 3 in. long, hairy. Flowers in subsessile clusters of 1-5,
in the axils of most of the leaves. Calyx 4-j in. long. Corolla pale
yellow or red, scarcely exserted. Pods linear-oblong, turgid, scarcely
longer than the calyx, 4-8-seeded. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 64; Aitch. Pb. &
Sind Pl. p. 36; Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr. v. 2, p. 6; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 420.

A very rare plant. Srp: cultivated land between the plains and the Rohill pass,
Stocks, 698!; Sehwan, Woodrow !— Disrxis. India (Panjab), Arabia, Perim, Syria,
Abyssinia, Egypt, Beluchistan.

4. HEYLANDIA, DC.

A prostrate herb. Leaves simple, entire. Flowers small, axillary,
solitary. Calyx-tube turbinate, the 2 upper lobes slightly connate, the
lower much deeper cleft. Corolla much exserted; standard large, sub-
orbicular; wings obovate-oblong, much smaller; keel-petals joined along
the back, narrowed into an incurved beak. Stamens all united in a tube
slit above ; anthers dimorphous. Ovary sessile; ovules 2; style abruptly
inflexed above the ovary; stigma terminal. Pod small, oblong, flat,
1~2-seeded.—Distr1B. Endemic in India and Ceylon; species 1.

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS®. oo

1. Heylandia latebrosa, DC. Mém. Leg. (1825) p.201. A prostrate
much-branched herb; branches sometimes reaching 20 in. long, slender,
wiry, clothed with long hairs. Leaves numerous, simple, 3-3 by 3-4 in.,
subsessile, ovate, subacu'e, hairy on both surfaces, obliquely cordate at
the base. Flowers in the axils of most of the leaves, solitary, subsessile.
Calyx-segments acute. Corolla yellow, much exserted, {—} in. long.
Pods silky, }-} in. long, surrounded at the base by the persistent calyx
and tipped by the style, smooth or slightly hairy, flattened, pale brown.
FI. B.I. v. 2, p. 65; Grah. Cat. p. 44; Dalz. & Gibs. p.54; Aitch. Pb. &
Sind Pl. p. 36; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p.8; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.

d

Nat. y. 11 (1897) p. 420.—Flowers: Feb.-June. VERN. Godhadi.

Very common, especially throughout the Deccan; abundant at Poona.—Disrris,
Throughout Tropical India and Ceylon.

5. CROTALARIA, Linn.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves simple or 3-foliolate, rarely imparipinnate,
with or without stipules. Flowers in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes,
usually yellow, often showy. Calyx-tube short; teeth linear or lanceolate,
subequal or shortly connate into 2 lips. Corolla equalling or exceeding
the calyx; standard orbicular (rarely ovate), shortly clawed; wings
obovate or oblong, shorter than the standard ; keel broad, equalling the
wings, its petals joined down the back, much incurved, distinctly beaked.
Stamens monadelphous; anthers dimorphous. Ovary sessile (rarely
stalked), usually many- (rarely 2-) ovulate ; stvle long, abruptly incurved
at the base, more or less bearded upwards; stigma minute, oblique.
Pod sessile or stalked, straight, linear-oblong, turgid or inflated, con-
tinuous within, usually many-seeded.—Drsrris. Tropical and subtropical
regions of the globe; species about 300.

Leaves simple.

A rigid copiously stiffly-branched undershrub with small
exstipulate deciduous Jeaves; pod slightly longer than
(HE® Galhyor JOWOECIME Goon csoboncuousSbobpadoansossooadedeoosdaso0sac 1. C. Burhia.
Diffuse herbs; stems prostrate or ascending; racemes all
lateral, few-flowered.
Stipules 0.

Worollavexserted’ 2. cece cssseaece sbaswreciccecce+seseeseseesier 2. C. filipes.
Corolla not exserted.
Bracty minute; SUULAC | eraecssene.decennssooracaqsecer 3. C. prostrata.
Bracts leafy, lanceolatela-peserwasess-sese esse ssssere- ree 4. C. vestita.
Stipules present.
Leaves linear-oblong ; wings of corolla yellow ......... 5. C. Stocksii.
Leaves rotund-ovate ; wings of corolla purple ......... 6. C. bifaria.

Diffuse annuals or low shrubs with slender branches; racemes
all terminal or a few also lateral.
Pod distinctly exserted ; racemes lax.
Stipules present.

Branches terete ; pods glabrous ..................20000 7. C. mysorensis.

Branches triquetrous; pods hairy ...................55 8. C. triquetra.
Stipules 0.

Plantvexceedinp lit. in height rc.c...-c2-c-ss26 eee 9. C. albida.

Plantrlessit nant Orne Nip hy secre. secant s-tseeernn- eres 10. C. pusilla.

Pod included or scarcely exserted.
Racemes capitate.
Stipules 0.
Upper teeth of calyx connate ............:scseneseere 11. C. nana.
Upper teeth of calyx long, lanceolate.
Leaves much longer than broad, silky beneath. 12. C. chinensis.

9
a

292 XLVIIT, LEGUMINOS.2.
Leaves nearly as broad as long, shaggy beneath. 13. C. priestleyoides.
Stipules: present shes wewawicecsCevsestcecdasssssacsavacces 14. C. dubia.
Racemes lax.
Stipules 0; upper teeth of calyx connate ............ 15. C. linifolia.
Stipules minute, subulate; upper teeth of calyx
OMB CROMEG Moc u rater at ts chenacscrekcestharedetasss 16. C. calycina.

Erect’ herbs or shrubs; racemes usually terminal; pod
glabrous, much longer than the calyx.

PILL EBSA ie Pree tePn en us eR eEos on crus cvanaen tradameawebuscesae 17. C. lutescens.
Shipiles and bractsisubulate: vccascssc soscecsesocesdencocoees 18. C. retusa.
Stipulestandubracts tO AceOus .sscsseeeceroercecceeeen se teccees 19. C. sericea.

Erect shrubs; leaves usually large, not deciduous ; flowers
in terminal or terminal and lateral racemes; pod silky or

velvety.
Branches angled.
Stipules foliaceous ; corolla blue and white ............ 20. C. verrucosa. —
Stipules 0 or minute ; corolla yellow .............ccceeees 21. C. leptostuchya.

Branches terete.
Stipules 3-lunate; wings of corolla often pale blue

invthevapper parts wvccccssewares aecetees someer one cene se eces 22. C. Heyneana.
Stipules 0 or minute; wings of corolla yellow ......... 23. C. guncea.
Erect shrubs; pods silky or velvety; flowers panicled.
Pod AO=12-seeded Asati notte scwgsensneaecaoetecsonneetauseetetereer 24. C. madurensis.
POU SOB CMe sors noae tolrcicte snes sos Re nene hacen aan tc eee rat 25. C. fulva.
Bad Lee ea 28, cox dst viskenndeascenenva colent se soateage ne ae teienn 26. C. ramosissima.

Leaves trifoliolate.
Perennial herbs or undershrubs.
Pod 2-seeded,.
Calyx-teeth exceeding the tube; pod subglobose ......... 27. C. medicaginea.
Calyx-tecth equalling the tube; pod subquadrangular... 28. C. Notonii.
Pod inany-seeded.
Stipules present.

Bracts large, ovate; pod 8-10-seeded...............00008 . 29. C. orixensis.
Bracts niinute, setaceous ; pod 20-80-seeded............ 30. C. striata.
Stipules 0. Pod with a stalk #-1 in. long.................. 31. C. laburnifolia.

Leaves usuaily 5- but varying from 8- to 7-foliolate; pod
glabrous, 30-40-seeded.
An erect annual ;~ stipules linear - lanceolate; bracts
LOliACeOUB's pics aales tens sist sraarheeneooteas eee omen onetD ee ceataees 32. C. quinguefolia.

1. Crotalaria Burhia, Ham. in Wall. Cat. (1828) 5386. A low
undersbrub; branches numerous, stiff, close, entangled, striate, hoary
with appressed pubescence. Leaves few, inconspicuous, deciduous, sub-
sessile, 3-1 by 3-8 in., oblong, usually rounded, sometimes mucronate
at the apex, pale-green, silky ; stipules 0. Flowers 6-12, in elongate
terminal racemes; pedicels very short, bibracteolate. Calyx + in. long,
hairy ; segments lanceolate, acute. Corolla slightly exserted, yellow ;
standard veined. Style long, slightly bearded at the top. Pods scarcely
longer than the calyx, hairy. Seeds 3-4. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 66; Benth.
in Hook. Lond. Journ. v, 2 (1845) p. 474; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 54; Aitch.
Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 37; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 67; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 420; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 2,
p- 595.—Flowers: Dec.Feb. Vern. Ghdgrt.

A member of the desert Flora. Gusarar: Ahmedabad, Kanitkar!; Cambay,
Dalzell §& Gibson. Sixn: Cooke!, Stocks, 379!; Mirpur-Khas, Woodrow; Jemadar
ka Landa, near Karachi, Stocks!; Shikarpur, Cooke!—Distris. N.W. India ;
Afghanistan, Beluchistan.

2. Crotalaria filipes, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. vy. 2 (1848)
y 475, A prostrate herb; stems 6-15 in. long, many from a woody

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS ®, 293

root, very slender, terete, clo hed with spreading deciduous silky hairs.
Leaves 4-2 by 3°; in., ovate-oblong, obtuse or acute, mucronulate,
prominently veined, subsessile, clothed with scattered silky hairs,
obliquely cordate at the base; stipules 0. Flowers distant, in leaf-
opposed or extra-axillary 1—3-flowered racemes, which are much longer
than the leaves; peduncles and pedicels very slender, the latter 3-1 in.
long; bracts 7; in. long, lmear-lanceolate, hairy, persistent. Calyx
% in. long, hairy; teeth long, lanceolate. Corolla yellow, exserted ;
standard erect, orbicular, veined, } in. broad. Pods + in. long, shortly
stalked, glabrous. Seeds 8-10. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 66; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 56; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 420.—Flowers :
Oct.—Dec.

Konkan: common about Bombay and Salsette, Dalzell §& Gibson; Bombay, Ritchie,
153!, Law !, Capt. Geburne!; Andheri, Cooke! Deccan: between Nasik and Igatpuri,
Edgeworth! ; Ghat between Wai and Wathar, Cooke!; Phunda Ghat, Ritchie, 153 !;
Mahableshwar, Cooke!; Dongergaon, near Ahmednagar, Cooke! Kanara: Mrs. Ward! ;
near Honore, Hohenhacker, 731!—Disrris. India (W. side of the W. Peninsula).

Var. trichophora. Somewhat larger and coarser, clothed with silky
yellow-brown hairs. Leaves 3-1 in. long. Pedunecles 1—2-flowered.
Corolla scarcely exserted. Benth. ex Baker in Fl. B. I, v. 2, p. 67 (sp.).

Except the hairiness and somewhat larger leaves, I find nothing to
separate this from C. filipes, of which I think it should be considered
a variety.

Konkan: Stocks!

3. Crotalaria prostrata, Rovb. Hort. Beng. (1814) p.54. Annual,
6-15 in. high; branches many, ascending, slender, clothed with silky
yellowish hairs. Leaves subsessile, #-13 by 3-2 in., oblong or oblong-
obovate, rounded at the apex, clothed on both surfaces with silky
yellowish or yellowish-brown hairs, paler beneath, usually oblique or
subcordate at the base; stipules 0. Flowers small, pedicelled, in 2—4-
flowered racemes; peduncles slender, hairy, longer than the leaves ;
bracts and bracteoles minute, subulate. Calyx a—% I. long, densely
hairy ; segments linear. Corolla yellow, not exserted ; standard broadly
oblong, 3); in. in breadth. Pods 3-3 in. long, inflated, glabrous. Seeds
12-15, highly polished. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 67; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 9;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 420; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 2, p. 613.—Flowers: Oct.-Nov.

Stocks, without locality! 8S. M. Counrry: Halyal, near Dharwar, Ritchie, 1023!
Kanara: Kala naddi, Ritchie, 1023!; Yellapur, Zudbot.—Disrais. Drier parts of
India ; Ceylon, Java.

4, Crotalaria vestita, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. y. 2 (1876) p. 67.
An erect usually much-branched herb 9-24 in. high; stems and branches
slender, terete, clothed with long silky hairs. Leaves firm, subsessile,
3-14 by 3-2 in., oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse or subacute, densely
clothed with white or yellowish hairs, base usually rounded, equal-
sided; stipules 0. Flowers in densely silky 4—5-flowered racemes ;
peduncles much longer than the leaves; bracts ;-#? in. long, persistent,
leafy, lanceolate, silky; pedicels shorter than the calyx; bracteoles 2
beneath the calyx, 7 in. long, linear, very hairy. Calyx shaggy, }—|% in.
long; the 2 upper segments lanceolate, acute; the 3 lower linear,

294 XLVI. LEGUMINOS.&.

Corolla not exserted; standard suborbicular-oblong, veined; wing:.
linear-oblong, rounded at the tip. Pods oblong, turgid, glabrous,
2-# in. long, subsessile. Seeds 15-20. Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 420.

Stocks and Dalzell, without localities! Drcecan: Khandala, Bhiva!; Maha-
bleshwar, Cooke !—Disrris. Apparently endemic in Bombay.

5. Crotalaria Stocksii, Benth. ex Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2
(1876) p. 67. A much-branched annual 1-13 ft. high; stems and
branches pale, slender, terete, glabrous. Leaves $-12 by =s—j In., seb-
sessile, linear-oblong, tip rounded, tomentose on both surfaces, equally
narrowed at both sides at the base ; stipules minute, subulate, deciduous.
Flowers very small, yellow ; pedicels filiform, 2 or 3 times as long as
the leaves, solitary, leaf-opposed, with 2 subulate bracts about +; in.
long below the flower and with 2 small subulate bracteoles beneath the
calyx. Calyx 5 in. long, pubescent outside; segments very acute.
Corolla slightly exserted; standard obovate-oblong. Pods sessile,
4-g in. long, linear-oblong, glabrous, finally black. Seeds 12-16, reni-
form, compressed. Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 420.

Rare. Konkan: Stocks!; Jambalpada, Colaba district, Kanithar !—Duisrrm.
Tenasserim and the Andamans.

6. Crotalaria bifaria, Linn. f. Suppl. (1781) p. 822. A much-
branched herb; branches terete, more or less pubescent. Leaves 3-14
by 3-1 in., rotund-ovate or a few of the upper oblong, rounded at the
apex, mucronulate, more or less hairy on both surfaces, oblique or
rounded at the base ; petioles ;4; in. long ; stipules g in. long, lanceolate,
reflexed. Racemes 1-2-flowered; peduncles stout, usually exceeding
the leaves; bracts 2, about | in. below the calyx, foliaceous, persistent,
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 1-2 in. long. Calyx reaching ? in. long,
hairy outside ; segments linear-lanceolate, very acute. Corolla slightly
exserted ; standard orbicular, reaching ? in. long, yellow, veined with
bluish-purple ; wings 3-8 in. long, oblong, rounded at the tip, bluish-
purple. Keel with a long beak, veined with purple. Pods shortly
stalked, much inflated, #-11 in. long, usually mottled with purple, at
first pubescent, becoming nearly glabrous before splitting. Seeds 10-12.
BY. B. 15.¥..2; p. 69%; Grahs Cat. p. 45; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 55; Wight,
Jeon. t. 30; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 420.—
Flowers: Aug.—Oct.

S. M. Country: Ramghat, Law ex Graham, Dailzell § Gibson ; Badami, Cooke},
Woodrow !—Disrris. India (W. Peninsula).

The measurements have been taken from a well-grown specimen from Badami
(S. M. Country), where the plant is tolerably abundant.—The flowers are handsome,
the purple wings contrasting well with the yellow standard,

7. Crotalaria mysorensis, /oth, Nov. Pl. Sp. (1821) p. 338. An
erect herb 1-2 ft. high, with numerous ascending branches clothed with
long spreading hairs. Leaves subsessile, 1-23 by ;,—4 in., linear-oblong,
rounded at both ends, apiculate, clothed (especially beneath) with long
spreading silky hairs ; stipules linear-lancolate, 1-3 in. long, persistent.
}lowers yellow, in Jax erect terminal 6-9-flowered racemes; bracts
foliaceous, lanceolate, hairy; bracteoles beneath the calyx 4 in. long,
Jauceolate, hairy. Calyx 4-2 in. long, the upper segments lanceolate,

XLVITI, LEGUMINOS#. 295

the lower linear, all clothed with long spreading hairs. Corolla not
exserted ; standard ovate, acute; wings narrow-oblong, rounded at the
tip. Pods 3-14 in. long, scarcely stalked, truncate at the apex, much
inflated, glabrous when ripe, pale brown. Seeds 20-30. FI. B. I. v. 2,
p. 70; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 12; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb, Nat. v. 11
(1397) p. 420.—Flowers: Oct.

Konkan: Stocks! Duccan: Poona, Woodrow!; Nasik hills, Dalzell !; Wada Ghat
below Mahableshwar, Cooke!; Dongergaon near Ahmednagar, Cooke! Guvanar:
Dakor, Kanitkar!—Disrris. Throughout India; Ceylon.

8. Crotalaria triquetra, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. v. 2

(1850) p. 34. Suffruticose, 12-20 in. high, branched from the base ;
branches acutely triquetrous, glabrous or with a few scattered spreading
hairs. Leaves subsessile, 1-1} by 4-3 in., elliptic-oblong, glabrous
above, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs beneath, rounded or sub-
cordate at the base; stipules small, ovate, acute, reflexed. Flowers
pale yellow, in long very lax 2—3-flowered terminal and lateral racemes
6 or 7 times as long as the leaves ; pedicels about as long as the calyx ;
bracts ovate, acute; bracteoles beneath the calyx minute, setaceous.
Calyx 4-4 in. long; segments subequal, triangular, acute, silky. Corolla
slightly exserted ; standard broadly ovate, subacute, with a tuft of hairs
at the back below the apex ; wings oblong, round: d at the tip. Pods
3-Z in. long, oblong, cylindrical, with appressed silky hairs. Seeds 15-
eee EBs fy. 2p. 715 Dalz. & Gibs. p.o6, Trim. Bl Ceyl. v.2;
p- 12; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb, Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 420.—Flowers:
Oct. VERN. Ghdti.

Konkan: Law!, Stocks!, Da/zell!; Malwan, Dalzell § Gibson; Vingorla, Woodrow.
Deccan: Poona, Woodrow, 191!, also 235!; Mahableshwar, Cooke! —Disrnris. India
(Rajputana to Tinnevelly).

9. Crotalaria albida, Heyne, ex Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. (1821) p. 333.
A much-branched undershrub 1-2 ft. high; branches slender, terete,
more or less silky-pubescent. Leaves 1-2 by 8,3 in., linear-oblong or
oblanceolate, obtuse, apiculate, pellucido-punctate, more or less silky-
pubescent (especially beneath), base acute; petioles j.—,5 in. long;
stipules 0. Flowers in terminal (rarely lateral) 6-20-flowered racemes,
2-5 in. long; pedicels 4-1 in. Jong; bracts and bracteoles linear.
Calyx 4 in. (finally 2 in.) long; teeth long, the 3 lower linear, acumi-
nate, the 2 upper broader, sometimes subobtuse. Corolla 4 in. long,
pale yellow; standard suborbicular, with a few hairs on the back ; wings
obovate-oblong. Pods glabrous, sessile, 4—3 in. long, oblong-cylindric.
Seeds 6-12. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 71; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 12; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 420. Crotalaria punctata, Grah.
in Wall. Cat. 5401. Crotalaria epunctata, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ.
v. 3 (1851) p. 210; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 56.—Flowers : Dec.—Feb.

Konkan: Stocks!, Law!; Ratnagiri, Kanitkar! Duccan: Fitzgerald Ghat below
Mahableshwar, Cooke! Kanara: near Honore, Hohenhacker, 731!; N. Kanara,
Talbot, 119! Gusarat: Kanitkar!—Disrris. Throughout the plains of India;
Malaya, Ceylon, China, Philippines.

T have examined a large number of specimens from Bombay, but have not found
the leaves of any of them to be epunctate. In a specimen in Herb. Kew. labelled
C. epunctata in Dalzell’s own handwriting, the leaves are pellucid-dotted.—It some-
times happens, when the leaves are densely pubescent, that the dots are not readily
distinguishable, but careful examination will reveal them. I have not therefure

retained the yar. epunctata,

296 XLVIII, LEGUMINOS 2.

10. Crotalaria pusilla, Heyne, ew Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. (1821) p. 335.
A much-branched leafy herb 2-6 in. high ; branches con clothed
with appressed brownish silky hairs. Leaves }-# by +5-;%; in., sub-
sessile, linear-oblong, densely silky, obtuse or aabeadies narrow ad at the
base ; stipules 0. Racemes terminal and lateral, numerous, 3-1 in. long,
3-10-flowered ; pedicels short ; bracts minute, lanceolate. Calyx hairy
outside ; teeth jy in. long, linear, acute. Corolla yellow, slightly ex-
serted. Pods }-} in. long, oblong, densely silky-vyillous. ele 4-8,
This is the smallest species of Crotalaria in India. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 70;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 420.—Flowers : ee
Oct.

Konkan: Bombay, Capt. Geburne! Dnccan: near Wadi Junction, G.I. P. Railway,
Vaidya! S. M. Country: Dharwar, Woodrow; Badami, VV ‘vod? ow!; Padshapur,
Ritchie, 1171 !—Disrris. From the Bombay Presidency southwards.

11. Crotalaria nana, Burm. Fl. Ind. (1768) p. 156, t. 48, fig. 2.
Annual, 9-18 in. high, sometimes erect and without branches, sometimes
branched from the base or from above the base; stent and brauches
clothed with long spreading hairs. Leaves 3-2 by 3-3 in., subsessile,
closely and minutely pellucido-punctate, oblong or oblanceolate,
subacute, apiculate, silky-hairy on both surfaces, base subcuneate ;
stipules 0. Flowers small, usually in crowded capitate or quasiumbellate
terminal racemes, sometimes a few solitary or 2-3 together in some
of the upper leaf-axils; pedicels short, hairy; bracts and bracteoles
small, linear-subulate, very hairy. Calyx densely hairy outside, the 2
upper teeth connate for nearly their entire length very shortly divided
at the apex, the 3 lower teeth triangular, acute. Corolla not exserted ;
standard oblong, rounded, with a tuft of hairs at the back below the
apex. Pods } in. long. globose-ovoid, glabrous, eae when ripe, scarcely
exceeding the calyx. Seeds 6-10. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 71; Dalz. & Gibs.
p. 56; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 18; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 420. Crotalaria wmbellata, Wight, in Wall. Cat. 5383 ;
Grah. Cat. p. 45; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 56.—Flowers: Sept.-Oct.

Konkan: Stocks!; Vingorla and Malwan, Dalzell § Gibson. Duccan: Maha-
bleshwar, Cooke!, Woodrow! S.M.Country : Ramghat, Law ex Graham.—Disrxis.
India (W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon.

12. Crotalaria chinensis, Linn. Syst. ed. 10 (1759) p. 1158.
Annual, 1-2 ft. high, usually much-branched ; stems and branches
clothed with long spreading brown silky hairs. Leaves subsessile, 1-24
by 3-% in., oblong or oblanceolate, rounded at the base and apex,
pellucido- punctate, “apiculate, more or less silky-hairy ; stipules 0.
Flowers in terminal capitate racemes, 38-6 in a head; bracts and
bracteoles linear, persistent. Calyx @—3 in. long, densely hairy ; lower
teeth linear, the upper lanceolate. Corolla pale yellow, not exserted ;
standard orbicular-oblong, subacute, with a dense tuft of long hairs at
the back below the apex. Pods sessile, as long as the calyx, glabrous.
Seeds 15-20. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 73; Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ.
v. 2 (1843) p. 566 (not of Roxb.).—Flowers: Oct.

Rare. Konkan: Stocks!; Severndroog taluka, Stocks!—Distrr. Throughout
India; Sumatra, China, Philippines.

XLVIII. LEGUMINOSA. 297

13. Crotalaria priestleyoides, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. vy. 2
(1876) p. 74. A low undershrub; branches ascending, densely clothed
with spreading brown silky hairs. Leaves nearly as broad as long, sub-
sessile, 1-2 by 2-2 in., broadly obovate or oblanceolate, mucronate, the
upper surface sparsely clothed with long hairs, the lower shaggy, base
rounded or acute; stipules 0. Flowers 4-8, in dense terminal heads;
bracts + in. long, lanceolate, acuminate, persistent, shaggy outside,
glabrous or nearly so within. Calyx shaggy; lower teeth Jivear, acute,
the upper lanceolate and 3-% in. broad. Corolla as long as the calyx ;
standard 3 by 3 in., obovate-oblong, rounded at the apex and with a
sinall tuft of hairs at the back. Pods sessile, } in. long, dark brown,
glabrous, smooth and polished. Seeds 10-16, chestnut-brown, smooth,
polished.

Rare. Konkan: Law!, Stocks!, Dalzell/!—Duistri. India, Anamallay hills
(Beddome).

14. Crotalaria dubia, Gah. in Wall. Cat. (1828) 5404. Annual,
1-2 ft. high, simple or branched; stems and branches silky with
appressed hairs. Leaves membranous, 2-3 by 1-11 in., obovate, sub-
acute, mucronate, more or less silky above, densely so beneath, base
cuneate ; inain nerves 6-9 pairs, prominent on the under surface, hairy ;
petioles ,—% in. long; stipules minute, setaceous. Flowers 12-2U in
dense, silky-villous, usually oblong terminal heads, sometimes reaching
2 in. long, with often a leaf just below the head ; bracts and bracteoles
ovate-lanceolate, acute, about 7 in. long, hairy on both surfaces. Calyx
densely fulvous-silky outside, glabrous within; segments all long, acu-
minate, the 2 upper slightly broader and less deeply divided than the
3 lower. Corolla as long as the calyx ; standard broadly oblong, emar-
ginate, with 2 or 3 long hairs at the back near the apex. Pods sessile,
as long as the calyx, glabrous, + in. long, oblong. Seeds 6-8, pale
brown, polished. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 73; Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ.
y. 2 (1843) p. 568.—Flowers: Nov.—Dee.

A rare plant in the Bombay Presidency. Konkan: Stocks! Kanara: common on

the banks of the Kala naddi near Lalguli, Yellapur taluka, Talbot, 120!—Du1srrip.
India (W. Peninsula, Chittagong, Tenasserim).

| 15. Crotalaria linifolia, Linn. f. Suppl. (1781) p. 322. Suffruti-
cose, 9-20 in. high, usually much-brauched; branches terete, clothed
with appressed silky hairs, Leaves 1-2 by {-1 in., oblanceolate or
oblong, rounded at the apex, apiculate, densely silky with appressed
hairs beneath, more or less hairy above, base subcuneate ; petioles very
short, silky; stipules 0. Flowers in terminal elongate silky -6-20-
flowered racemes reaching 1 ft. long; pedicels ;,—3 in. long ; bracts
and bracteoles subulate. Calyx densely silky ; the 2 upper segments
connate except at the very apex, forming a broadly ovate upper lip
+ by + in., the 3 lower segments triangular, acuminate. Corolla scarcely
longer than the calyx ; standard oblong, rounded, truncate or sometimes
slightly emarginate, with avery few minute hairs atthe back below the apex.
Pods ovoid-oblong, sessile, as long as the calyx, obliquely truncate at
the apex, glabrous, black when ripe. Seeds 4-10. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 72;
Grah. Cat. p. 45; Dalz. & Gibs. p.56; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 13;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 420. C. sobolifera, Grah.
in Wall. Cat. 5420 s.—Flowers: Sept.

298 XLYIII. LEGUMINOSZ.

I have examined many living specimens in which there were only
4 seeds.

Konkan: Stocks! Duccan: Poona, Cooke!, Woodrow!; Khed, Kanitkar!; Khan-
dala, Graham. Gusarat: Surat, Dalzell ¢ Gibson.—Disrrip. E. tropical regions,

16. Crotalaria calycina, Schrank, Pl. Rar. Monac. (1819) t. 12.
An erect herb 1-2 ft. high; stem simple or branched, densely clothed
with appressed silky hairs. Leaves variable, dimorphous, in one form
narrow-linear, acute, reaching 5-6 in. long, in the other and more common
form lanceolate, acute or subobtuse, 143-33 by 3-3 in., mucronate, glabrous
or nearly so eve more or less silky with appressed hairs beneath, base
acute; petioles 3 35-77 mM. long ; stipules minute, subulate, hairy. Flowers
large, in terminal 2-12- flow ered racemes ; pedicels stout, 7 in. long,
deflexed in fruit ; bracts and bracteoles lar ge, foliaceous, lanceolate, very
acute, shaggy with long hair. Calyx 3-1 in. long, densely clothed with
long fulvous persistent Et: lower teeth lanceolate, acuminate, the
upper obovate-oblong, 3-3 in. wide. Corolla pale yellow, shorter than
the calyx; standard obovate-oblong, rounded at the apex and with a
small tuft of long hairs at the back. Pods sessile, shorter than the calyx,
glabrous, dark brown. Seeds 20-30. Fl. B. Lv. 2, p. 72; Trim. Fl.
Ceyl. v. 2, p. 14; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p p- 420.
C. anthylloides, Don, Prodr. p. 241; Grah. Cat. p. 44; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 54 (not of Lamk.).—Flowers: Oct.

Pretty common in the rains, Graham. Konkan: Stocks!; 8. Konkan, Dalzell &
Gibson. Deccan: Poona, Woodrow!; Soos, Poona Coullectorate, Bhiva!—Disrris.
E. tropical regions, Tropical Africa,

17. Crotalaria lutescens, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. vy. 2 (1850)
p. 34. Annual, erect, 1-3 ft. high, sparingly branched; branches terete or
obscurely angled, striate, glabrous. Leaves membranous, pale, subsessile,
variable, in one HOT. reaching 8 in. long by $-j in. in breadth, linear,
in another 3-5 by 2-3 in., elliptic lanceolate, all acute (rarely rounded)
at the apex, apiculate, glabrous except the voung leaves; stipules 0.
Flowers distant, in long slender lax 6-15-flowered racemes ; pedicels
4 in. long, slender ; bracts and_bracteoles small, subulate, persistent.
Calyx glabrous outside, about 3 in. long; upper teeth connate at the
base only, the 3 lower teeth connate for about half their length, all
linear, very acute. Corolla yellow, twice as long as the calyx; standard
1 in. long, conspicuously veined, ovate-oblong, acute, reflexed in flowering ;
keel with a hairy line on its back. Pods quite glabrous, cylindric, oblong,
1-13 in. long. Seeds numerous.—Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 74; Woodr, in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 420. C. peduncularis, Dalz. & Gibs.
p. 55 (not of Graham).—F lowers : Aug.-Oct.

Konkan: Law!, Stoeks!, Dalzell!; Vingorla, Dalzell § Gibson; Malwan, Dalze/!.
S. M. Counrry: Castlerock, abundant, Cooke! Kanara: on the Ghats near the Yena
temple (N. Kanara), Zadbot, 280!—Disrris. Apparently endemic.

18. Crotalaria retusa, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 715. A robust
undershrub 2-4 ft. high; branches striate, glabrous or appressedly
pubescent. Leaves 14-31 by 3-3 in., oblanceolate-oblong, obtuse or retuse,
sometimes mucronate, rarely subacute, glabrous above, silky-pubescent
beneath, base cuneate ; petioles very short ; stipules subulate. lowers
numerous, large and showy, in erect terminal racemes 6-12 in. long;

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS 4. 299

pedicels 4-46 in. long; bracts subulate, 1 at the base of each pedicel
and 2 much smaller about half way up. Calyx 3—4 in. long, glabrous or
nearly so outside; tube campanulate; upper teeth ovate, acute, divaricate,
connate near the base only, the 3 lower teeth much narrower, triangular,
acuminate, connate about half the way up. Corolla much exserted, about
1 in. long, yellow with a purple tinge; standard suborbicular, con-
spicuously veined, with a strong rib down the middle of the back. Pods
1-1} in. long, stalked, linear-oblong, slightly broader upwards. Seeds
15-20. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 75 (evclud. syn. Dalz. & Gibs.); Bot. Mag.
t. 2561; Trim. FI. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 15; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 613.
C. Leschenaultti, Grah. Cat. p. 44; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 54; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 420.—Flowers: Sept._Nov. Vurn.
Dingala.

Konkan: Law!, Stocks!, Capt. Geburne! Deccan: Mahableshwar, Cooke!, Wood-
row!; Khandala, Woodrow! 8S. M. Counrry: Ramghat, Fitehie, 150!—Disrrre.
India generally ; Ceylon, China, Malaya, N. Australia, Tropical Africa.

Very common at Mahableshwar, where it has been erroneously referred to C. Leschen-
aultii, DC. Crotalaria Leschenaultii [DC. Prodr. v. 2, p. 125; Benth. in Hook. Lond,
Journ. vy. 2 (1843) p. 481 ; Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 186: C. lupiniflora, Grah. in Wall.
Cat. 5407] has foliaceous ovate bracts, by which it may be readily distinguished from
C. retusa. C. Leschenaultii seems to be a rare plant, confined apparently to the
Nilghiris. ‘There are only 2 specimens in Herb. Kew., one from Wight’s Herbarium
and the other from Melvor’s (n. 80). There is every reason to believe that it is not a
Bombay plant at all. It has not been found in that Presidency by Law, Stocks or
Ritchie or by more recent collectors. Ritchie’s specimen (n. 150) from Ramghat
mentioned by Baker in FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 76, is C. retusa. What C. retusa of Graham
(Cat. p. 45) is, which he says grows in compounds on the Esplanade in Bombay and
flowers in the cold season, or what C. retwsa of Dalzell & Gibson (Bo. Fl. p. 55) is,
which is said to be common in sandy soil in company with C. verrucosa and to flower
in February and March, when all the Bombay Crotalarias are practically out of bloom,
I can form no idea.

19. Crotalaria sericea, /ictz. Obs. fase. 5 (1789) p. 26. A short
undershrub 3-4 ft. high; branches stout, striate, subglabrous. Leaves
2-6 in. Jong, very variable in breadth, oblong-lanceolate, acute or sub-
acute, mucronate, glabrous above, finely silky beneath, base cuneate ;
petioles 7;-§ in. long; stipules large, leaty, persistent. Flowers in
elongate terminal 20-50-flowered racemes 10-12 in. long; pedicels
longer than the calyx, with 1 large foliaceous ovate-acute bract at the
base of each pedicel and a pair of minute subulate bracts on each pedicel
below the middle. Calyx } in. long, almost glabrous outside ; tube
campanulate, half as long as the teeth; upper teeth large, triangular,
acute, about + in. broad at the base, the 3 lower teeth smaller and less
deeply cut than the upper, linear-lanceolate, acute. Corolla yellow with
a purplish tinge; standard broadly ovate, with a strong midrib at the
back. Pods glabrous, linear-oblong, stalked, 1-2 in. long. Seeds 20-30.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 75; Grah. Cat. p. 45; Dalz. & Gibs. p.55; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 420; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2,
p. 614.—Flowers : Oct.—Dee.

Konkan: Law!, Stocks!; Bombay, in pasture grounds, Dadzell g& Gibson, Graham.
eee Gund (N. Kanara), Woodrow,—Disrris. Throughout India generally ; Malaya,
Andanians.

20. Crotalaria verrucosa, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p.715. A much-
branched herb 2-3 ft. high; branches acutely angled, at first puberulous,

300 XLVIII. LEGUMINOSA'.

afterwards glabrescent. Leaves 2-6 by 114-3 in., ovate-rhomboid or
ovate-deltoid, obtuse or occasionally acute at the apex, tapering to the
base, subglabrous above, more or less downy and paler beneath ; nerves
prominent ; petioles ;4;-4 in.; stipules large, foliaceous, semilunate,
persistent. lowers in terminal or lateral 12-—20-flowered racemes
6-8 in. long; pedicels 54; in. long; bracts at the base of the pedicels
linear-lanceolate, § in. long, those on the pedicels much smaller, subulate.
Calyx membranous, 3 in. long, faintly pubescent ; tube short, campanu-
late ; teeth subequal, triangular, acute. Corolla ? in. long, exserted,
bluish-purple and white, rarely entirely white. Pods densely villous
when young, softly pubescent when ripe, 1-1} in. long, oblong-cylindric,
stalked. Seeds 10-15, yellow, + in. long, polished. Fl. B, I. v. 2, p. 77;
Grah. Cat. p. 45; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 55; Trim. FI. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 155
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 420; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 2, p. 614.—Flowers: Oct.—Nov.

Konkan: Law!, Stocks!; Vingorla, Woodrow; near Goa, Cooke! Deccan: Sholapur
districts, Law ex Graham.—Disrr1B. Tropical India; Ceylon, China, Tropical Africa,
Mauritius, Tropical America.

21. Crotalaria leptostachya, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot.
v. 2 (1843) p. 562. A stiff erect shrub; stems and branches tetra-
gonous, fulvous-pubescent at the angles. Leaves membranous, 33-53 by
2-1 in., oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute, apiculate (sometimes
very narrow in proportion to their length), thinly clothed on both sides
with fulvous appressed silky hairs, base usually rounded ; nerves numerous,
conspicuous, fulyous- hairy ; petioles very short; stipules minute,
deciduous. Flowers in elongate many-flowered racemes 6-12 in. long ;
pedicels short, fulvous-hairy ; bracts small, subulate, hairy. Calyx 3 in.
long, clothed with fulvous silky glistening hairs on the outside; tube

very short; teeth long, triangular, acute, the 2 upper divaricate, slightly

broader and a little more deeply cleft than the 3 lower ones. Corolla
yellow, not exserted ; standard suborbicular, glabrous on the back. Pods

densely fulvous-silky, 3-3 in. long. Seeds 4-6, FI. B. 1. v. 2, p. 783 —

Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 420.—Flowers: Oct.

Konkan: Stocks!, Law! Dzccan: Ambenala Ghat, Kanitkar!; Khandala, Cooke !,
Woodrow. Kanara: Yellapur, Talbot, 80!—Disrxis. Apparently endemicin Bombay.

22. Crotalaria Heyneana, (Girah. in Wall. Cat. (1828) 5414.
A sparingly-branched undershrub 1-2 ft. high; branches slender, terete,
the young ones pubescent. Leaves membranous, subsessile, 3-5 by
]1-2 in., elliptic-lanceolate, very acute (sometimes acuminate), mucro-
nate, glabrous above, sparsely and minutely puberulous beneath, base
acute; nerves slender, conspicuous ; petioles ;4,—+!5 in. long, pubescent ;
stipules small, semilunate, reflexed. Flowers in terminal and lateral
many-flowered racemes ; pedicels 4-% in. long; bracts linear-subulate,
those beneath the pedicels 3-;°, in. long, those on the pedicels smaller.
Calyx 4 in. long, pubescent outside ; tube campanulate ; segments long,
linear-lanceolate, very acute, the 2 upper slightly broader and more
deeply cut than the lower. Corolla about } in. long; standard erect,
suborbicular, pale yellow or nearly white, with blue streaks at the base ;
wings usually pale blue in the upper part. Pods 1} in. long, linear-
oblong, broader towards the apex, softly pubescent. Seeds 10-12,

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS2. 301

yellow. Fl. B. I. v.2, p.78; Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. v. 2 (1843)
p- 560; Bot. Mag. t. 5974.—Flowers: Nov.—Jan.

Rare. Kanara: Kadgal (N. Kanara), Woodrow! ; Lalguli, near Yellupur, Talbot,
33! and 223!—Duisrris. India (Kanara to Travancore).

23. Crotalaria juncea, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 714. Annual,
2-8 ft. high; branches numerous, ascending, slender, terete, striate,
silky-pubescent. Leaves 1-4 by 4-? in., linear or oblong, obtuse or
subacute, apiculate, clothed on both sides with appressed silky shining
hairs, base usually acute ; petioles ;-7/, in. long; stipules 0 or very
minute. Flowers large, in erect terminal and lateral 12-20-flowered
racemes often reaching 1 ft. long; pedicels g-} in. long, pubescent ;
bracts minute, linear-subulate ; bracteoles 2 beueath the calyx, minute,
linear-subulate. Calyx 3 in. long, clothed with fulvous hairs; teeth
linear-lanceolate, very deep. Corolla bright yellow, slightly exserted ;
standard ovate-oblong, subacute. Pods 1-114 in. long, sessile, clothed
with short fulvous silky hair. Seeds 10-15. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 79.

Doubtfully wild, but often found as an escape from cultivation. The plant is
cultivated throughout India, extensively so in the Bombay Presidency, for the sake of
its fibre, which furnishes the Swxn Hemp of commerce and which is largely exported
from Bombay. Consult Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 595, where will be found an
exhaustive description of the mode of cultivation of the plant and of the extraction
and uses of its fibre.—Duistris. Malay islands, Australia.

24. Crotalaria madurensis, Wight, in Wall. Cat. (1828) 5376.
A much-branched erect undershrub; branches terete, clothed with short
yellowish-brown silky hairs. Leaves 13-33 by 1-2 in., ovate-oblong,
obtuse (rarely subacute), mucronate or not, closely covered with shining
yellowish-brown silky hairs, base usually rounded; main nerves numerous,
conspicuous ; petioles 3 in. long, densely silky; stipules 0. Flowers
often large and showy, more than twice as long as the calyx, in panicled
racemes; bracts and bracteoles 737°, in. long, ovate-lanceolate, acute
or acuminate. Culyx 3-2 in. long, densely silky, deeply bilabiate ; tube
short ; the 2 upper teeth triangular-acute, divaricate, scarcely connate
at the very base; the 3 lower about half as broad as the upper, linear-
lanceolate, very acute, connate for about one-third of their length.
Corolla yellow, exserted ; standard orbicular, slightly mucronate, silky
on the back; wings often rugose or presenting a honeycombed appear-
ance on the upper side near the base. Pods 1-14 in. long, shortly
stalked, sparsely hairy, turgid. Seeds 10-12. FI]. B.I. v. 2, p. 79;
Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. v. 2 (1843) p. 563; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 421.—Flowers: Dec.

Very rare in the Bombay Presidency. Kanara: Kumpta-Sirsi road, Woodrow.—
Dister. India (Nilghiri and Madura hills),

25. Crotalaria fulva, Roxb. Fl. Ind. v. 3 (1832) p. 266. An erect
much-branched undershrub 3-5 ft. high ; branches densely clothed with
short brown silky hairs. Leaves 23-4 by 7-1 in., oblong or oblanceolate,
obtuse or subacute, often apiculate, clothed on both sides with yellowish-
brown shining silky hairs, base cuneate ; petioles ;, in. long, silky-hairy;
stipules 0 or minute. Flowers numerous, in panicled racemes ; bract 1
beneath the pedicel, ovate, acute or acuminate, hairy, reflexed ; bracteoles
2 beneath the calyx, similar, but a little smaller, all persistent. Calyx

302 XLVIII. LEGUMINOS.

4-2 in. long, silky-hairy ; teeth lanceolate, about equally cleft, the 2
upper oblong, broader than the 3 lower lanceolate ones. Corolla #-1 in.
long, exser ted; standard elliptic, acute, silky on the back. Pods included,
clothed with appressed silky yellowish-brown hairs. Seeds 2, light
brown, polished. Fl. B. L. v. 2, p. 80; Grab. Cat. p.44; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 54; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 421.—F lowers:
Feb.

Konkan: Law!; Dalzell, without locality! S. M. Counrry: Ramghat, Da/zell §

Gibson, common, Graham, Kanara: Kumpta-Sirsi road, Woodrow !—Disrri. India
(W. Peninsula) ; Java, Sumatra, Seychelles aud Mauritius.

26. Crotalaria ramosissima, Row). Fl. Ind. v. 3 (1832) p. 268.
A very much-branched woody herb scarcely reaching 1 ft. high ; branches
densely clothed with silky hairs. Leaves 4-1 by 3-75; in., crowded,
subsessile, linear or oblanceolate, usually obtuse, apiculate, densely silky-
hairy on both surfaces, base cuneate; stipules 0. Flowers in panicled
racemes ; bracts lanceolate, recurved. Calyx 2} in. Jong, hairy outside ;
teeth linear, acute, the margins reflexed. Corolla 2 in. long ; standard
pointed, silky on the back. Pods sessile, 3 in. long, oblong, densely silky.
Seed 1, brownish-black, polished. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p.80; Grah. Cat. p. 44;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 421; Oliver, Flor, Trop.
Afr. v. 2, p. 26.—Flowers: Dec.

Rare. S. M. Couxrry: Badami, Cooke!, Woodrow !—Dtstr1s. India (W. Peninsula) ;
Tropical Africa.

27. Crotalaria medicaginea, Lamk. Encyc. Méthod. vy. 2 (1786)
p- 201. A perennial herb scarcely reaching 1 ft.; rootstock woody,
branched ; stems and branches numerous, diffuse, filiform, terete, sparsely
clothed with appressed hairs. Leaves 3- foliolate 3 common petioles
z'y-+ in. long; stipules minute, filiform. Leaflets }—3 3 by zy-t in., oblanceo-
late, rounded, apiculate, glabrous, more or less silky beneath ; ‘petiolules
distinct, very ‘short. Flowers in terminal and leaf-opposed 2-6-flowered
racemes; peduncles longer than the leaves, filiform; bracts minute,
linear-subulate. Calyx +/5 in. long, silky outside with appressed hairs ;
teeth triangular, acute, exceeding the campanulate tube, all about equally
long, the two upper a little broader. Corolla yellow, twice as long as
the calyx; standard silky on the back. Pods obliquely subglobose, ¢ in.
long, sparingly silky, beaked. Seeds 2. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 81; Trim. Fl.
Ceyl. v. 2, p. 18; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 613.

I have seen no specimens of the true C. medicaginea from Bombay. The var. neglecta

is plentiful and the var. duxurians is occasionally met with,—Distris. Tropical India ;
Ceylon, Malaya, Afghanistan, China, Australia.

Var. 1. neglecta, Baker, in F]. B. I. v. 2, p.81. Branches more ascend-
ing than in the type. Leaflets larger, retuse or rounded, apiculate or not.
Racemes 6-9-flowered. C. neglecta (sp.), Wight & Arn. Prod. p. 192.

Konkan: Bombay, Capt. Geburne!; Revadanda, Gungaram! Quusarat: Baroda,
Kanitkar!, Woodrow! Sixn: Dalzell!; Umrak, Cooke!

Van. 2. lucurians, Baker, in F). B. I. v. 2, p. 81. A much stouter
and ane plant, 2-3 ft. high. Leaflets larger, usually retuse, the
terminal leaflet #-1 in. long. Petioles up to } in, long. Racemes

XLVIII. LEGUMINOSAE. 303

6-12-flowered. C. luwurians (sp.), Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. y. 2
(1843) p. 578.

Konkan: Stocks!; Salsette, Jacguemont, 718! Duccan: near Talegaon, Poona
districts, Bhiva!

28. Crotalaria Notonii, Wight § Arn. Prodr. p.192. Suffruticose,
erect ; branches divaricate, more or less silky. Leaves approximated ;
petioles slightly shorter than the leaves; stipules 3-} in. long, linear,
acute, persistent. Leatlets 3-1 by {-3 in., obovate-cuneate, rounded,
truncate or retuse at the apex, apiculate or not; petiolules {, in. long,
pubescent. Flowers 12-20, close, in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes
2-3 in. long; pedicels y';-3 in. long, pubescent; bracts 3-3 in. long,
linear, acute, persistent. Calyx 4-3 in. long, sparsely silky; teeth
lanceolate, acute, equalling the tube. Corolla more than twice as long
as the calyx, yellow; keel with a very long beak. Pods 2 in. long, sub-
quadrangular, thinly silky. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 82; Wight, Icon. t. 752.
C. rostrata, Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 191; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 57.

Rare. Guugarat: sandy soil at Domas near Surat, also in Kathiawar, ex Dalzell &-
Gibson, 1. c.—Distris. India (Nilghiri and Pulney hills).

29. Crotalaria orixensis, Willd. in Ges. Naturf. Fr. Neue Schr.
v. 4 (1803) p. 217. Perennial, herbaceous, diffuse; stems slender,
copiously branched, 1-13 ft. long, sparingly clothed with spreading
brownish hairs. Leaves glabrous above, clothed with appressed hairs
beneath; petioles 3-17 in. long, hairy; stipules 3 in. long, foliaceous,
lanceolate, persistent. Leaflets 3-1 by 1-2 in., obovate-oblong, obtuse ;
petiolules very short. Flowers small, in very lax lateral or terminal
3-12-flowered racemes; pedicels 4-3 in. long, filiform; bracts large,
foliaceous, ovate, acute, deflexed. Calyx 3-1 in. long, silky outside ;
teeth lanceolate, acute. Corolla scarcely exserted, yellow. Pods 3-3 in.
long, glabrous, with a stalk as long as the calyx. Seeds 8-10. FI. B.I.
v. 2, p. 83; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 57; Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr. v. 2, p. 27;
Woodr. in Journ, Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 421.—Flowers : Sept.—
Oct. Vurn. Andabel; Jensru.

Konkan: Stocks! Duccan: Poona, Col. Sykes!, Woodrow!; Ghat between Wathar
and Wai, Cooke! §. M. Country: Dharwar, Cooke!—Disrris. India (W. Peninsula) ;
Tropical Africa.

30. Crotalaria striata, DC. Prodr. v. 2 (1825) p.131. Suffruti-
cose, 2-3 ft. high; stem stout, more or less striate; branches pube-
rulous, the very young ones silky. Leaves membranous; petioles
13-3 in. long, stout, slightly pubescent ; stipules minute, deciduous or 0.
Leaflets 2-3 by 1-13 in., elliptic, obtuse or acute, sometimes emarginate,
glabrous above, minutely puberulous and glaucous beneath. Flowers
numerous, in erect terminal and lateral elongate spicate 20-50-flowered
racemes which sometimes reach 1 ft. long ; pedicels very short ; bracts
setaceous, minute. Calyx } in. long, slightly pubescent outside; teeth
as long as the tube, lanceolate. Corolla dull yellow, veined with purple,
twice as long as the calyx. Pods 13-2 in. long, much deflexed, oblong,
cylindric, glabrous, shortly stalked. Seeds 20-30, dark brown. FI. B. I.
vy. 2, p. 84; Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr. v. 2, p. 38; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2,
p. 18; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 421; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. y. 2, p. 614.—Flowers: Noy.

304 XLVIII. LEGUMINOS.

Deccan: Poona, Woodrow!; Ganesh Khind, Woodrow!—Distris. Throughout
India; Ceylon, Malaya, Tropical America and Africa.

31, Crotalaria laburnifolia, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 715. An
erect shrub 2-4 ft. high § branches slender, terete, glabrous. Leaves
oO foliolate ; petioles 13-23 in. long; stipules 0. Leaflets membranous,

1-13 by 4 -13 in. Shiie -oblong, acute or subacute at both ends ; petio-
es ys-@ in. long. Flowers in terminal and lateral few-flowered lax
racemes 3-1 ft. long ; pedicels about 3 in. long; bracts minute, deci-
duous. Calyx 123 in. long, glabrous, turbinate ; teeth lanceolate, as
long as the tube. Corolla 1 in. long, much exserted, yellow, glabrous ;
keel broad, with a long incurved beak. Pods cylindric, 14-2 in. long,
glabrous, with a very long stalk #-1 in. long, much exceeding that of
any other species. Seeds 20-30. Fil. B. Is v. 2, p. 84; ee & Gibs.
p- 57; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 19; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 6158.

Soutuern Konkan: Nimmo ex Dailzell §& Gibson. This has been included on the
authority of Dalzell and Gibson (Bo. FI. p. 57), who cite Nimmo as above.

It has not apparently been found by any other Bombay collector, and there are no
specimens froin Bombay in Herb. Kew. Woodrow does not include the plant in his
list published in Journ, Bomb, Nat.—Disrris, India (W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon, Malaya,
Philippines.

32. Crotalaria quinquefolia, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 716. An
erect annual 1-3 ft. high; stem and branches pale, furrowed, glabrous
or the young ones more or less thinly silky. Leaves 5- (rarely 3-)
foliolate ; petioles variable in length, from 3-3 in., channelled, glabrous
or sparsely pubescent; stipules linear-lanceolate, acute, subpersistent.
Leaflets subsessile, usually narrow-linear, 1-43 by 4-3 in, (rarely ob-
lanceolate or elliptic-oblong when they are shorter and broader), obtuse
or subacute, glabrous above, pale beneath, base acute. Flowers in lax
aly terminal 10—20-flowered racemes reaching 8 in. long; pedicels
3-3 in. long; bracts 4-2 in. long, foliaceous, lanceolate, very acute,
persistent. Calyx campanulate, } in. long, glabrous or nearly so; teeth
triangular, acute, as long as the tube. Corolla glabrous, twice as long
as the calyx. Pods 14-2 by 3-1 in., oblong, glabrous, slightly tapering
at the base. Seeds 30-40. Fl. B. L. v. 1, p. 84; Grah. Cat. p. 45;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 57; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 19.

Konkan: margins of rice-fields in Salsette, Graham, Dalzell § Gibson; Wari
Country, Stocks!—Disrrrs. India (W. Peninsula, Birma); Ceylon, Malaya, Philippines,

6. TRIGONELLA, Linn.

Annual herbs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, toothed ; stipules adnate
to the petiole. Flowers lemon-yellow, in axillary racemes. Calyx-tube
campanulate ; teeth distant, subequal. Petals free from the staminal-
tube; standard obovate or oblong; wings oblong; keel shorter than
the wings, obtuse. Stamens diadelphous ; filaments not dilated ; anthers
uniform. Ovary sessile or shortly stalked ; ovules usually many ; style
glabrous ; stigma terminal. Pod linear or "linear- -oblong, compressed or
subterete (not spiral), usually exserted, continuous within. Seeds few
or many.—Disrris. Europe, Asia, N. and 8. Africa, with 1 species in
Australia ; species about 50.

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS&. 305

1. Trigonella occulta, Delile, Fl. Egypt. Illustr. (1812) p. 71.
A low densely cespitose diffuse annual; stems not more than a few
inches long, pale, glabrous or with a few scattered silky hairs. Leaves
pinnately 3-foliolate; petioles }-2 in. long, striate, silky-hairy when
young; stipules } in. long, leafy, deeply lancinate-tocthed, strongly
nerved. Leaflets ;4,-} in. long, oblanceolate-cuneate, sharply toothed,
subglabrous above, sparsely silky beneath ; nerves strong, conspicuous ;
lateral petiolules short, the terminal ones ;4-7/, 1n. long. Flowers 2-4
together, in sessile axillary clusters. Calyx 4 in. long, membranous,
hairy ; teeth longer than the tube, subulate. Corolla scarcely exserted ;
standard obovate-oblong ; wings oblanceolate. Pods membranous, slightly
longer than the calyx, oblong-ellipsoid, strongly veined, sparsely clothed
with spreading white hairs. Seeds 1-2, oblong, ;4,—7); in. long, smooth,
yellowish-brown or sometimes mottled. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 87; Boiss.
F]. Orient. v. 2, p. 84; Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 38; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 421; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4,
p. 88.—Flowers : Jan.

Very rare except in Sind. Deccan: Lanoli, Woodrow. Srxp: Stocks !—Disrr1p.
India (Upper Gangetic plain) ; Egypt, Nubia.

7. MELILOTUS, Juss.

Annual or biennial herbs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; stipules adnate
to the petiole; leaflets toothed. Flowers small, yellow or white, in
slender or abbreviated axillary racemes; bracts minute or 0; bracteoles 0.
Calyx short; teeth subequal. Corolla free from the staminal-tube,
deciduous; standard obovate or oblong, contracted at the base, sub-
sessile; wings obtuse; keel shorter than the wings, obtuse. Stamens
diadelphous ; filaments not dilated; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile or
stalked ; ovules few; style filiform, incurved ; stigma terminal. Pod
subglobose or ovoid, longer than the calyx, indehiscent or tardily de-
hiscent. Seeds 1 or few.—Distr1s.. Temperate and subtropical regions
of the Old World; species 10 or 12.

1. Melilotus indica, Al/. Il. Peden. vy. 1 (1785) p. 308. An
erect annual herb, 1-14 ft. high; stem and branches pale, slightly
striate, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves 3-foliolate ; petioles 7-13 in. long,
very slender; stipules ; in. long, lanceolate, very acute, adnate to the
petiole, Leaflets 3-3 by 3;-2 in., toothed, oblanceolate or obovate-
cuneate (sometimes a few casually linear-oblong), rounded, truncate, or
retuse at the apex, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs on both sides;
petiolules of the lateral leaflets very short, those of the terminal leaflets
jy-t in. long. Flowers small, in slender spicate close racemes; pedicels
short, detlexed ; bracts subulate. Calyx 54—-;); in. long; teeth triangular,
Corolla twice the calyx. Pods ellipsoid, compressed, tapering at both
ends, reticulato-venose, glabrous. Seed 1, oblong-ellipsoid, compressed,
qs in. long, brown. Melilotus parviflora, Desf. Fl. Atlant. v. 2 (1800)
p. 192; Fl. B. L. v. 2, p. 89; Grah. Cat. p. 46; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl.
p-21; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 2, p. 108; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5,
p- 225.—Flowers: Jan. Vurn. Vdnmethikd ; Rdn-methi.

In pasture grounds, Graham, Dalzeli § Gibson. Duccan: Poona, Woodrow. Sinn:
Woodrow !, Cooke !—Duistris. India (tropical zone); Europe, S. Persia, Afghanistan,

and introduced in many other regions.
x

306 XLVI, LEGUMLNOS.Y.

8. MEDICAGO, Linn.

Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate ; stipules adnate to
the petiole; leaflets toothed. Calyx-tube campanulate; teeth 5, sub-
equal. Corolla free from the staminal-tube ;_ standard obovate or oblong,
contracted at the base, subsessile ; wings oblong; keel shorter than the
wings, obtuse. Stameus diadelphous : filaments not dilated at the apex ;
anthers uniform. Ovary sessile, usually many-ovulate; style subulate,
glabrous ; stigma oblique. Pod spirally twisted (rarely falcate), reticu-
lately veined, scarcely dehiscent.—Disrris. Europe, W. Asia, N. Africa ;
species about 40.

IPod unarmed sl -seeded inc <accaceesaetaec docscessahrenpnetnsmetaces eater 1. MW. lupulina.
Pod armed, many-seeded.
Pod covered with spines on the exterior faces as well as on

tO MHATPANS So Fa sule 20s Womsenanse a tateonRensedabekaveyns Babyacaaeaen 2. M. laciniata.
Pod covered with spines on the margins but not on the ex-
berior, £0008 y.¢: ss. a nacan-capuelens +p sganvarsnsecntantesrs=<<apwt saree 3. M. denticulata,

1. Medicago lupulina, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 779. Anovual or
biennial, more or less pubescent; stem 1 ft. or more, finely downy,
grooved. Leaves 3-foliolate ; petioles 3-1 in. long, slender, more or
less pubescent; stipules subentire or subdentate at the base, lanceolate
and acuminate at the apex. Leaflets }-3 in. long, nearly as broad as
long, obovate-cuneate, faintly inciso-crenate, slightly retuse and apicu-
late with a triangular tooth at the apex. Flowers 10-20, in dense
spicate axillary racemes; peduncles 1-13 in. long, filiform; pedicels
;|; in. long in fruit; bracts minute, subulate. Calyx ;/5 in. long, hairy
outside ; teeth linear-lanceolate, very acute. Corolla scarcely longer
than the calyx. Pods indehiscent, unarmed, ;/; in. long, glabrous or
pubescent, subglobose, arcuately reticulato-venose, black when ripe.
Seed 1, ovoid-oblong, 3 in. long, yellowish-brown, smooth. Fl. B. 1.
v. 2, p. 90; Boiss, Fl. Orient. v. 2, p. 105; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb,
Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 421; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v.. 5, p. 199.—
Flowers: Mar.

Stxp: Sehwan, Kanitkar!, Woodrow.—Distrip. India (N.W.); Orient, Mediter-
ranean, Abyssinia, Afghanistan.

2. Medicago laciniata, d//. Vl. Pedem. y. 1 (1785) p. 316,
Annual; stems glabrous, slender, reaching 1 ft. long. Leaves 3-folio-
late; petioles 3-1 in. long, slender ; stipules Jaciniate. Leaflets 4-3 in.
long, obovate-cuneate, truncate or retuse, sharply dentate or sometimes
pinnatifid. Peduncles 3-1 in. long, produced into an awn, 2-flowered ;
pedicels ;/; in. long; bracts minute, subulate. Calyx 3 in. long, cam-
panulate, faintly pubescent or glabrous outside ; teeth about as long as
the tube, triangular, acute. Corolla exserted. Pod globose, of 4-5
spirals, which are armed with long sharp close spines on the margins as
well as on the exterior faces. Seeds usually 8-10, about 4-3 in. long.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 90; Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 39; Boiss. Fl. Orient.
v. 2, p. 104.

Sinn: Stocks, fide Aitchison, Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 39.

This plant bas been included on the authority of Aitchison (/. c.), who gives it in

his list as having been found in Sind by Stocks.—I have seen no specimens from Sind.
—Disrnrip. India (Panjab and Salt range); Beluchistan, Egypt, Abyssinia.

XLVILI. LEGUMINOS.E. 307

3. Medicago denticulata, Will’. Sp. Pl. y. 3 (1800) p. 1414.
Annual. Leaves 3-foliolate; petioles 3-1? in. long; stipules laciniate.
Leaflets 3-~ by 3-3 in., obovate-cuneate, slightly toothed, somewhat
deeply emarginate, mucronate. Peduncles 1-4 in. long, closely 2-6-
flowered, awned; pedicels short. Calyx jj in. long, glabrous or nearly
so outside ; teeth lanceolate, slightly shorter than the tube. Corolla
twice as long as the calyx. Pods of 2-4 spirals, with spiny margins,
the outer face reticulato-venose, 4-1 in. across, not spiny. Seeds about
4-8, Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 90; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 2, p. 102; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 421; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5,
p. 199.

Sryp: Bhubak, Cooke!; Sehwan, Woodrow.—Distrie. India (tropical zone of the
North-west) ; Orient, Abyssinia, Europe, Japan, China, Siberia.

_ Medicago sativa, Linn., Lucerne, is commonly grown throughout the
Bombay Presidency, and indeed throughout the greater part of India, as
fodder. The flowers are usually purple and the pod forms a double
spiral.—Vurn. Vilayti-ghds ; Lasan-ghas. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.
vy. 0, p. 199.

9, LOTUS, Linn.

Herbs. Leaves usually 5- (sometimes 3-) foliolate, the lowest pair of
leaflets arising from the base of the petioles like stipules; stipules
minute, tuberculiform or 0. Flowers axillary, umbellate or rarely
solitary ; bracts 8-foliolate, usually stalked. Calyx-lobes subequal or
the lowest longest, very rarely more or less connate into 2 lips. Corolla
free from the staminal-tube ; standard obovate, suborbicular or ovate-
acuminate, contracted at the base into a claw; wings obovate; keel
incurved, beaked. Stamens diadelphous ; alternate filaments dilated at
the apex; anthersuniform. Ovary sessile, many-ovulate: style inflexed
above the ovary; stigma terminal or lateral. Pod linear, tureid, de-
hiscent, septate (very rarely continuous) between the seeds.—DIsTRiB.
Europe, temperate Asia, N. & S. Africa, N. & S.W. America and
Australia ; species about 50.

Flowers peduncled ; corolla twice as long as the calyx ......... 1. L. corniculatus.
Flowers sessile ; corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx ............ 2. L. Gareini.

1. Lotus corniculatus, var. minor, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I.
y. 2 (1876) p. 91. A perennial herb; rootstock short, czspitosely
branched ; stems decumbent, 2-6 in. long, glabrous or slightly pubescent.
Leaves 5-foliolate, somewhat fleshy, 1-3 by ;;-g in., sessile, obovate or
oblong, subacute, the lower pair of leaflets stipule-like and distant from
the other three. Flowers solitary, on a long slender peduncle, each flower
subtended by a 3-foliolate leaf or bract. Calvx } in. long, glabrous or
faintly pubescent; teeth equal, linear-subulate from a triangular base,
equalling the tube. Corolla twice as long as the calyx. Pods 3-1 in.
long, eylindric, straight. Seeds 20-30. Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 39;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 421.—Flowers: Jan.-
Mar.

Stnp: Stocks, 680!, Bhola!, Woodrow.
The variety with solitary flowers seems to be confined to Sind.

305 XLVIII. LEGUMINOS.D.

2, Lotus Garcini, DC. Prodr. v. 2 (1825) p. 212. Suffruticose,
reaching scarcely 1 ft. high; branches many from a little above the
base, covered with short grey silky hairs. Leaves 3- or 5-foliolate ;
leaflets 1.5, by 54; in., sessile (8 when the stipule-like pair is absent or
5 when that pair is present), fleshy, pale, obovate-cuneate, obtuse or
retuse, clothed on both sides with grey hairs. Flowers sessile, axillary,
solitary. Calyx 1-2, in. long, clothed with long white hairs; teeth
linear or linear-lanceolate, twice as long as the tube. Corolla a little
longer than the calyx; standard orbicular, clawed. Pods 3-75 in. long,
14 times as long as the calyx, glabrous or pubescent, linear, straight,
compressed, black when ripe. Seeds about 6. Fl. B. I. y. 2, p. 91;
Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 40; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p. 421. Lotus Stocksii, Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 2, p. 174.—Flowers ; Nov.—
Dee.

GusaraT: Porbandar, Cooke!, Woodrow. Sinn: Vieary, Stocks, 563!; sandy
ground near the sea, Dalzell, 22!; Jemadar ka Landa (near Karachi), Stocks !—
Distr. Through Persia to Nubia.

10, CYAMOPSIS, DC.

Erect herbs with appressed medifixed hairs. Leaves imparipinnate ;
stipules small, setaceous; leaflets usually 3 (rarely many), exstipellate.
Flowers small, purplish, in axillary racemes. Calyx oblique; teeth un-
equal, the lowest the longest. Corolla caducous; standard obovate,
sessile; wings oblong, free from the keel; keel erect, subincurved,
obtuse. Stamens monadelphous; anthers uniform, apiculate. Ovary
sessile, many-ovulate; style incurved at the apex; stigma capitate.
Pod linear, subtetragonous, acuminate, 2-valved, septate between the
seeds. Seeds square, compressed.—D1stTR1B,. Species 2, one Indian, the
other Arabian and Tropical African.

1. Cyamopsis psoralioides, DC. Prodr. y. 2 (1825) p. 216. An
erect annual, 2-3 ft. high, more or less clothed with appressed medifixed
greyish hairs; stem grooved. Leaves 3-foliolate; petioles 1-13 in. long,
sparsely hairy; stipules }-3 in. long, linear-subulate, persistent. Leaflets
14-3 by 4-2 in., elliptic, acute, sharply dentate (the teeth usually ending
in a weak spine), clothed on both sides with appressed medifixed hairs,
base acute; main nerves prominent; petiolules of the lateral leaflets
3 in., those of the terminal one 1-3 in. long. Flowers small, purplish,
in axillary 6-30-flowered close racemes ; peduncles and pedicels short,
hairy ; bracts linear-subulate, persistent, ;*; in. long. Calyx hairy out-
side, 1-1 in. long to the extremity of the longest tooth; teeth very
unequal, the 2 lowest the longest, linear-subulate, the 3 upper shorter,
triangular-acute. Corolla slightly longer than the calyx; standard
orbicular, shortly clawed. Pods thick, fleshy, subtetragonal, 14-2 in.
long, slightly pubescent. Seeds 5 or 6, square, slightly compressed.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 92; Grah. Cat. p. 46; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 21;
Wight, Icon. t. 248; Woodr.in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 421;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 673.—F lowering time depends on the
time of planting. Varn. Gavdri; Matki.

Cultivated in many parts of India from the Himalayas to Cape Comorm. It is
grown as a vegetable for human consumption, the cooked pods being used as food, or
as food for cattle when the grain is used as dry, and the whole plant as green fodder.
Consult Watt, Dict. Beon. Prod. 1. e.—Dtsrrip. Afghanistan.

~

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS®, 309

ll. INDIGOFERA, Linn. e

Herbs, shrubs or undershrubs often silvery-canescent, more or less
densely clothed with appressed medifixed hairs (sometimes mixed with
tomentum and laxer hairs). Leaves imparipinnate or simple ; stipules
usually small, setaceous, very shortly adnate to the petiole; leaflets
quite entire, sometimes stipellate. Flowers in axillary racemes or spikes,
each flower pedicelled or sessile in the axil of a caducous bract ;
bracteoles 0. Calyx minute; teeth subequal or the lowest longest.
Corolla usually rosy or purple; standard ovate or orbicular, sessile or
clawed, often persistent for a long time; wings oblong, slightly adherent
to the keel, caducous ; keel erect, obtuse or acuminate, spurred on each
side near the base, caducous. Stamens diadelphous ; anthers uniform,
apiculate. Ovary sessile or subsessile, usually many-ovulate; style
glabrous; stigma capitate, often penicillate. Pod septate between the
seeds, usually linear-cylindric (rarely oblong or globose), turgid, rarely
flattish (in Z. echinata sickle-shaped).—Duistris. Throughout the warmer
regions of both hemispheres, abundant in Southern and Tropical Africa ;
species 250-300,

Leaves simple.

Pod 1-seeded.

BOG HIOMOC-SHAPEO, SPU en sadeateaddadarsucsebsutenasesnelsies 1. L. echinata.

Rodvolobose nobis ply cdtescacaernesesasceonecraseciiadetect 2, I. linifolia.
Pod 2 (or more) -seeded,

Pod 2-seeded ; leaves ovate, cordate ............ssceeeeeeeee 3. L. cordifolia.

Pod 4-6-seeded ; leaves oblong, not cordate ............... 4, I, Dalzellii.

Leaves imparipinnate.
Flowers in axillary sessile or short-peduncled heads.

Leaves 3-foliolate; pod 1—-2-seeded .............0ce0eeeees ». L. glandulosa.
Leaves 5-11-foliolate.
ROMs 4 SECU Ceres ene reae: cseiieenmenavctnctinne sensueseiect 6. L. trigonelloides.
1 oye Beer lael asopocagnboondudebuoncabdcypanotaadupisonorncannsas 7. Lo enneaphylla.
Flowers solitary.
Werhaceous);) stems prosttate) A. si.escsvsorvacsesrmarie serene 8. LZ. uniflora.
Shrubby sascemarerech Pid skeen. naedaouiserceschacmeemncses- 9. L. aspalathoides.
Flowers in axillary racemes.
Rodiquitetiatrand papenyy e se-eesceeer sist oeericsisesle isle eect 10. LZ, anabaptista.

Pod not flat and not papery.
Leaflets alternate.

Leaves argenteo-canescent ; pod curved ............... ll. L. paucifolia,
Leaves not argenteo-canescent ; pod straight ...... 12. L. hendecaphylia.

Leaflets opposite.
Leaflets 5-5,
Leaflets 3; racemes 6-12-flowered.

Terminal Jenflet sessile ..52sc60c»soneoccednacdeveest 13. L. trifoliata.
Terminal leaflet stalked ...........:...s0sereeeeses 14. L. trita.
Lower leaflets 3, the middle and upper leaflets 5 ;
mcaec NEVO Saeed! Soagasandneocosusdsoraecnar 15. LT, articulata.
Leaflets 5.
IPGAACHOXOG Es ciraves (ach siseuliphicanasaricusnrines dane: 16. L. marginulata.
PGR MCN OLSHOMOG, oo. truiens can cndee sane ccanedse ss sias. 17. LZ glabra.

Leaflets 7, 9 or 11 (sometimes 13 in JZ. tinctoria).
Racemes few-flowered.
Racemes 3-6-flowered ; seeds 8-12; pod toru-
lose; hairs of stem not gland-tipped ......... 18. 1, tenuifolia.
Racemes many-flowered.
Racemes 6-12-flowered.
Hairs of stem gland-tipped.
Seeds 10-12; pod faintly torulose ....,.... 19. J, viscosa,

310 XLVIIT. LEGUMINOS ®.

Hairs of stem not gland-tipped.
Seeds 3-8; pod straight, not torulose ... 20. 7. argénteu.
Seeds 15-20; pod recurved at the tip ... 21. LZ parviflora.
Racemes more than 12-flowered.
Pod cylindric.

Pod thinly hairy, torulose .................. 22. I. Houer.
Pod glabrous, not torulose .................. 28. L. tinctoria,

Pod 4-gonous.
Pod censely pubescent, not torulose, de-
PRESB 2 oh acted dt cwtns casa stiweica nse cen ecnsen qh ae Mle Ween
Pod thinly hairy, torulose, not deflexed ... 25. L. constricta.

Leaflets 15-21.
Standard and keel-petals hairy outside ............ 26. L Wightit.
Standard and keel-petals glabrous ..........000000 27. I. pulchella.

1. Indigofera echinata, JVilld. Sp. Pl. y. 3 (1800) p. 1222. A
diffuse annual; stems many, spreading from the base, 1-2 ft. long,
2-edged, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves simple, 4-1 by 3-2 in., rotund-
ovate, very obtuse and usually apiculate at the apex, with a tew scattered
hairs on both sides ; petioles ;4,—,1, in. long; stipules 5; in. long, linear-
subulate. Flowers in axillary 6-10-flowered racemes ; peduncles 3-2 in.
long. Calyx hairy, 71; in. long; teeth lanceolate, acute, many times
longer than the tube. Corolla pink, slightly longer than the calyx.
Pods } in. long, semilunate, compressed, beaked with the persistent
style, furnished with several rows of divaricate hooked bristles along the
ventral suture. Seed 1. FI. B.I. v. 2, p. 92; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 57;
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 21; Wight, Icon. t. 316; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 421.—Flowers: Aug.—Dec.

Dalzell characterises the plant as ‘“ very common,” but I have not found it so. My
experience is that itisvare. Konkan: Law!, Stfocks!—Duisrnis. India (W. Peninsula);
Ceylon, Guinea.

2. Indigofera linifolia, /ictz. Obs. Bot. tase. 4 (1786) p. 29 &
fase. 6 (1791) t. 2, Annual; stems numerous, much-branched, 6-18 in.
long, somewhat 2-edyged, silvery-white with appressed hairs. Leaves
numerous, simple, 3-1 by ;1,—;), in., linear, acute at both ends, mucro-
nate, silvery on both surfaces with appressed hairs; petioles 0—); in.
long; stipules minute, setaceous. Flowers 6-12, in dense sessile or very
shortly peduncled axillary racemes. Calyx ;/; in. long, very deeply cut,
clothed with silvery hairs; teeth linear-subulate, many times longer
than the tube. Corolla bright red, 2-3 times as long as the calyx.
Pod ;';-+'s in. long, globose, apiculate, glistening-white with appressed
silky hairs. Seed 1. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 92; Grah. Cat. p. 46; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 58; Wight, Icon. t. 313; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 22; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v.11 (1897) p.421; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 4,
p. 386.—Flowers: July—Oct. Vern. Pandarphalli.

Konkan: Oorun, Stocks! Deccan: Poona, Cooke!; Ahmednagar, Cooke!
8S. M. Counrry: Belgaum, Ritchie, 640!—Disrrin. Throughout India; Ceylon,
Afghanistan, Abyssinia, N. Australia.

Var. Campbellii, Wight. Leaves ovate-elliptic, subacute, or obovate,
obtuse, 1-1 by =4;-4 in.

Dnocan: Poona, Woodrow, 317!; Ahmednagar, Cooke! Gusarat: Ankleshwar,
Kanitkar !

XLVIIT. LEGUMINOS &. Ol]

3. Indigofera cordifolia, Heyne, ex Roth. Nov. Pl. Sp. (1821)
p- 357. <A diffuse copiously branched annual, usually more or less
clothed with long white hairs; stems 3-9 in. long, the young ones
pubescent, the older nearly glabrous. Leaves simple, }-3 by 4-3 in.,
subsessile, broadly ovate-cordate, subobtuse, mucronate, hairy on both
sides, very densely so beneath ; stipules minute, setaceous. Flowers in
dense subsessile 4-8-flowered heads. Calyx } in. long, hairy outside ;
tube very short; teeth linear, acute, very hairy. Corolla bright red, not
exserted ; standard spathulate. Pods cylindric, oblong, straight, 2 in.
long (including the straight beak), densely pubescent. Seeds 2, yellow.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 98; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 58; Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 40;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 421; Watt, Dict. Econ,
Prod. y. 4, p. 385.—Flowers: Aug.—Dec. Vern. Godadi; Bechka.

Common. Konkan: Zaw!, Stocks!; Oorun, Stocks! Drccan: Poona, Woodrow !,
Cooke! S. M. Coustry: Padshapur, Fitchie, 1692!; Badami, Cooke! Sinn:
Woodrow ies Stocks! —Distgis. Throughout India; Afghanistan, Beluchistan,
N, Australia.

4+. Indigofera Dalzellii, 7. Cooke. Perennial, more or less silvery-
canescent ; stems many from a woody root, prostrate, ascending at the
apex, flexuous, acutely triquetrous. Leaves simple, subsessile, 3-2 by
=3;-3 in., elliptic-oblong, subacute, mucronate, glabrous above, hairy
beneath, base acute ; stipules subulate from a triangular base, persistent.
Flowers in axillary 12-20-flowered racemes which are 3 to 4 times as
long as the leaves; rhachis acutely triquetrous, glabrous; pedicels
deflexed in fruit; bracts minute, ovate, acuminate. Calyx ~j5-+ in.
long; tube scarcely any ; teeth triangular, very acute. Corolla purple,
twice as long as the calyx ; standard orbicular, hairy on the back. Pods
4-2 by | in., linear, 4-gonous, beaked, glabrous, shortly 4-winged.
Seeds 4-6. Jndigofera triquetra, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. vy. 2 (1850)
p- 36; FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 98; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 58; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 421.—Flowers : July—Sept.

The name J. triquetra was given to a wholly different species (a
S. African plant) by E. Meyer in 1836 (Comm. p. 95), and, as Dalzell
named his species in 1850, the other has priority.—I have therefore
named this J. Dalzelliz.

A rare plant, apparently endemic in the Bombay Presidency. Konkan: Stocks! ;
rocky hills in the Malwan district, Dalzell § Gibson. Deccan: Panchgani, Woodrow},
Cooke!, Ragji!

The plant is abundant on the rocky table-land above the traveller’s bungalow at
Panchgani, where it grows all over the bare rocks. Dalzel) found it growing on rocks
near Malwan, so that it apparently flourishes on rocky ground,

5. Indigofera glandulosa, |Willd. Sp. Pl. vy. 3 (1800) p. 1227.
Annual, 9-20 in. high, much-branched ; branches long, slender, clothed
with spreading hairs when young, not at all argenteo-canescent. Leaves
3-foliolate ; petioles 2-4 in. long, slender, hairy; stipules setaceous,
minute. Leaflets 1-1 by 1-3 in., oblanceolate, rounded or slightly
retuse, apiculate, green and with a few appressed hairs above, glaucous,
appressedly hairy and copiously nigro-punctate beneath ; petiolules of
the lateral leaflets ,,—, in. long, those of the terminal leaflets. longer.
Flowers in short axillary sessile heads 1-3 in. long. Calyx 75-5 in.
long, hairy outside ; teeth long, setaceous. Corolla 2-3 times-as long

ole XLVIII. LEGUMINOS®.

as the calyx. Pods 1 in. long, pubescent, angled, the angles slightly
winged and often toothed. Seeds 1-2, spherical, smooth and polished,
sometimes mottled. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p..94; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 58; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 421; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4,
p. 386.—Flowers: Aug.-Dec. Vurn. Burbadd.

A common weed. Konkan: Stocks!; E'lephanta (Bombay), Stocks! DeEccan:
Woodrow: Poona, Cooke!, Woodrow! 8S. M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie, 1038 !—
Distris. India (W. Peninsula and Bandelkhand).

6. Indigofera trigonelloides, Jaub. § Spach. Iilustr. vy. 5 (1857)
p. 92, t.482. Annual, densely silvery ; stems many, cespitoxe, trailing,
much-branched, 6-15 in. long, trigonous, clothed with appressed silvery
hairs and a few spreading ones. Leaves 5-7-foliolate ; petioles =8;-3 in.
long, hairy ; stipules linear, acute, hairy. Leaflets alternate, 1-3 by 9-
32; in., oblanceolate or elliptic, rounded at the apex, densely clothed on
both sides with silvery appressed hairs, base acute; petiolules of the
lateral leaflets 0—; in., those of the terminal leaflets g in. long.
Flowers in dense sessile villous heads, each consisting of 12-20 sessile
flowers; bract minute, ovate-lanceolate, acute, hairy. Calyx 3—;%; in. long;
teeth long, linear, acute, hairy. Corolla red, scarcely exserted. Pods
1 in. long, linear-cylindric, straight, silvery-hairy, torulose. Seeds 3-4,

Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 94; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 421.

Confined to Sind; a rare plant. Sryp: Cooke!, Woodrow!; Jemadar ka Landa
(near Karachi), Stocks!; Boogta hills, Vicary!; Karachi to Mugger Peer, Perry !—
Distriz. India (Panjab); Afghanistan, Abyssinia, Aden.

7. Indigofera enneaphylla, Linn. Mantiss. y. 2 (1771) p. 571.
Annual or biennial ; rootstock woody ; stems densely czespitose, 1-12 ft.
long, trailing, prostrate but not rooting, much-branched, terete or some-
what angled, sparsely clothed with white appressed hair. Leaves 3-3 in.
long, 7-9- (rarely 11-) foliolate, nearly sessile; stipules scarious, ++ in.
long, ovate, long-cuspidate. Flowers small, in short-peduncled 10-20-
flowered spicate heads about 3 in. long; pedicels almost 0; bracts
scarious, 1; in. long, ovate, acuminate, persistent. Calyx 3-4 in. long,
hairy outside; teeth long, setaceous. Corolla bright red, slightly ex-
serted. Pods 3-+ in. long, cylindric, oblong, more or less clothed with
white appressed hair. Seeds 2, globose. Fl. B. J. v. 2, p. 94; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 58; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 22; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 421; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 385. J. semi-
tryuga, Forsk. F], Agypt.-Arab. p. 137 (not of Baker, in Hook. f. Fl.
B. I.).—Flowers: Oct. Very. Bhuiquli.

Konkan: Stocks! Deccan: Bijapur, Woodrow. 8. M. Country: Badami, Woodrow},
Bhiva! Gusarat: Baroda, Kanitkar!; Surat, Dalzell § Gibson.—Disrris. Throughout
the plains of India; Oeylon, Angola, Malay Islands, N. Australia.

8. Indigofera uniflora, Buch.-Ham. ex Rowh. Hort. Beng. (1814)
p-57:; Fl. Ind. v. 3, p. 374. Perennial; stems herbaceous, very slender,
much-branched, prostrate, terete, glabrous or with a few appressed hairs,
purple. Leaves sessile, 3-7- (rarely 1-) foliolate, usually digitate ;
stipules very minute, caducous. Leaflets 4-3 in. long, pale green, narrow-
linear, subacute and with a few appressed hairs. Flowers svlitary, on
long filiform pedicels which are longer than the leaves and equal in
length to the pods; bracts on the pedicel a little below the flower,

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS.E. 515

minute. Calyx >); in. long; teeth long, linear, acute. Corolla red,
Lin. long. Pods 3-3 in. long, linear, straight, glabrous. Seeds 4-7,
cubical, vellowish-brown, smooth. FI]. B. L. v. 2, p. 94; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 58; Wight, Jcon. t. 333; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p. 421.—Flowers: Oct.

A rare plant in the Bombay Presidency. 8S. M. Country: Law ex Dalzell § Gibson ;

Belgaum hills, Ritchie, 1028! Kanara: Stocks!—Disrris. India (W. Peninsula and
Carnatic).

9. Indigofera aspalathoides, Vahl, ex DC. Prodr. vy. 2 (1825)
p. 231. A low much-branched erect undershrub; branches rigid, terete,
divaricately spreading, the young ones argenteo-canescent, the hairs soon
falling off, the older ones purple and nearly glabrous. Leaves 1-5-
(often 3-) foliolate, digitate, sessile, crowded on the young branches, but
soon deciduous; stipules minute, subulate. Leaflets Sie in. long,
sessile, linear or oblanceolate, apiculate, rather fleshy, with a few white
appressed hairs. Flowers solitary, axillary ; Uecies filiform, longer
than the leaves, but shorter than the pods. Calyx 16 in. long ; teeth
linear-subulate. Corolla dark pink, exserted. Pods 3-3 in. long, some-
what turgid, straight, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs. Seeds 6-8.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 94; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 58; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 23;
Wight, Icon. t. 332; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 384.

S. M. Country: near Belgaum, Dalzell § Gibson.—Distrin. India (plains of the
Carnatic) ; Ceylon.

This plant has been included on the authority of Dalzell & Gibson (Bo. FI. 1. c.).
Dalzell & Gibson, who describe the plant accurately, say that it is ‘‘common in the
Deccan,” which must, I think, be a mistake. I have lived in the Deccan for 25 years
and have largely collected plants therein, but I have never found it, nor, as far as I know,
has it been found in the Bombay Presidency by any other collectors. It does not
appear in Woodrow’s list in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, nor
are there any specimens from the Bombay Presidency in Herb. Kew.

10. Indigofera anabaptista, Steud. Nom. ed. 2 (1840) p. 805,
A diffuse annual; stems 12-15 in. long; branches numerous, slender,
grooved, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves 1-13 in. long ; petioles 3-2 in.
ee ue 1 in. long, filiform, persistent. Leaflets 5, opposite,
3-3 by 3-35 in. 3 oblanceolate, rounded, apiculate, clothed with white
appressed hairs on both surfaces, base ao petiolules of the lateral
leaflets 1, in., those of the ter minal ones ;2; in. long. Flowers in short-
peduncled 12-20-flowered racemes, met are shorter than the leaves ;
pedicels short; bracts lanceolate. Calyx 2 in. long, densely hairy ; tube
very short; teeth long, caer telat: Corolla slightly exserted ;
standard oblong, hairy on the back. Pods linear, quite flat, 3-2 in. long
by 3 in. broad, much recurved, deflexed, clothed with white appressed
hairs, with a raised longitudinal ridge along the centre of each of the
flattened faces and a transverse ridge between each of the seeds. Seeds
zs in. in diam., discoid, pale brown. Fl. B. Lv. 2, p. 102; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 421.—Flowers : Aug.—Oct.

A very rare plant, confined (in India) to Sind and the Panjab. Sinn: Cooke!,
Puran!; Mulir near Karachi, Woodrow !—Dtsrris. Afghanistan, Arabia.

11. Indigofera paucifolia, Delile, Fl. d’ Egypte (1812) p. 251. A
shrub 3-6 ft. high; branches aoe stout, woody, argenteo- canescent.
Leaves imparipinnate; petioles j—} in. long; stipules in. long, lanceolate,

314 XLVIII. LEGUMINOS®.

acuminate. Leaflets 3-5, alternate, 3-1 by j-3 in., oblanceolate or
elliptic-oblong, more or less hairy above, hoary with dense fine white
hairs beneath, base acute; petiolules of lateral leaflets zy in., those of
the terminal 7 in. long. Flowers small, in long spicate 20-50-flowered
racemes reaching 4 in. long, rather close, longer ‘than the leav es; pedicels
short. Calyx 54, in. long, silvery outside ; teeth as long as the tube,
triangular, acute. Corolla red, thrice as long as the calyx ; * standard 2 = in.
long, densely hairy on the back. Pods numerous, along the whole length
of the rhachis, 3-2 in. long, slightly curved outwards, torulose, hoary
when young with a fine appressed pubescence. Seeds 6-8, oblong,
obtusely 4-gonous, truncate at one end. Fl. B. L. v. 2, p. 97; Aitch.
Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 41; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 25; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
b. 67 ; peers in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 421; Watt, Dict.

Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 886.—Flowers : Sept.-Nov.

Tolerably common in Gujarat and Sind. Guysarat: Surat, Dalzell § Gibson ;
Baroda, Kanitkar!; Dakor, Woodrow. Sixp: Cooke!, Vicary!, Woodrow, Puran!;
Karachi to Mugger Peer, Perry !—Drstris. Throughout the plains of India; Ceylon,
Beluchistan, Arabia, Java, Tropical Africa.

.

2. Indigofera hendecaphylla, Jacquin, Collect. vy. 2 (1788) p. 358,
S ae Plant. Rar. t. 570, Herbaceous, procumbent; stems 1-2 ft.
long, trailing, glabrous or with a few appressed hairs. Leaves nearly
sessile, 1- oi in. long ; stipules scarious, [-3 in. long, lanceolate,
cuspidate. “Leaflets 5— 11, alternate, $-1 by 54-3 in., oblanceolate,
rounded, apiculate, with appressed grey hairs on both eee glaucous
beneath, base Bente 5 petiolules of lateral leaflets 5—, in., those of
the terminal zs-g in. long. Flowers in close many- Hower usually

peduncled racemes 1 -47 in. long; pedicels very short. Calyx } in.
long, hairy ; teeth lanceolate-subulate, very long. Corolla twice as
long as the calyx. Pods numerous, imbricately deflexed, 4-1} in. long,
4-conous, straight, pointed, not reflexed at the tip, nearly sessile, with
a few appressed white hairs, not torulose. Seeds 6-10, Doe: 4-gonous,
truncate at both ends. Indigofer a Ase EM Bot. Ree. t . (Oo see
Prodr..v: 2, p. 228; Fl. iB. I. v. 2: p. 98; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 421, T. Eleinit W.& A. Prodr. p. 204; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 60.—Flowers: Oct.—Nov.

Konkan: Stocks! Deccan: Panchgani Ghiit, Cooke |, Woodrow ; Ambhil Odha,
Kanitkar! 8. M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie, 167 , Dalzeli § Gibson; Dharwar,
Ritchie, 167! Kanara: Stocks !—Drstrie. India ww. Peninsula, Birma) ; Tropical
Afriea, Cape, China.

13. Indigofera trifoliata, Linn. Amen. Acad. y. 4 (1759) p. 327.
Perennial, somewhat shrubby; stems much branched, 1-2 ft. long ;
young branches with scattered white appressed hairs, soon glabrescent.
Leaves membranous, subdigitately 3-foliolate ; petioles 1-4 in. long,
slender; stipules small, setaceous. Leaflets 2-1 by j-3 in., oblanceo-
late, rounded and minutely apiculate at the ¢ apex, sparingly clothed with
white appressed hairs above, more densely hairy, nigro-punctate and
glaucous beneath ; petiolules of the lateral leaflets ;'; in. long, the
terminal leaflets seams or nearly so. Flowers small, in congested sessile,
6-12-flowered racemes, w hich are usually shorter than the leaves ;
pedicels very short. Calyx } in. long, hairy outside ; teeth lanceolate-
subulate, Corolla dark pink, nearly twice as long as the calyx ; standard

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS2, 315

by t |. in., oblong-obovate, densely hairy on"the back. Pods deflexed,
3-3 in. wee straight, somewhat 4. gonous, thinly hairy, with 4 narrow
wings one at each side of the suture, and with a few scattered white
hairs, not torulose. Seeds 6-8. FI. B. I. v. 2, p.96; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 59; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 24; Wight, Teun t. 314; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 421.—Flowers : Aug.—Oct.

Konkan: Stocks!; Parel (Bombay), Ranade!, Woodrow!; Chiplun, Woodrow ;
Ambeghit, Bhiva! Deccan: Poona, Cocke! S$, M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie,

168! Gusarar: Domas, Dalze//!—Disrris. Throughout India; Ceylon, Java, China,
Philippines, N. Australia.

14. Indigofera trita, Linn. jf. Suppl. Pl. (1781) p. 335. An
undershrub 2-3 ft. high; branches hoary with tine appressed hairs.
Leaves 3-foliolate; petioles 3-3 in. long; stipules small, setaceous.
Leaflets: the lateral ones opposite, nearly sessile, 3-¢ by +- in.; the
terminal stalked, 3-13 by 3-2 1n., all obovate-oblong , slightly emarginate,
clothed with fine appressed grey hairs, base acute. Mowers small,
in short sessile or stalked 6~12-flowered spicate racemes, which are
shorter than the leaves. Calyx 3 in. long, hairy outside ; teeth linear-
lanceolate. Corolla salmon- colored, + in. long; standard orbicular,
hairy on the back. Pods divaricate or sometimes deflexed, rigid, straight,
+-gonous, spine-pointed, not torulose, silvery with fine appressed hairs.
Seeds 6--10, oblong, truncate at both ends. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 96: Grah.
Cat. p. 455 Dalz. & Gibs. p. 60; Wight, Icon. tt. 315, 386; ‘Trim, Fl.
Ceyl. v. 2, p. 25; Woodr. in Journ, Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 421.—
Flowers: Feb.—Mar.

Deccan: Poona, Cooke!, Woodrow!; Talegaon oe dists.), Bhiva! Gusarat:

Nausdri, Kanitkar! S. M. Country: Belgaum hills, Ritchie, 1165 !—Dursrriz.
Throughout India; Ceylon, Tropical Africa, Malay Islands, N. Australia.

|

15. Indigofera articulata, Gotan, Illustr. et Obs. (1773) p. 49.
A shrub 2-3 ft. high; stem and branches argenteo-canescent, more or
less angled. Leaves 1-2 in. long; petioles 1} in. long; stipules
minute, subulate. Leaflets 3-5, very rarely 7 (those of the lower leaves
usually 3, those of the middle and upper leaves usually 5, the terminal
leaflet the largest), $-1 by 2-3 in., obovate, rounded and apiculate at
the apex, argenteo- camescent on both surfaces, base cuneate ; petiolules
of the lateral leaflets 37 in., those of the ter minal 2 3-4 1n.long. Flowers
in short-peduncled or subsessile 12-20- HOvedes ‘racemes shorter than
the leaves; pedicels short, slender. Calyx 4, in. long, silvery-hairy ;
teeth triangular, acute, rather shorter than the tube. Corolla 4 in. long ;
standard pubescent on the back. Pods 2 in. long, thick, turgid,
recurved, shortly mucronate, silvery-canescent when young, finally
glabrescent, torulose. Seeds 2-4 (commonly 3). Indigofera argentea,
Linn, Mantiss. p. 273; Fl. B. I..v. 2, p. 98; ee Pb. & Sind Pl.
p.40; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. , pa Looks Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 67;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 421 ; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 4, p. 383. J. spicata, Tear Fl. Mgypt. -Arab. p. 138.—Flowers:
Noy.—Dec. Vern. Karumili.

The name J. argentea was given in 1768 by Burmann (Fl. Ind. p. 171)
to a Persian plant and is therefore earlier than that of Linneus (1771).
As to the plant intended by Burmann, De Candolle indentifies it with
I. semitrijuga, var. B, tetrasperma, DC., and the actual specimen in Herb,

316 XLVIII, LEGUMINOS®.

Burm. has been seen and verified by him (Prodr. v. 2, p. 230). There
is no doubt whatever that the plant described above is /. articulata of
Goiian, whose description is full and accurate, while the figure by
Zanoni (Rar. Stirp. Hist. [1742] p. 18, t. 12), quoted by Goiian,
correctly represents it.

Chiefly confined to Sind, rare in the Deccan. Dxrccan: Poona, Woodrow. Sixp:
Stocks, 488 !, Puran !—Disrris. Arabia, Egypt, Abyssinia, cultivated for the indigo
it produces.

16. Indigofera marginulata, Girah. in Wall. Cat. (1828) 5467.
Suffruticose ; stem and branches angled, thinly clothed with appressed
grey hairs. Leaves imparipinnate; stipules setaceous, 7; in. long.
Leaflets 5, opposite, 3-3 by 3°;-7;, elliptic or oblanceolate, apiculate,
sparsely clothed on both surfaces with appressed white hairs ; petiolules
of lateral leaflets ,), in., those of the terminal 3 in. long. Flowers
in elongate lax racemes reaching 4 in. long, exceeding the leaves. Calyx
3 in. long, hairy outside ; teeth much longer than the tube, lanceolate-
subulate. Corolla twice as long as the calyx. Pods straight, pointed,
deflexed, 3-1 in. long, sparsely clothed with appressed white hairs,
sutures margined, valves rounded, not torulose. Seeds 5-6, oblong,
obtusely 4-gonous, truncate at one end, rounded at the other. Fl. B. 1.
Yo, Pe ts

Very rare. I have seen only one specimen marked Konkan: Stocks !—Drsrris.
India (Carnatic, Dindigul hills).

17. Indigofera glabra, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 751. Annual,
1-3 ft. high; branches numerous, ascending, glabrous or with a few
spreading deciduous eglandular hairs. Leaves ~~1+ in. long; stipules
4 in. long, lanceolate, very acute, hairy, persistent. Leaflets 5,
opposite, thin, ;3;-3 by 3-3, obovate-elliptic, obtuse, apiculate, more or
less appressedly hairy on both surfaces, the lateral leaflets shortly
petioluled, the terminal with a petiolule §-} in. long. Flowers small,
in 2—4-flowered short axillary racemes; peduncles slender; pedicels
short. Calyx ;!, in. long, hairy outside ; teeth subulate. Corolla red,
+ in. long. Pods #-1 in. long, straight, subcylindric or obscurely
4-gonous, glabrous, not torulose. Seeds 10-12, cubical. Trim, Fl. Ceyl.
vy. 2, p. 23. I. pentaphylla, Murr. Syst. Veg. ed. 13 (1774) p. 564 (not
of Burch.); Fl. B. L. v. 2, p.95; Wight, Icon. t. 885; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 421.—Flowers : Oct.

A rare plant. The only specimens from the Bombay Presidency” that I have seen
were collected by Woodrow at Badami in the 8S. M. Country, where it seems to be
fairly abundant.—-Distris, Throughout India; Tropical Africa.

L8. Indigofera tenuifolia, Joti]. ev Wight § Arn. Prodi. (1834)
p. 200. Herbaceous, diffuse, 6-8 in. high; branches numerous,
spreading or ascending, slender, glabrous or more or less clothed with
appressed hairs. Leaves short-petioled, #—1 in. long ; stipules setaceous,
very minute. Leaflets 7-9, opposite, oblanceolate or linear-obovate, +-j
by } in., apiculate, clothed with appressed white hairs on both surfaces ;
petiolules of the lateral leaflets 3-7); in. long, those of the terminal
slightly longer. Flowers small, in short 38-6-flowered racemes usually
longer than the leaves ; peduncles filiform ; pedicels short. Calyx 4); in.
long, hairy ; teeth setaceous, scarcely longer than the tube. Coroila

XLVIlI. LEGUMINOS®. Bl 7

gz In. long, bright red. Pods #—1 in. long, straight, linear, subcylindric
or compressed, distinctly torulose. Seeds 10-12, oblong, truncate at
both ends, punctate, black when ripe. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 95; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 58; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 24.—Flowers: Sept.—Oct.

Konkan: Stocks! S. M. Country: Padshapur, Jtitehie, 1097!; Badami, Cooke !,
Woodrow! Gusarat: Ankleshwar near Broach, Dalzell & Gibson. Stxp: Bhola!—
Disrris. India (W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon.

19. Indigofera viscosa, Lamk. Encyc. Méthod. vy. 3 (1789) p. 247.
Annual, 1-3 ft. high; branches numerous, densely clothed with minute
viscous gland-tipped hairs. Leaves #-1? in. long; petioles 4 in. long,
glandular-hairy ; stipules 3-%, in. long, filiform. Leaflets 7-11 (usually
11), 3-3 by 3 in., opposite, obovate-elliptic, obtuse, apiculate, sparsely
clothed with white appressed hairs above, more densely so beneath.
Flowers small, in glandular 6-12-flowered racemes nearly as long as the
leaves. Calyx ;j, in. long, hairy; teeth setaceous, about equalling
the tube. Corolla pink, } in. long. Pods ?-1 in. long, straight, sub-
cylindric, faintly torulose, clothed with gland-tipped as well as with
appressed white hairs. FI]. B. I. v. 2, p. 95; Trim. Fi. Ceyl. v. 2,
p. 24; Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 41.

A rare plant in the Bombay Presidency. Sixp: Dalzell!, Vicary ex Aitch. 1. e.—
Disrris. Sparingly throughout India; Ceylon,

20. Indigofera argentea, Buri. Il. Ind. (1768) p. 171 (not of
Linn.). A low diffusely-branched argenteo-canescent undershrub
reaching 2 ft. high; branches numerous, slender, terete, silvery-
canescent. Leaves 2-1 in. long; petioles ;3,-3 in. long; stipules
ininute, setaceous. Leaflets 7-9 (rarely 11), subsessile (except the
terminal one), broadly obovate, rounded at the apex, densely clothed
with long silvery appressed hairs, base cuneate. Flowers in lax 6-12-
flowered peduncled racemes which are usually longer than the leaves ;
pedicels very short. Calyx ;, in. long, canescent; teeth linear-
Janceolate, as long as the tube. Corolla rather more than twice as long
as the calyx; standard orbicular, + in. long, silvery-pubescent on
the back. Pods 3—} in. long, turgid, clothed with white appressed hairs,
shortly mucronate, not torulose. Seeds 4-6. Indigofera semitrijuga, var.
tetrasperma, DC. Prodr. v. 2, p. 230. I. semitrijuga, Baker, in Hook. f.
FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 98 (not of Forsk.); Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 41.

The name J. aryentea was given by Burmann in 1768, and is therefore
prior to the name J. argentea given by Linnzeus (Mantiss. [1771] p. 273)
to a different plant. The plant described by Burmann has been identi-
fied by De Candolle, from actual examination of Burmann’s specimens,
as I, semitriyyuga, var. tetrasperma, DC. (See under n. 15, J. articulata
preceding.) J. semitrijuga, Forsk., is 7. enneaphylla, Linn.

A rare plant. Sixp: Jemadar ka Landa near Karachi, Sfocks!; sandy soil near
the sea, Stocks, 562 !—Disrris. Egypt, Arabia, Abyssinia.

21. Indigofera parviflora, Heyne, in Wall. Cat. (1828) 5457. A
much-branched annual, 1-2} ft. high; stems and branches slender,
grooved or angled, more or less argenteo-canescent. Leaves 1—2 in. long;
petioles 7-4 in. long; stipules minute, setaceous. Leaflets opposite,
7-9, membranous, j-1 by 4-3 in., linear-oblong, elliptic-oblong or
oblanceolate, rounded or subacute, shortly apiculate, thinly argenteo-

318 XLVIII. LEGUMINOS 4.

canescent ; petiolules of lateral leaflets about 5), in., those of the terminal
about 3 in. long. Flowers in short close sessile 6—12-flowered racemes
shorter than the leaves; pedicels very short. Calyx -;-3 in. long,
hairy ; teeth linear-lanceolate, longer than the tube. Corolla lilac, } in.
long. Pods linear, 1-12 in. long, clothed with appressed white hairs,
straight, pointed, recurved at the tip, deflexed, not torulose. Seeds
15-20, truncate at both ends. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 97; W. & A. Prodr.
p. 201.—Flowers: Noy.

Rare. Kongan: Stocks! SS, M. Counrry: Padshapur, Ritchie, 1693 !—Disrrin.
India (W. Peninsula and Carnatic) ; Arabia, Tropical Africa, N. Australia.

22. Indigofera Houer, /orsk. Fl. dgypt.-Arab. (1775) p. 1387.
An erect shrub about 3 ft., when cultivated reaching 5-6 ft. high ; stem
woody, argenteo-canescent, more or less angled, striate. Leaves 2-3 in.
long; petioles 3-? in. long; stipules minute, subulate. Leaflets 7-11,
opposite, 2-11 by 4-1 in., obovate, usually emarginate, sparingly clothed
with short appressed white hairs above, not or scarcely argenteo-canes-
cent, the lower surface pale, glabrous or nearly so; petiolules of the
lateral leaflets ,-3 in., those of the terminal 7-3 in. long. Flowers
15-30, in axillary subsessile racemes 1-2 in. long, usually shorter than
the leaves ; pedicels short, slender. Calyx 54 in. long; teeth triangular.
Corolla reddish-yellow, 1 in. long; standard and keel hairy, Pods 3 in.
long, thick, turgid, recurved, shortly mucronate, silvery-hairy when
young, finally glabrescent, slightly torulose. Seeds 2-4 (usually 3).
I. cwrulea, Roxb. FI. Ind. v. 3, p. 377; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 59; Aiteh. Pb.
& Sind Pl. p. 40. L. argentea, var. cerulea, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I.
v. 2, p. 99; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 383.—Flowers: Noy.—
Dec.

The name J. //ouer given to this plant by Forskahl is many years
earlier than J. cerulea given to it by Roxburgh. Steudel (Nom. Bot.
ed. 2, p. 807), under the name J. Hover, gives as a synonym J. lateritia,
Willd., which is 7. viscosa, Lamk. The ‘ Index Kewensis’ also, under
the name I. Hover, gives as a synonym J. lateritia, Bertol., a native of
the Cape of Good Hope. J. lateritia, Bertol., is described in Bertol.
Nov. Comm. Bonon. y. 2 (1836) p. 215, and figured in tab. 8, fig. 1.
The description and figure show that it is very remote from J. Hover,
Forsk.

Gusanar: Dhej near Broach, Dalzel/! Styp: Stocks! Cultivated extensively in
Egypt as a source of indigo (see Forsk. /.c.). Roxburgh (/. c.) says that he has ex-
tracted better indigo from it than from J. tinctoria.—Disrrie. India (W, Peninsula
and plains of Banda); Arabia, Egypt, Abyssinia.

23. Indigofera tinctoria, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 751. A shrub
4-6 ft. high; branches terete or more or less angular, slightly silvery
from fine appressed hairs. Leaves 1-3 in. long ; petioles 3-1 in. long ;
stipules small, subulate. Leaflets 9-13, opposite, membranous, green
but drying a greyish-black, 4-1 by 4-3 in., oblong or oblanceolate,
rounded, apiculate, glabrous above or nearly so, thinly clothed with
appressed hairs beneath, base acute; petiolules of lateral leaflets j5-
js in., those of the terminal reaching } in, long. Flowers numerous,
in nearly sessile lax spicate racemes 2-4 in. long. Calyx 35—-;'; in. long,
hairy outside; teeth triaugular, acute, as long as the tube. Corolla
pink, } in. long; standard pubescent at the back. Pods #-1} in. long,

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS#. 519

linear, straight or slightly curved, apiculate, thickened at the sutures,
glabrous, not torulose. Seeds 8-12. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p.99; Grah. Cat.
p- 46; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 59; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 26; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 421; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4,
p. 887.—Flowers: Nov.-Dec. Vern. Nil; Guli.

The Lndiyo-plant, widely cultivated in many parts of India, doubtfully wild, but
found as an escape in localities not far removed from human influence. Indigo was
at one time cultivated extensively in Gujarat aud Sind, but its cultivation has greatly
fallen off in late years.—For a full description see Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ¢.

24. Indigofera hirsuta, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 751. Annual or
biennial, erect, 2-4 ft. high; stems and branches covered with soft
spreading reddish-brown hairs. Leaves 2-5 in. long; petioles 3-2 in.
long ; stipules 3 in. long, filiform, plumose, conspicuous. Leaflets 5-11,
opposite, membranous, 1-2 by 3-1 in., elliptic-oblong or sometimes
obovate, clothed on both sides with appressed hairs, glaucous beneath ;
petiolules of lateral leaflets 3-;1, in., those of the terminal sometimes
reaching 3 in. long, clothed (as is the rhachis) with spreading hairs.
Flowers in dense many-flowered peduncled racemes 2-6 in. long, longer
or shorter than the leaves; pedicels very short. Calyx } in. long,
densely hairy; teeth very long, subulate, plumose. Corolla pink,
scarcely exserted. Pods 3-? in. long, imbricately deflexed, straight,
4-gonous, pointed, densely clothed with soft spreading hairs. Seeds
6-8, cubical. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 98; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 60; W. & A.
Prodr. p. 204; Jacquin, Icon. Plant. Rar. t. 569; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2,
p- 26; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 421.—Flowers :
Aug.—Oct.

Konkan: 8. Konkan, common, Dalzell §° Gibson; Nerval, Woodrow !; Poladpur,
Woodrow !; Pen, Stocks! $.M.Counrry: Badami, Bhiva!; Belgaum, Ritchie, 1026!
—Disrris. Throughout the plains of India ; Ceylon, Tropical Africa, Tropical America,
Java, Philippines, N. Australia.

25, Indigofera constricta, 7’rim. Cut. Ceyl. Pl. (1885) p. 23. An
erect shrub 3-4 ft. high; branches divaricate, terete or obscurely
angled, and with a few appressed hairs. Leaves about 2 inches long ;
petioles 3-# in. long, slender ; stipules minute, subulate. Leaflets 7-11,
opposite, soon deciduous, dark green above, glaucous beneath, thin, 3—1
by 3-3 in., elliptic-oblong, rounded or faintly emarginate and apiculate
at the apex, sparingly clothed on both surfaces with appressed white
hairs, base rounded; petiolules of lateral leaflets J, in. long, those of
the terminal { in. long. Flowers numerous, in racemes about as long
as the leaves. Calyx silky ; tube campanulate ; teeth short, triangular,
acute. Pods 14-2} in. long, linear, pointed, slightly curved, somewhat
4-gonous, much constricted between the seeds, sparingly silky with
white appressed hairs. Seeds 8-12. ‘Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p.27; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. p. 67 ; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 421.
I. flaccida, var. constricta, Thw. Enum. p. 411.— Flowers : Oct.—Noy.

A rare plant, confined to Kanara, Kanara: common on the Nilkund Ghat, 7adbot,

259!; moist forests of N. Kanara, common on the Supa Ghats, 7a/bot.—Disrrm.
Ceylon.

26. Indigofera Wightii, Grah. in Wall. Cat. (1828) 5458. A

small erect shrub; branches numerous, furrowed, silvery-grey with
appressed hairs. Leaves 13-23 in. long ; petioles {-3 in. long; stipules

320 XLVIII. LHEGUMINOS &.

minute, subulate. Leaflets 13-21, opposite, 4-4 in. long, elliptic or
oblanceolate, rounded and mucronate at the apex, densely clothed on
both sides with persistent appressed white hairs, base acute; petiolules
of the lateral leaflets 4, in. long, those of the terminal ones a little
longer. Flowers in dense subsessile racemes, shorter than the leaves ;
pedicels short. Calyx =; in. long, silvery outside; teeth triangular,
acute. Corolla red, }-+ in. long; standard broadly ovate, shortly
acuminate, hairy on the back; keel-petals hairy outside. Pods 1-14 in.
long, straight, cylindric, mucronate, clothed with appressed white hairs,
not deflexed nor torulose. Seeds 8-12. Fl. B. Ll. v. 2, p. 99; Dalz.
& Gibs. p. 59; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 27; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 67.

Ayrareplant. Konkan: Stocks! 8. M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie, 166 !, Dalzell!,
Stocks !, Talbot.—Distx1e. India (W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon.

27. Indigofera pulchella, Jtoad. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 57 ; Fl. Lud.
y. 3, p. 382. An erect ramous shrub 4-6 ft. high; branches striate,
glabrous or more or less hairy. Leaves 3-6 in. long; petioles {-¢ in.
long ; stipules very minute, subulate, caducous. Leaflets 13-21, opposite
or a few casually alternate, 3-1 by 33,-2 in., elliptic-oblong, rounded,
truncate or emarginate, apiculate, thinly clothed with short grey ap-
pressed hairs, base acute ; main nerves promiuent on the under surface ;
petiolules of the lateral leaflets 7,-g in., those of the terminal ones
1-3in. long. Flowers the largest of the genus, numerous, in moderately
close short-peduncled racemes shorter than the leaves; pedicels short,
slender, hairy ; bracts large, boat-shaped, long-cuspidate, exceeding the
buds, silky-hairy, caducous. Calyx j-$ in. long, appressedly hairy
outside ; teeth short, triangular. Corolla purple, 3-2? in. long ; standard
orbicular, as broad as long, glabrous on the back; keel-petals glabrous
outside. Pods 1-1?in. long, straight, turgid, cylindric, glabrous. Seeds
8-12, FI). B. I. v. 2, p. 101; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 60; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
p. 67; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1897) p. 421; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 387. J. Gibsonii, Grah. Cat. p. 46.—Flowers :
Oct._Jan. Vern. Baroli; Chimnati.

Deccan: Mahableshwar, Cooke!, H. M. Birdwood, Woodrow!; Kartriz bills,
Kanitkar!: hills about Hewra, Graham. 8S. M. Country: Nagarg:li near Dharwar,
Kanitkar!; near Hubli, Hohenhacker, 774!; Belgaum, Ritchic, 165! Kanara: N.
Kanara in moist forests along the ghats, Za/bot.—Distri. Throughout the hills of
India.

12. PSORALEA, Linn.

Herbs or undershrubs punctate with black or pellucid glands. Leaves
simple or imparipinnate, stipulate. Inflorescence capitate, spicate, sub-
racemose or fasciculate. Calyx-lobes subequal, or the lowest the larger,
the two upper often connate. Petals all with distinct claws; keel
obtuse, the tip slightly incurved. Upper stamen free or more or less
connate with the others, the tube often closed at the commencement of
flowering ; anthers small, uniform or slightly dimorphous. Ovary sessile
or shortly stalked; ovule 1; style filiform or dilated at the base, curved
above ; stigma terminal. Pod ovoid or oblong, 1-seeded, indehiscent,
the pericarp usually adhering to the seed.—Disrrip. Chiefly the Cape
and North America; species about 100.

Leaves simple ...ccssccsssccssscccssesensenscossessceeuscensssassnenssesenses 1. P. corylifolia.
Tienves B-fOliolate: isis. .swastsr anceraansvisnemMersases wadaat ore vend easay 2. P. plicata,

XLVIII, LEGUMINOSZ. 321

1. Psoralea corylifolia, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 764. An erect
annual 2-4 ft. high; stem and branches grooved, studded with con-
spicuous glands and with a few appressed and spreading white hairs.
Leaves simple, 14-3 by 1-2 in., broadly elliptic, inciso-dentate, rounded
and mucronate at the apex, sparingly clothed with white hairs on both
surfaces, closely nigro-ptnctate, base cuneate, rarely rounded; main
nerves 5, springing from the base, and 4-6 pairs of lateral nerves higher
up from the midrib; petioles 4-1 in. long, hairy and gland-dotted ;
stipules lanceolate, persistent. Flowers close, in dense axillary solitary
10-30-flowered racemes ; peduncles 1—2 in. long, hairy ; pedicels very
short. Calyx $-1 in. long, hairy outside; the upper teeth linear-
lanceolate, the lower ovate, twice as long as the upper. Corolla bluish-
purple, nearly twice as long as the calyx ; standard orbicular, + in. long,
clawed, glabrous. Pods +} in. long, ovoid-oblong, somewhat compressed,
closely pitted, mileronates black, clabrous. Seed 1, smooth, adhering to
the pericarp. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 103; Grah. Cat. p. 46; Dalz, & Gibs.
p- 60; Trim. F]. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 28 ; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1897) p- 422; Watt, Dict. Bion Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 353.—Flowers :
Aug.—Dec. VERN. Bévchi.

A common weed in waste places. Konkan: Stocks! Duccan: Nasik, Woodrow!,
Vadekar!; Kolhapur, Cooke! S. M. Counrry: Belgaum, Jeitchie, 1039!—Disrris.
Throughout India ; Ceylon.

The seeds have some repute in native medicine as a remedy for certain skin diseases.
A preparation made therefrom is stated to be valuable for restoring the hair in the
case of broken knees in borses. and its use for this purpose is advocated 1 in the agri-
cultural publication ‘Farm and Home’ of April 8th, 1899, recipe no. 2777.

2. Psoralea plicata, Delile, Fl. d Eqypte (1812) p. 252, t. 37, fig. 3.
A low much-branched undershrub 1-2 ft. high; stems whitish, terete,
striate, om: or nearly so, sparingly gland-dotted. Leaves 3-folio-
late ; petioles 3-3 in. long; pees linear-oblong, acute, nerved.
pats oblanceolate (the lateral 3-3 by 3-33 in., the terminal 1-2 by
4—,; in.), rounded at the apex, apiculate or not, both surfaces clothed
with closely appressed hairs, gland-dotted on the lower, but not on the
upper surface, the margins irregularly sinuate or subserrate, base acute ;
polis of the lateral leaflets 0-31,, those of the terminal ones reach-
ing ;3; in. long. Flowers solitary or in fascicles of 2 or 3 along a
striate axillary rhachis 2-4 in. long; pedicels short, deflexed; bracts
sinall, ovate, acute. Calyx accrescent in fruit, in flower 3-4 in. long,
silvery -hairy outside ; teeth triangular, shorter than the tube, the lowest
the largest. Corolla yellow, slightly exserted. Pods 4 in. long, ellip-
soid, densely hairy, completely enclosed in the acerescent persistent
calyx, which becomes membranous and many -nerved. Seed 1, adherent
to the pericarp, smooth. Fl. B. I. y. 2, p. 103; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 354.

A very rare plant. Sixp: Stocks!, Woodrow !—Dusrriz. India (Panjab); Arabia,
Egypt, Tropical Africa.

13. MILLETTIA, Wight & Arn.

Trees or shrubs, often climbing. Leaves imparipinnate; stipules
small. Leaflets often stipellate. Flowers in axillary and terminal
racemes or panicles, often fascicled, rarely scattered along the rhachis.
Calyx-tube truncate, or with very short teeth. Corolla much exserted ;

Y

5 ped XLVIII. LEGUMINOSZ.

standard broad; keel not beaked. Stamens monadelphous or diadel-
phous; filaments filiform; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile or rarely
stalked, usually girt at the base by an annular disk or by a short sheath;
ovules usually few; style inflexed, terete, glabrous; stigma small,
terminal. Pod linear or oblong, 1- or few-seeded, flat or turgid, cori-
aceous or woody, small, tardily or scarcely dehiscent.—Disrris. Tropics
of the Old World; species 40-50,

1. Millettia racemosa, Benth. Pl. Jungh. (1851-55) p. 249.
A large woody climber; branches glabrous or thinly silky. Leaves
reaching 1 ft. long; petioles 2-4 in. long ; stipules subulate, 2 in. long.
Leaflets 11-15, membranous, opposite, 2-3 by 1-13 in., oblong or
obovate-oblong, suddenly and obtusely acuminate, glabrous above, pale
and more or less silky or glabrescent beneath, base cuneate; petiolules
4-8, in. long; stipels } in. long, filiform. Flowers close, not fascicled,
in axillary and terminal silky-brown racemes 3-9 in. long shorter than
the leaves; pedicels ;4—1 in. long ; bracts conspicuous, linear-cuspidate,
3 in. long. Calyx 4 in. long, clothed with fine silky-brown hairs; teeth
very short, triangular, the two on the upper side often obsolete. Corolla
yellowish-white, about twice as long as the calyx; standard 3-3 in. long,
quite glabrous, exappendiculate, shortly clawed. Ovary glabrous, shortly
stalked ; ovules 6. Pods compressed between the seeds, linear, cori-
aceous, 4—8 in. long, 4—3 in. broad, scarcely at length dehiscent. Seeds
3-5, ovoid. Fl). B. I. v. 2, p. 105; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 68; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 422. Millettia pallida, Dalz. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. y. 13 (1873) p. 187. Wisteria racemosa, Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 61. Wisteria pallida, Dalz. & Gibs. p. 61.—Flowers: Apr.—May.

Konkan: Law!, Stocks!, Dalzell!; Dasgaon, Woodrow. Gusarat: Dangs, rare,
Dalzell & Gibson. S. M. Country: near Belgaum, Dalzell § Gibson.— Distr1z. India
(Behar, Central India), .

14. MUNDULEA, DC.

Shrubs usually sericeo-pubescent. Leaves imparipinnate; stipules
small. Flowers in terminal racemes; pedicels fascicled along the
rhachis ; bracts small; bracteoles 0. Calyx campanulate; teeth short,
the 2 upper often subconnate. Corolla rosy, exserted ; standard large,
clawed ; wings faleate-oblong ; keel incurved and obtuse at the apex.
Stamens monacelphous; alternate filaments slightly dilated ; anthers
uniform. Ovary sessile; ovules many; style incurved, subterete,
glabrous, inflexed at the very apex; stigma capitate. Pod subinde-
hiscent, linear, flat, the sutures much thickened. Seeds reniform.—
Disrris. Species 3, of which 1 (the following) is an inhabitant of
Tropical Asia and 8. & W. Africa, the 2 others of Madagascar.

1. Mundulea suberosa, Benth. Pl. Jungh. (1851-55) p. 248. A
small tree 10-15 ft. high; bark pale, corky; branches sericeous,
Leaves numerous; petioles 4-? in. long; stipules small. Leaflets 17-
23, opposite or alternate, 3-14 by 1-2 in., coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate,
obtuse, glabrous and bright green above, silvery-silky beneath ; petio-
Jules of the lateral leaflets ;1, in., those of the terminal 4 in, long.
Flowers in close terminal racemes ; pedicels 3-3 in. long, slender. Calyx
} in. long, clothed with silky hairs; teeth short deltoid. Corolla #-¥ in.

XLVIII, LEGUMINOS&. 323
long, pinkish-violet ; standard silky outside. Pods 3-4 by ;°;-2 in.,
flattened, densely velvety with short golden-brown hairs, thickened at
the sutures. Seeds 3-8, about 4 in. long, yellowish-brown. FI. B. I.
v. 2, p. 110; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 29; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 68 ; Woodr.
in. Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 422; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.
v. 5, p. 288. Tephrosia suberosa, DC. Prodr. v. 2, p. 249; Grah. Cat.
p- 47; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 60.—Flowers: Aug.—Oct. Vern. Supti.

Konkan: Stocks!, Dalzell! Duccan: Gokak, Cooke!, Woodrow. 8S. M. Country:
rocky hills east of Belgauin, Graham & Gibson; S. of Padshapur, Ritchie, 1173!;
Badami, Cooke!, Woodrow !, Talbot.—Disrris. India(W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon, Tropical
Africa, Natal.

The seeds are said to be used for poisoning fish. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. l.c,

15. TEPHROSIA, Pers.

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves usually imparipinnate, sometimes
simple, stipulate; leaflets opposite, usually numerous (rarely 1-3),
parallel-veined, often silky beneath. Flowers in terminal or leat-
opposed racemes which are often leafy at the base, or solitary, or in
pairs in the axils of the leaves. Calyx-teeth or -lobes subequal, or the
2 upper more deeply connate, or the lower longer. Petals clawed ;
standard suborbicular; wings obliquely obovate or oblong. Stamens
diadelphous when the flower is fully open; anthers obtuse, uniform.
Ovary sessile; ovules many (rarely 2); style incurved, often flattened,
glabrous or bearded ; stigma terminal, often penicillate. Pod usually
linear, flattened, many-seeded, 2-valved, continuous within or obscurely
septate between the seeds. Seeds sometimes with a small strophiole.—
Disrris. Tropics of both hemispheres; species about 100.

Leaves simple.
Flowers !—2 in the axils of the leaves .............scsseseecoseeees 1. T. tenuis.
Leaves compound (sometimes a few casually simple in 7. tinctoria
and 7’. coccinea).
Flowers in elongated racemes,
Pod slightly pilose or silky.
Style bearded throughout.

Leaflets 7-13, elliptic-oblong ..............ssessssseseeceeeres 2. T. tinctoria,
MPG RTETSID TODOVELOsssscer erect sce dscns esehicatesicaswek aneecsetesees 3. T. coccinea.
Style not bearded throughout.
Meanetapl—ime. essences ce sate saeec-neteecssentectence se Oncseee 4. T. purpurea.
MICAH SS =O) cseecrsccassncseneccwscasassse delete ceeeitsstaelecsreseare 5. T. Appollinea,
Modidenselly Natryjaecs-cscere so case ceccccossseebeacescmacessseccemers 6. T. villosa.
Flowers 1-2 in the axils of the leaves.
POGMMUCHITECUGVER, cececstescasee-esecrccascoaccdeacaseaeusesnaccsces 7. T. senticosa.
(Rodimearhy straight, zc.c2-.s-c<ceccre scone sscversceeeacse=serocseceen= 8. T. pauciflora.

1. Tephrosia tenuis, Wall. Cat. (1828) 5970. Annual; stems
slender, terete, densely caspitose, reaching 1 ft. long; branches filiform,
and as well as the stems more or less clothed with closely appressed
hairs. Leaves simple, 1-14 by 33,—,5, in., linear, suddenly or gradually
narrowed at the apex, long-apiculate, slightly hairy above, silky beneath,
narrowed at the base; midrib prominent on the under surface; nerves
obscure ; petioles 1-7, in. long; stipules ;4;-g3 in. long, subulate.
Flowers solitary or 2 together in the axils of the leaves; pedicels 4-3 in.
long, filiform. Calyx ,}, in. long, silky; teeth lanceolate-subulate.
Corolla 2 in. long, at first bluish, afterwards turning yellow (titchie) ;

x2

324 XLVIII. LEGUMINOS#.

standard long-clawed, pubescent at the back. Pods }-1 by 3—%, in.,
thinly clothed with appressed hairs. Seeds 6-10. FI. B. Lv. 2,p. 111
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 61; Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 42; Woodr. in Fouts
Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 422; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4,
p. 15. Macronyx strigosus, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. v. 2 (1850) p. 35.
—Flowers : Sept.—Oct.

Tolerably common. Konkan: Stocks!, Dalzell!, Capt. Geburne!, Woodrow.
Deccan: Poona, along the railway line near the Bamburda crossing, abundant,
Cooke! §. M. Country: Belgaum hills, Ritchie, 1384! Sip: Stocks!; Jemadar ka
Landa near Karachi, Stocks, 1185 !—Disrris. India (Panjab, Birma); Laecadives.

The twigs are used by natives for cleaning the teeth (Murray). See Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. l.c.

2. Tephrosia tinctoria, Pers. Syn. Pl. v. 2 (1807) p. 329. A
perennial undershrub 13-3 ft. high; stems and branches more or less
angled, densely velvety with yellowish-brown pubescence. Leaves
subcoriaceous, very variable, 1-4 in. long, subsessile; stipules small,
triangular, acuminate, hairy. Leaflets usually 7-13 (sometimes reduced
to the terminal one), decreasing in size towards the base of the leaf
(the terminal leaflet much larger than the others and varying from
1-3 by 3-3), elliptic-oblong, usually mucronate, glabrous above, more or
less densely silvery-silky ‘beneath ; lateral nerves eae lenges
conspicuous on the under surface ; petiolules of lateral leaflets =, in.,
those of terminal 3-1 in. long. Flowers in short erect densely fulvous-
silky 3-12-flow rered ee racemes ; peduncles usually longer than the
leaves ; pedicels short, densely silky ; bracts lanceolate, very hairy.
Calyx } in. long, hairy ; teeth longer than the tube, subulate from
a triangular base. Corolla bright pink, about twice as long as the
ealyx ; standard 4 in. long, broadly obovate, silky-hairy on the back,
the claw cuneate; keel glabrous. ‘Style flattened, bearded throughout
its entire length. Pods 2-23 by 3, in., linear, flattened, mucronate,
slightly curved upwards at the apex, more or less clothed with soft
silky hair. Seeds 8-12, distant, 4 in. long, ellipsoid, compressed,
smooth, dark brown. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 111; Wight, Icon. t. 388;
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 31; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p. 422; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 15.—Flowers: Oct.
Vern. Wil; Guli.

Konkan: widely, Woodrow; near Poladpur, Woodrow! Dxrccan: below Maha-
sea pals Cooke! Kanara: Yellapur, Zalbot!—Distris. India (W. Peninsula);
Cey on.

A blue dye similar to Indigo is sometimes extracted from this plant in Mysore.
See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ¢. and v. 4, pp. 410, 412, 451.

Van. intermedia, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p.112. Branches
velvety. Leaflets 9 13, much smaller than the type, 7-3 in. broad, the
terminal leaflets about equalling the lateral ones in size; nerves less
prominent. Racemes not so close as in the type. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2,
p. 31. . intermedia (sp.), Grah. in Wall. Cat. 5632.

Konkan: Miradonger near Pen, Stocis!

3. Tephrosia coccinea, Wail. Cat, (1828) 5633. An erect
branched shrub 2-8 ft. high; branches terete, flexuous, closely argenteo-
canescent with soft appressed hairs. Leaves somewhat membranous,
nearly sessile, 2-3 in. long; stipules scarious, lanceolate, acute, nerved,

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS®. 325

persistent. Leaflets usually 5, opposite or casually alternate, gradually
decreasing in size downwards (the terminal leaflet 14-2 by ?-1/+ in.), all
obovate, cuneate, rounded and mucronate at the apex, quite glabrous
above, clothed with appressed silvery hairs beneath, base acute ; lateral
nerves very numerous, close, slender, conspicuous ; petiolules of the
lateral leaflets =; in., those of the terminal g in. long. Flowers in
erect lax racemes ; peduncles much longer than the leaves, silvery-hairy ;
pedicels short, hairy; bracts scarious, lanceolate, very acute. Calyx
4-1 in. long, hairy outside; teeth subulate from a triangular base,
Jonger than the tube. Corolla thrice as long as the calyx, bright red,
handsome ; standard suborbicular, hairy on the back. Style flattened,
bearded throughout its entire length. Pods 2-24 by ;3,—Z in., linear,
flattened, mucronate, slightly curved upwards at the apex, more or less
silky-hairy. Seeds 8-12. Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 60. . tinctorta, var.
coccinea, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 112.—Flowers: Oct.

I have adopted Dr. Prain’s suggestion, founded on a recent examina-
tion of a large number of specimens (Journ. As. Soc. Beng, v. 66 (1898)
p- 365), as to the propriety of recognizing this as a distinct species
instead of a variety of 7. ténctoria.

Konkan: road from Poladpur to Mahableshwar, Woedrow!; Neral, Woodrow !—
Distris. India (W. Peninsula and Birma).

4. Tephrosia purpurea, Pers. Syn. Pl. v. 2 (1807) p. 329. A
copiously branched herbaceous perennial 1-2 ft. high; branches
spreading, glabrous or sparsely pilose. Leaves 2-4 in. long; petioles
3-2 in. long; stipules linear-subulate, nerved, erect or sometimes
reflexed. Leaflets 11—21, oblanceolate, obtuse or retuse, mucronate,
3-13 by 55-3 in., glabrous above, clothed with fine appressed silky
hairs beneath, base cuneate; nerves close, ascending, slender, conspicuous
on both surfaces ; petiolules of lateral leaflets ,-7) in., those of the
terminal 3-3; in. long. Flowers in leaf-opposed lax racemes 3-5 in,
long, the lower flowers of the racemes fascicled; pedicels slender ;
bracts subulate. Calyx + in. long, thinly silky; teeth triangular-
subulate, as long as the tube. Corolla twice as long as the calyx;
standard pubescent on the back. Style flattened, glabrescent ; stigma
penicillate. Pods 14-1? in. long, linear, slightly curved, mucronate, at
first thinly hairy, finally glabrescent. Seeds 5-6. FI. B.I. v.2, p.112;
Grah. Cat. p. 47; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 61; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 31;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 422; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 14.—Flowers: Oct—Jan. Vern. Unhdli;
Sarpunkda.

Konkan: Stocks! Duccan: Ahmednagar, Cooke! Gusarat: Chandod, Woodrow ;
Baroda, Woodrow!; Deesa, Graham (abundant). S, M. Country: Badami, Cooke! ;
Kuput hills, Zudbot!

The odor of the decaying plant is very offensive.

Var. pumila, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 113. Not more
than 18 in. high, more diffuse, persistently finely downy, sometimes
canescent. Stipules lanceolate, deflexed or not. Leaflets 9-15, smaller,
densely hairy beneath. Racemes densely hairy; flowers smaller. Pods
1-14 in. long, finely downy, curved. Seeds 8-10. Tephrosia pumila,
Pers. (sp.) l.c. p. 830. 7. diffusa, Wight & Arn. (sp.) Prodr. p. 213.

Gusakat; Ankleshwar near Broach, Dalzell! 8. M. Country: Belgaum, fitchie,
103!

3826 XLVII. LEGUMINOS#.

5. Tephrosia Apollinea, Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. vy. 2 (1822)
p- 252. Suffruticose, 12-18 in. high, diffusely branched from the base ;
branches glabrous or sparsely hairy. Leaves 14-2} in. long; petioles
3-1 in. long ; stipules 4-4 in. long, linear-subulate, deflexed or spreading,
rigid, conspicuous. Leaflets 5-9, oblong or oblanceolate, 7-14 by 4-5 in.,
emarginate, mucronate, glabrous above, more or less silky beneath.
Flowers in leaf-opposed lax 6-12-flowered racemes longer than the
leaves ; pedicels } in. long; bracts rigid, subulate. Calyx % in. long,
silky ; teeth triangular, acute, equalling the tube. Corolla violet, about
twice aslongas the tube. Standard downy on the back. Style glabrous ;
stigma penicillate. Pods 13-1? in. long, curved upwards, mucronate,
appressedly thinly hairy. Seeds 6-9. Not in Fl. B. I.; Baker, in
Fl. Trop. Afr. v. 2, p. 124; Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 42; Boiss. Fi.
Orient. v. 2, p. 192.

A very rare plant in the Bombay Presidency. Stryp: Stocks ex Aitchison 1. ¢. and
fide Baker, in Fl. Trop. Afr. 1.¢c. I have seen no specimens. The plant has been

included on the authority of Aitchison.—Distris. Beluchistan, Aden, Nubia, Abys-
sinia, Egypt.

6. Tephrosia villosa, Pers. Syn. Pl. v. 2 (1807) p. 329.
Perennial ; branches numerous, spreading, clothed with white appressed
hairs. Leaves nearly sessile, 2-3 in. long; stipules linear-lanceolate,
acute, sometimes reaching 3 in. long, deflexed or spreading (rarely
ascending). Leaflets 11-19, grey-green, 3-7 by 73-75, narrowly
oblanceolate, usually emarginate and mucronate, nearly glabrous above,
silky beneath, base cuneate ; petiolules of lateral Jeaflets =; in., those of
the termina] 3 in. long. Flowers large, few, in lax elongate racemes
6 in. or more in length, the lower flowers in distant fascicles, the
lowest often in the axils of the leaves; pedicels very short; bracts
linear-subulate, plumose. Calyx 7% in. long, hairy outside; teeth
thrice as long as the tube, linear-subulate, densely hairy. Corolla red ;
standard equalling the calyx, suborbicular, silky on the back. Style
flattened, glabrous ; stigma penicillate. Pods 1-13 in. long by 4-+ in.
broad, persistently velvety with dense spreading fulvous hairs, very
shortly mucronate, faleately curved upwards. Seeds 6-8. Fl. B. I.
v. 2, p. 113; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 83; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 422; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 15.—
Flowers : July—Sept.

Gusarat: Godra, Cooke! S.M. Counrry: Badami, Woodrow; abundant in the

compound of the Engineer’s bungalow, Cooke!—Disrris, ‘Throughout the plains of
India; Mauritius, Tropical Africa.

Var. incana, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 118. Stems
clothed with short spreading pubescence. Leaflets somewhat broader,
sometimes reaching 3 in. broad. Pods more densely velvety and some-
what broader than in the type. Tephrosia incana, Grah. in Wall. Cat.
5644 (sp.); Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 212; Grah. Cat. p. 47.

8. M. Counrry: Padshapur jungles (near Belgaum), Ritchie, 1167! Gusarar: Law
ex Graham.

7. Tephrosia senticosa, Jes. Syn. Pl. vy. 2 (1807) p. 330. A
low much-branched shrub; branches divaricate, slender, terete, argenteo-
canescent. Leaves 1-1} in. long; petioles ;4,;—} in. long; stipules } in.

. ~ , . Se J
long, subulate, hairy. Leaflets }-1} by 4-3, in., light-green and glabrous

XLVIII, LEGUMINOS#. 327

above, argenteo-canescent with appressed hairs beneath, oblanceolate,
deeply emarginate, cuneate at ee _ base 5 petiolules of lateral leaflets
sy—75 in., those of the terminal ;1,—3 in. long. Flowers usually 1-2, in
the axils of the leaves ; ; pedicels peat in. long, silky-hairy. Calyx silky
outside, 4-1 in. long; teeth subulate from a triangular base, a little
longer than the tube. Corolla a little more than twice as long as the
calyx ; standard orbicular, densely hairy on the back. Ovary densely
hairy; style uae flattened, not bearded throughout its entire length.
Pods 13-2 by 3; in. , linear, flattened, much curved upwards, densely
hairy, apiculate, the sutures not much thickened. Seeds 6-8, oblong-
ellipsoid, 4-4 in. long, smooth. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 112; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 61; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 30; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1897) p- 422.—Flowers: Sept.—Oct.

Konkan: Dalzell § Gthson. Deccan: Wadi, Cooke!, Jeur (Sholapur districts),
Woodrow.—Distris. India (W. Peninsula and Birma); Ceylon.

8. Tephrosia pauciflora, Grah.in Wall. Cat. (1828) 5635. Herba-
ceous ; stems densely cespitose, 9-20 in. long, terete, slender, clothed
with spreading hairs. Leaves 2-4 in. long; petioles 3 in. long; stipules
lanceolate-subulate. Leaflets 5-9, lanceolate-oblong or narrowly oblan-
ceolate, rounded or sometimes subacute at the apex, often emarginate,

usually apiculate, 3-17 by 4-4 in., glabrous or nearly so above, bao
silky with appressed hairs beneath ; petiolules of lateral leaflets J; in.,
those of the terminal 3,3; in. long. Flowers geminate in the leaf-

axils ; pedicels short. Calyx 2 g-% in. long, silky with spreading hairs ;
teeth about equalling the tube, “subulate from atriangular base. Corolla
less than twice as long as the calyx; standard 3} in. long, sub-
orbicular, densely silky on the back. sls flattened, glabrous ; stigma
penicillate. Pods 1-1? in. long, by 3—-;5; in. broad, linear! Pues shortly
mucronate, very slightly curved, thinly silky. Seeds 6-9. Fl. B.

vy. 2, p. 114; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 422.

Arare plant in the Bombay Presidency. Stnp: Stocks!, Dalzell!, Puran!; SJemadar
ka Landa near Karachi, S/ocks, 454!—Disrris. India (Panjab, Birma) ; Afghanistan.

Tephrosia candida, DC. Prodr. v. 2, p. 249, a native of the Himalayas,
W. Indo-China, and the Malay Archipelago, is occasionally planted in
gardens. Its flowers are white or rose-colored, about 1 in. long, showy.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 111; Grah. Cat. p. 47; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 25.

According to Dr. Lush (Grah. Cat. 1. c.) the plant was introduced into the botanical
garden at Dapuri from Bengal.

16. SESBANTIA *, Scop. Introd. (1777) p. 308.

Herbs or soft-wooded trees or shrubs. Leaves abruptly pinnate ;
leaflets numerous, linear-oblong, obtuse, quite entire, mucronate,
deciduous. Flowers in axillary lax racemes. Calyx campanulate,
shallowly 2-lipped or 5-toothed. Corolla much exserted ; petals all with
long claws ; standard orbicular or ovate, spreading or reflexed; wings
falcate-oblong ; keel obtuse and straight, or subrostrate and recurved.
Stamens diadelphous ; anthers uniform. Ovary usually stalked, many-

* The oldest name of the genus was ‘‘ Sesban,” which was given to it by Adanson in
1763 (Fam. v. 2, p. 327) and which was simply the Egyptian name of S. egyptiaca,
The name Sesbania has, however, been universally adopted.

328 XLVIII. LEGUMINOSZ.

ovulate; style incurved, glabrous; stigma small, capitate. Pod very
long and narrow, dehiscent, septate transversely between the seeds.
Seeds numerous, oblong or subquadrate.—Distriz. Throughout the
Tropics ; species about 40.

Pod 6-9 in. long.

Unarmed ; pod twisted, torulose ...2.....<c0.s.ssesesssenseosceee 1. S. egyptiaca.
Armed ; pod not twisted, not turulose .............c0..seeeseceee 2. S. aculeata.
Odi 2 Ori DlONO Wrens teeennnsesescedcsdusccscuncnescexcase=trenesavene te 3. S. procumbens.

1. Sesbania zgyptiaca, Poir. Encyc. v. 7 (1806) p. 128 (Seshan
egyptiacus); Pers. Syn. vy. 2 (1807) p. 316; var. picta, Prain, in
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 66 (1898) p. 867. A soft-wooded short-lived
unarmed shrub 6-15 ft. high ; branches pale, terete or obscurely angled,
striate, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves 2-4 in. long; petioles j—? in.
long ; stipules scarious, linear, acute, caducous. Leaflets 20-30, shortly
petioluled, 2-1 by 3-2 in., pale-green, linear-oblong, obtuse, faintly
apiculate, glabrous. Flowers in lax slender pendulous 6—10-flowered
racemes; buds straight; pedicels filiform, 1-3 in. long. Calyx } in.
long, glabrous, membranous ; teeth deltoid, much shorter than the tube.
Corolla 3-3 in. long ; standard as broad as long, mottled with purpie on
the outside, glabrous on the back, furnished at the base with 2 keel-like
appendages which are free and faleate above, running down wing-
like into the claw. Pods pendulous, 6-9 in. long, twisted, weak, slightly
torulose, sharply beaked, the sutures not much thickened. Seeds
20-30. SS. picta (sp.), Pers. Syn. v. 2, p. 316. 8S. egypiiaca, Fl. B. I.
v. 2, p. 114 in part (not of Pers.); Grah. Cat. p. 47; Dalz. & Gibs.
Suppl. p. 21; Wight, Icon. t. 32; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 34; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. p. 68; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v.11 (1897) p. 422 ;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 2, p. 543. Colutea exotica, Pluk.

Phytogr. t. 164, f. 5—Flowers: Aug.—Dec. Vurn. Sevari; Jayanti.

Var. ‘bicolor, Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 214. Standard maroon-
colored or dark purple (not mottled) outside. Prain, in Journ. As. Soe.
Beng. 1. .c.

According to Prain (J. c.) the typical S. egyptiaca has uniformly yellow flowers and
is a native of India. It does not, however, appear to occur in the Bumbay Presidency
either wild or cultivated. Both the above-named varieties are cultivated and more or
less naturalized in Bombay. ‘Lhe wood is used to supply poles as substitutes for
bamboos and furnishes excellent charcoal for ak Nae The seeds and leaves are
employed in native medicine, being considered a valuable remedy in cutaneous diseases.
See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. e.—Disrris. Throughout the Tropics of the Old
World.

2. Sesbania aculeata, Poir. Encyc. v. 7 (1806) p. 128 (Sesban
aculeatus) ; Pers. Syn. y.2 (1807) p. 3816. A sparingly-branched annual
of rapid growth, sometimes reaching 8 ft. or more in height; stems
semiwoody ; branches and leaf-rhachises more or less prickly. Leaves
abruptly pinnate, sometimes reaching 1 ft. in length; stipules mem-
branous, acuminate, caducous. Leaflets 20-50 pairs, close, 3—} by 4 in.,
Jinear-oblong, obtuse, strongly mucronate, glabrous, base acute ; petiolules
very short. Flowers in lax axillary 3-6-flowered drooping racemes ;
peduncles slender; pedicels + in. long, filiform. Calyx §-§ in. long,
membranous, glabrous; teeth deltoid, much shorter than the tube.
Corolla 2-3 in. long, yellow, usually with red dots on the back of the

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS2. 3829

glabrous standard. Pods 6-9 in. long, not twisted, slightly falcate,
beaked, not torulose. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 114; Grah. Cat. p. 48; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 62; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 34; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 422; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 2, p. 542.—
Flowers: Sept.-Oct. Vurn. Ltana-sevari ; Chuncha.

Very common in wet places throughout the Konkan and the Deccan.—Drstrrs.
Cosmopolitan in the Tropics of the Old World.

3. Sesbania procumbens, Wight ¢ Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 215.
Annual, diffuse, more or less armed with inoffensive prickles ; branches
glabrous, subterete, striate. Leaves 14-23 in. long; petioles 3—} in.
long; stipules 3 in. long, membranous, very acute from a triangular
base. Leaflets 15-20 pairs, linear-oblong, 7 by 3); in., obtuse, apiculate,
glabrous, base rounded ; petiolules about #1, in. long. Flowers in short
2-4-flowered racemes. Calyx 34-3 in. long, membranous, glabrous ;
teeth short, deltoid. Corolla 3-3 in. long. Pods straight, erect, 2-33 in.
long, not twisted, beaked, torulose. Seeds 12-20. Fl. B. I. v. 2,
p- 115; Grah. Cat. p. 48; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 62. schynomene pro-
cumbens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. vy. 3, p. 337.

Abundant in rice-fields in Bombay during the rains, Dalzell §& Gibson; eaten by
cattle, Graham.—Disrrie. India (W. Peninsula).

Sesbania grandiflora, Pers. Syn. vy. 2 (1807) p. 316, a soft-wooded tree
reaching 20-30 ft. high, with large white or red flowers, is often grown
about temples and villages, but is nowhere indigenous. Its flowers are
2-3 inches long and very showy. Pods often reach afoot long. FI. B. I.
v. 2, p. 115; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 422. Agate
grandiflora, Desv. Journ. Bot. v. 1 (1813) p. 120; Grah. Cat. p. 48 ;
Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 22; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 2,
p. 644.—F lowers at various times. VERN. Agasta; Hadqa.

The tender leaves, flowers and pods are eaten, Certain parts of the tree have
repute in native medicine. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ec.

17. ASTRAGALUS, Linn.

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves pinnate, the rhachis terminating either
in a leaflet or a spine; stipules free or adnate to the petiole or united
into one leaf-opposed one. Calyx tubular or companulate; teeth 5,
subequal. Petals usually with rather long claws ; standard erect, ovate-
oblong or panduriform ; wings oblong; keel equalling the wings or a
little shorter, obtuse. Stamens diadelphous ; anthers uniform. Ovary
sessile or stalked, many-ovulate ; style filiform, straight or incurved, uot
bearded; stigma small, terminal. Pod linear or oblong, usually turgid,
continuous within or more or less completely longitudinally 2-celled from
the introversion of tlie inferior suture. Seeds usually reniform.—
Disrris. Chiefly throughout the N. temperate zone; species 1100-1200.

Leaves imparipinnate.

JEG G1 ASTRATE ETL cn 8 bu yg aaacen sos 00g s Boca ANCE Beene bade TaCnCosee 1. A. prolixus.
I GOA COMEO RUM CAT cin wate cte sie esiecisssseae vse Cueeineeseipponcies 2, A. contortuplicatus,
eavesrabrupilys pinnate sarc..swscecsseccececsersuvecvssiescecstes 3. A. Stocksit,

1. Astragalus prolixus, Sich. Pl. Lyypt. ewsice. ea Bunge, Monogr.
Astr. (1868-69) part 1, p. 9; part 2, p.6. S:ems cespitose, 3-12 in.

330 XLVIIJ. LEGUMINOSH.

long, slender, terete, clothed with appressed white hairs. Leaves petioled,
3-13 in. long, with a terminal leaflet ; stipules lanceolate, hairy, free.
Leaflets 11-21, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, 3-} in. long, clothed on both
sides with appressed white hairs, base rounded or subacute ; petiolules
very short. Flowers 6-12, sessile, in dense heads; peduncles axillary,
1-8 in. long, appressedly hairy. Calyx 7y-y/5 in. long, densely hairy ;
teeth linear-subulate, about as long as the tube. Corolla 3 in. long;
standard orbicular, with a very long claw. Pods 1-2 in. long, linear-
oblong, membranous when ripe, straight, mucronate, turgid, densely
silky-pubescent, nearly bilocular. Seeds 4-6, reniform, dark-brown.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 121; Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 48; Bunge, Monogr.
Astr. (1868-69) part 1, p. 9; part 2, p. 6.

A very rare plant. Sinp: Stocks ex Aitch. 1. ¢.

IT have seen no specimens from the Bombay Presidency.—Disrris. India (Panjab) ;
Egypt, Arabia, Cape Verde Islands.

2. Astragalus contortuplicatus, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 758.
Annual; stems numerous, 6-18 in. long, suberect or procumbent, obscurely
angled, clothed with soft spreading white hairs. Leaves 23-4 in. long,
imparipinnate, distinctly petioled ; stipules large, broadly ovate, acute,
free. Leaflets 13-17, oblanceolate, elliptic or oblong, j-3 in. long,
densely pilose on both surfaces; petiolules short. Flowers numerous,
in dense heads; peduncles axillary, much shorter than the leaves, clothed
with long soft spreading hairs; bracts linear-subulate, plumose. Calyx
4-1 in. long, densely pilose ; teeth longer than the tube, linear-subulate,
plumose, the 3 lower the longer. Corolla yellow, slightly exserted,
deciduous; standard oblong, obcordate; wings narrow, much shorter
than the standard ; keel broader and longer than the wings. Pods 3 in.
long, completely bilocular except at the apex, quite contortuplicate,
membranous, rugose, densely pilose. Seeds 20-30, reniform. FI. B. I.
v. 2, p. 122; Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. p.48; Bunge, Monogr. Astr. part 1,
p. 18; part 2, p. 20; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 422.

Rare. Sinn: Stocks, 406!; Hyderabad, Woodrow.—Distrie, India (Panjab) ;
FE. Europe, Orient, W. Siberia.

3. Astragalus Stocksii, Benth. ex Bunge, Monogr. Astr. (1868-69)
part 1, p.6; part 2,p.4. Shrubby, much-branched ; branches elongate,
hairy with appressed soft hairs, armed with yellow spreading spines
(really the persistent rhachises of fallen leaflets), 3-3 in. long. Leaves
abruptly-pinnate, the rhachis ending in a spine, the leaves on the young
shoots with a strong spiny fulvous persistent rhachis with a resting bud
in its axil which develops in the second season, the leaflets deciduous,
leaving scars on the spiny rhachis ; leaves of the second season with
slender rhachises fascicled in the axils of the naked old ones, which then
appear as spines; stipules minute, caducous. Leaflets 2-3 pairs, obovate,
oblong or oblanceolate, 3-1 by 3s- in., clothed with closely appressed
medifixed hairs, base usually acute; petiolules short. Flowers in lax
short or elongate, 5—7-flowered racemes ; bracts minute. Calyx shortly
campanulate, 4-1 in. long, hairy; teeth short, triangular. Corolla
8.7, in. long, yellow; standard broadly obovate-oblong, retuse. Pods
stalked, 4—3 in. long, glabrous, completely bilocular, attenuated at both
ends, suleate and very convex on the dorsal, straight on the ventral side.

XLVIII. LEGUMINOSA. 331

Seeds 2-5. Not in Fl. B.I.; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 2, p. 492; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 422.

Sinp: Kirthdr mountains, James! :

The plant had not hitherto been reported from Sind, though very common in
Beluchistan. The specimens found on the Kirthar mountains were sent tv Poona by
Mr. James, Chief Commissioner in Sind.—Disrris. Beluchistan, Afghanistan,

18. TAVERNIERA, DC.

Much-branched undershrubs. Leaves few, 1- or pinnately 3-foliolate ;
stipules scarious ; leaflets usually obovate or orbicular, exstipellate.
Flowers rosy or white, in axillary lax racemes. Calyx-teeth subequal or
the 2 upper more remote. Corolla much-exserted ; standard broadly
obovate, narrowed at the base, scarcely clawed ; wings small; keel about
equal to the standard, obliquely truncate at the apex. Stamens mona-
delphous; anthers uniform. Ovary stalked; ovules usually 2; style
filiform, inflexed ; stigma small, terminal. Pod of 1-3 flattened indehis-
cent densely muricated joints. Seeds reniform.—Disrris. India and
the Orient ; species 6-8.

1. Taverniera nummularia, DC. Mém. Légum. (1825) p. 340, t. 52.
A much-branched undershrub, 1-2 ft. high ; branches twiggy, terete,
minutely velvety-canescent. Leaves 1-foliolate ; stipules scarious, tri-
angular, acute, free, united into one deciduous one which is opposite the
leaf. Leaflets very variable in size, j—1 in. across, orbicular or obovate,
thick, glaucous, mucronulate, much longer than the petiolules; petiolules
zg-t in.long. Flowers in axillary lax 2-6-flowered racemes longer than
the leaves. Calyx % in. long, finely pubescent ; teeth triangular, acute,
about equalling the tube, the 2 upper larger and more remote than the
3 lower. Corolla red, 3-3 in. long; standard obovate-orbicular, slightly
longer than the keel, glabrous, veined with dark purple parallel veins,
emarginate. Pods with 1-2 one-seeded joints ; joints ovoid, transversely
and subreticulately rugose and echinate. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 140; Boiss.
Fl. Orient. v. 2, p. 508; Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. p.44; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 422; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 8,
p- 414. TZ. cuneifolia, Arn. in Wight, Icon. t.1055; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 67.
Hedysarum Gibsonit, Grah. Cat. Bo. Pl. p. 49.—Flowers: Dec. Vern,
Jethmad.

Deccan: waste places, Dalzell §& Gibson ; Chattersinghi hill near Poona, Ranade! ;
Nasik, Bhiva!; 8. Deccan, Cleghorn ex Prain, Gusarar: near Gogo in Kathiawar
(plentiful), Dalzell § Gibson. Sixp: Stocks ex Aitchison.—Disrris. India (Panjab) ;
Afghanistan, Orient.

The root is sweet, hence the Maratha name, which is also the name of liquorice.

19. GEISSASPIS, Wicht & Arn.

Slender diffuse herbs. Leaves abruptly-pinnate ; stipules membranous,
produced below the insertion. Leaflets few, obovate, exstipellate.
Flowers very small, yellow or purplish, in long-peduncled axillary
racemes ; bracts large, obliquely renitorm, veined, imbricate, persistent,
usually concealing the flowers and fruit, ciliate or not; bracteoles 0.
Calyx deeply 2-lpped, the upper lip entire, the lower obscurely 3-toothed.
Corolla exceeding the calyx ; standard broadly suborbicular, with a short
claw ; wings obliquely obovate or oblong ; keel incurved, obtuse, a little

Soe XLVIII. LEGUMINOS.2.

shorter than the standard. Stamens monadelphous; anthers uniform.
Ovary shortly stipitate; ovules 2; style incurved; stigma minute,
terminal. Pods with 1-2 joints; joints turgid in the middle with a
flat border, reticulately veined, l-seeded, indehiscent.—Disrris. India,
Tropical Africa ; species about 5.

Flowers not more than one-third as long as the long-bristled bracts. 1. G. cristata,
Flowers nearly or quite as long as the short-bristled bracts ......... 2. G. tenella.

1. Geissaspis cristata, Wight §- Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 218. A pro-
cumbent trailing annual, with densely cespitose terete glabrous stems 3—
2ft. long. Leaves abruptly-pinnate; petioles ;3;-7 in. long; stipules
scarious, lanceolate, ;®; in. long, continued below the insertion, spurred
at the base, strongly nerved, ciliate. Leaflets 4, obovate, }-3 by g-+ in.,
slightly oblique, obtuse, glabrous on both surfaces, narrowed at the base ;
nerves prominent beneath; petiolules very short. Heads of flowers
dense, 1 in. or more long; peduncles axillary; pedicels short, slender,
curved; bracts reniform, reaching 3 in. or even more in breadth,
much imbricate, reticulately veined, ciliate with stiff yellow bristles
js—y in. long, each bract about 3 times as long the single flower
it encloses. Calyx membranous, glabrous, 5}; in. long ; lobes lanceolate,
acute. Corolla 1 in. long; standard broadly obovate, glabrous, veined.
Pods 1- (rarely 2-) jointed; joints about 4 in. long, reticulately veined,
nearly straight on the upper, much rounded (sometimes almost semi-
circular) on the lower side, long-beaked and with a flat margin, glabrous.
Seed 1 in each joint, chestnut-brown when ripe. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 141;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 62; Taubert, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 3,
p- 82, fig. 45, 8B; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 422.—
Flowers: Oct. Vern. Bark.

In grass during the rains, tolerably common. Konkan: Stocks!, Law !, Dalzell!
Deccan; Khandala, Cooke! S.M. Country: Belgaum, Mitchie, 181! Kanara: Kala
naddi, Ritchie, 181!—Disrri. India (W. Peninsula, Birma) ; China.

2. Geissaspis tenella, Benth. in Flora, v. 32 (1849) p. 559. A
weak trailing annual 3-12 in. long; stems and branches from a thick
root, slender, terete. Leaves abruptly-pinnate ; petioles 4-;%, in. long ;
stipules membranous, oblong or oblanceolate, ciliate, not spurred.
Leaflets 4, sessile, 53,-4 by 75-3 in., all starting almost from the same
point, somewhat oblique, obovate, rounded or truncate at the apex,
glabrous on both surfaces, base cuneate; nerves prominent beneath.
Flowers in copious axillary racemes ; bracts obliquely oblong, 3-% in.
broad, ciliate-toothed with short stiff hairs (almost spinous) ; peduncles
very slender; pedicels short, curved. Calyx 7; in. long, membranous.
Corolla yellow, nearly as long as the enclosing bracts and sometimes even
slightly longer. Pods 1-2-jointed; joints 3 in. in diam., orbicular,
reticulately veined, shortly pointed and with a flat margin, turgid in the
middle. Seed 1 in each joint, dark-brown when ripe. Fl. B. I. y. 2,
p- 141.—Flowers: Oct. Vurn. Lahdn-barki.

A rare plant. Konkan: Stocks! Kanara: Siddapur in rice-fields, Zadbot!—
Distris. India (W. Peninsula).

20. ALHAGI, Tourn. ex Adans. Fam. v. 2 (1763) p. 328.

Much-branched rigid shrubs armed with axillary spines (abortive
branches or peduncles). Leaves simple, quite entire, usually small;

XLVIII, LEGUMINOSZ. SB)

stipules small. Flowers red, usually few, in axillary racemes. Calyx
campanulate; teeth short, subequal. Corolla exserted; standard obovate,
with a short claw; wings faleate-oblong, free; keel incurved, obtuse,
about equalling the standard and the wings. Stamens diadelphous ;
anthers uniform. Ovary stalked ; ovules many; style filiform, incurved,
glabrous; stigma small, terminal. Pod linear, jointed, somewhat thick,
subterete or compressed, smooth, indehiscent, usually contracted between
the seeds; joints not separating. Seed reniform.—Dzsrris. From
Greece and Egypt to Soongaria and the Himalayas; species 3.

1. Alhagi camelorum, Fisch. Ind. Hort. Gorenk. ed. 2 (1812) p. 72.
A low erect shrub, armed with copious hard sharp spines reaching some-
times 1} in. long; branches terete, striate, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves
simple, coriaceous, 7-3 by 3-y'; in., obovate-oblong, obtuse, apiculate,
glabrous or puberulous, base cuneate; petioles very short; stipules
minute, subulate. Flowers 5-8 on a spine; pedicels short, slender.
Calyx glabrous, 4 in. long; teeth short, triangular. Corolla a little
more than twice as long as the calyx ; standard 3 in. long by + in. broad,
obovate-oblong, auricled at the base above the claw, glabrous. Ovary
glabrous. Pods #-13 in. long, usually falcate, more or less contracted
between the seeds, glabrous. Seeds blackish-brown, smooth, polished.
Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 2, p. 559; Prain, in Journ. As, Soc. Beng. v. 66
(1898) p.377. <Alhagi Maurorum, Baker, in Hook. Fl. B. Lv. 2, p. 145
(viz Tournef.); Grah. Cat. p. 50; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 67; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. p. 68; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 422;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 164.—Flowers: Mar. VERN. Javasa.

I have followed Prain (7. ¢.) in naming the Indian species with a
glabrous ovary A. camelorum, as distinct from A. Maurorum, which has
a silky one.

Gusarat: common, Graham, Dailzell §& Gihson; abundant about Broach, Cooke !
S. M. Country: Graham, Law. Sinp: Cooke!, Vicary!, Woodrow!; Hyderabad,
Strachan!; Sehwan, Kanitkar!—Duisrris. India (N. & N.W. Proy.); Beluchistan,
Egypt, Arabia.

The camel-thorn or Persian manna plant. The freshly-cut plants are used largely
in Gujarat for making ¢aé¢ies in the hot season. ‘The plant comes into leaf in the hot
season and is used as a fodder for camels; hence its name. Some of its parts supply
medicine which is considered valuable by the natives. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. c.

21, ZORNIA, Gmel.

Herbs. Leaves digitately 2—4-foliolate ; stipules subfoliaceous, often
punctate. Leaflets usually dotted, exstipellate. Hlowers in lax racemes ;
peduncles terminal and axillary; bracts twin, lateral, nerved, of the
same form as the stipules but larger and broader, each pair enclosing a
sessile flower. Calyx small, membranous; the 2 upper teeth connate.
Corolla much exserted ; standard suborbicular, clawed ; wings obliquely
obovate or oblong; keel incurved, subrostrate. Stamens monadelphous ;
anthers dimorphous. Ovary sessile ; ovules many; style filiform ;
stigma small, terminal. Pod jointed, compressed, the upper suture
nearly straight, the lower deeply sinuate ; joints easily separable, smooth
or echinate, indehiscent, flattened, 1-seeded.—Disrris. Species 10, all
but 2 American.

334 XLVIII, LEGUMINOS#.

1. Zornia diphylla, Pers. Syn. Pl. vy. 2 (1807) p. 318. Annual,
much-branched, 8-15 in.; branches prostrate or ascending, glabrous or
puberulous. Leaves 2-foliolate ; petioles }—# in. long; stipules % in.
long, lanceolate, acute, strongly nerved, produced below the insertion
into a triangular spur. Leaflets variable in size and shape, 3-14 by
4-3 in., sessile, often unequal-sided, lanceolate, linear-lanceolate or
occasionally linear, dotted with black glands beneath, glabrous, rigid.
Flowers small, in 3-12-flowered spicate racemes 1-4 in. long ; peduncles
slender, terete; bracts foliaceous, reaching 4 in. long, ovate-lanceolate,
acute, ciliate, sprinkled with black dots, produced below the insertion
into a triangular spur, strongly nerved from the base, completely enclosing
the flower and often the entire pod. Calyx membranous, + in. long, the
2 upper teeth broad, obtuse, deeply connate, ciliate at the apex, the 2
lateral teeth smaller, deltoid, the lowest tooth the longest, lanceolate,
acute, ciliate. Corolla twice as long as the calyx; standard orbicular,
with a long claw. Pods 1-6-jointed, either quite enclosed by the bracts
or exserted; joinis about ;, in. long, compressed, indehiscent, covered
with numerous short straight fulvous spines. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 147;
Benth. in Mart. Fl. Bras. v. 15, part 1, p. 80, t. 21-22; Taubert, in
Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 3, p. 325, fig. 125, p (fruit);
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 35; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p- 422; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 3874. Zornia angusti-
folia, Sm.; Grah. Cat. p. 48; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 62.—Flowers : Aug.—
Sept. Vern. Ldndgqu.

Tolerably common. Deccan: Poona, Woodrow; Chattersinghi hill near Poona,
Ranade! §.M. Country: Badami, Woodrow!

Var. zeylonensis, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 148. Leaflets
ovate. Pod much longer than the bracts; joints longer than in the type.
Var. conjugata, Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p.35. Zornia zeylonensis (sp.), Pers.
Syn. Pl. v. 2 (1807) p. 318; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 62. 7. zeylonica (sp.),
Grah. Cat. p. 48. 2. conjugata (sp.), Sm. in Rees, Cyclop. v. 39 (1819).

22. STYLOSANTHES, Swartz.

Rigid undershrubs. Leaves pinnately 3-fcliolate ; stipules adnate to
the base of the petiole. Leaflets exstipellate. Flowers small, in dense
spikes or terminal heads. Calyx tubular; tube filiform ; lobes membran-
ous, the 4 upper connate, the lowest narrow, distinct. Petals inserted
at the throat of the calyx-tube; standard orbicular; wings oblong, free ;
keel incurved, obtuse, about equalling the standard. Stamens mona-
delphous; anthers dimorphous. Ovary subsessile at the base of the
calyx-tube ; ovules 2-3; style elongate, filiform, the lower part persis-
tent ; stigma minute, terminal. Pod sessile, compressed, hooked at the
apex with the persistent base of the style ; joints 1—2, reticulate or muri-
cate. Seed compressed, ovate or lenticular.—Duisrris. Cosmopolitan in
the Tropics ; species about 15.

1. Stylosanthes mucronata, Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 3 (1800) p. 1166.
A much-branched dwarf woody perennial ; branches stiff, wiry, ascending,
more or less hairy. Leaves 3-foliolate ; petioles 1-,', in. long; stipules
scarious, strongly nerved, adnate downwards to the petiole for half their
length, terminating above in 2 spreading teeth. Leaflets elliptic-oblong,

XLVIII. LEGUMINOSAE. 339

zs-2 by }—3; in., the terminal leaflet a little larger than the lateral ones,
all acute and mucronate at the apex, glabrous above, silky-pubescent,
strongly nerved and gland-dotted beneath, base subacute or rounded ;
lateral leaflets subsessile, the terminal with a petiolule about + in. long.
Flowers small, 1 or few, sessile in the axils of leaf-like stipulate bracts
and forming close terminal heads: or spikes. Calyx +\; in. long, mem-
branous, the upper connate lobes ciliate at the apex. Corolla twice the
length of the calyx. Pods very short, concealed by the persistent bracts,
tipped with the curved lower portion of the style; joints pubescent with
raised veins. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 148; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 36; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. p. 69.

