FLORA OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS AND ADJACENT PLAINS COLORADO, UTAH, WYOMING, IDAHO, MONTANA, SASKATCHEWAN, ALBERTA, AND NEIGHBORING PARTS OF NEBRASKA, SOUTH DAKOTA, NORTH DAKOTA, AND BRITISH COLUMBIA LIBPA NEW BY P. A. RYDBERG, Ph.D. Curator, New York Botanical Garden NEW YORK Published by the Author 1917 Copyright, 1917 Per Axel Rydbehg Press of StEINMAN & FOLTZ. Lancaster. Pa. PREFACE LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANJCAL After more than twenty-five years of study of the flora of the Rocky Mountain region, and seventeen years after the first description was drawn for the book, this manual is now presented to the public. Its history, pur- pose and scope are given in the introduction, with certain necessary explana- tions regarding the general features of the book. Thanks are due to the custodians of many herbaria for the privilege of studying collections and types, and for the loan of specimens; these herbaria are enumerated in my introduction. The author wishes to thank all his associates at the New York Botanical Garden, especially Dr. N. L. Britton, Director-in-Chief, for encouragement and help in his work; Dr. J. K. Small, for help in critical cases and in certain groups, as for instance Polygonaceae and Saxifragaceae, and in the original draft of the key to the families; and Dr. J. H. Barnhart, for help in questions of nomenclature and literature. In drawing the generic descriptions, the author has frequently consulted Dr. Small's Flora of the Southeastern United States. Dr. Barnhart has contributed also the list of authors, including their full names and years of births and deaths wherever it has been possible. Thanks are also due to Mr. K. K. Mackenzie, who contributed the manu- script of Carex; to Professor E. Brainerd, who prepared that of Viola; and to Mr. W. W. Eggleston, who revised that of Crataegus. As most manuals of phaenerogamic botany also contain the ferns and their allies, an account of the fern-worts by Miss Margaret Slosson has been appended. The families Isoetaceae, Equisetaceae and Selaginellaceae were left by her until the last. She did some preliminary work on Selagin- ella, but before the work was finished she left the New York Botanical Gar- den temporarily, and the completion of the fern worts fell upon the author, who feels that the treatment of the three families is not adequate, as the manuscript was prepared hurriedly while the book was going through the press. The author is indebted especially to the following botanists, who have kindly corrected the statements of the ranges of all of the species and fur- nished additions to the list of species known to occur in their respective states and provinces: Mr. J. M. Macoun, western Canadian provinces; Professor J. E. Kirkwood, Montana; Mr. J Francis Macbride, Idaho; Pro- fessor A. 0. Garrett, Utah; and Mr. George E. Osterhout, Colorado. Thanks are also due to the following persons who have gratuitously helped in read- ing the proofs: Professor A. 0. Garrett, Mr. G. E. Osterhout, Miss K. D. Kimball, and Mr. A. E. Urban, now manager of The Hershey Pre-ss, who kindly continued proofreading even after he left his old concern. The help of Mr. Urban, who is an amateur botanist as well, has been especially valu- able. P. A. Rydberg. The New York Botanical Garden, November, 1917. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction v Tables: Abbreviations, Signs and Measurements xii Descriptive Flora Spermatophyta : Key to the Families 1 Gyimnospermae 11 Angiospermae: Monocotyledones 20 Dicotyledones 185 Pteridophyta 1038 Appendix Summary 1057 New Genera and Species and New Combinations 1060 Abbreviations of the Names of Authors 1070 Glossary 1078 Index 1088 INTRODUCTION Preliminary Work In 1890, the author spent a month in western Nebraska. In the following Slimmer he was commissioned to coUect in the same region for the United States Department of Agriculture, and in 1892 in the Black Hills of South Dakota. A report on the last was published in 1896, in the Contributions from the Na- tional Herbarium, volume 3. These trips first introduced him to the flora of a part of the region covered by this manual. Since then he has done field work, partly for the United States Department of Agriculture and partly for the New York Botanical Garden, in Montana, Yellowstone National Park, Colorado and Utah, and has made shorter stops in eastern Idaho and southern Wyoming. In aU, he has spent eleven siunmers in the Rocky Mountain region. In this field work he was associated with or assisted by the following men: C. L. Shear, Ernst A. Bessey, A. O. Garrett, J. H. Flodman, F. K. Vreeland, and E. C. Carl- ton, to whom thanks are due. After collecting for two summers and a half in Montana and the Yellowstone National Park, the author pubhshed in 1900, a Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yeli,owstone National Park.* In preparing this, he studied the extensive collections made by Frank Tweedy of the United States Geological Survey, as well as that of W. M. Canby, and one made for the World's Fair in Chicago, 1893. In 1901 the author was requested to determine the collection accumulated at the Agricultural College at Fort CoUins, Colorado, made by James Cassidy, C. S. Crandall, J. H. Cowan, and their assistants and students, and finally to pre- pare the results for publication. The Flora of Colorado! appeared in 1906. At this time the author had spent a summer and a half collecting in Colorado and the New York Botanical Garden had secured an almost complete set of C. F. Baker's, and Baker, Earle and Tracy's collections in that state. Together with the older collections preserved in the herbarium of Columbia University the material mentioned above made possible an almost complete catalogue of the Colorado flora. The preparation of the manual has taken a longer time than expected, as only a small part of the author's time could be used for the work. During the time (1900-1916) the work has been progressing, the author has published a series of 29 papers imder the title "Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora," in which numerous new species have been published. The pubUcation of a second edition of Coulter's Manual in the form of "A New Manual of Botany of the Central Rocky Mountains," by J. M. Coulter and Aven Nelson, in 1909, made the appearance of the contemplated flora less urgent, as the need was partly supphed, and the issuing of the manual was delayed. Material Used in the Work The main part of the work has been done in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden, where also the collections of Columbia University (including the Torrej^ and Morong herbaria) are deposited. These herbaria contain numer- ous types or duplicates of types of species described by Torrey, Torrey and Gray, Nuttall, Hooker, and Richardson, as well as the first sets of several collections and duphcate sets of many others. The author has visited the United States National Herbarium five times, for weeks at a time, and has often had specimens as loans for study. He has gone through it quite thoroughly, except the family Cichoriaceae. The studies * Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. vol. 1. t Agr. Exp. Sta. Colo. Agr. CoU. Bull. no. lOO. vi INTRODUCTION there included investigations of the types of species described by Vasey, Coville, Rose, Hitchcock, Scribner, Standley, and others; Dr. E. L. Greene's herbarium was deposited there at that time. The author has also made four similar visits to the Gray Herbarium, mainly to study types, especially those of plants de- scribed by Gray, Watson, Robinson, Fernald, Greenman, and others; three short visits to the Philadelphia Academy to study the types of Pursh and Nuttall; one to the Field Museum, Chicago; one to the Missouri Botanical Garden; one to the Geological Survey of Canada; and a day's stop at the Rocky Mountain Herbarium at Laramie. In 1901 he spent more than a week at the Royal Gar- dens, Kew, where he studied all the types of the plants described in Hooker's Flora Boreali-Ajiericana, and made a visit to the British Museum, which con- tains many of Nuttall's types. The herbarium of the College of Pharmacy of New York City has often been consulted and specimens borrowed therefrom. In addition, the following herbaria have passed through his hands for study and determination: Herbarium of the Agricultural College of Colorado; Herbarium of the Agricultural College of Montana (before 1900) ; Frank Tweedy's herbarium, now at Yale University; and the herbaria of F. D. Kelsey and F. E. Leonard, now at Oberlin College. The only important collections from the Rocky Mountains not studied are that of M. E. Jones and that of the University of Wyoming; many duplicates from these have been available, however. The author has also corresponded for years with Mr. Osterhout, Prof. Garrett, Prof. Cockerell, Mr. Macoun, and many others. Area Covered by the Manual When the manual was first contemplated the author estimated that it would comprise the description of about 4000 species; this estimate might have proved correct if the work had been limited to the Rocky Mountains themselves. His knowledge of the vegetation of the plains east of them, a flora not adequately treated in any manual, induced the author to include that also. As he has been interested in "the flora of the northern Rockies, perhaps more than any one else in the United States, the Geological Survey of Canada has for years sent the first set of its exchanges from the Rocky Mountain region to the New York Botanical Garden; it was desirable, therefore, to include the flora of this part of Canada in the manual, and perhaps 200 northern species have been added. The parts of Utah west and south of Wahsatch Mountains, as well as western Idaho, have not been included in any of the floras of the Rocky Mountain region. As many collections have been made in the part of Utah mentioned, by Edward Palmer, C. C. Parry, A. L. Siler, Mrs. Almon H. Thompson, L. F. Ward, and others, and especially lay M. E. Jones, the whole of the states of Utah and Idaho was in- cluded and at least 500 or 600 species thus added. The total number of species, in the meantime, has grown to nearly 5900. The area covered by this flora thus includes the entire states of Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana, and extends eastward to long. 102° W. in Nebraska, South Dakota and North Dakota; it also includes the Canadian i>rov- inces of Saskatchewan and Alberta, south of lat. 55° N. (the old boundary of the territories of the same name*), and the Kootenay Districts of British Columbia. The Rockies extend for some distance south into New Mexico, but no attempt has been made to cover any part of that state; as far as the truly mountain flora is concerned, however, it is practically covered. As the number of known species within the area has increased, the author has been obhged to shorten the descriptions in order to make the book of a con- venient size; cutting dowm original descriptions one-fourth or more, and usually avoiding repetition of characters given in the keys. The resulting brevity will naturally detract from the value of the work, but otherwise the book would have become too bulky to be convenient, especially in the field. The descriptions are nearly all redrawn from actual specimens. The original types or duplicates of the types have been consulted wherever possible, and rarely have the original descriptions been merely copied or condensed. * The present boiinrlary i.s lat. 60°, but the region between lat. 55° and G0°, is botan- ically practically unknown. * INTRODUCTION vii Nomenclature and Limitation of Genera and Species The nomenclature used agrees, as far as possible, with the so-called American Code, used at the United States National Herbarium and Department of Agri- culture, the New York Botanical Garden, and many of the universities and botanical institutions of this country. It differs from the International Code, followed by many institutions, principally in the following two features: it allows few exceptions from the rule that the oldest generic and specific name (after Linnaeus' Species Plantarum of 1753) should be used, and provides that, if a Latin name has been used for one plant, it can never be used for another. The nomenclature used in this manual differs somewhat on this account from that used by other writers on the flora of the region or a part thereof. Another im- portant difference is due to the fact that the author beheves that in many cases unnatural groups of species of diverse habit and structure should not be retained as genera just because our predecessors have regarded them as such. In other words, a genus should be divided into several, if it can be split up into smaller and more natural ones. Such divided genera are, for instance, the old large genera Astragalus, Oenothera, and Aster. On the other hand, the fully as large genera Carex, Eriogonum, and Senecio have been kept intact, as no natural divi- sion could be found. For those who disagree with the author in the matters of nomenclature and limitation of genera and species, there will be very little difficulty in finding the scientific name to which they are accustomed, as synonyms have been freely cited, in fact as far as deemed necessary. The synonymy, of course, is by no means complete ; only such is included as has been in use for the plant recently, or is necessary for the explanation of the accepted name, or represents supposed new species, which the author regards as indistinguishable from the one described. In the cases where a synonym is preceded by a "(?)" this means that the author has not seen the tj-pe of the synonym, but from the description supposes that it represents the same species as the one accepted. A few of my friends have suggested that the place of publication of each name should also be given; while this would have increased the utility of the book, it would have added perhaps 150 pages. This manual will be useful to three classes: the amateur botanists, the students in high schools and colleges, and the professional botanists. The first two classes, as a rule, do not care for the full citation, and most of the professional botanists have access to the "Kew Index" and the "Card Catalogue," or other reference books. The omission of the place of publication will work hardships, therefore, to only a few. Pronunciation and Accentuation In most of the schools of this country the so-called Roman pronunciation is used in reading Latin, but exceedingly few botanists pronounce the Latin names in accordance with it. They are supposed to pronounce it according to the so- called English method, but the author has not found two persons who do it alike. He frankly admits that he does not know how to pronounce the names according to the latter method. According to the Roman method, as he was taught it, the vowels are pronounced nearly as follows: short as in hat " " " met " " " not " " " put The consonants he learned to pronounce as they are in English, except that c and g are hard as in cat or go, even before e, i, and y; j as consonant y, z Bats, and ch and j)h in Greek words as k and /. Most of the mispronunciations, whether the English, Continental, or Roman pronunciation is used, are due to ignorance of the accent. On the proper ac- centuation the author wishes to say more,* as the specific names in this volume * The explanations given in this discussion may not agree •\vith most Latin grammars in English, but the author thinks that this is because the English grammarians consciously or miconsciously interpret constructions in Latin according to the models of the highly individuaUzed English language. a e i long as in father " " " there " " " machine o u " " " no " " " rule viii INTRODUCTION do not have the accent indicated. Clements gives the following rule for accents: "In words of two syllables or more the accent is on the penult [next to the last syllable], when it is long; when the penult is short, the antepenult [third syllable from the end] is accented." This is correct if rightly understood. Long syllables are of two kinds, however; one with vowel length, the other with consonant length, that is, when it ends in one or more consonant sounds. Unfortunately, in a syllable with consonant length the vowel is usually called short, not only in Elnglish, but in most modern languages. In many Latin lexicons the vowel in such a syllable is marked as long (wrong according to modern notions), in a few as short; others are noncommittal. In fact, the syllable is long (as shown in verse) although the vowel is short. There are three kinds of syllables, tM^o end- ing in vowels, and one in a consonant. If there are one or more consonants between two vowels, one of these is always counted to the second syllable and the rest to the first, except that ch, ph, and th are regarded as one letter and a mute followed by r is carried to the second syllable {hy-dra, as-tra). The grave accent (d) is here used to denote a long vowel* and the acute (d) a short vowel syllable or a syllable with consonant length. The penult has the accent when it ends in a consonant, but if it ends in a vowel it has the accent only if this vowel is long. In hy-dro-phjl-lum (water-leaf) the penult ends in a consonant and hence has the accent, and the vowel is marked short, as the syllable has consonant length; in hy-dro-phi-la (water-lover) the penult ends in a vowel and this is short; the accent is removed to the antepenult and, as the connecting vowels i (in Latin) or o (in Greek) in compound words are short, the antepenult has a short accent. Greek words follow practically the same rules, but un- fortimately they do not always have the same quantity as the corresponding Latin words. For instance, in Latin the y in stylus (in classical Latin better stilus) is short, while in (xrvko^ the v is long. In brevistylis (Latin) the accent is on the antepenult, while in brachystylis (Greek) it is on the penult. A person must not be influenced by the English pronunciation of words similar to or derived from the Latin or Greek scientific terms, as it is very often corrupted. The words Spermatophyta, Pteriddphyta, etc., have the accent on the antepenult and short o and y, while the English Spcrmdtophyte and Ptendophyte have the accent on the antepenult with a long y in the last syllable. Just the reverse we find in the Greek and Latin Anemone and the English Anemone. As stated before, when the penult ends in a consonant, i. e., when the vowel is followed bj^ two consonants or more, or a double consonant, it always has the accent and this is short. If, however, the vowel is followed by one or no con- sonant, one has to find out whether it is long or short. To determine this one has very often to go to the lexicon. Most of the specific names are Latin or Greek adjective, some are nouns in the genitive case, and a few are old generic names or nouns of barbaric origin. For the last two categories no rules can be given, but the following hints may help in pronouncing the adjectives and geni- tives : The penult is long, as a rule, in the following adjective endings and hence takes the long accent: -d/is,t -anus, -dm, -dtus, -enus, -elus, -i7iu^,t -ilus, -ivus, aides, -ovus, -osus, -unus, -iines, -iirus, -iisus, -^tus. In classical Latin there were verj' few compound adjectives, but in botanical Latin they are used freely. A few in which the last term has a long vowel in the penult and hence accented, may be mentioned: -fiisus, -glumis, -physus, -florus. The penult has usually a short vowel in the following adjective endings, and hence the accent is removed to the antepenult: -acus, -eus, -eris, -crus, -eger * Tills must not be confused with the so-called long EngUsh a, for in English nearly all the sotinds of a (except the short a as in "hat") are long. The a in "hall" is long in English, though not the so-called long sound. In Latin, a word with such a spelling would have consonant length and be denoted with the short accent. In EngUsh the a in the names Hall and Haller are pronounced differently, as it is in mall and mallet, but in Latin the a is pronounced the same in Hdllii and Hdlleri. t Only the mascuhnc form is given here, the feminine and neuter forms follow the same rule; -alls and -anus stand for -alis, -alis, -ale, and -anus, -ana, -aniim, etc. t Short in serotinus, (inssipinus, cannabinus, and others. On the other hand salicinus and cyperinus arc usually indicated as long. The classical form of these words were, how- ever, salignus and cyprinus. INTRODrCTlON ix (-egra, -egrum), -icus, -ichus, -iilis, -idus, -His, -ilus, -imus, -tor, -ius, -uus, -yus. The compound words ending in the following syllables have also a short vowel in the penult: -cladus, -cola, -color, -fera, -ferum, -gcra, -gerum, -gijnus, -fidus, -fdus, -philus, -lepis, -olens, -pilis, -podus, -stomus, -tomus, -virens, -phylum. If the short connecting vowels i (in Latin) and o (in Greek) appear in the penult, they are not accented; when they appear in the antepenult in words with short penult they receive the short accent: drmiger, armigera, sjAnifer, spinifera. Of course, in adjective endings in which the penult has consonant length, this is accented and the vowel is short: -ensis, -ellus, -illus, -formis, -eslus, -uster, -ester, -essus. The same rule applies to compound words enging in -cdrpus, -roslris, -phyllu^. Bj' following the hints given above, any one can accent correctly eighty per cent, of the specific names in this flora. A few words may be said concerning the genitives of personal names and the same remarks apply to generic names dedicated to persons. The usual method of Latinizing a personal name is to add ius (genitive -it) or, in case of a generic name dedicated to a person, -ia, to it if it ends in a consonant (except r), and -us (-i) and -a if the name ends in a vowel or r. If the noun ends in -er, as Palmer, it is better to regard this as the proper Latin form with Palmer-i in the genitive. As the i in the penult of -ii and -ia always is short, the accent in such words will always be on the antepenult. Harder to determine is the place of accent if the genitive ends in a single -i or the generic name in merely -a, as it depends upon whether the penult is long or short. Many botanists pronounce the names derived from persons as they would the family name itself, with the Latin ending added, as Jdmes-i-a and Jdmes-i-i, named for James; while the Latin usage would require Ja-me-si-a and Ja-me-si-i. In Latin all syllables are pronounced and the accent can never be further from the end than in the antej^enult. It has been a custom to regard the vowel in the antepenult of the endings -esii, -onii, -inii, -unii, -elii, etc., and in the penult of -onis, -oni as long. Many include the ending -eri. This would be perhaps defendable in the case of Berlandieri, Plumieri, where the ending er has the accent in French and in plant names dedicated to some German and Scandinavian persons who write their name with an accent on the last syllable, but the author does not think it correct in Pdlmeri, Boreri, Breweri, Wdrneri, where the English name has a short er and the words in er following the second declen- sion in Latin as a rule had short e in the genitive or dropped it altogether. The author thinks that the four names just mentioned should have the accent on the first syllable. The generic names are much harder to treat. They are old Latin or Greek nouns, or vernacular names, with or without Latin endings, or modified personal names, or compound words (mostly Greek) manufactured according to the whims of the authors. The author saw no other way but to indicate their proper ac- cent in each case as far as they could be ascertained. Names of Authors The generic and specific names are followed by the names of their authors, usually abbreviated; the abbreviations are explained on pages 1070-8. If an author's name is placed in parenthesis after a generic name, it means that he published it before 1753 and that it was accepted after that date by the author following the parenthesis (usually Linnaeus). After the specific name, an author's name in parenthesis signifies that he originally proposed it, either in another genus or else only as a subspecies, variety, or form, and the author follow- ing the parenthesis was the first one to make the accepted combination. Common Names The common names are given in most cases after the Latin generic name. A common name has been inserted after the description of a species only where it seems to apply exclusively or principally to that species. In the Rocky Moun- tain region the common names apply usually to all species of the genus rather than to a particular one. No attempt has been made to manufacture a " common name" where there is none in existence. X INTRODUCTION Measurements The measurements have been given in metric system, now used by most of the scientific bureaus of the United States and universities and colleges of the country. In the old English system, formerly used in descriptive botany, the inch was divided into twelve lines. A ruler with this division is hard to find now-a-days, while metric rulers can be had nearly everywhere. For those who are more accustomed to the English measurements a table is given on page xii, with equivalents near enough for all practical purposes. Habitat and Distribution Near the end of each specific description is given the usual habitat of the plant and its geographic distribution. In order to save space the latter is given in abbreviation. Usually four states or provinces, or less, are mentioned; if the distribution is irregular, sometimes more than four. The expression: Man. — Kans. — Utah — Alta. would mean that the area in which the plant grows naturally extends from Manitoba to Kansas, Utah, and Alberta. If a state or province is placed within parenthesis with a question mark preceding, as for instance (? Colo.), it means that the plant has been reported from said state, but that the author has not verified the assertion and doubts its correctness. Isolated or exotic distribution is set off from the general endemic one by a semicolon; and immigrants are distinguished as adventive (adv.), i. e., not fully established, or fully naturalized (nat.), or escaped from cultivation. The abbreviations used are included in the table on page xii. Altitudes and Life Zones In the original draft, altitudinal distribution was stated. In an area which extends in latitude 18 degrees, or approximately 1250 miles, however, a statement of the altitudes does not mean very much, as a plant which has its best develop- ment in Colorado at 3000 meters (10,000 feet) does not reach half that altitude in the Canadian Rockies. Instead of the altitude in meters or feet, the zonal distribution is therefore given. The following life zones have been accepted in this work: Alpine Zone (Alp.), the region above timberline. Subalpine Zone (Subalp.), or Spruce Belt. Montane Zone (Mont.), or Pine Belt. Submontane Zone {Submont.), or Foothills, or in the south the Chaparral Belt. Sonoran, or rather Upper Sonoran, Zone (Son.), or Pinon-Cedar Belt and the Upper Desert. Lower Sonoran Zone (L. Son.) or Lower Desert, limited with the manual area to the Colorado River Caiion and Virgin River Valley in Utah. As the first four of these zonal names apply only to a mountain region, they could not be used for the part of the area occupied by the plains, especially east thereof. The same life zone that occupies the high mountains in temperate latitudes will occupy the lowlands nearer the poles, and these zones there become Arctic, Subarctic, Boreal, and Subboreal. The Montane and Subalpine Zone reach the lowlands or plains in Alberta and hence also meet the western exten- sion of the Boreal and Subarctic Zones of the east. This merging takes place, however, mostly north of latitude 55°, as the grass-covered plains i)ush across the northern branch of Saskatchewan River; it is practically only along the lower part of said river that the Boreal and Subarctic flora enters the area of this work. The hardwood forests of the subboreal zone docs not reach the Rockies; only a small element roj>rcsents it in the foothills of the Black Hills, South Dakota, and exceedingly few of its j)lants reach eastern Saskatchewan. The zone is ro})re- sented on the j)lains by grasslands and as these arc so different from both the foothills of the Rockies and the eastern subboreal hardwood forest, it has seemed better to designate them with a different name, and the word Plain represents the grass-covered portion of the Subboreal Zone. The plains south of the divide between the Arkansas and Platte rivers belong in reality to the Sonoran Zone, but as the transition is so gradual and the general characters of the two divisions INTRODUCTION xi are much alike, in many cases the word Plain also includes the Sonoran portion of the plains, the so-called Slaked Plains. Tables showing the approximate altitudes occupied by the different zones in southern Colorado and southern Montana, and in Alberta at the crossing of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, and also the approximate latitudes at which they meet the plains, lowlands, or level basins are shown below. The western side of the mountains is warmer than the eastern. It is also dryer, except in the northern part, where the moisture conditions are reversed. The lower zones, therefore, extend further north on the west side. Colorado Montana Alberta Alpine {Alp.) 3500-4300 m. 2700-3.500 m. 2100-3500 m. Subalpine (Subalp.) 3000-3500 m. 2500-2700 m. 1800-2100 m. Montane {Mont.) 2.500-3000 m. 1800-2500 ra. 1200-1800 m. Suhmontime {Submont.) . . . 1800-2500 m. 1500-1800 m. Plain Upper Sonoran (Son.) 1350-1800 m. Plain This table may be given also in the English measures: Alpine 11,500-14.400 ft. 9.000-12,000 ft. 7,000-12.000 ft. Subalpine 10,000-11,500 ft. 8.000- 9,000 ft. 6,000- 7.000 ft. Montane 8,000-10,000 ft. 6,000- 8,000 ft. 4.000- 6,000 ft. Submontane 6,000- 8.000 ft. 5,000- 6,000 ft. Plain Upper Sonoran 4,500- 6.000 ft. Plain The different zones meet the lowlands, plains or level basins at approximately the following latitudes: East side West side Alpine-arctic 69°-90° 69°-90° Subalpine 55°-69° 55°-69° Montane 48°-55° 50°-55° Submontane 38° 30'^8° 42°-50° Upper Sonoran 35°-38° 30' 35°-42° Time of Flowering At the end of the specific description is given the month of flowering. The symbols used are: Ja, F, Mr, Ap, My, Je, Jl, Au, S, O, N, D. TABLES Abbreviations The well known abbreviations of the states of the United States are here litted. Adv. = adventive Alp. = Alpine Zone Alta. = Alberta* Am. = America or American Ap = April Arctic = Arctic Zone Au = August Auth. = Authors t B. C. = British Columbia Boreal = Boreal Zone c = central C. Am. = Central America cm. = centimeter D = December dm. = decimeter e = eastern Eu. = Europe Eurasia = Europe and northern Asia F = Februarv (Fl. Colo.) =' The Author's Flora of Colorado (Fl. Mont.) = Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and Yellowstone Park Greenl. = Greenland Ja = Januarj' Je = June Jl = July Labr. = Labrador L. Calif. = Lower California L. Son. = Lower Sonoran Zone m. = meter Mack. = Mackenzie Territory Man. = Manitoba Mex. = Mexico! mm. = millimeter Mont. = Montane Zone Mont. = Montana Mr = March My = May n = northern N = November N. Am. = North America Nat. = Naturalized N. B. = New Brunswick ne = northeastern Ne^\'f. = Ne'R'foundland N. S. = Nova Scotia nw = northwestern O = October Ont. = Ontario P. E. L = Prince Edward's Island Plain = Subboreal Plains Que. = Quebec s = southern S = September S. Am. = South America Sask. = Saskatchewan se = southeastern Son. = Sonoran Zone Subalp. = Subalpine Zone Subarctic = Subarctic Zone Subboreal = Subboreal Zone Submonl = Submontane Zone sw = southwestern Trop. = tropical w = western W. Ind. = West Indies Signs - (short dash) between figures or words means that the two figures or two words denote the extreme of varia- tion. 5 Subgenus or section of a genus. — (long dash) between the names of two or more states denotes the extent of distribution. X denotes a hybrid between the two species mentioned. Measurements 1 mm. = V2.-3 inch 3 mm. = Vh inch 1 cm. = % inches 5 cm. =2 inches 1 dm. = 4 inches ] rn = 40 inches or 3K feet 300 m. = 1000 feet 1 line = 2 mm. i/g inch = 3 mm. 1 inch = 2.5 cm. 1 s])an = 1 dm. 1 foot = 3 dm. 1 yard = 9 dm. * Many people ase the abbreviation "Alb.", but as far as the author has been able to a-scertain, the official one i.s ".\lla." .,.«..••.. 5 v, „ t Used in cases of misapplications of names where the author first asmg it in sucn a sense has not been ascertained. ,» ■ > t Observe the difference between N. M. (New Mexico) and n Mex. (northern Mexico). xii SPERMATOPHYTA Seed-bearing or Flowering Plants. Plants with flowers containing stamens, or pistils, or both, and producing seeds containing an embryonic plant. Alternation of generations not apparent, the gametophyte being exceedingly re- duced. The pollen-grains {microspores) contained in the anther- sacs of the stamens, after liberation and reaching the stigma of the pistil or the naked ovules, germinate and produce a tube, by means of which the egg-cell {macrospore) of the ovules {macrosporange) is fertilized. Page Ovules and seeds borne on the surface of an open bract or scale; stigmas wanting. Class I. GYMNOSPERMAE 11 Ovules and seeds in a closed ca\'ity (ovary), formed by one or more united modified leaves, with one or more stigmas at the end. Class II. ANGIOSPERMAE 20 Cotyledons usually single; earlier leaves alternate; leave.s mostly parallel-veined; stem endogenous. Subclass 1. Monocotyledones 20 Cotyledons mostly 2; earlier leaves opposite; leaves mostly netted- veined ; stem e.xogenoiis. Subclass 2. Dicottledones 185 KEY TO THE FAMILIES. Class 1. GYMNOSPERMAE. Naked-seeded Plants. Perianth none; trees or slirubs with needle- or scale-like leaves not sheathing. Pistillate flowers in aments; fruit a cone, either dry or berry-like. Carpellary scales subtended by bracts, never peltate; ovules inverted; buds scaly ; wings of the seeds formed from a portion of the carpellary scales, 1. Pinace.\e 11 Carpellary scales not subtended by bracts, mostly peltate or fleshy; ovules erect; buds naked; wings of the seeds, if present, a part of the seed- coat. 2. Jdntper.\ceae 17 Pistillate flowers single or in pairs, without carpellary scales; fruit drupaceous or baccate. 3. T.\xace.\e 18 Perianth present, urn-shaped; pistillate flowers single or in pairs; horsetail-Uke shrubs with jointed branches and the leaves reduced to sheatliing scales. 4. EPHEDRACE.'i^ la Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE Seed-vesseled Plants. Subclass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES. Small lens-shaped, ellipsoid, or flask-shaped floating aquatics without leaves. 15. Lemnaceae 143 Plants with true stems and leaves, the latter however, sometimes scale-like. Perianth rudimentary or degenerate, its members often bristles or mere scales, not corolla-like, or wanting. Flowers not in the axils of dry or chaffy bracts (glumes). Perianth of bristles or chaffy scales. Flowers in elongate terminal spikes; fruit hidden among bristles. 5. Ttphace.\e. 20 Flowers in globose lateral spikes; fruit not hidden among bristles. „ . , „ , 6. Spakganiaceae 20 Perianth fleshy or herbaceous, or wanting. Flowers in dense spikes subtended by an enlarged bract (spathe) ; fruit baccate; endosperm present; emersed water or bog plants. 14. Araceae 143 Flowers, if spicate, not subtended by a spathe; fruit drupaceous; endosperm wanting; submerged water plants. (1) 2 IvEY TO THE FAMILIES Gynoecium of distinct carpels; stigma disk-like or cup-like. 7. Zanichelliaceae 21 Gynoecium of united carpels; stigmas 2-4, slender. 8. N.\JAD.\CE.\E 26 Flowers in the axils of dry or chaffy, usually imbricate bracts (glumes). Leaves 2-ranked, their sheaths with their margins not united; stem mostly hollow ; fruit a grain. 12. Poaceae 29 Leaves 3-ranked, their sheaths with united margins; stems solid; fruit an achene. 13. Cyperaceae 103 Perianth of 2 distinct series, the inner series usually coroUoid. Gynoecium of distinct carpels. Petals similar to the sepals; anthers long and narrow; carpels coherent. 9. Scheuchzeriaceae 26 Petals different from the sepals, in ours white; anthers short and thick; carpels not coherent. 10. Alismaceae 27 Gynoecium of united carpels. Stamens numerous; water plants with broad netted- veined floating leaf- blades. 47. Nymphaeaceae 2S4 Stamens 3-6. Ovary and fruit superior. Stamens dissimilar, or only 3 with fertile anthers; endosperm mealy. Calyx and corolla of free, very different members; stamens free. 10. Commelinaceae 144 Calyx and corolla of quite similar members and partly vmited; stamens partly adnata to the perianth. 17. Pontedehiaceae 145 Stamens alike and fertile; endosperm fleshy, horny, or cartilagin- ous. Styles present, distinct or united; stigmas terminal. Styles distinct; capsule septicidal. 18. Melanthaceae 146 Styles united, often very short or obsolete during anthesis. Petals and sepals very unlike; capsules septicidal. 24. Calochortaceae 171 Petals and sepals nearly aUke; capsules locuUcidal. Sepals and petals chaffy. 19. Juncaeae 149 Sepals and petals not chaffy. Herbs with bulbs, corms or rootstocks. Plants with bulbs, or corms, or short erect rootstocks. Flowers in umbels, at first included in and later subtended by a scarious invo- lucre. 20. Alliaceae 157 Flowers solitary or racemose, or in Leuco- crinum by shortenmg of the stem the inflorescence umbel-like, without involucre. 21. Liliaceae. 163 Plants with elongate horizontal rootstocks. 22. Convaiaariaceae 166 Shrubby plants with woody caudices, or trees. 23. Dracaenaceae 169 Styles wanting. Flowers perfect; plants not climbing. Leaves and bracts alternate; plants with bulbs; fruit a capsule. 24. Calochortaceae 171 Leaves or leaf-like bracts whorled; plants with rootstock; fruit a berry. 25. Trilliace.\E 172 Flowers dioecious; plants climbing or trailing. 26. Smiiacaceae 173 Ovary and fruit wholly or partly inferior . Flowers regular; androecium not reduced; stamens 3 or more. Aquatic plants, dioecious or polygamous. 11. Elodiaceae 28 Land-plants with perfect flowers. Stamens 6; leaves not equitant. 27. jVM.\RyLLTDACEAE 173 Stamens 3 ; leaves equitant. 2S. Iridaceae 173 Flowers irregular, perfect; terrestrial or epii)liytic plants; stamens 1 or 2. 29. ORCinDACE.\.E 176 Subclass 2. DICOTYLEDONES. A. Corolla wanting. I. Calyx wanting, at least in the staminate flowers. Herbs. . „ „ • Land plants; styles di.stinct, cleft or fohaceous; ovaries 3-celled. 74. EUPIIORBIACEAE 541 Aquatic plants; stylos simple, imited into pairs; ovaries 4-celled. 75. Callitkiciiaceae 547 Trees or shrubs. Fruit 1 -seeded; seeds without tufts of hairs. KEY TO THE FAMILIES 3 Fruit a nut or an achene. 33. Corylaceae 205 Fruit a drupe or a samara. 101. Ole.aceae 655 Fruit many-seeded; seeds eacb with a tuft of hairs. 30. Salicaceae 185 II. Calyx present at least in the staminate or in the perfect flowers. 1. Flowers, at least the staminate, in aments or ament-like spikes. Plant not parasitic; fruit a nut or an achene. Staminate and pistillate flowers both in aments; fruit not with a bur or cup. Staminate flowers 2 or 3 together in the axils of the bracts, each with a calyx; pistillate flowers without a calyx. 32. Betulaceae 202 Staminate flowers solitary in the axils of each bract, without a calyx; pistillate flowers with a calyx. 33. Coryl-aceae 205 Staminate flowers in aments; pistUlate ones often solitary. Fruit a nut, at least partly enclosed in a cup or bur. 31. Fag.\ce.\e 199 Fruit drupaceous, not enclosed in a cup or bur. {Garrya in) 95. CORNACEAE. 634 Plant parasitic; fruit borry-like. 125. Loranthaceae 816 2. Flowers, at least the staminate, not in aments. a. Ovary superior. Gynoecium of 1, or several and distinct carpels; stigrma and style of each solitary. Carpel soUtary. Ovary neither enclosed nor seated in a hypanthium or a calyx- tube. Flowers not solitary in the a.xils of the leaves ; land plants. Plants with scarious stipules; flowers cymose. 43. CORRIGIOL.\CEAE. 267 Plants not with scarious stipules ; flowers clustered. 36. Urticaceae 208 Flowers soUtary in the a.xils of the leaves; aquatic plants. 46. CERATOPHYLL-ACEAE 284 Ovary enclosed in or seated in a hypanthiiuii or a caly.x-tube. Stamens borne under the gynoecium; calyx coroila~like ; herbs. 40. Nyctaginiaceae 255 Stamens borne on the hypanthium or adnate to the calyx- tube; calyx not coroUa-Uke; shrubs. Hj-panthium becoming fleshy in fruit, enclosing the tail-less achenes; calyx 4-nierous; stamens 4 or 8; leaves silvery-scurfy. 89. ELlAEAGNACEAE 581 Hypanthium not becoming fleshy; achenes tailed; calyx 5-merous; leaves not scurfy. (Coleogyne and Cercocarpus in) 60. Rosaceae 399 Carpels several. Stamens inserted below the ovary. (Genera in) 48. Ranunculaceae 285 Stamens Inserted on the edge of a cup-shaped hypanthium. (Genera in) 60. Rosaceae 399 Gynoecium of 2 or several united carpels; stig-mas or styles 2 or several. Ovary, by abortion, 1-celled and 1-ovuled. Leaves with sheathing stipules (ocreae). 37. POLYGONACEAE 210 Leaves estipulate, or stipules, if present, not sheathing. Trees or shrubs; ovary not seated in a hypanthium. 34. Ulmaceae 206 Herbs or vines. Stipules herbaceous; inflorescence spicate or racemose; leaf-blades palmately veined. 35. Cannabinaceae 207 Stipules scarious, or hyaline, or none: inflorescence cymose: leaf-blades pinnately veined. Fruit a utricle, or achene, circximscissile or bursting irregularly. Stipules wanting. Flowers subtended by an involucre formed by more or less united bracts. 37. Polygonaceae 210 Flowers not involucrate. Bracts not scarious. 38. CHENOPODIACE.AE 239 Bracts scarious. 39. Amaranthaceae 253 Stipules present, scarious. 43. COBRIGIOLACE-AE 267 4 KEY TO THE FAMILIES Fruit a capsule, dehiscent by apical or longitudinal valves. 44. Alsinaceae 268 Ovary several-celled, or with several placentae, several-ovuled. Stamens hypogynous, inserted under the gynoecium In the per- fect flowers, not on a disk in the staminate flowers. Flowers perfect. Stamens not tetradynamous. Stamens 2 ; inflorescence spicate. (Bessey a in) 117. Scrophulariaceak 760 Stamens 3-10; inflorescence cymose or axillary. Ovary 1-ceUed. Placentae parietal ; pistUs 2-carpillary. 57. Saxifragaceae 376 Placentae central or basal; pistils of 3-5 car- pels. Calyx not petaloid, of 4 or 5 distinct sep- als. 44. Alsinaceae 268 Calyx more or less petaloid, campanulate, merely 5-lobed. (Glaux in) 100. Primulace.\E 646 Ovary 3-5-celled; leaves verticiUate. 41. Tetragonlaceae 261 Stamens tetradynamous. (Apetalous species in) 52. Brassicaceae 321 Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 74. Euphorbiace.ae 541 Stamens perigynous or epigjTious, inserted on the margin of a hypanthium or a disk. Fruit a samara. 78. Aceraceae 551 Fruit drupe-like or berry-like. (Apetalous species in) 79. Rhamnaceae 553 b. Ovary inferior. Flowers not in involucrabe heads. Fruit a berry, or a drupe, or nut-like. Shrubs, with scurfy and usually silvery leaves. 89. Elaeagnaceae 581 Herbs, not with scurfy leaves. Stamens as many as the perianth-members and alternate with them, or fewer. 41. Tetragoniaceae. 261 Stamens as many as the perianth-members and opposite them, or twice as many ; water plants. Water plants, with whorled leaves. 92. Haloragidaceae 605 Land plants, parasitic or saprophytic, with alternate leaves. 126. Santalaceae 817 Fruit a capsule. Sepals as many as the ovary-cavities, or one-half as many. Hypanthium merely enclosing the ovary. 90. Ltthraceae 582 Hypanthiumadnate to the ovary. 91. Onagraceae 583 Sepals not of the same number as the ovary-cavities. Styles 2; leaves alternate. 57. S.axifragaceae 376 Styles 6 : leaves 2, basal. 128. Aristolcchiaceae 821 Flowers, at least the staminate, in involucrate heads. Calyx corolla-like. 40. Nyctaginaceae 255 Calyx not corolla-hke. 133. Ambrosiaceae 827 B. Corolla present. I. Petals distinct, at least at the base. 1. Carpels solitary, or several and distinct, or united only at the base. Stamens at the base of the receptacle, i. e.. hypogynous. Plants with relatively firm stems and leaves, not succulent. Stamens numerous; anther-sacs opening by slits. Submerged water plants with minute axillary sessile monoe- cious flowers; anthers with horn-like appendages. 46. Ceratophyllaceae 284 Land plants or rarely water plants with perfect or rarely dioecious flowers; anthers not with horn-like appendages. 48. RANU.VCULACEAE 285 Stamens definite (in oura 6) ; anther-sacs opening by hinged-valves. 49. Beuberidaceae 315 Plants with succulent stems and leaves. 5."). Ckassulace.\e 373 Stamens on the margin of a hypanthium (the hypanthium very small in some Saxifragaceae). Flowers regular or nearly so (actlnomorphlc). Endorsperm present, usually copious and fleshy. Herbs; stipules mostly wanting. Carpels as many as the sepals; succulent plants. 55. Crassulaceae 373 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 5 Carpels fewer than the sepals. 2 or rarely 3, distinct or only partly united; plant scarcely succulent. 57. Saxifragaceae 376 Shrubs or trees; fruit thin-walled follicles; stipules present. (Opulaster in) 60. Rosaceae 399 Endosperm wanting or scant; stipules mostly present. Carpels several or numerous, or, if solitary, becoming an achene. 60. Rosaceae 399 Carpel solitary, not becoming an achene. Ovary 2-ovuled; fruit a drupe; leaves simple. 62. Amyqdalaceae 450 Ovary several-ovuled ; fruit a legume; leaves pinnately compoimd. 63. Mimosaceae 452 Flowers irregular (mostly zygomorphic) . Upper petal enclosed by the lateral ones in the bud; corolla not papilionaceous. 64. Caesalpiniaceae 453 Upper petal enclosing the lateral ones in bud; corolla papilionace- ous. 65. Fabaceae 454 2. Carpels several and united, a. Ovaxy superior. * Stamens inserted at the base of the ovary or receptacle. t Stamens numerous. Sepals imbricate. Filaments imited in 3 or more sets ; leaves pellucid-punctate. 82. Hypericaceae 563 Filaments distinct; leaves not punctate. Caly.x deciduous. 50. Papaveraceae 316 Calyx persistent. Stigmas distinct or united, but not discoid; land plants; petals and sepals 4. 53. Capparidaceae 370 Stigmas united into a disk; aquatic plants; petals and sepals numerous. 47. Nymphaeaceae 284 Sepals valvate; stamens with united filaments. 81. Malvaceae 556 tt Stamens few, not over twice as many as the petals. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them. Anther-sacs opening by hinged valves. 49. Berberidaceae 315 Anther-sacs openmg by slits. Flowers monoecious. 74. EUPHORBIACEAE 541 Flowers perfect. 42. Portul.\caceae 262 Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or more, sometimes twice as many. Stamens 6 or less; petals 4: sepals 2 or 4. Sepals 2; endosperm present; flowers irregular; stamens diadelphous. 51. Fumariaceae 319 Sepals 4, rarely more; endosperm wanting; flowers regular. Capsule 2-celled; stamens tetradynamous, rarely 2 or 4. 52. Brassicaceae 321 Capsule 1-ceIled; stamens not tetradjmamous. 53. Capparidaceae 370 Stamens, petals, and sepals of the same number, or sta- mens more, usually twice as many as the sepals or petals. Ovary 1 -celled. Ovules, or seeds, on basal or central placentae. Sepals 2; or, if more (in Lewisia), plant scapose, with fleshy basal leaves and the flowers soli- tary on a jointed scape. 42. Portulacaceae 262 Sepals 4-5; plants leafy-stemmed. Sepals distinct; petals not clawed; ovary sessile. 44. Alsinaceae 268 Sepals united; petals clawed; ovary more or less distinctly stipitate. 45. Caryophyllaceae 280 Ovules, or seeds, on parietal placentae. Stamens with xuiited filaments and no stamin- odia. 81. Malvaceae 555 Stamens with distinct filaments. Staminodia present. 56. Farnassiaceae 375 KEY TO THE FAMILIES Staminodia wanting. Stigmas 2-cleft; plants insectivorous, with glandular-hispid leaves. 54. Droser.vce.\E 372 Stigmas entire; land plants, not insectiv- orous; leaves not glandular-hispid. Styles In ours distinct. Sepals persistent, united into a tube; leaves not pellucid-dotted. 84. Frankeniaceae 564 Sepals distinct; leaves pellucid- dotted. 82. Hypericaceae 563 Stj'les wholly united. Corolla regular or nearly so; sta- mens 8 or more. Sepals and petals 4; the latter not fugaceous. 53. Capparidaceae 370 Sepals and petals 3 or 5; the latter fugaceous. 85. Oistaceae 565 Corolla irregular; one petal spurred ; stamens 5. 86. VlOL-ACEAE 565 Ovary several-celled. Stamens adnate to the gynoecium. 106. ASCLEPLADACEAE 669 stamens not adnate to the gjTioecium. Stamens with wholly or partly united filaments. Anthers opening lengthwise; corolla regular. Leaves punctate; filaments polyadelphous, i. e., united in three or more bundles. 82. Hypericaceae 563 Leaves not punctate; filaments monadel- plious, i. ('., united in a single bundle Styles united around a central column from which they break at matur- ity. 66. Geraniaceae 530 Styles distinct or permanently and partly united; the tips and the stigmas free. Leaves simple; stamens 5. 68. LiNACEAE 534 Leaves compoimd; stamens 10-15. 67. OXALID.ACEAE 533 Anthers opening by pores; corolla irregular. 73. POLYGALu\CEAE 540 Stamens with distinct filaments. Anthers united ; flowers irregular. 69. Bausaminaceae 536 Anthers distinct; flowers regular or nearly so. Anthers opening by pores. Gynoecium superior; fruit usually cap- sular. Herbaceous saprophj-tes without green leaves. 97. MO.NOTROPACEAE 638 Herbs with green leaves and root- stocks. 96. Pyrol-VCEAE 635 Gynoecium inferior; fruit baccate or drupaceous. 99. Vacciniaceae 643 Anthers opening by sUts. Stigmas or styles distinct and cleft, or foliaceous. 74. Euphorbiaceae 541 Stigmas or styles distinct or united, neither cleft nor foliaceous. Style wantmg; dwarf water plants. 83. Elatinaceae 564 Styles present; not water herbs. Stamens 2. rarely 3. 101. Oleaceae 655 Stamens more than 3. Leaves punctate with trans- lucent dots. 72. kutaceae 539 Leaves without translucent dots. KEY TO THE FAIVIILIES 7 Calyx irregular, one of the sepals spurred or saccate; anthers united around the stigma. 69. Balsaminaceae 53G Calyx regular; none of the sepals saccate; anthers distinct. Stjie basal, arising between the nearly distinct lobes of the ovary; leaves odd- pinnate. 70. Ltmnanthaceae 537 Styles not basal; leaves In ours abruptly pinnate, or digitate. 71. Zygophylxaceae 538 ** Stamens inserted on the margin of a disk or hypanthium (perigy- nous or hypogynous). Styles and upper part of the ovaries distinct^ •' i I t- ^^ SAXIFRAGACEAE 37b styles united. , , -^ j.v. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them. Fruit a samara. 78. Aceraceae 551 Fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule. Sepals manifest; petals involute; fruit capsular or dru- paceous; ours shrubs or trees. r-o 79. RhamnaceaE 553 Sepals minute or obsolete; petals valvate; fruit a berry; ours vines with tendrUs. SO. Vitaceae 556 Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or more. Hypanthium flat or obsolete; disk fleshy. Styles united, arising in the center, between the nearly distmct lobes of the ovary; small hydrophytic plants. 70. Limnanthaceae 537 Styles not arising between the ovaries; trees or shrubs. Plants ^Ndthout secreting glands in the bark. Plants with resiniferous tissue; fruit drupaceous; seeds without aril; leaves in oiu-s compound. 77. AXAC'ARDIACEAE 550 Plants without resiniferous tissue; fruit a loculic- idal capsule; seed with a fleshy aril; leaves simple. 76. Celastraceae 548 Plants with secreting glands in the bark. 72. RUTACEAE 539 Hypantluum cup-shaped or campanulate; disk obsolete or inconspicuous. 90. LYTHRACEAE 582 Ovary at least partly inferior. a. Stamens numerous. Ovary partly inferior. „„„.^t,.^ qqo Fruit a capsule. 58. Hydrangeaceae 392 Fruit a pome. 61. Malaceae 445 Ovary wholly inferior. , , , „ i Sepals and petals 4 or 5. very imhke each other; leaves ample. Trees or shrubs; fruit fleshy. 61. Malace.\e 445 Herbs with rigid hairs; fruit capsular. 87. Loasaceae 569 Sepals and petals nearly alike, at least the latter numerous; leaves tvpically and in aU ours mere scales or wantmg; sue- culent plants armed with spines. 88. Cactaceae 57o b. Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals. Styles wanting; stigmas sessile. 92. Halorigid.\ceae 605 Styles present. Plants without tendrils. Styles distinct. , , .. Ovules several in each cavity of the ovary; fruit a cap- sule or a fleshy many-seeded berry. Fruit, if deliiscent, valvate. Leaves opposite; fruit a leathery capsule. 58. Hydrakgeaceae 392 Leaves alternate; fruit a berry. 59. Grossulariaceae 394 Fruit circumscissile. 42. Portul-^caceae 262 0\'nles solitary in each ca\aty of the ovary; fruit a drupe or 2-5 more or less united achenes. Fruit drupaceous or baccate; gjmoeciuin 1-several- carpellary, if 2-carpeUary the stigmas introrse. ki:y to the families OvTile with a ventral raphe; leaves mostly alter- nate; blades lobed or compound. 94. Arali.vceae 633 Ovule with a dorsal raphe; leaves mostly op- posite; blades entire or merely toothed. 95. CORNACEAE 634 Fruit dry, a cremocarp; gynoecium 2-carpellary ; stigmas terminal. 93. Ammiaceae 606 Styles united, or single. Ovary enclosed in or surpassed by the hypantliium or adnate to it. Anthers opening bj' pores; fruit a berry. 99. Vacciniaceae 643 Anthers opening by slits; fruit a capsule. Ovary with parietal placentae. 87. Loasaceae 569 Ovary with central or basal placentae. Hj-panthium merely enclosing the ovarj'. 90. Lythr.\ceae 582 Hypanthium adnate to the ovary. 91. Onagraceae 583 Ovary exceeding the hypanthium, the top free. 58. Hydr.\jngiace.\e 392 Plants with tendrils ; fruit a pepo ; leaf-blades palmately veined. 129. Cucurbitaceae 821 Petals more or less united. A. Ovary superior. 1. Stamens free from the corolla. Gynoecium of a single carpel; corolla papiUonaceous. 65. Fabace.-VE 454 Gynoecium of several united carpels. Filaments imited. Stamens diadelphous. 51. Fumariaceae 319 Stamens monadelphous. Anther-sacs opening by sUts; calyx and corolla regular. 67. OXALIDACEAE 533 Anther-sacs opening by pores; calyx and corolla very irregular. 73. Polygalaceae 540 Filaments distinct. Corolla regular; anthers distinct. Herbaceous saprophj-tes, without green leaves. 97. Monotropaceae 638 Herbs or shrubs with green leaves. Corolla of essentially di.stinct petals, i. e., united only at the base; herbs with rootstocks. 96. PYROL.\rE.\£ 635 CoroUa of distinctly united petals; shrubs. 98. Ericace.\E 639 Corolla irregular; one of the petals free; anthers united. 69. Bals.vminaceae 536 2. Stamens partially adnate to the corolla. a. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them, or twice as many or more; ovary 1-celled; placentae central or basal. 100. Primi laceae 646 b. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, or fewer. * Corolla not scarious, veiny; fruit various, but not a pyxis. t Carpels distinct, except sometimes at the apex. Styles luiited; stamens distinct or gynandrous. 105. Apocynaceae 667 Stj'les distinct; stamens monadelphous. lOG. Asclepiadaceae 669 tt Carpels united. Ovary 1-celled, with central placentae. Corolla-lobes convolute or imbricated m the bud; leaves typically opposite and simple. 103. Ge.\tian'.\CEAE 657 Corolla-lobes induplicate-valvate in the bud ; leaves al- ternate, in ours mostly basal and trifoliolate. 104. Menyanthaceae 667 Ovary 2-3-cclled, or falsely 4-cclled, or if 1-celled with parietal placentae. Stamens 2, opposite to each other; corolla regular. 101. Oleaceae 655 Stamens usually more than 2, if only 2 not opposite to each other and the corolla irregular. Leaves with stipules or stipular Imes. 102. Loganiaceae 657 KEY TO THE FAMILIES Leaves without traces of stipules. Stamens 5, if only 3-4, not didynainous. Fruit a capsule or berry; ovary not 4-lobed. Styles or stigmas usually distinct. Parasitic twining plants, with scale- like leaves. 108. CUSCTJTACEAE G77 Plants not parasitic; leaves normal. Inflorescence not scorpioid; flowers cymose or solitary ; ovary 2-3 celled. Corolla plaited and the plaits convolute in the bud; flow- ers axillary, solitary or cymose-conglomerate; plants usually twining. 107. CONVOLVULACEAE 674 Corolla merely convolute in the bud, not plaited; flowers cymose; plants never twin- ing. 109. POLEMONIACEAE 679 Inflorescence more or less dis- tinctly scorpioid; ovary in ours 1 -celled or imperfectly 2-celled. Fruit a capsule. 110. Hydrophyllaceae 699 Fruit more or less drupaceous. 111. Ehketiaceae 710 Styles and stigmas wholly united. OviUes few. 109. CONVOLVULACEAE 674 Ovules numerous. Median axis of the gynoecium in the same plane as the axis of the stem; seeds mostly pitted. 116. SOL.\NACEAE 753 Median axis of the gynoecium not in the same plane as the axis of the stem; seed tuberculate. (.Verbascum hi) 117. SCROPHUL.\RL\CEA E 760 Fruit of 1-4 nutlets; ovary more or less dis- tinctly 4-lobed. Style or stigma furnished with a glandular ring. 112. Heuotropaceae 711 Style or stigma not furnished with a glandular ring. Fruit 4 dry nutlets. 113. Boraginace.\e 712 Fruit more or less drupaceous. 111. Ehretiaceae 710 Stamens 4 and didynamous, or 2 or 1. Stamens 2 and opposite to each other; corolla regular. 101. Oleaceae 655 Stamens, if 2, not opposite to each other, nor the corolla regular. Carpels ripening into 2 or 4 nutlets, an achene, or a drupe. Style apical on the lobeless ovary. 114. Verbenaceae 739 Style arising between the 4 lobes of the ovary. 115. Lamiace.\e 741 Carpels ripening into a capsifle. Placentae of the ovary axile. Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-5-ceUed; land-plants. 117. SCROPHUL.\RL^CEAE 760 Ovary 1 -celled; ours submerged water plants or bog plants. 118. Lentibulariaceae 801 Placentae of the ovary parietal. Herbs parasitic on the roots of other plants: leaves scale-like, not green. 119. Orobanchaceae 802 Herbs with green leaves, not para- sitic. 120. Martynlvceae 804 10 KEY TO THE FAMILIES *♦ Corolla scarious, veinless; fruit a pyxis. 121. Plantaginaceae sot B. Ovary Inferior. Stamens with the filaments free from the corolla. Stamens 10; anther-sacs opening by terminal pores or chinks. 99. Vacciniaceae 643 Stamens 5 or fewer; anther-sacs opening by longitudinal slits Corolla regular; anthers distinct. 130. C.'VMP.^.NUL.'i.CEAE 822 Corolla irregular; anthers united. 131. Lobeliaceae 824 Stamens adnate to the corolla. Ovary with 2-many fertile cavities and 2-many ovules; caly.\ un- modified, at least not a pappus. Plants tendril-bearing. 129. Cucurbitaceae 821 Plants not tendril-bearing. Ovules mostly on basal placentae; plants parasitic or saprophy- tic. Leaves opposite; fruit a berry; tree-parasites. 125. LORANTHACEAE 816 Leaves alternate; fruit a drupe or nut; root-parasites or saprophytes. 126. Santal.\ceae 817 Ovules variously borne, but not on a basal placenta; plants not parasitic. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes. Leaves witli stipules (often leaf-like and usually re- garded as leaves) adnate to the stem between the leaf-bases. 122. Rubiaceae 806 Leaves without stipules or if present these adnate to the petioles. 123. C.\prifoliaceae 810 Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes; low herbs with ternately dissected leaves. 124. Adoxaceae 816 Ovary with one fertile cavity; calyx often modified into a pappus. Flowers not in heads, often in head-like spikes or racemes. 127. Valerianaceae 818 Flowers in involucrate heads. Flowers aU with tubular corollas or none, or only the ray- flowers with ligulate coroUas. Stamens distinct. Flowers hermaphrodite, surrounded by a cup-like in- volucel ; anthers versatile. 132. Dip.sace.ae 827 Flowers unisexual, not involucellate; anthers basifixed. 133. Ambrosiaceae 827 Stamens united by the anthers, or if distinct (in Kuhnia) the flowers hermaphrodite and anthers basifixed. 134. Carduaceae 833 Flowers all with ligulate coroUas. 13.5. Cichori.^^ceae 1015 Class 1. GYMNOSPERMAE. Naked-seeded Plants. Ovules naked, inserted on the upper side of an open, mostly flat, more or less developed scale, not enclosed in an ovary. Pollen- grains divide into two or more cells, of which one produces a pollen- tube; this fertilizes the ovule directly. All trees or shrubs, most of them evergreen. Family 1. PINACEAE. Pine Family. Resinous trees or shrubs, mostly with evergreen, needle-shaped or linear leaves. Stamens several together, subtended by a scale, forming elongated aments; filaments more or less united; anthers usuall}^ 2-celled; pollen-grains globose, ellipsoid, or lobed. Pistillate aments consisting of usually numer- ous spirally disposed scales subtended by bracts. Ovules inverted, usually 2 at the base of each scale. Fruit a dry cone. Seeds usually 2 at the base of each scale, often samara-like; wing formed b}^ a part of the scale. Leaves several together (in one species solitary), surrounded by a sheath at the base; cones maturins the second year. Cone-scales with dorsal, usually spine-armed appendages. Seeds with elongated \vings attached to the seeds when they fall; leaves mostly ■with two flbro-vascular bundles. 1. PiNUS. Seeds with narrow or rudimentary wings, which remain attached to the scales when the seeds fall; leaves with a single flbro- vascular bimdle. 2. Cartopitts. Cone-scales with inconspicuous terminal unarmed appendages. Seeds with rudimentary wings attached to the scales; cones subsessile, spreading. 3. Apinus. Seeds with well-developed wings, which remain attached to the seeds; cones dis- tinctly stalked, pendulous. 4. Strobus. Leaves not surrounded by sheaths; cones maturing the first year. Leaves in fascicles at the ends of short branches, deciduous. 5. Larex. Leaves scattered along the branches, persistent. Branches smooth, not roughened by persistent leaf-bases. Cones erect, their scales and bracts deciduous from the persistent axis; leaves sessile with circular leaf-scars. 6. Abies. Cones pendulous, their scales and bracts persistent; leaves petioled with trans- versal oval leaf-scars. 7. Pseudotsuga. Branches roughened by persistent leaf-bases (sterigmata). Leaf-blades petioled with a single dorsal duct; anthers opening transversely; seeds with resin- vesicles. Leaves flat, with stomata only on the lower side, 2-ranked by twisting of the petioles; cones small, drooping. 8. TSDG.t. Leaves not much flattened, keeled on the lower side, with stomata on both sides, spreading in all directions; cones elongated, erect at least at firjA 9. HesperopeuOT. Leaf-blades sessile, with two lateral ducts, in ours 4-angled and spreading in aU directions; anthers opening longitudinally; seeds without resin- vesicles. 10. PICEA. 1. PINUS (Tourn.) L. Hard Fixes, Pitch Pines. Monoecious evergreen trees or rarely shrubs, with two kinds of leaves, the primary leaves chaff-Hke, deciduous, the secondary ones green, needle-shaped, usually with two fibro-vascular bimdles (in all ours except in P. aristata), in fascicles of 2-5, surrounded by a sheath, which is usually persistent. Staminate aments elongated, at the ends of branches of the preceding year; anthers 2- celled, opening longitudinally; pollen-grains 3-celled, the two lateral cells empty. Pistillate aments globose or oblong, sessile or nearly so, below the terminal bud or on the young twigs. Cones in ours subsessile, maturing the second autumn; scales thick, spreading at maturity, with a dorsal appendage or thickening, usually armed with a spine or at least a tubercle. Seeds samara-Eke, with the wing remaining attached to the seed. (11) 12 PIXACEAE Leaves in 4's or 5's, with solitary flbro-vascular bundles and more or less deciduous sheaths ; spines of the cone-scales long and slender. 1. P. arislata. Leaves in 2's or 3's, with usually two flbro-vascular bundles and persistent sheaths; spines of the cone-scales short or none. Cones 6-15 cm. long and 5-6 cm. in diameter; leaves 8-25 cm. long. Leaves 12-25 cm. long; cones 8-15 cm. long, elongated-ovoid. 