Common on the dry hills near Dharwar, ex Talbot.—Disrris. India (W. Peninsula) ;
Ceylon, Cape, Tropical Africa, Malay Islands.

28. SMITHIA, Ait.

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves impari- or abruptly-pinnate ; stipules
scarious, persistent. Leaflets small, sensitive, often falcate, exstipellate.
Flowers usually arranged in unilateral axillary racemes; bracts and
bracteoles scarious or striate, persistent. Calyx deeply 2-lipped, the
upper lip entire or emarginate, the lower entire, 3-toothed or 3-tid.
Corolla exserted ; standard suborbicular, shortly clawed; wings obliquely
oblong or subrostrate, about equalling the standard. Stamens in 2
bundles of 5 each; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile or stalked ; ovules
many ; style filiform, incurved ; stigma small, terminal. Pod of few or
many flattened or turgid joints folded inside the calyx.—Disrris. Tropics
of the Old World; species 20-30.

Calyx rigid; veins close, parallel, simple.
Stems not bristly.
Flowers yellow.

Flowers in short simple racemes..,...............-soeceseeeees 1. S. sensitiva,
Flowers 1 or 2 in the axils of leaves which are crowded
abitne ends Of the branches) .c.c.c-.-ssascessece ee seeOoeeses 2. S. conferta.
EM CTAE DURING nerd ssc cre ccrsai nection curecaniaecsesisoncenossstocs 3. S. purpurea,
NlemarGon selygbrisulyg a. eerste oceeteeseesesaecnesi sean snucteaseesensioe 4, S. setulosa.

Calyx membranous; veins distinctly anastomosing.
Flowers in globose terminal heads.
Mhextlotst UO spans, osee.naseciesvsneic scscaecuacedescseckeareanseses 5. S. capitata.
MGB PHETS yt AIEDY sos oae ss vecan cttenstutis sWaiduticesapsagueease@eanne sua 6. S. pycnantha,
Flowers in racemes.
Lower lip of calyx 3-lobed.
Meats 2 PAWS! scx. sbrcss edo seasadocddesesschowiscsank asadesbacaee 7. 8. bigemina.
PANELS A AIES, «san cwemsdaciswhuaias soa csnetiviehnaneaseasimany 8. 8S. blanda,
var. racemosa,
Lower lip of calyx entire.
Upper lip larger than the lower .............ccccssssssssoeses 9. S. hirsuta.
Lower lip larger than the upper ..............cscsscsenecesees 10. S. salsuginea,

1. Smithia sensitiva, Ait. Hort. Kew. v.3 (1789) p.496. Annual,
diffuse, much-branched ; stems 1-3 ft. long, slender, not bristly. Leaves
abruptly-pinnate ; rhachis 3-1 in. long, bristly and ending in a long
bristle ; petioles short; stipules scarious, lanceolate, prolonged below
the insertion into long cuspidate or lacerate auricles. Leaflets 3-10
pairs, 7-3 in. long, linear-oblong, obtuse, bristle-pointed, glabrous above
and with strong bristles on the midrib and somewhat straight margins
beneath, base rounded, somewhat unequal-sided. Flowers 2-6, in simple

336 XLVIII. LEGUMINOS2Z.

racemes from the axils of the upper leaves; peduncles 3 in. long, slender,
glabrous or with a few scattered bristles ; pedicels filiform, ascending ;
bracteoles scarious, +! in. long, ovate, acute, bristle-pointed. Calyx

3-1 in. long, with a few scattered bristles, rigid; veins close, parallel,

simple; lips equal, entire, acute. Corolla yellow, 2 in. long. Pods
flattened ; joints 4—6, orbicular, margined, densely papillose on the faces.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 148; Grah. Cat. p. 48; Dalz. & Gibs. p.63; Trim. Fl.
Ceyl. v. 2, p. 87; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 422;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 6, part 8, p. 255.—Flowers: Sept.—Oct.
Vern. Kavla.

Common in Bombay towards the close of the rains, Graham. Kownxan: Stocks},
Law! Deccan: Khandala, Cooke!; Matheran, Woodrow. 8. M. Country: Nagargali
near Dharwar, Cooke!; Belgaum, Cooke!—Disreis. Throughout India; Andamans
and Nicobars, Tropical Africa, Madagascar, Java, China.

The leaves are used as « pot-herb, and cattle eat the plant greedily.

Var. flava. General habit of S. sensitiva with stouter stems and larger
flowers. S. flava (sp.), Dalz. MS. ex Prain, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
v. 66 (1898) p. 3783 S. sensitiva, var. flore majore, Herb. Ind. Or.
Hook. f. & T. in Herb. Kew.

Except the slightly larger flowers (about 3 in. long) there does not
seem any distinctive character to separate this from the type, certainly
none to raise it to the rank of a species.

Konkan: Stocks!, Law! Kanara: Talbot ex Prain 1. c.

2, Smithia conferta, Sm. in Lees, Cyclop. v. 33 (1819) n. 2.
Annual, 2-4 ft. high ; stems not bristly ; branches long, virgate, straggling,
smooth, with long internodes below. Leaves small, nearly sessile,
abruptly-pinnate; rhachis 4-3 in. long; stipules very large, scarious,
lanceolate, acute, with very long acuminate or lacerate auricles. Leaflets
subsessile, 2-8 pairs, those of the stem-leaves j-§ by g in., those of the
upper or floral leaves narrower, about 5); in. broad, all linear-oblong,
obtuse or subacute, densely bristly on the margins and on the midrib
beneath. Flowers solitary or 2, in the axils of the upper leaves which
are crowded at the ends of the branches so as to form a congested head ;
pedicels very short, hairy; bracteoles scarious, i in. long, elliptic-oblong,
acute, with a long bristle at the apex and a few long bristles at the back.
Calyx 1-3 in. long, veins close, parallel; lips equal, oblong, acute, with
a few long bristles at the apex and on the back. Corolla yellow, 3-45 in.
long. Pods 3-6-jointed ; joints small. turgid, papillose. Trim. Fl.
Ceyl. v. 2, p. 37. S. geminiflora, Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. (1821) p. 352;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 422. S. geminiflora, var.
conferta, Baker, in Hook. f. F). B. 1. v. 2, p. 149.—Flowers : Nov.—Dee.

The name S. conferta given by Smith is 2 years prior to the name
S. geminiflora given by Roth.

Koxxan: Stocks!; Malwan, Woodrow. S. M. Country: Belgaum, Titchie, 1034!
Kanara: Kala naddi, Ritchie, 1034!—Disrris. Throughout India; Ceylon, Jaya,
N. Australia.

Van. geminiflora. A somewhat more slender plant. Leaves and
ealyx much less hairy. Flowers in the heads much fewer, often reduced
to a single pair.

Konkan: Stocks!, Capt. Geburne!

XLVILI. LEGUMINOS&, 337

3. Smithia purpurea, Hook. Bot. Mag. v. 73 (1847) t. 4283.
Herbaceous, erect, branched, 4-2 ft. high; stems and branches slender,
not bristly. Leaves nearly sessile ; rhachis 1-21 in. long, slightly bristly,
ending in a long bristle-point; stipules scarious, oyate-oblong, acute,
prolonged below their insertion into acuminate or lacerate auricles.
Leaflets 6-15 pairs, sessile, 1-3 in. long, elliptic-oblong, subacute, termi-
nated by a very long bristle, glabrous above, with long bristles on the
oblique midrib and the margins beneath, base rounded. Flowers 6-12,
in copious secund racemes from the axils of the upper leaves ; peduncles
filiform, more or less bristly, ascending ; pedicels filiform, drouping ;
bracteoles 3— in. long, ovate-oblong, subacute, parallel-veined, sometimes
with a few bristles on the margin. Calyx } in. long, rigid, parallel-
veined, glabrous; lips subequal, the upper obtuse, rounded, the lower
acute. Corolla 4 in. long, purple, with a white spot at the base of the
standard. Joints of pod 10-12, orbicular-oblong, about ;5 in. long,
reticulato-venose, not papillose. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 149; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 64; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 422.—Flowers :
Sept.—Dec. Vurn. Burkar.

Not common. Konkan: Stocks!; Thana, Law! Dsccan: Mahableshwar, Cooke! ;
Lanoli (plentiful), Cooke!, Woodrow!; Khandala, Cooke !—Distris. Appears to be
endemic in the Bombay Presidency.

4, Smithia setulosa, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. vy. 3 (1851) p. 208.
Erect, dichotomously branched, 3-4 ft. high ; stems and branches bristly
with deflexed yellowish hairs. Leaves abruptly-pinnate ; rhachis 2-4 in.
long, bristly, ending in a long bristle ; petioles 3-3 in. long; stipules
scarious, striate, lanceolate, cuspidate, glabrous or with a few long
bristles near the apex, prolonged below their insertion into acuminate or
lacerate auricles. Leaflets 4-7 pairs, subsessile, 7-13 by 1-2 in., oblong,
obtuse, terminated by a long bristle, somewhat unegual-sided, glabrous,
ciliate. Flowers in dichotomously forked racemes forming a thyrsoid
panicle, only the lowest subtended by a leaf; peduncles terete, bristly ;
pedicels short, ascending; bracts 1 in. long, elliptic, subacute, striate.
Calyx 3 in. long, rigid, parallel-veined, densely bristly ; upper lip obtuse,
slightly recurved ; lower smaller, elliptic-lanceolate, acute. Corolla } in.
long, bright yellow. Pods 10-12-jointed ; joints reticulato-venose, not
papillose. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 149; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 63; Bedd. Icon.
t. 243; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 422.—Fiowers :
Sept.—Dec.

Konkan: Stocks!; W. Ghats, Woodrow; Mandangarh (Dapoli taluka), Nairne.
Deccan : Mahableshwar (abundant), Coohe!, Woodrow! S.M. Country: Parva Ghat,
Dalzell! ; Belgaum districts, Cooke !—Disrriz. India (W. Peninsula).

5. Smithia capitata, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. vy. 3 (1851) p. 208
(not of Desy.). Annual, 1-2 ft. high; stems and branches terete, not
bristly. Leaves abruptly-pinnate ; rhachis bristly, 1-2 in. long, ending
in a bristle; petioles short; stipules scarious, lanceolate, acute, pro-
longed below their insertion into acute or lacerate auricles. Leaflets
subsessile, 9-15 pairs, [-2 by j-7% in. long, linear-oblong, obtuse,
bristly on the midrib beneath, ciliate. Flowers in globose terminal
(usually solitary) many-flowered heads; peduncles glabrous ; pedicels
very short; bracteoles membranous, oblanceolate, about 3 the length of
the calyx, bristle-tipped. Calyx 2 in. long, membranous, reticulately

Z

338 XtvVitt., LEGUM{NOS 4%.

veined ; lips orbicular, truncate, toothed, the teeth ending in stiff bristles.
Corolla much exserted. Pods 5-7-jointed; joints neither venose nor
papillose. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 150; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 63 (not Desv.) ; Bedd.
Icon. t. 244; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 422.—
Flowers : Sept.—Oct.

Konkan: Law!, Stocks! 8. M. Counrry: Parva Ghat, Da/zel/!—Disrris. India
(W. Peninsula),

6. Smithia pycnantha, Benth. ev Baker, in Hook, f. Fl. B. I. v. 2
(1876) p. 150. An erect annual 3-2 ft. high ; stems and branches bristly
with bulbous hairs. Leaves abruptly-pinnate; rhachis 4—? in. long,
bristly and bristle-pointed; stipules lanceolate, acute, very hairy, prolonged
below their insertion into acuminate or lacerate auricles. Leaflets sub-
sessile, 3-4 pairs, 3-3 by j-j in., linear-oblong, rounded at the apex,
not or slightly bristle-pointed, glabrous above, with a few scattered
bristles on the midrib beneath, ciliate. Flowers in dense globose heads
1 in. or more in diam., formed of congested racemes ; pedicels shorter
than the ealyx, bristly; bracteoles oblong or oblanceolate-oblong, about
half as long as the calyx. Calyx 4-} in. long, densely ciliate on the
margins with yellow bristles rising from black glandular bases; lips sub-
equal, the upper truncate or emarginate, the lower 3-lobed. Corolla
twice as long as the calyx. Pods 5-9-jointed; joints venose. Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 422.

Rare. Konxan: Stocks!, Law! Kanara: Woodrow.—Distris. Apparently endemic.

7. Smithia bigemina, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. vy.3 (1851) p. 208.
Annual, diffuse, 6-12 in. high; stems and branches very slender, bristly
with yellowish hairs. Leaves abruptly-pinnate; rhachis } in. long,
hairy and bristle-pointed; petioles very short ; stipules scarious, lanceo-
late-cuspidate, prolonged below their insertion into acuminate or lacerate
auricles. Leaflets 2 pairs, subsessile, 3-;5 by ;3,-3 in., oblanceolate,
cuneate, obtuse and bristle-pointed at the apex, glabrous above, more or
less strigose beneath, ciliate. Flowers 2-8, in copious axillary racemes
crowded towards the tops of the peduncles; peduncles glabrous, longer
than the leaves; pedicels very short, hairy ; bracts beneath the raceme
thinly membranous, oblong, bristle-pointed, glabrous ; bracteoles beneath
the calyx scarious, ovate-lanceolate, bristle-pointed and bristly along
the midrib at the back, half as long as the calyx. Calyx 4 in. long,
membranous, with dichotomously branched (not parallel) veins; lips
equal, bristly outside, strongly bristle-ciliate on the margins, the upper
lip truncate or slightly emarginate, the lower acutely 3-toothed, the
middle tooth the longest. Corolla yellow, twice as loug as the calyx.
Pods 6-8-jointed: joints tubercled. — Fl. B. 1. v. 2, p. 149; Dalz. & Gibs.
p. 64; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 422.—Flowers :
Sept.-Dec. Vern. Berki.

Konkan: Stocks! Deccan: Poona, Woodrow!; Mahableshwar, Cooke! 8S. M.
Country: Parva Ghat, Dalzell! Sinn: Stocks ex Prain.—Distris. India (W.
Peninsula).

8. Smithia blanda, var. racemosa, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. J.
‘,2 (1876) p. 151. Annual, erect, 1-1} ft. high ; stems slender, bristly
with spreading fulvous hairs. Leaves abruptly-pinnate ; rhachis 4—3 in.
long, bristly and bristle-pointed ; stipules scarious, more or less

XLVI. LEGUMINOS#. 339

hairy, lanceolate, prolonged below their insertion into acuminate or
lacerate auricles. Leaflets subsessile, 3-4 pairs, 3-? by 73, in.,
oblanceolate-oblong, rounded at the apex, not or minutely bristle-
pointed, ciliate, glabrous above, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs
beneath, the lowest pair of leaflets cuneate and nearly equal-sided, the
others more or less inequilateral at the base. Flowers in capitate
subsecund racemes ; peduncles 6-12-flowered, longer than the leaves,
bristly ; pedicels short, hairy ; bracteoles =); in. long, elliptic-oblong or
oblanceolate-oblong, hairy, ciliate at the apex. Calyx 4} in. long,
bristly and densely ciliate with yellowish hairs; veins branched, not
parallel; upper lip slightly larger than the lower, truncate, retuse or
emarginate, cuneate ; lower Jip 3-lobed, the mid-lobe acute and longer
than the lateral ones. Corolla 4 in. long. Pods 4~—7-jointed ; joints
reticulato-venose. Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 423.
Smithia racemosa (sp.), Heyne, in Wall. Cat. 5670; Dalz. & Gibs.
p. 63.—Flowers : Sept.

Konkan: Law!, Dalzeli! S. M. Country: Belgaum, Stocks, 315!, Dalzell.
Kanara: Dalzell!; Sirsi (N. Kanara), Woodrow.—Disrris. India (W. Peninsula).

9, Smithia hirsuta, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 3 (1851) p. 185
(not of Baker). Annual, erect, 1-13 ft. high, sparingly branched ;
stems and branches bristly with fulvous spreading hairs. Leaves
abruptly-pinnate; rhachis bristly and ending in a bristle, 3-? in. long ;
petioles 4-3 in. long; stipules scarious, lanceolate, slightly hairy on the
back, prolonged below their insertion into acuminate or lacerate auricles.
Leaflets subsessile, 3-4 pairs, 3-3 by ~,-7 in., oblanceolate, cuneate,
rounded and finely bristle-tipped at the apex, unequal-sided, ciliate
on the margins and with a few hairs beneath. Flowers in somewhat
capitate 4-10-flowered racemes; peduncles longer than the leaves,
bristly ; pedicels short, hairy ; bracteoles + in. long, somewhat oblique,
oblong, acute and with a long bristle-point, glabrons. Calyx 3 in. long,
bristly on the outside and strongly ciliate on the margins with fulvous
hairs which spring from black bulbous bases ; upper lip much larger
than the lower, 3 in. long by 35; in. broad, truncate and emarginate at
the apex ; lower lip j in. long by 4 in. broad, obovate, cuneate, acute
and bristle-pointed at the apex not lobed. Corolla 3 in. long, bright
yellow ; standard large, orbicular. Pods 4—7-jointed ; joints reticulato-
venose. Dalz. & Gibs. p. 63. Smithia humilis, Benth. MS. in Herb.
Ind. Or. H. f. & T.. Smithia blanda, Woodr..in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 423. SS. blanda var. humilis, Prain, in Journ. As. Soe.
Beng. v. 66 (1898) p. 379.—Flowers : Sept.

As I think that this plant is entitled to rank as a separate species
rather than as a variety of S. blanda, I have restored its status under
the original name given to it by Dalzell. The lips of the calyx are very
unequal and the bristles thereon spring from black bulbous glands,
while the lower lip is quite entire and not 3-lobed, as it is in the case of
S. blanda. Moreover, the flowers are much larger than they are in
that plant. Dalzell (7. c.) calls attention to the distinctive characters
afforded by the calyx.

Dalzell says that the plant is very rare and has been found by him in one locality
only, viz. Phunda Ghat near Kolhapur in the Deccan. I have found it abundantly on
the road from Panchgani to Mahableshwar, and on the roadside, close to the half-way
house, it used to form large brilliant patches of bright yellow.

42

340 XLVIII,. LEGUMINOSA,

10. Smithia salsuginea, Hance, Journ. Bot. v. 7 (1869) p. 164.
An erect annual 1-13 ft. high; stems reddish-brown, slender, terete,
glabrous or with very few scattered inconspicuous bristles ; branches
few, very slender, terete. Leaves abruptly-pinnate; rhachis 3-3 in.
long, bristly and shortly bristle-pointed ; petioles }-} in. long ; stipules
oblong-lanceolate, acute, prolonged below their insertion into auricles
which usually lie close to the stem or branch. Leaflets 2-4 pairs,
oblanceolate-oblong, obtuse, not or rarely apiculate, glabrous on both
sides with occasionally a few small bristles on the margins ; petiolules
3iy-zy im. long. Flowers in dichotomously-branched lax few-flowered
corymbose panicles ; peduncles slender ; pedicels 3-7 in. long, filiform ;
bracts ovate-lanceolate ; bracteoles 4-1 in. long, ovate-oblong or lanceo-
late-oblong, acute. Calyx closely reticulately veined, becoming enlarged
in fruit, the upper lip somewhat more so than the lower; upper lip
(tn flower) + by 2% in., cuneate oblong, deeply 2-lobed at the apex,
ciliate ; lower lip (i flower) } in. long by } in. broad at its widest part,
broadly ovate, acute, mucronate, ciliate and with a few bristles on the
back ; upper lip (in fruit) 7% by 2 in.; lower lip (in fruit) 4 by 355 in.
Corolla yellow, 3-7% in. long. Pods 10-16-jointed ; joints orbicular,
papillose. Smithia dichotoma, Dalz. MS. ex Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. 1.
Yaz... Loo,

As pointed out by Prain (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 66 [1898] p. 379),
the name S. salsuginew was published by Hance in 1869, while the
name S. dichotoma, though given to the plant by Dalzell many years
previously, was not published till 1876. Hence the name S. salsuginea
must necessarily be adopted.

Hance (1. ¢.) describes the leaves as odd-pinnate, which is evidently a
slip. His specimen n. 15113, collected by Sampson in 1868, is in
Herb. Kew.

Rare. Konkan: Stocks!, Law !—Disrrr, China,

24. ASCHYNOMENE, Linn.

Herbs, undershrubs or shrubs, not twining. Leaves pinnate ; stipules
setaceous or lanceolate. Leaflets numerous, small, entire, exstipellate.
Flowers in axillary (rarely terminal) racemes ; bracts usually stipuli-
form ; bracteoles appressed to the calyx. Calyx 2-lipped ; lips entire
or toothed. Corolla fugacious; standard orbicular, shortly clawed ;
wings obliquely obovate or oblong, equalling the standard; keel not
beaked. Stamens in 2 bundles of 5 each; anthers uniform. Ovary
stalked, 2- m-ovulate; style incurved, not bearded; stigma terminal.
Pod stalked, jointed ; joints 4-10, flattened or turgid in the middle,
1-seeded, easily separable.—Distris. Throughout the Tropics ; species
about 30.

Stems woody ; calyx glabrous ; joints of pod smooth .........+0+...06- 1. &. indica.
Stems pith-like; calyx hispid; joints of pod echinulate ............... 2. Al. aspera.

1. AEschynomene indica, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 7138. A much-
branched annual undershrub 1-3 ft. high. Stem slender, scarcely + in.
in diam. at the base, glabrous, pale-green; branches twiggy, terete,
glabrous. Leaves imparipinnate; rhachis 13-33 in. long, studded with
minute clandular excrescences almost amounting to prickles ; stipules

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS. 34)

searious, lanceolate, acuminate, prolonged below their insertion into
acute auricles. Leaflets alternate, 21-71, subsessile, ;4,—+ by sj—', in.,
set obliquely on the rhachis and overlapping, linear, obtuse, apiculate,
glabrous, unequal-sided, thin, 1l-nerved, the uppermost much _ the
smallest. Flowers in 1—4-flowered axillary racemes ; peduncles about
| in. long, and as well as the pedicels, glandular, often viscid ; pedicels
+-} in. long, filiform; bracts foliaceous, bristle-toothed ; bracteoles
‘-} in. long, linear-oblong, acute. Calyx 1 in. long, thinly mem-
branous, glabrous; upper lip bifid; lower lip minutely 3-toothed.
Corolla 3 in. long, yellow ; standard veined with purple. Pods 1-14 by
2 in., slightly curved or nearly straight; upper sutures straight, the
lower more or less indented; joints 6-10, readily separating, smooth or
slightly papillose. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 151; Grah. Cat. p. 48; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 62; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 38; Woedr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 423; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 126.—Flowers :
Aug.—Dec.

Konkan: Stocks!; hills near Matheran, Kanitkar! Drccan: Poona, Cooke},
Woodrow!, Kanitkar!; Kolhapur, Woodrow. Gusarar: common about Surat,
Dalzell & Gibson.—Distris. Throughout the Tropics of the Old World.

2. ASschynomene aspera, Jinn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 713. An
erect perennial shrub reaching 10 ft. in height ; stem pith-like, 3 in. or
more in diam., often horizontal below and floating, then erect, full
of light spongy white pith, glabrous; branches few or none. Leaves
sessile or nearly so, imparipinnate; stipules 3 in. long, lanceolate,
prolonged below their insertion into short auricles, deciduous. Leaflets
61-101, alternate or opposite, sessile, 1-4 by ;1,-4 in., linear-oblong,
obtuse, apiculate, 1-nerved, glabrous. Flowers in axillary 2—4-flowered
corymbose racemes shorter than the leaves; peduncles and_ pedicels
hairy ; bracts 2 in. long, ovate, acute; bracteoles 2, broadly ovate,
acute, mucronate, ciliate, 3-1 in. long. Calyx 2 in. long, hispid ; upper
lip rounded ; the lower 3-lobed. Corolla ? in. long, fugacious ; standard
glabrous; keel-petals hairy outside. Pods woody, nearly straight, 2-3
by 3-2 in., often indented on both sutures, always on the lower one ;
joints 4-8, echinulate or smooth on the faces. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 152;
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 39; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p- 423; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 125.

A swamp-species, not very common in the Bombay Presidency. S. M. Country:
Dharwar districts, Woodrow! Kanara: Woodrow !—Disrris. India (Bengal, Assam,
Silhet, Birma); Malay Isles, Tropical Africa.

The soft spongy pith-like stems, known as So/a, are used for a variety of purposes.
Owing to its lightness fishermen use Sola for floats, while the light helmets worn by
Europeans (Sola-fopis) are made from it. It is also employed as a surgical lint.
See Watt, Dict. Econ, Prod. 1. c.

25, ELEIOTIS, DC.

Annual diffuse slender herbs. Leaves 1—8-foliolate ; stipules striate.
Leaflets 2-stipellate. Flowers in axillary and terminal racemes. Floral
bracts large, ovate, striate, deciduous, each enclosing 2 flowers in bud:
bracteoles 0. Calyx small, 5-toothed. Corolla small; standard sub-
orbicular, clawed, emarginate; wings oblong; keel obtuse. Stamens
diadelphous ; anthers uniform. Ovary subsessile or shortly stalked ;
ovules 1-2; style inflexed above, somewhat thickened at the flexure ;

a

342 XLVIII. LEGUMINOSE.

stigma capitate, terminal. Pod of a single boat-shaped membranous
joint, compressed, reticulate, indehiscent, channelled along the back.
Seed oblong, subreniform.—Disrris. India; species 2.

Leaves 1-foliolate ; calyx-teeth very short................c00::eeeee 1. E. sororia.
Leaves 3-foliolate ; calyx-teeth nearly equalling the tube ...... 2. E. trifoliolata.

1. Eleiotis sororia, DC. Mém. Légum. (1825) Mém. 7, p. 350;
Prodr, vy. 2, p. 348. A prostrate annual; stems densely cespitose,
trailing, 1-23 ft. long, triquetrous, glabrous. Leaves 1-foliolate ; petioles
3_? in. long, slender, with a few scattered hairs and with a tuft of hairs
at the base; stipules scarious, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, striate.
Leaflets often mottled with brown spots, reniform, retuse or rounded at

the apex, usually broader than long, 3-14 by ?-14 in. (the lower leaflets

near the base of the stem often much smaller), glabrous above, with a
few scattered appressed hairs beneath, base cordate; nerves and veins
conspicuous on the underside; petiolules about ;4, in. long, densely
hairy ; stipels 2 at the base of each petiolule, subulate. Flowers in Jax
6-30-flowered axillary racemes; peduncles filiform, hairy; pedicels
filiform, hairy, usually in opposite pairs; floral bracts broadly ovate,
acute, striate, ciliate. Calyx 5b in. long, truncate; teeth very short,
rounded, ciliate. Corolla ;4, in. long; standard emarginate. Ovary
pubescent, subsessile. Pods subsessile, ; by 4 in., boat-shaped, pointed,
reticulately veined, glabrous when ripe. Seed + by 3); in., dark-brown,
polished. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 153; Wall. Cat. 5741 ; Wight & Arn. Prodr.
p- 231; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 40; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 423, EF. monophylla, DC. (1. ¢.). Glycine monophyllos,
Burm. Fl. Ind. p. 161, t. 50, fig. 2. Hedysarum sororium, Linn.
Mantiss. p. 270.—Flowers: July—Aug.

Sometimes there is present a very small pair of stipule-like leaflets
at the base of the petiole, above the true stipules. These were noticed
by Linneus (l. ¢.) and were considered by DC. to be a character
of sufficient importance to found a species on. Wight & Arn., however,
declare (/. c.) that these leaflets are not constant on the same plant, but
that some stems, even from the same root, have them, others not.

A very rare plant in the Bombay Presidency. It is abundant at Badami, a station
on the S. M. Railway, where it has been found by Mr. Woodrow! and myself. I

have not heard of it from any other locality in the Presidency.—Disrris. India
(plains of Bandelkhand and W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon.

2. Eleiotis trifoliolata, 7’. Cooke. Prostrate ; stems many, czspi-
tose, reaching 18 in. long, obscurely triquetrous, striate, glabrous. Leaves
3-foliolate ; petioles filiform, $1 in. long, glabrous ; stipules 5%, in. long,
linear-lanceolate, cuspidate, striate. Leaflets nearly equal, or the terminal
one a little longer, 2-3 by 2-2 in., not broader than long, broadly
obovate, rounded, truncate or retuse at the apex, glabrous above, with a
few appressed hairs beneath, base narrowed (not cordate); nerves and
veins conspicuous on the underside; stipels 2 beneath each leaflet, sub-
ulate. Flowers at first aggregated at the tops of the peduncles, elon-
gating in fruit in a lax few-flowered raceme ; peduncles hairy, axillary
or terminal, with 1 or 2 scarious bracts on the naked portion ; pedicels
filiform ; floral bracts large, striate, ovate-orbicular, shortly acuminate,
ciliate, each bract enclosing 2 flowers. Calyx 5}, in. long ; teeth triangular,
almost as long as the tube. Corolla 4 in. long; standard emarginate.

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS. 343

Ovary pubescent, shortly stalked, 1 (rarely 2) -ovulate; style inflexed,

thickened at the flexure. Pods 1—,5, in. long, boat-shaped, pointed, shortly

6
stalked, pubescent and reticulate on the faces, channelled at the back.
Very rare. S. M. Counrry: Badami, Woodrow !, Cooke!, Bhiva!—Distris, Ap-
parently endemic.

23, PYCNOSPORA, R. Br.

A low shrub. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate ; stipules free, membranous,
striate. Leaflets stipellate. Flowers minute, in terminal racemes ;
bracts membranous, caducous; bracteoles 0. Calyx deeply cleft, the
2 upper teeth subconnate. Corolla much exserted; standard suborbicular,
narrowed at the base; wings obliquely oblong, adhering to the keel ;
keel slightly curved, obtuse. Stamens diadelphous ; anthers uniform.
Ovary sessile; ovules many ; style inflexed, filiform ; stigma terminal.
Pod oblong, turgid, not jointed, 2-valved, continuous within, valves thin,
transversely veined. Seeds small, subreniform.— Disrris. India, Ceylon,
China, Philippines, N. Australia; species 1, combining the habit and
flowers of Desmodium with the pod of Crotalaria.

1. Pycnospora hedysaroides, ft. Br. ew Wight & Arn. Prodr.
(1834) p.197. Perennial; stems and branches numerous from a woody
base, appressedly pubescent. Leaves 3-foliolate, sometimes with a few
small casually simple ones near the base of the stems; petioles }-3 in.
long ; stipules scarious, lanceolate-cuspidate, striate, hairy. Leaflets
4-1 by ;3,-3 (the terminal much the larger), obovate, obtuse, rounded or
slightly emarginate, finely pubescent on both surfaces especially the
lower one, reticulately veined, base narrowed ; main nerves 5-6 pairs,
prominent and pubescent beneath; stipels filiform. Flowers small, in
terminal and axillary lax racemes ; peduncles hairy; pedicels filiform,
pubescent. Calyx + in. long, pubescent; teeth longer than the tube,
linear, acute. Corolla ;3; in. long, purplish. Pods 3-3 by ;%, in., black
when ripe, oblong-ellipsoid, turgid, apiculate, veined, pubescent, the
upper suture straight, the lower curved. Seeds 6-10. FI. B. I. v. 2,
p. 153; Trim. FI. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 41; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 423. Pyenospora nervosa, Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 197 ;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 75.—Flowers: Dec.

Konkan: Stocks!; near Vingorla, Da/zel/!—Disrriz. Throughout India; China,
Philippines, N. Australia.

27. PSEUDARTHRIA, Wight & Arn.

Herbs or undershrubs, villous or viscidly-pubescent. Leaves pinnately
3-foliolate ; stipules free, membranous or striate. Leaflets large, stipel-
late. Flowers small, twin or fascicled along the rhachis of a terminal or
axillary raceme or panicle; bracts narrow. Calyx-teeth as long as the
tube, the 2 upper subconnate. Corolla much exserted; standard sub-
orbicular ; wings oblique, oblong ; keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous ;
anthers uniform. Ovary subsessile; ovules many ; style inflexed, sub-
ulate; stigma small, terminal. Pod linear-oblong, flat, continuous within,
not jointed, the faces transversely veined. Seeds compressed, subreni-
form. Habit of Desmodium, from which it differs in pod.—- Disrrts.
Species 5, of which 1 is Tropical Asian, the other 4 African.

344 XLVIIT. LEGUMINOS®,

1. Pseudarthria viscida, Wight § Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 209.
Perennial, diffuse, prostrate ; stems 2-4 ft. long, slender, more or less
clothed with soft whitish hairs. Leaves 3-foliolate ; petioles 3-1 in.
long, densely hairy; stipules Te, in. long, lanceolate-cuspidate, hairy.
Leaflets stipollate, the terminal 17-33 by 13-2 in., rhomboid-ovate, the
lateral 13-12 by Z-1+ in., obliquely ovate- oblong or subrhomboid, all
more or less hairy above, densely grey-silky beneath ; stipels filiform,
often Lin. long. Flowers small, numerous, in distant fascicles along
the rhachis of terminal and axillary racemes or panicles; peduncles 1-3;
pedicels filiform, spreading, much longer than ie calyx ; bracts lanceo-
late-subulate, shorter than the pedicels. Calyx 54; in. long, hairy; teeth
as long as the tube, the 3 lower linear- subulate, the 2 upper shorter,
subconnate. Corolla. tin. long. Pods 3-3 by 4 rae oe in., linear- oblong,
flattened, clothed on the faces with fine hooked viscous hairs, densely
ciliate on the margins, one or both sutures often slightly indented between
the seeds. Seeds 4-6, subreniform, compressed, brownish-black. 1.
Be EV, .2,1p. 1545 Dalz. & Gibs. p. 743; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. vy. 2, patie
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 423,— Flowers : Aug.—
Sept.

Konkan: Stocks!; Vingorla, Kanitkar!, Woodrow. Kanara: Kala naddi, Ritchie,
1030 !—Drsrris. India (tropical zone, W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon, Timor.

28. URARIA, Desv.

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves pinnately 3—-J-foliolate or the lower
rarely 1-foliolate ; stipules free, acuminate, striate at the base. Leaflets
often large, stipellate. Flowers in terminal racemes; bracts ovate or
lanceolate, acuminate ; bracteoles 0. Calyx-tube very short ; the upper
teeth short, the 3 lower elongated. Corolla purple or yellow ; standard
orbicular or obovate, narrowed into a claw; wings falcate - - oblong,
adhering to the keel; keel slightly ineurved, obtuse. Stamens dia-
delphous ; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile or shortly stalked ; ovules
2-»; stvle filiform, inflexed above; stigma capitate, terminal. Pod of
2-6 small turgid 1-seeded joints folded on one another within the calyx.
Seeds orbicular or subglobose.—Disrris. Tropical Asia, Africa, and
Australia ; species 8.

1. Uraria picta, Desv. Journ. Bot. vy. 1 (1813) p. 128, t. 5, fig. 19.
A suffruticose sparingly branched perennial 3-6 ft. high ; stems stout,
reaching 4 in. in diam. at the base, finely downy with hooked hairs.
Leaves imparipinnate, 8-12 in. long (including the petiole); petioles
14-21 in. long, striate, downy; stipules } in. long, triangular, long-
acuminate, striate. Leaflets on the upper part of the stem 5-7 (rarely 9),
rigidly subcoriaceous, 4-8 by 3—? in., linear-oblong, acute, blotched with
white and glabrous above, finely reticulately venice and minutely pubes-
cent beneath, base rounded ; stipels subulate, ;3, in. long; leaflets on the
lower part of the stem 1-3-foliolate, suborbicular or oblong. Flowers
in close fascicles along the rhachis of spicate cylindric racemes 6-12 in.
long, 8-4 in. broad; rhachis and pedicels downy with hooked hairs ;
pedicels {-% in. long, curved upwards after flowering so that the pods
are in contact with the rhachis; bracts large, scarious, striate, strongly
ciliate, the upper lanceolate-acuminate, the lower oe com-
pletely concealing the buds, soon deciduous. Calyx 4 in. long ; teeth

XLVIIT, LEGUMINOS, 345

plumose, subulate, much longer than the tube. Corolla ! in. long,
purple. Pods glabrous, pale lead-colored ; joints 3-6, smooth, polished,
seed-like, 4 by 7/5 in., folded on one another. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 155;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 65; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 42; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 423; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 212.
Hedysarum pictum, Jacquin, Collect. v. 2, p. 262: Ieon. t. 567,.—
Flowers: Aug.-Nept. Vern. Prishnaparni; Pithvan.

Rare. Konkan: Island of Bombay, Woodrow!; Pavel, Ranade!; near Pen, Da/lzel/
§ Gibson; Salsette, Nairne.—Disrris, Throughout, India; Ceylon, Tropical Africa,
Malay Islands, Philippines.

29, ALYSICARPUS, Neck.

Diffuse or erect herbs. Leaves 1- (rarely 3-) foliolate ; stipules
scarious, acuminate, free or connate. Leaflets 2-stipellate. Flowers
in leaf-opposed, terminal, or axillary racemes; pedicels often twin:
bracts scarious, generally deciduous. Calyx glumaceous; teeth deep,
the 2 upper often connate. Corolla not or hardly exserted ; standard
obovate or orbicular, narrowed into the claw; wings obliquely oblong,
adhering to the keel, slightly curved, obtuse, usually appendiculate.
Stamens diadelphous ; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile or shortly stalked;
ovules numerous ; styleincurved; stigma capitate. Pod terete or turgid,
composed of several indehiscent 1-seeded joints.—Drsrris. Tropics of
the Old World and Australia ; species 15.

Calyx shorter or very slightly longer than the first joint of

the pod.
Podenronilifonmis: veIMlesssneisedasc easier enced ene cease eect ose 1. A. monilifer.
Pod not moniliform, veined.
Calyx shorter than the first joint of the pod ............... 2. A. hamosus,
Oalyx equalling or slightly longer than the first joint of
Een ORR east orca a pone tonsa aes oleae cee tonaccontcdnde, Uneas 3. A. vaginalis.

Calyx much longer than the first joint of the pod,
Teeth of calyx imbricate in the fruiting stage.

Pod slightly moniliform, neither veined nor rugose ... 4. A. bupleurifolius.
Pod moniliform, reticulately veined ....................008 5. A. longifolius.
Pod transversely ribbed. :
Pod 2:edeed, notvexserted! 1.7.0.5. 2ccs\s0cceoccedeenecssses 6. A, rugosus.
Bodk4-an pled exsertedis:t.:/.1.aceedeseab< doe sdasccsotsenancs 7. A, tetragonolobus.
Teeth of calyx not imbricate in the fruiting stage.
UL OWOrsiSCasllOmeen tank acaace ce coes beset ee caes hee. 8. A. pubescens.
lowers; pedicelled:. fet jecc sm ctuiwecaes aces seeeeousacacoseesce 9. A. belgaumensis.

1, Alysicarpus monilifer, DC. Prodr.v. 2 (1825) p. 353. Stems
3-2 ft. long, slender, tufted, prostrate, much-branched ; young branches
clothed with deciduous bristly hairs. Leaves 1-foliolate ; petioles ;3,—
3? in. long, more or less hairy ; stipules scarious, about as long as the
petioles, lanceolate, very acute, striate. Leaflets 1-1 by ;3,-8, oblong-
elliptic, rounded and mucronulate at the apex, glabrous above, slightly
hairy on the nerves and prominently reticulately veined beneath, base
rounded, often cordate: petiolules very short ; stipels minute, filiform.
Flowers erect, close, in 4—10-flowered axillary racemes ; pedicels very
short. Calyx obscurely hairy, ;!,-} in. long, about equalling or rather
less than the first joint of the pod; tube very short; teeth narrow-
lanceolate, very acute, striate. Pods 2-1 in. long by 5? in. thick,
erect, moniliform ; joints 4-8, turgid, subglobose, finely downy with
minute hooked hairs, not reticulately veined, Fl, B, I. y. 2, p. 157;

346 XLVILI, LEGUMINOS&,

Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 232; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 48; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 423.—Flowers : Sept.—Oct.

S. M. Country: Badami, Cooke !, Woodrow!; Dharwar, Woodrow. — Distris.
Throughout India ; Nubia, Abyssinia.

2. Alysicarpus hamosus, Hdyew. in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. v. 21
(1853) p. 171. Diffuse; stems 6-30 in. long; branches numerous,
ascending, slender, clothed with long spreading hairs. Leaves 1-foliolate ;
petioles 4-1 in. long, hairy; stipules scarious, reaching ;3; in. long,
linear, very acute, striate. Leaflets 3-14 by 3-1 in., broadly ovate or
suborbicular, rounded or mucronate at the apex, more or less hairy on
both surfaces and on the nerves beneath, base rounded or slightly
cordate; petiolules short, hairy; stipels minute, subulate. Flowers
usually in pairs along the rhachis, in axillary 4-8-flowered racemes ;
rhachis filiform, hirsute ; pedicels as long as the calyx; bracts scarious,
ovate, acute, ciliate. Calyx } in. long, shorter than the first joint of the
pod, the 8 lower teeth linear-lanceolate, acute, ciliate. Pods 3—} by }in.,
compressed, clothed with both straight and hooked hairs, linear, mucro-
nate; joints 3-7. Fl. B. L. v. 2, p. 157; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
y. 11 (1897) p. 423. Hedysarum procumbens, Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. 56 ;
FI. Ind. v. 3, p. 345.—Flowers : Sept.—Oct.

Rare. Konkan: Parel (island of Bombay), Woodrow!; Bombay, Capt. Geburne !

S. M. Country: Badami, Cooke !, Woodrow !—Disrrie. India (Plains of Banda,
W. Peninsula).

3. Alysicarpus vaginalis, DC. Prodr. v. 2 (1825) p. 353.
Suffruticose, diffuse ; stems numerous, robust, ascending, 1-3 ft. long,
glabrescent or with a few scattered hairs. Leaves 1-foliolate ; petioles
4-3 in. long; stipules scarious, often exceeding 3 in. long, ovate, acu-
minate, striate, closely appressed to the stem, straw-colored, persistent.
Leaflets very variable in form on one and the same plant, 3-23 by
1-1 in., lanceolate, oblong, or ovate-oblong, rounded or acute, or some-
times truncate at the apex, apiculate, glabrous, closely reticulately
veined, base usually cordate; petiolules very short; stipels minute,
caducous. Flowers in elongated 6-12-flowered racemes 1-3 in. long ;
pedicels about 54; in. long. Calyx } in. long, glabrescent, equalling or
slightly longer than the first joint of the pod; teeth longer than the
tube, linear, very acute, striate. Corolla pinkish, small, included. Pods
4-3? by J, in,, subterete, not or very rarely obscurely moniliform, apicu-
late, glabrous or nearly so, reticulately veined ; joints 4-8, longer than
broad. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 158; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 64; Wight & Arn.
Prodr. p. 233; Trim. FI. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 44; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 423.—Flowers: Oct.

Konkan: Stocks!, aw!; Neral, Cooke! Drccan: Woodrow. Gusarat: Woodrow ;

Surat, Kanitkar!, Dalzell & Gibson.—Distr1s. Throughout India; Ceylon, Afghan-
istan, and generally throughout the Tropics of the Old World.

Var. 1. nummularifolius, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 158.
Procumbent, diffusely branched ; stems 8-12 in. long, slender. Leaflets
elliptic-oblong or roundish, obtuse. Racemes dense, congested, often
under 1 in. long. Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v.1, p. 204. A. nummu-
larifolius (sp.), DC. Prodr. y. 2, p. 353; Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 232;
Grah. Cat. p. 50 ; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 64.

XLVII. LEGUMINOS.E. 347

Konkan: Dalzell! Deccan: Woodrow!—Disrris. As common and widely dis-
tributed as the type.

Van. 2. Stocksii, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 158. Stems
clothed with fine spreading hairs. Leaflets much thinner than in the
type, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, more or less hairy beneath. Racemes
elongated.

I have seen but one specimen in Herb. Kew. marked ‘“ Konkan, Séocks,.”—Disrriz.
Apparently endemic.

Var. 3. heterophyllus, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. vy. 2, p. 158.
Stems many, slender, 4-10 in. long. Upper leaves 3-foliolate ; the lower
1- and 3-foliolate intermixed. Leaflets thin, lanceolate or oblong-lan-
ceolate, acute or subobtuse, the upper sometimes very narrow. Racemes
6-20-flowered, reaching 5 in. long; flowers in distant pairs along a
filiform rhachis. <Alysicarpus heterophyllus, Benth. MS. in Herb. Kew.

Rare. Sivyp: Stocks!; Jemadar ka Landa near Karachi, Stocks, 1181 !—Duisrris.
Apparently endemic.

4. Alysicarpus bupleurifolius, DC. Prodr. v. 2 (1825) p. 352.
Stems 1-2 ft. long, slender, terete, ascending, glabrous. Leaves 1-
foliolate ; petioles /;-5 in. long, glabrous; stipules 3-3 in. long,
linear, very acute, glabrous. Leaflets rigid, variable, usually linear,
linear-oblong or lanceolate, acute, ?-2} by 3-1 in. (the lower leaflets
sometimes broadly elliptic), all glabrous, reticulately veined; petiolules
very short; stipels minute, caducous. Flowers in 10-20 distant pairs,
in rigid erect spicate lax racemes; pedicels very short. Calyx 2 in.
long, much longer than the first joint of the pod; tube funnel-shaped,
glabrous ; teeth acute, ciliate, imbricate. Corolla red. Pods 3-3 in.
long, stalked, strongly apiculate, cylindric, glabrous, smooth, scarcely
monilifori ; joints 4-8, as broad as long, not veined nor rugose. FI.
B. I. v. 2, p. 158; Grah. Cat. p. 50; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 64; Trim. FI.
Ceyl. v. 2, p. 44; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 423.
Hedysarum bupleurifolium, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 194.—Flowers: June-
Sept.

Konkan: Stocks!; Island of Bombay, Cooke!; Neral, Bhiva! Gusarar: Nausari,
Kanitkar! 8. M. Counrry: Karlimatti near Badami, Woodrow!; Belgaum, Ritchie,
164!—Distrts. Throughont India; Ceylon, Malay Isles, China, Philippines, Mauri-
tius, Polynesia.

5. Alysicarpus longifolius, Wight ¢ Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 233.
Stem stout, 4-5 ft. high, ascending, terete, slightly striate, glabrous.
Leaves 1-foliolate ; petioles 3-3 in. long ; stipules scarious, $—3 in. long,
lanceolate, very acute. Leaflets 2-6 by 3-2 in., oblong or lanceolate,
obtuse or subacute, glabrous above, appressedly hairy on the nerves
beneath, closely reticulately veined, the reticulations conspicuous on
both surfaces, base subcordate ; petiolules very short; stipels linear,
acute. Flowers erect, appressed to a more or less hairy rhachis, in
dense spicate racemes 3-1 ft. long; pedicels =), in. long, hairy ; bracts
conspicuous, often exceeding 3 in. long, ovate, acuminate, more or less
silky outside, ciliate, concealing the buds and falling before the flowers
open. Calyx 3-2 in. long, pubescent, ciliate, striate, as long as or
longer than the two lower joints of the pod; tube funnel-shaped, plicate ;
teeth much longer than the tube, imbricate in the fruiting stage. Pods

348 XLVIII, LEGUMINOSAE.

usually exserted, 3-3 by 5), in., very shortly stalked, glabrous, terete-
compressed, apiculate, slightly moniliform ; joints 4-6, glabrous, reticu-
lately veined, the veins not very conspicuous. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 159;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 65; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 45; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 423.—Flowers : "Sept. "Vern. Sevard.
Konkan: Stocks!; Matunga, Woodrow! Drccan: Poona, Woodrow! Gusarat:
Surat, Cooke!, Kanithar } Capt. Geburne!, Dalzell!; Dakor, Kanitkar !
; a root is like liquorice, Dalzell & Gibson.—Drstrrn. Throughout the plains of
naia,

6. Alysicarpus rugosus, DC. Prod. vy. 2 (1825) p. 353. Stems
1-2 ft. long, ascending, glabrous except for a decurrent line of hairs.
Leaves 1-foliolate ; petioles {1 in. long; stipules scarious, 3-3 in. long,
linear-lanceolate, very acute, striate. ” Leaflets 1-3 by 3- aie in. u usually
oblong, rarely orbicular or linear-lanceolate, obtuse, apiculate, glabrous
above, slightly appressedly hairy and reticulately veined beneath, base
often cordate; petiolules extremely short; stipels minute, caducous.
Flowers appressed to the subglabrous rhachis, crowded in dense spicate
racemes 1—4 in. long; pedicels 4 4-1 in. long, slender, glabrous ; bracts
large, chaffy, ovate, acuminate, elabrous. Calyx glabrous on the back,
3-3 in. long, deeply divided ; teeth lanceolate, much imbricate, minutely
ciliate. Pods 54 in. broad, turgid, very shortly stalked, apiculate, moni-
liform, included in the calyx ; joints 3- ®, _ broader than long, closely
transversely ribbed, glabrous. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 159. A. Wallichia,
Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 234.

Not nearly as common as the varieties. S. M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie, 180!
—Drisrrrs. Throughout India; Tropies of the Old World, Ceylon, Cape, W. Indies,

Var. 1. Heyneanus, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p.159. A
larger plant 3-4 ft. high. Stems more robust, pubescent or villous.
Leaflets large, obovate- ‘oblong, obtuse, permanently pubescent beneath.
Racemes longer, 4-6 in. long; flowers more distant. Calyx shorter.
Pods 4 in. broad, often exserted. A. Heyneanus (sp.), Wight & Arn.
Prodr. p. 234. A. obovatus, Edgew. Cat. Banda PI. p. 45. A. rugosus,
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 423.

Common in the Bombay Presidency. Konkan: Stocks!; Matunga, Woodrow!

Daccan: Poona, Woodrow!, Kanitkar! Gusarat: Dabhoi, Kanithar; Dakor,
Kanitkar !—Disrris. India (Bandelkhand, W. Peninsula); Ceylon.

Var. 2. styracifolius, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 159. A
smaller plant; stems diffuse, rarely reaching 18 in. long, finely pubes-
cent. Leaflets small, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, hairy beneath. Racemes
short, dense ; flowers subsessile along a very hairy rhachis. Calyx
hairy on the hack, strongly ciliate on the margins. Pods ;/; in. broad,
included or rarely exserted. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 45. A. styraci-
folius(sp.), DC. Prodr. v. 2. p. 353 (eaclud. syn.) ; Wight & Arn. Prodr.
p. 234; Grah. Cat. p. 50; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 65. A. lupulinus, Stocks,
ex Baker in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p- 159. A. scariosus, Grah. in Wall.
Cat. 5766; Aitch. Pb. & Sind PI. p. 45.

Konkan: Stocks!, Law! Gusarar: Surat, Dalzell § Gibson; Ankleshwar, Kanit-
kar!; Takor, Kanitkar! Sip: Stocks! ; Jemadar ka Landa near Karachi, Stocks,
1180 !—Drsrris. Throughout India ; Ceylon.

Var. 3. minor, Prain, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 66 (1898) p. 384.

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS 2, 349

Dwarf, diffuse; stems glabrous. Leaflets small, oblong, ovate or orbi-
cular, obtuse or subacute. Racemes short, dense; bracts and calyx
glabrous.

Western India, Gibson ex Prain (l.c.). Duccan: Woodrow! Gusanat: Rajkote
(Kathiawar), C. Macnaghten ex Prain (/.c.).

7. Alysicarpus tetragonolobus, Ldgew. in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
v. 21 (1853) p. 169. Procumbent, caespitose ; stems numerous, slender,
3-1 ft. long, marked with a line of hairs. Leaves 1-foliolate; petioles
qz-+ in. long; stipules scarious, }-+ in. long, lanceolate with a broad
base, acute, ciliate, striate. Leaflets 2-14 by 4-2 in., elliptic-oblong or
lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, glabrous above, hairy beneath, base
rounded or slightly cordate; petiolules very short; stipels minute,
caducous. Flowers in lax racemes 2-3 in. long, the lower flowers in
distant pairs along a slender rhachis, the upper approximated ; pedicels
go-zs in long, filiform; bracts + in. long, ovate-lanceolate, acute,
caducous. Calyx 4-3 in. long, deeply divided, puberulous outside ;
teeth lanceolate, acute, ciliate with long white hairs, imbricate in the
early fruiting stage, afterwards spreading. Pods 3-3 in. long, monili-
form, furnished with a projecting ridge down the middle of each face
making the pod quadrangular, distinctly exserted; joints 2-6, trans-
versely ribbed, glabrous. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 159; Edgew. Cat. Banda
Pl. p. 45; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897} p. 423. A. quad-
rangularis, Edgew. MS. ex Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. L. v. 2, p. 159.—
Flowers : Aug.

Konkan: Stocks! Drccan: Poona, Herd. Mus. Par., 393! and 498!, Woodrow,
49!, Cooke!; Ahmednagar, Woodrow, S. M. Country: Badami, Cooke!, Woodrow!
Stnp: Stocks, 1181 !—Disrris. India (Plains of Bandelkhand).

8. Alysicarpus pubescens, Law, in Wight, Icon. (1840) t. 250.
An erect herbaceous plant 3-4 ft. high ; stems and branches terete, softly
hairy. Leaves 1-foliolate ; petioles ,-3% in. long, softly hairy ; stipules
reaching 3 in. long, linear-lanceolate, prolonged to a fine acicular point,
clothed with long white hairs. Leaflets linear-oblong or oblong-lanceo-
late, acute, mucronate, slightly hairy or subglabrous above, clothed
beneath and on the nerves and margins with soft white hairs; base
rounded, subacute or slightly cordate; main nerves 3, starting from
the base, conspicuous ; petiolules very short; stipels minute, caducous.
Flowers sessile, in dense spikes 2—6 in. long ; rhachis plumose ; bracts
broadly ovate, acuminate, silky-villous outside. Calyx 4 in. long,
divided nearly to the base ; teeth narrowly lanceolate-subulate, densely
plumose, not imbricate. Corolla included or scarcely exserted. Pods
zs in. broad, moniliform, with a long mucro, included in the calyx ;
joints 3-4, globose, reticulate, the reticulations somewhat honeycombed.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 160 ; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 65; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 423.—Flowers : Sept.—Noy.

A very common plant. Konkan: Stocks! Duccan: Poona, Cooke !, Woodrow !;
Chattersinghi hill near Poona, Kanitkar!; Kolapur, Cooke! 8. M. Country: Bel-
gaum, common, Dalzell § Gibson, Ritchie, 177!, Cooke!, Wight! Kanara: Dalzell}
Gusarat: about Broach, Cooke !—Disrris. Apparently endemic.

9. Alysicarpus belgaumensis, Wight, Jcon. (1840) t. 92. Erect,
1-24 ft. high ; stems stout, terete, hairy. Leaves 1- or the upper often

350 XLVIIt. LEGUMINOS®.

3-foliolate; petioles 1-3 in. long, appressedly hairy ; stipules 4 in. long,
oblong-lanceolate prolonged to a long acicular point, ciliate. Leaflets

3-32 by 3-1 in., oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, mucronate, sub-
aa (those near the base of the stem often smaller and sometimes
broadly elliptic), all glabrous and reticulately veined above, densely
appressedly-silky beneath, ciliate ; petiolules very short, hairy ; stipels
subulate. Flowers at first in dense close terminal and axillary racemes
which afterwards elongate, sometimes reaching 9 in. long; pedicels
elongating after flowering to 3-3 in., slender, hairy, in pairs along a
hairy rhachis; bracts + in. long, broadly ovate, acuminate, strongly
nerved, slightly hairy on the back, ciliate, concealing the flowers when
in bud, soon falling. Calyx scarious, 3-3 in. long, divided nearly to the
base, slightly hairy on the back ; teeth oblong-lanceolate, acute, not
imbricate, strongly and closely nerved, ciliate with long, stiff hairs, the
2 upper teeth connate for about 3 their length. Corolla rosy ; standard
3 by 7 in. suborbicular or obovate. Pods 34-1 in. broad, included or
slightly exserted, subcompressed, finely pubescent, slightly moniliform ;
joints a reticulately veined, the reticulations honeycombed. FI. B. I.

. 2, p. 160; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 65; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1897) p. 423.—Flowers : Sept.—Oct.

Konkan: Stocks! Deccan: Ambenali near Lanoli, Kanitkar!; Mahableshwar,
abundant, Cooke! S. M. Country: Belgaum Districts, Cooke!; Parva Ghat, Ritchie,
phe Ramghat, Dalzell & Gibson. Kanara: Dalzell 1—Distrrs. Apparently
endemic.

Var. racemosus, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 160. Dwarf,
4-12 in. high. Leaflets 1-foliolate, broadly-elliptic, obovate or sub-
orbicular, under 1 in. long, rounded or subacute. Racemes shorter,
with fewer and more distant flowers. Calyx 3-;% in. long. Pods in-
cluded or slightly exserted. A. racemosus (sp.), Benth. in Hohen. PI.
Ind. Or. n. 1212; Bedd. Icon. t. 292.

Deccan: Mahableshwar, Cooke!, Woodrow !.

30. OUGEINIA, Benth.

A tree. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; stipules free, deciduous.
Leaflets large, stipellate. Flowers in fascicled axillary racemes ; pedicels
filiform, usually fascicled along the rhachis ; bracts small, squamiform ;
bracteoles beneath the calyx minute, persistent. Calyx-tube campanu-
late ; teeth obtuse, the two upper connate into a broad emarginate lip,
the lowest tooth longer than the lateral ones. Corolla much exserted ;
standard suborbicular or obovate, clawed; keel obtuse. Stamens dae
delphous ; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile ; ovules many; style in-
curved, subulate ; stigma terminal, capitate. Pod linear, elongate, flat,
smooth, formed of 2-5 large, more or less distinct, scarcely dehiscent
joints. —Disrrrs. East Indies ; ; species 1.

1. Ougeinia dalbergioides, Benth. Pl. Jungh, (1851-55) p. 216.
A tree 20-40 ft. high, with a short crooked trunk; bark dark brown,
deeply cracked ; branches slender, terete. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate,
often reaching 12 in. long (including the petiole) ; common petioles
13-2 in. long ; stipules j in. long, lanceolate, acute, caducous. Leaflets
rigidly coriaceous, the terminal broadly elliptic or roundish, sometimes

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS®., 251

trapezoidal, 3-6 by 2-4 in., the lateral leaflets opposite, obliquely ovate,
cordate, 3-4 by 13-3in.,on petiolules 3 in. long, all glabrous above, glabrous
or more or less downy beneath, distantly and shallowly crenate, bluntly
pointed ; main nerves 4-8 pairs, prominent; stipules subulate. Flowers
numerous, in short fascicled racemes from the node of old branches ;
pedicels colored, 4—? in. long, filiform ; bracts 51, in. long, ovate, acumi-
nate, broader than long, villous Gubeile: bracteole 1 beneath the calyx,
minute, villous. Calyx §—q in. long, pubescent ; teeth short, triangular.
Corolla 3—3 in. long, white or rose-colored, somewhat fragrant. Pods
2-3 in. zene > joints reticulately veined, 2-3 times as long as broad.
Il. B. I. v. 2, p. 161; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t.36 ; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 69 ;
Woodr. - Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 423 ; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 5, p. 657. Dalbergia ougeinensis, Roxb. Hort. Beng. p-. 53;
Wight, Icon. t. 391; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 78.—Flowers: Feb—May. Vurn.
Tivas; Kdld-palas.

Konkan: Dalzell & Gibson. Deccan: hills near Poona, Woodrow! ; Kartriz Ghat,
Gaba!; Khandesh, Talbot; Dapuri garden, Dalzeli!| Gusarat: Dang jungles,

Dalzell § Gibson. Kanara: Yellapur forests of N, Kanara, common, Talbot.—
Distrrs. India (Northern Provinces).

The bark affords a fine Kino and is used medicinally (Da/zell §& Gibson). The
wood is highly valued for its toughness. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. c.

31. DESMODIUM, Desv.

Herbs or shrubs (rarely small trees). Leaves pinnately 1-3- (rarely
5-) foliolate ; stipules usually striate, dry, free or united into 1 leat-
opposed one. Leaflets stipellate, often large. Flowers usually small,
in copious usually dense racemes, bracteate. Calyx-tube short, the 2
upper teeth more or less connate, the 3 lower acute or acuminate.
Corolla exserted; standard oblong, obovate or orbicular; wings ob-
liquely oblong, more or less adhering to the keel; keel obtuse. Vexil-
lary stamen ‘entirely or partially free, the other 9 united; anthers
uniform. Ovary sessile or stalked ; ovules 2-00 0; style incurved; stigma
terminal, minute, capitate. Pod " exserted from the calyx, Besnile or
stalked, usually formed of several 1-seeded indehiscent joints, the faces
compressed, the upper suture rarely splitting open, the joints usually
separating.— Disrris. Throughout the Tropics of both hemispheres, a
few in N. America and temperate S. Africa; species about 150.

Leaves 3-foliolate.
Shrubs or undershrubs.
Flowers in axillary peduncled umbels.
IBTATICHES LOLOL grssconc seve dees sea csciaensasuiecswetiesohe <asisnes 1. D. wimbellatum.
IBTALNCHES) IG UCLLOUS emesis cress scsesc ses sec erccasbecmacenas 2. D. Cephalotes.
Flowers in terminal and axillary racemes,
Pod indehiscent.

Bracts large, leafy, concealing the flowers ............ 3. D. pulchellum.
Bracts small, scarious, not concealing the flowers... 4. D. laxiflorum.
IE GUEGODIBCENLM eine. ervas etna seadscsoresssei vase eaessessceceane 5. D. polycarpum.
Herbs.
Erect ; stipules foliaceous, auricled ...............scseeceeeees 6. D. diffusum.
Trailing ; stipules scarious, not auricled .,..........5..00000- 7. D. triflorum.

Leaves 1-foliolate.
Shrubs or undershrubs.
Pehtolevwingedess.csssesc-warsitonniaceecenwsercanutioe ta ssad over os 8, D. triquetrum.

Qe: ;
vo2 XLVUI. LEGUMINOS#,

Petiole not winged,

Brauches angled ; joints of pod longer than broad...... 9. D. gangeticum.

Hi ne terete; joints of pod as broad as long......... 10. D. latifolium.

erbs.

Leaflets broader than long ..........<cs-scesscrsasvescowsserscoes 11. D. reniforme.

Teaffots an broad ag lone 0.23.05. ccccccecsasvsccstnecacceceeess 12. D. rotundifolium.

Leaves 1- and 3-foliolate intermixed.

Herbaceous; pod indehiscent............s.cceeceseceeccescusseeeces 13. D. parviflorum.
An erect undershrub; pod dehiscent ..............:.cc00eeseens 14. D. gyrans.

1. Desmodium umbellatum, DC. Prodr. vy. 2 (1825) p. 325. A
bushy shrub (occasionally growing into a small tree) 5-15 ft. high ;
young branches terete, downy with appressed pubescence. Leaves 3-
foliolate, 3-6 in. long (including the petiole); common petioles ?#-1 in.
long, thickened at the base, channelled, rusty-puberulous ; stipules 4 in.
long, closely parallel-striate, caducous. Leatlets subcoriaceous, ovate-
oblong, obtuse or subacute, glabrous above, canescent beneath (the
terminal 2-3 by 13-2 in., the lateral 13-2 by 1-12 in.); petiolules
g-7s In. long; main nerves 4-8 pairs, slender, parallel, curved ; stipels
g In. long, subulate. Flowers in axillary peduncled 6-12-flowered
umbels; peduncles 4-3 in. long; pedicels 3-1 in. long; bracts deci-
duous ; bracteoles broadly ovate-oblong, acuminate. Calyx 3-1 in. long;
teeth triangular, as long as the tube. Corolla 3 in. long, white. Pods
13-2 in. long, sparsely silky when young, glabrous when ripe, thick and
coriaceous, almost turgid, not reticulately veined, indented on both
sutures; joints 4-5 (usually 4)i by fin. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 161;
Grah. Cat. p. 49; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 66; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 47;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 69 ; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p- 423.

Rare. Gusarat: 8.E. of Surat, Dalzell § Gibson. 8. M. Counrry: near Belgaum,
always growing on the banks of streams, Law ex Graham 1. c.—Disrris. India near
the coast; Ceylon, Mascarene Islands, Malaya, Philippines, Polynesia. Prain says
(Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 66 (1898) p. 137) that all the specimens in the Calcutta
Herbarium were invariably sent from the sea-coast or the shores of tidal rivers.

2. Desmodium Cephalotes, JWull. Cat. (1828) 5721; var.
congestum, Prain, in Jowrn. As. Soc. Beng. v. 66 (1898) p. 389. A
shrub 4-5 ft. high; branches appressedly silky, triquetrous. Leaves
3-foliolate, 4-6 in. long; petioles #-1 in. long, appressedly silky;
stipules 3 in. long, linear-lanceolate, bristle-pointed, striate, glabrous.
Leaflets elliptic-oblong, obovate-oblong, or lanceolate, acuminate, grey-
silky and finely reticulately veined beneath (the terminal 27-4 by 13-
2 in., the lateral 2-33 by 2-14 in.) ; petiolules 3 in. long; main nerves
12-16 pairs, prominently slender; stipels 4 in. long, filiform, con-
spicuous. Flowers 20 or more, crowded in dense axillary peduncled
umbellate heads; peduncles 1-} in. long, stout, silky ; pedicels 0-5 in.
long (when present, silky, cup-shaped and fringed with white silky
hairs at the apex); bracts 4-4 in. long, linear-subulate, ciliate,
caducous ; bracteoles 1 in. long, linear-subulate, ciliate, caducous.
Calyx 1 in. long, campanulate, densely silky ; teeth lanceolate, acute,
about as long as the tube. Corolla + in. long, red. Pods {—1 in. long,
slightly curved, indented on both sutures, more deeply on the lower
one ; joints 3-6, as broad as long, slightly pubescent. D. congestwm (sp.),
Wall. Cat. 5723; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 66. D. Cephalotes, Fl. B. I. v. 2,
p- 161 (in part); Wight, Icon. t. 373; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 47:
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 69; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1897)

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS2. 353

p. 423; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 81.—Flowers: Aug.—Oct.
Vern. Lapoti.

D, Cephalotes (typical) is Subhimalayan, rare in India proper.

Konkan: Law!, Stocks! ; Island of Caranja, Dalzel/ § Gibson; hills near Matheran,
Kanitkar!; Matheran Ghat, H. M. Birdwood. 8. M. OCounrry: Belgaum, Ritchie,
188!; Castlerock, Cooke! Kanara: Yellapur (N. Kanara), Tadbot!—Disrrim.
Throughout the plains of India; Ceylon.

3. Desmodium pulchellum, Benth. ev Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I.
y. 2 (1876) p. 162. A shrub 4-5 ft. high ; branches slender, terete or
sometimes slightly angled, grey-downy. Leaves 3-foliolate, 3-7 in.
long ; petioles 3-3 in. long, channelled above, densely downy ; stipules
+ in. long, ovate, long-acuminate. Leaflets coriaceous, ovate-elliptic,

obtuse or subacute, subglabrous and subrugose above, finely downy,
reticulately veined and pale beneath, repand or undulate on the margins,
base rounded or subcordate (the terminal 2-5 by 1-24 in., equilateral,
the lateral 1-3 by 3-13 in. oblique); main nerves 8-10 pairs, oblique,
prominent beneath; petiolules ;,-4 in. long; stipels subulate. In-
florescence axillary or terminal; flowers in racemes 3-10 in. long, com-
posed of solitary, fascicled or umbellate flowers in the axils of 12-40
compound leafy bracts; bracts 2-foliolate, their leaflets orbicular, sti-
pellate, } in. across, glabrous on the upper, finely downy on the lower
side, placed back to back on a very short densely villous common petiole
which is stipulate at the base. Calyx /, in. long, puberulous; teeth
lanceolate, shorter than the tube. Corolla jin. long, yellow. Pods
4-4 in. long, indented on both sutures ; joints usually 2 (rarely 1 or 3),
slightly longer than broad, reticulately veined, pubescent. Trim. Fl.
Ceyl. v. 2, p. 48; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 69; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 428; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 83. Dicerma
pulchellum, DC. Prodr. v. 2, p. 3389; Wight, Icon. t. 418.—Flowers :
Aug.-—Oct.

Konkan: Stocks! Kanara: common in N, Kanara as undergrowth in the high
timber deciduous forests of the Yellapur Ghats, Z/bot,—Disrris, Throughout India ;
Ceylon, Malaya.

4, Desmodium laxiflorum, DC. Prodr. vy. 2 (1825) p. 335, An
erect undershrub 2-5 ft. high; stems slender, woody, obtusely angled,
clothed when young with short white subappressed hairs, at length
glabrescent. Leaves 3-foliolate; petioles 1-23 in. long, channelled
above, pubescent with appressed hairs; stipules 2 in. long, linear-
lanceolate, very acute, striate. Leaflets membranous, ovate-elliptic or
sometimes broadly lanceolate, acute or subobtuse, green and glabrous
above, appressedly hairy, reticulately veined and paler beneath, base
rounded or acute (the terminal 3-6 by 13-2? in., the lateral 17-4 by
1-14 in.); main nerves 7-12 pairs, slender, prominent beneath ; petio-
lules ,}; in. long; stipels j in. long, linear-subulate. Flowers in ter-
minal and axillary racemes 6-10 in. long, usually arranged in distant
few-flowered fascicles (rarely solitary) along a slender hairy rhachis ;
pedicels filiform, pubescent, ultimately 4-} in. long, finally spreading ;
bracts and bracteoles linear-acute, hairy. Calyx 4-3 in. long, campa-
nulate, strigose ; teeth lanceolate, slightly longer than the tube. Corolla
z in. long; standard white ; wings and keel blue. Pods 1-1? in. long,
searcely constricted between-the seeds, clothed with minute hooked

2A

354 XLVIIT, LEGUMINOS.2.

hairs ; joints 6-10, flat, 4 in. long, by 74-745 in. broad. FI. B. Tie
p. 164; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 70; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1897) p. 423. D. recurvatum, Wall. Cat. 5717; Grah. Cat. p. 49 ; Wight,
Icon. t. 374. —Flowers: Aug.—Oct. Vourn. Jangli-gdnjd.

Konkan: Law!; near Poladpur, Woodrow!; Matheran, Cooke! Duccan: Koos-
gaon near Karkala, Kanitkar! 8S. M. Counrry: Castlerock, Cooke! KANARA: com-
mon in the forests along the Supa Ghats of N. Kanara, Zalbot.—Duisrris. India
generally ; Java, Borneo, Philippines.

5. Desmodium polycarpum, D0. Prod. y. 2 (1825) p. 334. An
erect or suberect undershrub 2-5 ft. high; branches woody, slightly
angular, slender, clothed upwards with short grey appressed hairs.
Leaves 3-foliolate ; petioles 3-1 in. long, angular, more or less appres-
sedly hairy ; stipules 3-3 in. long, lanceolate-subulate. Leaflets sub-
coriaceous, 1-24 by }-1 in. (the terminal the largest), obovate-cuneate,
rounded at the apex, glabrous above, paler, closely reticulately veined
and with a few appressed hairs beneath ; main nerves 6-8 pairs, in-
conspicuous ; petiolules ;!;—/5 in. long; stipels 3-3 in. long, filiform.
Flowers in dense axillary and terminal subsessile racemes 1-3 in. long ;
pedicels 3-38; in. long, filiform, ascending ; bracts ovate-cuspidate,

4-1 in. long, ciliate with white hairs. Calyx 3/5 in. long, glabrescent ;

p. 423; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 83. Desmodium heterocarpum,
DC. Prodr. v. 2, p. 337 ; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 53.—Flowers: Aug.—
Oct.

Common throughout the Presidency. Konkan: Jacquemont, 664!; hills north-
east of Pen, Dalzell § Gibson; Dapoli, Nairne. S. M. Country: Castlerock, Bhiva!,
Cooke!; Ramghat, Law ex,Graham ; Londa, Cooke! Kanara: Kumpta and Yellapur,

Woodrow !—Distris. Throughout India; Ceylon, Malaya, EH. Africa, China, Japan,
Philippines, Polynesia.

6. Desmodium diffusum, DC. Prodr. vy. 2 (1825) p. 336, n. 106
(not p. 335, n. 88). Herbaceous, 1-2 ft. high; stems stout, angular,
deeply grooved, clothed with long spreading soft white hairs. Leaves
3-foliolate ; petioles 3-14 in. long, densely hairy ; stipules large, folia-
ceous, amplexicaul, auricled. Leaflets subcoriaceous, 1-337 by 3-2 in.,
ovate-oblong, elliptic-oblong, or obovate (the terminal the largest), ob-
tuse, apiculate, hairy on both surfaces, ciliate with long white hairs,
reticulately veined beneath, base acute or rounded ; main nerves 10-12
pairs, conspicuous beneath; petiolules 7; in. long; stipels linear-
lanceolate, 4—®; in. long. lowers in terminal and axillary racemes or
panicles reaching 1 ft. long, laxly arranged in few- (usually 2-3-) flowered
fascicles along a grooved and hairy rhachis ; pedicels filiform, 3-7 in.
long ; bracts ;4,-¢ in. long, lanceolate, acute, ciliate. Calyx 7/5 in.
long, hairy; teeth about as long as the tube, linear, acute, ciliate.
Corolla 3-1 in. long. Pods 3-2 by ;4j-} in., straight, indented on both
sutures, more so on the lower ; joints 3-6, rounded on both edges, as

XLVIII. LEGUMINOSA. 355

broad as long, clothed with hooked hairs, faintly reticulately veined.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 169; Wight, Icon. t. 298; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 423; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 82. Hedy-
sarum diffusum, Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 3, p. 1180.—Flowers: Sept. Vurn.
Chikta,

Bombay Presidency, without locality, Da/zel/! Konkan: Stocks!; Bombay, Capt.
Geburne! Dnccan: Poona, Woodrow; Nasik, Nairne.—Disrris. Throughout the
greater part of India.

7. Desmodium triflorum, DC. Prodr. v. 2 (1825) p. 334. A
small perennial trailing herb; stems slender, 6-18 in. long ; branches
numerous, prostrate, rooting at the nodes, sparsely hirsute with white
spreading hairs. Leaves 3-foliolate (the lower sometimes 1-foliolate) ;
petioles 7} in. long ; stipules ovate, acuminate, 3—-} in. long, persistent.
Leaflets membranous, obovate, cuneate, 4-1 by 4-+ in. (the terminal
slightly larger than the lateral), truncate or emarginate, rarely rounded,
glabrous above, more or less hairy beneath ; petiolules .—;4, in. long.
Flowers 1-5 (usually 3), fascicled in the axils of the leaves; pedicels
4 in. long, hairy; bracts ovate, acute, ciliate; bracteoles minute.
Calyx 3-3 in. long, clothed with long white hairs; teeth lanceolate,
longer than the campanulate tube, ciliate with long white hairs.
Corolla ¢ in. long, pink or occasionally white ; standard 4 in. broad,
broadly obovate, cuneate, produced into a long slender claw. Pods
3-3 by 4-1 in., the upper edge straight, the lower indented ; joints 3-5,
as broad as long, reticulately veined, more or less puberulous, the upper
edge straight, the lower rounded. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 173; Grah. Cat.
p. 49; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 67; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 54; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 423; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3,
p. 84.—Flowers: Oct. Vurn. Ran-methi.

A very common plant throughout the Presidency. Konxan: Stocks! Duccan:
widely, Woodrow; Mahableshwar, Cooke!; Koina valley, Cooke! SS. M. Country:
Belgaum, Ritchie, 187!; Castlerock, Cooke !—Distr1s. Common throughout India ;
cosmopolitan in the Tropics.

8. Desmodium triquetrum, DC. Prodr. vy. 2 (1825) p. 326. An
erect shrub; branches triquetrous, grooved, glabrescent. Leaves
1-foliolate ; petioles 3-11 in. long, hairy, furnished on each side with a
leaf-like reticulately veined glabrous wing of variable breadth ; stipules
scarious, 3—? in. long, linear-lanceolate, acute, closely parallel-striate,
persistent. Leaflets 4-6 by 1-2 in., ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
acute, glabrous above, slightly hairy on the nerves and reticulately
veined beneath, base rounded or subcordate ; main nerves 12-20 pairs ;
petiolules very short; stipels adnate to the top of the petiolar wing,
curved, acute, nerved. Flowers in axillary and terminal racemes 6-9 in.
long, in fascicles of 1-3 in the axils of subulate bracts j—3 in. long ;
pedicels filiform, short ; bracteoles linear-subulate, ciliate. Calyx 3 in.
long, hairy ; teeth unequal, the upper deltoid, the lower linear, acute.
Corolla 3 in. long, violet. Pods 1-2 by j in., linear-oblong, with a long
apiculation, flat, continuous, scarcely indented, densely and persistently
strigose with appressed grey hairs; joints 4-8, rather broader than
long. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 163 (exclud. syn. D. auriculatum, D. pseudo-
triquetrum, and D. alatum, DC.); Grah. Cat. p. 49; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 66;
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 49; King, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 66

Zaz

356 : XLVIII. LEGUMINOS#.

(1898) p. 143; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 70; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 423. Hedysarum triquetrum, Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 746.
Hedysarum alatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. yv. 3, p. 348.—Flowers: Sept.—Dee.
VeRN. Kdkgangd.

Konkan: Stocks!; Malabar Hill (Bombay), Graham ; Salsette, Graham ; Matheran,
Cooke!; Poladpur, Woodrow! Duccan: Koosgaon near Karkala, Woodrow! ; Panch-

gani, Woodrow! 8S. M. Country: Castlerock, Cooke! Kanara: moist forests of
N. Kanara from the coast inwards, Zadhot.

9. Desmodium gangeticum, DC. Prodr. vy. 2 (1825) p. 327.
An undershrub 2-4 ft. high; stems irregularly angled, glabrescent ;
branches angled, clothed with appressed white hairs. Leaves 1-folio-
late; petioles 2-? in. long; stipules scarious, 7-3 in. long, linear-
subulate, striate at the base. Leaflets membranous, 3}-5 by 13-23 in.,
ovate-oblong, acute or slightly acuminate, the margins somewhat waved,
glabrous and green above, paler and clothed with dense soft whitish
appressed hairs beneath, reticulately veined, base rounded, truncate or
subcordate ; main nerves 8-12 pairs; petiolules ;4, in. long, hairy ;
stipels 4 in. long, subulate. Flowers in copious ascending terminal and
axillary racemes 6-12 in. long, arranged in few-flowered fascicles along
a slender pubescent somewhat angular rhachis; pedicels }-7 in. long,
filiform, pubescent ; bracts subulate, ;,—4 in. long; bracteoles minute.
-Calyx +4; in. long, hairy ; teeth triangular, longer than the campanulate
tube. Corolla 4 in. long, violet or white ; standard 3 in. broad, cuneate
at the base. Pods subtalcate, 3-2? by ;4; in., deeply indented on the
lower, slightly indented on the upper edge; joints 6-8, longer than
broad, indehiscent, sparsely clothed with minute hooked hairs, the lower
edge rounded, the upper straight. FI. B. L. v. 2, p. 168; Grah. Cat.
p. 49; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 66; Trim. FL Ceyl. v. 2, p.51; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. p.70; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v.11 (1897) p.423; Waitt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 3, p. 82.—Flowers: May-July. Vern. Sdlvan;
Sdlparni,

Konkan: Stocks!; Malabar Hill (Bombay), Graham; near Pen, Dalzell § Gibson.
Deccan: Bowdhan near Poona, Woodrow, Kanitkar!; Kolapur, Cooke! 8S. M.
Country: Belgaum, Ritchie, 1083! Kanara: moist forests of N. Kanara, Talbot.—

Distris. India (Himalayas to Pegu); Ceylon, Tropical Africa, Malay Islands,
Philippines, China.

Var. maculatum, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 168. Dwarf, a
few inches (rarely 1 ft.) high. Leaflets rounded, cordate, 2-1} in. long,
green blotched with paler spots. D. maculatum (sp.), DC. Prodr. v. 2,
p.327. Hedysarum maculatum, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 746. Hedysarum
Hest a ak folio maculato), Dill. Hort. Elth. (1732) p. 170, t. 141,

g. 168.

Rare. Belgaum, Ritchie, 1033 !—Disreis. India (Robilkhand, Upper Bengal).

10. Desmodium latifolium, DC. Prodr. y. 2 (1825) p. 328. An
erect undershrub 3-6 ft. high; branches terete, spreading, densely
clothed with short fulvous hairs. Leaves 1-foliolate ; petioles 3-3 in.
long, densely fulvous-hairy ; stipules cordate-ovate at the base, long-
acuminate, hairy, ciliate. Leaflets 14-4 by 13-34 in., broadly ovate or
suborbicular, obtuse or subacute, mucronate, densely ciliate with short.
fulvous hairs, finely hairy above, densely so and reticulately veined
beneath, base cordate or truncate ; main nerves 6-8 pairs, conspicuous

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS#, 357

and densely fulvous-hairy beneath ; petiolules ;4,-} in. long, densely
fulvous-hairy ; stipels subulate, hairy. Flowers in terminal and
axillary racemes sometimes reaching | ft. long, arranged in (usually)
2-flowered fascicles along a hairy rhachis; pedicels shorter than the
calyx, hairy; bracts linear-subulate, hairy, longer than the calyx ;
bracteoles minute, hairy. Calyx + in. long, densely hairy; teeth
triangular, as long as the tube. Corolla } in. long, purple. Pods 3-3
by 75-1 in., straight, slightly indented on the upper, more deeply so on
the lower suture; joints 4-6, about as broad as long, densely clothed
with hooked hairs, the upper edge straight, the lower rounded. FI. B. I.
v. 2, p. 168 (exclud. syn. D. virgatum, Zoll.); Grah. Cat. p.49 ; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 66; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 51; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 70;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 423; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. vy. 3, p. 82.—Flowers: July—Sept.

Konkan: hilly places, Graham; moist forests, Talbot; Mira hills near Pen,
Dalzell & Gibson. Duccan: Bowdhan, 8 miles W. of Poona, Kanitkar! Kanara:
moist forests of N. Kanara, Zadbot.—Distris. Throughout India; Oeylon, Tropical
Africa, Malay Islands, Philippines.

11. Desmodium reniforme, DC. Prodr. v. 2 (1825) p. 327. A
slender plant ; stem reaching 18 in. long, very slender, pale, glabrous.
Leaves 1-foliolate; petioles 2-2 in. long, slender, glabrous; stipules
searious, } in. long, lanceolate, striate. Leaflets broader than long,
4-3 by }-1} in., reniform, glabrous on both surfaces, reticulately veined ;
main nerves 3-4 pairs; petiolule 4; in. long, slightly thickened ; stipels
subulate. Flowers in racemes which are usually terminal, or a few
flowers solitary or 2 together fascicled in the axils of the leaves; pedicels
filiform; bracts scarious, lanceolate, striate. Calyx ;/> in. long,
glabrous ; teeth triangular, acute, as long as the tube. Corolla 1} in.
long. Pods 4-2 by } in., the upper suture straight, the lower slightly
indented ; joints 3-5, longer than broad, glabrous, reticulately veined.
Fl. B. L. v.2, p.178; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 67. Hedysarum reniforme, Linn.
Sp. Pl. ed. 2 (1763) p. 1051; Burm. FI. Ind. t. 52, fig. 1.

This has been included on the authority of Dalzell § Gibson (Bomb. FI. 1. c.), who
state that it is common in subalpine jungles. It does not seem, however, to have been

found by any other collectors and there are no specimens from the Bombay Presidency
in Herb. Kew.—Distrrs. India (HE. Himalayas, Prome, Ava, W. Peninsula) ; Java.

12. Desmodium rotundifolium, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. y. 2
(1876) p. 172 (not of Wall.). An erect much-branched herb 6-18 in.
high; stem and branches terete, slender. Leaves |-foliolate ; petioles
3-1 in. long, filiform ; stipules } in. long, lanceolate-cuspidate. Leaflets
orbicular, 4-1 in. long, as broad as long, very shortly acuminate,
glabrous above, appressedly hairy beneath; nerves inconspicuous ;
petiolules ,, in. long; stipels subulate. Flowers in terminal and
axillary lax racemes, at first short, afterwards elongating and reaching
3-5 in. long, the lower flowers in distant pairs, the upper solitary, along
a slender rhachis; pedicels ascending, j-3 in. long, filiform: bracts
ovate, acuminate, striate, at first concealing the buds, falling after the
flowers develop. Calyx + in. long, hairy; tube very short; teeth
subulate, 3 times as long as the tube, ciliate with long hairs. Corolla
exserted, } in. long, pink. Pods 4-4 by ;/s in., falcate, the lower suture
slightly indented ; joints 3-6, as broad as long, somewhat turgid, re-

358 XLVIII. LEGUMINOS2.

ticulately veined, the upper suture straight, the lower rounded. Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 428.

Dalzell (MS. in Herb. Kew.) places this plant in the genus Alysi-
carpus, but though the pods are somewhat turgid and resemble the pods
of that genus, the calyx is not glumaceous and the corolla is considerably
exserted.

Deccan: Mahableshwar, very common, Cooke! ; Koosgaon near Karkala, Kanitkar !
8. M. Country: Belgaum districts, Ritchie, 288 !—Distris. Apparently endemic.

13. Desmodium parviflorum, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. vy. 2
(1876) p. 172. Herbaceous, erect, much-branched ; stems numerous,
pale, 1-2 ft. long, glabrous at the base, clothed with spreading fulvous
hairs in the upper part. Leaves 1- and 3-foliolate intermixed ; petioles
of the 1-foliolate leaves 3-? in., those of the 3-foliolate ones }-3 in.
long; stipules } in. long, ovate, produced into a long acicular point.
Leaflets elliptic-oblong, obtuse or subacute, mucronate, glabrous above,
appressedly hairy beneath, base subcordate (the terminal 1-2 by 3—? in.,
the lateral when present 1-3 by }-3 in.); petiolules short. Flowers in
lax, usually terminal racemes, the lower flowers in pairs, the upper
solitary along a slender hairy rhachis; pedicels filiform, 3-¢ in. long,
hairy ; bracts } in. long, lanceolate-cuspidate. Calyx 4 in. long, hairy,
divided almost to the base; teeth subulate, ciliate. Corolla not or very
slightly exserted. Pods falcate, 8—+ by ;/; in., both sutures indented,
the lower the deeper; joints 4-6, rounded on both edges, reticulately
veined, glabrescent. Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 423.
Alysicarpus parviflorus, Dalz.in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 3 (1851) p. 211;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 65.

This plant forms a connecting link between the genera Alysicarpus
and Desmodium and might with equal reason be placed in either. The
corolla is scarcely if at all exserted and the calyx is not glumaceous.

Rare. Konkan: Stocks!, Dalzell! | Deccan: Phunda Ghat near Kolhapur,
Dalzell & Gibson. 8S. M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie, 184!—Disrris. India
(Anamallay hills).

14. Desmodium gyrans, DC. Prodr. v. 2 (1825) p. 326. An
erect undershrub 2-4 ft. high; branches slender, grooved, the
young ones pubescent. Leaves 1-3-foliolate ; petioles 2-1 in. long,
sparsely hairy; stipules scarious, + in. long, lanceolate, caducous.
Leaflets subcoriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, glabrous above, more
or less silky-pubescent beneath (the terminal 1-23 by 3-3 in., the
lateral 2-7 by 4+ in.); petiolules } in. long; stipels linear-subulate.
Flowers in lax terminal and axillary racemes (the terminal often pani-
cled), elongating after flowering; pedicels 3-+ in. long, downy ; bracts
large, ovate, acuminate, striate, completely concealing the flowers in
bud, falling as the flowers develop. Calyx membranous, campanulate,
10. in. long, glabrous; teeth deltoid, shorter than the tube. Corolla
3 in. long, pink; standard broadly obovate or suborbicular, ,°; in. broad,
with a short claw. Pods 14-1? by ;%, in., slightly falcate, dehiscing
along the ventral suture which is slightly indented ; joints 5-10, in-
conspicuous, rather broader than long, hairy, reticulately veined, the
upper suture straight, the lower rounded. The two lateral leaflets move
spontaneously by jerks; hence the name. FI. B. I. v.2, p.174; Grah.
Cat. p.49; Wight, Icon. t. 294 ; Taubert, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf,

XLVIII, LEGUMINOS®, 359

v. 3, part 3, p. 74, fig. 39; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 56; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. p. 70.

Apparently confined to the Southern districts of the Presidency. Konkan: Stocks!
Kanara: moist forests of N. Kanara, common, Talhot.—Dristrie. India (along the
Himalayas from Hazara to Assam, Ava, Pegu, Tenasserim, W. Peninsula); Ceylon,
Malay Islands, Philippines.

32. ABRUS, Linn.

Climbing shrubs. Leaves abruptly-pinnate. Leaflets numerous ;
petiole terminated by a bristle. Flowers small, in dense racemes, on
axillary peduncles or short branches. Calyx small, campanulate, trun-
cate ; teeth very short, the 2 upper subconnate. Corolla much exserted ;
standard broadly obovate or suborbicular, narrowed into a short claw,
more or less adherent to the staminal-tube; wings narrow, oblong-
falcate ; keel longer and broader than the wings, arcuate. Stamens 9
(the tenth stamen absent), united into a tube slit above ; anthers uniform.
Ovary subsessile ; ovules ©; style short, incurved, beardless; stigma
capitate. Pod oblong or linear, flat or turgid, thinly septate between
the seeds.— Disrr1s. Cosmopolitan in the Tropics ; species 5.

Radbturmidn oo i=sdod edit. css sseeevcst cnosauevatuertisnostaneeeenetents 1. A. precatorius.
PER GH ATMS Le HeOd Clea. cosa. cn cakes acc des ctac cammeoeaucce cecccnee tenes 2. A, pulchellus.

1, Abrus precatorius, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1767) p. 472. A
perennial twiner; stems numerous, scarcely woody, slender, glabrous ;
branches terete, slender, glabrous or sparsely silky. Leaves 2—4 in.
long ; petioles 1-} in. long, thickened and hairy at the base; stipules
3-3, in. long, linear-subulate, pubescent, deciduous. Leaflets 10-20
pairs, 3-3 by ++ in. (those near the base of the rhachis smaller),
opposite, very deciduous, thinly membranous, ligulate-oblong, rounded,
minutely apiculate, glabrous above, slightly hairy beneath, base rounded ;
petiolules very short; stipels 0. Flowers crowded in many-flowered
racemes shorter than the leaves; rhachis usually thickened in fruit;
pedicels short. Calyx 4-3 in. long, glabrous or sparsely silky ; teeth
very short. Corolla 2 in. long, pink, or white with a pink tinge. Pods
oblong, turgid, 1-14 by 3-2 in., truncate, with a sharp deflexed beak,
silky-pubescent. Seeds 3-5, as large as a pea, usually bright scarlet
with a black spot, sometimes white with a black spot, or uniformly white,
polished, shining. In cultivated forms, the seeds are sometimes wholly
black. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 175; Grah. Cat. p. 51; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 76;
Taubert, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 3, p. 356, fig. 130 ;
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 57; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 70; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 424; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1,
p- 10.—Flowers: Sept.-Oct. VERN. Gury.

Konxan: Stocks!, Woodrow! Deccan: near Poona, Woodrow!, Cooke!; Gokak,
Cooke! Gusarat: Woodrow. Kanara: moist forests of N. Kanara common, Talbot.
—Distriz. Throughout India; Ceylon and throughout the Tropics, often planted.

The roots have been used as a substitute for liquorice. Theseeds are used as weights
by jewellers and for making rosaries and ornaments. They contain an acrid poison
and have been employed to kill cattle, the seeds being powdered, made into a paste
and introduced beneath the skin. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ec.

2. Abrus pulchellus, Wall. Cat. (1828) 5819. A much-branched
climber. Stems slender; branches slender, glabrous or thinly silky.
Leaves 3-5 in. long; petioles }-? in. long, thickened at the base,

860 XLVIII. LEGUMINOS®.

pubescent; stipules 3-;%, in. long, linear-lanceolate. Leaflets membranous
12-16 pairs, opposite, $i by 1-1 in., ligulate-oblong, rounded, apicu-
late, glabrous above, thinly silky beneath, base rounded ;_petiolules
very short; stipels 0. Flowers in many-flowered long-peduncled lax
racemes equalling or exceeding the leaves ; rhachis thickened in fruit ;
pedicels very short. Calyx } in. long, thinly silky. Corolla g in. long,
pink or pale blue. Pods 2-23 by 3-3 in., linear, flat, incurved ; valves
mooth, thin. Seeds 8-12, oblong, 34; by } in., compressed, black.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 175; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 57; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
p. 70; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 10.

Confined to the southern districts of the Presidency. Kanara: moist forests of
N. Kanara, very common near Karwar and along the coast southwards, Tadbot.—

Distris. India (E. Bengal, Birma, Sikkim); Ceylon, Malaya, Tropical & 8. Africa,
S.E. Asia.

33. LATHYRUS, Linn.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves abruptly-pinnate, the rhachis
ending in a tendril or bristle ; stipules foliaceous. Flowers solitary or
racemose; bracts caducous, usually minute; bracteoles 0. Calyx-tube
usually oblique at the base; teeth subequal or the upper shorter.
Corolla more or less exserted; standard broadly ovate or orbicular,
emarginate, narrowed into a short claw; keel shorter than the wings,
incurved, obtuse. Stamens diadelphous, the mouth of the staminal-
tube not oblique; anthers uniform. Ovary subsessile or stalked ; ovules
many; style inflexed, bearded on the inner (by the twisting of the style
often the outer) face, otherwise glabrous; stigma capitate. Pod com-
pressed or subterete, 2-valved, continuous within, many-seeded.—
Distriz. Species about 170, spread chiefly throughout the north
temperate zone.

1. Lathyrus inconspicuus, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 730. An
erect branched herb 4-9 in. high; stems slender, angled, glabrous.
Leaves abruptly-pinnate ; petioles short, not winged, produced at the
apex into a short straight linear or lanceolate bristle ; stipules }-3 in.
long, linear-lanceolate, caudate at the base, veined. Leaflets 2 (rarely 1),
subsessile, 3-12 by 4+ in., linear-lanceolate, acute, glabrous, con-
spicuously nerved beneath. Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves ;
pedicels short. Calyx + in. long, glabrous ; teeth as long as the tube,
linear-Janceolate. Corolla 3 in. long, lilac. Pods 1-2 by + in. linear,
compressed, slightly incurved at the apex, thickened at the margins,
reticulately veined, glabrous. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p.180. JZ. erectus, Boiss.
’ Fl. Orient. v. 2, p. 613.

Rare. Sinp: Stocks, 897!—Distris. India (Kashmir, Rawalpindi); Beluchistan,
Afghanistan, Syria, Mesopotamia.

Lathyrus sativus, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 730, Chickling-vetch, Jarosse,
Gesse, is not indigenous, but is sometimes cultivated in the Presidency,
more especially in Gujarat and Sind, where it is grown as a cold-season
crop. ‘The use of the grain as a food continuously for some months is
often found to produce in human beings incurable paralysis of the lower
extremities. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 179; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 22; Watt,
Dict, Econ, Prod. v. 4, p. 590,—VuERn. Kasdri ; Lang.

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS®, 361

34. SHUTERIA, Wight & Arn.

Climbing slender herbs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate ; stipules striate.
Leaflets stipellate. Flowers small, in axillary racemes, often twin or
fascicled along the rhachis ; bracts persistent, striate ; bracteoles small.
Calyx-tube gibbous; teeth short, the 2 upper connate at the apex.
Corolla exserted ; standard obovate, narrowed at the base, not auricled ;
wings narrow, oblique, adhering to the keel ; keel shorter than the wings,
obtuse. Stamens diadelphous; anthers uniform. Ovary subsessile ;
ovules many; style incurved, filiform, beardless ; stigma capitate. Pod
linear, 2-valved, obscurely septate within between the seeds.—Disrrip.
Species 5, of which 4 are Indian, the other Tropical African.

1. Shuteria vestita, Wight ¢ Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 207. Herba-
ceous, twining ; stems woody, slender, hairy. Leaves pinnately 3-folio-
late ; petioles 13-2? in. long, more or less hairy ; stipules + in. long,
lanceolate, acute. Leaflets membranous or subcoriaceous, 14-14 by
3-1 in., the terminal rhomboid-obovate, the lateral slightly smaller,
ovate-oblong or elliptic, all more or less hairy on both sides, rounded at
both ends, minutely apiculate; stipels } in. long, linear-subulate.
Racemes dense, 1-4 in. long, 2 or 3 sometimes starting from the same
node, the lower flowers often twin ; pedicels short, densely hairy; bracts
rigid, ovate-lanceolate, hairy, persistent, about as long as the pedicels.
Calyx + in. long, very hairy outside ; teeth lanceolate-subulate, shorter
than the tube. Corolla 3 in. long, purplish-red. Pods 1-1} by } in,,
linear, hairy, slightly recurved. Seeds 5-7, ellipsoid, compressed,
brownish-black. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 181; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 68; Wight,
Icon. t. 165; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 58; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 424.—Flowers: Oct.

Konkan: Stocks!; hills near Matheran, Kanitkar! Dunccan: Bowdhan near
Poona, Kanitkar!; hills near Poona, Woodrow!; Pal jungles, Khandesh, Kanitkar!
S. M. Country: Dharwar, Cooke!; between Parva Ghat and Talayeri, Daleel]!—
Disrris. India (E. Himalayas, Khasia, Sikkim, W. Peninsula); Ceylon.

35. DUMASIA, DC.

Twining slender herbs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, stipulate.
Leaflets stipellate. Flowers solitary or twin along the rhachis of
axillary racemes ; bracts small, narrow ; bracteoles minute. Calyx-tube
cylindric, gibbous, with a very oblique subtruncate mouth; teeth obsolete.
Corolla exserted ; standard obovate, erect, the margins slightly inflexed,
the claw auricled; wings and keel adherent, with small blades and long
claws. Stamens diadelphous; anthers uniform. Ovary substipitate ;
ovules many; style flattened above the middle, beardless ; stigma
capitate. Pod subsessile, linear, compressed, torulose, 2-valved, con-
tinuous within.—Disrris. Tropical and Subtropical Asia; species 3.

1. Dumasia villosa, DC. Mém. Légum. (1825) p. 257, t. 44.
A twining herb; stems slender, terete, more or less fulvous-hairy.
Leaves 3-foliolate ; petioles #-13 in. long, fulvous-hairy; stipules
3 in. long, linear-lanceolate, hairy. Leaflets membranous, 13-23 by
1-14 in. (the terminal leaflets not much larger than the lateral
ones), ovate, subobtuse, apiculate, glabrous above, more or less hairy
beneath, the margins of the young leaves ciliate, base shortly cuneate.

362 XLVIII. LEGUMINOS.®.

Flowers in axillary 6-20-flowered racemes 2-4 in. long ; rhachis slender,
hairy ; pedicels ;'; in. long; bracts subulate, hairy, 7'5 in. long. Calyx
3 in. long, clothed when young with silky hairs, soon glabrescent, the
mouth obliquely truncate, the base saccate. Corolla 1-3 in. long, pale
yellow. Pods 13 in. long, linear, straight, torulose, velvety. Seeds 3-4,
ellipsoid, ;8; in. long, black, shining. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 183; Trim. Fl.
Ceyl. v. 2, p.58; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 424.
D. congesta, Grah. in Wall. Cat. 5524; Wight, Icon. t. 445.—Flowers :
Oct.—Noy.

A rare plant. I have found it only at Mahableshwar along one of the paths close
to Bombay Point, and it has never been brought to me by any of the plant collectors.
—Disrris. India (Himalayas and hills of the Western Peninsula); Ceylon, Java,
Madagascar, Natal.

36. GLYCINE, Linn.

Twining or prostrate herbs, rarely suberect. Leaves pinnately 3-7-
foliolate ; stipules small. Leaflets stipellate. Flowers small, in axillary
racemes, solitary or fascicled along the rhachis; bracts and bracteoles
small. Calyx-tube campanulate ; teeth distinct, long or short. Corolla
usually but little exserted ; standard subauricled at the base; wings
narrow, adhering to the keel; keel shorter than the wings, obtuse.
Stamens monadelphous, or the vexillary stamen at length free ; anthers
uniform. Ovary subsessile ; ovules many; style slightly incurved,
usually short, beardless ; stigma capitate. Pod linear or linear-oblong,
2-valved. Seeds few.—Duisrris. Tropical Asia and Africa, Australia ;
species about 12.

SAVER ee IOUOMAED: 25.5 a5 x05 ta seode aes eaenn dov<wadoanlanentaeraner wee 1. G. javanica.
WAVER D1 AGHOIMLS (5c. 5 essieda son vasuovivernivesccuvetuanses vont aner 2. G. pentaphylla.

1. Glycine javanica, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 754. An extensive
herbaceous twiner; stems somewhat angular, slender, densely clothed
with deflexed grey or fulvous hairs; young shoots silky. Leaves 3-
foliolate; petioles 14~33 in. long, hairy ; stipules } in. long, triangular,
nerved, densely hairy. Leaflets 2-44 by 14-3 (the terminal slightly
larger than the lateral, the lateral unequal-sided, the lower side the
largest), broadly ovate, subacute, mucronate, glabrous or nearly so above,
appressedly hairy and pale beneath; stipels linear-subulate. Flowers
numerous, crowded in narrow (usually dense) axillary racemes 1-6 in.
long; pedicels short, slender, hairy ; bracts 4 in. long, linear-subulate,
persistent, hairy. Calyx 3-} in. long, densely silky ; teeth longer than
the tube, subulate, plumose. Corolla tin. long, reddish. Pods 1 by 4 in.,
linear, compressed, straight, densely appressedly hairy. Seeds 4-5.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 183; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 59; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 424.—Flowers: Nov.

Konxan: Stocks! S. M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie, 213! Kanara: Kala naddi,
Ritchie!|—Disrris. India (Western Peninsula); Ceylon, Tropical Africa, Natal, Java.

2. Glycine pentaphylla, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 4 (1852)
p. 344. A large twining herb ; stems slender, with a few appressed silky
hairs. Leaves reaching 9 in. long, 5-7-foliolate ; petioles 2-23 in. long,
appressedly silky ; stipules small, linear-subulate, caducous. Leaflets 1-4
by 2-11 in., opposite (the terminal the longer), oblong-lanceolate, acute,
mucronate, glabrous above, appressedly silky beneath, closely reticulately

XLVIII. LEGUMINOSA, 363

veined, base rounded; stipels minute, caducous. Flowers in axillary
lax racemes 6-9 in. long, in few-flowered fascicles along an appressedly
silky rhachis; pedicels very short; bracts and bracteoles minute, sub-
ulate, caducous. Calyx + in. long, densely silky ; teeth deltoid, shorter
than the tube. Corolla in. long, reddish; standard silky on the back,
inconspicuously spurred at the base. Pods 14 by 4-4 in., linear, flat,
very slightly recurved, more or less appressedly silky. Seeds 4-5.
Fi. B. I. v. 2, p. 184; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 68; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 424.—Flowers: Aug.—Oct.

Konkan: Stocks!; Wari country, Da/zel/!| Kanara: Yellapur, Zadbot !—Drsrriz.
India (Khasia).

37. TERAMNUS, Sw.

Twining slender herbs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate ; stipules small.
Leaflets stipellate. Flowers very small, in few-flowered fascicles in the
axils of the leaves, or in axillary racemes, the flowers twin or fascicled
along the rhachis ; bracts and bracteoles small. Calyx-tube campanu-
late ; the 2 upper teeth connate or distinct. Corolla little exserted ;
standard obovate, narrowed at the base, not spurred; wings narrow,
adhering to the keel; keel shorter than the wings, almost straight,
obtuse. Stamens monadelphous ; alternate anthers very small, abortive.
Ovary sessile; ovules many; style short, thick, beardless; stigma
capitate. Pod linear, 2-valved, septate within between the seeds,
hooked with the persistent style at the tip.—Duisrris. Tropical Asia,
Africa and America; species 4.

1. Teramnus labialis, Spreng. Syst. v.3 (1826) p. 235. A widely
spreading twining herb ; stems slender, more or less appressedly hairy.
Leaves 3-foliolate ; petioles }-14 in.; stipules 3 in. long, ovate-lanceo-
late, acute, deciduous. Leaflets membranous or subcoriaceous, 11-21 by
2-1 in. (the terminal slightly the largest), ovate-oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, subacute, apiculate, glabrous above, slightly appressedly hairy
beneath, base rounded or acute; stipels subulate, ;,-;4, in. long.
Flowers in axillary few-flowered lax racemes 2-6 in. long, solitary or
fascicled along a slender more or less hairy rhachis ; pedicels 4 in. long;
bracts y's in. long, linear-lanceolate ; bracteoles 7; in. long, subulate.
Calyx 4-4 in. long, silky ; teeth lanceolate, as long as the campanulate
tube. Corolla 53+ in. long, reddish. Pods 14-2 by ;, in., narrowly
linear, straight or slightly incurved, hairy when young, nearly glabrous
when mature, with a short stout beak bent upwards so as to form nearly
a right angle with the pod. Seeds 8-12, oblong, truncate or slightly
rounded at the ends, smooth, dark brown. Fl. B. IL. v. 2, p. 184;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 424; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2,
p- 60. Glycine labialis, Linn. f. Suppl. p. 325; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 68 ;
Wight, Icon. t. 168. Glycine warreensis, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot.
v. 3 (1851) p. 210; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 68.—Flowers: Aug.—Oct. VERN.
Ran-udid.

Very common throughout the Presidency. Konxan: ZLaw!, Stocks!, Dalzell!;
Wari country, Dalzell § Gibson; Bombay, Capt. Geburne! Deccan: widely, Woodrow;
Bowdhan, Kanitkar!; Poona, Woodrow!; Bhor, Bhiva! Gusarar: Surat, Kanitkar !
S. M. Oounrry: Castlerock, Cooke!; Belgaum, Ritchie, 182!—Distr1B. Throughout
India, Ceylon and the Tropics generally, Natal.

364 XLVIII. LEGUMINOS 4.

Var. mollis, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 184. Stems with
longer and more spreading hairs. Leaflets densely pubescent beneath.
Calyx-teeth shorter than the tube. Pods densely hairy. Glycine mollis
(sp.), Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 209. Teramnus mollis (sp.), Benth. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 8 (1865) p. 265.

Konran: Dalzeli! S. M. Country: Parva Ghat, Ritchie, 1043!

38. MUCUNA, Adans.

Twining perennials and annuals. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate ;
stipules deciduous. Leaflets usually stipellate. Flowers racemose or
corymbose, purple or greenish-yellow, turning black when dried; bracts
small or eaducous. Calyx-tube campanulate, the 2 upper teeth entirely
connate, the lowest tooth longer than the others. Corolla much ex-
serted; standard more than half as long as the rostrate keel, which
usually slightly exceeds the wings. Stamens diadelphous; anthers
dimorphous. Ovary sessile; ovules many; style filiform, beardless; stigma
capitate. Pod very variable in shape and sculpture, usually clothed with
brittle irritant fine bristles.—Distr1B. Throughout the Tropics ; species
about 30.

Perennials.

Pod winged on the sutures. .
Pod transversely plaited on the faces.

Pod nearly as broad as long, l-seeded ...............-+. 1. M. monosperma,
Pod twice as long as broad, 2-seeded .........1.sseeeeeeee 2. M. atropurpurea.
Pod not transversely plaited on the faces .............. w. 3. M. gigantea.
Annual. Pod neither winged nor transversely plaited......... 4. M. pruriens.

1. Mucuna monosperma, DC. Prodr.y. 2 (1825) p.406. A large
woody perennial twiner; young branches clothed with rusty brown
deciduous tomentum. Leaves 6-9 in. long; petioles 3-43 in. long;
stipules 3 in. long, linear, deciduous. Leaflets 23-4 by 2-3 in., thinly
coriaceous, ovate-oblong or elliptic, shortly acuminate (the lateral leaflets
inequilateral, the lower side the largest), glabrous above, more or less
pubescent beneath, base rounded. Flowers in 6-12-flowered corymbose
axillary racemes shorter than the leaves; peduncles variable in length,
1-21 in.long; pedicels }~3 in. long ; bracts small, triangular, ¢ in. long,
deciduous; bracteoles § in. long, linear-lanceolate. Calyx 3 in. long,
clothed with irritant bristles ; teeth about half as long as the tube, the
upper truncate, the lateral deltoid, the lower linear. Corolla 14 in.
long, purple; keel abruptly inflexed at the tip. Pods 2-3 by 24 in.
(nearly as broad as long), winged on both sutures and obliquely plaited
on the faces, covered with brown deciduous irritant bristles. Seed
solitary, nearly circular in horizontal cross section, slightly compressed,
dark brown, smooth, shining; hilum linear, extending round three-
fourths of the edge. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 185; Grah. Cat. p. 53; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 70; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 61; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 70;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 424; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 5, p. 285.—Flowers : Noy.—Jan.

Konkan: Law!, Stocks! 8S, M. Country: Kala ndddi, Ritchie, 1714!; Ramghat,
Dalzell § Gibson.—Disrrre. India (E. Himalayas, Khasia, Assam, Chittagong, W.
Peninsula); Ceylon.

The seed is known as the Negro Bean and is said to be used by the Brahmins as a
restorative. See Watt, Diet. Econ. Prod. 1. c.

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS#, 365

2. Mucuna atropurpurea, DU. Prodi. vy. 2 (1825) p. 406. A
woody perennial twiner; young branches slender, glabrous. Leaves
reaching 7 in. long; petioles 3—4 in. long ; stipules ;'; in. long, lanceo-
late, caducous. Leaflets 24-5 by 14-3 in., thinly coriaceous, elliptic-
oblong or ovate-obloug, acuminate (the terminal equal-sided and nar-
rowed, the lateral inequilateral and rounded at the base), glabrous
above, with a few scattered hairs beneath, reticulately veined ; stipels
ty in. long, subulate. Flowers in short 10-15-flowered racemes or
panicles ; pedicels }—? in. long; bracts triangular. Calyx }—2 in. long,
downy and with a few orange-colored bristles, deeply bilabiate ; upper
lip about half as long as the tube, the 3 lower segments triangular, equal.
Corolla dark purple, large, 2-2} in. long; keel abruptly curved upwards
at the tip; standard 1 in. broad. Pods more than double as long as
broad, 3-5 by 14-1? in., winged along both sutures with 10-14 parallel
plaits running obliquely across the faces from the winged margins,
clothed with copious orange-colored irritant bristles. Seeds usually 2
(rarely 1), broadly ellipsoid, slightly compressed ; hilum extending half
round the edge. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 186; Grah. Cat. p. 53; Trim. FI.
Ceyl. v. 2, p. 61.

Konkan: 8. Konkan, Nimmo, fide Graham 1. ec.

This plant has been included on the authority of Graham whocites Nimmo. I have
seen no specimens from Bombay.—Disrris. India (W. Peninsula); Ceylon.;

3. Mucuna gigantea, DC. Prodr. v. 2 (1825) p. 405. A large
woody perennial twiner; stems reaching a great length; branches
slender, glabrous. Leaves 5-9 in. long; petioles 4-5 in. long, glabrous ;
stipules linear, tin. long. Leaflets 4-5 by 2-22 in., ovate or elliptic,
acuminate (terminal leaflets equal-sided and cuneate, lateral leaflets in-
equilateral and rounded at the base), glabrous on both surfaces ; stipels
% in. long, subulate. Flowers in umbelliform corymbs; peduncles
4-18 in. long; pedicels # in. long; bracts and bracteoles minute,
deciduous. Calyx 3-3 in. long, with a few irritant bristles; tube
cylindric ; upper lip subtruncate, the 3 lower teeth very small and tri-
angular in bud, afterwards obsolete. Corolla 1-14 in. long, greenish
yellow; keel not abruptly inflexed at the tip. Pods 3-6 by 2 in., broadly
winged down both sutures, but not plaited across the face, clothed with
deciduous yellowish-brown irritant bristles. Seeds 2-6; hilum extending
round more than half the edge. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 186; Grah. Cat.
p. 53; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 62.

Konkan: Nimmo, fide Graham |. ec.

A littoral species found on the Indian and Malayan coasts. It is included, as the last

species has been, on the authority of Graham who gives Nimmo as his authority. I
have seen no specimens from the Bombay Presidency.

4, Mucuna pruriens, DC. Prodr. vy. 2 (1825) p. 405. An annual
twiner ; branches slender, more or less hairy at first, at length glabres-
cent. Leaves 3-foliolate; petioles 23-43 in. long, appressedly silky ;
stipules lanceolate, + in. long. Leaflets membranous, 3-5 by 2-3 in.
(the terminal leaflets slightly the smaller, rhomboid-ovate with cuneate
base, the lateral leaflets with truncate base, very inequilateral, the lower
side greatly dilated), all subacute, mucronate, pubescent above, densely
clothed with silvery-grey hairs beneath. Flowers in elongate 6-30-
flowered racemes 6-12 in. long, the flowers solitary or 2-3 together

366 XLVI, LEGUMINOSA,

along a slender silky rhachis; pedicels 1-1 in. long, hairy; bracts 3 in. long,
lanceolate, hairy, caducous; bracteoles 4 in. long, hairy, caducous.
Calyx 2 in. long, silky and with a few irritant bristles outside; tube
campanulate; upper teeth completely connate into a triangular lip
equalling the tube, lateral teeth lanceolate as long as the tube, the lower
tooth lanceolate and slightly longer. Corolla 1-14 in. long, purple ;
keel slightly incurved. Pods 2-3 by 3 in., turgid, with a longitudinal
rib running the length of each valve, not winged on the margins nor
transversely plaited on the faces, faleately curved on both ends,
somewhat like the letter 8, densely clothed with persistent irritant
bristles which are at first pale-brown, afterwards steel-grey. Seeds 5-6,
small; hilum not half the length of the circumference of the seed.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 187; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 62; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
p. 71; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 424; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 286. MM. prurita, Hook. Bot. Mise. v. 2, p. 348;
Grah. Cat. p. 53; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 70.—Flowers: Aug.—Dec. VERN.
Khdg-kuiri ;, Kivdch.

Common in hedges throughout the Presidency in the rains. Konkan: Stocks!;
Bassein, Cooke! Duccan: Khandala, Cooke! Gusarat: Surat, Kanitkar!

The fine bristles on the pods cause much irritation to those who venture to pull
them with bare hands. The name “ Cowitch,’ by which the plant is known to
Anglo-Indians, is a corruption of the native name Kivéch. The plant has considerable
repute in native medicine and the hairs were introduced into Kuropean pharmacy
more than a century ago as a vermifuge.—See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. l.c.

39. ERYTHRINA, Linn.

Trees; branches usually prickly. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate ;
stipules small. Leaflets furnished with glanduliform stipels. Flowers
in axillary and terminal racemes, handsome, usually bright red, twin or
fascicled along the rhachis; bracts and bracteoles small or 0. Calyx
with an oblique mouth, splitting down to the base, or campanulately-
bilabiate. Petals unequal; standard much exserted, considerably ex-
ceeding the keel and wings. Vexillary stamen free nearly to the base
or connate with the others half-way up the filaments ; anthers uniform.
Ovary stalked; ovules many; style incurved, subulate at the apex,
beardless ; stigma small, terminal. Pod stalked, falcate, turgid, atten-
uated at the base and apex, compressed, torulose.—Distris. Tropics
and warmer regions of both hemispheres ; species 25-30,

Calyx not at all 2-lipped, splitting down the back to the base.

Calyx minutely 5-toothed at the tip; seeds 6-8 ...........:ceceeeees 1. E, indica.

Oalyx entire at theytip); seeds 2-3) 2 oc..ss.csc.esaceseasaectans oaoeeevees 2. E. stricta.
Calyx more or less 2-lipped, not splitting down the back to the base. 3. E. swberosa.

1. Erythrina indica, Lamk. Encyc. Méthod. vy. 2 (1786) p. 391. A
tree reaching 60 ft. in height; bark thin, smooth, grey, armed with
small conical dark-colored prickles. Leaves 6-12 in. long, deciduous ;
petioles 4-6 in. long, unarmed, readily disarticulating ; stipules lanceo-
late, 2 in. long, very caducous. Leaflets 4-6 by 33-6 in. (the terminal
leaflet the largest), membranous, broadly rhomboid-ovate, acute or
acuminate, more or less stellately pubescent when young, glabrous
when mature, base truncate or rhomboidal; petiolules 4-3 in. long;
stipels thick, roundish, glaud-like, persistent. Flowers appearing before
the leaves, in dense racemes, 4-9 in. long, arranged in clusters of 1-3

XLVIII. LUGUMINOS®, 367

on a puberulous or tomentose rhachis ; peduncles stout, woody, reaching
6 in. long; pedicels ~ in. long; bracts small, triangular, tomentose,
deciduous ; bracteoles 4 in. long, subulate, tomentose. Calyx (before
the expansion of the flower) tubular, 5-toothed at the tip, 1-1} in. long,
clothed with deciduous tomentum, mouth very oblique, the upper seg-
ment subulate, the 2 lateral similar but smaller, the lowest one longer
and doubled over the others so as to form a blunt point to the bud, the
calyx soon splitting down the back to the base and appearing like a
spathe. Corolla bright red, 2-2} in. long; standard 1-1} in. broad ;

wings and keel-petals subequal, 1-3 in. long. Stamens much exserted.
Pods 5-12 in. long, stalked, subcylindric, distinctly torulose, glabrescent.
Seeds 4-8, subreniform, # by 2in., brown. FI. B. I.v. 2, p. 188; Grah.
Cat. p. 54; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 70; Trim. FI. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 63; Wight,
Icon. t. 58; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 71; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 424; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 269.—Flowers :
Mar. Vern. Pdngara.

The Coral-tree of Anglo-Indians.—As a wild species it is probably wholly littoral,
although it is stated by Graham to grow commonly throughout the Konkans, while
Talbot gives as its habitat the deciduous forests of the Konkan and N. Kanara.—It is
largely grown throughout the Bombay Presidency as a support for vines or pepper
plants. Cuttings strike readily and grow quickly. The wood is used for sword-sheaths
and in the manufactnre of light boxes, toys, and the like.—Drsrris. Sea-coasts of
India; Jaya, Polynesia.

2. Erythrina stricta, Howb. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 53. A large
tree; branches armed with numerous whitish prickles. Leaves un-
armed; petioles reaching 6 in. long, sometimes prickly ; stipules falcate.
Leaflets 3-5 in. long, nearly as broad as long (the terminal reniform-
cordate, the lateral unequal-sided, ovate- cordate or subacute at the base),
all shortly acuminate, glabrous ; petiolules 7-3 in. long; stipels rounded,
gland-like, persistent. Flowers in terminal horizontal racemes, arranged
in fascicles of 1-3 along the rhachis ; peduncles stout, woody ; pedicels
z-# in. long; bracts minute, caducous. Calyx spathiform, 4 in. lon
4-8 83 , ede Ti Ue
subglabrous, entire at the tip, splitting to the base down the back.
Corolla bright scarlet; standard 14 in. long, oblong-lanceolate; keel
half as long as the standard, four times as long as the wings. Pods
3-6 in. long, narrowed at both ends, slightly torulose, compressed,
stalked, the stalk longer than the calyx. Seeds 1-3, light brown.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 189; Grah. Cat. p. 54; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 70; Bedd.
Fl. Sylvat. t. 175 ; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 71 ; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 424; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 270.—
—Flowers: Feb.-May.

Konkan: Elephanta, Graham, Woodrow; Matheran, H. M. Birdwood ; deciduous
forests, Talbot; 8. Konkan, common, Dalzell § Gibson. Duccan: Singhad hill near

Poona, Woodrow. Kanara: deciduous forests of N. Kanara, Zalbot.—Disrris.
India (Western Peninsula),

3. Erythrina suberosa, fox). Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 53. A tree
reaching 40-50 ft. high ; bark corky, deeply cracked ; branches nume-
rous, crooked, spreading, armed with yellowish- white prickles 3-3 in.
long, which fall off after the third year. Leaves usually unarmed, but
sometimes with a few scattered prickles; petioles 4-8 in. long, often
prickly ; stipules linear-lanceolate, caducous. Leaflets pale, 4-6 in. long
and broad (sometimes broader than long), the terminal rhomboid-ovate,

368 XLVIII. LEGUMINOSA.

the lateral obliquely and broadly ovate-cordate, all more or less glabrous
above, densely downy with matted pubescence beneath ; petiolules j in.
long; stipels rounded, glanduliform, persistent. Racemes 1-4, near the
ends of the branchlets, densely capitate, 2-4 in. long ; peduncles short;
pedicels } in. long, in fascicles of 1-3, slender ; bracts caducous ; brac-
teoles minute, subulate. Calyx +-3 in. long, more or less pubescent,
soon becoming bilabiate. Corolla scarlet ; standard 14-2 by 3-3 in.;
keel-petals less than half as long as the standard, connate, much longer
than the minute faleate wings. Pods stalked, 5-6 in. long, subterete,
distinctly torulose. Seeds 2-5. Fil. B. I. v. 2, p. 189; Grah. Cat.
p. 54; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 70; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 71; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 1] (1897) p. 424; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3,
p. 270.—Flowers : Apr.—May.

Deccan: Chakan (Poona districts), Woodrow!; Poona, Woodrow!; Mawal districts,
Dailzell § Gibson; Khandesh, Graham. Gusarat: Gibson ex Graham.—Distrip.
Throughout India.

40. GROWA, Lour.

Prostrate or twining herbs. Leaves 1-foliolate; stipules very caducous.
Leaflets stipellate. Flowers in axillary or subterminal racemes, solitary
or fascicled along an obscurely nodiform rhachis; bracts and bracteoles
caducous. Calyx-tube campanulate ; teeth longer than the tube, the
2 upper connate at the base or beyond the middle. Corolla exserted,
its petals nearly equal in length; standard obovate or suborbicular, with
2 small auricles at the base; wings falcate, slightly adhering to the
keel; keel obtuse, nearly straight. Stamens diadelphous; anthers uni-
form. Ovary subsessile; ovules numerous ; style long, filiform, beard-
less; stigma capitate. Pod linear, turgid, septate between the seeds.—
Disrriz. 4 species, of which 3 are Asiatic, the other a native of Cochin-
China.

1. Grona Dalzellii, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2 (1876) p. 191.
Herbaceous twiner; stems filiform, hispid with brown retrorse hairs.
Leaves 1-foliolate ; petioles 1-13 in. long, hairy; stipules ovate, acute,
hairy, very caducous. Leaflets 83-4} by 2-3 in., ovate, acute, mucronate,
green and nearly glabrous above, glaucous and more or less hairy
beneath, ciliate, base cordate; stipels + in. long, linear-subulate, hairy,
persistent. Flowers in elongate dense racemes, arranged in clusters
along a very hairy rhachis; bracts } in. long, ovate, acuminate, deci-
duous, clothed on the back and margins with long reddish stiff hairs
and enclosing in bud a small head of 1-3 subsessile flowers ; bracteoles
1 in. long, narrowly ovate-lanceolate, densely hairy. Calyx {-3 in. long,
densely clothed with long reddish-brown hairs ; teeth longer than the
tube, the 2 upper connate for half their length, the 3 lower lanceolate,
subequal. Corolla } in. long, blue ; standard 2 in. broad, clawed and
with 2 small auricles at the base. Pods 2-3 by } in., linear, straight,
acuminate, clothed with brownish hairs. Seeds 8-10, orbicular, com-
pressed. Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11.(1897) p. 424, Galactia
simplicifolia, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 3 (1851) p. 209; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 69.—Flowers: Sept.—Oct.

A rare plant, confined to the hills, Dsccan: Harishchandragad, Dalzell § Gibson ;

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS.®, 369

Panchgani, Cooke!, Woodrow!; Mahableshwar, Cooke! 8. M. Country: bills near
Telavari, Dalzell!; Parva Ghat, Stocks !—Disrris. India (Bengal).

In the Flora of B. I. (/.¢.) the plant is said to occur in the plains of the Konkan.
This is an error. Stocks, Dalzell, Woodrow, and I haye found it only at a considerable
height above the level of the Konkan plains.

41. GALACTIA, P. Br.

Prostrate or twining herbs or erect shrubs. Leaves pinnately 3-folio-
late (rarely 1-5- or 7-foliolate); stipules small, deciduous. Leaflets
stipellate. lowers small or moderate-sized, in axillary racemes with
slightly tumid nodes ; bracts and bracteoles minute. Calyx-tube short ;
teeth linear or lanceolate, entirely fused into one. Corolla slightly
exserted, its petals nearly equal; keel obtuse, nearly straight. Stamens
diadelphous ; anthers uniform. Ovary subsessile; ovules many; style
filiform, beardless ; stigma capitate. Pod linear, flattened.—DisrR1s.
Chietly American ; species about 45.

1. Galactia tenuiflora, Wight § Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 206. An
herbaceous twiner ; stems very slender, shghtly pubescent or subglabrous,
Leaves 3-foliolate ; petioles 7-1; in. long; stipules small, lanceolate,
acute, caducous. Leaflets membranous, 1-1} by 3-2 in., elliptic-oblong
or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or sometimes retuse, minutely apiculate,
glabrous above, paler and more or less silky-pubescent beneath ; stipels
minute, subulate. lowers in elongate racemes, 3-6 in. long, in pairs
from the slightly tumid nodes of the rhachis ; pedicels short, filiform;
bracts small, caducous. Calyx 4+-+ in. long, slightly hairy ; teeth longer
than the tube, lanceolate, acute. Corolla 3-4 in. long, bluish-purple.
Pods 13-2 in. by 1-3 in., slightly incurved, pubescent at first, afterwards
glabrescent. Seeds 6-9. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 192.

Throughout the lower Deccan hills, not common.

Van. 1. minor, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p.192. Stems filiform.
Leaflets 4-1 by 3-4 in., oblong, obtuse, apiculate, reticulated with
whitish veins, glabrous above, thinly grey-silky beneath. Flowers
smaller, in axillary short-peduncled racemes, solitary or twin on a filiform
rhachis. Corolla 1-3 in. long, purple. Pods 1-1} in. long, glabrous or
faintly puberulous, obliquely constricted between the seeds. Seeds 4-5.
G. tenuiflora, var. B, W. & A, Prodr. p. 206. Leucodictyon malvensis,
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 73.

Konkan: Stocks!, Dalzell!; rocky ground in the Malwan district, Dalzell § Gibson,

Var. 2. villosa, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 192. Stems,
leaves and pods densely grey-downy. Leaflets 1-13 by 3-3 in., elliptic-
oblong, obtuse, base rounded or subcordate. Flowers fewer and smaller
than in the type. Pods 13 in. long, densely grey-downy. Galactia
villosa (sp.), W. & A. Prodr. p. 207,

S. M. Country: hills N. of Belgaum, Ritchie, 143!

Var. 3. latifolia, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I.v. 2, p.192. Stems and
the leaves beneath densely pubescent. Leaflets subcoriaceous, roundish,
13-2 by 1-13 in. Racemes elongate. Calyx hoary, more deeply cleft.

Konkan: Stocks!
2B

370 XLVILI. LEGUMINOS.E.

42. SPATHOLOBUS, Hassk.

Large scandent shrubs, often tomentose. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate ;
stipules small. Leaflets stipellate. Flowers small, in ample terminal
panicles extending into the axils of the upper leaves ; pedicels densely
fascicled at the tumid nodes; bracts and bracteoles small. Calyx cam-
panulate, the 2 upper teeth connate into 1 entire or emarginate tooth.
Corolla exserted ; petals subequal ; keel obtuse, nearly straight. Stamens
diadelphous ; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile or stalked ; ovules 2;
style incurved, beardless; stigma capitate. Pod sessile or stalked,
broadly linear, often falcate, splitting round the single apical seed, the
lowest part indehiscent.—Disrr1B. Tropical Asia; 1 species in Tropical
Africa ; species 10.

Podi tomentose, sbalkod vy 5.i.<sccrassnacsetsdertevecivas cedevenedsenst 1. S. Roxburghii.
Pod glabrous, sessile .......ccccssssscssceecceceserecsseneeeseeeceseeees 2. S. purpureus.

1. Spatholobus Roxburghii, Benth. Pl. Jungh. (1851-55) p. 238.
A large climber; stem as thick as a man’s leg ; young branches clothed
with soft downy pubescence. Leaves 3-foliolate ; petioles 3-6 in. long,
puberulous; stipules small, deciduous, Leaflets subcoriaceous, 6-8 by
4-51 in. (the terminal equal-sided, broadly elliptic or rhomboid-obovate
narrowed at the base, the lateral leaflets inequilateral, the lower side
much the larger and obtuse or truncate at the base, the upper side
acute at the base), obtuse, subacute or shortly acuminate, glabrous above,
finely silky or subglabrous beneath; main nerves 6-8 pairs, slender,
conspicuous on the underside; petiolules 3 in. long; stipels minute
subulate. Flowers in large terminal densely pubescent panicles often
reaching 12-18 in. long; pedicels ;'- in. long, in close fascicles along
the rhachis; bracteoles } in. long, linear, velvety. Calyx q in. long,
velvety ; teeth subequal in length, about equalling the tube, the 2 upper
connate (except at the tip) into an oblong-triangular tooth, the 3 lower
teeth lanceolate. Corolla bright red, exserted. Pods stalked, 3-6 in,
long, usually 1-1 in. (sometimes reaching 2 in.) broad, equal in breadth
or narrowed towards the top, the lower side more or less curved, clothed
with ferruginous tomentum (which is thickest at the apex above the
solitary seed), reticulately veined ; stalk about in. long. I'l. B. L.v. 2,
p. 193; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 71; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1897) p. 424; Watt, Dict. Hcon. Prod. v. 6, part 3, p. 319. Butea
parviflora, Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. 53; Grah. Cat. p. 54; Dalz. & Gibs.
p. 71; Wight, Icon. t. 210.—Flowers: Jan.—l’eb. Vurn. Phalsan.

Konkan: Stocks!; Mira hills near Pen and hilly places 8. of Panwell, Dalzell g
Gibson; Nagotna, Graham. Dnccan: Peint and Phaltan, Woodrow. Kanara:
throughout the forests of N. Kanara, Zadbot.

This climber does much damage to teak and other timber-trees in N. Kanara (Talbot).

The variety platycarpus (Baker, in FI. B. I. 1. Cc.) with broad pods conspicuously
narrowed at the apex cannot be maintained, Prain (Journ, As. Soc. Beng. vy. 66
[1898] p. 412) points out that there is no difference between the plants bearing tbe
broad and the narrower pods and that it is, at times, possible to collect both
“varieties” on different parts of one plant.

2. Spatholobus purpureus, Benth. ev Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I,
vy. 2 (1876) p. 194. <A lofty climber. Leaves 3-foliolate ; petioles
11-8 in. long; stipules small, caducous. Leaflets subcoriaceous, 3-5 by
1421 iu. (the terminal the largest and equilateral, the lateral unequal-

A Le Lad

oO”

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS®. 37]

sided), oblong-elliptic, shortly acuminate, glabrous on both surfaces,
base rounded; main nerves 6-8 pairs ; petiolules ;—;in.long. Flowers
numerous, in Gareuel and axillary leafy much-branched panicles; pedicels
py in. long, filiform ; bracts and bracteoles linear, caducous. Calyx
yy-t in. long, finely pubescent; teeth about } as long as the tube,
oblong, obtuse, the 2 upper connate, except at the tip. Corolla 4-1 in.
long, purple; standard 4 in. broad, broadly obovate, veined and with a
long claw. Pods sessile, 4 in. long, ? in. broad at the widest part,
18 in. broad at the thickened apex, reticulately veined, glabrous.
Fi, B. I. w. 2, p. 194; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 71; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 424; Prain, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 66
(1898) p. 414.—Flowers : Dec.-Feb.

Rare. Konkan: Sfocks! Kanara: Supa Ghats, Talbot; Diggi (N. Kanara),
Talbot, 1630!; Kanara, Sfocks.—Distris. Apparently endemic.

43. BUTEA, Roxb.

Trees or large climbing shrubs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate ; stipules
small, caducous. Leaflets stipellate. Flowers large, showy, in axillary
or terminal racemes or panicles; pedicels densely fascicled from the
nodes of the rhachis; bracts and bracteoles narrow, caducous. Calyx
broadly campanulate; teeth short, deltoid. Corolla much exserted ;
standard ovate, acute, recurved, inappendiculate ; keel much curved,
acute, equalling the standard. Stamens diadelphous; anthers uniform.
Ovary sessile or shortly stalked; ovules 2; style elongate, incurved,
beardless ; stigma terminal, very ‘small or truncate. Pod firm, oblong
or bro oadly linear, splitting round the single apical seed, the lowest part
indehiscent.—Drsrrte. Tropical Asia; species 3.

Anh CRETE GRE ane 68 eaaboe cea OBE en ans anC CTE TEE CRE RET Da CREE eBRaserne iacacnacy 1. B. frondosa.
L\ GLNRNTYE GaeU) eqecncedeebocodecoseencndedeu soddeapnpsconebeSaBecachoocendc 2. B. superba.

1. Butea frondosa, Konig, ev Rowb. As. Res. vy. 3 (1792) p. 469
Cor. Pl. v. 1, p. 21, t. 21. An erect tree 40-50 ft. high, with crooked
trunk and irregular branches; bark rough, ash-colored; young parts
tomentose or downy. Leaves 3-foliolate ; petioles 4-6 in. long ; stipules
linear-lanceolate, deciduous. Leaflets coriaceous (the terminal 4-8 in.
long and about as broad as long, broadly obovate from a cuneate base,
the lateral smaller, 4-6 by 3-4 in., obliquely rounded at the base, in-
equilateral, the lower side the larger), all obtuse, glabrous above when
old, finely silky and conspicuously reticulately veined beneath ; petiolules
+ in. long, stout; stipels subulate, deciduous. Flowers large, in rigid
racemes 6 in. long, 3 flowers together from the tumid nodes of the dark
olive-green velvety rhachis ; pedicels about twice as long as the calyx,
densely brown-velvety ; bracts and bracteoles small, deciduous. Calyx
2 in. long, dark olive-green, densely velvety outside, clothed with silky
hairs within; teeth short, the 2 upper connate, the 3 lower equal,
deltoid. Corolla 13-2 in. long, clothed outside with silky silvery hairs,
orange or salmon-colored; standard 1 in. broad; keel semicircular,
beaked, veined. Pods stalked, 5-8 by 1-2 in., thickened at the sutures,
reticulately veined, argenteo-canescent ; stalk 3 in. long. Fl. B. 1. v.-2,
p. 194; Grah. Cat. p. 54; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 71; ‘Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 176;
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 66; Talb. Trees, Bowb. p. 72; Woodr. in Journ,

2B2

Ste XLVIil, LEGUMINOS.1.

Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1897) p. 424; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 548.
—Flowers: Feb.Mar. Vurn. Palas.

Throughout the Presidency,common. Konkan: Graham; 'Tansa, Cooke! Ducean:
Khandesh, Graham; Khandala, Stocks! Gusarar: Graham, Dalzell & Gibson.—
Disrris. Throughout India; Ceylon.

When in full flower this tree is a conspicuous and handsome object throughout the
Indian jungles. A gum called Bengal Kino is obtained from the bark and the flowers
furnish a brilliant but fleeting dye. See Watt, Dict. Econ, Prod. 1. e.

2. Butea superba, Mow). Cor. Pl. y. 1 (1795) p. 23, t. 22. A
gigantic climber; stem as thick asa man’s leg. ‘Trminal leaflet 6-15 in.
long. Flowers bright orange, rather larger than those in the preceding
species ; pedicels thrice as long as the calyx. In other respects exactly
resembles Butea frondosa. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 195; Grah. Cat. p. 54;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 71; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 72; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 424; Watt, Dict. Eeon. Prod. v. 1, p. 556.
—Flowers: Feb.—Mar. Vern. Palas-vel.

Konkan: forests of N. Konkan, Dalzell § Gibson, Talbot. Kanara: Woodrow,

Butea Gibsonii, Grah. Cat. Bo. Pl. p. 55, which, under the vernacular
name of Tewees, Graham describes as having white flowers like the
Karan) (Pongamia glabra) and as being common about Junar and to be
met with at Yelloo on the road from Poona to Mabhableshwar, I can
find no record of. It may possibly be Ougeinia dalbergioides, Benth.

44, CANAVALIA, A dans.

Climbing or prostrate herbs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate ; stipules
usually small. Leaflets stipellate. Flowers rather large and showy, in
axillary racemes; rhachis nodiform; bracts minute; bracteoles small,
caducous. Calyx deep, the limb 2-lipped, the upper lip projecting,
entire or emarginate, the lower lip shortly 3-toothed. Corolla much
exserted ; standard large, suborbicular ; wings narrow, equalling the in-
curved obtuse or obtusely-rostrate keel. Stamens monadelphous; anthers
uniform. Ovary obscurely stalked ; ovules many; style incurved,
beardless ; stigma terminal. Pod large, linear or oblong, compressed or
turgid, with a distinct rib on each valve near the upper suture.—D1s?R1B.
Warmer regions of both hemispheres ; species about 12.

Stipules large, oblong, obtuse ; bracteoles large ............0eeeneees 1, C. Stocksii.

Stipules small, triangular ; bracteoles minute.

Racemes many-flowered ; pods many-seeded, 14-2 in. broad... 2. C. ensiformis.
Racemes few-flowered ; pods few-seeded, 3-} in. broad ......... 3. C. lineata.

1, Canavalia Stocksii, Dalzell, in Dalz. § Gibs. Bo. Fl. (1861)
p- 69. A large twiner ; stems very long, terete,smooth. Leaves large ;
petioles 6-3 in. long; stipules 3-4 in. long, oblong, obtuse, nerved.
Leaflets thinly membranous, 5-8 in. long, nearly as broad as long (the
terminal rhomboid-obovate, the lateral broadly ovate; or suborbicular),
glabrous, reticulately veined ; the 2 basal nerves opposite, conspicuous ;
petiolules + in. long, hairy ; stipels lanceolate. Flowers several at the
apex of an angular naked peduncle 12-15 in. long; pedicels short ;
bracteoles elliptic-oblong, 3 by 4 in., veined, concealing the flowers in
bud. Calyx =2;—2 in. long, veined, glabrous; teeth a Jittle shorter than

16
the tube, the upper notched, the 3 lower deltoid, ciliate. Corolla 14 in.

XLVIIT, LEGUMINOS#, 373

long, bluish-purple, veined. Pods not seen. Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 424. CO. ensiformis, var. turgida, Baker, in Hook. f.
F). B. I. v. 2, p. 196.—Flowers: Oct.

This is certainly a distinct species and not a variety of C. ensiformis
as Baker has it in Fl. B. I. (2. ¢.). The var. turgida to which it is there
referred has been restored to the rank of a species by Prain (Journ. As.
Soe. Beng. v. 66 [1898] p. 417) and is a littoral species, whereas
C. Stocksit is apparently confined to the hills.

Very rare. Duccan: Badgi hill, Brahminwara range, Dalzell & Gibson ; hills near

Lanoli, Krishna!; Mahableshwar, western slope, Cooke!, Woodrow !—Disrris.
Apparently endemic.

2. Canavalia ensiformis, DC. Prod. v.2 (1825) p. 404. A stout
perennial or biennial twiner; stems and branches glabrous. Leaves
10-12 in. long; petioles 6 in. long, glabrous; stipules triangular,
deciduous. Leaflets membranous, 3-6 by 2-4 in., ovate, acute or
shortly acuminate, apiculate, glabrous on both surfaces or nearly so,
base rounded ; petiolules } in. long; stipels 3-1 in. long, subulate,
eaducous. Flowers in lax 12-20-flowered curved axillary racemes
3-8 in. long; pedicels 3 in. long, usually in pairs from the swollen
nodes; bracteoles minute, ovate, caducous. Calyx 8-3 in. long,
glabrous or faintly pubescent, the upper lip oblong, notched, 3 the
length of the tube. Corolla 1-13 in. long, lilac or white. Pods 6-12 in.
(or more) long, 1-2 in. wide, slightly incurved, shortly pointed, glabres-
cent, strongly 3-keeled. Seeds 8-20, reddish-brown or white, about
Painetong. FB. Ty. 2, p: 195; Trim. Pl. Ceyt. v. 2) p:-67%-Dalb.
Trees, Bomb. p. 72; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 424;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 97. C. gladiata, DC. Prodr. v. 2,
p- 404; Grah. Cat. p.52; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 23.—Flowers: Aug.—
Oct. Vern. Abai.

Commonly cultivated, but doubtfully wild. Konkan: near Bhewndy, Edgeworth!
Deccan: Bowdhan near Poona, Bhiva!; Deccan hills widely, Woodrow.

The tender pods are used as a vegetable and the seeds are largely eaten. The plant

is commonly known as the Sword-bean or Patagonian bean. See Watt, Dict. Econ.
rod. 1. c.

Var. virosa, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 196. Leaflets
smaller, obovate or obovate-oblong, glabrous. Flowers smaller ; rhachis
of raceme more densely pubescent. Pods 2-4 by 1-14 in. Seeds 4-6.
C. virosa (sp.), W. & A. Prodr. p. 253: Dalz. & Gibs. p. 69.—VurN.
Gowara.

Konxan: Stocks! §S. M. Oountry: Belgaum districts, Ritchie, 201!

The seeds are regarded as poisonous by the natives, who say that they produce
insanity if eaten.

3. Canavalia lineata, DC. Prodr. y. 2 (1825) p. 404. Perennial ;
stems spreading, prostrate, sometimes twining, glabrous. Leaves 3-
foliolate; petioles 3-5 in. long; stipules ;/5 in. long, triangular,
caducous. Leaflets subcoriaceous or thickly membranous, 2-3 in. long,
nearly as broad as long, broadly ovate, obovate or orbicular, sometimes
emarginate, glabrous, base cuneate ; petiolules } in. long; stipels 3-2 in.
long, soon decidnous. Flowers in 4—8-flowered racemes; peduncles
10-15 in. long ; pedicels ;4,—-} in. long, solitary or twin from the tumid
nodes of the rhachis; bracteoles minute, ovate, caducous. Calyx 3 in.

374 XLVIII. LEGUMINOS&.

long, pubescent, reticulately veined ; upper lip subentire, 3 the length
of the tube. Corolla 1 in. long, violet ; standard orbicular, emarginate.
Pods few, 3-5 by 3-3 in., linear-oblong, shortly beaked, nearly straight,
glabrous. Seeds 4-6, dark-brown, over 4 in. long. King, in Journ. As.
Soc. Beng. v. 66 (1898) p. 63; Prain, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. y. 66
(1898) p. 418. C. obtusifolia, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 196
(not of DC.); Cleghorn, Madr. Journ. new series, vy. 1, t. 4; Trim. FI.
Ceyl. v. 2, p. 68; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 72: Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.
v. 2, p. 98.—Flowers: Mar.

A littoral species found sparingly along the sandy shores of the Konkan and
of ee India (sea-coasts); Malaya, Ceylon, China, Japan, Polynesia,

ustralla.

45, PUERARIA, DC.

Twining herbs or shrubs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; stipules
herbaceous, produced below their insertion in some species. Leaflets
entire or sinuately 3-lobed, stipellate. Flowers in long often compound
racemes ; pedicels densely fascicled along a nodiform rhachis ; bracts
and bracteoles small. Calyx-teeth long or short, the 2 upper connate
into one, which is entire or 2-dentate. Corolla exserted; standard
obovate or suborbicular with inflexed auricles at the base, equalling in
length the obtuse wings and keel. Stamens monadelphous ; anthers
uniform. Ovary subsessile; ovules many: style filiform, inflexed
above, beardless; stigma small capitate. Pod linear, more or less
flattened.—Disrris. Tropical Asia and Japan ; species 10.

1. Pueraria tuberosa, DC. Prodr. v. 2 (1825) p. 240. <A large
twiner; root tuberous; stems shrubby. Leaves 3-foliolate ; petioles
4—6 in. long, more or less pubescent; stipules } in. long, ovate-oblong,
cordate. Leaflets subcoriaceous, 5-8 by 43-7 in. (the terminal broadly
ovate, acuminate, equal-sided, cuneate at the base, the lateral ovate-
oblong, inequilateral, truncate at the base), glabrescent above, silky
beneath ; petiolules 4-1 in. long; stipels small, subulate. Flowers in
lax (sometimes panicled) leafless racemes, 6-12 in. long; pedicels
7z-q in. long, silky-pubescent, fascicled along a more or less pubescent
rhachis ; bracteoles ;; in. long, oblong, silky. Calyx j-3 in. long,
densely silky; teeth shorter than the tube, oblong, obtuse, ciliate.
Corolla bluish; standard } in. long and as broad as long, spurred.
Pods 2-3 in. long, membranous, flat, constricted between the seeds,
clothed with long silky bristly brown hairs. Seeds 3-6. Fl. B. I. v. 2,
p- 197; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 67; Wight, Icon. t. 412; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
p. 72; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 425; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 363.—Flowers: Feb.—Apr. Vurn. Dari.

Konkan: ZLaw!; Oorun, Stocks!; Karanja hill, Dalzell § Gibson; Vingorla,
Nairne. Gusarat: Dang jungles, Woodrow. Kanara: N. Kanara in open situations,
Talbot.

46. PHASEOLUS, Linn.

Herbs rarely woody at the base, twining, prostrate or suberect.
Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate (very rarely 1-foliolate) ; stipules persistent,
striate. Leaflets stipellate. Flowers in axillary racemes; rhachis
nodiform ; bracts usually caducous ; bracteoles often broader than the

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS A, 375

bracts and more persistent. Calyx campanulate, the 2 upper connate or
free. Corolla much exserted ; standard suborbicular; wings obovate
(rarely oblong); keel produced into a very long beak which forms a
complete or nearly complete spiral. Stamens diadelphous; anthers
uniform. Ovary subsessile ; ovules many; style within the beak of the
keel and twisted with it, usually bearded down the side below the very
oblique stigma. Pod linear or faleate, subterete or compressed, 2-valved,
more or less septate between the seeds, —Drsrrte, Throughout the
warmer regions of the globe, many species widely cultivated ; species
about 60.

Stipules basifixed.

PU ANIMUDY BUDAEOCG DIAM <6 ccccac. vt Riven veseccdpadacswsees eves 1, P. semierectus,
Stipules inserted above the base.
ee erect herb with thick stems * 622.6 :s:..0.coececveersssscenevenne 2. P, grandis.
Prostrate or twining herbs with slender stems.
Terminal leaflet deeply 5-lobed, the middle lobe obtuse ... 5. P. tri/obus.
Terminal leaflet not or obscurely lobed, acute or acu-
minate.
PESATE GI PIAEOUG, Wdcurccicasteeasextvctasaeearecesueed 4. P. Dalzellii.
Stems and pod densely hairy ...............ccssessecesenscoes 5. P, sublobatus.

1. Phaseolus semierectus, Linn. Mantiss.(1767) p.100. Annual,
2-3 ft. high, suberect, somewhat shrubby; stems terete; branches
clothed with long deflexed deciduous hairs. Leaves 3-foliolate ; petioles
1-13 in. long, hairy; stipules basifixed, cae aaa, §-2 in. long,
lanceolate-subulate. Leaflets membranous, 13-2? by 3-14 in. , oblong-
lanceolate, acute, minutely apiculate, lbberee on both surfaces when
mature, ead disarticulating (the oo leaflets slightly Ha than
the lateral), base cuneate; petiolules ;/,-g in. long; stipels yy in. long,
subulate. Flowers in spicate racemes reaching 6 in. long; peduncles
6-12 in. long, terete, pubescent; pedicels very short, usually in pairs
along a pubescent rhachis ; bracts 7 in. long, linear-subulate ; bracteoles
lanceolate, rather more than half as long as the calyx. Calyx split open
by the pod, } in. long, pubescent outside ; teeth shorter than the tube,
triangular at the base, cristate. Corolla 3 in. long, purple. Pods 3-4
by % in., nearly evlindric, sharply beaked, silvery-pubescent when young,
nearly glabrous when mature. Seeds about 20, truncate at the ends,
dark-brown. Fl. B. L. v.2, p.201; Trim. FI. Ceyl. v.2, p.70; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 425. P. psoraleoides, W.&A.
Prodr. p. 244; Wight, Icon. t. 249.—Flowers: Oct.

Styp: Hyderabad, Woodrow, doubtfully wild. The plant is a native of Central and
South America and of the West Indies,—It has no doubt been introduced.

2. Phaseolus grandis, Dalzell, in Dalz. § Gibs. Bo. Fl. (1861)
p. 72. Erect, 2-5 ft. high; stem herbaceous, as thick as the finger,
5-angled, glabrous or with a few appressed bristly hairs. Leaves 3-
foliolate ; petioles 1-2 in. long; stipules large, foliaceous, variable in
size, sometimes reaching 2 by 1} in., attached above the base, obovate
or obovate-oblong, obtuse, ciliate, cordate at the base. Leaflets variable
in shape, 3-4 in. long (the terminal often 3-lobed and as broad as long,
the lateral frequently 2-lobed the lower lobe the smaller, or sometimes
3-lobed or entire), all sparsely strigose on both surfaces with appressed
bristly hairs, base cuneate; petiolules 2-3 in. long; stipels 3-7 in.
long, ovate-cuspidate. Flowers in copious close racemes; peduncles

376 XLVIII. LEGUMINOS®.

6-9 in. long, clothed with brownish-black retrorse appressed bristly
hairs ; pedicels short ; bracts broadly ovate, acute, deciduous ; bracteoles
+ in. long, oblong or obovate-oblong, obtuse, ciliate, veined, concealing
the flower in bud. Calyx 3 in. long, clothed outside with small blackish
hairs; teeth short, deltoid. Corolla } in. long, pale-yellow. Pods
2-3 in. long, cylindric, about as thick as a goose-quill, septate between
the seeds, clothed with appressed black or grey bristles. Seeds 8-10,
subcylindric, truncate at the ends, + in. long, dark-brown, rusty-
pubescent. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 202; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1897) p. 425. .

A very rare plant, found only on Konkan and Deccan hills, Konkan: highest
Ghats east of Bombay, Dalzel/! Duccan: hills, Stocks!; Panchgani, Woodrow! ;
hills near Poona, Cooke!

3 Phaseolus trilobus, Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 1, v. 3 (1789) p. 30.
Annual or perennial ; stems numerous from a woody rootstock, 2-3 ft.
long, prostrate, wiry, slender, not at all twining, glabrous or more or
less hairy. Leaves 3-foliolate, petioles 13-3 in. long, grooved, glabrous
or with a few scattered hairs ; stipules variable in length, 1-2 in. long,
ovate-oblong, subacute, attached above the base, ciliate. Leaflets 3-1 in.
long, usually as broad as long, commonly 3-lobed (the middle lobe the
largest and oblong, broadly spathulate, obtuse, the lateral lobes often
oblong or more or less spathulate, obtuse or subacute), all pale-green,
membranous, glabrous or with a few hairs on the nerves, base subacute ;
petiolules ;4;-;4, in. long, hairy; stipels small, lanceolate, acute.
Flowers in subcapitate few-flowered racemes; peduncles 4-9 in. long,
glabrous or sparsely hairy; pedicels 4, in. long; bracts ovate, acute,
deciduous; bracteoles beneath the calyx 3 in. long, linear-lanceolate,
ciliate, deciduous. Calyx 3}; in. long, glabrous; teeth minute, deltoid.
Corolla 1-3 in. long, yellow. Pods 1-2in. long by in.in diam., straight,
subeylindric, glabrous or sparingly hairy, slightly recurved. Seeds 6-12.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 201; Grah. Cat. p. 52; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 71; Wight,
Icon. t. 94; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 71; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 425; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 194.—
Flowers : Oct. Vurn. Mukni; Jangli-math.

The leaflets vary much in form and size. The wild perennial form
has much more deeply lobed leaflets than the annual cultivated one.
Lobed and entire leaflets may, in the latter, often be found on the same
plant.

Very common throughout the Presidency, especially on the borders of cultivated
fields. Konkan: Stocks! Duccan: Poona, Cooke!, Woodrow!; Dongergaon near
Ahmednagar, Cooke! Gusarar: Woodrow! Sinn: Stocks!; Jemadar ka Landa
near Karachi, Stocks!

- meagan cultivated as a mixed crop for fodder purposes. See Watt, Dict. Econ.
rod, 1. Cc.

4, Phaseolus Dalzellii, 7. Cooke. Herbaceous, twining or
creeping and rooting in the absence of support; stems filiform, striate,
glabrous. Leaves 3-foliolate ; petioles 4-13 in. long, glabrous ; stipules
4 in. long, attached above the base. Leaflets membranous, 7-2 by 3-
14 in., ovate or rhomboid-ovate with a tendency to become lobate (the
terminal the largest, equal-sided, the lateral inequilateral), all acuminate,
more or less hairy on both surfaces, green above, pale beneath ; petio-

lules ;}; in. long; stipels minute, lanceolate. [Flowers in capitate

XLVIII, LEGUMINOS®. 377
2-3-flowered racemes ; peduncles filiform, 1-2 in. long: pedicels short ;
bracteoles + in. long, linear-subulate. Calyx ;), in. long, glabrous ;
teeth shorter than the tube, the 2 upper connate except at the tip, the
2 lateral triangular, obtuse, the lowest longer, lanceolate. Corolla + in.
long, yellow. Pods 14-21 in. long, subeylindric, slightly recurved,
beaked, quite glabrous. Seeds 8-10, subeylindric, truncate, smooth,
dark-brown. Phaseolus pauciflorus, Dalz. in Kew Journ. v. 3 (1851)
p- 209; Fi. B. I. v. 2, p. 202; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 72; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 425.—Flowers: Sept.

The name P. pauciflorus having been given in 1838 by Bentham (Ann.
Wien. Mus. v. 2 [1840] p. 140) to a Texan plant, has priority over that
given to a different plant in 1851 by Dalzell. I have therefore changed
the name to P. Dalzellii.

Konkan: Stocks!, Dalzell!

5. Phaseolus sublobatus, Rowb. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 54. A
perennial herb, twining when it meets support, sometimes suberect ;
stems slender, clothed with spreading or deflexed reddish-brown hairs.
Leaves 3-foliolate ; petioles 2-3 in. long; stipules } in. long, ovate-
oblong, acute, hairy, ciliate, attached a little below the middle. Leaflets
13-3 by ?-2 in. (the terminal the larger and ovate or rhomboid-ovate,
equal-sided with cuneate base, the lateral ovate-acute, inequilateral,
with rounded or truncate base), all acute, silky-hairy on both sides,
occasionally somewhat 3-lobed, conspicuously 3-nerved from the base ;
petioles =, in. long, hairy; stipels linear-subulate. Flowers in short
close 6-12-flowered racemes with swollen nodes ; peduncles 2-5 in. long,
hairy; pedicels very short; bracts 1 in. long, ovate-oblong, acute,

6 7 i
deciduous ; bracteoles 7 in. long, linear-subulate, ciliate. Calyx a5 in.

long, glabrous ; teeth shorter than the tube, deltoid. Corolla 3-3 in.
long, yellow. Pods 14-23 in. long, cylindric, straight, densely clothed
with reddish-brown hair. Seeds 8-12, obloug with truncate ends,
about Lin. long, dark-brown. Prain, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 66
(1898) p. 423. P. trinervius, Heyne, in Wall. Cat. (1828) 5603; FI. B.
I. v. 2, p. 203; Grah. Cat. p. 51; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 71; Trim. Fl. Ceyl.
v. 2, p. 72; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 425; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 194.—Flowers: Aug.—Oct.

Konkan: Neral, Bhiva! Duccan: hills in the Deccan, Woodrow!; Mahableshwar,
Cooke!, Woodrow! ; Bowdhan near Poona, Cooke! S. M. Country: Londa, Cooke !—
Distris. India (from Behar to 8. India) ; Ceylon.

Very closely allied to P. radiatus, Linn., the cultivated Mug, of which it may be the
wild form.

Var. setulosus, Prain, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 66 (1898) p. 428.
Hairs on the stems and pods grey. Flowers small. P. setulosus (sp.),
Dalz. in Kew Journ. v. 2 (1850) p. 33; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 72.

Kenkan and Western Deccan only.

The following plants of the genus are cultivated throughout the
Presidency :—

Phaseolus lunulatus, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 724. The Lima Bean,
widely cultivated as a vegetable. A tall, twining biennial with greenish-
yellow flowers and pods 2-3 by about } in.,a native of Brazil. The

378 XLVIII. LEGUMINOS ®.

seeds of the best kinds are pure ivory-white and have, when boiled,
somewhat the flavor of a roasted chestnut. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 200;
Grah. Cat. p. 51; Firminger, Man. Gard. ed. 3, p. 153; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 425; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6,
part 1, p. 186.—VeErRN, Lobiya.

Phaseolus vulgaris, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 723. The French Bean,
supposed by DeCandolle to be a native of S. America, largely grown in
gardens throughout India. The dwarf kinds (P. nanus, Linn.) grow
and yield well, particularly if irrigation is available, but I have never
found the runner (P. multiflorus, Willd.), though flowering profusely,
to fruit satisfactorily in the Deccan. Fl. B. I. vy. 2, p. 200; Grah.
Cat. p.51; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 22; Firminger, Man. Gard. ed. 3,
p. 152; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1897) p. 425; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 187.—Vzern. Loba.

Phaseolus radiatus, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 725. The Mug, widely
cultivated, but not distinctly wild in the Bombay Presidency. The
crop is sown in June and harvested in September. Stems annual,
1-2 ft. high, clothed with brownish silky hairs. Leaflets dark-green,
membranous, 2-4 in. long. Flowers yellow. Pods subcylindrie, 13-
23 in. long. Seeds 10-15, green. This is the kind most commonly
grown and is largely cultivated in Sattara, Bijapur, Belgaum and Dharwar.
P. radiatus, var. typicus, Prain, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vy. 66 (1898)
p. 422. P. Mungo, Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. 55; Roxb. Fl. Ind. v. 3,
p. 292 (not of Linn.); Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 203 (in part); Grah. Cat.
p. 51; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 23; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11
(1897) p. 425; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 187.

Var. 1. aureus, Prain, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 66 (1898) p. 422. Foliage paler.
Pods reflexed. Seeds yellow. P. aureus (sp.), Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. 55; Roxb. Fl.
Ind. v. 3, p. 297; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 188. P. Mungo (aureus),
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 203 (in part). This is the most esteemed form and known as the
Sona-Mug.

Var. 2. grandis, Prain, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 66 (1898) p. 422. Foliage
medium-green. Pods longer, spreading. Seeds black. P. Max, Roxb. Hort. Beng.
p. 55; Roxb, Fl. Ind. v. 3, p. 295 (viv Linn.); Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 203 (in part); Watt,
Dict Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 188. The least esteemed variety, introduced probably
from China.

Phaseolus Mungo, Linn. Mantiss. p. 101; var. Rowburghti, Prain, in
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 66 (1898) p. 423. Stems hirsute, elongate,
diffusely spreading, but not scandent. Flowers bright yellow. Seeds grey.
P. radiatus (sp.), Roxb, Fl. Ind. v. 38, p. 296 (not of Linn.). P. 2ow-
burghii (sp.), W. & A. Prodr. p. 246. P. Mungo, var. radiatus, Fl. B.
I. v. 2, p. 203 ; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p.191. One of
the most important of the pulses cultivated in India.—Vurn, Udid.

There has been some confusion as to the nomenclature of P. Mungo and P. radiatus,

owing chiefly to Roxburgh having transposed the original Linnean names. Prain
(Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vy. 66 [1898] p. 422) has quite cleared up the matter.

Phaseolus aconitifolius, Jacquin, Obs. Bot. pars 3 (1768) p. 2, t. 52.
The Mat or Matki, extensively cultivated throughout the Presidency,
especially in the Deccan and Gujarat. Stems slender, 1-2 ft. long.
Leaflets cut into 3 narrow lobes. Flowers yellow, in short capitate

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS®. 379

long-peduncled racemes. Pods 1-2 in. long. mg By-i, v, 2,'p. 202 ;
Grah, Cat. p. 52; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 425
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 182.

This, though a native of India, cannot be called wild in the Bombay Presidency.
It is very like P. trilobus, Ait., from which it is hardly separable as a species. It is a

very important crop in Bombay, and is sown in June or July and harvested in
November, See Watt, Dict. Econ, Prod. l. c.

47. VIGINA, Savi.

Twining or prostrate, rarely suberect herbs. Leaves pinnately 3-
foliolate ; stipules basiflxed, or rarely produced below their insertion.
Leaflets stipellate. Flowers in racemes at the upper part of an axillary
peduncle; pedicels fascicled on the nodiform rhachis ; bracts and brac-
teoles small, caducous. Calyx-teeth distinct or the 2 upper connate.
Corolla much exserted ; standard orbicular, auricled at the base; wings
shorter than the standard; keel equalling the wings, incurved, not
beaked, or prolonged into an incurved beak not making a perfect spiral.
Stamens diadelphous ; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile; ovules many ;
style filiform or thickened or dilated above, bearded along the inner face ;
stigma very oblique. Pod linear, straight or incurved, subterete, septate
between the seeds.—Disrris. Warm regions of the world; species
40-50.

1. Vigna capensis, Walp. in Linnea, vy. 13 (1839) p. 533. Pe-
renuial, twining; stems subglabrous when mature; root fusiform.
Leaves 3-foliolate ; petioles 1-2 in. long, clothed with brownish deflexed
hairs ; stipules + in. long, basifixed, oblong-lanceolate, acute, hairy.
Leaflets 2-4 by 3-14 in., 3-nerved from the base, ovate, acute or
acuminate, mucronate (the lateral unequal-sided and subtruncate at the
base), Sa) clothed on both sides with short appressed hairs ; petio-
lules 54; in. long, hairy; stipules filiform. Flowers 2-4, crowded at the
ends of axillary peduncles which are longer than the leaves ; pedicels ver ze
short ; bracteoles beneath the calyx linear, acute. Calyx nearly 3
long, pubescent, nerved ; teeth longer than the tube, linear, acute, Fae
a triangular base, the 2 upper connate below the middle. Corolla
4-1 in. long, rose- -colored ; standard more vie 1 in. broad, emarginate,
auricled, veined ; keel obliquely curved into # of a circle, beaked. Pods
3-+ by 4-7 in., ’ subterete, straight, clothed when young with brown
shining hairs. Seeds 10-15, subeenstoem: compressed, + in. long, black.
mui vewillata, A. Rich. in Bagra, . ane Cub. Bot. (1845) p. 440; Fl. B. I.
wee, p. 206; Trim. Fi. Ceyl. v . 2, p. 74; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 425. Peta ea Dalz. in Kew Journ.
y. 2 (1850) p. 33; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 72.—Flowers: Sept.-Oct. Vurn.
Halunda.

The name V. capensis was published by Walpers in 1839 and is prior
to that of V. verillata which dates from 1845.

Konkan: Stocks!, Dalzell! Deccan: Mahableshwar, Cooke!, Woodrow!; Panch-

gani, Cooke!
Very couimon at Mahableshwar, where it is, though not fragrant, called the Indian
Sweet Pea,—Disrris. India (Himalayas and hills of W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon, Cape,

Australia and the Tropics generally.

380 XLVIII. LEGUMINOS®.

Vigna Catjang, Walp. in Linnea, v. 13 (1839) p. 5338, a suberect
annual, cultivated, though not very extensively, in the Bombay Presi-
dency, but not found wild. Its pods vary from 4 in. to 2 ft. in length,
and are less than 3 in. broad. The variety sinensis (Vigna sinensis [sp.]
Endl.) is a twining plant with larger leaves. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 205;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 425; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 236.—Vurn. Chul.

48. CLITORIA, Linn.

Herbs or shrubs erect or climbing. Leaves pinnate, 3-many-foliolate ;
stipules persistent, striate. Leaflets stipellate. Flowers showy, axillary,
solitary, fascicled or racemose ; bracts persistent, stipule-like ; bracteoles
usually larger, striate, persistent. Calyx tubular; the 2 upper teeth
subeonnate. Corolla much exserted ; standard large, erect, emarginate,
narrowed and not appendiculate at the base: wings falcate-oblong,
spreading, adhering to the middle of the keel ; keel shorter than the
wings, incurved, acute. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous ; anthers
uniform. Ovary stalked; ovules many ; style elongate, incurved, more
or less flattened, bearded along the inner side. Pod stalked, linear,
compressed or turgid—Distris. Warmer regions of the world;
species 27.

Twining ; stems terete ; flowers solitary ...........::sesseeseeeereeeeeres 1. C. Ternatea.
Erect ; stems angular ; flowers in pairs ...........cseceeceeeneceeeeeenes 2. C. biflora.