2. P. ponderosa. Leaves 8-15 cm. long; cones 6-9 cm. long, rounded-ovoid. 3. P. scopulorum. Cones 3-5 cm. long and about 3 cm. in diameter. Cones spreading, or somewhat reflexed ; scales with evident dorsal spines. 4. P. Murrayana. Cones erect, more or less incurved ; scales unarmed or nearly so, at least at matur- ity- 5. P. Banksiana. 1. P. aristata Engelm. A low stunted tree, 3-15 m. high; bark of the trunks dull reddish bro%vn, shallowly furrowed; that of the smaller trunks and limbs smooth, milky- white; leaves dark green above, glaucous beneath, 3-4 cm. long, in fascicles of 5, crowded toward the ends of the branches; staminate flowers orange-red; pistillate ones dark purple; cones sessile, 7-10 cm. long, ellipsoid, obtuse; scales with a thickened purple-brown back. Bristle-cone Pine. High mountains: Colo.— N.M.— Cahf.— Nev. Mont.—Subalp. 2. P. ponderosa Dougl. A tree 35-60 m. high, with a trunk 1-2 m. in diameter; bark in older trees 5-10 cm. thick, dark brown, separating into cin- namon-red scales; leaves in fascicles of 3, yellowish green, 12-25 cm. long; staminate flowers yellow; pistillate ones dark red; cones broadly ellipsoid, hori- zontal, subsessUe, 1-1.5 dm. long. Bull Pine. Slopes and valleys: B.C. — Mont. — -Ida.— Calif. Submont. 3. P. scopulorum (Engehn.) Lemmon. A tree 25-30 m. high; bark thick, deeply divided into plates; leaves in 2's or 3's, yellowish green, 8-15 cm. long; staminate flowers yellow; pistillate ones purple; cones conic-ovoid, horizontal. P. ponderosa scopulorum Engehn. Rock Pine, Bull Pine.- Hills and moun- tains: S.D. — Neb. — N. M.— Ariz. — Mont. Subtiiont. — Mont. 4. P. Murrayana Balf. A tree 20-30 m., sometimes 45 m. high; bark of the trunk about 5 mm. thick, close and firm, covered with appressed scales, orange- brown; branches light orange; leaves yellowish green, 3-7 cm., usually about 5 cm. long; flowers orange-red; cones spreading, 3-4 cm. long, short-ovoid. P. conlorta Murrayana Engehn. Lodge-pole Pine. Hills and mountains: Sask. (Cj'press Hills) — Colo. — Calif. — Alaska. Mont. 5. P. Banksiana Lamb. A tree 10-20 m., rarely 30 m. high; bark dark brown, tinged with red, irregularly furrowed ; leaves in rather remote clusters of 2, dark green, 2-'i cm. long; staminate flowers yellow; pistillate ones dark purple; cones conic-ovoid, erect and incurved, 3-5 cm. long, dull pm-ple or green, turn- ing yellow and shining. P. divaricata (Ait.) Gordon. Gr.\y or Northern Scrub Pine, Banksian Pine. Sandy soil: N.S. — n N.Y. — Minn.— Alta. — Mack. Boreal. 2. CARYOPITYS Small. Nut-pines, Pinons. Monoecious evergreen trees or shrubs, with 2 kinds of leaves as in Pinus; secondarj' leaves with solitary flbro-vascular bundles, in fascicles of 2-4, or in one species usually solitary, surrounded by a deciduous sheath. Staminate aments as in the preceding. Pistillate cones subsessile just below the terminal bud; scales in rather few series. Cones maturing the second season; scales becoming leathery, thick, with a dorsal thickening, usually with a small spine- tip. Seeds large and edible, with a very narrow wing or mere margin, remain- ing attached to the scale when the seed falls. Cones about 3 cm. long; leaves usually in pairs, seldom in threes. 1. C. cdulis. Cones 4—5 cm. long; leaves singly or sometimes in pairs. 2 C. monophylla. 1. C. edulis (Engelm.) Small. A tree 6-12 m. high; bark of the trunk divided into ridges and brown scales; that of the young branches orange or yel- low; foHage-leaves in clusters of 2's, rarely in 3's, semi-terete or triangular, 2-4 cm. long; staminate flowers dark red; cones very short-peduncled, spreading, ehort-ovoid, 2-^ cm. long, almost as wide. Pinus edulis Y^ngchn. Pinon, Nut- pine. Foot-hills: Wyo. — w Tex. — Ariz. — Utah; Mex. Son.-rSubmoyit. PINE FAMILY 13 2. C. monophylla (Torr. & Frem.) Rydb. A tree usually 4-6 m., rarely up to 15 m. high; bark irregularly fiuTowed, brown, tinged with red or orange; branches smooth, light gray or yellowish; leaves single or in pairs, yellowish green, incurved, 3-5 cm. long, when single terete, when in pairs flat and glaucous on the inside; staminate flowers reddish; cones depressed-ovoid, 3-6 cm. long. P. vionophylla Torr. & Frem. One-leaved Pin on. Drj^ hillsides and slopes: Utah — Ariz. — L. Calif. — -Nev. Son. — Submont. 3. APINUS Necker. Cembra Pines. Monoecious trees or slirubs, with two kinds of leaves as in Pinus; secondary leaves with single fibro-vascular bundles, in fascicles of 5. Staminate aments as in Pinus. Pistillate cones subsessile below the terminal bud; scales in sev- eral series. Cones maturing the second season, spreading; scales more or less thickened, but without dorsal thickening or spine. Seeds large, edible, with a very short wing or mere margin remaining attached to the scale when the seeds faU. Cones 8-15 cm. long; scales neither much tliickened nor impressed around the scar, spreading at maturity. 1. A. fleiilis. Cones 5-8 cm. long; scales much tliickened and impressed around the terminal scar, remaining closed. 2. A. albicaulis. 1. A. flexilis (James) Rydb. A tree 10-15 m. high; bark of the old trunks blackish or dark brown, deeply furrowed between rectangular blocks; that of the branches hght gray, shuiing, smooth; leaves dark green, crowded at the ends of the branches, 3.5-7 cm. long; staminate flowers reddish; pistillate flowers red- purple; cones 8-25 cm. long, ovoid, short-stalked; scales somewhat thickened, opening at matiu-ity, exposed portion gi-eenish or yellowish brown, miexposed portion pale red. Pinus flexilis James. Limber Pine. High mountains: Alta. — -w Tex. — -se Calif. Submont.— Subalp. 2. A. albicaulis (Engebn.) Rydb. A tree 1-10 m. high, rarely 15 m. high, sometunes in exposed situations a mere sprawling shrub; bark of the trunks thin, sUghtly if at all fissured, ashy; that of the branches yellowish, dovMiy; leaves crowded near the ends of the branches, dark green, 4-6 cm. long; flowers scarlet; cones ovoid, horizonta.1, sessile, dark purple; scales much thickened, re- maining closed. P. albicaulis Engelm. White Bark or Nut Pine. High exposed mountains: Alta. — n Wyo. — -Calif. — 'B.C. Mont. — -Subalp. 4. STROBUS Opiz. White Pines. Monoecious evergreen trees, with two kinds of leaves as in Pinus; secondary leaves mostly with a single fibro-vascular bundle, in fascicles of 5, surrounded at the base by deciduous sheathing bud-scales. Staminate aments as in Pinus. Pistillate cones stalked, borne behind the terminal bud; scales in many series. Cones maturing the second season, di'ooping; scales becoming leathery, without dorsal thickening or spine. Seeds with a well-developed wing remaining attached to the .seed. 1. S. monticola (Dougl.) Rydb. A tree often 30 m., rarely 45 m. high, with a trunk 7-12 dm. in diameter; bark of the trunk 2-3 cm. thick, grayish purple to cinnamon-colored; leaves bluish green, whitened by 2-6 rows of stomata, 5-10 cm. long; staminate flowers yellow; pistillate cones pm-ple, 1.5-2.5 dm. long; tips of scales reddish- or yellowish-bro%vn, lower and inside portions bright red. P. monticola Dougl. Western White Pine. Moimtains: B.C. — nw Mont. — Ida. — s Calif. Submont. — -Mont. 5. LARIX (Tourn.) Adans. Larch, Tamarack. Slender deciduous monoecious trees. Leaves needle-shaped, soft, very many in each fascicle, developed in early spring from lateral scaly buds. Staminate aments terminating short lateral branches of the preceding year, from naked buds. Anthers 2-celled, opening transversely; pollen-grains 1-ceUed, globular. Pistillate aments crimson, usually subtended by leaves; cone-scales persistent. Seeds samara-hke; wings attached to the seeds. 14 PINACEAE Oones 1-2 cm. long, subglobose; their scales few, longer than the bracts; leaves 3-angled. 1. L. laricina. Cones 2-4 cm. long, ovoid; their scales numerous, shorter than the bracts. Leaves triangular; branches soon becoming glabrate. 2. L. occidenlalii. Leaves quadrangular; branchlets tomentose. 3. L. Lyallii. 1. L. laricina (Du Roi) Koch. A tree 15-25 m. high, with a trunk 3-6 dm. in diameter; bark of the trunk separating into reddish b^o^vn or ashy scales; twigs smooth, at first whitish, turning 3^ellowLsh brown; leaves in clusters of 12- 20, somewhat 3-angled, ridged beneath, 2-3 cm. long, bright green; cones russet- brown, 1.5-2 cm. long; scales about 20, obovate, erose, twice as long as the bracts. L. americanaMichx. Tamar.\ck, American Larch. Swamps: Lab. — Maas. — Pa. — III. — Sask. — Alaska. Boreal — Subarct. 2. L. occidentalis Nutt. A tree with a narrow crown, usually 30-50 m. high, rarely 60-70 m. high, with a trunk 10-15 dm. thick; bark of the trunk very thick, deeply furrowed, cinnamon-brown ; twigs dark or grayish bro^\'n; leaves 15-30 in each cluster, pale greenish yellow, 3-5 cm. long, triangular, ridged on their inner face; cones 3-4 cm. long, short-peduncled ; scales villous below the middle outside, obovate, with reflexed margins, shorter than the bracts; the latter lanceolate, 3-toothed at the apex. Western Larch. Wet or gravelly soil, on mountain sides and valleys: B.C. — nw Mont. — Ore. Siibmont. — -Mont. 3. L. Lyallii Pari. A tree 10-15 m. high, with a trunk 2.5-6 dm. in diam- eter, rarely 20 m. high; bark of the trunk slightly furrowed, purplish or reddish brown; twigs pale gray, shining, smooth, white-villous for about two seasons; leaves 4-angled, pale blue-green, 3-4 cm. long, 30-40 in each cluster; cones ellip- soid, 4-5 cm. long, subsessile or short-stalked, tomentose; scales obovate, erose, reddish purple, rarely green; bracts much longer, 3-lobed. Lyall's Larch. High mountain slopes, near timberline: B.C. — Alta. — Mont. — -n Ore. Subalp. 6. ABIES (Tourn.) Hill. Fir, Balsam. Monoecious evergreen trees with spreading branches. Leaves flattened, leaving rounded scars on the smooth branches (without sterigmata), with 2 longitudinal resin-ducts and solitary fibro-vascular bundles, those of the lateral branches appearing 2-ranked by the twisting of the base, those of the cone-bear- ing branches usually curved upward and shorter. Staininate aments in the axils of the leaves of the preceding year, subtended by imbricate bracts; pollen- sacs opening transversely or nearly so. Pistillate aments lateral, erect; cones maturing the first year, erect; scales and bracts deciduous at maturity. Seeds samara-like; wings remaining attached to the seeds. Resin-ducts of the leaves within the soft tissues, remote from the epidermis. Bracts longer than the cone-scales; leaves dark green above, pale beneath. 1. A. balsamea. Bracts much shorter than the cone-scales; leaves blue-green and glaucous. Bark of the trunk hard, not corky; cone-scales longer than broad. 2. A. lasiocarpa. Bark of the trunk elastic, corky; cone-scales broader than long. 3. A. arizonica. Resin-ducts of the leaves close to the epidermis on the lower side. Bracts obcordate with a short acumination; leaves (except those of the cone-bearing branches) emarguiate, dark green above, white beneath. 4. A. grandis. Bracts truncate with a short acumination; leaves acute or acuminate, seldom obtuse at the apex, pale blue-green and glaucous 5. A. concolor. 1. A. balsamea (L.) Mill. A tree 15-20 m., rarely 27 m. high, with broadly conic crown; bark on old trunks scaly, of young tnmks and branches smooth, warty with resin-blisters; leaves dark green and shining above, silvery white beneath; those of the sterile branches 2-3 cm. long, obtuse; staminate flowers yellow, tinged with purplish; pistillate deeply purple; cones oblong, puberulent, 5-10 cm. long; scales obovate, longer than broad, usually twice as long as the bracts, serrulate. Balsam Fir. Low ground: Lab. — -Mass. — Va. — -Iowa — -Man. — Alta. — Mack. Boreal — Subarcl. 2. A. lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. A tree usually 25-30 m., rarely 45 m. high, with a trunk 3-10 dm. in diameter, at the thnberline a shrub 1-2 m. high; bark of the trunks smooth with resin-blisters, only in old trees somewhat cracked and scaly; twigs usually puberulent; leaves of the lower branches 2.5-4 cm. long, rounded at the apex; staminate flowers dark blue, turning violet; pistillate PINE FAMILY 15 violet-purple, rarely yellow; cones oblong, 5-10 cm. long; scales obovate, narrowed at the base, more than twice as long as the bracts. ,4. subalpina Engelm. Subal- piNE Fir, B.\ls.\m. Subalpine mountains: Alta. — N.M. — Ariz. — Ore. — Alaska. Subalp. 3. A. arizonica Merriam. A tree about 15 ni. high; trunk 2-4 dm. in diam- eter; bark of the stem whitish, corky, elastic, irregularly ridged; that of the branches smooth and with resin-blisters; leaves of the lower branches 2.5-3 cm. long, usually notched at the apex; those of the cone-bearing branches 2 cm. long, sharp-pointed; pistillate flowers purple; cones oblong, about 5 cm. long; scales transversely rounded-oval, nearly twice as long as the bracts. Arizona Balsam. High mountains: Ariz. — s Colo. — N.M. Subalp. 4. A. grandis Lindl. A tree 75-100 m. high, with a trunk often 12 dm. thick; bark of old trees 5 cm. thick, shaUowly fissured and scaly; twigs yellowish green, pubcrulous, becoming glabrate; leaves dark green and shining above, sUvery white beneath; those of the sterile branches 3-5 cm. long, spreading, 2- ranked, usually conspicuously emarginate; staminate flowers pale yellow; pistil- late 3'ellowish green; cones cylindric, puberulent, 5-10 cm. long; scales obovate, broader than long, 3-4 times as long as the bracts. Grand Fir. Valleys and lower slopes: Mont. — -Wyo. — Cahf. — B.C. Mont. — -Submonl. 5. A. concolor Lindl. & Gord. A tree 25-30 m., rarely 45 m. high, on the Pacific Coast much higher; bark on the old trees deeply furrowed and scaly; that of the upper part and of young trees smooth and grayish, with resin-blisters ; leaves pale blue or glaucous; those of the lower branches 5-7 cm. long, straight, acute or acuminate; staminate flowers dark red to rose-colored; pistillate ones purplish or yellowish green; cones oblong-cyUndric, rounded, 7-12 cm. long, puberulent; scales obovate, broader than long, twice as long as the bracts; seeds 4-5 mm. long. White Fir. Mountain slopes; Colo. — -N.M. — -L. Calif. — Ore. Mont. 7. PSEUDOTSUGA Carr. Red Fir, False Spruce. Monoecious evergreen trees, with spreading branches. Leaves flattened, petioled, on the lateral branches appearing 2-ranked by the twisting of the peti- oles, leaving transversely oval, slightly raised scars, with 2 resin-ducts close to the epidermis on the lower side. Staminate aments axillary to the leaves of the preceding season, cylindric; anther-sacs 2, obliquely splitting. Pistillate aments subterminal, drooping; scales persistent, much shorter than the 3-lobed caudate- acuminate bracts; cones matm-ing the first season. Seeds winged. 1. P. mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. A tree 25-60 m. high, sometimes taller, with a trunk 6-25 dm. thick; leaves dark yellowish green, 2-3 cm. long, flat, obtuse, short-stalked; staminate flowers orange-red; pistillate ones greenish or purplish, the bracts deep purple; cones 5-10 cm. long; scales obovate-rounded, puberulent, shorter than the bracts. P. taxifolia (Poir.) Britt. P. Douglasii Carr. Red Fir, Douglas Spruce, or Douglas Fir. Hills and mountains: Alta.^w Tex. — Calif. — B.C.; n Mex. Submont. — Subalp. 8. TSUGA (Endl.) Carr. Hemlock. Monoecious evergreens with spreading or somewhat reflexed branches. Leaves flattened, with stomata only on the lower side, on the lateral branches, appearing 2-ranked by the twisting of the petioles, articulate to short persistent bases (sterigmata). Staminate aments axillary to leaves of the preceding year; pollen-sacs confluent, opening by a transverse slit. Pistillate aments sohtary, terminal on branches of the preceding year; bracts membranous, inconspicuous; scales in few series. Cones drooping, maturing the first year; scale at last loose and spreading, persistent. Seeds samara-like; wings attached to the seeds. 1. T. heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. A tree 40-50 m., rarely 60 m. high, with a trunk 6-20 dm. thick; leaves flat, rounded at the apex, deeply grooved and dark green above, with two broad white or glaucous bands beneath, 1-2 cm. long, petioled; staminate flowers yeUow; pistillate ones purple; cones ovoid, 1.5- 2.5 cm. long, pendulous; scales obovate, strongly striate, persistent. Western Hemlock. Moist places: B.C. — w Mont. — Ida. — n Calif. Mont. — Submont. 16 PINACEAE 9. HESPEROPEtrCE Lemmon. Black Hemlock, Mountain Hemlock. Monoecious evergreen trees with spreading branches. Leaves rather plump, keeled beneath, spreading in all directions, articulated to persistent bases (sterig- mata), with stomata on both sides. Staminate aments axiUary to leaves of pre- ceding year; anther-sacs opening transversely. Pistillate aments terminal, at first erect; scales in rather many series. Cones maturing the first year; scales persistent. Seeds samara-like. 1. H. Mertensiana (Bong.) Rydb. A tree usually 10-20 m. high, but some- times up to 3.5 m. high, with a trunk 2.5-10 dm. in diameter; leaves bluish green, rather thick, blunt-pointed, 1-2.5 cm. long; staminate flowers purple; pistillate flowers erect, dark-purple or yellowish green; cones cylindric, 3-7 cm. long; scales persistent, obovate, striate. Tsuga Pattoniana Sen. T. Mertensiana (Bong.) Sargent. H . Pattoniana Lemmon. Exposed ridges and slopes: Alaska — w Mont. — Ida. — Calif. Subalp. 10. PICEA Link. Spruces. Evergreen monoecious trees. Leaves needle-shaped, in ours quadrangular or nearly terete, leaving persistent bases (sterigmata) when falling, scattered, pointing in all directions. Staminate aments from the axils of the leaves of the preceding year, or rarely terminal; anther-sacs opening longitudinally. Pistil- late aments terminal. Cones matm-ing the first season, drooping; scales closely imbricate, leathery, thin, without dorsal thickening, persistent. Seeds samara- hke, with hyaline wings, remaining attached to the seeds. Cone-scales rounded at the apex. Branchlets pubescent; cones 1.5-3 cm. long, persistent for several years; scales rigid, erose or dentate. 1. P. Mariana. Branchlets glabrous; cones 3-5 cm. long, deciduous in the first winter; scales rather thin. Cone-scales entire or minutely denticulate on the margins; cones cylindrlc- oblong, 3.5-5 cm. long. 2. P. canadensis. Cone-scales erose on the margins; cones ellipsoid, 3-3.5 cm. long. 3. P. albertiana. Cone-scales more or less rhomboid in outline. Branchlets pubescent ; cones 3-5 cm. long. 4. P. Engelmanni. Branchlets glabrous; cones 5-9 cm. long. 5. P. pungens. 1. P. Mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. A tree usually 6-10 m. high, occasionally 25 m. high, with a trunk 1-3 dm. in diameter; bark grayish brown, scaly; twigs russet-brown, short-pilose; leaves pale blue-green and glaucous, 1-2 cm. long, caUous-tipped at the apex; staminate flowers dark red; pistillate ones purple; cones short, ovoid, 1-3 cm. long, ashy brown, persistent; scales rounded, erose- dentate. P. nigra Link. Black Spruce. Swamps: Lab. — Newf. — N.C. — Wise. — Sask. — Alta. — Mack. Boreal — Subartic. 2. P. canadensis (Mill.) B.S.P. A tree 10-20 m., rarely 30 m. high, with a trunk 3-9 dm. in diameter; bark ashy brown, scaly; branches and sterigmata glalDrous; leaves incurved, acute or acuminate, blue-green; staminate flowers pale red, becoming yellow from shedding the pollen; pistillate flowers pale red or yellowish green; cones cyUndric or oblong, 3-6 cm. long; scales orbicular, slightly emarginate. P. alba Link. White Spruce. River banks and hill- sides: Lab.— Newf.— Me.— n N.Y.— Wise— S.D. (Black Hills)— Alta.— Alaska. Boreal — Subarctic. 3. P. albertiana S. Brown. A slender tree 10-20 m. high; tvvigs and sterig- mata smooth and shining, yellowish bro^vn, becoming darker in age; leaves pale blue-green, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, incurved, acute or acuminate; pistillate flowers bright crimson; cones ovate, 2. .5-3. 5 cm. long; scales stifT, rounded, cinnamon- brown. Alberta Spruce. Mountains: Alta. — ^n Wyo. — B.C. Mont. 4. P. Engelmanni (Parry) Engelm. A tree 25-30 m., rarely 45 m. high, with a trunk 4.5-10 dm. thick; bark light cinnamon-red, loosely scaly; leaves soft, with acute tips, 2.5-3 cm. long, bluish green; staminate flowers dark purple; pistillate ones scarlet, turning chestnut-brown; cones oblong-ellipsoid, subsessile, 3-6 cm. long; scales thin, erose-dentate. Engelmann's Spruce. Cold moun- tains and ravines, especially on the north sides: Alta. — N.M. — Ariz. — B.C. — Yukon. Subalp. — Mont. PINE FAMILY 17 5. P. pungens EnKelm. A tree usually 2.5-30 m. high, occasionally 45 m. high, and a trunk 6-9 dm. thick; bark furrowed and scaly, cinnamon-red; leaves strongly incm-ved, rigid, acuminate, 2-3 cm. long on the sterile branches, 1-2 cm. long on the cone-bearing ones, dull bluish green, often with a silvery bloom ; staminate flowers yellow, tinged with red; pistillate ones pale green or purplish; cones usually 7-8 cm. long, oblong. P. Parryana (Andre) Sargent. Colorado Blue Spruce. Mountains, especially along streams: Wyo. — 'N.M. — Utah. Monl. Family 2. JUNIPERACEAE. Juniper Family. Evergreen dioecious or monoecious trees or shrubs. Buds naked. Leaves opposite or whorled, mostly reduced and scale-like, appressed or sometimes subulate and spreading. Perianth wanting. Aments solitary, the pistil- late ones with few carpellary scales. Ovules erect, l-several under each scale. Cones often with peltate scales, in some genera fleshy. Seeds wing- less or, if winged, the wings formed by a portion of the seed-coat. Plants monoecious; cones dry; scales merely imbricate. 1. Thuja. Plants mostly dioecious; cones berry-like or drupe-like, with coalescent fleshy scales. Aments axillary; cones with smaller scales at the top; leaves all subulate and spreading. 2. Juniperus. Aments terminal ; pistillate cones with larger scales at the top ; leaves at least of the mature plants scale-like and appressed. 3. Sabina. 1. THUJA L. Arbor Vitae, White Cedar. Evergreen monoecious shrubs or trees. Leaves scale-like, 4-ranked, alter- nately opposite, usually with a gland on the back. Staminate aments terminal, sohtary, nearly sessile between the leaves; anthers in 2 or 3 series, stalked; anther-sacs 4; pistillate aments soUtary, terminal, ovoid or oblong; scales 2- ranked in several series. Cones oblong or ovoid, persistent; scales dry and flat. Seeds flat, winged on both sides. 1. T. plicata D. Don. A tree 45-50 m., sometimes 60 m. high, with a trunk 1-3 m. in diameter; bark bright cinnamon; leaves of the leading shoots ovate, long-pointed, glandular on the back, 6 mm. long, on the lateral branches acute, 3 mm. long, with no or obscure glands; staminate flowers dark brown, 3 mm. long; cones reflexed, about 12 mm. long; scales elliptic, 3-4 pairs. T. gigantea'iSVLii. Bottomlands: Alaska — -Mont. — Ida. — nCahf. Submont. — Mont. 2. JUNIPERUS (Tourn.) L. Juniper. Dioecious or monoecious shrubs or trees. Leaves in whorls of 3, subulate, ascending or spreading, without glands on their back. Staminate aments axil- lary, sohtary; pollen-sacs several under each scale. Pistillate ament of 2-3 series of fleshy scales; ovules solitary. Cone berry-like. Seeds wingless. Low shrub with depressed branches; leaves abruptly bent at the ba.se, deeply channeled, abruptly acute. 1. J- sibirica. Tree or erect shrub; leaves straight or nearly so, shallowly channeled, gradually acuminate. 2. J. communis. 1. J. sibirica Burgsd. Shrub seldom 5 dm. high, usually with decumbent branches; bark dark red, scaly; leaves 5-12 cm. long, keeled, dark green below, white above, ascending; fruit dark blue, with a bloom, 7-9 mm. in diameter; seeds 1-3, ovate, acute, angled, about 3 mm. long. /. nana Willd. High mountains or dry open rocky places. Lab. — N. Y.— Mich. — N.M. — -Calif. — Alaska. Subalp. — Monl. 2. J. communis L. An erect shrub or low tree sometimes 7-8 m. high; bark dark red, scaly; leaves spreading, mostly straight, prickly-pointed, keeled, 1-2 cm. long, dark green on the lower side, white on the upper; fruit 6-7 mm. in diameter, dark blue, 1-3-seeded; seeds ovate, acute, about 3 mm. long. Dry hills: N.S.— X.J.— Pa.— w Neb.— N.M.— B.C.; Eurasia. Submont.— Plain. 3. SABINA Haller. Red Cedar. Evergreen monoecious or dioecious shrubs. Leaves alternately opposite or in 3's, scale-like and appressed, or in young plants subulate and more spreading, 18 JUNIPERACEAE often witli a gland on the back. Staminate aments small, solitary or 3-6 together, terminal on the branchlets; pollen-sacs 3-6 under each ovate or shield-like scale. Pistillate aments subglobose, of 2-3 series of fleshy scales. Ovules erect, solitary or sometimes 2 under each scale. Cones berry-like. Seeds 1-4, wingless. Fruit reddish-brown or bluish by a bloom, with dry fibrous sweet flesh. 1. S. utahensis. Fruit blue or blue-black, rarely copper-colored, with jiucy resinous flesh. Trees or erect slirubs; fruit on straight peduncles. Leaves minutely dentate at the ape.x; fruit 5-8 mm. in diameter. Leaves not glandular or obscurelv so; seeds usually 1. 2. S. monosperma. Leaves very glandular; seeds 2 or 3. 3. S. occidenlalis. Leaves entire; fruit 4-5 mm. in diameter, usually with more than one seed. • 4. S. scopulorum. Prostrate shrub; fruit on recurved peduncles. 5. S. horizontalis. 1. S. Utahensis (Engelm.) Rydb. A bushy tree, rarely 6 m. high, irregularly branched near the base; bark ashy gray or abnost white, scaly; leaves in whorls of 3, or opposite on the mature branches, rhombic in outline, subacute, 2 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, neither glandular nor pitted on the back; fruit copper-colored when ripe, 7-10 mm. thick; seeds ovate, acute or obtasish, grooved. Juniperus utahensis (Engebn.) Lemmon. J. Knighlii A. Nels. Dry hills: Wyo. — N.M. — Ariz. — se Calif. — Nev. Submont. — Son. 2. S. monosperma (Engelm.) Rydb. A shrub or much branched tree, up to 15 m. high; bark ashy, ridged and scaly; leaves usually in pairs, rarely in 3's, ovate, 1-2 mm. long, thick, with obscure glands or glandless; fruit globose, 5-6 mm. thick, dark blue, with a bloom; seeds broadly ovate, obtuse, angled. J. occidenlalis monosperma Engelm. Foot-hills: s Colo.— N.M. — Ariz. — Utah; n Mex. Son. — Submont. 3. S. occidentalis (Hook.) Heller. A tree 5-10 m., rarely 15-18 m. high, with a trunk 6-10 dm. thick; bark cinnamon-red, fi.ssured and scaly; leaves in 3's, appressed, ovate, acute, rounded and conspicuously glandular on the back, 2 mm. long; berries globose or elliptic, 6-8 mm. long, with thick skin, blue- black, with a bloom; seeds ovate, acute, deeply grooved on the back. J. occi- dentalis Hook. Arid hills and plains: B.C.— w Ida. — s Calif. Submont. — Mont. 4. S. scopulorum (Sarg.) Rydb. A tree sometimes 10-12 m. high, with rounded crown; bark dark reddish brown or grayish red, fissured and scaly; leaves opposite, appres.sed, acute or acuminate, with obscure glands on the back, dark green, 1-1.5 mm. long; berry globose, dark blue, with a bloom; seeds 4 mm. long, acute, angled, grooved. Juniperus scopulorum Sargent. Foot-hills and river bluffs: Alta. — Tex. — Ariz.— B.C. Submont. 5. S. horizontalis (Moench) Rydb. A prostrate shrub, spreading on the ground; horizontal branches sometimes 5 m. long; leaves of the mature branches ovate, opposite, acute, distinctly glandular on the back, 1-1.5 mm. long; berry- like cones on recurved peduncles, globose, 5-7 mm. long, dark blue, with a bloom, 1-3-seeded. J. Sabina procumbens Pursh. On banks and hillsides: N.S.— Me.— n N.Y.— Minn.— Wyo.— B.C. Mont. —Submont. Family 3. TAXACEAE. Yew F.\mily. Evergreen monoecious or dioecious trees or shrubs. Buds scaly. Leaves spirally arranged, but usually 2-ranked, spreading, in ours simple and linear. Staminate flowers usually in crowded aments, in ours axillary; pollen-sacs opening longitudinally. Pistillate flowers solitary. Ovules solitary, ortho- tropous, sessile, without carpellary scale. Fruit berry-like; seed nearly enclosed by the pulpy aril or naked; seed-coats woody or bony. Endo- sperm fleshy or mealy. Cotyledons 2. 1. TAXUS (Toum.) L. Yew. Usually dioecious evergreen trees or shrubs. Leaves linear, 2-ranked and spreading. Staminate aments shortr-stalked, subtended by several imbricate YEW FAMILY 19 bracts, axillary. Pollen-sacs 6-8 under each shield-like scale. Pistillate aments consisting of a single sessile ovTile subtended by imbricate bracts. Aril accres- cent into a fleshy cup. Seeds nut-like. 1. T. brevifolia Xutt. A tree usually 5-10 m. high, occasionally as high as 20 m., with a trunk 3-10 dm. thick; bark scaly; leaves 1-2 cm. long, yellowish green, paler beneath, slender-jietioled, linear, flat, with strong midrib, spinulose- tipped; staminate flowers yellow; seed ovoid, fully 5 mm. long, 2-4-angled; aril a translucent red cup, 4-5 mm. broad. Banks of streams: Alaska — Alta. — Mont. — Calif. Submont. — Moid. Family 4. EPHEDRACEAE. Joint Fir F.wiily. Shrubs or trees, with jointed opposite or fascicled branches, and scale-like opposite or whorled leaves. Plants mostly dioecious; aments with per- sistent bracts. Stamens monadelphous, within a bifid, membranous, caly.x- like perianth; anthers dehiscent by terminal pores. Pistillate flowers of a single naked ovule, enclosed in a perianth, which becomes hardened in fruit. 1. EPHEDRA L. Joint Fir, Brigham Tea. Characters of the family. Scales and branches opposite; bracts opposite and connate, only the margins scarioxis. Scales distinct, subpersistent ; filaments free above. I. E. antisyphylitica. Scales connate, sheathing, scarious, deciduous; filaments adnata to the top of the bracts. Branches stout, more or less spreading; plant light brownish green. 2. E. neradensis. Branchesslender, erect; plant bright yellowish green. 3. E. viridis. Scales, branches, and bracts in 3's; bracts scarcely connate, those of the pistillate aments nearly wholly scarious and more or less unguiculate. Scales 2-3 mm. long, not becoming shreddy; fruit scabrous. 4. E. Torreyana. Scales 6-12 mm. long, becoming shreddy; fruit smooth. 5. E. trifurca. 1. E. antisyphylitica C. A. Mey. A shrub 2-3 m. high; stems slender, lax, prostrate or reclining; bark neither shreddy nor fibrous; scales triangular-ovate, 2-4 mm. long, setaceously tipped when young; aments on short bracteate ped- uncles; pistiUate aments with 3-4 pairs of bracts, which are rounded-ovate; fruit 5-6 mm. long, smooth. Arid regions: w Tex. — s Colo. (?) — n Mex. Son. 2. E. nevadensis S. Wats. A shrub 6-10 dm. high, with diffusely spread- ing branches; bark becoming white and shreddy or fibrous; scales with somewhat foHaceous tips, 2-6 mm. long; staminate aments sessile or nearly so; filaments long-exserted ; anthers 4-8; pistillate aments on short scaly peduncles; bracts 4 or 5 pairs, round-ovate, connate; fruit soHtary or in pairs, 6-7 mm. long, exserted, smooth, acute. Arid regions: N.M.— Utah — Nev. — Calif.; n Mex. Son. 3. E. viridis Coville. An erect shrub 5-10 dm. high, with erect branches, bright yellowish green; bark becoming ash-colored; scales with slender foliaceous tips; staminate aments sessile; anthers 4-6; pistillate aments on short scaly peduncles; bracts 5 pairs, ovate; fruits in pairs, 6 mm. long, exserted. Arid regions: N.M. — Wyo. — Calif. Son. — Subtnont. Mr — Je. 4. E. Torreyana S. Wats. An erect shrub 3-10 dm. high, with often flexuose branches, not spinose; scales short, 2-4 mm. long, subpersistent; staminate aments sessile, of 6-8 whorls of broad bracts; anthers 5-8, stipitate; pistillate aments 6-10 mm. long, short-peduncled, of 5 or 6 whorls of bracts; bracts thin, broadly dilated, more or less crenate; fruit solitary, or in 3's, 7-8 mm. long. Arid regions: N.M. — s Colo. — -Nev. — Ariz. Son. 5. E, trifurca Torr. An erect shrub 6-20 dm. high, with rigid branches, often spinescent; scales acuminate, persistent; staminate aments on very short ped- uncles, with 5 whorls of ovate bracts; anthers 4 or 5, stipitate; pistillate aments nearly sessile, 10-12 mm. long, of 8-10 whorls of very thin, scarious, entire, rounded-cordate bracts; fruit solitary, 12 mm. long, 4-sided. Arid regions: w Tex. — sw Colo. — Ariz. Son. Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE. Seed-vesseled Plants. Ovules enclosed in a cavity (ovary), formed either by one modi- fied infolded leaf (carpel) with united margins, or bj^ several united leaves. The apex of the carpel (stigma) is formed of and kept moist by secretive cells; when a pollen grain falls on the stigma, it germinates and sends out a tube which penetrates the tissues of the pistil till it reaches an ovule, which it fertilizes. Subclass I. MONOCOTYLEDONES. Embryo with a single seed-leaf; the first leaves alternate. Stem endogenous, i. e., the fibro-vascular bundles irregularly arranged in the soft tissues, without differentiation of pith, wood, and bark. Leaves usually parallel-veined, or the secondary veins running from the midrib to the margins without ramifications. Parts of the flowers mostly in 3's or multiples of 3's, Family 5. TYPHACEAE. Cat-tail Family. Tall water or marsh plants, with simple glabrous terete stems and creep- ing rootstocks. Leaves alternate, long, linear, striate, sheathing at the base. Flowers monoecious, crowded in dense terminal spike-like racemes, which are subtended by spathaceous, usually deciduous bracts; staminate spike uppermost. Perianth consisting of bristles. Stamens 2-7; filaments connate or free. Ovary 1, stipitate, 1-2-celled; styles 1-2. Fruit nut-like. Endosperm copious, mealy. 1. TYPHA (Toura.) L. Cat-tail, Cat-tail Flag. Characters of the family. Racemes with the staminate and pistillate portions usually separate; pollen of simple grains; fruiting pedicels short, I mm. long or less. I. T. angustifolia. Racemes with the staminate and pistillate portions usually contiguous; pollen-grains in 4's; fruiting pedicels bristle-like, 2-3 mm. long. 2. T. lali folia. 1. T. angustifolia L. A slender perennial; stem 1-3 m. high; leaves nar- rowly linear, 3-15 mm. wide, striate, usually plano-convex; racemes light brown; pistillate portion 5-15 mm. in diameter, with bractlets; stigmas linear or linear- oblong; nutlets terete, not bursting in water. Marshes, mostly along the coast: N.S. — Fla.— Mex.^Calif.; Ida.; W. Ind., C. and S. Am., Eurasia. Plains. 2. T. latifolia L. A stout perennial, 1-2.5 m. high; leaves flat, 5-25 mm. wide; staminate racemes light brown, with intermixed bractlets, the pistillate ones dark brown or black, without bractlets, each 1-2 dm. long; stigmas rhomboid or spatulate; fruit furrowed, bursting in water. Marshes and shallow lakes: Newf. — Fla. — Mex. — Calif. — B.C. — -Mack.; Eurasia. Plain-Submont. Je-Au. Family 6. SPARGANIACEAE. Bur-reed Family. Marsh or water plants, with creeping rootstocks, fibrous roots, and linear alternate leaves sheathing at the base. Flowers monoecious, in dense globular heads, the staminate heads uppermost, generally sessile, the pis- tillate ones below, sessile or the lowest peduncled, often subtended by leafy (20) BUR-REED FAMILY 21 bracts. Perianth reduced to a few (3-6) irregular chaffy scales. Stamens usually 5, distinct. Ovary 1- (seldom 2-) celled; style 1; stigma 1, seldom 2. Fruit nut-Uke, 1- or 2-celled, 1- or 2-seeded. Ovules anatropous. Endo- sperm copious. 1. SPARGANIUM (Toum.) L. Bur-reed. Characters of the faniih'. Achenes broadly obovoid or cuneate-obpyramidal, sessile, long-beaked; stigmas usually 2; leaves somewhat keeled. 1. S. eurycarpum. Achenes fusiform (in S. minimum somewhat obovoid, but then short-beaked and short- stipitate); stigmas solitary. Stipe and beak of the fruit each 2 mm. long or more; fruiting heads 1.5 cm. in diam- eter or more; anthers 3-4 times as long as broad. Leaves, at least the middle ones, strongly triangular-keeled; fruiting heads about 3 cm. in diameter; achenes brown, gradually tapering into the beak, which is fully as long as the body. 2. S. simplex. Leaves not keeled or only slightly so, narrow and slender; stem often floating; beak of the achenes decidedly shorter than the body. Leaves usually 5-10 mm. wide, as well as the bracts conspicuously scarious- margined; heads 1.7-2 cm. in diameter; achenes gradually beaked. 3. S. mullipedunculatum. Leaves 3-4 mm. wide, not conspicuously scarious-raargined ; heads about 1.5 cm. in diameter; achenes abruptly beaked. 4. .S. angustifolium. Stipe and beak of the fruit short, less than 1 mm. long; fruiting heads about 1 cm. in diameter; stigmas oblong; anthers 1.5-2 times as long as broad. 5. S. minimum. 1. S. eurycarpum Engelm. A stout glabrous perennial marsh plant, 5-25 dm. high; leaves linear, 5-10 dm. long, 7-10 mm. wide; inflorescence more or less compound, the branches usually with one or two pistillate heads and several staminate heads; the former compact, in fruit 2-2.5 cm. in diameter; achenes bluntly 4- or 5-angled, the top rounded, flat or even a little depressed, abruptly contracted into the style. In swamps and along streams: Newf. — Ha. — Utah — Calif. — B.C. Plain — Submont. Je-Au. 2. S. simplex Huds. A slender marsh plant, 3-7 dm. high; leaves linear, 5-9 dm. long, 8-15 mm. wide; inflorescence simple; pistillate heads 2-5, generally sessile or the lower ones peduncled, usually supra-axillary; achenes fusiform, often contracted in the middle, and gradually acuminate at the apex. In marshes and shallow water: Que. — ^Ont. — -Wash. — -B.C.; Eu. Subtnont. Je-Au. 3. S. multipedunculatum (^Iorong) Rydb. A rather slender marsh plant, 3-5 dm. high; leaves linear, 2-5 dm. long, slightly keeled; inflorescence simple or a httle branched; staminate heads 3-5, often close together, but distant from the pistillate ones; these 2-6, the upper ones sessile, the lower peduncled, and most often axillary; achenes fusiform, gradually acuminate above. S. sim- plex multipedunculatum Morong. S. subvaginatum Meinsh , in part. In shallow water: Mack. — w Ont. — Mont. — Colo. — Calif. — -B.C. Plaiti — Subm. Je-Au. 4. S. angustifolium Michx. A slender, more or less floating water plant; leaves narrowly linear, 3-6 dm. long, flat, not keeled, often dilated at the base, floating; inflorescence mostly simple; staminate heads 2-5; pistillate ones 2-4, sessile, or the lowest one peduncled and supra-axiUarj'; achenes fusiform, abruptl}' acuminate at the apex. S. simplex angustifolium Engelm. In deep water: Xewf. — Conn. — -Pa. — -Colo. — -Cahf. — B.C. Plain — Subalp. Je-Au. 5. S. minimum Fries. A slender and floating water plant; stem 1-3 dm. long, or in shallow water shorter and erect; leaves 1-4 dm. long, 1-7 mm. wide, thin and flat, usually floating; inflorescence simple; staminate heads 1 or 2, close together; pistillate heads 1-3, sessile or the lowest peduncled and axillary; body of the achenes obovoid, abruptly contracted into a short beak. Ponds and streams: Lab. — N.J. — Mich. — Utah — -Ore. — -Alaska; Eurasia. Mont. — Subalp. Je-Au. Family 7. ZANNICHELLIACEAE. Poxdweed Family. Immersed water plants, with slender jointed, often branching stems, flat leaves, and perfect or monoecious flowers, in axillary spikes or clusters. 22 ZANNICHELLIACEAE Perianth none, but flowers sometimes in hyaline envelopes. Stamens 1-4, seldom more, distinct and hypogynous in the perfect flowers, or solitary in the staminate ones. Ovaries 1-4, distinct, 1-celled and 1-ovuled. Fruit mostly drupelets or achenes. stamens 4, the connectives with dilated appendages: drupelets sessile. 1. Potamogeton. Stamens 1-2, the connectives without appendages; drupelets manifestly stipitate. Stigmas sessile; anthers 2; flowers perfect, on long peduncles. 2. Ruppia. Stigma terminating a long style; anther 1; flowers monoecious, the two kinds together in the same a.\ils. 3. Zax.mchellia. 1. POTAMOGETON (Tourn.) L. Pondweed, Fishweed. Immersed water plants, with flat, 2-ranked leaves, alternate or the upper opposite, often of two kinds, floating and submerged, the former more or less coriaceous and broad, the latter pellucid, thin, and narrower. Stipules present, free or adnate to the lower part of the petiole or blade, enclosing the young flower-buds, inflorescence spicate, axillary, mostly emersed. Stamens 4; ap- pendages short-clawed, valvate in the bud. Ovaries 4, sessile, distinct, with a short style or sessile stigma. Fruit of 4 drupelets. Seeds crustaceous. Species with both floating and submerged leaves. Submerged leaves bladeless. 1. P. natans. Submerged leaves with proper blades. Submerged leaves of two kinds, oval or oblong ones and lanceolate and strongly curved ones; floating leaves with 30 .or more nerves. 2. P. amplifolius. Submerged leaves of only one kind; floating leaves with less numerous nerves. Stipules free from the petioles and blades. Submerged leaves lanceolate. Submerged leaves all petioled, more than 7-nerved. 3. P. americanus. Submerged leaves all sessile or the uppermost short-petioled. Peduncles of the same tliickness as the stem; leaves not serrulate at the ape.x. Plant green; submerged leaves narrower than the floating ones. 7. P. helerophytlus. Plant red; submerged leaves as wide as the floating ones or wider. - 4. P. alpinus. Peduncles thicker than the stem; leaves serrulate at the apex. 5. P. augustifolius. Submerged leaves linear. Submerged leaves of nearly the same width throughout, coarsely reticu- late in the middle. 6. P. epihyclrus. Submerged leaves broader below the middle, without reticulation. 7. P. helerophyllus. Stipules adnate to the base of the linear-setaceous submerged leaves. 8. P. divcrsifolius. Species with submerged leaves only. Leaves with broad blades, lanceolate or oval, many-nerved. Leaves short-petioled or sessile, not ample.xicaul. 9. P. lucens. Leaves more or less amplexicaul. Leaves elongate-lanceolate, semi-ample.xicaul, cucullate; the straight apex of the embryo pointing to the base of the fruit. 10. P. praelongus. Leaves rounded-ovate to short-lanceolate, amplexicaul, not cucullate; the curved embryo pointing inside the base of the fruit. 11. P. Richard sonii. Leaves narrowly linear to capillary. Stipules free from the petioles and the leaf-blades. Leaves 1.5-4 mm. wide. Species without glands at the base of the leaves; leaves with 3 principal nerves and several fine ones. 12. P. compressus. Species with glands at the base of the leaves. Glands large and translucent: nerves mostly 3; the curved end of the embryo pointing inside the base of the fruit. 13. P. obtusifolius. Glands small, dull; nerves of the leaves .')-7; the straight end of the embryo pointing to the base of the fruit. 14. P. Fricsii. Leaves seldom more than 1.5 mm. wide, often less. Glands absent; nutlets keeled. 15. P. foliosus. Glands present: nutlets not keeled. 16. P. pusillus. Stipules adnate to the base of the leaves. Leaves 1.5 mm. wide or less, with entire margins. Stigma broad, sessile; nutlets indistinctly 1-keeled or keel-less. Leaves ftliform, less than 0.5 mm. wide; stipular sheaths 3-8 mm. long. 17. P. filiformis. Leaves about 1 mm. wide; stipular sheaths 1-2 cm. long. 18. P. interior. Stigma capitate, on an evident style: nutlets with 2 lateral but no median keel. I'J- P- pectinalus. Leaves several-nerved, 3-6 mm. wide, finely serrulate seen under a lens. 20. P. Robbinsii. PONDWEED FAMILY 23 1. P. natans L. Stem 6-15 dm. long, mostly simple; floating leaf-blades oval or ovate, abruptly short-pointed, rounded or cordate at the base, thick, 21-29-nerved, 5-10 cm. long, 2. .5-5. 5 cm. wide; submerged leaves bladeless and early perishing; peduncles 5-10 cm. long; spike cylindric, 3-5 cm. long, very dense; fruit 4-4.5 mm. long, 2-5 mm. thick; stone 2-grooved on the back. Ponds and streams: X.S. — N.J. — ^Calif. — Alaska; Eurasia. Plain — Mont. Jl-S. 2. P. amplifolius Tuckerm. Stem occasionally branched; floating leaf- blades (occasionally wanting) ovate or oval, acute at the apex, rounded or sub- cordate at the base; submerged leaves mostly short-petioled ; the blades of the upper ovate or elliptic, 7-15 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, thin and shining; those of the lower lanceolate, often 1 dm. long, about 25-nerved, generally conduplicate and falcate; peduncles thickened upwards, 5-20 cm. long; spike cylindric, 2.5 cm. long; fruit 4-5 mm. long, 2.5 mm. thick, 3-keeled. Lakes: N.B. — -Ga. — ■ Neb.— B.C. Plain. Jl-S. 3. P. americanus Cham. & Schlecht. Stem much branched, 1-2 m. long; floating leaf-blades rather thick, elliptic, pointed at each end, 5-15 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, 11-23-nerved; submerged leaf-blades pellucid, thin, 1-3 dm. long, 0.5-2.5 cm. wide, 7-15-nerved, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, with distinct petioles; peduncles thickened upwards, 5-7 cm. long; spike cylindric, 3-5 cm. long; fruit about 4 mm. long, obliquely obovoid, 3-keeled on the back. P. loJichites Tnckerm. P. fluitans Am. auih. Ponds and slow streams: N.B. — -Fla. — Cahf.— B.C. Plain. Je-O. 4. P. alpinus Balbis. Stem slender, simple or branched; floating leaf- blades rather thin, oblanceolate or spatulate, or sometimes oblong, 11-17- nerved, 5-12 cm. long, sometimes wanting; submerged leaves thin, semi-pellucid, oblong to linear-lanceolate, 7-30 cm. long, 5-20 mm. wide, 7-17-nerved, sessile or the upper short-petioled; spike cylindric, 2-4 cm. long; fruit obovoid-lenticular, reddish, 2-5 mm. long, 3-keeled. P. rufescens Schrader. Ponds and streams: N.S.—N.J.— Colo.— Calif.— Alaska; Eu. Plain—Mont. Jl.-Au. 5. P. angustifolius Berch. & Presl. Stem slender, branching; floating leaf- blades somewhat coriaceous, elliptic, 4-10 cm. long, 12-35 mm. wide, many- nerved; submerged leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, thin, acute or cuspidate, 5-15 cm. long, 5-30 mm. wide, 7-17-nerved; peduncles thicker than the stem, 6-15 cm. long; spike cylindric, 2.5-5 cm. long; fruit obliquely ovoid, 2.5-4 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, 3-ribbed; stvle short, blunt. P. Zizii Roth. Lakes and streams: Me.— Fla.— Tex.— Calif.— B.C.; Mex., C. Am., and Eu. Plain — Suhmont. Jl-Au. 6. P. epihydrus Raf. Stem slender, simple, compressed, 3-18 dm. long; floating leaves opposite; blades elliptic or obovate, 4-9 cm. long, 6-17 mm. wide, many-nerved, obtuse, short-petioled; submerged leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, coarsely reticulate along the midrib, 5-nerved; spike cylindric, 1-6 m. long; fruit rounded-obovoid, 2.5-4 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, 3-keeled; style short, terminal. P. Nuttallii Cham. & Schlecht. Ponds and streams: Newf. — S.C. — Iowa — -B.C. Plain. Je-Au. 7. P. heterophyllus Schreb. Stem slender, much branched, sometimes 3 m. long; floating leaf -blades oval, pointed at the apex, narrowed, rounded, or subcordate at the base, 1.5-6 cm. long, S-28 mm. wide, 9-19-nerved; submerged leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, pellucid, 1-5 cm. long, 2-18 mm. wide, 3-9- (mostly 7-) nerved, acuminate or cuspidate; peduncles often thickened upwards; spike cylindric, 1-2 cm. long; fruit rounded or obliquely obovoid, 2-3 mm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, indistinctly 3-keeled; style short, apical. A form with the sub- merged leaves linear, flaccid, 5-12 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, is P. heterophyllus graminif alius . Ponds or lakes, and slow streams: Lab. — -Fla. — -Utah — Calif. — B.C.:Eu. Plain— Suhmont. Jl-S. 8. P. diversifolius Raf. Stem very slender, much branched; floating leaf- blades coriaceous, oval or elliptic and obtuse, or lanceolate-oblong and acute, 1-2.5 cm. long, 4.5-12 mm. wide; submerged leaves linear-setaceous, 2-4 cm. long, 1 mm. wide or less; stipules of the floating leaves free, those of the submerged 24 ZANNICHELLIACEAE leaves mostly adnate; emersed peduncles 6-15 mm. long; stibmerged ones 4-6 mm. long, clavate, as long as the spikes; emersed spikes 3.5-7 mm. long, often interrupted; fruit cochleate, about 1 mm. long, 3-keeled, the middle keel narrowly winged. Still water: Me. — Fla. — Tex.^ — ^Calif. — -Mont.; Mex. Je-S. 9. P. lucens L. Stem thick, branched, leaf}'; leaves submerged, Ihptiec or lanceolate, or the uppermost oval, thin, shining, acute or acuminate, or rarely rounded at both ends and merely mucronate, 6-20 cm. long, 15-40 mm. wide, the ends often serrulate; peduncles 7-15 cm. long; spike cjdindric, 3-6 cm. long, thick; fruit roundish, 3 mm. long, 2.5 mm. thick. Ponds; N.S. — -Fla. — Mex. — Calif.; Eu., C. Am., and W. Ind. Plain— Mont. Au-0. 10. P. praelongus Wulf. Stem fiexuose, white, often 25 dm. long, flattened, much branched; leaves submerged, oblong-lanceolate, thin, bright green, semi- amplexicaul, 0.5-3 dm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, with 3-5 principal nerves; peduncles 7-50 cm. long, straight, as thick as the stem; spike cyhndric or globose, 1-3 cm. long; fruit obliquely obovoid, 4-5 mm. long, 3-4 mm. thick; middle keel sharp; style short. Ponds and streams: N.S. — N.J. — -Minn. — Calif. — B.C.; Eu. Je-Au. 11. P. Richardsonii (A. Bennett) Rydb. Stem very leafy and much branched; leaves submerged, thin, lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, 8-15 mm. wide at the broadened amplexicaul base, 13-23-nerved, acute or acuminate and incurved at the apex; peduncles 3-4 cm. long, thickened upwards; spike cylindric, 2-2.5 cm. long; fruit about 4 mm. long, 2.5 mm. thick, obscurely 3-keeled. P. perfoliatus lanceolalus Robbins. P. perfoliatus Richardsonii A. Bennett. Ponds and lakes: N.Y.— Del. — -Wyo. — CaUf. — -Alaska. Plai7i — Submont. Je-S. 12. P. compressus L. Stem branching, much flattened, often winged; leaves submerged, linear, obtuse or mucronate, 5-30 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, with 3 principal veins and many fine ones; peduncles 4-10 cm. long; spike cylin- dric, 12-15-flowered, about 1 cm. long; fruit obovoid, with a broad base, about 4 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. thick, 3-keeled on the back; style short, recurved. The plant often propagates by means of terminal leaf-buds. P. zosteraefolius Schum. Ponds and slow streams: N.B. — N.J. — Sask. — Ore. — B.C.; Eu. Plain. Jl-S. 13. P. obtusifolius Mert. & Koch. Stem slender, branched above, more or less compressed; leaves linear, obtuse or mucronate, 5-8 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, usually 3-nerved, with a broad midrib, and 2 translucent glands at the base; peduncles 2-3 cm. long, slender, erect; spike ovoid, 5-S-flow'ered, 6-8 mm. long; fruit obliquely obovoid, 3 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, 3-keeled; style short. Still water: Que. — -Kans. — Wyo. — -Pa.; Eu. Jl-0. 14. P. Friesii Rupr. Stem compressed, branching, 5-12 dm. long; leaves linear, 4-7 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, obtuse or mucronate at the apex, 5- (rarely 7-) nerved; peduncles 2-4 cm. long, often thickened upwards and thicker than the stem; spike interrupted; fruit obliquely ellipsoid, about 2 mm. long, 2-grooved on the back, usually with a shallow pit on the sides; style recurved. P. compressus Oeder, not L. Still water: N.B.^N.Y. — Minn. — B.C.; Eu. Jl— Au. 15. P. foliosus Raf. Stem very slender, branched, flattened, 3-10 dm. long; leaves very narrowly linear, almost filiform, 3-5 cm. long, 0.5-1 mm. wide, 3- nerved; peduncles clavate, about 1 cm. long; s])ike short, about 4-flowered; fruit lenticular, almost orbicular, 2 mm. long, 3-keeled on the back; middle keel winged, sinuate-dentate. P. paucijlorus Pursh. Ponds and streams: N.B. — Fla.— N.M.— Calif.— B.C.; W. Ind. Plain— Mont. Jl-Au. 16. P. pusillus L. Stem very slender, filiform, much branched, 1.5-6 dm. long; leaves filiform, 3-12 cm. long, 0.5-1.5 mm. wide, 1-3-nerved; peduncles 5-30 mm. long, rarely 3-6 cm. long; spike 3-10-flowered; fruit obliquely elhpsoid, about 2 mm. long, 1 mm. thick, 2-grooved on the back, not keeled. It propa- gates often by buds. Ponds and slow streams: N.S. — -Va. — Tex. — Mex. — Calif. — B.C. — Yukon; Eu. Plain — Submont. Je-Au. 17. P. filiformis Pers. Stem slender, filiform above, branching, leafy, 1-4 dm. long; leaves linear-filiform, 5-30 cm. long; free portion of the stipules 3-5 cm. PONDWEED FAMILY 25 long; peduncles 4-7 cm. long; spike interrupted, with 2-12 flowers in each whorl; fruit ovoid, 2-3 mm. long, nearly 2 nun. thick, not keeled; stigma sessile. Ponds and lakes: Que.— N.Y.— Mich.— Wyo.—Alta. Je-Au. 18. P. interior Rydb. Stem slender, branched, 3-6 dm. long; leaves linear, 3-15 cm. long, about 1 mm. wide, obtuse, with a strong midrib and raised or revolute margins; peduncles 3-7 cm. long; spike interrujjted; fruit obliquely ovoid, 2-grooved on the back; stigma subsessile; free portion of the stipules 2-4 nun. long. P. inarinus occiJcnlalis Robbins. Ponds and lakes, especially in alkali water: Ont. — N.M.— Utah — Nev. Plain — Subt7wnt. Jl-Au. 19. P. pectinatus L. Stem slender, much branched, very leafy, 3-10 dm. long; leaves setaceous, attenuate at the apex, 3-15 cm. long, 0.1-0.5 mm. wide, sometimes nerveless; stipular sheath 1-2 cm. long; free portion 3-8 mm. long; peduncles filiform, 5-20 cm. long; spike interrupted, with several whorls of flow- ers; fruit obhquely ovoid, 3-4 mm. long. Fresh, salt, or alkali waters: N.B. — • Fla. — L.Calif. — Alaska; Eu. Plain — Submont. Jl-S. 20. P. Robbinsii Oakes. Stem stout, widely branching, sometimes rooting at the nodes, 5-10 dm. long; leaves linear, acute, crowded in 2 ranks, 7-12 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, auricled at the point of union with the stipules; stipular sheath about 1 cm. long; free portion of the stipules 1-2 cm. long, mostly lacerate; peduncles 3-10 cm. long; spike interrupted, flowering under water; fruit obovoid, about 4 mm. long, 3 mm. thick, 3-keeled, the middle keel sharp. Ponds and lakes: N.B.—N.J.— Mich.— Ida.— Ore.— B.C. Plain. Jl-S. 2. RtJPPIA L. Slender water plants, widely branched and with capillary stems, filiform alternate 1-nerved leaves, with membranous sheaths. Peduncles spadix-like, filiform, at first very short, at last generally much elongated and spirally coiled. Flowers consisting of 2 sessile anthers, and 4 pistils, sessile at first, in fruit long- stipitate. Fruit small, more or less obliquely ovoid drupes. Sheaths 6-10 mm. long; drupe about 2 mm. long or less. Drupe very oblique; beak 0.5-1 mm. long. 1. R. maritima. Drupe scarcely oblique, almost beakless. 2. R. pectinata. Sheaths 20-40 mm. long; drupe 3-4 mm. long. 3. R. occidentalis. 1. R. maritima L. Stem slender, filiform, whitish; leaves 2-10 cm. long, 0.5 mm. or less wide; sheaths 6-8 mm. long, with a short free tip; peduncles in fruit sometimes 3 dm. long; drupes about 2 mm. long; beak ahnost straight or curved. R. curricarpa A. Nels. In brackish or salt water, along the coasts: Ne\vf. — Tex. — Alaska — L. Calif.; occasionally in the interior, Sask. — Mex.; Eur- asia and S. Am. Plain Je-Au. 2. R. pectinata Rydb. Stem intricately branched and very leafy, with very short internodes; leaves filiform, 3-6 cm. long, 0.5 mm. or less wide; slieaths 7-10 mm. long, seldom with a small rounded tip; peduncles 3-5 cm. long, in fruit recurved, but apparently not in a spiral; drupe about 1.2 mm. long, with an almost sessile stigma. In brackish ponds : Yellowstone National Park, Wyo. — Utah — Wash. — -Calif. Submont. — Mont. 3. R. occidentalis S. Wats. Stem comparatively stout, 3-6 dm. long, with very short internodes and fan-hke clustered branches; leaves 7-20 cm. long, and 0.3 mm. wide or less; sheaths with distinct free tips, often overlapping each other; peduncles sometimes 5 dm. long; stipes about 25 mm. long; drupes ovoid or pyriform, scarcely oblique; beak short, straight. In saline ponds: Neb. — B.C. — Alaska. Plain — -Submont. Jl-Au. 3. ZANNICHELLIA (Mich.) L. Slender branching aquatics, with opposite filiform leaves and sheathing mem- branous stipules. Flowers monoecious, sessile, naked, usually both kinds in the same axil; the staminate ones consisting of a single 2-celled anther, borne on a pedicel-hke filament, the pistillate ones of 2-6 sessile pistils in a cup-shaped in- volucre. Fruit nut-like, obliquely oblong, flattened, with a short slender beak, ribbed or toothed on the back. Seed orthotropous. 26 ZANNICHELLIACEAE 1. Z. palustris L. Stem capillary from a creeping rhizome; leaves 3-7 cm. long, 0.5 mm. or les.s wide, acute, thin, 1-nerved; fruit 2-6 together, 2-4 mm. long, ses.sile or short-pedicelled; style persistent, 1-2 mm. long. In fresh and brackish ponds and ditches: Ont. — -Fla. — -Tex. — Calif. — -B.C.; also in the Old World. Plain— Suhnont. Jl-0. Family 8. NAJADACEAE. Najas Family. Slender submerged aquatic plants, with linear spinulose-toothed whorled or opposite leaves, sheathing at the base. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary and axillary. Staminate flowers with a double perianth, the inner hyaline; stamen 1. Pistillate flowers of a single pistil, with 2-4 subulate stigmas. Fruit a small drupe. 1. NAJAS L. Characters of the family. Leaves 1-3 mm. wide, coarsely toothed; back of the leaves and internodes spiny; plant dioecious. 1- A"- marina. Leaves 0.5—1 mm. wide, finely, almost microscopically serrulate; back of the leaves and internodes unarmed; plant monoecious. Drupe shining, with .30-50 rows of indistinct reticulations. 2. N. flexilis. Drupe dull, with 16-20 rows of strongly marked reticulations. 3. N. guadalupensis. 1. N. marina L. Stem stout, compressed, generally armed with teeth twice as long as broad; leaves broadly linear, 12-45 mm. long, with 6-10 spine- pointed teeth on each margin; sheaths broadly rounded; their margins entire or with a few teeth; fruit 4-5 mm. long; epicarp as well as the dull nutlet rugose- reticulate. In lakes and ponds with fresh or brackish water: N.Y. — Fla. — L. Calif. — CaUf. (in the range reported only from Utah); Eurasia and Austr. Plain. Jl — Au. 2. N; flexilis (Willd.) Rost. & Schmidt. Stem slender, forking, unarmed; leaves narrowly linear, 1-2 cm. long, niunerous and crowded, pellucid, with 20- 30 minute teeth on each margin; sheaths rounded, with 5-10 teeth on each side; fruit ellipsoid, 2-3 mm. long. In ponds and slow streams: Que. — Fla. — La.^ Cahf.— Ore.; Eu. Plain. My— Au. 3. N. guadalupensis (Spreng.) Morong. Stem very slender, filiform, 3-6 dm. long, branched and leafy; leaves numerous, crowded, 12-25 mm. long, 0.5-1.5 mm. wide, with 40-50 teeth on the margins; sheaths as in .V. flexilis; fruit about 2 mm. long. N. microdon R. Br. In ponds and lakes: Neb. — Fla. — La. — 'Tex. — Ore.; Mex. and Trop. Am. Plain. Jl-S. Family 9. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE. Arrow-grass Family. Marsh plants, with terete rush-like leaves and small perfect, spicate or racemose flowers. Perianth-segments 4 or 6, in two series. Stamens 3-6; anthers 2-celled. Carpels 3-6, 1-2-ovuled, more or less united, separating at maturity, either dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds anatropous. Embryo straight; endosperm none. stem scapose ; leaves all basal ; flowers spicate or racemose. 1 . TRiGLOCHrN. Stem leafy; flowers few, in loose racemes. 2. Scheuchzeria. 1. TRIGLOCHIN L. Arrow-grass. Marsh herbs, with half-round elongated linear leaves, sheathing at the base, and terminal racemes or spikes on long naked scapes. Perianth-segments in ours 6, the inner 3 inserted higher up. Stamens 0; anthers 2-celled, sessile or nearly so. Ovaries 3-6, 1-celled and 1-ovuled; style short or none; stigmas 3-6, plumose. Fruit of 3-6, cylindraceous, oblong, obovoid, or clavate carpels, united at first, at maturity 'separating from the base upwards. Seeds cylindra- ceous or ovoid-oblong, compressed or angular. Carpels 3; fruit linear -clavate, tapering at the base. 1. T. palustris. Carpels 6; fruit oblong or ovoid, obtuse at the base. 2. / . martnma. ARROW-GRASS FAMILY 27 1. T. palustris L. A slender plant, with short rootstock and slender stolons, 2-4 dm. higli; leaves shorter than the scajjc, 1-3 dm. long, shar]j-pointed ; racemes 1-3 dm. long; i)edicels slender, capillar}', in fruit erect, 5-7 mm. long; stigmas sessile; fruit 6-7 mm. long. In bogs: Greenl. — -N.Y. — Ind. — N.M. — Alaska; Eurasia and S. Am. Plain — Mont. Jl-S. 2. T. maritima L. A stout plant, with subligneous rootstock, without stolons; leaves half-c}'lindric, 2 mm. wide; racemes often 4 dm. long or more; pedicels decurrent, 2-3 mm. long, in fruit ascending; fruit 5-6 mm. long, 3-4 mm. in diameter; carpels triangular, grooved on the back. In salt marshes: Lab. — N.J. — -Calif. — Alaska; Eurasia. Plain — Sub/nont. Je-S. 2. SCHEUCHZERIA L. Rush-like bog plants, with perennial, creeping rootstock. Leaves half-round below, flat above, striate, and with membranous sheaths at the base. Perianth with 6 segments in two series. Stamens 6; filaments elongated; anthers linear, basifixed. Ovaries 3, rarely 4-6, distinct or connate at the base, 1-celled, each cell with 1-2 ovules. Fruit of 3-6 divergent follicles, opening on the inside. 1. S. palustris L. A leafy bog plant, 1-2.5 dm. high; leaves 1^ dm. long, the upper reduced to bracts; basal leaves with sheaths often 1 dm. long and ligules 1 cm. long; pedicels 6-20 mm. long, in fruit spreading; flowers white; segments 1-nerved, 3 mm. long; follicles 5-6 mm. long. In bogs: Lab. — -N.J. — Wise. — Calif. — ^.Alaska; Eurasia. Boreal-Submont. Je-Jl. Family 10. ALISMACEAE. Water-plantain Family. ]\Larsh or aquatic plant.s, with scapose stem.s, basal long-petioled sheath- ing, mostly cross-veined, leaves, and fibrous roots. Flowers mostly verticil- late, in elongated racemes or panicles, regular, pedicelled. Sepals 3, per- sistent. Petals 3, deciduous. Stamens 6 or more, included. Pistils many, distinct; ovaries 1-celled and generally 1-ovuled, becoming achenes in fruit. Carpels in a ring on a small flat receptacle; flowers perfect. 1. Alisma. Carpels in several series on a convex receptacle; flowers monoecious or dioecious. 2. Sagittaria. 1. ALISMA L. Water-plantain. Annual or mostly perennial scapose herbs. Leaves erect or floating; blades several-veined, petioled. Flowers perfect in compound panicles. Sepals 3, usually ribbed, persistent. Petals 3, white or pinkish, spreading, deciduous. Stamens 6, two opposite each petal. Carjjels few or many, in one whorl. Achenes ribbed or grooved on the back. Achenes longer than wide, grooved on the back, their inner edges not meeting; pedicels straight, ascending. 1. A. brevipes. Achenes as wide as long, ribbed on the back, their inner edges meeting; pedicels recurved. 2. A. Geyeri. 1. A. brevipes Greene. Perennial; leaf -blades oblong to ovate, 5-19 cm. long, acute at tlie apex, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base; scape 1 m. high or less; sepals orbicular or rounded-ovate, 3 mm. long or more; petals 5-6 mm. long; fruiting heads 5-6.5 mm. broad; achenes broadly obovate, 2.5-3 mm. long; beak ascending. A. superba Lunell. In water and wet places: N.S.— N.D. N.M.— Calif.— B.C. Plain— Mont. 2. A. Geyeri Torr. Perennial; leaf -blades oblong to ovate-lanceolate, rarely lance-linear, 5-9 cm. long, acute at both ends; scapes mostly 1-5 dm. long, diffusely spreading; sepals rounded-ovate, about 2-5 mm. long; petals 2-4 mm. long; fruiting heads 4.5-5.5 mm. broad; achenes suborbicular; beaks erect. Wet places: w X.Y. — -N.D. — Nev. — Ore. Plain — -Submont. 2. SAGITTARIA L. Arro-w-he.\d, Swan or Swamp Potato. Perennial water or bog plants, with tuber-bearing or nodose rootstocks. Leaves long-petioled, with a sagittate or lanceolate blade or, especially the earlier ones, reduced to bladeless phylloids. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, borne 28 ALISMACEAE in verticils of 3's near the top of the scapes, pedicelled, the staminate uppermost. Sepals and petals 3; the latter large, white. Stamens numerous, inserted on the convex receptacle; anthers 2-celled, dehiscent by lateral slits. Pistillate flowers with nim:ierous pistils. Achenes densely aggregated in globular heads, flat and often wing-margined. Leaf-blades usually without basal lobes; beak borne below the top of the achenes. 1. 