1. Clitoria Ternatea, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 753. A perennial
twining herb; stems terete, more or less pubescent. Leaves impari-
pinnate ; petioles #-1 in. long ; stipules } in. long, linear, acute. Leaf-
lets 5-7, subcoriaceous, 1-2 by #—1+ in., elliptic-oblong, obtuse, glabrous

or with a few short appressed hairs, base obtuse or acute; stipels fili-
form. Flowers axillary, solitary; pedicels 3-3 in. long; bracts small,
linear ; bracteoles +-} in. long, roundish, obtuse. Calyx 3—} in. long ;
teeth lanceolate, shorter than the tube. Corolla 13-2 in. long; standard
bright-blue or sometimes white, with an orange centre. Pods 2-4 by
1-1 in,, flattened, nearly straight, sharply beaked, sparsely appressedly
hairy. Seeds 6-10, yellowish-brown, smooth. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 208;
Grah. Cat. p: 47; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 68; Trim. FI. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 75;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 425; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 2, p. 375.—Flowers: June—Jan. Vern. Gokran; Suph.

Very common in hedges everywhere throughout the Presidency. The root is used
in medicine, being a powerful cathartic like jalap. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. e.—
Distris. Cosmopolitan in the Tropics.

Var. pilosula, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 208. Leaflets
much smaller, 3—% in. long. Flowers white ; standard lin. long. Pods
smaller. C. pilosula, Wall. Cat. 5347 (sp.).

Gusarat: Dewar near Kaira, Stocks!

2. Clitoria biflora, Dalz. in Kew Jowrn. Bot. y. 2 (1850) p. 35.
Herbaceous, erect, 15-20 in. high; stems angular, striate with lines of
hairs. Leaves imparipinnate ; petioles 3-4 in. long, hairy; stipules 4 in.
long, subulate. Leaflets 5, membranous (the terminal the largest and
the lowest pair of lateral leaflets smaller than the rest), 1-3 by 3-12 in.,
variable in shape, from broadly elliptic-oblong, subobtuse, to lanceolate,

XLVI. LEGUMINOS.. 381

acute, sparingly strigose above, more densely so beneath ; petiolules
jly in. long; stipels filiform. Flowers in axillary 2-tlowered racemes ;
peduncles “and pedicels very short; bracts linear-lanceolate, subulate ;
bracteoles 4-1 in. long, ovate or lanceolate, aristate. Calyx tubular,
4—$ in. long, hairy, nerved ; teeth shorter than the tube, lanceolate,
aristate. Corolla 1 in. long, blue. Pods 1-2 by 4 in., flat, reticulately
veined, pubescent. Seeds 5-6. Fl. B. 1. v. 2, p. 208; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 68; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 425.—F lowers :
Aug.-Nept.

Konkan: Dalzell!, Capt. Geburne!; Salsette, Stocks!; near Kalyan, Bhiva!;
Neral, Kanitkar!—Dtsrri.. Pineal tes endemie.

49, DOLICHOS, Linn.

‘wining prostrate or suberect herbs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate ;
stipules small. Leaflets stipellate. Flowers axillary, racemose or
fascicled ; bracts and bracteoles striate, very caducous. Calyx campanu-
late ; teeth usually short, the 2 upper connate into one entire or emar-
ginate one. Corolla much exserted, its petals usually equal in length ;
Bisndard orbicular, with inflexed narialos at the base; keel obtuse or
rostrate, not spiral. Stamens diadelphous; anthers uniform. Ovary
subsessile ; ovules many ; style filiform or thickened upwards, bearded
down the inner face or penicillate at the apex; stigma terminal. Pod
flat, linear or oblong, recurved.—Distris. Tropics of both hemispheres ;
species about 20.

|. Dolichos bracteatus, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. vy. 2 (1876)

p- 210. A robust glabrous perennial twiner. Leaves 3-foliolate ;
petioles 5—9 in. long, deeply grooved, glabrous ; stipules basifixed, 3 in.
long, oblong, acute or subobtuse, glabrous. Leaflets membranous, 6 in.
long, as broad as long, broadly obovate, cuneate, conspicuously 3-nerved
froin the base ; petiolules 7 in. long; stipels 3-3 in. long, linear-oblong,
acute. Flowers in long-peduncled racemes reaching - ft. or more in
length ; peduncles deeply grooved, glabrous ; pedicels 7-4 in. long; bracts
linear, acute, deciduous; bracteoles 2 in. long , elliptic, obtuse, veined.
Calyx 4-755 in, long, glabrous, conspicuously veined ; teeth short, deltoid,
obtuse or subacute, ciliate. Corolla 1 in. long. Pods 5-6 by 3 in.,
linear, much recurved, flattened, obscurely veined, glabrous. Seeds

10-12. Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 425.

A very rare plant, the only specimens seen being those in Herb. Kew. marked
“ Konkan, Stocks.”—Distris. Apparently endemic in the Konkan,

Dolichos Lablab, Linn. A large twining & perennial or (under cultivation)
annual herb with pods about 13-2 by 3-7 in., each containing 2-4 seeds.
King (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 66 [1898] p: 55) recognizes as a variety
Dolichos lignosus, Linn., with much shorter and broader pods, which
Baker (FI. B. L. v. 2, p. 209) unites with D. Lablab. (See also Prain,
in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 66 [1898] p. 430.) Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 425; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. vy. 3, p. 183.
Lablab vulgaris, Savi, Thw. Enum. p. 90; Grah. Cat. p. 52; Dalz. &
Gibs. Suppl. p. 23.— Vern. Val-papadi; Pavia.

Cultivated largely, but not wild, in the Bombay Presidency, where it often follows

382 XLVIII. LEGUMINOS®.

rice as a second crop and is cut in February and March. It is a favorite crop on the
sloping lands along the banks of rivers, as well as in river-beds. See Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. 1. c.—Disrrin. Tropics of the Old World.

Dolichos biflorus, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p.727. A suberect (D. uniflorus,
Lamk.) or twining (D. biflorus, Linn.) annual with yellow flowers and
much recurved 5-6-seeded pods. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 210; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 425; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.
y. 3, p. 175. Dolichos uniflorus, Lamk. Encye. Méthod. y. 2, p. 299 ;
Grah. Cat. p.52; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 23. Johnia congesta, Dalz.
& Gibs. Bo. Fl. (1861) p. 69 & Suppl. p. 238.—Vurn. Kulith ; Hulga.

Extensively cultivated, especially throughout the Deccan, but not wild. In the
Decean it is usually sown in June and cut in November, but in districts with a heavy
rainfall (e.g. Thana) it is sometimes sown as a cold-season crop in November, after
the rice-crops have been cut, and reaped in March. The grain, which is known as
horse-gram or Madras gram, when boiled and mixed with the ordinary gram (Cicer

arietinum), is a good food for horses, and the leaves and stalks furnish good fodder.
See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. c.-—Distris. Tropics of the Old World.

50, ATYLOSIA, Wight & Arn.

Herbs or shrubs erect or twining. Leaves pinnately or (rarely)
digitately “-foliolate. Leaflets usually exstipellate, dotted with resinous
glands beneath. Flowers usually yellow, fascicled in the leaf-axils, or
irregularly fasciculato-racemose at the apex of an axillary peduncle,
or the upper panicled; bracts usually broad, membranous, deciduous
long before flowering. Calyx-teeth distinct, the lowest the longest, the
2 upper connate into one entire or bifid tooth. Corolla more or less
exserted; standard orbicular, with inflexed auricles at the base; keel
obtuse. Stamens diadelphous; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile; ovules
3 or more: style filiform, incurved, glabrous; stigma capitate. Pod
linear or oblong, usually obtuse, more or less compressed, marked with
transverse lines beneath the seeds outside, septate within. Seeds with
a conspicuous divided strophiole.x—Disrris. Tropical Asia, Australia,
Mauritius; species about 25.

Erect shrubs.

Leaflets obovate-oblong, 2-24 times as long as broad ......... 1. A. lineata.
Leaflets oblanceolate, 5-6 times as long as broad ............... 2. A. sericea.

Climbing or trailing herbs.
Leaflets stipellate.

Pod’ rounded/atibobly ends: .72f.cete. sas caensecrseunse nance 3. A. crassa.
Pod narrowed 'at, bothienGel cies: occ. sn sent senna o cde cnce aeeers 4, A. goensis.
Leaflets exstipellate.
Pod 4 in. broad, with deep lines between the seeds ......... 5, A, scarabeoides.
Pod 4 in. broad, with sharply-defined (not deep) lines
between ithe, seeders 2.5... .ecceess.steyerenweheSearencesse account 6. A, platycarpa,

|. Atylosia lineata, Wight § Arn. Prod, (1834) p. 258. An erect
shrub about 2 ft. high ; stem and branches suleate, densely clothed with
soft hairs. Leaves 3-foliolate; petioles 1-3 in. long, terete, pubescent ;
stipules + in. long, linear-subulate, hairy. Leaflets 3-1} by 4-2 in.,
obovate, acute or subobtuse, faintly mucronate, densely siiky-villous
when young on both surfaces (more so on the lower), becoming nearly
glabrous when mature, cuneate at the base, 3-nerved and reticulately

veined (the reticulations visible after the hairs fall); petiolules very

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS&, 385

short ; stipels 0. lowers axillary, solitary or in pairs, without a common
peduncle ; pedicels less than j in. long, hairy. Calyx } in. long, hairy ;
teeth (except the lowest one) shorter than the tube, deltoid, cuspidate.
Corolla 3 in. long, yellow. Pods 3-3 by 4 in., linear, turgid, depressed,
but not very deeply so, between the seeds, clothed with long whitish
hairs. Seeds 2 a bid with a conspicuous eek: strophiole, black.
Bie. L.. Vs 25. pe ; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 73; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 189%) p. 425. A. Lawii, Wiehe Icon. t. 93; Grah.
- Cat. p.53; Dalz. & Gibs. p.74.—Flowers: Oct.-Dec. Vurn. Ldén-tur ;

Jangli-tur,

Common in the bills of the Konkan and Deccan. Konkan: Bombay Ghats,
Dalzell!; Matheran, Woodrow. Deccan: Mahableshwar, Cooke!, Woodrow! ; hills at
Par, Stocks! §. M. Covnrry: Belgaum hill south, Ritchie, 156!; Ramghi it, Ritchie,

156! Kanara: Hathkumba (Kala naddi), Ritchie, 156!; N. Kanara Ghi its, Talbot.
—Disrris. India (hills of the W. Peninsula).

2. Atylosia sericea, Benth. MS. cw Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2
(1876) p. 213. An erect shrub; stems much grooved, silky-hairy. Leaves
3-foliolate, subdigitate ; petioles q-3 in, jong, pubescent ; stipules 7-3 in.
long, filitorm. , Leaflets 1-1? by 4~-j in., oblanceolate, obtuse or sub-
acute, apiculate, densely and persistently silky, 3-nerved from an acute
base ; petiolules scarcely any; stipels 0. Flowers axillary, solitary or in
pairs, without a common peduncle ; pedicels zig in. long. Calyx } in.
long, sottly silky ; teeth triangular, acute, as long as the tube. Corolla
a-3 in. long. Pods 3-3 by 4-7; in., linear-oblong, turgid, oblique at
the apex, depressed between “the seeds, densely silky. Seeds 2, sub-
cylindric, compressed, rounded at the apex, with a divided strophiole,
smooth, black. Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 73; Woodr.in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 425.

Konxan: Dalzeli!, Stocks!, Law!, Woodrow! Deccan: near Talegaon along the
railway line, Bhiva! ; Mahableshwar, Woodrow.

3. Atylosia crassa, Prain, Journ. As. Soc. Beny. y. 66 (1898) p. 45
& p. 432. Twining; stems and branches striate, tomentose. Leaves
pinnately 3-foliolate ; rhachis more or less elongated between the insertion
of the lateral leaflets and the stipels of the terminal one ; petioles 13-
22 in. long, pubescent; stipules minute, caducous. Leaflets 2-3 by
17-21 in., rhomboid-obovate, acute, acuminate or subobtuse (the lateral
leaflets smaller than the terminal and very oblique), dark-green and
puberulous (especially on the nerves) above, fulvous- oe and
reticulately veined beneath ; petiolules } in. long ; stipels ;/, in. long,
subulate. Flowers in lax maeontee 2 2-3 in. long ; peduncles short ; pedicels
twin, 3-3 in. long; bracts 3-3 in. long, broadly elliptic, concealing the
buds betore the flowers expand. Calyx 3 in. long, finely grey-downy,
the lowest tooth lanceolate, as long as the campanulate tube. Corolla
? in. long, yellow. Pods 1-13 by 2 in., straight, rounded at both ends,
clothed with close greenish-brown pubescence, obliquely depressed be-
tween the seeds. Seeds 3-5. <Atylosia mollis, Benth. in Pl. fe ungh.
p- 243 (exclud. syn. Collea mollis, ony ); Baker, in FI. B. I. v. 2138
(exclud. syn. Collea mollis, Grah., Cajanus glandulosus, Dalz. rs Gibs. 5
and <Atylosta glandulosa, Dalz.); Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 73; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1897) p. 425.

Rare. Konkan: Stocks!

384 XLVIII. LEGUMINOSX.

4+, Atylosia goensis, Dalz. in Jowrn. Linn. Soc. vy. 13 (1873) p. 186.
A woody twiner, the whole plant, except the corolla, clothed with long
soft fulvous hairs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; rhachis elongated to
4—g in. between the insertion of the lateral leaflets and the stipels of
the terminal leaflet ; petioles 13-2 in. long; stipules ¢ in. long, ovate-
oblong, acute, ciliate. Leaflets 2-3 by 13-2} in. , broadly ovate, acumi-
nate (the lateral smaller than the terminal and very unequal-sided) ;
petiolules ;!; in. long; stipels 54; in. long, filiform. Flowers in many-
flowered racemes which are at first close, alterwards elongating to 4-6 in. ;
bracts broadly ovate-cuspidate, exceeding the buds, deciduous. Calyx
2 in. long, shaggy ; teeth lanceolate, exceeding the tube. Corolla ? in.
long, golden yellow ; standard 3 in. broad, with 2 callosities above the
base and 2 small auricles below : keel 3 in. long. Pods 13-2 by 2 in.,
straight, cuspidate, densely clothed with long yellowish or oreyish
spreading soft viscid hairs, narrowed at both ends, obliquely depressed
between the seeds. Seeds 4-6, strophiolate, $4 in. long, black.
Atylosia barbata, Baker, in Hook. f. Fi. B. I, v. 2 (1876) p. 216; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. p. 73. Cajanus goensis, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. vy. 2
(1850) p. 265; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 73.

Rare. Konkan: Dalzeli! 8. M. Counrry: Chorla Ghat, Dalzell § Gibson.—Distri.
India (Assam, Birma, W. Peninsula); Java.

5. Atylosia scarabzoides, Benth. Pl.Jungh. vy. 3 (1891-55) p. 248.
An herbaceous twiner ; stem and branches slender, striate, clothed with
pale-yellow or grey pubescence. Leaves 3- policlaee petioles 3-1 in.
long, clothed with yellowish pubescence ; stipules +! in, long, triangular,
acute. Leatlets #-14 by 2-1 in., subcoriaceous velliptic or elliptic-obovate,
subacute, thinly pubescent above, densely orey- pubescent and reticulately
veined (but not very closely) beneath ; petiolules very short; stipels 0.
Flowers pedicelled, 2-6 on short densely pubescent axillary peduncles ;
pedicels } in. long, densely hairy. Calyx j in. long, fulvous- pubescens
teeth linear, acute, the lowest twice as long as the tube. Corolla 5°; in.
long, yellow. Pods 3-2 by q in., straight, apiculate, clothed with long
soft brownish hair, with ‘deep obliquely- -transverse lines between the
seeds. Seeds 4-6. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 215; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 79;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 425. Cantharospermum
pauciflorum, W. & A. Prodr. p. 255; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 73.—Flowers :
June-Oct.

Konkan: common, Dalzell § Gibson, Duccan: Chattersinghi hill (Poona districts),

Kanitkar!; hills near Poona, Ranade!, Woodrow!; between Shelarwadi and Talegaon,
Bhiva !|—Disrnis. Throughout India ; Ceylon, Malaya, China, Mauritius, Madagascar.

6. Atylosia platycarpa, Benth. Pl. Jungh. (1851-55) p. 248. A
twining or sometimes a trailing herb ; stem and branches slender, clothed
with spreading fulvous or grey hairs. Leaves 3-foliolate ; rhachis pros
longed 3-3 in. beyond the insertion of the lateral leaflets ; petioles 14-
43 in. fone, erooved, hairy ; stipules § in. long, ovate, acute. Leaflets
membranous, 14-21 in. long, as broad : as long, orbicular, acute or acumi-
nate (the lateral oblique), sparingly hairy on both surfaces, 3-nerved
from the base; petiolules of the lateral leaflets 3 in. long, very hairy ;
stipels 0. Flowers solitary or in 2-flowered racemes ; peduncles axillary,
usually short at the time of flowering, elongating afterwards ; pedicels
as long as the calyx, curved in fruit. Calyx 3 in. long, densely hairy ;

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS®. 385

teeth lanceolate-subulate, longer than the tube. Corolla } in, long.
Pods 1-1} by 4 in., linear-oblong, flattened, mucronate, marked with
sharply defined but not very deep lines between the seeds, reticulately
veined, clothed with long grey hairs. Seeds 5-7, oblong, compressed,
rounded at the ends, + by } in., furnished with a large divided strophiole,
smooth, black. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 216. <Atylosia geminiflora, Dalz. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. y. 13 (1873) p. 185; Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2,
p. 212; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 73; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11
(1897) p. 425.

Dalzell (2. c.) describes the leaflets as stipellate, but 1 have not found
them so.

Konkan: Dalzell!; near Tulsi lake, Woodrow.—Disrris. India (Central Himalayas,
Behar, Central India, Jubbulpore).

51. DUNBARIA, Wight & Arn.

Prostrate or twining herbs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. Leaflets
dotted with resinous glands beneath, rarely stipellate. Flowers in
axillary peduncled racemes, solitary or twin along a not nodose rhachis,
rarely solitary in the axils of the leaves; bracts usually membranous,
deciduous long before flowering; bracteoles 0. Calyx-teeth long and
narrow, the.lowest the longest, the 2 upper connate into one entire or
emarginate tooth. Corolla more or less exserted, usually yellow ;
standard orbicular, erect or spreading, auricled at the base ; keel usually
not beaked. Stamens diadelphous; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile ;
ovules many ; style inflexed, filiform, beardless ; stigma capitate. Pod
linear, straight or faleate, acuminate, flat-compressed, not or faintly
depressed between the seeds. Seeds suborbicular, the funicle expanded
into a somewhat thickened membrane, but scarcely strophiolate.—
Disrris. Eastern Asia, Japan, N. Australia; species about 12.

Leaflets exstipellate ; hairs on the pod glandular ................+5 1. D. glandulosa,
Leaflets stipellate ; hairs on the pod not glandular ............... 2. D, Heynei.

1. Dunbaria glandulosa, Prain, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vy. 66
(1898) p.433. A woody twiner; young parts more or less clothed with
yellowish or grey tomentum ; stems terete. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate ;
rhachis prolonged 4-3 in, beyond the insertion of the lateral leaflets ;
petioles 11-3 in. long, pubescent; stipules } in. long, ovate-lanceolate,
cuspidate. Leaflets 1-3 by 13-3! in., usually broader than long (the
terminal rhomboid-oyvate, acute or acuminate, the lateral obliquely ovate,
acute), subcoriaceous, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs; petiolules
of lateral leaflets 3 in. long, hairy; stipels0. Flowers in long-peduncled
lax racemes, usually in pairs along a glabrous terete rhachis ; pedicels
5 in. long, retrofracted in fruit. Calyx 4-3 in. long, sparingly bristly
with hairs rising from bulbous bases; teeth all shorter than the tube,
the upper and lateral very short, obtuse, ciliate, the lower longer, acumi~
nate. Corolla 1 in. long, yellow with brown lines, showy ; standard
11 in. broad with 2 callosities above the base. Pods faintly depressed
between the seeds, 21-3 by 2 in., nearly straight, narrowed at the tip,
shortly beaked, thinly clothed with stiff yellowish bristles from bulbous
bases. Seeds 8-10, with a thickened funicle, scarcely strophiolate.
Atylosia glandulosa, Dalz. in Journ. Linn. Soc. vy. 13 (1878) p. 189.
Atylosia rostrata, Baker, in Hook. f. F). B. I. v. 2 (1876) p. 216; Talb.

2c

ea
2

386 XLVIII. LEGUMINOSZ.

Trees, Bomb. p. 73; Woodr, in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 425.
Cajanus glandulosus, Dalz. & Gibs.. p. 73.

Rare. Konkan: Séocks!, Dalzell!; Malwan and Wagotan (S. Konkan), Dalzell &¢
Gibson. —Distris. India (Central India, Bengal, Birma, W. Peninsula).

2, Dunbaria Heynei, Wight 4 Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 258. A
Ww oody twiner ; stems stout, much-branched, more or less clothed with
spreading hairs. Leaves 3- foliolate ; ; petioles 1-24 in. long, with a few
scattered hairs ; stipules 13 in. long, ovate-oblong, acuminate, ciliate.
Leaflets membranous, 2-3 by 14-21 in, "(the terminal rhomboid or obovate,
acuminate, cuneate, with a rounded base, the lateral very unequal-sided,
obliquely ovate, acuminate), more or less hairy on both surfaces ; petio-
lules very short, hairy ; stipels 3 in. long, subulate. Flowers in peduncled
few-flowered axillary | ax racemes ; pedicels ¢ 1-3 in. long, slender, hairy ;
bracts broadly ovate, caducous. Calyx 3-3 in. ‘long, roughly puberulous,
the lowest tooth much the longest and “exceeding the tube. Corolla
2-1 in. long, purple or yellow. Pods 13-2 by 3-3 in., straight, cuspidate,
narrowed at the base, clothed with weak spreading hairs, slightly lineate
between the ool Seeds 4-5, ovoid-reniform, mottled black and brown.
Me By 2s ps 27s Arim: Fi. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 80. Cajanus kulnensis,
Dalz. in Journ, Linn, Soe. v. 13 (1878) p. 186; Fl. B.I. v. 2, p. 214;

Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 73; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p. 425.—F lowers: Dec.—Mar.

Konkan: evergreen forests, Talbot; Kulnawari (Wari country), Dalzell § Gibson,

Woodrow. Kanara: Potelli, Talbot; Wadi Ghat, Talbot.—Disrris. India (Mysore
hills) ; Ceylon.

52. CYLISTA, Ait.

A twining shrub. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. Leaflets stipellate,
dotted beneath with resinous glands. Flowers in axillary sometimes
panicled racemes ; bracts membranous, hyaline, caducous ; bracteoles 0.
Calyx-tube campanulate ; teeth obtuse, scarious, persistent, accrescent,
the 2 upper connate into one emarginate tooth, the 2 lateral shorter, the
lowest the largest, concave. Corolla enclosed in the calyx; standard
suborbicular, with inflexed auricles at the base; wings narrow; keel
incurved, obtuse. Stamens diadelphous; anthers uniform. Ovary sub-
sessile ; ovules 1-2; style filiform ; stigma terminal. Pod small, oblique,
oblong, enclosed in the calyx. Seed without a strophiole——Duisrri.
India ; species 1.

1. Cylista scariosa, Row). Cor. Pl. vy. 1(1795) p. 64,t. 92. A woody
twiner ; stems and branches finely downy. Leaves 3-foliolate ; rhachis
prolonged $~—3 in. between the insertion of the lateral leaflets and the
stipels of the terminal one; petioles }—2 in. long, downy ; stipules
\—5. in. long, triangular, acute, downy. Leaflets 2-4 by 13-2} in. (the
terminal rhomboid-ovate, the lateral slightly smaller, very obliquely
ovate), acute, clothed with soft velvety pubescence above, densely downy
and prominently reticulately veined beneath, base subcordate ; petiolules
tin. long, densely downy; stipels + in. long, subulate. Flowers in
copious axillary peduncled racemes or panicles; pedicels very short,
downy ; bracts large, ovate, caducous. Calyx finally 1-1} in. long;
tube downy ; lower lip ? in. broad, boat-shaped, couspicuously veined.
Corolla yellow, concealed in the calyx. Pods small, oblique, downy,

XLVIII. LEGUMINOSE. 387

enclosed in the calyx, l-seeded. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 219; Grah. Cat. p. 54;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 74; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 73; Woodr, in Journ. Bomb,
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 425.—Flowers: Nov.-lFeb. Vurn, Rdn-ghevdd.

Roxburgh (/.¢.) and not Aiton was the first to describe C. scariosa.

A very common plant. Konkan: Stocks!, Cupt. Geburne! Matheran, Cooke!,
Woodrow!; Kanheri jungles, Graham. Deccan: hills near Poona, Woodrow! ;
Mahableshwar, Cooke!; Talegaon, Bhiva!; Igatpuri, Edgeworth! S. M. Counrry:
hills north of Belgaum, /ifchie, 206! Kanara: Yellu (N. Kanara), Ritchie, 206 !—
Distris. India (Central Provinces, Birma, W. Peninsula) ; Socotra.

53. RHYNCHOSIA, Lour.

Herbs or undershrubs, twining or prostrate, rarely erect. Leaves
pinnately (rarely digitately) 3-foliolate ; stipules ovate or lanceolate.
Leaflets dotted beneath with resinous glands, exstipellate or minutely
stipellate. Flowers in axillary racemes, solitary or twin along the
rhachis, rarely solitary in the axils of the leaves; bracts caducous ;
bracteoles 0. Calyx-teeth not acerescent, the 2 upper more or less
connate. Corolla included or exserted ; standard obovate or orbicular
with inflexed auricles at the base ; wings narrow ; keel incurved at the
apex. Stamens diadelphous; anthers uniform. Ovary subsessile ;
ovules 2 (very rarely 1); style long, filiform, much incurved; stigma
capitate. Pod round or oblong, compressed or turgid, usually con-
tinuous (rarely septate) within. Seeds 2 (rarely 1), the hilum parallel
to the sutures and the funicle centrical upon it; strophiole thick,
small, or 0.—Duisrris. Throughout the tropical regions of both hemi-
spheres, some extratropical in N. America and 8. Africa; species
about 80.

Seeds with a waxy strophiole ............cepeesseeeeeeeeeeceeeneeeeeees 1. R. aurea,

Seeds without a strophiole.
Calyx-teeth 3 times as long as the tube ; seeds blue ......... 2. R. cyanosperia.
Calyx-teeth twice as long as the tube ; seeds black ............ 3. BR, minima,
Calyx-teeth shorter than, or equalling, the tube ............44 4, R. bracteata.

1. Rhynchosia aurea, DC. Prodr. v. 2 (1825) p. 386. Annual,
trailing; stems sparingly clothed with fine spreading hairs. Leaves
3-foliolate; rhachis prolonged 4-2 in. beyond the insertion of the
lateral leaflets ; petioles 13-3 in. long, slender, grooved, thinly hairy ;
stipules + in. long, ovate, acuminate. Leaflets 3-12 in. long, nearly as
broad as long, rhomboid-ovate or rhomboid-obovate (the lateral very
unequal-sided), acute or subobtuse, with a few short scattered hairs on
both surfaces, reticulately veined; stipels 0. Flowers in close 6—20-
flowered racemes longer or shorter than the leaves ; peduncles slender,
hairy ; pedicels 4-1 in. long, densely pubescent. Calyx 2 in. long,
hairy ; teeth linear-subulate, 3-4 times as long as the tube, the 2 upper
connate, except at the tip. Corolla a little longer than the lowest tooth
of the calyx, yellow; standard ,', in. broad, with 2 callosities at the
base. Pods orbicular, 4 in. in diam., slightly compressed, transversely
striate with nearly parallel lines, mucronate, mottled, sparsely clothed
with long fine hairs. Seeds 2, oblong, compressed, rounded at the ends,
1 by t in., with a waxy strophiole, dark brown. Wight and Aitchison
say that the plant buries its seed in the ground. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 221;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 425. Nomismia aurea,

2¢ 2

388 XLVIII. LEGUMINOS&.

W.& A. Prodr. p. 237. Nomismia capitata, W. & A. Prodr. p. 237 ;
Wight, Icon. t. 295.—Flowers : Sept.—Noyv.

Rare. S. M. Country: Badami, Woodrow !, Cooke!; hills 8 miles north-east of
Belgaum, Ritchie, 612 !—Disrris. Throughout India.

2. Rhynchosia cyanosperma, Benth. in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Africa,
y.2 (1871) p.218. A stout woody twiner; stems and branches densely
clothed with velv ety fulvous or rufous pubescence. Leaves 3-foliolate ;
rhachis prolonged 1—# in. between the insertion of the lateral leaflets
and the stipels of the terminal one; petioles 1-24 in. long, softly
rufous-hairy ; stipules { in. long, ovate, acute. Leaflets 2-43 by
1}-82 in., rhomboid-ovate, acuminate (the lateral oblique), “velvety-
pubescent on both sides, base rounded; petiolules 4 in. long, hairy ;
stipels 4-4 in. long, subulate, very hairy. Flowers in close softly
pubescent peduncled racemes longer than the leaves ; pedicels 1-2 in.
long, softly downy ; bracts large, ovate, acute, velvety, caducous. Calyx
3—#? in. long, densely erey-dow ny; teeth 3 times as long as the tube,
linear, obtuse, +1 in. broad. Corolla pale yellowish-white ; standard
4 by ’a ils, emarginate. Pods 3 by 4 in., deeply torulose, densely
velvety. Seeds 2, estrophiolate, subglobose, dark-blue, shining. . Fl. B.
I. v. 2, p. 222; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 84; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 73;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 425. Cyanospermum
tomentosum, W. & A. Prodr. p. 260; Wight, Ill. v. 1, p. 198, t. 81
(incorrectly numbered 84); Dalz. & Gibs. p. 75. Cylista tomentosa,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. v. 3, p. 319; Cor. Pl. t. 221.—Flowers: Oct.—Dec.

Konkan: evergreen forests of 8S. Konkan, Zudbot. S. M. Country: Parva Ghat,
Dalzell!; Chorla Ghit, Stocks! ; Belgaum jungles, Dalzell & Gibson; Kanapur (near

Belgaum), Ritchie, 204 | Kan: ARA: Hirdosi and Anmode (N. Kanara), Woodrow,—
Disrris. India (W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon.

3. Rhynchosia minima, DC. Prodr. vy. 2 (1825) p. 385. A
twining or trailing annual; stems numerous, slender, much branched,
pubescent when young. Leaves 3- foliolate ; petioles | 1—3 in. long, more
or less pubescent, striate; stipules 4 in. long, linear-lanceolate. Leaflets
4-1 in. long, as broad as long (the terminal sometimes broader than
long), rhomboid-ovate or rhomboid-obovate, obtuse, apiculate, glabrous
above, pubescent on the veins and conspicuously dotted beneath, base
cuneate; stipels sometimes present, and when so, minute, subulate.
Flowers in axillary 6-12-flowered lax racemes usually exceeding the
leaves; pedicels very short. Calyx 4-4 in. long, pubescent; teeth
about twice as long as the tube, linear-subulate. Corolla yellow, ++ in.
long. Pods 3-2 by + in., somewhat compressed, turgid, slightly re-
curved, glabrescent. Seeds 2 (very fg) 1), compressed, { by ;/; in.,
black, estrophiolate. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 223; Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. DP 49 ;
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 84; Woodr. i in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p. 425. Rhynchosia medicaginea, DC. Prodr. vy. 2, p, 386; Dalz. & Gibs.
p. 74.—Flowers : Sept.—Jan.

Konkan: Stocks!, Dalzell!, Capt. Geburne! Deccan: widely, Woodrow ; Poona,
looke!, Woodrow ! ‘Gusarat: widely, Woodrow. S.M. Country: Dharwar, Cooke!;
Padshapur hills, Ritchie, 1705! Sixp: Stocks. —Distris. Throughout India ; Ceylon,
Tropics ea Cape, United States.

Van. 1. lawiflora, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. 1. v. 2, p. 223. Stems
and ea glabrous. Petioles longer. Leaflets larger, sometimes

XLVIIT, LEGUMINOS®. 389

reaching or even exceeding 2 in. long, acute at the apex, the upper and
lower halves subdeltoid. Racemes more lax, sometimes reaching 6 in.
long. Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 426. RB. lawi-
flora (sp.), Camb. in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. p. 44, t. 54.

Deccan: Poona, Woodrow! 8, M. Country: Badami, Woodrow!, Cooke! Srxp:
Puran!; near Karachi, Stocks !

,

Var. 2. Memnonia. Whole plant canescent with short white velvety
persistent pubescence. 2. Memnonia (sp.), DC. Prodr. v. 2, p. 886;
Fi. B. I. v. 2, p. 224; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 2, p.625; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 426. &. pulverulenta, Stocks, in Kew
Journ. Bot. y. 4 (1852) p. 147 ; Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 50.—Flowers :
Jan.

Except the pubescence, which is conspicuous and persistent, I can
find, after a close examination of several specimens from Sind, no
character to separate this as a distinct species from R. minima, of
which I have felt constrained to make it a variety. Mr. Baker, in
Fl. B. I. (2. ¢.), remarks that the plant differs from 2. minima in vesti-
ture only.

A rare plant, confined, in the Bombay Presidency, to Sind. Siyp: Stocks! ;

Jemadar ka Landa near Karachi, Stocks!; hills at the Hub near Karachi, Puran! ;
Karachi districts, Cooke !—Disrrris. Arabia, Tropical and 8, Africa.

4, Rhynchosia bracteata, Benth. MS. ex Baker, in Hook. f. FI.
B. I, vy. 2 (1876) p. 225. Sarmentose or twining; stems and branches
finely striate, clothed with velvety pubescence. Leaves 3-foliolate ;
petioles #-13 in. long, grooved, pubescent ; stipules | in. long, ovate,
acuminate. Leaflets 13-3 in. long, as broad as long (the terminal
rhomboid-orbicular, the lateral obliquely ovate), shortly acuminate, thinly
downy above, densely so beneath ; stipels 0. Flowers in axillary many-
flowered simple or branched peduncled racemes much longer than the
leaves ; pedicels short; bracts ;%,-1 in. long, exceeding the pedicels,
ovate, acuminate, softly pubescent. Calyx 4-3 in. long, softly downy ;
teeth triangular, the upper about equalling or slightly shorter than the
tube, the lowest longer. Corolla 3 in. long, yellow; standard 1-3 in.
broad, finely pubescent on the back, without callosities at the base,
auricled. Pods 1-13 by 3 in., turgid, mucronate, narrowed at the base,
slightly recurved, minutely pubescent. Seeds estrophiolate, dark-brown.
R. mollissima, Dalz. in Journ. Linn. Soe. v. 13 (1873) p. 186. Dolichos
bracteatus, Wall. Cat. 5554.

A very rare plant. Deccan: Khandesh, banks of the Girnar, Da/ze/l !—Duisrris.
India (upper Gangetic plain, Birma).

The plant was first described by Dalzell (Journ, Linn. Soe. 1. ec.) who named it
R. mollissima. Unfortunately there are two different plants named Ff. mollissima, one
in Tropical Africa and the other in Java, both of which were described much earlier
in point of time than Dalzell’s plant.

54, FLEMINGIA, Roxb.

Shrubs (rarely herbs) erect or rarely climbing. Leaves 1-foliolate or
digitately 3-foliolate ; stipules striate, usually caducous. Leaflets usually
with prominent veins and gland-dotted beneath (except J. tuberosa),
usually exstipellate. Inflorescence densely spicato-racemose, capitate, or
paniculate ; bracts various; bracteoles usually 0. Calyx-tube short; teeth

390 XLVIII, LEGUMINOS2.

subequal or the lowest the longest, free, usually falcate. Corolla slightly
exserted or included ; standard elliptic, obovate, or orbicular, auricled ;
wings obliquely obovate or oblong, usually adhering to the keel; keel
straight or incurved, obtuse or acute. Stamens diadelphous; anthers
uniform. Ovary subsessile, short ; ovules 2; style filiform or slightly
thickened above ; stigma small, capitate. Pod small, oblique, turgid,
continuous within. Seeds thick, not strophiolate ; the funicle centric.
—Duisrriz. Chiefly natives of Tropical Asia and Australia, a few in
Tropical Africa ; species about 26.

Leaves 1-foliolate.
Branches terete ; bracts acuminate, glabrescent ; corolla white. 1. F. strobilifera.
Branches angular; bracts rounded or emarginate, hirsute ;
GOKU a FOSY OF PUEDE, ..00.5 21s enenensanccenecey andes cows ewndeossuan 2. F. bracteata.
Leaves 38-foliolate.
Erect shrubs or undershrubs.
Hlowers in Panicles ...06..0:ceecseeneiadaccssesesosseseuscoeremspenne 3. F. lineata,
Flowers in axillary racemes ; bracts small.
A low undershrub 6-8 in, high, with woody subterranean
BEOML (che vecacscstas scat enacedsanncdehetetnadnadecceanens comideneeaes 4. F. nana.
Woody undershrubs with tall stems.
Corolla exserted ; calyx with a distinct tube, the lowest

tooth tthe LONGEStis save sssacasdieccnerer ede ceaeeeasneecns tees 5. I. congesta.
Corolla included ; calyx divided nearly to the base,
the festhisubeq Walase.c.sr-scnasaesvarscatamenslenseasecnee 6. F. Wallichii.

Flowers in dense globose heads surrounded by large bracts. 7. F. involucrata.
Trailing herbs with tuberous roots.

Inflorescence capitate, terminal...............csssecsesteceaseseees 8. F. nilgiriensis.

Enfloresconce lax, axillary “.<...0c2.:s0s.ccsbesdenvesesseses Pontes 9, F. tuberosa.

1. Flemingia strobilifera, 2. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, vy. 4
(1812) p. 350, An erect much-branched shrub 4-10 ft. high ; branches
slender, terete, pubescent towards their tips. Leaves 1-foliolate ;
petioles 1-1 in. long, pubescent ; stipules scarious, }—} in. long, lanceo-
late, caducous. Leaflets subcoriaceous, minutely gland-dotted, 33-53
by 13-2 in., ovate-oblong, acute, green and glabrous or nearly so above,
paler and more or less silky-pubescent (especially on the nerves) beneath,
base rounded or truncate ; main nerves 8-10 pairs, very conspicuous on
the lower side ; stipels 0. Flowers in axillary and terminal simple or
branched racemes 3-6 in. long, closely arranged along a slender pubes-
cent zigzag rhachis ; bracts large, membranous, persistent, glabrescent,
broadly orbicular-ovate, shortly acuminate, 3—1 in. long, usually broader
than long, cordate at the base, conspicuously nerved and reticulately
veined, stalked, each bract folded over and enclosing 2 or more small
flowers. Calyx } in. long, pubescent ; teeth linear, acute, veined, longer
than the tube. Corolla white, 3 in. long ; standard 54, in. broad, auricled,
Pods 2 by 53; in., oblong, turgid, mucronate, densely pubescent, com-
pletely concealed by the bracts. Seeds 2 (rarely 1), dark-brown,
marbled. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 227 (eaclud. vars.); Grah. Cat. p. 51;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 75; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 74; Woodr. in Journ,
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 426; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 403.
—Flowers: Noy.Jan. Varn. Kdnphutt.

Common in hilly parts of the Konkan, usually growing in patches. Konkan:
Stocks!, Graham; Matheran, Cooke!, Woodrow!; Mahableshwar, Cooke !—Dtsrrie,
Throughout India; S.E. Asia,

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS®. 391

2. Flemingia bracteata, Wight, /con. (1840) t. 268. An erect
shrub 4-10 ft. high ; branches more or less angular, softly downy when
young. Leaves 1-foliolate ; petioles +} in. long, downy; stipules
4-2 in. long, linear, bristle-pointed, subpersistent. Leaflets 3-54 by
17-24 in., ovate, acute, glabrous above, slightly hairy (especially on the
nerves) beneath, base rounded or cordate ; main nerves 4-6 pairs;
stipels 0. Flowers in axillary and ter minal branched racemes, closely
arranged along a pubescent and nearly straight rhachis; bracts mem-
branous, ? in. long, usually broader than long, rounded or emarginate
at the apex, cordate at the base, stalked (with linear subulate stipules
® in. long below the stalks), softly hirsute and ciliate with long hairs,
reticulately veined, the flowers hidden within the folded bracts. Calyx
+ in. long, hirsute ; teeth triangular, acute, longer than the tube.
Corolla + in. long, purple or rosy. Pods 4~} in. long, oblong, turgid,
rounded and mucronate at the ¢ apex, entirely concealed by the persistent
bracts. Seeds 2 (rarely 1). Prain, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vy. 66
(1898) p. 487. F. strobilifera, var. bracteata, Baker, in Fl. B. I. v. 2,
p. 227. Hedysarum bracteatum, Roxb. FI. Ind. v. 3, p, 351.

Konkan: Ritchie. 8, M. Country: Castlerock, Cooke!, Bhiva! Kanara: Talbot
(fide Prain).—Distrie, India (Oude, Behar, C. India, Sikkim, Birma, W. Peninsula),

3. Flemingia lineata, low). Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 56. A small
erect branched shrub ; young branches angular, appressedly pubescent.
Leaves 3-foliolate; petioles 3-1 in. long, quadrangular, not winged,
pubescent ; stipules conspicuous, 1 in. long, linear-oblong, cuspidate,
subpersistent. Leaflets 14-2 by 2-3 in., rigidly subcoriaceous, plicate,
obovate or oblanceolate, cuneate (the lateral smaller than the terminal
and slightly oblique), rounded or subacute, nearly glabrous above, silky-
hairy (especially on the very oblique conspicuous nerves), closely reti-
culately veined and inconspicuously dotted with yellowish glands beneath ;
stipels 0. Flowers in axillary peduncled spreading lax panicles ; rhachis
slender, pubescent; pedicels short; bracts linear, acute, caducous.
Calyx 4-1 in. long, softly downy ; teeth subequal, ae a
little longer than the tube. Corolla ;°; in. long. Pods 3-4 by ;%; in.,
oblong, rounded at both ends, mole apiculate, glandular (sometimes
viscidly so), pubescent. Seeds 2, orbicular-oblong, black. Fl. B. J
v. 2, p. 228; Grah. Cat. p.51; Wight, Icon. t. 327; Trim. Fl. Ceyl.
v. 2, p. 87.—F lowers : Dee.—Jan.

Konkan: Stocks! Duccan: between Nasik and Igatpuri, Kdgeworth! Gusarat:
common, Dr, Lush ex Graham; Panch Mahals, Dalzell/!—Distris. Throughout
India; Malay Islands, N. Australia,

4, Flemingia nana, Jiow). Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 56; Fl. Ind. v. 3,
p- 339. Suffruticose, 6-8 in. high: stem scarcely any, about 1 in. above
ground, woody, perennial ; branches few, short, subherbaceous. Leaves
3-foliolate ; petioles 1-3 in. long, w inged ; stipules {-2 in. long, linear-
lanceolate, acute. Leaflets 1-3 by #-13 in. (the terminal obovate,
narrowed, the lateral obliquely elliptic, rounded at the base), acute at
the apex, more or less downy, 3-nerved ; petiolules short; stipels 0.
Flowers numerous, in axillary elongate slender racemes 3-4 in, long,
which are solitary or insciculate ; pedicels 4-1 in. long, slender,
pubescent and glandular; bracts 7/5 in. long, lanceolate, caducous.
Calyx + in. long, pubescent and covered with ferruginous elands ; teeth

392 XLVIII. LEGUMINOS2,

lanceolate, longer than the tube, the lowest the longest. Corolla } in.
long, greenish-pink with darker stripes. Pods }—} in. long, oblong,
turgid, clothed with a greenish-grey tomentum and covered with viscid
reddish glands. Seeds 2, round. Wight, Icon, t.?89; Prain, in Journ.
As. Soe. Beng. v. 66 (1898) p. 441.

Baker, in Fl. B. I. vy. 2, p. 229, makes this a variety of F. congesta,
a shrub reaching 6 ft. high. There is evidently some mistake as to the
plant which Mr. Baker took to be F. nana of Roxburgh. The species
is very badly represented in Herb. Kew., but Roxburgh has in his
‘Icones’ an excellent colored drawing of the plant which has been copied
by Wight (Icon. 1. ¢.).

A very rare plant in the Bombay Presidency. Tulbo¢t n, 960 in Calcutta Herb.
(fide Prain) reports the plant from Dongi (N. Kanara).

5. Flemingia congesta, Jtow). Hort. Beng. (1814) p.56. An erect
shrub 3-6 ft. high; young branches angular, suleate, appressedly
pubescent. Leaves 3-foliolate; petioles 1{/-3 in. long with angular
but not winged margins, pubescent. Leaflets 4-7 by 2-22 in., sub-
coriaceous, ovate-oblong, acute (the terminal cuneate, the lateral
obliquely rounded at the base), dark green, glabrous or nearly so
above, sparingly silky (especially on the nerves) beneath, strongly 3-
nerved from the base ; petiolules 11 in. long, densely fulvous-pubescent.
Flowers in dense axillary velvety congested racemes shorter than the
petioles, the racemes sometimes solitary in the higher, usually fasciculate
in the lower axils; pedicels very short, hairy ; bracts lanceolate, } in.
long, densely velvety. Calyx 3 in. long, softly pilose, dotted with small
black glands ; tube distinct ; teeth linear, acute, ciliate, much exceeding ,
the tube, the lowest the longest. Corolla ;% in. long; standard }—+ in.
broad, white streaked with pink; wings purplish. Pods }-} by }in.,

oblong, turgid, apiculate, finely pubescent, not glandular. Seeds 2.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 228 (ewelud. varieties); Dalz. & Gibs. p. 75; Wight,
Icon. t. 390; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 87 (ewelud. var.); Talb. Trees,
Bomb. p. 74; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1897) p. 426; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 3, p. 400.—Flowers: Noy.-Dec. Vern. Dau-
daula.

Konkan: Dalzell!, Stocks!; Wari jungles, Dalzell!

Var. viridis, Prain, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 66 (1898) p. 440.
Racemes more lax and slender, but always shorter than the petioles.
Petioles distinctly winged. Leaflets thinner and paler. Llemingia
semialata (sp.), Wall. Cat. 5746 » (not at all of Roxb.). F. semialata,
var. viridis, Kurz, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 45, part 2 (1876) p. 261.
—Flowers : Sept.—Oct.

I have followed Prain (7. ¢.) as to this variety. Prain has restored
F. semialata, Roxb. (which Baker in FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 229, had made a
variety of F. congesta), to its pristine specific rank; and as the original
plants from which Roxburgh described his species were grown in the
Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, from seed sent by Buchanan from Nipal,
Dr. Prain is in a position to know exactly what plant Roxburgh meant.
The racemes of F. semialata exceed the petioles, those of 7’. congesta and
its variety (viridis) are shorter than them.

Konkan: Stocks!, Gibson; Vingorla, Woodrow, Cooke! Kanara: very common in

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS®, 393

the moist forests of N. Kanara, Talbot ; Kumpta, Talbot, 249!; Yellapur, Talbot, 908!
—Disrris. India (Behar, Birma, W. Peninsula),

6. Flemingia Wallichii, Wight § Arn. Prodr. (1834) p, 242. An
erect shrub 3 ft. high; branches obscurely angled, clothed with spreading
hairs. Leaves 3-foliolate ; petioles 1-14 in. long, grooved, faintly winged,
clothed with long spreading hairs; stipules 4 in. long, ovate-oblong,
acute. Leaflets 13-43 by 3-2 in. (the terminal obovate, cuneate, the
lateral obliquely ovate-oblong, rounded at the base), acute, glabrous
above, more or less hairy, dotted with black glands, prominently nerved
and reticulately veined beneath ; stipels 0. Flowers sessile, in dense
axillary often condensed racemes 1-3 in. long, solitary or fasciculate ;
bracts 4 in. long, obovate-oblong, acute, shaggy. Calyx 3-3 in. long,
shaggy, divided almost to the very base; teeth subequal, linear, acute,
plumose. Corolla included. Pods as long as the calyx, + in. broad,
turgid, obtuse at both ends, finely pubescent, not glandular. Seeds 2,
subglobose, black. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 229 (execlud. syn. #. nana and
F. sericans) ; Woodr. in Journ, Bomb, Nat. y. 11 (1897) p. 426.—
Flowers: Oct.—Feb.

Konkan: Stocks! 8. M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie, 202! Kanara: Woodrow!;
Hulical, Bhiva !; Yacombi, Bhiva!—Disrris. India (W. Peninsula).

7. Plemingia involucrata, Benth. Pl. Jungh. (1851-55) p. 246. An
erect shrub 2-6 ft. high; stems and branches terete, clothed with spreading
fulvous hairs. Leaves 3-foliolate ; petioles 4-3 in. long, densely hairy ;
stipules in. long, oblong-lanceolate, acute. Leaflets 2-4 by 3-14in., oblong
or lanceolate, narrowed at both ends (the lateral oblique), subcoriaceous,
glabrous above, softly hairy, palerand dotted with brownish glands beneath;
main nerves 10-14 pairs, close, prominent; stipels rarely present, when
present minute, filiform. Flowers in dense globose terminal and axillary
heads often exceeding 1 in. in diam., surrounded by a number of bracts
(like the capitula of Composite); peduncles very short, stout, densely
hairy ; bracts reaching # by + in., ovate, acuminate, pubescent on the
back, ciliate on the margins with long soft hairs. Calyx 3-3 in. long,
divided nearly to the base, densely silky-hairy ; teeth subequal, lanceolate,
cuspidate, plumose, the 2 upper subconnate. Corolla 3-4 in. long.
Pods 1 by + in., thin, oblong, turgid, apiculate, keeled on the ventral
suture, downy. Seed 1, quite filling the pod, ellipsoid, black. Fl. B. I.
vy. 2, p. 229; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 74; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 426.—Flowers : Nov.—Feb.

Rare. Konxan: Stocks! Kanara: open glades in the deciduous forests of
N. Kanara, Talbot; Dandeli (N. Kanara), Woodrow.—Distris. India (KE, Himalayas,
Bengal, Assam, C. Provinces, W. Peninsula); Java.

8. Flemingia nilgiriensis, Wight, WS.in Herb. Kew. Herbaceous,
diffuse, pubescent; stems many, terete, clothed with long spreading hairs.
Leaves 3-foliolate ; petioles 1-3 in. long, hairy; stipules 3 by + in,
ovate-oblong, acute, hairy. Leaflets 3-1 by 2-3 in., ovate-oblong or
oblong-elliptic (the terminal sometimes obovate), mucronate, hairy on
both surfaces, dotted with reddish glands beneath, base rounded (ob-
liquely so in the lateral leaflets); stipels 0. Flowers in terminal heads
4—2 in. in diam.; peduncles 3-13 in. long, densely hairy ; bracts 3 by
yy In., lanceolate, acute, hairy. Calyx 3-75 in. long, densely fulvons-

394 XLVIII, LEGUMINOS2.

hairy, the hairs often rising from large yellowish bulbous bases; teeth
subequal, more than twice as long as the tube, linear-lanceolate, plumose,
Corolla scarcely longer than the calyx, dull-purple ; standard + in. broad,
obovate-oblong, hairy on the back, auricled. Pods + in. long, thin,
obliquely ovoid or subglobose, pointed, glabrous, veined. Seed 1,
ellipsoid, quite filling the pod, dark-brown, smooth. lemingia pro-
cumbens, Wight, Icon. t. 987 (not of Roxb.); Dalz. & Gibs. p. 75.
Flemingia vestita, var. nilgheriensis, Benth. ex Baker, in Fl. B. I. v. 2,
p. 230; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 426.—Flowers:
Aug.-Oct.

I have restored this to the rank of a species accorded to it by Wight.
It is quite impossible to consider it a variety of /. procumbens, Roxb.,
which, as Prain points out (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 66 [1898] p. 442),
is the same as Ff, vestita, Benth. Wight made a slip in naming the
plant F. procumbens (Icon. 987), when he had already figured F. pro-
cumbens, Roxb. in t. 408. He corrected the error, however, in a note
attached to a specimen in his Herbarium, which is now in Herb. Kew.,
in which he named the plant 7. netlgherrensis.

Rare. Konnas: Stocks! Duccan: Phunda Ghat, Dalzed/!—Distris. Apparently
endemic. i

9, Flemingia tuberosa, Dalz. in Kew Journ, Bot. y. 2 (1850) p. 34,
Perennial, prostrate ; root tuberous, 2 in. long, edible; stems 2-3 ft.
long, copiously branched; branches terete, glabrous or with a few
spreading hairs, faintly striate. Leaves 3-foliolate ; petioles #-12 in.
long, clothed with spreading hairs; stipules 4 in. long, oblong, acute,
caducous. Leaflets 14-2 by 3-,%, in., oblong-lanceolate, acute, sparsely
hairy above, more strongly so on the nerves beneath, not or obscurely
gland-dotted ; midrib very conspicuous on the underside. Flowers
in few-flowered lax axillary racemose cymes longer than the leaves,
the branches very slender; bracts and bracteoles rigid, ovate, acute.
Calyx 1-2 in. long, densely hairy; teeth subequal, longer than the
tube, linear, acute, strongly 3-nerved. Corolla lilac, slightly longer
than the calyx; standard hairy on the back. Pods oblong, as long as
or slightly exceeding the calyx, glabrous, transversely reticulate towards
the apex. Seeds 1-2. Fi. B. I. v. 2, p. 2380; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 75;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 426.—Flowers : Sept.

Konkan : Stocks!, Dalzell!, Law!; Malwan, Da/zell § Gibson ; Dapoli, Nairne.—
Distrrs. Apparently endemic.

55. DALBERGIA, Linn. f.

Trees or shrubs often climbing. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate or
rarely 1-foliolate. Leaflets usually alternate, exstipellate. Flowers
small, copious, in terminal or lateral panicles; bracts small sub-
persistent ; bracteoles usually minute. Calyx campanulate; teeth
short, distinct, the lowest usually the longest. Corolla exserted ;
standard broad; wings oblong; keel obtuse, its petals joined at the
tip. Stamens 9-10, all connate into atube split down the upper side, or
the tube split into 2 equal bundles; anthers minute, basifixed, with the
cells back to back, dehiscing usually by an apical (rarely a longitudinal)
slit. Ovary stalked; ovules few; style incurved, short; stigma small,

XLVIII. LEGUMINOSA. 395

terminal. Pod oblong or strap-shaped, usually thin and flat, in-
dehiscent, not thickened or winged at the sutures. Seeds 1-4, reniform,
flat-compressed.—Distrtp. America, Africa, Tropical Asia, Australia ;
species 60-70.

An older name for the genus is Amerimnon, Browne (Hist. Jamaica, [1789] p. 288,
t. 31, f. 3).

Stamens 9 (less commonly 10), monadelphous ; staminal-
tube slit along the upper side only.
Tall trees unarmed,

PPBNOIE AOUTMIMBEG. cic scscccvervcdcccaxseveensvssnasenaserasone 1, D. Sissoo.
MPSA BERTOOLUSOE Ma sya vee cee tes vanes duteevccecsescesn ees ores 2. D. latifolia.
A small tree armed with spines .............ssssscsscsscesees 3. D, Melanoxylon.

Scandent shrubs.
Leaflets 5-7.

IE GCERERAIE DME mean cverew sh sees sueh ou Msade lense cour aston 4, D. rubiginosa.
BOW Crascant-shaped 50, :écrecsuecsen’soeseecsunecsnvenses 5. D. torta.
PI ELM Otte, cari eceneiadisartbany vss inacniaes toxoid dy ooee 6, D. sympathetica.
RAB US aa teens ronan ccstd een ecccacrae nt swe wacae ieesehanr 7. D. tamarindifolia.

Stamens 10; staminal-tube slit on the upper and lower
sides, so that the stamens are in 2 bundles of 5 each.

Trees.
Standard j in. broad, with a callosity at the base of
BREIENO ese ceanre Os tee cats teantse si oxeceecan sess qanieeavas 8. D. lanceolaria,
Standard 3 in. broad, without a callosity at the base
OLS DHGMIOND) teases scesaceate asst atecnr store ensee puecaeceene see 9. D. paniculata.
An erect shrub with spine-tipped branchlets ............ 10. D. spinosa.
Avclimbing'shrubi; leaflets LIHU5) ov .c.cev.ce deer onssevseces 11. D. voludbilis.

1. Dalbergia Sissoo, Rowh. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 53; Fl. Ind.
v. 3, p. 223. A tree reaching 60 ft. high; young parts pubescent
or tomentose; branches numerous, spreading. Leaves alternate,
bifarious, imparipinnate; leaf-rhachis zigzag; petioles terete, very
downy when young; stipules lanceolate, caducous. Leaflets 3-5, firm,
13-23 by 14-21 (the terminal the largest and the lowest the smallest),
distant, alternate, suborbicular, conspicuously and abruptly acuminate,
puberulous when young, soon glabrescent, base narrowed or cuneate ;
petiolules {+ in. long. Flowers sessile or nearly so, in axillary panicles
shorter than the leaves and composed of several short subsecund spikes ;
rhachis and branches of the panicle densely hairy; bracts linear-
subulate hairy. Calyx {-+ in. long, hairy; teeth short, ciliate, the
2 upper connate except at the tip, the lateral linear, obtuse, the lowest
the longest, subacute. Corolla pale-yellow, 1-3 in. long; standard
4 in. broad, with a long claw, the limb obovate-orbicular. Stamens 9
in one bundle, the sheath of the filaments slit only at the top. Ovary
pubescent ; ovules 2-4. Pods 13-4 by 4-3 in., narrowed at the base
into a Jong stalk which is twice as long as the calyx, thin, strap-shaped,
glabrous, slightly reticulate. Seeds 1-4. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 231;
Grah. Cat. p. 55; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 24; Benth. in Journ. Linn.
Soc. v. 4 (1860) Suppl. p. 40; Bedd. FI. Sylvat. t. 25; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. p. 74; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1897) p. 426;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 13.—Flowers: Mar.June. VuErn.
Sisvt.

Planted, but not extensively, in the Bombay Presidency ; said to be,wild in Gujarat.
Graham (l. ¢.) says that it is common in the Kanheri jungles and the hills about
Nagotna, but no doubt self-planted,

396 XLVIII. LEGUMINOS2.

The wood is valuable and is largely employed in Bengal for boat-building, carts, and
furniture. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. c.—-Distrip. India (planted throughout
the plains, indigenous in the Sub-Himalayas from the Indus to Assam).

2. Dalbergia latifolia, Row). Cor. Pl. v. 2 (1798) p. 7, t. 113. A
large glabrous tree reaching 80 ft. high; branches numerous, spreading,
forming a shady head. Leaves imparipinnate, 4-6 in. long; rhachis
straight, glabrous, much produced beyond the insertion of the uppermost
pair of leaflets. Leaflets 5-7 (usually 5), firm, 14-23 in. long, nearly as
broad as long (the terminal slightly the largest), broadly ovate or sub-
orbicular, rounded, sometimes emarginate at the apex, glabrous on both
sides, pale beneath, base shortly cuneate; petiolules +} in. long. Flowers
in axillary or extra-axillary lax divaricate panicles usually shorter than
the leaves; pedicels ;1,-1 in. long, filiform ; bracts minute ; bracteoles
membranous, very caducous. Calyx 4-1 in. long, glabrous ; teeth linear-
oblong, obtuse, rather shorter than the tube. Corolla ¢ in. long,
greenish- or yellowish-white, the petals with long claws. Stamens 9 in
one bundle. Ovary glabrous; ovules 3-5. Pods 13-3 by 3-} in,
strap-shaped, slightly reticulated, glabrous. Seeds 1-3 (rarely 4).
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 231; Grah. Cat. p. 55; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 77; Bedd.
Flor. Sylvat. t. 24; Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 4 (1860) Suppl.
p. 388; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 74; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1897) p. 426; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 7.—Flowers: Aug.
VerRN. Shisham; Sissu; Biti.

The Blackwood or Rosewood tree of 8. India. Konkan: Stocks!, Law!, Capt.
Geburne!, Dalzell §& Gibson. Deccan: hills, Woodrow. 8S. M. Country: Dalzell
Gibson, KKANARA: associated with teak in the high timber forests of N. Kanara,
Talbot; banks of Kala naddi river, Law ex Graham.—Distri. India (Oude,
®. Bengal, Behar, Sikkim, Bandelkhand, C. India, W. Peninsula),

The tree furnishes a valuable hard and heavy wood which sinks in water before
seasoning. It is the wood from which the well-known Bombay blackwood furniture is
made and commands a very high price in the market. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. e.

3. Dalbergia Melanoxylon, Guill. § Per. Flor. Seneg. vy. 1
(1830) p. 227, t. 53. A small tree 15-20 ft. high ; branches more or
less armed with stout spines; bark white. Leaves 4-5 in. long;
stipules very caducous. Leaflets 9-15, thinly subcoriaceous, 3-3 by
'\_3 in, (the terminal the largest, obovate, cuneate, the lateral oblong),
obtuse emarginate, glabrous above and nearly so beneath ; petiolules
i, in. long. Flowers numerous, in axillary panicles about equalling the
leaves ; pedicels ;\,-;1; in. long; bracts and bracteoles minute, linear.
Calyx ;!,-1 in. long, pubescent ; teeth ciliolate, the 2 upper obtuse, the
2 lateral smaller, linear-oblong, obtuse, the lowest twice as long as the
lateral, linear, acute. Corolla + in. long, yellow; standard 1 in. broad,
oblong-obovate, emarginate. Stamens 9 (in all that I have examined),
monadelphous, the central stamen longer than the others. Ovary
elabrous ; style short. Pods 1-2} in. long, 1-seeded and then short,
broadly elliptic-lanceolate, acute (sometimes 2-seeded and then oblong,
elongate), quite glabrous, reticulately veined, narrowed into a stalk
11 in. long. Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 24; Prain, in Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. v. 66 (1898) p. 446. D. Stocksii, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soe. y. 4
(1860) Suppl. p. 42; Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 234; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. p. 75; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 426.

XLVIMI. LEGUMINOS®. 397

Guill. & Per. in their description say stamens 10, sometimes 9. In
their figure, however, 9 stamens are shown. I have found only 9 in all
the specimens I have examined and they are monadelphous, though the
staminal-tube is slit some way down on the lower side.

Very doubtfully wild in the Bombay Presidency.—The tree occurs in Kanara, where
it goes by the name of ‘‘ Chinese blackwood.” It has been planted as a roadside tree
in Dharwar and also at Ganesh Khind near Poona. Dalzell (/. c.) says it was raised
in the Botanic Gardens at Hewra and Dapuri from seed furnished by Mr. Nimmo and
was called ‘ Senaar Ebony.”

The wood is remarkably hard and is used in Senegambia for many of the purposes
served by ebony and according to Guill. & Per. has been imported into Europe.

4, Dalbergia rubiginosa, How). Cor. Pl. vy. 2 (1798) p. 9, t. 115.
Scandent; branches terete, glabrous. Leaves imparipinnate, 3-4 in.
long; rhachis appressedly pubescent. Leaflets 5-7, coriaceous, 1~23 by
4-11 in, (the terminal much the largest), elliptic-oblong, obtuse, emar-
ginate, glabrous and shining above, pale, minutely puberulous and
inconspicuously reticulately veined beneath, base rounded or subacute ;
midrib prominent on the underside; petiolules ;/, in. long, pubescent.
Flowers in short crowded axillary panicles 1—2 in. long, with finely
pubescent branches; pedicels ;', in. long; bracts ovate-oblong, sub-
acute, pubescent on both sides, ciliolate ; bracteoles suborbicular-oblong,
concave, rounded at the apex, pubescent on both sides, ciliolate. Calyx
tin. long, finely brown-silky; teeth obtuse, about 1 the length of the
tube, ciliolate. Corolla + in. long; standard obovate-oblong, jy in.
broad. Stamens 9 or 10 in one bundle. Ovary stalked; ovules 2-4
Pods strongly veined, 1—2-seeded (fide Talbot, l.c.). Fl. B. I. v. 2,
p. 232; Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. vy. 4 (1860) Suppl. p. 43; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. p. 75.

I have found the number of stamens to be usually 10, though I have
found 9, but very rarely.

Rare. Konkan: Stocks! Kanara: N. Kanara, Talbot,45!; in the evergreen
Beate from the Ainshi Ghit southward, Za/bot.—Disrriw. India (W. Peninsula) ;
8. China.

5. Dalbergia torta, Grah. in Wall. Cat. (1828) 5873. A stout
scandent shrub, climbing by means of its divaricate lateral twigs often
hooked at the ends; bark purplish-black, smooth. Leaves 2-3 in. long ;
rhachis finely pubescent. Leaflets 5-7 (usually 5), 3-1 by 3-3 in.,
elliptic-oblong, obtuse, usually emarginate, quite glabrous above, glau-
cescent and more or less minutely puberulous beneath, base usually
rounded (that of the terminal leaflet cuneate); petiolules +), in. long,
pubescent. Flowers in axillary solitary or twin racemose or subeymose
panicles shorter than the leaves; pedicels 4-7; in. long; bracts and
bracteoles minute, persistent, the former ovate-oblong, subacute, the
latter orbicular, concave. Calyx } in. long, glabrous; teeth about
1 the length of the tube, subequal, obtuse. Corolla } in. long, white ;
standard ;!,—; in. broad, narrowly oblong, obtuse, with a very slender
claw as long as the tube of the calyx, and without any callosity at the
base. Stamens 10 in one bundle. Ovary glabrous; ovules usually 2.
Pods 1 by 4 in., brown, shortly stalked, crescent-shaped (the upper
suture recurved), polished. Seed 1. Dalbergia monosperma, Dalz. in
Kew Journ. v. 2 (1850) p. 36; Fl. B. I. y. 2, p. 287; Dalz. & Gibs.

398 XLVIiI. LEGUMINOS#.

p. 78; Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. vy. 4 (1860) Suppl. p. 48; Trim.
Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 89; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 75; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 426.—Flowers: June. Vern. Garud-yel.

Mr. Baker has made a slip in placing this plant (FI. B. I. 1. ¢.) in the
section with isadelphous stamens. Trimen (Fl. Ceyl. 1. c.) has made a
similar mistake. The stamens are distinctly monadelphous, a fact
which Dalzell had noted-in his original description and Mr. Bentham in
Journ. Linn. Soe. (J. ¢.).

Konkan: Law!; Malwan, Dalzell § Gibson, Woodrow; Vingorla, Dalzell!;
Matheran (Chowk Plateau), H. M. Birdwood.—-Distr1n. India (Bengal in the Sunder-
bans, W. Peninsula near the coast); Ceylon, Malaya, Philippines, China, N. Australia.

6. Dalbergia sympathetica, Nimmo, cv Grah. Cat. Bo. Pl. (1839)
p. 55. A large scandent shrub running over high trees; branches often
twisted, the young ones pubescent; trunk armed with strong blunt
often fantastically curved clustered spines 6-10 in. long. Leaves 4—6 in.
long; rhachis softly pubescent. Leaflets 11-15, moderately firm, }-1}
by 4-% in., oblong, obtuse, emarginate (the terminal obovate, cuneate),
softly pubescent on both surfaces, reticulately veined ; petiolules 545 in.
long. Flowers numerous, in dense short axillary cymose panicles, with
rusty-pubescent corymbose branches; pedicels very short; bracts and
bracteoles minute, oblong, obtuse. Calyx $ in. long, pubescent; teeth
about equalling the tube, the 2 upper broad, obtuse, the 2 lateral smaller
and narrower, subacute, the lowest the longest, lanceolate, acute. Corolla
1 in. long; standard } in. broad, obovate-oblong, emarginate, without
any callosity at the base, the claw shorter than the tube of the calyx.
Stamens 10 in one bundle. Ovary pubescent. Pods when 1-seeded
14-2 by 3-# in., when (less commonly) 2-seeded reaching 3 by 1 in.,
narrowed to the point and at the base into a very short stalk, gla-
brescent, reticulate. Seeds 1-2. FI. B. L. v. 2, p. 284; Dalz. & Gibs.
p. 78; Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 4 (1860) Suppl. p. 42; Talb.
‘Trees, Bomb. p. 75; Woodr. iv Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p. 426; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 16.—Flowers: Feb.—Mar.
Vern. Pendgul; Yekyel.

Konkan: Dalzell!, Law!; Stocks!; Matheran, Cooke!, H. M. Birdwood. Duccan:
near Par, Graham; Khandala, Woodrow! Kanara: Hohenhacker, 3435!; from the

coast inward in the deciduous forests of N. Kanara, Za/bot.—Distris. India (hills of
the W. Peninsula).

7. Dalbergia tamarindifolia, Jtox). Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 53. A
scandent shrub 15-40 ft.; young branches densely rufous-pubescent.
Leaves 4-6 in. long; rhachis densely puberulous; stipules lanceolate,
1 in. long. Leaflets 25-41, moderately firm, caducous, 3-3 by 75-8
trapezoid-oblong, truncate, rounded, sometimes emarginate at the apex,
thinly pubescent on both surfaces, paler beneath ; petioles very short.
Flowers in congested sessile corymbosely-branched axillary panicles {—2in.
long, the branches of the panicle densely brown-pubescent ; pedicels +" in.
long ; bracts ;/; in. long, ovate, subacute, pubescent, persistent; bracteoles
i in. long, broadly oblong, obtuse, pubescent, persistent. Calyx j in.
long, glabrous; teeth one-third as long as the tube, short, subequal,
subobtuse. Corolla 2 in. long, white; standard +5 in. broad, not
thickened above the claw which is as long as the tube of the calyx.
Stamens usually 9 (rarely 10), monadelphous. Ovary glabrous; ovules

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS®. 399

2-3. Pods 14-3 by 4-3 in., thin, greenish, drying bright reddish-brown,
strap-shaped, glabrous, shining, slightly reticulate. Fl. B. I. v. 2,
p. 234; Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 4 (1860) p. 44; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. p. 75 ; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 426; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 16.—Flowers : Mar.—May.

Konkan: Law!, Stocks! Kanara: in evergreen forests on the 8S. Ghits of N.
Kauara, common, Za/hot; Nilkund (N. Kanara), Woodrow.—Distris. India (Hima-
layas from Nipal eastwards, W. Peninsula) ; Indo-China, Malaya.

Var. 1. pubescens, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2,p.235. Branches
and underside of leaves clothed with persistent thick ferruginous
pubescence.

Konkan: Stocks!, Law!

Var. 2. acaciefolia, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 235. Leaflets
thicker, rigidly coriaceous, dark-green and shining above, glaucous and
more or less hairy beneath. D. acaciefolia (sp.), Dalz. in Kew Journ.
Bot. v. 2 (1850) p. 37.—F lowers: Apr.

Konkan: Law!, Dalzell/!| Kanara: Dailzell,

This would appear to deserve the rank of a separate species.

8. Dalbergia lanceolaria, Linn. f. Suppl. Pl. (1781) p. 316. A
large tree 30-40 ft. high; bark grey. Leaves 3-7 in. long; stipules
minute, caducous. Leaflets 7-13 by 3-2 in., elliptic or oblong, obtuse,
emarginate, glabrous above, pale and more or less puberulous beneath,
base rounded or subacute; main nerves very oblique, numerous, parallel,
couspicuous ; petiolules 3-4 in. long. Flowers in copious axillary and
terminal leafless panicles clothed with rufous pubescence ; pedicels 5, in.
long, rufous-hairy ; bracts and bracteoles minute, caducous. Calyx tin.
long, silky-hairy ; teeth half as long as the tube, ciliate, the 2 upper
obtuse, the 2 lateral equalling the upper, subacute, the lowest the
longest, linear-lanceolate, acute. Corolla 3 in, long; standard broadly
obovate, + in. broad, with a large callosity above the claw. Stamens in
2 bundles of 5 each. Ovary stalked, usually hairy at the base ; ovules 3.
Pods 3-# in. broad and when 1-seeded 13-2 in. long (when 2-seeded
sometimes reaching 4 in. long), thin, flexible, narrowed to the point and
gradually at the base into a long stalk, glabrous or nearly so, reticulately
veined, Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 285; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 78; Benth. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. v. 4 (1860) Suppl. p. 45; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 88; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. p. 75; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 426 ;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 6. D. frondosa, Roxb. Hort. Beng.
p. 53; Wight, Icon. t. 266; Grah. Cat. p. 55.— Flowers: Mar.—May.
Vern. Dandus ; Harrdni.

Konkan: rare, Dalzell § Gibson. Dxccan: Lalling Ghat, Khandesh, Graham ;

Alandi, Woodrow. Kanara: deciduous forests of N. Kanara from Mandgod to Sidda-
pur, common, Za/hot.—Distris. Throughout India; Ceylon.

9. Dalbergia paniculata, Mow). Cor. Pl. v. 2 (1789) p. 8, t. 114,
A tree sometimes reaching 50 feet high; young branches clothed with
greyish-brown pubescence ; bark smooth, greenish-white. Leaves 4-
6 in. long; rhachis glabrous. Leaflets 9-13, rigidly subcoriaceous, 3-1
by 3-} in., obovate, oblong or elliptic, obtuse, emarginate, glabrous ;
petiolules ;4,-;; in. long. Flowers subsessile, in copious terminal
(less commonly axillary) subeymose panicles, the branches densely
clothed with ferruginous pubescence; bracts oblong, hairy, caducous.

400 XLVIII. LEGUMINOS.

Calyx 3-1 in. long, densely silky; teeth ciliate, a little more than
half as long as the tube, subdeltoid, the lowest slightly the longest.
Corolla 3 in. long, bluish-white; standard oblong, emarginate, j—j in.
broad, veined, with a claw about as long as the tube of the calyx
and without any callosity at the base. Stamens in 2 bundles of 5 each.
Pods 14-23 by 4—} in., narrowed at the base and apex, long-stalked,
glabrous, reticulately veined. Seeds 1-2. Fil. B. I. v. 2, p. 286; Grah.
Cat. p. 55; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 78; Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soe. v. 4 (1860)
Suppl. p. 45; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 75; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 426; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 11.—Flowers:
Apr-May. Vern. Phansi.

Konkan: Stocks!, Dalzell!; Matheran Ghat, H. M. Birdwood. Duccan: Mawal
districts above the Ghats, Graham. 8S. M. Country: Kalghatgi taluka of Dharwar,

Talbot. Kanara: deciduous forests of N. Kanara, Za/bot.—Disrri. India (W. Pen-
insula, Birma).

10. Dalbergia spinosa, ox). Fl. Ind. vy. 3 (1832) p. 233. A stiff
erect glabrous shrub; lateral branchlets short, horizontal, ending in a
hard spine. Leaves crowded in fascicles from the nodes of the spinous
branchlets; rhachis slender, rusty-pubescent. Leaflets 7-11, firm, 3-4
by 3-7 in., oblong, obtuse, glabrous ; petiolules very short. Flowers in
congested corymbose axillary panicles; pedicels short. Calyx 35 in.
long, puberulous ; teeth about equalling the tube, the 2 upper obtuse,
the 2 lateral smaller and narrower, subacute, the lowest slightly the
longest, lanceolate, acute. Corolla + in. long; standard {/> in. broad,
elliptic oblong, without any callosity at the base. Stamens in 2 bundles
of 5 each. Ovary glabrous. Pod 1 in. long, reniform, flat, glabrous,
brown. FI. B. 1. v. 2, p. 238; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 75; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 15.

This plant has been included on the authority of Talbot (/. c.) who has noted it as
occurring on the coast of the Konkan. I have seen no specimens from the Konkan
coast nor from any part of the Presidency of Bombay.—Drsrris. India (shores of the
E. & W. Peninsulas, Chittagong).

Watt mentions a curious property which the powdered roots are reputed to
possess, viz. that of absorbing alcohol. Kurz states that ‘‘a spoonful of the powdered
root in a glass of water is said to destroy in less than half an hour the effects of
alcohol, even in cases bordering on delirium tremens.” It seems next to impossible
that any substance should be possessed of such a property, but I quote the statement
as given. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. c.

1l. Dalbergia volubilis, 2ow). Cor. Pl. vy. 2 (1798) p. 48, t. 191.
A large woody climber reaching 40-50 ft. high; branches glabrescent,
thickened in places and twisted into spiral hooks. Leaves 4-6 in. long ;
rhachis pubescent. Leaflets 11-13, thickly coriaceous, 1-2 by #-1 in.
(the terminal the largest), oblong or obovate-oblong, obtuse or truncate,
sometimes emarginate, apiculate, dark green above, paler beneath,
glabrous; petiolules } in. long, glabrous. Tlowers in copious axillary
and terminal leafless panicles 8-12 in long, with numerous lateral
branches 1-3 in. long, bearing dense corymbose cymes; pedicels very
short; bracts at the base of the panicle small, ovate, subpersistent,
those at the base of the pedicels ;!; in. long, oblong, obtuse, pubescent
on both sides, ciliolate; bracteoles beneath the calyx 2, oblong-obtuse,
jy i. long, pubescent on both sides, ciliolate. Calyx 3 in. long, densely
puberulous ; teeth about one-third the length of the tube, the 4 upper
oblong, obtuse, the lower longer, triangular, subacute. Corolla +—} in.

XLVIII, LEGUMINOS.E, 40]

long, pale blue; standard } in. broad, suborbicular-oblong. Stamens 10,
in 2 bundles of 5 each. Pods 2-3 by 4-1 in., stalked, linear-oblong,
obtuse, conspicuously veined, glabrous. Seeds 1-2. Fl. B. I. vy. 2,
p. 285; Grah. Cat. p. 55; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 78; Benth. in Journ. Linn.
Soe. v. 4 (1860) Suppl. p. 46; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 75; Woodr. in
Journ, Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 426; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. vy. 3,
p- 16.—Flowers: Feb.-Mar. Vurn. Alai.

Kongan: Dalzell § Gibson; Matheran, Kanithar!; hills about Nagotna, Graham.
Decean: Khandala hills, Dalzell g Gibson, Woodrow.— Disrris. India generally,

This plant is often confounded with D. confertiflora, Benth., but nay easily be dis-
tinguished by its monadelphous stamens. The latter does not appear to be a Uombay
plant at all, the specimens from the Western Ghits named thus by Dalzell being
D. volubilis, Vide Prain, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 66 (1898) p. 445 & p. 449,

56. PTEROCARPUS, Linn.

Erect unarmed trees. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate. Leaflets
usually alternate, exstipellate. Flowers generally yellow, in axillary and
terminal racemes or panicles; bracts and bracteoles small, caducous.
Calyx turbinate, usually curved before expansion ; teeth short. Corolla
exserted, the petals with long claws, glabrous; standard orbicular or
broadly ovate ; keel-petals free or slightly cohering. Staminal-tube slit
both above and below or above only, the vexillary stamen often nearly
or quite free ; anthers versatile. Ovary sessile or stalked ; ovules 2-6;
style filiform, slightly incurved ; stigma small, terminal. Pod orbicular
or broadly ovate, with a broad rigid wing, the point turned down to
opposite the base or near it. Seed | (rarely 2), oblong or subreniform ;
radicle short, incurved.—D1str1B. Cosmopolitan in the Tropies ; species
about 15, |

1. Pterocarpus Marsupium, /ovb. Cor. Pl. y. 2 (1798) p. 9,
t. 116. A large deciduous tree with a stout crooked stem and widely
spreading branches ; bark thick, yellowish-grey, the outer layer corky.
Leaves 6-9 in. long; rhachis glabrous, prolonged #-1 in. beyond the
insertion of the upper lateral leaflet. Leaflets 5-7, coriaceous, 24-4 by
14-2 in., oblong, obtuse, rounded, truncate or more or less retuse at the
apex, glabrous on both surfaces, shining above, base subacute; main
nerves numerous, close, prominent ; petiolules {7-2 in. long. Flowers in
short lateral and terminal fusco-pubescent paniculate racemes, usually
shorter than the leaves; pedicels short, articulated beneath the flower.
Calyx j in. long, veined, brown-pubescent ; teeth very short, broadly
triangular, the upper the largest. Corolla 3 in. long, pale-yellow,
with crisped margins ; standard ;% in. broad, with a long claw. Stamens
inonadelphous or the staminal-tube often finally slit on both sides making -
them isadelphous. Ovary shortly stalked; ovules 2. Pods 1-2 in. in
diam., nearly circular, glabrous or nearly so, the wing veined. Seed
small. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 289; Grah. Cat. p. 56; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 76;
Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. vy. 4 (1860) Suppl. p. 76; Trim. Fl. Ceyl.
vy. 2, p. 90; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 76; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y.
11 (1897) p. 426 ; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 6, part 1, p. 357.—Flowers :
May-June. Vern. Bibla.

Konkan: Dalzell § Gibson, Stocks!; Ghorabandar, Nairne. Gusarat: Dangs,
Dalzell § Gibson ; Rajpipla bills, Graham, Kanara: common in N. Kanara, Talbot ;
Yellapur, Woodrow.—Distr1B. India (W. Peninsula and S, India) ; A ae

D

402 XLVIII, LEGUMINOS2.

‘The tree supplies the gum Kéxo of European pharmacy and the timber is hard and
durable, It makes excellent sleepers for railway purposes. See Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. 1. ¢.

Var. acuminatus, Prain, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 66 (1898) p. 455.
Leaflets ovate, cuspidately acuminate ; pods larger. P. Wallichii (sp.),
Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 267 ; P. indicus, Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1897) p. 426 (vot of Willd.).

This is apparently the variety alluded to by Bentham in Journ. Linn.
Soe. v. 4 (1860) Suppl. p. 77. As Dr. Prain points out (J. ¢.), the true
Pterocarpus indicus is not indigenous in Peninsular India.

Koran: Stocks!, Law! Deccan: Kartriz Ghat near Poona, Woodrow. Kanara:
Yellapur, Talbot ex Prain (7. ¢.).—Distrre. India (Rajmahal hills, Rajputana).

57. PONGAMIA, Vent.

A tree. Leaves imparipinnate. Leaflets opposite, exstipellate.
lowers in axillary lax racemes; pedicels 2—4-nate along the rhachis ;
bracts very caducous; bracteoles minute or 0. Calyx campanulate,
nearly truncate ; teeth obsolete. Corolla mnch exserted ; standard sub-
orbicular ; wings obliquely oblong, slightly adhering to the keel; keel
obtuse, the petals cohering at the tip. Stamens monadelphous, the
vexillary stamen free at the base, connate with the others in the middle ;
anthers versatile. Ovary subsessile; ovules 2; style filiform, incurved ;
stigma small, terminal. Pod woody, obliquely oblong, flattened, not
winged at the sutures, indehiscent. Seed 1, reniform.—D1stTR1B.
Tropical Asia and Australia; species 1.

There is considerable diversity of opinion as to the name which should be borne by
this genus. Adanson (Fam. Pl. p 322) proposed the name Pongam (which is the
Tamil name of the only species) in 1763. Lamarck (Encyc. Méthod. v. 2, p. 594)
gave it the name of Galedupa in 1786. Roxburgh (FI. Ind. y. 3, p. 239) ante more
recently Taubert (Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf.) adopted this name. Lamarck (Illustr.
t. 603) transforined Adanson’s name into Pungamia in 1797, which Ventenat in 1805
altered into Pongamia.

1. Pongamia glabra, Vent. Jard. Malin. (1803) p. 28. A tree
reaching 40-60 ft. high; branches spreading, glabrous; bark soft,
greyish-green. Leaves 5-9 in. long, pale-green ; petioles 13-2 in. long;
stipules small, oblong, obtuse, caducous. Leaflets opposite, 5-9 (usually
5), 24-5 by 14-3 in., ovate-oblong or elliptic, acute or (usually) shortly
acuminate, glabrous, base acute or rounded; main nerves 6-8 pairs,
prominent beneath; petiolules 7 in. long. Flowers in short axillary
racemes shorter than the leaves ; pedicels ;*;-;4; in. long, in fascicles of
2-4 along a glabrous or puberulous rhachis; bracteoles ovate, acute,
zis in. long. Calyx 3 in. long, purplish, brown-pubescent, truncate or
obscurely toothed. Corolla 4 in. long, pinkish-white ; standard sub-
orhicular, 3-54 in. broad, emarginate, appendiculate at the base, the claw
very short. Pods 13-2 by ?-1 in., about 7 in. thick, oblong or slightly
obovoid, compressed, narrowed at the base and with a short decurved
mucro at the apex, glabrous. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 240; Grah. Cat. p. 55;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 77; Wight, Icon. t. 59; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 91;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 76; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897)
p- 426; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 6, part 1, p. 322. Galedupa indica,
Lamk. Encye. v. 2 (1786) p. 594; Roxb. Fl. Ind. v. 3, p. 289.—Flowers :
Apr.-June. Vrry. Karanj.

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS2. 103

Along the banks of rivers in the Konkan and Deccan not far from the sea-coast ;
often planted inland. Konkan: widely planted, Woodrow! Dxccan: near rivers,
(ribson ex Graham; along the valley of the Koina river, Cooke!; Mahableshwar
(planted at the Terraces), 7. M. Birdwood.—Disrrie. India (banks of rivers and
streams especially near the coast) ; throughout Tropical Asia and tbe Seychelles.

The seeds yield an oil which is employed as a remedy in skin-diseases. See Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ¢.

538. DERRIS, Lour.

Climbing shrubs (rarely erect trees). Leaves alternate, impari-
pinnate, Leaflets opposite, usually exstipellate. Flowers copious,
showy, in axillary or terminal racemes or panicles; pedicels usually
fascicled along the rhachis ; bracts small, caducous; bracteoles ovate or
orbicular, usually small and caducous. Calyx in flower usually eyathi-
form, truncate or obscurely toothed. Corolla much exserted ; standard
broad; keel obtuse, its petals slightly cohering. Stamens usually
monadelphous ; anthers versatile. Ovary sessile; ovules few; style
incurved, filiform; stigma capitate. Pod rigid, thin, flat, indehiscent,
obliquely orbicular, oblong or elongate, distinctly winged down the
upper or both sutures.—Disrri. Tropics generally ; chiefly in Tropical
Asia; species about 40.

An older name for this genus is Deguelia which was given to it in 1775 (Aubl. Pl.
Gui. v. 2 [1775] p. 750, t. 300). This name has been adopted by Taubert in Engl. &
Prantl, Pflanzenfamilien. The name Derris dates from 1790 and was given to the
genus by Loureiro (FI. Cochinch, vy. 2 [1790] p. 432).

PMBOLECHILTOGIEN TE Mate et Mme rer sigsiceitisuiie oe Gas cae uisbo aa carraamemacaeh te lL. D. robusta.
Climbing shrubs.
Stamens monadelphous.
Pod winged down the upper suture only.
Pod not exceeding $ im. broad ................cscnscnesecssee 2. D. scandens.
Pod exceeding 4 in. broad.
Standard without callosities at the base of the limb... 3. D. uliginosa.
Standard with 2 callosities at the base of the limb ... 4. D. oblonga.
Pod winged down both sutures.
Standard without eallosities at the base of the limb.

Podrelabrous;polishedeswe.coecdenrencanse sat escccane caer 5. D. Heyneana.

Pod persistently: brown silky vo-fvid-varvsesvveucsseemeutes 6. D. brevipes.
Standard with 2 callosities at the base of the limb ...... 7. D. canarensis.
RiwMeneGiadelphOusy cnatescer nccncwatte sec tieeoonssns wecdaresnes 8. D. platyptera.

1. Derris robusta, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc, v. 4 (1860) Suppl.
p- 104. <An erect tree 30-40 ft. high; young parts more or less
pubescent; older branches glabrous, striate. Leaves 3-6 in. long ;
rhachis deeply channelled; petioles }-1 in. long. Leaflets 9-21,
opposite, 1-14 by 4 in. (the pair at the base of the leaf the smallest),
elliptic-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, apiculate, glabrous above, pale and
wore or less pubescent beneath, closely reticulately veined, base acute or
rounded ; petiolules ;4,-} in. long. Flowers in elongate simple racemes
usually shorter than or equalling (rarely longer than) the leaves ;
pedicels filiform, unequal, fascicled along a more or less pubescent
rhachis; bracteoles beneath the calyx minute, oblong, obtuse. Calyx
Js-zy In. long; teeth minute, deltoid. Corolla 4 in. long; standard
11 in. broad; wings not ciliate above the claw. Stamens mona-
elphous. Ovary pubescent. Pods j—; in. broad, when 1-seeded
1} in. long, when more-seeded up to 3 in. long, tapering at both ends,

404 XLVIII. LEGUMINOS2.

strap-shaped, narrowly winged on the upper suture, fuscous- pubescent.
Seeds 1-8. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 241; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 76; Watt,
Dict. Econ, Prod. v. 3, p. 81. Brachypterum robustum, Dalz. & Gibs.
Bo. Fl. p. 77. Dalbergia robusta, Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. 53; Wight,
Icon. t. 244.

Rare. Konkan: Stocks!, Dalzell!

2. Derris scandens, Benth. in. Journ. Linn. Soc. vy. 4 (1860)
Suppl. p. 103. A verv large climber often reaching 100 ft. in length ;
stems smooth, dark-purple; young parts pubescent. Leaves 3-6 in.
long ; rhachis deeply channelled, glabrous; stipules small, caducous.
Leaflets opposite, 9-19, rigidly subcoriaceous, 13-2 by #? in. (the lowest
pair the smallest), elliptic-oblong or obovate-oblong, subacute or very
shortly acuminate, often slightly emarginate, elabrous ‘and shining above,
more or Jess pubescent beneath, reticulately veined, base rounded or
subacute ; petiolules § in. long. Flowers numerous, in short-peduncled
axillary racemes 10-18 in. long, arranged in fascicles from the nodes of a
puberulous rhachis, the flowers from the same node expanding at
different times ; ye filiform, {-} In. long; bracteoles beneath the
calyx 2, orbicular, =); in. long, ciliolate. Calyx ;5-} in. long, thinly
grey-silky teeth obscure. Corolla 2 in. long, white or pale pink;
standard + in. broad, the claw long ; ‘wings ciliate at the base above
a long slender claw. Stamens monadelphous. Ovary pubescent. Pods
1-3 by 3-} in., tapering to both ends, pointed, straight, narrowly
winged on the upper suture, finely appressedly pa somewhat
turgid opposite the seeds. Seeds 1-4. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 240; Trim. Fl.
Ceyl. v. 2, p. 91; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 76; Woodr.- in Toa Bomb,
Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 426; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. vy. 3, p. 81. Dal-
bergia scandens, Roxb. Cor. Pl. v. 2, t. 192; Grah. Cat. p. 55. Brachy-
pterum scandens, Beuth. in Ann. Wien. Mus. v. 2 (1840) p. 101; Dalz.
& Gibs. p. 76.—Flowers: June-Aug. Vern. Mota-siril.

Konkan: Dalzell § Gibson, Stocks!, Capt. Geburne!; Wassind, Cooke! Duccan:
Mawal districts, Graham. Kanara: Karwar, Woodrow ; N. Kanara, from the sea-

coast inland, nowhere common, Zudbot.—Disrris. India (Bengal, C. India, Chittagong,
Birma, W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon, S.E. Asia to N. Australia.

3. Derris uliginosa, Benth. in Pl. Jungh. (1851-55) p. 252. A
large climber; branches glabrous; bark dark-grey, covered with
scattered lenticels. Leaves 5-8 in. long; rhachis striate, glabrous.
Leaflets 3-7 (usually 5), 21-4 by 11-2 in. (the terminal the largest),
subcoriaceous, ovate or ovate- -oblong, acute or acuminate, sometimes
slightly emarginate, glabrous on both surfaces, highly polished on the
upper, minutely reticulately veined, base rounded or cordate; petiolules
3} in. long. Flowers in axillary racemes 3-6 in. long, the nodes of
the rhachis produced into short stalks about 4 in. long, each bearing
1 or more subequal slender pedicels } ay long; bracts and bracteoles
minute, ovate-oblong. subacute. Calyx +), in. long, glabrous or nearly
so, with truncate or obscurely toothed ciliolate margin. Corolla } in.
long, rose-colored ; standard 3 in. broad (broader than long), reniform,
emarginate, without callosities at the base. Stamens monadelphous.
Ovary pubescent. Pods 1-13 in. long, variable in shape, sometimes
orbicular and as broad as long, or oblong and about # as broad as long,
thin, flat, reticulately veined, shortly apiculate, glabrous, narrowly

XLVIIIL. LUWGUMINOSA. 405

winged on the upper suture, "ae epee when ripe. Seed 1, reniform,
compressed. Fil. B. I. v. 2, p. 241; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 77; Benth. in
Journ. Linn. Soe. v. 4 (1860) aa bY 107; Trim. Fl. Ceyl..v. 2, p. 92;
Talb, ae Bomb. p. 76; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb, Nat. y. 11 (1897)
p. 426. Pongamia uliginosa, DC. Prodr. v. 2, p. 416; Grah. Cat. p. 55.
Galedupa uliginosa, Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. 53; Vl. Ind. v. 3, p. 243,—
Flowers: Feb.Mar. Vary. Aqjarvel.

Found along the sea-coast and on the edge of muddy saltwater creeks. Konkay :
Law!, Stocks!, Dalzell!; Bombay on the verge of high-water mark, Graham: east
side of Neat’s tongue, Salsette, Graham; Mumbra (Tanna districts), aoji!—Drsrrin.
India (muddy sea-coasts and creeks of the W. Peninsula); Ceylon, China, N. Australia,
Polynesia, Madagascar, Zambesi-land.

4. Derris oblonga, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. vy. 4 (1860) Suppl.
p. 112. A woody climber; young parts puberulous ; bark dark-grey,
lenticellate. Leaves 4-8 in. long ; rhichis glabrous, striate ; petioles
1-25 in. long; stipules 4} in. long, ovate, acute, densely pubescent.
Leatlets 9-15, subcoriaceous, 14-21 by ag in., oblong-lanceolate (the
terminal often oblanceolate), subobtuse, often emarginate, g slabrous on
both surfaces, paler beneath, base acute ; petiolules } in. long. Flowers
in lateral short lax racemes 3-4 in. long, the nodes prolonged into stalks
+ in. long, each bearing 2-3 filiform pubescent pedicels as long as, or
slightly shorter than the stalks ; bracts minute, ovate, acute, pubescent ;
bracteoles 2 2, a little below the ‘base of the calyx, minute, ovate-oblong,
subobtuse, silky-hairy. Calyx j-} in. long, silky- “pubescent ; teeth
minute, triangular, the upper often wanting. Corolla 2 z In. long, white
tipped with pink, or entirely plain pink; standard 3 in. broad, “oblong,
emarginate, with 2 callosities at the base. Stamens monadelphous.
Ovary pubescent. Pods 13-2 by 2-3, oblong, compressed, with a
decurved point, narrowed at the base, winged on oe upper suture,
reticulately veined, glabrous. Seed 1. FL B.L v.2 2, p. 242; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. p. 76; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1897) p. 426.

A rare plant. Konkan: Stocks!

5. Derris Heyneana, Benth. Pl. Jungh. (1851 =H) p- 252 (in
adnot.). A woody climber; branches glabrous. Leaves 5-8 in. long ;
rhachis glabrous, striate ; petioles 1- 31 in. long. Leaflets 5-7, sub-
coriaceous, 2-33 by 14~2, elliptic- oblong or obovate- oblong, usually
bluntly acuminate, reticulately veined, glabrous, base rounded or
subacute; main nerves 6-8 pairs ; petiolules 2 4 in. long. Flowers in
axillary panicles 6-15 in. long, arranged in alternate rather distant
corymbs of 3-10 flowers, along a rufous-pubescent rhachis and its
branches ; pedicels slender, rufous-pubescent, usually longer than the
calyx ; bracteoles 2 on the pedicel a little below the calyx, alternate,
about ='5 in. long, ovate-oblong, subacute. Calyx + in. long, clothed
with reddish- brown pubescence, the mouth ciliate ; teeth obscure.
Corolla 4 in. long, pale pink; standard + in. broad, suborbicular,
emarginate, without callosities at the base. Stamens monadelphous.
Ovary silky; ovules usually 4. Pods 2-4 by 1-1} in. (including the
wing), reticulately veined (when 1-seeded ovoid or obovoid, when
2-3-seeded strap-shaped), glabrous and polished, winged on both sutures,
the wing ue the upper suture 1-3, that of the “laos + in, broad.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 244; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 77; Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc.

406 XLVI. LEGUMINOS®.

vy. + (1860) Suppl. p. 110; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 77; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 426.—Flowers : Dec.-Mar.

Konkan: Sfocks!, Law!, Woodrow. Kanara: moist forests of N. Kanara, Talbot ;
Ainshi Ghat, Za/bo?, 1223 !—Distris. India (W. Peninsula).

6. Derris brevipes, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2 (1878)
p. 244. A climber; branches glabrous, lenticellate. Leaves 6-8 in.
long; rhachis glabrous; petioles 1-2 in. long. Leaflets 5-7, moderately
firm, 2-31 by 3-1} in., elliptic-oblong or oblong-lanceolate (the terminal
sometimes obovate-oblong), subacute or bluntly acuminate, quite
glabrous on both surfaces, the upper surface shining ; petiolules }-4; in.
long. Flowers in copious fastigiate axillary and terminal panicles, in
short few-flowered racemes along a densely rufous-pubescent rhachis;
pedicels usually shorter than the calyx, densely rufous-pubescent ;
bracteoles 2, close beneath the calyx, minute, broadly ovate or sub-
orbicular, obtuse, hairy. Calyx +/;-} in. long, densely silky with rufous
pubescence ; teeth very short, broadly triangular. Corolla 7% in. long ;
standard 3 in. broad, obovate-oblong, emarginate, without callosities at
the base. Stamens monadelphous. Ovary silky. Pods broad, oblong,
1-seeded, 14-14 by 1 in., persistently brown-silky, with a narrow wing
down the upper and a very obscure one down the lower suture (Baker).
Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 76. Derris Heyneana, var. brevipes, Benth, in
Journ. Linn. Soe. v. + (1860) Suppl. p. 110.—Flowers: Feb.

The description of the pod is that given by Mr. Baker in Fl. B. L.
l. c. I have not seen the fruit. There is no fruiting specimen in
Herb. Kew.

Konkan: Law!, Stocks!; higher Ghats of the Konkan, Zadbot. Kanara: on the
top of Dursing the highest peak of the N. Kanara Ghits, 3400 ft. high, Za/bot.—
Disrris. India (Mysore, fide Baker 1. c.)

7. Derris canarensis, Baker, in Hook. f. Ll. B. I. v. 2 (1878)
p. 246. A scandent shrub. Leaves nearly 1 ft. long; rhachis
channelled; stipules semiovate, broad, clothed with ferruginous hairs.
Leaflets 15-21, oblong-lanceolate, 2-23 by 3 in., glabrous above, strigose
beneath ; petiolules short. Flowers in terminal rusty-tomentose
racemes shorter than the leaves, the nodes of the rhachis prolonged
into short stalks, each bearing 3 pedicels of equal length with the
stalks. Calyx bibracteolate, wide, cup-shaped, with a ring of hairs
inside the mouth. Corolla pink; standard with 2 callosities at the
base which run down the short claw. Stamens monadelphous. Ovary
hirsute; ovules 2-3. Pods 1-14 in. long, flat, elliptic, pointed at
both ends and winged on both sides. ‘Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 77;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v.11 (1897) p. 426. Pongamia canarensis,
Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. v. 2 (1850) p. 37. Brachypterum canarense,
Dalz. & Gibs. Bo. Fl. p. 76.—Flowers: Apr.—May.

The above description has been taken from those by Dalzell & Gibson
in the works cited.

A rare plant. Kanara: Gairsoppa Falls, Dalzell & Gibson; along the Ghats of
N. Kanara from the Ainshi Ghat to the Mysore frontier in moist forests, locally
common, Talbot.

There are no specimens of this plant in Herb. Kew. nor have I seen any. The
description by Mr. Baker in Fl. B. I. was, as well as mine, taken from Dalzell’s
published ones. Dr. Prain says (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 66 [1898] p. 462) that he is

unable to separate the authentic specimens of Brachypterum canarense, Dalzell, from

pee

XLVIIIT. LEGUMINOS.E. 407

the Konkan specimens of Stocks referred by Bentham (Journ, Linn. Soe. y, 4 [1860]
Suppl. p. 113) to Derris oblonga. It is not improbable, therefore, that Derris oblonga
may belong to this species which is the older of the two,

8. Derris platyptera, Baler, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. vy. 2 (1878)
p. 245. A robust climber ; branches glabrous, lenticellate. Leaves 8-
14 in. long; rhachis glabrous, striate. Leaflets 5-9, subcoriaceous,
3-5 by 1}-2} in., oblong or oblong-lanceolate, subacute or obtusely
acuminate, reticulately veined, glabrous, base subacute or rounded ;
main nerves 5-8 pairs; petiolules q in. long. Flowers in copious
thyrsoid axillary and terminal panicles aes cg in. long, with
numerous ascending silky branches; pedicels 3-} in. long, silky-hairy,
closely arranged, but not fascicled, usually in gute pains along the
branches of the panicle ; bracts at the base of the pedicels 51, in. long,
broadly ovate, hairy, falling before the opening of the flower ; bracteoles
closely appressed to the base of the calyx, pe? not exceeding »! gi in.
long, broadly ovate, acute, ciliate. Calyx 3-1 in. long, silky ; “teeth
obscure, or very short and broadly deltoid. Gceolla 3 2 iD. ‘Tong : standard
4 in. bro ad, without callosities at the base, the claw short. Stamens
diadelphous, the vexillary stamen quite free. Ovary pubescent ; ovules 4.
Pods 2-4 by 1j-13 in., oblong, acute at both ends, thin, flat, glabrous,
reticulately veined, not sinuate between the seeds, distinctly winged
along both sutures. Derris thyrsiflora, Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 77 (not of
Benth.). D. Wallichivi, Prain, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vy. 66 (1891)

99.—Flowers: Dec.

Mr. Baker (J. ¢.) places this plant in the section with monadelphous
stamens, but these are unmistakably diadelphous. The distinct pedicels
and short bracts place it under D. Wallichii, Prain, but the name
D. platyptera has the claim of priority.

A rare plant. Kanara: on the Ghats, Za/bot; Gairsoppa Ghits, Tu/hot, 268 !—
Distris. India (Silhet, Khasia, Assam, Andamans, W. Peninsula).

59. SOPHORA, Linn.

Trees or shrubs (rarely perennial herbs). Leaves imparipinnate.
Leaflets usually exstipellate. Flowers showy, in terminal racemes or
panicles ; bracts and bracteoles minute or 0. Calyx-teeth short.
Corolla much exserted; standard broadly obovate or orbicular, usually
shorter than the keel ; wings oblong, oblique; keel oblong, obtuse,
nearly straight, the petals cohering. Stamens free, or rarely sub-
connate at the base into a ring; anthers versatile. Ovary shortly
stalked; ovules many; style incurved; stigma minute, terminal. Pod
moniliform, woody or membranous, terete or slightly compressed, usually
indehiscent ; joints turgid. Seeds obovoid or globose, estrophiolate.
—Disrris. Throughout the warmer regions of the globe; species
about 22.

1. Sophora Wightii, Baker, in Hook. f. Wl. B. I. vy. 2 (1878)
p- 250. A shrub; young branches clothed with persistent velvety-
brown pubescence. Leaves 6-8 in. long; rhachis brown-pubescent ;
stipules 3 in. long, rigid, subulate. Leaflets 11-15, alternate, sub-
coriaceous, 13-3 by 3-% in. (those near the base of the rhachis the
smaller), lanceolate, acuminate, green and glabrous above, softly

408 XLVIII, LEGUMINOS ®,

pubescent and glaucous beneath, reticulately veined; main nerves
numerous, fine, branched towards the apex, the midrib prominent,
fulvous-hairy ; petiolules ;); in. long. Flowers in leaf-opposed racemes
about as long as the leaves; pedicels j-3 in. long, slender, brown-
pubescent ; bracts + in. long, subulate. Calyx j—-;5; in. long, brown-
velyety ; mouth oblique, truncate or obscurely toothed. Corolla 3 in.
long, yellow; standard } in. broad, narrowly oblong. Pods stalked,
3-4 in. long, indehiscent, deeply constricted between the seeds and with
a long point at the apex, glabrous ; joints ellipsoid-oblong, veined on
the faces. Seeds bright-red, shining. Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 77.
S. heptaphylla, Wight, Icon. t. 1155 (not of Linn.); Dalz. & Gibs. p. 79.

Rare. Konkan; Stocks! S. M. Country: near Belgaum, Stocks!; hills EB. of
3elzaum, Da/zel/!—Disrrin. India (hills of W. Peninsula and Mysore),

Sophora tomentosa, Linn., is often grown as an ornamental shrub in
gardens throughout the Presidency. Leaflets 15-17, alternate or
sometimes opposite, broadly elliptic. Corolla nearly 1 in. long, yellow.
Pods 3-6 in. long, clothed with grey velvety down, 3-8-jointed. FI. B.
I. vy. 2, p. 249; Grah. Cat. p. 44; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 20; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1897) p. 426.

The following non-indigenous plants, not belonging to any of the
foregoing genera of the Suborder, are cultivated (often largely) throughout
the Bombay Presidency :—

Arachis hypogaea, Linn.; Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 161. Lhe Ground-nut or
Pea-nut. A native of S. America, largely cultivated throughout India.
After the flowers wither, the pod is forced underground by the plant
and ripens beneath the soil; hence its specific name. The parched
seeds are euten and furnish a very valuable oil resembling olive-oil, for
which it is used as a substitute. The pods are exported to Europe in
considerable quantities. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 282.—
Vory. Bhui-mugq.

Cajanus indicus, Spreng.; Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 217. Whe Pigeon or
Cadjan pea, known also as Dhdl. This pulse is very largely grown
and consumed throughout India. There are 2 varieties, one (C. flavus)
with the standard wholly yellow and the other (C. bicolor) in which
it is veined with red. Its native country is uncertain, DeCandolle
considers it to be a native of Tropical Africa. The stalks are used for
making charcoal for gunpowder. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. vy. 2,
p. 12.—VeErn. Tur.

Cicer arietinum, Linn.; Fl. B. I. vy. 2, p. 176. The Gram or Chick-
pea. Widely cultivated throughout India, where it is, inmost Provinces,
the chief food of horses. The parched seeds are largely eaten by the
poorer natives. It should not be confounded with the horse-gram
of Madras, which is the seed of Dolichos biflorus. An acid liquid
is obtained by collecting the dew from the leaves (see Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 2, p. 274). The native country of the plant is uncertain. It
is not improbable that it is indigenous in the south-east of Europe.—
Vern. Harbara; Chenna,

.

>
.

XLVITI. LEGUMINOS.E, 409

Lens esculenta, Moench.; Lrvum Lens, Linn. The lentil, widely culti-
vated throughout India, but not very largely in the Bombay Presidency,
where it would not perbaps occupy in all 20,000 acres, Its native
country is uncertain. DeCandolle says that it appears to have existed
in W. Temperate Asia, Greece, and Italy from early prehistoric times.
See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. vy. 4, p. 621.—VeErn, Masur.

Pachyrhizus angulatus, Rich.; Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 207. The Yam bean.
Occasionally, though not commonly, grown in gardens, for its tuberous
root which is eaten boiled. It is not known in a wild state, but is
cultivated more or less widely throughout the Tropics. See Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 1.

Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, DC.; Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 211; Woodr.
Gard. in Ind. ed. 5, p. 267. The Chevaue de frise bean, A twining
plant with square pods 6-9 in. long, with much crisped and toothed
wings on the angles. The young fruit ts sliced and boiled as a vegetable.
—VoerN. Chaudhari; Ghevda,

Pisum sativum, Linn.; Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 181; Woodr. Gard. in Ind.
ed. 5, p. 263. The cultivated pea. The white round-seeded variety is
cultivated, but not largely, in Bombay as a field-crop. The garden
varieties are grown, as a rule, only in the gardens of Europeans. In
the Deccan, if sown after the first rain has fallen, they produce excellent
crops of well-flavored peas. The native country of the cultivated pea
is uncertain, but the species seems to have existed in W. Asia before it
was cultivated. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 277.
—Vurn, Matar,

Pisum arvense, Linn,; Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 181. The grey or field-pea.
This is also grown as a cold-weather field-crop, and the small marbled
seeds used by the natives in the same way as Dhdl. See Watt, Dict.
Keon. Prod. y. 6, part 1, p. 276.

Susorper II. CHSALPINEZ.

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. Leaves 1-2-pinnate, simple or 3-
foliolate, usually stipulate. Leaflets usually many ; stipels 0, or very
rarely present and very minute. Flowers various in size and color,
irregular (rarely regular), usually hermaphrodite, racemose, rarely
cymose, very rarely spicate, the racemes axillary, lateral, or panicled at
the apices of the branches. Calyx usually 5-, sometimes 4-merous from
the fusion of the 2 upper lobes, divided to the summit of the disk that
lines the short or long calyx- tube, very rarely (some Bauhinias) gamo-
sepalous ; sepals imbricate, rarely valvate. Petals usually 5 (rarely
fewer or 0), the upper innermost in bud, the others variously imbricate.
Stamens 10 or fewer (very rarely © ); filaments usually free, rarely
coherent, more or less unequal; anthers various. Ovary free or sup-
ported on a stalk which is more or less adnate to the disk-bearing
calyx-tube, Pod dehiscent or indehiscent, sometimes divided by many
transverse septa. Seeds various; albumen copious, scanty, or 0;
radicle straight or slightly oblique, hidden between the cotyledons or
shortly exserted.

25

430 XLVIII, LEGUMINOS®.

Leaves 2-pinnate.
Flowers in raceines or panicles.
Sepals imbricate.

Pod not winged (except slightly in C. sepiaria)...... 60. CaisALPINta.
Pod broadly winged along the upper suture ......... 61. Muzonnurum.

Sepals valvate.

PO CONE, rita eestnes ance oaiteass eee «are Svicn ss mane aia 62. Porncrana.
Pod turgid, moniliform............. Bae seeobee Sianenchih eeeste 63. ParkInsoni.
Hlowers/imielongate spikest hm. weessacc ss sadse settee coeetore .. Gt. Wacarna.
Leaves simply pinnate (sometimes 2-foliolate in Cynometra).
Corolla with 5 perfect petals.
Pod many-seeded ; seeds albuminous............+ ateeenctae 65. CassrA.
Pod 1-seeded ; seeds exalbumimous ........ ne mee LGB _.... 66, CYNOMETRA.
Petals 0.
Calyx-tube short ; ovary sessile, 2-ovulate .................. 67. HarpwicKis.
Calyx-tube elongate ; ovary stalked, 0 -ovulate............ 68. Saraca.
Petals 3 perfect, the other 3 reduced to scales ................-- 69. Tamarinbus.

Leaves 1- (rarely by fission 2-) foliolate ; seeds more than 1, albu-

INITIOUS!.6 asa seinacesaenns shlecte sg sosiee Soke e naseere oe aeons eee eee eee 70. Baunrnta.
Leaves 2 (or more) -foliolate; seed 1, exalbuminous ............... 66. CyNoMETRA,

60. CAZSALPINITA, Linn.

Trees or climbing shrubs, unarmed or armed. Leaves large, abruptly-
pinnate; stipules various, Flowers yellow or red, in axillary or terminal
racemes or panicles. Calyx deeply cleft, with the disk confined to its
base; segments 5, imbricate, the lowest concave or boat-shaped. Petals
distinctly clawed, orbicular (rarely oblong), spreading, imbricate, sub-
equal or the uppermost (the inner) smaller than the others. Stamens
10, free, declinate; filaments often villous or glandular at the base ;
anthers uniform, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary sessile or subsessile ;
ovules few; style filiform, sometimes clavate at the apex; stigma ter-
minal. Pod oblong or ligutate, flat or turgid, indehiscent or dehiscent,
smooth or prickly.—Disrriz. Tropics of both hemispheres; species
about 40,

Pod armed on the face with wiry prickles .......... Seer seen ees 1. C. Bonducella.
Pod not armed with prickles. :

Leaflets: 2-3 pairs... har Atineoancesdcneumeass-enwensnuones teste see esate 2. C. Nuga.
Leaflets 8-20 pairs.
Pod 3-8 seeded.
Avsmall tree 220.2 ss-higs sens wasn eden sees Ge eee ene ean aes 3. C. Sappan.
v: Neo rant oy 2¥ 241-370 s101l0) ermenen ssoddgenssedecnoecon ceariad: amoscaaHécbount 4. C. sepiaria.
Pods 2-BeeMedl).5.. as teaus stncuascciceatineas @ocadons ceptor meena ae eee 5. C. mimosoides,

1. Cesalpinia Bonducella, Mleming, in Asiat. Res. vy. 11 (1810)
p. 159. An extensive climber; branches finely grey-downy, armed with
hooked and straight hard yellow prickles. Leaves 1-2 ft. long; petioles
prickly ; stipules a pair of reduced pinne at the base of the leaf each
furnished with a long mucronate point; pinne 6-8 pairs, 2-3 in. long,
with a pair of hooked stipulary spines at the base. Leaflets 6-9 pairs,
3-13 by 4-2 in., membranous, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, strongly mucro-
nate, glabrous above, more or less puberulous beneath; petiolules very
short; stipels of short hooked spines. Flowers in dense (usually
spicate) long-peduncled terminal and supra-axillary racemes dense. at
the top, lax downwards, 6-10 in. long; pedicels very short in bud,
elongating to 1 in. in flower and 3 in. in fruit, brown-downy ; bracts
squarrose, linear, acute, reaching #3 in. long, fulvous-hairy. Calyx j-

Colle

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS.®, 411

+ in. long, fulvous-hairy ; lobes obovate-oblong, obtuse. Petals oblan-
ccolate, yellow. Filaments declinate, flattened at the base, clothed with
long white silky hairs. Pods shortly stalked, oblong, 2-3 by 1 in.,
densely armed on the faces with wiry prickles. Seeds 1-2, oblong,
lead-colored, 3 in. long. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 254; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
ed. 2, p. 141; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 426;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 3. Gutlandina Bonducella, Linn. Sp.
Pl. ed. 2, p. 545. Guilandina Bonduc, Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 280
(in part); Grah. Cat. p. 60; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 79.—Flowers: Juiy-
Sept. Vern. Sdgargota; Gajd.

Pretty common throughout the Presidency. Common in hedges, Graham, Dalzelt
§ Gibson. Deccan: hills, Woodrow!; Poona, Woodrow! Kanara: common in the
forests near Karwar, Tulbot. Sixp: Stocks, 546!—Disrris. Throughout India;
Tropics generally.

The seeds, known as Fever-nuts or Physic-niuts, havea high repute in native medicine
as a bitter tonic. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. c.

2. Cesalpinia Nuga, Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v. 3 (1811) p. 32.
An extensive climber; bark rough, yellowish-grey ; branches glabrous,
dark green, armed with hard sharp hooked blackish distant prickles.
Leaves 6-12 in. long; main rhachis terete, glabrous, armed with distant
hooked prickles ; pinne 3-4 pairs, 2-3 in. long, with a pair of hooked
prickles at the base of each. Leaflets 2-3 (often 3) pairs, 1-2 by
3-1 in., ovate or elliptic, subacute, glabrous and shining above, dull
beneath, base rounded or sometimes more or less cuneate; petioles
Zin.long. Flowers in long-peduncled terminal racemes 10-15 in. long;
pedicels + in. long, elongating to 3 in. in fruit, articulated above the
middle, slender, glabrous. Calyx 3-3 in. long, leathery, glabrous.
Corolla 3 in. across, yellow, fragrant. Stamens declinate ; filaments
woolly at the base. Pods 2-2} by 12 in., obliquely oblong-ellipsoid,
beaked, narrowed at the base into a short stalk, compressed, glabrous,
subrugose. Seed 1, black, 1 by 1? in., rotund-ovoid, smooth. FI. B.I.
"2, p: 2509; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v..2, p. 99; Talb. ‘Trees; Bomb, ed. 2,
p- 141; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 426; Waitt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p.10. Cesalpinia paniculata, Roxb. Hort.
Beng. (1814) p. 32; Grah. Cat. p. 60; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 79; Wight,
Icon. t. 36.—Flowers: Jan.

A littoral species found on the banks of rivers near the coast. KonKan: pretty
common, Dalzell § Gibson; Ratnagiri, Woodrow; banks of the Savitri between
Dasgaon and Mahar, Grakam.—Disrrre. India (Chittagong, Silhet, E. & W. Penin-
sulas) ; Ceylon, Malaya, Philippines, China, N. Australia, Polynesia.

3. Cesalpinia Sappan, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 381. A tree
20-30 ft. high; stem prickly, 6-10 in. in diam.; branches rufous-
pubescent, armed with a few small prickles. . Leaves 8-15 in. long;
pinne 8-12 pairs, 4-6 in. long, subsessile, with small prickles at the
base. Leaflets 10-18 pairs, 4-2 by 2 in., subsessile, close, oblong,
rounded at the apex, attached at the lowest corner, very inequilateral
(the upper side much the largest), glabrous above, more or less pube-
rulous beneath. Flowers in panicles, which are terminal and in the
axils of the upper leaves, 12-16 in. long; pedicels 3-3 in. long ; bracts
lanceolate, 4 in. long, caducous. Calyx 5‘; in. long, leathery, glabrous.

Corolla 3 in. across ; petals orbicular, subequal, yellow, the upper with
2E2

412 XLVIII. LEGUMINOS&.

a red spot at the base, Stamens declinate, waxy-white; filaments
densely woolly at the base. Ovary grey-velvety. Pods 3-4 by 13-2 in.,
woody, obliquely oblong, subeompressed, polished, indehiscent, with a
hard recurved short beak at the upper angle of the obtuse apex. Seeds
3-4, Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 255; Grah. Cat. p. 60; Bedd. or. Man. in Flor.
Sylvat. p. xe, t. 13, fig. 1; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1898)
p. 426; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 10.—Flowers: Sept.—Oct.
Vern. Patang,

A doubtful native in the Bombay Presidency ; often planted in gardens in Bombay
and the Deccan. Deccan: Poona (planted), Woodrow; Kolhapur (cultivated),
Ritchie, 1689 !—Distris. India (BE. & W. Peninsulas, Pegu); Malaya.

The wood yields a valuable red dye which is largely exported and which is used in
Pegu for dyeing silk, and in Madras for dyeing straw-plait for hat-making. See
Watt, Dict. Eeon. Prod. 1. e,

4, Cesalpinia sepiaria, Mov). Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 32. A
climbing shrub; stem stout, woody, and, as well as the finely downy
branches, armed with strong sharp yellowish hooked prickles. Leaves
9-15 in. long; main rhachis prickly; stipules 4 by 3 in., obliquely ovate,
with crisped margins, acuminate, auricled at the lower angle of the base,
deciduous ; pinne 5-10 pairs, subequal, 2-3 in. long, with a slender
pubescent rhachis. Leaflets subsessile, 8-12 pairs, 1? by ;°,-4% m.,
oblong, rounded at the apex, pale green, glabrous or faintly puberulous
above, glaucous and slightly pubescent beneath, base rounded, a little
oblique. Flowers in simple terminal and axillary racemes 6-12 in. long;
pedicels 3—? in. long, densely pubescent, articulate near the flower ;
bracts 2 in. long, ovate-lanceolate, densely pubescent, caducous. Calyx
2_1 in. long, densely pubescent ; the upper sepals oblong, very obtuse,
pubescent on both sides. Corolla 3—Z in. across; petals suborbicular,
bright yellow, the lower about 4 in., the upper 7 in. in diam. Stamens
declinate; filaments densely woolly in the lower half. Pods 38-43 by
1-1} in., straight or slightly recurved, linear-oblong, with a long beak,
not stalked, somewhat turgid, reticulately veined, especially on the lower
half, narrowly winged, the faces depressed between the seeds. Seeds
6-8, greenish, mottled. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 256; Grah. Cat. p. 61; Dalz,
& Gibs. p. 80; Wight, Icon. t. 37; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 100; Talb,
Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 141; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898)
p- 426; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 12.—Flowers: Feb.—May.
Vern. Chilhar.

Common, often used in the Decean as a fence, which is quite impenetrable to men
and cattle. It is sometimes called the Mysore Thorn. Konkan: Stocks! Duccan:
plentiful, Dalzell § Gibson; along the roadside near Wai, Cooke! S. M. Country:
very common, Zalbot,—Disrriz. ‘Lhroughout India; Ceylon, Malaya, China, Japan,

5. Cesalpinia mimosoides, Lamk. FEncyc. Méthod. vy. 1 (1783)
p. 462. A climbing shrub; stem and branches armed with short sharp
usually straight prickles ; young parts colored, armed with prickles and
stiff bristles from glandular bases. Leaves 1-2 ft. long; main rhachis
reddish, armed with distant curved prickles; stipules 3 in. long, linear,
acute, ciliate; pinne 10-30 pairs 2-3 in. long, the secondary rhachis
slender, reddish. Leaflets subsessile, membranous, sensitive, 10-20
pairs, 1-2 by } in., linear-oblong, inequilateral, rounded at both ends,
apiculate at the apex, glabrous above, glaucous beneath, the margins

XLVIII, LEGUMINOS, 413

usually colored. Flowers in terminal and leaf-opposed racemes 12-
30 in. long; rhachis densely clothed with straight prickles and minute
hairs rising from hard glandular bases ; pedicels #—1 in. long, covered
with minute hairs from hard glandular bases, intermixed with a few
slender eglandular bristles. Calyx reddish, % in. long; tube clothed
with minute hairs fascicled from glandular bases; lobes obtuse, downy
aud gland-dotted. Corolla Z-1 in. across, yellow, dotted with black
glands. Filaments flattened at the base, the lower half densely ciliate
with white woolly hairs. Pods 13-2 in. long, oblong-obovoid, more
turgid than in any other species, 4 in. thick, narrowed to the base,
obliquely truncate and with a short recurved beak at the apex, clothed
with minute bristles, finally glabrescent, the sutures not thickened.
Seeds 2. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 256; Grah. Cat. p. 60 & p. 248; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 80; Wight, Icon. t. 892; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 141 ;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 426.—Flowers: Oct.—
Jan.

Konkan: Stocks!; Wari country, plentiful, Da/ze/l § Gibson; Mahim woods
(Bombay), Graham. 8. M. Country: Castlerock, Woodrow; Belgaum, Litchie, 253!;
Ramghat, Ritchie, 253! Kanara: moist forests, Zalbot ; Kala naddi, Ritchie, 253 !
—Distris. India (Birma, W. Peninsula),

Cesalpinia pulcherrima, Swartz, Obs. p. 166. A glabrous shrub or
small tree unarmed or with a few weak prickles, cultivated in gardens
in the Bombay Presidency and generally throughout India. Leaves
4-6 in. long; pinne 6-8 pairs. Leaflets 8-12 pairs. Corolla 13 in.
across, yellow or red. Filaments very long, bright red. Pods 2-3 by
3 in., narrower and thinner than those of any of the genus.—lIts native
country is uncertain. It is not apparently wild in 8.E. Asia, and may
have come from America, Fl. B. I. v. 2, p.255; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 426; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 10.
Poinciana pulcherrima, Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 880; Grah, Cat. p. 613; Dalz. &
Gibs. Suppl. p. 27.—Flowers more or less throughout the year, Vern.
Sankasur,

Cusalpinia coriaria, Willd. The American Sumach. A small tree,
native of S. America, which has been introduced and is rapidly becoming
established in Southern India. Jt is cultivated in Poona, Dharwar,
Belgaum, and Kanara. The sinuous pods contain a large quantity of
tannin, but owing to the oil contained in the seeds discoloring the
leather during the tanning process, it is necessary that these should be
removed before exportation. Woodr.in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v.11 (1898)
p- 426; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 6.—Flowers: Oct. VExn.
Lnbi-dili. For a full account of the tanning power of the pods &.
consult Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. l.c.

61. MEZONEURUM, Desf.

Seandent usually prickly shrubs (rarely trees). Leaves abruptly 2-
pinnate ; stipules small or inconspicuous. Flowers in ample panicled
racemes; bracts narrow, rarely persistent; bracteoles 0. Calyx very
oblique ; tube short; segments 5, imbricate, the lowest the longest,
covering the others in bud like a hood. Petals 5, subequal or the upper

414 XLVIII. LEGUMINOS ©.

the shortest, obovate or orbicular, imbricate. Stamens 10, free, decli-
nate, usually exserted; anthers uniform, Ovary sessile or shortly
stalked ; ovules few or many; style filiform; stigma small, capitate.
Pod oblong, flat, thin, indehiscent, broadly winged along the upper
suture. Seeds transverse, compressed, orbicular or reniform ; cotyledons

flat; radicle short, straight. —Disrris. Tropies of the eastern hemi- ,

sphere ; species 15.

1. Mezoneurum cucullatum, Wight § Arn. Prod. (1834) p. 283.
A large climber; branches glabrous, armed with small dark shar p recurved
prickles. Leaves 6-12 in. long; pinne 2-5 pairs, 5-8 in. long, the
rhachis slender, armed with small recurved prickles. Leaflets 4-5 pairs,
2-31 by 1-13 in., opposite or less commonly alternate, ovate, acute,
glabrous, dark green and shining above, paler beneath, ‘base rounded,
slightly oblique ; petiolules stout, 3-1 in. long. Flowers in terminal
and axillary panicles of simple or sometimes ‘branched rigid racemes ;
main rhachis terete, glabrous ; pedicels {-} in. long, slender, jointed
above the middle. Calyx 4 in. long, yellow, deeply cleft, glabrous,
leathery, the lowest sepal cucullate, obtuse, 2 1 in. long, the other sepals
smaller, oblong, rounded at the apex; the tube shallowe Corolla nearly

3 in. across, ereenish- -yellow, the upper petal 2-lobed, shorter but wider
Aes the others. Stamens much exserted ; filaments pubescent at the
base. Ovary shortly stalked ; ovul es 1-2. Pods thin, 3-33 by 11 in.
(excluding the wing which is j-2 in. broad), ¢ elabrous, faintly reticulately
veined. Seed 1 (rarely £ 2) in the middle of the pod. F). Bi -haG es
p- 258; Grah. Cat. p. 61; Dalz & Gibs. p. 80; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2
p. 142; Woedr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1898) p. 427 owe
Dee.-Mar. VERN. Rady.

Konan: Stocks!; higher Ghits, common, Dalzell § Gibson; moist evergreen
forests, Zalbot; Matheran, Cooke! Deccan: Lanoli, Woodrow, Graham; Khandala,
Graham ; ravines about lar, Graham. Kanara: abundant in evergreen forests in
the extreme south of N. Konkan, Zalbot.—Disreiw, Incia (Ki. Himalayas, Behar,
W. Peninsula); Indo-China, Malaya.

62. POINCIANA, Lino.

Unarmed trees. Leaves 2-pinnate ; stipules inconspicuous. Leaflets
numerous, small, exstipellate. J: lowers handsome, in corymbose racemes ;
bracts small, very caducous; bracteoles 0. Calyx deeply cleft ; tube
short; segments valvate, subequal. Petals 5, orbicular, imbricate, sub-
equal, the blade crisply fimbriate. Stamens 10, free, declinate, much
exserted ; filaments villous at the base; anthers uniform. Ovary sub-
sessile ; ovules many; style filiform or abbreviated, slightly clavate at
the apex ; stigma truncate, ciliolate. Pod elongate, flat, thin, dehiscent,
the sutures neither thickened nor winged. Seeds transverse, oblong,
albuminous ; cotyledons rather thick ; radicle short, straight, exserted.
—Disrris. Tropical Asia and Africa; species 3.

1. Poinciana elata, Linn. Cent. Pl. ii. (1756) p. 16; Amen, Acad.
v. 4, p. 313. An erect tree, 20-30 ft. high; bark tolerably smooth,
ash-colored. Leaves abruptly 2-pinnate, 4-8 in. long; main rhachis
slender ; pinne 4-8 pairs, opposite. Leaflets 10-20 pairs, subsessile,
t by Lin., closely set along the rhachis, linear-oblong, rounded and usualiy

4

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS. 415

apiculate at the apex, glabrous, caducous. Flowers in terminal few-
flowered corymbiform racemes ; pedicels stout, finely pubescent, Calyx
*—l in. long, coriaceous, silky-pubescent outside; segments linear-
oblong, acute. Petals suborbicular, yellow, scarcely exserted, the upper
a little smaller and of a deeper color than the others, the margins of all
much curled. Filaments often 24 in. long, villous and thickened at the
buse. Pods 5-7 by #-11in., attenuated at both ends, reticulately veined,
glabrous. Seeds 4-8. I'l. B.I. v. 2, p. 260; Grah. Cat. p. 61; Dalz. &
Gibs. Suppl. p.28; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 178 ; Brandis, For. Fl. p. 157 ;

Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 142; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1898) p. 427 ; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 309.—Flowers :
June-Nept.

Doubtfully wild in the Bombay Presidency, but often planted in gardens and along
roadsides. Common in Poona and in Bijapur near Mahomedan tombs, Da/zell (1. ¢.)

considers it to have come from Abyssinia. Brandés (1, c.) says that it is indigenous in
the ferests as far north as Gujarat.

Poinciana regia, Bojer, ex Bot. Mag. (1829) t t. 2884. The Royal Gul-
Mohor, a native of Madagascar, has within the last 80 years been in-
troduced into and is now grown everywhere in gardens in the Bombay
Presidency, and more or less throughout India. The young leaves are
exceedingly beautiful, reaching 2 ft. in length, with 11-18 pairs of
pinne. see bright scarlet, in terminal and _axillary lax racemes.
FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 260; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 27; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
ed. 2, p. 142; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. £27;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 6, part 1, p. 309.—Flowers: Apr.—June.
Vern. Gul-Mohor.

63. PARKINSONIA, Linn.

Trees. Leaves at first sight apparently simply pinnate and fascicled,
but in reality 2-pinnate from a very short rhachis; stipules usually
short, spinescent ; pinnze 2-6, very long, flattened. Leaflets numerous,
very small. Flowers in short axillary lax racemes; bracts small, very
caducous ; bracteoles 0. Calyx deeply cleft; tube short; segments 5,
membranous, slightly unequal, narrowly imbricate or subvalvate. Petals
5, spreading, somewhat unequal, the upper the broadest. Stamens 10,
free ; filaments villous at the base ; anthers uniform, versatile. Ovary
shortly stalked; ovules many; style filiform; stigma small, terminal.
Pod turgid, moniliform, finally dehiscent.— Disirip. Species 3, of which
2 are American, the other a native of the Cape.

1. Parkinsonia aculeata, Linn. Sp. Pl.(1753) p. 375. A glabrous
bush or small tree armed with sharp woody spines which represent the
rhachises of the 2-pinnate leaves. Pinnie 1-3 pairs, 6-12 in. long, the
rhachis much flattened, striate. Leaflets numerous, minute, oblanceolate,
obtuse; petiolules distinct, short. Flowers in Jax axillary racemes
shorter than the leaves; pedicels 3-3 in. long, slender, jointed near the
top, erecto-patent. Calyx 2 yin. long, divided nearly to the base ; segments
oblong, obtuse. Corolla yellow ; petals 3-3 in. long, broadly obovate or
suborbicular, with a short stout villous claw, veined. Filaments flattened
and densely villous at the base. Ovary silky-villous; ovules many.

416 XLVILI. LEGUMINOS.

Pods 3-4 by 1-3 in., moniliform, attenuated at both ends, finely veined,
glabrous. Seeds 1-6. FI]. B. I. v. 2, p. 260; Grah. Cat. p. 61; Dalz.
& Gibs. Suppl. p. 28; Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. 91 & Anal.
Gen. t. 13, fig. 2; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 142; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 427; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6,
part 1, p. 110.—Flowers: Jan.Mar. Vern. Vedi-babhal; Vildyati-
hikar.

A native of Tropical America, often grown as a hedge plant, almost naturalized in
the Bombay Presidency and mcre or less so throughout India.

64. WAGATEA, Dalz.

A climbing shrub armed with scattered prickles. Leaves abruptly
2-pinnate ; stipules inconspicuous. Flowers subsessile, in long simple
or panicled spicate racemes. Calyx-tube campanulate ; calyx-segments
about as long as the tube, slightly imbricate, the lower concave, slightly
Jarger than the others. Petals 5, subequal, oblong, erect, imbricate, not
spreading in eestivation. Stamens 10, free, slightly declinate; filaments
short, pilose at the base; anthers uniform. . Ovary subsessile, free ;
ovules many; style slightly clavate at the apex; stigma oblique.
Pod ligulate-oblong, indehiscent, few-seeded, subtorulose, with
thickened sutures (not winged).—Disrris. Western Peninsula of India ;
species 1.

1. Wagatea spicata, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 3 (1851) p. 89.
A robust woody climber; branches armed with numerous recurved
prickles. Leaves 2-pinnate, 9-12 in. long; main rhaclis armed with
recurved prickles ; pinnee 4—6 pairs, 3-5 in. long, the rhachis terete,
puberulous. Leaflets 5-7 pairs, 1-1} by 3-1 in., coriaceous, oblong,
obtuse or subacute, dark green, glabrous and shining above, paler
beneath, base rounded or cordate: petiolules very short. Flowers
uearly sessile, in dense spicate racemes sometimes reaching 2 ft. long ;
rhachis stout, more or less grooved, clothed with soft brown pubescence,
often armed with recurved prickles. Calyx densely puberulous, ;4—3 mm.
long. scarlet ; segments oblong or subspathulate, obtuse, equalling the
campanulate tub» Petals 2-3 in. long, inserted on the top of the
calyx-tube, olovate-spathulate, reticulately veimed, dark orange.
Stamens equalling the petals, alternately long and short; filaments
flattened and densely pilose at the base. Ovary densely pubescent ;
ovules 4-6; style as long as the filameuts and the petals; stigma 2-lobed,
oblique. Pods 13-23 by 3-2 in., linear-oblong, swollen above the seeds
and constricted between them, and with thickened sutures. Seeds 3-4,
vbovate-oblong, transverse; testa hard, thick, bony. Fl. B. J. v. 2,
p- 261; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 80; Wight, lcon. t. 1995 ; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
ed. 2, p. 148; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 427; Watt,
Dict. Econ, Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 297. Casalpinia digyna, Grah, Cat.
p- 60.—Flowers: Jan-Feb. Vern. Vagdti; Vakeri.

Konkan: Konkan jungles, Dalzell & Gibson; south of Panwell, Da/ze//!; Bombay,
Capt. Geburne!; pretty common on the Ghits, Graham. Deccan: Ghat near Wada

below Mahableshwar, Cooke! Kanara: Stocks!—Drstrri. Hills of the Western
Peninsula,

XLVI, LEGUMINOSS, 417

65. CASSIA, Linn.

Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Leaves abruptly-pinnate ; rhachis often
furnished with glands either between the leaflets or on the petiole below
them; stipules various. Flowers usually yellow, in axillary or terminal
racemes or in terminal panicles, or subsolitary axillary; bracts and
bracteoles various. Calyx deeply divided ; tube very short ; segments 5,
imbricate. Petals 5, imbricate, subequal or the lower the largest.
Stamens normally 10, all perfect and subequal or the upper the smaller,
or 3-5 imperfect or altogether absent; anthers uniform or those of the
lower stamens the larger, dehiscing by terminal pores or by a short slit.
Ovary sessile or stalked, free, at the bottom of the calyx ; ovules many ;
style short or elongate; stigma terminal. Pod variable, terete or flat,
usually septate between the seeds, dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds
transverse (rarely longitudinal), horizontally or vertically compressed,
albuminous.—Disrris. Throughout the Tropics ; a few extra-tropical ;
species 340,

OC = priya WOM COLELG era. canciaananesc sips aeone de reeeeseh soe 1. C. Fistula.

Pod less than 1 {t. long, more or less flattened.

Fertile stamens 7 (sometimes 7-10 in C. nigricans),
the others reduced to staminodes.
Gland of the leaf-rhachis sclitary, inserted be-
neath (not between) the leaflets.
RAO Mr eG: tao sc dapintka do'kainn to eae doe anand
Leaflets 6-10 pairs ; gland conspicuous, conical ,
Leaflets 8-18 pairs; gland obscure, flat, sessile...
Glands inserted between | or more pairs of leaflets.
Leaflets 3 pairs.
Gland between each of the 2 lowest pairs of

C. occidentalis.
. Sophera.
C. nigricans (in part).

gobo
Q

Lesfletst: plantifetidl i. ..sccrenseteeseeecmes- 5. C. Tora.
Gland between the lowest pair of leaflets
Onlysplantmobetotidl coe encs-seeensessceecs: 6. C. obtusifolia.
Meatleta slo palrs gacceuccstoccaeccedcescaccesecensss 7. C. auriculatu.

Glands of the leaf-rhachis 0.
Pod not aboye 2 in. long.
Pod with a longitudinal crest down the middle

MVELLte IS6CO Suc asenen edocs ve vasoneces se caa a ccee 8. C. obtusa.
Pod not crested over the seeds................000+6 9. C. holosericea.
Pod 3-6 in. long.
Stipules minute, caducous ..............0.cec0eees 10. C. montana.
Stipules large, foliaceous, subpersistent ......... ll. C. timoriensis.
Fertile stamens 5 ; staminodes 0.
Meatlotst on Datei ae oscars ete cipsee ost accencensesear ese 12. C. Absus.
Henn ete O=Z0 sane a tances catecces scdexste teats s sidan ete 13. C. pumila.

Fertile stamens 10 (1-3 sometimes reduced to stami-
nodes in C, nigricans).
Gland solitary, inserted beneath the leaflets, stalked,

peltate ; leaflets 8-20 pairs .........-....0.00c0+00- 14. C. Kleinii.
Gland inserted between each of the 2-3 lowesi pairs
of leaflets ; leaflets 4-6 pairs .................0005 15. C. glauca.
Gland solitary, inserted beneath the leaflets, flat,
sessile.
Mie Nene SAGO TAINE.. saacteaanrsesuveetacect adv sioaaicns 16. ©. mimosoides. ,
HRCANCEBSL CLS PAING), stress yay esccsecescances tcc sersesss 4. C. nigricans (in part).

1. Cassia Fistula, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 377. A tree 20-30 ft.
high; trunk straight; bark smooth and pale-grey when young, rough
and dark-brown when old ; branches spreading, slender. Leaves 9-16 in,
Jong; main rhachis pubescent ; stipules minute, linear-oblong, obtuse,

418 XLVI. LEGUMINOS,

pubescent. Leaflets 4-8 pairs, ovate or ovate-oblong, acute, 2-5 by 13-
32 in., bright green and glabrous above, paler and silvery-pubescent
beneath when young, the midrib densely pubescent on the underside,
base cuneate; main nerves numerous, close, conspicuous beneath ;
petiolules 1-2 in. long, pubescent or glabrous. Flowers in lax racemes
12-20 in. long; pedicels 14-2} in. long, slender, pubescent or glabrous.
Calyx 3 in. long, divided to the base, pubescent ; segments cblong,
obtuse. Corolla 14 in. across, yellow; petals 5, subequal, obovate,
shortly clawed, veined. Stamens all antheriferous, the 3 lowest the
longest with very long curved filaments and oblong anthers dehiscing
longitudinally, the 4 lateral with short straight filaments and versatile
anthers opening by pores at the base, the remaining 3 much smaller,
erect with indehiscent anthers. Pods 1-2 ft. long, 2-1 in. in diam.,
pendulous, cylindric, nearly straight, smooth, shining, brown-black, not
torulose, indehiscent, with numerous (40-100) horizontal seeds immersed
in a dark-colored sweetish pulp, and completely separated by transverse
dissepiments. Seeds broadly ovate, + in. long, slightly less in breadth, and
lin. thick. FI. B.I.v. 2, p. 261; Grah. Cat. p. 62; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 80;
Trim. F]. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 103; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 143; Woodr.,
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 427; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.
vy. 2, p. 217. Cassia rhombifolia, Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. 31; Wight, Icon.
t. 269.—Flowers: Mar.—May. Vurn. Bavii; Garmal ; Chimkdni (Sind).

Common throughout the Presidency in deciduous forests. Konkan: Svocks!; Ghats
and hilly parts, Graham. Deccan: hills about Poona, Cooke!, Woodrow !; Deccan
hills, Woodrow.—Distris. Throughout India; Ceylon, Malaya, China.

The tree is known to Anglo-Indians as the Indian Laburnum. ‘The pulp of the
fruit furnishes an excellent and safe purgative. The wood is also hard and durable
but is not of sufficient size for timber. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ¢.

2. Cassia occidentalis, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 377. A diffuse
(usually annual) undershrub 2-5 ft. high; branches subglabrous,
furrowed, often purplish. Leaves very fetid when bruised, 6-8 in. long ;
rhachis glabrous, with a single sessile gland near its base. Leaflets 3-5
pairs, 1-4 by 4-14 in., membranous, glaucous, ovate-lanceolate, gradually
aitenuated to a very acute apex, glabrous above, glabrous or finely
pubescent beneath, base usually rounded and somew hat oblique; petiolules
very short. Flowers in short-peduncled few-flowered racemes, corymbose,
axillary and forming a terminal panicle; pedicels spreading, 1 in. long,
elongating to} in. in fruit; bracts 3 in. long, ovate, acuminate, caducous,
white with a pink tinge. Calyx 2 in. long, divided to the base, glabrous ;
segments white, slightly tinged with pink, oblong, obtuse, membranous.
Petals 5, subequal, 3 in. long, ovate-oblong, obtuse, yellow, faintly veined
with orange. Stamens 10, of which the 3 upper are reduced to staminodes,
the anthers of the remaining 7 perfect, the 3 lower longer and with
larger anthers than the + lateral ones. Pods 4—5 by 3 in. and about
1 in. thick, recurved, glabrous, compressed, transversely septate,
distinctly torulose. Seeds 20-80, ovoid, compressed, acute at one end
and rounded at the other, } in. long by + in. broad, hard, smooth,
shining, dark olive-green. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 262; Grah. Cat. p. 63;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 81; Benth, in Trans. Linn. Soe. v. 27 (1871) p. 582 ;
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p.105; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898)
p- 427; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. vy. 2, p. 221.—Flowers: Jan.—Mar.
Vurn. Lan-takla ; Kasivdd,

XLVIII, LEGUMINOS. 419

Abundant throughout the Presidency in the rains, especially among rubbish near
villages.— Disrris. Lhroughout India and the Tropics generally.

The leaves, roots, and seeds are used medicinally, the latter also in Africa as a
substitute for coffee. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ec.

3. Cassia Sophera, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 379. A shrub or
undershrub 8-10 ft. high, annual or perennial. Leaves 7-9 in. long ;
rhachis grooved, glabrous or nearly so, with a solitary conical gland near
the base. Leaflets 6-10 pairs 13-24 by 3-? in., opposite, membranous,
glaucous, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, glabrous, base usually rounded ;
main nerves 10-12 pairs ; petiolules ;4;-;4, in. long, glabrous. Flowers
in axillary, short, few-flowered, corymbose racemes ; pedicels 1 in. (in
fruit reaching 3 in.) long, pubescent; bracts } in. long, green, ovate,
acute, caducous. Calyx 4 in. long, divided to the base; segments
membranous, obtuse, green. Petals 5, subequal, 3 in. long, ovate, obtuse,
yellow. Stamens 10, of which the 3 upper are reduced to staminodes,
the remaining 7 usually perfect, the 3 lower longer and with larger
anthers than the 4 lateral ones, of which one is sometimes reduced to a
staminode, Pods 3-4 by 4 in. and about +} in. thick, slightly recurved,
somewhat turgid, septate between the seeds, not or scarcely torulose.
Seeds 30-40, broadly ovoid, acute, compressed, dark-brown, 1 by 4 in.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 262; Grah. Cat. p. 62; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 81; Benth.
in Trans. Linn. Soe. v. 27 (1871) p. 5382; Trim. FI. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 105;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 427 ; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 2, p. 223.—Flowers: Nov.-Jan. Vern. Jangli-tdkla; Rdn-
tékld.

A common weed in uncultivated places throughout the rains.—Drstris. Throughout
India and in most Tropical countries.

The bark, leaves, and seeds are used medicinally. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ¢.

4, Cassia nigricans, Vahl, Symb. vy. 1 (1790) p. 30. A shrub or
undershrub 5 ft. high; young branches pubescent. Leaves 2-4 in. long ;
rhachis hairy; petioles + in. long, hairy, furnished with an obscure
sessile gland below the lowest pair of leaflets; stipules 1 in. long,

triangular, acute, hairy, nerved, closely appressed to the stem. Leaflets
sessile, 8-18 pairs, 3-1 by 3—;3; in., linear-oblong, obtuse, mucronate,
unequal-sided, hairy on both sides. Flowers 1-2 in. across, solitary or
2-5 together, supra-axillary ; pedicels short, bracteolate. Calyx divided

to the base, villous, $ in. long; segments oblong-lanceolate. Petals

Ovary sessile, densely villous; style short, hooked. Pods 3-11 by
3-18 in., linear-oblong, straight, compressed, marked with transverse
oblique lines between the seeds, clothed with appressed hairs. Seeds
6-11, trapezoid-ovoid, compressed, brown, shining. Benth. in Trans.
Linn. Soe. v. 27 (1571) p.577; Prain, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 66
(1893) p.477. C. Arnottiana, Wight, MS. in Herb. Kew (1835) n. 2410.
C. micrantha, Guill. & Perr. Fl. Senegamb. (1830-33) p. 262.—Flowers :
Noy.—Dee.

Rare, apparently confined in the Bombay Presidency to N. Kanara. Kanari:
Hohenhacker, 780!; Kumpta on the coast of Kanara, Talbot, 72!; N. Kanara, Stocks,
Wocdrow (fide Prain).—Disrxis. India (W. Peninsula); Tropical Africa.

420 XLVIII. LEGUMINOS.£.

5. Cassia Tora, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 376. An annual fetid
herb 1-3 ft. high. Leaves 3-4 in. long; rhachis grooved, more or less
pubescent, with a conical gland between each of the 2 lowest pairs of
leaflets; stipules 3-3} in. long, linear-subulate, caducous. Leaflets
3 pairs, opposite, 1-1? by 4-1 in. (the lowest pair the smallest), obovate-
oblong, glaucous, membranous, glabrous or more or less pubescent, base
somewhat oblique, usually rounded; main nerves 8-10 pairs ; petiolules
zip in. long, pubescent. Flowers usually in subsessile pairs in the axils
of the leaves, the upper crowded ; common peduncle in fruit not exceeding
1 in. long; pedicels in fruit rarely exceeding 3 in. long. Calyx
glabrous, divided to the base; segments + in. long, ovate, acute,
spreading. Petals 5, pale yellow, subequal, 4 by 315 in., oblong, obtuse,
spreading, the upper petal (standard) 2-lobed, the others entire. Stamens
10, the 3 upper reduced to minute staminodes, the remaining 7 perfect,
subequal. Pods 5-8 by 1-1 in., subtetragonous, much curved when
young, obliquely septate, puberulous, not reticulate, the sutures very
broad. Seeds 25-30, rhombohedral, with the long axis in the direction
of the pod. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, p. 538 (exclud. syn. Loy. Lugd. &
exclud. var. 8); Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. vy. 2, p. 263 (partly); Dalz.
& Gibs. p. 81 (partly) ; Benth. in Trans. Linn. Soe. y. 27 (1871) p. 535
(partly) ; Grah. Cat. p. 63; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p.106; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 427; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2,
p-. 224. Senna Tora, Roxb. FI. Ind. y. 2, p. 8340.—Flowers : Novy.—Dee.
Vern. Takls.

A yery common weed throughout the Presidency, where it may be found along
roadsides aud in waste ground.—Disrris. Throughout India, Ceylon, and the Tropics
generally, probably native in Asia only.

6. Cassia obtusifolia, Zinn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 377. An annual
herb 2-7 ft. high, not fetid. Leaves 3-4 in. long; rhachis grooved,
more or less pubescent, with a conical gland between the lowest pair of
leaflets only ; stipules 4—? in. long, linear-subulate, caducous. Leaflets
3 pairs, opposite, 1-1? by 4-#? in. (the lowest pair the smallest), obovate-
oblong, green, membranous, glabrous or more or less pubescent, base
somewhat oblique, usually rounded; main nerves 8-10 pairs ; petiolules
jy in. long, pubescent. Flowers usually in subsessile pairs in the
axils of the leaves, the upper crowded ; common peduncle in fruit not
exceeding } in. long ; pedicels in flower 1-1} in. long. Calyx glabrous,
divided to the base; segments 1 in. long, ovate, acute, spreading.
Petals 5, bright yellow, subequal, 3 by + in., oblong, obtuse, the upper
petal (standard) truncate. Stamens 10, the 3 upper reduced to minute
staminodes, the remaining 7 perfect, subequal. Pods 8-10 by + in.,
subterete, obliquely septate, glabrous, transversely reticulate, the sutures
broad. Seeds 30-35, rhombohedral, tin. long. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2,
p. 539 (as to the plant, but exclud. references to Dillenius and Rumphius).
Cassia Tora, Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 263 (in part), not of Linn,
Cassia Tora, var. (3, W. & A. Prod. p. 291 (exclud. references to Rheede
and Lamarck). Senna tovoides, Roxb. Fl. Ind. v. 2, p. 341.

The plant may be distinguished from Cassia Tora to which it is
closely allied, by its greater size, longer pedicels and larger flowers, by
its odor which is bland and not fetid (as in C. Tora), by the presence of
a gland between the lowest pair of leaflets only, and by its reticulate
and subterete pods. Roxburgh (/. ¢.) very clearly points out the specific

XLVIIT. LEGUMINOS &. 42]

differences between the 2 plants. See also Prain, Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
v. 66 (1898) p. 475.

The plant is a native of Tropical America, but has become more or less naturalized
in India,

7. Cassia auriculata, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 379. A tall much-
branched shrub; bark smooth, reddish-brown ; branchlets finely pubescent.
Leaves 3-4 in. long ; rhachis densely fulvous-pubescent with an erect
linear gland between each pair of leaflets ; stipules foliaceous, reflexed,
very large, rotundato-reniform, produced at the base on the side next
the petiole into a long subulate point, persistent. Leatlets 8-12 pairs,
4_] by 3-3 in., slightly overlapping, oblong-obovate, obtuse or emar-
ginate, mucronate, glabrous or finely downy, dull green above, paler
beneath, base usually rounded; petiolules ;4, in. long. Flowers large,
reaching 2 in. across, in terminal and axillary corymbose racemes ;
pedicels }—1 in. long ; bracts ovate, acuminate, caducous. Calyx glabrous ;
segments leathery, concave, the 2 outer much smaller than the other 3.
Petals with long claws, crisped on the margin, bright yellow, veined
with orange. Stamens 10, of which the 3 upper are reduced to
staminodes, the remaining 7 perfect, of which the 3 lower are larger
than the 4 lateral ones. Pods 3-5 by 3-2 in., flat, thin, papery, oblong,
obtuse, mucronate, pale brown, deeply depressed between the seeds,
having a crumpled appearance, transversely veined, pubescent, Seeds
10-20. Fi. B. I. v. 2, p. 263; Grah. Cat. p. 63; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 81
Benth, in Trans. Linn. Soc. vy. 27 (1871) p. 547; Trim. FI. Ceyl. v. 2,
p- 106; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 144; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1898) p. 427; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 215,—Flowers :
Jan.July. Vurn. Tarvad; Aval.

Konkan: Capt. Geburne!; Deccan: abundant in sterile tracts, Graham, Cooke !,
Woodrow!; Poona, Cooke!; Khandesh, Kdyeworth! GUJARAT: very common,
Dalzell § Gibson, Graham. 8. M. Counrry: Dharwar, Coo/e!—Dtsrris. India (dry

oi in the Central Provinces and the W. Peninsula); Ceyl
regions in the entra rovinees and the . eninsu ) re ey on.

‘The bark is a most valuable tanning material and the seeds are used medicinally,
Trimen says that the leaves are used in Ceylon as a substitute for tea.

8. Cassia obtusa, Row. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 31. A diffuse
perennial herb 1-3 ft. high; stems glabrous, pale green, obtusely
angular, striate, somewhat woody below; branches spreading, glabrous
except the very young parts. Leaves 2-4 in. long; rhachis glabrous,
striate, without glands between the leaflets; petioles 3-3 in, long;
stipules } in. long, obliquely lanceolate, very acute. Leaflets 3-6
(rarely 7) pairs, 7-1 by 3-3 in., broadly oblong or obovate-oblong,
obtuse, mucronate, pale green and glabrous above, glaucous and elabrous
or puberulous beneath, base obtuse. Flowers in axillary peduncled
racemes which elongate in fruit and are ultimately longer than the
leaves ; pedicels very short. Calyx 3 in. long, divided to the base;
segments oblong, obtuse, membranous, veined. Petals 2 in, long,
obovate-oblong, shortly clawed, yellow, reticulate with darker veins.
Pertect stamens 7, very unequal, the 2 or 3 lowest much the largest,
the staminodes minute; filaments short. Ovary densely pubescent,
Pods 1-1? by 3-? in., flat, thin, papery, glabrous, rounded at both
ends, much recurved, transversely veined and with a line of prominent
longitudinal crests down the middle of the pod over the seeds, the

429 XLVIIT. LEGUMINOS ®.

sutures very thin, and the persistent base of the style near the apex of
the shorter side of the pod. Seeds 6-12, wedge-shaped, + by 4 in.,
truncate or retuse at the apex, finely reticulato-rugose, and with a
transverse ridge across the middle of each face, dark-brown, shining.
Wight, Icon. t. 757; Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 288; Aitch. Pb. & Sind
Pl. p. 52; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 107. Cassia obovata, Collad. Hist.
Cass. (1816) p. 92, t. 15, A; Benth. in Trans. Linn. Soc. v. 27 (1871)
p- 553; Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 264; Grah. Cat. p. 62;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 427; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod, v. 2, p. 220. Cassia Senna, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 377 (in part);
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 81.—Flowers: Nov.-Feb. Vern. Bhui-tarvad.

Roxburgh named the plant C. obtusa in 1814 (Hort. Beng. p. 31).
Colladon named it C. obovata in 1816, two years later. There seems no
reason why Roxburgh’s earlier name should be set aside.

Deccan: Bhimthuri district, Da/ze/l § Gibson; Bijapur, Woodrow, Gusarat:
abundant, Graham. S.M.Counrry: Dalzell §& Gibson. Sinn: Stocks, 482!, Vicary!;
Hyderabad, Kanitkar!; Mirpur, Kaniikar !—Disrere. India (Panjab, W. Peninsula) ;
Arabia, Egypt, Abyssinia, Nubia.

A certain amount of trade is done in the leaves in Sind, where the plant grows
abundantly. It was the first kind of Senna known, and was introduced by the Moors
into Europe, where 2 or 3 centuries ago it was largely cultivated in N. Italy, Spain,
and the south of France.

9, Cassia holosericea, /resen. in Flora (1839) v. 1, p. 54.
Suffruticose, 1-4 ft. high; branches subterete, more or less pubescent.
Leaves 2-5 in. long; rhachis densely pubescent, without glands between
the leaflets ; petioles 3-? in. long; stipules } in. long, linear-lanceolate,
very acute, with a small auricle at the base on the side remote from the
petiole, rigid, densely pubescent. Leaflets 5-8 pairs, 3-1 by 735-2 in.
(the upper pair the largest), obovate-oblong, obtuse or retuse, mucronate,
clothed on both surfaces with soft velvety pubescence, base obliquely
rounded or subacute ; petiolules very short. Flowers in narrow axillary
racemes sherter than the leaves; pedicels very short, densely pubescent.
Calyx 3 in. long, divided to the base; segments oblong, obtuse, mem-
branous, veined. Petals 3 in. long, obovate-oblong, cuneate, shortly
clawed, yellow, conspicuously reticulate with darker veins. Stamens 10,
of which the 3 upper are reduced to small staminodes, the remaining
7 perfect, of which the 2 or 3 lower are much the largest. Ovary
densely pubescent. Pods 1-13 by 2-4 in., flat, thin and papery,
recurved, rounded at both ends, velvety-pubescent, slightly turgid, but
not longitudinally crested above the seeds, transversely veined and with
the persistent base of the style on the shorter side of the pod somewhat
remote from its apex. Seeds 4-10, obovoid-cuneate, 7 by 4 in., retuse
at the apex, reticulato-rugose, flattened, glabrous, yellow. Benth. in
Trans. Linn. Soc. v. 27 (1871) p. 553; Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr. v. 2,

. 278; Prain, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 66 (1898) p. 476. Senna
ovalifolia, Batka, Monogr. Senn. t. 4.—Flowers : Noy.-Jan.

Very closely allied to C. obovata, for which it is often mistaken and
from whicb it may be distinguished by the pods, which have no longi-
tudinal crest down the middle above the seeds, and by the greater
amount of pubescence.

Common in Sind. Srxp: Hyderabad, Cooke !, Woodrow !—Distris. Tropical Africa,

Arabia.
The leaves of this are sold as Senna in the same way as those of the former species,

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS®,. 423

Cassia angustifolia, Vahl, Symb., a plant with pods very similar to those of Cassia
holosericea but with narrow lanceolate leaflets, is a native of Tropical Africa and has
no claim to be considered indigenous in India. It was (fide Dalzell & Gibson) first
grown at Hura from seed supplied from Aden by Captain Haines, and was subsequently
grown extensively at Hura and at Ganesh Khind near Poona to supply senna leaves
to the Bombay Medical Stores. Its cultivation in these localities has been discontinued
for many years, as it was found that leaves could be supplied at a cheaper rate from
Tinneyelly in S. India, where the plant is still very largely grown, than they could be
supplied from Poona,

10. Cassia montana, JHeyine, ev Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. (1821) p. 214.
A shrub or small tree; branches clothed with yellowish pubescence.
Leaves 4-8 in. long; rhachis without glands, channelled, clothed with
dense yellowish pubescence ; stipules. minute, very caducous. Leaflets
10-16 pairs, 1-14 by 3-32 in., oblong, obtuse; with a long conspicuous
mucro, glabrous or nearly so above, paler and sparsely clothed with
yellowish hairs (more abundantly on the midrib) beneath; petiolules
zy in. long, clothed with yellowish hairs. Flowers in corymbose
racemes, axillary and forming terminal panicles ; pedicels long, clothed
with yellowish hairs. Calyx divided to the base, finely puberulous
outside ; segments broadly oblong, concave, the 3 outer much smaller
than the 2 inner. Petals 4-3 in. long, subequal, oblong, obtuse, very
shortly clawed, yellow, not conspicuously veined. Stamens 10, the
3 upper reduced to staminodes, the remaining 7 perfect, subequal.
Pods 3-5 by 3 in., straight or slightly curved, flat, stalked, tapering
towards the base and pointed at the apex with the base of the style,
thin, glabrous. Seeds 12-20. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 264; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 81; Benth. in Trans. Linn. Soc. v. 2, (1871) p. 550; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. ed. 2, p. 144; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1898)
p- 427.—Flowers : Aug.—Oct.

S.M. Country: Chorla Ghit (near Peleaum), Da’zell & Gibson; Belgaum Ghats,
Talbot; Castlerock, Cooke! Kanara: moist forests of the N, Kanara Ghats, Tadbot.

11. Cassia timoriensis, DU. Predr. y. 2 (1825) p. 499. A large
shrub or sinall tree ; branches slender, finely pubescent. Leaves 6-9 in.
long ; rhachis fulyous-hairy without glands; stipules foliaceous, broad,
with a filiform tail, subpersistent. Leatlets 10-20 pairs, 2-14 by 3-3 in.,
oblong, obtuse, mucronate, clothed with appressed hairs above, densely
villous beneath, base rounded ; petiolules ;4, in. long, pubescent. Flowers
in corymbose racemes from the axils of the young leaves, the whole
forming a terminal panicle; pedicels 2-1 in. long, fulvous-pubescent.
Calyx divided to the base, pubescent ; segments broadly oblong, obtuse,
concave, the 3 outer smaller than the 2 inner. Petals 3 by } in.,
oblong, bright yellow, faintly veined with orange. Stamens 10, the
3 upper reduced to staminodes, the remaining 7 perfect, subequal.
Pods 5-7 by 3 in., stalked, slightly tapering to both ends, straight, flat,
thin, glabrous and shining, the sutures thin. Seeds 16-20, obovoid-
cuneate, much compressed, + by + in., with an oblong shallow pit on each
face. Fi. B. I. v. 2, p. 265; Benth. in Trans. Lion. Soc. v. 27 (1871)
p- 550; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 108; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 144;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 224. Cassia goensis, Dalz. in Kew
Journ. Bot. vy. 4 (1852) p. 112.—Flowers : Oct.

About Goa rare, Dalzel/. Kanara: from the Goa Ghats southwards; common in
the forests of the Ankola and Kumpta talukas in N, Kanara, Tadbot.

42-4 XLVIII, LEGUMINOS.

12. Cassia Absus, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 376. An erect,
sparingly branched annual 6-18 in. high; stems and branches clothed
with spreading viscous glandular hairs. Leaves long-petioled ; rhachis
viscous-hairy, grooved; petioles 4-1 in. long; stipules } in. long,
subulate. Leatlets 2 pairs, very oblique, 3-14 by 3-1 in. (the terminal
pair the largest), elliptic-oblong or elliptic-obovate, obtuse or subacute,
minutely mucronate, glabrous or nearly so above, slightly hairy but not
glandular beneath; petiolules 4, in. long, densely hairy. Flowers
in terminal or leaf-opposed erect narrow few-flowered racemes ; pedicels
short, viscous-hairy ; bracts beneath the pedicels ovate, acute ; bracteole
1 about the middle of each pedicel, small, ovate. Calyx hairy, 4 in,
long ; segments oblong, obtuse, subequal. Petals 7 in. long, obovate-
cuneate, reddish-yellow, tender, veined. Stamens 5, all perfect, equal.
Ovary densely bristly with long hairs. Pods 1-14 by j-+ in,, ligulate,
nearly straight, oblique, compressed, thin, clothed with bristly hairs.
Seeds 4—6, trapezoid-ovoid, ;%, by 4 in., black, shining. FI. B. I. v. 2,
p. 265; Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 291; Benth. in Trans. Linn. Soe. v. 27
(1871) p. 558; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 109; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1893) p. 427; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 210.—
Flowers: Sept. Vern, Chdkan; Chimar.

Pretty common throughout the Presidency. Konkan: Stocks!, Law!; Parel,
Woodrow!; Bandora, Nairne; Dapoli, Nairne; Vingorla, Woodrow! Deccan:
Poona, Woodrow!; Bowdhan hill near Poona, Cooke!—Disrris. Throughout India ;
Ceylon, Tropical Africa, Asia, and Australia.

The seeds are largely employed in native medicine in the treatment of ophthalmia
and also as a cathartic. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. e,

13. Cassia pumila, Lamk. Encyc. Méthod. v. 1, p. 651 (1784),
Suffruticose, diffuse or procumbent; stems numerous, spreading, about
1 ft. long; branches slender, clothed with weak spreading white hairs,
Leaves 1-2 in. long; rhachis hairy; common petiole 4-4 in. long, with
a peltate stalked gland on the petiole below the leaflets; stipules + in,
long, lanceolate, very acute, nerved. Leaflets subsessile, 10-20 pairs,
1_} by =1,-2 in. (the upper and lower smaller than the middle ones),
linear-oblong, very unequal-sided, rounded and apiculate at the apex,
usually glabrous ; nerves conspicuous beneath. Flowers usually solitary
or 2-3 together, supra-axillary ; pedicels very short, slender ; bracts
beneath the pedicels lanceolate ; bracteoles 2 above the middle of the
pedicel, lanceolate. Calyx divided to the base, ;4,-} in. long, pubescent ;
segments oblong-lanceolate, acute, subequal. Petals % in. long, yellow,
obovate-cuneate, tender, veined. Stamens 5; anthers equal. Ovary
densely pubescent; style short ; stigma peltate, concave, fringed. Pods
1-14 by 1-1 in., with oblique partitions between the seeds, linear,
straight, or very slightly curved, flat, glabrous or with a few scattered
hairs. Seeds 6-12, obovoid-cuneate, compressed, brown, FI. B. I.v. 2,
p- 266; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 82; Benth. in Trans. Linn. Soc. v. 27 (1871)
p. 570; Woodr. in Journ, Bomb. Nat. vy, 11 (1898) p. 427.— Flowers :
Aug. Vern, Sarmal.

Tolerably common in pastures during the rains, Konkan: Stocks! Duccan:
Poona, Cooke!; Bowdhan near Poona, Cooke!; Dhulia, Woodrow. S. M. Country:

Badami, Woodrow. Kanara: Yellapur (N, Kanara), Talbot !—Distris. Throughout
India; Tropical Asia and Australia,

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS®. 425

14. Cassia Kleinii, Wight § Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 293. Perennial
1-3 ft. high, diffuse, much branched from a woody base; branches
pubescent. Leaves abruptly-pinnate, 1-14 in. long; rhachis more or
less pilose, furnished with a small peltate stalked gland just below the
lowest pair of leaflets; petioles 3 in. long; stipules + in. long, erect,
linear-lanceolate, very acute, strongly nerved. Leaflets 8-20 pairs
(reduced to 4-6 pairs on the lower leaves), 3-3 by ;/;—3 in., sessile, linear,
subacute, obliquely mucronate, rigidly coriacevus, very unequal-sided,
the midrib being quite close to the upper edge, strongly nerved on the
lower side, base rounded or truncate. Flowers 1-3 together in the axils
of the leaves; pedicels 3-3 in. long, slender, downy ; bracts at the base
of the pedicel lanceolate ; bracteoles 2 near the top of the pedicel,
lanceolate-subulate. Calyx divided to the base; segments membranous,
lanceolate, very acute. Petals obovate, little exserted, yellow. Stamens
10, all perfect, alternately short and long ; anthers equal. Ovary densely
pubescent on the sutures, nearly glabrous on the flat faces. Pods 14-1?
by + in., linear-oblong, flat, slightly recurved, more or less pubescent on
the sutures, scarcely if at all so on the faces. Seeds 10-15, dark brown.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 266; Benth.-in Trans. Linn. Soc. v. 27 (1871) p. 581;
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v.2, p. 110; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898)
p- 427.—Flowers: Oct.