5. graminea. Leaf-blades or some of them sagittate or hastate, with basal lobes ; beak borne at the top of the achenes. Beak short, erect; bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. Basal lobes of the leaves acute or acuminate. 2. S. cuneata. Basal lobes of the leaves rounded or obtuse. 3. S. hebeliloba. Beak of the achenes horizontal. Beak short; basal lobes of the leaves at least twice as long as the terminal one; bracts lanceolate. 4. S. longiloba. Beak long; basal lobes of the leaves usually shorter than the terminal one; bracts ovate. 5. S. latifolia. 1. S. graminea Alich.x. Plant emersed or submerged, 1-6 dm. high; phyl- loids if present, flattened, linear-lanceolate, acute, 8-30 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide; leaf-blades lanceolate to ovate-elliptical, acute at both ends, or very rarely trun- cate, with short divaricate lobes at the base, 5-15 cm. long, 3-5-ribbed; bracts ovate, acute, 3-5 mm. long, connate to the middle; fruiting heads 5-10 mm. in diameter; achenes 1.5 mm. long, dorsally crested and obliquely one-ribbed on the sides. In shallow ponds and marshes: Newf. — -Fla. — -Tex. — -Sask. Plain. 2. S. cuneata Sheld. A rather weak plant growing in mud or water, glab- rous, 2-4 dm. high; leaves when emersed sagittate; petiole rather stout, usually curving outwards; blade 6-18 cm. long; basal lobes narrow, lanceolate, some- what divergent; blades in deep water less developed, sometimes not lobed, float- ing; bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, 8-20 mm. long, scarious-mar- gined; fruityag heads 10-15 mm. in diameter; achenes 2 mm. long, winged on both margins. S . arifolia Nutt. In mud and shallow water : Me. — N.D. — Conn. — Kans. — N.M. — Calif. — B.C. Plain — Submont. 3. S. hebetiloba A. Nels. A rather stout plant, 2-5 dm. high, monoecious; leaf-blades sagittate, 8-14 cm. long, subacute; bracts linear-lanceolate, 15-20 mm. long, subscarious; corolla about 2 cm. in diameter; fruiting heads 10-15 mm. in diameter; achenes about 2 mm. long, winged on both margins and the summit. In a bog, formed from warm-spring: Laramie Co., Wyo. Submont. 4. S. longiloba Engehn. A monoecious, slender, erect perennial, 3-5 dm. high; leaf-blades sagittate; basal lobes linear-lanceolate, acimiinate; fruiting heads 10-12 mm. in diameter; achenes 2 mm. long, narrowly winged on both margins; beak lateral. In shallow ponds: Neb. — Colo. — Tex. — -Sonora. Plain — Son. 5. S. latifolia Willd. A rather stout plant, monoecious, 3-6 dm. high; with the lower verticils fertUe, or rarely dioecious, 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades sagittate, 15-40 cm. long, very variable, glabrous; lobes from broadly ovate to linear-lanceolate [v. angti.^tifolia], acute or acuminate; bracts ovate, acute, 1-3 cm. long; flowers 3-4 cm, wide; fruiting heads 15-30 mm. in diameter; achenes about 3 mm. long, winged on both margins; beak triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, making almost a right angle to the achenes. Shallow water: N.B. — Fla. — Calif. — B.C. Mex. and C. Am. Son. — Plain— Mont. Je-S. Family 11. ELODEACEAE. Water-weed F.\mily. Submersed or floating water plants. Leaves in ours opposite or whorled. Plants monoecious, dioecious or polygamous. Flowers enclo.sed in a spathe of 1-3, usually united bracts. Hypanthium in the pistillate flowers well de- veloped, tubular, in the staminate flowers often shorter or obsolete. Peri- anth regular or nearly so. Sepals 3. Petals 3, or wanting. Stamens 3-9; filaments short, often monadelphous. Pistil single, compound. Ovary 1- celled with 2-6, usually 3, parietal placentae. Ovules numerous. Fruit indchiscent, maturing under water. WATER- WEED FAMILY 29 1. PHILOTRIA Raf. Water-weed. Submerged water plants with elongated branched stems, often rooting at the nodes, dioecious or polygamo-dioecious. Leaves opposite or whorle/d, sessile, pellucid, 1-nerved. Spathe 2-cleft at the apex, that of the staminate plant oval or obovate, sessile, stipitate, in the pistillate plant lanceolate and sessile. Sepals and petals 3 or the latter lacking. Stamens in the staminate flowers usually 9, in two series, in the inner series 3; in the hermaphrodite usually only 3. Fruit linear or lance-linear. [Elodea Michx.] Staminate flowers ses.'sile, breaking off within the spathe; petals wanting. 1. P. Planchonii. Staminate flowers on elongating pedicels, carrying them to the water surface; petals present. 2. P. iowerisis. 1. P. Planchonii (Casp.) Rydb. Dioecious water plant; stem slender, 1-10 dm. long; leaves in 3's or the lower opposite, oblong to linear, 7-15 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, acutish; spathe of the staminate plant obovoid-clavate, nearly 1 cm. long, on a stipe 5-10 mm. long; sepals elliptic, 5 mm. long; petals lacking; spathe of the pistillate plant lance-linear, sessile; tube of the hypanthium 3-5 cm. long; sepals and petals linear, about 3 mm. long. Lakes and ponds: Sask. — Colo. — -Nev. Plain — Submont. 2. P. iowensis Wylie. Dioecious water plant; leaves lanceolate to oblong- linear, 8-14 mm. long, 2-3.5 mm. wide; spathe of the staminate flowers obovate, contracted to a narrow base; sepals oval, 4 mm. long; petals linear-lanceolate, acuminate; spathe of the pistillate flowers linear-cylindric, 1-1.5 cm. long; hypanthium 3-15 cm. long; sepals oval, 2 mm. long; petals obovate; staminodia 3. Lakes: Iowa — Colo. Plain. Family 12. POACEAE. Grass Family. Annual or perennial herbs, or in warmer climates sometimes trees or vines. Stems (culms) usually hollow except at the nodes. Leaves sheath- ing at the base; the sheaths usually split on the side opposite the blades. Inflorescence spicate, racemose or paniculate, consisting of spikelets com- posed of usually 2-ranked bracts called glumes, the lower 1-4, usually 2, empty, the remaining (lemma) enclosing a bract-like organ (the palet), and inside this a flower, usually consisting of 3 stamens and I pistil. Ovary 1- celled, 1-seeded. Styles 1-3, usually 2. Fruit a Seed-like grain (caryopsis), in some exotic species nut-like or berrj^-like. Spikelets falling from the pedicels entire, naked or enclosed in bristle.s or bur-like invo- lucres, l-flowered, or if 2-flowered the lower flower staminate; no upper empty glumes; racliilla not extending above the upper glume. Spikelets round or soraewtiat compressed dorsally; empty glumes manifest; hilum punctiform. Lemma and palet hyaline, thin, much more deUcate in texture than the empty glumes. Spikelets in pairs, one sessile and the other pedicellate. Tribe 1. Andropoooneae. Spikelets not in pairs (Alopecurus, Polypogon, Cinna, etc.) Tribe 6. Agrostideae. Lemma, at least that of the perfect flower, similar in texture to the empty glumes, or tliicker and firmer, never hyaline and tliin. Lemma and palet membranous; the first glume usually larger than the rest. Tribe 2. ZOYSIEAE. Lemma and palet chartaceous to coriaceous, very different in color and ap- pearance from the remaining glumes. Tribe 3. Pan'ICEAe. Spikelets much compressed laterally; empty glumes none or rudimentary; hilum linear. Tribe 4. Oryzeae. Spikelets with the empty glumes persistent, the rachilla articulated above them, 1-many- flowered; uoper lemmas frequently empty; racliilla often produced beyond the upper lemma. Spikelets borne in an open or spike-like panicle or raceme, usually upon distinct pedicels. Spikelets l-flowered. Empty glumes 4; palet 1-nerved. Tribe 5. Phalarideae. Emptj glumes 2, rarely 1; palet 2-nerved (except in Cinna.) Tribe 6. Agrostideae. 30 POACEAE Spikelets 2-many-flowered. Lemma usually shorter than the empty glumes; the awn dorsal and usually bent. Tribe 7. Aveneae. ^jemma usually longer than the empty glumes; the awn terminal and straight (rarely dorsal in Bromus) or none. Tribe 9. Festuceae. Spikelets in two rows, sessile or nearly so. Spikelets on one side of the continuous axis, forming one-sided spikes. Tribe 8. Chlorideae. Spikelets alternately on opposite sides of the axis, which is often articulated. Tribe 10. Hordeae. Tribe 1. ANDROPOGONEAE. Racemes singly disposed; apex of the raclus-internodes with a translucent cup-shaped appendage. 1- Schizachyrium. Racemes disposed in pairs or more; apex of the rachis-internodes not appendaged. Rachis-lnternodes and pedicels silicate, the median portion translucent, the margins thickened. 2. Amphilophis. Rachis-internodes not sulcate. Some or all of the racemes sessile. 3. Andropogon. All of the racemes more or less peduncled. Pedicellate spikelets wanting. 4. Sorghastrum. Pedicellate spikelets present and usually staminate. 5. Holcus. Tribe 2. ZOYSIEAE. Only one genus represented. 6. Pleur.^phis. Tribe 3. PANICEAE. Spikelets naked, not involucrate. Empty glumes 2. Rachis produced beyond the upper spikelet; spikelets narrow. 39. Spartina. Rachis not so produced; spikelets globose or obovoid. Spikelets obovoid, turgid. 40. Beckmannia. Spikelets plano-convex. 7. Paspalxj'M. Empty glumes 3. Empty glumes not awned. Spikelets in very slender 1-sided racemes, wliich are usually whorled or ap- proximate. 8. SYNTHERISMA. Spikelets in panicles or panicled racemes. Spikelets lanceolate, acuminate, long-hairy. 9. Vallota. Spikelets orbicular or lanceolate, if the latter, then glabrous. 10. PAN'icxnw. Empty glumes awned or awn-pointed. 11. Echinochloa. Spikelets involucrate. Involucre of bristles. 12. Chaetochloa. Involucre of two spine-bearing valves. 13. Cenchrus. Tribe 4. ORYZEAE. Spikelets perfect; empty glumes wanting or rarely rudimentary. 14. Homalocenchrus. Tribe 5. PHALARIDEAE. Third and fourth glumes empty, awnless. 15. Phal.\ris. Third and fourth glumes enclosing staminate flowers. 16. Torresia. Tribe 6. AGROSTIDEAE. Lemma indurate when mature and very closely embracing the grain, or at least firmer than the empty glumes. Spikelets all perfect, not in pairs. Lemma 3-awned. 17. Aristida. Lemma 1-awned or awnless. Awn twisted and bent. 18. Stipa. Awn not twisted. * Lemma broad; awn deciduous. Inflorescence paniculate or racemiform. 19. Oryzopsis. Inflorescence dichotomous. 20. Eriocoma. Lemma narrow, glabrous or with short, appressed hairs; awn, if any, per- sistent. 21. Muhlenbergia. Spikelets in pairs, one perfect and the other staminate or sterile, in a spike-like pan- icle. 22. Lycurus. Lemma usually hyaline or membranaceous at maturity, at least more delicate than the empty glumes. . . , ^, Stigma sub-plumose (i. e., with short hairs all around), projectmg from the apex ol the nearly closed glumes. Racliilla of the spikelets articulated above the empty glumes, wliich are there- fore persistent. 23. Phleum. Rachilla of the spikelets articulated below the empty glumes, hence the spikelets fallinj? off entire. 24. Alopecurus. Inflorescence an open small panicle; dwarf arctic-alpine plant. 25. Phippsia. GRASS FAMILY 31 stigma plumose, projecting from the sides of the spikelets; inflorescence an open or spike-like panicle. Grain not permanently enclosed in the lemma and palet; pericarp opening readily at maturity. Flowering glumes long-hairy on the veins. 26. Bleph.\ron'EURON. Flowering glumes not long-hairy on the veins. 27. Sporobolus. Grain permanently enclosed in the lemma and the palet; pericarp adherent. Spikelets readily falling off when mature. 28. POLYPOGON. Spikelets with the emj)ty scales at least persistent. Palet l-nerved and 1-keeled; stamen 1. 29. Crx\.\. Palet 2-nerved and 2-keeled or sometimes wanting: stamens 3. Lemma naked at the base. 30. Agrostis. Lemma with long hairs at the base. Flowering glume and palet tliin-membranous. 3 1 . C.\l.\m.\grostis. Flowering glume and palet chartaceous. 32. C.\l.\movilfa. Tribe 7. AVENEAE. Awn of the lemma inserted dorsally below the teeth. Flowers all perfect or the upper staminate. Gram free, unfurrowed; spikelets less than 1 cm. long. Lemma eroso-toothed or shortly 2-lobed at the apex. 33. Desch.\mpsia. Lemma 2-cleft or deeply 2-toothed at the ape.x; teeth awn-pointed. Awn twisted and bent. 34. Trisettjm. Awn if present not twisted, straight. 35. Graphephorum. Grain furrowed, adherent to the glumes; spikelets e.vceeding 1 cm. In length. Ovary not crowned by a villous appendage. 36 AVENA. Ovary crowned by a \lllous appendage (awned species of) 70. Bromus. Upper flowers perfect, the lower staminate. 37. Arrhenatherum. Awn of the lemma Inserted between the teeth. 38. D.-vnthonia. Tribe 8. CHLORIDEAE. Plants with perfect flowers. Spikelets with 1 (rarely 2) perfect flowers. Spikelets deciduous as a whole; rachis articulated below the empty glumes. Rachis produced above the upper spikelet; spikelets narrow. 39. Spartina. Rachis not produced above the upper spikelet; spikelets globose. 40. Beckmannia. Spikelets with at least the empty glumes persistent. Glumes above the perfect flower none; spikes digitate, very slender. 41. SCHEDONNARDUS. Glumes above the perfect flower 1-several; spikes scattered. Spikes closely appro.\lmate, subverticUlate. 42. Chix)RIS. Spikes scattered. 43. Bouteloua. Spikelets with 2-3 perfect flowers; spikelets alternate. 44. Leptochloa. Plants dioecious; spikelets of the two sexes very unlike. 45. Bulbilis. Tribe 9. FESTUCEAE. Lemmas, at least of the pistillate spikelets, 3-lobed and 3-awned; plant dioecious. 46. SCLEROPOGON. Lemmas entire or at most 3-lobed. Hairs on the rachilla or the lemma very long and enclosing the latter. 47. Phr.\gmites. Hairs, if any, on the rachilla and the lemma shorter than the latter. Stigmas barbeUate on elongated styles; spikelets In threes In the axils of spinescent leaves. 48. MuiSfROA. Stigmas plumose, sessile or on short styles. Lemma 1-3-nerved. Lateral nerves of the lemmas hairy. Lemma deeply 3-lobed. Internodes of the rachilla long, often half as long as the lemma; plants without stolons. 50. Triplasis. Internodes of the rachilla short, many times shorter than the lemmas. Fertile flower one, \iith 2 empty lemmas below and one above. 49. Blepharid.ichne. Fertile flowers 3 or more, with no empty lemmas below. 51. Dasyochloa. Lemma entire or slightly 2-lobed; Intemodes of the rachilla short. Inflorescence a short congested raceme; leaf-blades with thick car- tilaginous margins. 52. Erioneuron. Inflorescence a panicle; leaf-blades not with cartilaginous margins. Panicle simple or compound, the spikelets on pedicels of vary- ing length. 52. Tridens. Panicle composed of long branches, along wliich the appressed spikelets are arranged on short pedicels. 54. DlPL.\CHNE. Lateral nerves of the lemmas glabrous. Callus of the lemma copiously pubescent with long hairs; panicle open. 55. Redfieldia. 32 POACEAE Callus of the lemma glabrous. Second empty glume similar to the first one or nearly so. Panicle narrow, dense and spil^e-liiie, sliining; its branches erect. 56. KOELERIA. Panicle open; its branches spreading. Rachilla continuous (e.xcept in E. megaslachya); lemma decidu- ous ; palet persistent ; plants of dry soil. 57. Eragrostis. Rachilla articulated; lemma and palet both deciduous with the rachilla-internodes ; water plants with 2-flowered spikelets. 58. Catabrosa. Second empty glume very unlike the first one, broad at the summit. 59. Sphenophous. Lemma 5-many-nerved. Spikelets with two or more of the upper glumes empty, broad and enfold- ing each other. 60. Melica. Spikelets with upper glumes flower-bearing or narrow and abortive. Stigmas arising at or near the apex of the ovary. Spikelets borne in one-sided fascicles wliich are arranged in a glom- erate or interrupted panicle; lemma herbaceous. 61. Dactylis. Spikelets borne in panicles or racemes. Glumes more or less compressed and keeled. Spikelets cordate, large. 62. Briza. Spikelets not cordate. Plants dioecious: lemma of the pistillate spikelets cori- aceous; palet strongly 2-keeled and serrate on the margin. 63. Distichlis. Plants with perfect flowers or in some species of Poa dioe- cious; spikelets all alike; lemma thin; palet ciliate or smooth on the margin. Lemma scarious-margined ; rachis glabrous or with webby hairs. 64. Poa. Lemma membranous, not scarious-margined; rachis with stiff hairs, e.xtending into a hairy appendage. 35. Graphephorum. Glumes roimded on the back, at least below. Lemma with a basal ring of hairs, prominently 7-nerved. toothed at the apex. 65. Scolochloa. Lemma naked at the base. Lemma obtuse or acutish and scarious at apex, usually toothed. Lemma distinctly 5-7-nerved; style present. 66. Panicularia. Lemma obscurely 5-nerved; style none. 67. PUCCINELLIA. Lemma acute, pointed or more commonly awned at apex. Stigmas bilaterally plumose; flowers hermaphrodite. 68. Festuca. Stigmas subplumose, the branches arising on all sides; plant dioecious. 69. He.sperochloa. Stigmas plainly arising below the apex of the ovary which is tipped by a hairy cusliion. 70. Bromus. Tribe 10. HORDEAE. Spikelets usually single at the nodes of the racliis. Empty glumes broad, with their sides turned to the rachis. Glumes broad, several-toothed or several-awned. 73. Triticum. Glumes not toothed, 1-awned or awnless. Perennials; spikelets several-flowered. 72. Agropyron. Annuals or biennials; spikelets 2-flowered. 74. Sec.\LE. Empty glumes with their back turned to the rachis. 71. LoLiUM. Spikelets 2-6 at each node of the rachis, or if soUtary the empty glumes arranged obliquely to the rachis. Spikelets 1-flowered or with a rudimentary second flower. 75. Hordeum. Spikelets 2-many-flowered. Rachis of spikes articulated, readily breaking up into joints. 76. SiTANlON. Rachis of spikes continuous, not breaking up into joints. Empty glumes well developed. 77. Elymus. Empty glumes wanting or reduced to short bristles. 78. Hystrix. 1. SCHIZACHYRIUM Nees. Beard-grass, Bunch-grass. Annual or percnniiil grasses, with spike-like racemes, singly disposed, termin- ating the stem or its branches. Spikelets in pairs at the nodes of the articulate and frequently hairy rachis, one sessile, the other stalked. Sessile spikelet of 4 glumes, the outer 2 empty glumes indurate, the third and the lemma hyaline; the latter bearing a straight, contorted, or twisted awn; palet small, hyaUne. Pedicellate spikelet sterile, with 1 or 2 glumes, or rarely wanting. Stigmas plumose. GRASS FAMILY 33 1. S. scoparium (Midix.) Xash. Pcronnial with a strong rootstock; stems tufteil, 4-1.') dm. liinh, lilabrous, seal)rous, and in the western form usually glau- cous; leaf-blades 4-6 em. long, 8 mm. wide or less, scabrous and sometimes hirsute at the base; racemes 3-6 cm. long, with white-hairy internodes and pedi- cels; sessile spikelet 5-7 mm. long; awn of the lemma geniculate, 8-15 mm. long, twisted at the base; pedicellate spikelet 2-4.5 mm. long, tipped with an awn 1 mm. long or less. Andropogon scnpnritts Michx. Drv sandv soil: N.B. — Fla. — Tex.— N.M.— Alta. Plain—Suhmonl. Jl-S. 2. AMPHILOPHIS Nash. Be.^rd-gr.\ss. Perennial grasses, resembling Andropognn, with showy, often silvery panicles. Racemes numerous, the internodes with manifestly thickened margins; the median portion thin and translucent. Sessile spikelet of 4 glumes, the outer 2 indurate, the first 2-keeled, the second 1-keeled, the third and the lemma hya- line, the latter very narrow, gradually merging into the awn; the pedicellate spikelet staminate and similar, or sterile and reduced. Stigmas plumose. 1. A. saccharoides (Sw.) Nash. Tufted perennial, smooth and glaucous; stems 5-10 dm. high, simjjle or somewhat branched; leaf-blades 1-5 dm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, rough above; racemes 1-4 cm. long, the terminal hairs 1^2-2 times as long as the internodes; sessile spikelet 4 mm. long, half longer than the internodes; awn geniculate, more or less twisted, 1-1.5 cm. long; pedicellate spikelet consisting of a single glume 2-3 mm. long. Andropogon glaucum Torr. A. Torreyattum Steud. Drv soil: Tex. — Mo. — Colo. — ^Ariz.; Mex. Son. Je- Au. 3. ANDROPOGON (Royen) L. Bluestem, Be.\rd-grass. Perennial grasses, tufted or from elongated rootstocks, with spike-like racemes, disposed in pairs or sometimes in 3's or more, terminating the stem or its branches. Spikelets sometimes with a ring of short hairs at the base, in pairs at each node of the articulated and frequently hairy rachis, one sessile, the other pedicellate. Sessile spikelet of 4 scales, the outer 2 indurated, often pubescent, the third usually hyaline, the lemma entire or 2-toothed at the apex, bearing a straight contorted or spiral awn, or sometimes awnless; palet small, hyaline. Pedicellate spikelet usually sterile, of 1 or 2 ghmies, sometimes of four glumes and enclosing a staminate or more rarely a perfect fiower, or frequently entirelv wanting, the first glume rarely short-awned. Stamens 1-3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Lemma of the sessile spikelets with a Ions geniculate awn, more or less spiral at the base. Outer two glumes of the sessile spikcli>ts more or less hispidulous all over; hairs of the rachis-internodes usuall.v 2 tiiin. loiifi or less, mostl.v white. 1. A. prnrincialis. Outer two glumes of the sessile spikelets smooth or nearly so, except on the nerves; hairs of the rachis-intiTiiodcs ;i-4 mm. long, usually yellow. 2. A. chrysocomus. Lemma of the sessile spikelets awnless or with a short straight untwisted awn. Marginal hairs of the pedicels and rachis-internodes copious, stiff. 3. A. Hallii. Marginal hairs of the pedicels and rachis-internodes scant, lax, crisp, or almost wanting. 4. A. paucipilus. 1. A. provincialis Lam. Stem 1-2 m. high; sheaths glabrous, or sometimes slightly hairy; leaf-blades 1.5-6 dm. long, 5-12 mm. wide, usuallj' glabrous and smooth beneath, slightly scabrous above and somewhat hairy at the base; racemes in 2's-6's, 5-10 cm. long; sessile spikelet 7-10 mm. long; awn 7-15 mm. long; pedicellate spikelet nearly as large, staminate, awnless. A. furcatus Muhl. Meadows: Me.— Fla.— Tex.— N.M.— Mont.— Sask. Plain-Submonl. Jl-S. 2. A. chrysocomus Nash. Stem 7-15 dm. high; sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaf-blades 2-3 dm. long, 7 mm. wide or less, smooth beneath, slightly scabrous above; racemes in 2's-4's, 5-9 cm. long, long-exserted; sessile spikelet about 1 cm. long; outer two glumes hispid on the nerves; awn 10-12 mm. long; pedicellate spikelet awnless. Prairies and plains: Neb. — Tex. — Colo. Plain — Suhrnont. Jl-S. 3. A. Hallii Hack. Stem robust, 1-2 m. high, more or less glaucous, glabrous: sheaths glabrous and glaucous; leaf-blades 2-3 dm. long, 5-8 mm. wide; spikes in 2's-5's, 5-10 cm. long; hairs of the internodes about 2 mm. long, yellow- ish or whitish; sessile spikelet about 8 mm. long; outer glumes glabrous at the 34 POACEAE base, pubescent towards the apex; awn straight, 4-10 mm. Jong or sometimes wanting; pedicellate spikelet awnless, usuahy larger than the sessile one, stam- inate. Sandy soil: X.D. — Miss. — Mex. — Mont. Plain — Son. Jl-S. 4. A. paucipilus Nash. Stem 1-1.5 m. tall, stout; sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaf-blades 3 dm. long or less; racemes in 2's-3's, 5-7 cm. long, exserted; sessile spikelets 9-10 mm. long; outer 2 glumes hispid on the nerves toward the apex, pubescent towards the summit; awn almost none; pedicellate spikelet similar to the sessile one, staminate. Dry soil: ]Mont. — Xeb. Plain. Jl. 4. SORGHASTRUM Nash. Indian Grass. Perennials with rootstocks. Panicles large, with the principal branches soli- tary but branching near the base and hence appearing verticillate. Sessile spikelet dorsally compressed; empty glumes 3, the outer two indurate, often hairy, the third hj'aline. Lemma hyaline, with a long a\\ii, which is spiral at the base. Pedicellate spikelet wanting or rudimentary, usually represented meiely by a hairy pedicel at one side of the sessile spikelet, or at the ends of the branches by two pedicels, one on each side. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. 1. S. nutans (L.) Nash. Perennial, with a scaly rootstock; stems 1-2.5 m. high; leaf-sheaths usually smooth and glabrous; blades 3-6 dm. long, 5-13 mm. wide, very rough; panicles 2-5 dm. long, loose, the apex usually nodding; spike- lets 6-8 mm. long, lanceolate, the 2 outer glumes golden-browm, the first one densely pubescent with long erect hairs; awn geniculate, 1-1.5 cm. long, closely spiral up to the bend, then loosely twisted. Andropogon nutans L. Chrysopogon nutans A. Gray. Meadows: Ont. — Fla. — Tex. — Ariz. — Sask.; n Mex. Plain — Subniont — So/i. Jl-S. 5. HOLCUS L Johnson Grass, Broom Corn, Sugar Corn. Perennials with rootstocks, or annuals. Branches of the large .panicle verti- cillate. Spikelets in pairs or at the ends of the branches in 3's, 1 sessile and pistillate, 1 or 2 pedicelled and staminate or neutral. Empty glumes 3, the outer two indurate, the third hyaline. Lemma hyaline, awned, or awnless. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. [Sorghum Pers.] 1. H. halapense L. Perennial; stem 5-15 dm. tall; leaf-blades 2-5 dm. long, 0.5-3 cm. wide; panicle 1.5-5 dm. long, oblong to oval; sessile spikelet 4.5- 5.5 mm. long, ovoid, the two outer glumes densely appressed-pubescent; awn readilj^ deciduous, 1-1.5 cm. long; pedicellate spikelets 5-7 mm. long, lanceolate, the 2 outer glumes sparingly pubescent. Sorghum halapense Pers. Johnson Grass. In fields and waste places: Pa. — Fla. — Tex. — Colo.; Calif.; Mex., C. Am. and S. Am.; escaped from cultivation. Je-D. 6. PLEURAPHIS Torr. Black Bunch-grass, Galleta Grass, ToBOSA Grass. Tufted perennials with scaly rootstocks. Spikelets in sessile clusters of three, forming a spike-like inflorescence; central spikelet 1-flowered, the lateral ones of 2 staminate flowers. Glumes 3 in the central flower, the outer two-ridged, the first larger, 2-toothed at the apex, awnless or with an awn between the teeth, the second narrower and keeled, the third thin-membranous and like the lemma. Glumes of the lateral flowers only two. Styles a little united at the base; stig- mas short-])lumose. Stem and leaf-.sheath, at least the lower ones, densely woolly. 1. P. rigida. Stem and leaf-sheath not woolly. Outer glumes of the spikelets cimeate, awnless; nerves strongly divergent. 2. P. mutica. Outer glumes linear or oblong, awncd; nerves parallel. 3. P. Jamesii. 1. P, rigida Thurb. Stem 3-8 dm. high, branching, covered with a dense tomentum; leaf-blades 3-12 cm. long, rigid, 3-5 mm. wide, often involute; sj)ike 3-10 cm. long; glumes of the central perfect spikelet cuneate at base, bifid above, fringed with wool; awn divergent, a little exceeding the glume; glumes of the lateral spikelets irregularly toothed above; awns short, straight or recurved. Hilaria rigida Benth. Desert regions: s Utah — Ariz. — sCahf. — L.Calif. L. Son. Ap-Je. GRASS FAMILY 35 2. P. mutica Buckl. Stems 2-6 cm. high, smooth and glabrous; blades 3-10 cm. long, involute, scabrous; spikes dense, 3-6 cm. long, 5-12 mm. thick; spikelets usually overlapi)ing; lower glumes of the middle spikelet narrow, keeled, bearing 5-6 bristles; those of the lateral spikelets 4-5 mm. long, cuneate, the outer one 6-9-nerved with a rounded scarious margin, the inner 4-nerved with a short awn. H. mutica Benth. Tobosa Gr.^s.s. Dry plains: Tex. — Colo. — Ariz.; Mex. Son. Ap-S. 3. P. Jamesii Torr. Stem shghtly hairy at the nodes, otherwise scabrous or smooth, 1.5-4 dm. high; blades 1-15 cm. long, glaucous and scabrous, usually revolute; si)ikes 5-S cm. long, often purple-tinged; glumes of the middle spikelet keeled, ciliate, 2-cleft, with 3-7 bristles on the back; lower glume of the lateral spikelets 6-7 mm. long, awned above the middle; upper glume emarginate, cuspi- date. H. Jamesii Benth. Galleta Grass. Hills and plains: Tex. — Wvo. — Nev.— N.M. Plain— Submont.— Son. My-Au. 7. PASPALUM L. Paspalum. Usually perennials with rootstocks. Inflorescence of one or more unilateral racemes; spikelets 1-flowered, arranged singly or in pairs alternately in two rows on one side of a flattened and more or less winged rachis. Glumes 2, rarely 3, membranous. Lemma glabrous and shining, convex, with its back turned to- wards the rachis, at last indurate. Styles distinct, long; stigmas plumose. 1. P. stramineum Nash. Stem 2-8 dm. high; sheaths all but the lowest ones glabrous, except the ciliate margins; blades yellowish-green, long-ciliate on the margins, 5-25 cm. long, .5-10 mm. wide; racemes 4-10 cm. long, usually in pairs; spikelets in pairs, orbicular, 2 mm. broad; first glume 3-nerved, ]:)ubescent; second glume 2-nerved, glabrous or nearly so. P. setaceum A. Nels., not Michx. Sandv places: Neb.— Okla.— Colo. Plain. Jl-S. 8. SYNTHERiSMA Walt. Crab-grass. Annual grasses. Inflorescence composed of spike-like racemes, which are disposed in whorls, or approximate at the summit of the stems. Spikelets nar- row, acute, in 2's or 3's on one side of the flat and winged or triangular rachis, one of the spikelets generally longer-pedicelled than the rest. Glumes mem- branous, the first small or wanting, the lemma chartaceous, glabrous and shin- ing, at length indurated, enclosing a palet. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. [Digitaria Scop., not Heist.] Pedicels terete or nearly so, sparingly if at all hispidiilous ; lower sheatlis glabrous; lemma brown in fruit. .Spikelets more than 2 mm. long. 1. S. Hchnemum. .Spikelets 1.2.5-1.5 mm. long. 2. S. paniccum. Pedicels sharply 3-angled, the angles strongly liispidulous, as also the sheath; lemma white in fruit. Spikelets about 2.5 mm. long; third glume with the nerves strongly hispid above the middle. ,3. S. sanguinale. Spikelets 3 mm. long or more; third glume with the nerves smooth or nearly so. 4. S. marginatum. 1. S. Ischaemum (Schreb.) Nash. Stems 2-5 dm. long, at last prostrate and rooting; leaf-blades 1.5-13 cm. long, 2.5-6 mm. wide, smooth and glabrous on both sides; racemes 2-5, 2-8 cm. long; spikelets fully 2 mm. long, ellijitic, acute; first glume rudimentary or wanting. Panicum lineare Kroclc., not L. P. glabrum Gaud. Syntherisma humifusum (Pers.) Rydb. Waste places, fields, and roadsides: N.S.— Fla. — Colo. — Mont.; introduced from Eu. Plain — Mont. Jl-S. 2. S. paniceum (Sw.) Nash. Stem tufted, 1-4.5 dm. high, glabrous; sheaths glabrous; blades glabrous, up to 1 dm. long, 6 mm. wide; racemes 3-5, digitate, up to 1 dm. long; rachis winged; spikelets about 1.3 mm. long, white, acute, el- liptic; first glimie wanting, second and third subequal, nearly equalling the lemma, appressed-pubescent, 3-5-nerved. Waste places: n Mex. — Colo. — W. Ind.: also in the Old W^orld. Son. 3. S. sanguinale (L.) Dulac. Stem 3-10 dm. high, pro.strate at the ba.se and rooting; leaf-blatles 4—20 cm. long. 4-10 mm. wide, more or less papillose-hirsute 36 POACEAE on both sides; racemes 3-10, linear, 5-18 cm. long; spikelets eUiptic-lanceolate, acute; first glume minute, triangular; lemma apiculate, .elliptic-lanceolate. P. sanguinale L. Crab-grass. Cultivated ground and waste places: Mass. — Fla. — -Calif. — Wash.; Mex.; naturalized from the Old World. Je-S. 4. S. marginatum (Link) Nash. Stem 5-8 dm. long, prostrate at the base and rooting at the nodes; sheaths densely papillose-hirsute; blades 5-8 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, flat, glabrous or pubescent; racemes 2-9, variou.sly disposed, 2-12 cm. long; spikelets 3-4 mm. long, lance-oblong; first glume minute, triangu- lar, glabrous; second and third glumes long-pubescent; lemma elliptic. Waste places: Md.— Fla.— Mex.— Utah; W. Ind., C. Am., and S. Am. 9. VALLOTA Chase. Perennial grasses, with usually tufted stems, panicles usually densely hairy, narrow or contracted. Spikelets numerous, articulated below the empty glumes, 1-flowered, lanceolate, acute or acuminate. Glumes 3, membranous, the second and u.sually also the much shorter first densely silky-pilose or long ciliate on the margins, often acuminate, and sometimes with a short bristle at the apex; the lemma shorter, chartaceous, glabrous and shining, finally indurated, enclosing a shorter palet. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. 1. V. saccharata (Buckl.) Chase. Erect perennial; stem 3-9 dm. high, usually much-branched below; sheaths mostly exceeding the internodes, glabrous or papillose-hirsute; leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, flat, 5 mm. wide or less, more or less pubescent; panicle 1-2 dm. long; spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long, acute; first glume minute, second and third glumes densely silvery-villous. Panicum saccharatuiii. Buckl. P. larhnanthiun Torr. Trichaene saccaratuni Nash. Dry hillsides: Tex. — Colo. — Ariz.; Mex. Son. — Suhmont. My — S. 10. PANICUM L. Panic-grass, Witch-grass. Annuals or perennials. Spikelets in open or contraced panicles, 1-2-flowered, lanceolate, oblong, ovate to obovate or globose, obtuse to acute or acuminate. Glumes 3, membranous, the first and second empty, the first usually much shorter than the spikelet, sometimes minute, the third one empty or enclosing a shorter hyaline palet and often also a staminate flower; lemma shorter and usually more obtuse than the glumes, chartaceous, glabrous and shining, at length in- durated, enclosing a palet. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Inflorescence truly paniculate. Basal leaf-blades long and narrow; spikelets lanceolate or ovate, acute or acuininato. Annuals. Branches of the panicle widely spreading, the well developed pulvinus in their axils long-hairy; spikelets lanceolate, acuminate. 1. P. barbipulrirtatum. Branches of the panicle ascending, rarely spreading, the pulvinus glabrou.s or sparingly hairy; spikelets ovate to ellipsoid, acute. 2. P. capillare. Perennials, with long scaly rootstocks and stolons. .3. P. virgatum. Basal leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate, obtuse. Spikelets less than 2 mm. long. Stem and shcitlis sparingly pubescent, with spreading papillate hairs. Vernal le;ives glabrous or nearly so on the upper side. Autumnal stems branching from the lower nodes, forming a spreading bunch, 1-1. .5 dm. higli. 4. /'. occidcnlalr. Autumnal stems branching from the middle nodes, forming widely spreading mats. 5. P. tenncsseenac. Vernal leaves pubescent on the upper side, especially towards the base. Spikelets 1.8-2 mm. long; autumnal form decumbent- spreading. (1. P. pacilicum. Spikelets 1.6-1.8 mm. Jong; autumnal form not decumbent-spreading. 7. /'. HiKichucae. Stem and sheaths densely soft-pubescent: hairs scarcely papillate. 8. P. Iherrnale. Spikelets more than 2 mm. long. Blades of stem-leaves elongated, narrowly linear Spikelets glabrous or with a few scattered hairs: stem branching only at the base. 9. P. perhnoum. Spikelets densely pubescent; stem branching above. 10. P. Wilroxianum. Blades of stem-leaves lanceolate. 11. P. Scribnerianum. Inflorescence with racemiform branches. 12. /'. obtiisum. GRASS FAMILY 87 1. P. barbipulvinatum Nash. Annual; stem at length branched and root- ing at tlic iu)(l( s; sheaths densely pubescent with spreading hairs, papillate at the base; blades hairy on both sides, 4-13 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide; panicles ovate, 1-2 dm. long: spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long; first glume less than one-half as long as the spikelet, broatUy ovate, 3-nerv(Hi: second and third glumes ))ubescent at the apex. Western Witch-grass. Wet sandv soil: Minn. — Kans. — Wyo. — Ore. —B.C. Plain— Suhmonl. Jl-S. 2. P. capillare L. Erect or decmnbent annual; stem 2-8 dm. high, sim])le or sparingly branched; sheaths papillose-hirsute; leaf-blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 5- 15 nun. wide, pubescent; terminal panicle 2-3.5 dm. long; lateral ones when present smaller; spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long, somewhat acuminate or acute; first glume }i-}/^ as long as the spikelet, 5-7-nerved; second and third glabrous. WiTcH-GR.\s.s. Drv or sandy soil and w^aste places : N.S. — Fla. — Tex. — Nev. — Wash.— B.C. Plain. Je-S. 3. P. virgatum L. Perennial with a creeping, scaly rootstock; stem 1-2 m. high, glabrous; sheaths smooth ; leaf -blades elongated, 3 dm. long or more, 6-12 mm. wide, flat, rough on the margins; panicle 1.5-5 dm. long; spikelets ovate, acuminate, 4-4.5 mm. long; first glume acuminate, about half as long as the spikelet, 3-5-nerved; seconcl glume usually longer than the rest. Meadows and plains. Me. — Fla. — Tex. — Ariz. — Sask.;'W. Ind. and C. Am. Plain — ^Son. Au-S. 4. P. occidentale Scribn. Tufted perennial, yellowish green; stem 1.5-4 dm. high, with short lower internodes; blades 4-8 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, glabrous or with a few hairs towards the base above, appres-sed-pubescent be- neath; panicle long-exserted, 4-7 cm. long, lax, with flexuose spreading branches; spikelets about 1.8 mm. long, obovate, acute, pubescent; first glume one-fourth as long as the si)ikelet or less; second and third glumes subequal, as long as the fruit. Bogs and sandy ground: B.C. — Ida. — Calif. Subniont. 5. P. tennesseense Ashe. Perennial, at first spreading; stem 2.5-G dm. high; sheaths spreading-pubescent; leaf-blades 6-9 cm. long, often ciliate at the base, glabrous or nearly so above, appressed-pubescent beneath; panicle 4-7 cm. long, rather dense; spikelets 1.6-1.7 mm. long, obovate, obtuse, pubescent; first glume about one-fourth as long as the spikelet; second glume shorter than the third, (^pcn moist ground: Me. — Ga. — Miss. — Utah. Plain — Submont. 6. P. pacificum Hitchc. & Chase. Tufted perennial; stem 2.5-5 dm. high; leaf-blades 5-10 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, acuminate, pajMllose-pilose, with shorter hairs intermixed, appressed-pubescent beneath; panicle short-exserted, 5-10 cm. long, with flexuose ascending branches; spikelets obovate, obtuse, papil- lose-pubescent; first glume one-fourth to one-third as long as the spikelet, trun- cate; second and third glumes equalling the fruit. Sandy shores: B.C. — Ida. — Ariz. — Calif. Plain — Submont. 7. P. Huachucae Ashe. Erect or ascending perennial, at length much branched; stems 2-6 dm. high; leaf-blades lanceolate or lance-linear, acuminate, pubescent beneath with short hairs, 4-10 cm. long, 5-12 mm. wide; panicle 5-10 cm. long, usually purplish; branches sjircading, few-flowered; spikelets obovate, obtuse, 1.5-1.8 mm. long; first glume small, about one-third as long as the spike- let; second and third glumes equal, pubescent with spreading hairs. P. pubcs- cens A.Gray, not Lam. Meadows: Me.— N.C. — ^Calif. — Mont. Plain — Mont. J(-S. 8. P. thermale Bolander. Tufted perennial; stem 1-3 dm. high; leaf- blades lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, thick, finely and densely pubes- cent on both sides, or glabrate above; terminal panicle exserted, 2-4 cm. long; branches spreading, few-flowered; lateral panicles often included; spikelets obovoid; first glume rounded-ovate, about one-fourth as long as the spikelet: the second and third glumes pubescent. Around hot springs: Calif. — Nev. — Wyo. Mont. Mont. — Submont. Au. 9. P. perlongum Nash. Tufted pubescent perennial; stems 2-4 dm. high> simple; sheaths hirsute with long ascending hairs; leaf -blades papillose-hispid 38 POACEAE beneath, 2-3 mm. wide, the upper usually 8-14 cm. long; panicle much exserted, 4-6 cm. long, its branches nearly erect; spikelets about 3.25 mm. long and 1.5- 1 75 mm. wide; first emptv glume ovate, one-third as long as the spikelet. Prair- ies and hills: Ind.—Okla^— (Black Hills) S.D. Plain— Submont. My-Jl. 10. P. Wilcoxianum Vasey. Cespitose perennial, tufted; stems 1-2.5 dm- high, sparingly pilose with long white hairs; sheaths papillose-pilose; leaf-blades 3.5-7.0 cm. long, less than 4 mm. ^\■ide, pubescent with long hairs; panicle 3-4 cm. long, ovoid, flexuose; spikelets about 2.5 mm. long, ellipsoid; first glume ovate, about one-fourth as long as the spikelet; second and third glumes pubes- cent. Prairies: S.D. — -Kans. — Ore. Plains. Je-Jl. 11. P. Scribnerianum Nash. Somewhat cespitose perennial; stem erect, 1.5-6 dm. high, simple or later dichotomously branched, sparingly hairy; sheaths strongly papillose-hirsute; leaf-blades 5-10 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, glabrous and smooth above, scabrous and sparingly hairy beneath; primary panicle ovoid, 3.5-7.5 cm. long, the secondary ones much smaller and more or less in- cluded; spikelets obovoid, 3 mm. long; first glume ovate, one-fourth as long as the spikelet; second and third glumes glabrous or finely pubescent. Panicum sroparium S. Wats., not Lam. Meadows: Me. — ^Va. — Ariz. — ^Ore. — B.C. Plain —Submont. My-Jl. 12. P. obtusutn H.B.K. Perennial, with a more or less tufted rootstock, producing creeping stolons; stem compressed, 2-S dm. high, decumbent at the base, glabrous; leaf-blades 3-20 cm. long, 2-7 mm. wide, involute towards the tip, glabrous or nearly so; panicle short-exserted, 3-12 cm. long; spikelets short- pedicelled, 3-4 mm. long, obovoid, glabrous; first glume nearly as long as the spikelet; second and third glumes subequal; third glume often enclosing a stam- inate flower. Brachiaria ohtusa (H.B.K.) Nash. Sandy and gravellv soil: Mo.— Tex.— Ariz.— Colo.; Mex. Son. 11. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. Barnyard Grass, Jungle Rice. Coarse and often tall annuals. Inflorescence of several unilateral spikes or racemes. Spikelets 1- or 2-flowered, crowded in small clusters or racemes, in two rows on one side of the flat rachis. Empty glumes 3, membranous, hispid, the first much shorter than the spikelet; all awned or a^\'n-pointed. Lemma chartaceous, glabrous and shining, indurate, acute or acuminate, enclosing a shorter palet. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. 1. E. Crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Stem 4-12 dm. high, branched at the base; leaf-sheaths keeled; blades 1.5-4 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, glabrous, smooth; panicle of 5-15 secund branches; spikelets ovate, crowded in 2-4 rows, about 4 mm. long, hispidulous, hispid on the nerves; first glume broadly ovate, nearly half as long as the rest; the third glume in the typical form usually with an awn 4-10 mm. long, but in the native form of the Rocky Mountain region (var. mutica) usuall}' all merely cuspidate. Panicum Crus-galli L. Wet places, culti- vated ground and waste places: N.S. — Fla. — Calif. — Wash.; Mex.. W. Ind., Eurasia. Plain — Submont. Je-0. 12. CHAETOCHLOA Scribn. Foxtail Grass. Annuals or perennials. Infloi'cscence of dense terminal cjdindric spike-like or narrowly thj-rsoid panicles. Spikelets in a cluster of 1-several sterile barbed bristle-like persistent branches. Empty glumes 3, membranous, the first often very short and together with the larger second one empty, the third glume fre- quently longer than the second, empty, or rarel.v enclosing a jjalet and also some- times a staminate flower, the lemma usuallj' shorter than the spikelet, chartaceous, glabrous, shining, often transversely rugose, finally indurated, obtuse, enclosing a shorter palet. Styles distinct, elongated: stigmas plumose. [Seiaria Beauv.] Inflorescence with the spikelets raccmosely arranged; bristles 5-16 at the base of each spikelet, involucrate, tawny-oranfje. 1. C. glauca. Inflorescence with the spikelets in clusters on the branches; bristles 1-3 at the base of each spikelet, not involucrate. Second glume of the spikelet as long as the lemma, or very nearly so; annuals. Panicle usually 1 cm. thick or less; bristles commonly green; spikelets about 2 mm. long. 2. C. viridis. GRASS FAMILY' 39 Panicle usually 1-3 cm. thick; bristles usually purple; spikelets 2.5-3 ram. long. 3. C. italica. Second glume manifestly shorter than the lemma; perennials. 4. C. composita. 1. C. glauca (L.) Scribn. Erect or ascending, glaucous annual; stem 3-12 (1mi. high, branching at the base, glabrous, compressed; leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, glabrous or with scattered long hairs at the base; spikelet broadly ovate, 3 mm. long; second glume one-half to two-thirds as long as the spikelet, ovate, acute; third glume equalling the lemma, which is broadly ovate, striate, transversely rugose. Setaria glauca Beauv. Waste places and cultivated ground: N.S. — Fla. — Tex. — -Colo. — Sask.; naturalized from Eurasia. Plain — Submont. Je-S. 2. C. viridis (L.) Scribn. Erect glabrous annual; stem 2-9 dm. high, branched at the base, compressed; leaf -blades 5-25 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, long-acumin- ate, slightly scabrous on both sides; bristles slender, scabrous, 1-1.5 cm. long, green or rarely purplish; lemma elliptic, finely and faintly wrinkled below or only striate. S. viridi-'i Beauv. Waste places and cultivated ground : Newf. — Fla. — Calif. — B.C.; Mex.; naturalized from Eu. Plain— Submont. Jl-S. 3. C. italica (L.) Scribn. Stout, erect, somewhat glaucous annual; stem simple or branched at the base, 5-20 dm. high, glabrous; nodes bearded; leaf- blades lanceolate, 2-4 dm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, scabrous on both sides; bristles green or purplish, 3-10 cm. long, scabrous; lemma smooth or faintly trans- versely rugose, striate. S. italica Beauv. Waste places and fields; escaped from cultivation: Que. — Fla. — Tex. — Colo. — S.D.; native of Eurasia. Jl-S. 4. C. composita (H.B.K.) Scribn. Pale, glaucous perennial; stem geniculate and branched at the base, subcompressed, scabrous or pubescent especially below the nodes; blades linear, plane, 1-2.5 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, glaucous, scabrous on both sides; panicle pale-green, loose, interrupted below: bristles usually single below each spikelet, flexuose, 5-15 mm. long, scabrous; spikelets narrowly ovate, 2-3 mm. long; lemma striate, smooth, obscurely transversely wrinkled below. S. composita H.B.K. Hills, plains, and canons: Tex. — Colo. — Ariz.; Mex., and S. Am. Son. Je-0. 13. CENCHRUS L. Bur-grass, S.andbur, Sandspur. Annuals or perennials. Spikes terminal. Spikelets 2-6, in an ovate or glo- bose involucre, consisting of two thick hard valves, which are exteriorly armed with stout spines at the base, the involucres articulated to the rachis and readily deciduous, carrying the persistent spikelets with them. The first and second glumes empty, the first small or minute, the third equalling or longer than the second, enclosing a palet and also sometimes a staminate flower, the lemma chartaceous, firmer, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles often connate at the very base; stigmas plumose. 1. C. carolinianus Walt. Erect or decumbent annual; stem 2-9 dm. long, branching; leaf-sheaths usually loose, compressed, smooth; blades 6-12 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, smooth or rough; spikes 3-6 cm. long, sometimes partly included; involucres 6-20, enclosing each 2 spikelets, 3-5 mm. broad, pubescent; spines 3-4 mm. long; spikelets 6-7 mm. long, usually exserted beyond the involucre. C. tribuloides Auth.,not L. Sandy banks ancl waste places, sometimes becom- ing a noxious weed: Me. — Fla. — Tex. — -Colo. — -S.D.; Mex., C. Am., and W. Ind. Plain— Son. Mr-N. 14. HOMALOCENCHRUS Mieg. Rice Cut-grass. Perennials. Panicles usually open, rarely contracted, terminal, the branches slender. Spikelets often with a cartilaginous ring at the base, articulated below the scales, compressed, 1-flowered. Glumes 2, compressed-keeled, somewhat rigid, awnless, the first one usually ciliate on the keel, broader than the second, which encloses a perfect flower but no palet. Stamens 1-6. Styles short or slender, distinct: stigmas plumose with branched hairs. [Leersia Sw., not Hedw.] 1. H. oryzoides (L.) Poll. Stem 3-15 dm. high, often rooting at the nodes; jeaf -blades 6-25 cm. long, 4-13 mm. wide, very rough; terminal panicle 1-2 dm. 40 POACEAE long, at last exserted; lateral ones often included at the bas(?; «pikelets 4-5 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide, elliptic; outer glumes hispid on the keel and margins, hispidulous on the sides; stamens 3. Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. In swamps: N.S. — Fla. — Tex. — Colo. — Sask.; also Eu. Plain — Submont. Au-0. 15. PHALARIS L. Canary-grass. Annuals or perennials. Panicles terminal, cylindric and sj^ike-like, cajjitate, or densely thyrsoidal and somewhat interrupted. Spikelets articulated above the empty glumes, compressed, 1-flowered, crowded. Empty glumes 4, the lower 2 persistent, larger than the rest, thin-paleaceous, compressed-keeled, the keel usually more or less winged, sometimes wingless, awnless; third and fourth glumes shorter, very thin and narrowly lanceolate, sometimes reduced to bristles, or rarely one of them wanting; lemma chartaceous, at length indurated, awnless, sometimes pointed, obscurely 3-5-nerved, the midnerve sometimes obsolete, enclosing a faintly 2-nerved palet. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Outer glumes not winged; inflorescence a narrow panicle. 1. P. arundinacea. Outer glumes winged; inflorescence a spike or spike-like panicle. Spikelets narrow; third and fourth glumes much reduced; blades subulate-linear, hairy. 2. P. caroliniana. Spikelets broad; third and fourth glumes thin, membranous; blades lanceolate, glabrous, rarely sparingly hairy. 3. P. canaricnsis. 1. P. arundinacea L. Glabrous perennial, with a horizontal rootstock; stem erect, 6-15 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 6-16 mm. wide; panicle 7-20 cm. long, dense, 1-2 cm. thick; sjjikelets 5-6 mm. long; outer glumes 3- nerved; third and fourths glumes less than half as long as the lemma, which is pubescent with long appressed hairs. Wet places: N.S. — N.J. — Nev. — B.C.; Eurasia. Plain — Mont. J^Au. 2. P. caroliniana Walt. Glabrous annual; stem 3-10 drn. high; leaf- blades 5-15 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide; })anicle ol>long, 2.5-10 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick; spikelets 5 mm. long; outer glumes 3-nerved; third and fourth glumes less than half as long as the lemma, which is acuminate and with long appressed hairs. Wet ground: Fla.— S.C.— Mo.— Colo. — Calif.; Mex. Son. — Aiist. My- Au. 3. P. canariensis L. Glabrous annual; stem 3-9 dm. high, branched at the base; leaf -blades 5-30 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide, strongly scabrous; panicles oblong oi ovoid, 1-4 cm. long; spikelets 6-8 mm. long; outer glumes whitish with green nerves; third and fourth glumes broadly lanceolate, about half as long as the pubescent lemma. Waste places: N.S. — Va. — Colo. — S.D.; also Calif. — Ore.; naturalized from Europe and Africa. Plain — Submont. Je-Jl. 16. TORRESIA R. & P. Sweet Grass, Holy Grass. Sweet-scented perennials with rootstocks. Panicles open or contracted. Spikelets 3-flowered, the terminal flower perfect, the others staminate. Empty glumes nearly equal, acute, glabrous. Lemma 2-toothed or 2-lobed, with or without an awn. Stamens in the staminate flowers 3, in the perfect flowers 2. Styles distinct; stigmas j)lumose. [Hicrochloa Gmel. Savastatia Schrank,| 1. T. odorata(L.) Hitchc. Perennial with a creeping root.stock; stem 3-6 dm. high, smooth; lower leaf-blades elongated, 1-2 dm. long, 2-6 nun. wide, the upper ones 1-5 cm. long; ixmicle 5-10 cm. long, its branches spreading or re- flexed; spikelets yellowish brown or pur])lish, 4-6 mm. long: first and second gllumes acute; third and fourth glumes villous and strongly ciliate, awn-pointed. U.odorala (L.) Wahl. H.horcali.s R. erennials with involute leaves. Inflorescence cymosely and divaricately branched. Spikelets 1-flowered; flower perfect. Emjjty glumes 2, membranous, .somewhat scarious, acuminate. Lemma rather broad, indurate 46 POACEAE and convolute, densely pubescent with silky hairs, with an .obtuse callus at the base, and a deciduous straight awn at the apex. Styles distinct ; stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, enclosed in the lemma. 1. E. hymenoides (R. & S.) Rydb. Stem 3-6 dm. high, erect, rigid, smooth; leaf-blades 1.5-3 dm. long, involute, less than 2 mm. wide; panicle 1.5-3 dm. long; branches spreading, flexuose; lower glumes 6-8 mm. long, long-acuminate, with somewhat spreading tips; lemma 4 mm. long, broadly ellipsoid, densely pubescent with white hairs. Eriocoma cuspidata Nutt. Bad lands and sandy places: Sask. — Kans. — Tex. — Calif. — Wash.; Mex. Plain — Mont. My-Jl. 21. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. Perennials or annuals. Inflorescence a narrow contracted or open diffuse panicle. Spikelets 1-flowered; flower perfect. Empty glumes 2, membranous or hyaline, persistent, keeled, acute to short-awned, the second sometimes 3- toothed. Lemma somewhat rigid, enclosing the palet, entire or 2-toothed at the apex, obtuse, acute, or awned. Stamens usually 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Panicle contracted, narrow, spike-like, the short branches rarely spreading. Empty glumes awl-shaped; leafy and branched plants, with long rootstocks covered by imbricated scales. Lemma not awned; basal hairs not equalling the lemma. Empty glumes about equalling the lemma in length, sharp-pointed, about 3 mm. long. 1. M. mezicana. Empty glumes exceeding the lemma, generally twice as long, awned, about 5 mm. long. 2. i\/. racemosa. Lemma distinctly awned; basal hairs equalling the lemma. 3. ^f■ comata. Empty glumes lanceolate to ovate. Second glume not toothed or slightly so. Lemma awnless oi rarely very short-awned. Empty glumes more than half as long as the lemma. Plant 1..5-7 dm. high; sheaths close; empty glumes acuminate, lance- olate. Lemma scabrous, green or dark. Panicle dense, obtuse, 5-10 mm. wide. 4. M. Wrightii. Panicle slender and lax, attenuate at the apex, less than 5 mm. wide. 5. M. cuspidata. Lemma more or less purplish, sparingly long-hairy. 6. M. rhurberi. Plant less than 1.2 dm. liigh; sheaths loose; lower leaves lanceolate, short, squarrose; empty glumes ovate, acute. 7. M. squarrosa. Empty glumes less than half as long as the lemma, obtuse or abruptly ^ acute. Spikelets (excluding the awn if present) 1.5 mm. or more long. Plant with a strong perennial, scaly rootstock. Emi)tv glumes less than one-fourth as long as the lemma; stem diffuse, decumbent or creeping; plant not tufted. 8. M. Sfhrebcri. Empty glumes one-third as long as the lemma or longer; stem erect or decumbent at the base only; plant tufted. 9. M. Richardsoriis. Plant annual; rootstock, if any, very slender. Lemma merelj awn-pointed, decidedly purplish; plant 1-2 dm. high. Spikelets 2 mm. long or more: inflorescence short and rather dense; stem 0.5-1 mm. thick. 10. M. simplex. Spikelets about 1.5 mm. long; inflorescence slender and lax; stem very slender, filiform. 11. M. filiformis. Lemma with a distinct awn 0.5-1 mm. long, greenish; plant 4-6 cm. high. 12. M. arislata. Spikelets about 1 mm. long; plant less than 4 cm. high, annual. 13. M. Woljii. Lemma long-awned. Leaf-blades erect, glabrous or minutely scabrous; stem and sheaths glab- rous. Lemma glabrous; rootstock short and woody. 14. M. pauciflora. Lemma pubescent on the lower half; rootstock slender, creeping, branched. 15. M. polycaulis. Leaf-blades spreading, as well at the stem below the nodes and the sheaths scabrous-puberulent ; lemma pubescent on the lower half; rootstock creeping. 10. M. curtifolia. Second glume sharply 3-5-toothed; flowering glume long-awned; awn at least one-half as long as the glume. Stem 3-6 dm. high, leafy; panicle 7-12 cm. long; awn 8-15 mm. long. 17. M. gracilis. GRASS FAMILY 47 Stem 1-3 dm. high, almost naked above; panicle 3-7 cm. long; awn 1-4 mm. long. Spikelets 3—1 mm. long; awn 2-4 mm.; leaf-blades usually stiff. 18. M. subalpina. Spikelets about 2 mm. long; awn 1-2 mm.; leaf-blades filiform. 19. M. filiculmis. Panicle open, its branches long and spreading. Plants densely cespitose, branched onlj at the base. Secondary branches of the panicle single: basal leaves short, strongly recurved. 20. A/, gracillima. Secondary branches of the panicle fascicled; basal leaves not recurved. 21. M. pungens. Plants diffusely branched, prostrate. 22. M. Porteri. 1. M. mexicana (L.) Trin. Perennial; stem decumbent, prostrate, or erect, smooth, braucliL'il and very leafy; leaf-blades scabrous, 4-15 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide; panicle o-lo cm. long; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; empty glumes some- what unequal, scabrous on the keel. Wet meadows and swamps: N.B. — N.C. — Te.\. — Colo. — Wyo. — N.D. Plain — Subuiont. Je-S. 2. M. racemosa (Michx.) B.S.P. Perennial; stem erect, 3-10 dm. high, branched, smooth; leaf-blades 5-12 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 3-10 cm. long, dense, usually interrupted; branches 1-2.5 cm. long, erect; spike- lets much crowded; lemma one-half to two-thirds as long as the empty glumes, acuminate to awn-pointed. M. glomerata Torr. Wet places: Newf. — N.J. — Mo.— X.M.— Utah— B.C. Plain— Mont. Jl-S. 3. M. comata (Thm-b.) Benth. Perennial; stem 3-7 dm. high, erect, smooth; leaf-blades 5-12 cm. long, erect, flat, scabrous; panicle often tinged with purple, 5-10 cm. long, dense, 1-1.5 cm. thick; empty glumes equal or the second a little longer, 2.5-3 mm. long; lemma a little shorter; awn 6-10 mm. long. Prairies and river valleys: Mont. — Colo. — Calif. — -Wash. Subniont. — Mont. Jl-S. 4. M. Wrightii Vasey. Somewhat tufted perennial, with short rootstock; stem erect or decumbent at the base, 3-7 dm. high, somewhat compressed; leaf- blades 6-15 cm. long, scabrous above, about 2 mm. wide; panicle cylindric, more or less interrupted; outer glumes nearly equal, 2 mm. long, thin, ovate or lanceo- late, awn-pointed; lemma a little longer, tipped with a short awn. Mountains: X.M. — Colo. — Ariz.; Mex. Submont. Jl-S. 5. M. cuspidata (Terr.) Rydb. Somewhat tufted perennial, occasionally with elongated scaly rootstocks; stem slender, 3-6 dm. high, glabrous; leaf- blades 2.5-10 cm. long, less than 2 mm. wide, involute-setaceous at least when dry; panicle 4-12 cm. long; emjjty glumes about 2 mm. long, scabrous on the keel; flowering glume long-acuminate, about 3 mm. long. Sporobolus brevif alius (Xutt.) Scribn. Dry soil: ^lan. — ]\Io. — Colo. — Alta. Plain — Submont. Jl-S. 6. M. Thurberi (Scribn.) Rydb. Tufted perennial with a scaly rcotstock; stems 1.5-3 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-3 cm. long, strongly involute, the lower more or less spreading; panicle 2-5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick; empt}^ glumes equal, 1-nerved, lanceolate, 3 mm. long, usually purplish; lemma lanceolate, cuspidate, 3-nerved, 4-4.5 mm. long. Sporobolus filiculmis Vasey, not Dewey. S. Thurberi Scribn. Dry places and canons: Tex. — Colo. — N.M. Son. — Sub- mont. Jl-S. 7. M. squarrosa (Trin.) Rydb. Tufted perennial; stems less than 1 dm. high, decumbent at the base, glabrous and almost smooth; leaf -blades scarcely 1 cm. long; panicle 1-2 cm. long, narrow and rather few-flowered; empty glumes 1-1.5 mm. long, 1-nerved, straw-colored; lemma lanceolate, acute, 1.5-2 mm. long. Sporobolus depaupcratus (Torr.) Scribn. Dry, sandy or alkali soil: Wash. — Mont. — Wyo. — ^Calif. Son. — Submont. Jl-Au. 8. M. Schreberi Gmel. Perennial, with a creeping, scaly rootstock; stem 3-9 dm. long; leaf -blades 3-9 cm. long, scabrous; panicle 5-20 cm. long, 2-5 mm. thick, lax; empty glumes small, the first often wanting; lemma without the awn about 2 mm. long, strongly scabrous; awn 1-4 mm. long. M. diffusa Willd. Dry hills and woods: Me. — Fla. — Tex. — w Neb. — Minn. Boreal — Plain. Au-S. 9. M. Richardsonis (Trin.) Rydb. More or less tufted perennial, with a strong rootstock; stem 1-4.5 dm. high, erect or decumbent at the base, slender, smooth; leaves 1-5 cm. long, usually involute; panicle 1-7 cm. long, 2-4 mm. 48 POACEAE thick; empty glumes ovate, obtuse, or abruptly acute, about 1 mm. long; lemma 2.5-3 mm. long, long-acuminate. Vilfn Richardsoniis Trin. Prairies and meadows: Que.— Me.— X.M.— Calif.— B.C. Plain—Mont. Je-S. 10. M. simplex (Scribn.) Rydb. Ce.spitose leafy annual; stem 5-15 cm. high, smooth, with short lower internodes; leaf-blades 1-4 cm. long, 1-2 mm. broad, scabrous on the margins and nerves above; panicle 2-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick; empty glumes less than 1 mm. long, ovate, obtuse or truncate; lemma 3-nerved, mucronate, scabrous above, 2-2.3 mm. long. Sporobolus simplex Scribn. Wet places: Neb. — "SM. — Mont. Plain^Mont. Au-S.- 11. M. filiformis (Thurb.) Rydb. Cespitose annual; stem 7-30 cm. high, slender, filiform, glabrous; leaf-blades 1-2 cm. long, 0.5 mm. wide or less, usually flat, scabrous above; panicle long-exserted, narrow, lax, 2-10 cm. long, more than 2 mm. thick; empty glumes less than 1 mm. long, ovate, obtuse, 1-nerved, mucron- ate; lemma 2 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate. Vilfn depauperatn filiformis Thurb. V. graciliima Thurb. Wet places: Mont. — Colo. — Calif. — B.C. Sub- mont. — Suhalp. My-Au. 12. M. aristata Rydb. Cespitose annual; stems usually only 4-6 cm. high; leaf-blades 8-14 mm. long, and about 1 mm. wide; panicle few-flowered, very narrow, with short erect branches; empty glumes 1-1.25 mm. long, ovate, acutish or obtuse and somewhat erose at the apex; lemma about 2.5 mm. long, strongly veined. Sporobolus aristatus Rydb. Wet places: Utah — Wyo. — Colo. Submont. Jl-Au. 13. M. Wolfii (Vasey) Rydb. Cespitose annual; stem 2-5 cm. high; lower sheaths inflated, glabrous; leaf-blades rarely over 1 cm. long, strongly nerved; panicle spike-hke, about 1 cm. long, scarcely 2 mm. thick, lax; empty glumes ovate, about 0.5 mm. long; lemma ovate, acute, about 1 mm. long. Sporobolus Wolfii Vasey. Wet places: Colo. — Ariz. Mont. — Subnlp. 14. M. pauciflora Buckl. Perennial; stems tufted, wiry, erect, 3-5 dm. high, scabrous, leafy; leaf -blades narrow, involute, 5-15 cm. long, minutely scabrous; panicle 10-15 cm. long; spikelets nearly sessile; empty glumes sub- equal, lanceolate, usually awn-pointed, 2 mm. long; lemma 3-nerved, lanceolate, acuminate, 3-4 mm. long, scabrous on the keel; awn 8-12 mm. long. Rocky hills: Tex.— Colo.— Utah— Mex. Son. My-S. 15. M. polycaulis Scribn. Perennial, fasciculate-branched at the base; stems ascending or erect, leafy, glabrous or minutely scabrous; leaf-blades erect, 2-6 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, often involute; panicle 5-10 cm. long, narrow; rachis scabrous, triangular; pedicels scabrous, short; empty glumes subequal, broadly lanceolate, acute or awm-pointed; lemma broadly lanceolate; awn 1-2.5 cm. long. Dry ledges and in canons: Tex. — ^se Utah — IVIex. Son. Au-S. 16. M. curtifolia Scribn. Perennial, fasciculate-branched at the base; leaf-blades 1-2.5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, pungent at the end; panicle nar- row, 4-8 cm. long; branches erect; rachis triangular or compressed, scabrous; empty glumes lanceolate, acute, subequal, 2.5 mm. long, scabrous along the keel; lemma broadly lanceolate; awn scabrous, 1-3 mm. long. Canons: s Utah. Son. Au. 17. M. gracilis (H.B.K.) Trin. Tufted perennial; stems 3-6 dm. high, erect; leaf-blades often convolute, 5-20 cm. long; i)anicle narrow but ratiier loose; branches erect, flowering to the base; emijtj- glumes unequal, the first 2 mm. long, l-nerved, acute; lemma without the awn about 4 mm. long, scabrous on the back, ciliate on the margins. M. Irijida Woot. & Standi, not Hack. Mountains: Tex.— Colo. — Calif.; Mex. Son. — Mont. J^S. 18. M. subalpina Vasey. Tufted perermial; stem erect, 1-3 dm. high; leaf-blades usually involute, 2-7 cm. long; i)anicle narrow, dense; branches erect, less than 1 cm. long; first empty glume about 2 mm. long, acute, 1-nerved, awn- pointed; lemma 3-3.5 mm. long. M. gracilis breviaristntn \'asey. Dry ridges: Wyo. — X.M. M out. ^Submont. .Il-Au. 19. M. filiculmis Vasey. Tufted perennial; stem erect, filiform, 1-2.5 dm. high, leafy at the base; leaf-blades filiform, 2-4 cm. long, involute: jianirde spike- GRASS FAMILY 49 like, 2-5 cm. lonji; branches short, erect; first empty glume thin, ovate, acute, 1.5 mm. long, the second slightly longer; lemma lanceolate, sparsely pubescent below, 2 mm. lung. Mountains: Colo. Mont. Jl-Au. 20. M. gracillima Torr Cespitose perennial; stems 1-4 dm. high, erect, or decumbent at the base; leaves mostly basal; leaf -blades involute-setaceous, somewhat scabrous; i)anicle 5-20 cm. long, open; empty glumes unequal, the first about 1.5 mm., the second 2 mm. long, awn-pointed; lemma 2.5-3 mm. long, scabrous; awn 2-4 mm. long. Ring Grass. Plains and foot-hills : Tex. — Kans.— Colo.— X.M. Plain—Mont. .11-0. 21. M. pungens Thurb. Perennial, with a cespitose, creeping rootstock; stems deciunbent at the base, 1.5-4 dm. high; leaf-blades 2.5-5 cm. long, involute, rigid, scabrous; panicle 7-15 cm. long, open, its branches 5-7 cm. long; outer glumes 2-2.5 mm. long, purplish, scabrous; lemma 3-4 mm. long, scabrous; awn short. Purple H.\iR-GR.\ss, Blow-out Gr.\ss. Sand hills and bad-lands: Tex. —Neb.— Utah— Ariz. Plain— Mont. Jl-Au. 22. M. Porteri Scribn. Cespitose perennial; stems geniculate, decumbent, branching; leaf-blades usually flat, 3-5 cm. long, about 6 mm. wide, acvmiinate, scabrous above; panicle 7-10 cm. long, about 5 cm. wide; empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm. long, purplish; lemma without the awn 3.5-4 nim. long, purple, pilose; awn 5-10 mm. long. M. lexana Thurb., not Buckley. Mes- QUiTE Grass. Hills and plains: Tex.— Colo. — Calif.; Mex. Son. Au-0. 22. LYCtJRUS H.B.K. Texas Timothy. Cespitose perennials. Panicle dense, spike-like. Spikelets 1-flowered, usually in pairs. Empty glumes 2, often awned, 3-nerved. Lemma 3-nerved, awned. Palet smaller, 2-nerved and 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short; stigmas plumose. Grain free, included in the lemma. 1. L. phleoides H.B.K. Tufted perennial; stems decumbent at the base, 2-5 dm. high, compressed; leaf-blades scabrous above, 4-7 cm. long, 3 mm. wide; spike cyUndric, dense, 4-10 cm. long, 5-8 mm. thick; first glume 1.5 mm. long, with 2 awns, 2-3 mm. long; second glume with an awn 4 mm. long; lemma lance- elliptic, 3 mm. long, pubescent on the back; awn 2-3 mm. long. Hills: Tex. — Colo. — Ariz.; Mex. Son. — -Suhtnout. Au — O. 23. PHLEUM L. Timothy. Annuals or perennials. Inflorescence a dense spike-like panicle. Spikelets 1-flowered, compressed; flower perfect. Empty glumes 2, persistent, compressed, keeled, oblique at the summit, awned. Lemma shorter, membranous, truncate, denticulate. Styles distinct, long; stigmas sub-plumose. Grain free. Spikes usually elongated-cylindric; awns less than one-half the length of the outer glumes. 1. P. pratrnse. Spikes short, ovoid or oblong: awns about one-half the length of the outer glumes. 2. P. alpinum, P. pratense L. Short-lived perennial, with a bulbiform thickened base; stem erect, glabrous and smooth, 3-15 dm. high; sheaths often exceeding the internodes, the upper long and close; leaf-blades 7-20 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, usually somewhat scabrous; spike 3-20 cm. long, 5-8 mm. thick; outer glumes 3-4 mm. long, ciliate on the keel; awns about 1 mm. long. Meadows; native but also often escaped from cultivation: N.S. — Fla. — CaUf. — -B.C.; Eurasia. Plain — Subalp. Je-0. 2. P. alpinum L. Short-lived perennial; stem 1-5 dm. high, erect or some- times decmnbent at the base, smooth; sheaths often shorter than the internodes, the upper usually inflated; leaf -blades scabrous above, 2-7 cm. long, 3-8 mm. wide; spike 1-5 cm. long, 6-12 mm. thick; outer glumes 3 mm. long, strongly ciliate on the keel: awns 1..5-2 mm. long. Wet places: Lab. — N.H. — S.D. — N.M.— Calif.— Alaska; Eurasia. Mont.— Alp. Je-S. 50 POACEAE 24. ALOPECtTRUS L. Foxtail. . Annuals or perennials. Inflorescence a cN'lindric dense spike-like panicle. Spikelets articulate under the empty glumes, 1-flowered, compressed; flower per- fect. Empty glumes 2, acute, sometimes short-awned, more or le.ss united at the base, compressed-keeled. Lemma hyaline, obtuse, with a dorsal awn or point, their margins usually more or less united at the base. Stj'les distinct or nearly so; stigmas long, sub-plumose. Awn about twice as long as the lemma. Spikes 8-12 mm. thick; empty ghmies 3.5-4.5 mm. long, abruptly acuminate. 1. A. occidentalis. Spike about 5 mm. thick; empty glumes about 3 mm. long, obtuse. Stem erect, 3-5 dm. high, slightly if at all geniculate at the base, pale: ligules 4-5 mm. long, acutish. " 2. A. pallescens. Stem decumbent, and geniculate at the base, 1-1.5 dm. high; ligules 2 mm. long, obtuse. 3. A. Macounii. Awn scarcely e.\ceeding the lemma. Stem erect, 1.5-5 dm. high; spike cjiindric, obtuse. 4. A. aristulalus. Stem geniculate at the base, 1-5 cm. high; spike oblong, acute. 5. A. caespitosus. 1. A. occidentalis Scribn. & Tweedy. Perennial, with a rootstock; stem erect, 2-10 dm. high; leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, flat, iscabrous on the veins above; spike 2-3 cm. long; empty glumes equalling or slightly exceed- ing the obtuse lemma, which is scabrous and ciliate near the tips; awn 6 mm. long, twisted below, bent at the middle, attache'd near the base of the gkmie. Wet meadows: Alta. — Colo. — ^Utah — Ida. Monl. — Subalp. Je-Au. 2. A. pallescens Pii)er. Somewhct tufted perennial, pale green; blades flat, 6-12 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, strongly scabrous above; spike exserted, pale, 2-7 cm. long; empty glumes strongly ciliate on the keel, obtuse; lemma as long as the empty glumes, obtuse; awn nearly basal, about 5 mm. long. Wet mead- ows: Wash. — Mont. — Ida. Submont. My-Je. 3. A. Macounii Vasey. Somewhat cespitcse perennial; blades 1-5 cm. long; spike 1-3 cm. long, 5 mm. thick; empty gkmies ciliate on the keel, smooth on the sides, obtuse; lemma slightly shorter, glabrous, ovate-oblong, obtuse; awn nearly basal, bent at the middle, 6-8 mm. long. A. geniculatus caespitosus Scribn. Rocky places: Sask. — B.C. Boreal — Mont. My-Je. 4. A. aristulatus Michx. Somewhat tufted perennial; leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, scabrous, especially above; spike 3-8 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick; outer glumes 2-2.5 nmi. long, acutish; lemma somewhat shorter, obtuse, glabrous; awn inserted at or near the middle. A. (jeniculatus Am. auth., not L. A. fulvus Am. auth., not Smith. Wet meadows: Me.^ — ^Pa. — Calif. — Alaska. Plain — Subalp. Je-S. 5. A. caespitosus Trin. Cespitose perennial; leaf-blades flat, less than 2 cm. long, 1 mm. wide; sjjike 0.5-1.5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. thick, acute; outer glumes 2 mm. long, acutish; lemma nearly as long, obtuse; awn inserted near the base. [Perhaps a depauperate form of the preceding.] Wet places: Canadian Rockies — N. W. Coa.st. 25. PHIPPSIA R. Br. Tufted annuals. Inflorescence a narrow panicle. Spikelets 1-flowered; flowers perfect. Empty glumes 2, minute, or the first one wanting. Lemma thin-membranous, keeled. Palet shorter, 2-keeled. Stamens 1, rarely more. Styles short, distinct; stiginas short-i)lumose. Grain enclosed in the lemma and the palet, which splits and lets it drop. 1. P. algida (Solander) R. Br. Stems 2-10 cm. high, erect or ascending; sheaths short, loose; leaf-blades 1-2 cm. long, 0..5-2 mm. wide, obtuse; panicle 0.5-3.5 cm. long, narrow; spikelets 1-1.5 mm. long; emi)ty glumes minute or the first one wanting; lemma thin, 1-nerved, obtuse or truncate and somewhat erose. Arctic-alpine situations: Greenl. — Alaska; Colo.; arctic Eurasia. Alp. Jl-Au. 26. BLEPHARONEURON Nash. Tufted perennials. Panicles open, loosely flowered. Spikelets 1-flowered. Empty glumes membranous, 1-nerved, .smooth, the first shorter and narrower GRASS FAMILY 51 than the second. Lemma 3-nerved, the nerves densely pilose with long silky- hairs; midnerve usually excurrent into a short awn. Palet as long as the lemma, 2-nerveil, densely pilose between the nerves. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. 1. B. tricholepis (Torr.) Nash. Stem often jMirplish, glabrous, 3-10 dm. high; leaf-blades invohite, 5-15 cm. long; panicle oblong, open, 1-1.5 dm. long; spikelets 2.5-3 nun. long; empty glumes oblong, obtuse, nearly equal. Spor- obolus tricholepis Torr. Mountain valleys: Tex. — Colo. — Utah — Ariz.; Mex. Submont. — Subalp. Jl-N. 27. SPOROBOLUS R. Br. Drop-seed, Rush-grass. Perennials or rarely annuals. Inflorescence a panicle, either open or narrow and spike-like. Spikelets usually 1-flowered; flowers perfect. Empty glumes 2, the first shorter than the second. Lemma usually longer than the second glume. Palet 2-nerved, often deeply 2-cleft, about equalling the lemma. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles short, distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain free from the lemma and readily dropping off. Perennials. First glume one-half as long as the second or less; plants not with long, scaly root- stocks. Branches of the panicle verticillate. 1. S. argutus. Branches of the panicle scattered. Spikelets about 2 mm. long; first glume lanceolate. Sheath naked or sparingly ciliate at the throat; empty glumes glabrous. Plant 3 dm. liigh or less; spikelets long-pedicelled ; sheaths sparingly villous. 9. S. tcxanus. Plant 5-10 dm. high; spikelets short-pedicelled ; sheaths glabrous. 2. S. airoides. Sheath with a conspicuous tuft of hairs at the throat; empty glumes scab- rous on the keel. Leaf-blades widely spreading, involute; sheath pubescent with long hairs, at least towards the base. .3. S. Ncalletji. Leaf-blades not widely spreading; sheaths glabrous, except the apex, and slightly on the margins. Panicle narrow and spike-like. 4. S. strictus. Panicle not spike-like. Panicle always exserted, oblong, comparatively narrow; its lower branches but little, if anj', e.xceeding the upper ones. 5. S. flexuosus. Panicle usually more or less included in the sheath; its lower branches much exceeding the upper ones. 6. S. cryptandrus. Spikelets 4.5-5 mm. long; first glume subulate, usually awned. 7. S. helerolepis. First glume almost equalling the second; plants with long, scaly rootstocks. 8. S. asperifolius. Annuals; empty glumes almost equal, ovate. 10. S. confusus. 1 S. argutus (Nees) Kunth. Tufted perennial; stem 1-4 dm. high, erect or decumbent at the base; leaf-blades 2.5-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, often sparingly hairy at the base; panicle-branches 1-2.5 cm. long; .spikelets 1.5 mm. long. Plains: Tex. — -Ivans. — Colo. — Mex.; W. Ind., C. Am. and S. Am. Son. Ap.-O.; in the tropics the year around. 2. S. airoides Torr. Densely tufted perennial; stem 5-10 dm. high, erect; leaf-blades sometimes sparingly hairy at the base, 1-3 mm. wide, involute, 5-35 cm. long; panicle 1-4 dm. long, its branches at length widely spreading; spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long; glumes acute, glabrous. Dry plains and river valleys: Tex. — Mo. — -Mont. — -Calif. Plain — ■Submont. Au-S. 3. S. Nealleyi Vasey. Tufted perennial; stems 3-4 dm. high, rigid; leaf-blades 2.5-3.5 cm. long, rigid, light-green, spreading, involute; panicle open, branches ascending; spikelets 1.5 mm. long; lower empty glume lance-subulate; second glume and the lemma lanceolate and acute. Dry ground: Tex. — Colo. Son. Jl-S. 4. S. strictus (Scribn.) Merr. Tufted perennial; stem strict, 5-10 dm. high, glabrous; blades 5-20 cm. long, 3-5 mm. broad, mostly flat, glabrous; panicle 1-2 dm. long, the base included in the upper sheaths; flowers pale or green, shining; empty glumes lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm. long, acute, smooth. River bot- toms: Tex. — Utah — -Ariz. Son. Je-0. 52 . POACEAE 5. S. flexuosus (Thiirb.) Rydb. Tufted perennial; stem 3-8 dm. high; leaf-blades 5-2U cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, usualh' flat, somewhat scabrous above; inflorescence 2-4 dm. long; branches 3-6 cm. long, spreading or reflexed; spike- lets about 2 mm. long, usually lead-colored; empty glumes lanceolate, somewhat scabrous. "Sandy soil: Tex. — Nev. — -Ariz.; Mex. Son. Jl-S. 6. S. cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray. More or less tufted perennial; stem 4- 10 dm. long, erect, glabrous; leaf-blades 7-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat, glab- rous beneath, scabrous above; panicle 1.5-2.5 dm. long; spikelets lead-colored, 2-2.5 mm. long; glumes scabrous on the keel. Sandy soil: Mass. — Pa. — -Ariz. — Wash.; Mex. Plain — Submont. Au-0. 7. S. heterolepis A. Gray. Tufted perennial; stem 3-10 dm. high, erect; leaf-blades involute, glabrous, with rough margins and midribs, 2-5 dm. long; panicle 7-25 cm. long, open, exserted; branches ascending; glumes smooth and glabrous, the first one subulate, 2-3 mm. long, the second lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, awn-pointed; lemma obtuse or acute. Dry soil: Que. — Pa. — Tex. — S.D. — Sask. Plain — Suhmont. Au-S. 8. S. asperifolius (Nees & Meyen) Thurb. Perennial with a cespitose creeping rootstock; stem 1-5 dm. high, erect from a decumbent base; leaf-blades 2.5-10 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, flat, very scabrous above; panicles 7-20 cm. long, usually included at the base; branches usuallj' spreading in age; spikelets 1.5 mm. long; glumes acute, glabrous, somewhat scabrous; lemma slightly exceeding them. Sandy or dry soil: Sask. — Mo. — Tex. — Calif. — B.C.; Mex. Plain — -Suh- mont. Je-S. 9. S. texanus \'asey. Tufted perennial, otherwise resembling »S'. asperifolius; stems rigid; leaf -blades 2.5-7.5 cm. long, scabrous above; panicle half the length of the plant, included in the sheath below; lower glume half as long as the second one, which is fully as long as the lemma. Plains: Tex. — Okla.^s Colo. — -N.M. Son. 10. S. confusus (Fourn.) Vasey. Tufted annual; stem 1-3 dm. high, slender, branched below; sheath.s short, loose, glabrous; leaf-blades 1-4 cm. long, 0.5-1.5 mm. wide; panicle open, 3-20 cm. long; branches spreading; spikelets 1-1.5 mm. long; empty glumes shorter than the lemma, glabrous or pubescent ; lemma pubescent. Meadows especially in sandy soil: Neb. — ^Tex. — Ariz. — Ida.; Mex. Son. — Submont. Jl-S. 28. POLYPOGON Desf. Beard-grass. Annuals or rarely perennials. Inflorescence a dense, contracted, spike-like panicle. Spikelets articulate below the empty glumes, crowded, 1-flowered. Flowers perfect. Empty glumes about equal, each terminating in a slender awn. Lemma thin, emarginate or 2-toothed at the apex, awned or awn-pointed on the back. Stamens 1-3. Styles short, distinct; stigmas plumose. 1. P. monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Simple annual; stem 1-6 dm. high, erect or decumbent at the base; leaf-blades 4-15 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 2-10 cm. long; empty glumes about 2 mm. long, bearing a more or less bent awn 4—6 mm. long; lemma shorter, erose-truncate, hyaline; awn 0.5 mm. long. Waste places: S.C. — N.H.— B.C. — Calif.; Mex.; naturalized from Eurasia. Plain-Submont. Ap-Au. 29. CINNA L. Reed-grass. Tall perennials with broad flat leaves. Inflorescence a large often nodding panicle. Spikelets numerous, 1-flowered, articulate under the emjjty glumes. Flowers perfect. Empty glumes 2, persistent, keeled, acute. Lemma similar, short-awned or awn-pointed just below the apex. Palet 1-nerved, keeled, the keel minutely ciliate. Stamen 1. Styles short, distinct; stigmas plumose. 1. C. latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. Stem 6-15 dm. high, erect; leaf-blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 4-12 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1-2.5 dm. long; s{)ikelets 3 mm. long; empty glumes equal, acute, hispidulous on the keel; lemma somewhat shorter, 2-toothed at the apex; awTi 1-2 mm. long. Cintia -pcndula Trin. Damp woods: Ne^^.—N.C— Utah— B.C. Submont.— Mont. Jl-S. GRASS FAMILY 53 30. AGRdSTIS L. Red-top, Bent-grass, Tickle-grass. Annuals or perennial, mostly tufted. Inflorescence paniculate. Spikelets numerous, small, l-flowered, articulate above the empty glumes. Empty glumes 2, persistent, membranous, keeled, acute, awmless. Lemma .shorter, or barely equalling the empty glumes, thin-hyaline, awnless or awned. Palet .small, thin- hyaline, or often wanting. Stamens usually 3. Stjdes short, distinct; stigmas plumose. Rachilla prolonged above the palet, naked or minutely jjubescent; lemma equalling the empty glumes; palet nearly as long. Spilielets about 3 mm. long, purple; rachilla one-third to one-half as long as the flower. 1. A. acQuivnlvis. Spikelets about 2 mm. long; rachilla less than one-third as long as the flower. Empty glumes dark purple, broadly lanceolate, abruptly acute or acuminate; intlorescejice short and open; stem few-leavecl. 2. A. alrala. Empty glumes green, only tinged with purple towards the tip, narrowly lanceolate, gradually acute; inflorescence long and narrow; stem leafy. .3. A. Thurheriana. Rachilla not prolonged above the palet; lemma shorter than the empty glumes. Palet evident, 2-nerved, at least one-fourth as long as the lemma. Empty glumes obtuse, scabrous on the back; panicle dense; branches flower- bearing from the base, verticillate. 4. ,4. stolonifera. Empty glumes acute or acuminate, glabrous or scabrous on the keel only. Plant erect or decumbent at the base, but not extensively stoloniferous. Plant tall, usually over 3 dm. high; panicle large, open; soikelets over 2 mm. long. ,5. ..{. alba. Plant low, slender, 1-3 dm. high; panicle narrow; spikelets about 2 mm. long or less. Lemma nearly as long as the empty glumes; palet about two-thirds as long as the lemma; plant erect. 6. .4. humiUs. Lemma one-tliird shorter than the empty glumes; palet about one-half as long as the lemma; plant decumbent at the base. 7. A. depressa. Plant e.Ktensivelj stoloniferous; stolons with short leaves; palet one-fourth to one-half as long as the lemma. 8. A. reptans Palet lacking or minute. Plant with creeping rootstock. 9. A. foliosa. Plant tufted, without creeping rootstock. Panicle dense and narrow; branches ascending or erect, flower-bearing to near the base. Plant over 3 dm. high; empty glumes 2.5-3 mm. long. Panicle lobed or interrupted; branches densely verticillate and flower- • bearing to the base; empty ghimes narrow! v lanceolate, gradually attenuate; ligules 4-5 mm. long, lacerate; leaf-blades 6-10 mm. ^de. 10. .4. grand is. Panicle usually contiguous; branches few and some naked at the base; empty glumes lanceolate, abruptly pointed; ligules 2-4 mm. long entire or toothed ; leaf-blades 2-5 mm. wide. 11. A. asperifolia. Plant 1-2 dm. high; empty glumes 2 mm. long or less. Basal leaf-blades flat, 2 mm. wide; lemma two-thirds as long as the empty glumes, obtuse. 12. .4. Rossae. Basal leaf-blades 1 mm. wide or less, conduplicate ; lemma three-fourths as long as the empty glumes, acute. 13. .4. variabilis. Panicle open; branches more or less spreading, or sometimes reflexed. Lemma awnless or with a very short awn. Panicle oblong-ovoid, its branches ascending. Plant 1-4 dm. high; empty glumes uneQual, 1.5-2 mm. long. 14. ,4. idahnensis. Plant 3-6 dm. high; empty glumes equal or nearly so, 3 mm. long. 15. A. oregonensis. Pamcle triangular-ovoid or broadly conic; branches at least in age divaricate or even reflexed. Leaf-blades filiform, 1 mm. wide or less, usually invohite; the basal ones numerous; upper sheaths close. 16. .4. oreophila. Leaf-blades usually flat, 1-3 mm. \vide; upper sheaKlis loose. 17. ^. hy emails. Lemma awned; awn equalling or exceeding the glume. Panicle open, difl'use; branches spreading or ascending. Leaf-blades about 0.5 mm. wide; panicle broadly conic; branches very scabrous, in age spreading or refle.xed. IS". .4. geniinata. Leaf-blades 1-2 mm. wide; panicle ovoid; branches ascending. 19. A. Bakeri. Panicle narrow; branches nearly erect. 20. A. Melaleuca. 1. A. aequivalvis Trin. Tufted perennial; stems 2-6 dm. high; leaf-blades erect, 4-6 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, somewhat scabrous; panicle open, 5-15 cm. long; empty glumes equal, acuminate, scabrous on the keel towards the end; lemmaobtu.se. Meadows: Alaska— B.C.— Ore.; Lab. Subalp. Je-Au. 54 POACEAE 2. A. atrata Rydb. A somewhat tufted perennial; stems 1.5-3 dm. high, few-leaved, more or less bulbous at the base; leaf-blades 5-10 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, flat, smooth; panicle 5-8 cm. long; empty glumes nearly equal; lemma nearly as long, obtusish. Mountains: B.C. Mont. — Subalp. 3. A. Thurberiana Hitchc. Tufted perennial; stem 2-4 dm. high, leafy; leaf -blades 5-10 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, lax, liglit green; panicle more or less drooping, 5-20 cm. long; empty glumes about 2 mm. long, narrow, gradually acute; lemma nearly as long, obtuse, faintly 5-nerved. Meadows: B.C. — Mont. — -Utah — Calif. Suhmont. — Subalp. Jl-Au. 4. A. stolonifera L. Perennial, with a long creeping rootstock and stolons; stem 2-8 dm. high; leaf-blades 5-10 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, light- or glaucous- green, scabrous; panicle interrupted, 3-10 cm. long; empty glumes obtuse, scabrous on the keel and back, 2 mm. long; lemma about half as long, awnless, truncate and toothed at the apex. A. verticillataYiW. Wet meadows: Tex. — Utah — -Calif.; Mex., C. Am., S. Am., Eu., Africa and Asia. Son. — Submonf. F-0. 5. A. alba L. Tufted perennial; stems 2-15 dm. high, erect or decumbent at the base; leaf-blades 4-15 cm. long, 3-8 mm. wide; panicle upright, 5-30 cm. long, with spreading brandies, the lower usually verticillate; empty glumes 2-3 mm. long, pale or purplish, nearly equal, acute; lemma two-thirds to three- fourths as long, obtuse, seldom awned. Wet meadows: Newf. — -Fla. — Calif. — B.C.; Eurasia. Plain — Submont. Je-0. 6. A. humilis Vasey. Tufted perennial; stems 1-4 dm. high, slender, 1-3- leaved; leaves mostly basal; leaf-blades 2-10 cm. long, 1 mm. wide or less, usually conduplicate; panicles 2-5 cm. long; branches ascending; empty glumes equal, abruptly pointed, 1.5-2 mm. long, purple; lemma nearly as long, awnless. High mountains: B.C. — Ore. — -Colo. — -Wyo. Mont. — Alp. Au-0. 7. A, depressa Vasey. Tufted perennial; stems decumbent and geniculate at the base, 1.5-2.5 dm. high, slender, leafy below; leaf-blades 3-5 cm. long, 1 mm. wide, flat; panicle narrow, 3-5 cm. long, in age open; empty glumes 2 mm. long, acute; lemma obtuse or minutely dentate at the apex. Mountains: Colo. Mont. — Subalp. Jl. 8. A. reptans Rydb. Cespitose and stoloniferous perennial; stems 2-3 dm. long; leaves 2-6 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, flat; panicle 3-5 cm. long; branches ascending, flower-bearing to near the base; empty glumes purplish, nearly equal, acute; lemma one-third shorter, toothed at the apex, often with a minute awn. A. exarala stolonifera Vasey. Bottom lands: B.C. — Calif. Submont. Jl-Au. 9. A. foliosa Vasey. Perennial, with a creeping rootstock; stem 5-10 dm" high; leaf -blades 8-15 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; panicles open, but often narrow 1-1.5 dm. long; branches ascending, naked below; empty glumes pale, nearly equal, 2-3 mm. long, abruptly acute; lemma nearly as long, obtuse and minutely toothed at the apex, awnless or short-awneJ. Wet meadows: B.C. — -Ida. — Calif. Submont. Je-Au. 10. A. grandis Trin. Tufted perennial; stem 5-15 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, very scabrous, abruptly contracted at the ligules; panicle 1-2 dm. long, dense, contracted; empty glumes about 3 mm. long, grad- ually tapering at the apex, light green, scarious-margined; lemma one-half to two-thirds as, long, obtuse. Wet meadows: B.C. — Mont. — -Neb. — N.M. — • Calif. Plain— Mont. Jt-Jl. 11. A. asperifolia Trin. Tufted perennial; stem 3-6 dm. high; blades .5-15 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 5-10 cm. long, narrow and dense; empty glumes broadly lanceolate, 2.5-3 mm. long, usually abruptly pointed, often tinged with pur[)le; lemma two-thirds to three-fourths as long, awnless; A. exarala minor Hook. A. Drummondii Torr. Wet meadows: Man. — Xeb. — ■ N.M.— Calif.— B.C. Plain— Mont. Je-Au. 12. A. Ro3sae Vasey. Cespitose perennial; stem about 1.5 dm. high, smooth, erect; leaf-blades 2-4 cm. long, flat, 2 mm. wide; panicle oblong, 2-4 cm. long, dense; branches nearly erect, 1-2 cm. long, very scabrous; empty glumes 2 mm. GRASS FAMILY 55 long, broadly lanceolate, acute; lemma minutely toothed at the apex. Moun- tains: Wyo.^Colo. — N.M. Mont.^Subalp. Au. 13. A. variabilis Ilydb. Tufted, dwarf perennial; stem 1-2-leaved, 1-2 dm. high; basal leaves numerous, their blades 2-5 cm. long; stem-leaves somewhat broader and often flat; panicle contracted, 3-6 cm. long, about 5 Tnm. wide; branches erect or nearly so, usually short; empty glumes 2 mm. long, usually more or less purjilish, neaily equal, acute; lemma 1.5 mm. long, awnless. Moun- tains: B.C.— Alta.— Colo.— Cahf. Mont.—Subalp. Jl-S. 14. A. idahoensis Nash. Tufted perennial; stem slender, 1-4 dm. high; leaf-blades narrow, 4-9 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, flaccid, somewhat scabrous; panicle oblong-ovoid, 5-12 cm. long, 2.5-4.5 cm. wide; empty glumes unequal, 1.5-2 mm. long, acuminate, purple; lemma two-thirds to three-fifths as long as the first glume. .4. tcnuiculmis recta Nash. Mountain meadows: Wash.— Mont. — -Colo. Suhmont. — Subalp. 15. A. oregonensis Vasey. Tufted perennial; stem 3-6 dm. high; leaf- blades 5-10 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, often involute; panicle 8-15 cm. long, often nodding, flexuose; empty glumes purple, narrowly lanceolate, gradually acute; lemma sUghtly shorter than the empty glumes, obtuse. Meadows: Wash.^ Ore. — Wyo. Suhmont. Jl-Au. 16. A. oreophila Trin. Densely cespitose perennial; stems slender, 2-4 dm. high; leaf-blades filiform-setaceous, involute; those of the stem slightly broader, about 1 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1-2 dm. long; lower branches 5-10 cm. long; empty glumes slightly unequal, about 2 mm. long, pale or purple, acute. .4. /nemaKs ^e/Mtno/a Hitchc, in part. Mountains: Que. — -Me. — N.Y. — Pa.— Sask.— Colo.— Utah— B.C. Boreal— Mont. —Subalp. Jl-S. 17. A. hyemalis (Walt.) B.S.P. Tufted perennial; stem 2-8 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide, flat, 5-10 cm. long; panicle large and diffuse, 2-6 dm. long; spikelets crowded at the ends of the branches; empty glumes nearly equal, purplish or pale, about 2 mm. long, acute or acuminate; lemma obtuse, two-thirds to three-fourths as long. A. scabra Willd. Open places: Lab. — • Fla. — -Calif. — -Alaska; Mex. Plain — -Subalp. 18. A. geminata Trin. Cespitose perennial; stem 2-3 dm. high, glabrous, slender; leaf-blades about 0.5 mm. wide, 5-10 cm. long, the basal ones usually involute; those of the stem-leaves usually flat; inflorescence 5-15 cm. long, 4-8 cm. wide; empty glumes about 3 mm. long, acute; lemma two-thirds to three- fourths as long, obtuse, bearing at the middle of the back a straight awn. Wet places: Alaska — B.C. Subalp.^Alp. Jl-Au. 19. A. Bakeri Rydb. Cespitose perennial; stem about 3 dm. high, erect, slightly geniculate below, glabrous; basal leaves numerous; leaf-blades flat, 1-2 mm. wide, 5-10 cm. long; panicle ovoid, 8-10 cm. long, open; empty glumes nearly equal, purple, 2-2. .5 mm. long, acuminate; lemma three-fourths as long, obtuse, bearing above the middle a dorsal straight awn. Mountains: Colo. Mont. 20. A. melaleuca (Trin.) Hitchc. Cespitose perennial; stem erect, 2-5 dm. high; leaf-blades flat, 1-2 mm. wide, 5-10 cm. long; branches of the panicle flower-bearing to near the base ; empty glumes copper-colored or purplish, lanceo- late, gradually acute or acuminate, 2.5-3 mm. long; lemma slightly shorter, bearing above the middle a straight awn. A. canina Rydb. (Fl. Colo.) Wet places: Alaska — B.C. — -Colo. Mont. — Subalp. Jl-Au. 31. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. Reed-grass. Erect perennials. Inflorescence paniculate. Spikelets numerous, 1-flowered; flowers perfect; the rachilla usually produced beyond the flower; the prolonga- tion with a hair-pencil. Empty glumes 2, persistent, narrow, keeled, acute or acuminate. Lemma much shorter, thickly hyaline, with a basal ring of long hairs, and a dorsal awn, Palet small, narrow, thin, hyaline. Styles short, dis- tinct; stigmas plumose. 56 POACEAE Awn of the lemma geniculate, exserted; callus-hairs usually much shorter than the glume. Awns of the lemma greatly exceeding the empty glumes; plant tufted; leaf-blades involute. Empty glumes very scabrous throughout; marcescent basal leaf-sheaths very long, loose and numerous. 1. C. purpurasccns. Empty glumes nearly glabrous, except on the keels; marcescent basal leaf-sheaths short and few. 2. C. Vaseyi. Awns of the lemma about equalling the empty glumes. Empty glumes sharply keeled; spikelets strongly compressed; plant stoloniferous. 3. C. ryiontanensis. Empty glumes not strongly keeled; spikelets not strongly conpressed; plants tufted. Leaves usually involute; panicle very dense. Panicle very narrow, spike-like, usually red-purplish. 4. C. rubcscens: Panicle lance-oblong, u.sually pale green. 5. C. Suksdorfli. Leaves usually flat; panicle ovoid, open. 6. C. luiurians. Awn of the lemma straight or nearly so, included; callus-hairs usually equalling the lemma (except in C. scopulorum and C. Cusickii). Panicle open, the lower branches spreading; leaf-blades usually flat; callus-hairs nearly or quite equalling the lemma. Empty glumes 4-6 mm. long, narrow, sharp-acuminate; awn of the lemma at- tached below the middle, exceeding the lemma. 7. C. Lanpsdorfii. Empty glumes 2-4 mm. long; awn of the lemma attached at or above the middle, shorter than the lemma. Awn attached near the middle of the lemma; spikelets usuaUy purple. Spikelets 3-4 mm. long; panicle loosely flowered. 8. C. canadensis. Spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long; panicle densely flowered. 9. C. Macouniana. Awn attached near the apex of the lemma; spikelets pale or wliite. 10. C. blanda. Pamcle more or less contracted. Leaf-bladss flat or nearly so. Empty glumes smooth or nearly so, except on the veins. Callus-hairs copious, at least two-thirds as long as the lemma; plant with a rootstock. 11. C. Scribneri. Callus-hairs sparse, much shorter than the lemma. Plant tall, 9-12 dm. high; sheaths bearded at the summit; plant with a rootstock. 12. C. Cusickii. Plant lower, 3-8 dm. high; sheaths not bearded; plant tufted. 13. C. scopulorum. Empty glumes verj scabrous; plant tufted. 14. C. elongata. Leaf-blades strongly involute. Panicle open. 15. C. lucida. Panicle dense, narrow, spike-like. Spikelets 2 mm. long; empty glumes thickish, barely acute or obtusish. 10. C. micranlha. Spikelets 3-4.5 mm. long. Plant scarcely cespitose; empty glumes long-acuminate. Leaves filiform, soft; plant 4-6 dm. high, slender; empty glumes minutely scabrous on the veins. 17. C. ncglecla. Leaves stilf and hard; plant 8-12 dm. high; empty glumes strongly scabrous. 18. C. ineipansa. Plant densely cespitose; empty glumes abruptly acute or short-acumin- ate, verj scabrous. 19. C. americana. 1. C. purpurascens R. Br. Tufted perennial; stem 3-6 dm. high; leaves numerous and crowded at the base; blades of the basal leaves 2-4 dm. long^ 4-5 mm. wide, scabrous, rigid, more or less involute; those of the stem 7-15 cm. long; panicle spike-like, strict, 7-10 cm. long, purplish; spikelets 6-7 mm. long; lemma slightly shorter than the glumes, acute or acuminate; awn near the base, twisted below and bent at the middle. Mountains: Greenl. — S.D. — Colo. — CaUf. — Alaska. Mont. — Alp. Jl-S. 2. C. Vaseyi Beal. Tufted perennial; stem 3-7 dm. high, leafy; leaf-blades 1.5-2 dm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, the lower involute, the u])per often flat; panicle spike-like, 7-10 cm. long, usually more or less purple; emjjty glumes 4-5 mm. long, equal, lanceolate; lemma one-fourth shorter, obtu.se; awn inserted one-third from the base and e.xtending little beyond the empty ghmies. Mountains: Ore. — Wash. — Mont. Alp. — Subalp. Jl-Au. 3. C. montanensis Scribn. Stoloniferous perennial; stem 2-4 dm. high, stifT, erect; leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, strongly involute, scabrous; panicle spike- like, 5-8 cm. long, dense; empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, acute, 4-6 mm. long, scabrous, pale or purple; lemma one-fourth shorter, thin, finely scabrous, awn borne one-third from the base. Dry plains: Sask. — S.D. — Ida. — Alta. Plain — Siibmont. Jl-Au. GRASS FAMILY 57 4. C. rubescens Buckley. Cespitose perennial; stem 4-10 dm. high; leaf- blades 5-15 cm. long, involute, scabrous, stiff; panicle strict, spike-like, purplish, 5-15 cm. long; empty glumes 4-5 mm. long, acute, minutely scabrous; lemma about as long, awned below the middle. Grassy banks: B.C. — Alta. — Wyo. — Calif. Submont. — Mont. Jl-Au. 5. C. Suksdorfii Scribn. Tufted perennial; stem 6-10 dm. high; leaf- blades 1-3 dm. lung, mostly involute; panicles 7-12 cm. long, narrow, but not spike-like, often lobed and "interrupted; empty glmnes 3-4 mm. long, acute, pale, and somewhat translucent, nearly smooth; lemma one-fourth shorter, oblong, obtuse, 4-toothed, awned near the base. Open woods and banks: Sask. — Wyo. — Calif.— B.C. Submont.— Mont. Je-Au. 6. C. luxurians (Kearney) Rydb. Tufted perennial; stem 1-1.5 m. high; leaf-blades flat, 1.5-3 dm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1-2 dm. long, ovoid, pale, open; empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, acute; lemma one-fourth or one-fifth shorter, nearly glabrous, awn-bearing near the base. C. Suksdorfii luxurians Kearnev. Oiien woods: B.C. — Mont. — ^Colo. — Ida. Submont. Je- Jl. 7. C. Langsdorfii (Link) Trin. Perennial, with a rootstock; stem 3-6 dm. high, erect, simple; leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, scabrous, usually flat and spreading; panicle 5-15 cm. long; empty glumes 4-6 mm. long, long-acuminate, strongly scabrous, lead-colored, brown or purplish; lenima one- fourth shorter, scabrous, awned below the middle. Alpine-arctic situations: Greenl.—X.C— Sask.— N.M.— Calif.— Alaska. Mont.— Alp. Jl-S. 8. C. canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Perennial, with a rootstock; stems 5-15 djn. high, erect, simple; blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, scabrous, usually flat; i)anicle 1-2 dm. long, open, usually purple; branches spreading; empty glumes 3-3.5 mm. long, acute, or (in var.. acuminata) 3.5-4 mm. long and acumin- ate, scabrous; lemma slightly shorter, scabrous, awn-bearing near the middle; awn slender, nearlv equalling the glumes. Banks and swamps: Newf. — N.C. — N.M.— Calif.— Alaska. Plain— Subalp. Jl-S. 9. C. Macouniana Vasey. Perennial; stem 6-10 dm. high, erect, somewhat branched below, leafy; leaf-blades flat, 1.5-2.5 dm. long; panicle 7-10 cm. long, lanceolate or conic, open; spikelets crowded on the upper part of the branchlets; empty glumes about 4 mm. long, purplish, acute, finely scabrous on the back; lemma equalling the empty gliunes. Wet places: Man. — S.D. — Wash. Plain — Subniont. 10. C. blanda Beal. Perennial, with a rootstock; stem 6-12 dm. high; leafe-blades 1.5-2 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, flat, scabrous; panicle 1.5-2 dm. long, loose, spreading; empty glumes about 3 mm. long, long-acuminate, scabrous on the veins; lemma one-fourth shorter, thin, acutely toothed. C. pallida Vasey & Scribn. Wet places: Colo. — -Mont. — Wash. Submont. Jl. 11. C. Scribneri Beal. Perennial, with a rootstock; leaf-blades flat, 1-2 dm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle contracted, lanceolate, 1-1.5 dm. long; branches flower-bearing to near the base; empty glumes brown or purple, about 4 mm. long, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, lenima one-fourth shorter; awn attached below the middle, exceeding the lemma. C. duhia Scribn. Wet places: Alta.^Colo. — Wash. — B.C.; Que. Mont. — Subalp. Jl-Au. 12. C. Cusickii Vasey. Perennial, with a creeping rootstock; stem 10-12 dm. high; leaf-blades flat, 1-3 dm. long, 5-8 mm. wide; panicles about 1.5 dm. long, acute, narrow; branches flower-bearing to the ba.se; glumes about 4 mm. long, acute or acuminate, smooth, thin; lemma nearly as long as the empty glumes, acuminate; awn erect, inserted a Uttle below the middle, slightly exceed- ing the lemma. Wet places: Ore. — Ida. — Calif. Jl. 13. C. scopulorum M. E. Jones. Tufted perennial; stem 3-8 dm. high;^ leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long, 6 mm. wide, flat, pale; panicle narrow, 1-1.5 dm. long; empty glumes about 4 mm. long, white or pale, acute, smooth except on the nerves; lemma nearly as long; awn attached below the middle, shorter than the lemma. Mountains and hills: Utah — Colo. Son. — Mont. Au-S. 58 POACEAE 14. C. elongata (Kearney) Rydb. Tufted perennial; stem 7-12 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long, usually flat, 3-8 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1-2 dm. long, narrow but scarcely spike-like; empty glumes 3-4 mm. long, acute, very scabrous; lemma somewhat shorter, scabrous; awn attached below the middle. C. hyperborea elongata Kearney. Wet meadows: Ont. — -Pa. — ^Colo. — -Calif. — B.C. Plain— Mont. Jl-Au, 15. C. lucida Scribn. Perennial, with a slender rootstock; stem 2.5-4 dm. high, slender with few marcescent sheaths at the base; leaf-blades 5-13 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, strongly involute, slightly scabrous on the margins and nerves; panicle 4.5-7 cm. long, ovoid to lanceolate, strongly flexuose; empty glumes about 3 mm. long, short-acuminate, strongly keeled, minutely hispidulous on the keel; lemma slightly shorter; awn attached near the middle. C. laxiflora Kearney. Meadows: Wyo. Au. 16. C. micrantha Kearney. Perennial, with a slender, creeping rootstock; stems 4-6 dm. high, slender; leaf-blades 5-20 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, more or less involute, filiform; jianicle 5-8 dm. long, densely-flowered, purple or pale; empty glumes 2 mm. long, scabrous; lemma slightly shorter; awn attached at or below the middle. Wet places: Sask. — -Colo. Plain — Mont. Jl-Au. 17. C. neglecta (Ehrh.) Gaertn. Perennial, with a rootstock; stem 4-6 dm. high, slender; leaves narrow, involute, soft, 5-15 cm. long; panicle contracted, 6-10 cm. long; branches mostly erect; empty glumes about 4 mm. long, gradually acute; lemma about one-fourth shorter, obtuse; awn attached near the middle. C. slricta Trin. Wet places: Greenl. — Me. — Wis. — Colo. — Ore. — Alaska; Eu. Plain — Subalp. Jl-S. 18. C. inexpansa A. Gray. Perennial, with a rootstock; stem usually simple, 8-12 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-3 dm. long, 4 mm. wide or less, scabrous; panicle 1.5-2 dm. long, usually nodding at the summit; empty glumes 4-4.5 mm. long, very scabrous throughout, gradually acute; lemma scabrous, about as long, acutish; awn inserted below the middle, about equalling the lemma. Wet places: N.Y.—N.J.—S.D.— Colo.— Ida.— Wash.— B.C. Plain—Submont. Jl- Au. 19. C. atnericana Scribn. Cespitose perennial, with numerous marcescent sheaths at the base; stem 3-6 dm. high, scabrous above; leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, usually more or less involute, scabrous, stiff; panicle contracted, 7-15 cm. long, spike-like; empty glumes 3-4 mm. long, very scabrous; lemma nearly as long, acute, scabrous; awn attached below the middle. C. hyperborea Kearney, not Lange. Wet meadows: Lab. — -Vt. — -Neb. — -Colo. — 'Calif. — Alaska. Plain — Submont. Jl-Au. 32. CALAMOVILFA Hack. Reed-grass, Sand-grass. Tall perennials with horizontal rootstocks and elongated narrow leaf-blades. Inflorescence a panicle. Spikelets flattened, 1-flowered, crowded, the rachilla articulated above the empty glumes and not prolonged beyond the flower. Empty glumes 2, unequal, persistent, rigid, chartaceous, awnless, keeled, 1-nerved; lemma with a ring of long hairs at the base, enclosing a 2-keeled palet and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. 1. C. longifolia (Hook.) Hack. Perennial, with a long, scaly rootstock; stem 6-20 dm. higli, stout, smooth, and glabrous; leaf-blades 2-3 dm. long, stiff, more or less involute; panicle 1-4 dm. long, pale, narrow; empty glumes 6 -S mm. long, the first shorter than the second; lemma about as long as the second glume, glabrous; callu.s-hairs copious, half as long as the lemma. Calaniaijrosti-^ longi- folia Hook. Sandy soil: Ont. — -Ind. — Colo. — Ida. — Sask. Plain — Submont. J(^S. 33. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. Hair-grass. Perennials or annuals. Inflorescence a terminal contracted or open ])anicle. Spikelets 2-flowered, the rachilla articulated above the empty glumes and pro- longed beyond the flowers. Empty glumes 2, persistent, keeled, acute, mem- GRASS FAMILY 59 branous, usually somewhat shining. Lemma thin-membranous, almost hj-aline, entire or toothed, acute, obtuse, or truncate and denticulate at the apex, each laearing a slender dorsal straight or geniculate awn, which is twisted at the base. Palet narrow, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas jilumose. Empty glumes not extondinu; boyond the apex of the upper lemma; lower empty glume " 1-nerved; densely ci-spitose tufted perennials. Leaves neither stilf nor pungent. A^vn inserted one-tliird to one-fifth from the base of the lemma; branches of the inflorescence at last spreading or reflexed. Awns long-exserted, at least half longer than the lemma. Empty glumes 3-4 mm. long; leaves flhform, revolute, scarcely 1 mm. wide; plant 2-3 dm. high. 1. D. curtilolia. Empty glumes 4-5 mm. long; leaves broader and often flat, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide; plant 3-5 dm. high. 2. D. alpicola. Awns scarcely exserted beyond the lemma. 3. D. caespitosa. Awn inserted near the base of the lemma, slightly if at all exceeding it; branches of the inflorescence ascending. 4. D. confinis. Leaves arcuate, strongly involute, very stifl" and pimgent. 5. D. pungens. Empty glumes extending l)eyond the apex of the upper lemma. Spikelets usually dark purple; empty glumes lanceolate, purple, about 5 mm. long, the lower l-iierved. 6. D. alropurpurea. Spikelets light green; empty glumes linear-lanceolate, both 3-nerved. Spikelets 3-5 mm. long; tufted perennials. Leaves filiform-involute; sheaths close; spikelets 3-4 mm. long. 7. D. elongata. Leaves involute but not filiform, or the stem-leaves flat; upper sheaths loose; spikelets 4-5 mm. long. 8. D. ciliata. Spikelets 5-8 mm. long; annuals. 9. D. calycina. 1. D. curtifolia Scribn. Basal leaf-blades 1-10 cm. long, the cauline ones 1-2 cm. long; panicle small, 3-10 cm. long, its branches in 2's or 3's, or single, at last spreading; empty glume 3-4 mm. long, lanceolate, acute; lemma nearly as long. D. brevifolia R. Br. J), brachyphylla Nash. Alpine ridges: Colo. — Utah — Mont. Subalp. — Alp. 2. D. alpicola Rydb. Basal leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long; stem-leaves 1-4 cm. long; jianicle short, open, 8-15 cm. long, its branches in 2's to 5's, 3-6 cm. long, soon spreading; spikelets about 5 mm. long; empty glumes lanceolate, acute; lemma nearly as long, hirsute at the base. Deschampsia caespitosa alpina Vasey. Alpine meadows: N.IM.— Wyo.— Utah. Mont.— Alp. Jl-S. 3. D. caespitosa (L.) Beauv. Stem 3-10 dm. high; basal leaf-blades 2-5 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, flat or in drier situations involute, rather firm; stem- leaves 3-10 cm. long; panicles 1-3 dm. long, 5-15 cm. wide; empty glimies 3.5-5 mm. long, lanceolate, acute or acuminate; lemma 3-4 mm. long, ptu-ple or lead- colored. Wet meadows and swamps. Newf.^N.J. — N.M. — Calif.— Alaska. Suhmont. — Subalp. Je-S. 4. D. confinis (Vasey) Rydb. Stem 3-9 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long, more or less involute when dry; panicle narrow, 1-3 dm. long, the base often included in the upper sheath; empty glume unequal, 4-5 mm. long, lead-colored or purplish with straw-colored margins, lanceolate, acute; lemma nearly as long, lanceolate, acute. Wet places: s Calif. — s Utah — Ariz. Son. Je-Au. 5. D. pungens Rydb. Stem 3-4 dm. high, glabrous and shining, the base covered with subchartaceous sheaths from preceding season; leaf-blades bluish green or in age straw-colored, scabrous-pruinose; panicle open, with spreading branches; em])ty glumes subequal, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, puri)lish, lanceolate, acute; lemma 3-3.5 mm. long, similar; awn attached at the base, about equalling the lemma. Near hot sjirings: Alta. — Wj'o. Mont. Jl-Au. 6. D. atropurpurea (Wahl.) Scheele. Perennial, with a cesjiitose root- stock; .stem glabrous, 1.5-5 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-5 mm. wide, 5-12 cm. long, flat and flaccid; panicle narrow, 2-10 cm. long, with short erect branches; lemma about 3 mm. long, erose-truncate at the apex; awn attached about the middle, bent. D. lalifolia (Hook.) Vasey. D. Hookeriana Scribn. Wet places: Greenl. — N.H. — Colo. — Calif. — -Alaska; n Eu. Subalp. — Alp. Jl-S. 7. D. elongata (Hook.) Munro. Stem 3-10 dm. high, slender; leaf-blades 5-10 cm. long, 1 mm. wide; i)anicle very narrow, 1-2 dm. long, with erect 60 POACEAE branches; empty glumes 3-4 mm. long, 3-nerved, green; lemma about 2 mm. long, irregularly 5-toothed at the apex; awn inserted near the base, almost twice as long as the lemma. Wet places: B.C. — Calif. — Ariz. — -Wyo. — -Mont.; Mex. Submont. Je-Au. 8. D. ciliata (Vasey) Rydb. Stem 4-7 dm. high, comparatively stiff; leaf- blades 1-2 dm. long, about 2 mm. wide; panicle elongated, with nearly erect branches; empty glumes minutely scabrous; lemma 3 mm. long, erose-dentate at the apex; awn attached a little below the middle. 2-3 times as long as the lemma. D. elongaia ciliata Vasev. Wet places: B.C. — Calif. — Ida. Suhmoiit. My-Jl. 9. D. calycina Presl. Annual, simple or branched at the base; stems 1-4 dm. high; leaf -blades 1-10 cm. long, filiform; inflorescence ovoid, 3-20 cm. long, with ascending branches; spikelets usually purplish; empty glumes linear-lance- olate, acuminate, 3-nerved; lemma 3 mm. long, 3-toothed at the apex; awn attached near the middle, about 3 times as long as the lemma. Wet places: Yukon — B.C. — Ida. — Ariz. — Calif. Suhmoni. Aly-Jl. 34. TRISETUM Pers. False Oat. Annual or perennial tufted grasses, with flat leaf-blades. Inflorescence a spike-like contracted or open panicle. Spikelets usually 2-flowered, rarely 3-6- flowered, the flowers perfect, or the upper one staminate. Empty glumes mem- branous, unequal, acute, entire at the apex, awnless, persistent. Lemma 2- toothed at the apex, the teeth acuminate and often terminating in a bristle or slender awn; awn often twisted, inserted below the aj^ex and arising between the teeth. Palet hyaline, 2-toothed. Styles distinct; stigmas phnnose. Inflorescence lanceolate, open; lower empty glume shorter than and scarcely more than half as broad as the upper; leaf-blades broader than the sheaths and therefore with auricles at the base. Lemma about 7 mm. long; sheaths hairy. 1. T. canescens. Lemma about 5 mm. long; sheaths glabrous. Ovary pubescent at the apex; panicle loose; its branches spikelet-bearing above the middle. 2. T. ccrnuum. Ovarv glabrous; panicle denser; its branches spikelet-bearing to the base. 3. T. nionlanum. Inflorescence dense, oblong or oblong-lanceolate; lower empty glume nearly as broad as the upper; leaf-blades not broader than the sheaths, not auricled. Leaf-sheaths and blades long-hairy ; upper part of tlie stem densely pubescent. 4. T. subspicatum. Leaf-sheaths and blades glabrous or the lowest sheath short-pubescent, with reflexed hairs; stem glabrous or slightly scabrous in the inflorescence. 5. 2 . ma jus. 1. T. canescens Buckl. Perennial, with a rootstock, more or less cespitose; stem 5-10 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-1.5 cm. long, about 5 mm. wide; panicle 1.5-3 dm. long, narrow; jjranches spikelet-bearing to near the base; spikelets 2-3- flowered; awn about twice as long as the lemma. Open woods and hillsides: B.C. — Mont.— Cahf. Submont. Je-Au. 2. T. cernuum (Kunth) Trin. Perennial, with a rootstock; stem 6-10 dm. high; leaves glabrous; blades 1-2 dm. long, 5-7 mm. wide; panicle 1-2.5 dm. long, open and nodding; spikelets 2-3-flowered ; lemma about 6 mm. long, slightly scabrous above; awn twice as long as the lemma. Stream-banks: Alaska — Ida. — Calif. Suhniont. .le-S. 3. T. montanum Vasey. Perennial, with a rootstock; stem 4-10 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades glabrous, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 3-5 mm. broad; panicle 1-2 dm. long, with ascending branches; spikelets about 5 mm. long; upper glume 4 mm. long, broadly lanceolate; lemma about 4 mm. long; awn about twice as long as the lemma. Moist places among bushes: Wyo. — N.M. — Utah. Submont. — Mont. Jl-S. 4. T. subspicatum (L.) Beauv. CesjMto.so perennial; .stems 2-4 dm. high; leaf-blades 3-15 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, flat or in age involute; panicle oblong, often obtuse, usually more or less ])urple, 2-8 cm. long; empty glumes lanceolate, acuminate or acute, slightlv .shorter than the lennua; awn bent and twisted, 7-8 mm. long. T. subspicatum molle A. Gray. T. spicalu.m (L.) Richter. Mead- GRASS FAMILY 61 ows and hillsides: Greenl. — X.H. — -N.M. — Calif. — Alaska; Eurasia. Snhnlp. — Alp. Jl-Au. 5. T. tnajus (Vasey) Rydb. Cespitose perennial; stems 2-5 dm. liigh, glabrous; leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, usually flat; panicle often interrupted, acute, green, rarely purple, 6-15 cm. long; empty glume lanceolate, acuminate, about () mm. long, usually a little longer than the lemma; awn bent and twisted, 7-8 nun. long. T. suhspicaimn Am. auth., not Beauv. Meadows: Mont.— Colo.— Utah— B.C. Subftwnt.—Suhalp 35. GRAPHEPHORUM Desv. Erect perennials, with short rootstocks. Inflorescence paniculate. Spike- lets 2-4-flowered, flattened, the rachilla hirsute and extending beyond the flow- ers. Emjity glumes 2, somewhat shorter than the lemma, thin-membranous, acute, keeled, shining. Lemma membranous, obscurelj' nerved, entire, some- times short-awned just below the apex, shining; awn straight. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Empty glumes nearly ecjual: inflorescence narrow. Sheaths and upper surface of the leaves pubescent; .spikelets 3-flowerecl. 1. O. mulicum. Sheaths and leaves scabrous. Empty glumes barely equalling the lemma: spikelets 2-flo\vered; rudiment long- hairy. 2. G. Wolfii. Empty glimies longer than the lemma: spikelets 3-4-flo\vered: rudiment short- hairy. 3. G. Brandegei. Empty glumes unequal; inflorescence open. 4. G. Shearii. 1. G. muticum (Bolander) Greene. Stem 4-S dm. high; leaf-blades 1-4 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide; inflorescence 1-2 dm. long; empty glumes 6-7 mm. long, acute, scabrous on the back; lemma 5-6 mm. long, minutely scabrous; awn very short, or almost none. Trisetum jnudcum Scribn. Meadows: Calif. — Wash. — Mont. Submont -Siibalp. Je-Jl. 2. G, Wolfii ^'asey. Stem erect from a decumbent base; leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide; panicle 5-10 cm. long, with few branches; empty glumes 4-5 mm. long, slightly shorter than the lemma, acuminate; lemma 2-toothed at the apex; awn about 1 mm. long. Moimtain meadows: Colo. Subalp. 3. G. Brandegei (Scribn.) Rydb. Stem 3-6 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, scabrous on both sides; panicle 1-2 dm. long, more or less interrui)ted; em]>ty glumes scabrous on the keel, 6-7 mm. long; lemma 5-6 mm. long, obtusely 2-lobed; awn borne below the apex, often obsolete. Wet meadows: Mont. — Colo. — Cahf. — -Wash. Submont. — Mont. Je-Au. 4. G. Shearii (Scribn.) Rydb. Stem 5-7 dm. high, minutely pubescent at the nodes; leaf-blades 1-1.5 dm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, minutely scabrous below, smooth above; panicle 1 -2 dm. long; spikelets usuall\- 2-flowered; empty glumes acute; the first 3 mm. long, 1-nerved, lance-subulate, the second 4 mm. long; lemma about 4 mm. long, slightly 2-cleft at the ajjex; awn straight, 1-3 mm. long. Trisetum argenteum Scribn. T. Shearii Scribn. Among rocks: Colo. Mont. Au. 36. AVENA (Tourn.) L. Oats. Annuals or perennials. Inflorescence a contracted or open panicle. Spike- lets usually large, erect or pendulous, usually 2-several-flowered, rarely 1-flowered, the rachilla articulated between the flowers, the lower flowers perfect, the upper ones often stamhiate or wanting. Empty glumes 2, membranous, exceeding or shorter than the lemma, persistent. Lemma 5-9-nerved, rounded on the back, the apex frequently shortly 2-toothed, bearing a dorsal twisted and geniculate awn, the uppier empty ones or those enclosing staminate flowers awnless. Palet 2-cleft or 2-toothed, narrow. Stjdes distinct. Grain deeply furrowed, usually pubescent. Perennials, with rootstocks; empty glumes 5-12 mm. long; lemma hairy at the base. Empty glumes shorter than the flowers; panicle lax, narrow, and somewhat nodding; plant not tufted. 1. A. striata. 62 POACEAE Empty glumes longer than the flowers; panicle narrow and spike-like, strict; plant tufted. Plant 1-1.5 dm. high; leaves strongly involute; callus of the lemma and prolonga- tion of the rachilla long-hairy. 2. A. Morloniana. Plant 2-4 dm. liigh; leaves mostly flat; callus and rachilla short-hairy. 3. A. Hookeri. Annuals; panicle open; empty glumes over 2 cm. long; spikelets 2-4-flowered. Lemma hairy, at least at the base; awn strongly twisted. 4. A. fatua. Lemma glabrous; awn scarcely twisted. 5. ^4. saliva. 1. A. striata Michx. Stem 3-6 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades 2-15 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, scabrous above; panicle 7-12 cm. long; spikelets 3-6-flowered; empty glumes glabrous, the first 5-7 mm. long, 1-nerved, the second 6-8 mm. long, 3-nerved; lemma 7-9 mm. long; awn 8-10 mm. long. In woods: N.B. — Pa.— N.M.— B.C. Mont.—Subalp. Je-Au. 2. A. Mortoniana Scribn. Stem erect, 1-1.5 dm. high, glabrous, striate; leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, rigid, convolute, glabrous on both sides or pubescent above; panicle 2-4 cm. long; spikelets about 1 cm. long, 2- flowered; the first glume 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved; lemma 8-9 mm. long, glabrous; awn 7-8 mm. long, twisted below and geniculate. Moimtain tops: Colo. Alp. 3. A. Hookeri Scribn. Stem 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades flat, firm, 5-15 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, glabrous, scabrous on the margins; panicle 8-12 cm. long; spikelets 12-17 mm. long, 3-6-flowered; empty glumes about 1 cm. long, thin, greenish; lemma about 8 mm. long, brownish; awn over 1 cm. long, bent and twisted. A. americana Scribn. Ridges and hillsides: Sask. — ^S.D. — -Colo. — ■ Alta. Submont. — Mont. Je-Jl. 4. A. fatua L. Annual; stem 3-12 dm. high, stout, glabrous; leaf-blades flat, 1-3 dm. long, 5-15 mm. wide; panicle open, 1-3 dm. long; empty glumes 2— 2.5 cm. long, smooth; lemma 12-18 mm. long, in the typical form covered with long brown hairs; awn 2-2.5 cm. long. Wild Oats. A variety with lemma glabrous except at the base is A. fatua glabrata Peterm. Fields and waste places: Sask. — ^Wis. — Mo. — ^N.M. — -Calif. — B.C.; native of Eurasia and established as a weed in grain fields. Plain — Submont. 5. A, sativa L. Erect annual, closely resembling the preceding; stem glabrous, 6-12 dm. high; panicle open, 1-3 dm. long, usually with drooj)ing spike- lets; empty glumes 2-3 cm. long, glabrous; lemma 15-20 mm. long, glabrous; awn 2-3 cm. long. Oats. Occasionally escaped and established: Me. — -Fla. — ■ Tex.— Yukon. My-S. 37. ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. 0.\t-grass. Tall perennials. Inflorescence paniculate. Spikelets 2-flowered, the lower flower staminate, the upper one perfect or pistillate, the rachilla articulated above the empty glumes and prolonged beyond the flowers. Emjity glumes 2, persistent, thin-membranous, keeled. Lemma more rigid, somewhat toothed at the apex, that of the lower flower bearing near the base a long dorsal twisted and geniculate awn, that of the upper one awnless, or short-awncd below the apex. Palet 2-keeled, hyaline, narrow. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct; stig- mas plumose. Grain hardly sulcate, 1. A, elatius (L.) Beauv. Perennial, with a ccspitose rootstock; stem glabrous, 6-12 dm. high, erect; leaf-blades flat, 5-30 cm. long, 2-S rnm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1-3 dm. long, narrow, with erect blanches; lemnuis about 8 mm. long, that of the lower flower with a bent and twisted awn about 1 cm. long. Fields and waste places: Me. — -Ga. — Calif. — B.C.; nat. from Eu. Je-Jl. 38. DANTHONIA DC. Wild Oat-grass. Usually peremiial, all ours cespitose. Inflorescence a contractefl or open diffuse panicle. Ligules usually represented by a hairy ring. Siiikclcfs .3-many- flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones staminate, the racliilla pilose, articulated between the glumes and prolonged beyond them. Emi)ty glumes 2, persistent, usually extending beyond the lemma, keeled, acute or acuminate. GRASS FAMILY 63 Lemma rounded on the back, the margins often cihate, 2-toothed at the apex, the teeth often awned; awn arisiiip; l)et\veen the teeth, more or U^ss flattened, very often twisted at the base, and frefjuently genieulate. Palet obtuse or 2-toothed, 2-keeled, hyahne. Styles distinct; stigmas phuiiose. Lemma hairy on the back; inflorescence spike-hke, with short, erect branches. Emi)t.v ghimes 15-20 mm. long, long-acuminate. 1. D. Parryi. Enijity glumes S-13 mm. long, acute. Empty glumes 11-13 mm. long, conspicuously nerved, broad; teeth of the lemma subulate, 1-2 mm. long. 2. D. Ihermalis. Empty glumes 8-10 nun. long, narrow; teeth of the lemma ovate, often only 0.5 mm. long. 3. D. spicala. Lemma glabrous on the back. Empty glumes acute; inflorescence spike-like, with erect branches; stem-leaves erect. 4. D. intermedia. Empty glumes long-acuminate; inflorescence racemiform or spikelet solitary; stem- leaves spreading or ascending. Lemma abruptly acuminate; spikelets usually 2-10, on spreading pedimcles. 5. D. californica. Lemma not abruptly acuminate; spikelet usually solitary, if more than one, the peduncles erect. 6. D. unispicala. 1. D. Parryi Scribn. Stem 3-6 dm. high, invested by the marcescent leaf- sheaths at the base; leaf-blades 5-20 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide; spikelets 3-7 in the panicle, 5-7 flowered; lemma about 14 mm. long, ovate; awn 12-14 mm. long, flat below, twisted. Mountain valleys: Alta. — N.M. Submont. — Moid. Je-Au. ^ 2. D. thermalis Scribn. Stem 3-5 dm. high; sheaths papillate-pilose; lower leaf-blades hairy, the upper glabrous, 5-15 cm. long, involute; spikelets 5-10, 5-7-flowered ; lemma 5 mm. long, thinly pilose on the back; awn about 7 mm. long. D. spicala jnnelorum Piper. Near hot springs and in woods: B.C. — • Wash. — -Wyo. Submont. — Mont. Jl-Au. 3. D. spicata (L.) Beauv. Stems 3-7 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades scab- rous, 2-15 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, usually involute, often ciliate; panicle 3-5 em. long; spikelets 5-10, 5-8-flowered; lemma sparingly j^ubescent with silky hairs; teeth usuallv about 0.5 mm. long; awn 5-8 mm, long. Woods and hillsides: Newf.— N.C.— N.M.— B.C. Submont.— Mont. My-Jl. 4. D. intermedia Vasey. Stem 3-5 dm. high; sheaths more or less pubes- cent at least at the mouth; panicle 3-6 cm. long; spikelets 5-10, about 5-flowered, 12-15 mm. long; empty glumes acute; lemma 6-8 mm. long, hairy on the mar- gm; teeth about 2 mm. long; awn stout, 6 mm. long. D. Cusickii (Williams) Hitchc. Hillsides and mountains: Que.— N.M. — Calif. — B.C. Afont. — Alp. Jl-Au. 5. D. californica Bolander. Stems decumbent, 3-10 dm. long, glabrous; leaf-blades 5-20 cni. long, 3-5 mm. wide, flat, with involute tips; spikelets 5-10- flowered; empty glumes lanceolate, piu-ple, glabrous, 15-20 mm. long; lemma glabrous, except the base and the margins, 7 mm. long; awn 7-8 mm. long. Wet meadows: B.C. — ^Calif. — ^Colo. — ^Mont. Submont. — Mont. My-Au. 6. D. unispicata Munro. Stems 1-3 dm. high, ascending or erect; sheaths villous with long white hairs, with pai>illose bases; leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, flat, with involute ti])s; spikelets 4-7-flowered; empty glumes lanceolate, 12-20 mm. long, glabrous; lemma about 8 mm. long; awns 7-8 mm. long. Meadows and hills: B.C. — Calif. — Wis. — -Alta. Submont. Je-Au. 39. SPARTINA Schreb. Marsh-grass. Tall perennials, with creej)ing scaly rootstocks. Spikelets 1-flowered, crowded and in bricate in two rows, in one-sided spikes, the rachis extending beyond the spikelets. Empty glumes 2, firm-membranous, narrow, unequal, keeled. Lemma a little longer and broader than the second empty glume. Palet thin and almost hyaline, obscurely 2-nerved, often exceeding the lemma. Styles elongate; stigmas thread-like, papillose or short-plumose. First glume awn-pointed, equalling the lemma; second glume long-awned. 1. S. pectinata- First glume acute, shorter than the lemma; second glume acute. 2. S. gracilis. 64 POACEAE 1. S. pectinata Bosc. Stem 1-2 m. high, glabrous, stout; leaf-blades 3-6 dm. long, 6-15 mm. wide, scabrous on the margin, usually flat, becoming in- volute; spikes 5-30, often short-peduncled, 5-12 cm. long; rachis rough on the margins; spikelets 12-14 mm. long; first empty glume equalling the lemma. S. cynosuroides A. Gray, not \yilld. S. Michauxiana Hitchc. In swam])s and streams: N.S. — X.J. — Tex. — Colo. — Ore. — Mack. Plain — Submont. Au-0. 2. S. gracilis Trin. Stem 3-10 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades 2-4 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat or involute; spikes 4-8, apprassed, usually short-stalked, 3-5 cm. long; spikelets 6-8 mm. long; first glume half as long as the second and the lemma. Saline soil: B.C. — -Calif. — Ariz. — -Kans. — Sask. Plain — Submont. Au-S. 40. BECKMANNIA Host. Slough Grass. Tall grasses with flat leaf-blades. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, orbicular, com- pressed, in two rows on several erect spikes. Empty glumes 2, membranous, saccate, obtuse or abruptly acute. Lemma narrow, thin-membranous. Palet hj-aline, 2-keeled. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free. 1. B. erucaeformis (L.) Host. Stem 4-10 dm. high, glabrous, simple; leaf-blades 7-20 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle simple or compound; spikes 1-2 cm. long; spikelets 2-3 mm. long, 1-2-flowered; empty glumes sac- cate, abruptly acute; lemma acute or awn-pointed. Wet ground: Yukon — Calif.— N.M.— la.— Out. Plain— Mont. Jl-S. , 41. SCHEDONNARDUS Steud. Annuals, with involute, subulate leaf-blades. Spikelets 1-flowered, acum- inate, sessile, alternate on opposite sides of the long rachis, forming several long, slender spikes. Empty glumes 2, persistent, narrow, acuminate, somewhat unequal. Lemma longer, rigid, enclosing the narrow shorter palet. Styles distinct; stigmas i)lumose. 1, S. paniculatUS (Xutt.) Trelease. Annual; branched at the base; stems 2-5 dm. high, scabrous; leaf-blades 2-5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, flat, stiff; spike- lets nearh' 3 mm. long, sessile and appressed; empty glumes hispid on the keel, the second much longer than the first and nearly equalling the lemma. S. tex- amis Steud. Sandy soil, esnecially river banks. Man. — 111. — Tex. — N.M. — Sask. Plain — Submont. . Jl-S. 42. CHLORIS Sw. Usually perennials. Spikelets 1-flowered, often sessile, with 1 or more empty usually awned glumes above the perfect flower, crowded in 2 rows, in verticillate or approximate spikes, the rachilla prolonged beyond the flower. Empty glumes 2, persistent, unequal, keeled, narrow, acute or acuminate, awnless or awn- pointed. Lemma acute, usually long-awned, rarely nearly awnless. Palet folded, 2-keeled. Styles distinct; stigmas i:)lumose. 