Rare. Konkan: Jambhalpada (Colaba), Woodrow,—Disrri. India (W. Peninsula) ;
Ceylon, Java.

15. Cassia glauca, Lamk. Encyc. Méthod. v. 1 (1784) p. 647, A
small tree; branches numerous, spreading, glabrous. Leaves 5—9 in.
long; rhachis pale, puberulous, with a clavate gland between each of the
2-3 lower pairs of leaflets ; stipules } in. long, linear, acute, falcately
curved, caducous. Leaflets 4-6 pairs, 13-3 by 1-1} in. (the lower pair
the smallest), elliptic-oblong, subacute, pale green and glabrous above,
glaucous and slightly pubescent or glabrous beneath, base usually
rounded; petiolules 3 in. long, pubescent. Flowers in axillary
corymbose racemes shorter than the leaves; pedicels grooved and
angled, more or less pubescent; bracts ovate, acuminate, pubescent,
reflexed, caducous. Calyx divided to the base, yellow, glabrous, mem-
branous, reticulately veined ; segments broadly oblong or suborbicular,
the 3 outer smaller than the 2 inner. Petals ?# by 3 in., broadly
oblong, obtuse, shortly clawed, yellow. Stamens 10, all perfect,
subequal. Pods stalked, 6-8 by 3—? in., straight, flat, thin, tapering
to both ends, marked with raised lines between the seeds, veined,
glabrous. Seeds 20-30, oblong, rounded at one end, narrowed at the
other, + by 3 in., compressed, smooth, dark-brown, shining, with a
shallow oblong pit on each of the flat faces. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 265 ;
Grah. Cat. p. 63 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 30 ; Benth. in Trans. Linn. Soc.
v. 27 (1871) p. 555; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 144; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p.427; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. vy. 2, p. 219.—
Flowers: Sept.-Mar. Vurn. Motha-tarvad.

Konkan: Law!, Stocks!, Capt. Geburne! Drccan: Poona in gardens, Woodrow!
S. M. Country: common in the forests of the Dharwar districts near the N. Kanara

border at Devikope, Zalbot. Kanara: forests of N. Kanara, Talbot.—Dtstris.
Throughout India; Tropical Asia and Australia generally but usually cultivated.

2

426 XLVIII. LEGUMINOS£.

16. Cassia mimosoides, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 3879. A diffuse
perennial 1-3 ft. high, usually erect, but sometimes spreading ; stems
and branches terete, more or less hairy. Leaves abruptly-pinnate,
2-4 in. long: rhachis very slender, curved, glabrous or pubescent, with
a flat sessile gland on the very short petiole close below the lower pair
of leaflets ; stipules 4~j in., ovate, lanceolate, cuspidate. Leaflets very
numerous (40-60 pairs), crowded and overlapping, sessile, 4-7 by

Osten

cuspidate ; bracteoles 2 a little below the calyx, linear-lanceolate,
very acute. Calyx 1-3 in. long, sparingly pilose ; segments unequal,
membranous, oblong-lanceolate, very acute. Petals j%—3 in. long,
elliptic, obtuse, with a longish claw, vellow. Stamens 10, all perfect,
alternately long and short. Ovary silky-pubescent more especially on
the sutures. Pods 13-2 by 1Lin., linear, nearly straight, flat, marked
with oblique transverse depressions between tle seeds, sparsely clothed
with short hairs. Seeds 15-25, obliquely obovoid, compressed, brown,
shining. Fl. B. I.v. 2, p.266; Benth. in Trans, Linn. Soe. v. 27 (1871)
p- 579; Trim. Fi. Ceyl. v. 2, p.110; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1898) p. 427; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 220.—Flowers: Oct.—
Dee.

Konkan: Sfocks!; Asre near Jambhalpada, Kanithar!; Kapad near Poladpur,

Woodrow! Drccan: Panchgani, Cooke!; Poona, Woodrow.—Distris. Throughout
India ; Ceylon, Tropics generally.

Cassia marginata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. 31. A tree with 30-40 pairs
of leaflets, pink flowers and cylindric pods nearly 1 ft. long. It was
introduced from Ceylon, where it is common, into the Botanic Garden
at Calcutta in 1802. A tree may be seen in the Pund Gardens and one
in the College of Science Botanie Garden at Poona. Fl. B. I. v. 2,
p- 262; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 144; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 427, & Gard. in Ind. ed. 5, p. 274; Watt, Dict.
Keon. Prod. v. 2, p. 220.—Flowers in the rains. Vern. Urimedi;
Uskiamen,

Cassia grandis, Linn. f. Suppl. p. 230. A small tree with pods 14-2 ft.
long, a native of T:opical and Central America and the W. Indies, has
been introduced into gardens at Poona, where a plant may be seen at
Garden Reach. Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 29; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 427.—Flowers : Apr.—May.

Cassia tomentosa, Linn. f. Suppl. p. 231. A tall shrub with 6-8 pairs
of leaflets, bright yellow flowers in corymbose panicles, and finely downy
pods 4-5 in. long, a native of Tropical America, is frequently planted in
gardens. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 263; Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 286; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1898) p. 427.—Flowers: Jan.—Mar.

Cassia bicapsularis, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 376. A shrub with
B+ pairs of leaflets, bright yellow flowers and a sausage-shaped pod

XLVIIT. LEGUMINOSA, 427

6 in. long, a native of Tropical and Subtropical 8. America, is often
planted i in gardens and is oc ald found as anescape. Fl, B.Ly. 2,

p. 263; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 2

Cassia alata, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 878. A shrub with 8-14 pairs
of leaflets, large yellow flowers, and a pod 4-8 in. long furnished with a
wing down the middle of each valve, has been introduced into the
Presidency, perhaps from the W. Indies, and is occasionally planted for the
sake of its leaves which have a high repute as a remedy in skin-diseases,
notably ringworm. It is not indigenous in the W. Peninsula (see Wight
& Arn.i.c.). Fl. B.I. v.2, p. 264; Wight & Arn. Prod. p.287; Dalz. &
Gibs. Suppl. p. 29; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p- 144; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 427; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p- 211.—
Flowers : Oct. Vern, Shimai-agase.

Cassia siamea, Lamk. Eneye. Méthod. v. 1, p. 648. A moderate-sized
robust tree of quick growth with 6-14 pairs of leaflets, large panicles of
yellow flowers and flat pods nearly 1 ft. long, is extensively planted as a
roadside tree. It is indigenous in Ceylon, the Malayan Peninsula, ae
and South India, but not in the Bombay Presidency. Fl. B. L. v. 2,
p- 264; Trim. FI. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 108 ; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 144;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 427, & Gard. in Ind. ed. 5,
p. 274; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 223. Cassia sumatrana, Roxb.
Hort. Beng. p. 31; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 29.—Flowers : Aug.—May.
Vurn. Kassod.

6, CYNOMETRA, Linn.

Erect unarmed trees or shrubs. Leaves abruptly-pinnate ; stipules
eaducous. Leaflets few pairs, coriaceous, oblique. Flowers small, in
axillary corymbs or racemes. Calyx with a very short tube and sub-
basal disk ; segments 4-5, imbricate, reflexed during flow ering. Petals 5,
subequal or the lowest minute, imbricate. Stamens 10, free; filaments
filiform ; anthers small, uniform, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary sessile
or shortly stalked; ovules 2; style filiform; stigma capitate. Pod
arcuate-ovoid or subreniform (rarely straight) with thick turgid or sub-
compressed usually rugose tough somewhat fleshy indehiscent valves,
Seed filling the cavity, exalbuminous ; cotyledons thick, fleshy ; radicle
very short, straight, included.—Disrris. Throughout the Tropics ;
species 20,

1. Cynometra ramiflora, Linn., vin. mimosoides, Baker, in
Hook. f. Fl. B. I. vy. 2 (1378) p. 267. A shrub or small tree growing
near the sea-coast. Leaves 3-5 in. long; rhachis grooved, glabrous or
puberulous. Leaflets 2 pairs, 13-3} by ?-13 in., coriaceous, obliquely
obovate-oblong, often emarginate, subsessile, dark green, glabrous,
shining above, ee obliquely cuneate ; main nerves numerous, distinct.
Flowers in small axillary corymbose racemes ; pedicels slender, 1-3 in.
long; bracts broadly ovate, deciduous; bracteoles small, lanceolate.
Calyx-tube very short ; segments ovate- lanceolate, J J5-2in. long. Petals
white, linear-lanceolate, ;in. long. Pods fleshy, much wrinkled, turgid,

—1 in. long, irregularly oblong or ovoid, with a thick fleshy pointed tip.
C. ramiflora, Grah. Cat. p. 63; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 83; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
2F2

428 XLVI. LEGUMINOS ®.

ed. 2, p. 144; Woodr.in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v.11 (1898) p.427 ; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. vy. 2, p. 682.—Flowers: Mar.-May. Vern. Jrapu.

Konkan: 8. Konkan, very rare, Dalzell § Gibson, Nimmo ex Graham. Kanara:
forests of N. Kanara, Talbot, Woodrow. Talbot says (/.c.) that the characteristic
fruit is carried down the Kaila naddi during the rainy season and thrown up ou the
seashore near Karwar.—Distris. India (W. Peninsula, the Sunderbans and Birma) ;
Malaya.

67. HARDWICKIA, Roxb.

Unarmed trees. Leaves abruptly-pinnate. Leaflets 1-3 pairs,
coriaceous. Flowers numerous, small, in panicled racemes. Calyx
with searcely any tube and a subbasal disk; segments usually 5, oblong
or suborbicular, petaloid, subequal, imbricate. Petals 0. Stamens 10,
the alternate ones slightly shorter; anthers dehiscing longitudinally.
Ovary sessile, free; ovules 2. Pod subindehiscent, dry, with only the
upper seed perfect. Seeds exalbuminous.—Disrris. Species 3, of
which 2 are Asiatic, the other African.

1. Hardwickia binata, Jiowb. Cor. Pl. v. 3 (1819) p. 6, t. 209.
A tree 50-60 ft. high; branches numerous, spreading. Leaves alter-
nate ; rhachis tipped with a minute deciduous bristle ; petioles 3-1 in.
long, glabrous; stipules small, caducous. Leaflets 1 pair, like those
of Bauhinia, subsessile, 1-3 by 3-1} in., obtuse, 3-6-nerved from the
base, tinged with red when young, glabrous. Flowers in axillary and
terminal panicles; pedicels filiform. Calyx 4-1 in. long; segments
oblong, obtuse, membranous, veined, often dotted. Stamens usually 10 ;
filaments very slender. Stigma peltate. Pods 2-3 by 3-3 in., strap-
shaped, veined, glabrous, narrowed at both ends, thin, flexible, opening
at the apex. Seed 1, near the tip of the pod. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 270;
4trah. Cat. p. 61; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 83; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 26; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 145; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1898)
p. 427; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 4, p. 200.— Flowers: Oct.—Jan.
Vern. Anjan.

Deccan: Lalling Pass between Malligaon and Dhulia (Khandesh), Graham,
Dalzell & Gibson, Woodrow; common on the trap of the Satpudas in Khandesh,
Talbot. S.M. Counrry: Ranebennur taluka of Dharwar, locally abundant, Zalbot,—
Distris. India (Behar, N.W. Provinces, W. Peninsula).

The leaves are given as fodder to cattle, who eat them greedily. The wood is
extremely durable and makes excellent piles for bridge-foundations. See Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ¢.

68. SARACA, Linn.

Erect trees. Leaves abruptly pinnate; stipules large, intrapetiolar,
completely united, or rarely foliaceous and partially free. Leaflets
usually of few pairs, coriaceous. Flowers in dense sessile paniculate
(rarely simple) corymbs on old nodes, or rarely axillary ; bracts small,
deciduous ; bracteoles persistent, colored, shorter than the tube of the
calyx. Calyx petaloid; tube elongate, cylindric, crowned by a lobed
disk; segments 4, oblong, subequal, imbricate. Petals 0. Stamens 2-9,
free, exserted; filaments long, filiform; anthers oblong, versatile,
dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary stalked, the stalk attached to and
produced beyond the disk; ovules many ; style filiform ; stigma minute,
capitate. Pod flat, dehiscent, rigidly coriaceous. Seeds exalbuminous.—
Disrris. §,E. Asia; species 16 or more.

XLVI, LEGUMINOS &. 429

1. Saraca indica, Linn. Alantiss. (1767) p. 98. A tree 20-30 ft.
high; branches glabrous. Leaves 6-10 in. long; rhachis glabrous,
corky at the base ; petioles very short ; stipules intrapetiolar, completely
united, 2-3 by + in., scarious, ovate-oblong, obtuse, parallel-nerved.
Leaflets 4—6 pairs, 4-8 by 11-21 in., oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute,
quite glabrous, base rounded or cuneate, slightly oblique; petiolules
7+ in. long, stout, wrinkled; stipels deciduous. Flowers fragrant,
numerous, in dense axillary corymbs 3-4 in. across; peduncles stout ;
pedicels 4-3 in. long, red, glabrous; bracts evate, subacute ; bracteoles
2, appearing like a calyx, 4 in. long, spathulate-oblong, subacute,
ciliolate, amplexicaul, colored. Calyx passing from yellow to orange
and finally red; tube 3—* in. long, cylindric, solid at the base ;
segments 4, oblong or obovate-oblong, 3 in. long. Petals 0. Stamens
7 or 8, much exserted ; filaments filiform, thrice as long as the calyx-
segments ; anthers purple. Ovary pubescent, especially on the sutures ;
style curved into a ring. Pods black, 4-10 by 1-2 in., linear-oblong,
tapering to both ends, compressed, glabrous, veined. Seeds 4-8,
ellipsoid-oblong, 13 in. long, slightly compressed. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 271;
Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 57; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 114; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. ed. 2, p. 145; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898)
p. 427; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 2, p. 475. Jonesia Asoka,
Roxb. in As. Res. v. 4 (1795) p. 355; Grah. Cat. p. 62; Dalz. & Gibs.
p. 82.—Flowers: Dec.May. Vurn. A’shok; Jdsvane.

A very handsome tree when in full flower. Konkan: Stocks!, Law); 8. Konkan
Ghats, common, Dalzell §& Gibson; W. Ghats, widely, Woodrow; Salsette, Graham.
Deccan: Lanoli grove, Graham, Woodrow! 8S. M. Country: bottom of Ramyghat,
Ritchie, 256! Kanara: evergreen forests of N. Kanara, sometimes planted, Za/hot ;
Kala naddi jungles, Ritchie, 256 !—Distris. India (Central and Eastern Himalaya,
East Bengal, Birma, W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon, Malaya.

The bark is used in native medicine. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. c.

Var. puberula, Prain, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 66 (1898) p. 489.
Leaf-rhachis, peduncles and pedicels puberulous to pubescent.

Kanara: jide Prain /. ¢c.

69. TAMARINDUS, Linn.

An unarmed tree. Leaves abruptly-pinnate ; stipules minute,
eaducous. Leaflets small, multijugate. Flowers in racemes at the
apices of the branches; bracts and bracteoles ovate-oblong, colored,
caducous. Calyx-tube turbinate; segments 4, much imbricate, mem-
brancus. Petals: the 3 upper only developed, the 2 lower reduced to
scales. Stamens monadelphous, only 3 developed, the others reduced
to mere bristles at the top of the sheath; anthers oblong, dehiscing
longitudinally. Ovary stalked, the stalk adnate to the calyx-tube ;
ovules many; style elongate; stigma capitate. Pod linear-oblong,
incurved, subcompressed, indehiscent, with a brittle crustaceous epicarp
and thick pulpy mesocarp. Seeds exalbuminous.—Duisrris. Species 1,
now planted everywhere throughout the Tropics.

1. Tamarindus indica, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 34. A large tree
40-60 ft. high; branches spreading, glabrous. Leaves 2-5 in. long ;
rhachis slender, channelled; stipules linear, caducous. Leaflets sub-
sessile, 10-20 pairs, tolerably closely set on the rhachis, 3-1; by 1-4 in.,

430 XLVI. LEGUMINOS2.

oblong, obtuse, glabrous, reticulately veined. Flowers in lax few-
flowered racemes at the ends of the branchlets; pedicels j-% in. long,
slender, articulated below the calyx, glabrous ; bracts concave, 4-3 in.
long, enclosing the buds, caducous ; bracteoles small. Calyx 3 in. long ;

tube narrowly turbinate, } in. long; segments 4 in. long, subequal,
oblong, somewhat oblique, obtuse or subacute. Petals 3 (an upper and
2 lateral), 2 in. long, subequal, obovate-oblong, yellowish with pink
stripes. Stamens 3 fertile, connate nearly half their length ; filaments
pubescent at the base ; anthers oblong. Ovary stalked ; ovules 8-12 or
more ; style pubescent, equalling the stamens. Pods 3-8 in. long by
1 in. broad and about 3 in. thick, slightly curved, subeompressed, scurfy.
Seeds 8-12, obovate-oblong, truncate at the ends, 2 by 7 m.,
compressed, with a shallow oblong pit on each of the flat faces, smooth,
brown, shining. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 273; Grah. Cat. p. 62; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 82; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 184: Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 53 ;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 146; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1898) p. 428; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 3, p. 404.—Flowers :
May-June. Vern. Amli; Chinch.

The well-known Tamarind tree cultivated and self-sown throughout India and the
Tropies generally, probably indigenous in Africa. The tree is of great value, almost
all its parts being useful. Two different kinds of fruit are recognized, distinguished
by their color, viz., the red and brown tamarind, of which the former is the most

valued. Some fine specimens of the red-fruited variety grow at Bijapur in the
Deccan, See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ¢.

70. BAUHINIA, Linn.

Unarmed erect trees, or climbing shrubs with circinate tendrils.
Leaves usually simple, more or less deeply cleft from the apex, rarely
entire, or fully divided into 2 leaflets; stipules various, usually small,
caducous. Flowers usually white, in simple terminal or rarely axillary
racemes, or arranged in a large terminal or corymbose panicle. Calyx-
tube with the disk produced to the top, sometimes long and cylindric,
sometimes short and turbinate or campanulate ; limb entire and spatha-
ceous, or cleft into 2 or 5 teeth. Petals 5, subequal, erect or spreading,
imbricate, the upper the inner. Stamens 10, or reduced to 5 or 3,
if fewer than 1V with or without sterile filaments; filaments free,
filiform ; anthers versatile, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary stalked
(rarely subsessile); ovules many; style long or short; stigma small, or
large and peltate, subterminal or oblique. Pod linear or oblong, flat,
continuous within, dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds albuminous.—
Disrris. Throughout the Tropics; species 150.

Fertile stamens 10.
Leaflets distinct
Leaflets connate.

Calyx spathaceous.
Flowers large, 1-3, on short peduncles ............c0e.es00 2. B. tomentosa.

SiR L Me RGeMOR Cat eatCs ve Seb sce ta due cvsaaduedcekens 1. B. diphylla.

Flowers small, numerous, in copious racemes .........++- 3. B. racemosa.
Calyx-limb divided into 5 segments.
Weaives (7—O-NOrvVed... <<; v.00 cccerssahiusersces dueeUeer Pace dale 4. B. malaharica.
Theavesyl O-Uf-NerVOd x. svecs.03accssenxenasenneadateqeetnos wee. OF B. foveolata.
Fertile stamens 3-5.
A Yargerclimber "0522 020.<.8ee, «duavessscvoeeenerimin emma unsey ss 6. B. Vahlii.
An ‘eredh tree F ; iisaeaesesk Monee. Ssersvestecieeeeane meee ees eh eaxee 7. B. purpurea,

XLVIII, LEGUMINOSD. 431

1. Bauhinia diphylla, Buch.-Ham., in Symes, Embass. ed. 2 (1800)
v. 3, p. 311, t. 24. A large climber with circinate tendrils. Leaves of
2 distinct leaflets; petioles #-14 in. long, slightly thickened at both
ends, glabrous, striate. Leaflets sessile, 21 by 14 in., semiorbicular
or subreniform, rounded at both ends, glabrous ; nerves 5-6. Flowers
very large, in Tax terminal racemes; pedicels 1]-1? in. long, glabrous,
ascending ; buds fusiform. Calyx thick, gl: ibrous ; tube 3-1 in. long,
narrowly turbinate; limb divided to the base, segments lanceolate,
1-1} in. long, reflexed. Petals exserted, oblong-lanceolate, white, with
a long claw. Stamens 10, all fertile, equal; filaments glabrous. Ovary
stalked, glabrous. Pods stalked, 9-12 by 14-24 in., flat, thin, reticu-
lately veined ; stalk 14-2 in. long. Seeds 30-40 along the middle of
the pod, ovoid, elightly compressed, 4 by 3 in., pale. brown, shining.
Me. Le WiZ, ps ; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 147; Woodr. in
Journ. Born, ae v. on (1898) p. 428,

Konkan: Stocks!

This is included on the authority of specimens in Herb. Kew labelled as above, but
no other collectors appear to have found the plant in the Konkan. 8B. corymbosa in
Dalzell and Gibson’s Bombay Flora, Suppl. p. 81, may probably be this species. The

leaves are there said to be cleft to the base, which is not the case in B. corymbosa,
Roxb.—Disrnis. Birma.

2. Bauhinia tomentosa, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 375. An erect
shrub ; branches eer terete, zigzag, downy. Leaves broader than
long, 11-2 by 13-22 in., divided a little less than 3 way down into
2 rounded lobes, Habroue above, pubescent beneath, base truncate or
rarely subcordate; main nerves 7 (rarely 9) from the base ; petioles
3-7 in. long, pubescent, thickened at both ends. Flowers usually
m pairs (rarely 1 or 3), on short axillary or leaf-opposed peduncles ;
Braet linear, $-+ in. long ; pedicels 3 in. long, 2-bracteolate. Calyx
3 in. long, velvety- _pubeseent ; tube 1 in. long; limb 3 in. long, broadly
ovate, spathaceous. Petals 13-2 in, long, much imbricated, obovate-
spathulate, yellow, the upper with a purple blotch on the face.
Stamens 10, all fertile, subequal. Ovary distinctly stalked, densely
tomentose ; style 3-3 in. long; stigma peltate. Pods stalked, 4-5 by
4-3 in., flat, pointed, slightly . pee when fully ripe, veined.
Seeds 8-12, oblong, rounded at the apex, => by in. Fl. B.I. v. 2,
p.- 275; Grah. Cat. p. 63; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 31; Bedd. For.
Man. p. xcii; Trim. FI. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 116; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 428; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 423.—
Flowers : Noy.—Jan.

A very ornamental shrub, often cultivated in gardens, but very doubtfully wild in
the Bombay Presidency. Nimmo (fide Graham, 1. e.) states that it is wild in the
Konkan, but no other collector seems to have found it there. Dalzeli & Gibson say
that it is a native of Malabar, and ]Voodrow in his list of plants considers it as doubt-
fully indigenous.—Disrris. India (N.W. Provinces, W. Peninsula); Ceylon, China,
Tropical Africa.

3. Bauhinia racemosa, Lam. Encyc. Méthod. v. 1 (1783) p. 399
(not of Vahl). A small crooked tree with dark scabrous bark ; Wen:
numerous, drooping. Leaves broader than long, ?-2 by 1-23
divided a little less than 3 way down into 2 rounded lobes , ereen ad
glabrous above, white ay more or less tomentose beneath, base usually

Ind

cordate ; main nerves 7-9; petioles }~8 in. long, pubescent. Flowers

432 XLVI. LEGUMINOS.2.

in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes 2-5 in. long; rhachis densely
pubescent ; buds pointed ; pedicels 3-3; in. long; bracts beneath the
pedicels linear, acute. Calyx pubescent ; tube very short; limb 4—3 in.
long, spathaceous, at length reflexed. Petals narrowly oblanceolate,

acute, $7. in. long, white or pale-yellow. Stamens 10, all fertile ;
filaments densely hairy at the base. Ovary pubescent ; stigma sessile.
Pods stalked, 6-10 by 4-2 in., blunt at the apex, tapering to the base,
somewhat falcate, glabrous, turgid, not or scarcely veined ; stalk 7-1 in.
long. Seeds 12-20, oblong, compressed, rounded at the apex, 7-2 by
zs- in., black. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 276; Grah. Cat. p. 64; Dalz. & Gibs.
p. 82; Hook. Icon. t.141 ; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p.116 ; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
ed. 2, p. 146; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 428;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 422.—Flowers: Mar.—June. VERN.
A'ptd ; Vanu-rdja.

Common throughout the Presidency in deciduous forests. Konkan: Stocks},
Dalzell!; Ghats and hilly parts of the Konkan, Graham. Duccan: widely, Woodrow},
Bhiva!; Poona districts, Cooke!, Woodrow !—Distrrs. Throughout India; Ceylon,
China, Timor.

A sacred plant of the Hindus, worshipped at the Dasera festival. The leaves are
sold in the market to wrap tobacco in and make cigarettes which are called didis.

4. Bauhinia malabarica, Row). Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 31. An
erect low bushy tree, sometimes dicecious (7albot). Leaves broader
than long, 14-5 by 13-6 in., divided about } the way down into 2
rounded lobes, glabrous above, pale and more or less pubescent beneath,
finely reticulately veined, base cordate ; main nerves 7-11 (commonly 9),
conspicuous ; petioles 1 in. long, thickened at both ends, channelled,
glabrous or pubescent. Flowers in dense axillary subsessile racemes ;
pedicels 3-1 in. long, slender, ascending, brown-puberulous. Calyx
clothed with brown pubescence; tube 3-7 in. long, narrowly turbinate ;
limb }- 5, in. long, divided into 5 linear subacute segments. Petals
obovate-spathulate, little exserted. Stamens 10, all fertile, alternately
long and short. Ovary pubescent. Pods stalked, 10-12 by 2-1 in.,
nearly straight, somewhat turgid, glabrous, conspicuously reticulately
veined with longitudinal wavy lines, rostrate with the style; stalk 1 in.
long. Seeds 20-30, globose-ovoid, ;8; in. in diam., dark brown,
polished. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 277; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 82; Bedd. For.
Man. p. xcii; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 147; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 428 ; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 420.—
Flowers: Oct._Nov. Vern, Amli.

Moist forests of the Konkan and N. Kanara, Ta/hot.—Distris. Throughout India.

5. Bauhinia foveolata, Dalz. in Jowrn. Linn. Soc. v. 13 (1873)
p. 188. A large dicecious tree reaching 100 ft. high; stem straight,
9-10 ft. in girth. Leaves suborbicular, 5-9 in. long, about as broad as
long, divided about } of the way down into 2 subacute lobes, glabrous
above, more or less pubescent or tomentose beneath, closely reticulately
veined and with numerous small pits between the veins on the lower
side, base cordate with a deep sinus; main nerves 15-17, very con-
spicuous beneath ; petioles 17-2 in. long, pubescent, thickened at both
ends. Flowers subsessile, in dense racemes forming a terminal much-
branched panicle. Calyx ferrugineo-tomentose; tube {~} in. long,
narrowly turbinate; limb 3-4 in. long, splitting into 5 linear-oblong

XLVIIL, LEGUMINOS.E, AD

subacute segments. Petals not much exserted, obovate-oblong, obtuse,
with a long claw. Stamens in the male flowers 10, all fertile, alternately
Jong and short; in the female flowers reduced to minute hairy stami-
nodes, Ovary. rudimentary in the male, densely hairy and without
stigma ; in the female clothed with long hairs and with a peltate stigma.
Pods 6-9 by 3-1 in., stalked, linear- oblong, twisted, red, tomentose,
rostrate with the style. Prain, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 66 (1898)
p. 496. Bauhinia Lawii, Benth. ex Baker, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2,
p- 277; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 147; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 428.—Flowers: Sept.-Oct. Vern. Chamoli ;
Buswanpad.

Konkan: Zaw!; road to Matheran near 38rd milestone from Neral, Woodrow.
Deccan : Peint taluka, Woodrow. Kanara: moist forests of N. Kanara, Zadhot ;
Yellapur, Za/boé !—Distris, Apparently endemic.

6. Bauhinia Vahlii, Wiyht § Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 297. An
immense climber with opposite circinate tendrils; young parts clothed
with fulvous or rusty tomentum. Leaves 4-10 in., suborbicular,
scarcely broader than long, divided about } of the way down into 2
obtuse lobes with a broad sinus, reticulately veined, glabrous or nearly
so above, densely tomentose beneath, base deeply cordate ; ; main nerves
11-15, fulvous hairy ou the underside; petioles 3-6 in. long, densely
tomentose. Flowers in long- peduncled terminal corymbose racemes ;
bracts beneath the pedicels {~{ in. long, linear- -spathulate, fe rruginous-
hairy; pedicels variable in length, the lower often reaching 2 in.,
2-bracteolate, the bracteoles cae subopposite, densely ferruginous-
hairy, persistent. Calyx densely villous with fulvous or rufous hairs ;
tube very slender, 1-3 in. long; limb 2—,*% in. long, splitting into 2
broadly ovate lobes. Petals white, #-1 in. long, obovate-cuneate,
clothed along the middle of the back with appressed silky hairs and
with crisped margins. Fertile stamens 3; filaments densely villous at
the base. Staminodes 2-7. Ovary densely villous ; style long, hairy ;
stigma capitate. Pods woody, rusty-downy, 9-12 by 2-2] in., shortly
stalked, flat, finally splitting open. Seeds 6-12, cblong. ellipsoid, 14 by
; in., compressed, dark-brown, polished. Hin ileays 2 p- 279; Grah.
Cat. p. 64; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 83; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 147;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 428; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. y. 1, p. 424.—Flowers: Apr. Vern. Chambul.

Tolerably common throughout the Presidency. Konkan: Sfocks!; Konkan Ghats,
Woodrow! +: moist forests of the Konkan Ghats, 7a/bot; Thal Ghat, Graham; near
om Dalzell!| Deccan: Khandala, Graham.—Disrris. Throughout India in hilly
districts.

A strong cordage is obtained from the bark. The seeds are eaten raw and roasted,
and the young pods are used as a vegetable by the hill tribes. The large leaves are
used as plates by the poorer natives. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ec.

(eo)

7. Bauhinia purpurea, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 375. An erect
tree 20-30 ft. high; branches stout, glabrescent. Leaves 4-5 in. in
Gira roundish, about as broad as long, divided 3-3 the way down into
2 obtuse or subacute lobes, glabrous above, glabrous or faintly puberulous
beneath, base cordate; main nerves 9-I1; petioles 1-14 in. long,
glabrous; stipules +); in. long, triangular- oblong, acute, pubescent,
deciduous. Flowers fragrant, in terminal and axillary few-flowered

434 XLVIII, LEGUMINOSZ.

corymbose racemes; bracts beneath the pedicels triangular, acute,
pubescent; pedicels pubescent, 2-bracteolate below the middle; buds
fusiform, pubescent. Calyx fulvous-pubescent ; tube j-;% in. long,
slightly dilated upwards ; limb % in. long, splitting into 2 coriaceous
segments slightly divided at the apex into 5 short teeth. Petals 13
by 3 in., oblanceolate, acute, with a long claw, white, rose or purple.

Fertile stamens 3-4; filaments as long as the petals. Ovary with a
very long stalk, puberulous; ovules 16-20; style 3 in. long; stigma
oblique, peltate. Pods 6-12 by # in., subwoody, flat, pointed at both
ends, glabrous; stalk 3-1 in. long. Seeds 12-16, oblong-ellipsoid,
compressed, 2 by } in., brown. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 284; Grah. Cat. p. 64;
Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 30; Bedd. For. Man. p. xcii; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. ed. 2, p. 147; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898)
p. 428; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 421.—Flowers: Sept.—Nov.
Vern. Rakta-kdnchan; Deva-kdnchan.

Cultivated throughout the Presidency, said by Talbot and Woodrow to be wild in
the dry forests of the Konkan and Decean. Graham and Dalzell & Gibson say that
it is only found in gardens, and ‘Trimen makes the same statement as regards Ceylon,
—Disrris. Sparingly throughout India; China.

Bauhinia acuminata, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1758) p. 375, an erect shrub,
8 ft. high with leaves divided less than 3 way down into 2 usually sub-
acute lobes, pure white fragrant flowers and a pod 4-5 in. long with a
rib at each side of the upper suture, is often cultivated in gardens but is
not indigenous in the Bombay Presidency, although indigenous in other
Provinces of India. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 276; Grah. Cat. p. 63; Dalz. &
Gibs. Supp]. p. 30; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 116; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 428; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 419.
—Flowers: June. Vern. Adnchan.

Bauhinia variegata, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 375, a middle-sized tree
with leaves divided j-3 the way down into 2 obtuse lobes, flowers
beautifully variegated with red and yellow, or sometimes pure white
(var. candida) and flat pods which are frequently variegated with
reddish-brown streaks, is cultivated throughout the Presidency, often as
a roadside tree, but is not indigenous in Bombay. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 284;
Grah. Cat. p. 64; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 30; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
ed. 2, p. 147; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 428;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 425.—Flowers: Noy. Very. Kach-
nar; Kovidara; Kanchan.

Bauhinia monandra, Kurz, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 42 (1873) part 2, p. 73,
which may be found in the old botanic gardens at Dapodi and at Ganesh Khind near
Poona, bas been mistaken for this, but has only 1 fertile stamen, whereas the fertile
stamens of B. variegata are 3-5. The pods of the Dapodi tree are about 6 by # in.,
flat and densely pubescent. See Prain, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 66 (1898) p. 505.

SuporpEerR II]. MIMOSEZ.

Trees, shrubs, or very rarely herbs. Leaves 2-pinnate or less com-
monly simply pinnate. Flowers smail, regular, usually 5-merous,
sessile, in globose heads or cylindric spikes rarely shortly pedicelled and

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS.E. 435

in slender racemes or globose umbels. Sepals valvate, connate into a
5-toothed or 5-lobed calyx, rarely free. Petals valvate, equal in number
to the sepals, free or connate into a lobed corolla, hypogynous or
obscnrely perigynous. Stamens usually exserted, equal in number to
the sepals or twice or thrice as many, or indefinite, free or monadelphous,
or adnate to the base of the tube of the corolla; anthers dehiscing
longitudinally. Ovary free, in the bottom of the calyx. Seeds exal-
buminous or with scanty albumen ; ; cotyledons flat ; radicle straight,
shortly exserted or included.

Stamens definite, 5-10 (usually 10).
Anthers gland-crested, at least in an early stage.
Flowers in globose heads.

Ons asa ccs.cer sovdeucenensesmestaveraee sce poocronicnr 71. Neprunra.
/.X alii eo BOSC ORE E Aa Coen EEDE REE Ee NECCE CE SHO NCEP ERE TeMaeeCEe 72. cect
Flowers in elongate spikes.
A large cirrhiferous climber ............0+0sesese+es 79. Enrapa.
Erect trees or shrubs.
INODIICKY vartisanumeatoes nieces cnaceosenesed ... 74, ADENANTHERA.
Prickly. =a
Rodttursid strainer. senascseeneeeep esos: 75. Prosorts.
Pod thin, finally twisted ..............-00 76. Dicurosraciys.

Anthera not gland-crested.
Pod straight, with continuous valves, debiscing

URmOUP Ge SULUTBS ce cet cacee eee a ceiccalcae seascapes 77. LEUCENA.
Pod slightly curved, with segmented valves, with
persistent indehiscent sutures .............c0.sscesesceee 78. Mimosa.
Stamens indefinite,
PUMP RAEN EO eeereiaase sh cicidq-enle soctitees dciomce sleek riacieite eae ooptice 79. ACACIA.
Stamens monadelphous.
Podystrarg bt tat oeccrscneccnss sce retssestwns sriesesossatersre 80. ALBIzzrA.
Poa circinate, Often twisted vc... -mccsiceos-cnacences nce ctl 81. PitnecoLosium.

71. NEPTUNIA, Lour.

Herbs without prickles, diffuse, prostrate or floating. Leaves 2-
pinnate ; stipules membranous, obliquely cordate, persistent. Leaflets
numerous, small. Flowers 5-merous, sessile, in dense heads on axillary
solitary peduncles, polygamous, the upper flowers in each head herma-
phrodite, the lower usually male or barren. Calyx small, campanulate,
5-toothed. Petals 5, strap-shaped, connate near the base. Stamens
10 (rarely 5), free, exserted; anthers gland-crested. Ovary stalked ;
ovules many; style filiform ; stigma terminal, small, concave. Pod
coriaceous, flattened, ligulate or oblong, 2-valved, subseptate between
the seeds.—Disrris. Cosmopolitan in the Tropics ; species 8.

PAW IITIONAGUALICH co marerncabasadclonoeecactsease wanted ockaeeserscsenansencasl 1. W. oleracea.
ebrennial ber es unig sac eeutres ajcascacaeeee <ckorskiney oc «Sue sackt- csthrcnse 2. N. triquetra.

1. Neptunia oleracea, our. /). Cochinch. (1790) p. 654. Annual,
floating ; stem elongate, soft, swollen, not much branched, emitting
slender fibrous roots in abundance from the leaf- and flower-bearing
nodes. Leaves abruptly eee stipules obliquely ovate-cordate,
acute ; common petioles 14-1? in. long ; pinne 2-3 anaes opposite,
shortly stalked. Leaflets 5- 15 pairs, sessile, 3-3 by q/o- Lin, narrow-
oblong, obtuse, glabrous. Flowers minute, eae! in oblong heads
4—? in. long, the ‘lower flowers replaced by numerous yellow staminodes
z-¢ in. long; peduncles 3-6 in. long, stout, erect, tapering, glabrous,

436 XLVIII. LEGUMLINOS-E.

with frequently a membranous ovate acute bract about the middle.
Calyx 4; in. long, membranous; lobes acute. Corolla $ in. long, the
lobes linear-oblong, acute. Stamens 10, much exserted ; anthers gland-
crested. Pods stalked, deflexed, 4-1 by } in., slightly curved, oblique
at the base, depressed between the seeds, beaked, dry, dehiscing soon by
the upper suture. Seeds 6-9, obovoid-oblong, slightly compressed, + by
1in., brown. Fi. B. I. v. 2, p. 285; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 84; Trin By
Ceyl. v. 2, p. 118; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 428;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 348. Desmanthus natans, Willd. Sp.
Pl. v. 4 (1805) p. 1044; Grah. Cat. p. 57.—Flowers : Oct.—Dee. »

Konkan: in tanks, Graham, Dalzell §& Gibson. Gusarat: Nausari, Kanitkar!
Kanara: Halyal (N. Kanara), Ritchie, 1035!, Talbot, Woodrow.—Disrris. Through-
out India in tanks ; Ceylon and the Tropies generally.

2, Neptunia triquetra, Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. v. 4 (1842)
p. 355. A low prostrate perennial; stems ascending, slender, com-
pressed, more or less angular. Leaves abruptly 2-pinnate ; main rhachis
erooved ; petioles 1-3 in. long; stipules obliquely ovate, acuminate,
persistent ; pinne 2-3 pairs, shortly stalked. Leaflets 10-15 pairs,
sessile, 1-} by 7; in., glabrous. Flowers yellow (the sterile flowers few
or absent) in globose heads ; peduncles solitary, axillary, slender, with 1
or 2 large ovate distant bracts on the peduncle. Calyx minute,
5-toothed. Stamens 10; anthers gland-crested. Pods oblong, 3-1 in.
long, straight, nearly equal-sided and tapering at the base, rounded and
with a minute beak at the apex, veined, glabrous, black when ripe.
Seeds 4-8, oblong, rounded at the apex, compressed, t by % in., dark
brown, polished. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 286; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 84; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 428. Desmanthus triquetrus,
Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 4 (1805) p. 1045; Grah. Cat. p. 57; Wight, Icon.
t. 756.—Flowers: Aug.—Oct.

Konkan: Bombay, Capt. Geburne! Duccan: Ahmednagar, Cooke !, Woodrow,
Gusarar: common in pastures about Surat, Graham, Dalzell & Gthson ; Surat, Wood-
row. S. M. Country: Padshapur, near Belgaum, Ritchie, 1729!—Duisrris. India
(W. Peninsula, Bandelkhand).

72. SYLIA, Benth.

A tall unarmed tree with hard wood. Leaves 2-pinnate. Leaflets
large, of few pairs. Flowers in globose heads, mostly perfect. Calyx
tubular, 5-toothed at the tip. Petals 5, valvate, slightly cohering at the
base. Stamens 10, free, exserted; anthers gland-crested‘in an early
stage. Ovary sessile; ovules many; style filiform; stigma minute,
terminal. Pod large, woody, flat, broadly falcate, finally dehiscent,
septate between the seeds. Seeds oblong, compressed, with a short
fleshy funicle.-—Disrris. Tropical Asia; species 1.

1. Xylia dolabriformis, Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. vy. 4 (1842)
p- 417. A tall tree; young parts tomentose. Leaves 2-pinnate ;
pinne 2, terminal on a petiole 1-2} in. long which is furnished with a
gland at the apex between the pinne. Leaflets 2-4 pairs, diminishing
downwards, with often a small unopposed leaflet on the outside below
the lowest pair of leaflets, the terminal leaflets 3-6 by 14-23 in., the
lowest pair 11-14 in. long, all oblong, acute, with rounded base, sub-

coriaceous, glabrous ; petiolules ;/; in. long. Flowers sessile, in dense

XLVIIT, LEGUMINOS®. 437
globose heads 3—# in. in diam.; peduncles 3 in. long, slender, thickening
in fruit, crowded on short puberulous branchlets developed with the
young leaves. Calyx tubular, } in. long; teeth 5, valvate. Corolla
yellowish white, + in. long; petals lanceolate, valvate. Stamens 10;
filaments free, 4 in. long, exserted ; anthers crested when young with a
stalked deciduous gland. Ovary sessile; ovules many, Pods 4-6 by
1-2} in., large, woody, oblong, falcate, flat, rusty-tomentose, septate
between the seeds, finally dehiscent. Seeds 6-10, oblong-ellipsoid,
compressed, }-3 by 4-3 in., brown, smooth, polished. FI. B. I. v. 2,
p- 286; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 85; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 186; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. ed. 2, p. 148; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898)
p- 423; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 320. Inga wxylocarpa,
DC. Prodr. vy. 2, p. 439; Grah. Cat. p. 57.—Flowers: Mar.-Apr.
Vern. Jambhad; Yerul.

Konkan: Stocks!, Law!, Dalzeli!; Savantvadi, Da/zell & Gibson, Kanitkar!
Deccan: Parghat, Graham. 8S. M. Country: Ramghit, Ritchie, 239! Kanara:
N. Kanara, Woodrow; Kala naddi, Ritchie, 239 !—Disrris. India (W. Peninsula,
Birma); Singapore, Philippines, Indo-China.

The wood is very hard and durable and especially adapted for railway sleepers

and telegraph posts as it resists the attacks of white ants, See Watt, Dict. Econ,
Prod. 1. ¢.

73. ENTADA, Adams.

Lofty climbing shrubs, cirrhiferous, unarmed. Leaves 2-pinnate ;
stipules small, setaceous. lowers 5-mnerous, in long narrow spikes,
minute, polygamous. Calyx campanulate, very shortly and equally
5-toothed. Petals free or slightly cohering, valvate. Stamens 10, free,
shortly exserted ; anthers crested with a deciduous gland. Ovary sub-
sessile ; ovules numerous; style filiform; stigma concave, terminal.
Pod flat, woody, very large, composed of many discoid l-seeded joints,
the endocarp persistent round the seeds. Seeds orbicular, compressed.
—Disrris. Species 10, of which 1, the following, is widely spread
throughout the Tropics; of the others 6 are African and 3 American.

1. Entada scandens, Benth. in Hook. Jowrn. Bot. vy. 4 (1842)
p- 332. An immense woody climber with a thick trunk; branches
terete, glabrous. Leaves 2-pinnate; main rhachis glabrous, grooved,
usually ending in a bifid tendril; petioles 2-33 in. long, glabrous;
pinne 2-3 pairs, stalked. Leaflets 13-3 by ?-14, oblong or obovate-
oblong, obtuse, often emarginate, rigidly coriaceous, dark green, glabrous,
reticulately veined, base acute; petiolules ;4; in. long. Flowers in
peduncled, panicled, or simple spikes 6-10 in. long, axillary or from
the nodes of old leafless branches. Calyx about 5 in. long, minutely
5-toothed. Corolla ;4,-3 in. long, yellow. Pods 1-3 ft. long by 3-4 in.
wide and 13 in. thick, slightly curved, woody, the sutures very thick,
indented between the seeds. Seeds 6-15, orbicular or orbicular-oblong,
1{-2j in. in diam., compressed, smooth and shining, brown. The joints
of the pod break away from the thickened sutures which remain as an
empty frame. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 287; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 119;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 148; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11
(1898) p. 428; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 3, p. 245. Entada pusetha,
DC. Prod. v. 2, p. 425; Grah. Cat. p. 56; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 83.—.
Flowers: Mar,—May. VERN. Girdul : Garanbi; Garhi,

438 XLVIII. LEGUMINOS.©.

In the forests along the Ghats, Dalzell §& Gibson. Konkan: Sfocks!; Konkan near
Mahableshwar, Ra/ph! Deccan: Lanoli wood, Woodrow. Kanara: forests of the
N. Kanara Ghats, often along river banks, Za/bot; Sirsi-Kumpta road (N. Kanara),
Woodrow; Kala naddi, Ritchie, 236!—Distris. India (Central and Eastern Hima-
layas, Nipal, W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon, and the Tropics generally.

74. ADENANTHERA, Linn.

Unarmed trees. Leaves 2-pinnate. Leaflets numerous, small.
Flowers usually 5-merous, in elongate spiciform racemes, axillary or
panicled at the tops of the branches, usually hermaphrodite. Calyx
campanulate, shortly and equally toothed. Petals valvate, cohering
below the middle or at length free. Stamens 10, free, scarcely exserted ;
anthers crested with a deciduous gland. Ovary sessile ; ovules numerous ;
style filiform; stigma small, terminal. Pod strap-shaped, torulose,
faleate, compressed or turgid above the seeds, the coriaceous valves much
twisted after they separate. Seeds small, bright-colored.—Disrrin.
Tropics of the Old World ; species 4.

1. Adenanthera pavonina, Linn. Sp. Pl.(1753) p. 384. A small
unarmed tree 20-50 ft. high ; young parts glabrous. Leaves 2-pinnate,
8-12 in. long ; petioles 2-4 in. long; pinne 3-6 pairs, opposite, 3-6 in.
long, with a stalk 3-} in. long. Leaflets alternate, 4-8 pairs, 1-13 by
43 in., papery, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, glabrous, dark green above,
glaucous beneath, base shortly cuneate, unequal-sided ; petiolules 3 in.
long. Flowers in short-peduncled racemes 2-6 in long, axillary or
panicled at the ends of the branches ; pedicels ;'>-g in. long, slender.
Calyx minute ; lobes short, triangular. Corolla pale yellow, about } in.
long; segments united at the base only, linear-lanceolate, acute, valvate.
Stamens 10, free, hardly exserted; anthers gland-crested. Pods 6—9
by 3-3 in., flat, faleately curved, pointed, tapering to the base, the
valves spirally twisted after dehiscence. Seeds 8-15, lenticular-globose,
with a blunt keel, smooth, shining, usually brilliant scarlet, + in. in
diam. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 287; Grah. Cat. p. 57; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl.
p. 26; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 46; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 120; Talh.
Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 149; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898)
p- 428; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. vy. 1, p. 107.—Flowers: Mar.—May.
Varn. Thorla-guij, Ratan-qun).

Often planted ; rare in the wild state. In gardens at Kolaba, Byculla, and Girgaum,
wild in some parts of Gujarat and Khandesh, Graham. Native of S. India, in gardens
Bombay, Dalzell § Gibson. Moist forests of the Konkan and N. Kanara, nowhere
abundant, Zalhbot.—Disrrts. India (Bengal, Birma, W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon; Malay
Islands, Timor, China, Philippines.

The timber is used as a substitate for red sandalwood (Péerocarpus santalinus) and
the bright-red polished seeds are used as weights and are also strung as beads. See
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. e.

75. PROSOPIS, Linn.

Erect prickly trees or shrubs. Leaves 2-pinnate ; stipules small or 0.
Leaflets small, narrow. Flowers 5-merous, usually sessile, in narrow
spikes or subspicate racemes. Calyx campanulate, shortly toothed or
subentire. Petals connate below the middle or at length free, valvate.
Stamens 10, free, shortly exserted ; anthers crested with a deciduous
gland. Ovary sessile or stalked ; ovules many ; style filiform; stigma

XLVIII. LEGUMINOSA, 439

minute, terminal. Pod turgid, cylindric or oblong, straight, falcate or
variously twisted, septate between the seeds ; mesocarp thick, spongy.
Seeds usually ovoid, compressed.—Disrris. Tropical and subtropical
regions of the world; species 18.
Pinnw 1-2 pairs; pod 4-8 in, long ......ceeeeereeeeeeeeseeeeeeeees 1. P. spicigera.
Pinnex 3-5 pairs; pod 4-1 in, long SA OEE TE rere eee PTIAC . 2. P. Stephaniana.

1. Prosopis spicigera, Linn, Mantiss. (1767) p. 68. A tree,
30-60 ft. high, sending its roots many feet into the ground ; branches
slender, glabrous, armed with nearly straight, scattered, somewhat
compressed prickles 3-4 in. long (very rarely unarmed). Leaves
2-pinnate ; main rhachis glabrous or puberulous ; pinne usually 2 pairs,
opposite, 1-3 in. long, ofte n veath round insect-galls on their rhachises.
Leaflets 7-12 pairs, 8-2 by }—-;°; in., subsessile, oblong, obliquely rounded
and mucronate at the apex, very unequal -sided, the upper side much the
smaller, reticulately veined, grey, glabrous, base rounded and very
oblique. Flowers sessile or nearly so, in short-peduncled NS spikes
and terminal panicles ; bracts small, membranous. Calyx >}; in. long,
eae cup-shaped, faintly 5-toothed or truncate. Corolla yellow,
4 long. Pods 4-8 in. long, turgid, straight, slender, cylindric,
ee Slide, glabrous, narrowed eradually into a short stalk and filled with
a brown as edible substance. Seeds 10-15, dull- aa oblong;
Fi. B. I. v. 2, p. 288; Grah. Cat. p. 57; Dalz. & Gibs: 84; Bedd.
Flor. SUE t. 56 ; Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. p- 53; Talb. oe Bomb.
ed. 2, p. 149; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1898) p. 428 ;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 340.—Flowers: Dec.—Mar.
Vern. Shemi; Saundad ; Sumri; Kandi.

Gusarat: Law, Woodrow. Stxp: Stocks!, Woodrow!; Karachi to Mugger Peer,
Perry !; Shikarpur, Cooke!; Ruk, Cooke !—Distris. India (Panjab, Rajputana,
Bandelkhand, and dry regions of W. Peninsula) ; Beluchistan, Afghanistan, Persia.

The farinaceous substance which the pods contain is largely consumed as food by
the poorer classes ; the pods are also an excellent fodder for camels and goats. The
wood is not durable, but furnishes good fuel. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. c.

2. Prosopis Stephaniana, Auwnth, in Spreng. Syst. v. 2 (1825)
p- 326. A shrub or small tree; branches puberulous, whitish when
young, armed with numerous sharp slender pale-yellow prickles. Leaves
2-pinnate, 1-2 in. long; main rhachis finely downy ; petioles short ;
pinne 3-5 pairs, their rhachises finely downy. Leaflets 8-12 pairs,
g-t by z'p-aJg in., subsessile, oblong, very oblique, closely downy beneath
and with ciliate margins. Flowers in — spikes which are much
longer than the leaves. Calyx eup: shaped, ;'; im. long, membranous,
obscurely 5-toothed. Petals 3-1 in. long, ovate- oblong, acute, yellow.
Stamens 10. Ovary glabrous. Pods stalked, 4-1 by 3-4 in., oblong,
obtuse, black, filled with a soft pulp. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 288; Benth. in
Hook. Journ. Bot. v. 4 (1842) p. 347; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
y. 11 (1898) p. 428; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 342.

Very rare in the Bombay Presidency. Gusarar: Goga, Woodrow,—Distris. India
(Panjab) ; Caneasus, Orient, Afghanistan.

The pods are often infested with insects and become large and irregular in form,
They are employed for tanning in Afghanistan,

440 XLVIII. LEGUMINOS®,

76. DICHROSTACHYS, DC.

Shrubs. Leaves 2-pinnate. Leaflets usually small, multijugate.
Flowers 5-merous, minute, polygamous, in solitary or twin peduncled °
spikes, perfect in the upper half of the spike, those of the lower half
bearing long filiform staminodes. Calyx campanulate, shortly toothed.
Petals cohering below the middle, valvate. Stamens in the hermaphro-
dite flowers 10, free, shortly exserted; anthers gland-crested. Ovary
subsessile ; ovules many; style filiform; stigma terminal, truncate.
Pod linear, compressed, twisted up when ripe, continuous within, in-
dehiscent, or the valves separating irregularly from the sutures. Seeds
obovoid, compressed.—Disrris, Tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia ;
species 5.

1. Dichrostachys cinerea, Wight § Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 271.
A much-branched thorny shrub, sometimes a small tree ; bark light-
colored, furrowed; branchlets ending in spines. Leaves 2-pinnate,
1z-23 in. long; main rhachis more or less softly pubescent, with a
small erect gland between each pair of pinne; stipules 3; in. long,
subulate from a triangular base ; pinne 8-14 pairs, 3-3 in. long, sessile
or nearly so. Leaflets minute, sessile, 12-20 pairs, close, linear, oblique,
subacute. Flowers numerous, crowded in dense axillary or extra-axillary
spikes 1-13 in. long, the upper half of the spike yellow, the lower red.
Calyx z5 in. long, membranous. Corolla ;,-7); in. long. Stamens. of
the perfect flowers in the upper half of the spike yellow. Staminodes
in the lower half of the spike 4 in. long, much longer than the stamens,
red. Pods 2-3 by 3-3 in., glabrous, flat, subarticulated, dark brown,
twisted up when ripe. Seeds 6-10. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 288; Grah. Cat.
p- 57; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 84; Wight, Icon. t. 357; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2,
p- 121; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 149; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1898) p. 428; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 3, p. 109.—Flowers :
Sep.—Oct. Vern. Sigam Kati.

Deccan: common on dry stony hills; Poona, Cooke!, Weodrow!; Badami, Jeur,
Woodrow. 8. M. Country: Padshapur, Ritchie, 1055! Kanara: cultivated in
N. Kanara, Ya/bot.—Disrris. India (N.W. Provinces, Central India, Rajputana,
W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon, Malay Islands, N. Australia.

77, LEUCZENA, Beth.

Unarmed trees or shrubs. Leaves 2-pinnate; stipules setaceous or
small. Flowers 5-merous, sessile, usually hermaphrodite, in globose
heads ; peduncles axillary, subfasciculate, or the upper arranged in a
terminal leafless raceme; bracts usually 2. Calyx tubuloso-campanulate,
shortly toothed. Petals free or nearly so, valvate. Stamens 10, free,
much exserted ; anthers not gland-crested. Ovary stalked ; ovules
many; style filiform ; stigma small, terminal. Pod stalked, strap-
shaped, flat, coriaceous, continuous within, dehiscent. Seeds transverse,
ovoid, compressed.—Disrris. Species 8, chiefly American,

1. Leuczena glauca, Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. y. 4 (1842) p. 416.
A large erect shrub or small tree 6-20 ft. high, unarmed. Leaves
2-pinnate, 3-7 in. long; main rhachis slender, channelled, pubescent,
ending in a weak spine ; petioles 1-2 in. long; pinne 3-6 pairs, 2-31 in,

XLVIII, LUGUMINOS.F, 441

long, shortly stalked, their rhachises pubescent, ending in a weak
spine. Leaflets 10-15 pairs, rather distant, 3 by 3 in., membranous,
glaucous, linear-oblong, acute, glabrous or nearly so above, finely pubes-
cent beneath, base oblique. Flowers in dense globose heads ; peduncles
often geminate, 1-14 in. long, slender, pubescent, elongate and slightly
thickened in fruit. Calyx =5-¢ in. long, tubuloso- -campanulate, mem-
branous ; teeth short, triangular. Petals } in. long, spathulate-oblong,
indurated at the tip, whitish. Stamens 10, much exserted ; anthers not
gland-crested. Ovary shortly stalked, slightly pubescent. Pods 5-6 by
4-7 in, straight, flat, obliquely triangular at the apex, narrowed at “os
base into a stalk 12 j in. long, glabrous. Seeds. 15-20. Fi. B. I. v. 2,
p- 290; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2 2, p. 150; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1898) p. 428; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 632. Acacia
glauca, Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 4, p. 1075; Grah. Cat. p. 58. Acacia leuco-
cephala, Link, Enum. v. 2, p. 444; Dalz. & Gibs. Sapel p. 26.—F lowers :
July-Oct. Vorn. Kubdbhal.

A native of Tropical America naturalized in the Bombay Presidency and more or
less throughout India. It is common in gardens, where, owing to its spreading roots,
it is difficult to eradicate.—Drsrnis. Tropical Asia and Africa, but probably indigenous
only in ‘Lropical America,

78. MIMOSA, Linn.

Herbs, shrubs, or smail trees with or without prickles. Leaves
2-pinnate. Leaflets small, usually sensitive. Flowers polygamous,
minute, in dense globose heads or cylindric spikes, often tetramerous ;
peduncles axillary, solitary or fascicled, the upper often forming a
raceme. Calyx usually minute, almost inconspicuous. Petals more or
less connate, valvate. Stamens equal in number to the petals or twice
as many, free, exserted ; anthers small, not gland-crested. Ovary sexsile
or stalked; ovules many ; style Alitona . stigma small, terminal. Pods
flat, made up of 1-seeded joints that separate when ripe from the per-
sistent sutures. Seeds ovoid or orbicular, flat.— Disrris, Chiefly
Tropical American ; species about 230.

Erne OL the leaves l= PAILS «ssa. cstsacueoueececsaraneacesstseseent 1. MW. pudica.
Pinne of the leaves more than 2 pairs.
Pod glabrous, the sutures not prickly ............:.ceesseeeeerees . 2. M. rubicaulis.
Pod pubescent, the sutures prickly ............6.- Se CemEC eenodaey 3. M. hamata,

1. Mimosa pudica, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p.518. A diffuse under-
shrub 13-3 ft. high ; stems and branches sparingly prickly and clothed
with long weak Braetles from bulbous bases. Leaves sensitive, digitate ;
petioles 1-2 in. long, bristly ; stipules 3 in. long, linear-lanceolate, acute,
bristly ; pinnee 1-2 pairs, 2-3 in. long, sessile or nearly so, their earn
clothed with ascending bristles, Leaflets 12-20 pairs, j-3 by } i
sessile, coriaceous, linear-oblong, acute, glabrous above, clothed w ith
appressed bristles beneath, base “obliquely rounded. Flowers 4-merous,
pink, in globose heads, j—3 in. in diam. ; peduncles {-1 in. long, prickly,
usually in axillary pairs all along the branches ; bracteole solitary, linear,
acute, ciliolate. Calyx very minute. Corolla pink, +4,-7p in. long,
divided about 3 the way down; lobes 4, ovate-oblong, obtuse. Stamens
4, much exsorted § anthers not gland- -crested. Pods 3—2 by 1-1 in., flat,
slightly recurved, consisting of 3-5 one-seeded joints which fall away

from the persistent sutures which are clothed with spreading yellowish
2G

442 XLVIII. LEGUMINOS&.

weak bristles 4 in. long, the faces of the pods glabrous. Fl. B. I. v. 2,
p- 291; Grah. Cat. p. 56; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 25; Benth. in Mart.
Fl. Bras. v. 15, part 2, p. 316; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 150;
Woodr, in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 428; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. y. 5, p. 248.—Flowers: Sept.-Oct. Vurn. Ldjdlu.

The calyx is so minute that it is often overlooked. Linnzus (J. ¢.)
describes the corolla as the calyx and says there is no corolla.

The Sensitive Plant, naturalized more or less throughout India, probab'y introduced
from Tropical America.

2. Mimosa rubicaulis, Zamk. Encye. Méth. vy. 1 (1783) p. 20. A
large straggling shrub; branches yellowish, grooved, furnished with
numerous straw-colored hooked prickles. Leaves 2-pinnate, 5-7 in. long;
main rhachis slender, grooved, closely set with numerous straw-colored
hooked prickles; stipules } in. long, subulate ; pinne 5-11 pairs, 13-24
in. long, shortly stalked, the rhachises without prickles. Leaflets 8-15
pairs, }-,5, by 3} in., linear-oblong, obtuse, mucronate, unequal-sided,
glabrous above, slightly pubescent beneath, base obliquely rounded or
truncate ; petiolules very short. Flowers 4-merous, in globose heads ;
peduncles slender, axillary and crowded at the ends of the branchlets,
1-1} in. long, densely pubescent; bracteole solitary, =); in. long, linear-
spathulate, ciliate at the apex. Calyx minute, 5); in. long; teeth very
short, ciliolate. Corolla 3 in. long, divided about 3 of the way down ;
lobes 4, ovate-oblong, acute. Stamens 8. Ovary shortly stalked,
glabrous. Pods 3-4 by 8-3 in., flat, faleate, glabrous, consisting of
4-10 one-seeded joints which fall away from the persistent sutures
which are not (except very rarely) spiny or bristly on the margins.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 291: Grah. Cat. p. 56; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 85; Aitch.
Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 53; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 150; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 428; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5,
p. 249. Mimosa octandra, Roxb. Cor. Pl. v. 2, p. 55, t. 200.—Flowers :
Aug.-Oct. Vurn. Ardi.

In the dry districts of the Presidency. Daccan: Poona, Woodrow! Stxp: Stocks!
—Disrris, Throughout India; Afghanistan.

3. Mimosa hamata, JVilld. Sp. Pl. vy. 4 (1805) p. 1033. A mueh-
branched armed shrub; branches downy, furnished with numerous
straw-colored curved or straight prickles. Leaves 2-pinnate, 3-2 in.
long; main rhaciis pubescent, sometimes prickly; stipules 3 in. long,
subulate, hairy ; pinne 3-6 pairs, }-1 in. long, shortly stalked, their
rhachises downy, sometimes prickly. Leaflets 6-10 pairs, ;!;—j in. long,
ovate-oblong, acute, mucronate, glabrous or nearly so above, more or
less pubescent beneath, base oblique, rounded; petiolules very short.
Flowers 4-merous, in globose heads; peduncles axillary and crowded at
the ends of the branchlets, 3—1 in. long, slender, downy, often with a
few prickles; bracteole solitary, linear-spathulate, ciliate at the apex.
Calyx ;; in. long, shortly toothed. Corolla pink, 3 in. long, divided
nearly 4 way down; lobes ovate-oblong, acute. Stamens 8. Ovary
stalked, pubescent. Pods 2-3 by 3 in., flat, faleate, pubescent on the
faces, consisting of 4-8 one-seeded joints which fall away from the
persistent sutures which are furnished with hooked or straight prickles.
Seeds 1 by } in., chestnut-brown. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 291; Grah. Oat.

XLVIIZT. LEGUMINOS. 443

p. 56; Dalz. & Gibs. p. ae Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 150; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Pit (1898) p. 428.—Flowers: Sept. Very.
Arkar ; Artti.

Konkan: Capt. Geburne! Deccan: widely, Woodrow : Poona, Cooke!; Chandri,
Otto Kuntze, 7443!; ravines near Hewra, Dalzel/! ; Chattersinghi hill near Poona,
Kanitkar! Gusarat: Surat, Graham, Dalzell!; Porbandar (Kathiawar), Cooke
8S. M. Country: common on the Kuput range of hills, Dharwar district, Za/bot,—
Disrris. India (W. Peninsula).

79. ACACIA, Willd.

Trees or shrubs erect or climbing, usually armed. Leaves 2-pinnate ;
stipules spinescent or inconspicuous, rarely membranous. Leaflets
usually small, multijugate or reduced to a leaf-like petiole (phyllode),
Flowers small, hermaphrodite or polygamous, usually 5-merous, in
globose heads or cylindric spikes ; peduncles axillary, solitary or fascicled
or panicled at the ends of the branches. Calyx campanulate or funnel-
shaped, shortly toothed. Petals exserted, more or less united, rarely
free. Stamens indefinite, much exserted, free ; anthers small, not gland-
crested. Ovary sessile or stalked ; ovules many ; style filiform ; stigma
small, terminal. Pod ligulate or oblong, not jointed, usually compressed
and dry, dehiscent or indehiscent, rarely turgid and subcylindric, the
sutures straight or wavy, not thickened. —Disrris. The leaf-bearing
groups cosmopolitan in the Tropics, the great phyllodineous series,
which comprises two-thirds of the genus, almost restricted to Australia ;
species 450,

Erect trees or shrubs.

Flowers in globose heads.
Heads on axillary peduncles.

level ena aE” pasesenconenconcadoeds Iho acnaceranenceddscrr 1. A. arabica.
Pod eylindric, turgid, not moniliform.
Pod nearly straight; petiole glandular ................+8 2. A. Farnesiana.
Pod circinate; petiole eglandular ..............2...00006 3. A. plunifrons.
Pod flat.

Leaflets 5-8 pairs, glabrous.
A small tree with ill-smelling flowers; pod longi-

budinally Velned vnc cncen- -cacbas agence ec aocares cence ase 4, A, churned.
A bushy shrub with very fragrant flowers; pod
transversely or reticulately veined ..............000 5. A. Jacquemonti.
Leaflets 20-30 pairs, tomentose ............:0ccccceceeseee 6. A. tomentosa.
ICAO He PANIC CR anno ai ce aeons nator s sseavan te tens senbiTisoeantanens 7. A, leucophlea,
Flowers in spikes.

Prius 10-20 pairss. bark white i055. s.snnoc sane oneriwsdvoneas 8. A. Suma.
Pinnz 20-40 pairs; bark dark-brown ...........:.c0seeeeeees 9. A, Catechu.

Pinne 3-6 pairs.
Stipular spines short, hooked.

SRIPRIAE SPINA PENG: « sos) s.c9iat-0-snencerdisentvernceres 10. A. ferruginea.
Stipular spines termate ............sesecsseneeeeereseseeeeees 1. A. Senegat.
Stipular spines long, straight ........:..:scescceoesssecsconres 12. A. latronum,

Climbing shrubs.
Leaflets 12-30 pairs.

Wor thick) wrinkled, WHEN ONY ,.<5c00.-c-<saserce 0's cen etes ese cree 13. A. conecinna.
Pod thin, not wrinkled when dry.
Weatletsys—- tt OrOad | to ssstausrenctecee -neae sree ede dsreeokes 14. A. Intsia.
ede bidtel ot HOLD AGI 2. Mate cdcsn nied tdedus cao <caasasite con pss eee 15. A. cesia.
apace AU PAIN Gig 0405 Soke ae dan Zeatvwne sdb edievae wpubedesheces 3 16. A. pennata.

1. Acacia arabica, Willd. Sp. Pl. y. 4 (1805) p. 1085. A small

262

-

444 XLVIII. LEGUMINOS®.

tree with dark brown or black lougitudinally-fissured bark ; branchlets
slender, terete, pubescent when young. Leaves 2-pinnate, 2-4 in. long ;
main rhachis downy, often furnished with glands; petioles 1—2 in. long ;
stipular spines very variable, 1-2 in. long, smooth, usually whitish,
straight, sharp, often absent; pinne 4-9 pairs, #-2 in. long, shortly
stalked. Leaflets subsessile, 10-25 pairs, 3-1 by 5\5-7/5 in., linear-
oblong, subobtuse, glabrous or nearly so. Flowers yellow, in globose
heads ; peduncles axillary, in fascicles of 2-6, terete, pubescent ; brac-
teoles 2 above the middle of the peduncle, broadly ovate, acute, pubescent.
Calyx campanulate, 3, in. long; teeth very short. Corolla } in. long;

lobes short, triangular. Pods stalked, 3-6 by 3-3 in., moniliform, com-

pressed, constricted at the sutures between the seeds, densely and per-
sistently grey downy. Seeds 8-12. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 293; Grah. Cat.
p- 59; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 86; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 47; Trim. I'l. Ceyl.
v. 2, p.122; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 152; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 429; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 1, p. 18.—
Flowers: June-Jan. Varn. Babhal.

Throughout the Presidency, except in moist regions near the coast. Widely planted
in the Decean, Gujarat, and Sind.—Distrie. Throughout the greater part of India;
Ceylon, Arabia, Egypt, Tropical Africa, Natal.

The well-known Babhal or Indian Gum-Arabic tree. The gum is used medicinally
and by the calico-printer, and also forms an inferior substitute for true Guim-Arabic.
The tark and the pods supply a valuable tanning material. The green pods, young
shoots and leaves form an excellent fodder, and are especially valuable during seasons
of drought. The timber is hard and durable and extensively used for wheels, well-
curbs, and yery largely as fuel. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. e.

Var. 1. cupressiformis, Stewart, Pb. Pl. (1869) p. 51; branches
closing up to the trunk like a cypress. Var. cupressina, Aitch. Pb. &
Sind Pl. p.54. Var. Rdmkdnta, Grah. Cat. p.59; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 86;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p, 429.—Vern. Rdmkanta.

This is rather a doubtful variety. The peculiar growth of the branches may, as
Stewart remarks, have been caused by ages of ruthless lopping of the side branches.
Edgeworth states that near Multan the variety is sometimes seen on the same tree
with the ordinary form. It is common in the Deccan and Gujarat as well as in
Sind.

Var. 2. vediana; bark more deeply cracked and exfoliating ; crown
formed of twisted angular interlacing branches; spines usually white,
stout, up to 23 in. long; pods flat, shortly stalked, } in. broad, little
constricted between the seeds.

Note.—In the ‘Indian Forester,’ v..23.(1898) p. 359, Sir D. Brandis called attention
to a variety of babhal called in the vernacular in Berar, where he had collected the
plant, ‘ Kaulia babhal.” The variety is also common in the Deccan (Poona, Sholapur,
&e.), where it is called ‘Vedi (¢.e. mad) baibhal.” See Gleadow and also Fagan in
‘Indian Forester,’ v. 23 (1898) p. 415. The ordinary form with moniliform pods is
called ‘‘Velia bibhal” in Berar as well as in Kbandesh on the confines of Berar, but
is known as “ Godi (sweet) babhal” in the Deccan further south. The wood of the
“ Kaulia or Vedi bibhal” is considered useless for building or agricultural implements
and fit only for firewood, while the wood o/ the “ Telia or Godi bibhal” is used for
every purpose for which a strong timber is needed. The pods of both are considered
equally valuable as food for sheep and goats. Mr. Fagan (/. ¢c.) states that the prices
of Jarge logs of the two kinds of babhal would be as 1: 5.

The tree (Vedi bibhal) is called ‘‘ Eree babhal” by Da/zell § Gibson (Bo. F1. p. 86)
as well as by Woodrow in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1898) p. 429. Fuller information
may be obtained by consulting Mr. Fagan’s paper in the ‘ Indian Forester’ (l.c.), I
have transformed the Deccan name “ yedi” into a varietal name vediana,

XLVIII, LEGUMINOS. 445

2. Acacia Farnesiana, Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 4 (1805) p. 1983. A
shrub or low tree; branches slender, zigzag, marked with grey or pale-
brown dots; spines stipular only. Leaves 2-pinnate, 1—2 in. long ;
main rhachis more or less pubescent; petioles usually furnished with a
minute gland about the middle ; stipules spinescent, 4 i—+ In. long, hard
and sharp, divaric vate ; pinne 4-8 pairs, #-1 in. long. Mendct 10-20
pairs, 44-1 by s5-41y in., sessile, rigidly coriaceous, linear-oblong, acute,
green, subglabrous, base oblique, rounded. Flowers in globose heads,
4-1 in. in diam., fragrant, deep yellow; peduncles 2-1 in. long, crowded
on axillary nodes, slender, terete, pubescent, with a ring of small deflexed
ciliate bracts at or near the apers bracteole solitary, deltoid, on a long
slender stalk, ciliolate. age jz 1n. long, membranous; teeth short,
triangular, acute. Corolla ;5 in. long ; lobes very short, obtuse. Ovary
glabrous. Pods 2-34 by 4 in., subeylindric, turgid, slightly curved,
conspicuously striately veined, glabrous, brown ; mesocarp Uae Seeds
biseriate. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 292; Bedd. Flor. Bylvat, t. 52; Aitch.
Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 5£; Talb. Trees, Boinb. ed. 2, p. 151; Wed a
Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1898) p. 429; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1,
p- 48. Vachellia Farnesiana, Wight & Van Prodr. p. 272; Grah. Cat.
p- 08; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 26.—Flowers : Aug.—Mar. VERN. Dev-
bdbhal; Kankri.

Naturalized but not indigenous in the Bombay Presidency, where it is often planted.
Dsccan: eastern parts, common, Graham; common in the black soil ndlas of the
Deccan, Dalzell § Gibson; Kirkee, Woodrow. Sinp: Stoeks!—Distris. Cosmopolitan
in the Tropics, often planted.

3. Acacia planifrons, Wight § Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 276. A
small armed tree with an erect stem; branches spreading so as to an
an umbrella-like head; bark thick, dark grey on the older, purplish on
the younger branches. Leaves 2-pinnate, small; petioles without glands ;
stipular spines of two kinds, either very short and curved downwards or

2-2 in. long, straight, divaricate, white with a brown point; pinne
3-6 pairs, 1-3 in. lone closely placed near the end of the rhachis.
Leaflets 5-10 pairs, ;4,—3 in. long, linear, obtuse. Flowers in globular
heads, 1-2 in. in diam. ; ; peduncles in axillary fascicles, filiform, 3-1 in.
long ; bracteoles erect, below the middle of the peduncle. Calyx 45 in.
long, funnel-shaped ; teeth very short. Corolla ;;-g in. long; lobes
short, obtuse. Ovary glabrous. Pods about 2in. long and +- r 8. in. wide,
subcylindric, turgid, acute, circinate, glabrous. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 293
(in part) ; Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p- xcv; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2,
p- 123; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p.429; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. y. 1, p. 54.—Flowers: Nov. VERN. Salé.

Though abundant in 8. India the tree can scarcely be considered indigenous in the
Bombay Presidency, where it is however often planted. It is known to Anglo- Indians
as the Umbrella Tree, from the umbrella-like appearance of its head. —Distrr. India

(W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon.

4. Acacia eburnea, Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 4 (1805) p. 1081. & small
tree; bark of the young branches purplish-brown. Leaves ?~-1 in.
jong 3 stipular spines straight, varying trom j—21 in. long, gradually
tapering from a broad base to a very sharp point, ivory-white, polished ;
pion: 2-7 pairs, }—3 in. long, sessile or nearly so. Leaflets 5-8 pairs,

zy-g in. long, linear, subobtuse, glabrous. Flowers bright-yellow, with

446 XLVIII. LEGUMINOS2.

a disagreeable odor, in globose heads 3 in. in diam.; peduncles axillary,
pubescent ; bracts about tie middle of the peduncle. Calyx 4; in. long,
campanulate; teeth short, deltoid. Corolla } in. long; lobes ovate-
oblong, acute. Ovary stalked, glabrous. Pods stalked, 3-6 by 3-3 in.,
flat, slightly curved, indented on both sutures, longitudinally veined,
glabrous. Seeds 6-10. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 293; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 85;
Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. xcv; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 124;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 152; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1898) p. 429; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 48.—Flowers: Nov.-
Feb. Vern. Marmat.

Deccan: Stocks!, Dalzell!; Poona, Woodrow, 944! 8S. M. Country: Woodrow;
common in stony places, Talbot. Stxv: Dalzell!—Distris, Throughout India in dry
districts; Oeylon, Arabia, Afghanistan.

5. Acacia Jacquemonti, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vy. 1
(1842) p. 499. A bushy shrub 4-8 ft. high; branches stiff, smooth,
brown. Leaves 2-pinnate; stipular spines straight, slender, 1-2 in.
long, ivory-white, connate at the base; pinne 2-4 pairs, 1-3 in. long.
Leaflets 5-10 pairs, 7'5-% in. long, linear-oblong, grey-green, rigidly
coriaceous, glabrous. lowers yellow, delightfully fragrant, in globose
heads 3 in. in diam.; peduncles slender, in axillary fascicles of 2 or
more ; bracts 2, about the middle of the peduncle. Calyx campanulate,
as-is In. long; teeth very short, deltoid. Corolla 3 in. long; lobes
ovate-oblong, acute. Ovary stalked, glabrous. Pods stalked, 2-3 by
4-2 in., flat, straight, reticulately or transversely veined. Seeds 5-6.
Fi. B. I. v. 2, p. 293; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 152; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 429; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1,
p. 51.—Flowers: Feb—May. Vern. Rdtobdwal.

Gusarat: Talbot; Ahmedabad, Woodrow; Baroda, Brandis! Stxv: Talbot.—
Distris. India (Panjab, Rajputana).

6. Acacia tomentosa, Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 4 (1805) p. 1087. A small
tree; bark yellowish, with large lenticels; young parts tomentose.
Leaves 2-pinnate, 14-33 in. long; main rhachis densely pubescent or
tomentose ; stipular spines straight, rapidly tapering from a broad base,
brown ; pinne 6-12 pairs, 1-2 in. long, sessile, their rhachises densely
pubescent. Leaflets 20-30 pairs, 3-4 by .)—;; in., linear-oblong, obtuse,
sessile, pubescent on both sides. J'lowers in globose heads, }-3 in. in
diam. ; peduncles axillary, #-1j in. long, stout, densely downy ; bracts
a little above the middle of the peduncle. Calyx 5; in. long, pubescent ;
teeth rounded, ciliolate. Corolla 4 in. long, greenish-white, oblong, sub-
acute, ciliolate. Ovary very shortly stalked, glabrous. Pods 4-6 by 3 in.,
ligulate, compressed, falcate, at -first pubescent, afterwards glabrous,
Seeds 5-8, ellipsoid, compressed, with an areole on each face. Fl. B. I.
v. 2, p. 294; Grah. Cat. p. 59; Dalz.-& Gibs. p. 86; Bedd. For. Man.
in Flor. Sylvat. p. xev; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 124; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
ed. 2, p. 152; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 429;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 61.—Vurn. Anjar.

Deccan: Sholapur districts, Law ex Graham. Gusarat: Dang jungles, Woodrow ;
Panch Mahals, Watt.

Dalzell § Gibson (Bo. Fl. p. 85) describe the plant as rare and occurring in the
Deccan and Khandesh jungles. In the table of Addenda and Corrigenda, p. 318, this
statement has been withdrawn, as the plants from which their specimens were taken

XLVIII, LEGUMINOS.®. 447

were afterwards found by these botanists to have been raised in the Dapudi botanical

garden from seed obtained, probably, from Nipal.—Disriis. India (W, Peninsula) ;
Ceylon.

. Acacia leucophlea, Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 4 (1805) p. 1083. <A tree
oF ripe: ish bark; branches dense, spreading, the young ones pubescent.
Leaflets 2-pinnate, subsessile, 1-2 in. long ; main rhachis pubescent,
usually with a cup-shaped gland between each pair of pinne ; spines
variable in ler igth, the stipular ones short, straight ; pinne Pe 15 pairs,
subsessile, }- 1 in. long. Leaflets 12-30 pairs, crowded, +1 in. long,
subsessile, linear- oblone, obtuse, glabrous or nearly so. F lowers i in large
terminal tomentose panicles ; heat ls numerous, globose, 7-2 in. in diam. ;
pedicels stout, downy, with a toothed ring of bracts above the middle.
Calyx 3); in. ‘long ; ‘teeth short. Corolla twice as long as the calyx;
lobes subacute. Pods 4-8 by 4-3 in., sessile, thin, flat, “subindehiscent,
slightly ae clothed with vi. brown tomentum, Seeds 10-20.
Fi. B. I. v. 2, p. 294; Grah. Cat. p. 59; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 86; Trim.
FI. Ceyl. v. 2. p. 125; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 152; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 429; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1,
p- 52. Mimosa leucophlea, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 150.—Flowers : Jan.—Feb.,
Voorn. Hivar,

Deccan: widely, Woodrow; Alandi, near Railway Station, Kanitkar!; Sholapur
districts between the Kistna and Bhima rivers, Graham ; Kbandesh, Brandis!
8. M. Country: common, Talhot, Dalzell § Gibson.

In the S. M. Country the bark is used in the distillation of spirit and the trees
have been farmed on account of Government. See Watt, Dict. Ecun. Prod. lL. ¢.

8. Acacia Suma, Buch.-Ham. in Wall. Cat. (1828) 5227C. A
middle-sized tree ; bark white; young shoots downy. Leaves 2-pinnate,
4—6 in. long; main rhachis pubescent, with vlands between many of the
pairs of pinne and a large conspicuous gland at or near the middle of
the petiole; petioles 1-14 in. long; stipular spines short, straight or
slightly hooked, from a broad triangular base, polished ; pose oe 30
pairs, 13-23 in. long, shortly stalked. Leaflets 30-50 pairs, 33,-7 by
zp in., closely set on the rhachis, linear, subacute, sessile, pale green,
rigidly coriaceous, glabrous or nearly so. Flowers sessile, whitish, in
peduneled 1-4-nate spikes 3-4 in. long, the rhachis densely pubescent.
Calyx paper, downy, =; in. long; teeth short, deltoid, ciliate.

Corolla ;},-1 in. long, divided ‘about 3 way down ; lobes narrow-oblong,
subacute. Pods 3-5 by 3-2 in., Hak ‘with a triangular beak at the apex,
tapering at the base into a stalk 3 3-3? in. long, reticulately veined, glabrous.

Seeds 6-8. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 204; Kurz, ex Brandis, For. Fl. (1874)
p. 187; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2 2, p. 152; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1898) p. 429 ; Watt, Dict. Econ. Pron. v. 1, p. 60. Acacia
Catechu, Wight & Arn. Prodr. p- 272 (exclud. syn.) ; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 86;
Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 49.—Flowers: May-July. Vern. Kumtia; Son-
khairr.

S. M. Covnrry: in moist places and along nadlas, but not common, Ta/bot; near

Belgaum, Ritchie, 1056! Kanara: N. Kanara, near the Dharwar froatier, Zudbot.—
Disrris. India (Bengal, Behar, W. Peninsula).

The extract Catechu may be obtained from the heartwood of the tree and the bark
is used asatan, See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. l.c.

448 XLVIII. LEGUMINOSE.

9. Acacia Catechu, Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 4 (1805) p.1079. A moderate-
sized tree 80-40 ft. high ; bark dark-colored, rough ; young shoots dark-
brown or purple, glabrous. Leaves 2-pinnate, 4—6 in. long ;_ main rhachis
pubescent, with glands between many of the pairs of pinnse and a large
conspicuous gland at or near the middle of the petiole; stipular spines
short, hooked, from a broad triangular base, polished; pinne 10-30
pairs, 13-2 in. long, nearly sessile, their rhachises pubescent. Leaflets
30-50 pairs, 38;-1 by 5 in., linear, subacute, sessile, often ciliate.
Flowers sessile, pale-yellow, in peduncled 1—4-nate axillary spikes 2-4 in.
long. Calyx campanulate, j;—}; in. long, hairy outside ; teeth deltoid,
ciliate. Corolla 2-3 times as long as the calyx; lobes ovate-oblong,
subacute, pubescent. Pods stalked, 2-3 by 3-3 in., flat, thin, brown,
shining, with a triangular beak at the apex and narrowed at the base
into a stalk j-lin. long. Seeds 3-10. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 295; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 153; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898)
p- 429; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v.1, p.27. Mimosa Catechu, Roxb.
Cor. Pl. t. 175.—Flowers: Aug.—Sept. Vern. Ahair; Khair-bdbhal.

Along the coasts of the Konkan and of N. Kanara, often on laterite, Zadbot.
Deccan: Woodrow. 8.M. Country: Woodrow. Gusarat: Woodrow.—Disrris, India
(Panjab, N.W. Himalayas, Central India, Behar, Ganjam, Birma).

I have cited the localities given by the several authors named, but have seen no
specimens from any. Iam therefore unable to say if the true 4. Ca/echu or its variety
A. Sundra is intended. All the specimens I have seen from the Bombay Presidency,
some of which were labelled A. Catechu, have proved to be the variety A. Sundra.
Consult Prain, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 66 (1898) pp. 508-510.

Var. Sundra, Prain, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 66 (1898) pp. 508-510,
Pinne 15-20 pairs. Calyx, petals and rhachises all glabrous. Acacia
Sundra (sp.), DC. Prodr. v. 2 (1825) p. 458; Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 295;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 86; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 50; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2,
p. 125; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 153; Woodr.in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1898) p. 429; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v.1, p. 60. Mimosa Sundra,
Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 225.—Flowers: Aug.-Sept. Vurn. Khair ; Ldl-khair.

Common throughout the Presidency. Konkan: Law!, Dalzell! Deccan: Dalzell
& Gibson, Woodrow ; Karlimatti near Bagalkot, Cooke! Gusarar: Godra, Cooke!;
Rajkot (Kathiawar), Macnaghten. 8. M. Country: Raoji!

This variety is the most common in the Bombay Presidency and has often been
recorded as A. Catechu proper, which is of somewhat doubtful occurrence. Prain (J. ¢.)
says that 4, Catechu proper has never been reported to the Caleutta Herbarium from
Rajputana, the Konkan, or the Decean, whereas 4. Sundra occurs from Coimbatore

northwards to the Deccan and is common in Kanara and the Konkan.—Disrris. India
(Rajputana, W. Peninsula, Birma); Ceylon.

10. Acacia ferruginea, DC. Prodr. y. 2 (1825) p.458. A moderate-
sized tree; bark rough, rusty-brown ; young parts glabrous; prickles
sometimes suppressed. Leaves 2-pinnate, 2-44 in. long; main rhachis
slender, glabrous, with a large gland on the petiole and another between
ihe uppermost pair of pinne; petioles 1-2 in. long, thickened at the
base; stipular spines short, hooked, in pairs ; pinne 3-6 pairs, 2-3 in.
long, distant, shortly stalked, the stalks thickened at the base, and the
rhachis slender, glabrous. Leaflets 10-20 pairs, 1-3 by ;1)-+ in., linear-
oblong, obtuse, unequal-sided, glaucous above, paler beneath, rigidly sub-
coriaceous, glabrous ; petiolules very short. Flowers pale-yellow, sessile,
in slender axillary spikes 3-4 in. long; peduncles often numerous,
glabrous. Calyx campanulate, ;/, in. long, glabrous; teeth distinct,

XLVIII. LEGUMINOSA. 449

deltoid. Corolla 4-} in. long, divided about 4 way down; lobes oblong-
Janceolate, acute. Pods stalked, 3-5 by #-1 in., straight, flat, thin,
brown, reticulately veined, glabrous, indehiscent, the upper suture nar-
rowly winged. Seeds 4- * #1, By 1. vy. 2, p. 29517 Beda: Lee Sylvat.
t. 51; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 126; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 153;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 429; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 1, p. 50.—Flowers: Jan.-Feb. Vern. Pundhand lhair

Konkan: Stocks!, Dalzell!, Talbot. Duccan: Phalsan (Peint taluka), Woodrow.
Gusarat: Dangs, Woodrow; Panch Mahils, Talbot, Brandis!

11. Acacia Senegal, Willd. Sp. Pl. vy. 4 (1805) p. 1077. A small
tree 10-20 ft. high; stem prickly; branches flexuose, glaucous-grey ;
young shoots pubescent. Leaves 2- -pinnate, 7-11 in. long ; main rhachis
pubescent, with a gland on the petiole below the lowest pair and one
between the uppermost pair of pinnee; stipular spines usually 3,
the 2 lateral nearly straight or slightly curved upwards, the middle
one curved downwards, all dark-brown, polished; pinne 3-5 pairs,
4—} in. long, very shortly stalked, their rhachises pubescent. Leaflets
8-15 pairs, 7'y-g by zy in., linear, subobtuse, glabrous, pale glaucous-
green ; petiolules very short. Flowers fragrant, i in i 2—4 in. long
peduncles axillary, 1-3-nate. Calyx campanulate, jis in. long, divided
about 3 of the way down; teeth distinct, deltoid. Corolla white, twice
as long as the calyx, divided about 4 way down; lobes lanceolate, acute.
Filaments white. Anthers yellow. Pods shortly stalked, 3 by # in.,
linear-oblong, thin, flat, flexible, attenuated at both ends, reticulately
veined, pale-brown and glabrous when ripe. Seeds 5-6. Fl. B. L.v. 2,
p- 295; Taubert, in Engl. & Prantl, PAanzenf. y. 3, part 3, p. 112, fig. 68 ;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 153; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11
(1898) p. 429; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 55. Acacia Verek-,
Guill. & Perr. Fl. Seneg. (1830-33) p. 245, t. 56. Acacia rupestris,
Stocks, ex Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 2 (1872) p. 638.—Flowers : Nov.—Mar.
eee: Stocks!—Disrris. India (Panjab, Rajputana); Beluchistan, Arabia, Tropical

rica,

The tree furnishes the true gum-arabic of commerce which is largely exported from
the French colony of Senegal on the West Coast of Africa. It is collected in Sind

and Rajputana, but is not kept separate, being mixed with the gums from other species
of Acacia. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ce.

12. Acacia latronum, Jill. Sp. Pl. v. 4 (1805) p. 1077. A
glabrous shrub or small tree forming an umbrella-lke top when old;
branches brown, glabrous. Leaves 2-pinnate, often fasciculate, 1-14 in.
Jong; main rhachis slightly pubescent ; petiole with a gland about the
middle ; stipular spines in pairs, of two kinds, the smaller 4—1 in. long,
the larger 2-27 in. long, connate at the base, conical, hollow inside,
straight, sharp, ivory-white or rarely a Dope ; pinnee 2-5 pairs,
7-1 in. long. Leaflets 6-15 pairs, a1 by 35-3 , linear, rigidly sub-
coriaceous, glabrous. Flowers at first w ae nie Ww sans turning yellow,
fragrant, in a subsessile often fasciculate spikes 1-1} in. long. Calyx
campanulate, =! 32 in. long, glabrous ; teeth short, ciliolate. Cor olla iy in.
long, divided + the way “down ; lobes triangular. Pods shortly stalked,
1-14 by 3-2 in,, flat, obtuse at both ends, falcate, reticulately veined,
dark-brown or nearly black, finally dehiscent. Seeds 2-4, orbicular,
compressed, yellowish-brown. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 296; Grah. Cat. p. 58;

450 XLVILI, LEGUMINOS.E,

Dalz. & Gibs. p. 87; Wight, Icon. t. 1157; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2;
p. 153; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb, Nat. v. 11 (1898) p.429; Watt, Dict.
eon. Prod. v. 1, p. 51.—Flowers: Oct-Mar. VERN. Dev-bdbhal ;
Lambuti ; Bhesa.

Deccan: widely, Woodrow; Eastern Decean, common, Dalzell § Gibson ; common
in barren tracts of the Deecan, Graham; Gokak, Bhiva!

13. Acacia concinna, DC. Prodi. v. 2 (1825) p. 464. An ex-
tensive climbing shrub armed with numerous small hooked prickles ;
branches brown, dotted with white. Leaves 2-pinnate, 2-4 in. long ;
main rhachis armed with sharp hooked prickles, with a large gland at or
below the middle of the petiole, and one between the uppermost or the
two uppermost pairs of pinne; stipules ovate, cordate ; pinne +-S pairs,
1-2} in. long, their rhachises slender, grooved, ending in a weak spine.
Leatlets subsessile, sensitive, 12-25 pairs, }-} by 35-5 in., linear,
acute or mucronate, unequal-sided, glabrous, base rounded or truncate.
Flowers in globose heads, on peduncles 1-13 in. long which are fascicled
at the nodes or forming racemose panicles at the ends of the branches ;
bracts oblique, membranous, conspicuous. Calyx funnel-shaped, 4/5 in.
Jong, divided nearly 3 way down; teeth lanceolate. Corolla g-% in.
long ; lobes lanceolate. Pods shortly stalked, 8-5 by #-14 in., linear-
oblong, thick and fleshy when immature, becoming wrinkled when dry,
somewhat depressed between the seeds, and with broad sutures which
are sometimes more or less deeply indented. Seeds 6-10. Fl. B. I.
v. 2, p. 296; Grah. Cat. p. 59; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 87; Talb. Trees,
Bumb. ed. 2, p. 153; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898)
p- 429; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 4£—Flowers: Mar.—July.
Vern. Stkakat.

Common in the Konkan and Ghat jungles. Konkan: Law!, Dalzell § Gibson,
Talbot. Matheran, Cooke! Duccan: hills, Woodrow. S.M.Coun'ry: near Belgaum,
Ritchie, 246! Kanara: Woodrow; moist forests, Talbot.—Disrris. Throughout
India; Malay Isles, China.

The pods are used for washing the hair and a considerable trade is carried on
in them in Kanara and Kolaba. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ¢.

14. Acacia Intsia, Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 4 (1805) p. 1091. A large
climbing or sarmentose shrub; branches grooved, dark-brown, armed
with small hooked prickles. Leaves 2-pinnate, 4-8 in. long (including
a stout petiole which often reaches 13 in. long); main rhachis pubescent,
usually armed with hooked prickles on the underside, with a gland
on the petiole below the lowest pair and a gland between each of the
1-4 uppermost pairs of pinne; pinne 5-10 pairs, 2-3 in. long, sub-
sessile, their rhachises more or less pubescent. Leaflets 10-26 pairs,
not closely crowded, subsessile, 4-$ by 4—% in., linear-oblong, very
unequal-sided, the midrib near the upper edge, shortly and obliquely
mucronate, dark green and shining above, paler beueath, glabrous on
both surfaces, base truncate. Flowers white or yellowish-white, in
terminal panicles; heads globose, 3-3 in. in diam. ; peduncles 1-4-nate,
finely downy ; bracts at the base of the peduncles linear-oblong, acute,
faleate, 3-3 in. long. Calyx campanulate, ;'5 in. long, divided about
1 the way down; teeth lanceolate or subdeltoid. Corolla j in. long,
divided about 3 way down; lobes lanceolate, acute. Pods shortly
stalked, 4-6 by ?-1} in., straight, strap-shaped, flat, thin, dry, obtuse at
the apex, narrowed at the base, brown-tomentose when young, afterwards

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS.. 45]

glabrous, obscurely veined, dehiscent. Seeds 6-12. Fl. B. IL. v. 2,
p- 207; Grah. Cat. p. 59; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 88; Wight & Arn. Prodr.
p- 278; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 154 (exclud. syn. A. casia) ;
Woodr, in Journ, Bomb, Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 429; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. vy. 1, p. 50.—Flowers: Aug. Varn. Chilhar.

Konkan: hilly tracts, Graham. Deccan: Panchgani, Cooke!; Mahableshwar,
Cooke!, Woodrow!; Fitzgerald Ghat, below Mahableshwar, H. M. Birdwood.
Gusarat: Ankleshwar, Dalzell § Gibson; Lalli, Stocks, 276!—Disrris. India
(‘Tropical Himalayas, E. & W, Peninsulas); Ceylon.

15. Acacia czsia, Wight § Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 278. A
scandent shrub armed with numerous hooked prickles; branches
yellowish-brown. Leaves 2-pinnate, 4—6 in. long; main rhachis
pubescent, occasionally armed with hooked prickles on the lower side,
with aconvex gland on the petiole below the leatlets and glands between
the 2-4 uppermost pairs of pinne ; pinne 8-15 pairs, 1-2 in. long,
their rhachises densely pubescent. Leaflets 15-35 pairs, crowded,
sometimes overlapping, 4-4 by »!5-;4; in., linear, very unequal-sided, the
midrib near the upper edge, mucronate, pubescent on both surfaces,
base truncate. lowers in terminal panicles; heads globose, 2 in,
in diam.; peduncles in fascicles of 1-4; bracts linear-oblong, falcate,
acute. Calyx campanulate, ;, in. long; teeth ovate, subacute. Corolla
g in. long, divided 3 way down; lobes lanceolate, acute. Pods strap-
shaped, flat, thin, dry, subfaleate, 5-63 by % in., reticulately veined,
shortly stalked, glabrous. Seeds 5-10. Dalz. & Gibs. p. 87. A. Intsia
var. cesia, Baker, in. Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 297.

Not quite as common as the former species. Deccan: Ganesh Khind near Poona,
Woodrow! Kanara: Yellapur, Talbot, 467!

This plant is often confounded with Acacia Intsia, Willd., but to anyone who has
seen both plants growing, their separation as distinct species presents no difficulty,
See Prain, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 66 (1898) p. 510.

16. Acacia pennata, Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 4 (1805) p. 1090. A
scandent shrub, armed with numerous stout slightly hooked or straight
prickles (rarely unarmed); young branches pubescent. Leaves 2-pinnate,
reaching 6 in. long; main rhachis densely pubescent, grooved, often
prickly, with a large gland above the middle of the petiole and one
between each of the 2-4 upper pairs of pinne; pinne 8-18 pairs,

3-23 in. long, subsessile, usually curved, their rhachises densely
pubescent. Leaflets 40-50 pairs, slightly overlapping, 1-3 by J, in.,
sessile, linear, obtuse, unequal-sided, glabrous, base oblique, rounded or
truncate. Flowers white or pale-yellow, in large terminal panicles ;
heads globose, 3-3 in. in diam.; peduncles pubescent, 2—4-nate ; bracts
linear. Calyx glabrous, +1; in. long, divided 3 of the way down; lobes
linear-lanceolate, acute. Pods stalked, 4-8 by ?-11 in., straight, flat,
thin, dry, strap-shaped, rounded or shortly apiculate, brown, glabrous.
Seeds 8-14, ovoid-oblong, compressed, dark-brown. Fl. B. I. y. 2
p- 297; Grah. Cat. p. 59; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 87 (pinnata); Trim. F]
Ceyl. v. 2, p. 127; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 154; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1898) p. 429 ; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 54.—
Flowers: June-Aug. Vern. Shembi; Shembdati.

Konkan: Dalzell!, Law!, Woodrow; Mumbra near Thana, Kanitkar! Deccan:
Woodrow. S. M. Country: Belgaum, Mitchie, 246! Kanara: Talbot ; banks of

Gatpraba river, Law ex Graham.—Disrris. India (Central and Eastern Himalayas,
Behar, E. & W. Peninsulas, Birma); Ceylon, Malay Isles, Trop. Africa, Natal.

*
.

452 XLVIII. LEGUMINOSZ.

80, ALBIZZIA, Durazz.

Trees. Leaves 2-pinnate. Flowers (in the Indian species) in globose
heads, sessile or pedicellate, hermaphrodite, usually 5-merous. Calyx
campanulate or funnel-shaped, distinctly toothed. Corolla funnel-
shaped, the petals connate below the middle. Stamens indefinite,
monadelphous at the base; filaments much longer than the corolla;
anthers minute, not gland-crested. Ovary sessile or shortly stalked ;
style filiform; stigma minute, capitate. Pod large, thin, flat, strap-
shaped, straight, indehiscent or subindehiscent, continuous within, the
sutures not thickened—Disrrrp. Tropics of the Old World; species
25-30.

Pinne 2-4 (rarely 6) pairs ; leaflets exceeding } in. broad.

Bilowers pedicelledsicaliyx-% in WOUps s..s.e see weannweceeeevascm sam 1. A. Lebbek.
Flowers sessile; calyx less than % in. long.
Calyx 25 in. long, pubescent ; teeth obsolete ...............065 2. A. odoratissima.
Calyx y5 in. long, glabrous; teeth distinct ...............068 3. A, procera.
Pinnex 6-20 pairs ; leaflets less than } in. broad.
Stipules very large ; heads of flowers panicled ................45 4. A. stipulata,
Stipules minute; heads of flowers not panicled .............+4 5. A. amard.

1. Albizzia Lebbek, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 3 (1844)
p. 87. An unarmed deciduons tree 40-70 ft. high ; bark pale; young
shoots glabrous. Leaves abruptly 2-pinnate; main rhachis pubescent
or glabrous, furnished with a large gland on the petiole above the base
and one below the uppermost pair of pinne ; petioles swollen and hairy
at the base; pine 2-3 (rarely 4) pairs, 4-5 in. long, their rhachises
glabrous or "pubescent, swollen and hairy at the base. Leaflets 5-9
pairs, 1-1? by 3-2 in., with glands between their bases, the lateral
leaflets elliptic- oblong, the 2 terminal obovate- oblong, all pale green,
unequal-sided, very obtuse, glabrous above, pubescent. and reticulately
veined beneath, base obliquely rounded or truncate; petiolules very
short, hairy. "Flowers white, fragraut, in globose ‘umbellate heads
3-12 in. in diam. (not including the stamens); peduncles 13—3 in. long,
more or less pubescent, solitary or 2-4 together from the axils of the
upper leaves; pedicels >4-3 in. long, pubescent. Calyx 4 in. long,
pubescent 5 teeth short, deltoid. Corolla # in. long; tube glabrous ;
lobes ;15 in. long, triangular, acute, pubescent outside. Stamens much
Jonger than the corolla ; ; filaments connate at the base into a short tube.
Pods 4-12 in. by 7-1? in., luear-oblong, bluntly pointed, thin, pale-
yellow, reticulately veined above the seeds, smooth, shining. Seeds
4-12, ellipsoid -oblong, compressed, foveolate on the faces, pale- brown.
F). B. I. v. 2, p. 298 ; ‘Dalz. & Gibs. p. 88; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 128;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. § 2, p. 154; W. oodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. ve dd
(1598) p. 480; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 156. Acacia speciosa,
Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 4 (1805) p. 1066; Grah. Cat. p. 58. Mimosa speciosa,
Jacquin, Ic. t. 198.—Flowers: Mar.-May. Vern. Siras; Chinchola.

Throughout the Presidency, where it is often planted as a roadside tree.—Drsrnrin,
Throughout India, but usually planted; Tropical and Subtropical Asia and Africa,
but usually planted.

2. Albizzia odoratissima, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 3
(1844) p. 88. <A tall unarmed tree, often reaching 80 feet high ; young
shoots dark-colored, pubescent. Leaves abruptly 2-pinnate; main

rhachis downy, 6-12 in. long, with a large sessile gland on the petiole

XLVIII. LEGUMINOSAE. 453

little above its base and also at the bases of 1—2 of the upper pinne;
pinne usually 4 pairs, rather distant, 3-6 in. long, their rhachises
pubescent. Leaflets 8-15 pairs, sessile, #-1} by 3-3 in., obliquely
oblong, rounded at the apex, reticulately veined, the midrib about 4 the
breadth of the blade from the upper edge, dark green and slightly
pubescent above, glaucous and pubescent beneath, base very obliquely
rounded. Flowers fragrant, sessile, in numerous small 10—12-flowered
heads j-1 in. across; peduncles } in. long, solitary or 2-4 together,
arranged in terminal panicles. Calyx +5 Tin: long, pubescent ; teeth
obsolete. Corolla white, 4 in. long, grey-silky outside; teeth ovate-
lanceolate, acute. Stamens twice as long as the corolla ; filaments pale-
yellow, connate at the base into a tube half as long as the corolla-tube.
Pods shortly stalked, 4-8 by 1-13 in., thin, flexible, glabrous, slightly
reticulately veined, brown. Seeds 8-12, broadly ovate, 3 by + in., much
flattened, yellow. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 299; Dalz. & Gis p- 88; ao
Flor. Sylvat. t.54; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p.129; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2
p- 155; Woodr.in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1898) p. 480; Watt, Dict
Keon. Prod. vy. 1, p. 158. Acacia odoratissima, Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 4 (1805)
p- 1063; Grah. Cat. p. 58.—Flowers: Apr.-June. Vern. Kdla-siras ;
Chichvd.

Konkan: Graham, Dalzell § Gibson, Talbot. Deccan: Poona, Woodrow. Kanara:
moist forests, Zadbot; Sirsi (N. Kanara), Woodrow.—Disrris. Throughout India;
Ceylon.

3. Albizzia procera, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vy. 3 (1844)
p. 89. An unarmed tree 60-80 ft. high ; young shoots pale, lenticellate.
Leaves abruptly 2-pinnate ; main rhachis glabrous, 12-18 in, long, with
a large gland on the petiole a little above its base; pinne 2 2-6 pairs,
5-6 in. long, their rhachises glabrous and with an oval gland ee
the uppermost pair of leaflets. Leaflets 6-12 pairs, 1- lige by 2-2 in,
obtuse or subacute, dark green and glabrous above, more or jess ee
pubescent beneath, base ephee cuneate on the upper, rounded on the
lower margin ; petiolules sy in. long. Flowers sessile, in numerous
small 12-20-flowered heads 2 in. across; peduncles 1 in. long, in
fascicles of 3-5 (rarely solitary), arranged in terminal ee Calyx
jly in. long, glabrous; tecth distinct, triangular. Corolla + in. long,
pubescent “outside ; teeth lanceolate, 3 as long as the corolla-tube.
Stamens 14 times as long as the corolla; filaments greenish-yellow,
connate at the base into a tube as ope as the corolla-tube. Pods
scarcely stalked, at length dehiscent, 4-8 by }-% in., thin, flexible,
bright orange- brow ie smooth and glossy, faintly reticulate above the
seeds. Seeds 6-1 2, broadly ovate, + by + in., much flattened, pale-brown.
HB. 1, y..2, 299 ; Bedd. For. Man. p. xcvi; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2,
p. 155; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 430; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. y.1, p. 159.—Flowers: May-June. Vern. Kinhai; Belati,

Konan: Stocks!, Dalzell!, Talbot. 8. M. Counrry: Belgaum, Ritchie, 154!
Kanara: Yalbot.—Disrri. India (Central and E. Himalayas, Behar, W. Peninsnla,
Birma); China, Malay Archipelago, Philippines.

4. Albizzia stipulata, Boivin, in Encyc. du viat Sitcle, v. 2, p. 33;
Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 3 (1844) p. 92. A tall unarmed
evergreen tree ; young shoots clothed with rit grey or golden-yellow
pubescence. Leaves abruptly 2-pinnate; main rhachis 6-15 in. long,
ut first pubescent, afterwards glabrous, with a large sessile gland on the

454 XLVIII. LEGUMINOS&.

petiole about 1 in. above its base and with smaller glands between each of
the uppermost 2-9 pairs of pinne ; stipules very large, soon deciduous,
sometimes exceeding 1 in. long, unequally cordate, acuminate with a
filiform tail, membranous, pubescent, orange-brown, the base much dilated
on one side; pinne 7-20 pairs, shortly stalked, their rhachises tawny-
pubescent, 2-5 in. long. Leaflets membranous, 30-45 pairs, 1—3 by 74-
zip in. long, linear- oblong, falcate, pointed, pale-green and glabrous above,
glaucous and pubescent beneath, the midrib close to the upper margin,
base obliquely rounded at the lower side. Flowers in small panicled
heads; peduncles }#-14 in. long, pubescent, solitary or in fascicles
of 2-4; bracts ovate, acuminate, membranous, }—3 in. long, deciduous ;
pedicels ;1, in. long. Calyx 5 in. long, funnel-shaped, pubescent ;
teeth short, acute. Corolla yellowish-white, densely pubescent outside,
1_} in. long ; lobes half as long as the tube, lanceolate, acute. Stamens
4 times as long as the corolla, connate into a tube longer than the corolla-
tube. Pods very shortly stalked, 5-7 by 3-13 in., thin, pale-brown,
glabrous, faintly reticulately veined. Seeds 8-12, ovate, { by + in.,
much compressed, dark-brown, smooth. The large stipules are
sufficiently characteristic to determine this species when growing.
These, however, soon fall off and are often wanting in Herbarium
specimens. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 800; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 88; Bedd. Flor.
Sylvat. t. 55; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 129; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2,
p. 155; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 430; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 160. Acacia stipulata, DC. Prodr. v. 2, p. 469;
Grah. Cat. p. 58.—Flowers: Apr.June. Vern. Udal; Phaldra.

Konkan: Law!, Stocks; Matheran, Cooke!, H. M. Birdwood, Dalzell! Duccan:
Khandala, Graham ; Fitzgerald Ghat below Mahableshwar, Cooke! S. M. Counrry:
Ramghat, Ritchie, 248! Kanara: evergreen forests of N. Kanara Ghats, Zalbot ;
Sirsi (N. Kanara), Zadbot !—Disrris. Throughout India; 8.E. Asia,

5. Albizzia amara, Boivin, in Encyc. du wia* Siecle, v. 2, p. 34;
Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 3 (1844) p. 90. A small much-
branched unarmed tree; young shoots clothed with yellowish-grey
pubescence. Leaves abruptly 2-pinnate; main rhachis 2-4 in. long,
densely pubescent, with a small gland about the middle of the petiole
and another between the uppermost pair of pinne; stipules minute ;
pinne 6-15 pairs, 1-2 in. long, their rhachises pubescent. Leaflets
10-30 pairs, sessile, close, j-3 by s'y-;'3 im., linear-oblong, obtuse or
subacute, the midrib nearly in the centre, green and glabrous above,
glaucous and more or less pubescent beneath. Flowers subsessile,
fragrant, in 12-20-flowered heads ; peduncles solitary or in fascicles
of 2-4 in the axils of the upper leaves, not forming a panicle, pubescent.
Calyx 5!-;; in. long, funnel-shaped, pubescent, scarcely pedicelled ;
teeth short. Corolla yellow, nearly 3 times as long as the calyx,
pubescent outside; lobes linear-lanceolate. Stamens 3-8 in. long;
filaments pinkish. Pods 4-7 by 4- + in., stalked, thin, flat, abruptly
pointed, slightly transversely veined. Seeds 6-8. FI. B. I.v. 2, p.301;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 88; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 61; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2,
p. 130; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 155; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v.11 (1898) p. 430; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 155. Acacia amara,
Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 4 (1805) p. 1074; Grah, Cat. p. 58.—Flowers: Apr.-
June. Vern. Tugh; Lalat.

XLVIII. LEGUMINOSA. 455

Throughout the Presidency in dry forests. Konkan: Stocks!, Dalzell!; Matheran
hill, Dalzeld §& Gibson; Alexandra Point, Matheran, H. M. Birdwood; banks of the
Kistna, Graham. Dunccan: Poona, Woodrow; Alandi, Cooke! S. M. Counrry: hills
north of Belgaum, Zitchie, 1057 !—Disrris. India (W. Peninsula); Ceylon, E.
Tropical Africa,

Albizzia lucida, Beuth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vy. 3 (1844) p. 86,
an unarmed deciduous tree 50-60 ft. high, a native of the Eastern
Himalaya and Indo-China, is frequently cultivated, but is not indigenous
in the Bombay Presidency. The leaves are remarkable as having
normally but 1 pair of pinne. The pod is 6-10 in. long, smooth and
glossy, and of a bright orange-brown color. Fl. B. L y. 2, p. 299;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 430.

Woodrow in his list gives this as occurring at Matheran. TI have ascertained from
him, however, that the trees had been planted there and were not indigenous.

81. PITHECOLOBIUM, Mart.

Erect trees or shrubs, unarmed or with spinescent stipules or axillary
spines. Leaves 2-pinnate; stipules various. Flowers usually in
globose heads or cylindric spikes, 5- (rarely 6-) merous, usually herma-
phrodite. Calyx campanulate or funnel-shaped, shortly toothed. Corolla
funnel-shaped, the petals valvate, united below for 3-5 of their length.
Stamens monadelphous, much exserted; anthers not g'and-crested.
Ovary sessile or stalked; ovules many ; style filiform ; stigma minute,
capitate. Pod strap-shaped, circinate or falcate (rarely straight), usually
dehiscent throughout the lower suture and much twisted in a late
stage, the sutures not or slightly thickened. Seeds often embedded
in a scanty pulp, ovate or orbicular, compressed, the funicle filiform or
variously expanded into a fleshy aril—Duisrris. Cosmopolitan in the
Tropics ; species about 100, chiefly American.

1. Pithecolobium bigeminum, Mart. in Flora, v. 20 (1837) ii,
Beibl. p. 115 in obs.; Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 3 (1844)
p- 206. A middle-sized unarmed tree ; young parts glabrous or slightly
pubescent. Leaves 2-pinnate; main rhachis 4-6 in. long, glabrous,
with a gland on the petiole and 1 below each pair of pinne; pinne
stalked, 1-2 (rarely 3) pairs, the lowest pair the smallest, their rhachises
with a gland beneath the insertion of each pair of leaflets except the
lowest. Leaflets 1-2 (rarely 3) pairs, 3-6 by 1-14 in., the terminal
pair the largest, subcoriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, or obovate-oblong,
acuminate or acute, glabrous above, pubescent at first beneath, base
acute; petiolules 3 in. long. Flowers subsessile, in few-flowered heads
in small peduncled clusters, arranged on the long branches of pubescent
panicles usually shorter than the leaves. Calyx ;4,-;, in. long, densely
brown-silky ; teeth short, triangular. Corolla pale-yellow or cream-
colored, 2-3 times as long as the calyx, silky outside ; lobes lanceolate,
acute. Stamens 3-} in. long. Pods flat, once or twice spiral, bluntly
pointed, roughish, but glabrous or nearly so, reddish-brown outside,
bright red within, not indented between the seeds. Seeds 5-8,
Fl. B. L. v. 2, p. 8303; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 89; Bedd. For. Man. p. xevi;
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 182; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 156; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1898) p. 480; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.

456 XLVIII, LEGUMINOS®.

v. 6, part 1, p. 281. Inga bigemina, Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 4, p. 1007; Grah.
Cat. p. 57.—Flowers: Jan—Feb. Vurn. Kachlor.

Konkan: Stocks!, Dalzell § Gibson!, Talbot. Kanara: evergreen forests, Talbot ;
Divimana (N. Kanara), Woodrow; Supa, Ritchie, 1728!—Duisrris. India (HB. Hima-
layas, W. Peninsula); Ceylon, Malay Islands, Philippines.

Pithecolobium dulce, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 3 (1844)
p- 199. <A moderately large tree, a native of Mexico, introduced into
the Philippine Islands, and thence into India, is cultivated, often as
a hedge plant, and may be met with in Bombay and Poona. The tree
is armed with short straight stipular thorns, the pods are curiously
twisted, and the seeds are embedded in a sweet whitish edible pulp.
Fil. B.I. v. 2, p. 8302; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 156; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 480; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6,
part 1, p. 281. Inga dulcis, Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 4, p. 1005; Wight, Icon.
t. 198; Grah. Cat. p. 56; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 25.—Flowers: Jan.—
Mar. Vern. Vildyti-dmli; Vildyti-chinch.

Pithecolobium Saman, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 3 (1844)
p- 216. A tree of rapid growth. A native of Central and Tropical
8. America, whence it was introduced into Jamaica, and thence into
India. It is called the Ltain Tree and may be seen growing in Thana
and Poona. It has also been introduced into N. Kanara. The pod
is straight and indehiscent with a sweet pulp around the seeds. Talb.
Trees, Bob. ed. 2, p. 156; Woodr. in Journ, Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1898)
p- 480; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 283.

The following non-indigenous plants not belonging to any of the
foregoing genera of the Suborder are occasionally cultivated in the
Bombay Presidency :—

Parkia biglandulosa, Wight & Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 279. A tall tree
a native of Africa, with 2-pinnate leaves, 20-40 pairs of pinne and
60-100 pairs of leaflets, with flowers in dense subspherical heads 14 in.
in diam., on peduncles 5-8 in. long, is occasionally grown in gardens.
The heads, when the flowers are in bud, are like balls of fawn-colored
velvet and the pods reach 1 ft. or more in length. FI. B. I. v. 2,
p- 289; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 25; Grah. Cat. p. 57; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 428; Woodr. Gardening in India,
ed. 5, p. 278.—F lowers: Dee. Vern. Chenduphul.

Desmanthus virgatus, Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 4 (1805) p. 1047. A glabrous,
shrubby perennial, a native of Tropical America, has been extensively
planted in gardens. It has flowers in solitary globose peduncled axillary
heads and pods 2-3 in. long, each containing 20-30 seeds. Fl. B. I.
v.2, p. 290; Trim. FI. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 122; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
y. 11 (1898) p. 428.—Flowers : June-July.

Ceratonia Siliqua, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1026. The Locust or Carob
Tree; St. Johws Bread, a native of S. Europe, Syria, and Palestine, has
been occasionally planted in gardens and thrives well if irrigated until
well-established. The pods are large, dark-red and woody, with a sweet
edible pulp. Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 28; Woodr. Gard. in Ind. ed. 5,

XLVIII. LEGUMINOS®, 457

p. 275; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 254, °Tamarindus Siliqua,
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1898) p. 428.—Vurn. Meceani-
amli,

Hematoxylon Campechianum, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 384. The
Logwood Tree, a native of Tropical America, has been successfully grown
in the Deccan, where it seems to thrive well. It has thick spikes
of fragrant yellow flowers and small 1l-seeded pods. Dalz. & Gibs,
Suppl. p. 28; Woodr. in Journ, Bomb. Nat. v.11 (1898) p.427; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 4, p. 198.—Flowers : Oct.

Orprr XLIX. ROSACEA.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves simple or compound, alternate
(rarely opposite), stipulate. Flowers usually regular and hermaphrodite.
Calyx-tube free or rarely adnate to the ovary, the limb usually 5-lobed.
Disk lining the calyx-tube or forming a ring at its base. Petals 5
(rarely 0), inserted under the margin of the disk, deciduous, usually
imbricate. Stamens perigynous, usually indefinite, in one or many
series; filaments subulate or filiform, usually incurved in bud; anthers
small, didymous. Ovary of 1 or more free or connate carpels; ovules
1 or more in each carpel ; styles as many as the carpels, free or connate,
basal, lateral, or subterminal; stigmas simple, penicillate or capitate.
Fruit variable, consisting of achenes, berries, or drupes, rarely capsular.
Seeds erect or peudulous, exalbuminous ; testa membranous or coriaceous,
sometimes expanded into a wing ; cotyledons large, plano-convex ; radicle
short.—Distrris. Throughout the world, chiefly in temperate regions ;
genera more than 70; species about 1200.

Mintanml Olnbreesyaccca shies: ccee stone eres cor coe tee ea recur he aot nas Sees 1. Pygeum.
MP MMIR BETIS 5 ces ccc chat ote baci cunts <cfapiacncies sets sunseusas Se wceee oe soe... 2. RUBUS.
Herbs.
Bnuibof numerous) smalllachenes'-5....-<.-csve.+-csasecsecs cece one 3. PoTENTILLA.
Bieoitior 10 ConMAte CAT pels, 5. .<viccasewevucsssssnesscaseneccageess 4, NEuRADA,

1. PYGEUM, Gertn.

Evergreen trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate, persistent,
usually quite entire, often with 2 glands at or near the base; stipules
minute, fugacious. Flowers sinall, racemose or paniculate, sometimes
unisexual by want of the ovary. Calyx deciduous ; tube obconic, urceo-
late, or campanulate ; limb 5-15-toothed, often unequally. Petals 5-6
in the 5—6-toothed calyx, 0 in the 8-15-toothed, villous or tomentose
(rarely glabrous), often indistinguishable from the calyx-lobes. Stamens
10-50, in 1 or more series at the orifice of the calyx-tube ; filaments
filiform, incurved in bud; anthers small, didymous. Carpel 1, basal in
the calyx-tube, ovoid or subglobose; ovules 2, collateral, pendulous ;
style terminal ; stigma capitate. J'ruit a transversely oblong 2-lobed
indehiscent drupe; pericarp thin, dry or juicy; cotyledons very thick,
hemispheric; radicle minute, superior.—Distris, Tropical Asiatic with
1 African species ; species about 30.

Petals 4-6; drupe less than 1 in. broad ...............cccesseeeecs 1. P. Wightianum.
HeralsiOs) drape lin, Or More: DECAM ¢..ccvscwess uactsenssesasses ene 2. P. Gardneri,

2

458 XLIX. ROSACEX.

1. Pygeum Wightianum, Blume, Mélanges Bot, (1855) n. 2 (ea
Walp, Ann. vy. 4 (1857) p. 642). A moderate-sized tree ; bark rough,
pale-brown ; young shoots slightly pubescent with appressed hairs,
Leaves 2-5 by 13-23 in., coriaceous, dark-green above, paler beneath,
elliptic-oblong, obtuse, entire, glabrous on both sides, with 2 large round
or oval immersed glands on either side of the midrib, base rounded ;
nerves arched, spreading, prominent beneath ; petioles 3-3 in. long,
stout, rugose. Flowers + in. in diam., in lax pubescent racemes 2-4 in,
Jong ; pedicels 3-3 in. fae pubescent with appressed hairs. Calyx
1 in. long, pubescent ; tube obconic or turbinate ; teeth usually 5, acute.
Petals 4— 6, elliptic-oblong, rounded at the apex, softly pubescent on the
margins, ‘Stamens 20 or more, much longer than the petals. Ovary
glabrous; style stout. Drupe broader than long, 5 in. bread by 2 in.
long, slightly. bilobed, apiculate, glabrous ; pericarp thin. Fl. B. I. v. 2,

. 319; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 184; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 157;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 635. P. ceylanicum, Bedd.
Flor, Sylvat. t. £9, exclud. syn. (not of Gertn.).—Flowers : Nov.—Dec.
Be sRA: S. Ghats of N. Kanara in evergreen forests, Za/éo¢ ; Divimana (N. Kanara),

0oadrTrouw.

These loealities are given on the authority of Talbot and Woodrow. I have seen

no specimens from Kanara, and there are none in Herb, Kew.—Disrrip. India
(W. Pensinsula) ; Ceylon.

2. Pygeum Gardneri, Hook. f. in Fl. B. I. v. 2 (1878) p. 321. A
middle-sized tree, glabrous except the inflorescence ; bark of the branches
dotted with white specks. Leaves coriaceous, 4—6 by 14-2tin., alternate,
ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, quite entire, glabrous,
base acute or rounded, often unequal-sided, basal glands rarely present ;
petio'es stout, 3-9 in. long, rugose, glabrous. Flowers in axillary close
racemes 13-3 in. long ; rhachis. densely pubescent ; pedicels 3—1 in. long,
stout, pubescent. Calyx $-% in. long, densely clothed outside with
fulvous pubescence ; tube urceolate ; lobes 8-12, obtuse, densely pubes-
cent. Petals 0. Stamens often more than 20,in 2 rows; filaments
about as long as the calyx, much-exserted. Ovary glabrous, surrounded
at the base by a ring of hairs. Fruit broader than long, 1-1} in. across,
transversely oblong, bilobed, smooth, apiculate in the sinus at the top,
the endocarp smelling strongly of prussic acid.

The ovary appears at first sight to be hirsute, especially in dried
specimens, but it is really glabrous, being seated on a ring of hairs which
surround it. I have examined numerous fresh specimens at Mahableshwar
where the tree is common. ‘Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 157; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 635 ; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6,
part 1, p. 873. Pygeum acuminatum, Grah. Cat. p- 247 (not of Coleb.).
Pygeum zeylanicum, Dalz. & Gibs. p. 89, exclud. syn. (not of Gertn.).—
Flowers: Nov. Vern. Déka.

Deccan: Mahableshwar, Cooke!, Woodrow; Khandala (rare), Graham. 8. M.
Country: Parva Ghit, Dalzell §& Gibson; Ramghat, Ritchie, 1748! Konkan:
Gairsoppa Ghat, Za/bot, 275!—Dusrxww, India (W. Peninsula).

2, RUBUS, Linn.

Suberect or sarmentose prickly shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple or
compound ; stipules free or adnate to the petiole. Flowers in terminal

XLIX. ROSACEA. 459

and axillary corymbose panicles (rarely solitary), white or red. Calyx
peristent ; tube broad ; lobes 5. Petals 5, Stamens usually indefinite,
inserted at the mouth of the calyx; filaments filiform. Disk lining the
calyx-tube, Carpels many, on a convex receptacle ; ovules 2, collateral,
pendulous; style subterminal. Fruit of numerous small 1-seeded drupes
crowded upon a dry spongy conical or cylindric receptacle. Seed pen-
dulous.—Disrrie. Abundant in the northern, rare in the southern
hemisphere ; species about 200,

MEMEM Ors RIM L oR e rey cer crdacte sid des stues ses stn ceesnebeve ces ures i iycbe ye a0d 1. R. moluccanus.
MESH OS SROMOLUG Mas crn crens idee cvecaninasrteeatadainss dist presheva tases 2. LR. ellipticus.
Maer PP TOOLS UG ity cic ak oaaxsatvacapiens sy cadacketanconinadasanstreivcses 3. L. lasiocarpus.

1. Rubus moluccanus, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1197, An ex-
tensive subscandent shrub; young branches villous with yellowish hairs;
prickles short, recurved, scattered over the branches, petioles and lower
surfaces of the midribs of the leaves. Leaves about as broad or (not
infrequently) broader than long, 3-6 in. in diam., palmately 5-7-lobed
(the lobes obtuse or subacute), irregularly and finely serrate-dentate,
bright-green rugulose and sparsely hispid above, clothed with soft
yellowish tomentum, reticulately and prominently veined beneath, base
deeply cordate; main nerves often prickly beneath; petioles 1-24 in.
long, densely fulvous-hairy ; stipules usually large, toothed, pinnatifid
or laciniate, densely silky-hairy. Flowers in terminal and axillary silky
panicles usually shorter than the leaves; peduncles stout; pedicels
short, fulvous-silky ; bracts pectinate. Calyx densely silky ; lobes more
or less triangular, entire or pectinately toothed at the apex. Petals
white, obovate, shorter than the calyx. Fruit globose, succulent, the
individual carpels red, the receptacle hairy. Fil. B. I. v. 2, p. 330;
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 136; Talb. ‘Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 157; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 685; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6,
part 1, p. 583. Rubus rugosus, Sm. in Rees, Cyclop. vy. 30 (1819)
Rubus, 34; Grah. Cat. p. 64; Dalz. & Gibs. p.89; Wight, Icon. t. 225,
—Flowers: May.

A rare plant. Deccan: Mahableshwar, Graham, Dalzell § Gibson, Cooke!
Kanara: on the Nilkund and Southern Ghats of N. Kanara, Talbot.

T have found this at Mahableshwar in a ravine below the old temple, in which
locality Graham also seems to have found it. I have not met with it elsewhere on
the hiJl—Distris. India (Central, Eastern and Tropical Himalayas, Nipal, Sikkim,
Birma, Assam, W. Peninsula); Ceylon, Malaya.

2. Rubus ellipticus, var. hirta, Hook. f. in Fl. B. I. v. 2 (1878)
p- 336. A tall suberect bush ; stems and branches somewhat sparsely
armed with hooked scattered prickles, shaggy with long horizontal
(often very dense) brown bristly hairs, covering a short greyish pubescence,
Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate ; leaf-rhachis (including the petiole) 11-2 in.,
shaggy; common petioles #-1 in. long, shaggy; stipules subulate,
Leaflets broadly elliptic or obovate, acuminate, irregularly serrate-dentate,
green on both sides, glabrous or nearly so, prominently reticulately
veined beneath, the terminal leaflets 33-5 by 24-33 in. with petiolules
2-1 in. long, the lateral leaflets 13-23 by 1-1} in. with petiolules 3 in.
long. Flowers in axillary and terminal panicles; pedicels short.
Calyx finely pubescent outside, sometimes with a few scattered bristly
hairs ; lobes oyate or elliptic, usually mucronate. Petals obovate, longer

2H 2

460 XLIX, ROSACE.

than the calyx-lobes, white. Stamens l-seriate. Fruit golden-yellow:
globular, succulent, of numerous drupes on a cylindric hairy receptaele }
stone rugose. Jtubus ellipticus, Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 157.
R. Wallichiania, Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 298. Rk. Wa llichionae
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 89. Zt. hirtus (sp.), Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. 38.

Kanara: highest Ghats to the southwards, Dalzell § Gibson; along the highest
Ghats southwards from Mahableshwar, Zu/tot.

Dalzell & Gibson (/. c.) state that the plant is found along with RP. lasiocarpus
which is abundant at Mahableshwar, but I haye never found it there, nor does

Woodrow include it in his list. There are no specimens from Bombay in Herb.
Kew.— Distris. India (Himalayas and Western Peninsula).

3. Rubus lasiocarpus, Sim. in Rees, Cyclop. v.30 (1819) Rubus, 6.
A rambling sarmentose prickly shrub; old branches reddish-brown,
smooth; young shoots covered with a thin whitish tomentum ; prickles
compressed, hooked or rarely straight. Leaves 4-8 in. long. (including
the petiole), imparipinnate; rhachis closely set with prickles of variable
size and clothed with soft woolly pubescence; petioles }—13 in. long ;
stipules linear, acute. Leaflets 5-9, ovate or elliptic, acute, the terminal
leaflet sometimes lobed, longer than the sessile lateral ones, all dark-green,
more or less pubescent and wrinkled on the upper side owing to the
numerous prominent nerves below, hoary beneath with white woolly
tomentum, the margins serrate, the serratures ending in a stout bristle,
base cordate or rounded, rarely acute; petiolules of the terminal leaflets
#-2 in. long. Flowers in terminal and axillary tomentose corymbs,
the axillary” corymbs sometimes reduced to a solitary flower ; peduncles
short, tomentose, rarely prickly; bracts linear-subulate. Calyx
pubescent ; tube small and broad; lobes ovate, with a long slender
acumination. Petals pink, orbicular or broadly obovate, scarcely
exceeding the calyx. Carpels numerous, tomentose; styles red. Fruit
4_3 in. in diam. ; globose; drupes numerous, dark- purple when ripe; stone
pitted. Fl. B. Lv.2 , p- 389; Grah. Cat. p.64; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 89;
Wight, Icon. t. 232 ; Prim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 138 ; Talb. Trees, Bomb:
ed. 2, p. 158; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 635;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 582—Flowers: Nov. VERN.
Gavriphal.

Deccan: Panehgani, Woodrow ; Mabableshwar, H. M. Birdwood, Cooke! Kanara:
highest Ghats to the southward, Dalzell § Gibson.

Very common at Mahableshwar, where it is found wild and where it is also
cultivated, chiefly in the gardens below the lake, for its fruit which is largely eaten
by the Europeans who frequent the hill and also made into jam. ‘The fruit, which
somewhat resembles a blackberry, is commonly known as the “ Mahableshwar

Raspberry.’—Distrie. India (Temperate Himalaya, Birma, W. Peninsula); Ceylon,
Jaya,

Rubus rosefolius, Sm. Ic. ined. t. 60, ex Hook. f. in Fl. B. I. v. 2,
p. 341. A subscandent woody shrub,a native of the temperate Himalayas,
the Khasia Hills, and Ava, is sometimes grown in gardens. The flowers

are large, 3-1 in. in diam., white, and the drupes are small. It flowers in
August,

XLIX. ROSACEA, 461

3. POTENTILLA, Linn.

Herbs usually perennial. Leaves compound ; stipules adnate to the
petiole. Flowers yellow or white (r arely red), solitary or in corymbose
cymes. Calyx persistent, usually 5-bracteolate; lobes as many as the
bracteoles, erect or spreading, atwate in bud. Petals as many as the
calyx-lobes, obovate, orbicular, or Jinear-spathulate. Stamens usually
numerous. Disk annular or lining the calyx-tube. Carpels many
(rarely 1 or few), on a small dry receptacle ; ovule solitary, pendulous ;
styles persistent or deciduous, ventral or terminal. Achenes many, on
a dry receptacle-—Disrris. Chiefly in the colder regions of the
northern, rare in the southern hemisphere ; species about 120.

1. Potentilla supina, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 497. An annual
prostrate herb; stems very many from the root, 4— 12 i in. long, slender,
spreading, leaty, dichotomously branched, hairy. Leaves pinnate, 1-2
in. long ; rhachis densely hairy; petioles slendor hairy ; stipules ovate,
acute, entire, hairy. Leaflets 3-9, opposite and alternate, variable in
size and form, usually obovate, sometimes oblong or cuneate, variously
cut, hairy on both surfaces; petiolules very short or 0. Flowers
axillary, solitary, } in. in diam.; pedicels 1-3 in. long, slender, hairy.
Calyx hairy outside, + in. long; lobes 5, ovate-oblong, subacute ; :
bracteoles 5, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, about 2 as broad as the calyx-lobes.
Petals yellow, oblong, smaller than the calyx. Achenes numerous,
small, smooth ; receptacle g globose. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 859; Boiss. Fi.
Orient. v. 2, p. 725 ; Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. peor; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 635; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1,
p. 333.—Flowers: Oct.

p pee: Karnali, Kanithar!, Woodrow. Sinn: Stocks, 403!; banks of the Indus,
tocks!

It is var. 1 (Hook. f. Fl. B. I. 1. ¢.) with smooth (not ribbed) achenes that is found
in Gujarat and Sind.—Disrris. Throughout the warmer parts of the plains of India;
Afghanistan and westward to the Atlautic, N. Asia, N. Africa,

4, NEURADA, Linn.

An annual woolly depressed branched herb. Leaves alternate,
petiolate, ovate, lobed; stipules minute or obsolete. Flowers axillary,
solitary, pedicelled. Calyx- tube flat, dilated, at length conic, spiny and
forming with the ripe carpels an orbieular disk ; “lobes d, triangular ;
bracteoles 5, subulate. Petals 5, small. Stamens 10, eee in the
contracted antl of the calyx ; filaments subulate. Carpels 10, whorled,
united with one another and with the calyx; ovule solitary from the
apex of the carpel; styles subulate, persistent. Fruit a depressed cone
with spinous margins ; carpels 10, horizontal, dehiscing above, terminated
by the spinescent styles. Seeds curved, cerminating within the carpels,
exalbuminous.—Disrris, N. Africa, Arabia, Persia, Afghanistan, Sind,
and the Panjab; species 1.

1. Neurada procumbens, Jinn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 441. A
branched procumbent herb; branches 5-10 in, long, densely woolly.
Leaves 3-2 in. long, ovate- oblong, variously lobed, ‘densely tomentose

on both surfaces ; “petioles 4-2 in. long, densely w oolly. Flowers } in.

462 XLIX. ROSACELY.

in diam., axillary, solitary; pedicels short. Fruit }-} in. in diam.,
orbicular, densely woolly, the lower surface quite flat. The seeds
germinate within the carpels and the roots of the young plant carry the
old fruit from which they have emerged as a persistent collar round
them, the collar remaining even when the plant is fully grown. Fl. B.
I. v. 2, p. 368; Boiss. F]. Orient. v. 2, p. 780; Hook. Icon. Pl. t. 840 ;
Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 57; Focke, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3,
part 8, p. 50, fig. 23; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1898)
p- 635.—Flowers : Noy.-Jan.

Sinp: Vicary!, Stocks, 463!; in stony soil, Da/zell!; Karachi to Mugger Peer,
Perry!; hills at the Hub river, near Karachi, Bhola Puran!—Disrrie. India (Sind,
Panjab) ; N. Africa, Arabia, Persia, Afghanistan.

The following non-indigenous plants of the Order are grown more or
less frequently in gardens throughout the Presidency :—

Prunus Amygdalus, Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. v. 3, p. 101. “The
Almond” is occasionally, though rarely, grown in gardens, but does not
fruit well—VeErn. Badam.

Prunus Persica, Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. v. 3, p. 100. ‘ The Peach”
is grown in some quantity at Panchgani. The fruit is, however, small
and very unlike an English peach. It is used chiefly for stewing and
making jam.—VeErRN. A’lu.

Fragaria vesca. “ The Strawberry” is very extensively cultivated at
Mahableshwar, especially along the banks of the river Yenna. It is
ene of the delicacies of the hill, and pounds of the fruit are daily con-
sumed by the Europeans who visit the station in the hot season. It is
in fruit from March to June.

Eriobotrya japonica, Lindl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. v. 13 (1822) p. 102.
“ The Loquat,” a Chinese fruit, is occasionally grown in gardens, but
does not fruit well, except perhaps about Belgaum.

Pyrus Malus, Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 479.“ The Apple” has been planted
at Ahmednagar, Poona, Panchgani, &c., but rarely bears fruit.

Pyrus communis, Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 479.“ The Pear” has been planted
at Mahableshwar below the forest officer's house at Lingmala, but the
fruit is woody and of little value.

Roses are largely cultivated and succeed well with ordinary care. The
soil and climate of the Deccan suit them. The varieties that have been
introduced are numerous. An excellent description of the kinds intro-
duced into Poona and their mode of culture may be found in Gardening
in India, ed. 5, pp. 281-300, by Mr. G. M. Woodrow, who was, while
in India, a most successful cultivator of roses.

Cotoneaster frigida, Wall., is mentioned by Mr. H. M. Birdwood [Cat.
Flor. Matheran & Mahableshwar (1897) p. 15] as occurring above
Rimbég Matheran. As this tree is an inhabitant of the Central and
Eastern Himalayas and Nipal and grows at a high altitude, it is scarcely

L. SAXIFRAGACEL.X. 463

possible that it could be indigenous at Matheran. It has not been
found anywhere else in the Bombay Presidency, and there is apparently
but one tree on the Matheran hill.

Onper L. SAXIFRAGACEZ.

Trees, shrubs, or herbs of various habit. Leaves alternate and exsti-
pulate or with stipules adnate to the base of the petiole, or opposite and
exstipulate. Flowers usually hermaphrodite ; sepals, petals, and stamens
symmetrically regular. Calyx usually 5-merous, more or less adnate to
the ovary ; lobes imbricate or valvate. Petals 5 or 4 (rarely 0), usually
perigynous, often small, imbricate or valvate. Stamens inserted with
the petals, equalling or double their number, rarely indefinite. Ovary
of 2 or 3-5 united carpels, usually 2- or 3-5-celled with axile placentas,
occasionally 1-celled with parietal placentas; ovules numerous, ana-
tropous, erect or pendulous; styles as many as the carpels, free or more
or less connate; stigma capitate, or lateral and subcapitate. Fruit
capsular or baccate. Seeds usually numerous, usually albuminous.—
Disrris. Cold and temperate regions of the world and in the mountains
of the Tropics ; genera 72; species about 580.

1. VAHLIA, Thunb.

Annual or biennial herbs. Leaves opposite, entire; stipules 0.
Flowers small, regular, axillary, usually in pairs, white or yellowish.
Calyx-tube hemispheric, adnate to the ovary; lobes 5, ovate or lanceo-
late, valvate. Petals 5, usually shorter than the calyx-lobes. Stamens 5,
epigynous ; filaments subulate. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 2 pen-
dulous placentas ; ovules numerous ; styles 2, distinct ; stigma capitellate.
Capsule dehiscing at the apex between the styles. Seeds numerous,
minute, ellipsoid, smooth.—Disrris. Tropical and subtropical Asia,
Tropical and 8S. Africa; species 3

1. Vahlia viscosa, foxb. Fl. Ind. v. 2 (1832) p. £9. A glandular-
pubescent . Bens stem 6-12 in. high, erect or diffuse, branched. Leaves
4-1 by ;8;-} in., subsessile, oblong-lanceolate, acute or subobtuse,
glabrous or nearly so; midrib prominent beneath. Flowers solitary or
in pairs in most of the upper axils ; pedicels very short. Calyx 3-1 in.
long, glandular-pubescent ; tube hemispheric; lobes about as long as or
a little shorter than the tube, triangular-ovate, acute. Petals white
(Dalzell, following Roxburgh, says yellow), not exserted beyond the
ealyx-lobes, ovate-elliptic, acute, Stamens not exserted beyond the
calyx-lobes. Capsules é, in. in diam., subglobose. Seeds minute,
numerous. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 399; Wight, Icon. t. 563; Aitch. a &
Sind Pl. p. 58; Dalz. & Gibs. p- 90; Woodr. in Journ, Bomb. Nat. v.
11 (1898) p. 635.—Flowers: Jan.

Konkan: Karanja (Bombay harbour), Da/lzell § Gibson; Divale, 23 miles east of
Ratnagiri, Woodrow; Murshi, foot of Ambeghait, between Kolapur and Ratnagiri,

Ranade! Gusarat: Dalzell & Gibson. Stxvo: Stocks!; near Karachi, Cooke !—
Disrris. Throughout India in dry localities; Persia, Egypt, Tropical Africa,

464 LI, CRASSULACEX.

Orpver LI. CRASSULACEZ.

Herbs or undershrubs usually with fleshy or succulent stems and
branches. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple or less commonly
pinnately divided; stipules 0. Flowers usually cymose (paniculate in
Bryophyllum), hermaphrodite or very rarely unisexual, regular, Calyx
free, usually 4-5-fid or 4-5-partite. Petals as many as the sepals and
alternate with them, free or more or less connate. Stamens adnate to’
the monopetalous corolla, or inserted alternately with the petals, some-
times double their number. Carpels usually as many as the petals and
opposite to them, free or connate below, narrowed upwards into the
styles, with a hypogynous gland or scale at the base of each; ovules
numerous, 2-seriate along the ventral suture, horizontal or pendulous,
anatropous. Follicles membranous or coriaceous, 1-celled, many or few-
seeded, dehiscing down the ventral suture. Seeds albuminous, usually
minute; embryo terete; cotyledons short.—Disrri1B. Spread oyer nearly
the whole globe except Polynesia; genera 14; species about 400.

Stamens as many as the petals.
Small herbs ..............+¢ padeRatvasde Mowsectewesersen Rctabiiescee-tee 1. Tituz#a,
Stamens twice as many as the petals,
Tall erect herbs.
Wal yx shortly 4-1 tos once cece ocieucsas) tnineehesidareive areas 2. BryorpnyLium.
Oalys A-partite.c.W2.ca-cs, «sees eous sncvvnsecatex«nstncnvevaKawat 3. KALancHor,

1. TILLABA, Linn.

Small subsucculent glabrous herbs. Leaves opposite, entire, flat in
the Indian species. Flowers minute, axillary, often fasciculate, solitary
or eymose, white or red. Calyx 4-5-lobed or 4—5-partite. Petals 4-5,
free, or connate at the very base. Stamens 4-5; filaments filiform.
Hypogynous scales 4-5 or 0. Carpels 4—5, free, attenuated into short
subulate styles ; ovules 2 to each carpel in the Indian species. follicles
2-seeded.— Distxr1B. Cosmopolitan ; species 20.

1. Tillea pentandra, Loyle, Jil. Bot. Himal. (1839) p. 222 (name
only). Stems procumbent, branched; internodes shorter than the
leaves. Leaves 3-2 by ,5—-g in., linear-lanceolate, acute, connate at
the base. Flowers minute, sessile, axillary, usually solitary in the
upper, 2-3 together in the lower axils. Calyx-segments lanceolate,
acuminate. Petals ovate, acuminate, white, not exceeding the sepals.
Seeds minute. Fl. B. IL. v. 2, p. 412; Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr. v. 2,
p. 386.

Konkan: Stocks!

The plant is included on the authority of specimens marked as above in Herb. Kew.
The ticket on the specimens is not, however, in the handwriting of Dr. Stocks, while
the loeality (Konkan) is printed (not written) on the ticket. No other botanist has
found the plant in Bombay, and its occurrence in the moist Konkan would seem to be
somewhat doubtful.—Disrris. India (Subtropical Himalaya, Mysore, Nilghiris) ;
Tropical Africa, Abyssinia.

LI. CRASSULACLE, 465

2. BRYOPHYLLUM, Salish.

Tall erect perennial herbs, thickly fleshy. Leaves opposite, crenate.
Flowers large, nodding, in spreading panicles with opposite branches.
Calyx inflated, cylindric or 4-gonous, shortly 4-fid, valvate. Corolla
urceolate or subeampanulate ; limb shortly 4-tid, spreading. Stamens 8,
in 2 series, inserted on the middle of the corolla-tube ; filaments filiform.
Carpels 4, free or connate at the base, attenuated into long styles ;
hypogynous scales 4, free or adnate to the carpels ; ovules very numerous.
Follicles 4, many-seeded.—Disrris. Tropical Africa ; species 4, of which
1 has been naturalized throughout the ‘Tropics of the Old World.

1. Bryophyllum calycinum, Salish. in DC. Prod. y. 3 (1828)
p- 396. A succulent glabrous herb 1-4 ft. high; stems obtusely
4-angled, the older light-colored, the younger reddish speckled with
white. Leaves variable, decussate, the lower usually simple or occa-
sionally compound, the upper usually 38-5- or sometimes 7-foliolate,
long-petioled, the petioles united by a ridge round the stem. Leaflets
ovate or elliptic, crenate or serrate. lowers pendent, in large spreading
panicles with opposite stout branches ; pedicelsslender. Calyx 1-14 in.
long, striated red and green at the base, pale green above; teeth tri-
angular. Corolla swollen and octagonal at the base, constricted in the
middle, reddish-purple; lobes triangular. Filaments green at the
base, pinkish below the anthers. Anthers hastate, black. Hypogynous
scales subquadrate, free or slightly adherent to the carpels. Styles
green. Fruit enclosed in the persistent papery calyx and corolla.
Seeds small, oblong-ellipsoid, smooth, scarcely striate. The leaves often
produce, on their crenatures at the extremities of the lateral nerves, buds
furnished with root, stem, and leaves, which drop off and at once become
new plants. (See Le Maout & Decaisne, Syst. Bot. p. 7.) Fl. B. I.
v. 2, p. 413 ; Grah. Cat. p. 82; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 145; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1898) p. 636.—Flowers: Jan. Vurn,
Pinphue ; Ghaipdt.

Konan: Stocks!; Matheran, H. M. Birdwood ; road to Garbat Point, Cooke!; in
gardens Bombay, Graham; Wari country, Dalzell § Gibson. Duccan: Wai (Satara
districts), Woodrow; Mahableshwar, Cooke!, H. M. Birdwood; Koina valley below
Mahableshwar, abundant, Cooke! 8, M. Counrry: near Belgaum, Graham, Dalzell

& Gibson ; Ramghat, Law.—Disrris. Supposed to be a native of Tropical Africa, but
naturalized everywhere throughout the Tropics of the world,

3. KALANCHOE, Adans.

Erect stout perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, or the upper alternate,
fleshy, sessile or petiolate, entire, crenate or pinnatifid. lowers large,
in many-flowered paniculate cymes, yellow, white, or purplish. Calyx
4-partite or 4-fid 4-way down, the segments shorter than the corolla-
tube. Corolla with a flask-shaped tube and spreading 4-fid limb,
persistent. Stamens 8, in 2 series, adnate to the corolla-tube. Hypo-
gynous scales 4. Carpels 4, adnate to the base of the corolla-tube,
attenuated into long subulate styles; ovules many. Follicles mem-
branous. Seeds numerous, oblong-ellipsoid, with 8-15 longitudinal
ribs.—Disrris. Tropical and S, Africa and Tropical Asia; one species
in Brazil ; species about 25.

466 LI, CRASSULACEX.

Leaves simple.
Flowers yellow.
Calyx divided not more than $-way .......ccccssesscceceevenes 1. K. glandulosa.
Calyx divided to the base or nearly so.

Calyx }-2 in. long; segments } in. broad at the base... 2. K. spathulata.
Calyx $ in. long ; segments /; in. broad at the base ... 3. K. floribunda.
Flowers white.
Onlyx clandularhainy, vasaddeetec cdsc decease ro asecce casos wacie ne 4, K, olivacea.
Walyx.eplandular, GlAbrousiew.. stscecs cnc revs be enseescescene-s 5. K. Bhidei.
HAVES NN Mill rec Seance epsisdeaciseaecowadeutue sopra cesar cteataee- es 6. K. laciniata.

1. Kalanchoe glandulosa, /ochst. in A. Rich. Flor. Abyss. vy. 1
(1847) p. 312. A stout perennial herb; stem thick at the base, 1—2 ft.
high, clothed (especially towards the top) with glandular hairs. Leaves
fleshy ; radical ones ovate or obovate-lanceolate, 4-6 in. long, nearly
entire, often glabrous, tapering to the base, scarcely petiolate ; lower
stem-leaves obovate, nearly entire, more or less pubescent, tapering to
the base, amplexicaul ; upper stem-leaves densely glandular-pubescent,
lanceolate or oblanceolate, obtuse, amplexicaul. Flowers in dense
paniculate glandular-pubescent cymes. Calyx 3 in. long, densely
glandular-pubescent, divided about 3-way down into 4 segments;
teeth triangular-ovate, acute or acuminate. Corolla 3-3 in. long,
yellow; tube glandular-pubescent in the upper part ; segments ovate-
oblong, acuminate. Hypogynous scales narrow-linear, whitish, mem-
branous. Carpels glabrous. Seeds longitudinally ribbed and trans-
versely microscopically striate, oblong-ellipsoid, brown. FI. B. I. v. 2,
p- 414; Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr. v. 2, p. 396; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 636. Kalanchoe Ritchieana, Dalz. in Hook. Kew
Journ. Bot. v. 4 (1852) p. 346; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 105.

Deccan: Singhad (Poona districts), Woodrow ; hills near Satara, Woodrow. 8. M.
Country: Kakti hill near Belgaum, Ritchie, 329!; Hubli, Ritchie !—Disrris. India
(hills of the W. Peninsula) ; Tropical Africa.

2. Kalanchoe spathulata, DC. Succ. Pl. & Grasses, t. 65.
Stem 1-4 ft. high, glabrous. Leaves spathulate-oblong, obtuse, crenate,
cuneate at the base, glabrous; the lower petiolate, usually 3-5 by
14-2 in. (sometimes reaching 10 by 4 in.); the upper distant, becoming
very narrow, 3-4 by 3 in. (sometimes 3-foliolate), frequently sessile.
Flowers in dense many-flowered cymose panicles ; lower bracts leaf-
like. Calyx 3-2 in. long, glabrous, divided almost to the very base ;
segments oblong-lanceolate or triangular from a broad base, acute or
acuminate, jin. broad at the base. Corolla clear yellow ; tube glabrous,
2 in. long; lobes broadly lanceolate, acute or shortly acuminate. Hypo-
gynous scales narrow-linear, 3 in. long, often bifid. Follicles glabrous.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 414; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898)
p- 636; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. vy. 4, p. 564.—Flowers : Oct.—Nov.

Deccan: Panchgani, Woodrow. 8. M. Country: Badami, Woodrow.—Disrriz,
India (Tropical Himalaya, Birma) ; China, Java.

3. Kalanchoe floribunda, Wight §- Arn. Prod. (1834) p. 359;
var. glabra, C. B. Clarke, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 415. A large
perennial herb 2-3 ft. high, quite glabrous throughout ; stem erect,
not branched, hollow. Leaves fleshy, the lowest reaching 4 in. long,
gradually becoming smaller upwards, the uppermost about 13 in. long,

LI. CRASSULACE.. 467

elliptic-spathulate, rounded or obtuse, gradually tapering to a long base,
coarsely crenate-serrate, pale yellowish-green. Flowers numerous, in
large flat-topped trichotomous corymbose cymes; bracts linear-lanceolate.
Calyx §-1 in. long, divided nearly to the base, glabrous; segments
narrowly lanceolate, ;4; in. broad at the base, very acuminate. Corolla
3-2 in. long, yellow; tube inflated, glabrous ; lobes broadly lanceolate,
very acute. Hypogynous scales ;'5 in. long, narrow-linear, usually acute.
Follicles glabrous. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 144; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 636.—Flowers: Noy.

Deccan: hills near Satara, Woodrow.

4. Kalanchoe olivacea, Dalz. in Dalz. § Gibs. Bomb. Fl. (1861)
p- 318. Whole plant of an olive-brown color ; stem 1 ft. high, terete,
glabrous. Leaves 34-8 by 1-2 in., ovate, elliptic, or broadly lanceolate,
irregularly crenate-serrate, fleshy, dotted with blood-red spots, glabrous,
the upper leaves the smaller. Flowers in paniculate cymes ; pedicels
densely clothed with glandular viscid hairs. Calyx *,—} in. long,
glandular-hairy ; lobes lanceolate, acute or acuminate. Corolla white,
sometimes slightly tinged with pink (especially when fading), ?-3 in.
long ; tube clothed outside with glandular hairs ; segments }—3 in. long,
ovate, acute, apiculate, glandular-hairy outside. Hypogynous scales in.
long, white, linear, slightly bifid at apex. Yollicles glabrous.—Flowers :

Oct.—Dee.

Deccan : along the hill-side above the Ghat road from Wai to Panchgani abundant,
Cooke!, Bhide!, Dalzell § Gibson, H. M. Birdwood; Pandughar hill fort near Wai,
Dalzell §& Gibson; Singhad, Nairne; N. Deccan hills, Ritchie. S. M. Counrry: hills
near Belgaum, Ritchie, 330!

Note.—The description of this plant, owing no doubt to its having appeared in the
addenda and corrigenda to the ‘ Bombay Flora’ of Dalzell & Gibson (¢. ¢.), has hitherto
entirely escaped notice. No allusion to it is made in the ‘Index Kewensis’ nor
apparently in any other botanical publication. I have,in my own Herbarium, several
specimens obtained from the cliffat Panchgani, where Dalzell found it, and Mr. Gammie
has recently sent me a large number of specimens from the same locality collected by
Mr. Bhide, the Herbarium Keeper in the College of Science at Poona. There has
been but one specimen of the plant in Herb. Kew. which was collected by Ritchie
(n. 380, marked noy. sp.) on hills near Belgaum. Mr. C. B, Clarke in Hook, f. FI.
B. I. v. 2, p. 415, places Ritchie’s plant under K. brasiliensis, Camb., a plant which in
his original description (Fl. Bras. Merid. v. 2 (1829) p. 196) Cambessédes describes as
growing near the sea, and further describes the flowers as having a yellow tube and a
rose-colored limb, characters which would seem to be sufficiently distinctive. Ritchie,
in a note attached to his specimen in Herb. Kew., describes the flowers of his plant as
white, and I can add my testimony to the correctness of Ritchie’s statement, as I have
seen the plant growing in abundance along the Panchgani Ghat, where its white
flowers were a conspicuous object among the rocks.

5. Kalanchoe Bhidei, 7. Cooke. Whole plant of a reddish color,
glabrous ; stem erect, 2-3 ft. high. Leaves 23-3} by 14-2 in., elliptic,
coarsely and irregularly crenate-serrate, tinged with red, running down
into a flattened petiole which is enlarged at the base. Flowers numerous,
in copious cymose panicles ; pedicels slender, 1—2 in. long; bracts linear-

lanceolate, ;/;-% in. long. Calyx divided to the base; lobes ;3,—1 in.
long, 3/5 in. broad at the base, triangular, acute, appressed to the corolla,
glabrous, eglandular. Corolla 2-3 in. long, pure white; segments 1 in.
long, ;/; in. broad, oblong or slightly obovate, acute, apiculate, glabrous.
Hypogynous scales 3 in. long, linear, acute. Follicles glabrous.—
Flowers: Noy.

468 LI. CRASSULACE.

Deccan: Shirgaon Ghat between Wathir and Wai, Bhide, 1245!
The above species was collected in November 1902 by Mr. Bhide, the Herbarium
Keeper in the College of Science at Poona, I have named the plant after him.

6. Kalanchoe laciniata, DC. Succ. Pl. § Grasses, t. 100. A
large succulent herb, glabrous or more or less pubescent, 3-4 ft. high ;
stems stout, slightly branched. Leaves numerous, large and very
succulent, 3-4 in. long, very variable ; the lowest deeply gashed, the
segments usually narrow-oblong, acute, dentate, serrate or crenate ; the
middle-stem leaves more or less deeply pinnatifid ; the uppermost entire
or nearly so, all shining, pale glaucous-green ; petioles 1-13 in. long,
flattened, fleshy, amplexicaul. Flowers in paniculate cymes ; bracts
linear. Calyx 3-1 in. long, glabrous or glandular-pubescent, divided to
the base; segments narrowly lanceolate, acute, somewhat spreading.
Corolla yellow, 2 in. long; tube 3 in. long; lobes lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, glabrous or pubescent. Hypogynous scales 3—} in. long,
linear. Follicles 4 in. long, glabrous. FI. B. I. v. 2,p.415; Grah. Cat.
p. 81; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 105; Wight, Icon. t. 1158; Oliver, Fl. Trop.
Afr. vy. 2, p. 892; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v.2, p. 144; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.
y. 2, p. 562.

The plants vary much in pubescence, the mode of division of the
leaves and the shape of their ultimate segments. Mr. C. B. Clarke
(Fl. B. I. 1. ¢.) recognizes 2 varieties, in one of which the leaves are once-
pinnatifid, the segments broad and the sepals glabrous, while in the
other the leayes are 2-3-pinnatifid, the segments linear and the sepals
pubescent.

Deccan: PAndughar fort near Wai, Gibson ex Graham. S. M. Country: hills near
Dharwar, Lush ex Graham, Dalzell §& Gibson.

The localities named above have been given by Graham and by Dalzell & Gibson in
their respective Floras. I have seen no Bombay specimens, nor has Mr. Woodrow
included the plant in his list in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. Graham is cireum-
stantial euough in his description, but depends for localities on Dr. Lush and Dr. Gibson,
Dalzell probably quotes Graham.—Disrris. India (Bengal, Birma, W. Peninsula) ;
Ceylon, Malacca, Yunan, Java, Tropical Africa,

Orver LIL. DROSERACEA.,

Perennial, glandular-hairy herbs. Leaves radical or alternate, usually
circinate in yernation; stipules 0, represented by hairs edging the
dilated base of the petiole, or scarious. Inflorescence various ; flowers
hermaphrodite, regular. Calyx 4-8-partite, or sepals free, imbricate,
persistent. Petals 4-8, hypogynous or nearly so, imbricate in bud,
marcescent. Stamens as many as the petals, hypogynous or nearly so.
Ovary nearly free, globose or ovoid, 1-83-celled; ovules numerous, on
5-3 parietal placentas ; styles 5-3, capitate, fimbriate or bifid. Capsule
membranous, 5-3-valved. Seeds numerous, with fleshy albumen ;
embryo cylindric or. minute.—Disrriz. Throughout the world (except
the Pacific Islands) in temperate and tropical regions; genera 6;
species 110,

LII. DROSEPRACE®. 469

1. DROSERA, Linn.

Perennial herbs, scapigerous or with a leafy stem, grandular-hairy.
Leaves alternate or rosulate, usually circinate in vernation ; stipules 0
or scarious and adnate to the petiole. Flowers white or rosy, solitary,
racemose, cymose or corymbose. Calyx free from the ovary, 4—8-partite,
imbricate. Petals 4-8, hypogynous or scarcely perigynous, marcescent.
Stamens as many as the petals and inserted with them. Ovary free,
ovoid or globose, 1-celled; ovules numerous, parietal; styles 2-5.
Capsule loculicidally 2-5-valved. Seeds numerous in the Indian species,
obovoid-ellipsoid ; testa black, smooth, reticulate, not lax.—Dusrris,
Throughout the world, except Polynesia; very numerous in Australia ;
species 100.

Leaves all radical, rosulate, spathulate-cuneate............seeeeeeee 1. D. Burmanni.
ed ver CAULNG, LINEA: “ccs 25. tarete ds. toed adeseatensescteck oe ee rcamore 2. D. indica,

1. Drosera Burmanni, Vahl, Symb. v. 3 (1794) p. 50. Stem
scarcely any. Leaves j-2 in. long, all radical, forming a close rosette
on the ground, spathulate-cuneate, upper surface clothed with numerous
eland-tipped tentacles longest at the margin; petioles flat; stipules
nearly as long as the petioles, scarious, cut into long slender segments.
Scapes 1-3, erect, glabrous, 2—8 in. long, from the axils of inner leaves.
Flowers about 8-20, in secund racemes occupying the upper fourth
of the scape only ; pedicels 4-4 in. long, slender, glabrous. Calyx
1_1 in. long, papillose ; segments linear-oblong, obtuse. Petals white,
slightly longer than the calyx, spathulate. Styles 5, undivided.
Capsules 5-valved. Seeds numerous, minute, black, reticulate. Fl. B. I.
v. 2, p. 424; Grah. Cat. p. 11; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 12; Wight, Icon.
t. 944; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 145; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1898) p. 636; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 195.—Flowers :
Dec.—Feb.

Konkan: Ratnagiri Collectorate, Nairnme; Dapoli, Nairne; 8. Konkan, Dalzell &
Gibson, Woodrow! Kanara: Siddapur and Yacombi, Woodrow.—Disrris. Throughout
India; Ceylon, China, Japan, Malaya, W. Africa, Australia.

2. Drosera indica, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 282. Stem weak,
suberect or decumbent, slightly branched, glandular-pubescent. Leaves
cauline, alternate, 1-24 in. long, narrow-linear, about =), in. broad,
circinate in vernation, the upper portion copiously fringed with very
fine gland-tipped tentacles, the lower half (petiole) glabrous. Flowers
in leaf-opposed racemes, 3-8 in. long; pedicels j-3 in. long, glandular-
hairy. Calyx 1 in. long; segments oblong-lanceolate, subacute, more
or less glandular-pubescent. Petals white, narrowly spathulate, slightly
longer than the calyx. Capsules 3-valved; styles 3. Seeds minute,
obovoid, strongly ridged and with raised reticulation. Fl. B. L. v. 2,
p- 424; Grah. Cat. p. 11; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 12; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2,
p- 146; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1898) p. 636.—Flowers :
Oct.-Noy.

Konkan: Salsette and the Konkans, Nimmo ex Graham ; Vingorla, Dalzell §& Gibson ;
N. & S. Konkan, Law!; Ra‘nagiri, Nairne, Dr. E. H. R. Langley!; Savantwari,
Woodrow. Deccan: Mahableshwar, Woodrow ; Lanoli, Woodrow! Kanara: Law !—
Distrip. India (W. Peninsula, Birma); Ceylon, Malayan Archipelago, China,
Tropical Australia, Africa,

470 LIII. HALORAGIDACE®,

Orprr LITT. HALORAGIDACEZ.

Herbs often aquatic. Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled, often
pectinately pinnatifid when submerged; stipules 0. Flowers herma-
phrodite or unisexual, usually minute, often incomplete, axillary, solitary
or fascicled, sessile or pedicelled, the nodes between the floral whorls
sometimes developed. Calyx superior ; tube adnate to the ovary ; lobes
of the limb 4 or 0. Petals 4, epigynous, or 0. Stamens 8, 4 or 1,
epigynous in the bisexual flowers. Ovary 4-, 2-, or 1-celled; ovules 4
(1 in Hippuris), pendulous; styles equal in number to the cells;
stigmas papillose or plumose. Fruit small, dry or drupaceous, with
cells as in the ovary, indehiscent or separating into carpels. Seeds
4 or 1.—Disrris. Cosmopolitan ; genera 9; species 80.

1. MYRIOPHYLLUM, Linu.

Glabrous aquatic herbs. Leaves entire, dentate, serrate, or pectinately
pinnatifid, often whorled. Flowers moneecious or hermaphrodite, small,
sessile or nearly so, in the axils of floral leaves or in nearly naked
spikes. Mate riuowrrs: Calyx minute; tube short; limb 2-4-fid
or 0. Petals 2-4. Stamens 2-8. FEMALE FLOWERS: Calyx-tube
deeply 4-furrowed; limb 0 or of 4 minute lobes. Petals minute or 0.
Ovary inferior, 4- or rarely 2-celled; ovule solitary in each cell,
pendulous ; styles 2 or 4, short; stigmas plumose. Fruit 4-furrowed
or separating into 4 or 2 carpels.—Disrris. Cosmopolitan ; species 15.

1. Myriophyllum intermedium, DC. Prod. v. 3 (1828) p. 69.
An aquatic herb ; stems long, the upper portion floating on the surface.
Leaves 3-13 by 34-7) in., alternate, solitary or in fascicles of 2-3,
sometimes in whorls, linear, acute, entire or serrate; the submerged
pectinately pinnatifid. Flowers subsessile, axillary. Fruit oblong,
3, in. long, with rounded and minutely scabrous ridges and shallow
furrows between them, ultimately separating into its component carpels.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 4833; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1893)
p. 636. Myriophyllum tetrandrum (2), Grah. Cat. p. 76; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 99 (not of Roxb.). Haloragis oligantha, W. & A. Prodr. p. 338 ;
Wight, Icon. t. 1061 (not of Arn.).

Deccan: Mahableshwar, side of the lake, Cooke!, Woodrow. S. M. Country:
Belgaum, Ritchie, 1155! Kanara: Hulikal (N. Kanara), Talbot, 1353 !—Disrris.
India (W. Peninsula); Malaya, Australia, New Zealand, 8. America,

Orprer LIV. RHIZOPHORACE.