1. C. brevispica Nash. Perennial; stem 1-3 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-6 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, scabrous above and on the margins; spikes 6-10, finally spreading, 2.5-4.5 cm. long; spikelets (exclusive of the awns) about 2.8 mm. long; emptv glumes lanceolate, acute; lemma 2.5 mm. long; awn about 2 mm. long; the fourth glume (second lemma) empty, about 1.5 mm. long, with an awn of about the same length. Sandy soil: Tex.— e Colo.— N.M. Son. Jl-Au. 43. BOUTELOUA Lag. Grama, Grama Grass, Mesquite Grass, Buffalo Grass Perennials or annuals, mostly tufted. Spikelets few or numerous, 1- or 2- flowered, crowded in 2 rows and forming few to many one-sided, more or less curved sessile spikes; rachis usually conspicuously prolonged beyond the spike- lets. Lower flowers perfect; the upper when present staminate. Empty glumes 2, narrow, acute, unequal, keeled. Lemma usually thinner and broader, 3- nerved, the nerves excurrent. Lemma of the upper 1-3 imperfect flowers borne at the end of a rachilla, 3-awned. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. GRASS FAMILY 65 Spikes 1-4, rarely more; spikelets 25 oi more. _ Spikes usually more than one. Awns manifestly arising from between the lobes of tlie lemma; annual. 1. B. polystachya. Awns terminating the lobes of the lemma; cespitose tufted perennials. Stem densely villous below. 2. B. eriopoda. Stem glabrous. Rachilla bearing the rudimentary glumes and awns glabrous ; second glume strongly papillose-hispid on the keel. 3. B. hirsuta. Rachilla bearing the rudimentary glumes and awns with a tuft of long hairs at the apex; second glume scabrous and sparingly long-ciliate on the keel. 4. B. gracilis. Spike solitary; tufted annual. 5. B. procumbens. Spikes 12 or more; spikelets in each few, less than 12. 6. B .curtipendula. 1. B. polystachya (Benth.) Torr. Cespitose annual; stem geniculate, ascending, 1-3 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, flat, scabrous, ciliate with a few hairs; spikes 4-8, about 2 cm. long; spikelets 1.5-2.5 mm. long; first glume very small, the second shorter than the lemma, purplish; awns not more than half as long as the glumes. Six-week Gr.\ma. River valleys and sandy soil: Tex. — Colo. — Utah — -Calif.; Mex. Son. 2. B. eriopoda Torr. Stems 3-6 dm. high, densely villous at least below; sheaths glabrous; leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide; spikes 2-5, erect on short woolly pedicels, 2-5 cm. long; spikelets 2-flowered, 6-8 mm. long exclusive of the awns; emptv glumes glabrous. Black Grama. Drv soil: Tex.— Colo. — • Utah— Calif.; Mex. Je-0. 3. B. hirsuta Lag. Stem 1-5 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades 2-12 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, flat, rough, sparingly papillose-hirsute near the base; spikes 1-4, 1-5 cm. long, the rachis conspicuously prolonged beyond the spikelets; spikelets numerous, 5-6 mm. long; lemma 3-cleft to near the middle. Hairy Grama. Dry or sandy soil: Minn.— 111.— Tex.— Ariz.— S.D.; Fla.; Mex. Plain — S^lbmont. Je-Au. 4. B. gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag. Stem 1.5-4 dm. high, smooth and glabrous; leaf-blades 3-10 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, flat or when dry involute, usually glabrous; spikes 1-3, often strongly curved, 2-5 cm. long; spikelets numerous, about 6 mm. long; first glume about half as long as the second. B. oligostachya (Nutt.) Torr. Blue Grama. Plains and prairies: Man.— -Wise. — Miss. — ■ Ariz. — Alta.; Mex. Plain — Suhmonl. 5. B. procumbens (Durand) Griffiths. Stems prostrate or ascending, 1-3 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-5 cm. long; spikes solitary, 1-3 cm. long; spikelets 4-5 mm. long; first empty glume half as long as the second one; lemma pubescent on the veins, 3-lobed, the middle lobe 2-toothed; middle awn equalling the glumes and twice as long as the lateral ones. B. 'prostrala Lag. Six-week Grama. Sandy plains: Tex. — Colo. — Ariz.; Mex. Son.-Submont. Jl-D. 6. B. curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. Perennial, with more or less cespitose rootstocks; stem 3-lU dm. high, smooth and glabrous; leaves 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, scabrous above; spikes many, 6-15 mm. long, spreading or reflexed; spikelets 4-12, divergent, 7-10 mm. long; emptj- glumes scabrous especially on the keel; lemma 3-toothed at the apex. B. racemosa Lag. Atheropogon curti- pendulum Fourn. Tall Grama. Dry soil: Ont. — N.J. — Tex. — -Ariz. — Sask.; Mex. Plain — Subinont. Jl-S. 44. LEPTOCHLOA Beauv. Annuals or perennials. Spikelets small, usually close, 2-several-flowered, rarely l-flowered, flattened, sessile, in two rows, forming many long slender spikes. Empty glumes 2, keeled, a little unequal, usually shorter than the spikelets. Stj-les distinct; stigmas plumose. 1. L. filiformis (Lam.) Beauv. Annual, branched at the base; stems 3-10 dm. high, erect, glabrous; leaf-blades 5-20 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1-4 dm. long; sjiikes numerous, slender, ascending or spreading, the lower 5-15 cm. long; spikelets usually 3-flowered, 2 mm. long; lemma 2-toothed at the apex, ciliate on the nerves. L. ynucrotiala (Michx.) Kunth. Drv soil: Fla.— Va.— 111.— N.M.— Calif.; Mex., W. Ind. Son. Jl-S. 66 POACEAE 45. BULBILIS Raf. Buffalo Grass.. Creeping, stoloniferous, dioecious perennials. Staminate spikelets 2- or 3- flowered, crowded in 2 rows on one side of the short, flattened rachis, in small spikes. Empty glumes 2, membranous, lanceolate. Lemma similar. Pistillate spikelet 1-flowered. First empty glume membranous, usually small, the second largest, firm, concave at the base, 3-lobed at the apex. Lemma narrow, nearly hyaline, enclosing a broad, 2-nerved, convolute palet. Styles distinct, long; stigmas elongate, short-plumose. 1. B. dactyloides (Xutt.) Raf. Stoloniferous perennial; stems bearing the staminate flowers 1-3 dm. high, erect, exceeding the leaves, glabrous; those bearing the pistillate flowers 1-10 cm. long, shorter than the leaves; leaves 2-10 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, papillose-hirsute; staminate spikelets 2 or 3, ajijiroximatc, 0.5-1.5 cm. long; spikelets 4-5 mm. long, flattened, 2-3-flowered; pistillate spikelets in the axils of the leaves, ovoid, the empty glumes indurate. Buchloe dachjloidcs (Xutt.) Engelm. Plains and prairies: Minn. — Ark. — Tex. — X.M. — • X.D.; Mex. Plain — ■Submont. Je-.Jl. 46. SCLEROPOGON Philippi. Dioecious perennial herbs with tufted rootstocks. Spikelets in narrow panicl.'S, very unlike. Staminate spikelets compressed, linear, many-flowered; empty glumes nearly equal, lanceolate; lemma 3-toothed at the apex or entire, about equalling the glumes and the palet. Pistillate spikelets cylindric, 3-5- flowered; glumes lanceolate, the upper larger; lemma cylindric, rigid, enveloping the palet, 3-lobed and 3-awned. 1. S. Karwinskyanus (Fourn.) Benth. Stems ascending, 1-3 dm. high> glabrous; leaf-blades firm, flat, 1-4 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide; inflorescence spike- like; staminate spikelets 2-5 cm. long, 7-25-flowered ; empty glumes 7-8 mm. long; lemma almost as long, slightly 3-toothed at the apex and awn-pointed; pistillate spikelets few-flowered; empty glumes very unequal, 7-14 mm. long; lemma about 1 cm. long, with three awns often 5-6 cm. long. Dry plains: Tex. —Colo.— Ariz.— Mex. Soil My-0. 47. PHRAGMITES Trin. Reed, Cane-grass. Tall perennials with long creeping rootstocks. Leaves broad and flat. Spikelets numerous in large terminal panicles, 3-several-flowered, the lower flower staminate, the rest perfect; racliilla articulated between the flowers and covered with long hairs. Empty glumes keeled, narrow, acute, the first much shorter than the second. Lemma similar, long-acuminate, 3-nerved. Palet hyaline, much shorter, 2-keeled. Styles short; stigmas plumose. 1. P. phragmites (L.) Karst. Stem glabrous, 1.5-5 m. high, stout; leaf- blades 1.5-4 dm. long, 8-50 mm. wide, flat, glabrous; panicle 1.5-3 dm. long, ample; spikelets numerous; lemma 10-12 mm. long, kmg-acuminate. F. com- munis Trin. Swamps: Xewf. — Fla. — Calif. — B.C.; Mex., \V. Ind., Em-asia. Plain — Submont. Au-0. 48. MUNROA Terr. False Buffalo Grass. Low prostrate herb.<, dichotomously branched and fasciculate at the nodes. Leaves short, rigid, crowded at the nodes and at the ends of the branches. Spikelets few, almost sessile in the axils of the leaves and almost concealed in the leaf-rosettes. Empty glumes hyaline, nerveless, acute. Lemmas larger, 3-ner\^ed, refuse or 3-toothed at the apex, the upjier one or two often sterile. Palet hyaline. Stamens 3. Styles elongated; stigmas barbellate or short- plumose. Grain free. 1. M. squarrosa (Xutt.) Torr. Stems 1-2 dm. long; .sheatii short and in- flated, long-hairv at the throat; leaf-blades 1-2.5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, rigid, spreading, scal)rous, jjungent; spikelets 2-5-flowered; empty glumes shorter than the lemma, which is about 5 mm. long, 3-toothed and awn-jjointed. Dry plains: Sask. — S.D. — Tex. — Ariz. — Alta. Plain-Submont. Au-O. GRASS FAMILY 67 49. BLEPHARIDACHNE Hack. Low branched ])oronnials or hiciuiials. with crowded invohite leaves. Spike- lets few in subcaj)itate panicles, 4-flowcred, the two lower flowers nentral, the uppermost reduced to a stipitate villous 3-cleft awn. Empty glumes membranous, carinate, 1-nerved, acute, glabrous, the first somewhat shorter. Lemma 3-nerved, villous on the nerves, 3-lobed. with the middle lob3 longest; lobes in the neutral flowers obtuse, in the perfect ones attenuate. Palet shorter, 2-keeled, 2-nerved, 2-toothed at the ai)ex, imperfectly develoj)ed in the neutral flowers. Stamens 2. Styles 2; stigmas elongated, minutely hairy. Grain free. [Ereniochloe S. Wats., not Eroiiocldon Buese.] 1. B. Kingii (S. Wats.) Hack. Stems 3-7 cm. high, glabrous; leaf -blades 1-2 cm. long, rigid, revolute-setaceous, ptmgent; empty glumes 7 mm. long, acuminate, purplish; lemma of the neutral flowers 4 mm. long, very villous at the base; that of the perfect flower glabrous at the base, awned; rudiment 3- awned. Dry barren foot-hills: Nev. — Utah — Ariz. Son. My. 50. TRIPLASIS Beauv. Sand-grass. Tufted perennials. Panicles in our species narrow. Spikelet short-pedicel- late, 2-6-flowered, the flowers perfect or the uppermost staminate, the rachis glabrous, articulate between the flowers. Empty glumes keeled, 3-nerved, shorter than the lemma. Lemma dorsally rounded at the base, 3-nerved, deeply 2-lobed at the apex, with an awn arising between the lobes. Palet shorter, with 2 ciliate keels, compressed. Styles short; stigmas jilumose. 1. T. purpurea (Walt.) Chapm. Tufted perennial (?); stem 3-10 dm. high, erect, prostrate or decumbent, branched below; leaf -blades 1-6 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, rigid, scabrous, sparsely ciliate; panicle 2-7 cm. long; spikelets 2-5- flowered, 5-8 mm. long; lemma oblong, 2-lobed at the apex, with erose-truncate lobes; midvein excurrent in a short point. Sandy places: Me. — Fla. — 'Tex. — • N.M.— Neb. Plain. Au-S. 51. DASYOCHLOA WiUd. Stoloniferous perennials. Inflorescence densely paniculate. Spikelets flat, 5-10-flowered ; flowers perfect. Empty glumes 2, membranous, ovate, nearly equal. Lemma oblong, more or less pubescent, at least on the veins, cleft to the middle, with an awn between the lobes, 3-nerved. Palet broad, prominently 2-keeled. Styles short, distinct; stigmas plumose. 1. D. pulchella (H.B.K.) Willd. Densely tufted; stem 3-10 cm. high, fasciculateh' branched; leaf-blades 1-3 cm. long, about 1 mm. wide, involute, striate, curved, scabrous; inflorescence small and compact; spikelets 5-10- flowered, 5-S mm. long; empty glumes white, lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long, acumin- ate; lemma 4-6 mm. long, oblong, cleft to the middle. Triodia -pulchella H.B.K. Hills and plains: Tex. — 'W Wyo. — Calif.; Mex. Son. Ap-0. 52. ERIONEURON Nash. Tufted, low perennials. Panicles small, dense, subcapitate. Leaves thick, with thickened white margins. Spikelets several-flowered. Empty glumes narrow, acuminate. Lemma broad, 3-nerved, pubescent on the nerves below, with long silky white hairs, acuminate at the apex, entire or slightly 2-toothed, the terminal awn rising between the minute teeth. Style short. 1. E. pilosum (Buckley) Nash. Stem 0..5-3 dm. high, leafy mostly at the base; leaf-sheath pilose-ciliate at the summit; blades erect, thick, folded, papillose- ciliate, 2-8 cm. long; spikelets 3-S, crowded, 1-1.5 cm. long; lemma 5.5-6 mm. long, acuminate, entire or slightly toothed at the apex; awn 1-1.5 mm. long. Tricuspis acummala Munro. Triodia acuminata Vasey. Dry gravellj' or san iy soil: Kans. — -Nev. — -Ariz. — Tex. Son. — -Submont. Ap-0. 53. TRIDENS R. & S. Perennials with rootstocks, ours tufted. Panicles open, or in ours narrow, sometimes spike-like. Spikelets 3-many-flowered, the flowers perfect, or the 68 POACEAE upper one staminate. Empty glumes keeled, usually shorter than the lemma. Lemma 3-nerved, pilose on the nerves and the margins, entire or 2-toothed at the apex. Palet shorter, 2-keeled. Styles short; stigmas plumose. Second empty glume 1-nerved. 1. T. rnulicus. Second emptj glume 3-5-nerved. 2. T. elonpatus. 1. T. muticus (Torr.) Nash. Stem 2-5 dm. tall, glabrous; leaf-blades 2-12 cm. long, 2-3 mm. u'ide, usually involute when dry, scabrous; panicle nar- row, 6-15 cm. long; spikelets 6-9-flowered, 10-12 mm. long; lemma 4-5 mm. long, obscurelv and irregularlv lobed at the obtuse or rounded apex, not mucron- ate. Hills: Tex.— Colo.— Ariz.; Alex. Son. Je-0. 2. T. elongatus (Buckley) Nash. Stem 3-10 dm. tall, scabrous; leaf -blades erect or ascending, 4-25 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, long-acuminate, scabrous; panicle narrow, 12-25 cm. long; spikelets 8-10-flowered, 10-14 mm. long; lemma 5-6 mm. long, obtuse or minutely 2-toothed, mucronate. Plains: Mo. — Colo. — Ariz. — Tex. Austral — Son. Je-N. 54. DIPLACHNE Beauv. Tall tufted perennials. Panicles composed of several long spike-like or raceme-like branches. Spikelets hnear, sessile or nearlj' so, the flowers perfect or the uppermost staminate. Emptj' glumes persistent, keeled, acute, unequal. Lemma larger, 2-toothecl and mucronate or short-awTied between the teeth. Palet hyahne, 2-nerved and 2-keeled. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. 1. D. acuminata Nash. Tufted perennial; stem 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades erect, 1-3 dm. long, 3-4.5 mm. wide, scabrous; racemes numerous, erect or ascend- ing, the longer 7-15 cm. long; spikelets 10-12 mm. long; empty glumes 8-11 mm. long; lemma 6-7 mm. long, acuminate; awn 0.75-1.33 mm. long. Wet or moist ground: Ark. — Neb.— Colo. Plain. Je-Au. 55. REDFIELDIA Vasey. Blow-out Grass, S.a.nd-grass. Tall perennials, with long creeping scaly rootstocks. Panicles diffuse, with long capillary branches. Spikelets numerous, 1-3-flowered, the flowers perfect. Empty glumes about equal, 1-nerved. Lemma large, compre.ssed-keeled, with a basal ring of hairs, 3-nerved, awn-pointed or acute. Palet shorter, 2-nerved. Styles long; stigmas short, plumose. 1. R. flexuosa (Thurber) Vasey. Stem 4-12 dm. high; leaf-blades 3-6 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, usuallv involute; panicle 2-5 dm. long; spikelets about 6 mm. long, 1-3-flowered; lemma scabrous, twice as long as the acute glabrous empty glumes. Sand hills: S.D. — Okla. — ^Colo. — Wyo. Plain. Au-S. 56. KOELERIA Pers. June Grass. Tuftpcl annuals or perennials. Panicles narrow, contracted, spike-like. Spikelets numerous, crowded, 2-5-flowered, the flowers perfect or the uppermost one or two staminate, shining. Empty glumes narrow, unequal. Lemma similar to the second, the upper ones gradually smaller. Palet hyaline, 2-keeled, 2-toothed. Styles very short; stigmas plumose. 1. K. gracilis Pers. Stem 3-6 dm. high, slender, glabrous up to the inflores- cence; leaf-blades narrow, 1-2 mm. wide, usually involute, glabrous or the lower short-pilose, 4-12 cm. k)ng; ])anicle si)ike-like, 4-15 cm. long; sjiikelets shining, pale; empty glumes lanceolate, acute, scabrous; lemma similar, more hyaline and slightlv shorter. A', cristata, in part. A', nitida Nutt. Prairies and plains: 111.— Tex.— Calif.— B.C.; Eur. Plain— Suhmont. Jl-S. 57. ERAGROSTIS Beauv. Stixk-guass, Skunk-grass. Tufted annuals or perennials, sometimes prostrate or creeping; some species dioecious. Spikelets numerous, singly or in fascicles, 2-many-flowered, the flowers perfect or unisexual. Empty glumes unequal. Lennna large, 3-nerved, usually broad. Palet shorter, prominently 2-nerved and 2-keeled, often incurved and persistent on the rachis. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles short; stigmas plumose. GRASS FAMILY 69 Plant extensively croepiiis;, rooting ai the nodes; plant dioecious. 1. E. hypnoides Plant not creepint;, not rool ini; at the nodes: liowers ijerfeel. Annuals, niiieh branched, ascending or tlectunhent and ficniculato at tiie ba.se. Spikelets about .i mm. broad; first empty glume only slightly shorter tlian the second. ^ , ^ 2. E. mrc/a.slachya. Spikelets 1..D-2 mm. broad; first empty glume only two-thirds as long as the second. Inflorescence open: branches at last more or less spreading; spikelets dark green or lead-colored. 3. E. Purshii. Inflorescence narrow; branches erect or strongly ascending; spikelets light yellowish green. 4. E. lutescens. Perennials, rigid, erect, often tufted. Spikelets scattered on the long branches. Branches of the panicle widely spreading in age. .5. E. pectinacea Branches of the panicle erect or strongly ascending. Spikelets 3-9-flowered, on pedicels much longer. 6. E. trichodes. Spikelets S-15-flowered, on pedicels scarcely as long. 7. E. nen-mexicana Spikelets clustered on short branches. 8. E. secundiflora. 1. E. hypnoides (Lam.) B.S.P. Stem 5-45 cm. long, branched, glabrous; floral brancheti erect, 3-15 cm. high; leaves about 5 cm. long or less, 1-2 mm! wide, flat; spikelets 10-35-flowered, 4-15 mm. long; empty glumes unequal, the first one-half to two-thirds as long as the second; lemma about 2.5 mm. long; lateral veins prominent; glumes of the pistillate spikelets more acute than those of the staminate ones. E. reptans Nees. Sandv or gravelly shores' Vt — Ont — Neb.— N.M.— Fla.— B.C.— Ida.— Cahf .; Mex., W. Ind. Plain— S uhmont .' Au-S'. 2. E. megastachya (Koel.) Link. Stem 1-6 dm. tall; leaf-blades 7-18 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicles 5-15 cm. long; spikelets 8-35-flowered, 5-16 mm. long, very flat; empty glumes acute; lemma obtuse, 2-2.5 mm. long. E. major Host. Stink Grass. Waste places and cultivated grounds: Ont. — Fla. — Calif. — Mont.; Alex.; nat. from Eu. Plain — -Subnionl. My-S. 3. E, Purshii Schrad. Stem 1-4 dm. tall, smooth; leaf-blades 4-9 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide; panicle open, 7-20 cm. long; spikelets 5-15-flowered, 3-8 mm.' long; lemma acute, firm, about 1.5 mm. long. Dry or sandy places: Ont. — Fla. — Ariz.; Mex. Plain — Submont. Je-0. 4. E. lutescens Scribn. Stems 1-2 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades 2-5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, flat; panicle narrow, 4-7 cm. long; sjiikelets 2-3 mm. long, 3-12-flowered; first glume about 1 mm. long, the second 1.3 mm. long; lemma obtuse, about 2 mm. long, 3-nerved. Sandv banks: Wash. — Ida. — Nev Son Jl-S. 5. E. pectinacea (Michx.) Steud. Stem 3-8 dm. high, erect, rigid; leaf- blades 1-3 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, flat, sparingly villous at the base; panicle 1.5-6 dm. long, purple or inu-plish, strongly bearded in the axils; spikelets 5-15- flowered, 3-8 mm. long; empty glumes acute, subequal; lemma 1.75-2 mm long Dry or sandy soil: N.H.— Fla.— Tex.— N.M.— S.D. Plain. Au-S. 6. E. trichodes (Nutt.) Nash. Stem 6-12 dm. high; sheaths pilose at the throat; leaf-blades 1.5-7 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; panicle 2-7 dm. long, narrow; lower axils sometimes bearded; spikelets usually pale, 3-9-flowered, 5-9 mm.' long; empty glumes subequal; lemma acute, 2-3 mm. long. Sandy soil- Ohio- Ark.— Tex.— N.M.— Neb. Plain— Son. 7. E. neomexicana Vasey. Stem 4-8 dm. high, usually branching near the base; leaf-blades flat, 4-10 mm. broad; panicle oblong, 2-4 dm. long, open- spikelets 5-8 mm. long, 8-15-flowered; lemma hispidulous on the keel near the acute apex; palet one-third shorter, ciliate. (?)£'. limbata Fourn. (older name). Mountain sides: w Tex. — s Utah — Calif.; n Alex. Son. Je-S. 8. E. secundiflora Presl. Stems 1..5-10 dm. high, erect, simple; leaf-blades 5-30 cm. long, 2-4 nmi. wide, flat; panicle 4-15 cm. long, the branches erect or ascending; spikelets crowded, sessile or nearly so, strongly flattened, 8-40- flowered, 6-20 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; empty ghunes acute, equal; flowering glumes 3-3.5 mm. long, acute, usually purple-margined. Dry or sandv soil- Mo.— La.— Tex.— N.M.— Colo.; Mex. Son. Au-S. 70 POACEAE 58. CATABROSA Bcaiiv. Brook-graSS: Creeping or floating aquatic perennial. Panicles open, with slender spread- ing or reflexed branches. Spikelets 2- (rarely 3- or 4-) flowered, with the rachilla articulate between the flowers. Empty glumes unequal, broad, thin, very ob- tuse. Lemma strongly 3-nerved, longer than the empty glumes. Palet 2- keeled, nearly as long. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. 1. C. aquatica (L.) Beauv. Stem 1-3 dm. high, bright green, flaccitl; leaf- blades 3-12 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat, obtuse; panicle 3-20 cm. long, open; branches whorled; spikelets 2.5-3.5 mm. long; first glume about 1 mm., the second nearly 2 mm. long; lemma 2-2.5 mm. long, 3-nerved, erose-truncate at the apex. In water: Lab. — (^ue. — Colo. — Utah — ^Alaska; Eurasia. Subrnont- Subalp. Je-Au. 59. SPHENOPHOLIS Scribn. Tall tufted perennials. Panicles usually narrow. Spikelets numerous, 2-3- flowered, shining. First emi)ty glume narrow, 1-nerved, acuminate, the second much broader, obovate when spread, obtuse or truncate, 3-nerved. Lemma narrower than the second glume, obtuse or acute. Palet narrow, 2-nerved. Styles short; stigmas i)lumose. [Eatonia Raf.] Second empty glume much wider than the lemma, rounded or truncate and somewhat cucullate at the apex. Intermediate nerves of the second glume almost as prominent as the lateral ones; leaf-blades firm, much broader than the sheaths and therefore with prominent auricles. 1. S. rohusta. Intermediate nerves of the second glume faint, the lateral ones strong; leaf-blades soft, not much wider than the sheaths; auricles not prominent. 2. S. oblusata. Second empty glume oblanceolate, not much wider than the lemma, obtuse or acute. Second empty ghune rather firm, as well as the lemma obtusish. 3. S. intermedia. Second empty glume tliin and with a broad, scarious margin, acutish; lemma acute. 4. S. pollens. 1. S. robusta (Vasey) Heller. Stem 4-10 dm. high, erect, glabrous; leaf- blades firm, dark green, 1-3 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle dense, usually decidedly lobed; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; first glume linear-subulate, about 1.5 mm. long, the second cuneate, about 2 mm. long, firm, very scabrous; lemma about 2 mm. long, obtuse. Eatonia robusta Kydh. River banks: Xeb. — N.M.— Ariz.— Wash. Plain. My-Jl. 2. S. obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. Stem 3-7 dm. high, erect, glabrous; leaf- blades 3-20 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 5-15 cm. long, dense and spike-like, strict; spikelets crowded, 2. .5-3 mm. long; first glume linear-subulate, the second cuneate, 1.5 mm. long and about as broad; lemma 1.5-2 nun. long, obtuse. E. obtusata A. Gray. Prairies, meadows and valleys: IMass. — -Fla. — ■ Ariz. — Mont.; Mex. Plain — Subniont. Ap-Au. 3. S. intermedia Rydb. Stem 6-8 dm. high, striate, shining; leaf-blades 8-15 cm. long, 3-5 nun. wide, usually flat; inflorescence rather narrow and dense; first empty glume about 2 mm. long, subulate, scabrous on the back. E. intcr- mediaWydh. Meadows: Sask. — N.M. — Wash. Plain — Subniont. .Il-S. 4. S. pallens (Spreng.) Scribn. Stem glabrous, 3-10 dm. liigh; leaf- blades 5-15 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 7-20 cm. long, usually nodding, lax; spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long; first emjjty glume subulate, slightly shorter than the second; lemma lanceolate, acute, about 3 mm. long. E. penn- sylvanica A. Gray. Open woods and among bushes: N.B. — Ga. — N.M. — B.C. Plain — Submoni. J(^Au. 60. MELICA L. Mf.lic-crass. Perennials with rootstocks, the stem often bulbous at the base. Panicles in our species narrow, often raceme-like. Si)ikelcts rather few, erect or nodding, l_several-flowered, the lower flowers perfect, sometimes 1 or 2 staiuinate, and the upper neutral. Kmj)ty glumes membranous or hyaline, une(|ual in length. Lemma larger, membranous, the lateral nerves vanishing in the l)road hyaline margins; upper empty lemmas gradually smaller, convolute and enclosing each other, forming an obovate or clavate mass. Palet shorter than the lemma, 2-keeled. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. GRASS FAMILY 71 Lemma notched at tlie apex, awned. 1. Af. Smithii. Lemma ni'itluT notclicd nor awned. Lemm;i attctuiale at the apex. Fir.st empty glume 4 mm. long; second 5-6 mm. long. 2. M. subulata. First empty glume 6 mm. long: second about 8 ram. long. 3. M. Pammelii. Lemma olituse. Stem bulbous at the ba~se. Panicle narrow; lemma 7-8 mm. long. Spikelets usually nodding, flattened; second empty glume shorter than the first flower. 4. M. speclabilis. Spikelets erect, terete; second empty glume as long as the first flower. 5. -A/, brlla. Panicle open; lemma 6 mm. long. 6. M. Macbridei. Stem not bulbous at the base. 7. M. Porteri. 1. M. Smithii (Porter) Vasey. Perennial with a rootstock; stem 7-12 dm. high, .scabrous; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1-3 dm. long, its branches at last spreading or reflexed; spikelets 3-6-flowered; first empty glume 4-6 nun. long, obscurely 3-nerved; second gliune 6-8 mm. long, 5-nerved; lemma about 10 mm. long, strongly nerved; awn 3-5 mm. long. M. retrofracta Suksd. Damp shady places: Mich. — Wvo. — Ore. — -Wash. Mont. Jl-Au. 2. M. subulata (Griseb.) Scribn. Stem with a bulbous base, 5-10 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 5-12 mm. broad, scabrous; panicle nar- row, the erect pedicels swollen just below the spikelets; spikelets 5-6-flowered ; empty glumes acute, scabrous on the keel and ciliute at the apex; lemma about 12 mm. long, with scattered hairs below, attenuate. Woods: n Calif. — Mont. — Alta.— Alaska. Mont. My-Au. 3. M. Pammelii Scribn. Stem with tuberous base, 5-10 dm. high; leaves flat, 1-3 dm. long; panicle flexuose, with erect branches, scabrous; spikelets 3-6- flowered, lanceolate or oblong; empty glumes obtuse or acutish; lemma 9-10 mm. long, 9-nerved, lanceolate, acuminate, broadly scarious-margined ; palet densely ciliate, fringed along the nerves. Parks: Wyo. Suhmont. Jl. 4. M, spectabilis Scribn. Stem 3-9 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, scabrous; jianicle narrow; spikelets 10-12 mm. long, 5-7-flowered, usually jjurjile; lower f nijity glume 5 mm. long, the upper 6-7 mm. long, acutish; lennua 7-8 mm. long, minutely scabrous. M. scabrnta Piper & Beattie. .Hill- sides and meadows. B.C. — Ore. — -Colo. — Mont. Snbniord. — Mont. Je-Au. 5. M. bella Piper. Stem 4-6 dm. high, simple; leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, scabrous above; panicle narrow; sjiikelets 10-15 mm. long, 6-9- flowered; emjjty glumes obtuse, the first 6 mm. long, the second about 8 mm. long; lemma about as long, obtuse. M. bulbosa Gever. Meadows and hill- sides: Wash.— Ore.— Utah— Colo.— Alta. Subinont.—Mo?it. My-Au. 6. M. Macbridei Rowland. Stem slender, 2-5 dm. high, as well as the sheaths hispidulous-scabrous; leaf-blades 1-4 mm. wide, flat; panicle oj)en; rays 1-3 at each node, some sessile, others jieduncled and reflexed; spikelets 2-5- flowered, 7-13 mm. long; first glume 4 mm. long, 3-nerved; second glume 6 mm. 1 ,ng, 5-nerved; lemma 6 mm. long, thick, scabrous, obtusely 2-fid. Drv slopes: Ida. Je. 7. M. Porteri Scribn. Perennial, with a rootstock; stem 4-7 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle narrow, 12-15 cm. long; spikelets 4-5-flowered, nodding, 10-13 mm. long; empty glumes obtuse or acutish, the first about 3 mm., the second 5 mm. long; lenuua 3-5 mm. long, scabrous. M. parnflora (Porter) Scribn. Plains and hills: Tex. — Kans. — Colo. — Ariz. Siibmont. — Mont. Je-S. 61. DACTYLIS L. ORcn.\RD-GR.\ss. Tall perennials, with creejjing rootstocks. Panicles contracted, with the sjjikelets crowded at the eufls of the branches in unilateral head-like clusters. Spikelets 3-5-flowered, the flowers j)erfect or the uji])ermost staminate. Empty glumes unecjual, 1-3-nervecl, mucronate, the second the larger. Lemma more rigid, ciliate on the keel, mucronate or short-awned. Palet nearlj'^ as long, 2- keeled. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. 72 POACEAE 1. D. glomerata L. Stem 6-12 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades 7-25 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, fiat, scabrous; panicle 7-20 cm. long; branches ascending or spreading in flower, erect in fruit; lemma 5-6 mm. long, pointed or short-awned. Fields and waste places: N.B. — Fla. — Calif.— B.C.; nat. from Eii. Plain — Mont. Je-Jl. 62. BRIZA L. QuAKiNCi Grass, Quake-grass. Annuals or perennials, with open panicles. Spikelets few, nodding, flattened, broad, many-flowered, the flowers perfect. Empty glumes strongly concave, thin-membranous, 3-5-nerved, somewhat unequal. Lemmas imbricate, broader than the empty glumes, 5-many-nerved. Palet much shorter, hyaline, 2-keeled and 2-nerved. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. 1. B. maxima L. Stem 3-5 dm. high, glabrous; leaf -blades 1-2 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, scabrous on the veins; spikelets 2-10, nodding, 1-2 cni. long, 8-12 mm. wide; empty glumes nearly orbicular, glabrous; lemma similar, but more or less pilose. Fields and waste jjlaces: Mass. — W. Ind. — Colo. — Calif.; adv. from Eurasia. Plain — Submont. 63. DISTICHLIS Raf. Alkali Grass, Salt-<;rass, Sptkk-grass. Tufted dioecious perennials, with creeping scaly rootstocks. Inflorescence paniculate. Staminate spikelets many-flowered, very flat. Rachilla continu- ous. Empty glumes narrow, acute, keeled, membranous. Lemma broader, membranous. Pistillate spikelets few-flowered, less flattened. Lemma nearly coriaceous, broad. Palet compressed, the keels narrowly winged. Styles thickened at the base, moderately long; stigmas plumose. Pi-stillate spikes 4-.5 mm. wide; their floral glumes about 1.5 mm. wide in side-view; palet scabrous-ciliate on the keels; leaf-blades 2 mm. wide or less. 1. D. stricla. Pistillate spikes 5-8 mm. wide: their floral glumes about 2 mm. wide in side-\iew: palet distinctly dentate on the margins; leaf-blades usually over 2 mm. wid&. 2. D. dentata. D. stricta (Torr.) Rydb. Stem 1-4 dm. high, erect or decumbent at the base; leaf-blades erect, 5-15 cm. long, more or less involute, long-attenuate; panicle of the pistillate plant 3-6 cm. long, dense and spike-like; spikelets S-15 mm. long; empty glumes lanceolate, acuminate, about 5 mm. long; the second a little broader than the first, scarious-margined; lemma 5-6 mm. long, acute, straw-colored with greenish nerves; palet 4-5 mm. long; panicle of the staminate plant looser, 3-10 cm. long; spikelets more flattened, 1-2.5 cm. long, straw- colored; lemma narrower, 6-7 mm. long. D. spicala Coult & Nels., not Greene. Alkaline soil: Sask.— Tex.— Ariz.— B.C.— Wash. Plain— Submont. Je-S. 2. D. dentata Rydb. Stem 1-3 dm. high, very leafy; leaf-blades 5-12 cm. long, 2-3.5 mm. wide, flat or slightly involute; panicle of the pistillate plant 4-8 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. wide; spikelets 1-2 cm. long, 5-.S mm. wide, 7-17-flowered; empty glumes lanceolate, about 5 mm. long, short-acuminate; lemma ovate in lateral view, 6 mm. long, short-acuminate; palet nearly as long^ panicle of stam- inate plant nearly as in the preceding. Alkaline soil: Sask. — Wash. 64. POA L. Blue-grass, Meadow-grass. Annuals or perennials, rarely dioecious, with paniculate inflorescence. Spike- lets 2-6-flowered, flat, the flowers perfect or in some species unisexual, the rachis articulate between the flowers. Empty glumes i:)ersistent, strongly keeled, acute, the first usually 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved. Lemma usually longer, more or less keeled, acute or obtuse, awnless, .5-nervod, often piibescent on the keel and marginal nerve, as well as the rachis, tlie hair.s near thp base .sometimes long and curled (cobweb). Palet shorter than the lemma, 2-keeled anfl 2-nerved. Styles short; stigmas plumose. Annuals, but tufted; spikelets 3-5-flowered. I. Annuae. Perennials. . , Cobweb at the base of the lemma present, although scant m some species; lemma acute or acutish, except in P compressa and P. lanala, and usually strongly keeled. Intermediate nerves of the lemma strong. Branches of the inflorescence in fruit ascending, the lower in 3's or 4 s; lemma acutish ; cobweb copious ; rootstock creeping. II. Pratenses. GRASS P^AMILY 73 Branches of the iullorescence hi fruit reflexed or at least spreading; lemma usually acuminate or very acute; cobweb scant or sometimes none. Spikelets many, li^ht green; branches of the inflorescence numerous, the lower in 3's, or 4's, or o's; rootstock creeping. III. Pl.\typhyll.\e. Spikelets few, usually more or less purple, except in P. leptocoma; branches of the inflorescence few, the lower usually in 2's, rarely in 3's, spikelet- bearing towards the ends. IV. Reflex.^e. Intermediate nerves of the lemma faint or obsolete. Stem compressed; lemma obtuse. V. Compre.ssae. Stem not compressed ; lemma acute or acuminate. Branches of the panicles reflexed; rootstock creeping. VI. Apertae. Branches of the panicles not reflexed. VII. Triflorae. Cobweb wanting. Spikelets rounded at the base; empty glumes very broad and their keel strongly arched ; low tufted perennials, with short open panicle and broad leaves. VIII. ALPINAE. Spikelets acute at the base; empty glumes narrower, not strongly arched on their keels. Plants with horizontal creeping rootstocks; not buncli-grasses. Spikelets strongly compressed; lemma strongly keeled, strongly 5-nerved, conspicuously scabrous; glumes very acute. IX. \Vheeleri.\xae. Spikelets not strongly compressed; lemma neither strongly compressed nor strongly nerved (except in P. pra(fnsf/or-7?HS), not conspicuously scabrous. Lemma acuminate, dark purple; innovations e.xtravaginal. X. Phoexice.\e. Lemma obtuse or acutish, green or merely tinged with purple; innova- tions both extra- and intra vaginal. XI. Aridae. Plants without extra vaguial rootstocks; densely tufted bunch-grasses. Lemma 3-4 mm. long. Low alpine plants, with narrow panicles of few purplish spikelets; lemma ovate. XII. Rupicol.ae. Slender plants, 4-.5 dm. high, with open panicles; lemma narrowly lanceolate in side-view. XIII. Multxomae. Lemma .5 mm. long or more; plants comparatively robust. Spikelets decidedly flattened; lemma acute and keeled on the back. Pubescence on the nerves of the lemma, if any, not stronger than on the internerves; flowers perfect. Inflorescence dense and spike-like. XIV. Epile.s. Inflorescence open; branches spikelet-bearing towards their ends. XV. Gracillimae. Pubescence of the nerves of the lemma villous or pilose, that of the internerves none or almost none; plants dioecious. XVI. Fexdlerianae. Spikelets little flattened; lemma ro4.mded on the backs towards the apex, almost straight, obtuse. XVII. Buckleyan.\e. I. AXXUAE. Low, 1-2 dm. high; branches of the panicle spreading. Taller, erect, 2-5 dm. high ; branches of the panicle erect. II. Pr.\tenses. Lemma 3-4 mm. long; ligule trmicate. Lemma 5 mm. long; ligule not trtmcate. III. Pl.\typhyll.\e. Ligules truncate or abruptly acute. Ligules lanceolate, long attenuate. IV. Reflexae. Cobweb present but often scant. Lemmas obtuse; cobweb dense. 7. P. lanala. Lemmas acute or acuminate; cobweb scant. Internerves of the lemma more or less pubescent, at least below. Spikelets 3-4-flowered; stem-leaves usually folded or involute; plant usually less than 3 dm. high, tufted. Internerves of the lemma short-pubescent below; leaves filiform, involute; those of the sterile shoots usually arcuate. 8. P. cenisia. Internerves of the lemma long-hairy, at least below; leaves 1-2 mm. wide, usually conduplicate, rather firm. Plant low, 1-3 dm. high, usually cespitose; lemma acute. 9. P. arctica. Plant tall, 3-5 dm. liigh, not cespitose, with a creeping rootstock; floral glumes acuminate. 10. P. lonqipila. Spikelets 5^7-flowered; leaves all flat, 3-4 mm. wide; stem fully 3 dm. high. 11. P. callichma. Internerves of the lemma glabrous; plants with creeping rootstocks. Intermediate nerves of the lemma pubescent; plant 3 dm. or less high; leaves mostly basal, firm; stem-leaves 1-2, usually conduplicate. 12. P. pudica. 1. 2. P. P. annua. Bigelovii. 3. 4. P. P. pratensis. rhizomata. 5. 6. P. P. occidentalis. callida. 74 POACEAE Intermediate nerves of the lemma glabrous; plant usually over 3 dm. high; stem-leaves several, flat and flaccid. Hairs of the niidnerves and lateral nerves copious and spreading. Lemma ovate, abruptly acute, usually purple. 13. /'. reflexa. Lemma lanceolate, gradually acute, usually pale green. 14. P. nervosa. Hairs of the niidnerves and lateral nerves few and appressed or none. 15. P. lepiocoma. Cobweb lacking; internerves and the intermediate nerves glabrous; niidnerves and lateral nerves hairy; habit like P. arctica. 16. P. alpicola. V. COMPRESSAE. One species. 17. P. compressa. Yl. Apertae. Branches of the inflorescence short, usually in pairs. 18. P. aperla. Branches of the inflorescence very long, in 3's to 5's. 19. P. macroclada. VIL Tuiflor.\e. Lemma 5 mm. long. 4. P. rhizomaia. Lemma 3 mm. long or less. Stem stout; leaves 2-5 mm. wide; ligule 3-4 mm. long, triangular; branches of the panicle at last spreading; second glume narrower than the lemma, three- fourths as long or more. 20. P. Iriflora. Stem slender; leaves seldom over 2 mm. wide; ligule about 1 mm. long, trimcate; branches of the panicle ascending or erect. Flowers green; the second empty glume with broad, scarious margins and strong lateral nerves Inflorescence with erect branches; second empty glume narrower than the lemma. 21. P. subtrivialis. Inflorescence with ascending branches; second empty glume not narrower than the lemma. 22. P. interior. Flowers usually purple-tinged; scarious margin of the empty glumes scarcely evident and lateral nerves faint. 23. P. crocata. VIII. Alpinae. One species. 24. P. alpina. IX. Wheelerianae. Lower sheaths retrorsely strigulose. Internerves of the acute lemma merely strigulose or scabrous. Nerves of the lemma scabrous; ligules short, truncate. Branches of the inflorescence ascending. 25. P. Olneyae. Branches of the inflorescence reflexed. 26. P. subreflexa. Nerves of the lemma silky or villous on the lower portion. Ligules 2 mm. long, truncate; leaf-blades narrow, ascending. 27. P. Whceleri. Ligules 4-5 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate; leaf-blades broad, spreading. 28. P. Vaseyana. Internerves of the obtusish lemma villous, at least below. 29. P. tricholepis. Jjoaf-sheaths all glabrous and smooth. Ligules lanceolate, acute, 3 mm. long. 30. P. Tracyi. Ligules truncate, about 1 mm. long. 31. P. curta. X. PnOENICEAE. Plant tall, 4 dm. high or more; nerves and internerves of the lemma villous. 32. P. dray ana. Plant low, usually less than 3 dm. high; internerves of lemma glabrous. If). P. alpicola. XI. Aridae. Internerves of the lemma pubescent, at least below; stem stout; inflorescence dense; ligules acute. Intermediate nerves of the lemma sti-ong; plant tall; glumes 5 ram. long. 33. P. pratensiformis. Intermediate nerves of the lemma weak; glumes 3-4 mm. long. Keel and the marginal nerves of the lemma villous; empty glumes equalling the lemma. 34. P. arida. Keel and marginal nerves of the lemma short-hairy, with appressed hairs; empty glumes shorter than the lemma. 35. P. Sheldoni. Internerves of the lemma glabrous; stem slender; inflorescence open; ligule obtuse. 36. P. glaucifolia. XII. RUPICOLAE. Midnerve and lateral nerves of the lemma pubescent; plant strict, 1-5 dm. high. Cobweb at the base of the flowers scant; stem slender and leafy, usually 3-5 dm. high, 23. P. crocata. Cobweb none; stem 1-2 (seldom 3) dm. liigh, leafy mostly at the base. Flowering glumes 3 mm. long or less. Arm, obtuse. 37. P. rupicola. Flowering glumes about 4 mm. long, acute, thin. 38. P. Pattersoni. Nerves of the lemma glabrous; plant seldom over 5 cm. high. 39. P. I.cttcrrnani. GRASS FAMILY 75 XIIT. MULTNOMAE. One species. 40. P. Mtillnomae. XIV. Epii.es. Plant green; lemma purple or dark green, abruptly acute; ligules acute. Blades of the stem-leaves about 3 mm. wide, flat; lemma more than .'5 mm. long, dark purple. 41. P. paddrnsis. Blades of the stem-leaves 1-2 mm. wide; lemma 4-5 mm. long Lemma purple, minutely scabrous, nearly smooth. 42. P. Cusickii. Lemma green, only tinged with purple, hispidulous-scabrous. 43. P. epilis. Plant pale; lemma very pale, long-attenuate or subcuspidate; leaves all filiform. Ligules lanceolate, acuminate. Panicle thick; branches with several 5-7-flowered spikelets; leaves very scabrous. 44. P. scaberrima. Panicle narrow, slender; branches very short, with 1-2, only 2-4-flowered spike- lets. 4.5. P. neniatophylla. Ligules oblong, 1 mm. long, truncate; panicle dense and spike-like. 46. P. subaristata. XV. Gr.\cii.limae. Lemma linear-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long. 47. P. idahoensis. Lemma ovate, 4-5 mm. long. Plant 1-3 dm. Jiigh; panicle with ascending branches and many spikelets. 48. P. gracillima. Plant 0..5-1.5 dm. higli; panicle with divaricate branches and few spikelets. 49. P. Vaseyochloa. XVI. FENni.Er.IAN.\E. Liigules 5-7 mm. long, acute or acuminate. 50. P. longiligula. Ligules short, rounded or truncate, or those of the innovations obsolete. Leaf-blades erect: siiikclcis :5 ,">- d'ari'ly 6-7-) flowered. Lemma oblong; Icaf-hlach's very slender, scabrous. 51. P. scabriuscula. Lemma ovate; leaf-ljladus more rigid. Panicle very narrow, its branches erect and spikelet-bearing to the base; lemma 4 mm. long. 52. P. lonqipedunculata. Panicle more open, its branches ascending, usually naked at the base. Plant low; panicle slioit ; lemma 3.5-4 mm. long. 53. P. brcvipaniculala. Plant tall; pani<'le eloii^'ated ; lemma 5 mm. long. 54. P. Fcndleriana. Leaf-blades spreadmg; spikelets (-9- (rarely 5-6-) flowered. 55. P. Ealoni. XVII. BUCKLEYAN.\E. Ligules lanceolate, acuminate or attenuate. Empty glumes strongly nerved, elongate-lanceolate, almost equaUing the very scab- rous or strigose lemma. Leaves 4-6 mm. wide, flat. 56. P. Canbyi. Leaves 1-3 mm. wide, conduplicate or involute. Lemma strongly scabrous; leaves stiff; plant stout. 57. P. nevadensis. Lemma strigose, at least below; leaves filiform, flaccid; plant slender. 58. P. HcUcri. Empty glumes not strongly nerved, ovate-lanceolate, usually much shorter than the lemma. Plant yellowish green; spikelets yellowish or straw-colored. Lemma merely scabrous. 59. P. laevigata. Lemma more or less strigose on the lower portion. 60. P. lucida. Plant dark green; spikelets dark green or purplish. Leaf-blades almost 2 mm. wide, flat or conduplicate; lemma more than 4 mm. long. 61. P. Buckleyana. Leaf-blades less than 1 mm. wide, filiform, involute; lemma less than 4 mm long 62. P. Sandbergii. Ligules 1-2 mm. long, truncate, rounded or abruptly acute. Plant 2-4 dm. high; leaves mostly basal and stiff, short, seldom 8 cm. long; ligules rounded. 63. P. juncifolia. Plant taller, 4-10 dm. high, leafy; leaves longer. Internerves of the lemma glabrous; nerves silky. 36. P. glaucifolia. Internerves of tlie lemma as well as the nerves scabrous. Leaves filiform, less than 1 mm. wide. 64. P. brachyglossa. Leaves flat or involute, but not filiform, 2-5 mm. wide. Ligules ovate or rounded, acute or obtuse; leaves soft. 65. P. con J II. sa. Ligules truncnte; leaves stiff. Inflorescence very narrow; branches erect. 66. P. tnincala. Inflorescence more open, lobed; branches ascending. 67. P. ampla. 1. P. annua L. Stem-s usually dectimbent and branched at the base or erect; ligules rounded at the apex, 2 mm. long; leaf-blades flat, flaccid, 1-10 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. \vide; panicle 1-10 cm. long; spikelets 3-5 mm. long; empty glumes smooth, the first lanceolate, acute, 1.5 mm. long, the second obtuse, 76 POACEAE nearly 2 mm. long; lemma 2.5-3 mm. long, the nerves pilose below. Waste places and cultivated ground: Lab. — Ga. — Calif. — B.C.; Mex.; nat. from Eu. Plain— Mont. My-0. 2. P. Bigelovii Vasey & Scribn. Annual, asually more or less tufted; ligules lanceolate, 3 mm. long; leaf-blades flat, flaccid, 5-10 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; panicle 5-15 cm. long, narrow; spikelets 4-6 mm. long, compressed; empty glumes glabrous, lanceolate, acute, nearly as long as the lemma; lemma 3-4 mm. long, subacute, villous on the midrib and marginal nerves; cobweb scant. Arid regions: Tex. — Colo. — Utah — Calif. — -L. Calif. Son. — Suhmonl. 3. P. pratensis L. Stem 3-12 dm. high, smooth; leaf -blades 1-6 mm. wide, those of the stem 5-15 cm. long, the basal ones longer; panicle 5-20 cm. long, ovate or conical; spikelets 3-6-flowered, 4-5 mm. long; midvein and marginal veins of the lemma silky below, the intermediate ones glabrous. Meadows, fields and woods: Greenl. — Fla. — -Cahf. — Alaska; Eurasia. Plain — Subalp. Je-Au. 4. P. rhizomata Hitchc. Perennial, with a creeping rootstock; stem 3-6 dm. high, smooth; sheaths smooth, the lower loose and papery; ligules 2-3 mm. long; blades mostly flat, 1-2 mm. wide, 3-7 cm. long; panicle 3-5 cm. long; spikelets 3-4-flowered ; first ghmie 3 mm. long, the second 4 mm. long; lemma 5 mm. long, acutish, copiously webbed at the base; keel and marginal nerves short-pilose below; internerves sparingly scabrous. Damp woods: Calif. — Ida. Ap-Je. 5. P. occidentalis Vasey. Stem 3-10 dm. high; sheaths flattened, scab- rous; leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, flat, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle large, 1.5-3 dm. long, loose; spikelets 2-4-flowered, 4-6 mm. long, light green; empty glumes acute, scarious margined, unequal; lemma 3-4 mm. long, slightly pubescent below and on the keel; cobweb scant. P. platyphylla Nash & Rydb. Rich hillsides: N.M. — Colo. — Utah. Subniont.- — Subalp. My-Au. 6. P. callida Rydb. Stem 3-5 dnr. high, somewhat flexuose; leaf-blades flat, flaccid, 5-12 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide; panicle open, 1-1.5 dm. long; spikelets about 3 mm. long, 2- or 3-flowered, light green; first empty glume sub- ulate, 2 mm. long, the second slightly broader, 2.5 mm. long, glabrous; lemma 3 mm. long, glabrous except the keel, which is slightly silky below; cobweb scant but long. Warm springs: Mont. Jl. 7. P. lanata Scribn. & Merr. Perennial, with a creeping rootstock; stem 2.5-4 dm. high; sheath loose, the lower marcescent, scabrous; ligule 4 mm. long, olatuse; blades 2-4 mm. wide, conduplicate or involute; inflorescence open; branches in pairs, 2-3 cm. long, with 1-3 spikelets near the. ends; spikelets 3-6- flowered; lemma purple, 6-7 mm. long. Subarctic situations: Alaska — B.C. Subarct. 8. P. cenisia All. Stem 1-3 dm. high, slender; ligules 1-2 mm. long, trun- cate; blades 2-10 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, involute; panicle 2-8 cm. long, open; spikelets 2-4-flowered, 5-6 mm. long, purplish; empty glumes glabrous; lemma about 4 mm. long. Arctic-alpine situations: Greenl. — ^Lab. — Colo. — Alaska; Eu. Alp. Jl-Au. 9. P. arctica R. Br. Stems 1-3 dm. high, smooth, erect or decumbent at the base; ligules erose-truncate; basal leaf-blades 5-10 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; stem-leaves shorter and often flat; panicle open, 5-10 cm. long; spikelets purple; empty glumes 3-3.5 mm. long, glabrous; lemma 4 nun. long, acute. Alpine- arctic situations: Arctic Sea — N.M. — Utah. Alp. Jl-Au. 10. P. longipila Nash. Stem 3-5 dm. high; ligules broad, obtuse or acut- ish; leaf-blades erect, acuminate, 3-8 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, flat; panicle 6-9 cm. long; spikelets 6-8 mm. long, 3-4-flowered, purple; lemma 5-6 nun. long; cobweb copious and long. Wet places: Wyo. — Mont. Submont. 11. P. callichroa Rydb. Perennial, with a horizontal rootstock, but more or less matted; stem about 3 dm. high; blades of the lower leaves 6-10 cm. lon^, firm, dark-green, strongly veined; blades of the upper leaves about 3 cm. long^ GRASS FAMILY 77 erect; panicle 6-9 cm. long, open; spikelets 6-8 mm. long, 5-7-flo\vered; emf)ty glumes about 5 nun. long, purple with greenish or brownish margins; lemma 4-5 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate, green below, then purple, then brown, and white and scarious above; nerves and internerves more or less villous; cobweb scant. Mountain i)eaks: Colo. — Wyo. Subalp. — Mont. Au. 12. P. pudica Rydb. Stem 2-3 dm. high; lower leaves with short loose sheaths; ligules truncate, about 2 mm. long; blades 4-5 cm. long, usually con- duphcate, strongly nerved; panicle 4-8 cm. long; spikelets 4-5 mm. long, mostly 3-flowered; empty glumes strongly veined, usually purple, acuminate; lemma lanceolate, sharp-acuminate, greenish below, then purplish, and scarious at the apex. Alpine meadows: Colo. Sicbalp. — Alp. Au. 13. P. reflexa V'asey & Scribn. Stem 3-5 dm. high, slender, erect, smooth; ligules 2 mm. long, obtuse; leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; panicle 5-10 cm. long; spikelets 2-3-flowered, 3-4 mm. long, usually purple; empty glumes acuminate, smooth; lemma very acute. Wet meadows: Alta. — N.M. — Utah — Ore. — B.C. Suhmont. — -Subalp. 14. P. nervosa (Hook.) Vasey. Stem 4-7 dm. high, slender, smooth; ligules truncate; blades of stem-leaves 2-7 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; those of the basal leaves 1.5-2.5 dm. long; panicle 5-12 cm. long, open; spikelets 3-8-flowered, flat, lax and flexuose; empty ghmies linear-lanceolate, 4 mm. long; lemma linear- lanceolate, slightly scabrous on the nerves. Wet places: B.C. — Calif. — Mont. Mont. — Subalp. 15. P. leptocoma Trin. Stems 3-6 dm. high, smooth; ligules obtuse; leaf- blades flat, flaccid, 1-3 mm. wide, 4-10 cm. long; panicle open, 5-10 cm. long; spikelets 2-3-flowered, about 6 mm. long, green or merely tinged with purple; first empty glume about 3 mm. long, the second 3.5 mm. long; lemma linear- lanceolate, gradually acute. Boggy places: Alta. — Colo. — Wash. — ^Alaska. Mont. — Subalp. Jl-Au. 16. P. alpicola Nash. More or less tufted perennial; ligules acute, 2 mm. long; leaf-blades 3-10 cm. long, often involute or condui^licate, 1-2 mm. wide; inflorescence rather narrow, 3-5 cm. long; branches short; spikelets 5-7 mm. long, 2-4-flowered, more or less tinged with purple; empty glumes subequal, glabrous, about 3 mm. long; lemma ovate, acute, glabrous. P. laxa Thurber, not Haenke. Alpine: Colo. — Utah — (? Ida.) Alp. Jl-Au. 17. P. compressa L. Perennial, with a creeping rootstock; stem 1.5-4 dm. high, decumbent at the base, much flattened, smooth; ligules truncate; leaf-blades bluish green, stiff", erect, 2-10 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, often convolute, scabrous above; panicle narrow, with ascending short branches, spikelet-bearing to near the base; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 3-9 mm. long; empty glumes acute, nearly equal; lemma 2-2.8 mm. long, obtuse; cobweb scant. Waste places, cultivated grounds, and woodlands: N.H. — N.C. — Calif. — B.C. — Yukon; Eurasia. Plain — Mont. Je-Jl. 18. P. aperta Scribn. & Merr. Stem 4-5 dm. high, erect, wiry; ligules acute; leaf-blades firm, striate, minutely scabrous, glaucous, 5-15 cm. long, 2 mm. wide; panicle ovate; sjjikelets purplish, 5-6 mm. long, 3-4-flowered; lemma lanceolate, minutelj' i)ubescent throughout; cobweb conspicuous. Moun- tains: N.M. — Wyo. Mont. — Subalp. Au-S. 19. P. macroclada Rydb. Stem 6-8 dm. high; ligules ovate, acute; leaf- blacles 7-10 cm. long, 2 mm. or less wide, flat, glabrous, firm and dark green; panicle 2-3 dm. long, open; spikelets often about 5 nmi. long; lemma lanceolate, acute or acuminate, glabrous, .slightly purple-tinged; cobweb scant. Moun- tains: Colo. Mont. 20. P. triflora Gilib. Perennial, with a creeping rootstock; stem 4-12 dm. high, erect, smooth; leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; panicle 1.5-3 dm. long, open; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 3-5 mm. long; empty glumes glabrous, scab- rous on the keel; lemma obtuse, 2-3 mm. long; midnerve and lateral nerves pubescent below. P. serotina Ehrh. P. flam Auth., not L. Meadows and swampy i)laces: Newf. — X.J. — Calif.— B.C.; Eurasia. Plain — Mont. Jl-Au. 78 POACEAE 21. P. subtrivialis Rydb. Perennial, with a rootstook.; stem slender, 4-& dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades erect, flaccid, 8-15 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, flat, dark green; panicle 1-2 dm. long; spikelets light green, 3-4 mm. long, 2-3- flowered; lemma 2.5 mm. long, glabrous; cobweb very scant. Meadows: Wyo. —Ida. Mont. 22. P. interior Rydb. Tufted perennial; stem slender, 3-6 dm. high; leaf- blades 2-8 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, glabrous; panicle 4-10 cm. long; spike- lets 2-5-flowered, 3-5 mm. long; lemma 2-2.5 mm. long, scabrous on the mid- nerve and lateral nerves. P. nemoralis Scribn., not L. Woods and copses r S.D.— Neb.— N.M.— Utah— Wash.— Alaska. Plain— Mont. 23. P. crocata Michx. Tufted perennial; stems strict, erect, 2-4 dm. high; leaf-blades narrow, erect, 1-2 mm. wide, 4-10 cm. long, usually involute; panicle rather narrow, 5-15 cm. long; spikelets 2-4-flowered, about 4 mm. long; lemma about as long as the glumes, pubescent on the midnerve and lateral nerves. P. nemoralis stridior A. Gray. Dry hills and meadows: Lab. — Vt. — -Minn. — 'Colo. — -Ariz. — Alaska. Submont. — Subalp. J^Au. 24. P. alpina L. Stem 0.5-4 cm. high, erect or decumbent at the base; ligules truncate; leaf-blades 2-8 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, abruptly acute, flat;: panicle 2-8 cm. long; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 5-6 mm. long; empty glumes broad, glabrous, acute, scabrous on the keel; lemma about 4 mm. long, obtuse, its lower half pubescent. Alpine-arctic regions in wet places: Greenl. — Que. — - Colo.— Utah — Alaska; Eu. Mont. — Alp. J^Au. 25. P. Olneyae Piper. Stem 3-8 dm. high, glabrous; blades of the basal leaves 1-2 dm. long, often conduplicate, 2-3 mm. wide, those of the stem-lea,ves. 3-6 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, flat; panicle pale green, about 1 dm. long, drooping,, open; spikelets 7-10 mm. long, 4-6-flowered; lemma ovate, 5 mm. long. P. Wheeleri Auth., not Vasev. Pine woods and meadows: Mont. — -Colo. — Ore.— B.C. Subntont.Suhalp.'^ Jl-Au. 26. P. subreflexa Rydb. Stem ascending, 5-6 dm. tall; leaf-blades flat; flaccid, 7-10 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, spreading; panicle open, about 1 dm. long,, spikelets pale green, 6-7 mm. long, 3- or 4-flowered; lemma lanceolate, 5 mm. long. Wooded banks: Colo. Mont. — Subalp. Jl. 27. P. Wheeleri Vasey. Stem simple, 2-6 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-20 cm- long, 3 mm. wide, the lower involute or conduplicate; panicle ojien, 8-12 cm. long; spikelets 6-7 mm. long, 3-5-flowered, light green, rarely tinged with purple; lemma lanceolate, acute, 5 mm. long. Meadows: Alta. — -Colo. — Utah — B.C. Subjiiont. — Subalp. Jl-Au. 28. P. Vaseyana Scribn. Stem 5-7 dm. high; leaf-blades flat, 5-30 cm. long, 4-5 mm. broad; panicle open, 10-15 cm. long; spikelets often tinged with purple, 4-6-flowered, 8-10 mm. long; lemma 5.5-6.5 mm. long. Mountain meadows: Colo. — -Wyo. Monl. — Subalp. Au. 29. P. tricholepis Rydb. Stem slender, 3-5 dm. high; leaf-blades 5-10 cm. long, a little over 1 mm. wide, scabrous; stem-leaves 2-6 cm. long, sometimes; nearly 2 mm. wide; ligules lanceolate, acuminate; panicle 6-8 cm. long, open; spikelets 3-4-flowered, 5-8 mm. long; lemma about 4 mm. long, green, bordered with purple and a scarious border. Mountains: Colo. Mont. — Alp. Jl-Au. 30. P. Tracyi Vasey. Stem 3-8 dm. high; leaf-blades 6-12 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1-2 dm. long; spikelets 3-5-flowered, light green, loose; lemma finely strigulose-scabrous, especially on the nerves, 4-5 nun. long. P. occidentalU (Vasey) Rydb., not Vasey. Mountains: N.M.— Colo.— Utah. Submont. — Subalp. Jl-Au. 31. P. curta Rydb. Stem glabrous, 4-5 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-5 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, abruptly acute, dark green; inflorescence short, open, 4-5 cm. long; spikelets light green, strongly compressed, about 6 mm. long, 2-4-flowered; lemma lanceolate. Wooded banks: Wyo. Mont. Jl. 32. P. Grayana Vasey. Stem 5-6 dm. high, leafy; ligules triangular- lanceolate or ovate, acute; blades 1-2 dm. long, about 2 mm. wide; panicle 6-10 cm. long, open; spikelets 4-5-flowered, 6-7 mm. long; lemma lanceolate, green GRASS FAMILY 79 at the base, purjile in the middle and brownish-scarious at the top. P. Phoenicia Rydb. Mountains: Colo. Alp. Au. 33. P. pratensiformis Rydb. Stem 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blade-s flat, 2-6 nmi. wide, tho.se of the stem 2-7 cm. long, tho.se of the sterile shoots 1.5-3 dm. long, scabrous on the margins; panicle 5-12 cm. long, si)reading in anthesis only; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 6-8 mm. long; empty glumes nearly equal, acute; lemma obtuse, silky-hairy on the nerves to the middle and pubescent all over near the base. P. pseudopratensis Scribn. - glumes 2, obtuse or acute, uneciual. Lenmia ol)tuse or truncate, often denticulate, convex on the back, but not keeled, pronun(>ntly nerved, hj'aline at the apex. Palet 2-keeled. Styles short, distinct; stigmas plumose. [Glyceria R. Br.] Spikelets ovate or oblong, 6 mm. long or less. Lemma 7-nervefI, obscurely denticulate at the apex. Spikelets 2-4 mm. long; lemma broadly oval, l..'5-2 mm. long. Leaf-blades flat and lax; lemma slightly scarious-margined; branches of the inflorescence long; emi)ty glumes obtuse. Plant slender; branches of the inflorescence strongly ascending, nodding. 1. P. nervata. GRASS FAMILY 83 Plant stout ; branches of tho inflorescence spreading or reflexed, not nodding. 2. P. elala. Leaf-blades conduplicate, stiff, ascending; lemma distinctly scarioiis-mar- gined; branches of the inflorescence short, strongly ascending, not droop- ing. 3. P rigida. Spikelets 4-6 mm. long; lemma narrowly oval, 2-3 mm. long; inflorescence ample; branches finally spreading. Lemma barely scarious-margined ; empty glumes acute, lanceolate. 4. P. grandis. Lemma with broad scarious margins; empty glumes obtuse. 5. P. pulchella. Lemma 5-nerved, distinctly dentate at the ape.x, broadly scarious-margined. Spikelets 4-r)-flowered. 6. P. pauciflora. Spikelets 2-flowored. 7. P. Ilolmii. Spikelets Unear, 10 mm. long or more; lemma 7-nerved, erose. Spikelets 10-17 mm. long, on pedicels at least one-third their length. 8. P. bnrealis. Spikelets 15-20 mm. long, subsessile or nearly so. 9. P. septentrionalix. 1. P. nervata (Willd.) Kuntze. Stem slender, 3-10 dm. high; leaf-blades 1.5-3 tlm. long, -i-lO mm. wide, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle 7-20 cm. long, open; spikelets 3-7-flo\vered, 2-3 mm. long; lemma 1.5 mm. long, obtuse or rounded at the apex, striate. Wet meadows and swamps: Lab. — ^Fla. — ■ Calif. — Alaska; Mex. Submont.—Mont. Je-Au. 2. P. elata Nash. Stem 5-15 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades flat, scabrous on both sides, 2-4 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide; panicle ample, 2-3 dm. long; spike- lets 3-4 mm. long, ovate, 4-7-fiowered ; empty glumes hyaline, 1-1.5 mm. long; lemma 2 mm. long, its nerves vanishing near the apex. Shaded bogs: Mont. — • Wyo.— Calif.— B.C. Suhmont.—Mont. Jl-S. 3. P. rigida (Nash.) Rydb. Stem 3-4 dm. high; leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; inflorescence small, about 1 dm. long; spikelets about 3 mm. long, 5-6-flowered; emjity glumes about 1 mm. long, purplish; lemma rounded-oval, usually purplish, about 1.5 mm. long. Bogs and springs: Mont. — -Ida. — ^Wyo. My Jl. 4. P. grandis (S. Wats.) Nash. Stem stout, 1-2 m. high, smooth; leaf- blades 1.5-4 dm. long, 6-15 mm. wide, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle 2-4 dm. long, open; spikelets 4-7-flowered; lemma 2-2.5 mm. long. P. americana (Torr.) McMill. In water and wet places: N.B.— N.Y.—N.M.— Calif.— Ala.ska. Plain — Submonl. Je-Au. 5. P. pulchella Nash. Stem 4-6 dm. high, stout, smooth; leaf-blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 2.5-6 mm. wide, flat; panicle open, 1.5-3 dm. long; spikelets 4-6- flowered; emptj' glimies brownish or piu-plish, scarious-margined, obtuse; lemma usually purple, scabrous, about 3 mm. long. Swamps: Yukon — ^^Nlack. — N.M. Submont. — Subnip. Jl-S. 6. P. pauciflora (Presl.) Kuntze. Stem 3-10 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, scabrous on both sides; panicle 1.5-2 dm. long, loose; branches ascending or spreading; spikelets 4-5 mm. long; empty glumes 1 mm. long, rounded at the apex; lemma about 3 mm. long, scabrous. Wet meadows and in water: Mont. — -Colo. — Calif. — -B.C. Submont. — Subalp. Jl-Au. 7. P. Holmii Beal. Stem 2.5-5 dm. high, pale; leaf-blades flat, 4-12 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle open, lax, 5-8 cm. long; empty glumes hyaline, 1-1.3 mm. long; lemma scabrous, 2-2.2 mm. long. Sliaded streams: Colo. Mont. Jl. 8. P. borealis Nash. Stem glabrous, 6-15 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-2 dm, long, 2-10 mm. wide, erect, scabrous on both sides; panicle narrow, 2-5 dm. long; branches erect, smooth; spikelets 7-13-flowered; empty ghmies scarious-mar- gined, 1-nerved, the first acute, the second obtuse, erose; lemma 3.5-4 mm. long. Water and wet places: Me. — N.Y.—N.M. — Calif. — Alaska. Submont. — Mont. Jl-Au. 9. P. septentrionalis Ilitchc. Stem 1-1.5 m. high; blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 6-8 mm. wide; panicle 2-2.5 dm. long, subflexuose; spikelets 8-12-flowered; empty glumes obtuse; lemma 4-4.5 mm. long, hispidulous. Gb/rcria (luilans Am. auth., not R. Br. Shallow water: Newf.—Va.— Calif.— B.C. ' Plain- Submont. 84 POACEAE 67. PUCCINELLIA Pari. Meadow-grass. Perennials with rootstocks, ours tufted. Inflorescence paniculate. Spike- lets 3-several-flowered ; flowers perfect. Empty glumes 2, obtuse or acute, imequal. Lemma roimded on the back, obscurely 5-nerved. Palet nearly equalling the lemma. Styles wanting; stigmas sessile, plumose. Grain usually adherent to the palet. Leaves mostly basal; panicle less than 1 dm. long. 1. P. Lenunoni. Leaves scattered on the stem; panicle usually more than 1 dm. long. Lemma 2-2.5 mm. long, distinctly nerved. 2. P. Nuttalliana. Lemma 2 mm. long or less, obscurely nerved. 3. P. tenuiflorn.. 1. P. Lemmoni (Vasey) Scribn. Stem 1-4 dm. high; leaves smooth, fili- form, involut?, short, the cauline ones few and reduced; panicle 5-10 cm. long, becoming open; branches short, spreading; empty glumes both 1-nerved, 2-3 mm. long; lemma 3 mm. long, smooth. Glyceria Lemmoni Vasej'. Alkaline flats: Calif.— B.C.— Sask. Plai7i—Submont. Je-Jl. 2. P. Nuttalliana (Schultes) Hitchc. Stem 3-12 dm. high, erect, strict; leaf-blades 5-10 cm. long, 3 mm. wide or less, usually involute or the upper flat; panicle open with spreading or ascending branches; spikelets scattered, 1-7- flowered, 3-6 mm. long; empty glumes unequal, the first acute, 1-nerved, the second obtuse or acute, 3-nerved. P. airoides (Nutt.) Wats. & Coult. G. distans airoides Nutt. Sahne soil: Man. — Kans. — X.M. — Nev. — -B.C. — Mack. Plaitt^ — Subalp. Je-Au. 3. P. tenuiflora (Griseb.) Scrib. & Merr. Stems 4-6 chn. high; leaf-blades 6-9 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, involute; j^anicle 1-1.5 dm. long; branches capiUary, ascending or spreading, scabrous, often 1 dm. long; spikelets 3-4 mm. long, 3- or4-flowered. Atropis tenuiflora Griseb. Alkaline flats: Alaska — ^Sask. Boreal — F^lain — Stihmont. .Je-Au. 68. FESTtrCA L. Fescue-gkass. Perennials, or annuals, usually tufted. Inflorescence paniculate. Spike- lets 2-several-flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones staminate, the rachilla articulate between the flowers. Empty glumes 2, membranous, unequal, keeled, acute, the first mostly 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved. Lemma rounded on the back, at least below, acute, more or less awned, 3-7-nerved. Palet a little shorter than the lemma, 2-keeled. Stamens 1-3. Styles very short, distinct, terminal or nearly so; stigmas plumose, bilateral. Perennials; stamens 3. Leaf-blades of the innovations narrow. 3 mm. wide or less, involute. Innovations extravaginal; /. c, plants with creeping rootstocks and stolons; leaves smooth. Spikelets pubescent. 1. F. Kilaibeliana. Spikelets glabrous or scabrous. Bodv of the lemma .5-7 mm. long; leaf-blades rather firm. Stem-leaves with flat blades; innovations nimierous. 2. F. rubra. Stem-lejives with filiforin involute blades; innovations few. 3. F. rallicola. Bodv of the lemma about 4 mm. long; leaf-blades filiform, soft. 4. /•". Enrlei. Innovations intra vaginal; plants bimch-grasses. Ligules short, truncate or rounded. Body of the lemma 3-8 mm. long; leaf-blades long, persistent on the sheaths; palet obtuse or 2-tootlied at the apex. Pulvini at the Ijases of the branches of the panicle none or obsolete; tufts easily separable. Lemma (without the awns) 3-4-mm. long, not half longer than the first glume; plant 1-2 (rarely 3) dm. high; inflorescence spike-like. Lemma lanceolate, long-acuminate and long-awned; panicle dense; leaf-blades short, scarcely filiform. Leaf-blades soft and sulcate, at least in age. 5. F. brachyphijlla. Leaf-blades firm and terete, even in age. 6. F. supina. Lemma oblong-lanceolate, al)rui>tly contracted into a short awn; panicle lax; leaf-blades narrowly filiform and soft. 7. F. minuliflora. GRASS FAMILY 85 Lemma f without the awns) 5-8 mm. long; plant usually over 3 dm. high. Old sheaths of the mnovations brown and papery. 8. /•'. calligcra. Old sheaths of the innovations neither brown nor papery. Basal leaf-sheaths short, remaining involute ni age; blades of stem-leaves rarely 8 em. long. Awn short, less than half as long as the lemma; inflores- rencc dense and narrow. 9. F. sazhnontana. Awn long, from nearly equalling to much exceeding the lemma; inflorescence open. Awn little if at all exceeding the lemma in length; ovary glabrous. Leaves scabrous. 10. F. ingrala. Leaves smooth. 11. F. idahoensis. Awn much exceeding the lemma; ovary liispidulous at the apex. 12. F. occidentalis. Basal sheaths long and becoming flattened in age, often 1 dm. long; blades of the stem-leaves over 1 dm. long. 1.3. F. arizonica. Pulvini at the bases of the branches of the panicle rather conspicuous; tufts separable with difliculty. 14. F. viridula. Body of the lemma S-12 mm. long; leaf-blades soon breaking off from the sheath; palet notched at t4ie apex; bunch-grasses. Branches of the panicle spreading or reflexed; spikelets shining; leaves smooth beneath. 15. F. allaica. Branches of the panicle erect or ascending; spikelets rather dull; leaves very scabrous. Plant 5-15 dm. high; basal sheaths long, loose, in age more or less flattened; empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, acuminate; second glume shorter than the spikelet. 16. F. carnpcstris. Plant 3-5 dm. high; basal sheaths usually short and close even in age; emptv glumes acute, lanceolate; second glume about equal- ling the spikelet>. 17. F. scabrclla. Ligules elongate, 4-9 mm. long, acute. IS. F. 1 hurberi,. Leaf-blades all flat, 4 mm. wide or more; perennials with rootstocks. Lemma abruptly acute, not at all keeled. . 19. F. elatior. Lemma awned or awn-pointed, keeled at least above the middle. Awn or awn-point shorter than the lemma. Lemma distinctly 5-nerved; awn from the cleft apex; panicle ciliate. 20. F. dasyclada. Lemma with indistinct intermediate nerves; awn terminal: panicle not ciliate. 21. F. sororia. Awn longer than the lemma. 22. F. subulala. Annuals; stamens usually solitary. Spikelets 5-13-flowered; both glumes subulate. 23. F. octoflora. Spikelets loosely 1-5-flowered ; first glume subulate, the second lanceolate. Branches of the slKjrt panicle normally divergent, a pulvinus at the base of at least one of them. Spikelets usually .3-5-flowered, only the main branches of the inflorescence divergent. 24. F. pacifica. Spikelets visually 1-3-flowered; all branches divergent or reflexed. 25. F. reflexa. Branches of the elongated narrow panicle erect and appressed. 26. F. megalura. 1. F. Kitaibeliana Schultes. Stem 2-5 dm. high; blades of stem-leaves flat, 3-12 cm. long; inflorescence narrow, often secmid; spikelets 8-12 mm. long, 5-9-flowered; emjity glumes unequal, 2-4 mm. long, lanceolate, glabrous; lemma narrowly lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long; awn scabrous, 2—4 nnn. long. Hills and mountain sides: Greenl. — -N.B. — Wyo. — Ore. — Alaska; Eurasia. Suhmnnt. Jg-Xu. 2. F. rubra L. Stem 3-10 dm. high; blades soft, green or (in var. glaucoidea Piper) more or less glaucous; panicle 5-20 cm. long, often narrow; spikelets 4-6- flowered, 7-8 mm. long, green or more or less glaucous, often purple-tinged; lemma 5-7 mm. long, lanceolate; awn scabrous, 1-4 mm. long. Hills: Greenl.— Va. — Colo. — Alaska; Eurasia. Suhuwid. — Subalp. Je-Au. 3. F. vallicola Rydb. Stem 4-10 dm. high, slender, hght-colored, smooth and shining; leaf-blades all filiform, 5-10 cm. long; panicle narrow, about 5 cm. long; spikelets 4-7-flowered, 8-10 mm. long; lemma about 5 mm. long, lanceo- late, indistinctly 5-7-nerved, smooth or minutely scabrous; awn 2-4 mm. long. Meadows: Mont. — Wyo. Submont. Jl-Au. 4. F. Earlei Rydb. Stem about 3 dm, high, very slender; basal leaf -blades 5-10 cm. long, strongly involute, 0.5 mm. wide or le.ss; stem-leaves 3-5 cm. long, 86 POACEAE 1 mm. wide or less; panicle narrow and spike-like, 3-5 cm. long; spikelets 2-3- flowered, about 5 mm. long; lemma narrowly lanceolate, smooth, usually awned; awTi 1 mm. or less long. Mountains: Colo. Mont. .11. 5. F. brachyphylla Schultes. Stem 1-2 dm. (rarely 3 dm.) high; leaf- blades nariow, involute, 1-5 cm. long; panicle 2-5 cm. long; spikelets 2-5-flowered ; lemma green or purplish, about 3 mm. long, acuminate; awn scabrous, 2-3 nun. long. F. brevifolia R. Br. Alpine-arctic regions: Greenl. — -Vt. — N.M. — Ariz. — ■ Cahf.— Alaska. SubaIp.~Alp. Jl-S. 6. F. supina Schur. Stems 1-2 dm. high; leaf-blades stiff, involute, often arcuate-spreading; panicle 1-5 cm. long, nearly simple; lemma lanceolate, 3-3.5 mm. long, acuminate, often tinged with red or brown; awn 1-3 mm. long. Al- pine-arctic situations: Greenl. — Lab. — Colo. — B.C.;Eu. Alp. Jl-S. 7. F. minutiflora Rydb. Stem very slender, 1-1.5 (seldom 3) dm. high; leaves mostly basal; blades 1-10 cm. long, narrow and flaccid, about 0.5 mm. wide; panicle very narrow, lax, 2-4 cm. long, with very short, erect branches; spikelets, excluding the awns, about 5 mm. long, 2-3-flowered ; lemma about 2 mm. long, jjurple-tinged above; awn 1.5 mm. long or less. Mountains: Colo. Mont. — Subalp. Je-Au. 8. F. calligera (Piper) Rydb. Stem pale, 1.5-5 dm. high; leaf-blades fili- form, glaucous, strongly striate, 5-15 cm. long, about 0.5 mm. wide; sheaths of the stem-leaves looser; panicle narrow, 1-1.5 dm. long; branches ascending; spikelets 4-7-flowered ; lemma about 5 mm. long, abruptly acuminate; awn 1-2 mm. long. F. ovina calligera Piper. Mountains: Ariz. — -Nev. — -Utah — Colo. Son. — Submont. .Tl-Au. 9. F. saximontana Rydb. Densely tufted perennial; stem 2-4 dm. high, slender, glabrous; leaf -blades very slender, 3-10 cm. long, less than half a milli- meter wide, strongly involute; panicle 4-10 cm. long; spikelets 4-6-flowered; lemma lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long, glabrous; awn 1-2 mm. long. Festuca pseu- dovina (Beal) Rydb., not Hack. Dry ridges: Mich. — -Sask. — -Colo. — B.C. Mont. — Alp. Je-Au. 10. F. ingrata (Hack.) Rydb. Stem 1-3 dm. high; leaf-blades filiform, involute, those of the sterile shoots 1.5-3 dm. long, 0.5 mm. wide or less; panicle 8-15 cm. long; spikelets 3-8-flowered, 8-15 mm. long; lemma 6-8 mm. long, more or less scabrous; awm 3-4 mm. long. F. ovina ingrata Hack. Meadows and hillsides: Mont. — Colo.^Utah — B.C. Submont. ^Subalp. 11. F. idahoensis Elmer. Stem 7-9 dm. high; leaf-blades filiform, involute, those of the sterile shoots 2-4 dm. long, less than 0.5 mm. wide; inflorescence 7-12 cm. long, open; spikelets 3-5-flowered, about 1 cm. long or less; lemma obscurely 5-nerved, 6 mm. long; awn about 3 mm. long. Meadows: Ida. Sub- mont. Jl. 12. F. occidentalis Hook. Stem slender, 5-8 dm. high; leaf-blades 5-20 cm. long, glabrous; jjanicle loose, subsecund, flexuose, 8-20 cm. long; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 6-10 mm. long, pale green or i)urplish; lemma 5-6.5 mm. long, scabrous towards the apex; awn of about the same length. Meadows and hill- sides: B.C. — Calif. — Wyo. — ^Mont. Submont. Ap-Jl. 13. F. arizonica Vasey. Stem 4-7 dm. high; leaf-blades 1.5-2.5 dm. long, scabrous; panicle rather narrow, 7-12 cm. long; branches erect, somewhat secund, scabrous; spikelets 4-6-flowered, 10-13 mm. long; lemma 6-7 mm. long, thick, acuminate; awn 1-2 mm. long. F. Vaseyana Hack. Hills and open woods: Colo.— N.M.— Ariz.— Utah. Mont. Jl-S. 14. F. viridula Vasey. Stem 3-0 dm. high; leaf-blades erect, the basal ones 1-3 dm. long, involute; those of the stem often flat, shorter; panicle loose, open, 1-1.5 dm. long; spikelets 3-6-flowered, 10-12 mm. long; lemma smooth and shining, 6-7 mm. long, pointed. Mountain meadows: B.C.— Ida. — Calif. Mont. — Sahdlp. J(--Au. 15. F. altaica Trin. Stem erect, smooth, 3-9 dm. high; leaf-blades involute, 1.5 3 dm. long; i)anicle loose and open, 1-2 dm. long; spikelets 3-5-flowered, GRASS FAMILY 87 12-15 mm. long, green or inore commonly copper-colored or purple; empty glumes smooth or nearly so; lemma ovate, attenuate, finely anfl densely scabrous, somewhat shiny, 10-12 mm. long. Subarctic regions: Alaska — -Yukon — Cana- dian Rockies — -(Mt. Albert) Que. — Lab.; Siberia. Suhalp. Je-Au. 16. F. campestris Rytlb. Stem 4-10 dm. high; leaf-blades 3-5 dm. long, scabrous; panicle 12-25 cm. long; sjiikelets 10-12 mm. long, 2-4-flowered ; empty glumes membranous, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate; lemma very scabrous, at- tenuate, thicker than tlie empty glumes, 9-10 mm. long. F. scahrella major Vasev. Plains and hills: Alta. — N.D. — Wash. — ^Yukon. Plain — Submonl. Je- Au. " 17. F. scabrella Torr. Stem 3-5 dm. high; blades of the basal leaves 1-2 dm. long, scabrous, striate; those of the upper stem-leaves short, 3-5 cm. long, often flat; panicle small, 5-15 cm. long; branches ascending; spikelets often purple-tinged, 3-4:-flowei'ed, about 1 cm. long; lemma scabrous, 6-S mm. long, acute. F. Hallii (Vasev) Piper. Mountains: Alta. — Mont. — Wash. — B.C.; Colo. Mont. Jc^Jl. 18. F. Thurberi Vasey. Stem 6-10 dm. high; leaf-blades involute, 6-20 cm. long, very scabrous; panicle 1-1.5 dm. long, loose, slightly drooping; spike- lets 3-6-flowered, 8-12 mm. long; empty glumes smooth or scabi'ous on the keel; lemma finely scabrous near the margins or glabrous, cuspidate-acuminate, 7-8 mm. long. Poa feat ucoides and P. Keibensis M.E.Jones. Hillsides and mo'm- tains: N.M.— Wyo.— Utah. Mont.—Subalp. Jl-S. 19. F. elatior L. Stem smooth, 5-12 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-6 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle 1-2 dm. long, rather open in anthesis, narrowed in fruit; spikelets 3-13-flowered, usually 6-8-flowered, 9-11 mm. long; lemma 5-7 mm. long, scabrid towards the apex. Meadows and copses: X.S. — ^X.C. — N.M. — Calif. — B.C.; cult, and nat. from Eu. Plain- Submont. Je-Au. 20. F. dasyclada Hack. Stem erect, 2-4 dm. high; leaf -blades soft, often folded, glabrous, 5-15 cm. long; panicle open; spikelets 2-flowered, 6-7 mm. long; lemma about 6 mm. long, scabrous-puberulent, 2-toothed at the apex; awn 3 mm. long. Mountains: "Utah." 21. F. sororia Piper. Stem 6-9 dm. high, smooth and shining; leaf- blades thin, Hat, spreading, 1-2.5 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, scabrous on the margins; panicle 1-1.5 dm. long, somewhat nodding, lax; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 7-12 mm. long; empty glumes membranous; lemma 6-9 mm. long, keeled at the base, scabrous; awn 0.5-2 mm. long. F.fratercula Piper, not Rupr. Open hillsides, canons, and meadows. Colo. — LUah — Ariz.; Mex. Submont. — -Siibalp. 20. F. subulata Trin. Stem 4-12 dm. high; leaf-blades dark green above, flat, thin, 1-3 dm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, scabrous on both sides; panicle very loose, drooping, 1.5-4 dm. long; branches reflexed; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 7-12 mm. long; lemma somewhat keeled, scabrous toward the apex, 5-7 mm. long, attenuate into a scabrous awn 5-20 mm. long. F. Jonesii Vasey. Woods: Alaska — ^Calif. — ^I'tah — Colo. — Mont. Mont. — Subnlp. Je-Au. 23. F. octoflora Walt. Usually tufted; stems 5-40 cm. high, glabrous or retrorsely puberulent; leaf-blades involute or rarely flat, 2-10 cm. long; panicle narrow, erect, racemiform, 3-12 cm. long; sjnkelets 5-10 mm. long, rarely longer; lemma lanceolate, scabrous to glabrous, 4-5 mm. long, attenuate; awn straight, 1-7 mm. long. F. levella Willd. In dry sandy soil: Que. — Fla. — Calif. — B.C. Plain— Mont. Ap-Jl. 24. F. pacifica Piper. Simple or somewhat tufted; stem 1-5 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-lalailes glabrous, loosely involute, 3-5 cm. long; panicle more or less secund, 5-12 cm. long; branches solitary, bearing spikelets on the lower side; spikelets 3-6-flowered; lemma lanceolate, scabrous, except that of the lowest flower, whi<'h is smooth, 6-7 mm. long; awn scabrous, 10-15 mm. long. River valleAs and hills: B.C.— Utah— N.M.— Ariz.— L. Calif. Son.—Submont. Ap-Jl. 88 . POACEAE 25. F. reflexa Buckley. Simple or rarely tufted; stem •erect, 2-5 dm. high; leaf-blades f^.at or looseh' involute, 2-10 cm. long; panicle 5-12 cm. long; spike- let.s 1-3- (rarely 4- or 5-) flowered, 5-7 mm. long; lemma lanceolate, smooth or scabrous, 4.5-6 mm. long, attenuate; awii scabrous, 2-12, usually 5-8 mm. long. Dry places: B.C. — Utah — Calif. Son.- — Suhtnont. My-Je. 26. F. megalura Xutt. Simple or somewhat tufted; stems 2-6 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades involute or flat; panicle 1-3 cm. long; spikelets 4-5-flowered, 8-11 mm. long; lemma obscurely 5-nerved, 4-6 mm. long, scabrous and cihate on its upper half; awn scabrous, 8-15 mm. long. Dry soil: B.C. — -Ida. — Ariz. — Cahf.; Mex., Equador, Peru, and Chili. Subuwnt. Ajj-Je. 69. HESPEROCHLOA (Piper) Rydb. Dioecious perennials, densely tufted, producing both intravaginal innova- tions and stout extravaginal stolons. Panicle narrow. Spikelets 3-5-flowered, those of the staminate plant flattened, those of the pistillate one turgid. Empty glmnes 2, lanceolate, subscarious, the lower 1-nerved, the upper 3-nerved. Lemma ovate, 5-nerved, acuminate. Palet shorter than the lemma. Ovary hispidulous at the apex, deeply sulcate; stigma elongate, the numerous short branches arising on all sides. Grain 2-dentate at the apex. 1. H. Kingii (S. Wats.) Rydb. Stems stout, striate, glabrous, 4-10 dm. high; leaf -blades firm, flat or loosely involute, coarsely striate, 1-3 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide; panicle narrow, erect, 8-20 cm. long; spikelets (i-lO mm. long; empty glumes nearly smooth, shining, the first 3-4.5 mm. long, the second 5-7 mm. long; lemma ovate, abruptly acuminate, scabrous, 5-8 mm. long. Poa Kingii S.Wats. Fesluca confiiiisYasey. Canons and hillsides: Ore. — Calif. — Colo. — Neb. — Mont. Submont. — Subalp. Je-Au. 70. BROMUS L. Brome-grass, Ches.^ Cheat. Annuals or perennials, with paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets usually large, often drooping, several-many-flowered; flowers perfect or the upper ones im- perfect. Empty glumes 2, membranous, persistent, narrow, unequal, acute or the second one sometimes short-awned. I.,emma longer than the glumes, rounded or keeled on the back, u.sually awned, the awn dorsal antl inserted just below the 2-toothed apex. Palet shorter than the lemma, 2-keeIed. Ovary crowned with a villous appendage, at the base of which arise the lateral styles; stigmas plumose. Second empty glume 5-7-nerved; first empty glume 3-nerved. Lemma compressed-keeled. Palet less than three-fourths as long as the lemma, which Is scarcely toothed. Sheaths and usually also the blades hairy; lemma pubescent or hispidulous- scabrous. Lemma hispidulous-scabrous. Awns 10-1.5 mm. long. 1. B. Hookerianus. Awn 4-6 mm. long. 2. B. Flodmanii. Lemma pube-scent; awns 4-8 mm. long. Lower branches of the panicle 7 cm. long or less, in fruit erect. Leaves flat, not canescent. 3. B. brcviaristatus. Leaves involute, canescent. 4. B. subvclutinus. Lower branches of the panicle 1 dm. long or longer, spreading in fruit. 5. B. lalior. Sheaths and blades glabrous or minutely scabrous. Panicle narrow, strict; awn 4-6 mm. long. 6. B. polyanthus. Panicle open, spreading and nodding; awn 6-7 mm. long. '). B. paniculatus. Palet more than three-fourths as long as the lemma, which is distinctly toothed at the ape.x. 8. B. unialoidrs. Lemma rounded on the back, broadly elliptic; introduced tufted annuals or biennials. I^emma nearly as broad as long, awnless or with a very short awn. 9. B. brizacformis. Lemma much longer than broad, conspicuously awned. Lemma ancl glumes glabrous. Awn nuuii shorter than the lemma, nearly erect. .^lieaths glabrous. 10. B. secalinus. Sheath- densely pubescent. 11. B. raccrnosus. Awn fullv as long as the lemma, at maturity strongly divergent; sheaths pubescent. 12. B. patulus. GRASS FAMILY 89 Lemma and glumes more or less pubescent. 13. U. hordeaceus. Second emptv glume :^nerved; first empty glume 1-nerved, except in B. Porteri. Awns shorter than the lemma; plants perennial with rootstocks, all native except li. inermis. Inflorescence more or less drooping. Awn 6-9 nmi. long; empty glumes sparingly pubescent or glabrous. 14. B. ezimius. Awn 2-5 mm. long. Emptv glumes decidedly pubescent. First empty glume 3-nerved; inflorescence nanow. 15. B. Porteri. First empty glume 1-nerved; inflorescence open. Sheaths with a ring of dense hairs at the base of the blades. 16. B. latiglumis. Sheaths without a ring of hairs. 17. B. purgans. Empty glumes glabrous or merely scabrous on the nerves. Lemma evenly pubescent on the back; sheaths densely hairy. 18. B. lanatipti. Lemma ciliate on the margins, glabrous or sparingly hairy on the back; sheaths glabrous or the lower sparingly hirsute. 19. B. ciliatus. Inflorescence not drooping. Inflorescence narrow; its branches erect; lemma usually with awn 2-3 mm. long. 20. B. Pumpellianus. Inflorescence broad: its branches spreading; lemma usually awnless. 21. B. inermis. Awn longer than the lemma; introduced tufted annuals. Spikelets numerous on slender, recurved pedicels; lemma 8-12 mm. long. 22. B. tectorum. Spikelets few; pedicels not recurved; lemma 12-30 mm. long. Awn less than 3 cm. long. 23. B. stenhs. Awn 3.5-4 cm. long. 24. B. maximus. 1. B. Hookerianus Thurb. Annual or biennial; stem erect, 4-S dm. high; leaf-blades flat, 1-2.5 dm. long, 5-12 mm. wide; panicle 2-4 dm. long; branches spreading; spikelets 5-10-flowered, 3-4 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide; empty glumes glabrous, 15-18 mm. long, gradually acuminate; lemma about 2 cm. long, broadly hyaline-margined. Plains: B.C.— Ida. — Calif. Submont. My-Jl. 2. B. Flodmanii Rydb. Short-lived perennial; stem glabrous, 6-10 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-3 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, minutely scabrous; ]:)anicle 1-2 dm. long; spikelets 2.5-3.5 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide; empty glumes lanceolate, about 1 cm. long, glabrous, acute; lemma about 15 mm. long, scabrous, narrow- margined, acuminate. ^leadows: Mont. Submont. 3. B. breviaristatus (Hook.) Buckl. Tufted short-lived perennial; stem 6-12 dm. high; leaf-blades sparsely pilose throughout or glabrate, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide; j^anicle erect, narrow, 1-2 dm. long; spikelets 2.5-4 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, 7-9-flowered; empty glumes scabrous or scabrous-puberu- lent; lemma 11-14 mm. long; awn 4-5 mm. long. B. viarginatus Nees. Mead- ows: B.C. — Calif. — ^Colo. — Neb. — Alta. Submont. 4. B. subvelutinus Shear. Erect tufted perennial; stem pubescent above, 2.5-5 dm. high; leaf-blades linear, rigid, involute, canescent, with spreading hairs; panicle 5-10 cm. long, narrow, erect; spikelets short-pediceled or subses- sile, 5-7-flowered, 2-3 cm. long; empty glumes puberulent, S-12 mm. long; lemma appressed-pubescent; awn 3-4 mm. long. Arid regions: Xev. — Calif. — Wash. — Ida. Son. 5. B. latior (Shear) Rydb. Stout perennial; stem 7-18 dm. high; leaf-blad^ 2-3 dm. long, 7-10 mm. wide, more or less pilose; panicle 2-3 dm. long; spike- lets 2.5-4 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide; empty glumes pubescent, about 1 cm. long, acuminate; lemma densely pubescent, about 15 mm. long, acuminate, slightly bifid; awn 6-7 mm. long. B. marginnlus latior Shear. Meadows: Wash. — Calif. — X.M. — Mont. Submont. — Mont. Je-Au. 6. B. polyanthus Scribn. Stout short-lived perennial; stem glabrous, or puberulent at the nodes; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, scabrous, especially above; panicle 1-2 dm. long; spikelets 3-3.5 cm. long, densely 7-11- flowered; empty glumes smooth or nearly so, subacute or obtuse; lemma smooth or minutely scabrous. Meadows: Alont. — N.M. — Utah — Ore. Submont. — Subalp. Je-Au. 90 POACEAE 7. B. paniculatus (Shear) Rydb. Tall leafy perennial; stem 6-10 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-3 dm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 2-3 dm. long; spikelets loosely 5-7-flowered, 2-3 cm. long, 6-7 mm. wide; empty glumes ob- tuse, glabrous; lemma glabrous, 11-14 mm. long, scarious-margined, acute. B. jwlyanthus paniculatus Shear. Mountain meadows: Colo. — -X.M. — -Ariz. — Utah. Submont. Jl-Au. 8. B. unioloides (Willd.) H.B.K. Stout, more or less tufted annual; stems 3-10 dm. high, glabrous; sheath pilose-pubescent, rarely glabrous; panicle 1.5-3.5 dm. long; branches ascending or spreading; spikelets 2-3.5 cm. long, 5-9 mm. broad, 7-11-flowered; empty glumes smooth or slightly scabrous; lemma broadly lanceolate, acute, nearly glabrous to strongly scabrous, 13-16 mm. long; awn usually present, 2 mm. long or less. Fields, prairies, and waste places: Fla. — Colo. — Calif. Son. Ap-Au. 9. B. brizaeformis Fisch. & Mey. Stem 3-6 dm. high, glabrous or slightly pubescent at the nodes; leaf-blades pubescent on both sides, 5-10 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; panicle 5-25 cm. long, lax, secund, nodding; spikelets 15-25 mm. long, ovate; empty glumes obtuse, smooth or minutely scabrous; lemma about 1 cm. long, very broad, smooth or minutely scabrous, broadly scarious-margined. Waste places and fields: Mass. — Del. — Calif. — B.C.; adv. from Eurasia. Plain — Submont. Je-Jl. 10. B. secalinus L. Stem 3-7 dm. high, smooth or pubescent at the nodes; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, sparsely pubescent above, glabrous beneath; panicle 8-18 cm. long, at first erect, drooping in fruit; spikelets 10-18 mm. long, 6-8 mm. broad; lemma 6-8 mm. long, obtuse, smooth or scabrous, its margins strongly incurved in fruit; awn 3-5 mm. long. Cheat. Fields and waste places : Me. — Fla. — Calif. — ^Wa.sh.; nat. from Eu. Plain. Ap-Au. 11. B. racemosus L. Stem 3-7 dm. high, scabrous-puberulent under the inflorescence and pubescent at the nodes; leaf-blades 7-14 cm. long, pilose- pubescent; panicle simjjle, somewhat nodding; spikelets 15-20 mm. long, 5-9- flowered, acute; lemma smooth or scabrous, 6-8 mm. long, very shortly bidentate at the apex; awn 5-8 mm. long, straight. Waste places: N.S. — Ga. — -N.M.- — ■ Ore. — -Wash. — Yukon; adv. from Eu. Plain — -Submont. Je-Au. 12. B. patulus Mert. & Koch. Stem somewhat geniculate at the base, 4-6 dm. high; leaf-blades pubescent, 4-10 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; panicle 12-20 cm. long, diffuse, somewhat drooping; spikelets 2-2.5 cm. long, 5-6 mm. wide; lemma 7-9 mm. long, hyaline-margined, emarginate, glabrous. Waste places: Mass. — Colo. — S.D.; adv. from Eu. Plains. Je-Jl. 13. B. hordeaceus L. Stem 2-8 dm. high, usually somewhat pubescent; leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, 3-5 mm. broad, i)ilose or glabrate; panicle contracted, 5-10 cm. long; spikelets 5-13-flowered, 12-15 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; lemma obtuse, coarsely pilose, 8-9 mm. long; awn stout, 6-9 mm. long. B. mollis L. H.\iRY Cheat. Waste places, roadsides, fields: Me. — N.C. — Calif. — B.C.; nat. from Eu. Plain — Submont. My-Jl. 14. B. eximius (Shear) Piper. Stem slender, 8-11 dm. high, .somewhat pubescent, at least at the nodes; sheaths i)ilosc; leaf-blades 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 5-9 mm. wide, tliinly i)ilose above; panicle 8-12 cm. long, nodding; spikelets f«w, 15-25 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; lemma 8-10 mm. long, sparsely i)ubescent on the back, ciliate near the margins. B. vulgaris Shear, in part. Wet places: B.C. — ^Mont. — -Wyo. — Calif. Submont. Jl-Au. 15. B. Porteri (Coult.) Nash. Stem 5-9 dm. high, pubescent at the nodes; sheaths usually si)aringly short-pilose; leaf-blades 7-30 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1-2 dm. long, drooping; sjjikelets 2-2.5 cm. long, 7-9-flowered; lemma 11-13 mm. long, coarsely pubescent, the apex hyaline, slightly emarginate; awn 2-4 mm. long. Hillsides and meadows: Man. — N.M. — Ariz.— Alta. Plain ■ — Subalp. Je-Au. 16. B. latiglumis (Shear) Hitchc. Stem 6-10 dm. high, very leafy, slightly pubescent at the nodes or glabrous; leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long, 5-8 nun. wide, scabrous ancl sometimes sparingly hairy above, with conspicuous auricles at the GRASS FAMILY 91 base; panicle 1-3 dm. long, open, somewhat nodding; spikelets 2-3 cm. long, loosely 6-10-flo\vered; lemma about 1 cm. long, broadly lanceolate, pilose, densely so toward the base; awn 4-5 mm. long. B. purgans latiylumis Shear. Mead- ows: Conn. — -Pa. — ^lo. — Neb. — Mont. Plain. Je-Au. 17. B. purgans L. Stem 7-14 dm. high, glabrous or pubescent at the nodes; leaf-blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, somewhat auricled at the base, short-pilose on the veins above, scabrous or smooth beneath; panicle lax, nodding, 1.5-2.5 dm. long; spikelets 7-14-flowered, 2-2.5 cm. long; lemma acute, 10-12 mm. long, sparsely pubescent across the back; awn 4-6 mm. long, straight. Woods and .shady I)anks: Que. — ^Ga. — Okla. — -Wyo. Plain — Submoni. My-Jl. 18. B. lanatipes (Shear) Rydb. Stem 4-10 dm. high, smooth, or pubescent at the nodes; leaf-blades 2-3 dm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, scabrous on both sides; panicle open, 2-3 dm. long; branches ascending; spikelets 2-3 cm. long, 7-11- flowered; lemma about 1 cm. long, obtuse, emarginate; awn 4-5 mm. long. Hill- sides: Colo. — ^N.M. — -Calif. Submoni. — Monl. Jl-Au. 19. B. ciliatus L. Stem 6-13 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 5-12 mm. wide, mostly scabrous above, glabrous beneath; panicle large, drooping, 1.5-2.5 dm. long; .sjiikelets 2-3 cm. long, 6-11-flowered; lemma obtuse, emarginate, 12-15 mm. long; awn 3-5 mm. long, straight. B. Richardsoni Link. Meadows and hillsides: Sask.— N.M.^Ariz.— Ore. — B.C. Plain — Subalp. Je-Au. 20. B. Pumpellianus Scribn. Stem glabrous, or pubescent merely at the nodes; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, smooth beneath, scabrous or slightly pubescent above, auricled at the base; spikelets erect, 7-11-flowered, 2-3 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide; lemma 10-12 mm. long, coarsely ciliate along the margins and across the back at the base. Meadows and hillsides: Sask. — S.D. — Colo. — ^B.C. — Alaska. Subniont. — Mont. 21. B. inermis Leyss. Stem 5-10 dm. high; leaf-blades smooth and glab- rous, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, .5-10 mm. wide; panicle 1-2 dm. long; spikelets 2-2.5 cm. long, 4r-5 mm. wide; lemma 9-12 mm. long, obtuse, emarginate, typically glab- rous. Fields and meadows: Man. — Ohio — N.M. — ^Wash. — -Mont. ; escaped from cultivation. Je-Au. 22. B. tectorum L. Stems 3-6 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades mostly pubescent throughout; panicle 6-15 cm. long; spikelets 13-20 mm. long; lemma lanceolate, scabrous-puberulent to piloss-pubsscent, 11-13 mm. long, narrowly 2-toothed at the apex; awn straight, 13-15 mm. long. Waste places and sandy soil: Mass. — Va. — Miss. — Colo. — -Calif. — B.C.; adv. or nat. from Eu. F^lain — • Submoni . My-Jl. 23. B. sterilis L. Stem erect or ascending, 5-10 dm. high; leaf -blades pubescent throughout; panicle 1-2 dm. long, lax, open; spikelets 25-3.5 cm. long, 6-10-flowered; empty glumes lance-subulate, the first 7-9 mm. long, the second 11-13 mm. long; lemma linear-lanceolate, 12-16 mm. long, scabrous; awn stout, very rough. Waste places: Mass. — -D.C. — -Colo. — Wash. — B.C.; adv. from Eu. Plain — Submoni. My-Jl. 24. B. maximus Desf. Stem 2-4 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades flat, 3-5 mm. broad, jjilose on both sides; panicle erect, somewhat secund, 5-10 cm. long; spikelets 5-7-flowered, 3. .5-5 cm. long, exclusive of the awns; lemma 5-nerved, 2..5-3 mm. long, harshlv scabrous, 2-toothed at the apex. Waste places and fields: Cahf.— Wash.— Ida.- B.C.; alv. from the Old World. 71. LOLIUiM L. Darnel, Rye-grass. Perennials with rootstocks, or annuals, with terminal 2-sided spikes. Spike- lets with the edge towards the rachis, compressed, several-many-flowered; flowers perfect or the upper ones imperfect ; rachilla articulate between the flow- ers. Emjity glumes in the terminal sjiikelet 2, in the lateral spikelets 1, facing the rachis, the inner one lacking. Lemma shorter and broader than the empty glume, rounded on the back. Palet shorter than the lemma, 2-keeled. Styles distinct, short; stigmas plumose. 92 POACEAE Empty glumes shorter than the spikelet; perennial. ^ . 1. L. perenne. Empty glume longer than the spikelet; annual. 2. L. temulentum _ 1. L. perenne L. Stem 2-8 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades 5-12 cm. long> 2-4 mm. wide, smooth; spike 7-20 cm. long; spikelets 5-10-flowered, 8-12 mm. long; empty glume strongly nerved; lemma 4-6 mm. long, acuminate, awnless. Waste places and cultivated ground: N.S. — -Va. — N.M. — Calif. — B.C. nat. from Eurasia. Je-Au. 2. L. temulentum L. Stem 6-12 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, smooth beneath, rough above; spike 1-3 dm. long; spikelets 4-8-flowered, 10-18 mm. long; empty glume strongly veined; lemma awned or awnless. Poisonous. Waste places and cultivated ground: N.B. — -Ga. — Calif. — B.C.; nat. from Eu. Je-Au. 72. AGROPYRON Gaertner. Wheat-gra.ss, Quitch-grass, Quick-grass. Perennials with terminal, 2-sided spikes; spikelets compressed, with the side of the spikelet towards the rachis, usually single at each node; flowers perfect, or the upper ones imperfect; rachilla articulate between the flowers. Empty glumes 2, standing at right angles to the median plane of the spike, i. e., with one edge toward the rachis, usually firm. Lemma broader, rigid, rounded on the back, from obtuse to acuminate, awnless or awned. Palet shorter than the lemma, 2-keeled, ciliate on the keels. Styles very short; stigmas plumose. Fruit enclosed in the lemma, adherent to the palet. Rachis of the spike breaking up at maturity, the internodes falling with the spikelets; lemma long-awned. 1. A. Scribneri. Rachis of the spike remaining continuous. Tufted plants -vvith intra vaginal innovations; no horizontal stolons (e.^cept in A. arizonicum). Lemma long-awned, /. e., the awn usually longer than the body of the lemma. Basal leaf-blades shorter than the upper ones; spikelets slightly compressed; awns somewhat spreading. 2. A. Gmelini. Basal leaf-blades longer than the upper ones. .Awn divergent. Spikelets remote on the axis, more or less compressed. Spikelets erect, empty glumes nearly equalling the spikelet. 3. A. \'ase!ji. Spikelets spreading or ascending; empty glumes half as long as the spikelet. Empty glumes linear-oblong, acute or obtuse; stem-leaves 3 or 4, not glaucous. 4. ^1. spicatum. Empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, acuminate or awn-pointcd; stem-leaves 6 or 7, glaucous. 5. A. arizonicum. Spikelets crowded on the a.xis, subterete. 6. A. Bakcri. Awns erect. Plant tall, usually more than 3 dm. high, erect or ascending; empty glumes broadest below the middle; spike elongated. Stem stout; spike 7-10 mm. tliick, erect, but usually unilateral; spikelets (exclusive of the awns) 15-25 mm. long. 7. .4. Richardsoni. Stem slender; si)ike about 5 mm. thick, seldom unilateral; spikelets (exclusive of tlie awns) about 1 cm. long. 8. A. caninoides. Plant 2-3 dm. high, decumbent at the base, geniculate; empty glumes broadest above the middle, scarious-margined ; spike short and dense. 0. A. andinum. Lemma short-awned or awnless. Spikes stout and dense, 3-8 cm. long; empty glumes broadest above tlic middle. Lemma densely pubescent; empty glumes conspicuously white-margined. 10. A. Iali(/lumc. Lemma glabrous or scabrous; empty glumes not conspicuously white- margined. 11. .4. hiflnrurn. Spike slender and lax. 7-20 cm. long; empty glumes broadest below the middle.. Spikelets terete, appressed; empty glumes nearly as long as the .spikelets. 12. A. tcncrum. Spikelets flattened; empty glumes much shorter than the spikelets. 13. A. incrmc. Stoloniferous plants with horizontal rootstocks, sometimes slightly tufted; innova- vations extravaginal. Lemma with a long, more or less divergent awn. Leiiiina pubescent. 14. A. albicans. Lemma glabrous or scabrous. Spikelets subterete, appressed. 15. A. Griffilhsii. GRASS FAMILY 93 Spikolels compresseci, spreading. 5. A. arizonicum. Lemma awnless or with a very short erect awn; empty glumes usually narrowly lanceolate, acuminate. Sheaths conspicuously i)ilose. 16. A. Palmcri. Sheatlis t^'lahrous or nearly so. Lenuna glabrous or merely scabrous. Spikelets erect, nearly cylindric or slightly compressed. Spike elongate; empty glumes nearly equalling the spikelets. 17. A. pseudorepens. Spike short; empty glumes about half as long as the spikelets. 18. A. riparium. Spikelets much flattened, spreading. 19. A. Smithii. Lemma from villous to hispidulous. Lemma short-pubescent. Spikelets compressed, more or less spreading; lemma acuminate or strongly acute. 20. A. moUe. Spikelets terete or nearly so, erect; lemma obtuse or acutish. Spike loose, elongate; lemma sparingly pubescent. 21. A. lanceolatum. Spike dense and short; lemma densely pubescent. 22. A. subvillosum. Lemma long-villous. 23. A. dasystachyum. 1. A. Scribneri \'asey. Densely tufted perennial; stems decumbent and geniculate at the base, 2-5 dm. high; leaf-blades short, 3-10 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, rigid, attenuate-pointed; spike 5-7 cm. long, fle.xuous; spikelets 3-6- flowered; empty glumes linear-lanceolate or subulate, 3-5-nerved, smooth, long- awned; lemma oblong-lanceolate, 8-10 mm. long, smooth, 5-nerved; a-mi diverg- ent, scabrous, 1.5-2.5 cm. long. This species connects the genus with Silanion. High moimtains; Mont. — N.M. — Ariz. Siibalp. — Alp. Jl-Au. 2. A. Gmelini (Griseb.) Scribn. & Smith. Stems 6-12 dm. high, glabrous, slender; blades of stem-leaves 12-30 cm. long, fiat or involute; those of the basal leaves 3-7 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; spike slender, 1-2.5 dm. long; spikelets 10- 20, 6-9 mm. long, 7-9-fiowered ; empty glumes unequal, 10-14 mm. long, oblong- lanceolate, acimiinate or short-awned; lemma oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 10-12 mm. long; awn scabrous, 15-30 mm. long, at last divergent. Hillsides: Wash. — -Alta. — Wyo.; Siberia. Submont. Jl-Au. 3. A. Vaseyi Scribn. A: Smith. Stem erect, 3-5 dm. high, wiry, glabrous; leaf-blades 3-15 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, usually involute; spike slender, 5-10 cm. long, often somewhat flexuose; spikelets 3-5-flowered ; empty glumes oblance- olate or oblong, acute or acimiinate, 6-8 mm. long; lemma 8 mm. long, lanceo- late, acute; awn 8-10 mm. long. Hills and mountain sides: Wash. — Ore. — Colo.— Mont, Suhmo?}t. My-Au. 4. A. spicatum (Pursh) Scribn. t\: Smith. Stem 3-10 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades 5-20 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, involute or rarely flat; spikes 8-20 cm. long; spikelets 3-6-flowered, flattened; lemma 8-10 mm. long, scabrous above; awii stout, 12-25 mm. long. A. divergens Nees. Bunch Grass. Dry rocky hills and bench-lands: B.C. — Calif. — Ariz. — Colo. — Mont. Plain — Subinoti't. Je-Au, 5. A. arizonicum Sciilni. & Smith. Tufted, but occasionally with long stolons; stem 4-6 dm. high, minutely scabrous below; leaf-blades 1-3.5 dm. long, 4-6 mm, wide; spike 7-20 cm, long, usually nodding; spikelets 7-14, distant, 5-7-flowered, 2-3.5 cm. long, 3-5-nerved; lemma 10-15 mm. long, acuminate, scabrous; awn about 2.5 mm. long. Mountains: Colo. — N.M. — Ariz.;nMex. Submo7ii.. — Subalp. Au-0. 6. A. Bakeri E. Nels. Stem smooth, 3-5 dm, high; leaf-blades rigid, flat, 1-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; spike 9-12 cm, long, dense, scarce!}' exserted; spikelets about 5-flowered, 15-19 mm, long; empty glumes 11-12 mm. long, scarious-margined, abruptly acimiinate, short awned; lemma scabrous or nearly smooth, about 12 mm, long, attenuate; awn 1-3.5 cm. long. High mountains: Colo.— N.M. Mont. Au. 7. A. Richardsoni (Trin.) Schrad. Stems smooth, 6-8 dm, high; leaf- blades 8-20 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous, flat, often with involute tips; spikes 7-10 cm. long, one-sided; spikelets 3-4-flowered; empty glume 12-16 mm. 94 POACEAE long, short-awned or awn-pointed; lemma 10-13 mm. lortg, scabrous on the margins. A. unilaterale. Cassidy, not Beaiiv. Scarcely distinct from A. caninum L. of Eu. Meadows and among bushes: Sask. — Minn. — Iowa — N.M. — B.C. Plain — Mont. Je-S. 8. A. caninoides (Ramaley) Beal. Stem 3-10 dm. high; leaf-blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 3 mm. wide, erect, involute or nearly flat; spike 1-2 dm. long, dense; spikelets 1-2 cm. long, pale or purple-tinged; empty glumes 7-9 mm. long, short-awned or awn-pointed; lemma 7 mm. long, scabrous .4. caninum Am. auth., mostly. Mountain meadows; N.S. — Mich.^^N.M. — Calif.— Mont. Mont. — Suhalp. Jl-Au. 9. A. andinum (Scribn. & Smith) Rydb. Stems 2-3.5 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-10 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat, glabrous beneath, pilose above; spike 3-8 cm. long; empty glumes 8-10 mm. long; lemma 8-10 mm. long, puberulent or glabrate; awn 4-10 nun. long. High mountains: Mont.-^Colo. Mont. — Subalp. Jl-Au. 10. A. latiglume (Scribn. & Smith) Rydb. Stems 2-4 dm. high, erect or often decumbent at the base; leaf-blades 3-10 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat, or involute when dry, pubescent on both sides or sometimes glabrate; spike 3-5 cm. long; s]Mkelets 3-5-flowered; lemma oblanceolate, acute or short-awned. High mountains: Alta. — Mont. — -Alaska. Subalp. — -Alp. 11. A. biflorum (Brign.) R. & S. Tufted perennial; stem 1..5-6 dm. high, often somewhat decumbent at the base; leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat or somewhat involute; spike 2.5-10 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; spikelets 3-6-flowered; lemma 5-7-nerved, 8-12 mm. long, acuminate or short-awned. A. violaccum (Hornem.) Lange. Mountains: Greenl. — N.Y. — Neb. — N.M. — Alaska; Eurasia. Suhalp. — Alp. Jl-S. 12. A. tenerum Vasey. Stem 3-10 dm. high; leaf -blades 2-6 mm. wide, 7-15 cm. long, scabrous, flat or involute; spike slender, 1-1.5 dm. long, lax; spikelets 3-5-flowered; empty glumes 10-12 mm. long, acute to awn-pointed, .5- nerved; lemma 8-10 mm. long, lanceolate; awn 1-4 mm. long or more. Rye Grass. Dry soil: B.C. — Cahf. — N.M. — Minn. Plain — Submont. Je-Au. 13. A. inerme (Scribn. & Smith) Rydb. Stems 8-10 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades erect, 1-2 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, more or less pubescent above, somewhat glaucous, flat or involute; spike 1-3 dm. long, lax; spikelets distant, 1.5-2 cm. long, 6-10-flowered; empty glumes 8-10 mm. long; lemma 10-12 mm. long, smooth, often mucronate or with a short awn-tip. Closely related to A. spicalum and A. Vaseyi. Plains and meadows: B.C. — Wash. — -Utah — Wyo. Submont. Je-Au. 14. A. albicans Scribn. & Smith. Stem erect, 3-6 dm. high, glaucous; leaf- blades rigid, ascending, involute, scabrous, 7-20 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide; spike slightly nodding, 7-10 cm. long; spikelets 8-10, .5-7-flowered, 1.5-18 mm. long; empty glumes pubescent, oblanceolate, acuminate, tipped with an awn 4-0 mm. long; lemma about 9 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate; awn 12-15 mm. long. Hills and benchlands. Mont. — -Wyo. — -w Neb. — S.D. Submont. Je-Au. 15. A. Grifflthsil Scribn. Sz Smith. Stem glabrous, 3-8 dm. high, striate; leaf-blades rather rigid, mostly involute, .5-12 cm. long; spike erect, 8-15 cm. long; spikelets j)ale, closely 5-7-fiowered; empty glumes 8 nun. long, with awns 3 mm. long; lemma oblong, 8-10 mm. long; awns 8-10 mm. long. Plains: Wj-o. — N.D.— S.D. Plain. Au. 16. A. Palmeri (Scribn. (t Smith.) Rydb. Stem 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades glaucous, 1-2 dm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, at last involute, scabrous and often sparingly ])ubescent on both sides; spikes rather dense, 1-1.5 dm. long; spikelets compressed, 1..5-2 cm. long; lemma about 1 cm. long, acuminate, pilose to hispidulous-scabrous. Bottom-lands and hillsides: N.M. — -Colo. — ^Utah — -Ariz. Son. — Submont. My-Jl. 17. A. pseudorepens Scribn. A Smith. Stem 3-10 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades scabrous througliout, 12-20 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat, or involute when dry; spike 1-2.5 dm. long; spikelets rather distant, 10-16 nun. long, 3-7- GRASS FAIVIILY 95 flowered; lemma acuminate or awn-pointed, scabrous, about 1 cm. long. Prair- ies and river valleys: Neb. — Tex. — Ariz. — B.C. F^lain — Mont. Je-S. 18. A. riparium Scribn. &. Smith. Stem glabrous, erect, 4-6 dm. high; leaf-blades flat, becoming involute, 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, scabrous throughout; spike 5-10 cm. long; spikelets S-15, compressed, 5-7-flowered, sjireading, 5-6 mm. long; lemma oblong-lanceolate, acute, scabrous towards the apex, acute or acuminate. River banks: Mont. — Colo. Sabinonl. 19. A. Smithii Rydb. Stem 3-10 dm. high; leaf-blades spreading, rigid, bluish green, glaucous, smooth or minutely scabrous beneath, becoming involute, 1-3 dm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; si)ikf?s 7-18 cm. long; spikelets 7-13-flowered, some- times in pairs; lemma 8-12 mm. long, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, seldom awn-pointed, smooth or nearly so. A. spicalum Scribn. & Smith, in part. A occidentale Scribn. Blue-joint; Blue-stem. Prairies and plains: Man. — Mo. —Tex.— Ariz.— Ore.— B.C. Plain— Mont. Je-S. 20. A. moUe (Scribn. & Smith) Rydb. Stems 4-8 dm. high; leaf-blades more or less glaucous, 1-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, at last involute, scabrous; spike 1-2 dm. long, rather dense; spikelets about 2 cm. long, 6-8-flowered; lemma 8-10 mm. long, densely hispidulous. River bottoms, especially in alka- line soil: Sask.—X.M.— Utah— Wash. Plain—Mont. Jl-S. 21. A. lanceolatum Scribn. & Smith. Stem 6-10 dm. high, smooth and shining; leaf -blades acuminate, 12-30 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, flat, scabrous beneath, pilose above; spike 1-2 dm. long; spikelets 10-20 mm. long, 4-7-flowered, erect; lemma 8-15 mm. long, broadly lanceolate, more or less short-pubescent. Banks and meadows: Wash. — Ida. — -Ore. Je-Jl. 22. A. subvillosum (Hook.) E. Nelson. Stems 4-6 dm. high, slender, glabrous; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat or at last involute, scab- rous; spike rather crowded; spikelets compressed, 12-15 mm. long; lemma 6-10 mm. long, obtuse or acute. River banks and sandy soil: Sask. — -Neb. — -Colo. — Nev.— B.C. Plain— Mont. J(^Au. 23. A. dasystachyum (Hook.) Scribn. Stem 3-10 dm. high; leaf -blades .5-20 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat, becoming involute in drying; spike 6-18 cm. long; spikelets slightly compressed, 4-8-flowered; lemma broadly lanceolate, 10- 12 mm. long, acute or rarelj- short-awned. Sand-dimes: Hudson Bay — Mich. — ■ Wis. — Ida. — -Sask. Plain— Banal. Jl-Au. 73. TRITICUM L. Wheat. Annuals or biennials with spicate inflorescence. Spikelets solitary at each node, alternate, 2-5-flowered; flowers mostly perfect. Empty glumes with one edge towards the rachis, broad, short, often toothed, but seldom awned at the apex. Lemma ventricose on the back, several-nerved, often awned or at least toothed at the apex. Palet shorter than the lemma, 2-keeled. Grain deeply furrowed, free, pubescent at the apex. Empty glumes distinctl.v keeleri only at the apex; grain dull, neither glo.ssy nor semi- translucent. 1. T. aeslivum. Empty glume.« riistincMy keeled, almost winged, to the base; grain glossy, often some- what translucent. " 2. T. durum. 1. T. aestivum L. Annual or biennial; stem about 1 m. high, hollow, smooth; leaves at first rather light green, soft; spike 4-12 cm. long, 4-angled; spikelets mostly 4-flowered; lemma with or without awn. T. sativum Lam. Wheat. Old fields and waste places: cult, and rarely escaped. 2. T. durum Desf. Annual or rarely biennial; stem 1 m. high or more, usually with a pith; leaves smooth, whitish green, with hard cuticle; spike almost terete, thicker than in the ordinary wheat, 5-10 cm. long; lemma long-awiied. Durum or Macaroni Wheat. OM fields and waste places: cult, and rarely escaped. 74. SECALE L. Rye. Annuals or biennials, with silicate inflorescence. Spikelets solitary at each node, alternate, 2-flowered. Flowers all hermaphrodite and fertile. Empty glumes subulate, awn-pointed, with one edge towards the rachis. Lemma long- 96 POACEAE awTied at the apex, keeled to the base. Grain slightly compressed laterally, deeply furrowed, free, pubescent at the apex. 1. S. cereale L. Annual or biennial; stem 1.5-3 m. high, glabrous; leaves scabrous, flat; spike 10-15 cm. long, 4-angled; s]>ikelets 2-flo\vered; emptj' glumes subulate; lemma lanceolate, hispidulous-ciliate, 5-nerved, awned. Waste places and old fields: escaped from cultivation. 75. HORDEUM L. Barley, Squirrel-tail, Foxtail. Annuals or rarely perennials, with spicate inflorescence. Spikelets alter- nately in 3's, rarely in 2's, at each node of the articulate rachis, sessile or short- pediceled, 1-flowered; flower perfect or in the lateral spikelets often imperfect or rudimentary; rachilla extending beyond the flower as a long slender bristle. Empty glumes 2, awailike, subulate, or lanceolate, rigid, falling together with the rachilla-joint. Lemma lanceolate, rounded ou the back, awned, lobed, or in the lateral spikelets awnless. Palet shorter, 2-keeled. Styles verj' short, dis- tinct; stigmas plumose. Lateral soikelets sessile; annuals. Lemma not awned, the awns represented by chartaceous lobes. 1. //. aegiceras. Lemma awned. 2. //. rulgare. Lateral spikelets stalked; lemma awned. Floret of the central spikelet sessile. Empty glumes of tlie central spikelets lanceolate. 8. H. pusillum. Empty glumes of central sjjikelet not lanceolate. Inner empty glumes of the lateral spikelets broadened 4. H. maritimiim. Empty glumes all setaceous. Lateral floret not awned. Plant low, 5-25 cm. high; upper sheaths inflated. 5. H. deprcssum. Plant taller, 2-ii dm. high; upper sheath not conspicuously inflated. Lateral floret neutral or stanunate; lemma of the central floret 6-8 mm. long. 6. H. noclosu^n. Lateral floret usually perfect; lemma of the central flower 10 mm. long. 7. //. boreale. Lateral florets long-awned. Awn 2-3 cm. long. 8. H. caespilosum. Awn 4-6 cm. long. 9. H. jubaluw. Floret of the central spikelets stalked. Empty glumes not ciliate. 10. //. montanense. Empty glumes or some of them ciliate. 11. //. murinum. 1. H. aegiceras (E. Mey.) Royle. Stem 5-7 dm. high; leaf-blades glabrous, 1-1.5 cm. broad; spikes about 1 dm. long; spikelets all fertile; empty glumes lance-subulate, strigose; lemma 3-lobed at the apex; lateral lobes lanceolate, acute, divergent; middle lobe ovate, obtuse, slightly hooded. Pearl Barley. Moist waste grounds: cult, and often escaped. Plain — Siibmont. 2. H. vulgare L. Annual or rarely biennial; stem 5-7 dm. high; leaf-blades broad, flat; ligules obsolete; spikes about 1 dm. long; empty glumes small, sub- ulate, awned; spikelets all hermai:)hrodite; lemma lanceolate, long-awned, smooth. Barley. Waste places and old fields: sometimes escaped from cultivation. 3. H. pusillum Nutt. Tufted annual; stem 1-4 dm. high, usually de- cumbent at the base; leaf-blades 1-7 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide; spike 3-7 cm. long; central spikelets perfect, the lateral ones imperfect; inner empty glumes of the lateral spikelets lanceolate, the outer ones subulate, all awned; lenmia smooth, that of the central spikelet 6-8 mm. long, short-awned, those of the lateral spikelets smaller and stalked. Dry soil: Ont. — Ga.^Calif. — B.C. Plain — Sub7nont. A|>-.Ie. 4. H. maritimum With. Annual or perennial, branched at the base; branches decumbent below, then ascending, somewhat geniculate, 1-2 drti. high; sheaths loose, pubescent; spike short-exserted or the base included, 3-5 cm. long; empty glumes setaceous except the inner ones of the lateral spikelets, which are sometunes staminate, distinctlv auTied; otherwise like H. nodosum. Saline soil: Calif.— Wash.— Ida.— Utah. My-Jl. 5. H. depressum (Scribn. & Smith) Rydb. Tufted; stem 5-15 cm. high, geniculate at the ba.«e, which is covered by the sheaths; leaf-blades 1-3 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, auricled at the base, finely pubescent; spikes 2-3 cm. long; lenuna GRASS FAMILY 97 of the central sj^ikclct 7 mm. long, smooth; awn of about the same length; lemma of the lateral spikelets about 4 mm. long, acuminate or merely awn-pointed. H. nodosum deprcssum Scribn. ct Smith. Meadows: Wash. — Ida. — Calif. Submont. Mj^-Je. 6. H. nodosum L. Tufted annual or perennial; stems 2-6 dm. high, erect or sometimes decumbent at the base; leaf-blades 4-12 cm. long, 2-G mm. wide, scabrous; spike 3-S cm. long; lemma of the central spikelet 6-S mm. long; awn 6-12 mm. long; lemma of the lateral spikelets smaller. Meadows and waste places: Alaska — -Calif. — Tex. — Yukon; Eu. Siibtno7d. — Mont. Ap-Au. 7. H. boreale Scribn. & Smith. Rather simple perennial; stem 3-10 dm. high, lower sheaths often pubescent; leaf-blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 4-S mm. wide, scabrous; spikes 7-10 cm. long; lemma of the central spikelet scabrous toward the apex; awn about 1 cm. long; lemma of the lateral spikelets about 6 mm. long, subulate-pointed. Meadows: Alaska — Calif. — Ida. — -Colo. (?) Submont. Jc^Jl. 8. H. caespitosum Scribn. Cespitose perennial; stem 3-6 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; spike 3-5 cm. long; lemma of the central spikelet lanceolate, 6 mm. long; awn about 12 mm. long; lemma of the lateral spikelets 2-4 mm. long, with an awn of about the same length. Mead- ows and springy places: Sask. — -S.D. — Kans. — N.M. — Ida. — -Wash. Plain — Submont. Je-Au. 9. H. jubatum L. Tufted perennial; stem 2-8 dm. high, erect; leaf-blades 3-12 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, scabrous; spikes 5-10 cm. long; lemma of the centra! spikelet 6-8 mm. long, scabrous at the apex; awn 4-6 cm. long; lemma of the lateral spikelets 4-6 mm. long, short-awned. Dry sandy soil and prairies: Lab.— N.J.— Tex.— Calif.— Alaska. Plain— Subalp. Je-S. 10. H. montanense Scribn. Erect biennial or perennial; stem 6-10 dm. high, smooth; s]iike 5-7 cm. long; leaf-blades 5-10 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, scabrous; central spikelets usually 2-flowered; lemma of tlje first flower about 1 cm. long, lanceolate, scabrous; awn 16-18 mm. long; lemma of the second flower with the awn 12-14 mm. long; lateral spikelets similar to the central one, but the second flower rudimentary. Meadows: Mont. Submont. 11. H. murinum L. Tufted perennial; stem 2-6 dm. high, erect or de- cumbent at the base; leaves 3-15 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous; spikes 5-10 cm. long; empty glumes of the central spikelet lance-subulate; outer glumes of the lateral spikelets setaceous and merely scabrous; awns 18-25 mm. long; lemma 10-12 mm. long, scabrous toward the apex; awns about 25 mm. long. Ballast and waste places: Calif. — B.C. — Ida. — N.M.; also along the eastern coast: N.Y. — D.C.; adv. and nat. from Eu. Son. — Submont. My-Au. 76. SITANION Raf. Tufted perennials, with cylindric, sjiicate inflorescence. Spikelets sessile, several at each node of the articulate rachis, 1-5-flowered. Empty glumes 2, rarely entire, awn-like, usually 2-5-cleft with subulate awned divisions. Lemma broader, entire, long-awned, or 2- or 3-cleft and short-awned. Palet shorter than the glume, 2-keeled. Styles very short, distinct; stigmas plumose. Empty glumes lanceolate, scarious-margined. Leaf-blades not wliite-margined. 1. S. lanccolatum. Leaf-blades wliite-margined. 2. 5. marginatum. Empty glumes setaceous, or cleft into setaceou.'s divisions, not scarious-margined. Empty glumes setaceous, entire; lowest flower perfect. Lemma soft-pubescent. .3. S. pubiflorum. Lemma glabrou-s. 4. S. eUjmoides. Empty glumes or some of them 2-cleft; lowest flower rudimentary. Lemma pubescent; sheaths and blades densely pubescent. Blades and sheaths short-hairy, subvelutinous. Awns at least 4 times as long as the lemma. 5. S. Hystrix. Awns 2-3 times as long as the lemma. 6. S. cihereiim. Blades and sheaths long-hairy. 7. S. ciliatum. Lemma glabrous or scalirous. Empty glumes subulate-lanceolate, bifid about two-thirds their length. 8. S. insulate. 98 POACEAE Empty glumes setaceous, or cleft to near the base into setaceous divisions. Sheaths and blades more or less long-pubescent. Lemma glabrous. 9. S. moUr. Lemma scabrous. 10. S. sirigosum. Sheaths and blades glabrous, scabrous, or puberulent; lemma smooth below, scabrous above. Awns of the lemma 3—4 cm. long, divergent; plant very low. 11. S. rigidum. Awns of the lemriia 4-7 cm. long; plant taller, more than 2 dm. high. Leaf-blades 2-5 mm. broad, flat or slightly involute. Plant perfectly glabrous; awn ascending. 12. S. glabrum. Plant puberulent or scabrous; awns divergent. 13. S. monlanum. Leaf-blades 1-2 mm. broad, strongly involute. 14. S. basallicola. 1. S. lanceolatum J. G. Smith. Stem 3-5 dm. high, erect, smooth; leaf- blades 8-15 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, rigid; spikes erect, 6-10 cm. long, barelj' exserted; empty glumes 5-6 mm. long, usually 2-nerved, entire or unequally 2-cleft, the longer awn scabrous, divergent, 1-1.5 cm. long; lemma 8-9 mm. long, glaucous, entire or minutely 3-cleft; awns spreading, 2-5 cm. long. Agro- pyron sitnnioides J. G. Smith. Mountains: Mont. — S.D. Suhmont. Au. 2. S. marginatum Scribn. & Merrill. Stem 2-3 dm. high; leaf-blades 3-9 cm. long; spike 3-6 cm. long; empty glumes 5 mm. long, entire; awn spreading, about 1.5 cm. long; lemma glabrous, about 7 mm. long; awn like those of the empty glumes. Bare mountain slopes: Wyo. Subalp. Jl. 3. S. pubiflorum J. G. Smith. Stem erect, 2-3 dm. high, strigose above; leaf-blades puberulent beneath, scabrous above, 2-10 cm. long, spreading; spike exserted, 5 cm. long; empty glumes 4-6 cm. long; lemma of the lowest flower 7 mm. long, scabrous and finely pubescent; awn scabrous, straight, ascending, 5-6 cm. long. Dry hills: Colo^— N.M.— Ariz. Son. Ap-Je. 4. S. elymoides Raf. Stem 3-6 dm. high, glabrous and glaucous; leaf- blades smooth and glaucous or puberulent, 1-2 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat or involute; spike somewhat nodding, exserted or enclosed at the base in the upper- most sheath; empty ghimes 6-8 cm. long; lemma 8-11 mm. long; awn scabrous, spreading, 5-6.5 cm. long. S. longifolium and *S'. brevifolium J. G. Smith. Hill- sides and plains: Neb. — Kans. — -N.M. — Ariz. — Nev. — -Mont. Plain — Mont. Jc^S. 5. S. Hystrix (Nutt.) J. G. Smith. Stems 1-3 dm. high, erect, scabrous above; leaf-blades flat or at length involute, finely pubescent throughout, 2-12 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide; spike 5-7 cm. long, erect, flexuose; empty glumes scab- rous, 3-4 cm. long; lemma 7-S mm. long, minutel> pubescent, 3-awned, the middle awn about 3 cm. long. Dry hills and "sage plains": Colo. — -Wyo. — Wash. — • Ore. Son. — Submont. My-Jl. 6. S. cinereum J. G. Smith. Stem 2-3 dm. high, densely grayish pubes- cent; leaf-blades involute, rigid; spike 4-5 cm. long; awns 2-3 cm. long; lemma 7-8 mm. long, scabrous, 3-nerved towards the apex, 3-awned; lateral awns 2-4 mm. long, the middle one 2-3 cm. long. Dry places: Wash. — Ida. — Nev. Son. My-Jl. 7. S. ciliatum Elmer. Stem 1-2 dm. high, cinereous-pubescent just below the spike; leaf-blades 5-10 cm. long, finely pilose, 3-4 mm. wide; spikes 5-7 cm. long; empty glumes about 1 cm. long, gradually tapering into a divaricate awn, 3-4 mm. long; lemma 8 mm. long, i)ubescent or scabrous on the nerves; awn 3-4 cm. long. Hills: Wash. — Wyo. Submont. Je. 8. S. insulare J. G. Smith. Stem slender, glabrous, 3-6 dm. high; leaf- blades 1-1.5 dm. long, glabrous below, pubescent on the veins above, involute; empty glumes 2-awned; awns divergent, scabrous, 1-2 cm. long; lenuna 8 mm. long, smooth and shining, 3-cleft; middle awn divaricate, 1-2 cm. long; lateral awns or teeth 1-2 mm. long. Arid places: Utah. Son. Je. 9. S. molle J. G. Smith. Stem 3-4 dm. high, j)ubcscent; leaf-blades rigid, ascending, S-15 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; spike 7-8 cm. long, erect, e.xserted; empty glumes 4, entire or unequally bifid, subulate-setaceous, 6-7.5 cm. long, GRASS FAMILY 99 (Uvarioate; lowest flower of the si)ikelet sterile, like the empty glumes; lemma of the seeond flower about 1 em. long, trifid or entire; awn 5-7 cm. long. Moun- tain sides: Colo. — N.M. Sub)nont. — Subalp. Au. 10. S. strigosum J. G. Smith. Stem 3-6 dm. high, glabrous or minutely pubescent above; leaf-blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, flat, or the lower involute, pilose; sjiike stout, exserted, 8-12 cm. long; empty glumes entire or bifid, subulate-setaceous, 5-6 cm. long; lemma 8-10 mm. long, 3-cleft above, the middle awn 5-7 cm. long, the lateral ones 1-2 mm. long. Valleys: Wash. — ■ Ore. — -N.D. — -S.D. Submont. Je-Au. 11. S. rigidum J. G. Smith. Stem 1-2 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades 3-8 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, rigid, involute, scabrous above; spike 2-8 cm. long, exserted or included at the base; empty glumes 4, entire or two of them divided to the base, awncd, strongly divaricate, 2-3 cm. long; lowest floret usually ster- ile; lemma 7-9 mm. long, trifid; awn stoat, divaricate. Mountains: Calif. — • Wash. — Mont. — N.M. — Ariz. Subalp.— Alp. Je-Au. 12. S. glabrum J. G. Smith. Stem 3-6 dm. high, smooth and shining; leaf-blades 7-15 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, flat, becoming involute; spike 5-8 cm. long, sub-flexuose, the base usually enclosed in the uppermost sheath; empty glumes bifid to near the base, the lobes subulate-setaceous, 6-8 cm. long; lemma 7-8 mm. long, entire or minutely bifid. Hills: Calif. — Wash. — Wyo. — ■ Utah. Subalp.— Alp. My-Au. 13. S. montanum J. G. Smith. Stem 2-4 dm. high, glabrous below, scab- rous above; leaf-blades 5-10 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; spike erect, 5-10 cm. long; empty glumes subulate-setaceous, some of the lower usually bifid, divergent, 5-6 cm. long; lemma 10-11 mm. long, 3-fid, 3-awned. Hillsides: Mont. — Wy i. — Utah — Ore. Submonl. — Mont. Je-Au. 14. S. basalticola Piper. Stem 1-3 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades 3-10 cm. k>ng, 1-2 nun. wide, minutely scabrous on the nerves above; spike erect, 3-5 cm. long, barely exserted; empty glumes subulate, or some cleft to near the base, spreading, 3-4 cm. long; lemma 8-10 mm. long, glabrous, glaucous, 3-fid; middle awn 3-3.5 cm. long, divergent, scabrous, the lateral ones about 1 mm. long. Basaltic soil and sandy slopes: Wash. — Ida. Sub?nont. Je. 77. ELYMUS L. Lyme-grass, Wild Rye, Rye-grass, Buffalo Rye. Perennials, with rootstocks and cylindric spikes. Spikelets sessile, usually 2 or 3 at each node, but in some species mostly single, 2-several-flowered. Empty glumes 2, inserted more or less obliquely, rigid, awn-like, subulate or lance-linear, persistent, awn-pointed or awned. Lemma oblong or lanceolate, rounded on the back, usually awned. Palet shorter than the glume, 2-keel(!d. Styles very short, distinct; stigmas plumose. Lemma long-awned. Spike broad; spikelets spreading. Empt.v glumes lanceolate to lanceolate-subulate: spike dense. Empty glumes lanceolate, 5-7-nerved, thick and strongly curved at the base; spike erect. Plant robust; spike scarcely exserted; lemma glabrous or nearly so. 1. E. virQinicus. Plant slender; spike long-exserted ; lemma scabrous-hispid ulous. 2. E. jejuntis. Empty glumes narrowly linear-lanceolate, neither conspicuously thickened nor curved at the base; spike often nodding. Empty glumes usually minute, less than 15 mm. long. 4. E. diversiglumis. Empty glumes 1.5-30 mm. long. Lemma hirsute or villous. 3. E. canadensis. Lemma hispidulous-scabrous to glabrous. Robust; spike usually included at the base; leaf-blades 8-15 mm. wide. 5. E. rnhustus. Slender; spike long-exserted; leaf-blades seldom more than 5 mm. wide. 6. E. brachi/stachys. Empty glumes setaceous, hirsute; lemma hirsute; spike laxer. 7. E. siriatus. Spike narrow; spikelets erect, appressed. Lemma pubescent. Empty glumes lanceolate, 5-nerved. 8. E. vulpinus. Empty glumes lance-subulate, indistinctly veined. 9. E. anguatus. 100 POACEAE Lemma scabrous or glabrous. Empty glumes lanceolate, acuminate or short-awned, 2-5-nerved. Spike dense; spikelets more or less imbricate. Plants not tufted, with rootstocks; leaf-blades spreading. Sheaths and blades glabrous; glumes scabrous, at least above. 10. E. glaucus. Sheaths and lower leaf-blades pubescent; glumes glabrous. 11. E. marginalia. Plants tufted; leaf-blades ascending. 12. iS. nilidus. Spike lax; spikelets distant; glumes glabrous. 13. E. Pelersonii. Empty glumes linear-subulate. Spike 7-S mm. thick; awns 30-40 mm. long. 14. E. Saundersii. Spike 5 mm. tliick; awns 'j-IO mm. long. 15. E. Macounii. Lemma awnless or short-awned; awn less than one-third the length of the bodj . Empty glumes strongly 3-o-nerved. Empty glumes thickened and strongly curved at the base, not scarious-margined. 