Trees or shrubs usually quite glabrous; branches terete, swollen at
the nodes, Leaves opposite and stipulate (rarely alternate and ex-
stipulate), usually coriaceous; stipules interpetiolar, very caducous.
Flowers in axillary cymes, racemes, panicles or spikes, usually herma-
phrodite, surrounded at the base by connate or cupuliform bracts,
or ebracteate. Calyx-tube more or less adnate to the ovary, rarely
free; calyx-lobes 4-14, valvate, persistent. Petals isomerous with
the calyx-lobes, but usually shorter than them, entire, emarginate,
2-fid or lacerate. Stamens usually twice as many as the petals, often

LIV. RIMIZOPHORACEE. 471

inserted in pairs opposite to and partly embraced by them, rarely inde-
finite (Kandelia); anthers 2-celled, rarely multiloculate (/thizophora).
Ovary more or less adnate to the calyx, 2-5- (rarely 3-6-) celled or
l-celled by the suppression of the septa; ovules usually 2 in each
cell, pendulous; style usually simple; stigma simple or lobed. Fruit
coriaceous or woody, crowned with or surrounded by the calyx-limb,
usually indehiscent and 1-celled. Seed 1, pendulous, arillate or not ;
testa coriaceous or membranous, never lax; albumen fleshy or 0;
embryo inverted, small in the albuminous seeds, elongate in the ex-
albuminous ones ; radicle macropodous, in many of the genera perforating
the apex of the pericarp and protruding while the fruit still adheres to
the tree.—Disrris. Tropical plants; many sharing with an arboreal
vegetation the muddy shores of the estuaries of rivers; genera 17 ;
species about 70.

Seeds exalbuminous ; radicle large, protruding while the fruit
is still on the tree.

Calyx 4-lobed ; stamens 8-12; ovary 2-celled ......... ... 1. Rimzornora,
Calyx 5-6-lobed.
Stamens 10-12; ovary 3-celled................esceceeeees 2. Crrtors.
Stamens indefinite ; ovary l-celled .................2006 3. KaAnpELia.
Calyx 8-14-lobed; stamens 16-28; ovary 2-4-celled...... 4, Bruauiera,
Seeds albuminous ; radicle not protruding while the fruit is
APMUMOT NG UPCO. devs Nh amsactes 1ignasledes<aseisen oie SOsgpODbe neonate 5. CARALLIA.

Note.—Many of the species of this Order, which grow in muddy creeks and back-
waters, are indiscriminately called ‘“ Mangroves,” a term which is also applied to
several bark-yielding plants of similar habit, even though belonging to other Natural
Orders. Dr. Watt (Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 157) enumerates the following as the chief
species yielding what is known as mangrove-bark:—Rhizophora mucronata (the true
mangrove), Ceriops Candolleana (the black mangrove), Avicennia officinalis, belonging
to the Natural Order Verbenacex (the white mangrove), Bruguiera gymuorhiza,
Bruguiera parviflora, Ceriops Roxburghiana, Kandelia Rheedii. My. Gamble (Indian
Forester, v. 23 [1898] p.413) adds to the above list the following plants not belonging
to the Order Ruizornoracem :—Lumnitzera racemosa, Sonneratia acida, Sonneratia
apetala, Atgiceras corniculata, Execaria Agallocha.

1. RHIZOPHORA, Linn.

Trees ; branches thick, terete, marked with leaf-scars. Leaves oppo-
site, coriaceous, ovate or elliptic, mucronate, quite entire, glabrous ;
stipules large, in pairs, interpetiolar, caducous. Flowers rather large,
in axillary 2-3-chotomously-divided and few-flowered cymes. Calyx
4-lobed, surrounded at the base by connate bracteoles; tube short,
adnate to the ovary at the base. Petals 4, entire, inserted on a fleshy
disk. Stamens 8-12; anthers subsessile, multiloculate. Ovary 2-celled,
4-inferior, produced beyond the calyx into a fleshy cone; ovules 2 in
each cell; style conical at the base, subulate; stigma bifid. Fruit
coriaceous, ovoid or obconic, girt at the base with the reflexed persistent
ealyx-teeth. Seed germinating while the fruit is still on the tree;
racicle elongate, perforating the apex of the fruit and descending from
the tree to the mud.—Disrrip, Muddy shores of the Tropics; species
about 5.

Many of the species of this genus which grow in muddy creeks and backwaters are

indiscriminately called mangroves, a term which is also made to include several other
plants of similar habit, even though belonging to different Natural Orders, as for

AT2 LIV. RHIZOPIHORACE®.

example Avicennia officinalis, which is called the “white mangrove.” Rhizophora
mucronata is the “true mangrove,” and Ceriops Candolleana is known as the “ black
mangrove.”

Cymes usually 3-flowered ; petals fleshy, villous on the inner

PACES SUNG ATOLNS | seca sea euMeMenr Macchradecss owt icseaccnavesesepes 1. R. mucronata,
Cymes 2-flowered ; petals thin, glabrous ............cssscseesseseeeees 2. R. conjugata.

1. Rhizophora mucronata, Lamk:. Encye. Méthod. v. 6 (1804)
p- 189. A large evergreen glabrous shrub or small tree ; young branches
thick, conspicuously marked with the scars of fallen leaves and stipules.
Leaves 3-8 by 1}-4 in., elliptic, acute, usually mucronate, glabrous,
bright-green above, paler, minutely rugulose and dotted with black dots
beneath, base tapering; petioles #-13 in. long; stipules 2-3 in. long,
glabrous, minutely rugulose, caducous. Flowers pedicelled, in axillary,
usually 3- (rarely 2-) flowered cymes slightly longer than the petioles ;
peduncles stout, 7-13 in. long, from the axils of leaves of the same year ;
pedicels short, rugose. Calyx 3-3 in. long; lobes pale-yellow, coria-
ceous, triangular-oblong, subacute, glabrous, reticulato-rugose, keeled
within, reflexed in fruit. Petals white, shorter than the calyx-lobes,
oblong, obtuse, thick and fleshy, densely villous on the margins and less
so on the inner faces. Stamens 8; anthers linear, acute. Fruit 13 in.
long, ovoid-conical, surrounded at the base by the persistent calyx-lobes ;
protruded radicle cylindric, sometimes reaching 2 ft. long before it falls
from the tree. FI. B. L. v. 2, p. 435; Dalz. & Gibs. p.95; Wight, Icon.
t. 238; Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. xcix, t. 13, fig. 4; Trim.
Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 151; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 158; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 636; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6,
part 1, p. 491. Rhizophora candelaria, Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 310;
Grah. Cat. p. 68.—Flowers: Aug.—Dec. Vern. Kamo; Dumbi; Kdndal.

Salt-marshes and tidal ereeks along the coast from Sind to Kanara.—Drsrris. India,
along muddy shores and tidal creeks ; Ceylon, Tropics of the Old World and Australia.

This is the “7¢rue mangrove.” Its bark supplies a useful tanning material. See
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. e.

2. Rhizophora conjugata, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 4438. A
glabrous shrub or small tree ; young branches marked with the scars of
fallen leaves. Leaves 4-6 by 1?-24 in., elliptic-lanceolate, acute,
usually with a small mucro, dark-green above, paler, rugulose and
minutely dotted beneath, base tapering ; petioles 3-1 in. long; stipules
2-3 in. long. Flowers sessile, in axillary 2-flowered cymes usually
shorter than the petioles; peduncles about 7 in. long or less, stout ;
pedicels 0. Calyx 2-3 in. long, externally rugose, glabrous; lobes
ovate-oblong, acute. Petals white, slightly shorter than the calyx,
linear, thin, flat, glabrous, caducous. Stamens 11-12; anthers linear,
sessile or nearly so. Fruit 1 in. long, somewhat conical or obclavate,
rugose, glabrous, surrounded at the base by the reflexed calyx-lobes ;
protruding radicle cylindric, sometimes reaching 1 ft. long before falling
from the tree. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 436; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 159.
Rhizophora candelaria, DC. Prodr. vy. 3 (1828) p. 32 (not of Wight &
Arn.); Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 151.—Flowers: Aug.—Deec.

Found in the same localities as the preceding, which it much resembles but is not
nearly so common.

LIV. RWIZOPHORACE.T. 1733

2. CERIOPS, Arnott.

Shrubs or small trees with thick leafy branches. Leaves opposite,
elliptic or obovate, entire; stipules interpetiolar, caducous. Flowers
subcapitate ; peduncles axillary. Calyx 5-6-merous, surrounded at the
base by connate bracteoles ; tube short, adnate to the ovary at the base;
lobes coriaceous. Petals 5-6, inserted at the base of a 10-12-lobed
fleshy disk, truncate or emarginate, appendiculate with clavate bristles.
Stamens 10-12; filaments slender, inserted between the lobes of the
disk; anthers oblong or linear, obtuse or acuminate. Ovary i-
interior, 3-celled (at least above), produced beyond the calyx into a
fleshy cone; ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous near its apex ; style short ;
stigma simple. Fruit coriaceous, ovoid, girt above the base with the
reflexed calyx-lobes, 1-celled. Seed 1, pendulous, germinating as in
Kthizophora ; cotyledons conferruminate; protruding radicle elongate,
clavate-—Disrrip. Muddy shores of Tropical Asia, Africa, Australia,
and Polynesia ; species 7.

1. Ceriops Candolleana, Arn. in Ann. Nat. Hist. v. 1 (1838)
p- 364. A glabrous shrub or small tree 3-6 ft. high; branchlets
marked with the scars of fallen leaves and stipules. Leaves 2-4 by
1}-2 in., coriaceous, obovate-oblong, rounded at the apex, sometimes
slightly emarginate, glabrous, much attenuated at the base ; petioles
3-1 in. long, rugose, glabrous. Flowers in axillary, peduncled, branched
cymes ; pedicels short, stout. Calyx 7 in. long ; lobes 5, oblong, sub-
obtuse. Petals 5, white, shorter than the calyx, oblong-obovate,
truncate or emarginate, furnished at the apex with 3 short clavate
appendages, glabrous, with a strong mid-nerve at the back of the petal.
Stamens 10, about as long as the petals, alternately long and short.
Fruit slightly conical, 4-3 in. long; protruded radicle sometimes
reaching 1 ft. before falling, gradually thickening to near the apex and
then becoming acute, deeply grooved and angled, reddish-brown.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 486; Wight, Icon. t. 240; Bedd. For. Man. in Flor.
Sylvat. p. xcix, t. 13, fig.5; Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 59; Trim. FI. Ceyl.
v. 2, p. 152; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p.159 ; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.
y. 2, p. 261.—Flowers: July-Sept. Vern. Kirrari ; Chari.

Tidal swamps along the coast. Konkan: Law!; Elephanta (Bombay), Stocks, 524!
Sinp: Stocks!, Vicary.—Disrris. India (muddy shores and tidal creeks); Ceylon,
Tropics of the Old World.

The bark supplies an excellent tanning material, and a decoction of it is used to
stop hemorrhage and as an application to malignant ulcers. A decoction of the
bee used as a substitute for quinine on the African coast. See Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. Ll. ec.

3. KANDELTA, Wight & Arn.

A small tree with terete leafy branches. Leaves opposite, oblong,
obtuse, entire ; stipules interpetiolar, caducous. Flowers large, few, on
axillary dichotomously-branched peduncles, white. Calyx 5-6-merous,
surrounded at the base by connate bracteoles ; tube short, adnate to the
ovary ; lobes linear. Petals 5-6, inserted at the base of a fleshy disk,
bifid; lobes capillaceo-multifid. Stamens indefinite ; filaments filiform ;
anthers small, oblong. Ovary 34-inferior, 1-celled, produced beyond
the calyx into a fleshy cone; ovules 6, affixed in pairs to a central

21

A474 LIV, RMIZOPHORACE®,

column ; style filiform, conical at the base; stigma 3-fid. Fruit cori-
aceous, conical-ovoid, girt above the base by the reflexed calyx-lobes,
l-celled. Seed 1, germinating as in Rhizophora; cotyledons confer-
ruminate; protruding radicle elongate, clavate, acuminate.—Di1str1B.
Muddy shores of Tropical India and Ceylon ; species 1.

1. Kandelia Rheedei, Wight g Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 311. A
small tree. Leaves 24-5 by 1-21 in., elliptic-oblong, obtuse, dark green
and polished above, reddish-brown beneath, glabrous, base narrowed ;
petioles 1-3 in. long; stipules 3-13 in. long. Flowers in axillary
cymes; peduncles longer than the petioles, 4-9-flowered. Calyx 3-3 in.
long, externally rugose ; lobes narrow-linear, acute. Petals bifid ; lobes
divided into numerous capillary segments. Stamens indefinite, of un-
equal lengths. Iruit 3-1 in. long, obclavate, girt above the middle with
the reflexed calyx-lobes; protruded radicle 6-15 in. long, cylindric,
acuminate, usually not ridged nor grooved. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 437;
Wight, Ill. t. 89; Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. ¢, t. 13, fig. 6;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 159; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1898) p. 6386; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 565. Rhizophora
Candel, Linn, Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 443; Grah. Cat. p. 68.—Flowers :
Mar.

Tidal swamps along the coast. Kanara: Kumpta, Woodrow.—Disrris. Tidal
shores of India and Ceylon, Malaya.

4. BRUGUIERA, Lamk.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, coriaceous, entire; stipules inter-
petiolar, caducous. Flowers large ; peduncles axillary, 1-many-flowered.
Calyx ebracteolate at the base; tube obeonic or campanulate, adnate to
the ovary at the base; lobes 8-14, subulate-lanceolate, valvate. Petals
8-14, inserted on the limb of the calyx, oblong, 2-fid, setigerous, conyo-
lute at the base, embracing the stamens. Stamens 16-28, in pairs
opposite to the petals, at length springing from them elastically ; fila-
ments filiform, unequal in length; anthers linear, acute or apiculate.
Ovary inferior, 2—4-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell; style filiform ; stigma
minutely 2—4-fid. Fruit turbinate, thickly coriaceous, crowned at the
apex by the lobes of the calyx, 1-celled. Seed 1, pendulous, germinating
as in Ithizophora; protruding radicle elongate, clavate.—DisTRIB.
Muddy shores of Tropical Asia, Africa, Australia, and Polynesia ;
species about 7.

Blowers solitary, L=1s anv onpreete sts enn once sectcw ens cateu 1. B. gymnorhiza.
Flowers in axillary cymes, not exceeding 3 in. long.
Lobes of calyx asi long asi tharhabe 22...0.)...00.0.sce sees ews ser 2. B. caryophylloides,
Lobes of calyx 3 as long as the tube ..........scceceseeeeseesee 3. B. parviflora.

1. Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Lamk. Tab. Encyc. v. 2 (1793) p. 517,
t. 397. A glabrous evergreen shrub or tree; young branches smooth,
marked towards the apex with the scars of fallen leavesand stipules. Leaves
3-6 by 14-23 in, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, acute or slightly acuminate
(not mucronate), bright green above, paler and with a prominent midrib
beneath, glabrous, cuneate at the base ; petioles 3-12 in. long; stipules
13-2} in. long, caducous. Flowers solitary, axillary ; peduncles 3-4 in.
long, deflexed. Calyx 1-13 in. long, orange-yellow, campanulate, ribbed,

LIV. RUIZOPHORACE.E. A7T5

divided about $-way down into 10-14 (often 11) narrow acute erect
segments keeled on the inner face. Petals shorter than the calyx-lobes
and equal to them in number, 2-lobed at the apex, with 2-4 stout bristles
at the point of each lobe and 1 in the notch, hairy at the base, glabrous
above. Stamens 2 opposite to each petal and shorter than it; filaments
of each pair alternately long and short. Fruit less than 1 in. long,
obconic, crowned at first by the erect calyx-segments which afterwards
drop off, scarlet; protruding radicle fusiform, more or less angled, often
reaching 1 ft. in length before falling. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 437; Trim.
Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 153; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 160; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. v.1, p. 541. Bruguiera Rheedii, Blume, Enum. Pl. Jave,
fasc. 1, p. 92; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 95; Wight, Icon. t. 239. Rhizophora
gymnorhiza, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 448; Grah. Cat. p. 68.—Flowers :
Dec.—Feb.

Common along the sea-coast and in salt-marshes. —Dtstris. Tropical Asia, Australia,
Africa, and the Pacific.

2. Bruguiera caryophylloides, Blume, Enum. Pl. Java, fase. 1
(1827) p. 93. A shrub or small tree, branched from the base; young
branches with scars of fallen leaves and stipules towards the apex,
slender. Leaves 23-4 by 1-1? in., elliptic-lanceolate or slightly ob-
lanceolate, subacute, pale, rather thin, shining above, dull beneath,
glabrous, base cuneate ; petioles 3-1} in. long; stipules 1-2} in. long.
Flowers in axillary 2—3- (usually 3-) flowered cymes ; peduncles 3-2 in.
long ; pedicels very short. Calyx 3-3 in. long, not ribbed, divided
about 4-way down ; lobes usually 8, linear, subacute, erect or spreading
at first, afterwards reflexed. Petals white, as many as the calyx-lobes
and shorter than them, hairy outside and on the margins, 2-fid at the
apex, the apical lobes obtuse, each furnished with 3-5 bristles at the end
of each lobe and a longer one at the sinus. Stamens twice as many as
the petals, 2 opposite to each petal and shorter than it; filaments of
each pair unequal. Fruit 3 in. iong, oblong-obovoid ; protruding radicle
slender, cylindric, reaching 6-8 in. long before falling. Fl. B. I. v. 2,
p- 438; Trim. Fl. Ceyl.v. 2, p. 154; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 160.—
Flowers: Aug.—Sept.

Not very common. In tidal mangrove-forests in the southern parts of the
Presidency.

This species has been included on the authority of Mr. Talbot.—Drsrris. India
(muddy shores and tidal creeks of the W. Peninsula and Birma); Ceylon, Malaya.

3. Bruguiera parviflora, Wight § Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 311 (in
adnot.). A shrub; young branches with scars of fallen leaves and
stipules, slender. Leaves 3-4 by 1-13 in., oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-
lanceolate, acute, shining above, dull beneath, glabrous, base cuneate ;
petioles 3-3 in. long; stipules 1-2 in. long. Flowers in laxly 2-5-
flowered erect cymes, longer than the petioles ; pedicels slender. Calyx
31 in. long; tube cylindric or subfusiform, ribbed; lobes 8, about
one-fourth the length of the tube, lanceolate, acute, erect. Petals as
many as the calyx-lobes but shorter than them broadly oblong, 2-lobed,
the lobes rounded and bearing short white hairs at the apex. Stamens
twice as many as the petals, 2 opposite to each petal and embraced by it ;
filaments of each pair unequal. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit concealed by

the enlarged calyx, 3-1 in. long; protruding radicle cylindric, striate,
212

476 LIV. RHIZOPHORACE®. [

truncate, reaching 4-5 in. before falling. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 438; Bedd.
For. Man. p. ci; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 160; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 636. Kanilia parviftora, Blume, Mus.
Bot. Lugd. Bat. v. 1 (1849) p. 140, t. 80; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 95.
Lthizophora parviflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. v. 2, p. 461; Grah. Cat. p. 68.—
Flowers: Dec.

Salt-marshes, but notcommon, Konkan: near Moul (Sulsette), Graham. TKANARA:
Karwar, Woodrow.

5. CARALLIA, Roxb.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, petiolate, ovate or elliptic, glabrous,
shining; stipules interpetiolar, caducous. Flowers small, sessile, often
crowded in axillary trichotomously-branched cymes; peduncles short,
stout. Calyx-tube cylindric or campanulate, minutely bracteolate at
the base; limb 5-8-lobed, the lobes erect, valvate. Petals 5-8, inserted
on the margin of a crenulate disk lining the calyx-tube, clawed, 2-fid or
entire, subserrate or lacerate at the apex. Disk epigynous, 10-16-lobed.
Stamens 10-16, inserted with the petals; filaments filiform; anthers
small, oblong. Ovary 4-inferior; style subulate or filiform; stigma
3-5-lobed. Fruit small, globose, coriaceous, l-celled. Seed 1, globose-
reniform ; testa fibrous; albumen fleshy ; embryo curved.—DisrR1B.
Tropical Asia and Australia, Madagascar ; species about 12.

1. Carallia integerrima, DC. Prodr. v. 3 (1828) p. 33. A
moderate-sized glabrous tree. Leaves 2-4 by 1-23 in., very variable in
shape, broadly elliptic, obovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, rounded or
very shortly acuminate at the apex, entire, smooth and shining above,
paler beneath, base acute or cuneate, rarely rounded; main nerves
numerous, spreading and interarching freely ; petioles stout, 3-78; in.
long; stipules 3-3 in. long, caducous. Flowers sessile, in small heads,
on stout branches of axillary trichotomous cymes shorter than the
leaves ; buds exuding a sticky resinous substance. Calyx ,3, in. long,
campauulate, glabrous, divided about 3-way down; lobes 6-8 (commonly
7), triangular, acute. Petals white, as many as the calyx-lobes and
shorter than them, broadly obovate or suborbicular, clawed, irregularly
laciniate, with lanceolate segments. Stamens twice as many as the
petals ; one of each pair of filaments opposite to a petal and embraced
by it, slightly longer than the other filament, which is opposite to
a sepal. Stigma 4-d-lobed. Fruit filiform, about 1 in. in diam.
smooth, red. Seed 1; testa thick, bright-orange. FI). B. I. v. 2, p.439;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 96; Bedd. Fl. Sylvat. t.193; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2,
p. 155; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 160; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 636; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 140.
Carallia ceylonica, Wight, Ilustr. t. 90. Carallia integrifolia, Grah.
Cat. p. 68.—Flowers: Dec.—Mar. Vurn. Panschi.

Konkay : Stocks!, Law!; hills near Marmagoa, Bhiva!; Matheran, Cooke!, Kanitkar!;
vale of the Savitri, between Poladpur and the Ghats, Graham. Duccan: hills about
Par, Graham; Khandala, Graham. 8S. M. Oountry, Ramghat, Ritchie, 279! Kanara:
N. Kanara, Talbot, Stocks!, Law!—Disrris. Throughout India; Ceylon, Malaya,
China, Australia.

The tree is very common and is quite distinct from Carallia lucida, Roxb. Hort.
Beng. p. 92, & Cor. Pl. t. 211, Kurz (For. FI. Brit. Burm. v. 1, p. 451) under the
name C. /ucida gives a correct description of this plant except for the statement that

LY. COMBRETACE®. A7T7

the petals do not embrace the stamens, an error into which Mr. Henslow (FI. B. T.
1. c.) has also fallen. Each petal embraces the longer stamen which is opposite to it,
as figured in Wight, Ill. t.90. The petals of C. integerrima are white, those of
C. lucida in Roxburgh’s figure yellow. The petals of C. integerrima are laciniate, as
shown by both Wight and Beddome, whereas those of C. lucida are figured by
Roxburgh as regularly crenate and the leaves of the latter plant are regularly and
finely serrulate.

Orver LV. COMBRETACEA.

Trees or shrubs, erect or climbing. Leaves alternate or opposite,
coriaceous or membranous, simple, entire; petiole often glandular at the
top; stipules 0. Flowers usually hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual or
polygamous. Calyx bracteolate at the base; tube adnate to the ovary
and prolonged above it ; limb 4-5 (rarely 6-8) -fid or -partite, its lobes
valyate in bud, deciduous or persistent. Corolla 0, or petals inserted
on the calyx, alternate with its lobes, valvate in bud. Stamens in-
serted with the petals, sometimes alternate with them, sometimes double
their number, of which the alternate 5 are inserted higher than and
opposite to the petals; filaments free, filiform or subulate. Owary
inferior, l-celled, usually crowned with a disk ; ovules 1-7 (usually 2-4),
pendulous from the apex of the cell; style terminal; stigma usually
simple. Fruit usually indehiscent, coriaceous or drupaceous, ovoid,
angular, frequently winged, crowned in Calycopteris by the greatly
enlarged calyx. Seed 1, exalbuminous; cotyledons large, plaited or
conyolute.—Distrig. Tropics of the whole world; outside the Tropics
in 8S. Africa ; genera 15; species 320.

Anthers opening by slits.

Petals 0.
Flowers in spikes or racemes.
Oalyxlimb Aeci@uous® oo ..cneccedsadseeseacegenorssctan 1, TeRMINALiA.
Calyx-limb persistent, much enlarged in fruit .... 2. CaLycoprsris.
Flowers in globose heads ...............46 Socetice cececaecnicc 3. ANOGEISSUS.
Petals 4 or 5.
Leaves alternate; calyx-limb persistent ......... ........ 4, LuMnivzera.
Leaves opposite ; calyx-limb deviduous ...............44. 5. ComBRETUM.
Anthers opening by curved valves which open upwards ......... 6. GyrocaRPus.

1. TERMINALIA, Lino.

Trees. Leaves alternate or subopposite, frequently crowded at the ends
of the branches, often with glands on the petiole or at the base of the
midrib beneath. Flowers green or white, rarely colored, small, spicate
(the spikes sometimes panicled), hermaphrodite or often the upper
flowers on the spikes male and the lower hermaphrodite. Calyx-tube
ovoid or cylindric, constricted above the ovary ; limb of 5 short valvate
triangular lobes, soon deciduous. Petals 0. Stamens 10, inserted
on the calyx-lobes (the epigynous disk within them densely hairy),
biseriate, the 5 lower opposite the calyx-teeth, the 5 upper longer and
alternate with the calyx-teeth ; filameuts subulate or filiform, exserted.
Ovary inferior, l-celled ; ovules 2-3, pendulous from the apex of the
cell; style subulate, often thickened and villous at the base; stigma
simple. Fruit ovoid, various in size and texture, smooth or angular or
2-5-winged, indehiscent, coriaceous. Seed solitary, exalbuminous ;
cotyledons conyolute.—Disrris. Tropics of both worlds ; species 135.

478 LV. COMBRETACE®

Fruit not winged.
Leaves alternate, clustered at the ends of the branches;

Mowers at Op Of Spike gUAle cus seeessaiesp ers ces c care. secesserases 1. 7. bellerica.
Leaves opposite, not clustered ; flowers all hermaphrodite... 2. 7. chebula.
Fruit equally 5-winged.
Veins of the wings curving upwards ......-...sscessesceeaeeerrees 3. T. Arjuna.
Veins of the wings straight, horizontal ...-.....0......0eceeeeeees 4. T. tomentosa.
Hruit mmegually SW Ped iincevs ever: csvnieeesanesscesecveepeentvcestwek 5. T. paniculata.

1. Terminalia bellerica, Rowb. Cor. Pl. v. 2 (1798) p. 54, t. 198.
A large handsome tree 40-69 ft. high. Leaves collected about the
extremities of the branches, alternate, coriaceous, 4-8 by 3-6 in.,
broadly elliptic or elliptic-obovate, roanded or rarely subacute or shortly
acuminate at the apex, both surfaces puberulous when young, glabrous
and reticulate when old, the margins entire, pellucid, base narrowed ;
main nerves. 6-8 pairs, spreading, prominent, the midrib prominent on
both sides ; petioles 14-4 in. long, without glands at the apex. Flowers
pale greenish-yellow, with an offensive odor, in axillary slender spikes
longer than the petioles but shorter than the leaves, those in the upper
part of the spike male, very shortly pedicelled, those in the lower part
hermaphrodite, sessile. Calyx pubescent outside, densely villous within,
the teeth broadly triangular, aeute. Drupe 3-1 in. in diam., suddenly
narrowed into a very short stalk, clothed with minute pale tomentum,
obscurely angled when dried.

Roxburgh (1. ¢.) describes and figures the plant with 2 glands at the
apex of the petiole, but none of the specimens that I have seen possess
these, while Wight & Arnott and Brandis have failed to find them in
specimens of their collection. F).B. I. v. 2, p. 445; Grah. Cat. p. 69 ;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 91; Wight, Ilustr. t. 91; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 19;
Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 313 (evclud. syn.) ; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 159 ;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 162; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1898) p. 636; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. vy. 6, part 4, p. 18.—Flowers :
Feb.-May. Vern. Behada; Held.

In deciduous mixed forests throughout the Presidency. Konxan: Sfocks!. Law!;
along the foot of the Ghats, Graham; Malabar Hill (Bombay), Graham; Deyale,
Woodrow. Ducean: Cooke! 8. M. Counrry: Belgaum, Ritchie, 1064!—Distris.
Throughout India, exeept Sind and the desert region of the West ; Ceylon, Malaya.

The fruit is one of those exported from India under the name of Myrobalan and is

used for dyeing. The Myrobalans from the next species, 7. chebula, are by far the
most important of any exported from India. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1.c.

2. Terminalia chebula, /ctz. Obs. fase. 5 (1789) p.31. A moderate-
sized, much-branched tree. Leaves 24-6 by 14-3 in., not clustered,
alternate or subopposite, elliptic-oblong, acute, penninerved, clothed
when young with silky hairs, glabrous or nearly so when mature,
rounded or cordate at the base; petioles 3-1 in. long, pubeseent, msually
with 2 glands near their summit. Flowers all hermaphrodite, in
terminal (often panicled) spikes; bracteoles exceeding the flowers,
linear, acute, hairy, conspicuous among the buds but soon deciduous.
Calyx campanulate, } in. long, flat at the base, expanding a little
towards the mouth, glabrous outside, hairy within; teeth 5, short,
sometimes obscure. Drupe pendulous, 7-1} in. long, ellipsoid or
obovoid from a broad base, glabrous, more or less 5-ribbed when dry,
yellowish-green ; stone oblong, bony; very thick, obscurely angled.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 446; Grah. Cat. p. 69; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 91; Bedd.

LY. COMBRDLACEE, 479

Flor. Sylvat. t. 27; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 159; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
ed. 2, p. 162; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 636;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 24.—Flowers: Apr.—May.
Vern. Hirda; Hirad.

Abundant along the line of the Ghats. Konkan: Stocks!, Gibson!, Law! Deccan :
table-land of Mahableshwar, Graham, Cooke!; Khandala, Graham. Kanara:
abundant on the laterite of N, Kanara, 7albot.—Distris, Throughout the greater
part of India; Ceylon.

The dried fruit forms the Chebulic Myrobalan of commerce, one of the most valuable
of Indian tanning materials and a very important source of revenue to the Bombay
Forest Department. The gross revenue obtained in the southern circle of the
Bombay Forest Department in 1893 from Chebulic Myrobalans considerably exceeded
a lakh of rupees. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. e.

3. Terminalia Arjuna, Wight § Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 314, in
teviu. A large tree reaching 80 ft. high, with a very thick trunk and
horizontally spreading branches; bark thick, smooth, greenish-white,
flaking off in large flat pieces. Leaves usually subopposite, 4-6 by
1}-2? in., oblong or elliptic-oblong, obtuse or subacute, pale dull-green
above, pale brown beneath, shallowly crenate-serrate in the upper part
or sometimes throughout, base rounded or cordate, often unequal-sided ;
main nerves arcuate, 10-15 pairs, veins reticulate, pellucid ; petioles
;-# In. long, with 1 or usually 2 prominent glands at the top immedi-
ately below the leaves. Flowers sessile, in short axillary spikes or in
terminal panicles ; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, shorter than the flowers,
caducous. Calyx glabrous, } in. long; mouth broadly campanulate ;
teeth triangular, 7 in. long. Ovary quite glabrous. Disk clothed
with yellowish or reddish hairs. Stamens much exserted. Drupe
1-2 in. long, ovoid- or obovoid-oblong, fibrous-woody, glabrous, dark-
brown, with 5 hard projecting wings striated with numerous curved
veins. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 447; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 91; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat.
t. 28; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 162; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1898) p. 636; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 16.
Terminalia glabra, Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 314; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. y. 2,
p. 160. Pentaptera Arjuna, Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 34; Fl. Ind.
v. 2, p. 438; Grah. Cat. p. 69.—Flowers: Apr.—May. Vunrn. Kahu;
Arjun; Arjuna-sddada,

Konkan: Stocks!; Matheran, Cooke! Duccan: rare, Dalzell § Gibson; Mui Zilla,
Poona, Dalzell § Gibson ; Koina valley, Cooke! Gusarat: common in jungles south-
east of Surat, Law ex Graham, Dalzell & Gibson. 8. M. Country: Belgaum forests,
Dalzell § Gibson.—Distrie. India (Sub-Himalayan tracts of the N.W. Provinces,
W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon.

Var. angustifolia, C. B. Clarke, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 447.
Branches drooping ; leaves much narrower, oblong, attenuated into the
petiole, sometimes very shortly acuminate at the apex. Terminalia
Berryi, Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 314; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 92. Pentaptera
angustifolia, Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 34; Fi. Ind. v. 2, p. 437 (not
Terminalia angustifolia of Roxb. cited on the same page); Grah. Cat.
p- 69.

Konkan: Stocks! S.M. Counrry: banks of Kala naddi and Gatpraba rivers, Law
ex Graham, Dalzell & Gibson.

4, Terminalia tomentosa, Wight § Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 314
(not of Mart.). An erect-growing tree, reaching sometimes 80 ft. in

480 LV. COMBRETACE®.

height ; trunk straight ; bark rough, deeply cracked ; young parts more
or less clothed with yellowish-brown pubescence. Leaves subopposite
or the uppermost alternate, hard, coriaceous, 3-8 by 2-8 in., ovate-
oblong or elliptic-oblong, rarely obovate, softly tomentose when young,
becoming more or less glabrous when mature, with 1-2 glands (which
are often turbinate or long-stalked) usually on the midrib but sometimes
absent, base often cordate ; main nerves arcuate, parallel, 10-20 pairs,
prominent ; petioles 3 in. long, pubescent when young, glabrous or
nearly so when old. Flowers hermaphrodite, dull-yellow, in axillary
fulvous-pubescent spikes or terminal panicles. Calyx beings or glabrous
outside, 4 in. long; mouth broadly bamipmiuliies teeth 51, in. long,
triangular, slightly hairy within ; bracteoles 3 in. long, linear-lanceolate,
hairy, caducous. Disk clothed w vith Jong fulvous hairs. Drupe 13-2 in.
long, with 5 broad, coriaceous, brown, glabrous wings otis with
numerous straight lines running horizontally from the axis to the edges.
Fl). B. I. v. 2, p. 447; Wight, Icon. t. 195; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 175.
Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 162; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1898) p. 636 ; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p.37. Terminalia
glabra, var. tomentosa, Dalz. & Gibs.p. 91. 7’. erenulata, W. & A. Prodr.
p. 314. . coriacea, W. & A. Prodr. p. 315. Pentaptera tomentosa,
Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. 34; Grah. Cat. p. 69.—Flowers: Apr.—June.
Vern. Ain.

Common throughout the Presideney in mixed deciduous forests. Konnan: Stocks!,
Law!; common in the jungles at the foot. of the Ghats, Dalzell § Gibson. Duccan:
hills near Chattersinghi (Poona district), Cooke!; Gokak, Ritchie, 283!; Parghat,
Stocks !|—Distris. Throughout the moister regions of India ; Ceylon.

The well-known Ain tree, the timber of which is used for various purposes. Sleepers
of the wood were at one time largely used on the Bombay Railways. The bark is

useful as a tan, but the fruit is far inferior as a tanning material to Belleric and Chebuli¢
Myrobalans, See Watt, Diet. Econ. Prod. 1. ¢.

5. Terminalia paniculata, /toth, Nov. Pl. Sp. (1821) p. 383. A
large tree ; young parts rusty-tomentose. Leaves coriaceous, the upper
alternate, the lower subopposite, 4-9 by 14-383 in., oblong, aeute or
acuminate, nearly glabrous or with a few scattered hairs above (when
adult), pale-brown, more or less pubescent and finely reticulately veined
beneath, usually with 2 glands near the base of the midrib below, base
cordate or rounded, often inequilateral; main nerves 10-15 pairs,
arcuate, parallel ; petioles 3-3 in. long, pubescent. Flowers sessile, in
slender spikes forming compound panicles ; bracts at the forks }-} in.
long, ovate, acute, recurved ; bracteoles as in. long, acuminate from a
triangular base, recurved. Calyx (free portion) 4, in. long, reddish-
brown. globose when in bud, afterwards cup-shaped ; teeth broadly
triangular, as long as the free portion of the calyx-tube, glabrous or
nearly so outside, densely villous within. Disk densely clothed with
long yellowish-white hairs. Ovary densely and softly pubescent. Fruit
rusty-tomentose, 1-4 in. long, sessile, closely set in dense spreading
panicles, 3-winged, 2 of the wings much smaller than the other. Fh.
B. I. v. 2, p. 448; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 92; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 20; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 163; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898)
p. 636; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 37. Pentaptera
paniculata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. 34; Grah. Cat. p. 70.—Flowers :
Aug.Sept. Vern. Kinjal; Honal.

LV. COMBRETACE®. 481

A common tree in the Bombay Presidency. Konkan: common along the foot of
the Ghats in the 8. Konkan, Da/zell §& Gibson ; common in the vales of Konkan rivers
near their source, Graham; Poladpur, Cooke! Gusarat: abundant in the jingles
south-east of Surat, Law ex Graham. S. M. Counrry: hills north-east of Belgaum,
Ritchie, 285! Kanara: one of the most common trees in N. Kanara, Talbot; near
Sirsi, Woodrow.— Disrris. India from Bombay southwards to Cape Comorin,

Terminalia Catappa, Linn. Mantiss. (1771) p. 519. A small tree
often with buttressed trunk, with branches in horizontal whorls, obovate
leaves and an ellipsoid fruit keeled all round, a native of the Moluccas,
is frequently cultivated. It is known as the Bengal Almond, but the
kernel, though edible, is very insipid as compared with the almond. FI.
B. I. v. 2, p. 444; Grah. Cat. p. 69; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 33;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 163; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1898) p. 636, & Gard. in India, ed. 5, p. 3138; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.
v. 6, part 4, p. 22.—VeERN. Deshi-badam ; Bengali-badam.

2. CALYCOPTERIS, Lamk.

A diffuse scandent shrub. Leaves opposite, petiolate, elliptic or ovate,
acuminate, entire. Flowers in dense axillary racemes crowded towards
the ends of the branches so as to form large panicles, Calyx-tube
elongate-turbinate, 5-striate, produced above the ovary; limb broadly
campanulate, 5-fid, accrescent, the lobes persistent, spreading. Petals 0.
Stamens 10, biseriate, short ; filaments subulate; anthers didymous.
Ovary 1-celled, inferior ; ovules 3, pendulous from the apex of the cell ;
style subulate ; stigma simple. Fruit ovoid, 5-ribbed, villous, 1-seeded,
surmounted by the enlarged calyx.—Disrriz. India; species 1.

1. Calycopteris floribunda, Lamk. Tab. Encye. vy. 2 (1793) p. 485,
t. 357. A scandent shrub; young branches slender, rusty-puberulous.
Leaves opposite, 3-5 by 14-2} in., ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong,
acute or acuminate, both surtaces more or less tomentose, the lower rusty
and pitted, base usually rounded; main nerves 5-8 pairs, rather prominent
beneath ; petioles }-3 in. long. Flowers sessile, yellowish-green, in
fulvous-pubescent terminal panicles ; bracteoles short, lanceolate, pubes-
cent. Calyx densely hairy within at the mouth of the tube; tube
produced above the ovary ; lobes accrescent, 2-3 in. long in fruit,
scarious, broadly linear-lanceolate, acute, strongly 3-nerved and reticu-
lately veined, tomentose. Stamens unequal, much shorter than the
calyx-lobes. Ovary densely villous outside; ovules 3, pendulous from
the apex of the cell with long funicles. Fruit + in. long, oblong or
ellipsoid, 5-ribbed, pubescent or tomentose, crowned by the persistent
calyx-lobes. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 449; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 163;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 686; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 2, p. 50. Getonia floribunda, Roxb. Cor. Pl. y. 1 (1795) p. 61,
t. 87; Grah. Cat. p. 70; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 91.—Flowers: Mar.—May.
Vern. Ukshi; Baguli.

Common in the Konkan and on the Ghats. Konkan: Elephanta, Graham; Vingorla,
Ritchie, 362!; Matheran, abundant, Cooke! Deccan: hills, Woodrow!; Lanoli,
Woodrow |—Disrris, India (Central and Southern Provinces, Assam); Malaya.

482 LY. COMBRETACE.

3. ANOGEISSUS, Wall.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, petiolate, entire. Flowers
small, yellow, in dense globose axillary heads; peduncles slender.
Calyx-tube compressed, 2-winged, attenuated and produced above the
ovary ; limb campanulate or urceolate, 5-fid, deciduous. Petals 0.
Stamens 10, biseriate, exserted ; anthers small, cordate. Ovary inferior,
1-celled ; ovules 2, pendulous from the top of the cell; style filiform,
thickened at the base, villous; stigma simple. Fruit packed in dense
heads, small, thickly coriaceous, broadly trapezoidal, 2-winged, terminated
by the produced calyx-tube. Seed 1, ovoid; cotyledons convolute.—
Disrris. India and Tropical Africa; species 5.

Beak of fruit as long as or longer than its nucleus.
Fruit (including the wings) longer than broad; wings with

entire margins ; peduncles branched .............seeeseeeeerereees 1. A. latifolia.
Fruit (including the wings) broader than long; wings with
jagged margins ; peduncles not branched .................:e00 2. A. sericea.
Beak of fruit shorter than its nuCleus ..............ceccseecereesevens 3. A. pendula.

1. Anogeissus latifolia, Wall. Cat. (1828) 4015. An erect tree
sometimes reaching 60-70 ft.; bark smooth, light-colored; young parts
glabrous or silky-pubescent. Leaves 23-4 by 1}-2 in., alternate or
subopposite, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, obtuse or very often shortly
cuspidate, glabrous when fully grown, pale dull glaucous-green, base
usually rounded, midrib prominent, pink; main nerves 6-10 pairs,
arching, prominent on the lower side, the veins between them reticulate ;
petioles 4-3 in. long. Flowers sessile, in smal] dense heads ; peduncles
1 or more from the same axil, branched, not much longer than the
petioles. Calyx-tube pubescent ; teeth short, broadly triangular. Fruit
small, several crowded in a globular head, the nucleus nearly plano-
convex, }-1 in. long (excluding the beak), 3—% in. broad (including the
wings), yellowish-brown, glabrous or more or less pubescent, winged
down the two longest sides, beaked with the persistent calyx which is
as long as or sometimes longer than the nucleus; wings with entire
margins. Seed solitary. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 450. Bedd. Flor. Sylvat.
t.15; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 162; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 164;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 636; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. y. 1, p. 256. Oonocarpus latifolia, Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. 34;
Grah. Cat. p. 70; Wight, Icon. t. 994; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 91.—Flowers:
May-July. Vern. Dhdvda; Dhaura ; Dabria.

Throughout the Presidency usually in dry forests. Konkan: Zaw!; vales of
Konkan rivers near their source, Graham; Kanheri jungles, Graham; Matheran
Ghat, H. M. Birdwood; Mira hills, Dalzell § Gibson. Deccan: Kolapur, Cooke! ;
Ghat near Wai, Woodrow!; Ghat near Wathir, Cooke! 8S. M. Counrry: Belgaum
hills, Ritchie, 922!—Disrris. Throughout the greater part of India; Ceylon.

The tree yields a useful gum and the wood is very strong and tough. See Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ¢.

2. Anogeissus sericea, Brandis, in Indian Forester, vy. 25 (1900)
p. 287. A middle-sized tree ; branchlets clothed with silky pubescence.
Leaves 1-14 by #-1 in., elliptic, obtuse, apiculate or very shortly
cuspidate, glabrous or nearly so above (when mature), clothed on the
lower side and the nerves beneath with silky pubescence ; main nerves

4-6 pairs; petioles } in. long, pubescent. Flowers in globose heads,

Lae

LV. COMBRETACE®, 483

4—} in. in diam., on long axillary simple peduncles which often bear
leafy bracts. Calyx densely pubescent. Fruit tomentose, broader than
long, Lin. long by 4 in. broad (including the wings), crowned by the

g » § 4 Bs . 5 ov gi
pubescent calyx-tube, which is as long as the nucleus, and sometimes
also by the subpersistent limb; wings pubescent in the upper part,
jagged on the margins, each wing produced upwards beyond the top of
the nucleus into a triangular lobe.

Gusarat: Panch Mahals, Dalzell!

I have seen only one specimen from Bombay marked as above in Herb. Kew.—
Disrris. India (Central Provinces, Gujarat).

3. Anogeissus pendula, Ldygew. in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vy. 21
(1853) p. 171. A small tree; branches pendulous; young parts
pubescent. Leaves 7-14 by 3-2 in., alternate and subopposite, elliptic
or obovate, obtuse or acute, usually mucronate, more or less clothed on
both sides with appressed pubescence, or sometimes glabrous, attenuated
at the base; main nerves 5-7 pairs, arcuate, with reticulate venation
between ; petioles ;4,-3 in. long. Flowers in small globose heads + in.
across when in flower; peduncles usually solitary, not branched, pubes-
cent. Fruit subquadrate, ultimately glabrous, the beak less than half
the length of the nucleus. Fl. B. I. v.2, p. 451. Anogeissus myrtifolia,
Wall. Cat. 4017; Royle, Ill. p. 209.—Flowers: May-June. Vurn.
Dhao; Dhankra.

Gusarat: Deesa, Stocks!

There is but one poor specimen in Herb. Kew. labelled as above. It is the only
specimen I have seen from the Bombay Presidency.—Disrris, India (N.W. Provinces,
Bandelkhand, Rajputana).

4. LUMNITZERA, Willd.

Large glabrous shrubs or small trees growing along tropical shores
and in salt-marshes along with mangroves. Leaves clustered towards
the ends of the branches, alternate, thickly curiaceous, subsessile, ob-
ovate-cuneate, entire or crenate. Flowers in short axillary or terminal
spikes or racemes, scarlet or white. Calyx-tube elongate, oblong, attenu-
ated at both ends, produced above the ovary, with 2 adnate bracteoles
near the base ; limb campanulate, 5-lobed, persistent. Petals 5, oblong,
spreading. Stamens 5-10. Ovary 1-celled; ovules 2-5, pendulous
from the apex of the cell; style filiform, glabrous; stigma simple.
Fruit woody, ellipsoid-oblong or ovoid, crowned with the persistent
calyx. Seed solitary; cotyledons convolute.—Disrris. Sea-shores of
the Tropics of the Old World and Polynesia ; species 2.

1. Lumnitzera racemosa, Willd. in Ges. Naturf. Fr. Neue Schr.
v. 4 (1803) p.187. A tall glabrous shrub or small tree. Leaves sessile,
fleshy, crowded at the ends of the branches, 1-23 by 3-2 in., oblanceolate
or obovate, glabrous, shallowly crenate or entire, rounded or emarginate
at the apex, tapering much towards the base; main nerves 3-5 pairs,
indistinct. Flowers sessile, in short lax axillary spikes. Calyx 3-2 in,

oo ; 8 2
long; tube fusiform, glabrous; teeth obtuse, 1; in. long, ciliolate;
bracteoles 2, adnate to the calyx-tube, about 7'z In. long, ovate, acute,

one of them higher up the tube than the other. Petals white, oblong,
subacute. Stamens 10, almost equalling the petals; the alternate

484 LV. COMBRETACE.®.

filaments shorter. Fruit 3 in. long, ovoid, glabrous, longitudinally
striate when dry, crowned by the persistent calyx-tube. Fl. B. I. v. 2,
p- 452; Grah. Cat. p. 70; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 90; Bedd. For. Man. in
Flor. Sylvat. p. ciii, t. 21, fig. 2; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 162; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 164; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898)
p- 636; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 5, p. 97.—Flowers: Jan.—Apr.

Konkan: S. Konkan along salt-water creeks and backwaters, Talbot, Nimmo ex
Graham ; Ratnagiri, Woodrow.

The tree grows with the mangrove along the muddy creeks and is, as are other
shrubs which grow in similar localities, known also as a mangrove.

5. COMBRETUM, Linn.

Shrubs often scandent. Leaves usually opposite and simple, entire,
petiolate. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamo-dicecious, in spikes,
racemes or panicles; bracteoles minute. Calyx-tube cylindric or 4—6-
gonous, constricted above the ovary; limb campanulate, 4—5-fid, deciduous.
Petals 4-5 (very rarely 0), inserted between the calyx-lobes. Stamens 8
or 10, biseriate; filaments filiform, elongate; anthers small, didymous.
Ovary inferior, 1-celled; ovules 2-6, pendulous from the apex of the
cell; style subulate; stigma simple. Fruit dry, usually indehiscent,
4-5-gonous or 4-5-winged, the wings often membranous. Seed 1;
cotyledons plaited or flat, in a few species convolute.-—Disrris. Tropics
of America, Asia and Africa, also in 8. Africa ; species 160,

Dale se Hii GipP-Gh AOU jnian teats <n garedesds une vsennanteranvsesacenssenanes 1. C. ovalifolium,
Oalyx-limb funnel-shaped ..........:sssssssoeccesecasccnscnssasssanecacs 2. C. extensum.

1. Combretum ovalifolium, Jtovb. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 28.
A large scandent shrub; bark pale-brown, smooth; branches terete ;
young parts glabrous. Leaves 2-4 by 1}-23 in., opposite, elliptic or
elliptic-lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, glabrous or nearly so, usually
narrowed at the base into the petiole ; main nerves 4-6 pairs ; petioles
8-3 in. long, channelled. Flowers sessile, ;%;-4 in. long, in short
rather dense, often panicled axillary spikes, occasionally forming a
large terminal panicle ; main rhachis of the panicle densely pubescent,
its branches slender, pubescent, often opposite or subopposite; buds
globose, apiculate ; bracteole at the base of the calyx minute. Calyx-
tube glabrous outside, constricted into a short neck above the ovary,
then suddenly expanded into a cup-shaped limb, densely hairy at the
base within; lobes 4, ovate, acute, reflexed, ;4 in. long. Petals 4,
oblong, obtuse, ;/, in. long by ='5 in. broad, white. Disk hairy.
Stamens 8, in 2 series, those opposite to the petals inserted higher up
than the others. Fruit pale-golden-brown, ?-1 in. long and nearly as
broad, with 4 papery finely transversely striate wings. Seed 4-sided.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 458; Grah. Cat. p. 70; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 90; Trim.
Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 163; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 165; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 686; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.
v. 2, p. 514. Combretum Heyneanum, Wall. Cat. 4001; Wight, in
Hook. Miscell. v. 3 (1833) p. 86, Suppl. Tab. 22.—Flowers : Jan.—Mar.
Vern. Zellusi; Madbel.

Konkan: Jungles in the Konkan and Ghats, common, Dalzell & Gibson ; Hlephanta,

LV. COMBRETACE®, 485

Graham; Koukan, Stocks! Deccan: Karli, Woodrow. Gusanar: Graham; Rajkot,
C. Macnaghten! §.M. Counrry: Belgaum, Ritchie, 287 !—Disrrim. India (Gujarat
to Cape Comorin) ; Ceylon.

2. Combretum extensum, /invh. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 28.
A large scandent shrub, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves opposite,
2-6 by 14-3 in. (sometimes, though rarely, reaching 8 by 43 in.),
usually broadly elliptic, shortly acuminate or cuspidate, glabrous on
both sides, base usually rounded; main nerves 4-7 pairs; petioles
81 in, long. Flowers sessile, 74 in. long, usually in solitary dense
axillary spikes, rarely panicled or terminal ; buds ovoid or subglobose,
very acute at the apices. Calyx puberulous outside, contracted above
the ovary and then at once expanding into a funnel-shaped limb ;
lobes 4, triangular, very acute or acuminate, reflexed, ;4; in. long.
Petals yellowish-white, ;4; in. long and broad, oblong, truncate or very
slightly emarginate at the apex. Disk hairy. Ovary 4-gonous. Fruit
13-12 in. and (including the wings) almost as broad as long; wings
scarious, horizontally striate, glabrous. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 458; Trim.
Fl. Ceyl. p. 164; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 165; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 636. Combretum Wightianum, Wall. Cat.
4007 ; Wight, Icon. t. 227; Grah. Cat. p. 70; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 90.—
Flowers: Jan. Vern. Piluki.

Konkan: hilly parts, Dalzell § Gibson; Vingorla, Dalzell § Gibson, Ritchie, 353!
Deccan: abundant at Khandala and Lanoli, Graham; Khandala, Cooke!, Woodrow!

S. M. Country: Ramghat, Ritchie. Kanara: moist forests of N. Kanara, Ta/bot.—
Disrris. India (W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon, Malaya.

Combretum coccineum, Lamk. Encye. Méthod. v. 1 (1784) p. 784.
A very beautiful plant, a native of Madagascar and the Mauritius.
The foliage is dark-green, and the flowers, which are produced in
dense elegant racemes, are of a brilliant scarlet color. It does not
always flower freely in the Deccan. It is usually propagated by layers,
but cuttings may be struck from young shoots in fine sand under a
bell glass. Woodr. Gard. in Ind. ed. 5, p. 313. Poivrea coceinea, DC.
Prodr. vy. 3, p. 18; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 34; Firminger, Man. Gard.
ed. 3, p. 564.

6. GYROCARPUS, Jacquin.

A tall tree with thick branches. Leaves alternate, large, entire
or lobed, membranous, crowded at the ends of the branches. Flowers
small, unisexual and monecious, or polygamous, in dense ebracteate
cymes. MALn FLOWERS very numerous. Calyx 4-7-partite. Petals 0.
Stamens 4-7, inserted at the bottom of the calyx, alternating with as
many clavate fleshy staminodes ; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing by valves.
Ovary 0. Fematn Frowrrs few. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary,
ovoid ; limb 2-lobed, the lobes oblong, obtuse, persistent, much enlarged
in fruit. Petals 0. Stamens 0. Ovary I-celled; ovule 1, pendulous
from the apex of the cell; style 0; stigma sessile. Fruit drupe-like,
crowned with the long wing-like persistent calyx-segments; stone
bony. Seed broadly oblong, terete; cotyledons large, convolute.—
Distrris. Tropics generally ; species 1.

456 LV. COMBRETACE®,

1. Gyrocarpus americanus, Jacquin, Select. Stirp. Amer. (1763)
p- 282, t. 178, fig. 80. A moderate-sized tree; bark smooth, shining,
greenish-white ; young branches stout, marked with leaf-scars, glabrous.
Leaves 4-6 in. long and nearly as broad as long, ovate, acuminate,
sometimes irregularly lobed, pubescent when young, afterwards glabrous
or nearly so, base broad, truncate, cordate or sometimes shortly cuneate,
3-nerved from the base, the 2 lateral nerves soon forked, veins closely
reticulate ; petioles 1-5 in. long, slender. Flowers small, white, elus-
tered in large branched cymes, the males very numerous, the females
few ; peduncles long, pubescent, several arising from the twigs above the
new leaves. Calyx densely hairy on both sides. Stamens alternating
with hairy clavate staminodes ; anthers large, dehiscing by valves which
open upwards (as the anthers of Lawracee). Fruit (without the wings)
4-3 in. in diam., globose-ovoid, slightly pubescent, wrinkled in the lower
part, furrowed in the upper, surmounted by 2 pubescent longitudinally
striate oblanceolate or spathulate wings about 3 in. broad in the widest
part and often 8in. long. Gyrocarpus Jacquint, Gertn. Fruct. vy. 2
(1791) p. 92, t. 97, fig. 3; Roxb. Cor. Pl. v. 1 (1795) t. 1; Grah. Cat.
p. 250; C. B. Clarke, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 461; Bedd. Flor.
Sylvat. t. 196; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 165; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2,
p. 165; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 197.—Flowers: July-Aug.
Varn. Zaitun.

Deccan: banks of the Krishna river near Nalatwir, Graham. S. M. Country:

Belgaum districts in dry forests, Talbot.—DisrriB. India near the sea; Ceylon,
Malaya.

Quisqualis indica, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. ii, p. 556, a large subscandent
shrub with elliptic acuminate leaves and handsome showy flowers, which
are at first white, then orange, and finally red, a native of Java and the
Malayan Peninsula, is very extensively cultivated in gardens as an orna-
mental plant. It rarely if ever produces fruit in the Bombay Presidency,
where it is known as the Rangoon Creeper. FI. B. I. v.2, p. 459: Grah.
Cat. p. 70: Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 83; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
vy. 11 (1898) p. 637, & Gardening in Ind. ed. 5, p. 312; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. vy. 6, part 1, p. 388.—Flowers: Mar—Aug. VERN. Lan-
gunachavel ; Barmdsi ; Lédlachameli.

Orper LVI. MYRTACEA.

Erect trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. Leaves usually opposite, petiolate,
simple, entire, rarely denticulate or crenate, often with an intramarginal
nerve and punctate with resinous or pellucid glands; stipules minute
and deciduous or 0. Flowers usually regular, hermaphrodite or rarely
polygamous, axillary, solitary, or in spikes, cymes, corymbs, or heads,
naked or with an involucre, often with 2 bracts at the base. Calyx
superior or 3-superior, the tube rarely produced beyond the ovary; limb
usually 4—-5-fid or -partite, persistent or deciduous, valvate or imbricate,
often closed in bud. Disk lining the calyx-tube. Petals as many as the
calyx-lobes and alternate with them (rarely 0), inserted on the margin of
the disk, usually much imbricate in bud, sometimes more or less connate

LVI. MYRTACEAE. 487

into a deciduous cap. Stamens usually numerous, inserted on the margin
or within the margin of the disk, in one or several rows ; filaments
distinct or connate below, or in bundles opposite the petals ; anthers 2-
celled, usually dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary inferior or 4-inferior,
1-celled, with 1 or more ovules, or more commonly 2—many-celled with
many ovules; style simple; stigma small, capitate or peltate. Fruit
usually crowned with the calyx-limb, either 1l-celled and 1-seeded by
arrest, or 2—many-celled with loculicidal dehiscence, or baccate and
indehiscent with the cells many-seeded or 1-seeded by arrest. Seeds
angular, cylindric or compressed ; testa hard or membranous, sometimes
winged; albumen 0; embryo straight, curved or spirally twisted ;
cotyledons short and obtuse, sometimes corhbined into a mass with the
radicle, very rarely leafy ; radicle often thick.—Disrrie. Tropical and
subtropical regions of both hemispheres ; genera 76; species upwards
of 1800.

Leaves opposite, gland-dotted .........:..ssscecsscceedececevcoeewess 1, Eva@enta.
Leaves alternate, not gland-dotted.
Fruit angular, fibrous, l-seeded ................--ececescoeees 2. BarriINnGTONIA.
Fruit ovoid or globular, fleshy, many-seeded............... 3. CaREyA,

1. EHUGENTIA, Linn.

Evergreen trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, penninerved, gland-
dotted, exstipulate. Flowers in terminal or axillary paniculate cymes,
or solitary in the axils of the leaves or of scales below the leaves, often
on suppressed branchlets, appearing to be fasciculate or racemose ; bracts
usually small and deciduous. Calyx-tube globose, ovoid, turbinate, or
elongate, not or more or less produced above the ovary; segments
of the limb 4 (rarely 5), or the limb subtruncate. Petals 4 (rarely
5 or more or 0), free and spreading, or more or less connate into a
calyptra which falls off on the expansion of the flower. Stamens o,
in many rows, distinct or slightly combined into 4 bundles; filaments
filiform; anthers small, versatile, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary
inferior, 2- (rarely 3-) celled ; ovules many in each cell; style filiform ;
stigma small. Fruit usually a juicy berry (rarely dry), crowned
with the remains of the calyx. Seeds few, globose or ellipsoid;
albumen 0 or very scanty; embryo thick, fleshy; radicle short ;
cotyledons thick, more or less connate or distinct.—Disrris. Tropical
Asia and America, a few in Tropical Africa and Australia; species
about 650.

The name “ Eugenia” was first given to this genus by P. Antonio Micheli (Nov. Pl.
Gen. [1729] p. 226, t. 108) in honor of Prince Eugene of Savoy. The plant from
which he established the genus was £. Michelii, Lamk., a native of S. America, and a
very early introduction into India.

Flowers in cymes.
Petals large, free; calyx with large staminal disk; fruit
exceeding } in. in diam.
Calyx-tube hemispheric ; stamens yellowish-white ......... 1. E. hemispherica,
Calyx-tube long-cylindric ; stamens crimson................+ 2. E. leta.
Petals small, usually calyptrate ; staminal disk absent; fruit
less than ? in. in diam. (except £. lanceolata).
PPA MBN Lac ok writs Sh wihcagrn'st bees tenbans siviidde bautubaua dees 3. E. lanceolata.

488 LVI. MYRTACD 2A.

Petals 4-5.
Cymes terminal or in the axils of present leaves (except

sometimes in £. Stocks).

Calyx }-+ in. long.
Calyx-tube slender, not thicker than the pedicels... 4. 2. toddalioides,
Calyx-tube funnel-shaped ; fruit globose, white ... 5, E. spicata,

Calyx short, less than } in. long.
Branches 4-gonous.

Lateral nerves very numerous, close ............+++ 6. E. rubicunda,

WiALOrAL NErvEs few, CIShALG) crccscccessccaveacsdesuc ees 7. E. Stockstt.
Branches cylindrie or often compressed.

A large shrub ; leaves obovate...s........ssseseeees « 8. 2. corymbosa.

Lofty trees; leaves elliptic.
Fruit less than 2 in. in diam., crowned with

thoelCaliyx-ReOMONbs o wearvcceseddcensercsessr seve 9. E. utilis.
Fruit 3-4 in. in diam., not crowned with the
Caliyx-SeQMeNts cisa-nccsseconsasersseseuie erase ede 10. £. Gardneri.

Cymes in the axils of fallen leaves.
A large forest tree ; leaves exceeding 1 in. in breadth. 11. EL. Jambolana.
A large shrub growing in the beds of rivers and
streams ; leaves not exceeding | in. in breadth ... 12. EH. Heyneana.
Flowers solitary or fascicled ; petals free.
Flowers sessile.
Flowers lateral from the leafless axils; bracteoles linear . 13. E. macrosepala.,
Flowers axillary or terminal; bracteoles broadly ovate ... 14. E. codyensis.
lowers pedicelled! c2s.c.cecoss 8. <dacectnencuestestosrencesseascece 15. E. Mooniana.

1. Eugenia hemispherica, Wight, Jil. v. 2 (1850) p. 14. A
moderate-sized tree; bark yellowish-grey ; upper branches subtetra-
gonous. Leaves 3-5 by 13-2? in., ovate-lanceolate or sometimes ob-
lanceolate, acuminate or sometimes rounded at the apex, minutely
dotted, glabrous and shining, base tapering; nerves inconspicuous
above, more prominent beneath, uniting, but not very regularly, within
the margin, with sometimes a second but fainter nerve close to the
edge; petioles }-} in. long. Flowers fragrant, in axillary and terminal
paniculate cymes which are sometimes in pairs in the axils. Calyx
slightly rugose outside ; tube hemispheric, j-2 in. long; lobes rounded,
reflexed and with membranous margins. Disk thickened. Petals 2 in.
long, broadly ovate or suborbicular, concave, acute, gland-dotted, re-
flexed, cream-colored or with a pink tinge. Stamens yellowish-white.
Berry globose, 3-1 in. in diam., crowned with the calyx-segments.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 477; Wight, Icon. t. 525; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 203;
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 170; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 167; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 637; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3,
p- 284. Eugenia lanceolaria, Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 37 ; Wight,
Icon. t. 613. Jambosa lanceolaria, Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. y. 1
(1850) p. 101; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 94.—Flowers: Mar.—Apr.

Konkan: Stocks!, Law! 8. M. Counrry: Ramghat, Dalzell! Kanara: Ghats of
N. Kanara, Talbot; Nilkund Ghat, Dalzell & Gibson, Talbot; Ainshi Ghat, Tadbot,
Woodrow.—Distris. India (W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon.

2. Eugenia leta, Buch-Hamn. in Trans. Wern. Soc. v. 5 (1824)
p. 338 (excl. syn. Rumph.). A small tree; branches slender, terete,
smooth. Leaves 3-43 by 1-1? in., lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
usually with a longish obtuse acumen, pellucid-dotted, glabrous, base
tapering ; main nerves 12-15 pairs, uniting into a somewhat indistinct
intramarginal nerve; petioles ;3,-} in. long. Flowers 13-2 in. across
when expanded, solitary or few, in terminal or less commonly axillary

LVI. MYRTACEA. 489

cymes; pedicels jointed below the calyx. Calyx 7 in. long; tube

narrow, subeylindrie or obconical, faintly striate, suddenly expanded at
the mouth; lobes 4, about } in. long, rounded, reflexed in flower.
Petals white, 3-2 in. long, orbicular, subacute, glandular and con-
spicuously veined; buds globose. Disk thickened, lining the calyx-
tube. Stamens very numerous, bright crimson, much exceeding the
petals. Style 14 in. long, persistent. Berry oblong-ellipsoid, 1 by #in.,
glabrous, dark-brown, crowned conspicuously with the reflexed calyx-
lobes. Fil. B. I. v. 2, p. 479; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 168;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 637.—Flowers: Nov.—Jan.

Konkan: Stocks!; W. Ghats, Woodrow, Deccan: Phunda Ghat, Ritchie, 1755!
Kanara: Gibson; higher Ghats of N. Kanara; common on the Gairsoppa Ghat,
Talbot, Woodrow!; Yellapur, Gibson !—Disrris. India (W. Peninsula).

Var. pauciflora, Duthie, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 479. Pedicels
solitary from the extreme axils, 1-flowered. Wight, Icon. t. 526 (sp.).
Eugenia Wightit, Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. cix. Jambosa
pauciflora, Wight, Ill. v. 2, p. 14.

Deccan: Dr. Gibson!

3. Eugenia lanceolata, Lamk. Encyc. Méthod. vy. 3 (1789) p. 200
(not of Berg). A small tree; bark grey; branchlets slender, terete,
smooth. Leaves 23-43 by 11-14 in., elliptic-lanceolate, caudate-acumi-
nate, acute, inconspicuously pellucid-dotted, base tapering ; main nerves
numerous, rather faint, parallel, uniting in an intramarginal nerve close
to the edge; petioles }-1 in. long. Flowers nearly sessile, articulated,
in short usually few-flowered cymes which are axillary or from the leaf-
less branches. Calyx 3-3 in. long, elongate, clavate or infundibuliform,
glandular outside; lobes 4-5, very shallow, rounded, repand. Petals
white, numerous, often as many as 12, usually calyptrate, broadly ob-
ovate or suborbicular. Fruit 3-1 in. long, dark-brown, ellipsoid, taper-
ing to a very slender base, crowned with the thickened calyx-lobes and
persistent style. Wight, Ill. v. 2 (1850) p. 15; Icon. t. 5380; Bedd.
For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. cix; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 172. Eugenia
Wightiana, Wight, lll. v. 2 (1850) p. 15; Icon. t. 529; Duthie, in
Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 485; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 168;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 637.—Flowers: Feb.—
Mar.

The specific name “ lanceolata” given to the plant by Lamarck is 60
years prior to the name “ Wightiana” given to it by Wight.

Konkan: Stocks!, Talbot, Woodrow, Kanara: near rivers and along watercourses
in N. Kanara, rare, Talbot.—Distr1s. India (W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon.

4, Eugenia toddalioides, Wight, Jil. v. 2, p.16. A small tree;
young branchlets slender, subterete, smooth. Leaves 23-4 by 1-1; in.,
lanceolate, with a long slender acumen, pellucid-dotted, glabrous, base
tapering ; main nerves numerous, close, parallel, uniting in an intra-
marginal nerve close to the edge; petioles 7-3 in. long. Flowers less
than 2 in. across, in di- tri-chotomous axillary or extra-axillary cymes,
each branch 1-3-flowered. Calyx 4-7 in. long; tube very slender,
scarcely thicker than the pedicels, suddenly dilated into a large cup-
shaped limb ; lobes 4, very short, rounded, sometimes almost obsolete.

2K

490) LVI. MYRTACER.

Petals 4 in. in diam., orbicular, tender, free. Fruit not seen. FI. B. I.
v. 2, p. 482; Wight, Icon. t. 542; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1898) p. 637.—Flowers : Jan.

S. M. Country : Castlerock, Woodrow.

This plant has been reported by Woodrow from Castlerock near the Railway

Station on the Ghat at that place. It is no doubt a rare plant as it had not
previously been collected in the Presidency.

5. Eugenia spicata, Lamk. Encyc. Méthod. vy. 3 (1789) p. 201. A
large shrub or small tree, very handsome when in full flower; bark
pale-brown; branchlets slender, obsoletely 4-angled or terete, purplish-
brown, shining. Leaves aromatically fragrant when bruised, coriaceous,
variable, 13-4 by 3-13 in,, ovate-elliptic to linear-lanceolate, usually
caudate-acuminate, smooth and shining on both surfaces, paler and
minutely glandular beneath, the margins slightly recurved, base acute ;
main nerves numerous, inconspicuous, uniting into an imconspicuous
intramarginal nerve near the edge; petioles ;4,-} in. long. Flowers
white, conspicuous, in axillary and terminal many-flowered paniculate
cymes, in clusters of 3-5 at the ends of the ultimate cyme-branches.
Calyx funnel-shaped, } in. long, tubercled with glands on the outside,
sessile or nearly so; lobes 4-5, broadly ovate or rotundate, concave,
erect. Petals 4-5, orbicular, usually calyptrate but sometimes
imperfectly so. Fruit pisiform, less than } in. in diam., pure white,
1-seeded. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 171. Hugenia zeylanica, Wight, Il.
v. 2 (1850) p. 15; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 202; Duthie, in Hook. f.
Fi. B. I. v. 2, p. 485; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 168 ; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 637; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 299.
Syzygium zeylanicum, DC. Prodr. v. 3, p.260; Grah. Cat. p. 73; Wight,
Icon. t. 73; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 94. Myrtus zeylanica, Linn. Sp. Pl.
(1753) p. 472.—Flowers: Feb.—Apr. Vurn. Pitkuli.

The specific name “ spicata” was adopted by Lamarck in 1789, while
Wight’s name “ zeylanica”” (derived no doubt from Myrtus zeylanica,
Linn.) was given in 1850. There can be no question as to the
propriety of restoring the older nomenclature.

Konkan: Law!, Stocks!, Dalzell!; 8. Konkan, Nimmo ex Graham. 8. M. Country:
Parva Ghat, Ritchie, 1752!; Ambgaon, Ritchie, 1752! Kanara: Sdwad, Woodrow ;
common in N. Kanara, Talbot; higher Ghats south of Bombay, Dalzell & Gibson —
Distr. India (W. Peninsula, Orissa, Silhet) ; Ceylon, Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo.

6. Eugenia rubicunda, Wight, Jil. v. 2 (1850) p. 15. A middling-
sized tree; young branches quadrangular. Leaves variable, 13-33 by
3-13 in., oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate or sometimes oblanceolate,
acuminate, glabrous on both surfaces, shitting above, paler and minutely
pellucid-dotted beneath, base tapering; mian nerves very numerous,
fine, parallel, uniting in a distinct intramarginal nerve near the margin;
petioles 3-§ in. long. Flowers pinkish-white, sessile or nearly so,
usually 3. together at the ends of the quadrangular branches of terminal
and axillary cymes which are often longer than the leaves. Calyx 1 in,
Jong, shortly turbinate, rugose outside; lobes 4, very short, rounded or
almost obsolete. Petals calyptrate. Berry round, size of a small pea,
crowned with the persistent calyx-limb, black when ripe, glabrous,
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 495; Wight, Icon. t. 538; Bedd. For. Man. in Flor,
Sylvat. p. evili; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 168; Woodr. in Journ.

¥

LVI. MYRTACDA. 491

Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 637. Syzygium rubicundum, Wight & Arn.
Prodr. p. 3830; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 94. Syzygium salicifolium, Wall. Cat.
3597 (not of Graham). Lugenia lissophylla, Duthie, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I.
v. 2 (1878) p. 488; Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. eviii; Trim.
Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 173; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 168; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1898) p. 637. Syzygium lissophyllum, Thwaites,
Enum. p. 117.—Flowers: Mar.-May. Very. Lendi-Jambhal.

Rare. Higher Ghats along streams, Da/zell § Gibson. Konran: Stocks! Duccan:
Singhad, near Poona, Woodrow.—Distrris. India (W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon.

7. Eugenia Stocksii, Duthie, in Hook, f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 498. A
lofty tree; branches 4-gonous. Leaves 4-63 by 13-3 in., thin,
lanceolate-oblong or obovate-oblong, rounded or shortly and obtusely
acuminate, glabrous, finely dotted with opaque (not pellucid) dots, base
tapering; main nerves 12-16 pairs, slender, curving upwards and |
becoming faint towards the margin, not uniting into an intramarginal
nerve; petioles 3-3 in. long. Flowers about j in. across, numerous, in
branched cymes which are axillary and from the leafless axils ; peduncles
1-2 in. long. Calyx 5-3 in. long, funnel-shaped, rugose outside ;
lobes 4, short, subacute or rounded. Petals calyptrate, gland-dotted.
Fruit not seen. Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 169; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1898) p. 637.

A rare plant. Konkan: Stocks!, Law! Kanara: Dailzell!

8. Eugenia corymbosa, Lami. Encyc. Méthod. vy. 3 (1789) p. 199.
A large shrub or small tree; branchlets terete or slightly compressed,
brown. Leaves subcoriaceous, 23-33 by 3-1? in., obovate or rarely
ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, or suddenly and shortly bluntly acuminate,
bright-green and shining above, paler and inconspicuously dotted beneath,
base tapering; main nerves numerous, fine, conspicuous beneath,
uniting in a distinct intramarginal nerve; petioles 3-} in. long.
Flowers numerous, small, sessile or nearly so, in terminal corymbose
laxly trichotomous cymes with quadrangular branches; buds globose.
Calyx 3 in. long, campanulate, externally rugose; lobes 4, shallow,
subacute, often scarcely distinguishable. Petals white, calyptrate.
Fruit depressed-globose, dark purple or nearly black, about the size
of a pea, 1-seeded, shining, juicy, edible. Trim. FI. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 174.
Eugenia caryophyllea, Wight, Ill. v. 2 (1850) p. 15; Icon. t. 540;
Duthie, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 490; Bedd. For. Man. in Flor.
Sylvat. p. eviii; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 168; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 637; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 283.
Syzygium caryophyllewn, Gertn. Fruct. v. 1 (1788) p. 166, t. 33; Grah.
Cat. p. 73; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 93. Syzygium rubicundum, Grah. Cat.
p. 73 (not of Wight & Arn.). Myrtus caryophyllata, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753)
p- 472.—Flowers: Mar.-May. Vern. Nimbuli; Rdénlavang.

The specific name “corymbosa” is 60 years prior to that of
* caryophyllea.”

Konkan: Stocks!; 8. Konkan, Nimmo ex Graham; on the banks of streams, Dalzell
§ Gibson. Deccan: Mahableshwar, bed of the Yenna river, Graham; on the banks
of streams, Cooke!, Woodrow!; near the Fountain Hotel and Carnae Point, H. .

Birdwood. S. M. Country: Kala naddi, Ritchie, 1751! Kanara: moist forests,
common near the sea, Za/hot.—Distris. India (W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon, Borneo.
; :

2k 2

492 LVI. MYRTACD®.

9. Eugenia utilis, Zalbot, in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. v. 11
(1897) p. 235. <A large quite crete tree ; bark grey, scaly ; branches
terete. Leaves coriaceous, 2~3 by 1-13 in., elliptic, abruptly and shortly
acuminate, conspicuously gland- dotted, base acute ; ; main nerves
numerous, fine, close, uniting at the margin into an inconspicuous
nerve ; petioles }-3 in. long. Flowers small, in axillary and terminal
corymbose panicled cymes w vhich are shorter than the leaves, 2-3 flowers
together on the ends of the slender angular branches of the pes buds
globose or pear-shaped; bracteoles lanceolate. Calyx ;'5 in. long,
turbinate, rugulose externally, truncate or very indistinctly L- lobed.
Petals caly ptrate. Fruit small, black, succulent, crowned with the
persistent calyx-lobes. Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 169.—Flowers :
May-June.

Common in evergreen or on the borders of evergreen forests in the southern parts
of N. Kanara, Ta/bot.

The wood is moderately heavy and tough, of a reddish-brown color and is greatly in
demand in the Sirsi subdivision of N. Kanara for building purposes, Zadbot.— Disrriz.
Apparently endemic.

10. Eugenia Gardneri, Duthic, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2 (1878)
p. 489. A large glabrous tree; bark smooth, pale-grey ; branchlets
terete, or sometimes somewhat compressed, white, Leaves 27-33 by
4-12 in., elliptic-oblong, usually caudate-acuminate, minutely pellucid-
dotted, base acute; main nerves conspicuous, moor numerous, parallel,
close, uniting in an intramarginal nerve ; petioles 3-7 in.long. Flowers
Ww hite, 4 4-3 In. across, numerous, sessile or nearly so, usually in threes at
the extremities of the branches of copious axillary and terrane cymes
which are shorter than the leaves; buds globose. Calyx 3-4 in. long,
campanulate, rugulose outside, truncate, with obscure sepments. Petals
calyptrate. Fruit spherical, 2-3 in. in diam., not crowned with the
calyx-segments. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 174. Syzygium Gardnert,
Thwaites, Enum. p. 117. Zugenia kanarensis, Talb. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. Hist. Soc. v. 11 (1897) p. 236, t.4; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2,
p- 169.

Kanara: Gairsoppa Ghat above Mulamani (N. Kanara), 2000 ft., Talbot, 3552 !—
Disrris. India (Ghats of the W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon.

11. Eugenia Jambolana, Lamk. Encyc. Méthod. v. 3 (1789) p. 198.
A large tree; bark light-colored, thick, rough, etre branches
terete, very pale when dry. Leaves coriaceous, variable, 23-44 by
14-2} in., lanceolate, elliptic-oblong or broadly ovate-elliptic, acute,
subobtuse or shortly acuminate, smooth and shining, pellucid-dotted,
slightly narrowed at the base; main nerves very many, slender,
prominent on the lower surface, uniting into an intramarginal nerve,
reticulations numerous between the me oe petioles 3 el in. long.
Flowers dirty-white, fragrant, about 7,75 In. across, sessile or shortly
pedicelled, crowded in heads on the ends of laxly panicled cymes rising
from the branches below the leaves (rarely axillary or terminal). Calyx
1 in. long, rugulose externally, shortly turbinate; limb cup-shaped,
yellow inside, truncate or with 4 very obscure segments. Petals calyp-
trate. Fruit the shape of an olive, or subglobose, varying in size from a
pea to a pigeon’s egg, dark-purple, smooth, juicy, crowned with the
truncate calyx-limb, l-seeded. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 499; Wight, Icon.

LVI. MYRTACEA. 493

t. 535; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t.1975 Trim. FI. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 179; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 169; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898)
p. 637; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 284. Syzygium Jambolanum,
DC. Prodr. vy. 3, p. 259; Grah. Cat. p. 73; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 93.—
Flowers: Mar.-May. Vern. Jémbhal.

Throughout the Presidency (except Sind) both wild and cultivated. Konkan: very
common at Matheran, Cooke!, Woodrow! Drccan: Mahableshwar, the commonest
tree on the hill, Cooke! Gusarar: Dangs, Woodrow. KANara: common in the moist
forests of N. Kanara, Zadbot,—Disrris, Throughout India; Ceylon; Malaya,

Australia.
The cultivated fruit is often as large as a pigeon’s egg and is eaten largely by the
natives. The flavor is subacid and rather astringent. For other uses of the products

of the tree, see Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ¢.

12. Eugenia Heyneana, Duthie, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2 (1878)
p- 500. <A shrub, scarcely a small tree, 12-15 ft. high, growing in the
beds or on the banks of streams and rivers. Leaves 3-4 by 3-1 in.,
oblong-lanceolate, subobtuse, glabrous and shining, pellucid-dotted, base
tapering ; main nerves very numerous, fine, uniting in an intramarginal
nerve; petiole 3-3 in. long. Flowers j in. across, white, sessile or
shortly pedicelled, in small heads at the ends of the branches of cymes
which are lateral from the scars of fallen leaves, rarely axillary. Calyx
4-,, in. long, externally rugulose, funnel-shaped. Petals calyptrate.
Fruit oblong-ellipsoid, 3 in. long, crowned with the cup-shaped calyx-
limb. ‘Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 170; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1898) p. 637; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 284. Eugenia
salicifolia, Wight, Ll. v. 2 (1850) p. 16; Icon. t.539; Bedd. For. Man.
in Flor. Sylvat. p. cix (not Z. salicifolia, DC. Prodr. v. 3 (1828) p. 278,
nor of ‘Berg, in Mart. Fl. Bras. v. 14, part 1, p. 312). Syzygium
Heyneanum, Wall. Cat. 38599. Syzygium salicifolium, Grah. Cat. (1839)
p- 73; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 94 (not Wall. Cat. 3597).—Flowers: Mar.—May.
Vern. Pain-Jambhal; Bedas.

Konkan: Stocks! Deccan: Rotunda Ghat, Mahableshwar, also in the bed of the
Koina river above Par bridge, Graham; below Mahableshwar, Woodrow!; Koina
valley, A. M. Birdwood. Kanara: common throughout N. Kanara in the beds of
streams and rivers, Talbot, Woodrow; Chandvar, Ritchie, 1753!—Dtsrris. India
(W. Peninsula, Berar, and Central Provinces).

Var. alternans, Duthie, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 500. Cymes
from the axils of the upper leaves. S. alternans (sp.), Miq. in Herb.
Hohenhacker.

Konkan and Kanara: Stocks!, Hohenhacker.

13. Eugenia macrosepala, Duthie, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. y. 2
(1878) p. 501. A spreading bushy shrub; bark brownish; upper
branches stout. Leaves 23-43 by 17-1 in., elliptic-oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, base usually acute ; main nerves slender,
about 10-15 pairs, indistinct above, conspicuous beneath, uniting some-
what obscurely within the margin; petioles } in. long. Flowers sessile,
lateral from the leafless axils, solitary or in pairs; bracteoles 2 beneath
the calyx, linear, pilose. Calyx 4 in. long, clothed outside with long
spreading white hairs; tube very short; lobes 4, lanceolate, acute,
ciliate, usually exceeding the petals. Petals ovate-oblong, obtuse,
ciliolate. Fruit not seen. There is no fruit on any of the specimens in

494 LVI. MYRTACES.

Herb. Kew. Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 170; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 637.—Flowers: Jan.—Feb.

Deccan: Ahmednagar, Woodrow. Kanara: N. Kanara, Stocks!; border of Vaddi
Ghat (N. Kanara), pretty common, Talbot.

14. Eugenia codyensis, Munro, in Wight, Ill. vy. 2 (1850) p. 13.
A small evergreen tree; bark smooth ; branchlets slender, terete, pale.
Leaves coriaceous, 13-27 by 3-14 in., elliptic, bluntly acuminate or sub-
obtuse, finely pellucid-dotted, margins slightly recurved, base tapering ;
main nerves about 15-20 pairs, slender, uniting in an intramarginal
nerve ; peticles }—-3 in. long. Flowers white, about 4 in. across, sessile
or nearly so, axillary, solitary, or in fascicles of 2 or more, or in terminal
heads at the ends of short abortive branches; bracteoles conspicuous,
iz in. long, broadly ovate, acute, pubescent. Calyx 3 in. long, finely
pubescent or tomentose outside; tube very short; lobes 4, broadly
ovate, ciliate on the margins, gland-dotted. Petals 4, twice the length
of the calyx, spreading. Fruit globose, 3 in. in diam., crowned with the
persistent calyx-lobes ; seeds 1-2. Lugenia memecylifolia, Talbot, in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. v. 11 (1897) p. 236, t. 5, & Trees, Bomb.
ed. 2, p. 170.—Flowers: Mar.—May.

I cannot separate Mr. Talbot’s EZ. memecylifolia from E. codyensis,
Munro. Mr. Talbot describes the fruit of the former as white, while
Munro (/.¢.) makes no mention of the color of the fruit of the
latter.

Kanara: Kalpa on the Supa Ghats of N. Kanara (3400 feet), Talbot, 3127!
Woodrow.—Distris. India (Nilghiri and Kurg mountains).

15. Eugenia Mooniana, Wight, Jil. y. 2 (1850) p.13. (Not of
Gardner, in Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 2 (1843) p. 852.) Shrubby, glabrous,
or the young shoots puberulous. Leaves very variable in size and
shape, 13-23 by 2-13 in., ovate or elliptic or sometimes obovate,
acuminate (the acumen either short and obtuse or prolonged to a more
or less fine point), base usually tapering, but sometimes rounded; main
nerves inconspicuous, slender, uniting in an intramarginal nerve ; petioles
75-4 In. long. Flowers white, about 7 in. across, solitary or 2 together
on filiform pedicels about 3 in. long which are axillary or from the old
wood ; bracteoles small, lanceolate-subulate. Calyx tin. long, pubescent
outside ; tube about equalling the lobes, funnel-shaped, not prolonged
beyond the ovary; lobes 4, oblong, acute or obtuse, reflexed. Petals
longer than the calyx-lobes, broadly ovate or elliptic, obtuse, glandular.
Fruit globose, about the size of a cherry, scarlet or crimson (T'rimen).
Fl. B. J. v. 2, p.505; Wight, Icon. t.551; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. vy. 2, p. 187.
Eugenia Wildenowii(?), Dalz. & Gibs. p. 94 (not of DC.).

Konkan: Stocks!

Var. gracilis, Duthie, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2 (1878) p.505. Leaves
longer ; fruit oblong-ellipsoid (not globular). . gracilis (sp.), Bedd. in
Trans. Linn. Soe. v. 25 (1866) p. 217 ; Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat.
p- ex; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 170.—Flowers: Feb.—Mar.

Evergreen forests of the Konkan and N. Kanara, Talbot ; Ainshi Ghat (N. Kanara),

Talbot, Woodrow ; common in the forests near Karwar on the coast, Zalbot.—-Distrip.
India (W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon.

= -——5

LVI. MYRTACEA. 495

Eugenia malaccensis, Linn, Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 470. A small tree or
large shrub with leaves 9-12 in. long and dense racemes of large bright-
crimson flowers having 4 suborbicular glandular petals and numerous
stamens about 1 in. long, a native of the Moluccas, is often grown in
gardens in Bombay, where it thrives well. The fruit is of the size of a
small apple and is eaten, although it is not very palatable. Fl. B. I.
v. 2, p. 471; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 167; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 637, & Gard. in Ind. ed. 5, p. 315;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 288. Jumbosa malaccensis, DC.
Prodr. v. 3, p. 286; Grah. Cat. p. 74; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 35.—
Flowers: Apr._May. Vern, Malake-jdmb.

Eugenia Jambos, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 470. The Rose-Apple. A
small tree, often cultivated in gardens. The flowers are large, greenish-
white, and are followed by a subglobose berry 1-2 in. in diam., of rich
pink and white coloration, but more pleasant to the sight than the taste.
Some fine trees may be seen planted on the hill fort of Pertaébghar near
Mahableshwar. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 474; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2,
p- 167; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1898) p. 637, & Gard.
in Ind. ed. 5, p. 816; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 287. Jambosa
vulgaris, DC. Prodr. v. 3, p. 286; Grah. Cat. p. 74; Dalz. & Gibs.
Suppl. p. 35.—Flowers: Feb. Vern, Guldab-jdmb.

Eugenia bracteata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 37. A shrub or
small tree, a native of Southern India and Ceylon, has been planted in
Poona and N. Kanara. It has white flowers about as large as those of
the common myrtle, borne on short axillary peduncles which are
solitary or fascicled. FI. B. I. v. 2, p.502; Trim. FI. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 182;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1898) p. 637.—Flowers: Apr—
July.

Eugenia Micheli, Lamk. Encye. Méthod. v. 3 (1789) p. 203, a native
of 8S. America (although a very ancient introduction into India), is occa-
sionally met with in gardens, where it is known as the * Brazil Cherry.”
It possesses considerable interest as being the plant from which, under
the name Eugenia indica, the genus Eugenia was originally established
by P. Antonio Micheli in 1729 (Nov. Pl. Gen. p. 226, t. 108) in honor
of Prince Eugene of Savoy. Trimen (Journ. Linn. Soe. y. 24 [1888]
p. 142) has shewn that the name LZ. uniflora subsequently given to the
plant by Linnzeus, which included both this and a form of Z. malacrensis,
must be abandoned in favor of #. Michelii, Lamk. Eugenia uniflora,
Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 470; Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 505; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 637. Eugenia zeylanica, Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 2,
p- 963 (not of Roxb. nor of Wight). Hugenia Wildenowii, DC. Prodr.
y. 3, p. 265 (not of Wight). Myrtus brasiliana, Linn, Sp. Pl. (1753)
p- 471.—Flowers: Aug.—Sept.

2. BARRINGTONIA, Forst.

- Trees. Leaves alternate, crowded towards the ends of the branches,
usually membranous, penninerved, not gland-dotted. Flowers in terminal
and lateral racemes or interrupted spikes ; bracts small, very caducous ;
bracteoles minute or 0. Calyx-tube ovoid or turbinate, not or scarcely
produced above the ovary; lobes 2-4 (rarely 5). Petals 4 (rarely 5),

496 LVI. MYRTACEA.

imbricate, adnate at the base to the staminal-tube. Stamens numerous, in
several rows, connate at the base into a ring or very short cup; filaments
filiform, all antheriferous ; anthers small. Disk annular, at the top of
the ovary between the stamens. Ovary inferior, 2—4-celled ; ovules
2-8 in each cell, pendulous or horizontal; style long, filiform; stigma
small. Fruit fibrous or leathery, globose, ellipsoid, or quadrangular,
crowued with the calyx-limb, usually 1-seeded. Seed ovoid or ellipsoid,
exalbuminous ; embryo thick, fleshy, consisting of two concentric homo-
geneous layers ; cotyledons rudimentary, scale-like.—Disrris. Tropical
Asia, Africa, Australia and Polynesia ; species 25.

On the structure of seeds of Barringtonia and Careya, see Thomson,
in Journ. Linn. Soc. y. 2 (1858) p. 47.

Leaves reaching 12 in. long; fruit OVOId .........0c0.sscesseeees 1. B. racemosa.
Leaves reaching 6 in. long ; fruit quadrangular ............... 2. B. acutangula.

1. Barringtonia racemosa, Lowb. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 52; Fl.
Ind. v. 2, p. 634. A glabrous tree often reaching 50 ft. high; bark
srey. Leaves 4-12 by 2-5 in., membranous, obovate-oblong or ob-
lanceolate, shortly acuminate, slightly crenate-denticulate, glabrous,
base cuneate ; main nerves 10-20 pairs, spreading or ascending, pro-
minent beneath; petioles =4-1+ in. long. Flowers 13-2 in. across,
distant, in pendulous many-flowered racemes 1-2 ft. long, terminal or
from the axils of fallen leaves ; buds globose; pedicels slender, 3-3 in.
long; bracteoles minute, caducous. Calyx turbinate; tube funnel-
shaped in bud; lobes 2-3, ovate, acute, 2-3 in. long. Petals 4, oblong-
elliptic, acute, #-1 in. long. Stamens very numerous; filaments erect,
spreading, about 1 in. long. Style 14-1? in. long. Fruit 2-22 by
1?-2 in., ovoid, circular in horizontal cross-section or very bluntly
4-lobed, nearly smooth, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes ;
pericarp leathery. Seed solitary, ovoid-ellipsoid, 1? in. long. FI. B. IT.
v. 2, p. 507; Blume, in DC. Prodr. v. 3 (1828) p. 288; Grah. Cat.
p. 74; Wight, Icon. t. 152; Bot. Mag. t. 3831; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 94;
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 189; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p.171; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 402.—Flowers: Apr.—May. Vern. Nivdr;
Samudra-phal.

Konkan: Stocks !, Nimmo ex Graham; Severndrug taluka, Dailzell §& Gibson ; near
the coast, Talbot. Kanara: plentiful, Dalzell § Gibson ; along rivers and nalas near
the coast of N. Kanara, Ta/bot,—Disiris. India (eastern and western sea-coasts) ;
Malaya, Polynesia.

2. Barringtonia acutangula, Gertn. Fruct. v. 2 (1791) p. 97,
t. 101. A glabrous tree 25-50 ft. high ; young branches slender, pale-
grey. Leaves 24-6 by 14-3} in., obovate-oblong or elliptic-cuneate, the
apex rounded or subacute, the margins minutely denticulate or crenulate,
base much narrowed into the petiole; main nerves 10-13 pairs, spreading ;
petioles +1 in. long. Flowers fragrant, dark-scarlet, 3-3 in. across, in
slender pendulous many-flowered racemes 6-15 in. long ;_ pedicels ;—3 in.
long; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, acute, caducous. Calyx 1 in. long;
tube puberulous outside, about as long as the lobes; lobes 4, oblong;
rounded, ciliolate. Petals + in. long. Filaments 2 in. long. Fruit
1{-13 by 2-3 in., bluntly quadrangular, broadest in the middle, slightly
narrowed towards and truncate at each end, crowned by the small
persistent calyx. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 508; Grah. Cat. p. 74; Bedd. Flor.

od

LYI. MYRTACDX. 497

Sylvat. t. 204; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 95; Trim. F]. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 191; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 171; Woodr. in Journ, Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898)
p. 637; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 1, p. 401.—Flowers: Sept.—Oct.
Vourn. Tivdr; Ingh.

Konkan: banks of creeks in the 8S. Konkan, Dalze//!; Shrivardhan (S. Konkan),
Woodrow; between Indapur and Dasgaon, Dalzell § Gibson; W. Ghats widely,
Woodrow. 8. M. Country: near Belgaum, Law ex Graham. Kanara: banks of
rivers and streams throughout N. Kanara, common near the coast, Tudbot; island in
the Kala naddi, Ritchie, 280!—Disriis. Throughout India; Ceylon, Malaya, N,
Australia,

3. CAREYA, Roxb.

Trees or a small undershrub (C. herbacea). Leaves alternate, crowded
at the ends of the branches, penninerved, not dotted. Flowers large
and handsome, in racemes or interrupted spikes. Calyx-tube campa-
nulate or ovoid, not produced above the ovary; limb deeply 4-lobed.
Petals 4, imbricate. Stamens very numerous, epigynous, in several
rows, slightly connate at the base; filaments very long, the innermost
and outermost rows often without anthers, the intermediate pertect ;
anthers versatile, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary inferior, 4- (rarely 5-)
celled, crowned by an annular disk; ovules numerous, in 2 rows on
axile placentas. ruit large, globose, fleshy, indehiscent, crowned with
the calyx-limb. Seeds numerous, nesting in fleshy pulp; albumen 0;
embryo large; cotyledons obsolete.—Disrniz, India, Ceylon, N. Australia,
Queensland ; species 4.

1. Careya arborea, ftowvb. Cor. Pl. v. 3 (1819) p. 14, t. 218. A
glabrous middle-sized or sometimes a large tree attaining 60 ft. with
rounded head; bark thick, rough, dark-grey. Leaves 6-12 by 3-7 in.,
usually sessile, broadly obovate or oblong-obovate, rounded or shortly
acuminate, crenate-denticulate, glabrous, tapering at the base; main
nerves 10-12 pairs ; petioles 0—? in. long, margined. Flowers yellowish-
white, ill-smelling, sessile, 25-34 in. across, in thick swollen hard ter-
minal spikes each with a central elliptic bract and 2 linear lateral ones.
Calyx about 1 in. long; tube campanulate; segments rather shorter
than the tube, oblong, obtuse, stiff, erect. Petals 14—2 in. long, elliptic-
oblong, obtuse or subacute. Tilaments about equalling or slightly longer
than the petals, red. Fruit 23-8 in. in diam., globular, green, glabrous,
somewhat like an apple in appearance. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 511; Grah.
Cat. p. 74; Wight, lll. tt. 99 & 100; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 95; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. ed. 2, p. 172; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1898) p. 637 ;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 157.—Flowers: Mar.Apr. Vurn.
Kumbha ; Kubd.

Throughout the Presidency in deciduous forests. Konkan: common in 8, Konkan,
Dalzell § Gibson; W. Ghats, widely, Woodrow; Matheran, abundant, Cooke!; Mala-
bar and Parel hills (Bombay), Graham; jungles in Salsette, Graham; Indapur,
Dalzell §& Gibson. Deccan: Khandesh, Graham. Gusarar: where it attains a
majestic size, Gibson ex Graham. 8S. M. Country: Belgaum jungles, Ritchie!
Kanara: Kala naddi, Ritchie, 300!

The timber is useful, stands water well, and the heartwood takes a fine polish.
From the inner bark fuses for matchlocks are made, and the bark is also used in
native medicine. The dried calyces under the name “ Vikumbha” are sold in the

market and used as a demulcent in coughs and colds. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1.c.
—Distris. Throughout India; Ceylon.

498 LVI. MYRTACEA.

Psidium Guyava, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 470. The well-known
Guava Tree, a native of Mexico and possibly other parts of Tropical
America, is cultivated throughout and naturalized in India and in most
tropical countries. It is valued for its fruit and is deserving of more
attention than it generally receives. As the trees in cultivation are
mostly seedlings, there is naturally an immense variety in the quality of
the fruit, which could be much improved by a judicious system of
grafting. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 468; Firminger, Man. Gard. ed. 3, p. 261;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 637, & Gard. in Ind. ed. 5,
p. 314; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 351. Psidium pyrt-
ferum, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2 (1762) p. 672; Grah. Cat. p. 72; Dalz. &
Gibs. Suppl. p. 34.—Vurn. Jdmb; Peru.

Myrtus communis, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 471. The Myrtle, a well-
known sweet-scented shrub, a native of 8S. Europe, is cultivated in every
garden for its fragrant leaves. Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 54; Firminger,
Man. Gard. ed. 3, p. 571; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1898)
p- 637, & Gard. in Ind. ed. 5, p. 314; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 5,
p- 316.—Vern. Vildyti-Mendhi.

Orpver LVII. MELASTOMACES.

Herbs or shrubs, rarely erect trees, sometimes climbers. Leaves
opposite (rarely whorled), simple, equal or unequal, exstipulate, usually
petiolate, often 3-1ll-nerved, the nerves converging from the base
towards the apex (rarely penninerved). Flowers regular, hermaphro-
dite, in spikes, panicles or corymbs, rarely solitary or fascicled. Calyx-
tube free or partly or entirely adherent to the ovary by longitudinal
septa; limb truncate, 3-6-lobed, or calyptrate. Petals as many as the
calyx-lobes, inserted on the mouth of the calyx-limb, sometimes oblique,
very rarely cohering at the base, imbricate. Stamens as many or more
commonly double as many as the petals and inserted with them (very
rarely subindefinite), 1-seriate, the alternate stamens shorter or some-
times rudimentary, rarely all equal; filaments various, glabrous or
glandular, inflexed in bud; anthers basifixed, opening at the apex by
one or two pores, rarely by slits down the face, the connective sometimes
appendaged. Ovary sometimes wholly free, usually variously adherent,
3-6-celled (1-celled in Memecylon); ovules numerous (except in Meme-
cylon), on axile, parietal or free central placentas ; style terminal, usually
filiform. Fruit usually enclosed in the calyx-tube, capsular or baccate,
breaking up irregularly or by slits through the top of its cells. Seeds
many (usually 1 in Memecylon) ; albumen 0; cotyledons small (larger
and much folded in Memecylon).—Distris. Tropical with a few sub-
tropical, very many in America, a smaller number in Asia, and a much
less number in Africa and Polynesia ; genera 138 ; species about 1800,

Seeds numerous.
Petals 4 or 5.

Stamens equal or subequal ....... oad AG ocipeene ect oeeeeee L. OspecktA.
NiaMiens WOryANMCQUaL | cater dencwessasaemente reste csecyeavcwnac 2. MeLasroma,
PGtalaiS V5. eaesdeeewocteorsdenterags seme cacteanatriners+s.c) seayveulaess 3. SoNERILA.

Seeds solitary (rarely 2) iii csioscess.acesesetesentacwrpurere tre srs esceseerc 4, Memecyton.

LVII. MELASTOMACE, 499

1. OSBECKIA, Linn.

Herbs or shrubs, usually erect and setose; branches commonly
4-gonous. Leaves subcoriaceous, sessile or petiolate, 3-7-nerved,
usually quite entire. Flowers terminal, solitary, capitate or paniculate ;
bracts often forming an involucre. Calyx usually clothed with pectinate
scales or stellate hairs; tube ovoid, urceolate or subglobose, sometimes
much produced beyond the ovary; lobes 4-5, subulate or lanceolate,
deciduous, generally with bristle-pointed teeth alternating with them.
Petals 5 (rarely 4), obovate, often ciliate. Stamens twice as many as
the petals, equal or subequal; anthers large, obtuse, or attenuated, or
peaked, the connective rarely inconspicuously produced below the base,
but usually dilated and with 2 tubercles there. Ovary ovoid, 4-inferior,
setose at the free vertex, 4-5-celled; ovules numerous in each cell.
Capsule included in the calyx-tube and partially adnate to it below,
4-5-valved at the apex. Seeds minute, numerous, cochleate.—Dzisrris.
Tropical Asia, Australia, Madagascar, and Tropical Africa ; species 51.

Calyx-teeth } in.; petals $-} in. long; fruit 8-ribbed ............ 1. O. truncata.
Calyx-teeth 4-} in.; petals 4-5 in. long; fruit sometimes ob-
PCULGL VaR TIDE vacce cence enanssntas-encetanetese esieeute ce cnes 2, O. cupularis.

1. Osbeckia truncata, Don, in Wight § Arn. Prodr. (1834)
p. 322. Annual, herbaceous, 4-16 in. high; stem simple or more or
less branched, 4-gonous, and as well as the branches clothed with long .
stiff spreading hairs. Leaves 3-1j by 4-3 in., drying yellow, elliptic,
subacute, densely clothed on both sides with rather long hairs, 3-nerved,
entire or sometimes very slightly serrulate, base subacute ; petioles ~1,—
z in. long, bristly. Flowers capitate, often with 2 or 4 leaves close
under the head; pedicels {j-g in. long; bracts ovate, +4 in. long,
bristle-ciliate, glabrous on their backs. Calyx 1 in. long, clothed
externally with long stellate, intermixed with simple bristly hairs; tube
campanulate; teeth erect, ;'; in. long, broadly triangular, bristle-ciliate
and with a tuft of long spreading bristles springing from an enlarged
glandular apex; intermediate teeth scarcely ;1; in. long, stout, terete
with a tuft of bristles from an enlarged glandular apex. Petals 3-1 in.
long, purple. Ovary with 16-20 bristles at the apex. Fruit ovoid-
oblong, 8-ribbed. FI. B. 1. v. 2, p. 514; Wight, Icon. t. 375; Cogniaux,
in DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 7, p. 327; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy.
11 (1898) p. 687. Osbeckia zeylonica?, Grah. Cat. p. 71 (not of Linn.).
Osbeckia Leschenaultiana, Dalz. & Gibs. p. 92 (not of DC.).—Flowers :
Oct.—Dee.

Koskan: Stocks!, Law!, Nimmo ex Graham. 8. M.Cotntry: Londa, Cooke!,
Woodrow!; Badami, Woodrow!; Ramghat, Law ex Graham. Kanara: Supa
(N. Kanara), Ritchie, 1169!; Kala naddi, Ritchie; Dalzel/!—Distriw. India
(W. Peninsula, Chota Nagpur, East Bengal, Behar).

2. Osbeckia cupularis, Don, in Wight § Arn. Prodr. (1834)
p- 328. Herbaceous, biennial or (not improbably) perennial, 8-20 in.
high, branched; root thick, nodose. Stems many, 4-gonous, rather
slender, densely clothed with simple appressed long bristly hairs. Leaves
drying yellow, 1-2} by 3-1{ im., elliptic or elliptic-oblong, usually
entire, 3- (or sometimes 5-) nerved, hairy on both surfaces, base

acute or subobtuse; petioles 7-7 in. long. Flowers 4—5-merous,

500 LVII. MELASTOMACD2.

subeapitate (sometimes rather laxly arranged), often with 2 or 4 leaves
under the head ; bracts 5; in. long, ovate, acute, ciliate on the margins
and with a long bristle-point at the apex, glabrous on the back. Calyx
3-1 in. long, densely clothed with stalked stellate long hairs; tube
campanulate ; teeth 1-1 in. long, triangular, ciliate and with a tuft of
long bristles from the enlarged glandular apex ; intermediate teeth 15 in.
long, with a tuft of bristles from the enlarged glandular apex. Petals
1_! in. long, purple or sometimes white. Fruit ovoid-oblong, sometimes
obscurely many-ribbed. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 514; Cogniaux, in DC. Monogr.
Phan. v. 7, p. 328. Osbeckia virgata ?, Grah. Cat. p. 71 (not of Wight &
Arn.). Osbeckia Leschenaultiana, Wight, Icon. t. 996 (not of D.C.).

Konkan: Stocks ex Cogniauz (I. ¢.).

The occurrence of this plant within the limits of the Bombay Presidency is some-
what doubtful. -Cogniaux cites Stocks as an authority for its occurrence in the
Konkan, but there is no specimen from Stocks in Herb. Kew. Graham includes in
his Catalogue a plant which he calls O. virgata, W. & A., the habitat of which is given

as S. Konkan on the authority of Nimmo, which may possibly be this plant.—Disrais.
India (W. Peninsula).

2, MELASTOMA, Linn.

Shrubs, usually erect and strigose-hairy. Leaves petiolate, oblong or
lanceolate, usually coriaceous and quite entire, 3-7-nerved. Flowers
terminal, solitary, fasciculate or panicled, showy, purple, usually 5-merous.
Calyx-tube strigose, setose or paleaceous, ovoid or campanulate ; lobes
deciduous, ovate or lanceolate, usually about as long as the tube and
alternating with subulate teeth. Petals equal in number to the calyx-
lobes, sometimes pilose on the back. Stamens twice as many as the
petals, unequal ; those opposite the calyx-lobes longer and with purple
anthers, the connective produced below the cells and ending in 2
blunt lobes; those opposite the petals with yellow anthers, the
connective not or scarcely produced and ending in 2 blunt tubercles.
Ovary ovoid, more or less adnate to the calyx-tube, usually 5-celled,
bristly on the apex; ovules numerous; style filiform ; stigma obtuse.
Berry coriaceous or fleshy, irregularly dehiscent, enclosed in the
persistent calyx-tube. Seeds minute, numerous, cochleate.—DisrRip.
Tropical and East Asia, N. Australia, and Polynesia; species about 40.

1. Melastoma malabathricum, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 390. A
much-branched shrub sometimes reaching 8 ft. high. Young branches,
petioles, and nerves of the leaves beneath densely clothed with appressed
flat lanceolate acuminate paleaceous hairs. Leaves somewhat rigid,
2-41 by 3-1? in., ovate-oblong or lanceolate-oblong, acute, strigose
above with appressed thick hairs, softly hairy between the nerves
beneath, 5-nerved, the outer nerves fine and close to the margin, base
usually rounded; petioles 3-1 in. long. Flowers in terminal corymbose
1-5-flowered panicles ; pedicels about as long as the calyx-tube ; bracts
3-4 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, shortly stalked, clothed on the back
with scaly hairs. Calyx clothed all over with silvery lanceolate
scaly hairs; tube broadly campanulate; lobes 2 in. long, lanceolate,
acute, deciduous ; intermediate teeth } in. long, subulate, bristle-pointed.
Petals 3-1 in. long, obovate, rounded or truncate at the apex, narrowed
at the base. Filaments yellow. Anthers alternately yellow and red.
Ovary crowned at top with numerous silvery lanceolate hairs about

LVIT. MELASTOMACD &, 501

ry in. long; style nearly 1 in. long, exceeding the stamens. Fruit
4 in. long, broadly ovoid, truncate, bursting irregularly usually in a
circle, and exposing the 5 large purplish-black pulpy placentas covered
with numerous minute seeds. Fl. B. L. v. 2, p. 523; Grah. Cat. p. 71;
Wight, Ill. t.95; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 92; Cogniaux, in DC. Monogr. Phan.
v. 7, p. 349; Trim. Fl. Cey]. v. 2, p. 199; Krasser, in Engler & Prantl,
Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 7, p. 154, fig. 70, A, B; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2,
p- 172. Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 6387; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 210.—Flowers: Oct.-Mar. Varn. Palore.

Konkan: Stocks!, Dalzell!, Law!; near Vingorla, Cooke!, Woodrow! 8, M.
Country: Asanwiri, Dr. Lush ex Graham; Ramghat, Ritchie, 293! Kanara:
N. Kanara in moist forests, often along the banks of nilas near evergreen forests,
Talbot ; Kaumpta, Woodrow; Siddapur, Woodrow,—Disrris. Throughout India (except
the desert) ; Ceylon.

The pulp of the fruit is edible, tasting something like a blackberry; it stains the
mouth black.

3. SONERILA, Roxb.

Herbs often woody at the base, usually small, sometimes stemless.
Leaves usually membranous, equal or dimorphous, entire or serrulate,
3-5-nerved. Flowers in racemes or scorpioid spikes, usually reddish.
Calyx glabrous or setose ; tube campanulate or funnel-shaped ; teeth 3,
short, usually deciduous. Petals 3, acute, acuminate, or obtuse. Stamens
3 (very rarely 6); anthers blunt, pointed or rostrate, the cells more or
less divergent at the base, not produced below. Ovary adnate to the
calyx-tube, 3-celled (the cells alternate with the petals), glabrous at the
apex; ovules many; style filiform; stigma truncate or capitate.
Capsule included in the calyx-tube, 3-gonous, dehiscing at the apex by
3 valves. Seeds numerous, usually muriculate with minute tubereles.—
Disrris. India and Malaya with 1 species in 8. China; species about 60,

Stem Ol; leaves small; seeds.small-. ccc cbececsccscccieesceececeseecccesses 1. S. scapigera.
Stem distinct ; leaves large ; seeds tuberculate ..............+eeseeees 2. S. Rheedei.

1. Sonerila scapigera, Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot.v.7 (1848) p. 672,
t. 23. A small glabrous stemless herb 3-4 in. high. Leaves radical,
2-13 by 3-1 in., ovate or ovate-oblong, sometimes tinged with purple,
obtuse or subacute, minutely crenate-serrate, glabrous on both sides or
sometimes minutely glandular-puberulous, base cordate ; petioles 14-24
in. long. Flowers 4—10, crowded, subumbellate; flowering scapes 1-3
in. long; pedicels slender, 3-4 in. long. Calyx 3-} in. long, funnel-
shaped, obscurely 3-sulcate; teeth short, triangular, acute, deciduous.
Petals mauve-colored, 3-3 in. long, obovate, obliquely acute. Stamens
equalling the style; anthers 3-2 in. long, bright-yellow. Capsule 3-4
in. long. Seeds without raised points. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 538; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 93; Cogniaux, in DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 7, p. 513; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 6387.—Flowers: July-Aug. The
plant was originally described by Hooker (Lond. Journ. Bot. |. ¢.) and
not by Dalzell, as erroneously stated in Fl. B. I. (7. ¢.), a mistake which
is followed by Cogniaux and by the ‘ Index Kewensis.’

Konkan: Dalzell!; North and South Konkan, Law!; Ghats near Bombay, Dalzeli!
Deccan: Khandala, Woodrow !, Cooke!—Dusrrie. India (W. Peninsula).

7

502 LVII. MELASTOMACE&.

2. Sonerila Rheedei, Wight § Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 321 (not Wall.
Cat. 4096). A small herb 4-6 in. high; stem distinct, quadrangular,
sparsely clothed with weak hairs. Leaves 13-3 by 3-13 in., ovate,
remotely bristle-serrate, often tinged with purple, the upper surface
sparsely clothed with short thick bristles, the lower surface paler and
usually with minute scaly points, base subcordate or rounded ; petioles
3-1} in. long, usually with a few scattered weak hairs. Flowers 4-8,
crowded, subumbellate on terminal or axillary peduncles which are
sometimes 24 in. long; pedicels }-1 in. long, hairy. Calyx +%;-j in.
long, hairy; lobes triangular, deciduous. Petals violet, 3 in. long,
oblong-obovate, acute. Anthers ;5; in. long, bright-yellow, subulate,
sagittate at the base. Capsule 3-4} in. long. Seeds with raised points.
Grah. Cat. p. 71. Sonerila Wallichti, Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1898) p. 637.—Flowers : July—Aug.

Triana (Trans. Linn. Soe. v. 28 [1873] p. 77) and, following him,
Mr. C. B. Clarke (Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 588) reduce this plant to
S. Wallichii (Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar. p. 215) and cite S. Rheedii, Wall., 4096,
as equivalent to S. Iheedei, Wight & Arn. Cogniaux (DC. Monogr.
Phan. v. 7, p. 512) follows Mr. Clarke with a query, while the ‘ Index
Kewensis’ retains S. Ztheedii as a separate species, citing both Wall. and
Wight & Arn.

The two plants, S. Rheedei, Wight & Arn., and S. Rheedi, Wall., are,
however, quite distinct and belong to different sections, the first having
a stem and the latter (S. Rheedii, Wall.), which is conspecific with
S. Wallichii, Benn., and with S. acaulis, Bedd. (Trans. Linn. Soe. v. 25
[1866] p. 216), being entirely stemless. S. Ztheedei, Wight & Arn.,
should properly take its place in Fl. B. I. after no. 32, S. maculata,
Roxb., to which it is nearly allied.

Konkan: S. Konkan, Nizemo ex Graham. Wanara: Karwar, Talbot, 10!—Disrris.

India (W. Peninsula).
4, MEMECYLON, Linn.

Trees and shrubs, quite glabrous ; branches usually terete. Leaves
sessile or shortly petiolate, coriaceous, ovate or oblong, quite entire,
usually penninerved. Flowers usually axillary or from below the leaves
(rarely terminal), in fascicles, panicles or short umbels, blue or white.
Calyx quite glabrous; tube broadly campanulate or hemispheric ; limb
dilated, truncate or shortly 4-lobed. Petals 4, broadly ovate or orbicular,
obtuse or apiculate. Stamens 8, equal; filaments filiform; anthers
short, the cells opening by slits, the connective not elongate at the base,
thickened at the back, ending in an obtuse spur or horn behind. Ovary
inferior, 1-celled, glabrous, the apex convex or depressed ; ovules 6-12,
whorled about a free central placenta; style filiform ; stigma punctiform.
Berry globose, umbilicate at the apex, normally 1-seeded. Seed large;
embryo involute; cotyledons acute.—Distris. Asia, Australia, Pacific
Islands, Tropical Africa ; species about 130.

Trees.

Berries blackish when ripe.
Branchlets quadrangular, Winged.........:..ceserseeeseeeeeees 1. M. Wightit.
Branchlets terete, not winged.
Leaves usually cordate at the base, sessile or nearly so, 2. M. malabaricum.,
Leaves not cordate, usually attenuate at the base,
Petiolate (ci vyeccasceusserenvosssoennepevonsecemanernaent wos 3. M. umbellatum.

Berries bright-yellow when Tipe” <....1..0.<.csncsecceenncessone 4. M. Talbotianum.
Aeamall shrub 2-o ft, bash! cevniies carves et eseved wens seenann 5. M. terminale.

LVIT. MELASTOMACD. 503

1, Memecylon Wightii, 7hw. Enum. (1859) p. 118. A small
tree; branchlets slender, quadrangular, winged, the wings broader
between each node. Leaves- 23-44 by 1}-2 in., sessile or very nearly
so, ovate-oblong or lanceolate-oblong, acute or somewhat acuminate,
glabrous, thick, shining above, penninerved, base cordate. Flowers
crowded, fascicled on tubercles usually on the old wood; peduneles 0 ;
pedicels ;';--;'5 in. long, slender. Calyx 3); in. long ; tube campanulate ;
limb slightly 4-lobed or almost truncate. Petals blue, obtuse. Berry
spherical, }—} in. in diam., conspicuously crowned with the calyx-limb.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 554; Cogniaux, in DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 7, p. 1145;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 173; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11
(1898) p. 638.—F lowers: Mar. and Sept.

Kanara: N. Kanara in evergreen forests, common in the forests near the Dodmune
Ghat, Talbot; Mendele, Ritchie, 1740!

2. Memecylon malabaricum, Cogniaux, in DC. Monogr. Phan.
v. 7 (1891) p. 1148 (not of Kostel). A small tree; branches robust,
terete. Leaves 3-5 by 1-23 in., oblong or ovate-oblong, acute or sub-
obtuse, coriaceous, glabrous, shining above, amplexicaul or shortly
petiolate, cordate or rounded at the base; nerves obscure. Flowers in
umbels of 8-12 from the old wood; peduncles short, thickened at the
apex and furnished there with numerous bracts below the pedicels ;
pedicels filiform, ;-} in. long. Calyx ;4, in. long and about as broad
across the mouth when fully expanded; tube campanulate or sub-
hemispheric, about 55 in. long ; limb saucer-shaped, subtruneate. Petals
jo in. long, suborbicular, blue? Berry spherical, 1-1 in. in diam., con-
spicuously crowned by the calyx-limb, blackish. Brandis, in Talb. Trees,
Bomb. ed. 2 (Appendix). Memecylon amplevicaule, var. malabarica, C. B.
Clarke, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 559; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2,
p. 173.—Flowers: May. Vurn. Limba; Limtoli.

Kavara: Supa Ghats of N. Kanara, Talbot!; Sampkhand, Talbot, 8689!; Yellapur
Ghats, Za/bot.—Distris. India (W. Peninsula).

3. Memecylon umbellatum, Burm. Fl. Ind. (1768) p. 87. A
small tree ; young branches terete, pale when dry. Leaves 13-3 by
3-13 in., elliptic or ovate, subacute or shortly and bluntly acuminate,
glabrous, dark green and polished above, paler beneath, usually attenuated
but sometimes rounded at the base, margins slightly revolute ; midrib
prominent; lateral nerves obscure; petioles ~4-1 im. long. Flowers
numerous, in umbellate cymes from the axils of the fallen leaves on the
old wood ; peduncles several together, 3-3 in. long, elongating in fruit ;
ultimate pedicels ;4;-g in. long, very slender; buds pyriform. Calyx
qo in. long, campanulate before expansion (saucer-shaped when ex-
panded), % in. across the mouth when flowering; limb truncate or
4-toothed ; teeth, when present, small, triangular. Disk without or
with very faint rays. erry globose, + in. in diam., purplish-black,
crowned, though rather inconspicuously, with the calyx-limb, 1- (less
commonly 2-) seeded. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. y. 2, p. 216; Brandis, in Talb.
Trees, Bomb. ed. 2 (Appendix). Memecylon edule, Roxb. Cor. PI.
v. 1 (1795) p. 59, t. 82; C. B. Clarke, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 563;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 93; Cogniaux, in DC. Monogr. Phan. y. 7, p. 1155 ;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 174; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11

(1898) p. 638; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 226. M. tinctorium,

504 LVII. MELASTOMACEA,

Koen. ex W. & A. Prodr. p. 319; Wight, Ill. t. 93; Grah. Cat. p. 71.—
Flowers: Jan—Mar. Vern. Anjan.

Roxburgh (7. ¢.) and Dalzell & Gibson (J. c.) notice the occurrence of
2 seeds. I can fully endorse this, as I have examined a large number
of berries in the fresh state at Mahableshwar and frequently found them
2-seeded.

Burmann named the plant IZ. umbellatum in 1768, merely describing
the leaves as ovate and the flowers as umbellate, but quoting the deserip-
tion of the elder Burmann (Thes. Zeyl. p. 76, t. 31). Roxburgh’s name
M. edule dates from 1795, and as the names are admittedly synonymous,
the older name should have the preference.

Very common at Mahableshwar and Matheran, where it is called the Zronwood Tree.
Konkan: Stocks!; Matheran, Cooke! Dxccan: Mahableshwar, Cooke!; Khandala,
Nene!; Lanoli, Woodrow! S.M.Counrry: Ramghat, Ritchie, 292! Kanara: Law!,
Mrs. Ward, 118!; moist evergreen forests of N. Kanara, Zalbot.—Disrris. India
(E. & W. Peninsulas) ; Ceylon, Malaya.

Var. capitellata, C. B. Clarke, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 564
(exclud. syn.) ; peduncles more elongated, sometimes 1 in. long.

Konkan: Stocks!

4. Memecylon Talbotianum, Brandis, in Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2
(1902) (Appendiw). A large shrub or small tree; branchlets terete,
slightly quadrangular just below the nodes. Leaves 2-4 by 1-2 in.,
thickly coriaceous, elliptic, shortly and obtusely acuminate, margins
slightly revolute, base acute; main nerves obscure; petioles } in. long.
Flowers small, sessile, few, in compact clusters, on bracteate, nearly
sessile tubercles in the axils of present and former leaves; buds pyriform.
Calyx ;}; in. long; tube campanulate ; limb 4-lobed ; teeth triangular.
Petals =); in. long, orbicular, blue. Berry globose, } in. in diain., yellow.
—Flowers: Mar.—Apr.

The colour of the berry serves to distinguish this plant readily from
M. umbellatun.

Konkan: Stocks! Deccan: hills near Mahableshwar, Cooke, Brandis. Kanara:
Tinai (N. Kanara), Ritchie, 1758!; Bunwasi (N. Kanara), Talbot, 3658 !, 3568!

5. Memecylon terminale, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. vy. 3 (1851)
p. 121. <A shrub 2-3 ft. high; branches dichotomous, very slender,
terete or somewhat 4-gonous, smooth. Leaves subsessile, 13-38 by 3-
13 in., ovate, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, very acute or acuminate,
glabrous, obscurely penninerved, base cordate. Flowers in axillary and
terminal umbels ; peduncles 3-13 in. long, 1-8 together from the same
point, very slender; pedicels }-2 in. long, filiform. Calyx 3 in. across
the mouth when fully expanded; tube very short, campanulate ; limb
saucer-shaped, truncate. Petals blue, ;/5 in. long, ovate, obtuse. Berry
globose, 3 in. in diam., the areole at the apex about tin. in diam. FI.
B. I. v. 2, p. 558; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 93; Cogniaux, in DC. Monogr.
Phan. v. 7, p. 1163; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 178; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 688. MM. amabile,-Bedd. Icon. PI.
Ind. Or. t. 163.—Flowers : Dec.—Feb.

I think that MW. amabile, Bedd., from S. Kanara, should be included
under the above. There is only one specimen of that plant in Herb.
Kew.

Kanara: evergreen forests of N. Kanara from Ainshi southwards, Talbot; W. Ghats
southwards, Woodrow; Southern Ghats, Dalzell!, Gibson !

LVIIT. LYTHRACD A, 505

Orpver LVIII. LYTHRACES.

Trees, shrubs, or herbs ; branches often 4-gonous. Leaves entire,
usually opposite, sometimes alternate or whorled; stipules 0. Flowers
hermaphrodite, usually regular, cymose or paniculate. Calyx usually
free, persistent ; primary teeth or lobes 3-6, with sometimes as many
accessory teeth added, valvate. Petals as many as the primary teeth of
the calyx, rarely fewer or 0. Stamens definite or indefinite, inserted at
various heights on the calyx-tube. Ovary superior (rarely inferior),
1—6-celled ; ovules many, placentas axile, rarely parietal; style usually
filiform; stigma capitate, rarely 2-lobed. Fruit capsular or baccate,
membranous or coriaceous, girt round the base by the calyx or entirely
included in it (or rarely surmounted by it), 2-6-celled or, by the imper-
fection of the partitions, l-celled, variously dehiscent (rarely indehiscent).
Seeds numerous, sometimes winged; albumen 0; embryo usually straight;
cotyledons usually oblong or orbicular, flat, 2-auricled at the base and
with a short radicle—Disrris. Chiefly tropical; genera 30; species
about 275.

Terie ssecccese odie eusresncte esas naecacsee trast toes eee dkanecarmeres vets 1. AMMANNIA.
Shrubs or trees.
Shamongilld.cttacss ethene ace Heid ciorsihvew seated ealeralsacanauiaas@aatwnaes 2. WooprorpDIa.
SSEAITIOQUBT ian os teceane comes eect ocean en etecloe maine ements 3. Lawsonta.
Stamens indefinite.
Fruit a 3-6-celled, 3-6-valved capsule ............00000 4, LaGerstTRemta.
Fruit a many-celled indehiscent berry ..............606 5. SONNERATIA,

1. AMMANNIA, Linn.

Annual usually glabrous herbs; stem usually 4-gonous. Leaves
entire, opposite (rarely alternate) or whorled; stipules 0. Flowers
small, axillary, solitary and subsessile, or in small trichotomous cymes ;
bracteoles usually 2. Calyx more or less deeply campanulate ; teeth 3-7,
often with intermediate teeth or folds. Petals 3—7 or 0, inserted be-
tween the calyx-teeth. Stamens 2-8, inserted in the middle of the
calyx-tube ; filaments filiform. Ovary superior, 1—5-celled, the septa
often becoming absorbed; ovules very numerous, placentas axile; style
filiform, exserted ; stigma capitate. Capsule membranous, enclosed in
(though free from) the persistent calyx, globose or ellipsoid, 1—5-celled,
dehiscing by valves or irregularly breaking up or circumsciss. Seeds
minute, very numerous.—Distris. Marshy and moist places in the
Tropics and warmer regions of the world ; species 30.

Capsule 2-valved.

ilarcias Gea, COUNT 7opescenecocconeondade agneodncencuncocedoccns 1. A. peploides,
Flowers in terminal spicate racemes.
ILQE EE OAS OENIG one odooar deooed snbbodtOaeoooOUnduCTocbASCoseoENDSCoSEr 2. A. tenuis.
Mesivesialfarnntonmra, stermecctscvcests<cdecnscerssiceses geocrcevecnecs 3. A. floribunda.
Capsule 3-valved.
TRE AVESURWNOLIS Olkd—O) leseasc ccc scccsccceececencscdeosossescaceusnse 4. A. Rotala.
HGAVES IME OPPOSILGIVAILS = voce ceecccesseseocsresesscccscuesesdereodees 5. A. pentandra.
Capsule 4-valved.
Flowers axillary, solitary; leaves elliptic ...............00.:.ee0 6. A. Ritchie?,
Flowers in terminal spicate racemes ; leaves orbicular ...... 7. A. rotundifolia,

Capsule circumsciss or bursting irregularly.
Capsule wholly covered by the calyx.
Gibyae dese Cily e-WIN GO. 42.5.5 .000% venencbactnegeqnstesaecverueds 8. A. octandra,
21

506 LVIII. LYLHRACER.

Capsule not wholly covered by the calyx.

Calyx striate with 8 vertical limes ...........cescssscsscerecenes 9. A, multiflora.
Calyx not striate with vertical lines.
Leaves narrowed at the base .........scesccscesssssescccecsees 10. A. baceifera.
Leaves rounded or cordate at the base ............seeee ene 1l. A. salicifolia.

1. Ammannia peploides, Spreng. Syst. Veg. v. 1 (1825) p. 444.
Stems 3-12 in., usually decumbent at the base and rooting at the lower
nodes; branches ascending, 4-gonous. Leaves opposite; those on the
main stem 3—# by }-3 in., sessile or nearly so, elliptic-spathulate, rounded
at the apex, narrowed at the base, the midrib and lateral nerves promi-
nent beneath; the leaves on the floriferous branches much smaller,
linear-oblong, bract-like. Flowers very small, solitary in the axils of
reduced leaves which are more or less approximated so that the branch-
lets appear like spikes ; bracteoles 2, linear, acute, scarious, 3}; in. long.
Calyx campanulate, 7; in. long; teeth 4, acutely triangular ; accessory
teeth minute or 0. Petals 4, very small or 0. Stamens 4. Capsule
ellipsoid, longer than broad, opening by 2 valves from the apex. Seeds
very minute, narrowly ellipsoid, red. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 566; Trim. Fi.
Ceyl. v. 2, p. 223; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 638.
Ameletia indica, DC. in Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Geney. v. 3 (1825) part 2,
p- 82; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 96.—Flowers: Nov.—Jan.

A common weed in wet places. Konkan: Malwan, in rice-fields, Woodrow.
Gusarat: Surat, Kanithar, 48!; Chikli near Surat, Bhiva!—Distrrw. Throughout

India in rice-fields and damp places; Ceylon, Malaya, Philippines, China, Afghanistan,
Persia,

2. Ammannia tenuis, C. B. Clarke, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2 (1879)
p. 567. Stems often numerous, cespitose, somewhat procumbent at
the base, afterwards erect, simple, 3-4 in. long, or sometimes very com-
pound, reaching 8-10 in. long, very slender (almost filiform), terete,
shining, red. Leaves opposite, subsessile, broadly ovate or elliptic (the
lower sometimes orbicular), obtuse or acute; lateral nerves inconspicuous.
Flowers in dense terminal slender racemes (almost spikes) 3—1 in. long
on filiform peduncles; pedicels very short; bracts 1 to each flower,

zy-2 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, acute; bracteoles 7'5 in. long, linear-

lanceolate, acute, herbaceous. Calyx ;4,—% in. long, urceolate-campanu-
late, constricted at the top of the tube below the teeth; teeth 34, in.
long, triangular, acute; accessory teeth 0. Petals obovate, as long as
the calyx-teeth, pink. Capsule narrowly ellipsoid, much longer than
broad. Seeds narrowly ellipsoid, pink or yellow. Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 638. Ameletia tenuis, Wight, Icon. t. 257 ;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 96.—Flowers: Oct.—Dec.

Konkan: in beds of rivers, Law!, Woodrow!; Sayu, Gangaram!; banks of Pen
river, not common, Dalzell § Gibson. Deccan: Kolapur, Ritchie, 1068! Gusarar:
Dangs, on rocks, Woodrow, 19! S. M. Country: Belgaum hills, Ritchie, 1068 !—
Disrris. India (Behar, Central India, E. Bengal, W. Peninsula).

3. Ammannia floribunda, C. B. Clarke, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. vy. 2
(1879) p. 567. Erect or shortly creeping at the base, 6-15 in. high ;
stems reddish, offen much branched, the lower portion more or less
angular, the upper terete and very slender. Leaves alternate, sessile,
1-nerved ; the lower 1-2 by ;4,-+ in., oblong, obtuse or acute ; the upper
2-3 in. long, often only ;; in. broad, narrow-linear, acute. Flowers

290

LVIII, LYTHRACER, 507
dimorphic, in dense terminal racemes (almost spikes), }—4 in. long, on
long filiform peduncles ; pedicels very short; bracts 1 to each flower,
4-1 in. long, linear-lanceolate, acute, 1-nerved ; bracteoles ;'; in. long,
linear, acute, herbaceous, l-nerved. Calyx ;);—3 in. long; tube elongate-
campanulate ; teeth 4, triangular, acute, ., in. long ; accessory teeth 0.
Petals ;/; in. long, oblong-obovate, bright rose-colored. Stamens and
style of 2 kinds, the flowers having either long exserted stamens and a
short included style, or a long exserted style and stamens not exserted
beyond the calyx; stamens 4. Stigma 2-lobed, the lobes 3, in. long,
papillose. Capsule ellipsoid, 2-valved, much longer than broad. Seeds
ellipsoid, brown-yellow. Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898)
p- 638. Ameletia floribunda, Wight, Ill. p. 206; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 96.
Nimmoia floribunda, Wight, in Madr. Journ. Lit. & Science, v. 5 (1837)
p- 312, t. 20. Nimmonia floribunda, Grah. Cat. p. 83.—Flowers: Dec.-
Jan.

Bare rocky ground on the highest Ghats, Dalzel/ g& Gibson. Drccan: Mahableshwar,
H. M. Birdwood, Cooke!, Woodrow !, Dalzell!, Law !—Disrris. Apparently endemic on
the hills of the Bombay Presidency.

The plant is very common in Mahableshwar, where it is known as the “ Mahableshwar
heather.” —It grows in large dense patches on the bare damp rocks.

4. Ammannia Rotala, F. Mueller, Fragm. v. 3 (1862-63) p. 108.
Stems 3-6 in., often procumbent and rooting at the very base, then erect,
slightly branched, more or less striate. Leaves sessile, {-3 by 315-7); in.,
in whorls of 4-8, linear, truncate or bifid at the apex, 1-nerved.
Flowers 3-4-merous, sessile, in axillary whorls, 1 flower in the axil of
each leaf, the lower whorls distant, the upper approximated. Calyx
tubular, very thin, slightly constricted at the mouth; teeth 3-4, small,
erect, triangular, acute. Petals usually 3 (rarely 4), small, fugacious
or 0, when present rose-colored. Stamens 3. Ovary 3-celled. Capsule
ellipsoid, nearly as broad as long, 3-valved. Seeds 3-obovoid, yellowish-
brown, the plane face often excavated. Fl. B. L.v. 2, p.567; Trim. Fl.
Ceyl. v. 2, p.224. Rotala verticillaris, Linn. Mantiss, v. 2 (1771) p.175;
Wight, Icon. t. 260, A; Grah. Cat. p. 67; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 96.—
Flowers: Dee.

Konkan: Law! Kanara: Halihal, Talbot ex Woodrow.—Distrip. India (W.
Peninsula) ; Ceylon, Australia, Tropical Africa.

5. Ammannia pentandra, Rox). Fl. Ind. y. 1 (1832) p. 427.
Stem stout, 4-gonous, rooting at the base, 3-12 in. long, with numerous
4-gonous opposite slender branches covered with flowers. Leaves
opposite ; those on the stem 4-3? by 4-;%; in., sessile, oblong, obtuse or
subacute, sometimes rounded at the base; those on the branches smaller
and bract-like. Flowers sessile, solitary in the axils of nearly horizontal
floral leaves (bracts), 1 flower to each bract, the lower whorls of flowers
distant, the upper approximate, almost spicate ; bracteoles subulate, as
long as or longer than the calyx. Calyx shortly campanulate, 4;—7/5 in.
long, very slightly longer than broad, semiglobose in fruit ; teeth usually
5, small, triangular, very acute; accessory teeth longer than the primary,
subulate. Petals 5, small, fugacious. Stamens 5. Capsule subglobose,
3-valved. Seeds hemispheric or broadly 3-ellipsoid. Fl. B. I. v. 2,

. 568; Trim. FI. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 224; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
y. 11 (1898) p. 638.—Flowers : Aug.

ZL2

508 LVIII. LYTHRACER.

Konkan: Malwan, Woodrow; road Poladpur to Wada, Kanitkar !, Woodrow!
Deccan: Panchgani, Cooke! 8S. M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie, 1750!; Londa,
Woodrow. Kanara: on the Kala naddi, Ritchie, 1185!—Disrrie. Throughout Tropical
India in moist places, common; Ceylon, China, Malaya, Australia, Tropical Africa.

6. Ammannia Ritchiei, C. B. Clarke, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2(1879)
p- 566. Stem 6-12 in. long, 4-gonous, creeping and rooting. Leaves
opposite, the cauline 3-3 by ;°,—1 in., sessile, elliptic-oblong, rounded
at the apex, not conspicuously nerved. Flowers solitary in each axil;
pedicels 51; in. long or less. Calyx 515 in. Jong, tubular-campanulate ;
teeth 4, minute, the accessory teeth rather larger than the primary ones.
Petals 4, ovate or obovate, longer than the calyx-teeth, pale rose-colored.
Stamens 4, included. Style short. Capsule ellipsoid, included in the
calyx, 4-valved. Seeds 3-ellipsoid, brown. Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.

Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 638.—F lowers: Oct.
Belgaum in rice-fields, Ritchie, 1184! A very rare plant.

7. Ammannia rotundifolia, Buch.-Ham. in D. Don, Prodr. Fl.
Nep. (1825) p. 220. Stems 4-gonous, creeping and rooting at the base,
then ascending, leafy, 4-6 in. long, Leaves 4-3 in. in diam., opposite,
sessile or nearly so, orbicular or broadly obovate, strongly nerved beneath.
Inflorescence in peduncled cylindric racemes (almost spikes), 1-8 (very
commonly 3) together, forming a kind of terminal thyrsus ; pedicels
very short, scarcely more than =), in. long; flowers crowded towards
the apex of the raceme, often lax towards its base ; bracts cordate, orbi-
cular, acute, sessile, about ;/; in. in diam., adnate to the pedicel by a
short claw ; bractevles minute, linear-lanceolate, acute, scarious. Calyx
zz In. long; lobes more or less unequal, triangular, acute, almost
equalling the tube; accessory teeth 0. Petals 71, in. long, obovate-
spathulate, bright rose-colored. Capsule 4-valved, ellipsoid, slightly
longer than broad. Seeds brownish-yellow, ellipsoid. Fl. B. I. v. 2,
p- 566 ; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 638. Ameletia
rotundifolia, Wight, Icon. t. 258; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 96.—Flowers: Noy.

Konkan: Sdwantwari in rice-fields, Kanitkar!, Woodrow!; Malwan, Woodrow.
8. M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie, 1069 !—Disrriz. Throughout the plains of India
in damp localities ; China, Formosa.

8. Ammannia octandra, Linn. f. Suppl. (1781) p. 127. Stem
6-836 in. high, erect, stiff, the upper part 4-gonous, the lower part sub-
terete and often woody; branches numerous, sharply quadrangular.
Leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, tapering to an acute apex, subauriculate
at the base, those of the stem 13-24 by ~,—%, in., those of the branches
smaller. Flowers in short-peduncled usually 3-flowered cymes ; pe-
duncles scabrous ; pedicels short. Calyx 4-} in. long, campanulate,
quadrangular, the angles winged and minutely serrulate, the faces
between the wings furnished with a distinct rib in the middle of each
face ; mouth nearly truncate or with 4 very short teeth; accessory
teeth short, horn-like, spreading. Petals 4, broadly obovate, 3-1 in.
long, irregularly crenulate, rose-colored, veined. Stamens 8, exserted ;
filaments dark-red. Capsule enclosed in the calyx and about equalling
it, globose-ellipsoid. Seeds 4-ovoid. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 571; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 97; Roxb, Cor. Pl. v. 2, p. 18, t. 183; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2,
p. 225,

This plant is given as occurring in Bombay on the authority of Dalzell § Gibson
(/.¢.). I haye seen no Bombay specimens, nor are there any in Herb. Kew.

LVIII, LYTHRACEX. 509

9. Ammannia multiflora, Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814) p- 11. Stem
erect, 6-24 in. high, 4-gonous or sometimes almost 4-winged, more or
less terete at the very base ; branches numerous, slender, acutely quadr-
angular. Leaves opposite, sessile, linear-oblong or (rarely) elliptic-
oblong, dilated and subauriculate at the base, the leaves on the stem
gZ-11 by 4-j in., those on the banches smaller. Flowers axillary,
solitary, or in peduncled 3-many-flowered simple or compound cymes ;
peduncles and pedicels very slender, somewhat variable length ;
bracts beneath the branches of the cyme linear, acute, ,),-,), in. long.
Calyx 3);—-;/, in. long, campanulate or often hemispheric, marked with
8 faint vertical lines (scarcely ribs); teeth 4, shortly triangular, much
shorter than the calyx-tube. Petals 4, obovate, about 7, in. long, violet,
very caducous, often wanting. Capsules globose, not wholly covered by
the calyx, usually red. Seeds broadly 4-obovoid, almost pointed at
one end, excavated on the plane face. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 570; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 97; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1898) p. 688.—
Flowers: Nov.

Konkan: Stocks! Deccan: in water-holes, Da/zell & Gibson ; Kelgaon near Poona,
Woodrow! 8S. M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie, 1063!—Distrip. Throughout the
plains of India; Afghanistan, Persia, Anstralia.

10. Ammannia baccifera, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p.120. Glabrous,
6-24 in. high; stems erect, 4-gonous, often with numerous horizontal
or ascending branches which gradually become shorter towards the
summit. Leaves opposite (rarely alternate), 2-24 by 3-2 in., sessile,
linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, subacute or obtuse, mach narrowed
at the base. Flowers in dense axillary clusters or in loose but very
short cymes, forming whorls in the axils; bracts filiform, shorter than
the pedicels. Calyx ;4,—}, in. long ; tube hemispheric ; teeth 4 (rarely
5), short, broadly triangular, acute; accessory teeth inconspicuous.
Petals 0 or minute. Capsule depressed, globose, red, irregularly cir-
cumsciss above the middle, not wholly covered by the calyx. Seeds
subhemispheric, excavated on the plane face. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 569;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 97; Trim. FI. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 224; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 638; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. vy. 1, p. 218.
Ammannia vesicatoria, Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 11; Grah. Cat. p. 67.
—Flowers: Nov.—VerN. Bhar-Jémbhal.

Tolerably common in moist places. Konkan: Law!; Salsette, Graham. Duccay:
margin of Pashan tank near Poona, Woodrow! Gusarar: Surat, Kanitkar !, Woodrow!
Kanara: Kala naddi, Rifchie, 1067! Stxp: Mulir, near Karachi, Woodrow.—Distris.
Throughout India in moist places ; Ceylon, Afghanistan, Malaya, China, Australia,
Tropical Africa.

The plant has a strong muriatic but not disagreeable odor. Its leaves are used by

the natives to raise blisters, for which purpose they are very efficacious, but cause
much more pain than cantharides. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ¢.

11. Ammannia salicifolia, Mont’, in Comm. Bonon. v. 1 (1767)
p- 112. Stem erect, sometimes reaching 3 ft. high, purple, smooth,
4-gonous in the upper part, almost terete in the lower. Leaves opposite,
sessile, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, rounded or often cordate
at the base, hose on the stem 13-23 by 3-3 in., those on the branches
3-1 by +,—'; in. Flowers numerous, densely clustered in the axils in
almost sessile cymes; pedicels very short. Calyx 5),-1); in. long, sub-

510 LVIII. LYTHRACE.

hemispheric; teeth about as long as the tube, broadly triangular, very
acute ; accessory teeth inconspicuous. Petals 0 or minute. Capsule
not wholly covered by the calyx, globose, red, irregularly circumsciss.
Seeds 3-obovoid, excavated on the plane face, much smaller at one
end than the other, yellowish-brown.—Flowers : Nov.

May be distinguished from A. baccifera by the leaves which are
rounded or cordate at the base, those of A. baccifera being attenuated.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 569; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 97; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. vy. 11 (1898) p. 638. A. verticillata, Lamk. Encye. Méthod. v. 1
(1783) p. 131, & Ill. t. 77, f. 3 (not of Wight).

Konkan: Dalzell!, Stocks!; Malwdn, Dalzell § Gibson. Dnrccan: Kelgaon near

Poona, Bhiva!, Woodrow! 8.M. Country: Belgaum, Pitchie,268! Sixv: Woodrow!
—Disrris. Generally throughout India; Tropical Africa.

2. WOODFORDIA, Salisb.

Shrubs, often arborescent ; younger branches quadrangular, more or
less tomentose, the older terete or compressed beneath the nodes, gla-
brate. Leaves decussate, more or less coriaceous, nigro-punctate beneath,
penninerved and reticulately veined. Flowers in paniculate cymes, on
axillary peduncles, rarely solitary ; pedicels bracteate at or near the base.
Calyx tubular, the limb sometimes dilated, more or less contracted above
the fruit; teeth 6, short, with as many minute accessory teeth. Petals
6, minute, or 0. Stamens 12, inserted near the bottom of the calyx-
tube, much exserted, the alternate ones longer; filaments filiform ;
anthers broadly ovate or subrotund. Ovary sessile, cylindric, 2-celled
(sometimes incompletely so); ovules numerous, minute, inserted on
thick placentas adnate to the axis of the ovary ; style filiform, longer
than the ovary, slightly longer than the stamens, sometimes narrowed at
the apex; stigma punctiform. Capsule covered by the calyx, ellipsoid,
often splitting the calyx, thinly membranous, often bursting irregularly.
Seeds small, narrowly cuneate-obovoid.—Disrr1B. India, China, Tropical
Africa, Madagascar ; species 2.

1. Woodfordia floribunda, Salish. Parad. Lond, (1806) t. 42. A
straggling leafy shrub reaching 12 ft. high ; branches long, spreading ;
bark smooth, cinnamon-brown, peeling off in fibres; young shoots
terete, often clothed with fine white pubescence. Leaves 2-33 by 3-1 in.,
opposite or subopposite, sometimes in whorls of 3 (Brandis), sessile,
ovate-lanceolate, acute, softly velvety above, usually hoary and always
nigro-punctate beneath, base rounded or cordate ; main nerves 6-12
pairs, arcuate, prominent beneath, uniting in a distinct intramarginal
nerve. Flowers numerous, in short 2—15- (rarely 1-) flowered cymes
from the axils of former, less commonly of present leaves; pedicels short,
glandular-pubescent. Calyx 2in. long, striate, covered with glandular
dots, with a small campanulate base anda long slightly curved bright-
red tube which is slightly contracted above the included capsule ; mouth
oblique; teeth about 5/; in. long, triangular, acute. Petals slightly
longer than the calyx-teeth, narrowly linear, produced at the apex to a
long fine point. Capsule 2 in. long, usually splitting the calyx near the
base, irregularly dehiscent. Seeds cuneate-obovoid, brown, smooth.
Fl. B. I. y, 2, p. 572 (exclud. syn. Grislea uniflora, Rich., and Grislea

LVI. LYSTHRACE A, 511

micropetala, Hochst. & Steud.) ; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 226; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. ed. 2, p. 174; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 312.
Grislea tomentosa, Roxb. Cor. Pl. v. 1 (1795) p. 29, t. 31; Grah. Cat.
p. 67; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 97. Woodfordia tomentosa, Bedd. For. Man. in
Flor. Sylvat. p. exvii, t. 14, fig. 4.—Flowers: Dec.-May. Very.
Dhauri ; Dhdyati. The plant is trimorphie like Lythrum Salicaria.

Deccan: Deccan hills widely, Woodrow; Poona, Kusha!; Poona near the river
Cooke!; Khandesh, abundant, Graham. Kanara: N. Kanara near the sea-co ist
Zalbot.—Disrris. Throughout India; Ceylon, Beluchistan, Tropical Africa, Mada
gascar, China, Japan, Sumatra, Java.

The leaves supply an excellent and largely used tanning material. The flowers also

contain much tannin and are used throughout India as a dye. See Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. 1. ¢.

Grislea uniflora, Rich. (in union with Grislea multiflora, Rich.), has been made a
separate species, viz. Woodfordia uniflora, Kceehne (Monogr. Lythr. in Engl. Jahrb. v. 1
(1381) p. 334), with which, according to Keehne (/. ¢.), Grislea micropetala, Hochst. &
Steud., is synonymous.

3. LAWSONIA, Linn.

A glabrous shrub; younger branches sometimes 4-gonous, the older
terete, often spinescent. Leaves opposite, shortly petiolate, ovate-
lanceolate, entire. lowers in terminal panicled cymes. Calyx-tube
short; lobes 4, spreading, broadly ovate; accessory teeth 0. Petals 4,
very shortly clawed, inserted at the top of the calyx-tube. Stamens 8
(rarely 4), inserted at the base of the calyx-tube in pairs opposite the
calyx-lobes ; anthers broadly oblong, the connective thick. Ovary sub-
globose, 2-4-celled ; ovules many, placentas axile; style thick, slightly
longer than the stamens ; stigma capitate. Capsule globose, stalked in
the base of the calyx-tube, coriaceous, irregularly breaking up, ultimately
1-celled. Seeds closely packed on a central placenta, angular, pyramidal.
—Disrris. Asia (probably) ; cultivated in many tropical and subtropical
countries ; species lL.

1. Lawsonia inermis, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 349 (charac. ampl.).
A glabrous much-branched shrub; lateral branches 4-gonous, often
ending in a spinous point. Leaves 3-1; by 4-3 in., elliptic or broadly
lanceolate, acute or obtuse, often mucronulate, base tapering; petioles
very short or 0. Flowers numerous, less than # in. across, fragrant,
white or rose-colored, in large terminal pyramidal panicied cyines ;
pedicels short, slender. Calyx 3-1 in. long, broadly campanulate ; lobes
yo-@ in. long, ovate, acute. LPetals 3 in. long, as broad as long, sub-
orbicular or subreniform, undulate. Stamens 8, inserted in pairs on
the calyx-tube. Capsule j in. in diam., globose, slightly veined outside,
supported by the persistent calyx and tipped with the style. Seeds
trigono-pyramidal, about 51; in. long, externally subtuberculate. Keehne,
in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. v. 4 (1883) p. 36, & in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf.
v. 3, part 7, p. 15, fig. 6. Lawsonia spinosa, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 349
(partly). Lawsonia alba, Lamk. Encye. Méthod. v. 3 (1789) p. 106;
Fi. B. I. vy. 2, p. 573; Grah. Cat. p. 67; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 97; Trim.
Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 228; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 175; Woodr. in
Journ. Bemb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 638; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 4,
p. 597.—Flowers: Apr.—July. Vern. Mendhi.

612 LVIII. LYTHRACER,

Doubtfully wild in the Bombay Presidency, said by Dadlzell § Gibson (l.c.) to be
indigenous in Gujarat. Woodrow mentions (/.¢.) that it is plentiful in sandy salt
land near Bombay and that seedlings are abundant. Cultivated throughout the
Presidency, and often used as a hedge-plant in the same manner as privet in England.

The plant is the Henna of Egypt, and is largely used in India by the natives for
dyeing the nails, skin, and hair. It is also used medicinally. See Watt, Dict. Econ,
Prod. 1, ¢., where a very full account of its various uses may be found.

4. LAGERSTRGMIA, Linn.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, distichous or the uppermost
alternate, petiolate, oblong or ovate, entire, often glaucous beneath,
Flowers often large and showy, in axillary and terminal panicles, the
ultimate branchlets usually cymose ; peduncles 2-bracteate at their apex ;
pedicels 2-bracteolate. Calyx-tube campanulate, coriaceous, smooth or
ribbed, or winged ; lobes 6 (sometimes 7-9), ovate or triangular, often
caudate, valvate ; accessory teeth 0 or (rarely) minute. Petals 6 (some-
times 7-9) or 0, inserted at the summit of the calyx-tube, clawed, more
or less orbicular, wrinkled, the margin crisped, erose or fimbriate.
Stamens oo, inserted near the bottom of the calyx-tube ; filaments much
exserted. Ovary sessile at the bottom of the calyx, 3-6-celled ; ovules
numerous, ascending; placentas axile; style long, bent; stigma capitate.
Capsule more or less adnate to the calyx, ellipsoid, coriaceous, smooth,
3-6-celled, loculicidally 3-6-valved. Seeds many (rarely few), com-
pressed, ascending or horizontal ; testa membranous, winged at the
summit.—Disrris. South-east Asia, extending to Australia; species 18.

Calyx not ribbed; petals less than in. long.
Capsule #-1} in. long; calyx-lobes appressed to the fruit .... 1. LZ. parviflora.
Capsule 4-# in. long ; oalyx-lobes spreading or reflexed...... 2. L. lanceolata.
Calyx ribbed ; petals 1 in, long Or MOTE ........seeseeesecsereneeee 0. L. Flos-Regine.

1. Lagerstroeemia parviflora, Roxb. Cor. Pl. v. 1 (1795) p. 47,
t. 66. <A large tree attaining 50-70 ft. high ; youngest branches some-
times slightly pubescent. Leaves 2-4 by 13-23 in., elliptic-oblong,
acute or acuminate, green and glabrous above, pale or sometimes hoary-
tomentose beneath, conspicuously reticulately veined, narrowed or
cuneate at the base; main nerves 6-10 pairs, arcuate, prominent
beneath ; petioles 0-j in. long. Flowers white, fragrant, in axillary and
terminal many- or few-flowered panicles; pedicels slender, short, Calyx
1 in, long in flower, enlarged to 3 in. or more in fruit, glabrous or finely
cano-pubescent, not ribbed ; tube subhemispheric, or in fruit somewhat
funnel-shaped below; teeth 6, variable in size, triangular, acute, closely
appressed to the fruit. Petals 6, white, broadly obovate-oblong, 4 in.
long, with a long slender claw, undulate. Capsules variable in size, but
usually about 7-11 by 4-3 in., ellipsoid. Seeds (including the wing)
4-2 in. long, the wing much longer than the seed, about 3 in. long, cultri-
form, thin on the inside edge, thick on the outer. FI, B. I. v. 2, p.575;
Brandis, For. Fl. p. 239; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 175; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb, Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 638; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v,
4, p. 583. Lagerstremia lanceolata, Dalz. & Gibs. p. 98; Bedd. Flor.
Sylvat. t. 32 (not of Wall.).—Flowers: June, Vurn. Bonddard,

Konkan: Stocks!, Law!, Gibson!; Matheran, Cooke! Duccan: hills near Poona,
Woodrow !; Koina valley, Cooke!; Chattersinghi hill near Poona, Kanitkar! 8S, M.

LVIII. LYLHRACHR, 513

Country: Belgaum, Ritchie, 276! & 949!—Drsrris, India (base of the W. Himalaya,
W. Peninsula); Ava.

The wood is valued for its timber, which is tough, elastic, and durable. The leaves
are used to feed ¢asar silkworms. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ¢.

2. Lagerstroemia lanceolata, Wall. Cat. (1828) 2120. A
large tree 30-40 ft. high ; bark ash-colored, peeling off in large strips.
Leaves 23-4 by ?-2 in., elliptic-lanceolate, acute, glabrous above, usually
hoary-tomentose beneath; main nerves 8-12 pairs, prominent; petioles
4-2 in. long. Flowers in large usually compound panicles; pedicels
short, pubescent. Calyx + in. long, usually hoary-tomentose ; tube
hemispheric; lobes about {5 in. long, triangular, acute, patent or often
reflexed. Petals 4-} by ;/) in., oblong-obovate, with a long slender
claw. Capsules 3- in. long, ellipsoid, not ribbed. Seeds (including the
wing) about 4 in. long, the wing about + in. long and } in. broad at the
base, cultriform. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 576; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1898) p. 6388; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 583. Lagerstreemia
parviflora, Dalz. & Gibs. p. 98 (not of Roxb.). L. microcarpa, Wight,
Icon. (1840) t. 109; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 30; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
ed. 2, p. 176.—Flowers: Mar.Apr. Vurn. Nand.

Dalzell § Gibson (Bomb. FI. 1. c.) have transposed the names ZL. lanceo-
lata and L. parviflora.

Konxan: Stocks!, Law!, Daizell!, Gibson!; Wari country, common, Dalzell &
Gibson. S. M. Counrry: Ramghat and Belgaum, Ritchie, 277! Kanara: North

Kanara, Talbot ; Kumpta-Sirsi Road, Woodrow.—Distris. India (from Bombay
southwards).

3. Lagerstreemia Flos-Reginze, Metz. Obs. (1789) fase. 5, p. 25.
A large tree 30-60 ft. high; branches widely spreading; bark pale,
smooth, flaking off in irregular pieces. Leaves 4—8 by 14-3 in., oblong-
lanceolate or elliptic, subacute, glabrous and finely reticulate on both
surfaces, pale beneath, base acute or rounded ; main nerves 10-13 pairs,
prominent, curving upwards; petioles 1-3 in. long, stout. Flowers
2-3 in. across, in large panicles sometimes reaching 1 ft. long; pedicels
stout, pubescent, thickened upwards and articulated below the middle.
Calyx turbinate, 3 in. long, covered with white or ferruginous tomentum,
ribbed with 12-14 prominent stout ridges, those opposite the calyx-teeth
broader ; teeth 6-7, triangular, acute, spreading, 7 in. long, thickened
at the edges. Petals 6-7, purple, 1-13 in. long, suborbicular or rotund-
ovate, clawed, much undulate and crumpled, spreading. Stamens all
equal, shorter than the style. Capsules ellipsoid or subglobose, 3-1} by
3-1 in., minutely apiculate. Seeds (including the wing) 3—*, by }~
33; in., glabrous, pale-brown. FI. B. J. v. 2, p.577; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v.
2, p. 228; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 176; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 638; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 582.
Lagerstremia Regine, Roxb. Cor. Pl. v. 1 (1795) p. 46, t. 65; Grah. Cat.
p- 67; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 98; Wight, Icon. t. 4i3; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat.
t, 29. L. speciosa, Pers. Syn. v. 2 (1807) p. 72; Keehne, in Engl. &
Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 7, p. 14, fig. 5, p-1.—Flowers: Apr.—June.
Vern. Tdéman; Mota-bonddra.

Konkan: S. Konkan, Woodrow; wild in the vale of the Nagotna river near its
source, Graham; Vingorla, Dalzell & Gibson. Kanara: N. Kanara Ghats on the
banks of nadlas and rivers, Za/bo¢t—Distris. India (W. Peninsula, Assam); Ceylon,
Malaya, China, in many cases only cultivated.

514 LVIII, LYTHRACEE.

Sir G. King in bis “ Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula” (Journ. As,
Soc. Beng. y. 67 [1898] p. 9) gives most convincing reasons for adopting the name
L. Flos-Regine, Retz. (1789), instead of L. speciosa, Persoon (1807).

Lagerstremia indica, Linn. Syst.ed. 10(1759)p.1076. A very handsome
shrub introduced from China and cultivated largely in gardens. It has
glabrous leaves 2 in. long and showy flowers of every shade from pale
rose to dark crimson. It is propagated by cuttings or seeds. FI. B. IL.
v. 2, p. 575; Grah. Cat. p. 67; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 33; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 638, & Gard. in Ind. ed. 5, p. 318;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 583.—Flowers: June-July. VuRN.
Chinai-Mendhi.

5. SONNERATIA, Linn. f.

Trees growing near the sea. Leaves opposite, petiolate, coriaceous,
entire. Flowers 3 together at the apices ot the branches, or axillary
and solitary, ebracteolate. Calyx thickly coriaceous ; tube campanulate ;
lobes 4-8, triangular-ovate or lanceolate. Petals 0, or as many as the
calyx-lobes. Stamens o, inserted in the throat of the calyx-tube,
many-seriate ; filaments filiform, at length reflexed ; anthers versatile,
reniform. Ovary free or adnate at the base to the calyx-tube, many-
celled, with thin septa; ovules numerous, ascending, placentas axile ;
style elongate, filiform; stigma subcapitate. Berry subglobose, thick,
supported by the persistent calyx, 10-15-celled, many-seeded. Seeds
nesting in pulp, curved, angular; cotyledons short, foliaceous, con-
volute; radicle elongate, terete—Distris. Tropical sea-shores of the
Eastern hemisphere ; species 5—6.

Walliyx-labes 4:7 sCtals OMe nncdaccees smceeesecctnach eussccterancescnmapeadseert 1. S. apetala.

Calyx-lobes'G 5 Petals'G lo s..55..cecanscscoscceteuaveeps ov saneascnuecteneetas 2. S. acida.

1. Sonneratia apetala, Buch.-Ham. in Syme, Emb. Ava, v. 3 (1800)
p- 313. An erect tree reaching 40 ft. high growing in mangrove
swamps; branches slender, drooping. Leaves 2-4 by 1-13 in., oblong-
lanceolate, obtuse, thick, glabrous, much attenuated at the base into
a short petiole; main nerves 10-12 pairs, not conspicuous. Flowers
solitary or, more commonly, 3 together, large, articulated on pedicels
4-3in. long. Calyx ? in. long; tube cup-shaped; lobes 4, ovate-oblong,
acute, in. long. Petals 0. Stamens slightly exserted; style shorter
than the stamens ; stigma umbrella-shaped. Capsule about ? in. broad,
depressed-globose, tipped with the style, smooth. Fl. B.I. v. 2, p. 579 ;
Grah. Cat. p. 72; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 229; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
ed. 2, p. 177; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 638; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 3, p. 276.—F lowers: Feb.

Rather rare. Konkan: Law!; salt-marsh by the road leading from Bombay
to Sewree, Graham; Mumbra (Thana districts), Woodrow ; Dharamtar, Woodrow.—
Distris. India (in tidal creeks of Bengal, the Western Peninsula, Birma).

This plant and the next have been included ia the list of so-called “ mangroves”
given on page 471,

2, Sonneratia acida, Linn. f. Suppl. Pl. (1781) p. 252. A small
tree rarely reaching 15 ft. high. Leaves nearly sessile, subfleshy, 2-3?
by 3-2} in., elliptic-oblong or obovate, obtuse, much attenuated at the
base. Flowers large, terminal, solitary, on very short thick pedicels ;

LVIII., LYTHRACE.®. 51d

buds ellipsoid. Calyx 1}-13 in. long; tube hemispheric; lobes 6,
lanceolate-oblong, acute, # in. long. Petals 6, linear-oblong, 7 by
3-1 in., dark rose-colored. Style very long, often exceeding 2 in.
Fruit 1-2 in. in diam., cushion-shaped, supported by the persistent
calyx which forms a shallow cup, and tipped by the persistent tapering
style-base which forms a point about 1 in. long in its centre. Fl. B. L.
v. 2, p. 579; Grah. Cat. p. 72; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 98; Trim. FI.
Ceyl. v. 2, p. 230; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 176; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 6388; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6,
part 3, p. 275.—Flowers: Feb.—July.

Konkan: sult-marshes of the Konkan, Zalbot; salt-marsh on the Salsette side
of Sion Causeway near Bombay, Graham, Dalzell; Ratnagiri, Vingorla, Dalzell ;
Hareshvar, Kanitkar!; Dharamtar, Woodrow! Kanara: salt-water creeks of
N. Kanara, Za/bot.—Distris. India (tidal creeks and mangrove swamps); Ceylon,
Java, Siam.

The erect root-branches, which reach 18-24 in. in length by 3 in. in diam., have a
soft firm texture like cork and have been used as a substitute for it in Ceylon.
( Trimen, 1. ¢.)

Punica Granatum, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 472. The Pomegranate.
A small tree or large shrub, wild in Persia, Cabul, and Beluchistan, is
cultivated throughout India for its fruit and flowers and has become
naturalized in many places. It is largely cultivated in the Bombay
Presidency at Alandi near Poona, The fruit is infested by a curious
caterpillar which, in order to enjoy the fruit in safety, fastens it to the
stalk with a web of silky threads, so that the fruit may not fall off
the tree and the depredator be injured. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 581; Grah.
Cat. p. 72; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 84; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1898) p. 638, & Gard. in Ind. ed. 5, p. 319; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. y. 6, part 1, p. 868.— VERN. Andr; Ddlimbi.

Orprr LIX. ONAGRACEA,

Herbs, rarely undershrubs, sometimes aquatic. Leaves opposite
or alternate, membranous, entire or toothed, undivided (in Zrapa the
submerged leaves pinnatipartite), exstipulate. Flowers hermaphrodite,
regular (rarely irregular), axillary and solitary, or in spikes or racemes
towards the ends of the branches. Calyx-tube wholly adnate to the
ovary (2-adnate in Trapa); limb 2-5-lobed, the lobes valvate. Petals
epigynous, alternate with the calyx-lobes, rarely 0. Stamens as many
or twice as many as the calyx-lobes, inserted with the petals when these
are present. Ovary inferior (3-inferior in Zvrapa), 1-6- (commonly
4-) celled ; ovules 1 or many in each cell, pendulous or 3-ascending,
placentas axile; style cylindric or subulate; stigma capitate, entire,
2-lobed or 4-fid. Fruit various, dehiscent or indehiscent, membranous,
capsular or bony, 1-many-celled, 1-many-seeded. Seeds exalbuminous
or nearly so.—D1stri1B. Throughout the temperate regions of the world,
rarer in the Tropics ; genera 22; species 300.

Seeds very many.

Stamens twice as many as the calyx-lobes.........scceeeesseeeeeeeee 1. Jusstna.

Stamens as many as the calyx-lobes ..............sscesscerstovsssees 2. Lupwicia.
Seeds 1-2.

iguatie :* Binion ss: so; wccvesssnvcusectsssersescnenapseaneoannedeass cooess Op LRAPAS

516 LIX, ONAGRACE.

1. JUSSIZBA, Linn.

Herbs or undershrubs usually growing in swamps. Leaves alternate,
usually membranous and entire, rarely coriaceous and serrate. Flowers
yellow or white, axillary, solitary ; pedicels usually 2-bracteate at the
apex. Calyx-tube narrow, not or slightly produced above the ovary ;
teeth 4—6, acute, persistent. Petals 4—6, inserted beneath the margin
of an epigynous disk. Stamens twice as many as the petals and in-
serted with them. Ovary 4-5-celled ; ovules numerous, axile, in several
vertical rows at the inner angle of each cell, placentas often prominent ;
style simple, sometimes very short ; stigma 4-6-lobed. Capsule terete
or 4-12-angled or ribbed, 4—6-celled, septicidally 4-5-valved, crowned
with the disk and calyx-lobes. Seeds numerous, without a coma;
cotyledons obtuse ; radicle short——DistTris. Chiefly Tropical American ;
species 30.

Stems creeping or floating; petals 5 ..............sseseeeeereeseneees 1. J. repens.

PleMs CLEChs spotalstwecencsse nea cosssemesnaaceiias sncioerecsanesenemeres 2. J. suffruticosa.

1. Jussiza repens, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 388. Herbaceous ;
stem rooting at the nodes, elongate, prostrate or creeping, or Hoating on
the water, sustained by means of white spongy bodies which spring in
tufts from each side of the base of the petioles and may be modified
stipules. Leaves 1-2 by 3-Zin., oblanceolate or obovate-oblong, rounded
at the apex, glabrous or slightly pubescent, much narrowed into the
petiole ; main nerves 6-10 pairs, slender, nearly straight or slightly
curved upwards ; petioles very short. Flowers pale-yellow or white,
with yellowish veins ; pedicels usually as long as the capsule, more
or less hairy. Calyx-tube about 3 in. long, cylindric, glabrous or rarely
pubescent ; lobes 5, lanceolate, 7-;®; in. long. Petals 5, shortly clawed,
4-2 in. long, obovate, obtuse, sometimes retuse. Stamens 10. Capsules
2-14 in. long, cylindric, glabrous or sparsely clothed with scattered
hairs. Fl. B. L. v. 2, p. 587; Grah. Cat. p. 75; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 98;
Hook. Bot. Misc. v. 3 (1833) p. 300, t.40; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 233 ;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1898) p. 638.—F lowers: Noy.—
Dec.

Common on the margins of tanks and in rice-fields|5 Konkan: Law! Gusarat:
Woodrow. S. M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie, 1758!; Dharwar, Ritchie, 1758!
Kanara: Hulikal, Bhiva!—Disrris. Throughout the plains of India; Ceylon;
generally distributed throughout the warmer regions of the world,

2. Jussiza suffruticosa, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 388. A semi-
shrubby erect perennial, 1-4 ft. high; stem woody below, much-
branched; branches stiff, terete, striate. Leaves nearly sessile, 2-3 by
3-2 in., varying from linear to broadly elliptic, but usually lanceolate,
acute, tapering much towards the base, villous, pubescent or subglabrous ;
main nerves numerous; petioles very short or 0. Flowers yellow ;
pedicels shorter than the calyx, pubescent ; bracts minute. Calyx hairy ;
tube subquadrangular ; lobes 4, ovate-elliptic, acute or subacuminate,
8 in. long, hairy, obscurely nerved. Petals 4, broadly obovate, 7-3 in.
long, pinnately veined. Capsules 1-13 in. long, subquadrangular,
truncate, tapering towards the base, 8-ribbed, villous or pubescent,
membranous, breaking up between the ribs which persist for some time.

Seeds minute, ovoid, didymous, brown, polished. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 587 ;

LIX, ONAGRACER. 517

Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 233; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898)
p- 638; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 4, p. 556. Jussiaa villosa, Lamk.
Encye. Méthod. v. 3 (1789) p. 331; Grah. Cat. p. 75; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 98.—Flowers: Aug.—Oct. Vern. Pdnlavang.

Konkan: Graham, Law!, Stocks!; Vingorla, Dailzell § Gibson. Deccan: Tulsi
tank near Poona, Woodrow!; Bowdhan near Poona, Bhiva!; road to Kadakvasla,
Cooke!; Khandala, Graham. 8S. M. Counrry: Belgaum, Ritchie, 304!; Londa,

Cooke! Kanara: Yellapur, Talbot !—Duisrriz. Throughout India; Ceylon, warmer
regions of the world.

2, LUDWIGIA, Linn.

Perennial or annual herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite, usually
lanceolate, entire, membranous. Flowers usually axillary, solitary,
sessile or nearly so; peduncles when present 2-bracteate at the apex.
Calyx-tube not or scarcely produced above the ovary; lobes 3-5, acute,
persistent or tardily deciduous. Petals 3-5 (or 0), inserted beneath the
margin of an epigynous disk, spreading. Stamens 3-5, inserted with
the petals; filaments short. Ovary 4-5-celled; ovules numerous,
attached in 2 or more vertical rows to the inner angle of each cell.
Capsule crowned with the epigynous disk and calyx-lobes, opening
by terminal pores or breaking up irregularly along the sides. Seeds
very many, minute.—Disrriz. Chiefly North American ; species 20.

1. Ludwigia parviflora, Roxb. Hort. Beny. (1814) p. 11. An
erect herb 6-24 in. high; stem more or less angular, much-branched,
glabrous. Leaves variable in size, 1-3 by j-7 in., lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, narrowed to each end, glabrous; petioles obscure. Flowers
small, solitary, axillary ; pedicels very short. Calyx-tube subcylindric,
glabrous or slightly pubescent; lobes 4, ovate, acute, ;'j in. long.
Petals 4, elliptic-oblong, as long as the calyx-lobes. Style short, stout.
Capsule 4-3 in. long, obsoletely 4-angled, smooth, crowned for a time
by the subpersistent calyx-lobes, breaking away from the ribs. Seeds
very numerous, in several rows in each cell, minute, ellipsoid, yellowish-
brown, polished. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 588; Grah. Cat. p. 75; Dalz. & Gibs.
p. 99; Wight, Ill. t. 101; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 284; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 638.—Flowers : May-June.

Konkan: common, Dalzell §& Gibson, Graham; Neral, Woodrow!; hills near
Matheran, Kanitkar! Dxccan: Poona districts, Cooke !—Disrris. Throughout India ;
Ceylon, Malaya, N. Australia, Persia, Abyssinia,

3. TRAPA, Linn.

Aquatic herbs. Leaves alternate, floating, petiolate, rhomboid, toothed,
stipulate ; petiole spongy, inflated. Flowers axillary, solitary. Calyx-
tube short, adnate to the lower part of the ovary ; calyx-limb 4-partite,
2 or all the segments persistent and becoming spinescent on the fruit.
Petals 4, sessile, inserted at the base of an undulate epigynous disk.
Stamens 4, inserted with the petals. Ovary 2-celled, 4-inferior,
conical above the calyx, attenuated into a persistent subulate style ;
ovule solitary in each cell, pendulous; stigma capitate. Fruit bony,
1-celled, obovoid, with 4 angles 2 or all of which carry spines, indehis-
cent, with a short cylindric beak at the top through which the radicle is
protruded. Seed 1, inverse; cotyledons very unequal ; radicle incurved.—

518 TIX. ONAGRACEA,

Distris. Central and Southern Europe, Tropical Asia and Africa ;
species 2-3.

1. Trapa bispinosa, fovb. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 11. Stems
flexuose, often several feet long, ascending in the water, the submerged
parts furnished with numerous opposite pairs of green root-like spreading
pectinate organs (? floating roots), arising immediately below the position of
the stipules of fallen leaves and reaching sometimes 23 in. long. Leaves
alternate, crowded on the upper part of the stem, the blade as broad as,
or more commonly broader than long, 13-2 by 14-2 in., rhomboid with
a triangular apex, somewhat truncate and entire at the base, irregularly
inciso-serrate in the upper part, dark-green mottled with brown, glabrous
and shining above, reddish-purple and densely pubescent beneath;
petioles terete, at first short, but ultimately reaching as much as 5 in. in
length, the upper part hairy, the lower glabrous, dilated near the apex
into a large fusiform spongy float ; stipules linear-lanceolate, acute,
membranous, caducous. Flowers few, axillary, solitary ; pedicels short,
stout, hairy, incurved during flowering, afterwards bending down
beneath the water in which the fruit ripens. Calyx pubescent ; lobes 4,
lanceolate, acute, of which 2 are persistent, becoming spines on the
fruit. Petals 4, obovate, about twice as long as the calyx-lobes, crenulate
on the margins, pure white. Fruit obovoid, angular, 7-1 in. long and
broad, with a short conical beak in the centre at the apex and a spreading
flattened very sharp spinous horn at either side; radicle beneath the
central beak, from which it protrudes in germination. FI. B. I. v. 2,
p- 590; Grah. Cat. p. 75; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 99; Roxb. Cor. Pl. v. 3
(1819) p. 29, t. 234; Trim. FI. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 235; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 639; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4,
p. 73.—Flowers: Feb.—Mar. Vurn. Shingddd.

In tanks throughout the Presidency, often cultivated ; very abundant in tanks in
Gujarat. The fruit is eaten by the natives and is much esteemed. It is known to
Anglo-Indians as the water-chestnut.—Disrris. Throughout India; Ceylon, Malaya,
Tropical Africa.

Note.—Considerable diversity of opinion exists as to the exact function of the
“ yectinate organs.” Roxburgh (/. c.) considered them to be a second pair of stipules
below the true ones, and gives an excellent figure. Inthe ‘Genera Plantarum’ (Benth. &
Hook.) and in Hook. f. ‘Flora of British India’ they are called submerged leaves.
Barnéoud (Mém. du Trapa natans, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 3, v. 9 [1848] p. 222) terms them
adventitious floating roots. There is a good figure of Trapa natans in Engl. & Prantl,
Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 7, p. 224, fig. 97, which shews these organs in their natural position
in the water. They do not reach the bottom, but remain suspended in the liquid.

Fuchsias of several kinds are grown on the hills and are common in
every garden at Mahableshwar, where they thrive very well. They do
not, however, stand the climate of the Deccan plains. I have taken down
large established plants in pots from Mahableshwar to Poona which all
died after the second year. At an altitude of 4000 ft. and upwards
they grow and flower freely.

Cnothera rosea, [Soland in] Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 1, v. 2 (1789) p. 3.
A small plant, a native of Mexico, is grown in gardens, especially on the
hills, and thrives well at Mahableshwar. It is about 1 ft. high and has
pink flowers with obovate petals. Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11
(1898) p. 639, & Gard. in Ind. ed. 5, p. 322.

LX, SAMYDACH, 519

Orprr LX. SAMYDACEA.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves usually alternate and distichous, petiolate,
simple, entire or serrate, the teeth sometimes terminated by a gland ;
stipules small or 0. Flowers regular, usually hermaphrodite, incon-
spicuous, fasciculate, racemose, or paniculate, pedicelled, the pedicels
articulated at the base, bracteolate. Calyx coriaceous, persistent ; tube
short or long, rarely adnate to the ovary ; lobes 3-7, imbricate or valvate.
Petals as many as the calyx-lobes or 0, perigynous, imbricate. Stamens
definite or indefinite, often alternating with staminodes, equidistant or
collected into fascicles opposite to the petals; filaments filiform or
capillary, free or connate at the base or throughout their entire length.
Ovary free or rarely adnate to the calyx-tube, sessile, 1-celled; ovules
very many or few, attached to 2-5 (usually 3) parietal placentas ; style
1, capitate or 3-fid at the apex, or styles 2-5, simple or capitellate.
Fruit capsular or rarely indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-many-seeded, 2-5-
(usually 3-) valved at the apex or throughout its entire length, the valves
alternating with the placentas. Seeds usually few (always fewer than
the ovules), oblong or angular, albuminous, usually arilled ; cotyledons
oblong, orbicular or cordate, often foliaceous ; radicle very short or
elongate and terete.—Disrris. Throughout the Tropics of both hemi-
spheres, rare in subtropical regions ; genera 17; species 150.

lowers in axillary fascicles. ‘Petals O!.:..........0sssenscoss-ceceeceos 1. CAsEartA.

Flowers in axillary and terminal racemes. Petals 4 or 5......... 2, Homa.ium.

1. CASEARTIA, Jacq.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, distichous, entire or serrate,
often marked with pellucid dots or lines ; stipules small, lateral, caducous.
Flowers small (clustered in the axils in the Indian species); pedicels
articulated above the base. Calyx inferior, deeply 4—5-lobed; lobes
_imbricate, obtuse, persistent. Petals 0. Stamens 6-15 (rarely 20-40),
inserted on the tube or at the base of the calyx, alternating with as many
staminodes ; filaments free or connate into a ring at the base with one
another and the staminodes ; connective sometimes penicillate at the
apex. Ovary free, ovoid, 1-celled ; ovules many, parietal ; style short ;
stigma capitate, or stigmas 3. Capsule succulent, globose or ellipsoid
(when dry sometimes 3-angular or 6-ribbed), 3- rarely 2-valved. Seeds
many, angular or obovoid, with a fleshy usually colored aril; testa
coriaceous or crustaceous ; albumen fleshy ; embryo straight ; cotyledons
oblong or orbicular, flat ; radicle terete.—Distris. Warmer parts of the
globe, most abundant in America; species 80.

Small trees.

Stipules long, lanceolate-subulate.
Leaves glabrous ; calyx pubescent ; lobes oblong ; style yy in.
MOM Gane teae tie cde eda se ercad Nee se nee neas aogieaceesca seanseceunsemesee. 1. C, graveolens.

Stipules minute, scale-like.
Leaves and calyx glabrous; calyx-lobes suborbicular; style

EAL panes Oar Gun sn ia =< - Ak weep ie Sawaband Ov nonce + op ceentls dn'gamaevaeeenes 2. C. esculenta.
Leaves and calyx pubescent ; calyx-lobes elliptic ; style ,'5 in.
VOW Meee hele tetee cote ot aah oa caiole ees seman mnnigehve tn ameutts sete secnes 3. C. tomentosa,

PAS alr iA Gibbs MIG Uiv.ae skies cs seves iss eteaiaes sen cennvsla ser tea -cueneassessees 4. C. rubescens,

520 LX. SAMYDACE®,

1. Casearia graveolens, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 4 (1852)
p- 107. A shrub or small tree; young branches obtusely angular,
glabrous ; new leaves appearing at the end of April. Leaves 33-8
by 13-4 in., coriaceous and hard when old, broadly elliptic, obtuse
or shortly acuminate, more or less crenate-serrate, finely reticulately
veined, glabrous; main nerves 8-12 pairs, slender, prominent beneath ;
petioles 7-3 in. long; stipules 3 in. long, lanceolate-subulate, very
deciduous. Flowers with a disagreeable odor, green, numerous, in
axillary clusters ; pedicels articulated above the base, very short when
in flower, elongating in fruit, pubescent below the articulation, glabrous
or subglabrous above it. Calyx pubescent outside, 11 in. long, deeply
5-lobed ; lobes oblong, obtuse, concave, green. Stamens 8, equalling the
calyx, the alternating staminodes villous ; filaments glabrous. Style as
long as the stamens, about 54; in. long; stigma large, discoid. Fruit
deep-yellow, #-1 in. long, ellipsoid or subglobose, smooth, shining,
3-valved. Seeds about 12, ovoid, compressed, with a scarlet aril.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 592; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 1783 Wooedm
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 689; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.
v. 2, p. 209. Casearia ?, Bocarah, Grah. Cat. p. 40.—I'lowers :
Aug.Jan. Vern, Bokhdda,

Konkan: Stocks!, Law!; open hills of the 8. Konkan, Dalzel/! ; Matheran, Cooke !
Deccan: Fitzgerald Ghat below Mahableshwar, Cooke!; Mawal (Poona districts),
Woodrow; hills near Kadkala, Kanitkar!; Hatlot, Woodrow.—Distris. India
(Gurwhal, Kumaon, Sikkim, W. Peninsula, Birma).

2. Casearia esculenta, fovb. Fl. Ind. v. 2 (1832) p. 422. A
small tree reaching 20-30 ft. high; bark yellowish-white, smooth ;
young branches slender, pale, glabrous. Leaves thinly coriaceous,
3-6 by 1}—2} in., elliptic-oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, subacute, usually
shortly acuminate, tapering to the base; main nerves 6-10 pairs ;
petioles }-2 in. long, glabrous; stipules minute, scale-like. Flowers in
clusters in the axils of past and present leaves; pedicels longer than
the calyx, articulated above the base, glabrous above the articulation,
surrounded at the base by numerous small bracts. Calyx glabrous ;
lobes 4 or 5, suborbicular, ;45 in. long and broad, sometimes ciliolate,
concave. Stamens 8; staminodes obijong, truncate and villous at the
apex, shorter than the stamens ; filaments pubescent. Style scarcely
any. Fruit 2 in. long, ellipsoid or subglobose, orange-yellow, glabrous,
dehiscing by 2 or 3 (usually 3) thick valves. Seeds many, covered by a
large fleshy lacerate scarletaril. FI. B. lL. v. 2,p.592; Grah. Cat. p. 40;
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 237 ; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 178 ; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 639; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2,
p- 209. Casearia varians, Thw. Enum. p. 19 ; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 208.
C. levigata, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 4 (1852) p. 108; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 11.—Flowers: May-June. Vurn. Modi; Kulkulta.

Konkan: Stocks!; hilly parts of the Konkan, Nimmo ex Graham; Ghats, Dalzell!
S. M. Counrry: Ramghat, Ritchie, 677!; Talaveri, Ritchie, 919!; Ambgaon, Ritchie,
919) Kanara: moist forests of N. Kanara, Talbot; Yellapur, Woodrow ; Karwar,
Talbot, Woodrow.—Disrr1e. India (W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon, Malay Peninsula.

3. Casearia tomentosa, fox). Fl. Ind. vy. 2 (1832) p. 421. A
small tree attaining 30 ft. high; bark thick, ash-colored ; branchlets
tomentose or pubescent, rarely glabrous. Leaves 23-7 by 13-23,

LX. SAMYDACE®. 521

oblong, acute, more or less serrulate, or sometimes almost entire, slightly
pubescent or glabrous above, pubescent or tomentose (densely so on the
nerves) beneath, base usually rounded or subcordate (more or less
obliquely); main nerves 8-10 pairs; petioles ;4—% in. long, densely
pubescent; stipules minute, densely pubescent, deciduous. Flowers
greenish-white, crowded in axillary fascicles ; pedicels less than + in,
long, densely pubescent, articulated near the base. Calyx pubescent ;
tube scarcely =); in. long; lobes ~ in. long, broadly elliptic, obtuse.
Stamens usually 8; filaments glabrous; staminodes clavate, much
shorter than the stamens, villous at the apex. Style =), in. long;
stigma subglobose. Fruit broadly ellipsoid, 7 in. long, smooth
and shining, 3-valved. Seeds embedded in a soft pulpy scarlet
mass consisting of the agglomerate arils. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 593; Trim.
Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 288; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p.178; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 639; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2,
p. 209. Casearia elliptica, Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 2, p. 628; Wight, Icon.
t. 1849. C. ovata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. vy. 2 (1832) p. 420 (not of Willd.) ;
Grah. Cat. p. 40. C. Anavinga, Dalz. & Gibs. p. 11.—Flowers: Jan.—
May. Vurn. Chillé; Chari.

Throughout the Presidency in deciduous forests, tolerably common. KonKkan
Stocks!, Law!; Vingorla, Stocks! Duccan: near Poona, Woodrow ; hills near Poona,
Bhiva! 8S. M. Country: Belgaum (east hiils), Ritchie, 1011 !—Drstris. Throughout
India; Ceylon, Malaya, N. Australia.

4, Casearia rubescens, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. vy. 4 (1852)
p- 108. A shrub 4—6 ft. high, all glabrous ; branches pale. Leaves 2-5
by 1-12 in., sometimes reaching 10 in. long in N. Kanara (Talbot),
elliptic-oblong, shortly acuminate, obtuse or acute, entire, quite glabrous,
base subacute ; main nerves 6-8 pairs, the midrib of the young leaves
red; petioles 3-3 in. long, glabrous, channelled, those of the young leaves
red. Stipules minute, scale-like, glabrous. Flowers in axillary clusters ;
pedicels minutely pubescent, articulated near the base. Calyx } in. long,
thick and fleshy, glabrous; lobes 51; in. long, broadly elliptic-oblong,
obtuse. Stamens 8; staminodes oblong, truncate and villous at the apex,
shorter than the stamens ; filaments pubescent. Ovary conical ; style
almost 0. Fruit ellipsoid, glabrous, ? in. long. Fl. B. IL. v. 2, p. 593 ;
Dalz. & Gibs. p.11; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 178; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 639.—Flowers: Feb. (Dalzell).

I am quite unable to separate this from C. graveolens, except by
assuming Dalzell’s description to be correct, viz. that it is a shrub 4-6 ft.
high. Dalzell was himself doubtful of its being a good species.

Konkan: Stocks!, Woodrow. 8. M. Country: Talaveri, Dalzel/!; Ramghat,
Ritchie, 948! Kanara: forests near the Nilkund Ghat (N. Kanara), Talbot.—
Disrris. India (W. Peninsula).

2. HOMALIUM, Jacq.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, petiolate, crenate or serrate, rarely
entire ; stipules small, rarely 0. Flowers small, in axillary slender
panicles. Calyx-tube turbinate, adnate to the base of the ovary; lobes
4-7, persistent. Petals 4-7, inserted in the throat of the calyx,
persistent. Stamens opposite to the petals and equal in number to
2M

5992 LX, SAMYDACER,

them, or more, in fascicles opposite the petals, alternating with sta-
minodes ; filaments filiform ; anthers small, didymous. Ovary 3-superior ;
ovules many or few, attached to 2-5 parietal placentas; styles 2-5,
filiform ; stigmas capitellate. Capsule 43-superior, coriaceous, 2—5-
valved, few-seeded. Seeds angled or oblong; testa crustaceous ;
albumen fleshy; cotyledons foliaceous.—Disrris. Asia, Africa, N.
Australia, Fiji Islands, Tropical America; species 30.

1. Homalium zeylanicum, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v.4 (1860)
p- 35. A tree reaching 60 ft. high and 23 ft. in diam.; bark smooth,
erey, lenticellate, breaking off in irregular pieces. Leaves 3-43 by
13-21 in., elliptic, acuminate, crenate-serrate, glabrous and shining on
both sides, base narrowed into the petiole; main nerves 8-10 pairs,
prominent and parplish-red beneath ; petioles 1-3 in. long, puberulous.
Flowers greenish-white, in long panicles, arranged in numerous clusters
along a slender rhachis 6-9 in. long; pedicels +4; to jy in. long, arti-
culated beneath the calyx ; buds pear-shaped. Calyx pubescent, 4, in.
long; lobes 4-5, slightly longer than the turbinate tube, oblong, sub-
acute, ciliate, open. Petals 4-5, equalling or a little longer than the
calyx-lobes, obovate, ciliate. Stamens as many as the petals and longer
than them; staminodes rounded, pubescent. Styles 3-4. Fruit not
seen. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 596; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 53; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat.
t. 210; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 239 ; Taib. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 178;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 639; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 4, p. 262.—Flowers: Apr.—May.

Konkan: Stocks!, Law! 8. M. Counrry: Parva Ghat, Ritchie, 1654!; Ramghat,
Dalzell § Gibson. Kanara: evergreen forests of the N. Ghats of N. Kanara,
Talbot !—Distr1B. India (W. Peninsula); Ceylon.

Orpsur LXI. PASSIFLORACEZ.

Shrubs or herbs usually twining. Leaves alternate, petiolate, simple,
lobed, or palmately 3-7-foliolate, frequently glandular beneath ; petiole
usually glandular ; stipules 0 or twin, deciduous or persistent. Tendrils
axillary or 0. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, solitary, racemose
or cymoso-paniculate, often showy ; bracteoles 3 (rarely 0), minute and
scattered or foliaceous and forming an epicalyx. Calyx-tube short or
long, coriaceous or herbaceous, persistent ; lobes 5, imbricate. Petals 0
or as many as the calyx-lobes, inserted in the tube of the calyx, free or
connate into a campanulate corolla, membranous, coriaceous or fleshy,
imbricate, often marcescent. Corona simple or double, springing from
the throat or bottom of the calyx, tubular or split into erect or radiating
filaments (rarely 0). Stamens 5, on a gynophore or free at the base,
perigynous; filaments subulate or filiform, free or monadelphous ;
anthers didymous or oblong, basifixed or versatile, the cells dehiscing
introrsely. Ovary superior, free, 1-celled, sessile or stalked; ovules
numerous, attached to parietal placentas, the funicle often expanded
into a cup-shaped aril; styles 1 or 3; stigmas capitate, clavate or
dilated, sometimes many-fid. Fruit baccate or capsular. Seeds nume-
rous, usually ovoid, compressed, often pitted, covered with a fleshy aril ;
albumen fleshy ; embryo rather large ; cotyledons leafy ; radicle terete——

LXI, PASSIFLORACD®, 523

Distris. Chiefly Tropical; most numerous in 8. America; genera
about 20; species about 300,

1, MODECCA, Lamk.

Glabrous herbs or undershrubs, scandent or twining. Leaves alternate,
entire, palmi-lobed or pinnatifid, with 2 glands at the apex of the petiole ;
stipules 0 or inconspicuous. ‘Tendrils lateral, undivided, circinate or
twisted. Flowers unisexual, usually small; peduncles axillary, often
produced into tendrils. Mann rirowers: Calyx turbinate or tubular ;
lobes 4-5, short or elongate. Petals 4-5, inserted on the throat or
bottom of the calyx-tube and included in it, small, sometimes fimbriate.
Corona 0, or a ring of white cilia arising from uear the base of the
calyx-tube. Stamens 4-5, inserted at the bottom of the calyx-tube,
opposite to as many scales or glands ; filaments free or connate below;
anthers basifixed, oblong or linear, the connective usually apiculate.
Ovary rudimentary or 0, Frmate FrLowprs: Calyx and petals as in the
male. Staminodes 4-5. Ovary stalked or subsessile, ovoid, terete or
4-gonous ; ovules numerous, attached to 3 parietal placentas; style 0 or
3-fid ; stigmas 3. Fruit capsular, dehiscing loculicidally by 3 valves.
Seeds numerous, enveloped in a fleshy aril, flattened; funicle long;
albumen fleshy; cotyledons foliaceous.—Disrris. Asia, Africa, and
Tropical Australia ; species about 25.

1. Modecca palmata, Lamk. Encyc. Méthod. vy. 4. (1796) p. 209.
A large perennial herb becoming woody at the base; root large, fusi-
form; stems long, thickened at the nodes, terete, smooth and shining,
mottled with purple, not much branched. Leaves membranous, broader
than long, 4-5 by 6-7 in., cordate, with 2 flat glands at the apex of the
petiole and 1 at the base of each sinus in the divided leaves, usually very
deeply palmately 5-lobed (rarely 3-lobed or undivided), glabrous and
shining ; lobes oblong-lanceolate, acute, entire; nerves and veins con-
spicuous ; petioles 2 in. long, grooved, glabrous. Flowers in 2 opposite
cymes (usually of 3) on a long axillary peduncle which is produced into
a long simple tendril. Main riownrs: Calyx broadly campanulate,
3-3 in. long, dilated at the base; lobes 5, ovate, acute. Petals linear-
oblong, acute, ciliate, inserted at the base of the calyx-tube. Corona
a ring of threads from the calyx-tube just above the dilated portion.
Stamens distant ; filaments subulate, connate at the base ; anthers linear-
oblong. Ovary rudimentary. FrmaLe FLrownrs: Calyx j in. long,
campanulate ; lobes ovate, acute. Petals as inthe male. Staminodes 5,
erect, flat, strap-shaped, connate at the base into a membranous cup.
Ovary shortly stalked, globose, smooth, tapering into 3 long styles ;
stigmas much divided, feathery. Fruit reaching 2 in. in diam., shortly
stalked, globose, apiculate, smooth, orange-colored, splitting into 3 fleshy
valves. Seeds nearly 3 in. in diam., discoid, compressed, muriculate and
pitted, each with a pulpyaril. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 603; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 104;
Wight, Icon. t. 201; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 241; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 639 ; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 254.
—Flowers : Apr.—May.

Rather rare. Konkan: Stocks!; Malwadn, Dalzell § Gibson. Kanara: Divimana,

Sampkhand (N. Kanara), Woodrow!; Ohandvar, Ritchie, 1763 !—Disrris, India (W.
Peninsula) ; Ceylon.

2u 2

524 LXI. PASSIFLORACE.

Carica Papaya, Linn. The Papaw, a rapidly growing soft-wooded
tree, considered by DeCandolle to be a native of the W. Indies, the
shores of the Gulf of Mexico and doubtfully of Brazil, is widely culti-
vated throughout India. It has large glabrous pinnatifid and palmi-
nerved leaves 1-2 ft. across, and fragrant (dicecious) flowers of which
the males are in long drooping panicles and the females in short clusters.
The fruit, which is of the size of a small melon, with a soft yellow sweet
pulp, is eaten and is regarded as possessing properties similar to pepsin.
It seems to be a well-established fact that meat wrapped in the leaves or
treated with the juice of the fruit becomes tender. The milky juice of
the unripe fruit has been extensively used in medicine (see Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 158). FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 599; Grah. Cat. p. 80;
Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 37 ; oodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1898)
p. 639, & Gard. in Ind. ed. 5, p. 324.—VeERN. Papdya; Popai.

Passiflora fetida, Linn., a native of Tropical America, is a very common
plant in gardens and is frequently found as an escape. It has small
flowers and a remarkable pectinate and moss-like involucre.— VERN.
Veli-ghant.

Several other species of Passiflora are grown in gardens throughout
the Presidency, of which may be mentioned :—Passiflora edulis with
bluish-purple fragrant flowers, not fruiting much below 4000 ft. altitude
and then bearing a plum-like edible yellow fruit ; P. lawrifolia with large
blue fragrant flowers; P. racemosa with deep-red or scarlet flowers ;
P. holosericea with mottled flowers about 2 in. across; and P. Raddiana
(better known as P. kermesina) which bears in great abundance bright-
red flowers with narrow petals. (See Woodrow, Gard. in Ind. ed. 5,
pp. 322-324.)

Orprr LXII. CUCURBITACE.

Herbs or undershrubs usually climbing. Leaves alternate, petiolate,
frequently cordate, simple, or palmately or pedately divided. Tendrils
when present lateral, solitary, simple or divided, spirally twisted.
Flowers moneecious or dicecious, yellow or white, solitary, paniculate or
racemose. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary ; limb rotate, campanulate or
tubular, 5- (rarely 3-6-) lobed, imbricate. Petals as many as the calyx-
lobes, inserted on the limb of the calyx, free or rarely gamopetalous,
sometimes lobed or fimbriate, valvate or involute in bud. Stamens in-
serted at the mouth, or about the middle, or at the base of the calyx-
tube, usually 3 (rarely 5); anthers free, cohering, or confluent into a
capitulum, one usually 1-celled, the other two 2-celled, the cells flexuose
or conduplicate, extrorsely dehiscent ; the connective sometimes pro-
duced beyond the cells. Ovary inferior, or rarely free at the apex only,
usually 3-carpellary ; ovules usually many, horizontal, rarely few and
pendulous ; style 1 with 3 large stigmas (more rarely styles 2-3-4);
placentas usually 3, the edges of the carpellary leaves being often
turned in so far that the ovary (even before fertilization) is spuriously
3-celled. Fruit usually a fleshy berry, indehiscent or dehiscing by
valves or by a circumscissile lid. Seeds numerous, often packed in

LXII, CUCURBITACR®, 525

pulp or fibre; albumen 0.—Disrris. Warmer parts of the globe,
especially in the Tropics ; genera 80; species about 600.

Ovules horizontal.
Stamens 3 (rarely 2 or 5); female flowers usually solitary,
less commonly fascicled.
Atueeelle flexuose or conduplicate.
Corolla 5-partite to the base or 5-petalous.
ie SNMP UR ota es 255 vanessa ihhsadnasecveustavdacsss 1, TRICHOSANTHES.
Petals not fimbriate.
Stamens free, inserted on the mouth of the
calyx.
Calyx with scales at the bottom ............ 2, Momornica.
Stamens free, inserted on the tube of the
calyx.
Male flowers racemose.
Fruit dry, fibrous, dehiscing oper-

Culately at the apex .............cseceees 3. Lurra.
Male flowers solitary or fascicled.
Pollen muriculate; rudimentary
Ovary Olcterene ss saesteadeonevescvans esses 4, Bryonopsis.
Pollen smooth; rudimentary ovary
glanduliform.

Connective of anthers produced
beyond the cells ; tendrils simple. 5. Ovcumts.
Connective of anthers not pro-
duced beyond the cells; tendrils
usually; 2—s-HGwies. secs soesecuses 6, Crrruuvs.
Corolla campanulate, divided to the middle or a
PARSE UWE: saer oe cticnadeces ts} dese tap hanacyakeedevedac 7. Coccrnta.
Anther-cells straight or curved, not flexuose.
Style inserted on a cup-shaped or annular
GUISE GS eh ies a seee ante ae haacan enews evcidts ene wets 8. Mexoruria.
Disk at base of style 0 or obscure.
Petiole with a stipuliform bract at the

DaSOter. os cote esnates doeassaecucest areas sresencee 9. BuAsTANIA.
Petiole ebracteate at the base.
Libera crshoe (sl 6it=60s) 01 eae Rer BOCRBDRSCCROLE Are ae 10. Keprostis.
Fruit operculately dehiscent above
theibase) ticebseeeenetsasesscnnaes ects 11. CoraLLocarrus.
Ovules erect or ascending.
SIEDIIT ETS i eas oa RGR ate aR RAST RIE ne OR am 12, Dica@1LosPERMuUM.
Ovules pendulous.
Stamens 5; female flowers in racemes ...........scsceeeneeeecees 13. ZANONIA.

1. TRICHOSANTHES, Linn.

Seandent herbs. Leaves entire or 3-9-lobed, denticulate ; tendrils
simple or 2-5-fid. Flowers diccious (rarely monececious), white.
MALE FLOWERS usually racemose (rarely solitary), often bracteolate.
Calyx-tube cylindric, dilated above, 5-lobed. Corolla 5-fid nearly to the
base ; lobes long, fimbriate. Stamens 3, inserted in the calyx-tube ;
filaments very short; anthers almost included, usually connate, one
1-celled, the others 2-celled, the cells conduplicate ; connective narrow,
not produced. Rudimentary ovaries 3, filiform. FEMALE FLOWERS
solitary. Calyx and corolla as in the male. Staminodes 0. Ovary
inferior, ovoid or fusiform, 1-celled, 3-placentiferous ; ovules very many,
horizontal or semi-pendulous ; style slender ; stigmas 3, entire or bifid.
Fruit fleshy, globose, ovoid or fusiform, indehiscent, many-seeded,
usually smooth and glabrous. Seeds packed in pulp, ellipsoid, some-

526 LXII. CUCURBITACEA.

times angular, usually margined.—Disrr1s. Tropical Asia, N. Australia,
Polynesia; species 40.

Leaves entire.
Male racemes with small bracts
Leaves lobed or angled.
Male racemes with large bracts
Male racemes ebracteate

Pe acter as dacas sasseuceensaiie 1. 7. nervifolia.

Peete nte reac shane aa wameds eters 2. T. palmata.
SEGRE acca ttoneeoasunnresemencudepiee 3. T. cucumerina.

1. Trichosanthes nervifolia, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1008.
Perennial ; stems somewhat woody below, much-branched; branches
slender, striate, glabrous. Tendrils 2-fid, glabrous. Leaves 2-4 by
1-2} in., ovate-oblong (not lobed), acute, mucronate, the margins
minutely and remotely denticulate, glabrous on both surfaces, dark-
green above, paler beneath, base cordate; main nerves 3 from the base,
the two lateral not quite reaching the apex, with strong secondary
nerves on the outside, the lowest pair of secondary nerves conspicuously
branching into the basal lobes of the leaf at either side of the sinus ;
petioles 4-1 in. long. Maxx FLowers in axillary 4—10-flowered corym-
bose racemes ; peduncles slender, sulcate, 1-23 in. long ; pedicels +} in.
long ; bracts minute, caducous. Calyx-tube puberulous, 3-1; in. long,
very narrow, about 2 in. wide at the mouth and 51, in. wide in the middle ;
teeth linear, acute, ;4,—;/, in. long. Petals ovate-oblong, acute, the fimbrize
at the apex much branched and much longer than the blade of the petal,
doubled inwards in bud. FreMatE FLOWERS axillary, solitary, on short
peduncles. Calyx-tube nearly 2 in. long, much produced above the ovary.
Fruit 14-3 in. long, ellipsoid, shortly beaked, tapering to both ends,
green with white lines when immature, scarlet when ripe; pericarp thin.
Seeds semi-ellipsoid, 2-3 in. long, compressed, thickened at the margin,
each enclosed in an envelope of scarlet pulp. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 609;
Grah. Cat. p. 78; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 244; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.
v. 6, part 4, p. 84.

Konkan: Graham.

This is included on the authority of Graham (/. ¢.). It has not apparently been

found by any other collector. I haye seen no specimens from the Bombay
Presidency.— Distrib. 8. India; Ceylon.

2. Trichosanthes palmata, Row). Fl. Ind. vy. 3 (1832) p. 704.
Climbing often to a height of 30 ft.; stems robust, woody below,
branched, grooved, the older light-grey with scabrous spots, the younger
smooth, green. ‘Tendrils 2-, more commonly 3-cleft. Leaves 23-5 in.
long and about as broad as long, variable, usually palmately 3-5-lobed
to about the middle (more or less), dark-green above, paler beneath,
frequently with dark-colored circular glands scattered along the lower
side, glabrous, often scabrous with small scales above and on the nerves
beneath, base cordate ; lobes usually ovate-oblong, acute, more or less
dentate or serrate; petioles 1-3 in. long, striate, puberulous or at
length glabrous. Mate FLowers in axillary 5-10-flowered racemes
6-9 in. long (rarely solitary) ; pedicels thick, erect, very short; bracts
1 in. long and more, broadly ovate, pale-green, many-nerved, fringed,
dotted with dark-green glandular spots. Calyx-tube 13 in. long,
pubescent, longitudinally striate ; teeth lanceolate, erect or spreading,
laciniate. Petals 1 in. long, wedge-shaped, fringed, exceeding the
ealyx-teeth. Filaments slightly villous. Frmarr FiLowsrs axillary,

LXIL. CUCURBITACEA. 527

solitary ; peduncles less than 1 in. long. Fruit 14-2 in. in diam.,
globose, red when ripe, streaked with 10 orange streaks ; pericarp thick.
Seeds numerous, @—3 in. long, ellipsoid, smooth, slightly attenuated at
the base, not margined. FI]. B. I. v. 2, p. 606; Grah. Cat. p- 79; Dalz.
& Gibs. p. 103; Wight, Ill. tt. 104, 105; Trim. FI. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 244;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 639; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 84. Z'richosanthes bracteata, Voigt, Hort. Sub.
Cale. (1845) p. 58; Cogniaux, in DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 3, p. 375.—
Flowers: Apr.-July. Vern. Kawndal ; Mukdl.

Konkan: Law! Duccan: Lanoli, Kanithar!, Woodrow; Mahableshwar, Cooke !
S. M. Country: Castlerock, Cooke!; Kakti (Sdngli State), Ritchie, 1071 !—Disrrie.
Throughout India; Ceylon, Malaya, China, Japan, N. Australia.

The plant has some repute as a remedy in certain diseases of cattle.

3. Trichosanthes cucumerina, Jinn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1008.
Annual, moneecious ; stems 12-15 ft. long, slender, furrowed, slightly
hairy or subglabrous, leafy. Tendrils 2-3- (usually 3-) fid. Leaves
2-5 in. long, usually a little broader than long, orbicular-reniform or
broadly ovate, distantly denticulate, more or less deeply 5- (rarely 3-7-)
lobed, the lobes broad, acute, glabrous or nearly so above, more or less
pubescent, or, when old, sometimes scabrid beneath, base deeply cordate,
the sinus often subrectangular ; petioles 1-3 in. long, striate, pubescent.
MALn FLOWERS in axillary racemes, with sometimes a solitary male
flower from the same axil as the raceme; peduncles of the racemes
2-6 in. long, slender, striate, bearing 8-15 flowers near the apex;
pedicels puberulous, 3-3? in. long; bracts 0. Calyx-tube dilated at the
apex, #-1 in. long, about ¢ in. wide at the mouth ; teeth short, acutely
triangular. Petals white, 2 in. long, lanceolate-oblong, laciniate at the
apex. FEMALE FLOWERS axillary, solitary, or occasionally a female
flower in the same axil as the male peduncle; peduncles of female
flowers 3-2 in. long. Fruit 1-3 in. long, ovoid-fusiform, tapering
at both ends and with a long sharp beak, green and striped with white
when immature, scarlet when ripe; pericarp thin. Seeds semi-ellipsoid,
compressed, rugulose, surrounded with red pulp. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 609;
Grah. Cat. p. 79; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 102; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 245 ;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 639; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 82.—F lowers: July-Oct. Vern. Jangli-padvel.

Konkan: 8S. Konkan, Dalzell § Gibson. Duccan: Poona, Woodrow; Vitalwadi,
6 miles west of Poona, Krishua!; Sbrivardhan (Jinjira State), Kanitkar! Gusarar:
common in hedges, Dalzell § Gibson; Baroda, Cooke!; Godra, Cooke!; Udwada,
Cooke! Kanara: Karwar, Woodrow.—Distris. Throughout India; Ceylon, Malaya,
N. Australia.

Trichosanthes Anguina, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1008. The Snake Gourd
of Anglo-Indians. The fruit of this gourd often attains 3 ft. in length
with a thickness of 3 in. The leaves and flowers are like those of
T. cucumerina, but the fruit is entirely different. Mr. C. B. Clarke
suggests that it may perhaps be a cultivated form of that plant. It is
cultivated as a rainy season crop throughout the Bombay Presidency,
but is not known in the wild state. Fl. B. L. v. 2, p. 610; Grah. Cat.
p- 78; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 37 ; Duthie, Field and Gard. Crops, t. 46 ;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 639, & Gard. in Ind.
ed. 5, p. 330; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 81.—Vury.
Padvel; Chikonda.

528 LXII, CUCURBITACEA),

2, MOMORDICA, Linn.

Climbing annual or perennial herbs. Leaves entire, lobed or pedately
3-7-foliolate. Tendrils simple or bifid. Flowers yellow or white,
moneecious or diccious. Map FLOWERS corymbose or racemose.
Calyx-tube short, campanulate, closed at the bottom with 2-3 incurved
oblong scales; lobes 5. Corolla usually 5-partite to the base or nearly
so, rotate or broadly campanulate ; segments obovate, costate. Stamens
3 (2 in M. Cymbalaria), inserted on the mouth of the calyx-tube ;
filaments short, free; anthers at first cohering, at length free, one
1-celled, the others 2-celled, the cells flexuose (rarely short and straight
or curved), connective not produced at the apex. Rudimentary ovary 0
or glanduliform. FHmMatn FLOweERS solitary. Calyx and corolla as
in the male. Rudimentary stamens 0, or 3 glands surrounding the base
of the style. Ovary oblong or fusiform, 3-placentiferous ; ovules «,
horizontal; styles slender; stigmas 3. Fruit oblong, fusiform, or
cylindric, baceate, indehiscent or 3-valvate, few or many-seeded. Seeds
tumid or flattened, smooth or variously sculptured.—Disrris. Chiefly
African, a few scattered through the tropics of both hemispheres ;
species 25.

Male peduncles 1-flowered.

Flowers monecious.
Bracts of male flowers about the middle or below the
MIddlewoL HhoespedUnclomesscenncteeer «ace ccecetncertstct 1. M. Charantia.
Bracts of male flowers at the apex of the peduncle... 2. M. Balsamina.

Flowers dicecious.
Petioles without glands.

Calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, acute ......... cee 3. M. dioica.
Calyx-lobes ovate-oblong, ODtUBO. scat te cesatonee 4. M. subangulata.
POOLE SIANOUIAR: soc ccd cee ssencenstbenoncensnetes anne deere 5. M. cochinchinensis.
Male flowers in TaCOMeS ........:cccsscesssenrsresersrrcrseseerers 6. M. Cymbalaria.

1. Momordica Charantia, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1009.
Annual; stem 3-6 ft. long, much branched, angled and grooved, more
or less pubescent or hairy; young parts hairy or villous. Tendrils
simple, slender, elongate, pubescent. Leaves almost orbicular in outline,
2-5 in. in diam., pubescent or subglabrous on both sides, cordate at the
base, deeply divided into 5-7 lobes, the lobes acute or subacute, apicu-
late, coarsely spinous-dentate, constricted at the base, the sinus between
them narrow, rounded ; petioles 1-2 in. long, channelled, pubescent.
Flowers moneecious. Main FLOWmRS solitary ; peduncles 2-4 in. long,
glabrous or pubescent, furnished with a large reniform or orbicular
bract at or below the middle. Calyx 3-3 in. long, pubescent ; lobes
1-1 in. long, elliptic, subacute. Corolla somewhat irregular, lemon-
yellow; segments obtuse or emarginate, 3—? in. long, veined. Fumate
FLOWERS: Peduncles 2-4 in. long, slender, bracteate usually at or near
the base. Staminodes 3, glanduliform. Ovary fusiform, muricate ;
stigmas 3, bifid. Fruit bright orange-colored, 2-6 in. long, pendulous,
fusiform, usually pointed or beaked, ribbed, and bearing numerous
triangular tubercles giving it the appearance of a crocodile’s back
(Graham), 3-valved at the apex when mature. Seeds 3-3 in. long,
compressed, corrugate on the margin, sculptured on both faces. FI. B. I.
v. 2, p. 616; Grah. Cat. p. 78; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 102; Trim. Fl. Ceyl.

LXII. CUCURBITAOCE®. 529

v. 2, p. 248; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 640 ; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 5, p. 256.—Flowers : May-—Aug. Vern. Kérale.
Widely cultivated. Dnrccan: Woodrow!; Poona districts, Kanitkar! Srxp:
Larkhana, Cooke!; near Karachi, Bhola Puran!—Disrriz. Throughout India ; Ceylon,
Malaya, China, Tropical Africa.
The fruit is eaten, but requires steeping in salt water before use. The root, as well
as the fruit, is also used medicinally.

2. Momordica Balsamina, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1009.
Moneecious ; stem 2-5 ft. long, very slender, branched, grooved, sub-
glabrous. ‘Tendrils simple, filiform, glabrous. Leaves membranous,
orbicular in outline, 13-3 in. in diam., cordate at the base with a broad
sinus, palmately 5—5-lobed to about the middle, the lobes rhomboid,
deeply lobulate, acute and mucronulate at the apex, usually constricted
at the base, the sinus between the lobes broad and rounded ; petioles
3-14 in. long, striate, pubescent. Mate Frowers: Peduncles 1-
flowered, slightly pubescent at the apex, otherwise glabrous or nearly
so, slender, 1-3 in. long; bract towards the apex of the peduncle,

—% in. wide, cordate, orbicular, denticulate, variegated green and white,
reticulately veined. Calyx 2 in. long, pubescent; lobes 1 in. long,
5-7-nerved, triangular, acute, with a long slender mucro. Corolla
subregular, yellowish with a dark base, 3 in. long, obovate, subobtuse,
reticulately veined, sometimes apiculate. Anther-cells flexuous, the
connective broad. FxMALE FLowmrRs: Peduncles 1-1 in. long, usually
ebracteate, or bracteate at the base. Calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate.
Ovary fusiform, beaked, verrucose. Fruit 1-3 in. long, ovoid, narrowed
to both ends, rostrate, fleshy, smooth or muricate. Seeds ash-colored,
ellipsoid, compressed, 3 by + by =}, in., rugulose on the flat faces, and
with a grooved margin which is tuberculate on the edges. FI. B. I. vy. 2,
p- 617; Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 63; Hook. f. in Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr.
v. 2, p. 537; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 640;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 256.—Flowers: Nov. Vurwn. (Sindi)
Kureloyangro.

Common in Sind, also found in Gujarat, but rare in the Deccan. Gusarat:
Pahlanpur, Woodrow; Ahmedabad, Rag! Sinp: indigenous, Stocks ¢ Aitchison,

Bhola Puran! Woodrow; Mulir near Karachi, Cooke!—Du1srris. India (Panjab,
N.W. Provinces); Malaya, Australia, W. Asia, Africa.

3. Momordica dioica, Lovb. in Willd. Sp. Pl. vy. 4 (1805) p. 605.
Diecious, perennial, with tuberous roots; stem slender, branched,
furrowed, glabrous and shining. ‘Tendrils simple, elongate, striate,
glabrous. Leaves membranous, broadly ovate in outline, variable, 14-4
by 14-31 in., cordate at the base, glabrous, minutely punctate, entire
or more or less deeply 3-5-lobed, the lobes triangular, ovate or oblong,
distantly denticulate ; petioles 3-1? in. long, channelled above, pubes-
cent, eglandular. Mate rxiowers: Peduncle solitary, 1-flowered,
13-5 in. long, slender, angled, usually pubescent near the top, otherwise
glabrous; bract cucullate, inserted a little below the flower and en-
closing it, orbicular-reniform, 3-? in. broad, usually pubescent on both
sides, strongly nerved, often ciliolate. Calyx-lobes distant, 1-+in. long,
linear-lanceolate. Petals 3-1 in. long, wholly yellow, oblong-lanceolate.
FEMALE FLOWERS: Peduncles nearly as long as those of the male,
usually with a small bract near the base. Ovary clothed with long soft
papilla. Fruit 1-23 in. long, ellipsoid, shortly beaked, densely echinate

530 LXII. CUCURBITAOER.
with soft spines. Seeds many, 3 in. long, broadly ellipsoid, slightly
compressed, slightly and irregularly corrugated, enclosed in a red pulp.
Fl. B. I. vy. 2, p. 617 (exclud. syn. M. subangulata, Blume); Grah. Cat.
p- 78; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 102; Wight, Icon. tt. 505, 506; Trim. Fl.
Ceyl. v. 2, p. 249; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 640 ;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. vy. 5, p. 258.—Flowers: June-Aug. VERN.
Kartoli.

Widely cultivated in the Deccan. Konkan: Law! Duccan: Kadakvasla, Cooke! ;
Kothrud near Poona, Kanitkar! S.M.Counrry: Badami, Cooke!; Castlerock, Cooke !

Gusarat: Godra, Cooke! Sind: Stocks!—Disrrm. Throughout India; Ceylon,
Malaya.

4. Momordica subangulata, Blume, Bijdr. (1825) p. 928.
Dicecious ; stem slender, branched, furrowed, glabrous or slightly pube-
rulous at the nodes. ‘Tendrils simple, slender, furrowed, glabrous.
Leaves membranous, deeply cordate, the upper surface glabrous, the
lower more or less pubescent, broadly ovate, acute, entire, or sub-3-5-
lobed, the margins remotely denticulate, 2-4 by 14-32 in. long ; petioles
1-2 in. long, slender, striate, subglabrous, eglandular. MAaLr FLOWERS:
Peduncele solitary, 1-flowered, 1-3 in. long, furrowed, pubescent, especially
at the apex; bract cucullate, close to the flower, 3—#? in. broad, not as
long as broad, pubescent on both sides and with ciliate margin. Calyx
dark-purplish ; lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse, glandular, 4-2 in. long.
Corolla yellow, partite to the base, the segments oblong. FEMALE
FLowERS not known. Fruit ellipsoid, 2-3 in. long, attenuated at the
base and apex, densely and softly echinate, obscurely ribbed, the ribs
broken into joints. Cogniaux, in DC. Monogr. Phan. vy. 3, p. 443 ; King,
in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. 67, part 2 (1898) p. 36.

8. M. Country: Ritchie, 811!; Belgaum, Ritchie, 311!

A rare plant, of which only 2 specimens from Bombay exist in Herb. Kew.—
DistriB. India (W. Peninsula); Java, Malaya.

5. Momordica cochinchinensis, Spreng. Syst. vy. 3 (1826) p. 14.
A strong climber ascending trees, dicecious ; root tuberous, perennial ;
stem robust, angular, glabrous. Tendrils simple, stout, angled, glabrous.
Leaves suborbicular in outline, cordate at the base, 4—7 in. long and
broad, glabrous on both surfaces, the margin near the base furnished
with umbilicate glands, divided to the middle or almost to the base into
3 (rarely 5) lobes, the lobes ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acumi-
nate, diverging, the margins entire or faintly toothed ; petioles 2-3 in.
long, stout, sulcate, almost invariably glandular at the middle and at the
apex, glabrous or nearly so. Main rLowmrs: Peduncles 1-flowered,
2-6 in. long, angularly furrowed, more or less pubescent, especially near
the apex ; bract at the top of the peduncle embracing the flower, broader
than long, 13-12 by 13-2 in., cordate at the base, pubescent or scabrid.
Calyx hirsute or scabrid; lobes 3-3 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, acute.
Corolla white, tinged with yellow, pubescent outside and more or less so
inside ; segments reaching 21 by 1 in., obovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong,
obtuse or subacute. J'pMaLy FLOWERS: Peduncles 1-2 in. long, with a
small bract about the middle. Fruit 4-6 in. long, ovoid, pointed, red,
fleshy, terete, densely covered with raised points about 3 in. long.
Seeds numerous, 7 by 3 by 4 in., ovoid, much compressed, sculptured
on both faces. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 618; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.

LXII, CUCURBITACE.®. 531

v. 11 (1898) p. 640; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 257.—Flowers:
June-Aug.

Rare. Kanara: Law!; N. Kanara, Woodrow.—Duisrrie. Throughout India;
Malaya, Philippines.

6. Momordica Cymbalaria, Menzl, ev Naudin, in Ann. Sci. Nat.
ser. 4, v. 12 (1859) p. 134. Moneecious ; root woody, tuberous, peren-
nial; stem very slender, scandent, branched, striate, pubescent or sub-
glabrous. Tendrils filiform, slightly pubescent, simple. Leaves orbicular-
reniform in outline, #-13 by 1-2 in., glabrous or with a few scattered
hairs, punctate (but not scabrid) on beth surfaces, deeply cordate at the
base, obtusely but not deeply 5—7-lobed, the lobes short, acute or ob-
tuse; petioles 3-13 in. long, striate, pubescent. Mam FLOWERS in
2-5-flowered racemes ; peduncles j-1 in. long, filiform, pubescent,
ebracteate; pedicels 3-3 in. long. Calyx hairy; tube short, broadly
campanulate, narrowed at the base; lobes 3 in. long, lanceolate, acute.
Corolla pale yellow ; segments obovate, obtuse, 3-3 in. long. Stamens

2; filaments very short, thick, flattened ; aeihoe z's in. long, one
2-partite, the others 3-partite, the cells conduplicate, the connective
broad. Frmare rrowsrs: Peduncles 313 in. long, slender, ebracteate.
Ovary fusiform, beaked; style stout; stigmas 2, spreading, 2-partite.
Fruit ?-1 in. long, pyriform or broadly fusiform, narrowed into the
curved peduncle, fleshy, dark-green, 8-ribbed, sparsely hairy. Seeds
4-4 In. long, broadly ovoid, slightly compressed, strophiolate, not mar-
gined ; testa polished and shining, dark-brown. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 618;
Hook. f. in Oliy. Fl. Trop. Afr. v. 2, p. 540; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 640; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 258.
Momordica tuberosa, Cogniaux, in DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 3 (1881) p. 454.
Iuffa tuberosa, Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. 104.—Flowers: Nov. Vern.
Kadvanchi.

Deccan: Sholapur districts, Igatpuri, Sattara, Nairne. S. M. Counrry: Dharwar,
Woodrow !—Distris. India (W. Peninsula) ; Tropical Africa.

3. LUFFA, Cav.

Annual herbs. Tendrils 2-many-fid. Leaves 5-7-lobed (rarely sub-
entire) ; petiole without glands at the apex. Flowers moncecious (rarely
dicecious), rather large, yellow or white, males and females often from
the same axil. Mair FLowers racemose. Calyx-tube campanulate or
turbinate ; lobes 5, triangular or lanceolate. Petals 5, free, spreading,
obovate or obcordate. Stamens 3 (rarely 5), inserted on the calyx-tube ;
filaments free or connate ; anthers exserted, free, one 1-celled, the others
2-celled, the cells sigmoid, often on the margin of a broad connective.
Rudimentary ovary glanduliform or 0. FEMALE FLOWERS solitary.
Calyx-tube produced beyond the ovary; lobes as in the male. Corolla
as in the male. Staminodes usually 3, thick. Ovary elongate, sulcate,
angled or cylindric, 3-placentiferous; ovules numerous, horizontal ;
style columnar; stigma 38-lobed. Fruit dry, oblong or cylindric (not
spherical), acutely ribbed or terete, smooth or echinate, fibrous within,
3-celled, terminated by the persistent style, usually circumscissile near
the apex. Seeds many, oblong, compressed.—Disrris. Warmer regions
of the Old World, one species indigenous in America ; species 6.

532 LXII. CUCURBITACE#.

Stamens 5.
Seeds winged) usually smooth! ..c...csuuveneeetitercecsteses cevcete 1. L. egyptiaca.
Stamens 3.
Fruit 10-ribbed (not echinate) ; seeds rugose, wingless ......... 2. L. acutangula.
Fruit echinate ; seeds slightly verrucose, wingless............... 3. L. echinata.

1. Luffa zegyptiaca, Mill. Dict. ed. 8 (1768). Monecious, climb-
ing to a considerable height ; stems stout, 5-angled, twisted, glabrous
or slightly pubescent, often scabrous at the angles. Tendrils usually
3-fid. Leaves orbicular-reniform in outline, 4-8 in. long, often broader
than long, palmately 5- (rarely 7-) lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate,
lobulate and distantly denticulate, both surfaces finely scabrous, punc-
tate, glabrous except the pubescent nerves beneath, base deeply cordate ;
petioles 1-4 in. long, angular, slightly scabrous. MALE FLOWERS in
axillary 4-20-flowered racemes, usually crowded near the top of the
raceme ; peduncles 4—6 in. long; pedicels 3-3 in. long, pubescent, arti-
culated near the apex, each bearing a small lanceolate glandular bract
at or, more commonly, a little above its base; buds ovoid, pointed.
Calyx pubescent, # in. long; lobes lanceolate, acute, 3 in. long. Petals
spreading, 1 in. long, obovate-oblong, yellow with green veins. Stamens
5, distinct. FEMALE FLOWERS solitary, usually from the same axils as
the males ; peduncles stout, 1-3in. long. Staminodes usually 5. Ovary
cylindric-oblong, glabrous or pubescent. Fruit 5-12 in. long, cylindric
or somewhat trigonous, blunt at the end, marked with longitudinal
lines. Seeds black or grey, 2 by }in., much compressed, narrowly
winged, smooth or slightly tuberculate. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 614; Trim.
Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 251; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898)
p. 640; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 96. Luffa pentandra, Roxb.
Hort. Beng. p. 70; Grah. Cat. p. 77 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 86 ; Wight,
Icon. t. 499.—Flowers: June-Sept. Warn. Ghosdle; Ghiyd-turai.

Very common in native gardens and sometimes as an escape, but scarcely to be
regarded as a wild plant. The young fruit is eaten as a vegetable, and, as Mr. C. B.
Clarke points out (Fl. B. I. 1. ¢.), being the only part attended to in cultivation is

hence too variable to afford good diagnostic characters. The seeds are used medicinally
and the fibrous network in the fruit employed as a flesh-brush.

2, Luffa acutangula, Rowb. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 70. Monecious,
climbing to a considerable height ; stems 5-angled, glabrous, with sharp
angles which are often scabrid. Tendrils usually 3-fid. Leaves orbi-
cular in outline, pale green, 6-8 in. long and broad, palmately 5-7-angled
or sublobate, scabrid on both sides, base cordate ; nerves and veins pro-
minent beneath ; petioles 2-5 in. long, angular, scabrid. MALE FLOWERS
in axillary 12-20-flowered racemes 4-6 in. long. Calyx pubescent,
4 in. long; lobes lanceolate, 3 in. long. Petals 7 in. long, spreading,
obovate, yellow with green hairy veins. Stamens 3. FEMALE FLOWERS
solitary, in the same axils as the males ; peduncles 2-4 in. long. Ovary
strongly ribbed. Fruit 6-12 in. long, clavate-oblong, tapering towards the
base, very obtuse, smooth, longitudinally ribbed (almost winged) with
10 sharp angles. Seeds 4 by 4-3 in., ovoid-oblong, much compressed,
slightly corrugated on the sides, not winged, black.

Very closely allied to LZ. egyptiaca, from which it differs in the
number of stamens, the strongly ribbed ovary, the fruit, and the seeds.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 615; Grah. Cat. p. 77; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 36;

LXII, CUCURBITACE-£, 533

Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 252; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1898)
p. 640; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, p. 94.—Flowers: June-Sept
Vern. Shirdld; Shirol; Dodka-turai.

S. M. Counrry: Belgaum hill south, Ritchie, 297! Kanara: Halyal, Ritchie
7 " 71 As in the case of the preceding species, this cannot be regarded as truly wild.
It is cultivated extensively, and when half grown is an excellent and palatable vege-

iable. The seeds possess emetic and purgative properties and are used in medicine.
See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. c.

Var. amara, C. B. Clarke, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 615. Leaves
smaller, at first whitish and softly villous, at length scabrid. Flowers
smaller. Fruit obovoid, obtusely conical at both ends, 2-4 in. long by
about 1-13 in. thick, 10-ribbed, bitter. Seeds smaller. Trim. Fl. Cey!.
v. 2, p. 252 ; Cogniaux, in DC. Monogr. Phan. vy. 3, p. 461; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 95. Luffa amara (sp.), Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. 70;
Grah. Cat. p. 77; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 102; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1898) p. 640.—Flowers: Sept. Vurn. Rdn-turai.

Common in hedges in the rains. Konkan: wild about Bombay and in the Konkans,
Graham; W.Ghits, Woodrow. 8. M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie. Gusarat: Godra,
ae !, Woodrow.—Disrris. Throughout India, especially the Western Peninsula;

eyion,

: The whole plant is exceedingly bitter and the seeds are cathartic and emetic. Their

action is said to be safe and sure, and more satisfactory than that of the seeds of
L, acutangula. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod, 1. ec.

to

3. Luffa echinata, Lowb. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 104. Climbing
but not extensively; stem slender, branched, furrowed, glabrous.
Tendrils 2-fid. Leaves 13-23 in. long, usually a little broader than
long, reniform-suborbicular in outline, broadly cordate at the base,
obscurely 5-angled or more or less deeply 5-lobed, the lobes rounded or
rarely subacute at the apex, the margins minutely denticulate ; petioles
1-2 in. long, striate, puberulous or sometimes slightly scabrid. Flowers
usually dicecious. Matz riowsrs: Peduncles 3-6 in. long, usually in
pairs, one 1-flowered, the other with a raceme of 5-12 flowers at the
apex ; pedicels 3-? in. long, bracteate near the base. Calyx hairy, 3 in.
long; tube very short; lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute. Petals white,
spreading, obovate, twice as long as the calyx, veined. Stamens 3, two
with 2-celled anthers. FemMatn rLtownrs: Peduncles 3-2 in. long.
Fruit broadly ellipsoid, 1-13 by 3-2 in., not ribbed, clothed with ciliate
bristles 4-; in. long; operculum conical, without bristles. Seeds
numerous, 4-1 by 3 in., not winged, slightly verrucose. Fl. B. I. y. 2,
p. 615; Dalz. & Gibs.p. 102; Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 63; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 640; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5
p- 97.—Flowers: Sept. Vurn. Aukad-vel.

Rare, except in Gujarat and Sind. Gusarar: Dalzell!; Gundar, Dalzell § Gibson ;
Godra, Woodrow; Deesa, Stocks! S1xp: Stocks.—Distr. India (Gujarat, Sind,
Dacca); Tropical Africa.

The fruit is used in medicine.

b

4, BRYONOPSIS, Arn. in Hook. Journ. Bot. v. 3, p. 274.

Annual seaberulous scandent herbs. Tendrils 2-fid. Leaves deeply
palmately 5-lobed. Flowers moneecious, the male and female fascicled,
often in the same axils, Mate FrLowrrs: Calyx-tube broadly campanu-

534 LXII. CUCURBITACE®.

late ; lobes 5, subulate. Corolla campanulate, 5-partite ; segments ovate.
Stamens 3, free, inserted on the calyx-tube; filaments short; anthers
cohering, one 1-celled, the others 2-celled; cells flexuose round the
broad connective, which is not produced at the apex. Pollen muricu-
late. Rudimentary ovary 0. FrmManm Frrownrs: Calyx and corolla as
in the male. Staminodes 3, small. Ovary globose or ovoid, 3-placenti-
ferous ; ovules numerous, horizontal ; style slender; stigmas 3, papillose,
deeply 2-lobed. Fruit baccate, spherical or ovoid-conical, pulpy, many-
seeded. Seeds subpyriforma, very turgid, surrounded by a very thick
grooved crenulate ring, on each side of which the tumid faces of the
seed project.—Distris. 8. Asia, Indian and Pacific Islands, Australia ;
species 2.

1. Bryonopsis laciniosa, Naud. in Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 4, v. 18
(1862) p. 194. Stems much branched, slender, grooved, glabrous.
Tendrils slender, striate, glabrous, 2-fid. Leaves membranous, 4-6 in.
long and about as broad, green and scabrid above, paler and smooth
or nearly so beneath, deeply cordate at the base, 5-lobed, the lobes
oblong-lanceolate (the middle sometimes reaching 4 in. long), the
margins sinuate, distantly denticulate, sometimes subserrate ; petioles
1-3 in. long, striate, slender. Mane FLOWERS in small fascicles
of 3-6; peduncles 1—? in. long, filiform, glabrous. Calyx glabrous,
jj; in. long; teeth subulate, less than 3 in. long. Corolla 3-4 in. long ;
segments ovate-oblong, acute, pubescent. MALE FLOWERS solitary, or
few, or many ; peduncles shorter than in the male. Fruit subsessile,
4-1 in. in diam., globose, smooth, bluish-green streaked with broad
vertical lines. Seeds +} in. long, yellowish-brown. Hook. f. in Oliv.
Fl. Trop. Afr. v. 2, p. 556; Cogniaux, in DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 3,
p. 477. Bryonia laciniosa, Linn, Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1013; C. B. Clarke,
in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 622; Grah. Cat. p. 78; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 101; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 254; Wight, Icon. t. 500; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 640; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1,
p. 542.—Flowers: Aug.-Sept. Vurwn. Sivalingi; Kavdodt.

Common in hedges, Graham, Dalzell § Gibson. Deccan: Poona, Woodrow!
S. M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie, 314!—Distris. Throughout India; Ceylon,
Malaya, Mauritius, Tropical Africa, Australia.

5. CUCUMIS, Linn.

Annual herbs with a perennial root, climbing or trailing, hispid or
scabrous. ‘Tendrils simple, sometimes straight and spinescent. Leaves
entire or palmately 3-7-lobed or 5-angled. Flowers yellow, monecious.
Map riowers fascicled (rarely solitary). Calyx-tube turbinate or
campanulate ; lobes 5. Corolla subcampanulate, deeply 5-lobed or
5-partite. Stamens 3, free; filaments short ; anthers free, oblong, one
1-celled, the others 2-celled, the cells linear, straight, curved or flexuose,
the connective produced above into a papillose appendage. Pollen
smooth. Rudimentary ovary glanduliform. IrMaLn rLowsrs solitary.
Calyx and corolla as in the male. Rudimentary stamens 0. Ovary
ovoid or globose, 3-5-placentiferous ; ovules © , horizontal ; style short;
stigmas 3, obtuse. Fruit fleshy or corky, globose or cylindric, terete or
obtusely 4-angled, smooth or echinate, indehiscent, or 3-valyed and tardily

LXII, CUCURBITACD2. 535

dehiscent. Seeds numerous, oblong, compressed, usually smooth.—
Disrrip. Tropical Asia and Africa, a few in Australia and America ;
species 26,
Fruit smooth, glabrous or pubescent.
Perennial ; leaves deeply cut into 5-7 obtuse lobes,

WI SrA S ea peeat ane asuvaaesvevexsekscssiconesecovscncesvsrane 1, C. trigonus.
Annual ; leaves usually 5-angled, softly hairy ............... 2. C. Melo.
RRC CRN MIMEE, eae heen tathiteereaxesdcush tial vnserviskesewauvtectaaves 3. C. prophetarum.

1, Cucumis trigonus, Rov. Hort. Beng. (1814) p.70. Perennial,
scabrid, moneecious ; stems 3-5 ft. long, slender, angled, rough with short
rigid hairs. Tendrils simple. Leaves suborbicular in outline, 1-2 in.
long and broad (sometimes larger), scabrid on both surfaces, hispid on
the nerves beneath, cordate at the base, deeply palmately 5-7-lobed, the
lobes ovate-oblong or obovate, often narrowed at the base, rounded at
the apex, lobulate or dentate; petioles slender, striate, seabrid, often
hispid, 3-2 in. long. Matn rrowmrs: Peduncles slender, 1-32 in. long,
in small clusters (rarely solitary). Calyx narrowly campanulate, hairy ;
tube {-} in. long; teeth short, subulate. Corolla yellow, 1-1 in. long,
more or less pubescent ; segments elliptic, acute. Appendage of the
connective of the anthers a little shorter than the anther. Fraratn
FLOWERS: Peduncles slender, 3-1 in. long in fruit. Ovary hairy.
Fruit ellipsoid or subglobose, 13 by 1} in., longitudinally variegated with
10 green stripes, pale yellow when ripe, with bitter pulp. Seeds white,
ellipsoid, not margined. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 619; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 103 ;
Wight, Icon. t. 497; Trim. Fl. Ceyl]. v. 2, p. 250; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1898) p. 640; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 2, p. 635.—
Flowers: June. VERN. Karit.

Deccan: very common, Dailzell § Gibson; jungles about Poona, Woodrow!;
Bowdhan near Poona, Kanitkar!; Rajwadi, Kanitkar! Sinn: Dalzell, 37!;

Landhi near Karachi, Cooke!; Bhubak, Cooke!; Hyderabad, Cooke !—Disrris.
Throughout India; Ceylon, Malaya, N. Australia, Afghanistan, Persia.

2. Cucumis Melo, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1011, var. agrestis,
Naud. in Ann. Scr. Nat. sér. 4, v. 11 (1859) p. 73, & v. 12, p. 110.
Annual ; stems creeping, branched, obtusely angular, with stiff (some-
times hooked) hairs on the ridges. Tendrils simple. Leaves 2-4 in.
long and about as broad as long, acute at the apex, cordate at the base,
more or less hairy on both sides, denticulate, usually 5-angled ; petioles
1-1j in. long, grooved and roughly hairy. Mae rnowers in axillary
fascicles of about 2 or 3; peduncles j-3 in. long, very slender, densely
hairy. Calyx densely hairy ; tube narrowly campanulate, 4-4 in. long ;
teeth 51; in. long, subulate, densely hairy. Corolla 7-2 In. long, the
segments hairy outside, often terminated by a hairy apiculation.
Fematn Friowrrs: Calyx-tube constricted above the ovary. Ovary
ellipsoid, clothed with long bristly deciduous hairs. Fruit ellipsoid or
turbinate, about 13 in. long, smooth or with a few small bristles. Seeds
numerous, narrowly ovoid, compressed, smooth. Cogniaux, in DC.
Monogr. Phan. v. 3 (1881) p. 483. Cucumis Melo, var. pubescens, Kurz,
in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v.46, part 2 (1877) p. 108. Cucumis pubescens
(sp.), Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 4 (1805) p. 614; Wight, Icon. t. 496; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 103; Fl. B. L. v. 2, p. 619 (under C. trigonus); Trim. Fl. Ceyl.
y. 2, p. 250. Cucumis madraspatanus, Roxb. in Wall. Cat. 6734 (not

536 LXII. CUCURBITACE #.

of Linn.). Cucumis cicatrisatus, Stocks, in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 4 (1852)
p-. 148.—Vurn. Takmak ; Shinde.
Deccan: common, Dalzell § Gibson; Khandala, Bhiva! S. M. Country: Castle-

rock, Cooke!; Londa, Cooke! St1np: (cultivated) Dalzell § Gibson, Stocks.
The plant is cultivated in Sind and the fruit is eaten (Stocks).

Cucumis Melo. The Melon (Vurn. Kharbuj). The origin of the plant
is uncertain. M. DeCandolle considers it to be probably a native of
N.W. India, Beluchistan, and perhaps Tropical Africa. It is largely
cultivated throughout India, especially in the sandy beds of rivers.
A good figure may be seen in Duthie & Fuller’s ‘ Field and Garden Crops’
(1882) t. 50. (See also Firminger, Man. Gard. ed. 3, p. 189, and Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 627.)

There are several varieties differing much in properties and in the
size and appearance of the fruit. Duthie & Fuller (/.c.) give figures of
two of the varieties, viz. Momordica, t. 49, and utilissimus, tt. 53 & 54.

3. Cucumis prophetarum, Linn. Cent. Amen. Academ. v. 4 (1759)
p. 295. Monecious. Stems slender, branched, angled and grooved,
scabrid. Tendrils very short, striate, sometimes 0. Leaves poly-
morphous, rigid, }-2 in. long and broad, somewhat ash-colored, scabrid,
coarsely hairy on the nerves beneath, cordate or truncate at the base,
frequently 3-lobed, the lobes often lobulate with rounded apices, the
terminal lobe often contracted at the base; nerves prominent beneath ;
petioles 4-1 in. long. Maz Friowsrs solitary or fascicled ; peduncles
filiform, densely hairy, j,;-+ in. long. Calyx-tube subcylindric, § in.
long, densely hirsute; teeth linear, $ in. long. Corolla hairy, g—} in.
long; segments ovate-oblong, subacute. Filaments filiform, slightly
hairy ; anthers oblong, the appendage to the connective slightly dilated
at the apex. FumaLn rLoweRS: Peduncle (in fruit) stout, 3-1 in. long.
Fruit subglobose, 1-13 in. long and nearly as broad, longitudinally
striped with green and white, echinate, the spines not or scarcely
pungent, 5-3 in, long. Seeds ellipsoid, not margined, § in. long.

FI. B. 1. v. 2, p.619; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1898) p. 640.

In the Bombay Presidency confined to Sind. Sinp: Dalzell § Gibson, p. 103
(under Cucumis pubescens), Dalzell, 36!, Stocks! The Hub, near Karachi, Bhola
Puran!; Mulir, Woodrow !—Disrrie. India (Sind); Beluchistan, Arabia, Tropical
Africa.

Cucumis sativus, Linn. ‘The Cucumber (Vurn. Kakri; Khira).
DeCandolle considers N. India to be the original home of this plant. It
is cultivated widely throughout India. Duthie & Fuller, ‘Field and
Garden Crops’ (1882), give good figures (tt. 51 & 52). See also Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 632.

6. CITRULLUS, Schrader.

Perennial herbs usually trailing. Tendrils 2-3-fid, rarely undivided.
Leaves deeply 3-7-lobed, the lobes usually lobulate. Flowers rather
large, yellow, moneecious, all solitary. Main rLowrrs: Calyx-tube
broadly campanulate ; lobes 5. Corolla 5-partite beyond the middle,
subcampanulate ; segments oblong-ovate, obtuse. Stamens 3; filaments
short, free ; anthers scarcely cohering, one 1-celled, the others 2-celled,
the cells linear, flexuose, the connective not produced. Pollen smooth.

LXII, CUCURBITACEA. 537

Rudimentary ovary glanduliform. Fumate rLowers: Calyx and corolla
as in the male. Rudimentary stamens 3, setose or ligulate. Ovary
ovoid, 3-placentiferous ; ovules » , horizontal; style short; stigmas 3,
thick, reniform. Fruit globose or ellipsoid, smooth, fleshy, indehiscent.
Seeds very many, much compressed, smooth.—Disrris. Eastern Medi-
terranean region, Tropical Africa, Western Asia; species 3.

1. Citrullus Colocynthis, Schrader, in Linnea, vy. 12 (1838) p. 414.
Monecious; root perennial ; stems diffuse or creeping, slender, angled,
branched, hirsute or scabrid. ‘Tendrils simple or 2-fid, slender, hairy.
Leaves very variable, 13-23 by 1-2 in. in the wild form (larger in the
cultivated one), usually del toid in outline, pale-green above, ashy beneath,
scabrid on both surfaces, 5-7-lobed or very commonly 3-lobed, the middle
lobe the largest, each lobe deeply pinnatifid or sinuate- lobulate, the seg-
ments obtuse ; petioles 3-1 in. (longer in the cultivated form), densely
hirsute. Mau FLownKs : Peduncles }-3 in. long, villous. Calyx hairy,
campanulate, + in. long ; teeth lanceolate, js in. long. Corolla } in.
long, pale yellow ; segments obovate, apiculate. FEMALp FLOWERS:
Ovary ellipsoid, densely hairy. Fruit globular, slightly depressed, 2-3 in.
in diam., variegated green and white, glabrous when ripe, filled with a
dry spongy very bitter pulp; epicarp thin. Seeds 4-} in. long, pale
brown. Fl. B. f. v. 2, p. 620; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 101; Wight, Icon,
t. 498; Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 64; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 253;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 640; Duthie & Fuller,
Field and Gard. Crops, t. 57; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v, 2, p. 328,
Cucumis Colocynthis, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1011; Grah, Cat. p. 77.—
Flowers: Nov.Jan. Vurn, Kadu-vrindavan ; Kadu-indrdyan.

Konxan: Salsette jungles, Graham. Duaccan: Graham, Dalzell & Gibson, Cooke},
Woodrow! Gusarat: Graham (sea-shores), Dalzell & Gibson, Stocks !, Woodrow !

Sinp: Stocks!; Sehwan, Cooke!—Disrris. Throughout India, wild or sparingly
cultivated ; Ceylon, W. Asia, Arabia, Africa, Spain.

Citrullus vulgaris, Schrad. The Water Melon( VERN. Tarbuj; Kalingad).
The plant is indigenous in Tropical Africa, but is extensively cultivated
in most warm countries. Duthie & Fuller, ‘ Field and Garden Crops’
(1882), give figures of the typical plant (tt. 55 & 56) and of the variety
C. fistulosus, Stocks (t. 47). See also Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 2,
p. 331, and Woodrow, Gard. in Ind, ed. 4, p. 331.

7. COCCINIA, Wight & Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 347.
CrpHaLanpra, Schrad. in Eckl. & Zeyh. Enum. Pl. Afr. Austr.
(1836) p. 280.

Slender scandent or prostrate herbs ; root often tuberous. Tendrils
slender, simple. Leaves petiolate, deltoid or subrotund, angled or lobed,
sometimes glandular beneath. Flowers rather large, white or yellow,
diwcious. Mare FLowers solitary, or subeymose at the apex of a
peduncle. Calyx short, campanulate or turbinate; limb 5-lobed.
Corolla campanulate, shortly 5-fid. Stamens 3 ; filaments connate into
a column, rarely free ; anthers connate into a capitulum or cohering,
the cells conduplicate. Rudimentary ovary 0. FEMALE FLOWERS
solitary. Calyx and corolla as in the male. Rudimentary stamens 3,

2N

538 LX1II, CUCURBITACE#.

short or Jong. Ovary ovoid or ellipsoid, 3-placentiferous ; ovules «,
horizontal; style slender; stigmas 3, bifid. Fruit baccate, ovoid or
ellipsoid, indehiscent. Seeds many, ovoid, compressed, margined ; testa
smooth or scrobicwlate.—DisrriB, Tropical Asia, Tropical and South
Africa ; species 13.

The genus was established as Coccinia by Wight & Arnott in 1834,
two years prior to the publication of the genus as Cephalandra by

Schrader.

1. Coccinia indica, Wight § Arn. Prodr, (1834) p. 347.
Perennial, scandent or pros‘ate, much branched; root thick; stems
grooved, slender, glabrous. Tendrils slender, striate, simple. Leaves
2-4 in. long and broad, bright-green above, paler beneath, studded and
sometimes rough with papillae, palmately 5-uerved from a cordate base,
often with circular glands between the nerves, obtusely 5-angled or
sometimes deeply 5-lobed, the lobes broad, obtuse or acute, apiculate,
more or less sinuate-toothed ; petioles 7-1} in. long. MALe FLOWERS:
Peduncles 1-flowered, 7-14 in. long, subfiliform. Calyx-tube glabrous,
broadly campanulate, 4-1 in. long; teeth +5 in. long, linear. Corolla
1 in. long, veined, pubescent inside, glabrous outside; segments 73;—4% in.
long, triangular, acute. Staminal column glabrous; capitulum of
anthers subglobose. FreMaLe FLOWERS: Peduncles 3-1 in. long.
Staminodes 8, subulate, } in. long. Ovary fusiform, glabrous, slightly
ribbed. Fruit fusiform-ellipsoid, slightly beaked, 1-2 by 3-1 in.,
marked when immature with white streaks, bright scarlet when fully
ripe. Seeds somewhat obovoid, rounded at the apex, slightly papillose,
much compressed, yellowish-grey. Grah. Cat. p. 78; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 103; Hook. Icon. Pl. v. 2 (1837) t. 188; Wight, IIL. t. 105* (bis).
Cephalandra indica, Naud. in Ann, Sci. Nat. sér. 5, v. 5 (1866) p. 16;
©. B. Clarke, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 621; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2;
p- 247; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 640; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 252. Bryonia cordifolia, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753)
p- 1012. Coccinia cordifolia, Cogniaux, in DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 3
(1881) p. 529.—Flowers: Aug.Sept. Vern. Tondli.

Duccan: Woodrow. S. M. Country: Badami, Cooke!; Belgaum, Ritchie, 306!

Gusarat: Rajkot, Woodrow. Sixp: Mulir, near Karachi, Bhola Puran!—Disrris.
Throughout India; Ceylon, Malaya, Tropical Africa,

8, MELOTHRIA, Linn.

Slender scandent or prostrate herbs, annual or with a perennial root,
moneecious or very rarely diccious. Tendrils simple, rarely bifid.
Leaves usually membranous, entire or more or less lobed. Flowers
small, yellow or white. MaLe FLOWERS racemose or corymbose, less
commonly fascicled or solitary. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla
deeply 5-partite; segments entire. Stamens 3, inserted on the tube
(rarely at the base) of the calyx ; filaments free ; anthers free or rarely
slightly cohering, one 1-celled, the others 2-celled or sometimes all
2-celled, the cells straight, rarely curved, the connective sometimes
produced. Rudimentary ovary globose or annular, rarely 3-lobed.
FEMALE FLOWERS solitary, fascicled, or corymbose. Calyx and corolla as
in the male. Staminodes 3 or 0. Ovary ovoid, globose or fusiform,
3-placentiferous, constricted beneath the flower; ovules usually

LXII. CUCURBITACE®, 539

numerous, horizontal; style short, surrounded at the base by an
annular disk; stigmas 3, linear, rarely 2, or stigma 3-lobed. Fruit
small, baccate, globose, ovoid or fusiform, usually many-seeded. Seeds
ovoid or ellipsoid, compressed, usually margined, smooth or rarely
scrobiculate.—Distrr. Warmer regions of the globe; species 54.

The genus has been enlarged by Cogniaux (DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 3
[1881] p. 572) so as to include the genera Mukia, Arn., and Zehnerit,
Endl., a course which has been followed by Jackson in ‘Index Kewensis.’

Flowers monecious.
Male flowers fascicled.
Seeds smooth; leaves softly villous beneath ............ 1. M. leiosperma.
Seeds scrobiculate ; leaves hirsute or scabrid beneath. 2. MW. maderaspatana.
Male flowers subumbellate at the apex of the peduncle. 3. M. perpusilla.
PUG MPOreTCul OsOlOUSea advediscarenscieeddrectees ocadvevecrsmedssiewen qc 4. M. heterophylla.

1. Melothria leiosperma, Coyniaux, in DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 3
(1881) p. 622. Moneecious ; stems hispid, furrowed, slightly branched ;
young parts densely and softly villous-hairy. Tendrils simple. Leaves
2-33 by 13-3 in., bright-green above, paler beneath, broadly ovate
in outline, acute, cordate at the base, scabrid and coarsely hairy above,
softly villous beneath, usually 5-angled or slightly 3-5-lobed, strongly
dentate; petioles 4-2 in. long, densely hairy. Flowers axillary. Mats
FLOWERS fascicled ; peduncles very short. Calyx densely hairy ; tube
3 in. long, campanulate ; teeth linear-subulate, 3-4 in. long. Corolla
pubescent outside; segments ovate-oblong, $ in. long. Anthers sub-
sessile, oblong, the connective short, apiculate. FEMALE FLOWERS:
Peduncles usually solitary, 3-2 in. long, thickened in fruit, densely
elothed with long hairs. Ovary densely hairy. Fruit 3 in. in diam.,
globose, glabrous or slightly hairy. Seeds ellipsoid, } by g by jy in.,
turgid, conspicuously margined, smooth on the faces. Jackson, in
Index Kew. v. 3, p. 203. Mukia leiosperma, Wight, in Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. v. 8 (1842) p. 268; C. B. Clarke, in. Hook. f. Fl. B.I. v. 2, p. 628 ;
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 255.—Flowers : July—Aug.

Rare. Konkan: Matheran, H. M. Birdwood. Deccan: Kolhapur, Cooke!—
Distris. India (W. Peninsula); Ceylon.

2. Melothria maderaspatana, Cogniaux, in DC. Monogr. Phan.
v. 3 (1881) p. 623. Annual, moncecious ; stems scandent or prostrate,
slender, much branched, angular, very hispid; young parts densely
covered with white hair. Tendrils simple, striate, sparingly hirsute,
Leaves variable in size, 1-5 by 1-4 in., deltoid-ovate, entire, 5-angled
or 3-5-lobed, very scabrid above, scabrid or shortly hispid beneath,
acute at the apex, cordate at the base with a wide sinus, the lobes often
overlapping, the margins dentate or subserrate ; petioles }-1 in. long,
hairy. Mat Fiowers in small fascicles on very short peduncles,
Calyx hairy; tube j4, in. long, narrowly campanulate; teeth about
zy in. long, subulate. Corolla pubescent; segments ovate-oblong,
rounded at the apex, j; in. long. Fematm FLowers almost sessile,
Fruit the size of a pea, smooth or slightly echinulate, at first green
and variegated with yellow, finally wholly red. Seeds ellipsoid, com-
pressed, not or scarcely margined, scrobiculate on both faces. Jackson,
in Index Kew. v. 3, p. 203. Mukia scabreila, Arn. in Hook. Journ, Bot.
¥.3 (1841) p. 276; C. B, Clarke, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I, v. 2, p. 623; Dalz. &

2N 2

540 LXII. CUCURBITACE®.

Gibs. p. 100; Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 64; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 254;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 640 ; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 5, p. 287. Bryonia scabrella, Linn. f. Suppl. p. 424; Grah. Cat.
p- 78; Wight, Icon. t. 501. Cucumis maderaspatanus, Linn. Sp. Pl.
(1753) p. 1012.—Flowers: July. Vurn. Chirdti.

Very common in hedges, Dalzell & Gibson. Konkan: common about Bombay
in the rains, Graham. Deccan: common, Cooke!, Woodrow!; Kolapur, Cooke! ;
Hotgi, Woodrow; Hombal, Woodrow!; hills near Poona, Woodrow. 8. M. Country:
Belgaum, Ritchie, $16!; Badami, Cooke! Gusarart: Dakor, Woodrow. Sinp:
Stocks.—Disrris. Throughout India; Ceylon, Africa, Malaya, Australia.

3. Melothria perpusilla, Cogniauv, in DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 3
(1881) p. 607. Moneecious, climbing ; root an oblong flattened tuber ;
stems deeply striate, glabrous. Tendrils simple, striate, glabrous. Leaves
broadly ovate in outline, 13-33 in. long and as broad or sometimes broader
than long, acute or shortly acuminate and mucronate at the apex, usually 5-
angled, the angles at the base rounded, the margins distantly toothed, the
upper side usually rough with scabrous spots, the lower side smooth and
prominently veined, base subcordate or nearly truncate; petioles ?-1 in.
long. Mate FLlowrrs 3-10 at the apex of a peduncle, 3-1? in. long,

eapitate or in subumbellate racemes ; pedicels short, filiform. Calyx-
tube ;-,, in. long, campanulate, rounded at the base; teeth very
short, recurved. Corolla pale-yellow; segments % in. long, ovate-
oblong, subacute, slightly hairy within the throat. Filaments hairy.
FEMALE FLOWERS solitary or rarely subumbellate; peduncles j-}+ in,
long, in the same axils as the males. Ovary globose. Fruit smooth,
globose, minutely pitted, red when ripe, 3-3 in. in diam. Seeds many,
much flattened, smooth. Jackson, in Index Kew. v.3, p. 203. Bryonia
perpusilla, Blume, Bijdr. p. 926. Zehneria Hookeviana, Arn. in Hook.
Journ. Bot. v. 3 (1841) p. 275; C. B. Clarke, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2,
p. 624 (exelud. syn.) ; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v.2, p. 256. Bryonia maysorensis,
Wight, Icon. t, 758 (not of Wall.); Dalz. & Gibs. p- 101. Zehneria
Baueriana, Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 640.—
Flowers: June-Nov. VgRn. Vardli.

Konkan: Stocks !, Law!; Wari country, Dalzell § Gibson; Ambeghat, Woodrow ! ;
Mahableshwar, abundant, Cooke!, Woodrow!, H. M. Birdwood.—Disrris. India
(N. Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Khasia, W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon, Malaya, Africa.

4, Melothria heterophylla, Cogniaux, in DC. Monogr. Phan.
vy, 3 (1881) p. 618. Dicecious; root perennial, consisting of several
tubers ; stems slender, branched, furrowed, glabrous. Tendrils simple.
Leaves 3-6 in. long, polymorphous, regularly ovate, or 3-5-angled or
lobed, or hastate, acute or acuminate, usually cordate at the base,
generally scabrid and pale-green above, paler or cinereous and reticu-
lately veined beneath, margins remotely denticulate ; petioles 4-2 in.
mek pubescent. Mam FLOWERS subumbellate, 15-20 on a peduncle
4-3 in. long; pedicels filiform, 3- : in, long. Calyx glabrous; tube
campanulate, rounded at the base, 4 4-1 in, long; teeth panne subulate,
Corolla small, yellowish-white ; segments triangular, acute, +4; in. long,
Filaments slender, subglabrous, g in. long. FEMALE FLOWERS :
Peduncles solitary, j-3 in. long. Ovary narrowly oblong, glabrous
or more or less pubesceut, 10-ribbed. Fruit 13-2 in. long, oblong-ovoid,
cylindric, tapering towards the apex, ribbed, bright red when ripe,

LXIT, CUCURBITACES, 541

Seeds obovoid or subglobose, scarcely compressed, smooth, white.
Jackson, in Index Kew. v. 3, p. 203. Bryonia umbellata, Klein, in Willd,
Sp. Pl. v. 4, p. 618; Grah. Cat. p. 78; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 101. Zehneria
hastata, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. v. 1, part 1, p. 656; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2,
p. 256. Zehneria umbellata, Thwaites, Enum. p. 125; C. B. Clarke, in
Hook.f. Fl Bik, vi 2, p: 625: Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1898) p. 640; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 6, part 4, p. 355.—F lowers :
June. Vern. Gometi.

The leaves are of very variable shape. Cogniaux (J. c.) distinguishes
no less than 12 different forms.

Konkan: Stocks!, Law!; Neral, Bhiva!; Amboli Ghat, Kanithar! (all of
Cogniaux’s form 1). Daccan: Mahableshwar, Cooke !, Woodrow! (form 1); Karli,
Bhiva! (form 2); Kadkala, Woodrow! (form 8), S. M. Country: Ritchie, 508!
(form 1).—Disrris. ‘Throughout India; Ceylon, China, Cochinchina, Java.

9. BLASTANIA, Kotschy & Peyr. Pl. Tinn. (1865-66) p. 15, t. 7.
Creno.epis, Hook. f. in Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. v. 1 (1867) p. 832,

Prostrate or scandent annual herbs. Tendrils simple. Leaves
digitately 5—7-lobed or -partite. Bracts stipuliform, in the axils of the
leaves, toothed or pectinately ciliate. Flowers minute, monoecious.
MALE FLOWERS racemose, on slender pedicels. Calyx-tube short, cam-
panulate ; lobes 5, subulate, very small. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-partite.
Stamens 3, inserted on the calyx-tube, free; filaments remote, very
short ; anthers small, one I-celled, the others 2-celled, the cells short,
straight, the connective not produced. Rudimentary ovary 0, FrmMaLe
FLOWERS solitary, in the same axils as the males; peduncle short.
Calyx and corolla as in the male. Staminodes 0, Ovary ovoid, 2-3-
placentiferous ; ovules few, horizontal ; style columnar, without a basal
disk; stigmas 2 (rarely 3). Fruit fleshy, globose or obliquely sub-
quadrate. Seeds few, ovoid, much compressed or boat-shaped, the
margins obtuse or acute; testa smooth.—Distris. Tropical and sub-
tropical Asia, Tropical Africa; species 2,

LEN iit Ka] $0) kencdtonnshabacas. denocengeacaToaocort oanqeuandotanseacuOnTeee 1. B. fimbristipula,

Fruit inversely reniform or hammer-shaped ........-.0s0.0+05 2. B. Garcini.

1. Blastania fimbristipula, Kotschy § Peyr. Pl. Tinn. (1865-66)
p. 15, t. 7. An extensive climber; stems subfiliform, elongate, much-
branched, grooved and angled, glabrous, smooth or slightly scabrid.
Tendrils slender, elongate, striate, simple. Leaves membranous, 13-4 in,
long and broad, scabrid on both surfaces with white spots, usually
3-partite (rarely 5-lobed), the segments ovate-oblong or lanceolate,
acute, narrowed at the base, denticulate or crenulate, the lateral
segments more or less 2-lobed, the intermediate segment entire or
3-lobed, often with a long mucro; petioles #-13 in. long, slender,
grooved, hirsute, at length scabrid with white spots. Stipular bracts
4-4 in. long, orbicular, reniform or dimidiate, scabrid with minute
white spots, ciliate with hairs as long as the breadth of the bract.
Map FLiowers 5-10 at the apex of a glabrous filiform peduncle
}-14 in. long; pedicels ebracteate, ;4,-3 in. long. Calyx-teeth minute.
Corolla minute; segments ovate-oblong, obtuse, spreading. Frmate
FLOWERS solitary ; peduncles short. Fruit subsessile, globose, scarlet,
glabrous, 4 in, in diam. Seeds 2, ovoid, 3 in. long, ;4,-} in. broad,

ote LXII, CUCURBITACE.£,

smooth, yellowish-grey, convex on one side, deeply concave on the other,
edge sharp. Jackson, in Index Kew. v.1, p. 311. Clenolepis cerasi-
formis, Hook. f. in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. v. 2, p. 558; C. B. Clarke, in
Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 6830; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1898) p. 641. Zehneria cerasiformis, Stocks, in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 4
(1852) p. 149; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 100; Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 65.

Gusarat: Dalzell!; Verawul (Kathiawar), Woodrow! Srnp: Dalzell!, Stocks ex
Aitchison.—Distrw. Tropical and 8. Africa, Arabia.

2. Blastania Garcini, Cogniaux, in DC. Monogr. Phan. v. 3 (1881)
p. 629. Climbing; stems slender, elongate, striate, branched, glabrous.
Tendrils capillary. Leaves membranous, 1-2 in. long and broad, at
first hirsute, afterwards scabrid with white spots, deeply 3-5-lobed, the
lobes usually obovate, obtuse or acute, constricted at the base, denticu-
late or crenulately toothed, the intermediate lobe scarcely longer then
the others, mucronate ; petioles 4-14 in. long, slender, striate, shortly
hirsute, at length scabrid. Stipular bracts 4-4; in. long, ovate or
rotundate, shortly hairy, fringed on the margin with long filiform cilia.
Mate FLownrs yellowish-white, 3-4 at the apex of a slender peduncle
less than 3 in. long ; pedicels 3;-;, in. long. FEMALE FLOWERS solitary
on very short peduneles. Fruit broader than long, $-1 by 3-2 in.,
bright-red, glabrous, inversely subreniform or hammer-shaped. Seeds
11 by 3 in., oblong, yellowish-grey, rounded at the apex, slightly
attenuated at the base, with a deep pit on one face, convex on the other,
the edge thick and obtuse. Jackson, in Index Kew. v. 1, p. 311.
Ctenolepis Garcini, C. B. Clarke, in Hook. f. Fl. B. 1. v. 2, p.629; Trim.
Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 260; Woodr.in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (4898) p. 641;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 626. Zehneria Gareini, Stocks, in
Kew Journ. Bot. v. 4 (1852) p. 149; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 99; Aitch. Pb. &
Sind Pl. p. 65.—Flowers : Oct.

Deccan: Dhulia, Woodrow! Gusarar: Surat, Woodrow; Ahmedabad, Ragji! ;
Domas near Surat, Dalzell!; Deesa, Stocks ex Aitchison; Kathiawar coast plentiful,
Dalzell §& Gibson. 8. M. Counrry: Badaini, Bhiva!

10. KEDROSTIS, Medikus, in Phil. Bot. v. 2 (1791) p. 69.
Ruyncwocarpa, Schrad. in Linnea, v. 12 (1838) p. 4038.

Prostrate or scandent herbs; root perennial. Tendrils simple.
Leaves entire or lobed. Flowers small, moncecious (rarely dioecious).
Mate FLOWERS racemose or corymbose. Calyx-tube campanulate,
usually glabrous within; lobes 5, short. Corolla rotate, 5-partite.
Stamens 3 (rarely 5), inserted in the calyx-tube; filaments short,
glabrous ; anthers short, glabrous, one 1-celled, the others 2-celled (or
when 5, all 1-celled), free or slightly cohering, the cells straight or
slightly curved, the connective usually 2-fid or 2-partite, produced
beyond the cells. Rudimentary ovary 0 or glanduliform. Frmane
FLOWERS subsessile, solitary or aggregated, shortly pedicelled. Calyx
and corolla as in the male. Rudimentary stamens 0 or 3, very small,
Ovary usually ovoid, beaked, 2-3-placentiferous ; ovules few, horizontal ;
style sometimes obscurely surrounded by a disk at the base; stigmas
2 or 3. Fruit baccate, ovoid, usually rostrate. Seeds usually few,
tumid, margined ; testa usually crustaceous, smooth.—Disrnis. Tropical
and subtropical Asia and Africa; species 11.

LXII. CUCURBITACE. 543

1. Kedrostis rostrata, Coyniaux, in DC. Monogr. Phan, vy. 3 (1881)
p. 636. Scandent, monoecious ; stems slender, branched, angled, sparsely
hairy. Tendrils simple, filiform, glabrous. Leaves 3-2 in, long and as
broad as long, membranous, orbicular in outline, bright-green, hairy and
more or less scabrid on both sides, margins entire or distantly toothed,
cordate at the base, sometimes 5-angled or sublobate, the lobes subacute,
apiculate; petioles 4-14 in. long, hairy. Mar rowers: Peduncles
filiform, j-} in. long, 2-4-flowered at the apex; pedicels capillary,
fo-4 in. long, usually bracteolate at the base. Calyx hairy ; tube cam-
panulate, rounded at the base; teeth minute. Corolla pale-yellow ;
segments oblong-lanceolate, acute, }-+ in. lony, pubescent. FaMman
FLOWERS: Peduncles ;}5-3 in. long. Ovary oblong, beaked, pubescent.
Fruit subsessile, deep-red, about 1 in. long, ovoid, tapering into a long
narrow beak, pubescent. Seeds 4 in. long, ovoid, with a narrow sharp
wing, brown. Jackson, in Index Kew. v. 3, p. 4. Rhynchocarpa
rostrata, Naud. in Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 4, v. 16, p. 177; Kurz, in Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. (1877) part 2, p. 105; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 258.
Ehynchocarpa foetida, C. B. Clarke, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 627
(partly); Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 640; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 502. &chmandra rostrata, Arn. in
Hook. Journ. Bot. v. 3 (1841) p. 274; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 100. Bryonia
pulosa, Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. 104; Grah. Cat. p. 248.—Flowers: Sept.—
Nov. Vurn, Nurakvel.

Konkan: §S. Konkan, Nimmo ex Graham; Miradonger near Pen, Kanitkar!
Gusarat: common in hedges, Dalzell §& Gibson, Dalzell, 33! 8S. M. Country: Pad-
shapur (Belgaum districts), Mitchie, 1761!—Distris. India (W. Peninsula, Ava) ;
Ceylon.

11. CORALLOCARPUS, Welw.

Prostrate or climbing herbs. Tendrils simple. Leaves roundish or
cordate, lobed or palmate. Flowers minute, monecious. Mats
FLOWERS crowded at the apex of a long peduncle. Calyx-tube broadly
campanulate ; lobes 5,short. Corolla 5-partite ; segments ovate-oblong.
Stamens 3, free, inserted on the calyx-tube; filaments very short ;
anthers glabrous, entire or 2-partite, one 1-celled, the others 2-celled,
the cells straight, the connective produced or not, often bifid. Rudi-
mentary ovary 0 or minute. J'meMaLe FLOWERS sessile or shortly pedi-
celled, solitary or fascicled, sometimes subspicate. Calyx and corolla as
in the male. Rudimentary stamens 0 or minute. Ovary ovoid, beaked,
2-3-celled ; ovules few, horizontal ; style straight, without a basal disk ;
stigma 3- (rarely 2-4-) lobed. Berry fleshy, ovoid or ellipsoid, rostrate
or obtuse, operculately dehiscent near the base. Seeds few, obovoid or
subglobose, tumid.—Disrris. India and Tropical Africa ; species 15,

Seeds obovoid or pyriform, slightly attenuated at the base; stems

slender.
Female flowers usually solitary ; seeds margined ............44. 1. C. epigeus.
Females flowers usually fascicled or subspicate; seeds not
ia cal oha 38 | naaeacbogeacrasoso opusdade Sc HOguECCogcacpenescBesncoor ocaah-c 2. C. conocarpus,
Seeds globose or subglobose, not attenuated at the base; stems
AGMA Rae a9 FE cdo ec 8 any Po Peres halen ni gs n Shey Goa s Oeigg ssi eas edsassa Hapa 3. C. velutinus.

1. Corallocarpus epigzeus, C. B. Clarke, in Hook. f. Fl. B. J.
vy. 2 (1879) p. 628. Prostrate or climbing, moneecious; root large,

544 LXII. CUCURBITACE.

turnip-shaped ; stems slender, grooved, zigzag, glabrous. Tendrils
simple, slender, glabrous. Leaves suborbicular in outline, 3-3 in. long,
usually a little broader than long, light-green above, paler beneath,
shortly roughly hairy on both surfaces, deeply cordate at the base,
angled or more or less deeply 3-5-lobed, the lobes usually lobulate and
obtuse, sometimes apiculate, more or less irregularly dentate on the
margins ; petioles ?-13 in. long, glabrous. Mate FLowmrRs small,
5-15 at the apex = a straight stiff glabrous peduncle 13-23 in. long ;
pedicels filiform, .;—, in.long. Calyx slightly hairy ; tube =); im. long,
slightly rounded at the base ; teeth minute, ereet, distant, subulate.
Corolla greenish-yellow; segments 54 in. long. Anthers yellow;
connective green, produced beyond the cells, bifid. Femann FLOWERS
usually solitary ; peduncles short, stout, glabrous. Fruit stalked, $—1in.
long (including the beak), ellipsoid or ovoid, suddenly contracted into a
slender beak } in. long, scarlet in the middle, the base and beak green,
cireumscissilely dehiscent at the junction of the green and red portions
near the base. Seeds 6-9, in orange-colored pulp, pyriform, 3-+ by
qo-qp in., turgid, brown, with a whitish corded margin. Trim. Fi. Cegh,
v.42) p: 258 ; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 641.
Bri yonia epigen, Wight, Icon. t. 503. dtchmandra epigea, Arn. in Hook.
Journ. Bot. v. 3 (1841) p. 274; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 100.—Flowers: June-
Aug. VERN. Karvina ; Karmughi.

Deccan: Dalzell & Paheoib: Poona, Woodrow! Gusarat: Dalzell, 40! 8S. M.
Country: Badami, Bhiva!; Karlimatti, Cooke!; Kaktt hills near Belgaum, Ritchie,

1076! Sixp: Daizell, 40!—Drsrris. India (PanjAb, Sind, Gujarat, W. Peninsula) ;
Ceylon.

2. Corallocarpus conocarpus, C. B. Clarke, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I.
v. 2 (1879) p. 628. Climbing, monecious; stems slender, striate,
glabrous. Tendrils simple, slender, glabrous. Leaves 2-2? by 13-23 in.,
pale-green above, ash-colored beneath, both surfaces ee especially
the lower clothed with minute white hairs (scarcely scabrid), cordate
at the base, deeply palmately 3-5-lobed, the lobes oblong-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, the terminal lobe the longest much contracted at
the base; petioles ‘3-14 in. long, slender, rugulose. MaLe FLOWERS
6-15 at the apex of a slender glabrous pedimele 3—1} in. long ; pedieels
filiform, 5-;; in. long. FEMALE FLOWERS fuscicled or ‘subspicate.
Fruit glabrous or slightly pubescent, sessile, fascicled or sometimes sub-
spicate, conical-oblong, not suddenly contracted into the beak, orange-
red except the cup-shaped base which remains green. Seeds pyriform,
turgid, g-§ by q'y-y’o in,, dark-brown (nearly black), not margined.
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 641. £chmandra ceno-
carpa, Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FI. p. 100.—Flowers: June—Aug.

Rare. Gugarat: Dalzell (in Herb. Kew,), 39!; Malpor and Gundar, Dalzell §
Gibson. There is a single specimen from Herd. Stocks at Kew without locality,

3. Corallocarpus velutinus, Benth. g¢ Hook. f. Gen, Pl. vy. 1
(1862-67) p.831. A stout climber; root fibrous; stems stout, angular,
hairy, deeply grooved, not much branched. Tendrils very long, striate,
simple. Leaves fleshy, suborbicular in outline, 2-3 in. long and as
broad as long, pale-green and at first softly villous, finally scabrid above,
tomentose and ashy-grey beneath, cordate or subtruncate at the base,
deeply palnately 3-5-lobed, the lobes rounded or oblong, sometimes

LXII, CUCURBITACE®, 545

lobulate (the terminal lobe the longest), irregularly denticulate ; petioles
stout, 14-2 in. long, densely hairy. Mann rrowers in 15-20-Howered
racemes at the top of a hairy slender peduncle 2-4 in, long; pedicels
filiform, j5-} in. long. Calyx shortly hairy; tube subhemispheric,
pe in. long ; teeth narrowly triangular, less than sy in. long. Corolla
greenish-yellow ; segments ovate-oblong, subacute, ;/; in. long. Anthers
subsessile; connective scarcely produced, bifid. FEMALH FLOWERS
fascicled, subsessile. Fruit # in, long (including the beak), sessile,
ellipsoid, suddenly narrowed into a beak about + in. long, red when Tis
finely velvety. Seeds 3 in. in diam., globose, margined. FI. B. I. v. 2,
p. 628; Woodr.in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1898) p. 641. dichmandra
velutina, Dalz. & Gibs. p. 100.

Rare, apparently confined to Sind. Sinn: Dalzel/,41!; Karachi, Cooke !—Disrris,
Tropical Africa,

12. DICGELOSPERMUM™M, C. B. Clarke.

A seabrid scandent slender herb. Tendrils simple. Leaves petiolate,
ovate-cordate or subhastate. Flowers white, minute, shortly pedicelled,
monoecious, the males and females in the same axils. Mane FLOWERS
solitary or fascicled. Calyx-tube short, campanulate ; teeth 5, minute.
Corolla deeply 5-partite ; segments entire, triangular-ovate. Stamens 3;
free, inserted on the calyx- ‘tube ; : filaments very short ; anthers oblong,
one 1-celled, the others 2-celled, ‘the cells straight, connective narrow,
scarcely produced at the apex. Rudimentary ovary glanduliform.
FemMaLp FLOWERS unknown. Fruit dry, depressed-globose, 1-celled.
Seeds 3, erect, inserted at the bottom of the cell.—Dusrris. India
(W. Peninsula), apparently endemic.

1. Diccelospermum Ritchiei, C. B. Clarke, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I.
v. 2, p. 630. Stems elongate, not much branched, grooved, scabrid,
Tendrils slender, elongate, striate, sparingly hairy. Leaves 12-3 in,
long and about as broad as long, deep- green and sparingly hirsute above,
paler, hirsute and at length scabrid beneath, denticulate, usually ovate-
subtriangular and slightly 3-lobed, the lateral lobes very short t, acute,
divergent, the terminal triangular, acute or acuminate ; petioles 3-12 in,
long, very scabrid (almost echinulate). Mats FLOWDRS fascicled ;
peduncles filiform, 5-3 in. long, hairy. Calyx-tube 75 in. long ; teeth
erect, subulate, ;'; in. long. Corolla pubescent ; segments subacute,
ys in. long. HFEMALE FLOWERS not seen. Fruit sessile , glabrous, smooth,
umbilicate at the apex, about + in. long and somewhat broader than long,
red when ripe. Seeds whitish- brown, 4 by 1 by |; in., broadly ovoid,
compressed, slightly beaked, longitudinally ridged and slightly rugulose
in the middle, containing 3 cavities, the central one enclosing the embryo,
the 2 lateral empty. Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1898) p. 641,
—Flowers: July-Sept. Vern. Gogara.

Rare. Stocks (without locality) in Herb. Kew.! Konkan: W. Ghats near Matheran,
Woodrow. Drccan: Amboyne, 12 miles from Lanoli, Woodrow! §S. M. Country:
Belgaum, Ritchie, 316 !—Disrrie. Apparently endemic.

None of the specimens have female flowers, all haying been collected in the fruiting
stage.

4 |
+

LXIT. CUCURBITACE.E,

13. ZANONTA, Linn.

Scandent glabrous or pubescent shrubs. Tendrils simple or bifid.
Leaves petiolate, ovate or oblong, entire. Flowers dicecious, all racemose
or the males panicled. Mam FLownrs: Sepals 3, broadly oblong or
orbicular, membranous, concave. Corolla rotate, 5- partite, coriaceous or
fleshy ; the segments narrowed at the apex. Stamens 5, free, inserted
on a fleshy disk ; filaments very short and thick ; anthers transversely
oblong, adnate to the filaments, 1-celled. Rudimentary ovary 0.
FmMALE FLOWnRS: Calyx and corolla as in the male. Staminodes very
short, alternate with the petals. Ovary elongate, at first 3-celled, at
length 1-celled by the absorption of the septa; ovules 2-many in each
cell, attached at both sides to parietal placentas, pendulous. Fruit cylin-
dric, clavate or hemispheric, terete or sub-trigonous, truncate and broadly
3-valved at the apex. Seeds large, pendulous, oblong, compressed,
imbricate, surrounded by a large membranous wing.—Disrris. Tropical
Asia, Java; species 2.

1. Ganonia indica, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2 (1763) p. 1457. Scandent,
climbing to a height of 30-50 ft. Stems stout, cylindric, striate, woody,
glabrous. ‘Tendrils elongate, terete, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, de-
ciduous (leaving a prominent circular scar), 3-6 by 2-4 in., ovate-oblong,
acute, entire, bright-green and glabrous above, paler and couspicuously
reticulate beneath, 3-nerved from a rounded or slightly cordate base ;
petioles 3-1 in. long, stout, glabrous. MaLe FLOWERS in racemes or
panicles ‘6-12 in. long, on slender grooved esas peduncles ; pedicels
somewhat stout, artic Ml lated about the middle, ;4,-4 in. long, bracteolate
at the base. Sepals 51, in. long, ovate, acute, concave, glabrous. Petals
greenish-yellow, oblong, obtuse, 4 in. long, yz In. broad at the base.
FEMALE FLOWERS in 5-12-flowered racemes 4—12 in. lone. Sepals
broadly triangular, % in. long. Petals ovate-oblong, 4-3 in. long.
Ovary cylindric, 3 in. long. Capsule in shape like a candle- extinguisher,
2-4 in. long, cylindric-obconie, slightly tapering towards a rounded base,
truncate = = apex, glabrous, pale yellowish-brown. Seeds much com-
pressed, ? by 2 in., pale-yellow, smooth; the wing 2—23 in. long by 3 in.
broad, rounded at the base and apex. Fl. B. TI. v. 2, p. 633; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 99; Wight, Ill. t. 103; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p- 261; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 641; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.
v. 6, part 4, p. 322.—The fruit is ripe in May. Vern. Chirpoti.

Rare. Stocks!, without locality (Herb. Kew.). Konkan: Vingorla, Dadzel/!,
Woodrow.—DisrriB. India (Assam, E. Bengal, W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon, Java, Borneo,
New Guinea, Malaya.

The following plants which do not belong to any of the genera in the
preceding pages are cultivated :—

Lagenaria vulgaris, Seringe, the Bottle-Gourd (Vern. Dudhi; Dudhya ;
Dudh-bhopald), said by DeCandolle to be wild in India (Malabar and
the moist forests of Dehra Doon), the Moluccas and Abyssinia, is culti-
vated throughout India and in tropical and warm regions throughout
the world. There are several varieties distinguished chiefly by the fruit
which assumes a diversity of shapes. One of these which is shaped like
a flask is, when emptied and dried, largely used by the natives for toddy-

LXII, CUCURBITACEX, 547

vessels and is also commonly carried by beggars as a receptacle for alms,
&c. The fruit is eaten when young; when fully ripe it often weighs
as much as 20 lbs. An inedible variety known as Kadva-dudhya (bitter
dudhya) is used for floats by fishermen. Duthie & Fuller (Hield and
Garden Crops) give a description and figure (t. 48). Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 613;
Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 36; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898)
p. 639, & Gard. in Ind. ed. 5, p. 331; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4,
p. 580.

Cucurbita moschata, Duchesne, the Musk Melon (Vern. Adla-bhopald),
is largely cultivated in India and in most tropical and subtropical
countries. Its native country is unknown. ‘The fruit is of various
shapes, ovoid, clavate, or subglobose and depressed at the apex and base
and more or less ribbed, dark-green when young, covered with a delicate
glaucous bloom when ripe (Duthie). Duthie & Fuller (Field and Garden
Crops) give 4 plates (tt. 58-61). The fruiting peduncle is angular and
furrowed. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 622; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11
(1898) p. 640; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 640.

Cucurbita maxima, Duchesne, the Melon-Pumpkin, Squash-Gourd,
Red Gourd (Vurn. /'ambada-bhopalad; Kadu), is cultivated throughout
India and in most warm regions of the world. The fruit is the largest
of any produced by the Cucurbitacew, sometimes weighing 2 cwt. and
measuring 6 to 8 feet in circumference. Weodrow (Gard. in Ind. ed. 5,
p. 328) describes the mode by which very large fruit may be grown.
The fruiting peduncle is round and smooth. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 622;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1898) p. 640; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. y. 2, p. 638.

Cucurbita Pepo, DC., the Pumpkin, Vegetable Marrow (VERN. Kdshi-
bhopald ; Kaula), is cultivated, but not extensively, in the Bombay
Presidency, where the commonly grown Lagenaria vulgaris (dudhya) is
used in preference. The fruiting peduncle is woody and strongly grooved.
Fl. B. 1. v. 2, p.622; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 640,
& Gard. in Ind. ed. 5, p. 3384; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 641.

The three plants Cucurbita moschata, C. maxima, and C. Pepo are somewhat difficult
to distinguish from one another. Duthie & Fuller (Field and Garden Crops, p. 58)
give the following distinguishing characters :—

The hairiness of C. moschata is harsher than that of C. maxima, but much less so
than that of C. Pepo, which is decidedly pungent. The leaves of C. moschuta are
usually marbled with whitish biotches; not so in C. maxima, rarely in C, Pepo. The
calyx-segments of the female flower of C. moschata are leat-like, those of the other two
subulate, while the glaucous bloom on the fruit of C. moschata is characteristic.

Benicasa cerifera, Savi, the White Pumpkin or White Gourd-Melon
(VerN. Bhura-kold ; Kohalé), probably, according to DeCandolle, a
native of Japan and Java, is cultivated more or less throughout India
and in many warm countries, but not largely in the Bombay Presidency.
The fruit, which is without ribs, softly hairy and covered when ripe
with a waxy bloom, is eaten as a vegetable and used in the manufacture
of a native sweetmeat. Duthie & Fuller (Field and Garden Crops) give
a figure (t. 45). Fil. B. I. v. 2, p. 616; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1898) p. 640 ; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 4389. Benicasa
hispida, Cogniaux, in DC. Monogr. Phan. y. 3 (1881) p. 513.

548 LXlII. BEGONIACE.E,

Orver LXILI. BEGONIACEA,

Succulent herbs, sometimes shrubs; stem sometimes reduced to a
rhizome or tuber. Leaves alternate, more or less inequilateral, entire,
lobed or digitately partite, usually dentate; stipules 2, free, usually
caducous. Flowers handsome, white or rosy (rarely yellow or red),
unsymmetrical, moneecious ; peduncles axillary, bracteate, divided into
dichotomous 1- or 2-sexual cymes; bracts and bracteoles usually
opposite. Mann rrowrers: Perianth-segments (of the only Indian
genus) 2 or 4 in pairs, the outer pair valvate, the inner (when present)
smaller. Stamens numerous, inserted on a more or less convex torus ;
filaments free or connate; anthers linear-oblong or clavate. Rudi-
mentary ovary 0. FrmMaLn FLOWERS: Perianth-segments 2-5, of which
the 2 exterior are Jarger and sepaloid. Staminodes 0, Ovary inferior,
usually 3- (rarely 2- or 4-) celled; ovules numerous, crowded on axile
placentas ; styles 2-4, free or connate at the base; stigmas branched
or tortuous. Fruit capsular, loculicidally (rarely septicidally) dehiscent,
less commonly a fleshy berry breaking up irregularly, usually 3-celled
and 3-gonous, often winged, more rarely 2- or 4-celled. Seeds numerous,
minute ; albumen scanty or 0.—Disrrre. Tropical America, Asia, and
Tropical and South Afriea, not in Australia; genera 2, of which one
only (Begonia) occurs in India; species about 400, of which the genus
Begonia contains 398,

1. BEGONIA, Linn.

Characters of the Order.

Fruit not winged.
Fruit 4-colled, 4-angled ..........sscssscssenessesnsercontsecenrenses 1. B. Roxhurghit.
Fruit winged.
Capsule 2-celled.
Leaves crenate-dentate, scarcely oblique at the base,

whitish, beneath). -pcceccnsccssnersbeen ssc acceijeilesemeesaen 2. B. crenata.
Leayes nearly entire, ciliate, very oblique at the base,
blood-red beneath..... BE SAE Heat cob eonciacptOnem anodes 3. B. integrifolia,
Capsule 3-celled.
Flowers rosy ; wings of capsule unequal ...........00e ees 4, B. concanensis.
Flowers white; wings of capsule subequal ............+4 5, B. trichocarpa,

1. Begonia Roxburghii, 4. DOC. Prodr. y. 15, part 1 (1864)
p. 398. A stout succulent plant 1-3 ft. high; root fibrous; stems
many, erect, often nearly as thick as the thumb, striate, pubescent when
young, afterwards glabrous. Leaves very unequal at the base, 6-12 by
4-8 in., ovate, acuminate, irregularly dentate, glabrous or minutely
pubescent on the nerves, very obliquely cordate at the base, strongly
nerved ; petioles 3-9 in. long; stipules oblong-lancevlate, glabrous,
deciduous. Flowers fragrant, white or very pale pink, in short
dichotomous few- or many-flowered cymes; bracts linear-lanceolate.
Mats Fiowers: Sepals 2, orbicular, glabrous. Petals 2, smaller than
the sepals. Stamens about 50, Frematu rrowrrs: Ovary 4-celled ;
placentas equally 2-partite; styles 4, bifid almost from the base ;
stigmas spirally twisted. Fruit subpyramidal with thick walls, 4-celled,
4-angled, the angles obtuse, each ending in a small horn upwards,

LXIII. BEGONIACEX, 549

Seeds small, obovoid. I'l. B. I. v. 2, p. 635. Begonia malabarica, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. y. 3, p. 648 (not of Lamk.); Grah. Cat. p. 172.

Rare. Konkan: S. Konkan, Ninvnoex Graham. This plant has been included on
the authority of Graham (/. ¢.), who states tbat it was found by Nimmo in the

S. Konkan, I have seen no specimens from the Bombay Presidency ; there are none
in Herb, Kew.—Disrris, India (North and Kast Bengal, Assam, Birma).

2. Begonia crenata, Dryand. in Trans. Linn. Soc. vy. 1 (1791)
p. 162, t. 14, A small herbaceous 1-4-leaved plant, 4-10 in. high;
root subtuberous ; stems usually red, smooth, slender. Leaves 1-8 by
{-2 in., ovate, acute, or rarely suborbicular, with crenate margins (the
crenatures crowned with a small subulate tooth), with a few scattered
stout hairs above, glabrous (except on the nerves) aud ashy grey or
almost silvery white beneath, base cordate, the lobes at each side of the
sinus slightly unequal or often quite equal; petioles of the radical
leaves 2-5 in. long, those of the cauline 3-12 in. long, usually red,
glabrous or with a few scattered hairs ; stipules small, triangular, acute.
Flowers not very many, pinkish or pinkish-white, beautifully marked
with glistening dots when fresh; peduncles weak, with a few scattered
hairs which are tipped with black glandular dots; bracts minute, acute,
glabrous. Mate rrowrrs: Sepals 2. Petals 2, narrower than the
sepals. Stamens many, monadelphous; anthers yellow. FrmMaLe
FLOWERS: Perianth-segments 5, the outer elliptic, the inner oblong and
apiculate, soon becoming larger than the male flowers. Styles usually 3,
connate 3-way up or more; stigmas reniform. Capsules } by 3 in.,
membranous, crowned by the accrescent perianth, 3-winged (one wing
smaller than the other two, the margins of all 3 ciliate with hairs tipped
with glandular black dots), 2-celled, with one side, at which dehiscence
takes place, concave. Seeds minute, ellipsoid. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 651 ;
Grah. Cat. p. 172; Dalz. & Gibs. p.104; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
y. 11 (1898) p. 641. Begonia minima, Bedd. Icon. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 110.—
Flowers: Aug.—Sept.

Konkan: Stocks!, Law!; Sualsette, Graham. Deccan: hills, Woodrow!; Maha-
bleshwar, Cooke!; Khandala, Bhiva! Kanara: Law!—Duistris. India (W. Peninsula),

1 have examined numerous fresh specimens and have invariably found 3 styles.

Beddome, in his figure of B. minima (Icon. Pl. t. 110), gives a correct drawing of the
styles.

3. Begonia integrifolia, Dalz. in Kew Jowrn. Bot. vy. 3 (1851)
p- 230. A succulent herbaceous plant 6-12 in. high; rootstock
tuberous, the tubers of the size of a large pea; stem herbaceous, slender,
striate, pubescent or glabrous. Leaves 3-7 by 13-4 in., very inequi-
lateral, obliquely ovate, subobtuse, sparingly clothed with stout short
hairs above, pubescent, especially on the nerves, and dark-red beneath,
margins entire or nearly so, finely ciliate, base very unequally cordate ;
petioles 1-2 in. long, pubescent; stipules } in. long, ovate or elliptic,
obtuse. Flowers white, 2 in. in diam., few, glabrous ; peduncles longer
than the petioles, glabrous or nearly so; bracts broadly ovate, acute,
ciliate, caducous. Mae FLrowErs: Sepals 2, orbicular. Petals 2,
oblong. Stamens numerous (about 50), monadelphous. FremMatp
FLOWERS: Perianth-segments 5, the inner the smaller. Styles 2,
connate below, branched and much twisted upwards. Capsules 2 by

550 LXIII, BEGONIACER.

53 in., 3-winged (one wing much larger than the others), dehiscing by
an elliptic line round the narrow face. Seeds minute, ellipsoid. Fi. B.
I. v. 2, p. 648; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 104; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y.
11 (1898) p. 641.—Flowers: Aug.—Sept.

Rare. Konkan: Stocks!; on rocks on the Ghats, Dalzel/!: Kanara: Law !—Disrrrs.
India (W. Peninsula, Birma).

4. Begonia concanensis, 4. DC. Prodr. v.15, part 1 (1864)
p. 314. Succulent, about 1 ft. high; root tuberous; stem simple,
glabrous. Leaves 2-5 by 13-4 in., ovate (sometimes lobed), acute or
subacute, palmately 7—9-nerved, with a few short thick hairs above,
glabrous or nearly so (except on the nerves) beneath, the margins
serrate or undulate-dentate and denticulate, base almost subequally
cordate or slightly oblique ; petioles of the radical leaves often 6 in. long
or more, those of the cauline leaves 1-23 in. long; stipules ovate-
lanceolate, 4 in. long, glabrous. Flowers rosy, few, on elongate
dichotomous nearly glabrous peduncles ; pedicels hairy ; bracts 7 in. long,
lanceolate, acuminate, subciliate. Mane Flowers: Sepals 2, broadly
elliptic, 4 in. long. Petals 2, obovate-oblong, ; in. long. Stamens
numerous, nearly free. FuManLn FLOWERS: Perianth-segments 5, the
exterior broadly ovate or suborbicular, much larger than the inner,
clothed with short stout hairs outside. Styles 3, nearly free, bifid at
the apex. Capsules turbinate, 3-3 by 3-# in. (including the wings),
terminated by the styles, 3-celled, hispid or at length glabrous, 3-winged,
one wing larger than the others, the larger wing obtusely triangular.
Seeds ellipsoid. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 653; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 104; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1898) p. 641.—Flowers : Aug.—Oct.

Not common. Konkan: Stocks!; above the Ghats, Law! Derccan: Lanoli,
Woodrow !—DistriB. India (W. Peninsula).

5. Begonia trichocarpa, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 3 (1851)
p- 230. Root tuberous; stem 1-17 ft. long, glabrous or nearly so.
Leaves 2-5 by 12-3 in., ovate, acute or subacute, sparingly clothed
with short thick hairs above, more or less pubescent (especially on the
nerves) beneath, irregularly sinuate-dentate, lacerate and denticulate on
the margins, palmately 7—9-nerved ; petioles of the radical leaves 4-8
in. long, those of the cauline 1-2 in. long ; stipules }-3 in. long, ovate-
lanceolate, hairy on the back. Flowers white, 2 in. in diam. ; peduncles
longer than the petioles, 4—6-flowered at the apex, glabrous or nearly so;
pedicels slender, hairy ; bracts $-3 in. long, ovate, acuminate, dentate,
pubescent, caducous, Mae rLowers: Sepals 2, broadly elliptic, or
suborbicular, 3-7 in. long, denticulate or subentire, glabrous or slightly
pubescent. Petals 3-3 in. long, obovate-oblong. Stamens numerous,
nearly free. FemaLe FLrowers: Perianth-segments 5, the inner
narrower, the outer often denticulate. Ovary hispid. Styles 3, nearly
free, each divided into 2 branches. Capsules 3-celled, at first hispid, at
length glabrous, 3-8 by 3 (including the wings), with 3 almost equal
obtuse ciliate wings. Seeds ellipsoid. Fi. B.L. v. 2, p. 653; Dalz &
Gibs. p. 104; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 641.—
Flowers : Aug.—Oct.

Rare. Koykan: Stocks!; W. Ghats, Dalzell! Kanara: Law!—Duistrim. India
(W. Peninsula),

1]
CN
—

LXIV. DATISCACEX.

Orprr LXIV. DATISCACEA.

Trees or herbs. Leaves alternate, simple or pinnate; stipules 0.
Flowers small, regular, dicecious (in the Indian species), fascicled,
racemose or panicled. Marm FLownrs: Calyx-tube very short or
hemispheric ; lobes 8-9. Petals 0 in the Indian species. Stamens 4-
25. Rudimentary ovary 0 or small. FrmMaLn FrLownrs: Calyx-tube
adnate to the ovary; lobes 3-8, short. Petals 0. Ovary 1-celled, open
or closed ;_ placentas parietal, alternating with the calyx-lobes ; ovules
numerous, ascending or horizontal; styles as many as the placentas and
alternate with them, simple or 2-partite. Capsule membranous or
coriaceous, dehiscing within the styles. Seeds very many, minute,
albuminous; embryo cylindric; radicle elongate, next the hilum.—
Disrrre. South-eastern Europe, Western and Central Asia, East Indies,
Java, North-west America; genera 3; species 4.

1. TETRAMELES, R. Br.

A tall tree. Leaves deciduous, ovate, acuminate, pubescent or
tomentose beneath. Flowers dicecious, appearing before the leaves, in
elongate slender many-flowered racemes or panicles. MAL FLOWERS :
Calyx-tube very short ; lobes 4, equal or unequal, ovate or oblong, with
sometimes an interposed small tooth. Petals 0. Stamens 4, opposite
the calyx-lobes, inserted round a flat central disk. Ovary rudimentary
or 4-gonous. rman rLownrs: Calyx-tube connate with the ovary,
sub-4-gonous; teeth 4, short. Ovary inferior, 1-celled ; ovules numerous,
on 4 parietal placentas; styles 4, subulate, distinct, persistent ; stigmas
club-shaped. Capsule membranous, subglobose or urceolate, 4- or 8-
ribbed, dehiscing at the apex between the styles. Seeds very many,
minute, flattened, ellipsoid; testa very lax and extending much beyond
the nucleus as a loose ragged reticulated membrane.—Disrrie. India,
Ceylon, Java; species 1.

1. Tetrameles nudiflora, R. Br. in Benn. Pl. Java Rar. (1838)
p. 79. Avery large deciduous tree reaching 100-150 ft. ; trunk straight,
not branched below, buttressed at the base; bark smooth, grey, lenti-
cellate. Leaves appearing after the flowers, 45-6 by 4-53 in., broadly
ovate, acuminate, irregularly serrate or dentate, bright-green and (when
mature) glabrous above, paler and with softly hairy reticulate venation
beneath, base cordate ; petioles 4-6 in. long, terete, softly pubescent.
lp wers’ numerous, small, yellow. Mate rriowers subsessile, in
pubescent panicles 6-10 in long. Calyx-lobes linear-oblong, subacute,
glabrous, exceeding the tube. Stamens much exserted; filaments very
long ; anthers small, subglobose. FHMALE FLOWERS sessile or nearly so,
in pendulous spicate pubescent racemes. Calyx urceolate, pubescent
outside; teeth 4, short, triangular, acute. Ovary faintly 8-ribbed,
slightly pubescent ; styles much exserted ; stigmas club-shaped. Fruit
+} in. long, urceolate, truncate, 8-ribbed, glandular. Seeds minute,
ellipsoid. Fl. B. L. v. 2, p. 657; Bedd. Flor. § Sylvat. t. 212; Trim. FI.
Ceyl. v. 2, p. 265; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 179; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 641; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4,
p- 41. Tetrameles (without specific name), Dalz. & Gibs. p. 311.

eles LXV. CACLACER.—LXVI. FICOIDER.

Tetrameles Grahamiana, Wight, Icon. t. 1956. Anictoclea Grahamiana,
Nimmo, in Grah. Cat. p. 252.—Flowers: Feb.-Mar. Vurn. Ugad ;
Bondsa.

Konkan: Stocks!, Law!; W. Ghats, Woodrow, Duccan: foot of Parghat, Graham
(Cat. p. 88). Kanara: Law!, Woodrow; common in the evergreen forests of the

Ghats of N. Kanara, Zalbot.—Disrris, India (W. Peninsula, Birma, Andamans) ;
Ceylon, Java.

Orpmr LXV. CACTACE.

A large Order comprising perhaps 1000 species, confined almost
entirely to the New World. It is introduced here in consequence of
the naturalization of certain species of the genus Opuntia (Opuntia
Dillenvi, Haw., and O. nigricans, Haw.). The latter, commonly called
the Prickly Pear, has spread widely throughout the Deccan, where it is
known by the vernacular name NVigadung and has become so common
about native villages as to be a regular pest, forming a harbor for snakes
and filth of all kinds.

Several species of the Order are grown in gardens, but none of
them are indigenous.

Orper LXVI. FICOIDEZ.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves simple, often fleshy, opposite,
alternate or falsely whorled; stipules 0 or scarious. Flowers regular,
hermaphrodite (rarely polygamous), in cymes or clusters, rarely solitary,
never racemose. Calyx 4-5-sepalous or 4-5-partite, free or rarely adnate
to the ovary, the lobes usually green, herbaceous, imbricate, always
persistent in fruit. Petals usually wanting; when present, small.
Stamens perigynous or hypogynous, definite or indefinite, when equal to
the number of sepals usually opposite to them, when more, equidistant
or in bundles; filaments subulate or dilated, free or connate into a
membranous cup. Disk 0 or annular, often produced into subulate
staminodes alternating with the stamens. Ovary usually free, 2-5-
celled; ovules solitary in each cell and basal, or many, inserted on
placentas adnate to the interior angle of the cell, amphitropous; styles
as many as the cells of the ovary, free, or connate into one split at the
apex. Fruit usually capsular, splitting dorsally or circumscissilely, or
less commonly separating into cocci, usually smaller than the persistent
calyx and included in it. Seeds solitary or numerous, usually reniform,
compressed ; testa membranous or crustaceous ; embryo curved round
farinaceous or fleshy albumen.—Disrrre. Scattered throughout the
tropical and subtropical regions of the globe; genera 22; species 450.

Stamens inserted on the calyx-tube.

Capsule loculicidally or septicidally dehiscent ...............02.08s 1, Aizoon.
Capsule circumscissilely dehiscent.
Ovary ie—o-Celleda enc cseceonenteaesssesanes sete auensuscenmren eases 2. Sesuvium.
Ovary dl—2-colled! \ccocuecccerass o¢ovesseussere snsSeemsnecsseete secrete 3. TRIANTHEMA,

Stamens hypogynous,
Fruit capsular,

Wotalsimany! <b .5ye 400s cosuae casuanuepn eins deve oeeescebeweenccaty estes 4. Orycera.

Petals’ Oi s.teoesscdeseccvocencsees cateunetstees decseteeneeeaanees Saeco 5. Moutveo.
Fruit of 2-5 one-seeded cocci.

Carpals 3-5 jmetale: Oeste tues tee saseneece ce ere e ena teeaan earch 6. GisnxKra,

Oarjyels 27 petalste-o ,nwscersen sonnet renents dhoaphbucecs eee 7. Limeum.

LXVI, FICOIDE®, 553

1. AIZOON, Linn.

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate (rarely opposite), sessile or
petiolate ; stipules 0, Flowers axillary, solitary, or in spikes or cymes.
Calyx-tube short, turbinate or hemispheric ; ; lobes 4-6, spreading,
valvate or imbricate, often colored within. Petals 0. Stamens many
(usually about 20), inserted in the throat of the calyx, united into tufts
alternating with the calyx-lobes ; filaments filiform ; anthers oblong.
Ovary free, nearly included within the calyx-tube, 4-5-gonous, 4—4-
celled; ovules 2-20 in each cell; styles 4-5, free, papillose. Capsule
subwoody, surrounded by the persistent calyx, 4—5-celled, loculicidally
(rarely septicidally) 5-valved at the apex, the valves gaping, the cells
2-0 -seeded. Seeds small, pendulous, subreniform; embryo curved,
eylindric.— Disrris. Southern Europe, North and South Africa, Arabia,
Canary Islands, India, Australia; species 8.

1. Aizoon canariense, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 488. A woody
much-branched procumbent densely hairy annual or subperennial,
3-12 in. Leaves 2-1} in. long, alternate, obovate-spathulate, cuneate
at the base and running down into the petiole, papillose and densely
hairy with often medifixed hairs; petioles j-2 in. long. Flowers solitary,
sessile, in almost every axil. "Calyx a-4 cre long; hairy ; tube sub-
hemispheric ; lobes broadly triangular-ovate, qi-qp in. long, yellowish
within. =a sessile, woody, peitagonal when looked down upon,
much depressed, }-} in. long, the valves inflexed. Seeds smooth, black,
shining, with a few ridges on the back. FI. B. Lv. 2, p. 659; Oliver, Fi.
Trop. Afr: vy. 2,. p- 584; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb, Nat, v. 11 (1898)
p- 642.—Flowers : Sept.—Nov.

In the Bombay Presidency confined to Sind. Sryp: Vicary!, Stocks, 472!; Jemadar
ka Landa, near Karachi, Stochs!; banks of the Hub river near Karachi, Cooke !,
Woodrow !—Drstris. Africa, Canary Islands, Arabia, Beluchistan, Afghanistan,

2. SESUVIUM, Linn.

Herbs or undershrubs, erect or prostrate, branched, succulent. Leaves
opposite, subfleshy ; stipules 0, but the petioles are sometimes connate
by a stipuliform membrane. Flowers axillary, sessile or peduncled,
solitary or clustered (rarely subcymose), often flesh-colored or purple,
bracteate or not. Calyx-tube turbinate ; lobes 5, oblong or triangular,
colored within. Petals 0. Stamens many or 5, inserted round the top
of the calyx-tube; filaments filiform, sometimes connate at the base;
anthers didymous. Ovary free, 3-5-celled; ovules numerous ; styles
3-5, longitudinally papillose on the inside. Capsule ellipsoid or ovoid,
membranous, 3—5-celled, circumscissilely dehiscent. Seeds very many
in each cell, reniform; embryo annular—Dzusrris. Throughout the
Tropics of the world near sea-shores ; species 4.

1, Sesuvium Portulacastrum, Linn. Syst. ed. 10 (1759) p. 1058.
Herbaceous ; stems prostrate, creeping and rooting at the nodes, often
buried in the sand, stout, succulent, much branched, red, glabrous.
Leaves opposite, 1-1? by 3-3 in., linear or spathulate-oblong, sometimes
subeylindric, fleshy, obtuse, glabrous, tapering much towards the base;
petioles short, much dilated and amplexicaul at the base, with broad
scarious margins, Flowers axillary, solitary ; pedicels about equalling

20

~

554 LXVI. FICOIDE.

the calyx, filiform, glabrous. Calyx deeply 5-lobed, purplish outside,
rosy within, 1; in. long; lobes lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, with a
mucro just below the apex behind. Stamens numerous, free or nearly
so; filaments red. Ovary usually 3-celled ; styles usually 3. Capsules
3-celled, + in. long, enclosed within the persistent calyx, pointed, cir-
cumscissile. Seeds black, smooth and polished. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 659;
Grah. Cat. p. 248; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 15; Trim. Fl. Cey]. v. 2, p. 268;
Pax, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 1, B, p. 42, fig. 17; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1898) p. 642.—Flowers : Nov.—Dee.

A tolerably common weed on the sea-coast throughout the Presidency. Konkan:
sea-shore near Bassein, Bhiva!; sea-shore, Revadanda, Woodrow!; Salsette, Graham ;
Ooran, Graham —Disrnis, India (on sea-shores); Ceylon, shores of tropical and
subtropical regions.

3. TRIANTHEMA, Linn.

Diffuse prostrate branched herbs, glabrous, pubescent or papillose.
Leaves petiolate, opposite, unequal, linear, ovate or obovate, quite entire ;
stipules 0, but the petiole dilated, with membranous stipuliform margins.
Flowers axillary, sessile or peduncled, solitary, cymose or panicled.
Calyx-tube short or long; lobes 5, colored within, mucronate at the
back. Petals 0. Stamens 5-10 or many, inserted near the top of the
culyx-tube, Ovary free, sessile, 1—2-celled, often truncate at the apex ;
ovules 1-%, basal; styles 1 or 2. Capsule membranous below, with a
hard thick cap which is detached by a circumscissile dehiscence and
carries away one or more seeds, 1—2-celled. Seeds 1-« , subreniform ;
embryo annular.—Distris, Widely spread in tropical and subtropical
regions ; species 10,

Stamens 10 or more.

POU VLG Me obras svcadee re ontne asec seme sade naga sceeec semen s mee cate uch dee 1. 7. monogyna,
UV LED re sare sonaniesesacsecbtnt sueccstsneveacsas tetensoncumeteamacaerents 4. 7. decandra.
Stamens less than 10.
Lower half of capsule 8-12-seededl ....0...,sccscssescecereseraceooeucs 5. T. hydaspica,
Lower half of capsule 1—2-seeded.
daeayes less thanrd in.long; style 1,.......n05-c-manseedaonastsnaes 2. T. triquetra.
Leaves 4-14 Gn; long’; ‘Styles 2. cs e0u. tt aseaavertnceesseatcetnesacs 3. TL. pentandra.

1. Trianthema monogyna, Linn. Mantiss. (1767) p. 69. A pros-
trate somewhat succulent herb; stems more or less angular, glabrous
or pubescent, much branched. Leaves subfleshy, obliquely opposite,
unequal, the upper one of the pair the larger, 3-14 by #-14 in., the
lower %-3 by 3-3 in., broadly obovate, rounded and often apiculate at
the apex, cuneate at the base, glabrous; petioles j-3 in. long, much
dilated and membranous at the base, especially those of the smaller
leaves in which the membranous enlargement forms a triangular pouch.
Flowers solitary, sessile, almost concealed by the pouch of the petiole.
Calyx-lobes ovate, acute. Stamens 10-20. Ovary truncate; style 1.
Capsules small, almost concealed in the petiolar pouch, lid truncate,
slightly concave, with 2 spreading teeth, carrying away at least one seed,
the lower part 3-5-seeded. Seeds reniform, muriculate, dull-black.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 660; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 269; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb, Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 642; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4,
p- 77. Trianthema obcordata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. 34; Dalz. & Gibs.
p. 14; Wight, Icon. t. 288; Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 65.—Flowers :
June-Ang. Vern. Bis-khiprd,

-

LXVI. FICOIDE®, bas

A common weed. Deccan: Poona, Woodrow! Sinn: Karachi, Woodrow !—
Disrais. Throughout India; Ceylon and most tropical regions.

2. Trianthema triquetra, Motil. §- Willd. in Ges. Naturf. Fr.
Neue Schr. vy. 4 (1803) p. 181. A small diffuse much-branched herb
3-12 in. high, with a woody rootstock; stems and branches slender,
usually red, covered with minute papille ; branches numerous, prostrate,
divaricate, the upper part more or less triquetrous. Leaves opposite or
alternate, }-3 by 7),-j/5 in., linear or linear-lanceolate, subacute, fleshy,
more or less covered with crystalline papille ; petioles short, dilated and
slightly sheathing at the base. Flowers sessile or nearly so, several in
an axil, not enclosed in the sheath of the petiole. Calyx ;1,-} in. long;
tube obconic, with many slender ribs; lobes broad, triangular, about
equalling the tube. Stamens 5; anthers purple. Style simple. Fruit
enclosed in the calyx-tube, 2-seeded, the cap flat, much depressed in the
centre, carrying away with it 1 seed. Seeds 2, orbicular-reniform, com-
pressed, concentrically striate on the faces, about >; in. in diam., black.
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 269; Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 65. Yrianthema
erystallina, Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 355 (not of Vahl); Dalz. & Gibs.
p. 14; C. B. Clarke, in Hook. f. Fl. B.I.v. 2, p.660; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1598) p. 642; Watt, Dict. Eeon. Prod. v. 6, part 4,
p- 76.—Flowers: Sept.—Oct.

As Trimen (/. ¢.) has pointed out, this plant appears to be quite
distinct from 7. erystallina, Vahl, from Arabia and Nubia.

Konkan: Stocks! Deccan: Bijapur, Woodrow! §S. M. Country: Badami, Cooke!
Gusarat: Dehgaon near Oambay, Dalzell § Gibson, Sinn: Stocks, 512 !—Disrris.
India (Panjab, Sind, W. Peninsula); Ceylon,

3. Trianthema pentandra, Linn. Mantiss. (1767) p. 70. Diffuse,
much-branched, from a few inches to 14 ft. high ; stems and branches
more or less papillose (sometimes glabrous), angled and grooved.
Leaves 3-11 by 1-3 in., elliptic-oblong, sometimes slightly obovate,
glabrous or more or less papillose, rounded (rarely subacute) at the apex,
narrowed at the base; petioles distinct, {-4 in. long, dilated at the base,
slightly sheathing. Flowers sessile or subsessile, in few- or many-
flowered axillary fascicles; bracteoles thinly membranous. Calyx
sy-# in. long, deeply 5-lobed ; lobes ovate-oblong, colored within,
with a short apiculation at the back below the apex. Stamens 5.
Styles 2. Capsules } in. long, exserted, the cap with broad deflexed
horns, mitriform, dividing into two 1-seeded portions, the lower half
of the capsule containing 2 seeds. Seeds j4—/; in. in diam., orbicular-
reniform, compressed, rugulose, dull-black. I. B. I. v. 2, p. 660; Aitch,
Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 65; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 642;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 77.—Flowers: Oct.—Nov.

A common weed in Sind. Koyxan: Stocks! Duccan: Pooua, Woodrow. 8, M.
Country: Badami, Woodrow! Stnp: Stoeks, 36!; Mulir, Cooke!; Karachi, Woodrow!
Distris. India (Panjab, N.W. Provinces, Sind, W. Peninsula) ; Tropical Africa,

4, Trianthema decandra, Linn. Mantiss. (1767) p. 70. Stems
elongate, prostrate, not much branched, angular and striate, glabrous.
Leaves subfleshy, 3-13 by {-3 in., the opposite pairs somewhat unequal,
elliptic-oblong, rounded and usually apiculate at the apex; petioles
4-1 in, long, puberulous, much dilated and amplexicaul at the hase, but

202

556 LXVI. PICOIDE.

not enclosing the flowers. Flowers in dense axillary subumbellate
clusters; peduncles and pedicels very short: bracteoles thinly mem-
branous. Calyx 4 in. long; tube very short; lobes much longer than
the tube, oblong, obtuse, with scarious margins and with a distinct long
apiculation at the back below the apex. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsules
not enclosed in the tube of the calyx, 4-seeded, the cap very truncate,
z in. long, solid, subcylindric with a narrow acute rim round its base,
carrying away 2 seeds. Seeds orbicular-reniform, striate, black. FI.
B. I. v. 2, p. 661; Grah. Cat. p.81; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 15; Wight, Icon.
t. 296; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 270; Woodr.in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1898) p. 642 ; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 77.—Flowers: Dee.
8S. M. Country: Adur village 10 miles west of Haveri (Dharwar Collectorate),
Woodrow!; Badami, Cooke!—Distris. India (W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon, Timor.

5. Trianthema hydaspica, Ldyew. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 6 (1862)
p. 203. A prostrate succulent papillose herb; branches dichotomous.
Leaves 3-3 by 3-1 in., fleshy, elliptic-oblong, obtuse (the younger
revolute), narrowed into the petiole; petioles 3-4; in. long, dilated and
membranous at the base. Flowers sessile, axillary, solitary or clustered.
Calyx-tube obconic, 58; in. long, many-ribbed; lobes 5, rose-colored
within, about equalling the tube, triangular, acuminate, with a tooth or
horn at the base of each at the sinus giving the lobe a somewhat hastate
appearance, Stamens 5-7; filaments filiform; anthers rosy. Ovary
2-celled; styles 2. Capsules j in. long, the cap conical, thin, membranous,
ee not completely enclosing a seed, the lower part of the capsule
‘ontaining 8-12 seeds. Seeds cochleate, rugose, black. FI. B. I. v. 2,
p. 661; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat, v. 11 (1898) p. 642; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 77, Diplochanium Hochstetteri, Stocks,
ex Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 66.—Flowers: Dec.

In the Bombay Presidency confined to Sind. Siyp: Jemadar ka Landa near
Karaghi, Stocks, 476!; Karachi, Woodrow!, Bhola Puran!—Disrriz. India (Multan);
Tropical Africa.

4. ORYGIA, Forsk.

A somewhat rigid diffuse branched glabrous herb. Leaves opposite
or alternate, rather fleshy, petiolate; stipules 0. Flowers rather large,
pedicelled, in terminal or leaf-opposed lax few-flowered cymes. Sepals 5,
ovate-cuspidate, with membranous margins. Petals 0. Staminodes
many, narrow, connate at the base. Stamens numerous, inserted at
the base of the calyx, subhypogynous; filaments filiform; anthers
linear-oblong. Ovary subglobose, 5-celled; ovules many, attached to
the interior angle of the cells; styles 5, filiform. Capsule subglobose,
included in the calyx, 5-celled, loculicidally 5-valved, many-seeded.
Seeds compressed, reniform, strophiolate.—Disrriz. Warm parts of
Africa, Arabia, and India; species 1.

1. Orygia decumbens, Jorsk. Fl. Atgypt.-Arab. (1775) p. 103.
A decumbent diffuse wiry herb, from a few inches to more than 1 ft. high;
root woody at the crown; stems pale, obscurely angled. Leaves 3-14
by 3-2 in., alternate, obovate, cuspidate, glabrous, glaucous; petioles
z In. long, with a small membranous wing. Flowers 3 in. in diam., in
racemose lax terminal or leaf-opposed cymes, sometimes (including the
slender obscurely winged peduncle) reaching 3 in. long; pedicels 3-tin,

long; bracts at the base of the peduncles 3-1} in. long, membranous,

os

LXVI, FICOIDEX. 557
pinkish. Calyx glabrous, divided to the base; sepals +-j in. long, ovate-
elliptic, acute or acuminate, green, with pink membranous margins,
Staminodes about 20, purple-red, Stamens 12 or more. Ovary 5-ribbed.
Capsules 1 in. long, pale-yellow, smooth and shining. Seeds reniform,
minutely strophiolate, finely striate, black, I'l, B. I. v. 2, p. 661;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v.11 (1898) p. 642.—F lowers : Dec.—Jan.

Sixp: Stocks, 444!; Karachi district, Woodrow!, Bhola Puran!, Cooke!; Semadar
ka Landa near Karachi, Stocks !—Disrris. India (Panjab, Sind, Mysore); Western
Asia, Africa,

5. MOLLUGO, Linn.

Erect or diffuse glabrous pubescent or stellately tomentose herbs, often
dichotomously branched. Leaves often falsely whorled or alteraate, or
all radical, linear, obovate or spathulate ; stipules membranous, fugacious.
Flowers axillary, solitary, fascicled or in diffuse or umbelliform cymes,
usually greenish. Sepals 5, subequal, persistent, with membranous
margins. Petals 0. Stamens 3-5, subhypogynous, usually alternate with
the sepals, sometimes intermixed with subulate staminodes. Ovary
free, 3-5-celled; ovules ©, attached to the interior angle of the cells ;
styles 8-5. Capsule membranous, included in the calyx, oblong, globose
or subcylindric, 3-5-celled, loculicidally 3-5-valved. Seeds several
(rarely 1) in each cell, reniform, appendaged at the hilum or not;
embryo more or less curved.—Disrri1B. Tropical and subtropical regions
of both hemispheres ; species 12.

Flowers in axillary fascicles; seeds appendaged.

Menselysstellatelys airy ees awesceeceaensececesocuecercssnvescee 1. M. hirta.

(CIV RO HS YBhonackenene se anonanadaae oneRd ont aceeecc aan nor donnencradgnco: 2. M. oppositifolia,
Flowers in terminal cymes ; seeds not appendaged,

Seeds with raised tubercular points ............ceseeeeseseceeeses 3. M. pentaphylla.

Seeds without raised tubercular points ............cceeeseeeeeeeee 4. M. Cervianz.

1. Mollugo hirta, Thunb. Prodr. Pl. Cap. (1794) p. 24. Annual,
softly villous with (chiefly) stellate hairs; stems many, usually prostrate
and spreading 6-18 in. from a centre, sometimes ascending, leafy.
Leaves opposite or several at a node, 3-2 by ;5;-2 in., densely steliately
villous on both sides, broadly obovate or suborbicular, very obtuse at
the apex, cuneate at the base; petioles 7-3 in. long, slender, stellately
hairy. Flowers pinkish-white, in axillary fascicles, 1-6 together ; pedi-
cels unequal, ;/,—} in. long, divaricate. Calyx stellately hairy outside ;
sepals 1-3 in. long, elliptic-lanceolate, acute. Stamens usually 10 or
more, varying to 5. Ovary ovoid, quite glabrous, 5-lobed, 5-celled ;
ovules ©; styles almost 0 or very short; stigmas usually 5, spreading.
Capsules a little shorter than the sepals, ovoid. Seeds ©, subreniform,
with raised tubercular points, black, appendaged with a white scale at
the hilum extended into a long filiform process which curves round the
seed. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 662; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 270; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 642; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5,
p- 255. Mollugo Glinus, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. v. 1 (1847) p. 48 ;
Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 66. Glinus lotoides, Leefl. It. Hisp. (1758)
p- 145; Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2 (1762) p. 663; Grah. Cat. p. 82; Dalz. &
Gibs. pp. 16 & 311.—Flowers: Feb—Apr. Vern. Dasard-sdg; Kotrak.

Konkan: Stocks!; Bombay, common, Graham, Dalzell § Gibson. Deccan: Khan-
dala, Woodrow!; Mahableshwar, Cooke! 8S. M. Country: Belgaum, Jitchie, 51!
Sinp: Dalzel/!; hills near Karachi, Bhola Puran!—Distris. Throughout India,
common; Ceylon, warmer regions of the world,

508 LXVI. FICOIDEX.

2. Mollugo oppositifolia, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 89. Diffuse,
prostrate or ascending ; stems numerous, dichotomously branched, with
Jong internodes, slender, glabrous or pubescent near the ends. Leaves
4-2 by t-} in., in whorls of 4-5, unequal, oblanceolate or linear-
lanceolate or sometimes spathulate, rounded or acute and apiculate at
the apex, much tapered into the petiole which is therefore obscure.
Flowers white, in axillary fascicles of 2 or es pedicels 3-3 in. long,
filiform. Calyx glabrous outside; sepals 4 in. long, oblong, subaeute,
with membranous margins. Staminodes 0. Stamens usually 3. Ovary
glabrous ; styles 3, very short; stigmas spreading. Capsules ellipsoid, a
little shorter than the sepals, 3-celled. Seeds very numerous, subreni-
form, with raised tubercular points, dark-brown, appendaged with a
very small white scale at the hilum extended into a bristle which curves
round the seed. Jackson, Index Kewen. v. 3, p. 254; Trim. Fl. Ceyl.
v.2, p. 271. Mollugo Spergula, Linn. Syst. ed. 10 (1759) p. 881;
Grah. Cat. p. 12; C. B. Clarke, in Hook. f. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 662; Woodr.
in Journ, Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 642.—Flowers : Sept.—Oct.

Deccan: Bijapur, Woodrow! 8. M. Country: Belgaum, Woodrow!; Badami,
Bhiva! Gesarat: Baroda, Kanitkar! Kanara: Kala naddi, Ritchie, 401; Chand-

war, Ritchie, 40!—Disrris. India (W. Peninsula, Birma) ; Ceylon, Ale opical Africa,
Australia.

3. Mollugo pentaphylla, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 89. Annual,
diffuse, glabrous, 6-12 in. high; stems numerous, with many more or
less quadrangular leafy dichotomously arranged branches. Leaves
2-13 in. by 3-7 in., in whorls of 2-9, linear-lanceolate to obovate, ob-
tuse or acute, sometimes apiculate, much narrowed at the base ; petioles
obscure. Flowers white, numerous, in lax corymbose terminal cymes ;
peduncles and pedicels filiform; bracts lanceolate, scarious. Calyx
glabrous ; sepals ;4,-;4, in. long, broadly elliptic-oblong, obtuse, parallel-
uerved, Stamens usually 3. Styles 3, short, linear. Capsules sub-
globose, as long as or slightly longer than the sepals, with thin walls.
Seeds numerous, roundish-reniform, compressed, covered with raised
tubercular points, dark-brown. Jackson, in Index Kewen. v. 3, p. 254 ;
Grah, Cat. p. 12; Dalz. & Gibs. E 16; Trim. Fl. Ceyl.'v. 2, pias
Mollugo stricta, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2 Sus 32) p. 131; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 16
©. B. Clarke, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 663 ; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb,
Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 642 ; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 255. Mollugo
triphylla, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. v. 1 (1790) p. 62 (not of Burm.); Grah.
Cat. p. 12.—Flowers: Sept.-Nov. Very. Jharasi.

A common weed, Graham, Daizell § Gibson. DuccaAn: Poona, Woodrow! ;
Panchgani, Cooke!, Woodrow! S. M. Country: Belgaum, Woedrow!; bills north
of Belgaum, Ritchie, 950!; Dharwar districts, Talbot, 2536!; Badami, Cooke!
—Distris. Throughout India ; Ceylon, Malacca, China, Japan, Fiji.

Var. rupestris, A much smaller plant, 23-6 in. high. Leaves
narrow-linear, 3-1 by \5 in., apiculate; in other respects as in IZ. pen-
taphylla.

{ have found this very abundantly in October on the wet rocks of the hill called
the Table rock just above the Travellers’ Bungalow at Panchgani. I have also
found it on wet rocks near Marmagoa, but it has not been reported from any other
Joeality. The inflorescence and secds are exactly as in M. pentaphylla, but the leaves
are entirely different, It seems searely entitled to specific rank, but is quite distinct
as a Variety.

LXVI. FICOIDEX. 559

4, Mollugo Cerviana, Serinye, in DC. Prodr. y. 1 (1824) p. 392.
An annular erect slender glabrous herb 3-8 in. high. Stems very many,
almost Pore elie branches umbellate, the nodes thickened. Radical
leaves }-3 in. long, rosulate, spathulate or linear-spathulate. Cauline
leaves 13 by about 1; in., narrow-linear, apiculate, 2-8 in a whorl;
petioles bpeaice! Flowers numerous, on long filiform stiff pedicels sub-
umbellately arranged, usually in threes on the top of long filiform
axillary and terminal peduncles. Sepals ;'5 in. long, elliptic-oblong,
obtuse, with white membranous margins. Stamens 3-5. Styles 3,
very short. Capsules subglobose, equalling the sepals, Seeds numerous,
smooth, without tubercular points, yellowish-brown. FI. e Lave 2
p- 663; Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 66; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. Vi 2, ps 2725
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1898) p. 642; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Trod. vy. 5, p. 254.—Dlowers: Sept.-Nov. Vorrn. Pada,

S. M. Country: Badami, Woodrow!, Cooke! Gusarar: Kanitkar!; Deesa, Raoji!
Stnp: Stocks ex Aitchison.—Disrais. India (Panjib, Sind, W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon,
Tropical Africa, Australia,

6. GISEKIA, Linn.

Diffuse branched usually annual herbs. Leaves opposite or falsely
whorled, subfleshy, linear or spathulate, abounding in raphides; stipules
0. Flowers small, in lax or dense axillary sessile fascicles or shortly
peduncled umbellate cymes, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Sepals 5,
equal, herbaceous or with membranous margins. Petals 0. Stamens
5-15, hypogynous ; filaments dilated at the base; anthers oblong.
Carpels usually 5, distinct, sessile on a small torus, 1-celled; ovules
solitary, basal; styles as many as the carpels. Fruit of 5 free mem-
branous compressed papillose indehiscent 1-seeded carpels. Seeds ver-
tical, compressed, subreniform; embryo annular.—Disrris. Africa,
Arabia, India; species 5.

1. Gisekia pharnaceoides, Linn. Mantiss. (1771) p. 562. A
diffuse somewhat succulent glabrous herb ; stems 6-18 in. Jong ; branches
prostrate or ascending. Leaves subfleshy, suboppposite, #-13 by {-j in.,
linear-oblong, elliptic- -lanceolate or spathulate-oblong, ‘obtuse or sub-
acute, entire, tapering at the base, glabrous, glaucous ; petioles 0— in.
long. Fiowers numerous, in almoat sessile umbellate cymes ; pedicels
slender, zo-4 in. long. Sepals ;4,—/, in. long, elliptic-oblong, obtuse,
with membranous margins. Stamens 5; filaments dilated at the base.
Ripe carpels membranous, as long as the sepals and surrounded by them.
Seed solitary, rounded on the back, black, with scattered white glan-
dular prominences. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 664; Grah. Cat. p. 250; Wight,
Icon. t. 1167; Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 66; Trim. mt Ceyl. v. 2, p: 273:
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p- 642; Watt, Diet. Econ.
Prod. vy. 3, p. 502.—Flowers: Aug.—Sept.

Konxan: Nimmo ex Graham. §S. M. Country: Badami, Woodrow!, Bhiva !
Gusarat: Stocks! Sinn: Dalzell!, Stocks, 6!—Disrris. India (Panjab, W. Penin-
sula) ; Oeylon, Beluchistan, Afghanistan, Africa. Vern. Vdluchi-bhaji.

Strong anthelmintie properties have been claimed for this plant, which has been
especially recommended as a specific for tape-worm, See Watt, Dict, Econ, Prod.1.¢

560 LXVI. FICOIDEX.

7. LIMEUM, Linn.

Annual or perennial low branched glabrous herbs, sometimes frutes-
cent at the base; branches usually prostrate. Leaves alternate or
subopposite, linear-lanceolate, elliptic or obovate, entire or obscurely
ciliolate ; stipules 0. Flowers small, bracteate, greenish, hermaphrodite
or unisexual, in dense terminal and subaxillary cymes. Sepals 5, un-
equal, ovate, herbaceous or with membranous margins. Petals 3-5,
oblong or spathulate, or minute, or 0. Stamens 5-10, sometimes im-
perfect, hypogynous ; filaments dilated and connate at the base. Ovary
free, globose, compressed, 2-celled; ovule solitary in each cell, ascending,
with basal funicle; style very short, with 2 branches which are stig-
matose within. Fruit separating into 2 orbicular or hemispheric cocci
which at length dehisce ventrally. Seeds vertical; embryo annular ;
radicle inferior—Distris. Tropical and 8. Africa, India; species 10.

1. Limeum indicum, Stocks, ex T. Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 5,
Suppl. 1 (1860) p. 30. A prostrate glandular herb; root perennial ;
stems diffuse, much-branched, glandular-pubescent. Leaves opposite
or nearly so, 1-3 by ;°,-1 in., broadly elliptic or suborbicular, mequi-
lateral, shortly apiculate, entire, glandular-pubescent ; petioles distinct,
1 in. long, slightly dilated at the base. Flowers crowded, in axillary
subsessile cymes ; pedicels short, glandular, bracteate at the base. Sepals
jl; in. long, glandular-pubescent, ovate, acute, with membranous margins.
Petals much shorter than the sepals, clawed, truncate and 2-dentate at
the apex. Stamens 7 (Stocks). Carpels in fruit as long as the sepals,
hemispheric, dehiscing ventrally, the margins of the valves inflexed so
as to retain the seed till moistened. Seeds broader than long, about +4, in.
broad, coneavo-convex, quite smooth on the back, yellowish-white.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 664; Aitch. Pb. & Sind Pl. p. 67; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1898) p. 642.—Flowers : Oct.—Nov.

In the Bombay Presidency confined to Sind. Sinn: Woodrow, Dalzell; Sehwan,
Cooke!; sandy bed of the Mulir river near Karachi, Séocis, 535!—D1srris. India
(Panjab, Multan); Beluchistan, Aden, Nubia.

Tetragonia expansa, Murr. in Comm. Gotting. v. 6 (1785) p. 13, t. 5.
New Zealand Spinach. A creeping herb with succulent stems, small
yellow flowers on short pedicels, triangular-ovate suceulent leaves and a
4-5-horned fruit, a native of Australasia. It has been introduced
recently into a few gardens in the Bombay Presidency. It grows ex-
ceedingly well and seeds abundantly in the Deccan, where it comes up
self-sown when once introduced. Its leaves furnish an excellent spinach
for the table. See Woodrow, Gard. in Ind. ed. 5, p. 339.

Orper LXVIIL. UMBELLIFER.

Herbs (rarely shrubs or trees). Leaves usually alternate, simple or
compound, exstipulate (except Hydrocotyle) ; petiole generally sheathing
at the base. Flowers usually bisexual, often slightly irregular, in simple
or compound umbels, rarely in heads or whorls; umbels and umbellules

LXVII. UMBELLIFER®. 561

each furnished with an involucre of bracts or one or both naked. Calyx-
tube adnate to the ovary; teeth 5 or 0 (so that there seems to be no
‘ulyx). Petals 5, epigynous, distinct, sometimes unequal, often bifid,
with an inflexed apex and an impressed midrib, imbricate in bud (some-
times valvate in /ydrocotyle). Stamens 5, epigynous, alternating with
the petals. Ovary inferior, 2-celled, crowned by a large epigynous
usually 2-lobed disk; ovule solitary in each cell, pendulous; styles 2,
often dilated at the base into stylopods which crown the ovary ; stigmas
minute, capitellate. Fruit of 2 indehiscent dorsally or laterally com-
pressed separable carpels (mericarps), separated by a commissure and
attached to and often pendulous from a slender central axis (carpophore).
The mericarps are usually marked by 5 longitudinal lines (primary
ridges), 1 dorsal, 2 marginal and 2 intermediate, and often with 4 more
(secondary ridges) alternating with the primary ones; pericarp often
traversed by oil-canals (vitte). Seed 1 in each carpel, pendulous from
the point of attachment to the carpophore; testa thin; albumen earti-
laginous ; embryo minute, straight, near the apex of the seed; radicle
superior.—Disrris. A large Order, abundant in temperate regions,
especially in the Northern hemisphere, but more or less represented

throughout the world ; genera 152; species 1300.

inne! s| SIMO sits vo. cienas gaintreoinnt.s«
Umbels compound.
Fruit laterally compressed, not winged ; commissure narrow.
eaves’ quite entire; grass-like::. ........-0scscs+sccssssece«0- 2. BurLevuruM.
Leaves pinnate or decompound (sometimes simple and
broadly ovate-cordate in Pimpinedla).

Beer oo ee weiacts nats de sicaniselnasaewan 1. Hyprocoryue.

Ridges of fruit slender ; furrows l-vittate ......... 3. Carum.
Ridges of fruit slender; furrows 2-3-yittate ; root
MaNaLEY FASILONIN, 73, .Jscamnt os Sarees cwavodaseueco sect 4. PIMprNELLa.

Fruit somewhat dorsally compressed, not winged ; commis-
Shlons lopronts LAM oom eyo UIs Segdocdncodebreereaceiocecce Hes ciceete: 5. Ponyzyeus.
Fruit much dorsally compressed ; lateral ridges winged.
Portion of the fruit between the margin and the seed

Pi Valen Uo) ishisnsaciaae Sat saew de ovcmus oats a eons Wetece cee ee 6. Zostia.
Portion of the fruit between the margin and the seed
not hyaline.
Herbs, usually glabrous ; petals not radiant; ovary
glabrous ; wings of fruit with thin margins ...... 7. Pevcepanum.
Herbs, usually hairy ; petals often radiant ; ovary
usually pubescent; wings of fruit thickened
Bi ANG AUAN PUL Suc dden sade se a<tAvedatgeenwoe érobosccbotk 8. Heracieum.