16. E. currattis. Empty glumes neither thickened nor strongly curved at the base, more or less scarious-margined. 17. E. Houcllii. Empty glumes l-nerved or indistinctly 3-nerved. Lemma glabrous or hispidulous Empty glumes aristiform or narrowly subulate. Plant stout, 1-2 m. high, tufted; spikelets 2-6 at each joint; lemma scab- rous-hispidi'.lous. IS. E. condensatus. Plant slender, ;^-10 dm. high; spikelets 1 or 2 at each joint. Lemma broadly lanceolate, acute or awn-polnted; rachis scabrous on the sharp angles; spikelets erect; plant with a horizontal root- stock. 19. E. triticoides. Lemma narrowly lanceolate; rachis nearly terete, strigose; plant tufted. Spikelets usually in pairs; lemma awn-pointed. Lemma glabrous. 20. E. ambiguus. Lemma scabrous or scabro-strigose. 21. E. strigosus. Spikelets usually singly; lemma acuminate or acute. 22. E. salinus. Empty glumes lanceolate-subulate, tapering from the rather broad base; lemma glabrous. 23. E. si>7iplex. Lemma pubescent. Plants tufted; lemma long-attenuate, short-awned. 24. E. rilliflorus. Plants not tufted, or somewhat so in E. cinereus, with horizontal rootstocks; lemma not long-attenuate. Lemma appressed-pubescent. Stem, sheath, and leaves glabrous or minutely strigulose. 2.'i. E. arenicola. Stem, sheath, and leaves densely short pubescent. 26. E. cinereus. Lemma with spreading pubescence. Spike long; empty glumes lanceolate, silky-villous. 27. E. flavescens. Spike short; empty glumes subulate, scabrous. 28. E. innovatus 1. E. virginicus L. Stem 6-10 dm. high; sheath usually glabrous; leaf- blades 1-3 dm. long, 4-16 mm. wide, scabrous; spike 5-15 cm. long, thick, erect; lemma 6-8 mm. long, glabrous; awn scabrous, 5-18 mm. long. Along streams: N.S.— Fla.— Tex.— Sask. Plain. Je-Au. 2. E. jejunus (Ramaloy) Rydb. Stem slender, 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, scabrous; spike 2-6 cm. long, strict; si)ikek'ts usually 2 at each node; lemma lanceolate, 7-8 mm. long, scabrous, hispidulous; awn 3-10 mm. long. E. virginicus minor Vasey. E. virginicus jejunus Ramaley. Sand hills and river banks: Minn. — Neb. — Wyo. — Mont. Plain — Sub>notil. Je-Au. 3. E. diversiglumis Scribn. & Ball. Stem 9-12 dm. high, glabrous; leaf- blades sjireading, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, scabrous on both sides; spikelets in pairs, 2-flowercd; lemma linear-lanceolate, acute, 8-10 mm. long, indistinctly 3-5-nerved, hirsute or scabrous, hispidulous; awn 2-3 cm. long. Rich open places: Wis. — Wyo. — N.D. F^lain — Submont. .11. 4. E. canadensis L. Stem 6-15 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long, 4-20 mm. wide, scabrous; spike 1-3 dm. long, usually long-exserted, nod- ding; spikelets spreading, 3-5-flowered ; lemma 8-14 mm. long; awn 2-5 cm. long, rough. River banks and among bushes: N.S. — Ga. — N.M. — B.C. Plain — Submont. Jl-Au. 5. E. robustus Scribn. & Smith. Stem 1-2 m. high, smooth; leaf-blades 2-4 dm. long, 8-20 mm. wide, scabrous on both sides; spike 12-18 cm. long, 2.5- 4 cm. thick; spikelets 3-4 at the nodes, 3-4-flowered; lemma 12-16 mm. long. GRASS FAMILY 101 attenuate above; awn 3-4 cm. long. River valleys: 111. — Mo. — N.M. — Mont. — Ida. Plain — iSubmont. Je-Au. 6. E. brachystachys Seribn. & Ball. Stem 3-10 dm. high, smooth; leaf- blades 1-2 dm. long, ti-lO mm. wide, semi-involute, smooth or somewhat scab- rous beneath, finely .scabrous above; spike dense, nodding, 8-15 cm. long; spike- lets usually in 2's, 3-5-flowered; lemma 11-13 mm. long; awn scabrous, 2-4 cm. long. Pniiries and plains: Mich.— Tex.— N.M. —(Black Hills) S.D.; Mex. Plain — Submont. Je-Au. 7. E. striatus Willd. Stem 3-9 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, smootli or slightly scabrous beneath, pubescent above; spike exserted, nodding, 6-12 cm. long; spikelets divergent, 1-3-flowered; lemma about 6 mm. long, hispid; awn 1.5-3 cm. long. Woods and river banks: Me. — N.C. — Tex. — N.D. Plain — Submont. Je-Au. 8. E. vulpinus Rydb. Stem 5-7 dm. high, striate, erect; leaves 1-1.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous on the margins; spike exserted, 1-1.5 dm. long, 6-7 mm. thick, slightly nodding; spikelets 1-2 at each node, 4-6-flowered; lemma linear-lanceolate, 8 mm. long; awn 8-10 mm. long. Meadows: Alta. — Neb. Plain. Jl-Au. 9. E. angustus Trin. Stem 4-10 dm. high, striate, smooth; leaf -blades rigid, 7-15 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, smooth beneath, scabrous above, with in- volute margins; spike rather slender, its base enclosed in the upper sheath; spikelets in pairs, 2-3-flowered, erect-appressed; lemma lanceolate, acuminate, 8-10 mm. long; awn scabrous, 4-6 mm. long. Banks: Wyo. — Ida.; Asia. Sub- mont. Je. 10. E. glaucus Buckley. Stem 6-10 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades flat, scabrous on both sides, 6-15 mm. wide, 5-20 cm. long; spike erect, 6-15 cm. long, 5-8 mm. thick; spikelets in pairs, rarely in threes or single, 3-4-fIowered ; lemma scabrous towards the apex, 5-nerved, 7-10 mm. long, with a white margin, or in var. tenuis Vasey [E. americanus Vasey & Scrlbn.] narrower and with purplish margin; awn scabrous, 7-15 mm. long. Among bushes and in meadows: Mich. — ^N.M. — Calif. — B.C. Sul>nt,ont. — Subalp. Je-Au. 11. E. marginalis Rydb. Stem 6-10 dm. high, glabrous or pubescent at the nodes; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 7-10 mm. wide, flat, scabrous beneath, usually pilose above; spike 1.5-2 dm. long; spikelets usually in pairs, 4-5-flowered ; lemma 10-12 mm. long, glabrous and shining; awns 8-20 mm. long. Lake shores and banks: B.C. — Wash. Submont. — Mont. Je-Jl. 12. E. nitidus Vasey. Stem 7-10 dm. high, stout and leafy; leaf-blades 1.5-2 dm. long; spike about 1 dm. long, erect; spikelets 1-2 at each node, 3-5- flowered; lemma about 1 cm. long, obscurely 5-nerved, smooth or nearly so, shining; a\vn scabrous, of about the same length. Mountains: Ore. — Wyo. — B.C. Submont. — Mont. Jl-Au. 13. E. Petersonii Rydb. Stem 6-S dm. high, slender, glabrous; leaf-blades flaccid, 1-1.5 dm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, light green, minutely scabrous on both sides, or sparingly pilose above; spikelets in pairs or single; lemma about 1 cm. long; awn about 1 cm. long. Mountains: B.C. (Selkirk Mts.) Mont. Au. 14. E. Saundersii Vasey. Stem 6-10 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades 12-20 cm. long, becoming involute, finely scabrous; spike 12-18 cm. long, somewhat nodding; spikelets usually in pairs, 2-4-flowered; lemma lanceolate, 5-nerved, finely scabrous, 10 mm. long. Mountains: Colo. Mont. 15. E. Macounii Vasey. Stem 3-10 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades erect, scabrous, 7-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; spike slender, 7-12 *cm. long; spikelets often solitary at the nodes, 1-3-flowered; lemma scabrous above, 8-10 mm. long, 5-nerved. ileadows: Man. — N.M. — Utah — Alta. Plain — Submont. 16. E. curvatUS Piper. Stem erect, 6-10 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, usually flat, scabrous on both sides; spike stout, erect, short-exserted, 5-12 cm. long; lemma 3-5-nerved, sparingly scabrous- hispidulous towards the apex, 8-12 mm. long, acuminate to short-awTied ; awn 102 FOACEAE 2 mm. long or less. E. virgijiicus submuticus Hook. River banks: Man. — Ills. — Kans. — Wash. Plain — Submont. Jl-Au. 17. E. Howellii Scribn. & Merrill. Somewhat tufted perennial; stem 6-8 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades spreading, flat, 10-15 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, minutely scabrous; spike exserted, 7-10 cm. long; spikelets usually in pairs, 2-4-flowered ; lemma 10-12 mm. long, acuminate, usually awn-pointed, sparingly scabrous toward the apex. E. glaucus breviaristatus Dav>\ Grassy ground: Alaska— Ore. Jl-Au. 18. E. condensatus Presl. Stems tufted, 1-2 m. high, stout, striate, scabrous or scabro-puberulent above; leaf-blades 3-10 dm. long, .5-10 mm. wide, more or less scabrous; spike 2-4 dm. long; lemma 12-15 mm. long, acuminate or awn-pointed. Hills and alkaline ground: Alta. — -Neb. — N.M. — -Calif. — B.C. Plain— Mont. Je^Au. 19. E. triticoides Buckley. Stem slender, 6-8 dm. high; leaf-blades 1..5-3 dm. long, about 7 mm. wide, flat or somewhat involute, scabrous on the margins and nerves; spike about 1.5 dm. long, erect; spikelets 12-18 mm. long, 4-6- flowered; lemma 8-10 mm. long, 9-nerved, glabrous, awn-pointed. Meadows, hillsides, and bottom lands: Alta. — -N.M. — -Calif. — Wash. Son. — Mont. Je- Au. 20. E. ambiguus Vasey & Scribn. Tufted perennial; stem 6-10 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades 1-4 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, rigid, flat or at last in- volute, scabrous, especially above; spikes 7-12 cm. long, erect; spikelets 5-9- flowered, 12-18 mm. long; empty glumes about 12 mm. long, scabrous; lemma 10-12 mm. long, obscurely 5-nerved; awn 3 mm. or less long. Canons and hillsides: Colo. — Utah. Submont. — Mont. Je-Au. 21. E. strigosus Rydb. A cespitose perennial; stem 5-7 dm. high; leaf- blades 1-2 dm. long, about 3 mm. wide, flat or involute, scabrous; spike 1-1.5 dm. long; empty glumes linear-subulate, 7-9 mm. long, very scabrous; lemma lanceolate, about 1 cm. long, awn-pointed or short-awned. Foot-hills and shale- slopes: Colo. — ^Wyo. Submont. Je-Jl. 22. E. salinus M. E. Jones. Tufted perennial; stem 3-6 dm. high, smooth; leaf-sheaths enlarged, long-remaining and becoming fibrous; leaf-blades thick, involute, puberulent near the throat, the basal ones 1-1.5 dm. long; stem-leaves 5-10 cm. long; spike 5-10 cm. long, narrow; spikelets about 12 mm. long, 7-9- flowered; empty glumes 4 mm. long, somewhat falcate; lemma about 8 mm. long. Saline soil: Utah — Wyo. Son. — Submont. Jl. 24. E. simplex Scribn. & Williams. Stems tufted, 3-4 dm. high; leaf- blades 4-10 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, becoming involute, strigose-scabrous above; spikes 6-10 cm. long; rachis flattened and scabrous on the edges; spikelets singly or sometimes in pairs, about 1.5 cm. long, 5-7-flowered; empty glumes very rigid, unequal, 8-10 nun. long; lemma about 7 mm. long, smooth, acvnninate; awn 4-6 mm. long. Alkaline soil: Wyo. — ^N.M. — Ore. Submont. — Subalp. Je-Jl. 24. E. villiflorus Rydb. Stem 4-6 dm. high, finely retrorse-pubescent; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, about 2 mm. wide, strongly involute, scabrous above; s))ike 1-1.5 dm. long; spikelets 1 or 2 at each node; lemma lanceolate, 5-nerved, villous-hirsute, about 1 cm. long. Plains and foot-hills: Colo.— Alta. Plain — Submont. Jl. 25. E. arenicola Scribn. & Smith. Stem 8-15 dm. high, glabrous; leaf- blades 2-4 mm. wide, 2-3 dm. long, strongly involute; spike slender, 1.5-2.5 dm. long; spikelets in pairs or singly, about 6-flowered; lemma acute, mucronate or awn-pointed, about 10 mm. long. E. dasytachys litoralis Am. uuth., not CJriseb. Sand dunes: Wash. — -Ida. — Ore. .Son. Je-N. 26. E. cinereus Scribn. & Merr. Stem densely short-pubescent, except where protected by the sheaths, about 1 m. high; leaf-blades 2-3 dm. long, 5 mm. wide, often involute; si)ike about 15 cm. long; spikelets usually 2 at each node, 3-4-flowered; lemma 9-10 mm. long, strigose. Dry plains: Calif. — Nev. — Ida. Son. Je. GRASS FAMILY 103 27. E. flavescens Scribn. it Smith. Stem 6-10 dm. high, ghibrous, or pubes- cent jiLst below tlie notlcs; leaf-bhides 2-4 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, smooth beneath, scabrous or strigulose above; spike 1-2 dm. long, yellowish; spikelets 3-6-flowered, 1-2 cm. long; lemma 1()-12 mm. long, mucronate or awn-pointed. Sand: Wash. — Ida. — Ore. Son. Jl-Au. 28. E. innovatus Beal. Stem smooth, or pubescent just below the nodes; loaf-blades rather rigid, 5-18 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, scabrous on the margins and nerves beneath; spike 4-10 cm. long; spikelets 3-6-flowered, 10-15 mm. long; lemma densely pubescent, u.sually villous, 8-10 mm. long; awns 2-4 mm. long. E. Brownii Scribn. , simple, crisp. 8. Leucocom.v. Bristles short, or little elongating, rarely wanting. 9. SciRPUS. Flowers with a small inner scale between the flowei and the rachis. 10. Hemic.\rpha, Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Achenes not enclosed in a perigynium. Spikes several, clustered ; glumes subtending a single flower. 11. Kobresia. Spikes soUtary ; glimies subtending 2 flowers. 12. Er.YNA. Achenes enclosed in a perigynium. 13. ('AREX. 1. DULiCHIUM L. C. Rich. Tall perennials, with rootstocks and hollow jointed stems, leafy to the top. Leaves 3-ranked. Spikelets in axillary, simple or compound spikes, flat, linear, many-flowered; glumes 2-ranked, carinate, conduplicate, decurrent on the 104 CYPERACEAE internode below. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 6-9 retrorsely barbed bristles. Stamens 3. Style persistent as a beak on the top of the achene. Stigmas 2. Achenes Unear-oblong. 1. D. arundinaceum (L.) Britton. Stem stout, 3-10 dm. high; leaves numerous, flat, 2-8 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, spreading; lower .sheaths bladeless; spikelets 12-25 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, 6-12-flowered; glumes lanceolate, acuminate, strongly nerved, brownish; bristles longer than the achenes. D. spathaceiim Fers. Wet places: Newf. — Fla. — Tex. — Ore. — B.C.; C. Am. Plain. Jl-0. 2. CYPERUS L. Galingale, Nut grass. Sub-scapose perennials or annuals. Leaves basal; blades narrow, grass-like. Scapes in our species simple, triangular, with one or more bracts at the summit, subtending a simple or compound, umbellate or capitate inflorescence; rays usually very unequal in length. Spikelets flat to nearly terete. Glumes 2- ranked, concave, conduphcate or keeled. Flowers perfect; perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Styles deciduous from the summit of the achenes; stigmas 2 or 3. Achenes without a tubercle. Glumes falling away from the persistent racliis of the flat spikelets. Style 2-cleft; aclienes lenticular. I. C. diandrus. Style 3-cleft; achenes .3-angled. Wings of the rachis none or very narrow. Annuals; stamen 1. Glumes awned or mucronate. 2. C. inflexus. Glumes acute, neither awned nor mucronate. 3. C. acuminatus. Perennials; stamens 2 or 3. Glumes tipped with a curved or bent awn; perennials with a rootstock. 4. C. Fcndlerianus, Glumes blunt or miicronate; perennials with a corm-like base. Heads oblong; spikelets ascending; stem rough. .5. C. Schweinitzii. Heads short; spikelets more or less spreading; stem smooth. Glumes broadly ovate; achenes 1 .,5-2 mm. long. 6. C. Houghtoni. Glumes oblong-ovate; achenes 2-2.5 mm. long. 7. C. Bushii. Wings of the rachis prominent and separating from it as interior scales. 8. C. crt/throrhi:os. Spikelets wholly falling away, usually leaving the two lower glumes persistent. 9. C. strigosus. 1. C. diandrus Torr. .Annual; stems tufted, 5-30 cm. high; leaves about 2 mm. wide; bracts usually 3, at least one much exceeding the si^ikelets; spikelets in terminal capitate clusters, linear-oblong, 8-18 mm. long, flat, many-flowered; glumes ovate, green, brown, or with brown margins, obtuse, 1-nerved; stamens 2 or 3; achenes oblong, gray. Marshy places: N.B. — S.C. — Colo. — S.D. Plain — Suhmonl. Au-0. 2. C. inflexus Muhl. Stems slender, tufted, 2-15 cm. high; leaves 1-2 mm. wide; bracts 2 or 3, longer than the innbcl; spikelets cajiitate or in 3-rayed, ses.sile umbels, linear-oblong, &-10-flowered, 4-6 mm. long; glumes light brown, lance- olate, several-nerved. C. aristatus Rottb. Wet sandy soil: N.B. — Fla. — Cahf. — B.C.;Mex. Plain— Suhmonl. Jl-S. 3. C. acuminatus Torr. Stems slender, tufted, 5-35 cm. high; leaves usually less than 2 mm. wide, light green; bracts much elongated; spikelets capi- tate, in 2-4-iayed umbels, flat, ovate-oblong, 4-8 mm. long; glumes oblong, pale green, 3-nerved, with short, more or less recurved tijis. Wet soil: 111. — La. — Cahf.— Wash. Plain. JI-0. 4. C. Fendlerianus Boeckel. Stem slender, 3-5 dm. high, triangular above, scabrous on the angles; leaves flat, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous on the margins; bracts 3-6, the longer much exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets spicate, in simple, often subcapitate, few-rayed umbels, oblong to cylindric, 5-15 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick; glumes orbicular-ovate, striate, pale greenish brown with brown or yellow margins. Wet places: w Tex. — Colo. — Ariz.; n Mex. Plain — Sub- mont. Jl-S. 5. C. Schweinitzii Torr. Stems tufted, rough, 3-7 dm. high; leaves 2-5 mm. wide, rough-margined; bracts 3-7, erect; spikelets spicate, in 3-9-rayed umbels, flat, hnear-oblong, 6-12-flowered, 8-16 mm. long; glumes convex, light SEDGE FAMILY 105 green, ovate, acute or acuminate, 9-13-uerved. Sandy soil: Ont. — Mo. — Kans. — (? N.M.)— S.D.— Sask. Flain. Au-0. 6. C. Houghtoni Torr. Stem smooth, 3-6 dm. higli; leaves 1-2 mm. wide; hracts 3-5, some nmch exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets loosely capitate in 1-5-rayed umbels, compressed, acute, 8-15 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, 11-15- flowered; glumes chestnut brown, shining, oblong, obtuse, strongly ll-nerved. Sandy places: Mass. — Va. — Ark. — w S.D. — Man. Plain. Jl-Au. 7. C. Bushii Britton. Stem smooth, 3-6 dm. high, longer than the leaves; leaves 3-4 mm. wide, smooth; spikelets capitate in 1-5-rayed umbels, flat, linear, acute, 8-15 mm. long; glumes oblong, mucronate, shining, ll-nerved. C. fili- cnlniis Coult., not Vahl. Sandy soil: Minn. — Mo. — Tex. — -Colo. — Ore. — Wash. Plain. Jl-S. 8. C. erythrorhizos Muhl. Annual; stems tufted, 0.7-6 dm. high; leaves 3-8 mm. wide, rough-margined, the lower equalling or exceeding the stem; bracts 3-7, some 3-5 times as long as the inflorescence; spikelets spicate in mostly compound umbels, linear, subacute, 6-30 mm. long, less than 2 mm. wide, compressed, manj'-flowered ; glumes bright chestnut-brown, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, appressed. Wet places: Mass. — Fla. — Tex. — Calif. — Wash. Plain. Au-0. 9. C. strigosus L. Perennial, with a corm-like base, 3-10 dm. high; leaves rough-margined, 4-6 mm. wide; some of the bracts exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets spicate or subcapitate in more or less compound umbels, flat, linear, 6-25 mm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, 7-25-flowered ; glumes straw-colored, oblong- lanceolate, several-nerved, appressed; achenes linear-oblong, acute. Moist meadows: Me. — Fla. — Tex. — Calif. — Wash. — w S. D. Plain. Au-0. 3. RYNCHOSPORA Vahl. Beaked Rush. Caulescent perennials, with rootstocks. Spikelets oblong or fusiform; glumes spirally imbricate, the lower empty, usually mucronate or cuspidate by the exciUTent midrib. Perianth of 1-24, mostly 6, barbed or scabrous bristles, or rarely wanting. Stamens usually 3. Stigmas 2, rarely wholly united. Achenes lenticular, smooth, cancellate or transversely wTinkled. Base of the style per- sistent, forming a tubercle, or the whole style persistent. 1. R. alba (L.) Vahl. Stems slender, glabrous, 1.5-2.5 dm. high; leaves bristle-like, 0.5-1 mm. wide; spikelets several, in 1-4 dense corymbose heads, narrowly oblong, 4—6 mm. long; glumes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, white, acute; bristles 9-15, equalling the achenes, which are obovate-oblong, lenticular, pale brown; tubercle triangular, flat. Bogs: Newf. — Fla. — Ky. — Ida. — Cahf. — Alaska; Eurasia. Boreal — Mont. Je-Au. 4. ELEOCHARIS R. Br. Spike-rush, Wire-grass. Annual or perennial scapose herbs. Leaves reduced to mere sheaths, or the lower rarely blade-bearing. Scape angled or terete. Spikelets solitary, terminal, erect. Glumes spirally arranged, imbricate. Perianth of 1-12 bristles, usually retrorsely barbed. Stamens 2-3. Stigmas 2 or 3. Achene lenticular or tri- angular, sometimes obscurely so. Base of the styles persistent on the summit of the achenes, forming a tubercle. Style-branches 2; achenes lenticular or biconvex. Sheath hyahne, and scarious at the summit. 1. E. thermalis. Sheath Arm, not scarious at the summit. Annuals, Tsith fibrous roots. Achenes black, shiniug. 2. E. atropurpurea. Achenes pale brown, dull. Spikelets narrowly oblong or .subcylindric ; glumes blunt, closely appressed. 3. E. Engelmanni. Spikelets lance-ovoid or lance-oblong; glumes acutish, more spreading. 4. E. monticola. Perennials, with rootstocks. 5. E. palustris. Style-branches 3; achenes trigonous or turgid; perennials, with rootstocks. Achenes cancellate and longitudinally ribbed; spikelets flat. 6. E. acicularis. Achenes smooth, papillose or reticulate. 106 CYPERACEAE Tubercle of the achenes short-conic to depressed, plainly- distinguishable from the achene. Achenes papillose. Stem flliforni; glumes obtuse. 7. E. tenuis. Stem flat; glumes acute. 8. E. acuminata. Achenes finely reticulated. 9. E. arcnicola. Tubercle of the achenes long-conic, scarcely distinguishable from the body of the achene. 10. E. rostellata. 1. E. thermalis Rydb. Perennial, with a creeping rootstock; stems tufted, yellowi.sh green, 3-10 cm. high, somewhat flattened, striate; spikelet obovate, obtuse, 4 mm. long, 3 mm. thick; glumes very thin, ovate, acutish; achenes lenticular, broadly obovate, dark brown, smooth and shining, 1 mm. long; tubercle conic. Hot sjirings and thermal waters: Mont. — Wyo. Moid. Jl-Au. 2. E. atropurpurea (Retz.) Kunth. Stems tufted, slender, 3-10 cm. high; spikelet ovoid, subacute, 3-4 mm. long, 2 mm. thick; glumes ovate-oblong, obtuse, or the upper acute, purple-brown, with green midrib and narrow scarious margins; bristles 2-4, fragile, white, about as long as the achenes; achenes 0.5 mm. long, smooth, lenticular; tubercles depressed-conic, constricted at the base. Moist soil: la. — Fla. — Tex. — (? Colo.); trop. Am.; Eurasia. Austral. Jl-S. 3. E. Engelmanni Steud. Stems 2-4.5 dm. high, tufted; spikelet obtuse, 5-15 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick; glumes pale brown, with green midrib and narrow scarious margin, ovate, obtuse; bristles about 6. not longer than the achenes, or none; achenes broadly obovate, smooth; tubercle broad, low, covering the top of the achene. Wet places: iVIass. — X.J. — Tex. — Calif. — -Wash. Plain — Sub- mont. Jl-S. 4. E. monticola Fernald. Stems 1-2.5 dm. high, tufted; spikelets 6-9 mm. long, 2-3.5 mm. thick, acutish; glumes chestnut-brown or purplish, with paler midribs and margins, acutish; bristles 6, equalling or slightly exceeding the achenes, or (in var. lenseta) represented only by the unbarbed basal portion; achenes as in the preceding. Wet places: Calif.— Wash.; the var. levisela: Wash. — ^Ida. — Man. Suhniont. 5. E. palustris (L.) R. & S. Stems striate, 3-15 dm. high; spikelets oblong to ovoid-cylindric, 6-25 mm. long, 3-4 mm. thick; glumes ovate-lanceolate or ■ovate-oblong, purplish brown with scarious margins and green midrib, or wholly green; bristles usually 4, longer than the achenes; achenes yellow, more than 1 mm. long; tubercle conic, constricted at the base. E. glaucescens Willd., a slender form with narrower tubercle. In ponds and marshes: Lab. — -Fla. — Tex. — Calif. — B.C.; Eurasia. Plain — Mont. Au-S. 6. E. acicularis (L.) R. & S. Stems tufted, filiform, obscurely 4-angled, grooved, 5-20 cm. high; spikelets narrowly ovate, acute, 3-10-flowered, 3-6 mm. long; glumes oblong, obtuse, or the upper acute, pale green, often with two brown bands; bristles 3-4, fragile, fugaceous, shorter than the achenes; achenes obovoid, pale, obscurely 3-angled; tubercle conic. Wet places: Newf. — -N.J. — X.M.— Calif.— B.C.; Mex.; Eurasia. Plain— Mont. Jl-S. 7. E. tenuis (Willd.) Schultes. Stems tufted, filiform, 4-angled, 2-4 dm. high; spikelets narrowly oblong, acute, 6-10 mm. long, about 2 mm. thick; glumes thin, obovate or obovate-oblong, obtuse, with greenish midvein and scarious margins; bristles 2-4, shorter than the achenes, fugaceous or wanting; achenes obovoid, obtusely 3-angled, yellowish brown; tubercle conic, short. Wet places: N.S.— Fla.— Tex.— Colo.— Sask. PlainSuhmont. My-Jl. 8. E. acuminata (Muhl.) Nees. Stems tufted, flattened, striate, 2-6 dm. high; s{)ikelets ovoid or oblong, obtuse, 6-12 mm. long; glumes oblong or ovate- lanceolate, acute or obtusish, purple-brown with green midrib and hyaline mar- gins; bristles 1-5, mostly shorter than the achenes; aclienes obovoid, very ob- tusely 3-angled, light yellowish brown; tubercle depressed-conic. Wet i)iaces: Que. — Ga. — La. — Colo. — B.C. Je-Au. 9. E. arenicola Torr. Stems tufted, slender, 1.5-4.5 dm. high, grooved; spikelets oblong to ovoid-oblong, 4-12 mm. long, 2.5-3.5 mm. thick; glumes oblong or ovate, thin, blunt, with a brown apex and whitish margins; bristles 6, persistent, the longer ones as long as the achenes; achenes 3-angled, oblong- SEDGE FAMILY 107 obovoid, faintly reticulate; tubercle thick, deltoid. Perhaps not distinct from E. montana H.B.K. Sandy shores: S.C. — Fla. — Tex. — Calif. — Colo. Son. — Subtnont. 10. E. rostellata Torr. Stems slender, flattened, the sterile ones often re- clining and rooting at the summit, grooved; spikelets oblong, 6-12 mm. long, 2 mm. thick: glumes ovate, obtuse, or the upper acute, green with a darker mid- vein; bristles -4-8, longer than the achenes; achenes obovoid, finely reticulate. Marshes and wet meadows: N.H. — Fla. — Tex. — Calif. — B.C.; Mex. Plain — ■ Subntoiit. Au-S. 5. STENOPHYLLUS Raf. Scapose annuals, with narrowly linear or filiform leaves. Spikelets lunbellate, or capitate, rar(dy solitary; glumes spirally ai ranged, imbricate, deciduous. Flowers perfect; perianth wanting. Stamens 2 or 3. Base of the style swollen, persistent, forming a tubercle; stigmas 2 or 3. Achenes 3-angled or lenticular. 1. S. capillaris (L.) Britton. Annual; stems tufted, filiform, smooth, 5-25 cm. high; leaves filiform, roughish; bracts 1-3, setaceous; spikelets narrowly oblong, 5-S mm. long, less than 2 mm. thick, in terminal, simple or compound umbels; glumes oblong, obtuse or emarginate, dark-brown with green keel; achenes yellowish, transversely wrinkled. River valleys: Me. — -Fla. — Calif. — ^Ore. (but no specimens seen from the Rockies). Jl-S. 6. FIMBRISTYLIS \ ahl. Annual or perennial sub-scapose herbs, with grass-like leaves. Spikelets capitate or in ours umbellate, terete, several- or many-flowered ; glumes spirally arranged, imbricate. Flowers perfect; perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style usually enlarged at the base, but wholly deciduous at maturity; stigmas 2-3. Achenes lenticular or 3-angled. 1. F. interior Britton. Perennial, with .short stolons; stem thickened at the base, striate, smooth, 3-6 dm. high; leaves rough-margined, involute; spike- lets in somewhat compound umbels, ovoid or ovoid-oblong, acutish, 1 cm. long or less; ghmies yellowish-brown, ovate, striate, mucronate, dull; achenes broadl/ obovate, blunt, cancellate, chestnut brown. F. castanea and F. thennalis of FL Colo. Meadows: Colo. — Neb. — -Tex. Plain. Jl-Au. 7. ERIOPHORUM L. Cotton-grass. Perennial bog plants, with ri)otstocks. Stems triangular or terete. Leaves with linear blades or some of them reduced to bladeless sheaths. Spikelets terminal, solitary, or a few in heads or umbels. Glumes spirally arranged, all usually subtending perfect flowers. Perianth of 6 members, but each 4-6-cleft to the base into long soft, usually white bristles, exserted much beyond the glumes at maturity. Stamens 1-3. Styles deciduous; stigmas 3. Achenes 3-angled, oblong, ellipsoid or obovoid. Spikelets solitary; involucre wanting. Plant stoloniferous. Glumes purplish-brown with narrow, pale margins. 1. E. Scheuchzeri. Glumes purplish-brown with white, broad margins. 2. E. Chamissonis. Plant tufted, not stdloiiiferous. Upper sheaths inflated; stem rough above. 3. E. caUitrii. Upper sheaths not inflated: stem smooth. 4. E. opacum. Spikelets several, subtended by foliareous bracts. Leaf-blades triangular-channeled throughout. 5. E. gracile. Leaf-blades flat, at least below the middle. Midrib of the glumes not prominent at the tip of the glume. 6. E. angustifolium. Midrib of the glumes prominent to the very tip. 7. E. viridicarinatum. 1. E. Scheuchzeri Hoppe. Stem slender, 2.5-4 dm. high; sheaths all blade-bearing or the uppermost one bladeless; blades filiform, channeled. E. capitatum Host. Bogs: Lab. — Newi. — Wyo. — B.C. — Alaska. Mont. — Alv. Jl-0. 108 CYPERACEAE 2. E. Chamissonis C. A. Mey. Stems 1-7 dm. high, somewhat triangular; upper sheaths inflated, bladeless; leaf -blades filiform, triangular-channelled, 3-10 cm. long; bristles often reddish-bro^vTi. E. russeolatum Fries. Bogs: N.B. — Ont. — Wyo. — Ore. — B.C.; Eurasia. Mont. — Subalp. Je-Au. 3. E. callitrix Cham. Stems obtusely 3-angled, 2-5 dm. high; leaf-blades fihform, triangular-channeled; glumes thin, ovate-lanceolate or the lowest lanceolate, acummate, pale brown. E. vaginatum Torr., not L. Bogs: Newf. — Mass. — Pa.— Sask. — B.C. — Ala.ska. Boreal — Mont. Je-Au. 4. E. opacum (Bjornstr.) Fernald. Stem terete or nearly so, 3-6 dm. high; basal leaves elongate, filiform, channeled; stem-leaves reduced to 2 or 3 close sheaths; glumes tJhin, ovate-lanceolate or the inner ones linear-lanceolate, acum- inate. Bogs: Me. — ]Mass. — B.C. — -Yukon; Eurasia. Boreal — Mont. My-Jl. 5. E. gracile Koch. Stem slender, smooth, terete, 3-6 dm. high; blades of the stem-leaves 2-3 cm. long, the basal ones longer; bracts about 1 cm. long; spikelets 2-6, on pubescent peduncles; glumes ovate, gray or nearly black, acutish, with prominent midrib. Bogs: Que. — N.Y. — ^Colo. — Calif. — B.C.; Eurasia. Plain — Mont. Je-Aa. 6. E. angustifolium Roth. Stem smooth, obtusely triangular above, 3-6 dm. high; blades rough-margined, 3-8 mm. wide; bracts 2-4, often black at the base; spikelets 2-12, ovoid or oblong; peduncles smooth; glumes ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, purple-green or brown. E. poltjstachijon L., in part. E. ocreatum A. Nels. Bogs: Newf. — Me. — 111. — N.M. — Ore. — Alaska; Eurasia. Suhinonl. — Subalp. Je-Au. 7. E. viridicarinatum (Engelm.) Fernald. Stem 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-6 mm. wide, the upper 15 cm. long or less; bracts not black at the base; spike- lets 5-30; peduncles fine-hairy; glumes ovate-lanceolate; achenes oblong-obovoid. E. poli/stachyon Am. auth., mainly. Bogs and wet meadows:. Newf. — Ga. — Ohio— Wyo.— B.C. Submont. Jl-Au. 8. LEUCOCOMA Ehrh. Alpine Cotton-grass. Perennial bog plants, with rootstocks. Stems triangular. Spikelets soli- tary, usually subtended by a subulate bract and attached slightly obliquely. Glumes spirally arranged, all usually subtending perfect flowers. Perianth of 6 white soft bristles, at maturity exserted far beyond the glumes. Stamens 3. Styles deciduous. Achenes obovoid, somewhat 3-angled, without tubercle. [Trichophonun Pers., in pai-t.] 1. L. alpina (L.) Rydb. Stems numerous, not tufted, 1.5-2.5 dm. high; leaves subulate, 6-20 mm. long, triangular, channelled; lower sheaths often bladeless; glumes oblong-lanceolate, yellowish brown with slender midvein. Eriophorum alpinuni L. Cold bogs: Newf. — Conn. — Mich. — B.C.; Eurasia. Mont. — Alp. Je-Au. 9. SCIRPUS L. Bulrush, Club-rush, Tule. Annual or perennial, caulescent or scapose herbs. I^eaves grass-like, or in many species reduced to basal sheaths. Spikelets terete or somewhat flattened, solitary, capitate or umbellate. Glumes spirally arranged, some of the lower often empt>. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 1-6 barbed, pubescent or smooth bristles, rarely wanting. Stamens 2-3. Style wholly deciduous, not swollen at the base, or rarely its base persistent as a small tip. Stigmas 2-3. Achenes triangular or lenticular, rarely plano-convex. Involucre of a single bract or wanting. Spikelets solitary, rarely two together; plants tufted (e.xcept No. .5). Annuals; stamens 2; bristles none. 1. S. culoradensis. Perennials, with rootstocks. Involucre none. 2, S. pauciflorus. Involucre present, consisting of one erect bract. Bract scarcely exceeding the spikelet, often shorter; bog plants. Bristles 6, longer than the achenes. 3. S. caespitosus. Bristles none. 4. S. pumilus. Bract at least twice as long as the spikelet; aquatic plants. 5. S. subterminalis. SEDGE FAMILY 109 Spikelets normally more than one, usually several, sometimes numerous. Spikelets few, 1-12, appearing lateral, in a single capitate cluster. Annuals, with fibrous roots, tufted; achenes dark, transversely wrinkled. Spikelets obtuse; achenes plano-convex. 6. S. Ilallii. Spikelets acute; achenes 3-angular. 7. S. saximon tonus. Perennials, with rootstocks; achenes plano-convex, obovate. Stem sharply 3-angled. Spikelets acute: bracts long; glumes awned. 8. S. americanus. Spikelets obtuse; bracts short; glumes mucronate. 9. S. Olneyi. Stem terete, striate. 10. S. neradensis. Spikelets numerous in small clusters of 1-7, arranged in compoimd umbels; per- ennials with stout rootstocks. Style 2-cleft; achenes obovate and plano-convex, brown. Achenes 2 mm. long, nearly as long as the glumes; spikelets ovoid. 11. S. ralidus. Achenes 3 mm. long, distinctly shorter than the glumes; spikelet oblong- cvUndric. 12. S. orcidentalis. Style 3-cleft; achenes obcordate, 3-angled, yellowish. 13. S. helerochaetus. Involucre of two or more leaves with flat blades; perennials, with rootstocks. Spikelets 3-10. capitate, relatively large. 14. S. paludosus. Spikelets numerous, in compound umbels or in umbellate heads, relatively small. Bristles downwardly barbed, not much exceeding the fruit. Style-branches 2; achenes plano-convex; bristles mostly 4. 1.5. 5. microcarpus. Style-branches 3; achenes oblong, 3-angular; bristles 6. Plant dark green; glumes acute; achenes pale brown. IG. S. atrorirens. Plant pale; glumes rough-awncd; achenes straw-colored. 17. S. pcUidus. Bristles 6, smooth, much exceeding the glumes at maturity; achenes 3-angled, whitish. Spikelets all sessile; glumes brown. IS. S. cypcrinus. Snikelets mostly pediceled; glumes mostl.v greenish black. 19. >S. atrocinctus. 1. S. coloradensis Britt. Annual; stems filiform, 2-5 cm. high; spikelet bractless, linear-oblong, acutish, 3-5 mm. long, 2 mm. thick; glumes lanceolate, acutish; keel green, bordered with two brown bands and scarious margins; achenes brown, ojjovate, 1 mm. long, 3-gonous, finely papillose. Shores: Colo.; Nev. Plain. 2. S. pauciflorus Lightf. Rootstock filiform; stems 3-angled, filiform, leaf- less, 7-25 cm. high; spikelet oblong, compressed, 4-10-flowered, 4-6 mm. long; glumes brown with lighter margins and midrib, lanceolate, acuminate; bristles 2-G, usually longer than the achenes; achenes obovoid, abruptly beaked, finely reticulate. Wet soil: Que.— Me.— N.Y.—N.M.— Calif.— B.C.; Eurasia. Mont. —Subalp. Jl-0. 3. S. caespitosus L. Stems light green, fihform, 1-4 dm. high; basal sheaths numerous, the uj)per one bearing a short blade; spikelet ovoid-oblong, 4 mm. long; glumes yellowish brown, ovate, obtuse; achenes oblong, 3-angled, brown, acute. Bogs and wet places: Greenl. — 111. — Colo. — -AVash. — Alaska; Eurasia. Mont.— Alp. Je-Au. 4. S. pumilus Vahl. Stems terete, 1 dm. high or less, sheathed at the base; upper sheath with a short blade; spikelet rounded-ovoid; glimies ovate, acute or pointed, brown with green midrib and margins; achene 3-angular, smooth. S. alpinus Schleicher. Alpine wet places: Canadian Rockies; Alps. Jl-Au. 5. S. subterminalis Torr. Stem slender, terete, nodtilose, 3-10 dm. high; leaves very slender, 1.5-G dm. long, 0.5-1.5 mm. wide; spikelet oblong-cylindric, 6-15 mm. long; bract subulate, erect, 1-2.5 cm. long; glumes ovate-lanceolate, acute, light brown with green midrib; bristles 6, rarely equalling the achenes; these obovoid, 3-angled, dark brown, smooth. Ponds and streams: Newf. — ■ S.C— Mich.— Ida.— Wash.— B.C. Submont. Jl-Au. 6. S. Hallii A. Gray. Stems slender, smooth, obtusely 3-angular, 1-3 dm. high; upper sheath bearing a filiform blade 1-6 cm. long; spikelets 1-7, capitate, oblong-cylindric, obtuse, 6-12 mm. long; bract 2-10 cm. long; glumes ovate- lanceolate, greenish brown, acuminate; bristles none. Wet i)laces: Mass. — • Fla.— Tex.— Colo.— Utah— Mex. Plain— Submont. Jl-S. 7. S. saximontanus Femald. Stems slender, smooth, 1-3 dm. high, tufted, short-leaved at the base; bract erect, one-half to one-fourth as long as the stem; 110 CYPERACEAE spikelets 1-4, capitate, oblong-cylindric, acute, 5-12 mm. Ions;; glumes ovate, cuspidate-acuminate, with pale brown margins; style 3-cleft. Wet places: Tex. — Wyo. — -Utah — -Mex. Plain — ■Submonl. 8. S. americanus Pers. Stems erect, 3-12 dm. high; leaves 1-3, narrowly linear, keeled; spikelets 1-7, oblong, acute, 8-25 mm. long; bract 2-10 cm. long; glumes broadly ovate, brown, often emarginate or 2-clef t, awned ; achenes smooth, dark brown. »S. piui-jens Vahl. Fresh or saline swamps: Newf. — 'Fla. — Tex. — Calif. — B.C. Plain — Submont. Je-S. 9. S. Olneyi A. Gray. Stems stout, 6-20 dm. high; leaves 1-3, narrow, 2-12 cm. long; spikelets 5-12, oblong, obtuse, 5-8 mm. long; bract short, stout, 1-4 cm. long; glumes oval or orbicular, dark brown, with green midrib, emarginate or mucronate, brown. Salt marshes: N.H. — Fla. — Tex. — Calif. — Ore.; W. Ind.; Mex.; C. Am. Plain — Son. Je-S. 10. S. nevadensis S. Wats. Stems 2-4 dm. high; leaves several, mostly basal, convolute; spikelets 1-5, ovoid or ovoid-oblong, 6-18 mm. long; bract flattened above, rough-margined; glumes broadly ovate, obtuse or acute, chest- nut-brown, smooth and shining; achenes minutely reticulate. Wet places, especially in alkaline soil: Sask. — Wyo. — Calif. — Wash. Son. Je-Jl. 11. S. validus Vahl. Stems stout, terete, smooth, spongy, 1-3 m. high, sometimes 2 cm. thick, sheathed below; spikelets 5-12 mm. long, 3-4 mm. thick; glumes ovate or suborbicular, slightly pubescent, with strong midrib; achenes plano-convex. S. lacustris Am. auth., not L. Common Bulrush. In water: Newf.— Fla.^Calif.— B.C.; W. Ind.; Mex. Plain— Mont. Je-S. 12. S. occidentalis (S. Wats.) Chase. Similar to S. valilus; basal sheaths fimbrillose on the margins; spikelets 20 mm. long, 4 mm. thick; glumes ovate, short-awned, viscid above; achenes biconvex. S. lacuslris occidentalis S. Wats. TuLE. In water: Newf.— N.Y.— Mo.— N.M.— Calif.— B.C. PlainSuhmont. Jl-S. 13. S. heterochaetus Chase. Similar to S. va'idm; steih slender, 1-2 m. high, sheathed below; bracts glabrous; spikelets usually solitary on the slender branches, ovoid or ellipsoid, acutish, 8-15 mm. long, about 5 mm. thick; glumes ovate, glabrous, often erose-raargined. In water: Vt. — Mass. — -Neb. — -Ida. — - Ore. Jl-S. 14. S. paludosus A. Nels. Stems slender, smooth, sharply triangular, 3-6 dm. high; leaves pale green, smooth, 2-4 mm. wide; bracts 2 or 3; spikelets oblong-cylindric, mostly acute, 15-25 mm. long; glumes ovate, puberulent or glabrous, pale brown, 2-toothecl at the apex, awned; achenes lenticular, obovate, yellowish brown. S. canipestris Britt., not Roth. S. interior Britt. ering at ))ase, pubescent or puberulent; bracts sheathless or nearlj- so. Spike normally one. Spikes androgynous; leaf-blades very narrow. 24. FiLIFOUAE. Spikes dioecious. 25. Scirpixae. Spikes two or more. 26. jMoxtaxae. Perigj-nia not as above: or if so, bracts stronglj^ sheathing. Lowest bract long-sheathing, its blades rudimentarj-. Leaf-blades flat; perigynia puberulent or pubescent. 27. DiGITATAE. T^eaf-blades filiform; perigynia glabrous. 28. Alrae. Lowest bract sheathless or long-sheatliing ; if long-sheathing, its blade well-developed. Lowest bract strongly sheathing; perigj-nia never strongly bidentate with stiff teeth. Achenes leiuicular; stigmas two. 29. BiroLORES. Achenes triangular: stigmas three. Scales not dark-tinged. Pistillate spikes short-oblong to linear, erect. Perigynia tapering at base, triangular, closely enveloping tlie achenes. Rootstock long-creeping. 30. Paxiceae. Rootstock not long-creeping. 31. L.\XIFLORAE. SEDGE FAMILY 113 Perigynia rounded at base, suborbiciilar in cross-section, loosely enveloping achenes. 32. Granulares. Pistillate spikes elongate, linear to cylindric, slender peduncled, the lower drooping. Culms strongly reddish tinged at base, aphyl- lopodic. .33. Debiles. Culms not strongly reddish tinged at base, phyllopodic. Spikes slender, few-flowered; perigynia 4 mm. long or less, not inliated, the beak not becomuig biilentate. 34. Capillares. Spikes dense, many-flowered; perigynia longer, more or less inflated, the beak becoming bidentate. 35. LONGIRO.STRES. Scales dark-tinged. 36. Frigidae. Lowest bract sheathless, or sheatliing; if sheathing, peri- gynia strongly bidentate with stiff teeth. Foliage pubescent; perigynia not bidentate. 37. Pallescentes. Foliage glabrous, or if rarely pubescent, perigynia bi- dentate. Perigynia rough-papillose. 38. Anomalae. Perigynia at most granular-roughened. Perigynia beakless or very short-beaked; achenes triangular. Perigynia glaucous. 39. Limosae. Perigy-nia not glaucous. 40. ATR.'VTAE. Perigynia with strongly bidentate beak, or if not, achenes lenticular. Achenes lenticular; perigynia dull. 41. ACUTAE. Achenes triangular, or if rarely lenticular, perigy^nia shining. Perigynia coriaceous, little if at all inflated, often pubescent; bracts sheathless. 42. HiRTAE. Perigynia glabrous, often inflated; if rarely coriaceous, the bracts sheathing. Perigy^nia little inflated; lower bract strongly sheathing. 43. EXTENSAE. Perigynia little to much inflated; lower bract not strongly sheathing. Spike one. 44. PAuriFLORAE. Spikes more than one. Perigynia finely and closely ribbed. 45. Pseudo-Cypereae. Perigynia coarsely ribbed or nerveless. 46. Physocarpae. 1. X.\RDINAE. Represented by one species in our range. 1. C. Hepburnii. 2. INFLATAE. Represented by one species in our range. 2. C. Engelmannii. 3. Athrociilaenae. Densely cespitose; leaf-blades involute, 1 mm. wide; staminate flowers few: perigynia erect until full maturity. 3. C. pi/renaica. Short-stoloniferous; leaf-blades flat, 1.5 mm. wide or more; staminate flowers con.spicuous ; perigynia early deflexed. 4. C. nigricans. 4. Capitatae. Represented by one species. 5. C. capitala. 5. DiOICAE. Represented by one species in our range. 6. C. gynocrales. 6. FOETIDAE. Leaf-blades 2-3.5 mm. wide; perigyniuni little e.xceeding the scale at maturity. 7. C. vernacula. Leaf-blades 1.5 mm. wide or less; perigynium much exceeding the scale at matiu"ity. Perigynia membranous, not stipitate. 8. C. perglobosa. Perigjaiia not membranous, stipitate. 9. C. incurviformis. 114 CYPERACEAE 7. Drv'isAE. Rootstocks slender, light brownish; culms obtusely triangular, normally smooth; leaf- blades narrowly involute. Perigynia long-beaked: heads dioecious or nearly so. 10. C. Douglasii. Perigynia short-beaked; heads androgynous. 11. C. stenophylla. Rootstocks stout; culms acutely triangular, normally rough above. Perigynia not strongly nerved ventrally; leaf-sheaths hyaline. Perigynia chestnut, thick, the beak about one-fifth as long as the body. 12. C. simulata. Perigynia blackish in age, plano-convex, the beak one-third to one-half as long as the body. 13. C. praegracilis. Perigynia strongly nerved ventrallj'; upper leaf-sheaths green-striate opposite the blades. 14. C. Sarlwellii. 8- Chordorehizae. Represented by one species in our range. 15. C. chordorrhiza. 9. Arenariae. Represented by one species in our range. 16. C. siccala. 10. MUHLENBERGI.\NAE. Sheaths tight, inconspicuously, if at all, septate-nodulose. Densely cespitose; head ovoid, capitate; perigynia serrulate to the middle. 17. C. Hoodii. Rootstocks elongate; head linear, interrupted; perigynia serrulate at the apex only. Scales obtuse to short-cuspidate, not concealing the spreading perigynia. Spikes with conspicuous staminate flowers; scales half as long as the perigynia. 18. C. vallicola. Spikes with inconspicuous staminate flowers; scales about as long as the peri- gynia. 19. C. occidentalis. Scales strongly cuspidate, concealing the appressed perigjiiia. 20. C. Hookeriana. Sheaths loose and membranous, easilj breaking, conspicuously septate-nodulose. 21. C. gravida. 11. MULTIFLORAE. Represented by one species in our range. 22. C. vulpinoidea. 12. Paniculat.\e. Culms loo.sely cespitose; sheaths not copper-tinged at the mouth; head little interrupted; perigjTiia 2-2.75 mm. long, shinine, not concealed by the scales. 2.3. C. diandra. Culms densely cespitose; sheaths copper-tinged at the mouth; head interrupted; peri- gynia 2.5-4 mm. long, dull, concealed by the scales. Leaves 1-2.5 mm. wide; perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long; scales tinged with reddish brown. 24. C. prairea. Leaves 2.5-6 mm. wide; perigynia 3-4 mm. long; scales chestnut-tinged. 25. C. Cusickii. 13. Stenorhynchae. Perigj-nia 3-4 mm. long, the beak much shorter than the body; scales strongly dark- tinged. Leaves clustered at base; sheaths not cross-rugulose ventrally; culms slender. 26. C. Joncsii. Leaves not clustered at base; sheaths cross-rugulose ventrally: culms stout. 27. C. nervine. Perigynia 4-6 mm. long, the beak longer than the body; scales not dark-tinged. 28. C. stipata. 14. Stellulatae. Spikes in a small (6-10 mm. long) densely capitate brownish black head. 29. C. illota. Spikes more or less widely separate, not brownish black. Perigynia broadest in middle, tlie beak sparingly serrulate; culms weak. 30. C. laeviculmis. Perigynia broadest near base, the beak strongly serrulate; culms stiff. Beak of the perigynia one-fourth as long as the body, the teeth short, and ventral suture inconsi)icuous. 31. C. interior. Beak of the perigynia longer, strongly bidentate, the ventral suture conspicuous. 32. C. anguslior. 15. Deweyanae. Culms densely cespitose; perigynia tapering at base, 4-5 mm. long, the upper part of the body covered by translucent scale. 33. C. Deweyana. Rootstocks sUnuler, elongate; perigynia substipitate, 3.5-4.5 mm. long. Perigynia shallowly bidentate, the upper part of body not covered b.v the scale. 34. C. Irptopoda. Perigynia deeply bidentate, the body covered by the scale. 35. C. Bolanderi. 16. O VALES. Lower bract or bracts conspicuous, several-many times the length of the head. Perigynia subulate, the beak much longer than body; lower bracts more than 1 dm. long, without yellowish brown margins at base. 36. C. sychnocephala. SEDGE FAMILY 115 Perigynia lance-ovate, the beak shorter than the body; longer bracts less than 1 dm. long, with yellowish brown margins at base. Perigynia nerveless ventrally, tawny at orifice. 37. C. athrostachya. Perigynia nerved ventrally, hyaline at orifice. 38. C. tenuirostris. Bracts not conspicuous, rarely slightly e.xceeding the head. Beak of the perigynia flattened and serrulate to tip, often strongly bidentate. Scales about the length of the perigynia and nearly of the same width above, the perigynia nearly entirely concealed. Head stiff, tlu^ si)ike.s appro.vimate. Perigynia less than 3.5 mm. long, at most faintly nerved on inner face, loosely ascending; spikes suborbicular; lower bracts prominent, stiff. 39. C. adusta. Perigynia 5. .5-7 mm. long, finely many-nerved on inner face, appressed; spikes oblong-eUiptic: bracts not stiff. 40. C. pctasata. Head not stiff, fle,xuous or moniliform. 41. C. aenea. Scales shorter than perigynia and noticeably narrower above, the upper part of perigynia largely e-xposed. Perig.vnia subulate to lanceolate, at least 2 K times as long as wide. Perigynia subulate, the margin at the base almost obsolete. 42. C. Crawfordii. Perigynia lanceolate, the margin conspicuous to the base. 43. C. scoparia. Perigynia ovate-lanceolate or broader, at most twice as long as wide. Perigynia narrowly to broadly ovate, 3-4 mm. long. Perigynia brownish; spikes closely aggregate, roimded at base. 44. C. Bebbii. Perigynia green; spikes contiguous to widely separate, usually tapermg at base. Leaf-blades 2.5 mm. wide or less; perigynia spreading-ascending; culms slender. 45. C. tenera. Leaf-blades 2-0 mm. wide (averaging 4 mm.); perigynia appressed- ascending; culms stout. 46. C. tincta. Perigynia ovate or broader, 3.75-6 mm. long. Perigynia thick, abruptly short-beaked; scales little, if at all, tinged wi'th brownish red. 47. C. brevior. Perigynia tliin, tapering to the beak; scales strongly tinged with chest- nut-brown. 48. C. Egglestonii. Beak of the perigynia slender, terete and scarcely, if at all, serrulate towards tip, obliquely cut, at times becoming obscurely bidentate. Scales about the length of the perigynia, and of nearly the same width above, the perigynia nearly entirely concealed. Culms and head stiff and rigid. Culms 1-3 dm. high, in large stools; scales strongly tinged with reddish brown; perigynia lanceolate. 49. C. phaeocephala. Culms taller, not in large stools; scales lighter-colored; perigynia ovate, in age golden yellow at base. 50. C. xerantica. Culms slender; head flexuous or moniliform. Scales light reddish brown tinged. 51. C. practicola. Scales chestnut-brown tinged. 52. C. Piperi. Scales shorter than perigynia and noticeably narrower above, the upper part of perigynia largely exposed. Perigynia thin and membranous, except where distended by the achene. Perigynia 3.5-5 mm. long; culms slender. Perigynia lance-ovate, very narrowly margined, spreading; culms biennial. 53. C. microplera. Perigynia ovate, strongly margined, appressed; culms annual. 54. C. festivella. Perigynia 4.5-6 mm. long; culms low. Perigynia lanceolate to broadly ovate, nerveless or nearly so on inner face, the beaks conspicuous; culms slender, ascending or decumbent. 55. C. nubicola. Perigynia narrowly lanceolate, finely nerved on inner face, the beaks appressed; culms stiff, erect. 56. C. ebenea. Perigynia strongly plano-convex, the walls thick. Spikes' densely capitate; beak of the perigynia obliquely cut, dark-tipped. 57. C. pachystnchi/a. Spikes not capitate; beak of the perigynia bidentate, reddish-tipped. 58. C. Preslii. 17. Canescentes. Spikes androgynous; perigynia unequally biconvex. 59. C. disperma. Spikes gynaecandrous; perigynia plano-convex. Lowest bract bristle-like, much prolonged, many times exceeding its 1-5-flowered spike; spikes widely separate. 60. C. trisperma. Lowest bract much shorter or none; spikes several-many-flowered, the upper approxi- mate. Spikes 2-4, subglobose, closely approximate, forming an ovate or subglobose head; perigynia scarcely beaked; scales white-hyaline. 61. C. tenuiflora. Spikes one-many, the lower more or less strongly separate; head elongate; peri- gynia shortly to strongly beaked; scales darker. Perigynia broadest near middle; beak short, smooth or moderately serrulate 116 CYPERACEAE Beak of the perigjTiia smooth or very nearly so; soajes obtuse to acutish, strongly tinged with reddish brown or chestnut; spikes closely ap- proximate. Terminal spike strongly tapering at base; culms rough at apex only. 62. C. Lachenalii. Terminal spike little tapering at the base; culms usually very rough. 63. C. Heleonasles. Beak of the perig\niia serrulate, or if smooth scales acutish to cuspidate and scarcely, if at all, tinged with reddish brown ; lower spikes remote. Plant glaucous; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide; spikes many-flowered; perigynia scarcely beaked, appressed ascending, with emarginate or entire orifice. 64. C. cnnescens. Plant not glaucous; leaf-blades 1-2.5 mm. wide; spikes fewer-flowered; perigynia distinctly beaked, loosely spreading, with minutely biden- tate orifice. 65. C. brunnescens. Perigj'nia ovate, broadest near the base; beak conspicuous, strongly serrulate. 66. C. arcta. IS. PlIYLLOSTACHYAE. PerigjTiia with long smooth beak; foliage deep green. 67. C. durifolia. Perigynia with short sparingly serrulate beak; foliage light or glaucous green. 68. C. saiimonlana. 19. POLYTRICHOIDE.\E. Represented by one species. 69. C. leptalea. 20. Obtusatae. Represented by one species. 70. C. oblusala. 21. NiTIDAE. Represented by one species in our range. 71. C. supina. 22. RUPESTRES. Represented by one species. 72. C. rupestris. 23. PiRMICULMES. Represented by one species in our range. 73. C. Geyeri. 24. FiLIFOLIAE. Leaf-blades filiform at base, 0.25-0.5 mm. wide; culms filiform, obtusely triangular, sraoothish; lowest scale rarely awned. Perigynia sharply triangular below, obpyramidal; basal sheatlis rarely filamentose. 74. C. clynoides. Perigynia rounded on the angles, obovoid to globose; basal sheaths filamentose. 75. C. fllifolia. Leaf-blades flattened at base, 1.5-2 mm. wide; culms stoutish, sharply triangular, often much roughened; lowest scale conspicuously awned. 76. C. oreocharis. 25. SCIRPINAE. Culms phyllopodic, the culm-leaves 6-10; scales concealing perigynia. 77. C. pseiidoscirpoidea. Culms aphyllopodic, the culm-leaves 3-6; scales shorter than perigynia. Perigynia lanceolate, flattish, 4 mm. long. 78. C. stenochlaena. Perigynia broader, triangular, 3 mm. long or less. Scales very minutely hyaline-margined; perigynia whitish-pubescent. 79. r. scirpoidea. Scales very broadly hyaline-margined; perigynia yellowish-hirsute. 80. C. scirpiformis. 26. MONTANAE. Basal spikes absent. Long stoloniferous; scales about equalling the perigynia. 81. C. heliophila. Without long stolons; scales much shorter than the perigynia. 82. C. Pvckii. Basal spikes present. Lower bract exceeded by the culm, scale-like, hyaline-margined at base. 83. C. umbclMa. Lower bract normally exceeding the culm, leaf-like, not hyaline-margined at base. Perigynia 2.75 ram. long or less, shallowly bidentate; rootstocks slender. 84. C. dciicia. Perigynia longer, deeply bidentate; culms densely cespitose. 85. C. Rossii. 27. DiGITATAE. Basal spikes present; scales abruptl.v cuspidate. 86. C. pedunculala. Basal spikes absent; scales not abruptly cuspidate. Stanunate spike 3-6 mm. long; scales obtuso, one-half as long a,s the perigynia. 87. C. cnncinna. Staminate spike 8-22 mm. long; scales acute to acuminate, from little shorter than to exceeding the perigynia. Perigynia loosely put)cscent, wider and longer than the scales; staminate spike nearly sessile; ])isiillatc spikes few-flowered. 88. C concinnoides. Perigynia api)re.ssc(l-|)ul>escent, narrower and shorter than the scales; staminate spike noticeal)l.y peduncled; pistillate spikes many-flowered. 89. C. liichardsonii. » SEDGE FAMILY 117 28. Albae. Represented by one species in our range. 90. C. eburnea. 29. BiCOLORES. jSIature perigj-nia wliitish, ellipsoid, not fleshy or translucent. 91. C. Hassei. INIature perigynia orange or brownish, broader, fleshy, translucent. 92. C. aurea. 30. Paniceae. Beak of the perigynia none or very short. Sheaths of the bracts short; plant glaucous; leaf-blades involute; spikes appro.ximate. 96. C. livida. Sheaths of the bracts long; plant not glaucous; leaf-blades flat; spikes distant. Fertile culm-blades 3-5, 2-3.5 mm. wide; perigynia 3.5 mm. long or less; spikes linear. 94. C. tclanica. Fertile culm-blades 6-10, 3-7 mm. wide; perigj-nia longer; spikes oblong or linear- oblong. 95. C. Meadii. Beak of the perigynia straight, prominent. 96. C. rayinata. 31. L^VXIFLORAE. Represented by one species in our range. 97. C. blanda. 32. Granul.\kes. Plants cespitose; bracts elongate, overtopping the spikes; staniinate spike short-stalked. 98. C. Shrheri. Plants with long-creeping rootstocks; bracts short, rarely overtopping the spikes; stani- inate spike long-stalked. 99. C. Crawei. 33. Debiles. Represented bj one species in our range. 100. C. Assiniboinensis. 34. CAPILL.ARES. Represented by one species in our range. 101. C. capillaris. 35. LONGIROSTRES. Represented by one species in our range. 102. C. Sprengelii. 36. Frigidae. Terminal spike staniinate or gjniaecandrous, the lateral ones pistillate. Terminal spike usually gynaecandrous, the lateral ones ovoid or short-oblong. 103. C. misandra. Terminal spike staniinate (or with a few perigj-nia) , the lateral ones oblong or linear- cylindric. Perigynia triangular, slightly compressed. 104. C. luzulina. Perigjaiia strongly compressed. 105. C. lissuricola. Terminal spike androgynous, the upper lateral staminate, the lower pistillate. Perigjiiia lanceolate, 1.5 mm. wide, tapering to the ape.x; spikes 2-5, usually 4. 106. C. pelricosa. Perigj-nia oblong-oval, 2.25 mm. wide, abruptly minutely beaked; spikes more numerous. 107. C. Franklinii. 37. Pallescentes. Represented by one species in our range. 108. C. abbreiiata. 38. Anom.al.\e. Represented by one species in our range. 109. C. amplifolia. 39. LlMOS.\E. Pistillate sjiikes drooping. Plants strongly stoloniferous ; leaf-blades involute, glaucous, 3 mm. wide or less; scales little exceeding the perigynia. 110. C. limosa. Plant tufted; leaf-blades flat, not glaucous, wider; scales much e.xceeding the peri- gjTiia. 111. c. paupcrcula. Pistillate spikes erect. 112. C. Buxbaumii. 40. Atratae. Terminal- spike in some plants pistillate and linear-cylindric or staminate only at apex, in others staminate. Scales not long-pointed, little exceeding the perig>-nia; perigynia flattened, sharp- ^ edged. 113. C Parryana. Scales long-pointed, 2-3 times as long as the perigynia; perigj-nia little flattened. ^ . , 114. C. idahoa. 1 erminal spike staminate or gj-naecandrous, not pistillate and linear-cylindric. Terminal spike staminate. Culms few-leaved, strongly aphj-llopodic, purplish tinged at base. Staminate scales obtuse, the midvein nearly or quite obsolete. Staniinate scales obovate; pistillate scales with obsolete (or nearly so) midvein; perigj-nia nerveless. 115. C. podocarpa. Staminate scales linear-lanceolate; pistillate scales with strong midvein; perigj-nia 2-nerved. 116. C. venustula. Staminate scales with conspicuous more or less excurrent midvein. 117. C. spectabilis. 118 CYPERACEAE , Culms many-leaved, clothed at base with dried-up leaves of previous year, not purpUsh tinged at base. Perigynia flat. 118. C. Tolmiei. Perigj-nia round in cross-section, many-nerved. 119. C. Raynoldsii. Terminal spike gj-naecandrous. Perigj-nia triangular in cross-section, nerveless or nearly so, 2.5 mm. long or less. 120. C. Halleri. Perigynia longer, many-nerved or with two prominent marginal nerves, more or less strongly flattened. Spikes contiguous, sessile or short-peduncled, forming a dense head; culms stiff, erect. Perigj-nia subinflated-triangular, scarcely compressed, the beak 1 mm. long. 121. C. Nelsonii. Perigynia strongly compressed, the beak 0.5 mm. long. Lowest spike slightly separate, short-peduncled; scales black, with very conspicuous white hyaline ape.x and upper margins. 122. C. albo-nigra. Spikes closely contiguous and sessile; scales black with inconspicuous hyaline apex and margins. 123. C. nova. Lowest spike (or spikes) strongly peduncled. usually distant, erect or nodding. Spikes 3-5, not oblong-cylindrij; walls of the perigynia not papery: peri- gjTiia 2.5—4.5 mm. long, nerveless or obscurely nerved on the face, dull green to brownish black; scales from a little shorter to a little longer than the perigj-nia. Perigynia slightly inflated and sub-triangular, not strongly compressed. 124. C. atrosquama. Perigj-nia strongly compressed. Perigj-nia sharp-edged, the margins much narrower than the achene; lateral spikes linear. Scales sliining, with the midvein conspicuous the whole length, exceeded by the perigyriia. 125. C. bclla. Scales dull w-ith inconspicuous midvein, about covering the perigynia. 126. C. atratifonnis. Perigyrua widel j' margined, the margins as wide as the achene ; lateral spikes oblong or linear-oblong or ovoid. Perigynia granular-roughened; aclienes short-stipitate. Upper pistillate scales exceeding the perigynia; lateral spikes ovoid; lowest peduncle less than the length of the spike. 127. C. chalciolepis. Upper pistillate scales exceeded by the perigj-nia; lateral spikes oblong or linear-oblong; lowest peduncle 1-2 times as long as the spike. 128. C. atrata. Perigynia smooth; achenes strongly stipitate. 129. C. epapillosa. Spikes 6-10, oblong-cj-lindric: walls of the perigjmia paperj-; perigj-nia 5 mm. long, lightly 3-nerved, light green, much shorter than the peri- gynia. 130. C. Mertensii. 41. ACUTAE. Culms phj-llopodic. Beak of the perigynia, if present, not deeplj' bidentate. Lowest bract exceeded by the inflorescence; scales with obsolete or slender mid- vein; culms low, stiff, solitary or in small chimps, freelj' stoloniferous. Perigj-nia plano-convex, puncticulate, appressed. 131. C. concolor. Perigjmia soon turgid, papillose, spreading. Scales ovate, exceeded by the perigynia. 132. C. scopulorum. Scales lanceolate, exceeding the perigynia. 133. C. chimaphila. Lowest bract exceeding the inflorescence; scales usually with a slender midvein or broad light-colored center; culms taller, less stiff, in larger clumps. Perigynia turgid, spreading. 134. C. aperta. Perigj-nia not turgid, appressed or ascending. Stolons absent; perigynia conspicuouslj- nerved; leaf-blades 1-3 mm. wide. Perigynia substi])itate, glaucous, granular-roughened all over, the body two-thirds as wide as long. 135. C. lenticularis. Perigj-nia strongly stipitate. green, granular-roughened at the apex onlj-, the body half as wide as long. 136. C. Kelloggii. Stolons present, long; perigynia nerveless or inconspicuously nerved; leaf- blades 2-6 mm. wide. Perigj-nia narrowlj to very broadly elliptic, broadest below apex, less than 3 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide. 137. C. aquatilis. Perigvnia strongly obovate, broadest at the apex, 3 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide. 138. C. substricla. Beak of the perigynia markedly bidentate, the bodj- strongly ribbed. 139. C. ncbraskensis. Fertile culms aphyllopodic. Lower sheaths smooth; scales not blackish. 140. C. Emoryi. Lower sheaths strongly hispidulous; scales blackish. 141. C. prionophylla. 42. HiRTAE. Beak of the perigj-nia much shorter than the body, the teeth 1 mm. long or less. Perigj-nia glabrous to sparsely pubescent. 142. C. lacustris. SEDGE FAMILY 119 Perlgynia deiisclv or strongly piibi'scent. Nerves of the pci it,'vnhi oliscurod by pubescence, the teeth of beak short. Leaf-blades thu. more than 2 mm. wide. 143. C. lanuginosa. Leaf-blades involute, 2 iiiiu. wide or less. 144. C. lasiocarpa. Nerves of the perlgynia prominent, the teeth of beak prominent, slender. 145. C. Iloughtonii. Bjik of the perlgynia, including teeth nearly as long as body, the teeth 1.5 mm. long or more. Perlgynia glabrous. Perlgynia ovoid, the teeth less than 2 ram. long, erect or spreading; scales acute to aristate; leaf-blades glabrous. 146. C. laeviconica. Perlgynia lanceolate or ovoid-lanceolate, the teeth 2-4 mm. long, widely spread- ing; scales long-aristate; leaf-blades pubescent beneath. 147. C. atherodes Perigynia hairy. 148. C. Shcldonii. 4.3. EXTENSAE. Perigynia 2-3 mm. long, the beak scarcely half as long as the body. 149. C. viridula. PerigjTiia 4-6 mm. long, the beak about as long as the body. 150. C. flava. 44. P.\UCIFLORAE. Rhacheola present, conspicuously e.xserted; culms with many leaves. 151. C. rnicroolochin. Rhacheola absent or rudimentary, not conspicuously exserted; ciilms with few leaves. 152. C. pauciflora. 45. Pseudo-Cypereae. Perigynia suborbicular in cross-section, more or less inflated. 153. C. hystricina. Perigynia obtusely triangular, scarcely inflated, closely enveloping achene. 154. C. comosa. 46. Physocarpae. Perigynia scarcely inflated; beak entire or emarginate; stigmas normally two and achenes lenticular. Perigynia lanceolate; fertile culms fllamentose at the base; rootstocks creeping. 155. C. miliaris. Perigynia ovoid; fertile culms rarely if ever fllamentose at the base; plant loosely stoloniferous. 156. C. saxatilis. Perigynia from little to mtich inflated; beak bidentate; stigmas normally three and achenes triangular. Pistillate spikes globose or short-oblong, 5-15-flowered. 