1. HYDROCOTYLE, Linn.

Annual or perennial herbs growing in moist places, usually prostrate
and creeping and rooting at the nodes. Leaves orbicular or reniform ;
stipules small, scarious, sometimes Jacerate. Flowers (in the Indian
species) in very small heads or simple umbels, white or purplish, some-
times unisexual. Involucre-bracts few or 0. Calyx-teeth minute or
obsolete. Petals entire, valvate or imbricate. Fruit somewhat fleshy,
laterally compressed ; commissure narrow ; mericarps with the primary
and sometimes the secondary ridges visible; vitte 0. Carpophore 0.
Seed laterally compressed.—Disrris. Temperate and tropical regions
of the world, abundant in Australasia, S. Africa and S. America

; Species
about 70.

562 LXVII. UMBELLIFER#.

Petals valvate in bud; secondary ridges of fruit 0; pericarp not

GhiCkehed .iscccccccosescss caceceeecs I MoM EMOsMEMOR Ee Mis ate cs. nace scones cna 1. H. javanica.
Petals imbricate in bud; secondary ridges of fruit distinct; peri-
carp much thickened .......... RT aati sscVesscscateessasnses 2. H. asiatica.

1. Hydrocotyle javanica, Thunb. Diss. (1798) ; edit. Pers. v. 2
(1800) p. 415, t.3. Stems long, succulent, pubescent beneath the nodes,
sending up erect stout branching shoots more than 6 m. high. Leaves
suborbicular, broader than long, 13-8 by 2-33 in., subentire or palmately
7-9-lobed one-fourth of the way down, coarsely crenate, shining on both
sides, with a few weak hairs on the nerves ; petioles pubescent, those of
the leaves of the prostrate stems sometimes reaching 10 in. long, those of
the erect shoots much shorter; stipules entire, scarious. Flowers pale-
green, very small, sessile or shortly pedicelled, 20 or more crowded in
dense globular heads or umbels on the apex of peduncles 4-2 in. long
which are often in clusters of 2-6 from the nodes of the upright
branches ; pedicels 0-1 in. long; bracts small. Calyx-teeth 0. Petals
lanceolate, acute, valvate in bud. Fruit 1; in., orbicular or subquadrate ;
mericarps with acute primary but not secondary ridges. Fi. B. I. v. 2,
p. 667; Wight, Icon. t. 1003 ; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 275; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1898) p. 642.—Flowers: Feb.

Kanara: Hulikal, Woodrow.

This plant has been included on Woodrow’s authority, who gives the above-named
locality as its habitat. I have seen no Bombay specimens, and there are none from
that Presidency in Herb. Kew.

2, Hydrocotyle asiatica, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 234. A slender
herbaceous creeping plant; stems long, prostrate, coming off from the
leaf-axils of a vertical rootstock, filiform, often reddish, and with long
internodes, rooting at the nodes. Leaves 3-23 in. in diam., several from
the rootstock which often have much elongated petioles, and 1-3 from
each node of the stems, orbicular-reniform, rather broader than long,
more or less cupped, entire or shallowly crenate, glabrous on both sides,
and with numerous slender nerves from a deeply cordate base ;_ petioles
very variable in length, 3-6 in. long or more, channelled, glabrous or
nearly so; stipules short, adnate to the petioles, forming a sheathing base.
Flowers in fascicled umbels, each umbel consisting of 3-4 pink, sessile
(rarely pedicelled) flowers ; peduncles pubescent or glabrous, short, pink ;
bracts ovate, acute, concave, 2 beneath each umbel. Calyx-teeth 0.
Petals minute, pink, ovate, acute. Trait } in. long, longer than broad,
ovoid, hard, with thickened pericarp, reticulato-rugose, often crowned
by the persistent petals, the primary and secondary ridges distinct.
F]. B. L. v. 2, p. 669; Grah. Cat. p. 84; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 105 ; Wight,
Icon. t. 565; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 276; Woodr. in Journ, Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 642; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 311.—
Flowers: May-Nov. Vern. Brahmi.

In moist situations throughout the Presidency. Konkan: Matheran, Cooke!
Deccan: Woodrow!; banks of the Poona river, Cooke!; Malableshwar, Cooke!
S. M. Counrry: Woodrow; Belgaum, Litchie, 1080!—Disrrrs. Throughout India ;
Ceylon, tropical and subtropical regions of the world.

The plant is extensively employed in medicine. It was employed by Dr. Bhau Daji
as a remedy for leprosy and has considerable reputation as an alterative in skin-
diseases. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ¢., where an exhaustive account of the
medicinal uses of the plant may be found.

LXVII. UMBELLIFERA, 565

Hydrocotyle rotundifolia, Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 21. A pretty
little creeping plant occasionally grown in gardens, but not indigenous
in the Bombay Presidency. It covers the surface of a flower-pot with
a dense green mantle and is easy of culture if kept shaded from the
noonday sun and well watered. It is propagated by division. The
plant is commonly known by its synonym HH. nitidula, Rich. See
Woodrow, Gard. in Ind. ed. 5, p. 342.

2. BUPLEURUM, Linn.

Glabrous annual or perennial herbs or shrubs. Leaves quite entire,
the lowest grass-like. Flowers in compound umbels, usually with
involucres and involucels, small, yellow or lurid. Calyx-teeth 0. Petals
broad, emarginate, inflexed. Disk broad, flat. Styles short. Fruit
more or less laterally compressed, slightly constricted at a somewhat
broad commissure ; mericarps subpentagonal; primary ridges distinct,
with 1-3 vittee between them; secondary ridges 0 or obscure. Carpo-
phore 2-fid or 2-partite. Seed subterete, sometimes grooved on the
face.—Distrise. Europe, temperate Asia, N. Africa, Canary Islands
and Azores, with one species in S. Africa and one in N.W. America;
species about 60,

1. Bupleurum virgatum, Wight § Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 370
(not of Wall.). Perennial; stem erect, 1-3 ft. high ; branches numerous,
ascending, cylindric, striate, glabrous. Leaves 2-5 by }-3 in., linear-
oblong, grass-like, sessile, usually acute or acuminate (rarely subobtuse),
mucronate, glabrous, glaucous, with numerous parallel prominent slender
nerves, narrowed at the base, amplexicaul but not sheathing. Flowers in
compound umbels, yellow. Primary umbels in lax elongated cory mbose or
subcorymbose panicles, 5-8-rayed ; bracts 3-6, linear-lanceolate, acumi-
nate. Partial umbels (wmbellules) 6—-8-flowered ; pedicels short ; bracteoles
4-5, linear-lanceolate, longer than the umbellules. Calyx-teeth 0. Petals
distant, the apex much inflexed. Fruit + in. long, longer than broad,
ellipsoid, dark brown, shining ; mericarps rounded on the back, the primary
ribs prominent, rounded, with a broad vitta in each furrow, often with a
smaller one on either side. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 277. Bupleurum
ramosissimum, Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 370; Wight, Icon. t. 1007.
B. faleatum, Dalz. & Gibs. p. 108 (not of Linn.). B. mucronatum, Wight
& Arn. Prodr. p. 370; C. B. Clarke, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 6763
Woedr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 642.—Flowers: Dee.

The specific name viryatum, Wight & Arn. 1. ¢., has precedence over
that of mucronatum.

A rare plant in the Bombay Presidency. 8S. M. Country: Dharwar, Da/zell ¢
Gibson.—Dis1r1B. India (W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon.

3, CARUM, Linn.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves pinnate or decompound. Umbels
compound. Bracts of the involucre few or 0; bracteoles of the involucel
usually numerous, undivided. Flowers white (in the Indian species),
nermaphrodite or polygamous, the petals of the sterile flowers often
irregular. Calyx—teeth small or 0. Petals broad, obtuse, entire,
emarginate or 2-lobed. Fruit ovoid or ellipsoid, more or less laterally

564 LXVII. UMBELLIFDR.

compressed and more or less constricted at the commissure; mericarps
subpentagonal, the primary ridges obtuse, the lateral] marginal with a
single vitta in the furrows. Carpophore 2-fid or 2-partite-—D1sTRIB.
Europe and most temperate and subtropical regions of the Old World ;
species about 50.

1. Carum stictocarpun, C. B. Clarke, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2
(1879) p. 681. Annual, 4-3 ft. high, erect, much branched; root
fusiform ; stem glabrous. Lower leaves 2-pinnate ; leaflets deeply cut
into linear-lanceolate apiculate glabrous or minutely pubescent segments,
the segments of the upper leaves often linear; petioles with broad
sheaths, their margins membranous, ciliolate. Flowers white. Primary
umbels 5-10-rayed; bracts 3-6, linear, acute, 3-4 in. long. Partial
umbels 6-20-flowered ; pedicels 3-4 in. long; bracteoles 4-8, linear-
lanceolate, 3-2 in. long, with white scarious ciliate margins. Ovary
minutely pubescent ; styles long, recurved on the fruit ; stigma capitate.
Petals broadly obovate or suborbicular, rounded (not emarginate) at
the apex, 3. in. long. Fruit j,- 7}; in. long, ovoid, glabrous or puberulous,
brown ; mericarps scarcely compressed, the ridges slender, faint. Trim.
Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 278; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1893)
p. 642.—Flowers: Aug.—Oct. Vern. Ran-onva.

Konkan: Law!, Stocks! Deccan: hills, Woodrow; Jejuri, Ranade!; Bowdhan
8 miles west of Puona, Bhiva!; Panchgani Ghat, Cooke! —Duisrris. India (W. Penin-
sula); Ceylon.

Var. hebecarpa, C. B. Clarke, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 682.
Fruit larger, 74,-/, in. long, hispidulous, sometimes densely so.

Konxan: Law!, Stocks!

Carum Roxburghianum, Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. Pl. v. 1, p. 891, is
cultivated in native gardens (extensively so in Gujarat) and is probably,
as suggested by Mr. C. B. Clarke (Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 682), a cultivated
form of C. stictocarpum, from some forms of the variety hebecarpa of
which it is hardly separable. It is not known wild (C. B. Clarke, 1. ¢.).
The seeds are used for flavoring curries and the leaves as a substitute
for parsley. Woodr, in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 642; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 201. Pimpinella involucrata, Wight & Arn.
Prodr. p. 369; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 106. Apium involucratum, Roxb. Hort.
Beng. p. 22; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 41.—Flowers: Nov.—Dec. Vern.
Ajmod ; Chanu; Randhunt.

Carum copticum, Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. Pl.v.1, p.891. The Bishop's
Weed; Lovage. A plant 1-3 ft. high, cultivated extensively for its
seeds which are largely employed in medicine and also in England and
(Jermany in the manufacture of Z’hymol which is used as an antiseptic.
Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 682; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 642 ;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 198. Ptychotis Ajowan, Wight & Arn.
Prodr. p. 868; Grah. Cat. p.84; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 41.—Flowers :
Apr. VERN. Ajvdn; Onvd.

Carum Petroselinum, Benth. & Hook. f.Gen. Pl. v.1, p. 891. Parsley.
Cultivated occasionally in European gardens, but not much grown by

LXVIL, UMBELLIFER”. 565

the natives. Apium Petroselinum, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 264; > Grah.
Cat. p. 84; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 41. Petroselinum sativum, Holtm,
Gen. Umb. p. 177; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 181.

4, PIMPINELLA, Linn.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves simple or compound. Flowers
in compound umbels, hermaphrodite or polygamo-monecious. Bracts
of the involucre 0 or few; bracteoles small or 0. Calyx-teeth obsolete
or small. Petals usually with long inflexed points, more or less
emarginate, retuse or entire. Fruit ovoid or broader than long,
laterally compressed, often constricted at the commissure; mericarps
subterete or subpentagonal, often dorsally compressed ; ridges slender,
obscure or prominent ; vitte 2-3 in each furrow. Carpophore entire,
2-fid or 2-partite. Seed subterete or dorsally subcompressed, the
inner face flat or nearly so.—Dusrriz. Northern hemisphere of the
world, S. Africa, a few in extratropical S. America; species about 70.

PMP PIRMPOUS. cage fc sS cesta? ipeccduennyeuser gessasenso¥vacednen Ren desis 1. P. Heyneana.
Fruit papillose, scabrid or pubescent.
Towericauline) leaves\simple: <<.) sc<arcsecees.-ccicscereenerorahenta 2. P. Candolleana.
Lower cauline leaves pinnate.
WOWOFREOCPCIOUR: soca caso nen ox todasareckeerevacenccrnasaneuetane 3. P. monoica,
Flowers hermaphrodite.
IBYACtaO ie scdereceareerocctreseensedeceteecssertvcsescsssrcessecesee 4. P. tomentosa.
Bracts 3-7.
Leaves simply pinnate; flowers white .................. 5. P. adscendens,

Leaves ternate ; leaflets 2-ternate ; flowers pink ...... 6. P. lateriflora.

1. Pimpinella Heyneana, Wail. Cat. (1828) 566. Annual; root
fusiform ; stem erect, 14-3 ft. high, with ascending glabrous branches.
Leaves 3-foliolate, smaller upwards, the lateral leaflets usually ternate,
the terminal leaflet sometimes ternate, but often simple, entire or lobed ;
ultimate segments of the lower canline leaves usually stalked, ovate-
lanceolate, 7-2 by 3-? in., very acute, sharply serrate, glabrous or
nearly so, base tapering ; ultimate segments of the upper cauline leaves
often much narrower; common petioles 1—13 in. long, dilated and
ciliate at the base. Primary umbels 6—20-rayed, the rays unequal, very
slender, 1-2 in. long, glabrous; bracts 0. Partial umbels 4—12-flowered;
pedicels filiform, very unequal, 3-2 in. long; bracteoles 1-2, linear,
3-2 in. long, or 0. Styles short. Fruit subglobese, ;; in. in diam.,
glabrous ; primary ridges slender. Fl. B.I. v. 2, p. 684; Trim. Fl. Ceyl.
v. 2, p. 279; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 643.
Helosciadium Heyneanum, DC. Prodr. vy. 4, p. 106; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 106.—Flowers: Aug.—Oct.

Konkan: Stocks!, Dalzell!; near Marmagao, Cooke! Dxrccan: Bowdhan 8 miles
west of Poona, Cooke! S. M. Country: Woodrow! Kanara: Kala naddi, Ritchie,
1767 !—Disrris. India (Circars, Chittagong, W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon.

2. Pimpinella Candolleana, Wight §- Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 369.
An erect herb 1-23 ft. high; root fusiform, perennial; stems stout,
striate, pubescent or villcus. Leaves with cartilaginously crenate-
serrate margins: lower cauline leaves simple (rarely pinnate), 14-23 by
13-21 in., broadly ovate, usually acute, deeply cordate at the base, the
lower surface pubescent, the upper more or less so; petioles long,

566 “XVII. UMBELLIFER®.

densely pubescent: middle cauline leaves 3-partite, the segments cut
and sometimes lobed: upper leaves often irregularly 1-2-pinnatifid, the
ultimate segments oblong, acute. Primary umbels with 10-16 pubescent
equal rays, $-1 in. long; bracts 5-8, linear-subulate, 3-3 in. long.
Partial umbels 10-20-flowered ; pedicels Lin. long; bracteoles g in. long.
Styles long, divaricate. Fruit j5, in. long, ovoid, acutely pointed,
covered with granular tubercles; mericarps rounded on the back,
slightly concave on the inner face, the ridges prominent. Fl. B. Ly. 2,
p- 687; Wight, Icon. t. 341; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1898) p. 643.—F lowers ; Sept.—Oct.

Not very common in the Bombay Presidency. Dnccan: Poona districts, Ranade!;
Panchgani, Cooke !, Woodrow.—Disrris. India (W. Peninsula),

3. Pimpinella monoica, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. vy. 3 (1851)
p- 212. A tall plant reaching 6-8 ft. high ; stem as thick as a goose-
quill, terete, simple below, branched above, glabrous, smooth, striate ;
branches alternate and bifarious. Lower cauline leaves pinnately
3-foliolate ; leaflets 13-4 by #-2 in., ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute,
more or less pubescent, sharply serrate, base cordate, truncate or
sometimes tapering; common petioles 3-6 in. long, sheathing, ciliate ;
petiolules 3-2 in. long: upper leaves often cut into numerous setaceous
linear segments, or sometimes reduced to mere sheaths. Flowers in
compound umbels, some of the umbels consisting wholly of male, the
others of female flowers. Primary umbels with 6-12 slender rays,
3-1 in. long; bracts 0, or 1 subulate. Partial umbels 8-20-flowered ;
bracteoles 1-4, linear-subulate, 3-1 in. long, or often 0. Petals white,
al; in. long, obovate or suborbicular, rounded at the apex. Fruit 4’5 in.
long, ovoid, crowned by the conspicuous disk, clothed when young with
pellucid granules; mericarps rounded on the back. Fl. B. I. y. 2,
p. 687 ; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 106; Woodr, in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1898)
p. 643.—Flowers: Noy.

On the highest Ghats, Da/zell § Gibson. Konxan: Stocks!, Law! Deccan:
Mahableshwar, Cooke!; Panchgani, Cooke! 8S. M. Country: Belgaum south, Ritchie,
$32 !—Disrris. India (W. Peninsula),

4, Pimpinella tomentosa, Dalz. ew C. B. Clarke, in Hook. f. Fl.
B. I. v. 2 (1879) p. 689. Erect, 2-3 ft. high; root narrowly fusiform ;
stems pubescent or tomentose; branches numerous. Lower cauline
leaves 2-3-pinnatipartite ; leaf-blade (excluding the petiole) 3-6 in. long ;
ultimate segments sharply inciso-serrate, the teeth pointed with a stout
sharp bristle ; common petioles sometimes 4 in. long, sheathing at the
base, striate, pubescent or tomentose: upper leaves often reduced to
sheaths. Flowers white. Primary umbels 4—8-rayed, the rays subequal,
3 in. long, pubescent; bract 1, subulate, z in. long, or 0. Partial umbels
3-12-flowered ; pedicels short, pubescent ; bracteoles 1-3, linear. Styles
long, their bases enlarged into conical yellowish-brown stylopods persis-
tent on the fruit. Fruit 1 in. long, narrowly oblong, attenuate upwards,
scabrid with numerous small whitish scales; ridges very obscure.
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 643. Heracleum tomen-
tosum, Dalz. & Gibs. p. 108 & p. 313 (not of Smith).—Flowers: Nov.

Konkan: Stocks!; 8. Konkan, Law! Drccan: Panchgani, Cooke!; Mahableshwar,
Cooke! ; Singhad near Poona, Woodrow.—Disrris. India (W. Peninsula).

LXVII. UMBELLIFER2. 567

+. Pimpinella adscendens, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. y. 2 (1850)
p- 261. Stems many, 6-18 in. long, terete, smooth, glabrous ; branches
few. Leaves mostly radical, simply pinnate, sometimes reaching § in.
long (including the petiole) ; leaflets 4-8 pairs, rotund-ovate or obovate,
cuneate at the base, acutely and irregularly serrate, the lateral leaflets
4—} 1n. long, the terminal leaflet usually longer than the lateral ones :
cauline leaves few, the upper pinnatisect. Flowers in terminal compound
umbels. Primary umbels 4—12-rayed, the rays subequal, }~3 in. long ;
bracts 4-8, linear-subulate, 1-1 in. long. Partial umbels 8-16-Howered ;
pedicels ;5-} in. long; bracteoles 3, linear-subulate, 74,-3 in. long.
Petals white, broadly obovate, externally pubescent. Fruit ,'; in. long,
brown, ovoid, subobtuse, laterally compressed, minutely pilose; disk not
prominent ; ridges obscure. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 689; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 106;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1898) p. 643.—Flowers: Jan.—
Feb.

Konkan: Sfocks!; banks of rivers in the Konkan, Dalzell/! Duccan: Stocks!;
Poona, Woodrow!; Singhad, Woodrow; between Nasik and Igatpuri, Egdeworth!
8. M. Counrry: Belgaum, Woodrow !, Ritchie, 1081!—Disrrin. India (W. Peninsula).

6. Pimpinella lateriflora, Dalz. J: Gibs. Bomb. Fl. (1861) p. 106.
Erect, 1-13 ft. high; stems puberulous. Leaves ternate, the leaflets
2-ternate, the lobes of the lower leaves lanceolate, those of the upper
linear, all acute, mucronate. Flowers pink ; peduncles long, slender,
leaf-opposed. Primary umbels 8-—10-rayed; bracts 3-7, subulate.
Partial umbels with 7 subulate bracteoles as long as the pedicels. Fruit
densely covered with small granular tubercles. Fl. B. 1. v. 2, p. 689;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 643.

Deccan: in ravines, common, Dalzell § Gibson.

This plant has been included on the authority of Dalzell & Gibson. It has not, as
far as I am aware, been found by any other collectors, though Dalzell & Gibson state
that it is common in ravines in the Deccan. I have never seen a specimen. There

are none in Herb. Kew., and the description has been taken from Dalzell & Gibson,
Bomb, FI. 1. ¢.

5. POLYZYGUS, Dalz.

A glabrous herb; root tuberous. Leaves ternately and pinnately
decompound; segments rather broad, pinnatifid. Involucre-bracts very
few, or 0; bracteoles of the involucels few, small, setaceous. Flowers
white, in compound umbels. Calyx-teeth small, or the exterior larger.
Petals oblong, inflexed at the apex, emarginate. Fruit small, ovoid,
transversely subterete, with a broad commissure, glabrous ; mericarps
semiterete, primary ridges scarcely prominent, furrows broad, 1-3-vittate.
Carpophore 2-partite. Seed flat on the inner face——Dusrris. India
(W. Peninsula) ; species 1.

1. Polyzygus tuberosus, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. vy. 2 (1850)
p- 260. A herb 3-13 ft. high, quite glabrous; root tuberous; stem
erect, sparingly branched, terete below, angular and furrowed above.
Radical leaves several, deltoid in outline, triternate ; pinne distant ;
common petioles very long, 3-6 in. long or more; partial petioles of the
lowest pinne 1-2 in. long, becoming shorter upwards ; ultimate leaflets
pinnatisect, the segments with irregular bristle-pointed serratures :
cauline leaves few, smaller. Flowers white, in terminal and axillary
compound umbels. Primary umbels 3-8-rayed, 3-1} in. long ; bract 1,

568 LXVII. UMBELLIFER 2.

subulate, $ in. long, or 0. Partial umbels 6-12-flowered, }—1 in. long,

the outer flowers fertile with long divaricate purple styles, the inner

sterile wit scarcely any styles; bracteoles 3, unilateral. Fruit 3 in.

long, dorsally compressed, ovoid, glabrous, shining, many-ribbed. FI. B. I.

v. 2, p. 698; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 107.—Flowers: June-July.

_* wate plant. Konkan: Stocks!; Malwan, Dalzel/!; Dapoli, Nairne, Kanara:
aw!

6. ZOSIMIA, Hoffm.

A perennial pubescent or hirsute herb. Leaves pinnately decom-
pound; segments small. Flowers white or greenish-yellow; umbels
compound, many-rayed ; bracts and bracteoles usually many, small.
Calyx-teeth prominent. Petals equal or unequal, rarely radiant, with
an inflexed acumen, emarginate or 2-lobed. Disk depressed, with un-
dulate margin. Fruit orbicular or elliptic, dorsally much compressed,
surrounded by a broad tumid margin before dehiscence ; mericarps
slightly convex in the middle of the back; dorsal and intermediate
ridges slender, the lateral dilated into closely contiguous wings which
form the margin of the fruit, the space between the margin and the
seed-bearing cell hyaline; vitte large, solitary in the furrows. Carpo-
phore 2-partite. Seed flat or slightly convex on the back.—Disrrin.
W. Asia; species 1.

1. Gosimia orientalis, Hoffin. Gen. Pl. Umbel. ed. 1 (1814) p. 148,
t.1, B, fig. 7. A stout perennial pubescent or hirsute herb 1—3 ft. high ;
root large, fusiform; stems grooved, pubescent. Leaves reaching 8 in.
long, decompound, oblong-lanceolate in outline, pubescent, much cut;
ultimate segments narrow, linear, obtuse or subacute, =,—, in. broad.
Flowers greenish-yellow ; petals obovate-oblong, ;4,-§ in. long with a
very long inflexed acumen. Primary umbels 10-30-rayed, the rays un-
equal, 2-4 in. long, stout, pubescent ; bracts about 10, linear-lanceolate,
very acute, 3 in. long, pubescent (often araneously so when young).
Partial umbels 8—25-rayed ; bracteoles 8-12, linear-lanceolate, j in. long,
pubescent ; pedicels 1-2 in. long. Disk very large. Ovary densely
pubescent ; style bases not dilated. Fruit pubescent until fully ripe,
obovate or elliptic, 3 by 3 in. with a broad wing; dorsal and intermediate
ridges prominent, very slender; vitte thick, solitary in the furrows;
commissural vitte 2-4. Jackson, in Index Kewen. v. 4, p. 1254,
Zosimia absinthifolia, DC. Prodr. v. 4 (1830) p. 195; C. B. Clarke, in
Hook. f. Fl. B. L. v. 2, p. 717. Heracleum absinthifolium, Vent. Choix,
t. 7.

A rare plant, confined in the Bombay Presidency to Sind. Sr1xp: Stocks, 958 !—
Disrris. India (Panjib); Afghanistan, Beluchistan.

7. PEUCEDANUM, Linn.

Perennial (rarely annual) usually glabrous herbs. Leaves pinnately
or ternately decompound (rarely simply pinnate). Ilowers white or
yellow (rarely pink), often polygamous, those of the central umbels
usually perfect. Umbels compound, usually with many rays; bracis
various ; bracteoles many, rarely minute or 0. Calyx-teeth obsolete or
more or less prominent, small. Petals obovate, cuneate, or subovate,
inflexed at the tip, emarginate or entire, not radiant. .Disk undulate

LXVII. UMRELLIFERA, 569

with flattened margin ; stylopods usually small. Ovary glabrous. Fruit
ellipsoid, oblong, or suborbicular, dorsally much compressed, more or less
acutely winged on the margin; mericarps slightly convex on the back,
the primary dorsal and intermediate ridges filiform or little elevated,
the lateral dilated, winged ; vitte usually solitary in the furrows reaching
the base of the fruit or rarely abbreviated, the commissural vittee 2-6.
Seed flat, slightly curved on the back, the face tlat or rarely somewhat
concave.—Distris. Throughout the northern hemisphere of the world,
Tropical and South Africa, Tropical America ; species about 100.
Margins of leaflets entire; commissure 2-vittate .............ccccceeeees 1. P. Dhana.
Margins of leaflets serrate; commissure 4-vittato ............cceece eee 2. P. grande.

1. Peucedanum Dhana, //am. in Wail. Cat. 7216, var. Dalzellii,
C. B. Clarke, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. vy. 2 (1879) p. 709. Glaucous,
glabrous; root large, fusiform; stem rigid, 6-8 in. high, scarcely
branched. Leaves radical, lying on the ground, subcoriaceous, pinnately
divided; leaflets 3-5, entire, or, more commonly, deeply 2~—3-lobed,
q-l in. long, the lobes obovate-oblong, mucronate, entire; petioles
1-3 in. long. Flowers yellow. Calyx obscurely 5-toothed. Primary
umbels 5-10-rayed, the rays #-13 in. long; bracts 3-6, lanceolate, acute,
gk in. long. Partial umbels 20-flowered ; pedicels unequal, ;4,—2 in.
long ; bracteoles 3-6, lanceolate, j-} in. long. Styles long, recurved.
Fruit 3 by + in., broadly elliptic ; vitte linear, solitary between the
ridges and as long as them, the commissure 2-vittate, the vitte marginal.
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 643. Pastinaca glauea,
Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 4 (1852) p. 293; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 107.—
Flowers: July—Aug. Vern. Koland.

Konkan: near Pen, Woodrow. 8S. M. Counrry: pastures near Belgaum, Dalzell §-
Gibson ; Belgaum, Dalzell!, Ritchie, 1078!

The root is eaten and has the taste and odor of a carrot.—Drsrris. India
(W. Peninsula, Jabalpur, Chota Nagpur).

2. Peucedanum grande, (. B. Clarke, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 2,
p- 710. Glabrous, 3 ft. high; root large, woody, perennial; stem erect,
grooved, as thick as the little finger at the base. Leaves mostly radical,
bipinnate, 8-12 in. long (including the common petiole which is 2-5 in.
long); pinne usually 2 pairs and a terminal leaflet, the lowest pair
ternately divided, with petioles 3-1 in. long, the upper pair often simple,
sessile or nearly so, the terminal leaflet 3-lobed nearly to the base, the
ultimate leaflets 2-2 by 14-13 in., with deeply and irregularly gashed
and serrate margins, the serratures ending in a stiff hard bristle: cauline
leaves usually ternate, very variable in size and shape, usually deeply
lobed (sometimes almost entire), with crenate-serrate margins and
petioles much dilated at the base. Flowers yellow. Calyx-teeth 5,
short, triangular. Petals =}; in. long, ovate-oblong, with a long inflexed
acumen. Primary umbels 10-—20-rayed, the rays unequal, 1-23 in. long;
bracts 5, herbaceous, 4 in. long, ovate-oblong, acuminate. Partial umbels
10-20-rayed; pedicels 3-3 in. long; bracteoles 5, oblong, acute, 4 in.
long. Ovary glabrous. Fruit obovate, 3-3 in. long, narrowly winged ;
dorsal and intermediate ridges prominent, the furrows 1-yittate, the
vitte nearly as long as the fruit; lateral usually 2-vittate, the vitta
abbreviated ; commissural vitt 4, abbreviated. Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. y. 11 (1898) p. 643; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 6, part 1, p. 181.

2P

570 LXVII. UMBELLIFER®.

Pastinaca grandis, Dalz. & Gibs. p. 107.— Flowers: July. Varn.
Biphati.

Ghats near Bombay, Dalzell § Gibson. Konkan: Matheran, H. M. Birdwood;
Pen, Woodrow ! Deccan: Mawal taluka, Woodrow!; Khandala, Cooke!; Karkala,
Cooke !—Drstrie. India (hills of the Western Peninsula), apparently endemic.

The plant has some repute in native medicine. The fruit collected from the Konkan
hills is sold in the Bombay market. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. |. c.

Peucedanum graveolens, Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. Pl. v. 1, p. 919.
The Dill or Sowa. A glabrous herb 1-3 ft. high, with 2-3-pinnate leaves
and yellow flowers, extensively cultivated for culinary and medicinal
purposes. The seed is sold in every Indian market. FI. B. I. v. 2,
p- 709; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 643; Watt, Dict.
Keon. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 181. Anethwm Sowa, Roxb. Hort. Beng.
p. 22; Grah. Cat. p. 248; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 41.—Vurn. Shepu
(the plant); Balantshep (the fruit).

Peucedanum sativum, Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. Pl. v. 1, p. 920. The
Parsnip. Cultivated but very sparingly in the gardens of Europeans.
It grows remarkably well in the Deccan, especially if irrigation be
available. I have grown it most successfully in my own garden at
Poona and it seems a pity that this valuable esculent is not more
generally cultivated. Pastinaca sativa, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 262;
Grah. Cat. p. 84; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 41.

8. HERACLEUM,, Linn.

Perennial or biennial more or less hairy (rarely glabrous) herbs.
Leaves lobed, pinnate or pinnately (rarely ternately) divided ; segments
broad, lobed and toothed, rarely small. Umbels compound, many-rayed,
often large ; bracts few, 0, or many, foliaceous ; bracteoles usually many.
Flowers often polygamous. Calyx-teeth obsolete or more or less con-
spicuous. Petals white (rarely yellow), usually unequal, often radiant, the
lobes of the larger often widely spreading, emarginate or 2-lobed. Ovary
usually pubescent, the fruit often at length glabrate. Fruit orbicular,
obovate or elliptic, much dorsally compressed, winged, the wing with
thickened margins (wing obsolete or nearly so in H. coneanense) ; dorsal
and intermediate ridges prominent or obscure, the lateral expanded into
closely contiguous wings forming the wing of the fruit; vitte usually
solitary in the furrows, the commissural 2-4, all descending from a short
thick stylopod to or beyond the middle of the fruit, often more or less
dilated towards their extremities.—Distr1s. Temperate regions of the
northern hemisphere of the Old World, 1 widely spread through
N. America, 1 in Abyssinia ; species about 50.

Petals not radiant.

Wine Of frit broad 2 .conesorceseendese srseencenresss cance coteres 1. H. aquilegifolium.

Wane toffruitinarrow (soccs.preec cra .ecee ced nee nah secs es 2. H. Sprengelianum,
Petals radiant.

Bracts linear-lanceolate; bracteoles 5; eommissure 6-

WIG ess oe sn cee sacet sae aiech esata schaniesesaeeeaeeneartcantce eecdes 8. H. concanense,
Bracts broadly ovate; bracteoles 3; commissure 2-yittate. 4. H. Pinda.

1. Heracleum aquilegifolium, C. 2. Clarke, in Hook. f. Fl. B. I.
y.2(1879) p.715. Gdabrous, branched; root fusiform. Radical leaves

LXVII, UMBELLIFER®. 571

usually 2-pinnate ; petioles 4-8 in. long, dilated at the base; pinne
usually 2 pairs and a terminal leaflet, the lowest pair of pinnw usually
ternate, with petioles 1-13 in. long, the second pair sessile or nearly so,
simple or lobed, the terminal leaflet undivided or more or less deeply
3-lobed, sometimes with a winged petiolule ; ultimate leaflets 14-3 in.
long, all irregularly serrate-dentate and with many prom'nent slender
nerves : cauline leaves usually ternate, the uppermost often reduced to
sheaths. Umbels often in a nearly naked raceme. Primary umbels
6-10-rayed, the rays 14-2 in. long; bracts 3-5, oblong-lanceolate,
3-# in. long. Partial umbels 6-10-rayed ; bracteoles 3-5, linear-oblong,
acute, ¢ in. long; pedicels unequal, }-fin. long. Petals equal. Ovary
glabrous. Stylopods small. Fruit 3 by 7 in., ellipsoid, glabrous, the wing
thickened at the margin; dorsal and intermediate ridges distinct, shortly
excurrent, wing broad with a minute marginal vitta; vitte on the back
about 10-12, linear, produced nearly to the base of the fruit, not dilated
at the lowerend ; commissural vittee 4-6. Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
y. 11 (1898) p. 643.—Flowers: Sept.-Oct.

Konkan: Stocks!, Law!; Ooran, Stocks!

2. Heracleum Sprengelianum, Wiyht § Arn. Prodi. (1834)
p- 372. A stout herb 2-4 ft. high; stem branched, much grooved.
Lower leaves pinnate or 2-pinnate, 8-12 in. long, ovate in outline,
clothed with minute scattered hairs above and slightly larger ones
beneath ; pinne 2-3 pairs and a terminal leaflet, the lower pair (or when
3 pairs are present, the 2 lower pairs) pinnate or undivided on petioles of
variable lengths, the uppermost pair nearly sessile, not divided, the terminal
leaflet large and usually deeply 3-lobed on a long petiolule; ultimate
leaflets sometimes 4 in. long: upper leaves usually 3-foliolate, the upper-
most often reduced to sheaths. Flowers small; petals equal. Primary
umbels 8—20-rayed, the rays unequal, 1-3 in. long, pubescent ; bracts 0
or 1-2, oblong-lanceolate. Partial umbels 8-16-rayed ; bracteoles 3-5,
lanceolate, caducous, } in. long ; pedicels 1-3 in. long, pubescent. Ovary
pubescent. Stylopods conical, large. Fruit + by + in., ellipsoid, with a
very narrow wing; dorsal and intermediate ridges often obscure ;_ vitte 4
on the back, about # the length of the fruit, not dilated at the lower end ;
commissural vitte 2-4. FI. B. I. v. 2, p. 716; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 108;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 643. Pustinaca Spren-
geliana, Wight, Icon. t. 1008.—Flowers: Aug.

Rare. Deccan: Khandala, Woodrow. S. M. Country: on the road between
Belgaum and the Ramghat, Dalzeld § Gihson.—Distr1. India (W, Peninsula).

3. Heracleum concanense, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 2 (1850)
p. 260. Erect, 14-23 ft. high, more or less hairy ; root pisiform ; stem
striate, dichotomously branched, usually with a few scattered hairs.
. Lower leaves 2-ternate; leaflets 3-lobed or ternately divided; segments
1-13 in. long, pubescent, ovate, cuneate at the base, irregularly serrate,
the serratures with a hard mucro: upper leaves often reduced to
sheaths. Flowers white, the outer radiant. Calyx 5-toothed, the
2 exterior teeth ovate, subobtuse, subpersistent on the fruit beneath
the stylopods, the 3 interior obsolete, but the margin of the calyx
thickened there. Petals of the radiant flowers 3 by j in., broadly
obovate, cuneate, strongly veined, 2-lobed, with a shortly inflexed tooth

2P 2

572 LXVIf. UMBELLITER®,

between the lobes; inner petals broadly elliptic, with a shortly inflexed
acumen. Primary umbels 5-12-rayed, the rays unequal, ?-1? in. long,
pubescent; bracts 1-3, linear-lanceolate, acute, unilateral, 3 in. long.
Partial umbels 5-10-rayed ; bracteoles usually 5, lanceolate-acuminate,
1 in. long, strongly nerved; pedicels 3-7 in. long. Ovary pubescent when
young. Stylopods large, conical. Fruit less flattened than in most of
the other species of the genus, very hard, not or obsoletely winged, $+
by 3 in., glabrous; dorsal and intermediate ridges obtuse, equally pro-
minent ; vittee on the back about 8-10, reaching nearly to the base of
the fruit, solitary in the dorsal furrows, usually 2 in the lateral ones ;
commissural yitte usually 6. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 716; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 107 ; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 643. Heracleum
grandiflorum, Dalz. & Gibs. p. 108.—Flowers: July—Aug.

Konkan : Stocks !, Dalzell!' Deccan: Khandala, Woodrow !, Cooke! ; Mahableshwar,

Cooke!; Panchgani, Woodrow. 8S. M. Counrry: Ramghat, Stoeks!—Disrris. India
(W. Peninsula).

Var. Stocksii, C. B. Clarke, in Hook.f. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 716. Dorsal
and intermediate ridges (in the unripe fruit) slender; lateral ridges
excurrent into a very thin wing.

Konxan: Stocks!

4, Heracleum Pinda, Dalz. g Gibs. Bomb. Fl. (1861) p. 107.
Perennial ; root as thick as the finger; whole plant clothed with long
weak white flat hairs; stem erect, branched. Leaves chiefly radical,
2-pinnate ; segments cuneate at the base, coarsely toothed, the teeth
mucronate; petioles long. Flowers white, in terminal umbels, radiant.
Petals of the radiant flowers large, obcordate, deeply 2-lobed. Primary
umbels 6—8-rayed, the rays unequal; bracts 1-8, foliaceous, broadly
ovate, acute. Partial umbels with 3 bracteoles similar to the bracts.
Fruit with 6 vittee on the back, 2 on the commissure. FI. B. IL. v. 2,
p- 717; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 643.—Flowers :
July-Aug. VERN. Panda.

Deccan: hill forts of Harishchandragad and Harsar, Dalzell § Gibson.

The above is included on the authority of Dalzell & Gibson, from whom the de-

scription bas been taken (/. c.). I have never seen the plant, nor, as far as I know, has
it been found by any collectors.—There are no specimens in Herb. Kew.

The following plants not belonging to any of the foregoing genera
are cultivated more or less throughout the Presidency :—

Daucus Carota, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 242. The Carrot. Exten-
sively cultivated. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 718; Grah. Cat. p. 85; Dalz. &
Gibs. Suppl. p. 41; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v.11 (1898) p. 648;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 43.—Vury. Gdjar.

Apium graveolens, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 264. Celery. Cultivated
occasionally in gardens. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 679; Grah. Cat. p. 84;
Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 41; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. vy. 1, p. 271.

Feniculum vulgare, Gertn. Fruct. v. 1, p. 105, fig. 5. Fennel. Cul-
tivated throughout India, and, in the Bombay Presidency, largely in
Khandesh and Gujarat. Fl. B. J. y. 2, p. 695; Grah. Cat. p. 84;

LXVII. UMBELLIFER®. 573

Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 41 ; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v.11 (1898)
p. 643; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod, vy. 3, p. 405.—Vurn. Badishep.

Cuminum cyminum, Linn, Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 254. The Cummin.
Widely cultivated in the Bombay Presidency. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 718;
Grah. Cat. p. 84; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 41; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. y. 11 (1898) p. 643; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 642.—Vurn.
Jire.

Coriandrum sativum, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 256. Coriander, Ex-
tensively cultivated throughout India, largely in the Deccan. FI, B. I.
v. 2, p. 717; Grah. Cat. p. 85; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 41; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 643; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2,
p. 567.—VeErn. AKothmir (the herb); Dhand (the fruit).

Orprr LXVII. ARALIACEZA,

Trees or shrubs sometimes climbing (very rarely herbs), glabrous or
stellately pubescent or tomentose. Leaves alternate (rarely opposite),
compound or decompound (rarely simple); petioles long; stipules
within and partly adnate to the petiole (rarely free or 0), Flowers
regular, hermaphrodite or polygamous, in umbels, racemes, or panicled
heads (rarely solitary), with bracts and bracteoles ; pedicels continuous
with the base of the calyx, or there articulated. Calyx-tube adnate to
the ovary; limb annular or shortly cup-shaped, truncate or more or less
obscurely toothed or obsolete. Petals usually 5 (rarely 6 or 7), valvate
or slightly imbricate, singly or calyptrately deciduous, rarely persistent.
Stamens as many as the petals (rarely more), alternate with the petals
and inserted with them within the margin of the calyx around an epi-
gynous disk. Ovary inferior, 1-many-celled; ovules solitary in each
cell, pendulous, anatropous ; styles as many as the cells of the ovary,
distinct or united, erect or recurved. Fruit usually drupaceous or dry,
with as many cells and seeds as the ovary. Seed pendulous ; albumen
copious, uniform or ruminate ; embryo next the hilum; radicle supe-
rior.—Disrris. Chiefly tropical and subtropical; genera 38; species
about 340.

1. HEPTAPLEURUM, Gaertn.

Trees or shrubs often climbing. Leaves alternate, digitate, crowded
near the ends of the branches ; petioles long, dilated and clasping at the
base; stipules usually connate within the petiole, prominent. Um-
bellules (rarely capitate) or racemes amply or shortly paniculate or
rarely the umbellule subsolitary ; bracts beneath the peduncles mem-
branous, usually very caducous, those beneath the umbellules small
or 0; pedicels usually not articulated. Calyx-teeth obsolete or the
calyx-margin truncate. Petals 5-« (usually 5-6), valvate. Stamens
as many as the petals; anthers ovate. Disk convex or conical; in male
flowers concave. Ovary-cells as many as the petals; stigmas sessile in
the middle of an umbonate or conical disk, which is more or less pro-
duced into a columnar style. Fruit subglobose, 5-6-angled. Seeds
laterally compressed; albumen uniform.— Disrrre. Asia, Tropical
Africa, Pacific Islands, and Australia; species about 60.

574 LXVIII. ARALIACEA,

1. Heptapleurum venulosum, Seem. in Jowrn. Bot. v. 3 (1865)
p.80. A climbing glabrous shrub, rarely a small tree. Leaves digitate ;
leaflets 83-7 (commonly 5), coriaceous, 3-4 by 13-2 in., elliptic-oblong,
acuminate, entire, glabrous, prominently reticulately veined, base rounded
or acute; petioles stout, terete, 3-9 in. long ; petiolules 1—2 in. long;
stipules connate, 3 in. long. Flowers in terminal branched panicles,
the branches numerous, sometimes reaching 10 in. long, with a number
of stalked 8-12-flowered umbellules along a glabrous purple rhachis ;
ultimate pedicels 3-1 in. long, filiform; bracts caducous. Calyx
truncate. Petals 5, obovate-oblong, acute. Stamens 5. Styles
almost 0. Fruit 5-angled, 5-celled. FI. B. IL. v. 2, p.729; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. ed. 2, p. 180; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1898) p. 643;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 222. Paratropia venulosa, Wight &
Arn. Prodr. p. 377; Wight, Ill. t. 118; Grah. Cat. p. 85. Hedera
Wallichiana, Dalz. & Gibs. p. 108.—Flowers: Mar.—June.

Konkan: evergreen forests, Talbot; in gardens, Bombay, Woodrow. Kanara:

evergreen forests of N. Kanara, Zalbot.—Disvrizs. Throughout India; Malaya,
Tropical Australia,

The following plants of the Order are grown in gardens :—

Panax fruticosum, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, p. 1513. A shrub 3-6 ft.
high, a native of the Eastern Islands, with large supra-decompound
leaves. It is commonly grown as a foliage plant in gardens and in
pots about houses. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 725; Grah. Cat. p. 85; Dalz.
& Gibs. Suppl. p. 42; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898)
p- 648.

Panax cochleatum, DC. Prodr. v. 4 (1830) p. 253. The Shell-leaved
Panax. A shrub with long simple concave leaves, a native of the
Eastern Islands, very common as a foliage plant in gardens. Grah. Cat.
p- 85; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 42; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1898) p. 643.

Fatsia papyrifera, Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl. v.1, p. 939. The Chinese
Rice-paper Plant. A handsome shrub 8-12 ft. high, with large alternate
5-7-lobed leaves, a native of Formosa, sometimes grown in gardens,
The Chinese rice-paper is made from thin slices of the pith. Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb, Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 643. Aralia papyrifera, Hook. in
Kew Journ. Bot. vy. 4 (1852) p. 50; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 42.—
Flowers: Dee.

Trevesia palmata, Vis. Mem. Accad. Torino, ser. 2, v. 4 (1842) p. 262.
A small prickly tree with palmate or digitate leaves 1-2 ft. long, and
straggling panicles 14 ft. long, recently introduced into gardens at
Poona. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 732; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1898) p. 643.

Hedera Helix, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 202. The Ivy. The variety
grown in the Bombay Presidency lacks the bright green of the ivy
in Europe. It grows freely in the Deccan on the shady side of a
house if regularly watered, but is not much cultivated. Fl. B. I. y. 2,
p. 7389 ; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1898) p. 648.

LXIX. CORNACEA, 57d

Orpen LXIX. CORNACEA,

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite or alternate, usually petiolate,
generally quite entire, often unequal at the base ; stipules 0. Flowers
1-sexual or hermaphrodite, regular, in terminal or axillary cymes,
panicles or heads. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary ; limb 0, or truncate,
or 4-10-toothed or lobed, persistent, valvate or open in estivation.
Petals 0 or 4-5 (rarely 0 ), imbricate or valvate. Stamens inserted
with the petals at the base of an epigynous disk, usually equal in
_ number to the petals, rarely 2-4 times as many. Ovary inferior,
1—4-celled ; ovules usually solitary (rarely 2), pendulous from the apex of
the cell, anatropous. Fruit usually drupaceous ; putamen 1—4-celled, less
commonly with 2 bony or crustaceous pyrenes. Seed oblong, pendulous ;
embryo in the axis of copious usually fleshy albumen; cotyledons
usually thinly foliaceous ; radicle terete —Disrris. Scattered throughout
the world, but chiefly in the northern hemisphere ; species 75.

Flowers fascicled ; petals very long; stamens 15 or more ............ 1. ALANGIUM.
Flowers panicled ; petals short; stamens 4-5 .............ccseeceeseeees 2. Masrixia.

1. ALANGIUM, Lamk.

Shrubs or small trees, armed or not. Leaves alternate, petiolate,
oblong, quite entire, 3-nerved from the base, persistent. Flowers white,
subsilky, hermaphrodite, in axillary fascicles, ebracteate, shortly pedi-
celled, articulated with the pedicel. Calyx-tube turbinate, often sulcate ;
limb large, 5-10-toothed or truncate. Petals 5-10, linear-oblong, at
length reflexed or revolute, valvate. Stamens usually 2-4 times as
many as the petals; filaments filiform or flattened, more or less villous ;
anthers long. Disk cushion-shaped, depressed in the centre, lobed
or crenulate. Ovary 1-celled; ovule solitary in each cell, pendulous;
style narrowly clavate or filiform ; stigma clavate or capitate, 4—-many-fid
or many-lobed, the lobes conduplicate. Berry crowned with the calyx-
limb. Seed oblong; testa thin; albumen usually fleshy; cotyledons
foliaceous; radicle elongate, cylindric, thick—Duisrrie. Asia and
Tropical Africa ; species 8-10.

1. Alangium Lamarckii, 7Thw. Enum. (1859) p. 1383. A small
tree with more or less spinescent branches ; bark light-colored; youug
parts pubescent. Leaves variable, 2-5 by 1-2} in., narrowly oblong or
ovate-lanceolate, more or less acuminate, subobtuse, entire, glabrous
above, pubescent on the nerves and prominently reticulately veined
beneath, base rounded or acute; petioles }—} in. long, densely pubescent.
Flowers few, in axillary fascicles; pedicels }—1 in. long, densely
pubescent, jointed at the top. Calyx turbinate, { in. long, densely silky-
pubescent; teeth triangular, ;'> in. long. Petals 5-10 (usually 6),
densely pubescent outside, }—3 in. long and about 58; in. wide, narrowly
linear, reflexed. Stamens numerous (usually more than 20), nearly
as long as the petals; filaments hairy at the base. Style as long as
the stamens ; stigma very large. Fruit when young ovoid or ellipsoid,
becoming nearly globular when ripe, 3—? in. in diam., crowned by the
persistent calyx-limb, finely pubescent, not or obscurely ribbed, purplish-

576 LXIX, CORNACEX.

red; endocarp bony; albumen fleshy outside, friable inside, not at all
ruminate ; cotyledons foliaceous, flat, not crumpled. Fl. B. I. v. 2,
p- 741; Dalz. & Gibs. p.109; Trim. FI. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 285; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. ed. 2, p.181; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 644;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 1538. Alangium decapetalum, Lamk.
Encyc. Méthod. v. 1, p. 174; Grah. Cat. p. 72; Wight, Icon. t. 194.—
Flowers: Feb.—Apr. Vern. A’nkul; Ansaroli.

Konkan: Stocks!, Dalzell § Gibson; Elephanta, Graham. Deccan: Dalzell §
Gibson; Poona, Woodrow! Gusarat: Dangs, Bhiva!; Bodeli, Woodrow. 8. M.
Counrry: Belgaum, Ritchie, 1070! Kanara: Godhuli, Zadbot, 521 !—Disrris.
Throughout India; Ceylon, 8. China, Malaya, Philippines.

The fruit though astringent and acid is eaten, The wood is hard, tough, and close-
grained, and is valuable as fuel.

2. MASTIXIA, Blume.

Trees with terete branches. Leaves alternate, subopposite, and
opposite, oblong, quite entire, drying black. Flowers small, herma-
phrodite, in terminal panicles, articulated with a 2-bracteolate pedicel.
Calyx-tube campanulate ; limb dilated, 4-5-toothed. Petals 4-5, ovate,
leathery, valvate. Stamens 4-5; filaments short; anthers cordate.
Disk fleshy. Ovary 1-celled; ovule 1, pendulous from one side of the
cell near its summit. Drupe ovoid or ellipsoid, usually areolate at
the apex; putamen woody, grooved down one face. Seed conform
to the cell; testa membranous ; albumen copious, fleshy ; embryo small ;
cotyledons foliaceous, thin; radicle subelongate, cylindric.—Disrriz.
Indian Peninsula, Ceylon, Java; species about 8.

1. Mastixia pentandra, Blume, Bijdr. (1825) p. 654. A moderate-
sized tree; bark smooth. Leaves 4-6 by 1-23 in., elliptic-oblong,
often obtusely acuminate, green and glabrous above, paler, reticulately
veined, and, when young, puberulous beneath, base usually unequal-
sided ; main nerves 6-8 pairs ; petioles #-1 in. long, glabrous. Flowers
numerous, in terminal densely pubescent panicles; buds silky-pubescent ;
lower bracts foliaceous, sometimes nearly 1 in. long, the upper narrowly
linear 4 in. long; bracteoles 54; in. long, acute, pubescent. Calyx
4 in. long, pubescent outside; tube narrowly campanulate ; teeth 5,
ovate, subacute, ;1, in. long. Petals 5, ovate, very acute, leathery,
a little longer than the calyx. Stamens 5. Style very short. Fruit
11 by # in., ellipsoid. Fl. B. I. v. 2, p. 746; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2,
p- 182; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 644. Bursino-
petalum arboreum, Dalz. & Gibs. p. 28 (not of Wight).—F lowers : Jan.—
May.

Konkan: Stocks!, Dalzell!, Law!; Western Ghats from Bombay southwards,
Talbot. S. M. Country: Dharwar, Woodrow; Pirva Ghat, Dalzell §& Gibson.

Kanara: in evergreen forests and along ndlas in N. Kanara, 7albot.—Distris. India
(W. Peninsula),

Orpen LXX. RUBIACE.

Trees, shrubs or herbs, erect, prostrate, or scandent. Leaves opposite
or whorled, simple, entire, stipulate (except in Rubia) ; stipules various,
inter- or intra-petiolar, persistent or deciduous, sometimes free, some-
times united to the leaf or the neighbouring stipule, entire, toothed

LXX, RUBIACDA. 577

or setose. Flowers hermaphrodite (rarely 1-sexual), usually regular.
Inflorescence various. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; limb various.
Corolla regular, gamopetalous, infundibuliform, hypocrateriform or
rotate; limb of 4—6 segments, usually equal, valvate or imbricate or
contorted (to the left as seen from outside). Stamens as many as the
segments of the corolla, inserted on its mouth or tube; filaments short
or long; anthers 2-celled. Disk epigynous, usually annular or cushion-
shaped. Ovary inferior, 2—10-celled; ovules 1 or more in each cell ;
style simple, 2-fid or multifid ; stigmas various. Fruit berried, capsular,
drupaceous or of dehiscent or indehiscent cocci, 2—10-celled. Seeds
various ; albumen fleshy or horny; embryo straight or curved; cotyle-
dons flat or semi-terete ; radicle superior or inferior.—Disrris. Chiefly
tropical and subtropical ; genera about 340; species about 4000,

Ovules more than 2, usually numerous in each cell [rarely
solitary in some species of Anotis (12)].
Flowers crowded in dense globose heads.
Calyx-tubes fused into a fleshy mass ............scseeceeeees 1. SarcocernAtus,
Calyx-tubes not fused into a fleshy mass.
Corolla-lobes imbricate,

Seeds not winged ; stigma fusiform ............ -.. 2. ANTHOCEPHALUS.

Seeds winged; stigma globose................ aeaosces 3. NaucueEa,
Corolla-lobes valvate.

Calyx cleft 3-way down ; stigma clavate ......... 4, Apia.

Calyx truncate ; teeth obscure ; stigma mitriform. 5. Mirraqyna.
Flowers not in dense heads,
Fruit capsular.
Trees or shrubs.
Corolla-lobes valvate; seeds winged ......... ...ee. 6. HyMENoDICTYON,
Corolla-lobes twisted ; seeds not winged ......... 7. WeENDLANDIA.
Herbs (the Bombay species).
Corolla-lobes valvate.
Corolla-lobes with a tooth on each side ...... 8
Corolla-lobes entire.
Anthers connivent, dehiscing by apical
pores; capsule bursting irregularly at
EHO APOE erndencnrcsstpacssekwere sasesars wectoan 9. ARGOSTEMMA,
Anthers not connivent, dehiscing later-
ally ; capsule usually regularly dehiscing,
rarely indehiscent.
Calyx-teeth 4.
Calyx-teeth contiguous on the
CAB OME Seeean sane este eseer enn 10, Hepyoris.
Calyx-teeth distant on the capsule.
Seeds numerous, minute, an-
Pla. see donasesssteseseserectees 11, OLDENLANDIA.
Seeds few, plano - convex, or
globose with a large ventral

DENTELLA.

CANA fae sce oe remem cocehenee tees 12. Avoris.
Cally x-teethy O19: sos 2200. os. nese sccn sees casees 13. Orutorruiza,
Fruit a fleshy berry.
Corolla-lobes valvate ..........s.:0sse0e8 siwieleasleplewee Sea aes 14. Muss&npa,

Corolla-lobes twisted.
Inflorescence terminal [sometimes axillary or
leaf-opposed in Randia (16)].
Ovary 2-celled.

Seeds few ...... ae ee hs LURE aioe 15. Tarenna.
Seeds numerous ........... rae Eke meee sie 16, Ranpra.
Ovary l-celled. . J i.w.ccoceveemp act vonsencs Ssactns 17. GarDENIA.

Inflorescence axillary [see also Randia (16)].
Flowers in clusters ; ovary 2-3-celled ......... 18, DieLospora,

578 LXX. RUBIACER.
Ovules solitary in each cell [see also Anotis (12)].
Leaves with stipules.
Radicle superior ; corolla-lobes valvate.

Bruit Ob 2 COCCH eseseeses cceeeenem es aese sensiess sa <class ces 19. Knoxta.
Fruit a drupe with 2—many free or cohering pyrenes.
Ovary D-collediets... casosese nee sate Wee ~ coves onsaesen 0. Pimcrronra.
Oyaryi Do COCA men csaaatns tan cecer cb isntosececaneoeece 21. Vanaunrta.

Radicle inferior.
Corolla-lobes twisted.

Style shortly exserted, 2-branched ...............44. 22. Ixora.
Style much exserted, entire .......00....sccscecosesees 23. PavnErta.
Corolla-lobes valvate.
Calyx-tubes confluent ...........seccsssspscooreseerace 24. Morrpa.
Calyx-tubes not confluent.
Ovules basilar, erect, anatropous.
Style-branches 2.
Trees or shrubs.
Stipules intrapetiolar.
Corolla-tube short, straight ... 25. Psycnorria.
Corolla-tube long, curved ...... 26. CHASALIA.

Stipules interpetiolar.
Corolla- tube funnel -shaped ;

berry blue; a fetid shrub ... 27. Sarrosma,.
Slender creeping herbs .............:008+ 28. GnorutrLa.
Style-branches 3-9.
Pritt dupa CeOusicccn.ceeccsaseecmsiennascete< 29. Lastanriius.
runticapsullaitecrecseseeesuecqeceseeacuses=e 30. Hamrironta.
Ovules attached to the septum, amphitropous,
Herbs.
Fruit of 2 indehiscent cocci ............ 31. Hyproriytax.
Fruit of 2 cocci, both or 1 only de-
sein VONUALLY 2 .csreaassccecosscnma 52, SPERMACOCEH.
A small shrub; fruit of 2 connate cocci ;
calyx-limb greatly enlarged ............... 3. GAILLONIA.
Leaves without stipules.
exbs:| ledvesswhorled..r-casccescorssescecncssesserscomsticce 34. Rusia.

1. SARCOCEPHALUS, Afzel.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves petiolate ; stipules interpetiolar and caducous,
or intrapetiolar and persistent. Flowers packed into globose heads, the
calyx-tubes fused into a fleshy mass; peduncles simple, usually solitary,
terminal, bracteate below the middle; bracts small. Calyx-lobes 4-6,
persistent or caducous. Corolla-tube long, narrowly funnel-shaped,
glabrous; lobes 4-5, imbricate, glabrous or pubescent. Stamens 4-9,
inserted on the mouth or throat of the corolla. Ovary 2-celled; ovules
numerous, imbricate, on pendulous placentas ; style filiform, exserted ;
stigma fusiform. Fruits combined into a fleshy globose mass of 2-celled
pyrenes with very thin septa. Seeds few in each cell, not winged;
testa crustaceous ; albumen fleshy.—Duisrris. Tropical Asia, Africa and
Australia ; species 13.

1. Sarcocephalus missionis, Haviland, Rev. Naucl. in Journ,
Linn. Soc. v. 83 (1897) p. 32. A small tree. Leaves 4-6 by 13-2} in.,
elliptic-lanceolate, subobtuse, membranous, glabrous, shining above,
running down wing-like into the petiole; main nerves 10-12 pairs,
slender ; petioles scarcely 4 in. long; stipules intrapetiolar, persistent,
1 in. long, triangular, acute, more or less connate, forming a sheath,
Peduncles stout, solitary, usually inclined, 3-1 in. long, with stipular

sheathing bracts at the base and 4 small bracts §—-{ in. long united

LXX. RUBIACER. 579

below into a cup attached on the peduncle below its middle. Heads of
flowers 1-14 in. in diam, Calyx hairy, the calyx-tubes fused together,
y's in. long; calyx-lobes 1—} in. long, oblong, subclavate at the apex,
hairy inside and outside. Corolla yellow ; tube }—,°, in. long, glabrous ;
lobes oblong, obtuse, hairy on both sides, ;4;in.long. Anthers apiculate,
reaching to about the middle of the corolla-lobes. Style exserted about
1 in. beyond the corolla-lobes ; stigma fusiform. Fruits connate into a
fleshy globose mass. Seeds arillate, irregularly flattened, imbricate ;
testa black, crustaceous. Nauclea missionis, Wall. Cat. 6099; Fl. Bv I.
v. 3, p. 27; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 186; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 644. Nauclea elliptica, Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FI.
p- 118 (mot of Bedd.).—Flowers: Apr._May. Vern. Phuga.

Kanara: along rivers and watercourses in N. Kanara, Jabot; N. Kanara, Woodrow !;
common near Yellapur, Zadbot ; Sirsi, Talbot !; Karwar, Woodrow !—Disrris. India
(southern districts of the Western Peninsula).

Note.—I have carefully examined the specimens of what Dalzell called Nauclea
elliptica, which were sent by Dalzell himself to Kew in 1873, with a letter to Prof.
Oliver (which is preserved in Herb. Kew.), and these specimens certainly do not belong
to the genus Nauclea. Indeed Dalzell himself admits, in the letter referred to, that
they do not belong to that genus. In his description of N. ed/iptica (Bomb. Flora,
p- 118) Dalzell gives the length of the peduncle as 24 in., whereas it does not exceed
1 in., and he moreover describes the stigma as round-headed, whereas in his specimens
it is distinctly fusiform. Dalzell’s description would apply to Nauclea purpurea,
but the plant he has himself sent is Nawclea missionis, Wall., Sarcocephalus missionis,

Hayilaud.
2. ANTHOCEPHALUS, A. Rich.

Glabrous trees. Leaves petiolate, coriaceous; stipules interpetiolar,
caducous. Flowers orange, crowded in terminal globose peduncled
solitary heads, ebracteolate ; peduncles with basal stipular bracts. Calyx-
tubes closely pressed together but not fused; limb tubular, with 5 linear
persistent or deciduous lobes. Corolla-tube long, funnel-shaped, the
throat glabrous; segments 5, imbricate. Stamens inserted on the throat
of the corolla; filaments short. Disk inconspicuous. Ovary 2-celled
below, 4-celled above ; ovules very many, horizontal, on 2 bifid placentas
which ascend from the septum below its middle and send an arm into
each of the upper cells; style filiform, exserted; stigma fusiform.
Fruits packed into a fleshy globose mass of many few-seeded coriaceous
pyrenes. Seeds minute; testa rather thin; embryo clavate, in fleshy
albumen.—Disvrrizs. Tropical Asia and the Indian Archipelago ; species 2.

1. Anthocephalus indicus, JA. [ich. in Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Par.
(1834) v. 5, p. 288. A large tree with erect trunk and widely spreading
horizontal branches ; young parts pubescent. Leaves coriaceous, decus-
sate, 5-8 by 23-4 in., elliptic-oblong, shortly acuminate, entire, glabrous
and shining above, more or less pubescent beneath, base usually rounded,
sometimes cordate ; main nerves 8-12 pairs, parallel, prominent on both
sides; petioles 3-1} in. long; stipules lanceolate, acute, caducous.
Flowers fragrant, in solitary terminal globular heads 1-13 in. in diam.,
on stout peduncles. Calyx 4-3 in. long; lobes 5, linear, obtuse, hairy
at the top outside. Corolla orange, 3-3 in. long ; tube infundibuliform,
slender; segments about 4; in. long, erect, linear-oblong, acute, imbricate,
slightly pubescent outside. Styles and stigmas white. Fruit the size of
a small orange, yellow when ripe. Seeds muriculate. -Anthocephalus
morindefolius, Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. (1839-42) p. 154, & Obs.

580 LXX, RUBIACE@.

Naucl. Ind. p. 20; Jackson, in Index Kewen. v. 1, p. 148. Antho-
cephalus Cadamba, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. v. 2 (1856) p. 1385; Hook. f. in
Fi. B. I. v. 3, p. 28; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 293; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
ed. 2, p. 184; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1898) p. 644; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 266. Nauclea Cadamba, Roxb. Hort. Beng.
p- 14; Grah. Cat. p. 87 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 48.—Flowers: Nov.—
Feb. Vurn. Niv ; Kadam.

A doubtful native, common near villages throughout the Konkan, but apparently
not found unmistakably wild. Konkan: Poladpur, Graham; Dasgaon (Ratnagiri
districts), Woodrow!; Hatkhabe near Ratnagiri, Bhiva! Kanara: N. Kanara, rare,
Talbot; Kaila naddi, Ritchie, 987!—Disrris, Throughout India, often cultivated ;
Ceylon, Sumatra, Borneo.

There used to be a very large tree at the Wada Travellers’ Bungalow below Maha-
bleshwar.

3. NAUCLEA, Linn.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, sessile or petiolate; the secondary
nerves usually few; stipules interpetiolar, flat, entire, deciduous.
Flowers crowded in globose bracteate heads ; peduncles terminal, simple,
solitary or ternate; bracts often large, caducous ; bracteoles 0 or glabrous,
setiform, intermixed with the flowers. Calyx-tube prism-shaped ; lobes 5,
deciduous, linear-subulate, often tipped with valvate processes at the
apex. Corolla-tube infundibuliform ; lobes 5, imbricate. Stamens 5 on
the throat of the corolla; anthers oblong or linear. Ovary 2-celled ;
ovules numerous in each cell on pendulous placentas; style long,
thickened ; stigma globose. Fruit of 2 cocci, the cocci often separating
from a persistent axis. Seeds imbricate ; testa winged, the upper wing
2-horned, the lower acuminate.—Disrris. Tropical Asia and Polynesia;
species 30.

Linnzeus is usually cited as the author of the genus Navelea, but the plant (Nawclea

orientalis) on which Linnzeus founded the genus is now Sarcocephalus cordata; hence
the real Nawclea of Linnzeus does not now exist as Nauclea.

1. Nauclea purpurea, Roxb. Cor. Pl. vy. 1 (1795) p. 41, t.54. A
small glabrous tree. Leaves 4-8 by 13-4 in., membranous, elliptic or
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, glabrous, base much tapering; main
nerves 8-10 pairs; petioles 3-1 in. long, drying black. Peduncles
1-21 in. long, usually solitary, bracteate about the middle, terete,
thickened above; bracts very caducous. Calyx +in. long; tube glabrous
or nearly so; teeth triangular-subulate, #1; in. long, silky. Corolla 3 in.
long, externally glabrous or nearly so; lobes g in. long, oblong-obovate,
obtuse, glabrous or slightly pubescent outside. Anthers included within
the corolla-lobes, apiculate. Fruit of 2 dehiscent many-seeded cocci.
Fl. B. I. v. 3, p. 26; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 185; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 644. Nauelea elliptica, Bedd. Icon.
Pl. Ind. Or. t. 19; For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. cxxix, t. 29, fig. 3
(not of Dalzell & Gibson)—Flowers: Feb. Vern. Dev-phanas.

Not common in the Bombay Presidency. Stocks in Herb. Kew. (without locality) !
Kanara: Woodrow; Tinai Ghat (N. Kanara), Zalbot, 1601 !—Dusrris, India (W.

Peninsula).
4. ADINA, Salisb.

Trees or shrubs with terete branches. Leaves petiolate, ovate, lanceo-
late or cordate ; stipules interpetiolar, large, oblong, obtuse, caducous.
Flowers small, crowded in solitary panicled globose heads surrounded by

LXX. RUBIACEM, 581

paleaceous bracteoles, the calyces not fused together. Calyx-tube angled ;
lobes 5. Corolla-tube elongate, funnel-shaped, the throat glabrous in-
side ; segments 5, valvate. Stamens 5, inserted on the mouth of the
corolla; filaments short. Disk cup-shaped. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules
numerous, inserted on a pendulous placenta, imbricate ; style filiform ;
stigma clavate, rarely capitate. Capsule of 2 dehiscent cocci, many-
seeded. Seeds oblong; testa winged ; nucleus small; albumen copious,
fleshy ; radicle superior.—Dusrris, Tropical and subtropical Asia and
America; species 9. ;

1, Adina cordifolia, Benth. §- Hook. f. Gen. Pl. vy. 2 (1873) p. 30.
A tree with erect trunk and horizontal branches ; bark brownish-grey,
thick, furrowed; young parts pubescent. Leaves 4-10 in. long and
about as broad as long, orbicular, shortly acuminate, glabrous or slightly
pubescent above, more or less densely so (especially when young) beneath ;
main nerves 5-7 pairs ; petioles 2-4 in. long, softly pubescent ; stipules
oblong, obtuse, pubescent, 3—} in. long. Flowers numerous, in globose
heads #1 in. in diam.; peduncles 1—2 in. long, stout, axillary, 1-3
together, each bearing 1 (rarely 2) heads of yellow flowers. Calyx
sly in. long, hairy ; lobes club-shaped. Corolla 7 in. long ; tube slender,
dilated above, pubescent ; segments 1; in. long, ovate-oblong, subacute,
recurved. Style much exserted. Capsules {—§ in. long, cuneate, densely
downy. Seeds about 6 in each cell. FI. B. Lv. 3, p. 24; Trim. Fl.
Ceyl. v. 2, p. 293; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 184; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 644; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 1, p. 114.
Nauclea cordifolia, Roxb. Cor. Pl. vy. 1 (1795) p. 40, t. 53; Grah. Cat.
p- 57; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 118.—Flowers: June-Sept. Vurrn. Hedu;
Hedi; Hed.

Konkan: near Kalyan, Woodrow! Dxccan: Nasik, Woodrow; Chikli near Nasik,
Bhiva!; Gokak, Ritchie, 1771!

5. MYTRAGYNA, Korth. Obs. Naucl. (1839) p. 19 ;
Index Kewensis, v. 3, p. 249.

SrepunGyne, Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. (1840 ?) p. 160 ;
Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. Pl. v. 2 (1873) p. 31.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves petiolate, usually with transverse parallel
nerves ; stipules interpetiolar, large, caducous. Flowers yellow, crowded
in globose axillary and terminal solitary panicled or subumbellate usually
2-bracteate heads ; bracteoles paleaceous. Calyx-tube short, ovoid or
obconic; limb cupular or tubular, truncate or obscurely 5-toothed.
Corolla funnel-shaped ; tube long, the throat glabrous or pilose ; lobes 5,
short, valvate. Stamens 5, on the throat or below the apex of the
corolla-tube ; filaments short, filiform ; anthers oblong, apiculate. Disk
annular. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules numerous, on pendulous placentas,
imbricate upwards; style long, filiform; stigma much exserted, mitri-
form. Fruit of 2 dehiscent cocci. Seeds many ; testa winged ; albumen
fleshy.— Disrris. Asia, Tropical Africa ; species 8,

1. Mitragyna parvifolia, Korth. Obs. Naul. Ind. (1839) p. 19,
A large deciduous tree, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves variable-in size
and shape, 2-5 by 13-3 in., elliptic, suborbicular, or obovate, rounded,
acute or bluntly acuminate at the apex, glabrous on both sides, base

582 LXX. RUBIACEX.

rounded or acute, sometimes cordate ; main nerves 6-8 pairs, oblique ;
petioles 3—} in. long; stipules 4 by ;4,—,5; in., oblong-spathulate, obtuse,
parallel-nerved, pink. Flowers greenish-yellow, fragrant; peduncles
solitary, terminal, short, each carrying a globose head of flowers 3-1 in.
in diam. Calyx 45 in. long, funnel-shaped; limb truncate. Corolla
1_5- in. long; tube narrowly infundibuliform, glabrous; lobes 7/5 in.
long, triangular-ovate, acute, recurved. Style white, much exserted ;
stigma mitriform. Head of fruits 3-3 in.in diam.; capsules § in. long,
oblong, with blunt rounded tops and 10 blunt ribs. Jackson, in Index
Kewen. v. 3, p. 249; Hav. Rev. Naucl. in Journ. Linn. Soe. v. 33 (1897)
p. 69. Stephegyne parvifolia, Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. (1840 ?)
p. 161; Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 3, p. 25; Trim. Fl. Ceyl.v. 2, pazaae
Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 185; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1898) p. 644; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 3, p. 360. Nauclea
parvifolia, Roxb. Cor. Pl. v. 1 (1795) p. 40, t. 52; Grah. Cat. p. 87 ;
Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 34. Nauclea parviflora (an evident misprint for
N. parvifolia), Dalz. & Gibs. p. 118.—Flowers: May-Aug. VERN.
Kadam; Kalam.

In deciduous forests throughout the Presidency, Talbot. Konkan: Graham.
Drccan: Mawal districts, Graham, Dalzell; Chinchwad (near Poona), Ranade!
Gusarat: Cooke!; Baroda, Cooke!; Dabhoi, Woodrow, Kanithar! 8S. M. Country:
Belgaum, Ritchie, 341! Kayara: Kala naddi, Ritchie, 341!—Drisrrie. Throughout
the drier parts of India; Ceylon.

6. HYMENODICTYON, Wall.

Trees or shrubs with thick branches and bitter bark. Leaves opposite,
petiolate, deciduous ; stipules interpetiolar, glandular-serrate, deciduous.
Flowers small, spicate, in axillary and terminal nodding panicles ; bracts
1 or 2, foliaceous, reticulate, subpersistent; bracteoles small or 0.
Calyx-tube short; lobes 5-6, ovate or subulate, deciduous. Corolla
infundibuliform or narrowly campanulate, glabrous inside ; lobes 5, short,
erect, reduplicato-valvate. Stamens 5, inserted below the throat of the
corolla ; filaments short, dilated upwards; anthers linear. Ovary
2-celled ; ovules numerous, on cylindric placentas adnate to the septum ;
style filiform, exserted; stigma fusiform. Capsule loculicidally 2-valved,
many-seeded; placentas at length free. Seeds imbricating upwards ;
testa broadly winged; embryo small in fleshy albumen,—Disrris.
Tropical Asia and Africa; species 4-5.

Flowers pedicelled; corolla } in. long; capsules on decurved

PCMUNCIES:, 2.5. nqavcesosaccesaesacsahabenthutaeesnsqescereescpacu=re eee 1. H. excelsum.
Flowers sessile; corolla #5 in. long; capsules erect.....,....2..-2++- 2. H. obovatum.

1. Hymenodictyon excelsum, Wall. in Rowb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey,
y. 2 (1824) p. 149. A tree 30-40 ft. high; bark nsually smooth.
Leaves membranous, 4-9 by 3-41 in., ovate-elliptic, abruptly-acuminate,
pubescent on both surfaces, base narrowed into the petiole ; main nerves
7-10 pairs ; petioles 1-3 in. long, pubescent; stipules broadly oblong,
obtuse, recurved, deciduous. Flowers numerous, greenish-white, fra-
grant, pedicelled, in clusters along the rhachis of dense cylindrical
pubescent spiciform racemes in erect terminal panicles; floral leaves
shaped like the other leaves but smaller, colored, bullate, on petioles
13-2} in. long. Calyx 5}, in. long, narrowly campanulate, pubescent ;

LXX. RUBIACE®. 583

lobes y!; in. long, acute. Corolla } in. long, pubescent outside; tube
slender; limb broadly campanulate with short acute lobes. Styles very
long. Capsules ? in. long, ellipsoid, on stout decurved pedicels 4-3 in.
long. Fi. B. I. v. 3, p. 35; Grah. Cat. p. 87; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 117;
Wight, Icon. t. 79; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 186; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 644; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 317.
—Flowers: June-Aug. Vern. Kdla-Kaddu; Bhorsal.

Along the Ghats, Graham, Dalzell § Gibson, Konkan: Law!; Ghats near Bombay,
Dailzell!; Matheran (Poreupine Point), H. M. Birdwood. Duccan: Kartriz Ghat,
Woodrow! Gusanat: Panch Mahals, Zalbot. 8. M. Counrry: hills near Belgaum,
Ritchie, 289 !—Distrie: India (base of the Himalayas, W. Peninsula, Birma) ; Java.

The inner coat of the bark is bitter and has been used as a febrifuge. The wood is

fine and close-grained and is employed for making agricultural implements, scabbards,
palanquins, toys, &e. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. c.

2. Hymenodictyon obovatum, Wall.in Row). Fl. Ind. ed. Carey,
v. 2 (1824) p. 153. A large tree reaching 50 ft. high. Leaves 4-6 by
1?-3 in., elliptic or obovate, abruptly-acuminate, glabrous above, more
or less pubescent beneath, narrowed into the petiole; main nerves 6-8
pairs ; petioles 1-2 in. long; stipules obovate-oblong with glandular
margins. Flowers small, inconspicuous, greenish, with a pungent edor,
in sessile clusters along the rhachis of dense cylindric pubescent panicled
spikes; floral leaves bullate, white or cream-colored, with petioles 1}-
Yin. long. Calyx broadly campanulate, ;4, in. long, pubescent outside ;
teeth triangular, acute, 34, in. long. Corolla 51; in. long, pubescent
outside ; tube very short; limb broadly campanulate, ;/. in. long, the
lobes ovate-oblong, acute. Capsules 3 in. long, ellipsoid, on very short
erect pedicels. HI. B. I. v. 3, p. 86; Grah. Cat. p. 88; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 117; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 219; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 186 ;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 644; Watt, Dict. Econ,
Prod. v. 4, p. 319.—Flowers: July-Sept. Vern. Kadud-sirid.

Konkan: moist forests, Talbot; Matheran, Woodrow; island of Karanja, Dadzell &
Gibson. 8S. M. Country: Ramghat, Law, Dalzell § Gibson, Ritchie, 1048! Kanara:
Talbot.—DistrB. India (W. Peninsula).

Mr. Talbot distinguishes 2 varieties of this tree, one with large obovate pubescent
leaves and capsules 1 in. long, the other with small ovate nearly glabrous leaves

and capsules $ in. long. The erect capsules serve to distinguish this species from
Hi, flaccidum, which it otherwise much resembles.

7. WENDLANDIA, Baril.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite or ternately whorled, sub-
sessile or petiolate, ovate or oblong, subcoriaceous ; stipules entire or
2-fid. Flowers rosy or white, in terminal dense thyrsvoid or panicled
cymes, 2-3-bracteate. Calyx-tube subglobose; lobes 4-5, subequal,
persistent. Corolla tubular, salver-shaped or funnel-shaped, throat
glabrous or hairy ; lobes 4-5, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4-5, inserted
between the corolla-lobes ; filaments 0 or elongate; anthers versatile,
exserted. Ovary 2 (rarely 3) -celled ; ovules numerous, on small sub-
globose placentas adnate to the septum ; style slender; stigma entire,
2-fid or 2-partite. Capsule small, globose, crustaceous, loculicidally
(rarely septicidally) 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds minute, horizontal,
compressed ; testa membranous, not winged; albumen fleshy; embryo
short, cylindric.—Disrris. Tropical and subtropical Asia ; species 16.

584 LXx. RUBIACER.

Leaves opposite ; corolla-tube ;'; in. long, glabrous inside ; fila-

MEMES CXSCLLOG so;.0s0scscecsenscnucceceseeememereaeneetenre.tccsessssescs 1. W. exserta.
Leaves usually ternately whorled; corolla-tube }-} in. long,
hairy inside ; filaments not exserted. ............:0:cesceeeeeeeerenees 2. W. Notoniana.

1. Wendlandia exserta, DC. Prod. v. 4 (1830) p. 411. A small
deciduous pubescent or tomentose crooked tree with brown rough bark ;
branches terete. Leaves coriaceous, opposite, 83-7 by 1j-34 in., lanceo-
late or ovate-lanceolate, entire, acute, more or less pubescent above,
grey-tomentose or grey-pubescent beneath, base acute, often inequi-
lateral ; main nerves 10-18 pairs, arched ; petioles 3—1 in. long, downy ;
stipules interpetiolar, ovate, acute, softly downy, the upper part re-
curved. Flowers subsessile, fragrant, in sessile tomentose pyramidal
panicles 6-10 in. long and as broad as long ; bracteoles linear-lanceolate,
hairy. Calyx hairy, 75 in. long; tube subglobose ; lobes 5, obtusely
triangular, 3! in. long. Corolla white ; tube ;; in. long, glabrous in-
side ; lobes ;/; in. long, ovate-oblong, subacute, reflexed, veined with
dark conspicuous veins. Filaments exserted, as long as the anthers.
Style 2-fid nearly 4-way down, the lobes oblong-spathulate, flattened on
the inside. Capsules globose, 31, in. in diam., pubescent. Seeds minute,
black. FI. B. I. v. 3, p. 37; Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. exxx ;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 187; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1898) p. 644; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 4, p. 802.—Flowers:
Mar.—Apr.

Rather rare. Konkan: Law!, Gibson! Deccan: N. Decean, Yalbot.—Duistrrs.
India (Tropical Himalaya, Orissa, Central India, W. Peninsula).

2. Wendlandia Notoniana, Wall. Cat. (1828) 6273; Waght
& Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 403. A shrub or small tree; young branches
pubescent, often reddish. Leaves usually ternately whorled (rarely
opposite), 3-42 by 1-2 in., elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous or
nearly so above, pubescent beneath, base much tapering ; main nerves
8-10 pairs, prominent, pink on the young leaves ; petioles 3-3 in. long;
stipules variable, about 7 in. long, oblong and rounded at the apex, or
linear-lanceolate, acute, sometimes 2-fid. Flowers fragrant, having some-
what the odor of newly mown hay,.in dense pyramidal hirsute panicles
6-12in.long. Calyx in. long ; tube globose, pubescent ; teeth as long
as the tube, lanceolate, acute, more or less pubescent. Ccrolla white ; tube
cylindric, 11 in. long, hairy inside ; lobes 31; in. long, oblong-orbicular,
obtuse, not veined with dark veins. Filaments not exserted. Style
2-fid at the apex. Capsules globose, ;4; in. in diam., pubescent, crowned
with the calyx-teeth. Fl. B. I. v. 3, p. 40; Grah. Cat. p. 89; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 117; Wight, Icon. t. 1033; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 224; Trim.
Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 297; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 187; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1898) p. 644; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. vy. 6,
part 4, p. 802.—Flowers: Feb.—Mar.

Konkan: Wari jungles, Stocks! Deccan: Koina river banks, Dalzell § Gibson ;
banks of the Yenna river below Lingmala, Mahableshwar, Graham, Dalzell & Gibson,
H. M. Birdwood, Cooke! 8. M. Country: Castlerock, Woodrow; Londa, Cooke},
Woodrow!; Ramghat, Dalzell § Gibson; Belgaum Ghats, [itchie, 350! KANARA:
Supa Ghats of N. Kanara, Zalbot.—Distris. India (hills of the W. Peninsula) ;
Ceylon.

LXX. RUBIACE, 585

8. DENTELLA, l'orst.

A small prostrate herb. Leaves small, opposite; stipules short,
scarious, connate. Flowers minute, solitary, axillary and in the forks,
sessile or shortly pedicelled, white. Calyx-tube subglobose ; limb mem-
branous, tubular, 5-fid, persistent. Corolla infundibuliform ; tube hairy
within ; lobes 5, induplicato-valvate, 2-3-toothed. Stamens 5, inserted
in the middle of the corolla-tube; filaments short; anthers linear.
Ovary 2-celled; ovules numerous, on hemispheric placentas; style
short ; stigmas filiform. Jruit small, dry, globose, 2-celled, indehiscent,
many-seeded. Seeds minute, angled; testa dotted; albumen fleshy.—
Disrri. Asia, Tropical Australia and the Pacific Islands ; species 1.

1. Dentella repens, Jorst. Chur. Gen. (1776) p. 26, t. 13. A
slender prostrate herb; stems long, slender, rooting at the nodes.
Leaves ;5;-7°, by ;!;-} in., lanceolate or subspathulate, glabrous or with
a few bristly hairs on the margins; petioles obscure; stipules scarious.
Flowers ;\; in., solitary, often in the forks of the stem, subsessile.
Calyx-tube subglobose; limb persistent; teeth acute. Corolla-lobes
ovate, acute, with a tooth on each side. Filaments very short. Stigmas
2, filiform. Capsules ;);-} in. in diam., usually densely villous with
coarse hair, crowned by the persistent calyx-limb. Fl. B. L. v.3, p. 42;
Grah. Cat. p. 90; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 115; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 298;
K. Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Pilanzenf. v. 4, part 4, p. 22, fig. 8, A;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1898) p. 644.—Flowers: Apr.—
July.

Common in moist situations, Dalzell § Gibson. Konkan: Bombay, Law!; Salsette,
eommon, Graham; Dharamtar, Woodrow! Drccan: border of Parvati tank, Poona,
Ranade!; Bijapur, Woodrow! S. M. Country: Badami, Cooke! Kanara: Kala

naddi, Ritchie, 421!—Distris. Throughout India in moist places; Ceylon, Malay
Islands, China, N. Australia, Polynesia.

9. ARGOSTEMMA, Wall.

Low fleshy or membranous delicate herbs. Leaves opposite, the p vrs
equal or very unequal, or falsely whorled ; stipules interpetiolar, entire,
persistent or obsolete. Flowers white, in peduncled cymes or umbels.
Calyx-tube short; lobes 5, rarely 3-7. Corolla rotate, 4-5-partite,
valvate. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the corolla-tube ; filaments short ;
anthers conniving or cohering, dehiscing by terminal pores. Ovary 2-
celled ; ovules numerous, on swollen placentas attached to the middle of
the septum ; style filiform; stigma capitellate. Capsule coriaceous or
membranous, 2-celled, many-seeded, dehiscing by a torn apex or by the
top coming off operculately. Seeds minute, angled or compressed ;
testa granulate or reticulate; embryo very minute, in dense fleshy
albumen.—Dzistris. Mountains of India and the Indian Archipelago
except one African species (which is also Indian); species about 40.

Rt wern se -miOr OUSi bo. ccs coco toe cadscgeeabewcceutuss is'eweatsuconetteswesen 1. A. courtallense.
tee BES eISINICLOUS> 3: cs dcccorckcuic dees cde cede vecaeces reccucdnanocessqunes’ 2. A, verticillatum.

1. Argostemma courtallense, Arn. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vy. 3 (1839)
p. 22. A small herb 3-6 in, high with a tuberous root. Leaves very
variable in size and shape, in whorls of 4, thinly membranons, very un-

28

586 A.XX, RUBIACLE.

equal, 1‘or 2°of the leaves of the whorl sometimes not being more than
1 in. long, while 1 or both of the other 2 may exceed 23 in. long, sub-
sessile or rarely shortly petioled, ovate or orbicular-ovate, obtuse or
subobtuse (rarely acute), glabrous or sparsely puberulous on both sides ;
stipules obsolete. Flowers 4-merous, in terminal 3-many-flowered
usually simple umbels; peduncles solitary, 1-13 in. long; bracts foha-
ceous, conspicuous beneath the umbel. Calyx 3 in. longs teeth short,
subacute. Corolla white, divided alinost to the base; lobes + in. long,
ovate-oblong, subacute. Anthers 4, oblong-lanceolate, curved, opening
by pores. ‘Fl. B. Lv. 3, p. 42; Wight, Icon. t. 1160. A. connatum,
Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 8 (1851) p. 845. A. cuneatum (by error
for A. connatum), Dalz. & Gibs. p. 118.—Flowers: Aug.

S. M. Counrry: on rocks at the Chorla Ghat, Dalzell! “Kanaka: Zaw!—Distris.
India (W.. Peninsula).

2, Argostemma verticillatum, Wall. in Rowb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey,
vy. 2 (1824) p. 325. Erect, 4-6 in. high. Leaves thinly membranous,
4 in a whorl, tnequal, 1-44 by #-1j in., sessile or nearly so, lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, inequilateral at the base.
Flowers white, 5-merous, in terminal pedtincled few-flowered umbels
shorter than the leaves, often 3 umbels together of which the central
one is frequently compound, the lateral ones usually simple; bracts
beneath the umbels conspictious, oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate.
Calyx =; in. long ; teeth 51; in. long, subacutely triangular from a broad
base. Corolla 2 in. long, divided almost to the base; lobes narrowly
triangular-oblong or ovate, very acute. Anthers linear-oblong, apiculate,
opening by pores. FL B. I. v. 3, p. 43. Argostemma glaberrimum,
Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 3 (1851) p. 345; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 118.

Koyxan: on trees in the Wari country, Da/zell!

10. HEDYOTIS, Linn.

Herbs, undershrubs or shrubs (herbs in the Bombay species). Leaves
opposite (rarely ternately whorled) ; stipules free, or connate with the
petioles into a bristly sheath. Flowers usually white, in terminal or
axillary dense or Jax cymes. Calyx-tube ovoid, globose or turbinate ;
lobes 4, usually short, acute, persistent, without interposed teeth.
Corolla infundibuliform or campanulate ; lobes 4, ovate or linear, valvate
in bud. Stamens 4, inserted in the tube or throat of the corolla.
Ovary 2-celled; ovules numerous, on sessile or pedicelled placentas
attached to the septum at or below the middle; style filiform ; stigma
2-fid or 2-lobed. Fruit small, coriaceous or crustaceous (very rarely
membranous), indehiscent or septicidally or locnlicidally dehiscent, or
separable into 2 indehiscent cocci, 2-many-seeded. Seeds plano-convex
or angled; albumen horny.

Capsule andehiacont: 2.5.01 saksbves css. cceec0 ess svav oVadenbaccepeseenerss 1, H. Auricularia.
Capsule loculicidal on the crown only.
Leaves linear-subulate, aristate ...........cscsssesssceccsseoeseeeos 2. H. cerulea.
Leaves elliptic or linear-lanceolate, acute .........:ssceeeeseeeeee 3. H. nitida.

1. Hedyotis Auricularia, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 101. Annual;
branches numerous, prostrate or suberect, spreading, not rooting at the
nodes, glabrous or hairy especially at the nodes, often purple when young.

LXX,. RUBIACEA, oOsi

Leaves sessile, subsessile or shortly petioled, ovate or ovate-lanceolate or
sometimes quite lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous or slightly pubescent on
the nerves above, hairy on the nerves beneath, base acute or rounded;
main lateral nerves impressed above, prominent beneath, curved ; petioles
very short or 05 stipules membranous, furnished with 3 or 5 unequal
filiform bristles. Flowers white, sessile or very shortly pedicelled, in
dense sessile or subsessile axillary cymes. Calyx-teeth small, triangular
or lanceolate, acuminate. Corolla-tube very short 5 lobes oblong, obtuse,
recurved, hairy at the base. Capsules globose, hard, hairy or nearly
glabrous, indehiscent. TF. B. I. v. 3, p. 58; Bedd. Icon. Pl. Ind. Or.
t. 27; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 313; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 208.
Hedyotis vestite, Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 644
(not of Br. in Wall. Cat.).—Flowers : Sept.—Nov.

Konkan: Kanithar}; Savantwari, Woodrow! 8S. M. Counrry: Londa, Bhiva!;
Castlerock, Cooke!; north of Dharwar, Ritchie, 271! Kanara: Kumpta, Woodrow!;

>

banks of the Kala naddi, Ritchie, 271!

2. Hedyotis czrulea, Wight § Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 412.
Annual, erect, 4-15 in. high, much-branched from a little above the
base ; branches terete, slender, rough to the touch. Leaves opposite or
fascicled, usually 3-? by s\)-7/5 in., linear, sessile, bristle-pointed,
minutely scaberulous above, l-nerved, the margins reflexed; stipules
pectinate with filiform bristles. Flowers blue (Wight g Arn.), sessile
or nearly so, in axillary and terminal sessile capitate few-flowered cymes,
or sometimes solitary in the forks. Calyx4—tin. long; teeth lanceolate,
rigid, tipped with a fine sharp bristle. Capsule globose, pubescent or
glabrous, loculicidally dehiscent on the top only, crowned with the erect
calyx-teeth which about equal the capsule. Fl. B. I. v. 3, p. 60; Bedd.
Icon. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 30; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 312.

Rare. Herb. Stocks without locality! Kanara, Dharwar, and Bellary districts,
Law! The plant is included on the authority of Law, who states that it has been
found in the Dharwar districts. I have seen no specimens from the Bombay
Presidency.

3. Hedyotis nitida, Wight § Arn. Prodr. (1834) p.412. Annual;
branches numerous, prostrate or ascending, 4-angled, slightly rough on
the angles. Leaves subsessile, 1-2} by 3-3 in., lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, acute, rigid, light-green, glabrous and shining above, scabrous
towards the much-recurved margins, whitish and with the midrib often
rough beneath, base usually acute; nerves (except the strong midrib) not
visible ; stipules with numerous long bristles. Flowers solitary or few,
axillary, sessile. Calyx glabrous; teeth rigid, triangular, shortly spinoso-
ciliate. Capsules 1 in. long, dehiscent at the top only, ovoid, glabrous,
veined, crowned by the erect calyx-teeth which about equal the capsule.
Seeds numerous, pale-brown, angled. Fl. B. I. v. 3, p. 61; Trim. Fl.
Ceyl. v.2, p. 312. Hedyotis glabella, Br.in Wall. Cat. 886 ; Bedd. Icon.
Pl. Ind. Or. t. 36; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 209.—Flowers :
Sept.—_Nov.

S. M. Country: north of Dharwar, Ritchie, 357!; Londa, Woodrow!, Bhiva!
oe Kala naddi, Ritchie, 857!—Distrip, India (W. Peninsula, Tenasserim) ;

eyion,

ZO

on
co
n

LXX, RUBIACES.

11. OLDENLANDIA, Linn.

Slender erect or diffuse di- tri-chotomously-branched usually glabrous
herbs. Leaves opposite, usually small, narrow; stipules acute or bristly.
Flowers small, white or pink, in dichotomous axillary and terminal
usually panicled cymes, ra‘ely solitary. Calyx-tube turbinate, obovoid
or subglobose ; teeth 4 (rarely 5), usually erect and distant in fruit ;
sometimes with alternating teeth. Corolla rotate, infundibuliform or
hypocrateriform ; tube short or long; lobes 4 (rarely 5), obtuse, valvate.
Stamens 4 (rarely 5), inserted in the throat of the corolla; filaments
short ; anthers usually exserted. Ovary 2-celled; ovules numerous, the
placentas attached to the septum; style filiform; stigmas 2, linear.
Capsule small, usually membranous, terete, didymous or angled, loculicidal
at top, rarely indehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds angled, globose or
ellipsoid ; testa not winged, smooth or pitted; embryo clavate in fleshy
albumen.—Du1srris. Tropical and subtropical, chiefly Asiatic ; species
about 70.

Corolla-tube short.

Peduncles 1-4-flowered from the lower or all the axils.
Leaves linear, not exceeding 4 in. broad; bases of calyx-
teeth not touching in fruit.
Top of capsule flat, not protruded.

Flowers pedicelled, usually in pairs ...........seseseeees 1. O. corymbosa.
Flowers sessile or nearly so, solitary ...............+s-00 2. O. diffusa.
Top of capsule rounded, protruded ...........0sceceeeseees 3. O. herbacea.

Leaves elliptic, exceeding % in. broad ; base of calyx-teeth

EOUCHIN P MACUL Pts. Seenniecadleces ssehiseg setieeeseesereeemeeee rere 4. O. erystallina,
Peduncles many-flowered, chiefly from the axils.
Flowers in uinbels ; pedicels very short .............0cseeeee 5. O. umbellata.
Flowers in axillary clusters, sessile or nearly so; capsule
DaIPY,, Fai saci gossesesoaelen stants aac Seuisaeiavastsensjawancaness<Suek cas 6. O. trinervia,
Flowers on long capillary pedicels or in slender panicles ;
Capsule mimnte, cela brOUs)cnemesentdslesensecensecss ee eecanet see 7. O. dichotoma.
Corolla-tube long.
Leaves whorled.
Branches scabrid with whitish points; capsule scabrid ... 8. O. aspera.
Branches retrorsely hispid ; capsule glabrous ............... 9. O. retrorsa,

Leaves opposite, not whorled.
Corolla-tube ,7; in. long ; lobes obtuse; capsule obovoid... 10. O. gracilis.
Corvlla-tube } in. long; lobes acuminate; capsule globose. 11. O. senegalensis,

1. Oldenlandia corymbosa, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p.119. Annual,
varying from 3-15 in. high; stems terete, numerous, slender, erect,
ascending or spreading, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves subsessile,
%_]2 by ;!,—4 in., linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, often with recurved
and frequently scabrous margins; stipules short, membranous, truncate,
with a few short bristles. Flowers on filiform pedicels longer than the
calyx, usually 2-3 (rarely 1 or very rarely 4) on the top of a very slender
axillary solitary peduncle; bract beneath the pedicels ,,-74 in. long,
subulate. Calyx 54 in. long, pubescent; teeth narrowly triangular,
about equalling the calyx-tube when in flower. Corolla white, ;/; in. long;
lobes acute, about 5; in. long. Capsules globose or sometimes slightly
pyriform, somewhat didymous, the top rather flat and not protruded
beyond the calyx, glabrous. Seeds pale-brown, angular. FI. B. I. v. 3,
p. 64; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 314; K. Schum. in Engl. & Prantl,
PHanzenf. v. 4, part 4, p. 22, fig. 8, D-G ; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.

LXX. RUBIACER, 589

Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 644; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 480.
Oldenlandia herbacea, DC. Prodr. vy. 4, p. 425 (not of Linn.). Hedyotis
Burmanniana, Br. in Wall. Cat. 868 (in part); Grah. Cat. p. “90 ;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 116.—Flowers: Sept.—Nov. Varn. Pitpdpda.

A common weed, Konkan: Séocks!; Dharamtar, Woodrow!; Savantwari,
Kanitkar!; Kalyan, Woodrow! Duccan: Khandala, Cooke!; Poona, Woodrow! ;
Koina valley, Cooke! 8. M. Counrry: Londa, Cooke!; Belgaum, Ritchie, 2°%1—
Disrrie. Throughout India; Ceylon, Tropical E. Asia to Java and the Philippines,
Vropical Africa, and America,

The plant has some repute in native medicine and is employed in the treatment of
bilious fevers. See Watt, Dict. Econ, Prod. 1. ¢.

2. Oldenlandia diffusa, Zow). Hort. Beng. (1814) p.11. Annual,
diffuse, glabrous ; stems numerous, prostrate, often rooting at the nodes.
Leaves subsessile, 3-1} by 3;-g in., linear or linear-lanceolate, acute,
glabrous; stipules short, slightly pectinate. Flowers usually solitary
(rarely 2 together), sessile or on very short pedicels. Calyx-teeth long,
narrowly triangular, cuspidate, finely ciliate, very distant in fruit.
Capsules larger than in O. corymbosa, broader than long, very truncate
and flat on the top, not protruded beyond the calyx. Seeds angular.
Fl. B. I. v. 3, p. 65; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 315; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1898) p. 644.—Flowers : Aug.—Oct.

Not common. S. M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie, 222! Kanara: N. Kanara,

Woodrow; Sirsi, Talbot ex Woodrow.—-Distris. Throughout India; Ceylon, Borneo,
Philippines, Japan.

3. Oldenlandia herbacea, fowb. Hort. Beng. (1814) p.11; Fl.
Ind. y. 1, p. 424. An erect glabrous annual or biennial 3-18 in. high ;
branches numerous, dichotomous, slender, 4-gonous, divaricate. Leaves
%—11 by 31-3, the lower leaves often broader than the upper ones,
sessile, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, glabrous, usually with recurved
margins; stipules very short, inconspicuous or very shortly setose.
Flowers usually on solitary or 2-nate axillary filiform peduncles, some-
times however (especially the upper flowers) forming a paniculate cyme.
Calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, acute, distant on the fruit, very short.
Corolla + in. long ; tube g in. long, slender. Capsules 5 in. in diam.,
ovoid or subglobose, somewhat didymous, the crown much protruded
beyond the calyx, glabrous. Seeds somewhat ellipsoid in outline.
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 315. Oldenlandia Heynii, G. Don, Gen. Syst.
v. 3 (1834) p. 531; Hook. f. in Fl. B. I. v. 3, p. 65; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 644. Hedyotis herbacea, Linn. Sp. Pl.
(1753) p. 102. Hedyotis Heynii, Br. in Wall. Cat. 867; Grah. Cat.
p- 90; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 116.—Flowers: Aug.Oct. Vurn. Paripdth.

Konkan: Stocks!, Ritchie, 22%!; Malwan, Woodrow. Deccan: Koina valley, Cooke!

8. M. Country: Belgaum hills, Ritchie, 1162!; Belgaum, Supekar!, Woodrow, Kanara:
Thomson!—Distris. Throughout India in hilly districts; Malay Islands, Tropical

Africa.

4, Oldenlandia crystallina, Rov. Hort. Beny. (1814) p. 11. A
prostrate glabrous herb, much-branched from the base ; branches leafy,
2-6 in. long. Leaves 3-2 by }—1 in., elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, sub-
acute, flat, sessile or nearly so, tapering to the base ; stipules with a few
short bristles. Flowers on solitary 1-2 (rarely 3) -flowered filiform
peduncles about equalling the leayes.. Calyx (in flower) ;45 in, long, the

590 LXX, RUBIACEX.

teeth ,\, in. long; the teeth in fruit ;5 in. long, triangular, acute, their
bases touching. Corolla white, short, but little exserted beyond the
calyx; tube about 2; in. long. Capsules } in. long, obovoid or pyriform,
glabrous, ribbed, crowned by the broad triangular calyx-teeth which
touch at their bases, the crown of the capsule not protruded. Fl. B. 1
y. 3, p. 65. Oldenlandia pumila, DC. Prodr. y. 4, p. 425.

Rare. S. M. Country: Belgaum, Stocks, 336 !, Ritchie, ¥i81 !—Duistriw. Sparingly
throughout the plains of India; Java.

5, Oldenlandia umbellata, Zinn. Sp. Pi.(1753) p.119. Annual ;
stems semi-woody at the base, 6-10 in. high, much-branched from the
base; branches more or less angular and rough. eaves numerous,
often fascicled, rather close, sessile, 3-1 by 1-1 in., linear, flat, very
acute ; stipules short, pectinate. Flowers 3-10, in small irregular
axillary peduncled umbels; peduncles usually longer than the leaves,
stout, erect, pubescent; pedicels very short, pubescent. Calyx (in
flower) } in. long; teeth 7, in. long, triangular, cuspidate, ciliolate.
Corolla 3 in. long, glabrous on both sides; lobes triangular-oblong,
equalling the tube. Capsules globose, ;/5 in. in diam., glabrous, crowned
with the not very distant calyx-teeth, the top of the capsule not
protruded. Fl. B. E. v. 2, p. 66; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 3; Trim. Fi. Ceyl.
vy. 2, p. 316 ; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 644; Watt,
Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 5, p. 481.—Flowers: Aug.-Dec. Vury. Chirval.

Deccan: Wadi on the G.I. P. Railway line, Woodrow! I have only had the

plant from the locality above named.—Disrris. India (Orissa, Bengal, Birma,
W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon.

The root of the plant known commercially as Chay-root or Indian Madder furnishes
a permanent red dye which was much used in Madras where the plant has been
extensively cultivated. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. c.

6. Oldenlandia trinervia, Retz. Obs. Bot. fasc. 4 (1786) p. 23.
A small procumbent leafy annual; stems weak, flaccid, slender, angular,
glabrous or slightly hairy, often rooting near the base. Leaves
numerous, 3-3 in., broadly elliptic or suborbicular, tapering to the base
or to an obscure petiole, glabrous or nearly so, very thin, distinctly
3-nerved from the base ; stipules 2-partite, acuminate. Flowers 1-6 in
the axils of the leaves, sessile or very shortly pedicelled. Calyx hairy ;
teeth short, narrowly lanceolate, acute. Corolla rotate, white (Dalzell).
Fruit globose, very hairy, dehiscing by a wide circular opening at the
top, the crown not protruded. Fl. B. I. v. 3, p. 66; Trim. Fl. Ceyl.
v. 2, p. 316. Hedyotis trinervia, Rem. & Schult. Syst. v. 3 (1818)
p-197; Dalz. & Gibs. p.115; Bedd. Icon. Pl. Ind. Or. t.29.—Flowers :
July.

Ritchie (ex Herb. Dalzell), 1780! without locality. Herb. Stoeks without locality in
Herb. Kew.! Konkan: Malwan, Dalzell & Gibson.

7. Oldenlandia dichotoma, Hook. f. Fl. B. I. vy. 3 (1880) p. 67.
A very slender annual 8-18 in. high; stem erect, terete, usually
glabrous ; branches filiform, the ultimate ones like fine hairs. Leaves
linear-lanceolate, acute, flat, the lower leaves larger than the upper,
1-3 by 1-,5; in., some of the uppermost leaves sometimes not being more
than 3-2 by 4-44 in.; stipules small, truncate, without bristles, or
sometimes with 2-3 short bristles. Flowers white (Ritchie), on long
capillary pedicels, rarely solitary, sometimes 2-3 from the apex of a

LEX, RUBIACEX®. 50k

filiform elongated peduncle, or often arranged i in terminal and axillary
slender lax panicles. Calyx (in lower) y yg in. long ; teeth qo in. long;
subulate, in fruit distant. Corolla 4—4 in, long ; tube Te-12 in. long ;
Jobes nearly as long as the tube. Capsules ,/;—-4/5 in. in diam., globose.
TL OB. Tove Soe 67 : ; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 1] (1898) p. 644.
Hedyptis Heynei, Bedd. Icon. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 33.(not of Br.).—Flowers :
July—Oct. Vern. Kajurt.

Rare. Deccan: Poona districts, Woodrow. S. M. Country: Belgaum, Rifvhie;
1162 !—Drsuris. India (Bandelkand, W.. Peninsula),

8. Oldenland@ia aspera, DC. Prodr. y. 4 (1830) p. 428. A stout
annual herb 6-15 in. high; stems and branches scabrid with minute
whitish points. Leaves whorled, 1-2 by 3-+ in., linear, acute, sub-
sessile, with slightly recurved margins ; stipules membranous, with
1-3 bristles. Flowers pale blue (Dalzell), rose-colored (Jtitchie), small,
in terminal branched cymes, solitary er in pairs, sessile or shortly
pedicelled along the branches. of the cyme. Calyx (in flower) +45 in.
long; teeth 5); ia. long, Sorell ts subulate. Corolla infundibulitorm,
Paig: in. loag; tube very ‘slender, 2 ly in.long. Capsules 4-1 in. in diam.,
globose, somewhat didymous, scabrid with white points, Sie by the.
distant calyx-teeth. FI. B. Ly. 3, p68; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1898) p. 644. Hedyotis aspera, Heyne, in Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp.
p- 94; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 115.—Flowers: Aug.

Deccan: Poona, Cooke !, Woodrow !, Ranade!, Kanitkar! Gusarar: Surat,
Dalzell! S.M. Country: Badami,. 4 ‘oodrow! ; Padshapur, Ré/chie, 1782 '—Distris..
Iudia (W. Peninsula).

9. Oldenlandia retrorsa, Boiss. Ft. Orient. v. 3: (1875) p. 12.
Rootstock woody; stems 12-18 in. long, numereus, terete, slender,
rvetrorsely hispid with short stiff hairs. Leaves whorled, 4-1 by §-j in.,.
subsessile, linear-oblong, sububtuse,. flat, hispid on both sides with short
stiff hairs; stipules membranous, with 1-3 bristles. Flowers sessile
and pedicelled, scattered along the long branches of a spreading:
terminal: cymes. Calyx (in “flower) slightly pubescent, 10, in. long;
lobes 35 in. long, near or subtriangular, acute. Corolla 3-2 in. long ;
tube very slender (almost filiform), B72 | = long, glabrous; lobes $ in,
long, linear-oblong, obtuse. Capsules 2 -} in. in diam., crowned by the
distant calyx-teeth, subglobose, truncate, didymous, "quite glabrous,
the crown of the capsule about level with the top of the calyx or very
slightly protruding. Fl. B. I. v.3, p. 68 ; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1898) p. 644.—Flowers : Oct.-Nov.

Coufined to Sind. Sinn: Stocks!, Bhola Puran!; on sand, hills, Dalzelt t; banks of
Mulir river near- Karachi, Woodrow ; Jemadar ka Landa near Karachi, Stocks , 48L!—
Disrris. Arabia.

10. Oldenlandia gracilis, Hook. f. in Fl. B. I. vy. 3. (1880) p. 68.
A slender erect herb 6-12 in. high; branches sews erect, slender,
glabrous. Leaves opposite (not whorled), 2-3 by 75—} in. the upper-
most leaves often much narrower,sometimes not more than zi; In. wide),
linear, acuminate, glabrous, flat; stipules truncate. Flowers in lax
branched cymes, ‘the branches slender, spreading in flower, erect in
fruit; pedicels 7ery slender. Calyx } in. long, glabrous; teeth

triangular-subulate, ;/; in. long, very acute. Corolla brown (Looker) ;

592 LXX. RUBIACEE.

tube ,7; in. long, very slender ; lobes + in. long, linear-oblong, obtuse.
Capsules ellipsoid, 4-4} in. long, glabrous, slightly protruded beyond
the calyx. Hedyotis aspera, Bedd. Icon. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 32 (not of
Heyne).—Flowers: Apr.

Rare in the Bombay Presidency. 8. M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie!—Disrrrs,
Throughout India in hilly districts; Ava.

11. Oldenlandia senegalensis, /iern, in Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr.
v.39 (1877) p. 56. Annual, 8-16 in. high, sparingly branched ; stem
very erect, glabrous or minutely scaberulous, slender, wiry. Leaves
1j-2 by 35-3 in., not whorled, linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
apiculate, flat or with slightly recurved margins; stipules with lateral
bristles. Flowers in very lax open terminal pyramidal panicled cymes ;
peduncles long, slender; pedicels capillary, 1-2 in. long. Calyx 1; in.
Jong; teeth subulate, slightly shorter than the obovoid calyx-tube.
Corolla 4-1 in. long; lobes jy in. long, linear, acute or acuminate.
Capsules + in. in diam., on long filiform pedicels, globose, crowned
by the very distant calyx-teeth which are below the top of the capsule.
Fl. B. I. v. 3, p. 68; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898)
p- 644.—Flowers : Sept.

Deccan: Kirkee, Woodrow; Poona, Woodrow, 192!—Disrris. India (Chota
Nagpore) ; W. Tropical Africa.

Sir J. Hooker (Fl. B. I. 1. c.) referred this to the Senegal plant with hesitation.
The flowers are smaller than those of the African plant, but as there are only 3 sheets
in Herb. Kew., of which 2 (collected by one and the same collector) are from Chota
Nagpore and the other from the Deccan, the material is still insufficient for accurate
determination.

12, ANOTIS, DC.

Herbs prostrate or ascending, rarely erect, often with flaccid hairs.
Leaves opposite ; stipules interpetiolar, usually bristly. Flowers small,
in heads or in axillary and terminal cymes. Calyx-tube compressed ;
lobes 4, erect or recurved, usually with broad sinuses. Corolla tubular
or infundibuliform; lobes 4, ovate, usually shorter than the tube,
valvate in bud. Stamens 4; filaments short or long; anthers included
or exserted. Ovary 2 (rarely 3-4) -celled ; ovules usually few (rarely 1)
in each cell on placentas ascending from near the base of the septum ;
style filiform; stigmas 2-4, linear. Capsule didymous, laterally
compressed, the crown produced, loculicidally 2-valved at top, rarely
indehiscent ; cells 1-few (rarely many) -seeded. Seeds peltate, boat-
shaped or plano-convex ; testa coarsely pitted ; embryo clavate in horny
albumen.—Disrris, Chiefly Tropical Asia; species about 25,

Cymes corymbose.

Capsule subglobose; calyx-teeth suberect in fruit, a

little below the top of the capsule ............ccseeeeeeees 1, A, Leschenaultiana.
Capsule broader than long, reaching } in. broad ; calyx-

teeth large, deflexed in fruit, a little below the top

GiaGherCapsules Ve. cuseneesoseccutsenmencdensrecaseressestereseces 2. A, lancifolia,
Capsule globose, ;'5 in.indiam.; calyx-teeth minute, $-way

down or more from the top of the capsule in fruit’ ... 3. A. Rheedei.

Cymes clustered ; capsules in clusters or heads.

Leaves fleshy ; calyx-teeth large ......scs.sssesseseesseceeeees 4. A. carnosa.
Leaves membranous.
Capsule usually 4-lobed and 4-celled; calyx-teeth
WAV DLN GRAS sqnnduniie SozaenouonCubOOcbUbUIod2ho ssecnbocasdcnoe 5, A. quadrilocularis.

LXX. RUBIACEX. 593

Capsule 2-lubed, 2-celled.
Calyx-teeth nearer the pedicel than the top of the

capsule, tipped with a fine bristle ............s.0eee 6. A. Montholoni.
Calyx-teeth not bristle-tipped.

Leaves exceeding 4 in. long ....0...ceessecsesecsveeses 7. A. foetida.

Leaves not exceeding 4 in. long .............ssscsees 8. A. Litchici.

1. Anotis Leschenaultiana, Benth. 4 Hook. f. Gen. Pl. vy. 2
(1873) p. 59, & Hook. f. Fl. B. I. y. 3 (1880) p. 72. A stout plant
1-2 ft. high with a perennial root; stems straggling, more or less hairy
especially near the extremities and beneath the nodes, sometimes
glabrous or nearly so. Leaves .1-24 by 3-1 in., sessile or petioled,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or subobtuse, usually densely villous
on both sides, base obtuse or acute, sometimes cordate ; lateral nerves
numerous, prominent beneath ; petioles 0-3 in. long; stipules bristly.
Flowers in corymbose usually hairy dense peduncled terminal cymes ;
pedicels slender, short, hairy. Calyx in flower 5), in. long; teeth
equalling the tube, narrowly triangular, acute. Corolla red-purple ;
tube ;°;-+ in. long; lobes 54, in. long, oblong, obtuse. Anthers blue.
Capsules subglobose, didymous, with the calyx-teeth near the top.
Seeds 1-2, plano-convex, 54-7); in. long, deeply pitted. The plant
varies much in hairiness. edyotis Leschenaultiana, Wight & Arn.
Prodr. p. 411; Wight, Ill. t. 125; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 115.

8. M. Country: Belgaum, Dalzell §& Gibson.

Ihave seen no authentic specimens from the Bombay Presideney. Dalzell & Gibson
(Bo. FI. i. c.) give Belgaum as the locality in which the plant occurs, and there are in
Herb. Kew. specimens of one of the varieties of the plant from Stocks’ Herbarium and
also one from Dalzell’s Herbarium, but none of these have localities assigned to them.
Woodrow does not include the plant in his list.

2. Anotis lancifolia, Hook. f. in Fl. B. I. vy. 3 (1880) p. 73.
Herbaceous, erect, diffusely branched, 2-3 ft. high ; stems and branches
glabrous. Leaves membranous, 1-3 by 3-1 in., ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, bright-green and pubescent above, paler and hairy on the
nerves beneath, base acute or obtuse; petioles 3-3 in. long; stipules
pubescent, shortly bristly. Flowers purple, in terminal and subterminal
many-flowered corymbose (usually glabrous) cymes which are sometimes
4—6 in. in diam. ; peduncles 4-gonous, pubescent or glabrous. Calyx}, in.
long, hairy ; teeth ;); in. long, triangular, acuminate. Corolla ? in.

long ; lobes triangular-oblong, acute, 51, in. long, hairy outside. Capsules
compressed, ;*;—q in. broad, much broader than long, dehiscing across the
top, 2-lobed at the apex, crowned by the large distant recurved calyx-
teeth. Seeds 4—6, broadly ellipsoid or suborbicular, convex on the back,
deeply excavated on the face, pitted, black. Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v.11 (1898) p. 645. Hedyotis lancifolia, Dalz. in Kew. Journ. Bot.
v. 2 (1850) p. 185; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 116.—Flowers: Sept.—Oct.
Konxan: Stocks!, Dalzell! Deccan: Mahableshwar, Cooke !, Woodrow!; Purandhar,
Woodrow; Phunda Ghat, Dalzell § Gibson. 8S. M. Country: Belgaum south, Ritchie,
1777 !; Castlerock, Cooke!; Belgaum, Ritchie, 356 !—Disrris, India (W. Peninsula).

3. Anotis Rheedei, Benth. § Hook. f. Gen. Pl. y. 2 (1873) p. 59,
& Hook. f. Fl. B. I. y. 3 (1880) p. 73. Annual, slender; stem erect,
glabrous, 4-gonous, almost 4-winged. Leaves 13-3 by ?-1 in., mem-
branous, ovate, acute or acuminate, with a few scattered hairs on both
surfaces, tapering at the base into the petiole; petioles slender, 3-3 in

594 LXX. RUBIACEE,

long; stipules short, crenate. Flowers few, minute, in axillary and’
terminal very lax and open cymes; peduncles and pedicels long, capillary.
Calyx-teeth very minute. Corolla pale rose-colored ; tube short, cylindric.
Capsules 5); in. in diam., appearing after dehiscence as 4 connate cups,
globose, puberulous, broadly didymous, much protruded, the calyx-teeth
being about the middle of the capsule. Seeds 4-12, semiellipsoid,.
rounded on the back, deeply excavated on the face, microscopically
reticulate, black. Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 645..
Hedyotis latifolia, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 2 (1850) p.. 133; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 116. Hedyotis Etheedet, Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 409.—Rheede,
Hort. Mal. v. 10, p. 49, t. 25.—Flowers: July.

Konkan: Stocks!, Dalzell!; Malwan, Dalzell § Gibson; near Matheran, Woodrow.

hills near Matheran, Kanithar!; Ghits near Goa, Woodrow.—Distaris.. India (W..
Peninsula).

4, Anotis carnosa, Beth. 4; Hook. f. Gen. Pl. v. 2 (1873) p. 59, &
Hook. f. Fl. -B. I. vy. 3 (1880) p. 74. Annual, 4-6 in. high, diffusely
branched from the base. Leaves 3-1; by 4-3 in., elliptic-lanceolate,.
subobtuse, thick and fleshy, scaberulous with, papille-above, pale beneath
and with recurved margins, attenuated at the base into,a short petiole
or almost sessile ; stipules truncate or almost obsolete. lowers sessile,
3-6, in capitate cymes which are sessile. and. axillary, or peduncled and.
terminal, each head of flowers with 2 large floral leaves (bracts) at its.
base ; peduncles j-1 in. long. Calyx + in. long, externally papillose ;.
teeth ;}, in. long, slightly longer than the tube, linear-oblong, acute,.
when in fruit about 7 the way down from the top of the capsule.
Corolla purple, 3% in. long ; lobes ovate, 545 in. long. Capsules 3-1 in.,,
broader than long, sessile, 2-lobed, 2-celled, glabrous, crowned by the
large papillose calyx-teeth ; cells. 3-6-seeded. Seeds elliptic or orbicular
in horizontal section, compressed, convex on. the back, excavated on the
face, pitted, black. Hedyotis carnosa, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. y. 2:
(1850) p. 135; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 116.

Konkan: on rocky sea-shore Malwan, Dalzell!:; sandy margins. of rivulets Ooran,.
Dalzell! Kanara: Law!—Disrnzis. India (W. Peninsula).

5. Anotis quadrilocularis, Hook. f: Fl. B. I. v. 3 (1880) p. 74.
Annual, 6-18 in. high, with many flaccid spreading glabrous cylindric
branches. Leaves #-1} by 3-# in., thinly membranous, subacute, more
or less hairy on both surfaces, pale beneath, shortly tapering at the base ;
petioles 4-7 in. long; stipules short, truncate, the upper with short
bristles. Flowers sessile or nearly so, solitary or 2-4 together in the
axils (those on short branchlets with a single pair of leaves appearing
terminal). Calyx-teeth 5 in. long, broadly ovate, acute, apiculate, ciliate
in fruit, about 3 the way down from the top of the capsule. Corolla
1 in. long ; lobes +); in. long, ovate, subacute, pubescent on the back.
Capsules sessile, broader than long, usually 4 (sometimes 2 or 3) -lobed,
usually 4 (sometimes 2 or 3) -celled. Seeds 3 in each cell, hemispherie
or semiellipsoid, deeply excavated on the face, pitted; black. Trim. Fl.
Ceyl. v. 2, p. 318. Hedyotis quadrilocularis, Thw. Enum. p. 144.

Belgaum, Ritchie, 191!

I have seen only one specimen from the Bombay Presidency collected by Ritchie at
Belgaum.—Disrris, India (W. Peninsula); Ceylon.

LXX. RUBIACE, 595

6. Anotis Montholoni, //ook. f. in I'l. B. I. y. 3 (1880) p. 73.
Annual, erect, sparingly branched ; stem and branches more or less
hispid. Leaves 13-2 by 3-} in., ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, more
or less hairy on both surfaces ; petioles ;4,—} in. long; stipules with short
bristles. Flowers in terminal and axillary peduncled many-flowered
(not capitate) cymes; peduncles hairy. Calyx j; in. long; teeth
longer than the tube, in fruit below the middle of the capsule nearer to
the pedicel than the crown, ovate, pointed with a fine capillary bristle.
Corolla funnel-shaped, purple, + in. long; lobes +'; in. long, oblong,
subacute, glabrous outside. Capsules clustered, subsessile, didymous,
broader than long, with a large double convex crown giving the appear-
ance of two hemispheric bosses, pubescent; cells 1-3-seeded. Seeds
globose or somewhat beehive-shaped, deeply excavated on the face, pitted,
black. The hair-points on the calyx-teeth are a good distinctive mark.
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v.11 (1898) p. 645.—Flowers: Aug. °

Deccan: Poona, Ranade!, Woodrow! S. M. Counrry: Belgaum, Ritchie, 1778!;
banks of ndlas near Belgaum, Li¢chie! Kanara: Law !—Disrnriz. India (W. Peninsula).

7. Anotis feetida, Benth. 5 Hook. f. Gen. Pl. v. 2 (1873) p. 59, &
Hook. f. Fl. B. I, vy. 3 (1880) p. 74. A slender annual 4-6 in. high ;
stem simple or sometimes excessively branched; branches erect, very
slender, more or less 4-gonous, glabrous. Leaves sessile, 3-1 by z'5-
7‘; In., linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate, subacute, scaberulous with
minute papilla above, pale beneath and with recurved margins ; stipules
small, bristly. Flowers subsessile, in 2-3-flowered capitate cymes
terminating simple or forked subterminal capillary erect peduncles.
Calyx +1, in. long; teeth ='; in. long, narrowly triangular, acute, apiculate.
Corolla + in. long, funnel-shaped, purple ; lobes ovate, acute, =; in. long,
externally papillose. Capsules 7-3 in., sessile, broader than long,
didymous, the crown very prominent, with the calyx-teeth about 3-way
down from the top of the capsule ; cells 1—6-seeded. Seeds elliptic or
orbicular in horizontal section, compressed, convex on the back, excavated
on the face, pitted, black. Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1898)
p- 645. Hedyotis fetida, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. y. 2 (1850) p. 134;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 116.—Flowers: July—Aug.

Konkan: Malwin in stony ground during the rains, Dalzell!; Bombay, Lambert!
Deccan: Khandala, Bhivat 8S. M. Counrry: Belgaum, Pitchie, 1163!; Londa,
Woodrow, Kanara: Woodrow; Karwar, Talbot, 554 !—Disrar. Apparently endemic.

8. Anotis Ritehiei, Hook. f. 1. B. I. vy. 3 (1880) p. 74. A small
slender plant 4—7 in. high ; stems cespitose, more or less angled, glabrous
or pubescent. Leaves 3-3 by 315-4 in., oblong-lanceolate, acute or
obtuse, hairy on both surfaces, narrowed at the base into a very short
petiole; stipules inconspicuous. Flowers in small terminal shortly
peduncled cymes; branches of the cyme few, pubescent, each carrying a
head of 2-3 sessile or subsessile flowers. Calyx ;'5 in. long, hairy; teeth
z's in. long, linear-lanceolate, acute. Corolla purple, 4-} in. long;
tube very slender; lobes ;), in. long, pubescent on both sides, with a
darker purple spot at the base of each lobe (2itchie). Stamens exserted ;
anthers linear, blue (Ztitchie). Ovary 2-celled; cells 2-4-seeded. Fruit
unknown.

There is but a single sheet of this species (without fruit) in Herb. Kew. The

596 LXX. RUBIACEX.

specimens on it were collected by Dr. Ritchie, but the locality whence they were
obtained is not given. They may have been collected at or near Belgaum, where
Dr. Ritchie collected largely, but there is absolutely no evidence that such was the
case, or that they were found within the limits of the Presidency at all.

13. OPHIORRHIZA, Linn.

Erect, creeping or decumbent small herbs, rarely undershrubs. Leaves
opposite ; stipules interpetiolar, caducous. Flowers secund on _ the
branches of axillary or terminal dichotomous cymes, with or without
bracts. Calyx-tube short; lobes 5, small, persistent. Corolla tubular
or funnel-shaped ; lobes 5, valvate in bud, often winged or appendaged
at the back, sometimes also with a foldin the sinus. Stamens 5, inserted
below the throat of the corolla, usually included ; anthers linear. Disk
of 2 large prominent erect lobes which become much enlarged in fruit.
Ovary 2-celled ; ovules many in each cell, inserted on basal ascending
placentas ; style filiform ; stigmas 2, broad or linear. Capsule coriaceous,
compressed, obcordate, girt by the calyx-limb, the crown dehiscing by
2 broad gaping valves; placentas divaricating, many-seeded. Seeds
minute, angled; testa thinly crustaceous; embryo clavate in fleshy
albumen.—Dusrris. Tropical Asian, with a few Australian and Poly-
nesian ; species about 50.

1. Ophiorrhiza Harrisiana, Heyne, in Wall. Cat. (1828) 6236.
Herbaceous, woody at the base, 6-15 in. high; branches numerous,
often rooting near the base, glabrous or more or less pubescent. Leaves
2-31 by 1-14 in., elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
glabrous or with a few scattered hairs above, whitish on the lower
surface and pubescent on the nerves beneath ; petioles §—% in. long ;
stipules with 1 or more long rather stout bristles. Flowers in rather
dense terminal cymes; peduncles and pedicels densely hairy ; bracteoles
at base of pedicels +4, in. long, linear, acute, hairy. Calyx +p in. long,
hairy; tube turbinate; teeth ,1, in. long, triangular, acute. Corolla
1 in. long, externally pubescent ; lobes 7; in. long, triangular-oblong,
acute, not keeled on the back, pubescent inside. Capsules somewhat
canoe-shaped, pubescent, much compressed, +-3 in. broad, much broader
than long, rounded at the ends, surmounted by the very distant short
calyx-teeth. Fl. B. I. v. 3, p. 78; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 321.
Ophiorrhiza Harrisonii, Wight, Icon. t. 1162; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 117.—
Flowers: Aug.

Konkan: Stocks!; Amba Ghat, Woodrow. 8. M. Country: Ramghat, Dalzell &
Gibson. Kanara: Hohenhacker,792a!; Divimana, Woodrow; near Gondabel, Dalzell;
Bombardi, Ritchie, 1775!—Disrris. Throughout India in hilly districts ; Ceylon.

14. MUSSAENDA, Linn.

Shrubs or undershrubs (rarely herbs), erect or climbing. Leaves
opposite or 3-nately whorled ; stipules interpetiolar, solitary or twin,
usually deciduous. Flowers yellow or scarlet (rarely white) in terminal
cymes ; bracts and bracteoles deciduous. Calyx-tube oblong or turbinate ;
lobes 5, usually deciduous, one frequently forming a large stalked white
or colored leaf. Corolla infundibuliform; tube usually silky, throat
villous; lobes 5, short, induplicato-valvate. Stamens 5, inserted in the
throat of the corolla or lower down; filaments very short ; anthers

LXX. RUBIACE®. 597

linear. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules very numerous in each cell, on peltate
fleshy placentas ; style filiform ; stigmas 2, linear. Fruit a fleshy berry,
areolate at the apex, many-seeded. Seeds minute; testa pitted ; embryo
minute in dense fleshy albumen.—Disrrip. Asia, Africa, and the
Pacific Islands ; species about 40.

1. Musszenda frondosa, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p.177. A rambling
shrub, climbing by its long flexuose divaricate branches which are
cylindric and appressedly hairy (rarely glabrous). Leaves 3-5 by 2-33
in., broadly elliptic, shortly acuminate, more or less pubescent (rarely
glabrous) above, pubescent on the nerves and on the numerous reticulate
veins beneath, base rounded or often tapering into the petiole ; main
nerves 8-12 pairs conspicuous on both surfaces, curving upwards ;
petioles {-1 in. long, more or less appressedly hairy; stipules twin,
q in. long and about 51; in. broad at the base, linear-lanceolate, very
acute, hairy. Flowers in terminal somewhat open cymes; peduncles
stout, coarsely hairy ; pedicels short, hairy; buds densely hairy, clavate,
5-angled ; bracteoles subulate. Calyx-teeth reaching 3 in. long, linear-
subulate, hairy, the enlarged segments (only developed on the outer side
of a few flowers) leaf-like, creamy-white, persisteut, 243-43 by 14-23 in.,
broadly ovate or elliptic, acuminate, usually tapering at the base, more
or less velvety when young, when older nearly glabrous or with a few
scattered hairs, strongly 5-7-nerved from the base and reticulately
veined between the nerves, the stalk about 3-lin. long. Corolla 13-13
in. long, of a deep golden-yellow ; tube slender, very hairy outside and
with a dense lining of yellowish hairs completely blocking the mouth ;
lobes 1 in. long, broadly ovate or elliptic, apiculate, pubescent on the
back. Berries 3-3 in., subglobose or obovoid, glabrous. This is the
var. glabrata of Hook.f. Fl. B.I. Fi. B. I. v. 3, p. 89; Grah. Cat.
p- 88; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 121; Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. exxxi,
t. 16, fig. 3; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 187 ; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 645.—Flowers: July—Oct. Vern. Sarvad ; Bhutkes.

Konkan: Law!; hills, Dalzell § Gibson; Matheran, Cooke! ; near Simpson’s Lake,

H. M. Birdwood ; Vingorla, Kanitkar! Deccan: Khandala, Woodrow !; Koina valley,
Cocke! Kanara: moist forests where there is a heavy rainfall, Ta/hot; N. Kanara,
Woodrow.—Disrris. India (Tropical Himalaya, Assam, Andamans, W. Peninsula) ;
Ceylon, Malay Islands.

15. TARENNA, Gertn.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, petiolate; stipules usually deciduous.
Flowers in terminal many-flowered corymbiform cymes. Calyx-tube
obovoid or turbinate; limb small, shortly tubular, 5-fid or 5-partite
(very rarely 4- or 6-fid or -partite), deciduous or subpersistent. Corolla
infundibuliform or hypocrateriform; tube short or long, the throat
glabrous or villous; lobes 5, spreading or reflexed, twisted in bud.
Stamens 5, inserted on the mouth of the corolla; filaments short, or 0 ;
anthers narrow, often acute. Ovary 2-celled; ovules few in each cell,
immersed or -immersed in fleshy peltate placentas ; style stout, usually
pubescent ; stigma fusiform, grooved, usually much exserted. Fruit a
hard 2-celled berry. Seeds few.—Disrrip. Tropical Asia and Africa.

The genus should properly be called Chomelia, Linn., which dates from 1737 (Gen,
Pl. ed. 1, p. 55), but the name has been retained for another (American) genus of the

598 LXX. RUBIACER.

Order as Chomelia, Jacq. (1760). K.Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. y. 4, part 4,
p- 74, adopts Chomelia as the name of the genus.

Note.—The genus was founded by Geertner from the Ceylon plant Tarenna zeylanica.
In his original description, Geertner describes the calyx as 4-partite, a condition of
rare occurrence, but, as has been pointed out by Wight & Arnott (Prodr. p. 401), the
calyx is sometimes (though rarely), 4- or even 6-cleft, and from the fact that Gartner
does not describe the corolla, his specimens may have been few or imperfect. There
can scarcely be any doubt as to the plant Girtner, whose figures of the fruit are
excellent, intended to describe; in fact ZTurenna zeylanica appears to be generally
recognized as a synonym for Webera coryinbosa, Willd., and Stylocoryna Webera,
A. Rich, It is significant too that the name Tarenna was derived from the Cinghalese
name (Tarana) of Zarenna zeylanica (see Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 328, and Wight &
Arn. Prodr. 1. ¢.). As the name Zarenna dates from 1788 it is clearly prior to
Webera, Schreb. (1791), or Stylocoryna, Oav. (1797).

1. Tarenna zeylanica, Gertn. Fruct. vy. 1 (1788) p. 139, t. 28. A
large shrub or small tree; bark smooth, pale-grey; twigs compressed,
elabrous ; young shoots often covered with a resinous exudation.
Leaves coriaceous, 3-6 by #-24 in., oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends
(sometimes acuminate at the apex), glabrous, polished above, pale
beneath ; main nerves 10-12 pairs, preminent on the lower side ; petioles
11 jin. long, stout; stipules triangular from a broad base, acute, closely
appressed to the stem and at first glued to it by a waxy secretion, j in.
jong, subpersistent. Flowers faintly odorous, in terminal trichotomous
corymbose cymes; peduncles stout ; ultimate pedicels about 5}; in. long.
Calyx } in. long, slightly pubescent; teeth triangular, => in. long,
ciliolate. Corolla white, J in. long; lobes } in. long, oblong, subacute,
hairy at the mouth. Berries the size of a pea, 2-celled, globose,
elabrous, at first dark-green, becoming black when fully ripe, surmounted
at first by the calyx-lobes, which however often drop off before maturity
leaving a conspicuous scar. Seeds 6-10, semilunate, wedge-shaped,
rounded on the back, in shape like a section of an orange, hard, rugose,
black, shining. I have never found more than 10 seeds in a berry.
Jackson, in Index Kewen. v. 4 (1895) p. 1038. Webera corymbosa,
Willd. Sp: Pl. vy. 1 (1797) p. 1224; Hook. f. in Fl. B. 1. v. 3, p. 1025
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 828 ; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 188 ; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 645 ; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v.
6, part 4, p. 300. Stylocoryna Webera, A. Rich. Mém. Fam. Rubiac.
(1829) p. 168, & in Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Par. v. 5 (1834) p. 248.
Stylocoryne Webera, Wight & Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 401; Wight, Icon.
tt. 309 & 584; Grah. Cat. p. 89; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 119.—Flowers :. Apr.—
June and again in Dec. VERN. Kare.

Konkan: §. Konkan, Nimmo ex Graham, Dalzell § Gibson; jungles near Goa,
Dr. Lush ex Graham. Kanara: Law!, Hohenhacker, 1231; N. Kanara in moist
forests on the Ghats, common near the Ainshi Ghat, 7a/bo¢—Disrris. India (southern
parts of the Western Peninsula); Ceylon, Malay Islands.

16. RANDIA, Linn.

Trees and shrubs unarmed or. spinous. Leaves opposite, or with one
of the pair often arrested; stipules short, intrapetiolar, free or connate.
Flowers rather large, solitary and terminal or in axillary or leaf-opposed
cymes, white or yellowish. Calyx-tube ovoid or turbinate, ribbed or
terete; limb often tubular, truncate, toothed or lobed, the lobes
sometimes foliaceous. Corolla various; tube long or short, the
throat glabrous or villous; lobes 5 (rarely more), short or long,

LXX. RUBIACE. 599

twisted in bud. Stamens 5 (rarely more) ; anthers subsessile, narrowly
linear. Disk annular or cushion-shaped. Ovary 2-celled; ovules
numerous, sunk in fleshy placentas; style short or slender; stigma
large, clavate or fusiform, entire or 2-fid. Berry globose, ovoid or
ellipsoid, 2-celled, many-seeded. Seeds often immersed in pulp, angled ;
testa thin ; albumen horny; cotyledons orbicular.—Disrris. Throughout
the tropics of the world; species about 90.
Armed. Erect trees or shrubs,
Flowers 1-3, terminal ; calyx-limb persistent.
Flowers exceeding 1} in. in diam.; fruit exceeding 2 in,

ADIN CATENIN ca oath aie Mains outs o Acioe 6 aoe ening citva Ne enine nde ep aco asta 1. R. wliginosa.
Flowers and fruit both less than 1 in. in diam................ 2. R. dumetorum.
Flowers in cymes; calyx-limb not persistent ...............065 3. R. malabarica.

Wnannied sacl bing BHYUD! <ioa.sesstncccesesessecaseeteeronsecece ee 4. R. rugulosa.

1. Randia uliginosa, DC. Prodr. y. 4 (1830) p. 386. A small
tree rarely reaching 20 ft. high; bark reddish-brown, scaly; branches
numerous, thick, horizontal (the younger 4-angled), many of them short
and terminating in 1-2 pairs of strong sharp thorns 3 in.long. Leaves
fascicled on suppressed branchlets, thin, 24-5 by 12-2 in., obovate or
obovate-oblong, obtuse, glabrous above, more or less pubescent and
reticulately veined beneath, tapering to the base; main nerves 6-8
pairs ; petioles very short; stipules acute from a broad base. Flowers
solitary at the ends of suppressed branches, white, fragrant, 14-2 in. in
diam. ; pedicels short. Calyx 3 in. long, fleshy, green; limb broadly
tubular with 5-7 broad rounded ciliate shallow lobes scarcely + in. long.
Corolla glabrous outside ; tube very short with a ring of white hairs at
the mouth; lobes 5-7, orbicular, much overlapping. Stamens 5-7, sessile.
Ovary 2-celled; ovules ©; style ribbed; stigma large with subcon-
volute spiral lacinie. Fruit 2-23 in. long, ovoid, smooth, yellowish-
brown, crowned with the persistent calyx-limb, 2-celled. Seeds
numerous, compressed, sthooth, closely packed in pulp. Fl. B. I. v. 3,
p- 110; Grah. Cat. p. 89; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 119; Wight, Icon. t. 3975
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 330; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 188;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 645; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 391—Flowers: May-June. Vern. Pdndhara ;
Péndri.

Throughout the Presidency often in abandoned rice-fields, Ta/bot. Konkan: banks
of rivers in the Konkan, Graham; S. Konkan, Dalzell § Gibson ; near Pen, Woodrow.
GuuArat : Porbander (Kathiawar), Woodrow. S.M.Country: Graham; 8. of Belgaum,
Ritchie, 343 (a)! Kanara: Kala naddi, Ritchie, 343! —Distris. Throughout India ;

eylon.
2 The fruit is eaten when boiled or roasted. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ec.

2. Randia dumetorum, Lamk. Tab. Encyc. vy. 2 (1793) p. 227. A
large shrub or small tree armed with strong straight nearly opposite
decussate spines 4-1} in. long, coming off from above the branchlets ;
branches horizontal, rigid, many of the lateral ones suppressed and very
short. Leaves usually fascicled on the suppressed branches, 14—21 by
3-1} in., obovate, obtuse, wrinkled, shining above, more or less pubescent
above and on the nerves beneath (especially when young), base cuneate ;
main nerves 6-10 pairs ; petioles 3-3 in. long, densely pubescent ;
stipules ovate, acuminate. Flowers at the ends of short leaf-bearing
branchlets, fragrant, solitary or 2 (rarely 3) together; peduncles short.
Calyx 3 in. long, densely hairy ; tube broadly campanulate; teeth 5,

600 LXX, RUBIACEA.
foliaceous, } in. long, ovate-oblong, subacute, often with small inter-
mediate teeth between. Corolla ? in. long, at first white, afterwards
becoming yellow ; tube 11 in. long, densely hairy outside; lobes 3 in.
long and nearly as broad as long, obovate-oblong, rounded at the apex,
pubescent outside, spreading. Fruit like a small crab-apple, yellowish,
globose or broadly ovoid, smooth or obscurely longitudinally ribbed,
crowned with the large calyx-limb, 2-celled, glabrous; pericarp thick.
Seeds many, flat, imbedded in pulp. Fl. B. I. v. 3, p. 110; Grah. Cat.
p- 89; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 119; Wight, Icon. t. 580; Bedd. For. Man.
in Flor. Sylvat. p. cxxxii, t. 16, f.1; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 330; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 189; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1898)
p- 645; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prodr. v. 6, part 1, p. 389. Randia longi-
spina, DC. Prodr. vy. 4, p. 386; Grah. Cat. p. 89; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 119.—
Flowers: Mar.June. Vern. Geheld; Gel.

Common throughout the Presidency in deciduous forests. Konkan: Matheran
Woodrow! Dxrccan: Khandala, Bhiva!; Mahableshwar, Cooke!, Woodrow; Kadkalla
near Lanoli, Ranade!; Karli, Bhiva!; Lanoli, Bhiva!; Khandesh, Dalzell &
Gibson. 8. M. Counrry: Sulebhavi near Belgaum, Weodrow. Kanara: Sampkhand,
Woodrow.—Disrris. Throughout India; Ceylon, Java, Sumatra, South China,
KE. Tropical Africa.

The bark, rind, and fruit are used medicinally and the bruised root and unripe
fruit are used to poison fish. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ¢.

3. Randia malabarica, Lamk. Encyc. Méthod. vy. 3 (1789) p. 25.
An erect much-branched glabrous shrub ; branchlets sometimes reduced
to short sharp spines which are, however, often absent. Leaves
coriaceous, 13-23 by }-1}, elliptic-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, subacute,
glabrous, tapering to the base ; nerves not conspicuous; petioles 3-3 in.
long; stipules triangular, caducous. Flowers white, in leaf-opposed
spreading glabrous cymes fascicled on the top of a very short peduncle ;
pedicels 3-3 in. long, each with a pair of acute connate bracts forming
a cup at its base. Calyx + in. long, campanulate, glabrous; teeth
triangular, acute, about 54, in. long. Corolla Jemon-yellow, hairy at the
mouth; tube + in. long, glabrous; lobes + by ;}5 in., ovate-oblong,
acute, veined. Stigma fusiform. Anthers long, exserted. Fruit
globose, 4-1 in. in diam., red (Graham), marked at the apex with
the scar of the calyx-limb. Seeds 6-8 in each cell, closely packed,
angled, compressed. FI. B. I. v. 3, p. 111; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 331.
Griffithia fragrans, Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 400; Wight, Icon. t. 310;
Grah. Cat. p. 89; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 119.

8. Konkan: Dalzeli & Gibson, Nimmo ex Graham, 1. e.

I have seen no specimens from Bombay and there are none from that Presidency in
Herb. Kew, Nimmo ex Graham (Cat. p. 89) and Dalzell & Gibson (Bo. Fl. p. 119)
give its habitat as 8. Konkan. Neither Talbot nor Woodrow enumerates the species.—
Disrris. India (W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon,

4, Randia rugulosa, //ook. f. in Fl. B. J. v. 3 (1880) p. 1138. A
large climbing unarmed shrub with many drooping branches; stem
reaching 4 in, in diam. at the base. Leaves 24-43 by 1-23 in., elliptic-
oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous ; main nerves 5-6 pairs,
prominent beneath ; petioles 3-3 in. long, glabrous ; stipules ovate, cus-
pidate. Flowers in leaf-opposed paniculate cymes; peduncles very short ;
pedicels longer than the calyx; bracts numerous, connate, cuspidate.

Calyx j in. long, leathery, glabrous or puberulous; tube campanulate ; limb

LXX. RUBIACEA, 60L

truncate, with minute distant triangular teeth not more than 5}, in. long.
Corolla white; tube 4 in. long; lobes % by } in., oblong, subacute,
glabrous. Stigma very large, fusiform. Berry 2 in. in diam., pisiform,
the calyx-limb not persistent in fruit, but soon falling and leaving a
conspicuous scar. Seeds rugose. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. vy. 2, p. 331; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 189; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898)
p. 645. Griffithia speciosa, Bedd. Icon. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 37.—Flowers :
Jan.—Mar.

Konkan: Matheran, Woodrow ; near Simpson's lake, Cooke!; Chowk plateau, H. M,
Birdwood. §S. M. Counrry: Castlerock, Kanitkar! Kanara: common in the forests
near the Tinai and Gairsoppa Ghits, Zu/bot; Divimana, Woodrow; Mendele (N,
Kanara), Ritchie, 1772 !—Distrie. India (W. Peninsula) ; Ceylon.

17. GARDENIA, Linn.

Shrubs rarely trees, armed or not. Leaves opposite, rarely 3-nately
whorled ; stipules intrapetiolar, often connate. Flowers often large,
terminal or axillary, solitary, fascicled, or rarely cymose, sometimes di-
morphic and polygamous. Calyx-tube ovoid or obconic; limb tubular
or dilated, variously cleft or lobed. Corolla various ; lobes 5-12, twisted
in bud. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, inserted in the throat of
the corolla; anthers sessile or subsessile, linear, included. Ovary 1-
celled; ovules numerous, 2-seriate, on 2-6 parietal placentas; style
thick; stigma large, club-shaped or fusiform, usually 2-fid. Fruit often
large, ovoid, ellipsoid or globose, coriaceous or fleshy and irregularly
bursting, or with a hard bony endocarp which sometimes splits along
the placental sutures. Seeds many, imbedded in the placentas, com-
pressed ; testa thin; embryo small, in horny albumen.—Disrris. Tro-
pical and subtropical parts of the Old World ; species 60.

Small trees.

Armed ; flowers dimorphic ; placentas 5-6........... parang cesses he G. turgida;
[var. montana,

Unarmed ; flowers not dimorphic.
Leaves petioled; calyx-teeth long, subulate, erect; pla-
CENEES A), gto dacdsnacacenvarctddstwocuas ootitcesweceg oauce ears earetaes 2. G. lucida.

Leaves sessile ; calyx-teeth long, recurved ; placentas 4-5 . 3. G. latifolia,
A shrub unarmed; leaves sessile; calyx-teeth minute; pla-
ENE SA—Oe inoue sodesunaaeansaechanes acne seen conecesrcceoecantadeesaes 4. G. gummifera.

1. Gardenia turgida, Jtovw>. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 15, var.
montana, Hook. f. Fl. B. J. vy. 3 (1880) p. 118. A small deciduous
tree reaching 25 ft. high; bark smooth, thick, soft, that on the young
branches yellowish ; branches numerous, thick and stout, usually armed
with strong straight sometimes leaf-bearing thorns. Leaves 2-33 by
14-21 in., oblong or semiorbicular, obtuse, glabrous above, velvety-
tomentose beneath, base much tapered into an obscure petiole; nerves
inconspicuous ; stipules triangular, cuspidate, caducous. Flowers from
the young leafless shoots, dimorphic, the males in fascicles, the females
solitary. Mat riowrrs: Calyx } in. long, turbinate, pubescent, the
mouth wide, truncate; teeth minute. Corolla #-1 in. long, glabrous ;
lobes 3-1 in. long, oblong, obtuse. F'emane rLrowers: Calyx 3—3 in.
long, flask-shaped, the mouth dilated; teeth foliaceous, 3 in. long,
narrowly linear, obtuse. Corolla as in the male. Fruit 1-3 in.in diam.,
ovoid or subglobose, often bluntly pointed but not beaked, smooth ;

2

602 EXX. RUBIACER,

pericarp thick; endocarp woody, shining inside; placentas 5 or 6.
Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 190; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11
(1898) p. 645; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3, p. 483. Gardenia montana
(sp.), Roxb. Fl. Ind. y.1,p. 709; Wight, Icon. t.577; Grah. Cat. p. 88 ;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 120.—Flowers: Apr.—June.

Dalzell (without locality) in his Herbarium of Bombay Plants in Herb. Kew.!
Deccan: Poona districts, Woodrow! S. M. Country: Belgaum, Ritchie, 10387!;

Dharwar, Talbot. Kanara: common in the N, Kanara jungles, Zadbot.—Distris.
India (Himalayas, Behar, W. Peninsula).

2. Gardenia lucida, Rov). Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 15. A large
glabrous shrub or small tree reaching 20-25 ft. high; bark smooth,
grey ; young shoots greyish-green, smooth, resinous. Leaves 23-8 by
1-3 in., elliptic-oblong, subacute or shortly acuminate, base narrowed
into a short petiole; main nerves 20-25 pairs, slender, prominent
beneath ; petioles somewhat obscure, about # in. long; stipules large,
broadly ovate, acute, membranous. Flowers fragrant, axillary, solitary,
from the axils of the uppermost leaves near the ends of the branches ;
pedicels 3-3 in. long. Calyx ? in. long, pubescent or tomentose ; teeth
2 in. long, erect, lanceolate, subulate. Corolla large, at first pure white,
soon turning yellow ; tube 1}-2 in. long, slender, puberulous outside ;
lobes 5, obovate, obtuse, 17 by ? in., spreading, veined, glabrous. Fruit
ellipsoid or globose, ?-1 in. in diam., smooth, marked with longitudinal
lines, crowned by the persistent calyx-limb; pericarp thick, woody ;
placentas 2. The flowers open in the evening, soon turn from white to
yellow and die. Fi. B. I. v. 3, p. 115; Grah. Cat. p. 88; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 120; Wight, Icon. t. 575; Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat.
p- exxxiv, t. 15, fig. 6; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 190; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 645; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3,
p. 482.—Flowers: Mar.-June. VERN. Dikemdli.

Konxan: Lambert !, Dalzell!, Law!; Elephanta, Graham ; Kanheri jungles, Graham.

S.M. Country: Graham; Belgaum, Talbot. Kanara: N. Kanara, Woodrow.—Dtsrriz.
India (Birma, Chittagong, W. Peninsula).

This species is, as well as G. guimmifera, one of the sources of the Dikemdli resin
which is much used by the natives in medicine. The resin, which has a most offensive

odor, is employed extensively to keep off flies from sores. See Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. 1. ¢.

3. Gardenia latifolia, Ait. Hort, Kew. v. 1 (1789) p. 294 (not of
Roxb.). A small deciduous tree reaching 30 ft. high, with stiff divergent
branches forming a rounded head; bark smooth, pale-grey, flaking off in
small round pieces; young parts glabrous but coated with a resinous
exudation. Leaves opposite or 3-nately whorled, crowded towards the
ends of the branches, subsessile, 4-8 by 23-63 in., broadly elliptie or
obovate, rounded or very shortly and obtusely acuminate at the apex,
apple-green above, paler beneath, glabrous or more or less pubescent ;
main nerves 10-20 pairs; stipules adnate to the base of the petiole,
connate, forming a thin truncate tube at first enclosing the young leaves,
but, after the fall of the leaf, separating at the base and forming a loose
ring round the stem. Flowers solitary or 2-nate, subsessile, white
changing to yellow, fragrant. Calyx #~—1 in. long, densely pubescent ;
limb broadly tubular, slightly dilated at the apex; teeth 5-9, lanceolate-
subulate, unequal, recurved, and with ciliate margins. Corolla-tube
2 in. or more long, striate, densely pubescent outside; lobes 5-9,

LXX, RUBIACE.®. 603

obliquely obovate-oblong, obtuse, 13-1? by 4-f in. Fruit nearly glo-
bose, 14-1} in. in diam., without ribs, appressedly pubescent when
young, pale-green and speckled, surmounted by the calyx-limb, which is
2 in. or more long; epicarp dry, fleshy ; endocarp bony, yellow, polished
within, 3-valved. Seeds numerous, small, flattened, pale-brown, in
purplish-grey pulp; placentas 4-5. Fl. B. I. v. 3, p. 116; Grah. Cat.
p. 88; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 120; Wight, Icon. t. 759; Trim. Fl. Ceyl.v. 2,
p- 332; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 190; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. vy. 3,
p. 482.—Flowers : Mar.—May.

8. M. Country: sandstone hills north of Belgaum, Rifchkie, 1085! Kanara: Law!;
near Duddi on the Gatpraba river, Law ex Graham, Ritchie, 1085!—Disrrte. Dry
hilly districts of Western, Central, and South-western India, Behar and W. Bengal ;
Ceylon.

The wood has been recommended as a substitute for boxwood for engravers’ use.
It is employed by the natives to make combs. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. e.

4. Gardenia gummifera, Linn. f. Suppl. (1781) p. 164. A shrub
about 6 ft. high, glabrous or nearly so, unarmed; buds resinous. Leaves
sessile or nearly so, 1?-2? by ?-1 in., elliptic-oblong or obovate-oblong,
obtuse or subacute, glabrous, shining, base obtuse, acute, or sometimes
cordate; main nerves 12-18 pairs; stipules connate, truncate or mucro-
nate. Flowers not odorous (Jtitchie), subsessile, 1-3 together. Calyx
® in. long, densely pubescent ; teeth triangular, ;4-1 in. long. Corolla
at first white, soon changing to yellow; tube pubescent outside, 1}-13 in.
long ; lobes oblong, obtuse, 1-1j by 3-2 in. Fruit 1-14 in. long, ob-
long or ellipsoid, with numerous longitudinal elevated lines and with a
stout beak, smooth; pericarp thin; placentas 4-5. Fl. B. I. v.3, p.116;
Grah. Cat. p. 88; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 120; Wight, Icon. t. 576 (figure
not good); T'alb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 190; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 645; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 3, p. 480.—
Flowers: Feb.-June. Vern. Dikemdli; Kamarri.

S. M. Country: barren plains south of Dharwar, Dalzell § Gibson; Belgaum,
Ritchie, 344! Kanara: Dalzell §& Gibson; common on the laterite plains from
Kumpta southwards, also near Siddapur, Za/bo¢; Bhatkal (N. Kanara), Woodrow},
Bhiva!; Duddi on the Gatpraba river, Law ex Grakam.—Distris. India (W. Penin-
ae shrub, as well as the small tree G. /wcida, produces the resinous material
known as Dikeméli, which is largely used by the natives in medicine and to keep flies
off sores. See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. c.

Gardenia jasminoides, Ellis, in Phil. Trans. y. 51 (1761) part ii. p. 935,
sometimes known as the Cape Jasmine, has been introduced from China
and is much valued as an ornamental plant in gardens in districts where
there is a tolerably heavy rainfall. The double-flowered variety is that
most commonly cultivated. It has oblong-elliptic coriaceous leaves
2-4 in. long, large white very fragrant flowers, and oblong fruit about
lin. long. Gardenia florida, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2 (1762) p. 305; Bot.
Mag. (1826) t. 2627 (the double-flowered variety) ; Grah. Cat. p. 88 ;
Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 43; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1898)
p- 645, & Gard. in Ind. ed. 5, p. 855; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 3,
p. 480.—Flowers in the rains. Venn. Gandardajd.

222

604 LXX. RUBIACEA.

18. DIPLOSPORA, DC.

Evergreen shrubs or trees; branches terete. Leaves opposite, petio-
late, coriaceous; stipules triangular, long-pointed or acuminate. Flowers
small, inconspicuous, in axillary fascicles or short cymes, usually poly-
gamo-dicecious ; bracts connate, often inyolucellate. Calyx-tube short,
obeonic or hemispheric; limb truncate or 4—5-lobed or -toothed. Corolla-
tube short, cylindric or campanulate; lobes 4-5, spreading, twisted in
bud. Stamens 4-5, inserted at the mouth of the corolla ; filaments
short or long; anthers oblong or linear, often recurved, exserted. Ovary
2 (rarely 3) -celled ; ovules 2-5 in each cell on placentas attached to the
septum ; style short or long, with oblong or linear branches. Berry
ovoid or globose, 2-celled, few-seeded. Seeds rather large; testa various ;
embryo small.

Fruit umbonate with a conical beak within the calyx-limb....... 1. D. apiocarpa.
Fruit not umbonate, marked at the apex with the scar of the
Calyx-lirn bs j.cccaseusrssacssusencernenrbecceed saotucaeuan erases emeesrer 2. D. spherocarpa.

1. Diplospora apiocarpa, Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 3 (1880) p.123. A
moderate-sized tree; bark pale. Leaves 33-6 by 13-3 in., ovate or
elliptic- lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, glabrous, base tapering ; main
nerves 6-8 pairs, sometimes with hairy glands (? galls) in their axils
beneath ; petioles 2-7 in. long; stipules 3 in. long, triangular, acumi-
nate. Flowers subsessile, in axillary fascicles; buds resinous; bracts
connate into a cup or epicalyx. Calyx 4; in. long, campanulate, covered
with a resinous substance ; limb tr aneate, entire « or with several minute
irregular teeth. Corolla 7 in. long, glabrous ; lobes 3 in. long, oblong,
obtuse. Stamens in the male and 2-sexual flowers much exserted.
Fruit ? in. long, sessile or subsessile, ellipsoid or pyriform, bluntly um-
bonate with a conical beak within the calyx- cls Seeds flat, rege a
compressed, few. Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t.223?; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2

. 191. Discospermum apiocarpum, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. v2
(1850) p. 257; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 120; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 3
p. 156.—Flowers: July—Oct.

Konkan: Stocks; the Ghats lat. 16°, Dalzell §& Gibson; about the latitude of
Vingorla, Talbot. Kanara: Law !—Drstri. Apparently endemic in the Western
Peninsula of India.

I have cited Beddome’s t. 223 in Flor. Sylvat. for this, with hesitation. The fruit,
as figured by Beddome, does not agree at all with that of Dalzell’s plant; in fact

Beddome, in For. Man. p. exxxiy-3, is himself doubtful of the correctness of the
identification.

?

2. Diplospora sphzrocarpa, Hook. f. Fl. B. I. vy. 3 (1880) p. 1238.
A small glabrous tree. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, subacute or
shortly acuminate, glabrous, base tapering; main nerves 4-6 pairs;
petioles [—3 in. long; stipules 1-3 in. long, triangular, acute. Flowers
sessile, fascicled on a rr short peduncle, without connate bracts.
Calyx resinous outside, ;}; in. long; lobes 4, equalling the tube, orbi-
cular-oblong, ciliolate. Corolla- tube very short, not as long as the lobes
of the caly x, throat glabrous; lobes + in. long, oblong, obtuse. Fruit
globose, 2 in. in diam., shortly pedicelled, marked at the apex with the
scar of the calyx-limb, not umbonate. Seeds few, vertically imbricate,
much compressed. Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. exxxiv-3
(exclud. syn.) ; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 191. Discospermum sphero-

LXX. RUBIACD®, 605

carpum, Dalz, in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 2 (1850) p. 257; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 120.—Flowers: Oct.

Rare. Konkan: Western Peninsula on the Ghats from Bombay southwards, Tudor.
Sahyddri mountains, lat. 16° N., Dalzell § Gibsen.—Disrais, Endemic in the Western
Peninsula of India,

19. KNOXIA, Linn.

Erect herbs or undershrubs ; stems terete or obtusely angled. Leaves
opposite ; stipules connate with the petiole into an entire or bristly
sheath. Flowers dimorphic, pink or lilac, subsessile on the elongating
branches of terminal cymes (rarely spicate), ebracteolate. Calyx-tube
ovoid or didymous; teeth 4, minute, and subequal or 1 or 2 elongate,
persistent. Corolla-tube long, throat usually villous; lobes 4, valvate
in bud, with inflexed tips. Stamens 4, inserted within the throat of
the corolla; anthers linear, included or exserted. Ovary 2-celled ;
ovule 1, pendulous in each cell; style filiform; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit
small, of 2 semi-terete or dorsally compressed indehiscent cocci. Seeds
with a thickened funicle; testa membranous ; albumen fleshy ; embryo
axile ; cotyledons thin ; radicle superior.—Disrris. India, Java, China,
Philippines, Tropical Australia ; species 6-8.

1. Knoxia corymbosa, Willd. Sp. Pl. vy. 1 (1797) p. 582. An erect
annual 1—4 ft. high ; stem sparingly branched, somewhat stout, with
long internodes, often obtusely 4-angled, softly and more or less densely
hairy. Leaves 2-4 by 3-1 in., lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, sessile or
shortly petioled, acute, more or less hairy on both sides, tapering much
at the base into a short petiole; main nerves 8-12 pairs, conspicuous
on the lower side, very oblique ; stipules with 3-5 filiform hairy bristles.
Flowers small, numerous, on the sides of slender pubescent branches of
large lax corymbose cymes ; pedicels very short, almost 0. Calyx .,\, in.
long; teeth minute, triangular, subequal. Corolla + in. long, somewhat
club-shaped ; lobes short, 34-345 in. long, triangular-oblong, subacute.
Fruit ;); in. long, sessile or shortly pedicelled, ellipsoid, 4-angled, secund,
indehiscent, perforate at the base. The mericarps when ripe separate
from the persistent columella with the least pressure. FI. B. I. v. 3,
p- 128; Dalz. & Gibs. p.111; Wight, Ill. t. 128; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2,
p- 340; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 645.—F lowers :
Aug.-Oct.

Konkan: Wag Donger near Vingorla, Dalzell § Gibson. 8S. M. Country: Londa,
Cooke!; Gamji Station (S. M. Railway), Woodrow!; Belgaum, Ritchie, 1089!
Kanara: Kila naddi, Ritchie, 1089 !—Disrrie. Throughout Tropical India; Ceylon,
Malay Archipelago, Tropical Australia.

20. PLECTRONIA, Linn.

Shrubs (sometimes small trees), armed or unarmed, sometimes scan-
dent. Leaves opposite, shortly petiolate; stipules connate. Flowers
axillary, fascicled, or in corymbose peduncled cymes, small, white or
green. Calyx-tube short, obconic, turbinate or hemispheric ; limb very
short, truneate or 4—5-toothed. Corolla-tube infundibuliform, campa-
nulate, globose or urceolate, usually with a ring of deflexed hairs within;
lobes 4-5, at length reflexed, valvate in bud. Stamens 4-5, subsessile,
on the throat or mouth of the corolla. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules solitary

606 LXX. RUBIACER.

in each cell, pendulous ; style stout; stigma large. Drupe didymous
or subglobose, or with one carpel suppressed, then reniform or oblong,
with 1-2 pyrenes or a 2-celled putamen. Seeds oblong, pendulous ;
testa membranous ; albumen fleshy ; embryo elongate; cotyledons short ;
radicle superior.—Disrris. Tropical Asia, Africa and Australia, South
Africa and Pacific Islands ; species about 70.

Branches without spines.
INIOWOrslDsINOLOUSecss snemcrerceecceerds tresvvesecscuas feceessesuncecerses 1. P. Wightii.
Branches with spines.
HO WOLS)-MOLOUSRtnececmncener- User cuss (recs aveesscdepeanene aren co sere sis 2. P. Rheedei.
ULOWONS PEON OUS|s ccdesppcmacccecacseoeseecu aveveauen saat spenies sporescees 3. P. parviflora,

1. Plectronia Wightii, 7. Cooke. An unarmed handsome large
erect shrub or small tree; young shoots 4-angled. Leaves 34-44: by
14-2 in., elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse or shortly acuminate, coriaceous,
entire, bright-green, polished and shining above, paler beneath, quite
glabrous on both sides, base narrowed into a very short petiole; main
nerves 4—6 pairs, oblique, often with hollow galls (the work of insects)
in their axils; stipules rounded-ovate at base, with a long subulate
acumination. Flowers 5-merous, in peduncled umbels in the opposite
axils; peduncles stout, + in. long, glabrous; pedicels very numerous,
4-3 in. long, slender, glabrous. Calyx } in. long, glabrous; teeth tri-
angular, ;'5 in. long, slightly ciliolate. Corolla thick and subfleshy, + in.
long, densely bearded with white hairs in the throat; lobes 5, oblong,
acute, 4 by 7, in. Fruit obovoid, didymous, 3-3 in. long, warted, black
when ripe, polished. The wood is very hard ; even the young branches
test the penknife. Canthium umbellatum, Wight, Icon. t. 1034 (not of
Korth.) ; Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 3, p. 182; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 118; Talb.
Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 192; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1898)
p- 645; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 2, p. 129. Canthiwm didymum,
Grah. Cat. p. 91 (not of Gertn.); Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 343.—
Flowers: Nov.—Jan. Vern. Tupd; Arsul.

Konkan: evergreen forests, Talbot; hills in the Konkan, Zaw! Deccan: Maha-
bleshwar, common, Cooke!; Khandala, Cooke!, Woodrow! §.M.Country: Ramghat,

Ritchie, 1787! Kanara: evergreen forests of N. Kanara, Zalbot.—Dusrriz. India
(W. Peninsula, Ava).

Trimen (/.c.) makes this synonymous with Canthium didymum, Gertn., but the
inflorescence is sufficiently distinctive to warrant its retention as a separate species.
As the name Plectronia umbellata has been already adopted for a Madagascar plant
with 4-merous flowers by Mr. Baker (Journ, Linn, Soc. y. 20 [1884] p. 168), Wight’s
specific name cannot be used for this plant. I have therefore named the plant
P, Wightti after Dr. Wight, who first discovered, described, and figured it.

2. Plectronia Rheedei, Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. exxxiv—5
(1274). A scandent armed shrub; stem slender, 1 in. in diam., spinous
to near the base; bark smooth, shining ; branches divaricate, slender,
terete, more or less clothed with appressed pubescence, usually armed
with straight or slightly curved sharp supra-axillary spines 1—3 in. long.
Leaves thin, 1—4 by ?-2 in., ovate, acute or acuminate, glabrous on both
sides or with a few scattered hairs on the nerves beneath, rounded or
cordate at the base; main nerves 4-6 pairs, often with galls in their
axils; petioles j-7 in. long; stipules ovate, cuspidate, hairy. Flowers
greenish, axillary, solitary or in fascicles of 2—4 (rarely in very shortly
peduncled cymes); pedicels very short; buds very acute. Calyx 71,
1; in. long, turbinate; limb truncate or with 5 very minute distant

LXX. RUBIACEAE. 607

teeth. Corolla tin. long ; tube short and wide; lobes 5, linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, ;3,-4 by jy in. Style hairy; stigma mitriform, bifid. Fruit
slightly broader than long, about 4 in. broad, didymous, compressed,
2-lobed at the apex, rugose. Canthinm Rheedei, DC. Prodr. vy. 4 (1830)
p. 474; Hook. f. Fl. B. [. v. 3, p. 134; Grah. Cat. p. 91; Dalz. & Gibs.
p. 113; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 344; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 192;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 645. Canthiwm angusti-
folium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. y. 1 (1882) p. 533 ; Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 3, p. 135;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. LL (1898) p. 645. Canthium Lesche-
naultw, Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 426; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 113.—Flowers :
Feb.—May.

Konkan: Stocks!; foot of the Ghats, Dalzell!; evergreen forests, Talbot; near
Sewree Fort (Bombay), Graham. S.M. Country: Ramghit, Ritchie, 1193!; Mulas,
foot of Ramghat, Dalzed/ § Gibson; near Belgaum, Cooke!; Parva Ghat, Ritchie, 1193!
Kanara: evergreen forests of N, Kanara, Zalhot; Yacombi, Woodrow !—Disrris.
India (W. Peninsula); Ceylon.

The fruit has the taste of the bleberry, Dalzeil.

3. Plectronia parviflora, Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat-
p. exxxiv—5 (1874). A shrub usually rigid, but sometimes subscandent in
hedges (Zulbot) ; branches many, with opposite supra-axillary nearly hori-
zontal sharp straight spines #-13 in. long, the spines sometimes wanting
when the branches are less rigid. Leaves 7-14 by 3-1 in., often fascicled
on the young shoots, ovate, obovate or suborbicular, obtuse, glabrous,
green above, whitish beneath, base cuneate; main nerves 4-6 pairs ;
petioles ;15-j in. long, slender ; stipules shortly triangular at the base,
with a long subulate point. Flowers 4-merous, small, yellowish, in
many-flowered usually pedunecled cymes which are sometimes fascicled ;
peduncles and pedicels slender, of variable length. Calyx j,-4) in. long ;
lobes 4, triangular, acute, 34, in. long. Corolla} in. long; tube inflated ;
lobes as long as the tube, ovate, acute. Style glabrous; stigma large,
globose. Drupe 2-75 in. long, about 5%; in. broad, oblong-ellipsoid,
compressed, didymous, areolate at the apex, yellow when ripe, edible.
Canthium parviflorum, Lamk. Encye. Méthod. v. 1 (1783) p. 602;
Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 3, p. 186; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 113; Roxb. Cor. Pl.
t. 51; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 346; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 192;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 645; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 2, p. 129.—Flowers: Apr.—May. VxErn. Kirni.

Deccan: Kothrud near Poona, Woodrow! 8. M. Country: Ghats between Belgaum
and Nipani (rare), Dalzell § Gibson; Belgaum, Ritchie, 1007! Kanara: Mangod
(N. Kanara), Woodrow !—Disrris. India (W. Peninsula); Ceylon.

The leaves are eaten in curries and the wood is hard and used for turning,

21. VANGUERIA, Juss.

A genus closely allied to Plectronia, from which it differs chiefly in
the ovary which is 3-6 (usually 5) -celled, and in the fruit which is
larger than that of Plectronia; pyrenes 5-3 or putamen 5-3-celled.

1. Wangueria spinosa, Mov). Hort. Beny. (1814) p. 15. A large
shrub or small tree with straight opposite (sometimes 3-nate) sharp
spines 3-13 in. long; bark dark-colored, nearly smooth. Leaves 2-5 by
14-2? in., membranous, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, glabrous, base shortly
cuneate ; main nerves 6-8 pairs ; petioles }-1 in. long; stipules 3 in.
Jong, glabrous, broadly triangular at the base, with a slender subulate

608 LXX, RUBIACE.

acumination about 4-1 in. long. Flowers greenish-white, in peduncled
cymes from the old ‘scars below the leaves ; peduncles usually short ;
pedicels slender; buds acute, somewhat mitre-shaped. Calyx 51 in. long,
glabrous ; ; tube cup-shaped, ribbed, rugose ; teeth 5, somewhat. scarious,

zy in. long, distant, triangular, very acute. Corolla 3 in. long; tube
very broad, glabrous outside, the throat densely hairy” within ; lobes 5,
ovate-lanceolate, acute, equalling the tube. Fruit about 1 in. in diam.,
on slender pedicels, globose, smooth, yellowish when ripe, edible;
pyrenes 4—5, woody, smooth. Fl. B. I. v. 3, p. 186; Grah. Cat. p. 90;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 192; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1898) p. 645; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. vy. 6, part 4, p. 221.—Flowers :
Jan.Apr. Vern. A’lu.

Konkan: Thal Ghat, Kanitkar!; Matheran, Cooke!, Kanitkar! Duccan: Lanoli,
Woodrow! §. M. Country: near Belgaum; Ritchie, 1786/8; Kanara: common,
Ritchie, 1786 !—Disrris. India (N. Bengal, W. Peninsula, Birma, Pegu) ; Java.

22. TXORA, Linn.

Shrubs or small trees usually glabrous. Leaves opposite (rarely
3-nately verticelled) ; stipules interpetiolar. Flowers usually 4-merous,
in terminal 3-chotomously branched often corymbose cymes, 2-bracteolate.
Calyx-tube ovoid ; limb short, 4 (rarely 5) -toothed, persistent. Corolla-
tube long, very slender ; lobes 4 (rarely 5), usually shorter than the tube,
spreading, twisted in bud. Stamens 4 (rarely 5), on the mouth of the
corolla ; filaments short or 0; anthers slender, often with an apiculate
tip. Ovary 2-celled; ovules solitary in each cell, peltately attached to
the septum ; style filiform; stigma slender, fusiform, 2-branched, the
branches rarely persistently connate. Fruit globose or subdidymous,
with 2 plano-convex or ventrally concave coriaceous pyrenes. Seeds
peltate ; testa membranous; albumen horny; cotyledons flat, thin ;
radicle inferior.—Distris. Tropical Asia and Africa, America, Australia,
and the Pacific Islands.

Calyx-teeth longer than the ovary.

Calyx + in. long; corolla-tube reaching 3 in. ..........ssceeeueees 1. Z, lanceolaria.
Calyx 4 in. long; corolla-tube reaching 14 in. ...............068 2. I. polyantha.
Calyx-teeth shorter than the ovary.
Leaves and inflorescence turning black in drying ............... 3. I. nigricans.
Leaves and inflorescence not turning black in drying.
Peduncles:4-7 tn. lorie)... dcccctccecssnusesseedesceeecneseatecdcnes 4, I. elongata,

Peduncles less than 3 in. long.
Flowers white.
Small trees.
Corolla-tube less than } in. long ; flower-buds globose. 5, Ll. brachiata.
Corolla-tube exceeding + in. long; flower-buds

Olli pSOIdly eve conesr ects menses eeweior qneasandetseaserecene 6. L. parviflora.
Flowers bright-scarlet.
A shrub ; corolla-tube 14 in. long ...........sseceeseeeees 7. I. coccinea.

1. Ixora lanceolaria, Colebr. in Rowb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, v. 1
(1820) p. 397. A small erect shrub; branches ash-colored. Leaves
4-53 by 1-2 in., oblong-lanceolate, acute, glabrous, attenuate (rarely
rounded) at the base ; ; main nerves slender, 14-18 pairs; petioles 3-3 in.
long; stipules shortly triangular at the base, with a long slender point
which is sometimes } in. long. Flowers numerous, in brachiate cymes
2-3 in. in diam., supported by a pair of floral leaves ; bracts beneath
the branches of the cyme lanceolate-subulate, caducous; bracteoles 2,

LXX. RUBIACEZ. 609

appressed to the calyx, linear-lanceolate, acute, Ain. long. Calyx more or
Jess pubescent, + in. long ; teeth 4, fleshy, linear-lanceolate, acute, 4—} in.
long by #5 in. broad. Corolla white; tube very slender, up to ? in.
long, mouth naked ; lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, 7%, by 4 in. Filaments
+-+ in. long, flattened, slender. Style exserted beyond the corolla-tube,
but the exserted portion shorter than the corolla-lobes ; branches of the
stigma linear, 3';—;!; in. long. Fruit globose or didymous, } in. in diam.,
smooth, crowned with the 4 erect calyx-teeth. Fl. B. I. v. 3, p. 138;
Wight, Icon. t. 827; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 193; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1898) p. 645.—Flowers: June-July.

Chiefly in the southern districts of the Presidency. Kanara: evergreen forests of
N. Kanara particularly on the southern Ghats, Talbot; Godhuli, Woodrow; Kanara,

Woodrow; lai jungles below Supa (N. Kanara), Ritchie, 1789.—Disrris. Southern
districts of the Western Peninsula of India,

2. Ixora polyantha, Wight, Icon. t.1066. A small shrub. Leaves
6-11 by 23-532 in., obovate, elliptic-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute
or acuminate, coriaceous, glabrous on both sides, base usually acute ;
main nerves about 8-12 pairs; petioles 3-3 in. long, rugose; stipules
broadly ovate, cuspidate. Flowers in corymbiform cymes open or
collected into a globose head; branches of the cyme usually densely
clothed with white hairs; bracts ovate, acute, caducous; bracteoles
reaching 7 in. long, ovate, very acute. Calyx 3-4 in. long; tube
hairy, t-1 in. long ; teeth j-3 by 1) in., elliptic-lanceolate, acute, the
upper part of each glabrous, the lower half with a few scattered hairs.
Corolla-tube reaching 13 in. long, slender, glabrous, without hairs in the
mouth; lobes reaching ;'; by + in., broadly elliptic, obtuse. Style ex-
serted beyond the tube, the exserted portion much shorter than the
corolla-lobes ; branches of the stigma 51-3 in. long, linear, recurved.
Fruit 3 in. long, ovoid, on hairy pedicels 4 in. long, striate, sparsely
hairy, crowned with the persistent calyx-teeth, red when ripe. FI. B. I.
v. 3, p. 140; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 193; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 645.—Flowers: Mar.

- Konkan: N. & S. Konkan, Zaw! Kanara: Southern Ghats of N. Kanara, Talbot;
Gondabel Ghat, Stocks!; Nilkund, Woodrow !—Duisrris. India (W. Peninsula),

3. Ixora nigricans, Br. in Wall. Cat. (1828) 6154. A large ever-
green shrub or small tree; young branches, leaves, and inflorescence
turning black in drying. Leaves 4—6 by 13-23 in., membranous, elliptic-
oblong, elliptic-lanceolate, or (sometimes) elliptic-obovate, acute or shortly
acuminate, glabrous, base acute or rounded ; main nerves 12-15 pairs,
slender, arched; petioles 7-3 in. long; stipules shortly triangular at
base, cuspidate with a long stiff bristle. Flowers white, odorous, in
sessile or peduncled brachiate usually glabrous cymes which are broader
than long ; bracts at the base of the main peduncles foliaceous, 3 in.
long, lanceolate, cuspidate, those beneath the branches of the cyme sub-
ulate ; bracteoles minute, subulate ; buds very narrowly fusiform, not
much broader than the corolla-tube. Calyx glabrous, ;4; in. long; teeth
yk in. long, triangular, acute, subfleshy. Corolla-tube 3 in. long, slender,
glabrous, without hairs in the mouth; lobes 8; by 7/5 in., oblong, sub-
acute, glabrous. Style glabrous. Stigma-branches recurved. Fruit
globose or didymous, size of a pea. Seeds plano-convex, rugose on the
back. FI. B.I. v.3, p. 148; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 1138; Wight, Icon. t. 318 ;

610 LXX. RUBIACER,

Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 195; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11
(1898) p. 646.—Flowers more or less throughout the year. VERN.
Kat-kuda.

Common in thick shaded jungles of the Ghats, Dalzell § Gibson. Konan:
Miradonger near Pen, Kanitkar! Dmuccan: Lanoli, Woodrow!; Khandala, Woodrow;
Mahableshwar, Cooke!, Woodrow. Kanara: Kumpta, Woodrow ; Kala naddi, Ritch’e,
$351!; common in the evergreen forests of N. Kanara, Zadbot.—Disrnis. India (EB. &
W. Peninsula, Birma); Malay Archipelago.

Var. arguta, Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 3, p. 149. Leaves narrowly ob-
lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, 4-5 by 1-1} in.

S. M. Country: Parva Ghat, Ritchie, 25) !

4. Ixora elongata, Heyne, in Wall. Cat. (1828) 6131. A small
shrub, glabrous except the calyx, bracts and corolla-lobes. Leaves 4-7
by 13-23 in., elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, or subacute, glabrous, base
narrowed into the petiole; main nerves 10-15 pairs; petioles }—# in.
long; stipules broadly ovate, with a long slender cuspidate point.
Flowers pink, in peduncled brachiate cymes; main peduncles 4-7 in.
long, with a pair of sessile leaves 1—4 in. long below the middle; branches
of the cyme hairy, the lowest pair sometimes 3 in. long; bracteoles
linear, 3 in. long, very hairy. Calyx 54, in. long, hairy; teeth 4,
triangular, subobtuse, hairy, =; in. long. Corolla-tube 3-4 in. long,
without hairs at the mouth ; lobes 4, ovate-oblong, acute, } by jj in.,
usually hairy on the back. Filaments thick, short. Anthers sagittate
at the base, apiculate at the apex. Branches of the stigma 5}, in. long,
linear. Fruit glabrous, slightly 2-lobed (Dalzell), smooth, black when
ripe. Fl. B. I. v. 3, p. 141; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 194; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 645. Ivora pedunculata, Dalz.
in Kew Journ. Bot. vy. 3 (1851) p.121; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 113.—Flowers :
Feb.

Konkan: Stocks! Teccan: Bhimashankar, Dalzell!, Woodrow. S. M. Country:
Parva Ghat, Dalzell & Gibson. Kanara: Ghats of N. Kanara, Ya/bot.—Disrris,
India (W. Peninsula).

5. Ixora brachiata, Rovb. Hort. Beng.(1814) p.10. A small tree
15-30 ft. high; bark smooth, grey. Leaves 3-53 by 13-27, pale when
dry, elliptic-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, reticulately veined, glabrous,
usually attenuated at the base; main nerves numerous, faint, very
slender; petioles j-? in. long, stout, rugose; stipules short, broad,
shortly cuspidate. Flowers white, odorous, in sessile or shortly peduncled
cymes brachiate with 2-3 pairs of long puberulous or sometimes nearly
glabrous branches; flower-buds globose; the lowest bracts like the
stipules, the upper lanceolate-subulate united by a stipule-like membrane
across the nodes; bracteoles minute, subulate. Calyx 5); in. long,
urceolate; teeth 4, minute, triangular, membranous. Corolla-tube
11 in. long, without hairs in the mouth ; lobes ;'; by 3’, in., broadly
oblong, rounded at the apex, deflexed. Style clothed sparingly with
long white hairs, not much exserted; branches of the stigma at first
connate, usually separating later. Fruit globose or didymous, the size
of a pea, smooth, purplish-black, edible. Seeds hemispheric, with a
deep pit on the ventral side within which the funicle was attached,
rugose. The flowers are the smallest of the genus and the only ones

LXX. RUBIACEA, 611

with globose buds (Hooker). Fl. B. I. v.3, p. 142; Wight, Icon. t. 710;
Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 194.—F lowers: Noy.-Feb. Vern, Gorbdle.

Konkan: Law!, Stocks!; 8S. Konkan, Ritchie, 854! Deccan: Khandala, Woodrow!
Kanara: Mrs, Ward!; Mendele, Ritchie, 354/2.—Disrris. India (W. Peninsula).

6. Ixora parviflora, Vahl, Symb. v. 3 (1724) p. 11, t. 52. A
small much-branched evergreen tree; bark thick, reddish-brown ;
branchlets somewhat compressed, glabrous. Leaves 3-5 by 14-2} in.,
very coriaceous and hard, reticulately veined, oblong or elliptic, obtuse,
glabrous and shining, pale when dry, base usually rounded, sometimes
cordate ; main lateral nerves 8-10 pairs, slender, faint ; petioles scarcely
3 in. long, rugose; stipules 4 in. long, broadly ovate, with a cuspidate
point about 1 in. long. Flowers white, odorous, small and very
numerous, in subglobose elusters, in sessile cymes brachiate with
3-5 pairs of short branches; pedicels very short or 0; bracts and
bracteoles as in J. brachiata ; flower-buds ellipsoid. Calyx 3), in. long,
ovoid-oblong ; teeth 4, minute, not more than =, in. long, triangular,
subacute. Corolla-tube 4-4 in. long, without hairs in the mouth ;
lobes 4, linear-oblong, obtuse, ;°;-z by 35 in. Style densely clothed
with white hairs ; branches of the stigma elliptic-lanceolate. Fruit } in.
in diam., didymous. Fl. B. I. v. 3, p. 142; Grah. Cat. p. 92; Dalz. &
Gibs. p. 113; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 348; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2,
p. 194; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 645; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 533.—Flowers: Jan.Apr. Vurn, Rai-Kudd.

Throughout the Presidency in deciduous forests, Talbot. Konkan: Elephanta,
Graham; Matheran, Cooke!, Woodrow! Deccan: Nasik, Kanitkar!; Khandala,
Cooke!; Gokak, Bhiva! 8S. M. Counrry: Kakti hills near Belgaum, /itchie, 1788!
Kanara: on the Kala naddi, Ritchie!—Disrris. Throughout a considerable part of
India, chiefly in hilly districts; Ceylon.

The tree has been called the “ Torch Tree” in consequence of its branches having

been used by dik runners for torches. The wood is very hard and close-grained and
takes a good polish.

7. Ixora coccinea, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 110. A glabrous shrub
2-3 ft. high. Leaves 2-4 by 13-24 in., coriaceous, pale when dry,
sessile or nearly so, oblong, obtuse (rarely acute), apiculate, base rounded
or subcordate ; main nerves 8-12 pairs, slender; stipules with a long
rigid cuspidate point. Flowers numerous, bright-scarlet, in dense sessile
or very shortly peduncled corymbiform cymes; pedicels very short,
glabrous or puberulous; bracts and bracteoles small, lanceolate-subulate,
acute; buds fusiform, very acute. Calyx 74, in. long, glabrous; teeth
ay in. long, triangular, acute. Corolla-tube reaching 13 in. long,
slender, without hairs in the mouth; lobes 3 by 1— in., elliptic-oblong,
subacute. Fruit globose, size of a pea, smooth, fleshy, crowned with
the calyx-teeth, purple when ripe. Seeds deeply ventrally concave.
Fl. B. I. v. 3, p. 145; Grah. Cat. p. 91; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 112; Wight,
Icon. t. 153; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 348; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2,
p. 194; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v.11 (1898) p. 646; Watt, Dict.
Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 533. Ivora Bandhuca, Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814)
p- 10; Grah. Cat. p. 92.—Flowers more or less throughout the year.
Vurn. Bakord.

A handsome shrub known as the “ Flame of the Woods,” often grown in gardens, but
indigenous in the Presidency. Konkan: common, Da/lzel/ § Gibson; 8. Konkan,
Ritchie, 348!; Vingorla, Woodrow!; Ooran (an island in Bombay harbour), Cooke;

612 LXX. RUBIACEE,

Salsette, Graham; Thana, Woodrow; Ratnagiri, Kanithar! Deccan: Kolhapur,
Cooke! Kanara: common in the moist forests of N. Kanara near the sea-coast,
Talbot; Kala naddi, Ritchie, 348!—Disrrim. Cultivated throughout India as an
ornamental shrub, indigenous in the W. Peninsula; Ceylon.

23. PAVETTA, Linn.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite, petiolate, usually mem-
branous; stipules intrapetiolar, usually connate into a lax sheath,
deciduous. Flowers in axillary or terminal 3-chotomously branched
usually many-flowered corymbose cymes, white or greenish, bracteolate.
Calyx-tube ovoid, turbinate or campanulate; lobes 4 (very rarely 5),
short or long. Corolla hypocrateriform ; tube slender, cylindric ; throat
naked or bearded; lobes 4 (very rarely 5), frequently longer than the
tube, twisted. Stamens 4 (very rarely 5), inserted in the throat or
mouth of the corolla; filaments short or long, or 0. Ovary 2-celled ;
ovules solitary in each cell, attached to the middle of the septum,
amphitropous, the placenta fleshy, often tumid; style long, much
exserted ; stigma fusiform or somewhat clavate, undivided or 2-dentate.
Berry pisiform, fleshy, with 2 pyrenes which are convex on the back and
concave on the face. Seeds conform to the pyrenes; testa membranous ;
albumen horny; cotyledons foliaceous; radicle inferior—Disrrie.
Tropics of the Old World and 8. Africa; species about 60.

A genus very closely allied to Jvora from which it may be dis-
tinguished by the stipules, the very long style, and the tumid placentas.

Leaves pale when dry ; corolla-tube 4 in. long............... 1. P. indica.

Leaves black when dry; corolla-tube 1 in. long ............ 2. P. hispidula,
[var. siphonantha,

1. Pavetta indica, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 110. A stout bushy
shrub 2-4 ft. high; bark thin, smooth, yellowish; young branches
terete, glabrous. Leaves 3-6 by 1-23 in., membranous, variable in
shape and size, elliptic-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, sometimes obovate-
oblong, obtuse, acute or acuminate, glabrous on both sides, base tapering ;
main nerves 8-10 pairs; petioles 3-3 in. long; stipules connate,
triangular, acute, thin, deciduous. Flowers white, odorous, in terminal
sessile corymbose pubescent cymes ; pedicels 4—+ in. long, densely pubes-
cent ; bracts broad, membranous, the lower cupular ; buds oblong-clavate.
Calyx densely pubescent, 3 in. long ; tube narrowly campanulate; teeth
zi; in. long, triangular, acute, slightly reflexed at the tip. Corolla-tube
4 in. long; lobes }-4°; in. by yy in., linear-oblong, subacute. Style
white, glabrous or nearly so; stigma green, narrowly clavate, puberulous.
Fruit 3-3 in. in diam., globose, black, smooth. In all the specimens
I have examined from the Bombay hills I have found the pedicels
and calyx to be densely pubescent even though the leaves were quite
glabrous. Fl. B. I. v. 3, p. 150; Grah. Cat. p. $2; Dalz. & Gibs.
p- 112; Wight, Icon. t. 148; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 349; Talb. Trees,
Bomb. ed. 2, p.195; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v.11 (1898) p..646 ;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 114.—Flowers: Mar.—May.
Vern. Papat.

Very common on hills throughout the Presidency. Konkan: Matheran, H. M.
Birdwood, Woodrow; Karanja hill, Dailzell § Gibson. Deccan: Mahableshwar,
very common, Cooke!, Graham; Khandala, Woodrow! ; Igatpuri, Kanithar !—Disrris.
Throughout India; Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, 8, China, N, Australia,

DXX. RUBIACEZ. 613

Van. tomentosa, Hook. f. in Fl. B. I. v. 3 (1880) p. 150. Leaves
glabrous or slightly or harshly puberulous above, tomentose or softly
villous beneath. Cymes pubescent, tomentose or softly villous. Talb,
Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p.195. Pavetta tomentosa (sp.), Roxb. ex Sm. in Rees
Cyclop. v. 26 (1819) n. 2; Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 431. P. Brunonis,
Wight, Icon. t. 1065 ; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 112.

2. Pavetta hispidula, Wight § Arn. Prodr. (1834) p. 431; var.
siphonantha, Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v.3, p. 151. A slender branched
shrub 3-12 ft. high (2itchie). Leaves 3-7 by 1-23 in., elliptic-lanceolate,
acuminate, black when dry, glabrous, attenuated into the petiole;
petioles 4-1 in. long; stipules connate, triangular, acute, from a broad
base, membranous, pilose within. Flowers white, in large terminal
corymbose more or less pubescent peduncled cymes. Calyx pubescent,
4 in. long; teeth {4 in. long, triangular, acute, slightly reflexed at the
tip. Corolla-tube 1-13 in. long, slender, glabrous; lobes 1-3 by
ys-ty In., linear-oblong, subacute. Style very slender, exserted for
13 in. or even more, gradually tapering ; stigma hardly distinguishable
from the style, scarcely if at all fusiform. Fruit size of a pea, globose,
smooth, purple. Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 195; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 646. Pavetta siphonantha (sp.), Dalz. in
Kew Journ. Bot. v. 2 (1850) p. 183; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 112; Bedd. For.
Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. exxxiv-8.—Flowers: May.

Konkan: Stocks!, Dalzell!; Matheran, Woodrow; Bhimashankar, Woodrow.
8S. M. Counrry: Parpoli Ghat (Belgaum districts), Dalzell §& Gibson; Raémghit,
Ritchie, 676! Kanara: Supa Ghats of N. Kanara (rare), Za/bot ; Mendele, Ritchie,
676 !—Disrris. India (W. Peninsula).

24. MORINDA, Linn.

Shrubs or trees; branches terete or obscurely 4-gonous. Leaves
opposite, rarely 3-nately verticillate, usually membranous ; stipules
connate, sheathing. Flowers in axillary or terminal simple, panicled, or
umbellate heads, white, more or less connate by the calyces. Calyx-
tube urceolate or hemispheric; limb short, truncate or obscurely toothed,
persistent. Corolla-tube short or long; lobes 4-7, coriaceous, valvate
in bud. Stamens 4-7; filaments short; anthers linear or oblong.
Ovary 2- or (sometimes imperfectly) 4-celled ; ovules solitary, ascending
from towards the base of the septum in each cell ; style slender, with
2 short or long linear branches. Fruit a syncarpium formed by the
succulent enlarged calyces enclosing many cartilaginous or bony 1-seeded
pyrenes which sometimes cohere into a 2—4-celled putamen, rarely of
nearly free drupes. Seeds obovoid or reniform ; testa membranous ;
albumen fleshy or horny ; embryo terete ; radicle inferior.

Leaves 5-8 in. long, glabrous, shiming ............seseeeeeeeeeees 1. M. citrifolia.
Leaves 4-6 in. long, tomentose, dull, not shining ............... 2. M. tinctoria,

[var. comentosa.

1. Morinda citrifolia, Zinn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 176. A small
glabrous tree ; trunk straight ; bark smooth, yellowish-white ; branchlets
obtusely 4-angled. Leaves 5-8 by 3-4 in., broadly elliptic, acute,
acuminate or obtuse, bright-green, glabrous, shining, one of the pair
next the peduncle often suppressed, base acute ; main nerves 8-10 pairs,
prominent ; petioles 4 in. long; stipules connate, short, broad, obtuse,

614 LXX, RUBIACER.

membranous. Flowers white, in dense ovoid heads over 1 in. long;
peduncles solitary (rarely 2-8 together), usually leaf-opposed, 1-2 in.
long. Calyx-limb truncate. Corolla infundibuliform ; tube 2 in. long,
the mouth hairy; lobes 5, lanceolate, acute. Stamens 5; filaments
hairy ; anthers about 3-exserted. Fruit white when ripe, smooth and
glossy, about the size of a small egg; pyrenes ovoid, compressed,
-concayo-convex, winged on the edge. Fl. B. 1. v. 3, p. 155; Grah. Cat.
p- 90; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 114; Gertn. Fruct. v. 1, t. 29; Wall. Cat.
8418; Roxb. Fl. Ind. v. 1, p. 541; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 196;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1898) p. 646; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 5, p. 261.—Flowers: May-June. Vurn. 4'l; Bédrtondi.
Cultivated widely in many places throughout India, found also as an escape, but
not truly wild.—It has not been much cultivated in the Bombay Presidency except in
Khandesh and less commonly at Pandarpur in the Deccan. The roots furnish a

valuable red dye. A very full description of the mode of cultivation of the tree and
of preparing and using the dye may be found in Watt’s Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. e.

Var. 1. bracteata, Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 3 (1880) p. 156. Anthers
included within the hairy mouth of the corolla-tube. Calyx-limb often
with a lanceolate or spathulate white foliaceous lobe sometimes nearly
2 in. long. Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 196; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 646. Morinda bracteata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. 15;
Fl. Ind. v. 1, p.544; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 114. MM. citrifolia, Trim. FI]. Ceyl.
v. 2, p. 354 (not of Linn.).

Konkan: Malwan, Dalzell & Gibson; Vingorla, Dalzell § Gibson; coast of the
Konkan near the sea, Zudbot ; near Marmagao close to the sea, Woodrow.

This ought perhaps to take rank as a separate species. It is certainly indigenous
along the coast, while 1. cztrifolia is an introduction,

Var. 2. elliptica, Hook. f. Fl. B. I. v. 3 (1880) p. 156. Leaves
6-8 in. long, elliptic, polished, acuminate; nerves strong on both
surfaces.

I have seen no authentic specimens which can with certainty be referred to Bombay.
There is one specimen in Herb. Kew. marked “ Herb. Stocks,” but, like many of the
specimens in the Stocksian Herbarium, this has had no locality assigned to it. It is
merely a supposition that this specimen was collected in the Konkan. Other specimens
of the var. in Herb. Kew. have come from Tenasserim, the Andamans, Birma, the
Malay Peninsula, Malacca.

2. Morinda tinctoria, ov). Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 15, var.
tomentosa, Hook. f. Fl. B. I. vy. 2, p. 156. A small tree; young
branches 4-angled, tomentose. Leaves 4-6 by 2-3 in., elliptic, or
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, tomentose on both surfaces, one of the
pair of leaves near the peduncle usually suppressed or its place sometimes
taken by a small linear leaf from the axil of which the peduncle arises ;
petioles }—3 in. long, densely tomentose ; stipules often bifid, the lobes
triangular, acute. Flowers pure white, in globose heads; peduncles
3-1 in. long, tomentose, solitary, leaf-opposed, or sometimes in the axil
of a small linear leaf which has taken the place of the suppressed leaf.
Calyx 3 in. long, truncate; the limb sometimes (though rarely) with
a foliaceous oblong obtuse or subacute veined lobe reaching 2 in. long,
hairy outside. Corolla-tube Z-1 in. long, very hairy outside, but not
hairy at the mouth; lobes 3—;% by }-4 in., oblong, obtuse or subacute,
hairy on the back. Anthers included within the tube. Fruit globose

LXX. RUBIACEE. 615

or ellipsoid, fleshy, # in. in diam.—Flowers: Apr. Talb. Trees, Bomb.
ed. 2, p. 196. Morinda tomentosa (sp.), Heyne, in Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp.
(1821) p. 147; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 114.

Deccan: Chattersingi hill near Poona, Bhiva!; Sholapur districts, Woodrow ! ;
Gokik jungles, Ritchie, 1785!; Hotgi, Cooke! S. M. Country: Badami, Woodrow !
Kanara: Kanitkar!

25. PSYCHOTRIA, Linn.

Shrubs or small trees, usually erect. Leaves opposite, rarely whorled ;
stipules intrapetiolar, often connate, solitary or in pairs, often with
glandular hairs. lowers in terminal (rarely axillary) cymes, heads
or fascicles, bracteate or not. Calyx-tube short ; limb often deciduous.
Corolla-tube straight, short (in the Indian species), throat naked or
hairy ; lobes 5, rarely + or 6, valvate in bud. Stamens as many as the
corolla-lobes, inserted on the throat or mouth of the corolla; filaments
short or long; anthers included or exserted. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules
solitary in each cell, basal, erect, anatropous, usually cuneate; style
long or short, with 2 branches. Fruit small, ovoid, globose or oblong
(rarely didymous), with 2 plano-convex 1-seeded pyrenes, rarely separating
into 2 cocci. Seeds usually plano-convex (the ventral base rarely
concave), often longitudinally grooved ; testa thin ; albumen hard, some-
times ruminate ; embryo small, basal; cotyledons broad, thin; radicle
inferior.—Dtsrris, Tropics of the world ; species about 500,

Albumen ruminate.

Cyme-branches whorled.
Flowers mixed with reddish-brown hairs ............s..s008- 1. P. Thwaitesti.
Flowers not mixed with reddish-brown hairs.
Calyx truncate, teeth 0 or obscure; seeds without dorsal

LO (ere eer eR ECC OGOROEE REET: . SGOSECuRECEoE ICOcerCr ERE OTE 2. P. truncata,
Calyx-teeth distinct, with membranous ciliate margins ;

SECUS WAGE A COTBAIETIO PO. «case tree cnie-cenacetneacee roecee 3. P. Dalzellii.
Cyme-branches opposite, bright-yellow in fruit; seeds with

MOTs PIG POv 2 os dsc ceces<dceveets se sce cesk at cates eesseodssccavtese 4. P. flavida.,
Albumen uniform (not ruminate).

Cyme-branches opposite or whorled; seeds with 1 dorsal
TORIC. Sensdrene her acneect cosh ic Pesot ccnneee Ica Cannase cose hor ntnop tec

5. P. canarensis.
Cyme-branches opposite ; seeds with 4 dorsal ridges

a5 eee 6. P. octosulcata.

1. Psychotria Thwaitesii, Hook. f. Fl. B. I. vy. 3 (1880) p. 162.
A stout glabrous shrub; branchlets smooth, compressed. Leaves 4-8
by 13-2? in., subcoriaceous, elliptic-oblong, obovate-oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate or acute, glabrous ; base tapering into the petiole ;
main nerves 12-15 pairs, prominent; petioles 1-7 in. long; stipules
variable, usually broadly ovate, acute, small. Flowers sessile or nearly
sessile, with reddish-brown hairs at their bases, in small round heads on
the usually whorled glabrous branches of pyramidal peduncled cymes.
Calyx ;/; in. long; limb deciduous; segments broad. Corolla % in.
long ; tube short, straight, with a few white hairs at the mouth; lobes
zs in. long, oblong, obtuse. Fruit ellipsoid or subglobose, 3-3 in. in
diam., marked with the scar of but not crowned by the calyx-limb;
pyrenes without furrows, plano-convex. Seeds plano-convex ; albumen
very ruminate. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 358 ; Talib. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2,
p- 197; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1898) p. 646.—Flowers :
Mar.—Apr.

616 LXX, RUBIACEA.

Kavyara: Southern Ghats of N. Kanara in evergreen forests; common on the
Nilkund Ghat, Zadbot; Falls of Gairsoppa, Talbot, 258!

Var. peninsularis, Hook. f. Fl. B. I. 1. ce. Leaves smaller, more
obovate ; cymes always sessile, their branches moderate or short, or 0, or
the inflorescence a peduncled globose head.

Konkan: Law, 34!

2. Psychotria truncata, Wall. in Rowb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, v. 2
(1824) p. 162. A stout erect glabrous shrub. Leaves 4-7 by 2-3 in.,
green above, pale beneath, obovate, shortly and abruptly acuminate,
margins slightly recurved, base cuneate; main nerves 14-16 pairs,
arcuate, very prominent ; petioles }-1 in. long, stout; stipules large,
reaching sometimes 1 in. and even more in length, combined into a
sheath, very caducous. Flowers sessile or shortly pedicelled, in dense
terminal cymes; branches long or short, usually whorled. Calyx 5); in.
long, broadly campanulate, truncate ; teeth 0 or very obscure. Corolla
waxy-white ; tube ;5 in. long, straight, broad, glabrous outside, with a
ring of hairs at the mouth; lobes } in. long, oblong, subacute. Fruit
ellipsoid, 4 in. long, smooth, crowned by the truncate calyx; pyrenes
without furrows, plano-convex. Seeds plano-convex; albumen rumi-
nate. Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 197; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
y.11(1898) p. 646. Grumilea vaginnans, Dalz. in Dalz. & Gibs. Bo. Fl.
(1861) p. 111. Grumilea congesta, Grah. Cat. p. 92 (not of Wight &
Arn.).—F lowers : Apr.—May.

Duccan: Mahableshwar, Oooke!, Woodrow; near Carnac Point, Mahableshwar,
H. M. Birdwood. S. M. Country: Chorla Ghat, Ritchie, 1792! Kanara: Law!;
Mendele, Ritchie, 1792!; Diggi, Woodrow; evergreen forests of N. Kanara Ghats,
Talbot.—Distriz. India (W. Peninsula).

3. Psychotria Dalzellii, Hook. f. Fl. B. J. v. 3 (1880) p. 163. A
large shrub reaching 20 ft. high; stem 2 in. in diam. at the base, not
much branched. Leaves coriaceous, 53-9 by 2-8; in., obovate-oblong,
rounded and apiculate at the apex, glabrous, cuneate at the base; main
nerves 12-20 pairs, prominent; petioles 7-3 in. long, stout ; stipules
2 in. long, broadly ovate, acuminate. Flowers in terminal peduncled
brachiate cymes; branches whorled, the lower usually in whorls of 5,
subtended by 4 large bracts, the upper in whorls of 3 subtended by 2
bracts; branches of the lower whorl often reaching 2 in. long; each
branch carrying a head of 1-5 sessile or nearly sessile flowers surrounded
by large oblong or suborbicular more or less cucullate bracteoles. Calyx
broadly campanulate, glabrous, + in. long; teeth a little shorter than
the tube, oblong, rounded or truncate at the apex, emarginate, the
margins membranous, ciliate. Corolla-tube very short, straight, densely
bearded in the throat ; lobes } by Jy in., ovate-obleng, acute. Fruit 3 in.
in diam., subglobose, smooth, succulent, black when ripe, edible, crowned
by the calyx-limb; pyrenes with 1 conspicuous dorsal ridge. Seeds
plano-conyex, rugose, with a conspicuous dorsal ridge; albumen
ruminate. Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 197; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb,
Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 646. Psychotria bracteata, Wight & Arn, Prodr.
(1834) p. 484 (not of DC.).—Flowers : June—July.

The name P. bracteata given to the plant by Wight & Arn. (1834)
had been given by DC. in 1830 to a different plant, a native of Guiana.

LXX. RUBIACHA. 617

Konkan: Stocks!, Dalzell!; Banda(Wari Country), Kanitkar! Kanara: Woodrow! ;
common throughout the evergreen forests of N. Kanara, Zadbot; Yellapur, Talbot,
235 !—Disrrim. India (W. Peninsula), apparently endemic.

4. Psychotria flavida, Talbot, Trees & Shrubs, Bomb. ed. 1 (1894)
p- 113. A small shrub. Leaves coriaceous, 4-10 by 2-4 in., elliptic-
oblong, acute or shortly acuminate, glabrous, tapering to the base;
main nerves 10-12 pairs; petioles {-3 in. long; stipules ovate, acumi-
nate, deciduous. lowers numerous, small, in terminal peduncled
cymes; peduncles 1-2 in. long; cyme-branches opposite, flattened,
shorter than the peduncles ; pedicels very short ; bracts leafy, deciduous.
Calyx 4';—;/5 in. long, truncate ; teeth obscure or 0, Corolla } in. long ;
tube ;', in. long, densely hairy in the throat inside. Fruit } in. in diam.,
ellipsoid, compressed, crowned with the calyx, black when ripe ; pyrenes
with 1 dorsal ridge. Seeds plano-convex, with a narrow dorsal ridge,
rugose, black; albumen ruminate. Cyme-branches turning — bright
yellow in fruit. Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 197. Closely allied to
P. nudiflora, Wight & Arn., from which it differs by the short corolla-
tube which is densely hairy within, that of P. nudiflora being longer
and glabrous inside.—Flowers: May-July. Vurn. Shivan-Yallaki.

Konkan: Hohenhacker, 735 .a!, Law! Kanara: abundant in the evergreen forests
of Sirsi and Siddapur; Hulikal, 7u/bot, 3661!; Ghats near Yellapur, Za/6ot, 236 !—
Distris. Konkan and Kanara, apparently endemic.

5. Psychotria canarensis, Valbot, Trees § Shrubs, Bomb. ed. 1
(1894) p. 113. A small erect shrub with smooth branches, Leaves 2-5
by 3-1 in., ovate, obovate, or lanceolate, acute, thin, nearly glabrous,
minutely punctate and pale beneath, attenuate at the base; main nerves
8 pairs, distinctly looping within the margin; petioles 1 in. long;
stipules short, acute, caducous. Flowers small, sessile, in few- or many-
flowered mostly terminal cymes 1-3 in. long; branches opposite or
whorled, slender, as long as or longer than the peduncles ; bracts and
bracteoles minute, linear, caducous. Calyx short, tubular, 4-toothed.
Corolla white, tubular or slightly funnel-shaped, the mouth of the tube
hairy inside; lobes 4, spreading or reflexed. Stamens at the mouth of
the tube; filaments very short. Ovary 4-lobed; style as long as the
corolla-tube. Fruit ovoid, slightly curved, black, shining, ridged, about
3 in. long, crowned with the toothed calyx. Seeds with 1 ridge along
the back, ventrally flat ; albumen uniform. There is but 1 specimen in
Herb. Kew. (in fruit). The description has been taken from Mr. Talbot
(i. c.). Talb. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1898) p. 691, t. 12; Trees,
Bomb. ed. 2, p. 197.

KANARA: moist evergreen forests near the Falls of Gairsoppa in N. Kanara,
Talbot !—Disrris, Apparently endemic.

6. Psychotria octosulcata, Valbot, in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.
y. 11 (1897) p. 237, t.7. An erect shrub 10-20 ft. high ; stem 1-2 in.
in diam. at the base; bark smooth; branches green, glabrous. Leaves
thin, 3-6 by 1-2 in., elliptic, obovate, or oblanceolate, shortly and
abruptly acuminate, shining above, pale beneath, glabrous, base much
tapered; main nerves 8-10 pairs, prominent, frequently with galls in
their axils; petioles 1-3 in. long; stipules connate at the base, acuminate,
deciduous. Flowers white, in short terminal corymbose cymes 1-2 in.
long ; branches opposite. Calyx =/5 in. long; teeth 5, minute, triangular.

28

618 LXX. RUBIACE.

Corolla-tube very short, hairy at the mouth inside. Fruit obovoid or
pyriform, 2-3 in. long, straight or slightly curved, 8-ridged, black and
succulent when ripe, soon drying and becoming regularly ridged with a
flattened top. Seeds dorsally 4-ridged (Zalbot); albumen uniform, horny.
Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 198. Psychotria sarmentosa, Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1898) p. 646 (not of Blume).—Flowers: July—
Aug.

KANARA: common in some of the evergreen forests of the Siddapur and Sirsi

subdivisions of N. Kanara, Zulbot; Yacombi, Talbot, 3556!, Woodrow!, Bhiva!—
Disrris, Apparently endemic.

26. CHASALIA, Commers.

Shrubs or small trees ; branchlets terete. Leaves opposite or 3-nately
whorled, petiolate ; stipules intrapetiolar, simple or 2-fid, free or connate.
Flowers in terminal cymes. Calyx-tube ovoid or subglobose; limb
truncate or 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla-tube elongate, terete, usually
curved, the throat bearded or naked; lobes 5, much smaller than the
tube, erect or spreading, valvate. Stamens 5, inserted in the corolla-
tube; filaments 0 or short. Disk annular or tumid. Ovary 2-celled;
ovules solitary in each cell, erect from the base. Fruit dry or slightly
fleshy ; pyrenes 2, very thin, very concave on the ventral face, cup-
shaped (crescent-shaped in section) Seeds orbicular, compressed,
convex on the back,.concave on the ventral face; testa membranous ;
albumen horny, not ruminate; embryo small; cotyledons broad; radicle
terete, inferior—Duisrrie. Asia, Tropical Africa, Mascarene Islands ;
species 10.

1. Chasalia curviflora, Thw. Enum. (1859) p. 150. A small
shrub 2-43 ft. high; branchlets compressed, glabrous. Leaves 5-9 by
14-23 in., elliptic, oblong-lanceolate, or sometimes obovate, acute,
acuminate, or obtuse, glabrous, base tapering, sometimes much so; main
nerves 8-10 pairs; petioles 3-1} in. long, often obscure owing to the
tapering of the leaf-blade; stipules short, 1 in. long, usually 2-fid.
Flowers dimorphic, one form with exserted anthers and included styles,
the other the opposite, sessile or nearly so, in trichotomously branched
terminal peduncled cymes 14-2 in. long; peduncles 1-2 in. long;
branches short, often purplish; bracts persistent, ovate-lanceolate or
subulate. Calyx j; in. long, glabrous; limb slightly dilated above ;
teeth scarcely 4; in. long, triangular, acute. Corolla waxy-white or
pinkish, with a yellow throat, variable in length, sometimes reaching
nearly ? in. long; tube slender, glabrous outside, hairy in the throat
inside; lobes >), in. long, oblong, subobtuse. Berry size of a pea,
depressed-globose or more or less didymous, dark-purple; pyrenes
thin, dorsally compressed. Fl. B. I. v. 3, p. 176; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2,
p- 362; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 198 ; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 646. Psychotria longifolia, Dalz. in Kew Journ,
Bot. v. 2 (1850) p. 133 (not of Beddome). Psychotria ambigua, Wight
& Arn. Prodr. p. 433; Wight, Il. t. 127; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 111.—
Flowers: Apr.—July.

Konkan: Law!: Malwan, Ritchie, 1793! S.M. Country: Parva Ghat, Dalzell &
Gibson, Ritchie, 1795! Kanara: evergreen forests of N. Kanara, Talbot; Karwar,
Woodrow; Divimana, Woodrow; Siddapur, Woodrow ; Usheli, Ritchie, 1793 !—Disrris,
More or less throughout India; Ceylon, Malaya, Borneo,

LXX. RUBIACE, 619

27. SAPROSMA, Blume.

Shrubs usually glabrous, fetid when bruised, often with subulate
bristles at the tips of the branches and bases of the peduncles. Leaves
opposite or 3-4-whorled, membranous; stipules interpetiolar, broad,
usually connate, 1-3-cuspidate, deciduous. Flowers small, white, sessile
and congested, or on axillary or terminal peduncles, solitary or 3-nate ;
bracts and bracteoles minute, often connate. Calyx-tube obconic ; limb
dilated, 4-6-lobed or -toothed, persistent. Corolla campanulate or
infundibuliform, throat villous ; lobes 4-5, broad, obtuse, valvate, with
inflexed flat or, crisped margins. Stamens 4-5, in the corolla-throat ;
filaments short or 0. Ovary 2-celled; ovules solitary in each cell,
erect from the base, anatropous. Drupe small; pyrenes 1-2, thin,
crustaceous. Seeds erect, plano-convex, the ventral tace not hollowed
out; testa membranous; cotyledons foliaceous; radicle elongate,
terete, truncate, inferior, next the hilum.—Disrris. Tropical Asia ;
species 8,

1. Saprosma indicum, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. y. 3 (1851) p. 37.
A shrub 3-4 ft. high; branches pale, terete, dichotomous, glabrous.
Leaves opposite (one of the pair often smaller than the other), sessile or
nearly so, 25-5 by §-1? in., thin, elliptic-oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, glabrous, base acute or rounded; main nerves
8-10 pairs; stipules usually 3-cuspidate, small. Flowers terminal,
on short pedicels, 1-3 in a fascicle at the apices of twigs between the
last pairs of leaves; pedicels 545 in. long, with a cup-shaped whorl
of rigid connate glabrous scaly bracts at the base. Calyx +), in. long,
cup-shaped, unequally 4—5-toothed ; teeth triangular, acuminate, with
broad sinuses between. Corolla j in. long, white; lobes ovate, acute,
as long as the tube. Style shortly 2-fid. Berry 3-3 in. long, ellipsoid,
smooth, crowned by the calyx, blue, very fetid, usually 1-seeded by
suppression. Seeds broadly ellipsoid or globose. Fl. B. I. v. 8, p. 192;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 112; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 368; Talb. Trees, Bomb.
ed. 2, p. 199; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 646.

Konkan: Western Ghats, Woodrow. 8S. M. Counrry: Chorla Ghat, Da/zell!
Kanara : common on the southern Ghats of N. Kanara, Zulbot.

22. GEOPHILA, D. Don.

Small slender perennial herbs, creeping and rooting. Leaves opposite,
long-peticlate, orbicular-reniform or ovate-cordate; stipules inter-
petiolar, ovate, entire. Flowers small, solitary or umbelled, subsessile,
or on axillary or terminal peduncles ; bracts subulate, linear, or leafy.
Calyx-tube obovoid; limb short, 5-7-toothed or -partite, persistent.
Corolla elongate, infundibuliform, throat hairy ; lobes 4~7, spreading
or recurved, valvate. Stamens 4-7, inserted on the corolla-tube ; fila-
ments filiform ; anthers linear. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules solitary in each
cell, erect from the base, anatropous ; style slender, with 2 short or
elongate branches. Drupe fleshy; pyrenes 2, plano-convex, not
grooved on the ventral face; testa membranous; albumen horny ;
embryo basal, minute; radicle inferior.— Disrris. Tropical Asia,
Africa, and America ; species 8-10.

620 LXX, RUBIACEA.

1. Geophila reniformis, D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. (1825) p. 136.
A small creeping herb; stems prostrate, 1 ft. long or less, rooting
at the nodes, filiform, puberulous. Leaves 3-17 in. in diam., orpicular,
deeply cordate, pubescent or glabrous ; petioles 4-2 in. long, pubescent ;
stipules broadly ovate, obtuse. Flowers terminal, solitary, or in
peduncled 2-3-flowered umbels; peduncles 7-14 in. long; pedicels
very short; bracts lanceolate-subulate. Calyx + in. long ; teeth longer
than the tube, lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate. Corolla glabrous or slightly
pubescent outside; tube dilated upwards, hairy in the throat; lobes
ovate-oblong, acute, shorter than the tube, recurved. Berry j—3 in. in
diam., globose, crowned with the large calyx-limb, smooth, pulpy, red
when ripe ; pyrenes small, flat and smooth on the ventral, rough and
bluntly keeled on the convex dorsal surface. Fl. B. I. v. 3, p. 178;
Dalz. & Gibs. p. 111; Trim. Fl. Cey]. v. 2, p. 363; Watt, Dict. Econ.
Prod. v. 3, p. 488. Psychotria herbacea, Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib. (1760)
p. 16; Grah. Cat. p. 92.

Rare. Konkan: 8S. Konkan, Nimmo ex Graham; Vingorla, Dalzell & Gibson.

The plant is said by Kurz to possess properties similar though inferior to those of
Cephelis Ipecacuanha, See Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. |. c.—Disrris. India (Silhet and
Khasia hills, Tenasserim, the Andamans, W. Peninsula); Ceylon.

29. LASIANTHUS, Jack.

Shrubs often fetid ; branches terete, compressed at the nodes. Leaves
distichous, opposite, shortly petiolate, usually caudate-acuminate, with
arching nerves and closely-set transverse veins which are simple or
forked, or branched and reticulate ; stipules interpetiolar, broad, rarely
narrow. Flowers small, in axillary, rarely peduncled, often bracteate
clusters, cymes or heads. Calyx-tube short, subglobose, ovoid or oblong ;
limb short or long, 3-7-toothed or -lobed, persistent. Corolla infundi-
buliform or hypocrateriform, throat villous ; lobes 3-7, valvate. Stamens
4-6 on the corolla-throat ; filaments short; anthers included, often
apiculate. Ovary 4—9-celled; ovules solitary in each cell, erect from the
base, anatropous. Drupes of 4—9 pyrenes; pyrenes cartilaginous or
crustaceous, triquetrous, sometimes keeled or winged on the back,
l-seeded. Seeds narrowly oblong, slightly curved ; testa membranous ;
albumen fleshy; embryo terete, elongate; cotyledons short, obtuse ;
radicle elongate, inferior.—Disrris. Chiefly Tropical Asian; species
about 80. =

Cymes sessile; corolla bairy outside ; drupe black ./............. 1. Z, sessilis.
Cymes peduncled ; corolla glabrous outside; drupe black...... 2. L. venulosus.

1. Lasianthus sessilis, Talbot, Trees § Shrubs, Bomb. ed. 1 (1894)
p- 114. <A stout gregarious shrub usually branched from the base ;
branchlets appressedly hairy. Leaves opposite, 2-5 by 1-2 in., elliptic,
acuminate, glabrous above, hairy on the nerves beneath, base acute
or rounded ; main nerves 6 pairs, prominent beneath, curved upwards ;
petioles 4 in. long, hairy; stipules broad, acuminate, hairy. Flowers
small, white, sessile, in axillary fascicles; bracts triangular, hairy.
Calyx-tube short; teeth triangular, hairy. Corolla tubular, slightly
hairy outside, villous inside. Ovary 4-celled; style with 4 branches.
Drupe fleshy, black; pyrenes 4, triangular, dorsally tubercled. The

LXX, RUBIACER, 621

leaves and fruit are fetid when bruised. Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2,
p. 199.—Flowers : Aug.-Sept.

The above description is taken from that of Mr. Talbot (l.¢.). I
ae seen only 2 somewhat imperfect specimens which are in Herb.
cew.

Kanara: evergreen forests of N, Kanara from Yellapur southwards to Gairsoppa
Falls, Zalbot !

2. Lasianthus venulosus, Wight, in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 6
(1846) p. 508. <A large robust nearly glabrous leafy shrub. Leaves
light-green, 13-3? by 3-14 in., elliptic-oblong, acute, acuminate or
cuspidate, glabrous above, more or less hairy on the midrib and nerves
beneath, base rounded; main nerves 6-8 pairs, prominent on both
sides, the veins between closely reticulated ; petioles } in. long; stipules
small, triangular, hairy. Flowers yellowish-white, sessile, or shortly
pedicelled and racemose, on short stout peduncles longer than the
petioles; pedicels hairy ; bracts hairy. Calyx hairy, + in. long; teeth
4-5, linear-subulate, hairy, $ in. long. Corolla 4 in. long; tube
glabrous outside, throat hairy; lobes 4-5, shorter than the tube,
villous inside. Stamens 4-5. Style 3-5-branched. Drupe globose,
* in. in diam., blue, crowned by the persistent calyx-teeth; pyrenes
3-5, with thick walls. Fl. B. I. v. 3, p. 190; Wight, Icon. t. 1032;
Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat. p. exxxiv—-11, t. 17, f. 5. Santia
venulosa, Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 422; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 114.
en the Ghats but very rare, Dalzell § Gibson. Western Ghats, De Crespigny ex

oodrow,

This is included on the authority of Dalzell & Gibson (Bo. Fl. p. 114). I am
inclined to doubt its occurrence within the limits of the Bombay Presidency. Dalzell
says that it is to be found on the Ghats, and that it is very rare, but there are no
specimens in Dalzell’s Herbarium in Herb. Kew. The only specimen which reached
the Poona Herbarium was furnished by Dr. DeCrespigny and ticketed “ Western
Ghats.” Neither Woodrow nor Talbot have found the plant, which seems to flourish

at higher elevations than are obtainable in the Bombay Presideney.—Distris. India
(W. Peninsula).

30. HAMILTONIA, Roxb.

Trichotomously branched undershrubs ; branches terete. Leaves op-
posite, petiolate, fetid when bruised, many-nerved ; stipules intrapetiolar,
short, acute, persistent. Flowers small, in broad terminal trichoto-
mously branched panicled or subumbellate cymes, white or blue, fragrant,
bracteate and bracteolate. Calyx-tube ovoid; teeth 4-5, persistent.
Corolla infundibuliform ; tube long, straight; lobes 5, short, valvate.
Stamens 5, inserted in the throat of the corolla; filaments short, sub-
ulate ; anthers included, obovate-oblong, obtuse. Ovary 5-furrowed,
5-celled, the septa soon disappearing ; ovules solitary in each cell, erect
from the base, anatropous ; style filiform, with 5 linear arms. Capsules
l1-celled, from the absorption of the septa, 5-valved, 5- or fewer-seeded.
Seeds surrounded by a loose clathrate envelope which splits into 3-4
segments from the base; cotyledons foliaceous, induplicate, cordate ;
radicle terete, inferior.—Disrris. Mountains of the East Indies, 1 species
in Northern China; species 3-4.

1. Hamiltonia suaveolens, Row. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 15. A
small shrub with divaricate more or less herbaceous branches. Leayes

622 LXX. RUBIACEX.

rather rigid, 5-8 by 13-33 in., elliptic-lanceolate, acute, glabrous or
pubescent above, more or less hairy especially on the nerves beneath,
reticulately veined, base acute; main nerves 10-16 pairs, arcuate ;
petioles 3-3 in. long; stipules triangular, hairy. Flowers numerous,
sessile or nearly so, in subglobose heads in terminal trichotomous pubes-
cent panicles, white or blue; bracteoles beneath the calyx minute,
subulate. Calyx 1-1 in. long, hairy; tube narrow; teeth 4-5, linear-
lanceolate, acute, 4; in. long, pubescent. Corolla up to 2 in. long, pubes-
cent outside; tube slender, slightly enlarged at the top, without hairs
in the throat ; lobes 4-5, ovate, acute, glabrous inside, 1 by J, in. Cap-
sules ellipsoid, 1 in. long. Seeds 3-quetrous, with a loose arillate lace-
like covering. Fl. B. I. v. 3, p. 197; Bedd. For. Man. in Flor. Sylvat.
p. exxxiv-12, t.17, f.3; Talb. Trees, Bomb. ed. 2, p. 200; Woodr.
in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 646; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod.
vy. 4, p. 200. Hamiltonia mysorensis, Wight & Arn. Prodr. p. 423;
Grah. Cat. p. 91; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 115.— Flowers: Oct.Feb. VERN.
Gidesa; Gidas; Gidasdwa.

Hills throughout the Presidency. Konxan: island of Karanja, Dalzell § Gibson.
Deccan: Mahableshwar, Woodrow; Fitzgerald Ghat below Mahableshwar, Cooke! ;
Warra Ghat road and Falkland Point, Mahableshwar, H. MW. Birdwood; Kartriz Ghat,
Woodrow!; Kamatki Ghat, Cooke!; Sinhagad hill near Poona, Bhiva! Kanara:
on the highest hills of the Supa taluka, N. Kanara, Ta/bot.—Disrrrs. India (tropical
and subtropical Himalayas, Central India, W. Peninsula); China.

31. HYDROPHYLAX, Linn. f.

Subsuceulent herbs, creeping, glabrous; branches terete. Leaves
opposite, sessile, ovate or oblong; stipules combined into an entire or
toothed cup-like sheath, persistent. Flowers solitary, axillary, sessile
or shortly pedicelled, lilac. Calyx-tube 4-angled; limb 4-partite, the
segments ovate-lanceolate, acute, persistent. Corolla subfleshy, between
campanulate and infundibuliform ; tube with a ring of hairs inside;
lobes 4, ovate, valvate. Stamens 4, on the corolla-throat ; filaments
filiform; anthers linear. Ovary 2-celled; ovules solitary, peltately
attached to the septum in each cell; style filiform, pubescent; stigma
obscurely 2-lobed. Fruit large, corky, oblong-ovoid, compressed, slightly
curved, acutely 3-4-keeled between the acute margins, 1—2-celled, 2-
seeded. Seeds linear-oblong, convex on the back, longitudinally grooved
on the face ; testa minutely granulate ; albumen cartilaginous ; embryo
straight; radicle elongate, terete, inferior.—Dusrriz. Species 3, of
which 1 is in India, 1 in Madagascar, and 1 in Natal.

1. Hydrophylax maritima, Linn. f. Suppl. (1781) p. 126. A
perennial herb ; stems numerous, prostrate, rooting at the nodes, stout,
glabrous, clothed with the cup-like persistent stipules of fallen leaves.
Leaves 3-3 by 1-3 in., sessile, more or less recurved, ovate-oblong or
obovate-obiong, acute, fleshy, much wrinkled when dry, smooth or
papillose ; stipules large, membranous, forming a cup round the stem,
truncate or obscurely toothed, sometimes ciliate. Flowers sessile, soli-
tary, axillary. Calyx } in. long, glabrous ; teeth lanceolate or narrowly
triangular, acute, + in. long. Corolla 4 in. long ; tube enlarged at the
top and with a ring of hairs in the throat; lobes ovate, acute, much
shorter than the tube. Fruit 4-3 in. long, oblong, tapered at both ends,

LXX. RUBIACE®, 623

with acute margins and with about 3 prominent acute ribs on each face,
crowned with the large calyx-teeth, smooth, glabrous and shining. Seeds
1 in. long, linear-oblong, }-terete, rounded on the back and with a groove
on the ventral face. Fl. B. I. v. 3, p. 199; Grah. Cat. p. 93; Trim.
Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 370 ; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 646 ;
Wight, Icon. t. 760.

Konkan: Dalzell!; Ooran, Nimmo ex Graham, Gvsanat: Porbander (coast of
Kathiawar), Bhiva !—Distreis. India (shores of W. Peninsula); Ceylon,

32. SPERMACOCE, Linn.

Annual or perennial herbs or low undershrubs; branches usually
4-gonous. Leaves opposite, sessile or petiolate; stipules connate with
the petioles into a broad truncate tube with unequal bristles. Flowers
small or minute, solitary, or in axillary or terminal fascicles, heads, or
eymes. Calyx-tube various; limb 2-4 (rarely 5) -toothed, sometimes
with interposed teeth or bristles. Corolla infundibuliform or hypo-
crateriform ; throat naked or hairy ; lobes 4, valvate. Stamens 4, on
the throat or tube of the corolla; filaments short or long; anthers
linear or oblong. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules solitary in each cell, attached
to the middle of the septum, amphitropous ; style filiform, with 2 short
arms or a capitate stigma. Fruit of 2 coriaceous or crustaceous meri-
carps which dehisce variously. Seeds oblong, ventrally grooved; testa
thin, often granulate; cotyledons leafy; radicle terete, inferior.—
Disrris. Scattered throughout tropical and subtropical regions, abundant
in America; species about 150.

Stem erect ; both mericarps ventrally dehiscent ............scseeeeeeees 1. S. stricta.
Stem procumbent ; one mericarp only ventrally dehiscent ............ 2. S. hispida.

1. Spermacoce stricta, Linn. f. Suppl. (1781) p. 120. Annual;
stem erect, 6-14 in. long, slender, thickened at the nodes, quadrangular,
the angles scabrid with recurved prickles; internodes long. Leaves
subsessile, 1-2 by 4-3 in., linear-oblong or ovate-oblong, acute, mucro-
nate, more or less scabrous on both sides, the margins often recurved,
base much tapered; stipules hairy and with numerous long filiform
bristles which are much longer than the sheath. Flowers in globose
dense-flowered heads, surrounded by a whorl of 2-6 linear, acute,
spreading or at length reflexed leaves ; bracteoles filiform, hyaline, as
long as or longer than the calyx. Calyx ;/;-% in. long; tube densely
pubescent in the upper part, glabrous near the base; teeth about as
long as the tube, linear-subulate, pubescent and with pointed hyaline
tips. Corolla white, 3 in. long; tube almost filiform ; lobes 5. in. long,
linear, acute. Stamens much exserted ; filaments very long. Stigma
subglobose or somewhat funnel-shaped. Capsules 3 in. long, membranous,
narrowed, veined and glabrous at the base, densely pubescent towards
the apex, crowned with the erect calyx-teeth, dehiscing from above, each
mericarp ventrally dehiscent. Seeds >; in. long, 3-ellipsoid, rounded at
both ends, smooth, polished, with a deep groove on the ventral face,
brown. FI. B. I. v. 3; p. 200; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 371; Woodr. in
Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 646.—Flowers: Oct.—Noy.

Konkan: Stocks !, Lambert!; Worlee (Bombay), Stocks! Deccan : Poona, Woodrow! ;

Dongergaon near Ahmednagar, Cooke! 8S. M. Country: Badami, Woodrow ; Belgaum,
Ritchie, 1797 !—Disrris. Throughout India ; Ceylon, Tropical Asia and Africa,

624 LXX. RUBIACBA,

2. Spermacoce hispida, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 102. A. pro-
cumbent herb; stems quadrangular, hirsute, hispid, or subglabrous,
usually with long internodes. Leaves subsessile, 3-2 by 3-? in., oblong
or elliptic, acute, scabrid, pubescent, or nearly glabrous, with scabrid or
ciliate margins; stipules membranous, hispid, with few bristles which
are usually longer than the sheath. Flowers 4—6, in a whorl within the
stipular cup; pedicels short ; bracts lanceolate-subulate, hyaline. Calyx
hispid, } in. long; tube narrowly campanulate; teeth as long as the
tube, linear-lanceolate, very acutely pointed, reflexed, hairy. Corolla
pale-blue or white, }-+ in. long ; lobes ;/5 in. long, oblong, acute, bristly
on the back near the tip. Stigmas 2, very short. Capsules + in. long,
hairy, ellipsoid, rounded at both ends, crowned with the calyx-teeth,
one mericarp only ventrally dehiscent, the other closed by the septum
which remains attached to it, finally separating as a membranous plate.
Seeds 3-4 in. long, 3-ellipsoid, one end rounded, the other truncate,
finely granulate, rounded on the back, with a deep groove on the flat face,
brown. FI. B. I. v. 3, p. 200; Grah. Cat. p. 93; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 111;
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 871; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898)
p- 646; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 6, part 3, p. 320.—Flowers : Sept.—
Oct. Very. Madanghanti.

Konkan: Law!; Vingorla, Kanitkar! 8.M. Country: Castlerock, Cooke!; Londa,
Bhiva; Belgaum, Ritchie, 358!

33. GAILLONIA, A. Rich.

Low rigid branched shrubs. Leaves small, rigid, opposite, linear
or subulate ; stipules usually connate with the petioles into a 2-setose or
2-spinous sheath, rarely remote from the petiole or obsolete. Flowers
small, solitary, or in simple spicate cymes, white. Calyx-tube ovoid;
limb 2-7-toothed or -lobed, dilated after flowering into a scarious crenate
wing or feathery bristles. Corolla infundibuliform; throat naked ;
lobes 4-5, valvate. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the throat or tube of the
corolla; filaments short ; anthers linear-oblong. Disk inconspicuous.
Ovary 2-celled; ovules solitary in each cell, attached to the middle
of the septum, amphitropous ; style filiform, with 2 short linear branches.
Fruit small, ovoid, of 2 terete indehiscent cocci, crowned with the
enlarged calyx. Seeds oblong, ventrally grooved; albumen horny;
cotyledons flat; radicle slender, inferior.—Duisrris. W. Asia and
N. Africa ; species 10.

1. Gaillonia hymenostephana, Jaub. §- Spach, Jil. Pl. Or. v. 1
(1842) p. 146, t. 79. A small shrub 6-12 in. high, fetid when fresh ;
stem as thick as a goose-quill, irregularly branched ; branches numerous,
terete, slender, hoary and scaberulous. Leaves 1-3 by ;4-), in.,
linear-oblong, sessile, subobtuse, attenuated at the base, scabrid,
margins ciliate, sometimes recurved; stipules of the lower leaves
usually obsolete, those of the upper small, membranous, connate.
Flowers terminal, solitary, or in 2-3-flowered fascicles. Calyx-tube
=l, in. long, hairy; limb membranous, reticulately veined, subpellucid,
pale-yellow, hairy, unequally 5—7-lobed, the lobes rounded or broadly
ovate, apiculate or acuminate, small before flowering, afterwards
enlarged to a diameter of about 3 in. when spread out. Corolla white,
1_1 in. long, infundibuliform ; lobes 5, hairy outside, glabrous inside,
much shorter than the tube, linear, subobtuse. Fruit small, of 2 terete

LXX,. RUBIACE. 625

indehiscent cocci, crowned with the enlarged calyx. Fl. B. L. v. 3,
p- 202; Boiss. Fl. Orient. y. 3, p. 15; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
v. 11 (1898) p. 646.

A rare plant, confined (in the Bombay Presidency) to Sind. Sinn: Thano-Bullo-
Khan, Woodrow.

Woodrow reports this plant from Sind, but I have seen no specimens from there.
The specimens in Herb. Kew. are from Waziristan, the Panjib, Afghanistan, and
Beluchistan.

34. RUBIA, Linn.

Scabrid hispid or prickly erect diffuse or climbing herbs; stems long,
4-gonous. Leaves 4-8 in a whorl, exstipulate. Flowers small or
minute, in axillary and terminal cymes; pedicels articulate with the
calyx. Calyx-tube ovoid or globose; limb 0. Corolla rotate or sub-
campanulate ; lobes 4—5-valvate. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the corolla-
tube ; filaments short; anthers didymous, exserted. Ovary 2-celled ;
ovules solitary in each cell, attached to the septum, amphitropous ;
style 2-fid or styles 2; stigmas capitellate. Fruit small, fleshy, didy-
mous or globose by the suppression of a carpel. Seeds suberect,
adhering to the pericarp; testa membranous; cotyledons broad, thin;
radicle slender, inferior.—Disrris. Chiefly in the temperate regions
of the world; species about 30.

1. Rubia cordifolia, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, v. 3 (1768) p. 229.—
Perennial, herbaceous, climbing ; roots very long, cylindric, flexuose,
with a thin red bark; stems often many yards long, rough, grooved,
becoming slightly woody at the base; bark white; branches scandent
by means of numerous divaricate or deflexed branchlets and petioles,
quadrangular, sometimes prickly on the angles, glabrous, shining.
Leaves 13-33 by 3-132, in whorls of 4 (one pair of each whorl often
larger and with longer petioles than the other), ovate, acute, the lower
leaves larger than the upper, all scabrous above, on the nerves beneath,
and on the margins with minute white prickles, base rounded or slightly
cordate, the base of the upper leaves sometimes acute, all 5 (rarely 7)-
nerved from the base; petioles triangular, with many sharp recurved
prickles on the edges, often deflexed ; stipules 0. Flowers in terminal
panicled glabrous cymes; branches trichotomous, spreading; bracts
ovate acute, leafy. Calyx ,j, in. long; tube globose, glabrous, limb 0.
Corolla greenish, divided nearly to the base ; tube scarcely any; lobes 5,
ovate, acute, } in long. Styles 2; stigmas globose. Fruit }-j in. in
diam., didymous or globose, smooth, shining, purplish-black when ripe.
Fl. B. I. v. 3, p. 202; Grah. Cat. p. 93; Dalz. & Gibs. p. 121; Wight,
Ill. t. 128, bis, fig. 1; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. v. 2, p. 372; Woodr. in Journ.
Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1898) p. 646; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. y. 6, part 1,
p. 570.—Flowers : Oct.Jan. Vern. Manjishth ; Itta.

On the higher Ghats tolerably common. Konkan: Stocks!; Amboli Ghat,
Kanitkar! Deccan: Phunda Ghat, Ritchie, 361!; hills at Bhor, Kanitkar!; hills
at Par, Law!; Mahableshwar, Cooke!; hills near Sinhagad (Poona districts), Bhiva!
8. M. Country: Belgaum, Pi¢ehie, 361 !—Distris. Throughout India in hilly districts ;
Ceylon, Malacca, Japan, Java, Tropical Africa.

The roots furnish a valuable dye which is used largely by the natives of India. The
plant is known as Indian Madder. A very full description of the dyeing process will
be found in Watt’s Dict. Econ. Prod. 1. ¢.

27

626 LXX, RUBIACEA.

Rubia tinctorum, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 109. The European Madder
plant, not indigenous in India, but, according to De Candolle,a native of
western temperate Asia and the south-east of Europe. It is cultivated
in Sind and isa scandent herb with lanceolate acuminate obscurely
penninerved leaves 4-6 in a whorl, leafy cymes, and didymous or globose
fruit 3-1 in. diam. FI. B. I. v. 3, p. 203; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 3, p. 17;
Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. v. 6, part 1, p. 578.

Under genera not included in the foregoing pages the most important
plants grown in the Bombay Presidency are the following :—

Coffva arabica, Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 172. The Coffee Plant, a native
of Abyssinia, the Soudan, and the coasts of Guinea and Mozambique, has
been cultivated on the hills between Panchgani and Mahableshwar at an
altitude of about 4000 ft., but not to any great extent.—Flcewers :
Jan.—Apr.

Serissa feetida, Lamk. Tab. Encye. v. 2 (1793) p. 211. A small shrub
about 2 ft. high, a native of China and Japan, is often grown in gardens.
It has ovate-lanceolate dark-green shining myrtle-like leaves and
axillary solitary small sessile white flowers, which, as well as the leaves,
are fetid when bruised. Grah. Cat. p. 93; Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 44;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. y. 11 (1898) p. 646; Firminger, Gard.
ed. 3, p. 579.—Flowers: May.

Hamelia patens, Jacquin, Enum. Pl. Carib. (1760) p. 16. A shrub
4-6 ft. high with dense rich-green foliage, a native of Tropical America
and the West Indies, is often cultivated in gardens. It has elliptic-
Janceolate villous and strongly nerved petiolate leaves about 4 by 2 in.
and scarlet and yellow flowers in terminal corymbose cymes; the
corolla with a long tube and short lobes. Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 44;
Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. vy. 11 (1898) p. 645; Virminger, Gard.
ed. 3, p. 586.

Pentas carnea, Benth. in Bot. Mag. v. 17 (1844) t. 4086. <A plant
about | ft. high, scarcely shrubby (the branches all herbaceous), is very
commonly grown in gardens. It bears a constant succession of flowers
of a delicate lavender-color in large corymbs. Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl.
p. 44; Firminger, Gard. ed. 3, p. 586.

Rondeletia odorata, Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib. (1760) p. 16. A hard-
wooded shrub, a native of Cuba and Mexico, has been introduced into
gardens in the Bombay Presidency. It has ovate, acute or acuminate
leaves on very short petioles and scarlet or orange fragrant flowers.
Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl. p. 45; Woodr. Gard. in Ind. ed. 5, p. 354.

C6 ee 5)

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS,

Abelmoschus
angulosus, W. & A.
esculentus, W. & A.
ficulnets, W. & A..
moschatus, Medk. .
tetraphyllus, Grah.

Warreensis, D. & G. .

Abroma

augusta, D. f. . .
brus . :
precatorius, ies
pulchellus, Wadd.

Abutilon .
bidentatum, Rich. .
cornutum, Cooke
crispum, Medk.

fruticosum, G. f P. .
graveolens, W. § A. .

graveolens, Grah. .
indicum, Sweet .
muticum, Sweet
pictum, Walp. .

polyandrum, IV. § A,

polyandrum, Don .

ramosun, G. & P.

Ranadei, Woodr.
Stapf .

sidvides, D. & G.

striatum, Dicks,

tomentosum, W. & A..
. 443 |
. 454
. 448
. 451
. 448
. 447 |
. 450 |
. 445
. 445
. 448
. 441
. 490 |

.

Acacia
amara, Willd.
arabica, Willd. .
cxesia, W. & A. 5
Catechu, Wil/d.
Catechu, W. & A..
concinna, DC. .
eburnea, Weld. .
Farnesiana, Willd.
ferruginea, DC, .
glauca, Willd. , .
Intsia, Weld.

a

The Synonyms are printed tn italics.

98 |

96 |

98
98
97

|

|

Page
| Acacia
Jaequemonti, Benth. . 446
latronum, Willd. . . 449
leucocephala, Link . 441 |
leucophloa, Willd. . 447
odoratissima, Willd, . 453
pennata, Willd. . 451
planifrons, W. § A. . 445
rupestris, Stocks . . 449
Senegal, Willd. . . 449
speciosa, Willd... . 452
stipulata, DC. . . 204 |
Suma, Ham. . 447
Sundra, DC. + -. 4481)
tomentosa, Willd. . . 446
Verek, Cay . 449
‘Acronychia. . . 180
laurifolia, BZ. . 180
Adansonia . 5 HS,
digitata, Z. . 5
Adenanthera . 438 |
pavonina, LZ, . 438
Adina
cordifolia, Bih. §' Hh. f. 581
Achinandra
cenocarpa, ID. & G. D44
epigea, Arn. d44
rostrata, Arn. 4 45
velutina, D. & G. . O45
Aigle. . Z 192
Marnielés, Corr. 192
AZschynomene . 340
aspera, L. 341
indica, D. ; 340
procumbens, Roxb. , 329
| Agati
grandiflora, Desy.. . 329
Aglaia : 209
“odoratissima, Bl. 209
Ros rburghiana, Hiern. 210
Ailanthus oes 193
excelsa, Roxb. » » 193"

Page

Ailanthus
malabarica, DC. . . 194
Aizoon fa:

canariense, is

. 553

Alangium ou
Damarekit Thw. . O15
decapetalum, Lam, . 576

Albizzia , ad em bE:
amara, Botv. . . . 454
Lebbek, Benth. . . 452
lucida, Benth. . . 455

odoratissima, Benth. . 452
procera, Benth. . . 453
stipulata, Boiv.. » 453
Alhagi A Opy4
camelor um, Fisch. 4 OBR
Maurorun, Bak. . dood
Allophylus ~ 2 a 1.7263
Cobbe, Bl. . . 265
Altha . ear 89
Ludwigii, as Bare 85. Piet!)
rosea, Cav. 90
Alysicarpus . o45
belgaumensis, We . dD
bupleurifolius, DC. . 347
hamosus, Edgew, . . 346
heterophyllus, Benth. . 347
Heyneanus, W. & A.. 348
longifolius, W. A. . 347
lupulinus, Stocks . . 348
monilifer, DC. . . d45
mummularifolius, DC. 346
obovatus, Edgew. Sets
par viflorus, Dalz. . 308
pubescens, Law . . 349
quadrangularis, Edgew. 349
racemosus, Benth.. . 350
rugosus, DC. . . 348
scariosus, Grah. , . 348
styracifolius, DC. . . 348
tetragonolobus, Edgew, 349
vaginalis, DCL. . . 346

628

Page | Page
Alysicarpus | Anotis
Wallichtt, W.& A. . 848, Ritchiei, Hz. f. 595
Ameletia | Anthocephalus 579
floribunda, Wt.. « » 507 Cadamba, Miq. . 580
indica, DC.. . . . 506) indicus, Rich. 579
rotundifolia, Wt. . .508| smorindefolius, Korth. 579
tenuis, Wt. . . - 506 | Aphanamiais
Ammannia. .. . .505| Rohituka, Pierre . . 211
baccifera, L. . . 509 | Apium
floribunda, Clarke . 506 graveolens, L. . . 572
multiflora, Row. . 509 | znvolucratum, Roxb. . 564
octandra, Lae co ae OOS petroselinum, LL. . O69
pentandra, For... . 507 |Apodytes . . eee!
peploides, Spreng. . 506 ~Beddomei, Mast. . 225
Ritchiei, Clarke . 508 | Arachis
Rotala, Muell. oe OU hypogeea, L. 408
rotundifolia, Ham. . 508 | Aralia
salicifolia, Monti . . 509 papyrifera, Hk. . 574
tenuis, Clarke . 506 | AnaAtiacne#. . . . . 573
verticiilata, Lam. . . 510 Arenaria. be gy Ook
vesicatoria, Roxb... 509 | neelgherrensis, W. § A, 65
Aimoora . 210 Argemone . aout tek
canarana, Hiern 212 mexicana, 7, . . 27
cucullata, Roxb. . .211|Argostemma . . . . 585
Lawii, Hiern 212 connatum, Dalz. . . 586
macrophylla, Nimmo. 211 | courtallense, Arn. . . 585
Rohituka, W. & A. 211) cuneatum, D. & G. 586
Aimpelocissus glaberrimum, Dalz. 586
erioclada?, Planch. . 253) verticillatwn, Wall. . 586
latifolia, Planch. . . 253 | “Argyrolobium . 289
tomentosa, Planch. . 252) Kotschyi, Boiss. 290
ANACARDIACEZ . . . 272)! roseum, Jd. § S. 289
Anacardium .. . . 274 Artabotrys : 9
occidentale, Z.. . . 274) odoratissimus, Br. 10
Anamirfa ; . 19} zeylanicus, H.f.& T. 10
Cocculus, W. & AUS | Aspidopterys 5 Se gl ate}
paniculata; Coleb.. . 19)| canarensis, Dalz. . 159
ANCISTROCLADACEH ,. . 87! cordata, Juss. 158
Ancistrocladus 87 Roxburghiana, Juss. . 158
Heyneanus, Wall... 87 | Astragalus . : 329
Anethum contortuplicatus, ie 7380
Sowa, Roxb . . 570 prolixus, Sied. . 329
Anictoclea Stocksii, Benth. 330
Grahamiana, te 552 Atalantia : 186
Anogeissus. . . 482} ceylanica, O/iv. . 188
latifolia, Wald. 482 floribunda, Wt. . 187
myrtifolia, Wall. 483 missionis, O/tv.. . 188
pendula, Ldgew. - 488) monophylla, DC... . 187
sericea, Brand. . 482 monophylla, Woody. . 187
Anona Bast or 14 racemosa, W. & A. 187
muricata, J. . ..*. 15)|Atylosia. . . . . . 382
reticulata, J. . 14 | crassa, Prain 383
squamosa, L, 14| geminiflora, Dalz. . 385
ANONACEE . 8| glandulosa, Dalz. . . 385
PANIOUISNN . 592 | goensis, Dalz. 384
carnosa, Bth. § "Hk. - 594 | Lawii, Wt. . 383
feetida, "Bth. § Hk. f. 595 | lineata, W. wi 382
lancifolia, Hk. f. . 593 | molitis, "Benth. . oe 9) OOO
Leschenaultiana, Bth. platycarpa, Benth. . 384
SIEM . 593 | rostrata, Bak. 385
Montholoni, Hk. f. 4 {33h} scarabxoides, Benth. . 384
quadrilocularis, Hk. f. 594 sericea, Benth. 383
Rheedei, Brh. g Hi. f. 593 Averrhoa . . . . . 168

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS,

Averrhoa
Bilimbi;, 2. ae
Carambola, Ll. . ,
Azadirachta . .
indica, Juss.. . .

Balanites

Roxburghii, Planch:

Balsamodendron A
Berry, Arn, = 3%.
gileadense, Grah. .
pubescens, Stocks .
Roxburghii, Stocks

Barringtonia . . .
acutangula, Gert. .
racemosa, Lox).

Bauhinia, “5 eae
acuminata, DZ. . .
diphylla, Ham...
foyeolata, Dalz. .,
Lawii, Benth. .
malabarica, Pow. .
monandra, Kurz .
purpurea, Z. . .
racemosa, Lam.
tomentosa, J. . .
Vahhi,W.g¢ A. .

variegata, J. . .

Begonia . é
concanensis, DC. .
crenata, Dryand. -
integrifolia, Dalz. .
minima, Bedd.. .
Roxburghii, DC. .
trichocarpa, Dalz.

BrGONIACEE .. .

Benicasa
eerifera, Savi . .
hispida, Cogn. . .

Bergera
Kenigii,L.. . «

Bergia . . .
e@stivosa, Woodr.

ammanioides, /?oxrh,

aquatica, Roxb. .
capensis, Z.. .
odorata, Hdgew.
suffruticosa, Fenzl
verticillata, Willd.
Biophytum . -
sensitivum, DC,
Ibe Ge -
Orellana, Ta
Bixacnz
Blastania

firabristipula, Kotse. §

Peyr,.*. “gee
Garcini, Cogn...
Blighia
sapida, Konig . .
Bocagea. °. .
Dalzellii, Hk. f. 2

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS, 629

Page Page Page
Bombax. . . . « , 119 |Cesalpinia 'Carallia. . ; . 476
gossypinum, L. . 53 | sepiaria, Hov,. . . 412| ceylonica, Wi. . . 476
Gossypium, Cay. 53 | Cajanus integerrima, DC. , , 476
insigne, Hall. 120 | glandulosus, D. & G.. 3886 | integrifolia, Grah. 476
malabaricum, DC, 120 | goensis, Dalz. . dd34 | lucida, Roxb, 476
Boswellia .. 198} indicus, Spreng. . 408 |Carapa.. . . 213
glaber, Roxb. 199 | kulnensis, Dalz. . &6 | moluccensis, FL. BI. 213
serrata, Roxb, 198 Calophyllum Be 80 obovata, Bl. ab 213
thurifera, Roxb. 198 | angustifolium, D. & G. 81 Cardamine ; ; 30
Brachypterum elatum, Bedd. 81 hirsuta, Dalz. 30
canarense, D. & G. . 406 inophyllum, Di 80 | hirsuta, Link . . 30
BESPSERICA o. = + /al 34] spurium, Chois. 81 | subumbellata, Hk. fe
campestris, TERA, 5A 34 tomentosum, Wt. . . 80 & Anders. 30
juncea, Hf. & T.. 30 | Wightianum, Wall. . 81 Cardiospermum . 263
Higra, Koch. . + 34 |Calycopteris . . . . 481) canescens, Wall. 264
oleracea, L. zat 35 floribunda, Lam. . . 481 Corindum, Trim. . 264
Brindonia . Calysaccion Halicacabum, Z. . . 263
indica, Dup. . 76 | longifolium, Wt. 79 Schmidelia, D. & G. . 265
Bruguiera . . 474 Canarium . - 201 | villosa, D. & G. . 265
gymnorhiza, Lam. . 474 strictum, Roxb. . 202 |Careya . . - » 497
parviflora, W. § A. . 475'| Canavalia . : . 372 arborea, Roxb... , . 497
theedei, BL. ee . 475 ensiformis, DC, . 373 | Carica
Bryonia gladiata, DO. o Gretel) Papayarnlnwt fe meee
cordifolia, L. 538 lineata, DC. . . .3873/|Carum.. . 563
epigea, Wt. . 544 | obtusifolia, Bak. . . 874 copticum, Bth. Hh. f. 564
laciniosa, L. . . »- O84} Stocksii, Dalz. . . 372 | Petroselinum, Brh. &
maysorensis, Wt. . 540 virosa, W. & A. ole EL efoto See eam OG
perpusilla, Bl. . 540 | Cansjera . . . . 223} Roxburghianum, Beh.
pilosa, Roxb... . . 543] Rheedii, Gmel. . . 223 § Hk. 564
scabrella, L.f. . . . 540 | Cantharospermum stictocarpum, Clarke. 564
umbellata, Klein 541 | pauciflorum, W. & A. 884 | CARYOPHYLLACE: E 61
Bryonopsis 533 | Canthium Casearia 5 wih,
laciniosa, Naud. 534 | angustifolium, Roxb. 607 | Anavinga, D.&G. | 521
Bryophyllum : 465 | didymum, Geert. - 606 | elliptica, Willd. 521
ealycinum, Sadish. 465 | didymum, Grah. . . 606 esculenta, Rox, 520
Buchanania : 275 Leschenaultii, W.& A. 607 | graveolens, Dalz. . 520
angustifolia, Roxb, . 276 parviflorum, Lam, . 607 | levigata, Dalz. 520
Lanzan, Spreng. 275 Rheedei, DC. . . 607 | ovata, Roxb. 521
latifolia, Roxb. 275 umbellatum, Wt. . 606 | rubescens, Dalz. 521
Bupleurum 563 | CAPPARTIDACEX . 39} tomentosa, Rordb.. . 520
jaleatum, D. &G. . 563 Capparis . . . 44) varians, Thw. 520
mucronatum, W.& A. 563 aphylla, Roth . 46 | Cassia .. 417
ramosissimum,W.& A. 563 | brevispina, DC. 45 | Absus, Z. 424
virgatum, W. fg A. . 563 corymbosa, Roxb. . 47 | alata,.wZ. . 3) wh
BurRSERACEE . 197) decidua, Pax 46 | angustifolia, ‘Vahl 423
Bursinopetaluin divaricata, Lam. . 45 | Arnottiana, Wt. 419
arboreum, D.& G. . 576 Sormosa, Dalz. 45 auriculata, ‘TE: : , 421
Butea 3 m eo) galeata, Fres. 45 bicapsularis, L. 426
frondosa, Konig eel grandis, LD. f. ; 47 Fistula, Z. . 417
parviflora, Roxb. . 370 | heteraclita, Roxb. . 41 | glauca, Lam. . 425
superba, ow, . 372 Heyneana, Wall. . 45 | goensis, Dalz. 423
horrida, L. f. 48| grandis, L. f. 426
: Moonii, W2. 46 holosericea, Fires. . 422
CaAcTACcEE . . 552 | Murrayana, Grah. 44! Kleinii, W.d 4A. . . 425
Ceesalpinia . - 410 | pedunculosa, Wall. . 47) marginata, Roxb. . . 426
Bonducella, Flem. . 410 Roxburghii, DC. . . 46) micrantha, G.& P. . 419
coriaria, Willd, . 413 | sepiaria, Z. . . 48) mimoasoides, L. 426
digyna, Grah. . 416 spinosa, Lis os ww 44 montana, Heyne . 423
miimosoides, Lam. . 412 stylosa, DO; 5.5 «2 46 nigricans, Vahl 419
Nuga, 4. . . «.. 411 tenera, Dalz. . . . 48] obdovata, Collad. 422
paniculata, Roxb. . 411 zeylanica, L, {65045 obtusa, Roxb, , aot
pulcherrima, Swartz. 4138 | Capsella 32 obtusifolia, J. . 420
Sappau, L. . . 411} Bursa- -pastoris, “Medk. 32° —s occidentalis, LZ. 418

630

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECTES

Page

Cassia
pumila, Zam. 424
rhombifolia, Roxb. 418
Senna, TD. 2 « « 423
siamea, Lam. . . 427
Sophera, Jby . 419
sumatrana, Roxb. . 427
timoriensis, DC. . 423
sone ar if 426
Tora, Bak. 420
Toray... # ; 420
Tora, W. & i : 420
Cedrela . See ore 217
Toona, Roxb. . 217
CELASTRACEE . 227
Celastrus .. . 231
emarginata, Gr ah. . 232
montana, Roth 233

paniculata, Willd. . 2

Rothiana, W. & A. 232

senegalensis, Lan. 233
Cephalandra

indica, Naud. 538
Cerastium . . 63

glomeratum, Thuil. 63

indicum, Woodr. . 64

vulgatum, Edgew. &

Bae shel) ah, 1s) HOS

Ceratonia

Siliqnay ys. 2) 5! a) +, 456
Ceriops . 473

Candolleana, Ar N.
Ghailletia 5 2...
sumatrana, Mig. .

CuAILLETIACE 218
Chasalia 618
curviflora, Thw. 618
Chickrassia F 216
Nimmonii, Grah. 217
velutina, W. & As: 216
Chloroxylon : 217
Swietenia, DC. 218
Chukrassia .. . . 216
tabularis, Juss. 216
Cicer
arietinum, Z. . 408
Cipadessa : 206
fruticosa, B/. . 206
Cissampelos 22
convolvulacea, willd.. 23
Pereira, L. 22
Cissus
adnata, Roxb. . 251
araneosus, D. & G. 256
auriculata, Roxb. . 257
canarensis, Planch. 255
carnosa, Lam. . . 255
cordata, Roxb. . 249
discolor, Bl... 250
edulis, Dalz . . 250
elongata, Roxb. . . 256
gigantea, Planch. . . 251
lanceolaria, Roxb. . . 258

Cissus
latifolia, Vahl .
muricata, D. & G.
pallida, Planch, .
pedata, Lam. . .

quadrangularis, L,
repanda, Vahl. .
repens, Lam. . .
setosa, Roxb.
tenuifolia, Heyne .
trilobata, Lam.
vitiginea, D. & G..
witiginea, L. ;
Citrullus

Colocynthis, "Schrad. 5

fistulosus, Stocks :
vulgaris, Schrad. .
Citrus! shal oes
Aurantium, Z.. .
Bergamia, D. & G.
decumana, Murr.
Limetta, Risso .
Limonum, Risso
medica, Ll. .
Clausena : . .
indica, Oliv.
simplicifolia, Dalz.
Wampi, Oliv. . .
Wildenowii, W. s A,

) | Clematis

Gouriana, Roxb. Pi
hedysarifolia, DC.
orientalis, Kuntze .
smilacifolia, Wadd.
triloba, Heyne .
vitalba, Kuntze
Wiehtiana, Wall. .

Cleome . -
aspera, Ken. :
brachycarpa, Vahl
Burmanni, W. & A.
Chelidonii, JS peue
monophylla, LZ. .
papillosa, Sted.
pentanervia, Aitch.
quinquenervia, DC.
Ruta, Camb.

. 253 |

Page |

. 258
. 249
5 ay |
=. 200
. 251
. 249
cape
Peay
2bt
. 249
, 202

. 536

537

. 537
. 537

188

190
; 189

191

. 190
. 189
. 189
. 183
. 188
. 181
« 184

simplicifolia, H.§ Sf T.

Stocksiana, Boiss. .
Vahliana, Fres. :
VISCORA Li Wes) os
Clitoria, . ;
biflora, Dalz.

pilosula, Wall. .

Ternatea, J. .
Clypea

Burmanni, W. & A..
Coccinia .... :

cordifolia, Cogn.

indica, W.g' A. .
Cocenlus .. :

cordifolius, Do 7
glaber, W.& A. .

185

AND SYNONYMS,

Page

Coceulus ,
Laba, DC. . ‘ 21
macrocarpus, W. § A. 20
malabaricus, DC. . 18
suberosus, DC... . 19
villosus, DC. 5 <) sen
Cochlospermum en oa aes
Gossypium, DC, . . 53

Coffea

arabica, ZL. . . « » 626
Collea

moilis, Grah. . . . 380
|Colubrina . . . . » 240

asiatica, Brongn. . . 246

| Colutea

exotica, Pluk. . . . 328

ComBRreracez&. . . . 477
/Combretuin 484
coccineum, Lam. . . 4895
extensum, Rorb. . . 485
Heyneanum, Wall. . 484
ovalifolium, Roxb. 484
Wightianum, Wall. . 485
Commiphora . . . . 199
Berryi, Engl... . . 201
Mukul, Engi. - 200
Stocksiana, Engl. . . 200
CoNNARACEE . « . « 200
Connarustee nae 284
monocarpus, J. . . 28t
pinnatus, Lam. . . 285
Ritchiei, Hi: f. . .9200
Wichtii, 2k. 7; eoe
Conocarpus
latifolia, Roxb. . 482
Cookia
punctata, Sonn. . . 184
Corallocarpus 543,
conocarpus, Clarke 544
epigzeus, Clarke . 543
velutinus, bth. ca 544
‘Corchorus . . 148
acutangulus, Lam. . 150
Antichorus, Rdens. . 150
capsularis, Z. . . . 148
fascicularis, Lam. 149
humilis, Mun... . . 150
olitorius, Z. ... 149
fridens, 2s, -. te 150
trilocularis, Z. . . 149
Coriandrum
sativum, J, . « » widue
@oRNACER . . . on mid
| Cotoneaster
Srigida, Wall. . . 462
ORASSULACEH . . . . 464
Crotalaria. . . . «29
albida, Heyne . . 295
anthylloides, Don. . 298
bitaria, 2. J. io sees
Burhia, Ham. . 292
Calycina, Schrank 298
chinensis, Z. .. . . 296

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS,

Crotalaria

dubia, Grah. . .
epunctata, Dalz, .
filipes, Benth.
fulva, Roxb,
Heyneana, Grah. .
juncea, L.
laburnifolia, Be

leptostachya, Benth.
Leschenaultii, Grah.

Mmifoliag vege.
lutescens, Dalz.
lucurians, Benth. .
madurensis, M7,
medicaginea, Lam.
mysorensis, Poth .
pana, Burm. :
neglecta, W. & A.
Notonii, W. § A. .
orixensis, Wild

peduncularis, D. & G.
priestleyoides, Bak.

prostrata, Row,
punctata, Grah.
pusilla, Heyne. .
quinquefolia, L.
ramosissima, Rovb.
TOWISR La os ge
sericea, Ietz. . .
sobolifera, Grab.
Stocksii, Benth.
striata, DC..
trichophora, Benth.
triquetra, Dalz,
umbellata, Wt. .
verrucosa, . . .
vestita, Bak.

CRUCIFERE. .

Ctenolepis
cerasiformis, Hk. f.
Garcini, Clarke

Cucumis.

cicatrisatus, Stocks
Colocynthis, L. .

“ee us, L.
madraspatanus, Roxb.

WEL Oy Lasts ts, fee)
Melo (cult.). . .
prophetarum, LZ. .
pubescens, Willd. .
sativus, L. . -
trigonus, Roxb. .

Cucur bita

maxima, Duch. .
moschata, Duch. .
Pepo, DC.

CuctRrBITACEE.
Cuminum

cyminum, 2, . .

Cupania
canescens, Pers.

Cyamopsis .
psoralioides,

‘DC. .

Page
. 297 |

. 295

.

292

. dol

. 500

301

. 304

. 300
. 299

. 297
. 298
. 808
. dol
. 802
. 294

296

302
* 303

. 803
298 |
. 297 |

. 293
. 295

. 296 |

. 304
. 302
. 298
» 299
5
. 294
. 303
. 293
~ 299
. 296

. 293

28

. 542

. 542 |

. 034

. 536 |

. 537
. 540

530

. O00
. 536
. 536
. 535
. 536
. 539

S547
7047
. 547
. 624

. O73

. 265 |
. 308
. 808 |

Cyanospermum

tomentosum, W.& A.. 388

Cyclea

Rec anct, Miers ;

peltata, Hf. s i ip

Cylista F

seariosa, J?ox es
tomentosa, Roxb.

Cyminosma

pedunculata, DC.

Cynometra. . .

ramiflora, Z. .

Dalbergia d
acaciefolia, Dalz. .
Jrondosa, Roxb.

lanceolaria, L. f. .

latifolia, Roxb. .

Melanoxylon, G. § Jey
monosperma, Dalz.

ougeinensis, Roxb.

paniculata, orb. .
rubiginosa, Road. .

Sissoo, Lowb.
spinosa, ox), .
Stocksii, Benth.

.

sympathetica, Nimmo.
tamarindifolia, Roxb,

torta, Grah.
volubilis, Roxb.

DatTISCACEE . .
, Daucus

Carota, il... .

| Decaschistia
. 299 |

trilobata, Wh .

Deguelia.
Delphinium

dasyeaulon, Fes.

Dentellas... .- .

repens, Forst,

Derris ~. «

brevipes, Bak.
canarensis, Bak.

Heyneana, Benth..

oblonga, Benth.

platyptera, Bak,
robusta, Benth.

scandens, Benth.
thyrsiflora, Valb.
uliginosa, Benth.
Wallichii, Prain

Desmanthus

natans, Willd. .

© 6 1S) eo &

triquetrus, Willd. .

virgatus, Willd.

|Desmodium . .

alatum, DC.

auriculatum, DC. .
Cephalotes, Wall/. .
congestum, Wall. .

diffusum, DC. .

gangeticum, DC. .

Page | Page
Desmodium
gyrans, DC... . . 308
23 heterocarpum, DC. 354
23 latifolium, DC. . . 356
. 24! laxiflorum, DC. . . 333
. 386 | maculatum, DC. 356
. 386 parviflorum, Lak. . 358
. 388 | polycarpum, DC. . . 354
pseudo-triquetrum,
. 181 DG Gites ee Net aaa
. 427 | pulchellum, Benth. . 853
. 427 recurvatum, Wall. . 354
reniforme, DC. ee
rotundifulium, Bak. B57
. 394 triflorum, DC. . 359
. 399 triquetrum, DC. ; 35D
. 899 | umbellatum, DC.. . 352
- 399 | Dicerma
. 896 pulchellum,.DC. . . 358
396 Dichrostachys . . - 440
. 897 | cinerea, W.g A. . . 440
. 891 Diecelospermum . . . 549
. 899 | Ritchiei, Clarke . 545
397 | Dillenia . 6
. 395 | indica, ls ae ere 6
- 400 pentagyna, Roxb. . 6
. 396 | speciosa, Thunb. 6
898 |Diutentachz& . . . 6
398 | Dipetalum
. 307 biloculare, Dalz. . 180
- 400 | Diplochonium
. ool Hochstetteri, Stocks a)0)
Diplospora . 604
. 572) apiocarpa, H/. f 604
. 103 spherocarpa, Hh. fee 604
. 103 | Diererocarrace” 83
. 403 | Dipterocarpus . . 84
5 | turbinatus, Gert. . 84
- 5 | Dipterygium . 40
- 585 | glaucum, Decne. . 40
. 585 | Discospermum
- 403 | apiocarpum, Dalz... 604
- 406 | spherocarpum, Dalz. . 604
- 406 Dodonxa . 269
405 | angustifolia, ‘Ty be 270
. 405 | Burmanniana, DC. 269
. 407 | viscosa, DZ. ... 269
- 403:|Dolichos . « % 381
. 404 biflorus, Z. . . . 382
. 407 bracteatus, Bak. . 381
- 404 bracteatus, Wall. . . 389
» 407) | Dablab;.2.. <=. . 381
lignosus, lie - i Sol
- 486 | uniflorus, Lam. ve ees
436 | Drosera. . . »~ 469
456 | Burmanni, Vahl . . 469
. dol indica, L, » «+ 469
. 355 | Droseracee . . . . 468
. 395|Dumasia . . “|. = OO
. 352} —congesta, Grah, . 362
. 852 | villosa, DC.. . 361
354 | Dunbaria as 385
. 806 glandulosa, Prain, . 385

632

Dunbaria
Heynei, W. g A.
Dysoxylum. .

binectariferum, “Hh. f. 2

glandulosum, Talb.

malabaricum, Bedd. .

Eleocarpus. .
aristatus, Roxb.
Ganitrus, Roxb.
Munroii, Mast. .
oblongus, Gert.
serratus, Z.. .
tuberculatus, Roxb.

Eleodendron. . .
glaucum, Pers. .

Roxburghii, W. & A. .

EQATINACHE . . .
Elatine

ammanoides, W. & A.

odorata, D. & G,

verticillata, W. & A.

Eleiotis.. ...
manoph ylla, DO.
sororia, DC. . .
trifoliolata, Cooke .

Entada. . 3
pusetha, DC. c
scandens, Benth. .

Epicharis
exarillata, Nimmo

Erinocarpus
Nimmoanus, Mast,

Nimmonii, Grak. .
Eriobotrya

japonica, Lindl,
Eriodendron . . .

anfractuosum, DC.
Erioglossum

edule; cblan aerent.
Eriolena . 2

Candollei, Wall.

Hookeriana, W. § A.

quinquelocularis, Wz. .

Stocksii, HAG T. .

Erodium :
cicutarium, L’ Fes
Eruca .. -

sutiva, ML. ak
Ervum
GIS HNTS Page he: hve
Erythrina. . :
indica, Lam. . .
stricta, Roxb.
suberosa, ord, .
Eugenia. .
bracteata, Roxb. -
codyensis, Munro .
corymbosa, Lam. .
Gardneri, Duth. .
gracilis, Bedd, .
hemispherica, ]7.

Page | Page
_ Eugenia
. 886 | Heyneana, Duth. . 493
208 | Jambolana, Zam.. . 492
208 Jambos, Z. . mere 490
209 kanarensis, Talb. . 492
209 leta, Ham. . . 488
lunceolaria, Roxb.. . 488
lanceolata, Zam. . . 489 |
. 151) Ulissophylla, Duth.. . 491
. 153 macrosepala, Duth. . 493
. 151 malaccensis, L.. . 495
. 153} ~ memecylifolia, Talb. . 494
. Lb2 Michelii, Lam.. . . 495
. 152) Mooniana, We.. . 494
152 rubicunda, Wz. . 490
233 salicifolia, Wt. . . 493
233 | spicata, Lam. . . 490
234 toddalioides, Wt. . 489
G2, uniflora, L. . Pe 4215)
utilis, Zalb. . . . 492
73 | Wightiana, Wt. . . 489
73 Wightii, Bedd.. . . 489
74 Wildenowii, DC. . . 495
341 Wildenowti, D. & G.. 494
342 | zceylanica, Wt.. . . 490
342 | zeylanica, Willd. . . 495
342
437
437 |
Aa HAmOnia.) le) allele 163
arabica, L. . 164
. 212 |. cretica, J... ‘ 164
146 | mysorensis, Roth . 164
146 | Farsetia... . 30
146 | Hamiltonii, Royle . ol
Jacquemontii, Hig
462 La. eieduates eae 31
121 | Fatsia
121 papyrifera, Bth. §
ls froth Saeco Oe
262 | Feronia . ill
130 Elephantum, Corr, . 191
I everono om 6 of G5 ala,
131 | Filicium -
132 | decipiens, Taw. . . 263 |
131 | Flacourtia . . oF
. 166 Cataphracta, Row, 55
166) inermis, Grah. . 56
3l latifolia, Cooke. . 56
31) montana, Grah. 55
| Ramontehi, L’Hér. 55 |
409 | sapida, Roxb. . . 56
366 | sepiaria, Rowxd.. . 56
366 | Flemingia . Rc alah)
367 | bracteata, We. Pee cecil
367 congesta, Roxb. . « 092
487 involucrata, Benth. . 393
. 495 | lineata, Row. Ge Fo oil
49} nana, Roxb. 2 es eo ole
491 | nilgiriensis, We. . 393 |
492 | procumbens, Wt. . . 394
494 | semialata, Roxb. . 92 |
488 | semialata, Wall. « 392 |

INDEX OF GHNERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
| Flemingia
strobilifera, Br, . . 390
tuberosa, Dalz... . . 394
vestita, Benth. . 394
Wallichii, W. g A. . 393
Koeniculum
vulgare, Gert... « «Dia
Fragraria
5 (2:1 mc) 0
Fumaria . . 28
parviflora, Lam. 28
FuMARIACEZ . |. . 2
Gaillonia . 624
h ymenostephana, Jb.
gf 8. eo eZee
Galactia . . 369
simplicifolia, Dalz. . 368
tenuiflora, VW. g A. . 369
villosa, W.& A. . . 369
Galedupa
indica, Lam. .. . 402
Garcinia eae
Cambogia, Desr. sue
indica, “Choiss. . «- i 3G
Morella, Desr.. . . U7
ovalifolius, Hk. f.. . 79
purpurea, Roxb. « “G
spicata, Hk. f. . Pee fic
Xanthoebymus, Hk. ies 78
Gardenia ; . BOL
florida, L. . 603
gummifera, Z. Fey 603
jasminoides, Hi/is . 603
latifolia, Ait. 602
lucida, Roxb. . . 602
montana, Roxb. 602
turgida, Foxb. . 601
'Garuga . 199
pinnata, Rom. . 199
Geissaspis .. . 331
cristata, W. & A. 332
tenella, Benth. . 332
Geophila . fGls
reniformis, Lon . 620
|GERANIACEER .... 164
Geranium
Lawianum, Nimmo . 165
Getonia
| floribunda, Roxb. 481
| Gisekia, . 559
phar naceoides, in 559
| Glinus
lotoides, Leefl. . bon
Glossospermum
velutinum, Wall. . . 185
Glycine . + fe “Oz
jJayanica, D.. . . «1902
labialis, Wi, £; 97. aes
mollis, W.& A. . . 364
monophyllos, Burm, . 342
pentaphylla, Da/z, 362

INDEX OF GENBRA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS,

Page
Glycine
warreensis, Dalz, . 863
Glycosmis . . 181
pentaphylla, Corr, 181
Glycycarpus
racemosa, Dalz. . . 280
Gomphandra . «alee
axillaris, Wall. . 224
coriacea, Wt. . . . 224
eeyaorphs, Wt. . . 224
Gomphia . . wl ss hOZ
angustifolia, Vahl . 197

Goniothalamus . . als’
aaa H, + 5
fis

9
. v
Gordonia 1S ae eeaker)
obpusa.Wal. . . « 88
Gossypium . wa5
acuminatum, D. & G. 118
arboreum, 7, 4 ic 118
barbadense, Z.. . 117
barbadense, Royle. . 117
brasiliense, Macf. . 118
herbaceum, J... 116
herbaceum, Tod. 116
hirsutum, L. . . 117
neglectum, Tod. . . 118
obtusifolium, Stocks . 116
religiosum, D.& G. . 118
religiosum, Grah,. . 118
religiosum, Roxb. . . 117
Stocksii, Mast... 115
Vaupellii, Grah. . . 118
vitifolium, D. &G. . 118
Wightianum, Tod. 117
Gouania. . 246
leptostachya, 'D.&G. 247
microcarpa, DC. 246
Grewia . . : 137
abutilifolia, Vent. « 3-144
asiatica, DZ. , . . 142
bicolor, ings, 141
columnaris, Sm. . 138
heterotricha, Masé. 139
hirsuta, Vahl . . 144
levigata, Vahl . 148
lancefolia, Grah.. . 145
Microcos, Z. . . 145
orbiculata, Rottl.. . 141
orientalis, Z. . . . 139
pilosa, Lam. ae 142
polygama, Roxb. . . 145
populifolia, Vahl . . 140
Litchiei, Mast. . 139
rotundifolia, Juss. . 141
salvifolia, Heyne . . 140
tiliefolia, Vahl 141
umbellate, Roxb. . 139
umbellifera, Bedd. 138
villosa, Willd. . . . 1438
Griffithia
fragrans, W.& A. . 600
speciosa, Bedd.. . . 601

Page
Grislea
micropetala, Wochst.
CALAnds aes, s OLE
multiflora, Rich. . . 511
tomentosa, Roxb. . . 511
uniflora, Rich. . . 511
Grona . ¢ . 368
Dalzellii, ‘Bak. . . . 068
Grumilea
congesta, Grah. . . 616
vaginnans, Dalz. . . 616
Guarea
binectarifera, Roxb. . 208
Guatteria
cerasoides,W.& A. . 13
fragrans, Dalz, . . 18
laurifolia, Grah. . 7
longifolia, Wall, . . 12

Guazuma

tomentosa, H, B. § K. 136
Guilandina
Bonduc,W.& A.. . 411
Bonducella, L. . 411
GurrirEers 75
Gymnosporia . 232
montana, Benth. 233
puberula, Laws. 232
Rothiana, Laws. 232
Gynandropsis .. 40
pentaphylla, Dog 40
Gyrocarpus y= 400
americanus, Jacg.. . 486
Jacquin, Giert. 486
Heematoxylon
campechianum, L. 457
Haroragipacrez . . . 470
Haloragis
oligantha, W.& A. . 470
Hamelia
patens, Jacg. . . . 626
Hamiltonia . . 621
mysorensis, W. & A. . 622
suaveolens, Row)... . 62L
Haplophyllum
tuberculatum, Boiss. . 177
Hardwickia . .. . 428
binata, Rorb. . . 2
Harpullia . 268
cupanioides, Hiern . 269
imbricata, Zhw. . 268
Hebradendron
cambogioides, Grah. . 78
Hedera
elix 2a . O74
Wallichiana, D. & qe" 574
Hedyotis Se reitsle
aspera, Bedd. 592
aspera, Heyne . 591
Auricularia, Z. . 586
Burmanniana, Br. 5&9

Page
Tedyotis

exrulea, W. & A. . 587
carnosa, Dalz. 594
Fetida, Dale: 595
glabella, Br. 587
herbac ea, Li. 589
Heynei, Bedd. 5O1
Heynii, Br... 589
lancifolia, Dalz. 593
latifolia, Dalz.. . . 594

Leschenaultiana, W. &
AWE 3 hide buen) ae OOS
nitida, W. § A. 587

quadrilocularis, Thw. . 594
Rheedei, W.& A.. . 594
trinervia, Rem. &
Schult: "ce a. ae DOU
vestita, Woodr. 587
Hedysarum
alatum, Rexb. . . . 356
bracteatum, Roxb. 3oL
bupleurifolium, Roxb. 347
diffusum, Willd. . . 853
Gibsoni, Grah. . . 381
humile, Dill. . . . 856
maculatum, L.. . . 856
pictum, Jacq. . 345
procumbens, Roxb. . 346
reniforme, L. Rhye
sororium, Ll. . . 342
triquetrum, L. . . 326
Helicteres . . . . 127
Isora, D. . 128
Helosciadium
Heyneanum, DC. . . 565
Hemigyrosa . . 264
canescens, Thw. 264
Heptage
Madablota, D. & G. . 158
Heptapleurum 573
venulosum, Seem. . BYE:
Heracleum. . . 070
absinthifolium, Vent. . 568
aquilegifolium, Clarke 570
conecanense, Dalz... . 571
grandiflorum, D. & G. 572
Pinda, Dalz. . 572
eprene sane W. §
571
etn Dalz. 566
Heritiera, ‘ 126
litoralis, Dryand. . 126
Heylandia : 290
latebrosa, DC. . 291
Heynea . 214
trijuga, Roab, 214
Hibiscus. watts 104
Abelmoschus, Z. . 112
angulosus, Steud. . 111
cesius, Garcke . 109
cannabinus, J. . 109
collinus, Roxh. . 108
esculentus, Z. 112

2uU

634

Page
Hibiscus
ficulneus, J. . 5 UA)
fureatus, Willd. . 106
Gibsoni, Stocks. . . 110
heptaphyllus, D. & G. 109
hirtus, Z. 106
intermedius, Rich. 107
lunariifolius, Willd. . 108
micranihus, Z. f. . 107
ymutabilis, Z. 113
pandureformis, Burm, 108
pentaphyllus, Muell. . 109
radiatus, Cav... 106
radiatus, Woodr. . . 110
Rosa-mutabilis, D.& G. 1138
Rosa-sinensis, L. . 115
Sabdariffa, Z. . . 110
scandens, D. & G.. 107
sindicus, Stocks 107
Solandra, L’Hér. . 107
Subdariffa, D. & G. . 110
surattensis, J... 105
syriacus, ig 114
tetraphyllus, Roxb, . 111
tiliaceus, DZ. . 112
Trionum, 2. 105
vesicarius, Cay. 105
vitifolius, Z. 109
Hippocratea : 234
Grahami, Wé. . 930
indiea, Willd. 235
obtusifolia, Roxb. . 234
Hiptage. . eon
Madablota, Gert.. 157
Hirea
indica, Roxb. 158
Holigarna ; s 0 AUS
Arnottiana, Hk. ae 279
Grahami, Hk. f. . . 280
longifolia, W.& A. . 279
Howmaliuin . ; 521
zeylanicum, Benth. . 522
Hopea . . : 85
Wichtiana, Wall. é 86
Hugonia i ‘ 156
Mystax, Upset 156
Hydnocarpus . . 56
inebrians, Wall. 57
Wightiana, £7. o7
Hydrocotyle 561
asiatica, uae 562
javanica, 7, hund. 562
nitidula, Rich. . 563
rotundifolia, Roab. 563
Hydrophylax . 622
maritima, L. f. 622
Hymenodietyon . 582
excelsum, Wail, 582
obovatum, Wail. 583
FiypPEricace& . 74
Hypericum . : 74
japonicum, Thunb. 75
mysorense, JVa//. 74

Page

Mex. . 227
malabarica, Beda. . . 227
Wightiana, D. & G. | 227
Impatiens . . 169
acaulis, Ar. PTO
Balsamina, Ge es A.
Beddomei, Hi. f.. . 169

chinensis, Z. . 5 Lyall
Dalzellii, 'H. ie} T.. 178
fasciculata, Tam! ; 4 171
jiliformis, W. & A. . 172
inccnspicua, Benth, . 171
Kleinii, W. g A. 5 Hg
latifolia, 18§ : . 174
Lawii, Hf. § De talige
lucida, Heyne . . 174

oppositifolia, Z. . .

172

pulcherrima, Dalz. . 175
pusilla, Heyne . lie
ramosissima, Dalz. . 172
Tivalissh ire ee lO
scabriuscula, Heyne . 174
scapiflora, Hk.. . . 170
scapiflora, W. & A. . 170
Stocksii, 7 fi § T. . 170
tomentosa, Heyne. . 173
Indigofera . . 309
anabaptista, Steud. . 313
argentea, Bak. . 318
argentea, Burm. edly
argentea, L.. . 31h
articulata, Goiian. . 315
aspé alathoides, Vahl . 313
cerulea, Roxb. : . 318
constricta, Zrim. . . 319
cordifolia, Heyne . . dll
Dalzellii, Cooke . dll

echinata, Willd.

endecaphylla, Bot. Reg.

enneaphylla, L. . 312
flaccida, Thw. . , ol9
Gibsonii, Grah. . 320
glabra, Ee . 316
Mandulos: Willd. pret
hendecaphylla, foo 314
birsuta, L. . . al9
Houer, Forsk. . 318
Kkeinii, W.& A. . . dl4
lateritia, Bert. . . 318
linifolia, Retz. . . olO
marginulata, Grah. . 316
parviflora, Heyne . . 317
paucifolia, Ded. . 313
pentaphylla, Murr. . 516
pulchella, Rowxh. . 320
semitrijuga, Bak, . . 317
semitrijuga, DC. 5 willy)
semitrijuga, Korsk. . 312
spicata, Forsk. . . 315 |
tenuifolia, Rot7l. . 316
tinctoria, L. . 318

trifoliata, 7. . .
trigonelloides, Jh. §: S,

. 310

314

. 314

312 |

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
Indigofera
triquetra, Dalz. + Olt
trita, L. f. : . olb
uniflora, Ham. . . dl2
viscosa, Lam. . ole
Wightii, Grah.. . 319
Inga
bigemina, Willd. . . 456
dulcis, Willd. . 456
Tonidium. << 4%. 52

enneaspermum, Dalz.. 82
heterophyllum, Vent. 52
hexaspermum, Dalz. . 52
suffruticosum, Ging . 62
Txora
Bandhuca, Roxb. . . 611
brachiata, Roxb.” «. « CLO
coccinea, Z.. . . . 611
elongata, Heyne 610
lanceolaria, Coleb.. . 608
nigricans, Br... . 609
parviflora, Vahki . . 611
pedunculata, Dalz. . 610
polyantha, Wt. . . 609
Jambosa
lanceolaria, Bl.. . . 488
malaccensis, DC. . . 495
pauciflora, Wt.. . . 489
vulgaris, DC. 495
Johnia
congesta, D.& G.. . 382
Jonesia
Asoka, Roxb. « Zo
Jussixa . F 516
repens, L. ‘ 516
suffruticosa, Toa oo
villosa, Lam. + 2 a
Kalanchoe. . . . . 469
Bhidei, Cooke . . . 467
floribunda, W. g& A. . 466
glandulosa, Hochst. . 466
laciniata, DC. . . . 468
olivacea, Dalz. . . 467
Ritchieana, Dalz. . . 466
spathulata, DC. . . 466
Kandelia - . 473
Rheedei, W. § Aaa 474
Kanilia
parviflora, Bl. . . 476
Kedrostis . . . « «42
rostrata, Cogn. . . 543
| Kleinhovia.-'. <. <)emllen
Hospita, D.. = 3) bem
Knoxia . . 605
corymbosa, Willd. . 605
Kydia .. « < somes
‘calycina, Rowh, « . 94

INDEX OF GENERA,

Lablab
vulgaris, Savi
Lagenaria
vulgaris, Seringe
Lagerstreemia .
Flos-Reginze, Rete.
indica, Ll. .
Lanceolan, 1D, & G.
lanceolata, Wall.
microcarpa, \Wt. .
parviflora, D. & G.
parviflora, Roxb. .
Regine, Roxb... .
speciosa, Pers. .
Lagunea
lobata, Willd.
Lansium

Page |

. 381

. DAG
. 612
. 518
. 514

. 612

. O13
. 513
. 513
. 512

513
513

. 108

anamallyanum, " Bedd.

Lasianthus .
sessilis, Zalb.
venulosus, Wf...
Lathyrus . . :
inconspicuus, i.
BAbLVUS; eras a) lie
Lawsonia
alba, Lam.
inermis, JZ. .
spinosa, L. . .

Lebretonia

glechomi yeh, Rich.
Leea .

equata, IZ... .

aspera, Hdgew. .
cinerea, Laws. . .
coriacea, Laws. .
crispa, Teme ee:
diffusa, Laws. . .
hirta, Roxb. . .
latifolia, Wall. .

210
210
320

. 620

621

. 360
. 860
. 360
Salt
Sat
5 tol
. oll

. 101
. 258
. 261
. 260

. 260
. 260
. 259
. 261
. 262

. 260

macrophylla, Roxb. .

robusta, Row. .
sambueina, W7//d. .
setuligera, Clarke .
Staphylea, Roxb. .
LEGUMINOSE ...
Lens
esculenta, Manch.
Lepidium
sativum, Z. .
Leueena .
glauca, Benth.
Leucodictyon
malvensis, 1). & G.
Limeum
indicum, Stocks
Limonia S aarae
acidissima, DZ. . .
oligandra, Dalz.
IINAGEE . « «
Linum :
mysorense, Heyne
trigonum, Roxb.
usitatissimum, J, ,

259

. 261
. 260
. 262
. 261
. 285

. 409 |

3) |

. 440

. 369

560

. 560

. 184

. 185 |
179"
. 154 |
. 154 |

. 155
. 156

. 154,

. 440 |

Page |
Lophopetalum . 229
Wightianuin, Ari, . 230
‘Lotononis . . 290 |
Levbordea, Benth. . 290
Lotus
corniculatus, Bak. . 307
Garoini, DC .c. . 808
Stocksti, Boiss. . 308
Ludwigia . O17
parviflora, Roxb, . . 517
Lulfa . , . 531
acutangula, Roxb... 532
xgyptiaca, Mill. . 5382
amara, Roxb. . . 533
echinata, ow, 5 ps)
pentandra, Roxb... 532
tuberosa, Roxb. 531
Lumnitzera 483
racemosa, Willd. 483
Luvunga - . 185
eleutherandra, Dalz, 5 iks}s)
LyrHracex d05
Maeronyx
strigosus, Dalz. . 324
Merua . 41
arenaria, Fi. if & T. 41
ovalifolia, Camb. . . 41
MAGNOLIACEE . 7
Malachra . 99
capitata, J... . 99
rotundifolia, Schrk. 99
Mallea
Rothii, Juss. 207
MALPHIGACER , 157
Malva 90
mauritiana, L. . 91
parviflora, TE: 2 91
rotundifolia, D. &G.. 91
rolundifolia, Z. , 90
sylvestris, Boiss. 90
MaALvacnz . 88
Malwa
Malwensis, Edgew. 89
|Mangifera . we aie
indica, L. . 273
Mappia. . . . 225
feetida, Miers . 225
oblonga, D. & G. 225 |
Mastixia . 576
pentandra, BES . 576
Medicago . 306
denticulata, Willd. . 307
laciniata, A//. . 306
lupulina, tise . 806
sativa, L. 807
Melastoma : : . 500
malabathricum, a . 500
MeELASsToMAcE® . 498
Melhania ees tool
abyssinica, Rich, , . 133
Denhamij, Br.. . . 184

SPECIES AND SYNONYMS,

Page
| Melhanja
incana, Heyne . . 18¢
ovata, Boiss. on PES
tomentosa, S/ocks . 133
Melia F per: 205
Azadirachta, Lie ag een
Azedarach, L. » » 20D
composita, Willd... 206
dubia, Hiern 206
robusta, Roxb. . 1 2G
sempervirens, Sw... 205
superba, Roxb, . . 206
Meiiacex , 5 . 202
Melilotus . . ., . 805
indica, A//. : . 305
parviflora, Desf. B05
Meliosma 7A |
Wightii, Planch. 271
Melochia : 13st
corchorifolia, Z. . 134
velutina, Bedd. . . 135
Melothria . » Doe
heterophylla, Cogn. . S40
leiosperma, Cogn... 539
maderaspatana, Cogn. 539
perpusilla, Cogn. 540
Memecylon . : 502
amabile, Bedd. . 504
amplexicaule, Clarke . 503
edule, Roxb. 503
malabaricum, Cogn. . 503
Talbotianum, Brand. . 504
terminale, Dalz. 504
tinctorium, Koen. . 503
umbellatum, Burm. . 503
Wightii, Zhw. . 503
MENISPERMACEE . 17
Mesua 81
ferrea, L. sl
Mezoneurum . . 413
cucullatum, HW, $ A. . 414
Michelia : ff
Champaca, LZ. 7
Rheedii, Wt. 8
Microtropis 229
latifolia, W7. 229
microcarpa, 7, 229
Miliusa . ‘ «LO
indica, Lesch. Bee I,
Milletia . : . d2l
pallida, Dalz. 322,
racemosa, Benth. . , 322
Millingtonia
pungens, Wt. aft
Mimosa . . 41
Catechu, Roxb. . . HS
hamata, Willd... . . 442
leucophlea, Roxb... 447
octandra, Roxb. 442
pudica, L. ‘ 441
rubicaulis, Lam. 442
speciosa, Jacq. . . . 452
Sundra, Roxb... . 448

636

Mitragyna. .
parvifolia, Korth .
Moacurra
gelonioides, Roxb. .
Modecca :
palmata, Lam. .
Mollugo . :
Cerviana, Ser. .
Glinus, Rich.
hirta, Zhunb.
oppositifolia, L.
ea :
Spergula, L :
stricta, L.
triph ylla, Lour.
Momordica.
Balsamina, Z. .
Charantia, Z. .

cochinchinensis, Spr.

Cymbalaria, Fenzl

dioica, Roxb. .

subangulata, B/.

tuberosa, Cogn.
Monocera

Munroii, Wt. .

Roxburghii, Wt.

tuberculata, W. & phate

Monsonia

heliotropioides, "Boiss.
senegalensis, G. g P..

Moricandia

tortuosa, H. f. § T.

Morinda .
bracteata, Roxb.
citrifolia, D. .
citrifolia, Trim.
tinctoria, Roxb.
tomentosa, Heyne .

Moringa

concanensis, Nimmo .
pterygosperma, Gert, 2

MorineGace&
Mucuna.
atropur purea, DC.
gigantea, DC
monosperma, DC.
pruriens, DC.
prurita, Hk.
Mukia
leiosperma, Wt.
scabrella, Arn. .
Mundulea . Pec:
suberosa, Benth. .
Murraya
exotica, L.
Keenigii, Spr.
paniculata, Jack
Mussenda .
frondosa, Z.
Myriophyllum
intermedium, DC.
tetrandrum, Grah,
MYRTACEAE 4 ter Ws <1

Page |
| Myrtus

. 58h
. 581

e219
. 528

523
. O57
. 559
. 557
. 557
. 558

558
. 558
. 558
. 558
. 528
. 529
. 528
530
. 531
. 529
. 580
. 581

brasiliana, L. .

caryophyllata, L.

communis, Ll. .
zeylanica, L.

Naravyelia .
zeylanica, DC. .

Dei me :
alata, W. He

Nasturtium. .
indicum, DC.

madagascariense, W,

i aie 30
officinale, Br. 29
Nauclea. . . 580
Cadamba, Roxb. 580
cordifolia, Roxb. 581
elliptica, Bedd.. . . 580
elliptica, D.& G.. . 579
missionis, Wall. . . 579
parviflora, D.& G. . 582
parvifolia, Roxb. . 582
purpurea, Loxb. 580
Nelumbium : 26
speciosum, Willd. . 26
Nemedra
Nimmonii, Dalz. 212
Nephelium . 267
Lit-chi, Camb. . 268
Longana, Camb. . 267
Neptunia ; 435
oleracea, Lour. . 435
triquetra, Benth. . . 436
Neurada ; 461
procumbens, L, 461
Miebuhria
oblongifolia, Royle. . 41
Nimmoia
floribunda, Wt. . 507
Nimmonia
floribunda, Grah. . . 507
Nomismia
aurea,W.& A. . . 387
capitata, W.& A.. . 888
Norysca
mysorensis, Wt. 75
Nothopegia. . . . 280
Colebrookiana, Bi. 280
Nymphea . - 25
Lotus, Z. . 25
pubescens, Willd. 25
stellata, Willd. . 25
NyMPu#£achez . . 24
Ochna : ~ 196
nana, Ham. ee
pumila, Ham. . 196)
squarrosa, L. . 196
Ocunacez . . . 195

Page

. 495
. 491
. 498
. 490

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS,

Page
Ochradenus . oO
baceatus, Del. . 50
Ochrocarpos as; 79
longifolius, Bth. ¢&
SARE fist 79
Odima, ieee SQL
Woodier, Rozb. mf if
C£nothera
rosea, Soland. . 518
OLACACEE . . 219
Olax. 23 . 220
nana, Wall. . . S222
scandens, Rob. . 221
Wightiana, Wall.. . 221
Oldenlandia . 588
aspera, DC.. . . 591
corymbosa, ids 588
erystallina, Roxb. . . 589
dichotoma, Hz. f.. . 590
diffusa, Roxb. . 589
gracilis, BE. fe
herbacea, Roxb. . . 589
herbacea, DC. . » 589
Heynii, Don . . 589
pumila, DC. - « 690
retrorsa, Boiss. . 591
senegalensis, Hiern . 592
trinervia, Retz. , . 590
umbellata, Z. 590
Oligomeris . 50
glaucescens, Camb, 50
ONAGRACEX 2 515
Ophiorrhiza . . . . 596
Harrisiana, Heyne . 596
Harrisonii, Wt. 596
Opuntia
Dillenii, Haw. . 552
nigricans, Haw. 552
,Orophea_. 16
zeylanica, Hf § T joie
| Orygia : . 556
decumbens, Forsk. 556
| Osbeckia : . 499
cupularis, Don. 499
Leschenaultiana, D. &

3 68. en eeREIER
Leschenaultiana, Wt. . 500
truncata, Don . 499
virgata, Grah. . 500
zeylonica, Grah. 499

Ougenia. . . 350
dalbergioides, Benth. . 350
Oxalis 167
corniculata, ie 167
Pachyrhizus
angulatus, Rich, . . 409
Panax
cochleatum, DC. . . 574
fruticosum, L. : 574
| PAPAVERACEH . « “s 26

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS. 637
Page | Page
| Phaseolus | Polycarpma erry,
multiflorus, Willd. .878| corymbosa, Lam. . 66
Mungo, L. 3878 diffusa, Woodr. 66
Mungo, Roxb. 378 | spicata, Wt... 67
nanus, Ll. , . . 878/Polycarpon . “rae OD
pauc iflor us, Dalz. : 377 Leeflingie, Bth. Sf
‘psoralivides, W.& A. 375 ES Ne 2 GD
radiatus, L.. 378 | Polygala 59
radiatus, Roxb. . . 378 abyssinica, Woodr, 61
Roxburghii, W. & A. 378 | arvensis, Willd. 61
semierectus, L, . . 875 campestris, Dalz. . 60
sepiarius, Dalz. . . 879 | chinensis, ZL. 60
setulosus, Dalz.. . . 377 elongata, Klein 60
sublobatus, Rorb.. . 377} erioptera, DC. . 60
trilobus, Ai. 376 | irregularis, Boiss. . 61
trinervius, Heyne . . 377 persicariwfolia, DC. . 59
Phoberos Rothiana, W. & A. 61
crenatus, W. & A. 54 Vahliana, DC. . 60
_Physorhynchus 34 | PoLyGALAces . 58
brahuicus, Hk. 34 | Polyzygus . 567
Pimpinella . 565 | tuberosus, Dalz. 567
ascendens, Dalz. . . 567 | Pongamia 402
Candolleana, W. & A. 565 canarensis, Dalz. 406
Heyneana, Wall. 565 | glabra, Vent. 402
involucrata, W. & A. 564 | Portulaca 67
lateriflora, Dalz. . 567 oleracea, J... 68
monoica, Dalz. 566 quadrifida, Z. . 68
tomentosa, Dalz. . 566 suffruticosa, W¢, 69
Piptostylus tuberosa, Rovb. . . 69
indica, Dalz. 183 | Wightiana, Wail. . 68
Pisum PoRTULACACEE 67
arvense, J. . 409 Potentilla . 461
sativum, ZL. . 409 | supina, L. 461
Pithecolobium 455 | Prosopis 438
bigeminum, Mart. 455 | spicigera, L. 439
dulce, Benth. 456 | Stephaniana, Kunth . 439
Saman, Benth. . 456 | Protium
PirrosPORACE® . 57| pubescens, W.& A. . 201
Pittosporum : 57 | Prunus
dasycaulon, Mig. . . 58| Amygdalus, Stokes . 462
floribundum, JV. § A, 58) Persica, Stokes . 462
Platea Pseudarthria . 343
axillaris, Thw. . 224 | viscida, W. g& A. b44
Plectronia . 605 | Psidium
parviflora, Bedd. 607| Guyava,Z.. . . 498
Rheedei, Bedd. 606 | pyriferum, L. . 498
Wightii, Cooke 606 | Psophocarpus
Pleurostylia ; 230 penea aa ee DC. . 409
Wightii, W. is AS. Bb | Psoralea : . 820
Poinciana . A 414 corylifolia, Z. . 321
elata, L, : 414 plicata, Del. . out
pulcherrima, i 413 | Psychotria . : 615
regia, Bojer 415 | ambiqua, W. & As 2 68
Poivrea bracteata, W.& A. . 616
coceinea, DO. 485 canarensis, Talb:, .°%. GAT
Polanisia Dalzellii, Hk. f. 616
Chelidonit, DC. . 39 flayida, Tadh. 617
icosandra, W.& A. . 89! herbacea, Jacq. 620
simplicifolia, Camb. 38 | longifolia, Dalz. 618
Polyalthia . . 12} octosulcata, Talb.. . 617
cerasoides, Bth. $ Hk. f, 13 sarmentosa, Woodr. . 618
fragrans, Bth. G Hk. f. 12} Thwaitesii, Hk. f. 615
longifolia, Bth.§ Hk.f. 12, truncata, Wall. 616

Page
Paramignya . 186
monophylla, We. . 186
Paratropia
venulosa, W.& A. . 574
Paritium
tiliaceum, St.-Wil.. . 113
Parkia
biglandulosa, W. g A, 456
Parkinsonia . 415
aculeata, J. . aa Ms,
Passiflora
COCIBE a ee on sere DLE
foetida, Z. . . 524
kermesina . . 624
laurifolia. . 624
racemosa . 524
Raddiana . 624
PAsstrLoracez . 22
Pastinaca
glauca, Dalz. 569
grandis, Dalz. 570
sativa, L. , 570
Sprengeliana, Wt. 571
Pavetta . : 612
Brunonis, Wt. . 613
indica, L. . : 612
hispidula, W. § Ae Ole
Siphonantha, Dalz. . 613
tomentosa, Roxb. 613
Pavonia . ; L001
arabica, Steud. 101
ceratocarpa, Mast. . 102
glechomifolia, Garcke 101
' grewioides, Boiss. . 1038
odorata, Willd. 102
propinqua, Garcke . 102
zeylanica, Cav. . 102
Peganum . a os 162
Harmala, Ts y oe G2
Pentapetes
pheenicea, L. 136
Pentaptera
angustifolia, Roxb. . 479
Arjuna, Roxb. . 479
paniculata, Roxb. . 480
tomentosa, Roxb. . 480
Pentas
carnea, Benth. . 626
Petroselinum
sativum, Hoff. . 565
Peucedanum 568
Dhana, Ham. . 569
grande, Clarke 569
graveolens, Bth. &
Hk. 570
sativum, Bth. § Hik if 570
Phaseolus . . 374
aconitifolius, Jacq. 078
aureus, Roxb. . 378
Dalzellii, Cooke 376
grandis, Dalz. . 375
lunulatus, Z. , 377
Max, Roxb. 378

638

Pterocarpus :
indicus, Woodr.
Marsupium, oxd,
Wallichti, W. & A.

Pterospermum .

acerifolium, Willd.
Heyneanum, Wall.
Lauwianum, Nimmo

reticulatum, W, § A.

suberifolium, Zam.
Ptychotis

Ajowan, W.& A. .
Pueraria :

tuberosa, DC.
Punica

Granatum, L.
Pyecnospora 3

hedysaroides, Br...

nervosa, W. & A.
Pygeum .

acuminatum, Grah.

ceylanicum, Bedd.

Gardneri, Hk. f. .

Wightianum, B/. .

zeylanicum, D. & G.
Pyrus

communis, L. .

Malus, LZ.

Quisqualis
indica, L.

Randia .
dumetorum, Lam.
longispina, DC.
malabarica, Lam. .
rugulosa, Hk. f.
uliginosa, DC. .

RANUNCULACEE

Ranunculus
sceleratus, L.

Raphanus
sativus, Z.

Reinwardlia
trigyna, D. & G.

Reinwardtia ;
trigyna, Planch.

Reseda . ‘
Aucheri, Boiss,
pruinosa, Del. .

REsEDACES

RuHAMNACES

Rbhamnus
triqueter, Laws, .
Wightii, W. § A. .

Rhizophora
Candel, L.
candelaria, DC.

candelaria, W. & i.

conjugata, L.

Page
. 401
. 402
. 401
. 402
, 128
. 129
- £380
. 130

130

. 129

. O64
. d74
. 374

. 515
. 043
. 343
. 343
. 457
. 458
. 458
. 458
. 458
. 458

. 462
. 462

, 486

Page
Rhizophora
gymnorhiza, L, . 475
mucronata, ‘Lam. 5g EY
parviflora, "Roxb. Se Ths
RmIzORPHORACES . . 470
Rhus . . 272
mysurensis, Heyne . 272
mysorensis, Hk. f. . 273
Rhynchocarpa ., . 542
fetida, Clarke. . . 548
rostrata, Naud. . 548
Rhynchosia . 387
aurea, DC. . . . . 387
bracteata, Benth. . . 389
cyanosperma, Benth. . 388
laxiflora, Camb. . 389
medicaginea, DC.. . 388
Memnonia, DC. 3889
minima, DC. 388
mollissima, Dalz. . 389
pulverulenta, Stocks . 389
Riedleia
corchorifolia, DC. . 135

tiliefolia, DC. . 135
Rondeletia
odorata, Jacg. . 626
Rosackxz . 457
Rotala
verticillaris, L. . 507
Rothia . 289
trifoliata, Pers, 289
Rourea. . . 283
santaloides, W. $ A. . 284
Rubia. . , 625
cordifolia, im 625
tinctorum, UG set 626
RvBIACEx , 576
Rubus . . . 458
ellipticus, Hk. v. 459
lasiocarpus, Sm. 460
moluccanus, J. 459
rosefolius, Sim. 460
TUGOSUS, Sm. . . 459
Wallichiania, W. 6 460
Wallichianus, D. & G. 460
ute stare ‘ 176
graveolens, ‘A 176
tuberculata, Forsk. 177
Ruraces : 175
SABIACEX 270
Saccopetalum . 15
tomentosum, 4. f. §: T. 16
Sagarea
laurina, D. & G. a,
Sageretia . 245
oppositifolia, Brongn. 245
Salacia . . . 235
Brunoniana, W. g§ ye 236
macrosperma, W7. 237
oblonga, Wall. . 237
prinoides, DC. . 236

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
Salacia
Roxburghii, D. & G. . 287
Salmalia
malabarica, Sch. &
Endl. . 120
Samadera . 194
indica, Gert. 194
SaMYDACE 519
Santia
venulosa, W. & A. 621
SAPINDACES 262
Sapindus ; 266
emarginatus, Vahl . 267
laurifolius, Vahl . 266
Ur OU0tG. Ly pls 266
trifoliatus, Fl. B. I. . 267
Saponaria 62
Vaccaria, L. 62
Saprosma 619
indicum, Dale. 619
Saraca . . . 428
indica, L. 429
Sarcocephalus 578
missionis, Hav. 578
Sarcostigma % 225
Kleinii, W. § v 226
SAXIFRAGACEE si es Sones
Schembra
Valli, Rheede . 253
Schleichera . 265
trijuga, Willd. . 266
Schmnidelia
Kobbe, Lam. 265
Sclerostylis
atalantioides, W.& A. 187
Scolopia. 54
acuminata, Clos. 5+
crenata, Clos. . . 54
Scutia 244
indica, Brongn. 245
Seetzenia . . Jet
orientalis, Dene. - 161
Semecarpus . 278
Anacardium, th aa 278
cuneifolia, Roxb. 279
Grahami, Wt. . 280
Senebiera : 33
didyma, Woodr. 33
pinnatifida, DC. 33
Senna
ovalifolia, Batka 422
Tora, Roxb. 420
toroides, Roxb. . 420
Senra ; 1038
incana, Cav. 5 103
Serissa
foetida, Lam. 626
Sesbania. , 327
aculeata, Poir. . 328
egyptiaca, Prain . . 328
grandiflora, Pers. . 329
picta, Pers. . . 328
procumbens, W. § A, 329

INDEX OF
Page
Sesuvium ee ODE
Portulacastrum, J. . 553
Shorea . 85
laccifera, Bedd. 85
Talura, Roxb. . 85
Shuteria. : 361
vestita, . § vr 361
Sida. . 91
acuta, Bur mM. 93
@iba, Tis Gs 92
bidentata, Hochst. 97
Carpinifolia, L. f.. 93
cordifolia, L. 94
glutinosa, Cav... 2
grewioides, G. P. § R. 93
humilis, Cav. . . 92
mysorensis, W. & A. 92
retusa, L. 93
rhombifolia, "Mast. 93
spinosa, LZ. . . 02
veronicifolia, Lam. 92
Silene ; 63
noctiflora, a 63
SIMARUBACEZ ; 193
Smithia . . 335
bigemina, Dalz. 338
blanda, Bak. . 338
blanda, Prain . 339
blanda, Woodr. . dod
capitata, Dalz. . 307
conferta, Sm. . 336
dichotoma, Dalz. 340
flava, Dalz. . 7 reais
geminiflora, Bak. . . 336
geminifiora, Roth... 336
hirsuta, Dalz. . aoe
humilis, Benth. . ood
purpurea, Hk.. . . 337
pyecnantha, Benth... 338
racemosa, Heyne 339
salsuginea, Hance. . 340
sensitiva, Ait. . . d0D
setulosa, Dalz. . 337
Sodada
decidua, Forsk. 46
Solenocarpus . . 276
indica, W. & A. 5 ZG
Sonerila. . ; . 5OL
acaulis, Bedd. . 502
maculata, Roxb. . 502
Rheedei, W.g-A.. . 502
Rheedii, Wall. . . 502
scapigera, Hook, . O01
Wallichii, Benn. . 502
Wallichii, Woodr. 502
Sonneratia. . ‘ 514
acida, LZ. f. . 514
apetala, Ham. 514
Sophora. . . 407
Relais, Wt. 408
tomentosa, L. 408
Wightii, Bak. . 407
Soymida. 215

|
|

GRNERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
Page
Soymida
febrifuga, Juss. . 215
Spatholobus 870
Te ana Benth... 370
oxburghii, Benth. . 370
Spergula 65 |
arvensis, J. . 65
Spermacoce . 625
hispida, L. . 624
stricta, Z.f.. 623
Spherocarya
leprosa, Dalz. 222
Spondias 281
acuminata, Row. 3 281

mangifera, Willd.. . 281
Stellaria. : 64
media, Cyr. . 64
Stephania . 5 eee
hernandifolia, Walp. » 22
Stephegyne
parvifolia, Korth . . 582
Sterculia : weve 22,
alata, Roxb. . 125
campanulata, Wall. 126
colorata, Roxb. . 125
foetida, Z. ‘ 123
uttata, Rowb. . 124
Heian Bedd. . 126
populifolia, W.& A, . 126
populnifolia, Rorb. . 126
urens, Rorb. . 123
villosa, Roxb, 124
STERCULIACE 121
Streptostigma
viridiflorum, Thw. 269
Strombosia . 222
ceylanica, Gard. 222
Stylocoryna
Webera, Rich. . 598
Stylocoryne
Webera, W.& A. 598
Stylosanthes : 334
mucronata, Willd. . 334
Swietenia
| febrifuga, Roxb. 205
Syzygium
caryophylleum, Geert. 491
Gardneri, Thw. . 492
Heyneanum, Wall. . 493
Jambolanum, DO.. . 493
lissophyllum, Thw. . 491
rubicundum, Grah. 491
rubicundum, W.& A.. 491

Page
Tamarindus
indica, 2. . . 429
Siliqua, Woodr. 457
|Tamarix. . 70
articulata, } rahi y(il
dioica, Roxb. 71
ericoides, Pottl, 72
gallica, L. 70
gallica, Willd. . 70
gallica, W. & A. 71
stricta, Boiss. 72
Tarenna . 597
zeylanica, Gert. 598
Taverniera . 331
cuneifolia, Arn. 331
nummularia, DC. . 331
Tephrosia . . 323
Apollinea, Link 326
candida, DC. 327
coccinea, Wall, . 324
diffusa, W. & A. 325
incana, Grah. . 325
intermedia, Grah. . 324
pauciflora, Grah. . 327
pumila, Pers. 325
purpurea, Pers. 329
senticosa, Pers. 326
suberosa, DO. 320
tenuis, Wall, 3 BPs)
tinctoria, Pers. . . 324
villosa, Pers. 326
Teramnus . . 363
labialis, Spr. 363
mollis, Benth. . 364
Terminalia. . 477
Arjuna, W. & A, Sh)
bellerica, Roxb. . 478
Catappa, y Tie . 481
chebula, Retz. . . . 478
coriacea, W.& A. . 480
crenulata, W.& A. . 480
glabra, D.§ G.. . 480
glabra, W. & A. . 479
paniculata, Roth. . . 480
TERNSTR@MIACER, 82
Tetragonia
expansa, Murr. . . 560
Tetrameles. . . OD
Grahamiana, Wt.. . 552
nudiflora, Br. ~ BOL

salicifolium, Grah. . 493
salicifolium, Wall... . 491
zeylanicum, DC. . 490
Talinum. : 69
cuneifolium, Willd. 69
indicum, W. & A. 70
TAMARICACE : 70
| Tamarindus 429 |

Tetrastigma

lanceolarium, Planch. 258
Thalictrum. . f
Dalzellii, Hk. 4
| Thespesia : . 114
Lampas, D. & G. 114
macrophylla, B/. 114
populnea, Soland.. . 114
Thiaspi . «| -wy Sent Ree
arvense, J. . 33
TILIACE& . 186
Tiliacora ‘ 20
acuminata, Miers , 20

640

Tiliacora
racemosa, Coleb.
Tillea . :
pentandra, Royle :
Tinospora . . :
cordifolia, Mier. 8
malabarica, Miers .
Toddalia 3
aculeata, Pers...
bilocularis, W. fA.
Trapa .
bispinosa, Road,
Trevesia
palmata, Vis.
Trianthema .
erystallina, W. & A.
decandra,Z. . .
hydaspica, Hdgw. .
monogyna, L.
obcordata, Roxb.
pentandra, Z. . .
triquetra, Leottl.
Willd, .
Tribulus. 2
alatus, Del. .
lanuginosus, L. .
terrestris, L.
Trichaurus
ericoides, W.& A. .
Trichosanthes .«
Anguina, LZ...
bracteata, Voigt
cucumerina, Z.
nervifolia, Z.
palmata, Roxb. .
Trigonella .
occulta, Del.
Triphasia = ae
Aurantiola, Lour..
trifoliata, DC. .
Triumfetta .
angulata, Lam.
pilosa, Roth. P
rhomboidea, Jacq. .
rotundifolia, Lam.
Turpinia .
nepalensis, Wall.
pomifera, DC.
Turrea . sith
villosa, Benw. .
virens,

UMBELLIFERE .«
Unona .
discolor, Vahl .
Dunalii, H. f. & T.
farinosa, D. & G.
Lawii, H. f. ¢ T.
pannosa, Dalz. .
Uraria 5
picta, Desv. .
Urena ;

Page

Urena
lobata, Z.
sinuata, Z. .
Uvaria . .
Hooker, King .
lurida, D. &G..
Narum, Bl. .
Vahlia . 5
viscosa, Rowb. . .
Vangueria .

spinosa, Roxb. .
Vateria .
indica, Z.
Vatica
daccifera, W.& A..
Ventilago ‘
bombaiensis, Dale.
calyculata, Zul,

maderaspatana, Wt. .
madraspatana, Gert. .

Vigna :
capensis, Walp.
verillata, Rich.

WitO lane ven
cinerea, H. a &T..
Stocksii, Boiss. .

VIOLACEEZ .

VITACEE.

Vitis.
adnata, Wall.
araneosa, Laws.
auriculata, Wall. .
canarensis, Dalz. .
carnosa, Wall. .
discolor, Dalz. .
elongata, Wail. .
gigantea, Bedd.
glauca, W.& A.
indica, L.
lanceolaria, We welds
latifolia, Roxb. .
Linnei, Wall. .
pallida, W. & A,
pearmedoorica, Ray

pedata, Vahl

Maar angularis, Wall.

repanda, W. f° A. .
repens, W.g A.
Rheedei, W.d° A. .
setosa, Wall. . .
tenuifolia, W. & A.
tomentosa, Heyne .
trifolia, Z. .
vinifera, J... .
Woodrowii, Stapf.

Wagatea
spicata, Dalz.

| Walsura

piscidea, Roxb.

Page

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Waltheria .
indica, L.
Webera
corymbosa, Willd. .
Wendlandia
exserta, DC. . .
Notoniana, Wall. .
Wisteria
pallida, D.&G. .
racemosa, D. & G. .
Woodfordia Moe
floribunda, Sa/isb. .
tomentosa, Bedd. .
uniflora, Kehne

Xanthochymus
ovalifolius, Grah. .
ovalifolius, Roxb. .
pictorius, Roxb.

Xanthoxylon
triphyllum, Wt.

Ximenia.
americana, L. .

Xylia.
dolabriformis, Benth...

Zanonia .
indica, L.
Zanthoxylum .
ovalifolium, W¢.
Rhetsa, DC..
Zehneria
Baueriana, Woodr.
cerasiformis, Stocks
Garcini, Stocks
hastata, Miq.
Hookeriana, Arn. .
umbellata, Thw.
Zizyphus
labrata, Wt.
orrida, Roth. .
Jujuba, Lam.
nummularia, DC. .
inoplia, Mili. .
rotundifolia, Lam.
rugosa, Lam.
trinervia, Roxb.
xylopyra, Willd.
Zornia
angustifolia, ‘Sm.
conjugata, Sm. .
diphylla, Pers. .
zeylonensis, Pers.
zeylonica, Grah.
Zosimia. . ;
aaneatolin, DO. ;
orientalis, Hoff.
ZYGOPHYLLACEE .
Zygophyllum .
coccineum, L.
simplex, LZ. .

INDEX TO

NLS |

1 \ CS ee
Agasta

Ain

Ajmod .
AUWAN 2. 6
IAN ee
A
SS. Sonat x
PAu.
Amani
A'mb.
A'mbadsi
Ambadi .
A'mbat-vel .
A‘iberi .
Ambusi .
Amili.

ANAT.
Andabel .
Andi.

Anjan

PAAR 6: aos
A'nkul
Ansaroli.
A'pta.

ARS. .
TAL...
Arjun
Arjuna-sidada
Arkar

Arsina-gurgi
Ar sul ¢ 7
A'shok :
PANRO KS 1c a: «
Asolin :

Asupila .
Ati-bAla
Attak é
LAV ns,

Babhal .
Badim .

Badishep

Badjari-dhiman :

Page

yo 614
156, 873
St SOU
. 489 |

. 064

. 564

. 401

5 Sp)

- 55
2, 608
Zio
. 213

. 281

. 109
255

. 280 |

oe elon
430, 432 |
~ » ols
. 303
en i
428, 504
. . 446
. 576

. 576 |

_
=]
ite)

“I
a

| Biguli

Bahuphalli .

| Bakin-nimb

Baksyan
Bakora .

Bala .

Balantshep .

| Balpale .

Banpat .-. .
Baphali .
Barbadi.
Barkanghi .
Barki ;
Baroli
Bartondi
Bava .

| Bavehi

BAY os
Bechka .
Bedas

Behada .

| Bel

Belapata
Belati ‘
Bendrichi-vel .

| Bengali-badim

Ber .
Berki

Bh: jichi-bhendi
| Bhar-jambhal .
3 Bhendi .

Bhendi-ke- hie ir
Bhesa

| Bhilava .

Bhorsal .
Bhuiguli
Bhui-mug .

. 93 | Bhui-tarvad
55 | Bhura-kola .
: 421 | Bhutkes .
Bibba
Bibla.
. 444 | Bibu .
. 462 | Bihul
. 573 | Bilimbi .
- 132 | Billu .

234, 597

547

ee
. 401
. 219

VERNACULAR

Bis-khapra .
Biti
Bobbi.
Bokhada
Bondara
Bondsa .
Bor
Bother
Bothi
Brahmi .
Biri:
Burkar .
Burumb.
Buryel .
Buswanpad
Bute .

Chakan .
Challan .
Chambal
Chamoli .
Chandiri
Chanu
Chaora .
Char .
Chari
Chaudiari
Chaudhari .

Chauri

Chavli
Chayruka
Chenduphul
Chenna .
Cher. .
Chichva .
Chikonda
Chikta .
Chilhar .
Chilla
Chimar .
Chimat .

Chimkdani

. 141 | Chimnati é
. 169 | Chinai-Mendhi

wale

Chinch .
2X

NAMES.

412,

642

Chinchola .
Chin-ke-limbu
Chirati .
Chirphal
Chirpoti
Chirval .
Chula-juti .
Chuncha

Dabria
Daika. .
Dalimbi .
Dalmara
Dandus .
Dari .
Dasara-sdg .
Daushir .
Deshinw., -
Deshi-badam

Devya-kanchan ,

Deya-kapas.
Dey-babhal .
Dey-phanas
Dhadman .
Dhamasa
Dhana
Dhao.
Dhaukra
Dhaura .
Dhauri .
Dhavda .
Dhiyati .
Dhupa
Dinda
Dikemiali
Dingala .
Dodka-turai
Dudh- eet
Dudhi
Dudhya.
Dumbi
Dupari. .

Eree babhal

Gaja . .
Gajar ;
Gandaraja .
Ganeri
Gangi
Gango
Gangr
Gapsundi
Gdrambi
Garbi
Gardul .
Garmal .
Garud-yel .
Gauli ;
Gauriphal .

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES,

Page

. 452

. 184

540

. Lig

. 546
. 590
. 182
. 329

. 482
. 458
. 515
. 216
. 399

374

mao |
. 235
5 litle:
. 481
. 434
Ls

445,

450

. 580
. 141
. 164
. O78
. 483
. 483
. 482
5 aut
. 482
Owl

29,

G02,

87

, 261

603

. 299
. 533
. 46
. 546
. 546

106,

. 460 |

. 472

136

!

Gayali
Gavari

Gendal . ;
Geru-mayu.
Ghagri .
Ghaipat .
Ghanera

| Ghati
Ghevda .
Ghiyd-turai
Ghol. .
Ghosale .
Gidas
Gidasawa
Gidesa
Girnul
Godadi .
Godi-babhal
Gogara .
Gogi-Sag
Gokran .
Gokru
Goldar .
'Gometi .
Gorbale .

| Govindphal
/Guli 5

‘Hadang .
‘Hadga .
Haladyel
Halda

| Haldi

| Halunda
Harbara
Harmal .
Harrani .
Harsankar .
|Hed .
Hedi.
|Hedu .
| Hekel
Hela.

|

|Hinganbet .

2 Hingu

Hirad :

| Hiragundi- “kipas
Hirda :
_Hirva- chapha . j
Hivar . :
Honal

| Hulga

7 Hulgeri .

| Hum

| Ingli.

Virdee ee es

| Hijuli- -badim .”

291,

319, :

Trapu
Itta

| Jakmi
|Jalaranda .
'Jamb
Jambha ,

Jambhal,

25 | Jangli-badém . ;
5 dangh- bhendi .

Jangli- -gijar

| Jangli-ganja

| Jangli- -kdjorni.

| Jangli-kali-mirehi
Jangli-kapas
Jangli-math

| Jangli-methi .
Jangli-padvel .
Jangli-takla
Jangli-tur

5 | Jangra .

Jasud
Jasvant .
| Javas

5 | Javasa

Jayanti .
Jensru
Jethmad
Jharasi .
Jhau
Jhayrajhad
Jire

| Kabar
| Kachlor .
‘Kadam .
Kadbi-nim .
Kadsherni .
Kadu :
Kadu-ehinch
Kadu-indrdyan
Kadu-kavath
Kadu-khajur .
Kadu-yrindavan .
Kadva-dudhya
Kadvanchi .
Kadva-sirid
Kajarvel
Kaju .
Kajuri
Kdikad . .
Kdkamari .. .
Kakaphal . . .
| Kikganga

2|Kakri. . ; .

_Kadla-bhopala .

| Kala-chapha

| KAla-kaddu

| Kéla-khajur -
PUSEWS 2 gi
Kala-palas “7

Kali-siras . .
Kalgur . .
Kalingad
Kiali-vel .
Kalvari .
Kamal
Kamaranga
Kamarri
Kamo .
Kanak-champa
Kanechan
Kandal .
Kandi
Kandol .
Kandvel
Kankadi
Kankri .
Kanphuti
Kanthar
Kanvel .
Kaori :
Sa phodi
Kapur-bhendi .
Karad-kinguni
KATA: 5.

Karale

Karandi
Karanj .
Kardal

Kare. ;
Karit. .
Karkani
Karmal .
Karmugli

Karnikar . .
Karpa .
Kartoli .
Karumili
Karvina
Kasa.

Kasari

Kasay ..
Kashi- -bhopala.
Kasili
Kasivda. .
Kassod . . .
Kasturi . .
Kasturi-bhendi
Kate-séveri .
Kat-kuda
ala . «
Kaulia- bébhal .
Kaundal
Kaushi .
Kavath .
Kavdodi
Kavla :
Kazorlicha-yel
Kazurati
Khabéasi .
Khag-kuiri .
Khaguzi.

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES,

Page
» 453
. 225
. 637

257

Ad
20, 26
. 168
. 608
. 472

196
. 434
. 472
. 439

. 1D |

. 250
. 26
. 445
. of
. 48
. 239
. 148
. 264
. 205
Zo
124
. 529
ey
. 492
. 88
. 598
» doo
~ 20k
Aad
. 544
= 129
» 260
ODO!
5 15)
. 544
» 152
. 360

. 120
. 610
. AT
. 444
. O27
. 125
» 192
. 534
. a00
258
«(Zoo
90

. 356

. 190°

Page |
Khair ree - 448 | Madbel .
Khair-babhal . - 448 Madhumilati .
Khajagolicha-yel , . 254 |Mahd-nim .
Khaparkuti . 90 | Mahéruk .
Kharbuj - 566 Makad-limbu .

Khatakhati.
Khira

Kinhai .
Kinjal .
| Kirni
Kirrari .
Kisri.

Kivich .
Kohala .
Kokam .
Kokti
Koland .
Kolisna
Kosimb .
Kothmir.
Moowak:«.. -. 4
Kovidara
|Kuba. .
Kubibhal
Kudak re
Kukad-vel .
Kukar

| Kulith 5 ahs
Kulkulta, 7
|Kumbha.
Kumtia ,

| Kunti ;
| Kurelo-jangro .

| Loenahies Ma wi
| Lahdn-barki
(ai \.
‘Lajalu

i -

Lal-devdar .
Lal-jhau.
Lal-khair
Lal-ladu
Landgu .
poets
Lapoti
Lasan-ghas .
LatakS. .
Lendi-}: 4mbhal_
Libi-dibi
Lichi .
Limba
Limbara
Limtoli .
Loba .
Lobiya .
Lokandi.

Madam . ,
Madanghauti .

. 142

480
607
| 473

366
tt,

179

. 448
. 190
. o34
. 360,
. 353
. 807
6L }
. 491
. 413
. 100
. 503
. 215 |

536

Mal- setae
453 |

Mal-kanguni
_Manjishth .
/Marmat .
Masur
|\Matar . .
Matki

54

76 |Mendhi .
| Methuri
Mhua

|Modi. .
Mohari .
Morvel .

569

Mota-karmal
Mota-sirili .

Mougri .
Moya ..
Muchakund
2\Mudhiri .
Mudra .
Mukél «7%
Mukni

2 | Murudseng

Nadena. ,
y | Nag-chapha
Nanay 6s
| Nardala
| Naringi.
; eu ;
JUN SuISIE hse ee
71 Nepti .
' Nichardi
ee:
Nil :

Nim. ;
Nimbuli

Nisul-bondi
Niv

Nivar
Nurakvel

08 |

. 378 |
APE ce Buckie
235, 239,

. 624

Ont .
Onva

265

Pachunda .

Pada
Padyel .

95

Malake-jamb .

: :
|Meceani-amli .

| Mota-bondara ;

|Motha-tarvad .

oy ie ete

, Nindotrikund .

=
—)
OUST

319, 32

644

Pahadmul .
Pahaddvel . .
Pakar ;
Palas ‘
Palas-vel . .
Palore
Panavla
Panag cess
Pandarphalli .
Pandhara .

Pandhara-khair .

Pandhari-sivar
sel <5 cay ee
Pandri-tilwan
Pandruk . ,
Rangand: 7.
Pan-jimbhal .
Panlavang. .
Panphue
Panschi .
Papai
Papanas
Papat .
Paravel .
Paripath
Patang .
Pat-til
Pavia |.
Pendgul
Perinkara .
Peru

Petari .
Phalara. . .
Phalsa
Phalsan .
Phansi .
Phuga
Phutani
Piluki
Pithyan .
Pitkuli .
Pitpapda
Pivala-chapha
Pivala-dhotara
Pivli-rai
Pivli-tilwan

Piyal

Popaya .
Prishnaparni .
La

Punaga .
Putlani .

Ragi. .
Ragt- roda .
ge .

Rai- -kudé .
Rakta-kanchan
Raldhup
Rama-turai
Ramkinta .

INDEX TO VERNACULAR N

Page

. 872 | Ran-bhendi

= Ramphal
23 | Ramrik .

24 | ‘Ra Ana-sevari

. O72 | Randhuni .

. 56) Ranjai .
. 572 | Ran-kapas

310

501 | Ran-gheyvda

Ranlavang .

. 599 | Ran-limbu.
. 449 Ran-methi.

. 121 | Ran-onva .

. 699 | Rain-takla .

40 | Ran-turai .

. 124 | RAn-udid

. 493 |
old
. 465

3867 | Rat
Ratamba

Ratangunj.
Ratanparas

476 Ratobawal .

524 Resemi-naringi

. 191 | Ritha
. 612 | Rohan .

ml Rudrak

589 | Rudréksh
. 412 Rudrakshi .

98 | Ruhin

| 381 |

°

398 |

152 | Saibani

. 498 | Safed-sarsu

. 454

Dorr

112 |

96 (Sagar gota
| Sageri
ew fa
|Salé .
S; dilparni .
Salphali .
61 | Salvan

>
Co
Cr

| Sankdsur
Santara .
Sarata
8 | SArdol
|Sarmal .
Sarpunka
09 | Sarsan
Sarub
Sarvad
Satap.
| Saundad
Saur .
Savar
Sevara
Sevari
| Shalgam
Shameula
| Shembati
|Shembi .
Shemi
2 | Shendri .
Shend-vel

toe
a
He oe

. 444 |Shepu .

Samudra- -phal

“99,

NAMES,

329
114

. 564

387

2

"100
491

nee Sie ||
305,

355

. 564 |

418, 419

. 533
» 363

‘ 438

Ue
76

52

. 446
5 ISIS
. 267
215
. 158
ele

136

. 215

Shevga .

Shimai-agase .

/Shinti
Shinde

Shingdd&é . .

Shirala .
Shirol
| Shirul
‘Shisham

Shivan- Yall: ie

(Sigam-kiti .
| Sikakai :
|Siras .
|Sissu. .
Sitaphal .
Sivalingi
Son-chapha
|Son-khairi .
Sumri
|\Sundar . .
/Sundri
Supli

| Supti.
|Surangi .

Takla
Takinak .
Taman

iT. Ambat .
Tambuti
Tamruj .
Tarati

$y} 5
» | Tarbuj

Tarvad .
Tejovati. .
Telia-babhal
'Telitsayel
Telva
Terda

Al hads: Whee
Thorla-gunj

'Tondli
Tugli
Tuni .

Turan

o, |Lurruli .

Udal .
Udid.
| Ugad
hWkshi ...
Ulat-kambal

Fle dmbada-bhopali A

aa

Ub.
Undi.
Undri
Unhali
Upagi-mara

Uplia- Kamal E

Urimedi
Uskiamen

Vabbina. .
Vaodti . .
Vikeri

Vil-papadi .

Valuchi-bhaji .

Vin-bhendi

INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES,
Page Page
. 268 Van-methika . 305 | Wagati .
80 | Vanu-raja . : . 432 Walsura
Lbo Vera. 6 Ss 540 | Walursi
825 | Vardharé ; 284 Waten-yel .
77 \Varung. . . 95
26 | Vasan-vel awe ALY
426 | Vatoli . 19 | Yekadi
426 | Vayavarna . - . 42) Yekyel
Vedi-bibhal 416, 444 | Yenkli
Veli-ghani . . . O24 | Yerindi .
. 18) Vilayti-amli . 456 Yerul
. 416 | Vildyti-chinch - . 406 | Yesti.
. 416 | Vildyti-ghias . 807
. 381 | Vildyti-kikar 416
. 559 | Vilayti-Mendhi . . . 498 | Zaitun
9, 100 Vumb « «-¢.6 » «» 208 |Zellusi

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