157. C. oligospcrma. Pistillate spikes oblong to cylindric, 15-many-flowered. Lower perigynia not refle.Ked ; bracts moderately e.xceeding the spikes. Perigynia ascending; lower sheaths more or less strongly fllamentose; culms sharply triangtilar. Perigynia 6-8 mm. long. Perigynia oblong-ovoid, tapering into the beak; spikes loosely flowered at base. 158. C. Raeana. Perigynia ovoid or globose-ovoid, contracted into the beak; spikes more closely flowered. 159. C. vesicaria. Perigynia 8-10 mm. long, tapering into the beak. 160. C. exsiccata. Perigynia spreading at maturity; lower sheaths not fllamentose; culms bluntly triangular below the spikes. 161. C. rostrata. Lower perigynia reflexed; bracts many times exceeding the spikes. 162. C. relrorsa. 1. Nardinae Kiikenth. Very densely cespitose. Leaf-blades filiform. Spike solitary, linear-oblong, androgynous, densely flowered, bractless. Peri- gynia ascending, biconvex, elliptic-ovate, not inflated, the walls thin, glabrous, striate, stipitate, the beak hyaline-tipped, in age bidentulate. Achenes lenticular or trianguLar. Stigmas 2 or 3. 1. C. Hepburnii Boott. Culms 2-15 cm. high; sheaths strongly hyahne- margined above, abruptly contracted into the blades; spike 5-12 mm. long, with 1-10 perigynia; scales ovate, acutish, the midvein conspicuous; perigynia 3 mm. long; achenes usually triangular. C. nardina Auth., in part. C. stantonensis M. E. Jones. Dry alpine slopes: Alta. — Colo. — Wash. — B.C. Alp. — Subalp. Jl-Au. 2. Inflatae Kiikenth. Cespitose, the rootstocks elongate. Leaf-blades filiform. Spike solitary, ovoid, androgynous, densely flowered, bractless. Perigynia inflated, the walls very thin, slightly nerved, sessile, the smooth beak hyaline tipped, obliquely cut, in age bidentulate. Achenes triangular. Stigmas three. 2. C. Engelmannii Bailey. Culms 5-20 cm. high; leaf-blades about 0.5 mm. wide; spike with 1.5-40 ascending perigynia; scales 1-nerved, acute to cuspi- 120 CYPERACEAE date; perigynia ovate, 4.5-5 mm. long, tapering at apex; achenes 1.25 mm. long. Isolated stations on mountain summits: Colo.; Wyo.; Wash. Alp. — Subalp. Au. 3. Athrochlaenae Holm. Cespitose or with creeping rootstocks. Leaf- blades narrow. Spike solitary, androgynous, bractless, narrow, densely many- flowered. Pistillate scales soon falling. Perigynia slenderly strongly stipitate, widely spreading or the lower reflexed, obscurely triangular, nerveless, membran- aceous, long-beaked, the beak obliquely cut, becoming bidentulate. Achenes usually triangular. Stigmas 3, or occasionally 2. 3. C. pyrenaica Wahl. Culms 3-20 cm. high, wiry, slender, smooth; leaves 2-3 to a fertile culm; spike 5-20 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; scales chestnut tinged; perigynia 3-4 mm. long. Alpine localities: Mack. — Colo. — Ore. — Alaska; Eurasia. Alp. — Subalp. Jl-S. 4. C. nigricans C. A. Meyer. Culms 5-20 cm. high, stiff, firm, smooth; leaves 4-9 to a fertile culm; spike 8-15 mm. long, 6-9 mm. wide; scales dark brown tinged; perigynia 4 mm. long. Alpine localities: Alta. — -Colo. — Cahf. — ■ Alaska. Alp. — Mont. Jl-S. 4. Capitatae Christ. Cespitose, the rootstocks somewhat elongate. Leaf- blades filiform. Spike solitary, ovoid, androgynous, densely flowered, bractless. Perigynia plano-convex, sharp-edged, not inflated, the walls thinnish, essentially nerveless, sessile, the smooth beak conspicuously hyaUne-tipped, in age bidentu- late. Achenes lenticular. Stigmas 2. 5. C. capitata L. Culms 1-2 dm. high; leaf -blades about 0.5 mm. wide; spike with 6-25 ascending perigynia; scales ovate-orbicular, obtuse; perigjTiia 2-2.5 mm. long, and about as broad, abruptly beaked. An arctic species also occurring very locally on mountain summits southward: Greenl. — Alaska; also N.H.; Alta.; Calif.; Nev.; Mex.; Eu. Alp. Je-Au. 5. DioiCAE Tuckerm. Rootstocks elongate. Culms slender. Leaf-blades filiform. Spike solitary, bractless, staminate, pistillate or androgynous, narrow. Perigynia at length widely spreading, piano- or bi-convex, not inflated, subcori- aceous, glabrous, nerved, rounded and spongy at base, sharp-edged, strongly beaked, the apex hyaline, in age bidenticulate. Achenes lenticular. Stigmas 2. 6. C. gynocrates Wormskj. Culms 1-3 em. high, smooth; rootstocks horizontal; spike 5-15 mm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; scales sharp-pointed, reddish brown; perigynia few, 3 mm. long, biconvex, nerved, narrowed into a rough beak half as long as the bod}\ Sphagnum swamps: Greenl. — N.Y.— Mich. — • Colo. — Alaska; Siberia. Alp. — Mont. Southward local. My-Au. 6. FoETiDAE Tuckerm. Rootstocks elongate, dark-colored, the culms arising singly or a few together. Leaf-blades narrow. Spikes few to several, androgy- nous, aggregated into a dense siibglobose or ovoid head. Perigynia spreading, plano-convex, membranaceous, usually obsoletely nerved, loosely enveloping the achene, rounded at the base, stipitate, the beak obliquely cut, at times bidentulate. Achenes lenticular. Stigmas 2. 7. C. vernacula Bailey. Culms 1-2 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades 5-12 cm. long, stiff; head very dense, globose, about 1 cm. in diameter; perigynia ovoid, 3.5-4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, scarcely inflated, more or less nerved. Alpine slopes: Wyo.— Colo. — -Calif. — Wash. Alp. Jl-Au. 8. C. perglobosa Mackenzie. Culms 1-1.5 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades 2-8 cm. long; liead very dense, globose, about 1 cm. in diameter; perigynia ovoid-elliptic, 4 mm. long, 2.25 mm. wide, membranous, not stipitate, more or less inflated. C. incurva Lightf. var. charlacea Kiikenth. Alpine ridges: Colo. Alp. Au-S. 9. C. incurviformis Mackenzie. Culms 2-5 cm. high, smooth, obtusely angled; leaf -blades 2-4 cm. long; head dense, globose, 7-9 mm. in diameter; scales lance-ovate, chestnut with narrow hyaline margins, acuminate; perigynia SEDGE FAMILY 121 elliptic-lanceolate, 3.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, finely conspicuously many- nerved, not inflated, nor membranous, stipitate. Alpine ridges: Alta. Alp. Jl. 7. DiviSAE Christ. Rootstocks long-creeping, dark-colored, tough, the culms arising singly or in small ckunps at intervals, mostly stiff, dark-tinged at the base, aphyllopodic. Leaf-blades narrow. Spikes few to many, more or less closety aggregated into an oblong or oblong-ovoid head, androgynous or dioeci- ous, ovoid or oblong. Heads in some species dioecious or nearly so. Lowest one or several of the lower bracts developed, short-prolonged, the others bract- like. Perigynia appressed-ascending, plano-convex, smooth, often shining, coriaceous, more or less nerved on outer and nerved or nerveless on inner svu-face, sharp-edged but not wing-margined, rounded and spongy at base, the obliquely cut beak in age bidentulate. Achenes lenticular, closely enveloped. Stigmas 2. 10. C. Douglasii Boott. Culms 6-30 cm. high; leaf-blades 1-2.5 mm. wide; staminate spikes linear-elliptic, 8-15 mm. long, 2.5-4 mm. wide: pistillate spikes wider; scales ovate to lanceolate, yellowish-brown, with hyaline margins and lighter center, concealing the perigynia; perigynia lanceolate, strongly nerved, 4 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, light brownish; styles elongate. C. irrasa Bailey. Dry or alkaline soil: Man. — Neb. — N.M.— Calif.— B.C. Plain—Mont. My- Au. 11. C. stenophylla Wahl. Culms 5-20 cm. high; leaf-blades 1.5 mm. wide at the base, involute above; spikes few, densely aggregated into a head 7-15 mm. long; scales broadly ovate, brownish with hyaline margins; perigynia few to a spike, ovate, lightly nerved on both surfaces, 3 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, blackish at maturity; styles short. C. Eleocharis Bailey. Dry soil: Man. — Iowa — N.M. — Utah — Yukon; Eurasia. Plains — -Mont. Je-Jl. 12. C. simulata Mackenzie. Culms 3-5 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide, flat; head 12-25 mm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, the spikes densely aggregated, pistillate, staminate, or androgynous; scales brown with hyaline margins, conceal- ing the perigynia; perigynia 2.25 mm. long, 1.4 mm. wide, round-truncate at base, abruptly beaked, serrulate above. C. Gayana N. Am. auth. Wet soil: Mont. —N.M.— Calif.— Wash. Suhmonl.—Moni. My-S. 13. C. praegracilis W. Boott. Culms 2-5 dm. high; leaf-blades 1.5-3 mm. wide, flattened or channelled; head linear-oblong to ovate-oblong, 1-5 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, the 5-15 spikes densely aggregated, androgynous, with 4-10 perig\Tiia; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute to cuspidate, light brownish, with hyaline margins, nearly concealing the perigynia; perigynia 3-4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, dark brown at maturity, nerved on the outer, nearly nerveless on the inner surface. C. marcida Boott. C. usta Bailey. C. alterna (Bailey) Clarke. C. camporum Mackenzie. Meadows, widely distributed and variable: Man. — Iowa — -Kans. — -Calif. — B.C.; Mex. Prairie — Plains — Suhmont. My- Au. 14. C. Sartwellii Dewey. Culms 4-7 dm. high, rough above; leaf-blades 2.5-4 mm. wide, flat; head oblong, 3-5 cm. long, about 1 cm. wide, the numerous spikes densely aggregated, the larger with 15-20 perigynia; perigynia lance-ovate, 2.5-4 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, finely nerved, the beak much shorter than the body. Marshes and bogs: Ont. — 'N.Y. — Ill.^Colo. — Mont. Plain — Submont. — Boreal. My-Au. 8. Chordorrhizae Fries. Culms elongate, prostrate, branching, the root- stocks and roots httle developed. Leaf-blades narrow. Spikes 3-10, androgy- nous, few-flowered, closely aggregated into an ovoid head. Bracts absent or inconspicuous. Perigynia very thick, plano-convex, oblong-ovate, smooth, shining, coriaceous, closely many-nerved, rounded on the margins, rounded and spongy at the base, the short beak obliquely cut. Achenes lenticular, closely enveloped. Stigmas 2. 15. C. chordorrhiza Ehrh. Culms 1.5-3 dm. high; head 1-1.5 cm. long; perig>Tiia 4-5 mm. long. Sphagnum bogs: Anticosti — Me. — Ind. — Sask. — Mack. — B.C.; Eurasia. Boreal. My-Jl. 122 CYPERACEAE 9. Arenariae Kunth. Rootstocks long-creeping, dark^colored, tough, the cuhns arising singly or in small clumps at intervals, mostly stiff, dark-tinged at base, aphyllopodic. Leaf-blades narrow. Spikes several to many, more or less closel}^ aggregated, some or all gynaecandrous or staminate, some usually pistil- late or androgynous. Lower bract or bracts short-prolonged; the others bract- like. Perigynia appressed-ascending, plano-convex, sharp or wing-margined, at least above, conspicuously rough-beaked, the beak sharply bidentate. Achenes lenticular. Stigmas 2. 16. C. siccata Dewey. Culms 2-9 dm. high, rough above; leaf -blades 2-3 mm. wide, flat or channeled; head Unear-oblong, 2-3.5 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, the 6-12 spikes closely aggregated, except the lower 1-3; perigynia few to several, ovate-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, much flattened, several-nerved, the beak as long as the body. Dry soil and hills: Me. — N.J.— Ariz. — Alta. Boreal — Mont. — Submont. My-Jl. 10. MuHLENBERGiANAE Tuckemi. Densely cespitose or in a few species the rootstocks elongate, tough and dark-colored. Culms not flattened. Opaque part of sheaths neither transversely rugidose nor red-dotted. Spikes usually ten or less, androgynous or pistillate but never gynaecandrous, rarely at all compound. Bracts from little to strongly developed. Perigynia plano-convex, green or chestnut-tinged or light brownish in age, from appressed to reflexed, often strongly spongy at base, nerveless or sparingly nerved, narrowly sharp- margined, conspicuously beaked, the beak sharply bidentate. Achenes lenticular. Style-base more or less thickened. Stigmas 2. 17. C. Hoodii Boott. Culms 3-6 dm. high, rough above; leaf-blades L5-3.5 mm. wide, flat; head globose or oblong-ovate, 1-2 cm. long, 8-15 mm. wide_, the spikes several, with 5-10 ascending perigynia; perigynia lance-ovate, 4-5 mm. long, 1.75-2 mm. wide, obsoletely nerved, margined above, the beak one- third the length of the body. Mountain meadows and slopes: Alta. — Colo. — Calif.— B.C. Mont.—Suhmont. Je-Au. 18. C. vallicola Dewey. Culms 2.5-6 dm. high, rough above; leaf-blades about 1 mm. wide, flat or channeled; head 15-20 mm. long, 7 mm. wide; peri- gynia 1-10, oblong-elliptic, 3.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, not nerved, rnargined above, the short beak minutely serrulate. C. brevisquama Mackenzie. Dry slopes: Wyo. — Ore. Submonl. My-Je. 19. C. occidentalis Bailey. Culms 2.5-7.5 dm. high, rough above; leaf- blades flat, channeled, 1.5-2.5"mm. wide; head 1.5-3 cm. long, less than 1 cm. wide; perigynia usually 7-15, lance-ovate, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, nerveless, margined above, the serrulate beak one-third the length of the body. Dry places: Wyo.— N.M. — Ariz. — Utah. Submont.— Subalp. My-Au. 20. C. Hookeriana Dewey. Culms 2.5-5 dm. high, rough above; leaf- blades channeled, 1.5-2.5 mm.' wide; head 1.5-2 cm. long, about 7 mm. wide; psrigynia few, strictly appressed, lanceolate, 4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, nerve- bss, margined, the serrulate beak half the length of the body. Dry soil: Alta. Boreal — -Submont. Je. 21. C. gravida Bailey. Culms 4-8 dm. high, sharply triangular, rough above, cespitose from short rootstocks; leaf-blades flat, 3-14 mm. wide; head 2-3.5 cm. long, 8-14 mm. wile, ovoid or oblong; perigynia 10-20, dull, ascending, broadly ovate or suborbicular, 3-4 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, little-nervod, the bsak one-third the length of the body. Prairies and plains: Ill.^Mo.— N.M.— Mont. Plain — Submont. My-Jl. 11. MuLTiFLORAE Kunth. Densely cespitose. Culms sharply triangular. Opaque part of sheaths usually transversely rugulose, red-dotted. Spikes num- erous, small, androgvnous or pistillate, but never gynaecandrous, the lower more or less compound. Bracts frequently conspicuous. Perigynia plano-convex, not very thick, yellowish or yellowish brown, appressed-ascending or somewhat spreading, not thick-walled, somewhat spongy at base, short-stipitate, sharp- margined, more or less nerved, conspicuously rough-beaked, the beak bidentate. Achenes lenticular. Stigmas 2. Style-base more or less enlarged. SEDGE FAMILY 123 22. C. vulpinoidea Michx. Culms 3-9 dm. high, very rough above, exceeding the leaves; loaf-blades long-tapering, 2-5 mm. wide; head 2-12 cm. long, with very many small spikes; pistillate scales strongly awned; perigynia yellowish at maturitv, 2-3 mm. long, the beak about the length of the body. Swampy places: N.B.—Fla.— Tex.— Colo.— Ore.— B.C. Plains. Je-Au. 12. P..vxicrLAT.\E Kunth. Densely or loosely cespitose. Culms not flat- tened. Opaque part of sheaths strongly red-dotted. Spikes numerous, small, androgynous or pistillate, but never gynaecandrous, the lower compound or decompound. Bracts usually inconspicuous. Perigynia thick, strongly convex on the dorsal, and often somewhat convex on the ventral face, brownish or chestnut in age, ascending or spreading, coriaceous, spongy at base, stipitate, narrowly margined, more or less nerved, conspicuously rough-beaked, the beak bidentate. Achenes lenticular. Style-base more or less thickened. Stigmas 2. 23. C. diandra Schrank. Culms slender, sharply triangular, loosely cespi- tose, 3-7 dm. high; leaf -blades 1.25 mm. wide; head 2. .5-5 cm. long, somewhat compound; the lower spikes more or less separated; scales acute, brownish, with lighter midvein and hyaline margins; perigynia somewhat biconvex, dark chest- nut, shining, nerveless on inner face, spreading at maturity. Wet meadows: N.S.— Pa.— Colo.— B.C.— Alaska; Eurasia. Mont.— Bar. My-Jl. 24. C. prairea Dewey. Culms sharply triangular, .5-10 dm. high; leaf- blades with slightly revolute margins; head 4-8 cm. long, decompound, the lower 3-5 branches separated; scales acute or acuminate, light brown, with broad light-colored center and hyaline margins; perigynia 1.25 mm. wide, nerveless, or Ughtly nerved on inner face, ascending, plano-convex or nearly so, reddish brown, dull, the beak serrulate. Wet meadows: Que. — 'N.J.- la.^Sask. Boreal. My-Jl. 25. C. Cusickii Mackenzie. Culms sharply triangular, 7-12 dm. high; leaf- blades with slightly revolute margins; head 4-8 cm. long, decompound, the lower branches separated; scales chestnut brown, with lighter midvein and hyaline margins; perigynia 1.5 mm. wide, lightly nerved at base on the inner face, some- what biconvex, spreading in age, brownish black, dull, the beak setulose-serrulate. C. teretiuscula var. ampla Bailey. Wet meadows: B.C. — -Mont. — Calif. Sub- mont. My-S. 13. Stenorhynchae Holm. Densely cespitose or with more or less elongated rootstocks. Culms triangular or somewhat flattened. Opaque part of sheaths usually transversely rugulose or red-dotted. Spikes few to many, androgjmous to pistillate, but never gynaecandrous, the lower from simple to compound. Bracts httle developed. Perigynia plano-convex, yellowish or yellowish brown, appressed-ascending to spreading, not thick-walled, but strongly spongy at base, stipitate, strongly many-nerved, the margins nearly obsolete on the lower half, conspicuously beaked, the beak bidentate. Achenes lenticular. Style-base more or less thickened. Stigmas 2. 26. C. Jonesii Bailey. Culms 2-4 dm. high, slender, very rough above, densely cespitose from elongated rootstocks; leaves clustered near base, the blades 1-2 mm. wide; opaque part of sheath white, not cross-rugulose, truncate at mouth; spikes in a dense ovoid head 8-12 mm. long; scales brown with incon- spicuous midvein, exceeding the perigynia; perigynia 3.5 mm. long, the beak nearly smooth. High mountains: Mont. — Wyo. — -Calif. — Wash. Submont. — Mont. Jl-Au. 27. C. nervina Bailey. Culms 5-6 dm. high, stout, little roughened above, densely cespitose from short elongated rootstocks, strongly aphyllopodic; leaf- blades clu-stered on the lower fourth of stem, 3.5 mm. wide; opaque part of sheath olive-tinged, becoming cross-rugulose, rounded at the mouth; spikes in a dense ovoid or oblong head, 15-24 mm. long; scales as in the last; perigynia 4 mm. long, the beak slightly serrulate. High mountains: Wyo. — -Calif. ^Wash. Jl-Au. 28. C. stipata Muhl. Culms 3-10 dm. high, strongly serrulate above- growing in dense clumps; leaf-blades 4-8 mm. wide, the opaque part of sheaths 124 CYPERACEAE thin, cross-rugulose ; head 2.5-10 cm. long, the lower spikes often separate; scales light-brownish, hyaline-margined; perigynia serrulate. Swamps and wet meadows: Newf. — Fla. — 'Utah — mous, the stamin- ate part in age short-peduncled, the pistillate loosely flowered; bracts absent; scales more or less char taceous; perigj-nia 1 to several, obtusely triangular, smooth, 130 CYPERACEAE 2-keeled but othenvise nerveless, tapering at the base, veYy minutely beaked, the orifice truncate. Achenes triangular, with nearly flat sides, closely enveloped by the perigynia, tipped by the minute persistent base of the style, constricted at base. Stigmas 3, elongated. 73. C. Geyeri Boott. Rootstock woody, elongated; culms up to 3.5 dm. high, very rough; leaf-blades thick, 2-3.5 mm. wide, those of the culm develop- ing after flowering; perigynia 1-3, 6 mm. long. Dry mountain sides and open woods: Alta. — Colo. — -Utah — Ore. — Wash. Submonl. — Subalp. My-Au. 24. FiLiKOLiAE Tuekerm. Densely cespitose. Leaf-blades filiform or nar- row. Spike solitary, linear or linear-oblong, androgynous, densely flowered, bractless. Perigynia more or less triangular, nerveless except for the two lateral ribs, not stipitate, puberulent or pubescent, the hyaline- tipped beak obliquely cut. Achenes triangular. Stigmas 3. 74. C. elynoides Holm. Culms 8-12 cm. high; spike 8-15 mm. long, with, 4-8 ascending perigynia; pistillate scales with dingy white hyaline margins; perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long, slightly puberulent above, slenderly beaked. C. fili- /oitavar. ?»?'sfra Bailey. Mountain summits: Mont. — -Colo. — -Nev. Alp. Je-Au. 75. C. filifolia Nutt. Culms 8-30 cm. high; spike 1-2 cm. long, with 5-10 perigynia; pistillate scales with broad bright white hyaline margins; perigynia 3 mm. long, puberulent, abruptlv and minutely stout-beaked. Plains and ridges: Sask.— Tex.— N.M.— Wash.— Yukon. Plain's— Mont. Ap-Jl. 76. C. oreocharis Holm. Culms 1-2 dm. higli; spike 1-2 cm. long, with 3-7 ])erigynia; jiistillate scales ovate, acuminate; perigynia 4 mm. long, broadly obovoid, minutely pubescent, abruptly short-beaked. C. filifolia var. valicla Bailey. Dry slopes: Colo. Submonl. Je. 25. SciRPiNAE Tuekerm. Rootstocks creeping. Culms leafy below. Leaf- blades narrow. Spike usually 1, linear, staminate or pistillate, many-flowered, occasionally with an additional spike and normally with an empty scarcely sheathing squamiform bract a short distance below the spike. Perigynia tri- angular or flattened-triangular, membranous, 2-keeled, pubescent or puberulent, tapering at the base, contracted at apex into the short cylindric entire or bi- denticulate beak. Achenes triangular, with flat sides, sessile. Stj'le slender, sUghtly enlarged at the base, not jointed. Stigmas 3, short. 77. C. pseudoscirpoidea Rydb. Rootstocks stout; culms 1-3 cm. high; leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide; spike 12-36 mm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; scales brownish black; perigynia obovoid, strongly pubescent, triangular, 2.5 mm. long, with bidenticulate beak. Mountain sides: Mont. — Colo. — Utah. Mont. — Subalp. Jl-Au. 78. C. stenochlaena (Holm) Mackenzie. Rootstocks .stout, densely matted ; culms 2.5-4 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-2.5 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 1.5-3 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide; scales oblong-ovate, blackish, with narrow hyaline margins, cihate; perigynia blackish at the apex. Mountains: Alaska — Alta. — -Ida. — Wash. Submont.—Monl. Jl-S. 79. C. scirpoidea Michx. Rootstocks stoutish; culms 2-3.5 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-2 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 1..5-3 cm. long, 2.5-5 mm. wide; scales ovate, chocolate-brown, ciliate and puberulent; perigynia 3 mm. long, not black- ish. Arctic-alpine, along streams: Greenl. — -N.H. — N.Y. — Mich. — -Mont. — ■ B.C. — Alaska; Eurasia, where rare. Alp. — Subalp. Je-Au. 80. C. scirpiformis Mackenzie. Rootstocks stoutish; culms 2.5-4.5 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 2-4 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide; scales ovate, brownish, strongly pubescent and ciliate at the apex; perigynia 2.5 mm. long, not blackish. Mountains: Alta.— N.D. Mont. Jl. 26. MoNTAN.\E Fries. Culms slender, leafy at the base. Leaf-blades nar- row, rough above. Terminal spike linear, normally staminate. Lateral si)ikes 1-5, small, pistillate, or sometimes androgynous, subglobose to oblong, closely few-many-flowered, approximate and sessile or short-peduncled, or in some SEDGE FAMILY 131 species radical and long-peduncled. Lowest bract squamiform or leaflet-like, sheathless or sub-sheathing. Scales often reddish brown tinged, acute to cus- pidate. PerigjTiia membranaceous, ascending, the body pubescent, at least at the base of the beak, obovoid to elliptic, trinngular, 2-keeled, strongly stipitate at the base, abruptly contracted into a cylindric or terete, emarginate to deeply bidentate beak, hyaline-tijjped. Achenes normally triangular, the sides concave, closely enveloped, short-apiculate. Style short, jointed with apex of achene, thickish. Stigmas normally 3, long. 81. C. heliophila Mackenzie. Culms 12-25 cm. high; leaf-blades 1-2 mm. wide; lowest bract squamiform; pistillate spikes 1-2 (rarely 3), subglobose, 5-15-flowered; perigynia 3.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, orbicular in cross-section, the beak deeply bidentate, in age strongly hyaline-tipped. "C pennsylvanica vesperlina Bailey," Fl. Colo. Prairies and plains: Man. — -111. — Mo. — N.M. — Colo. Plains — Subnwnt. Je-S. 82. C. Peckii E. C. Howe. Loosely cespitose, the culms 1.25-6 dm. high; leaf-blades 3 mm. wide or less; lowest bract short; staminate spike sessile, 3 mm. long or less; pistillate spikes 2-4, subglobose, 2-8-flowered, closely contiguous or the lower a little separate; perigynia oblong-obovoid, 3-4 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, grayish-pubescent, the beak one-fourth the length of the body; scales (except lower) half the length of the perig^mia, reddish brown, with broad white hyaline margins. " C. alhicnns Willd." authors. Open woods: Que. — -Mass. — ■ N.Y.— Mich.— (Black Hills) S.D.— Alaska. 83. C. umbellata Schkuhr. Densely cespitose; culms up to 1.5 dm. high, much exceeded by leaves; leaf-blades 1.5-3 mm. wide; non-basal pistillate spike usually present, oblong, globose; basal spike oblong; perigynia 2.25-3.25 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, rounded-triangular in cross-section, the beak obscurely bidentate, less than half the length of the body; achenes light brown. C. umbellala var. brrviroslris Tioott. Dry sunny places: Que. — -Del. — -Alta. — B.C. Plains — Submorit. Ap-Jl. 84. C. deflexa Hornem. Loosely stoloniferous; culms very slender, 2-12 cm. high; leaf-blades 1-2 mm. wide; staminate spike inconspicuous, 2-4 mm. long, 0.5-1 mm. wide; pistillate spikes subglobose, 2-8-flowered; perigynia 1 mm. wide, nearly orbicular in cross-section. Dry soil: Greenl. — -N.Y. — Mich. — Sask.— B.C.— Alaska. Boreal. My-Au. 85. C. Rossii Boott. Rootstock stout; culms wiry, 5-25 cm. high; leaf- blades 1-2.5 mm. wide; staminate spike usually conspicuous, 3-10 mm. long, 1 mm. wide; pistillate spikes globose to short-oblong, 2-12-flowered; perigynia up to 3.4 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, nearly orbicular in cross-section. Dry soil: Mich. — Colo. — Calif.— B.C. Submont. — Subalp. Ap-Au. 27. DiGiTATAE Fries. Culms slender, leafy at the base. Leaf-blades nar- row, the sheaths usually strongly purplish. Terminal spike Unear, staminate. Lateral spikes 1-5, approximate, or separated or sometimes radical, oblong to linear, 5-20-flowered in few rows, the peduncles included or exserted. Bracts sheathing, more or less strongly purj^lish tinged, subspathaceous, the blade absent or i-udimentary. Pistillate scales strongly purplish or reddish brown tinged. Perigynia membranaceous, appressed, oblong-obovoid, pubescent to glabrate, triangular, long-tapering into the stipitate base, abruptly contracted into the minute beak, the orifice entire or nearly so. Achenes triangular, closely enveloped. Style-base short, thickened, jointed with the apex of the achene. Stigmas 3, early deciduous. 86. C. pedunculata Muhl. Densely matted, rather bright green; culms slender, diffuse, strongly purple tinged at the base, 0.7-3 dm. long; leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide; terminal spike long-stalked, usually pistillate at the base; lateral spikes few-flowered, filiform-stalked, spreading or drooping, scattered, some ap- pearing basal; perigynia sharply 3-angled, puberulent or in age glabrate, stipi- tate, tipped with a minute entire beak; scales obovate, purplish, with green mid- rib, abruptly cuspidate. Dry woods: Anticosti — -Va. — -la. — e B.C. My-Jl. 132 CYPERACEAE 87. C. concinna R. Br. Strongly stoloniferous; culms 5-15 cm. high; leaf- blades 2-2.5 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 2-3, rather closely 4-10-flowered ; scales broadly ovate, hyaUne-margined ; perigynia densely pubescent, 3 mm. long, nerveless. Dry soil: Que. — Sask. — -Colo. — -B.C. — Alaska. Mont. — Boreal. Je- Jl. 88. C. concinnoides Mackenzie. Strongly stoloniferous; culms 25 cm. high or less; leaf -blades 2-4 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, approximate, rather closely 5-10-flowered; scales narrowly ovate, hyaline-margined; perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long. Dry soil: B.C. — -Alta. — -Mont. — -Ida. — -Calif. Mont. My-Jl. 89. C. Richardsonii R. Br. Strongly stoloniferous; culms 30 cm. high or less; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, approximate or the low- est remote, rather closely 8-20-flowered ; scales strongly hyaline-margined; perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long. Dry soil: Ont. — N.Y. — 111. — -S.D. — -Sask. Mont. — Boreal. My-Je. 28. Albae Aschers. & Graebner. With long slender stolons. Culms very slender, obtusely triangular, leafy near the base. Leaf -blades of the fertile culm very narrow, involute. Terminal spike linear, staminate. Lateral spikes 2-3, oblong or linear, loosely 4-8-flowered, all long-pedimcled, linear or oblong, often overtopping the staminate one. Bracts sheathing, subspathaceous, bladeless, white-hyaline above. Scales white-hyaUne, yellowish tinged. Perigynia erect, obovoid, triangular, glabrous, nerved, tapering at the base, abruptly minutely beaked, the orifice entire, hyahne. Achenes triangular, closely enveloped, the sides concave. Style-base very short, bulbous-thickened, jointed with the achene. Stigmas 3, long. 90. C. eburnea Boott. Culms 1-3.5 dm. high; leaf-blades 0.5 mm. \\ide or less; staminate spike sessile, 3-8 mm. long; perigynia membranaceous, obsoletely nerved, 2 mm. long, exceeding the scales. Dry sandy or rocky soil, especially limestone rocks : N.B. — Va. — Tenn. — Neb. — B.C. — Mack. Plain — -Mont.; Boreal. My-Au. 29. BicoLORES Tuckerm. Stoloniferous. Culms central, slender, leafy towards the base. Leaf-blades narrow. Basal sheaths light brown. Terminal spike linear, staminate or occasionally gynaecandrous. Lateral spikes 2-5, pistillate, rather closely few-many-flowered in few ranks on erect exserted peduncles. Bracts sheathing, not colored or dark-auricled, the blades elongated, leaf-like. Scales reddish or purplish brown tinged. Perigynia ascending, broadly oval or ellipsoid, circular in cross-section, nerved, glabrous, golden- yellow or white-pulverulent at maturity, tapering or rounded at the base, essen- tially beakless. Achenes lenticular, apiculate, closely enveloped. Style-base slender, short, jointed with the achene. Stigmas 2. 91. C. Hassei Bailey. Culms 1.5-6 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 6-20-flowered ; scales usually purplish brown tinged; perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long, slightly pointed, less than 2 mm. wide; style becoming short- exserted and somewhat persistent. River banks and wet rocks: Lab. — -Me. — Pa. — Alta. — Utah — Calif. — Yukon. Boreal — Submonl. — Son. 92. C. aurea Nutt. Culms 0.3-4 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide; pis- tillate spikes 4-20-flowered ; scales usually reddish brown tinged; perigynia subumbonate, 2 mm. wide; style not exserted or persistent. Wet places: Newf. —Conn.— Mich.— N.M.— Calif.— B.C. PlainSubalp. J(^-J1. 30. Paniceae Tuckerm. Stoloniferous. Culms central, slender, leafy towards the base. Basal sheaths brownish or jnirplish tinged. Terminal spike staminate, linear or linear-oblong. Lateral spikes 1-5, pistillate, loosely to rather closely several-many-flowered, in few or several ranks, on erect, ex- serted or included peduncles. Bracts sheathing, not colored or dark-auricled, the blades developed. Scales purphsh or reddish brown tinged. Perigynia ascending or spreading, ovoid or obovoid, membranaceous, obtusely triangular, slightly inflated, glabrous, puncticulate, light or olive green, i)ointed or beaked, the orifice entire or nearly so. Achenes triangular. Style-base slender, con- tinuous with achene. Stigmas 3. SEDGE FAMILY 133 93. C. livida (\yalil.) AVilld. Culms 1.5-5 dm. high; loaf-blades 2 mm. wide or less; pistillate spikes closely 5-15-flowered; perig\-nia 3.75 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, faintly nerved, narrowed above, exceeding the scales. Sphagnum bogs: Lab.— N.J.— Mich.— Cahf.— B.C.— Alaska. Boreal. My-Jl. 94. C. tetanica Schk. Rootstocks elongate, deep-seated, slender; culms 1.5-6 dm. high, slender: culm-leaves usually 3-5, 2-3.5 mm. wide; staminate spike long-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, linear, 6-20-fiowered, distant, erect or the lower filiform-stalked and drooping; perigynia 3 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, obtusely triangular, prominently many-nerved, abruptly minutely beaked; scales usually shorter than the perigynia, obtuse or mucronate. Meadows and wet woods: Mass. — ^D. C. — Mo. — Sask. Plain. 95. C. Meadii Dewey. Resembling the last, but stouter; culms 2-5 dm. high; culm-leaves usually 6-10, 3-7 mm. wide; staminate spike long-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, oblong, densely S-30-flowered, distant, erect, the lower long-stalked; perigj-nia more than 3 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, obtusely triangular, j^rominently many-nerved, tipped with a minute slightly bent beak; scales obtuse to cuspidate. Meadows and prairies: N.J.— Ga. — Neb. — Sask. Plain. 96. C. vaginata Tausch. Cuhns 1.5-8 dm. high, weak; leaf-blades 2-5 mm. wide; pistillate spikes loosely 3-20-flowered; perigynia 4 mm. long, nearly 2 mm. wide, faintly nerved, the orifice purplish tinged, 2-toothed; scales purplish tinged, exceeded b> the perigynia. Boggy woods: Lab. — N.Y. — Minn. — B.C. — Alaska. Mont. — Boreal. Je-Au. 31. Laxiflorae Kunth. Cespitose. Fertile culms mostly lateral, the sterile shoots leaf}^, conspicuous. Basal sheaths bro'wnish- or purplish-tinged. Ter- minal spike staminate, hnear. Lateral spikes 2-5, pistillate or androgynous, loosely to closely few-many-flowered, in few-several ranks, on erect to drooping, included or exserted pedimcles. Bracts sheathing, the sheaths green or purplish- tinged, the blades leaf-like or sometimes reduced. Scales green with hyaline margins or more or less colored. Perigynia ascending, membranaceous, tri- angular, usually nerved, closely enveloping the achene, glabrous or hispidulous, tapering at the base, short-beaked or beakless, the orifice entire. Achenes tri- angular. Style-base slender, continuous with the achene. Stigmas 3. 97. C. blanda Dewey. Culms 1.5-6 dm. high, pale green, brownish at base; sterile shoots developing conspicuous culms; leaf-blades 3-14 mm. wide, the sheaths with much crisj^ed margins; staminate spike short-stalked or sessile, the scales rarely reddish brown tinged; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong or linear- oblong, rather closely 8-25-flowered, the upper two contiguous, sessile or nearly so, the lower distant and stalked; perigynia obovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, strongly nerved, contracted into a short, stout, outwardly bent beak; scales with broad white scarious margins, the lower strongly awned. Me. — Va. — Ark. — w S.D. Plain. My-Jl. 32. Granulares Bailey. Culms central, slender, leafy. Leaf-blades flat. Basal sheaths bro'wnish. Terminal spike staminate, linear. Lateral spikes 2-4, pistillate, closely many-flowered in several ranks, erect, on more or less strongly exserted peduncles. Bracts sheathing, not colored or dark-auricled, the blades leaf-like. Scales ovate, pointed, slightly ferruginous. Perigynia ascending, elliptic to ovoid, membranaceous, glabrous, with many elevated nerves, sub- orbicular in cross-section, loosely enveloping the achene, rounded at the base, short-tapering and minutelj' beaked, the orifice entire or sub-emarginate. Achenes triangular, strongly apiculate, jointed with the slender style. Stigmas 3, short. 98. C. Shriveri Britton. Culms 1..5-7 dm. high; leaf-blades 4-16 mm. wide, somewhat glaucous; staminate spike short-stalked; bracts overtopping the culms, the ligules little elongated; perigynia narrowly obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, the beak minute, entire; apiculation of the achene abruptly bent. Moist meadows: Me. — Va. — w S.D. — Sask. Boreal. Je-Jl. 99. C. Crawei Dewey. Culms from long creeping rootstocks, stiff, glabrous or nearly so, 0.7-4 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide, rather stiff; bracts similar. 134 CYPERACEAE short, rarely overtopping the spikes; staminate spike long-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-4, distant, oblong, 10-45-flowered, sessile or stalked; perigynia ovoid, ascending, obscurely many-nerved, 3-3.5 mm. long, suborbicular in cross-sec- tion, rounded at the base, tapering into a very short beak; scales obovate, obtuse to cuspidate. Meadows and banks, limestone regions: N.S. — N.J. — Tenn. — ■ Wyo.— Alta. Aly-Jl. 33. Dehiles Carey. Culms aphyllopodic, strongly purplish tinged at base, tufted, slender, leafy. Leaf-blades flat. Terminal spike normally staminate. Lateral spikes 2-5, elongated, narrowly linear, slender-peduncled, the lower drooping. Bracts green-sheathing, the blades leaf-like. Perigynia appressed or ascending, lanceolate to ovoid, membranaceous, obsoletely nerved, rather closely enveloping the achene, tapering to a well-developed conic beak, obliquely cut at orifice and strongly hyaline-tipped, at length bidentate. Achenes tri- angular, apiculate, jointed with the slender style. Stigmas 3. 100. C. assiniboinensis W. Boott. Culms 2.5-7.5 dm. high; leaf -blades 1-2 mm. wide; staminate spike long-stalked; pistillate spikes loosely 1-8-fiowered ; perigynia narrowly lanceolate, 6 mm. long, 2 mm. wide; scales lanceolate, scarious- margined, awned. Wet soil: Man. — Minn. — S.D. — -N.D., doubtfully in our range. Plain. Je. 34. Capillares Aschers & Graebner. Cuhns phyllopodic, light brown and leafy at base, tufted, very slender. Blades narrow. Terminal spike staminate. Lateral spikes 2-4, linear, drooping on long capillary peduncles, few-flowered in few ranks. Bracts green-sheathing, the blades developed. Perigynia appressed, ovoid, membranaceous, triangular, closely enveloping the achene, tapering into the slender conic beak, truncate and entire at orifice. Achene triangular, short- apiculate, jointed with the slender style. Stigmas 3. 101. C. capillaris Iv. Culms 0.5-6 dm. high, obtusely triangular, smooth; leaf -blades flat, 1-2 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 2-12-flowered; scales broadly hyahne-margined; perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long, the beak straight. Greenl. — -N.H. — Mich. — Colo. — -Utah. — Nev. — -Alaska; Eurasia. Alp. — Subalp. Ji-Au. 35. LoNGiROSTREs Kijkenth. Culms phyllopodic, tufted, leafy towards the base. Blades flat. Terminal spike staminate. Lateral spikes 2-5, linear- oblong or oblong-cylindric, peduncled, many-flowered in several ranks. Bracts green-sheathing, the blades developed. Perigynia appressed to spreading, membranaceous, globose-triangular, somewhat inflated, prominently beaked, the apex bidentate, the teeth weak, scarioiis. Achenes triangular, apiculate, the apiculation very abruptly bent, jointed with the slender style. Stigmas 3. 102. C. Sprengelii Dewey. Culms 2.5-9 dm. high, rodghish above, strongly fibrillose at the base: leaf-blades 2.5-4 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 10-40-flowered; scales acute to cuspidate; body of the perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long, short-oblong, exceeded by the slender beak. C. longirostris Torr. Alluvial banks: N.B. — ■ N.J. — Colo. — Alta. Plain — Submont. My-Jl. 36. Frigidae Fries. Culms phyllopodic, tufted, the leaves clustered near the base. Spikes staminate, pistillate, androgynous or gynaecandrous. Bracts green-sheathing, the blades developed or rudimentary. Scales dark tinged, usually with light midvein and margins. Perigynia apjiressed or ascending, flat to flattened-triangular, not inflated, dark tinged, beaked, the beak hyaline at orifice, more or less bidentate. Achenes triangular, short apiculate, jointed with the straight slender style. Stigmas 3. 103. C. misandra R. Br. Culms 3-40 cm. high; leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide, much shorter than the culms; sheaths purplish tinged, the blades short; lateral spikes 1-3, filiform-stalked, droo])ing, 6-14 mm. long, 4 nun. wide, closely 5-20- flowered; scales blackish, with narrow hyaline margins; perigynia lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, serrulate above. Highsummitsor arctic regions: Greenl. — -Ont. — -Alaska; Colo.; arctic Eurasia. Arcl. — Alp. Jl-S. 104. C. luzulina Olney. Culms den.sely cespitose, 1.5-7.5 dm. high; leaves in a basal rosette, the blades soon spreading, 3-7 mm. wide, stiff; spikes 3-6, the SEDGE FAMILY 135 upper clustered, the lower widely separated, on long-exserted peduncles, the lateral pistillate, 6-8 nun. wide, linear, not compoimd at base; scales dark reddish browni or black, obtuse or acutish; perigynium body compressed-triangular, closely enveloping achene, 3.75-5 mm. long, not inflated or hispidulous, contracted into the short, sparingly ciliate-serrulate, shallowly bidentate beak. C. ablata Bailey. C. owyheensis A. Nels. Mountain meadows and bogs: Mont. — Wyo. — Calif. — B.C. Morit.Suhalp. Je-Au. 105. C. fissuricola Mackenzie. Culms 5-8 dm. high; leaves mostly clus- tered at the base, the blades 3-6 mm. wide, 7-14 cm. long; terminal spike sessile or short-stalked, often slightly pistillate; lateral spikes 4-5, the upi)er contiguous and sessile or short-peduncled, the lower separate and strongly peduncled; scales ovate, acute to cuspidate, brown, with lighter midrib conspicuous to apex, sparsely hairy when young; perigynium body narrowly ovate, much flattened, loosely enveloping the achene, 5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, sparsely hairy when young, remotely ciliate-serrulate on the margins, contracted into a shallowly biden- tate beak. C. luzulacfolia W. Boott, in part. Mountain meadows: (?Utah) — • Nev.— Calif. Mont.—Suhalp. 106. C. petricosa Dew. Stoloniferous; culms 1.5-2 dm. high, obtusely triangular, smooth; leaf-blades 2 mm. wide; spikes 3-5, oblong, 10-15 mm. long, closely flowered, the lower slender-peduncled; scales dark brown with hyaline margins; perigynia several-nerved, hispidulous, 4.5-5 mm. long, the orifice of the beak obliquely cut. Mountain summits: B.C. — Alta. Alp. 107. C. Franklinii Boott. Stoloniferous; culms 6-9 dm. high, obtusely triangular, smooth; leaf-blades 2 mm. wide; spikes 5-8, oblong, 1.2 cm. long, closely flowered, the lower slender-peduncled; scales brown with hyaline margins; perigynia with slender nerves, 4.5-5 mm. long, rough on the margins, the beak with obliquely cut orifice, becoming bidenticulate. Mountain summits: Canadian Rocky Mts. (About Lat. 56°.) Alp. 37. Pallescentes Fries. Culms aphyllopodic, tufted, leafy towards the base. Leaves pubescent. Terminal spike staminate, linear. Lateral spikes pistillate, closely lO-30-flowered in several rows. Bracts leaf-like, sheathless or nearly so. Perigynia green, rounded-triangular in cross-section, enveloping the achene, many-nerved, glabrous, rounded at the base, beakless or short-beaked. Achenes triangular, apiculate, the style thick, very short. Stigmas 3. 108. C. abbreviata Prescott. Cuhns 2.5-5 dm. high; leaflet-blades 1.5-3 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 1-3, short-oblong, 6-16 mm. long, 6 mm. wide, sessile or short-stalked, approximate; perigynia obovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, strongly nerved, depressed at the apex, tipped by a short slender entire beak. C. Torreyi Tuckerm. Dry soil: Man. — Minn. — -Colo. — -Sask. Plains — Submont. Je-Jl. 38. Anomalae Carey. Culms stout, leafy. Leaf-blades broad, flat, glab- rous, not septate-nodulose. Terminal spike staminate, linear. Lateral spikes pistillate, linear-cylindric, scattered, closely many-flowered in several rows. Bracts leaf-like, sheathless. Perigynia ascending or in age spreading, obovoid, small, 2.5-4 mm. long, olive-green, nerved, tapering at the base, triangular, slightly inflated, abruptly beaked, the beak conic, shallowly bidentate. Achenes triangular, subapiculate, the style short, thickish, Stigmas 3. 109. C. amplifolia Boott. Stoloniferous; culms 5-10 dm. high, sharply triangular; sheaths hispidulous; leaf-blades 8-18 mm. wide; pistillate spikes short-peduncled or nearly sessile, 3.5-8 cm. long, 6-7 mm. wide; scales acute to mucronate; perigynia 3 mm. long, nerveless except for the keels, glabrous. Wet soil: B.C. — Ida. — Calif. Suhmont. Je-Au. 39. LiMOSAE Tuckerm. Culms slender, leafy below. Leaf-blades narrow. Terminal spike staminate, linear. Lateral spikes 1-4, pistillate, distant, oblong, closely several-many-flowered in several ranks, droophig, on slender peduncles. Bracts leaflet-like, essentially sheathless (in our species). Perigynia appressed, coriaceous, ovoid, or elliptic, glaucous, papillose, beakless or nearly so. Achenes triangular, closely enveloped, the style short, straight, exserted, Hs base not enlarged. Stigmas 3. 136 CYPERACEAE 110. C. limosa L. Culms 1.5-6 dm. high, sharply triangular; pistillate spikes 1-2.5 cm. long, 5-8 mm. thick, 8-30-flowered ; scales acute or short-cuspi- date; perigynia broadly ovate, flattened, 2-edged, 2.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, several-nerved. Sphagnum bogs: Lab. — N.J. — la. — Mont. — Wash. — Alaska; Eurasia. Boreal — Mont. My-Au. 111. C. paupercula Michx. Culms 1-8 dm. high, sharply triangular; pistillate spikes 0.5-2 cm. long, 4-8 mm. thick, 6-25-flowered; scales long-acumin- ate or awned; perigynia subglobose, 2.5-3 mm. long, 2.25 mm. wide, few- nerved. C. magellanica Am. auth. Sphagnum bogs: Newf. — Pa. — -Minn. — Colo. — Utah — Alaska; Eurasia. Submont. — Mont. Au. 112. C. Buxbaumii Wahl. Densely cespitose; culms 2-9 dm. high, slender but stiff, strongly reddish-purple at base; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide; spikes 8-40 mm. long, 8 mm. wide, the perigynia numerous, 3-4 mm. long, glaucous-green, Ughtly many-nerved, the apex minutely bidentate; scales a\vned, exceeding the perigynia. C. Holmiana Mackenzie. Bogs: Greenl. — Ga.^ — Ark. — Colo. — Cahf. — Alaska; Eurasia. Mont. — Submont. My-Jl. 40. Atratae Kunth. Culms leafy below. Terminal spike staminate or gynaecandrous, the lateral 1-10, normally pistillate, from sessile, erect, and closely approximate, to long-ped\mcled, nodding, and distant. Bracts sheathless or nearly so, dark-colored at the base, the blades short. Scales dark-tinged. Perigj'nia membranaceous, straw-colored, often dark-tinged, elliptic to broadly obovate, circular in cross-section to much flattened, papillose to puncticulate, glabrous, abruptly short-beaked or beakless, the orifice entire or bidentate. Achenes triangular, the style slender, straight, often exserted, its base not en- larged. Stigmas 3. 113. C. Parryana Dewey. Stoloniferous, the culms 1-3.5 cm. high, fibril- lose at the base; leaf-blades 2.5-4 mm. wide; spikes 1-5, often all pistillate, or the terminal staminate below or throughout, the lateral oblong or linear-oblong, erect, approximate; scales obtuse to mucronate, concealing the perigynia; peri- gynia 2.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, flattened and sharp-eaged, lightly few-nerved, the beak minute, bidenticulate. C.Elrodi M. E. Jones. Mountain meadows: Hudson Bay— N.D.— Colo. — Alta. Plain— Mont. My-Jl. 114. C. idahoa Bailey. Culms 2-3.5 dm. high, fibrillose at the base; leaf- blades 2-4 mm. wide, flat; spikes usually 3, ajjproximate, erect, the terminal staminate above, the lateral pistillate, 1-2 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; scales ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, concealing the perigynia; perigjmia 3 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, faintlv nerved, the beak 1 mm. long, bidenticulate. Mountain meadows: Mont.— Ida. Mont. Jl. 115. C. podocarpa R. Br. Culms aphyllopodic, triangular, slender, nearly smooth, 2-4 dm. high, from elongated tough rootstocks; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 2-4, drooping, oblong or linear-oblong, 1-2 cm. long, 4.5-6 mm. wide, closely 15-30-flowered; perigynia ovate, flat, 4 mm. long, 2 mm. wide; achene stipitate. C. montanensis Bailey. Mountain sides and meadows: Alaska — Alta. — Mont.— Ida. Mont.—Subalp. Jl-Au. 116. C. venustula Holm. Culms sharply triangular, slender, nearly smooth, 2-5 dm. high, from stout rootstocks; leaf-blades erect-ascending, 2-4 mm. wide; j^istillate spikes 1-3, drooping, oblong or linear-oblong, 0.5-2 cm. long, 4.5-7.5 mm. wide, closely 10-30-flowered; perigynia oblong-elliptic, flat, 4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, sub-stipitate, exceeding the scales; achene short-stij)i- tate. Mountains: Alta. — ^Alaska. Subalp. Jl-Au. 117. C. spectabilis Dewey. Culms aphyllopodic, sharply triangular, 2.5-5 dm. high, from densely matted tough rootstocks; leaf-blades 2-3.5 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong, 1-2 cm. long, 3.5-5 mm. wide, closely 15-30- flowered; perigynia flat, 4 mm. long, 2 mm. wide; achene short-stipitate. C. nigella Boott. C. invisa Bailev. Mountains and meadows: Alaska — Mont. — Calif. Mont.— Alp. Jl-S. 118. C. Tolmiei Boott. Culms phyllopodic, sharply triangular, rough above, 2. .5-5 dm. high, from densely matted tough rootstocks; leaf-blades 2.5- SEDGE FAMILY 137 4.5 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 3-6, oblong-cylindric, 1-3 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, somewhat attenuate at the base, closely many-flowered; perigj^nia flat, 3 mm. long; achene short-stipitate. IVIomi tains: Alta. — -Wyo. — Ida. — Wash. Mont. — Subalp. Jl-Au. 119. C. Raynoldsii Dewey. Culms 2-4 dm. high, stout; rootstocks stout, stolon if erous; leaf-blades 3-8 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, approximate or the lowest separate, jieduncled, erect, oblong, 1-2 cm. long, 7-8 mm. wide, closely 15-40-flowered; scales blackish, with light midvein, exceeded by the perig>^nia; perigynia oblong-oval, round in cross-section, 4.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, the short beak bidentate. C. ahoriginum M. E. Jones. Mountain meadows and bogs: Alta. — -Colo. — Calif. — Wash. Mont. — Subalp. Je-Au. 120. C. Halleri Gunn. Culms 1.5-6 dm. high, slender; leaf-blades 1-3 mm. wide; spikes 2-4, clustered, erect, sessile or short-peduncled, 4-10 mm. long, closely 8-25-flowere9 ; scales black, shorter than the perigynia; perig\'nia minutely bidentate. C.alpinaSw. Rocky places: Greenl. — -Ont. — -N.M. — -Alaska ; Eurasia. Alp.— Mont. Jl-Au. 121. C. Nelsonii Mackenzie. Culms 2-4 dm. high, stiff, smooth, erect, fibrillose at base; leaf -blades 3-4 mm. wide; spikes 2 or 3, oblong or obovoid, 10-12 mm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, the lateral densely 15-35-flowered; scales black, the midvein obsolete; perigynia 4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, roughened on edges above, the conspicuous black beak sharply bidentate. Mountain meadows: Wyo. — -Colo. Subalp. — Alp. Jl-Au. 122. C. albo-nigra Mackenzie. Culms 1.5-3 dm. high, stiff, roughened above, slightly fibrillose at the base; leaf-blades 3 mm. wide; spikes usually 3, the lateral narrowly oblong, 8-10 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, closely 8-15-flowered, the terminal spike larger; scales with nearly obsolete midvein; perigynia black- ish, 3 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, minutely roughened on margins. Mountain mead- ows: Mont. — -Colo. — -Ariz. — -Utah. Subalp. — Alp. Jl-Au. 123. C. nova Bailey. Culms 1.5-6 dm. high, stiff, little roughened, fibrillose at the base; leaf-blades 2.5-5 mm. wide; spikes 2-4, broadly ovoid, 7-12 mm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, closely flowered; scales with inconspicuous midvein; peri- gynia blackish, 3-4 mm. long, 2-3.5 mm. wide, minutely roughened on the mar- gins. Mountain meadows: Mont. — N.M. — -Utah — Ida. Mont. — Alp. Je-Au. 124. C. atrosquama Mackenzie. Culms 3-4.5 dm. high, slender, often nodding, little roughened, slightly fibrillose at the base; leaf-blades 2.5-3.5 mm. wide; spikes 3-4, approximate, the lower 1-2 slender-peduncled, oblong, 6-12 mm. long, 5 mm. wide densely 15-30-flowered; scales black with obsolete mid- vein; perigynia olive-green, 3.25 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, round-tapering at the base, abruptly minutely beaked. Mountain meadows: Alta. — -Mont. — Ida. — • B.C. Mont. Jl-S. 125. C. bella Bailey. Culms 5-9 dm. high, slender, nodding, roughened above; leaf -blades 3-6 mm. wide; spikes 3-4, gynaecandrous, 1-3 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, 15-30-flowered; scales brownish black, mostly shorter than the perigj'nia; perigynia green or olive-green, 4 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, rounded at the ends. Mountain meadows: Colo. — N.M.— Ariz. — Utah. Mont. — Alp. Jl-Au. 126. C. atratiformis Britton. Culms 3-9 dm. high, slender, often nodding, roughened above, slightly fibrillose at the base; leaf-blades 3 mm. wide; spikes 3-4, oblong, 1-2.5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, closely 10-30-flowered; scales dark reddish brown; perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, rounded at the base, round-tapering at the apex. Along streams: Lab. — Me. — Alta. — Yukon. Mont. — Boreal. Je-Au. 127. C. chalciolepis Holm. Culms 2-7 dm. high, slender, smooth, or nearly so; leaf-blades 3-6 mm. wide, the uppermost bract-like, 2-6 cm. below inflores- cence; spikes 2-4, contiguous, oblong to broadly ovoid, 1-2 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, closely flowered in many rows; scales very thin, coppei'-colored, much narrower but longer than the perigynia, the midvein indistinct; perigj-nia 3-4 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide, with broadly oval or obovate body, rounded at ends; 138 CYPERACEAE achenes short-stipitate. Mountain meadows: Mont.— Colo. — Ariz. — Nev. Mont. —Alp. Jl-S. 128. C. atrata L. Culms 2-7 dm. high, sharply triangular, more or less roughened; leaves all towards culm base, the blades 2-8 mm. wide; spikes 3-7, at least the lowest separate, oblong or obovoid-oblong, 1-3 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, closely flowered in many rows; scales brownish black, narrower but mostly longer than the perigynia, the midvein indistinct; perigynia 3-3.5 mm. long, oval; achenes 2 mm. wide, granular-roughened, short-stipitate. Mountain meadows: Greenl. — -Mont. — -Wyo.— Alaska; Eurasia. Alp. — Subalp. Je-Au. 129. C. epapillosa Mackenzie. Culms 1.5-6 dm. high, stiff, sharply tri- angular, smooth; leaves all towards base of the culm, the blades 3-8 mm. wide, nearly flat; spikes 3-6, approximate or the lowest a little separate, sessile or short-peduncled, oblong-obovoid, 1-2.5 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, closely flowered in many rows; scales lance-ovate, sharp-pointed, brownish Wack, narrower than, but about equalling or exceeding the perigynia, the midvein more or less prom- inent; perigynia broadly oval or obovate, 3.5—4 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, ob- scurelv nerved, not granular; achenes slender-stipitate. Mountain meadows: Wyo.— Utah— Calif. Mont.— Alp. J(^Au. 130. C. Mertensii Prescott. Culms 3-10 dm. high, sharply triangular, rough; leaf -blades flat, 4-7 mm. wide; spikes 1-4 cm. long, 7-10 mm. wide, gynae- candrous, the perigynia numerous, appressed-ascending; scales lance-ovate, acute, brown, with light midvein and margins; perigynia tapering at the apex, minutely beaked. Mountains: Alaska— Mont. — -Calif. Mot^t. — -Submont. Jl- Au. 41. AcuTAE Fries. Culms leafy balow, ai^hyllopodic or phyllopodic; term- inal 1-several spikes staminate (rarely gynaecandrous), linear, the remaining pistillate, linear to cylindric or oblong, closely many-flowered, sessile or ped- uncled. Bracts sheathless (rarely short-sheathing), leafy or squamiform, bi- auriculate and often darkened at the base. Perigynia membranaceous to cori- aceous, piano- or bi-convex, or turgid, elliptic to obovate, puncticulate, margined, beakless or abruptly minutely beaked, the orifice entire to deeply bidentate. Achenes normally lenticular. Style slender, straight, sometimes exserted, its base not enlarged. Stigmas normally 2. 131. C. concolor R. Br. Culms 1-5 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades 3-7 mm. wide, with revolute margins; terminal spike staminate, linear; lateral spikes 1-4, short-oblong to linear-cylindric, 0.5-4 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, sessile or short-stalked; scales obtuse or acutish, blackish with lighter midvein; perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long, nerveless or nearly so, the orifice entire. C. rigida Good. C. Bigelovii Torr. Arctic-alpine regions: Greenl. — N.H. — 'Alta. — B.C. — -Alaska; Eurasia. Alp. 132. C. scopulorum Holm. Loosely stolonif erous ; culms 1-4 dm. high, sharply triangular, smooth; leaf -blades 3-7 mm. wide, with revolute margins; terminal spike androgynous or staminate; lateral spikes 2-3, approximate, erect, sessile or short-stalked, pistillate or androgynous, 1-2.5 cm. long, 6-7 mm. wide; scales obtuse, black, the midvein obsolete; perigynia 2.5-3.5 mm. long, with short but prominent beak, nerveless. Mountains: Mont. — Colo. — Wash. Mont.— Alp. Jl-Au. 133. C. chimaphila Holm. Loosely cespitose and stolonif erous; the culms 1-4 dm. high, scabrous, flattened, triangular; leaf-blades light green, 3-5 mm. wide, with slightly revolute margins; spikes 3-4, the upper approxirnate and sessile or short-peduncled, the lowest more distant, peduncled, the terminal staminate or androgynous, the lateral ])istillate or androgynous, 1-3 cm. long, 7-10 mm. wide; scales lanceolate, acute or acuminate, black, with lighter or obsolete midvein; perigynia 2.5-3.5 mm. long, abruptly minutely beaked. Pos- sibly merely a form of C. scopulorum Holm. Mountain slopes: Mont. — -Colo. Alp. — Subalp. Jl-Au. 134. C. aperta Boott. Stolonif erous; the culms 5-10 dm. high, sharply triangular, rough above; leaf-blades 2.5-5 mm. wide; terminal spike staminate; SEDGE FAMILY 139 lateral spikes 2-3, pistillate, sessile to slender-peduncled, approximate, 12-48 mm. long, 5 mm. wide; scales lanceolate, sharp-pointed; perigynia obovoid, nerveless, abruptly minutely beaked. Low ground: B.C. — -Mont. — Utah — Calif. Submont. Je-S. 135. C. lenticularis Michx. Densely cespitose; culms 3-6 dm. high, some- what roughened; staminate spikes 1-2, often partly pistillate; pistillate spikes 2-5, sessile or short-peduncled, approximate or lower remote, 1-5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; scales obtuse, with broad light-colored center; perigynia 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, minutely beaked. River and lake shores: Lab. — Mass. — Minn. — Sask. Boreal. Je-S. 136. C. Kelloggii W. Boott. Cespitose; culms 3-7 dm. high, slender, some- what roughened ; staminate spike usually 1 ; pistillate spikes 3-5, sessile or nearly so, approximate or slightly separate, linear, 1.5-4 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; scales obtuse or acutish, with broad Hght-colored center; perigynia 2.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, abruptly minutely beaked. C. vulgaris var. lipocarpa Hohn. Alaska — Ida. — Colo. — ^Utah — -Calif. Submont.- — Mont. Je-Au. 137. C. aquatilis Wahl. Rootstock slender, stolonif erous ; culms 2-7 dm" high, sharply triangular above, slender, reddened at the base; leaf -blades 2-4 mm. wide; staminate sjjikes 1-2, slender; pistillate spikes 2-4, sessile or short- peduncled, separate, linear, 1.5-6 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; scales oblong-obovate to lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, blackish, 1-nerved; perigynia elliptic-obovate, 2.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, nerveless, but with a median ridge, sub-stipitate, puncticulate, reddish-dotted all over, granular, very minutely beaked. C. vari- abilis Bailey. C. rhomboidea Holm. Wet meadows and swamps: Lab. — Qiie. — N.M. — Calif. — ^Yukon; Eurasia. Mont. — Subalp. Je-Au. 138. C. substricta (Kukenth.) Mackenzie. Cespitose and stolonif erous ; culms 6-14 dm. high, sharply triangular, reddened at the base; leaf -blades often glaucous, 4-8 mm. wide; staminate spikes 2-3, slender; pistillate spikes 2-4, sessile or short-peduncled, separate, linear, 2-7 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; scales lanceolate, sharp-pointed, reddish brown with broad light-colored center, •narrower than the perigynia; perigynia 3 mm. long, obovate, tapering to the stipitate base, obscurely nerved, but the marginal nerves prominent, resinous- dotted, abruptly very minutely beaked. C. aquatilis Am. auth., not Wahl. Swamps: Me. — N.Y. — Neb.— Sask. Plain. Je-Au. 139. C. nebraskensis Dewey. Rootstocks creeping and stolonif erous; culms 2.5-10 dm. high; leaf-blades 4-8 mm. wide, flat; staminate spikes 1-2; pistillate spikes 2-5, sessile or short-peduncled, 1.5-6 cm. long, 6-9 mm. wide, contiguous or the lower separate; scales lanceolate, obtusish to acuminate, blackish with light midvein; perigynia ascending, 3-3.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, rounded at the base. Meadows and swamps: S.D. — Kans.- — -N.M. — -Calif. — ■ B.C. Plain — Submont. My-Jl. 140. C. Emoryi Dewey. Cespitose, long stolonif erous; culms 5-10 dm. high, sharply triangular, rarely reddened at the base; leaf -blades green, 3-7 mm. wide; staminate spikes 1-3, slender; pistillate spikes 2-4, sessile or short-ped- uncled, more or less strongly separate, narrowly hnear, 4-10 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; scales lanceolate, sharp-pointed, with broad light-colored center and hya- line margins, narrower than the perigynia; perigynia very numerous, oval or ovate, 2.5 mm. long, rounded at the base, sessile or substipitate, few-nerved, the marginal nerves not prominent, puncticulate, abruptly minutely but notice- ably beaked. Swales and river banks: N.J. — D.C.— Tex. — N.M. — Colo. — N.i). — Man. Plain — Submont. 141. C. prionophylla Holm. Rootstocks thick; culms 5-9 dm. high, strongly aphyllopodic and reddened at base, wing-angled and serrulate; leaf -blades flat, 4-5 mm. wide, very scabrous; spikes 4-5, the terminal staminate, the lateral pistillate, contiguous or the lower separate, sessile or short-peduncled, 1-2 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; lowest bract dark-auricled ; scales oblong-ovate; perigynia appressed, 2.5 mm. long, obovate, green, obscurely nerved, abruptly minutely beaked. Mountain streams: Ida. — Wash. Submont. Jl. 140 CYPERACEAE 42. HiBTAE Tuckerm. Culms stout, leafy. Rootstocks with long stolons. Leaves septate-nodulose. Spikes 3-10, the upper 1-5 staminate, slender, the others pistillate, many-flowered, erect. Bracts leaf-like, equalling or exceeding the culm, often sheathing. Pistillate scales acute or aristate, ovate or lanceolate. Perigj'nia mostly ascending, coriaceous, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, somewhat in- flated, nearly orbicular in cross-section, many-nerved, often hairy, round-taper- ing at the base, tapering into a bidentate beak. Achenes triangular, often stipi- tate, the faces flat or deeply concave, apiculate, continuous with the straight or slightly flexuous slender style. Stigmas 3. 142. C. lacustris Willd. Culms stout, purplish-tinged and filamentose at the base, 6-12 dm. high; leaf-blades 5-12 mm. wide, somewhat glaucous; stam- inate spikes 1-5, slender; pistillate spikes 2-5, 3-10 cm. long, 1 cm. wide; scales purpUsh tinged, acute to aristate; perigynia ovoid, 6 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, strongly nerved. In swamps: Newf. — Del. — la. — Man. — Ida. Boreal. Je-Jl. 143. C. lanuginosa Michx. Cuhus stoutish, more or less reddened and filamentose at the base, 6-9 dm. high, sharp-angled and rough above; staminate spikes 1-3, distant; pistillate spikes 1-3, 1-5 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide; scales acuminate or aristate; perigynia ovoid, the beak bidentate. C. Watsoni Olney. Swampy places: N.S.—D.C.— Mo.— N.M.— Calif.— B.C. Plain— Mont. Je- Jl. 144. C. lasiocarpa Ehrh. Culms slender but stiff, strongly reddened and filamentose at the base, 6-9 dm. high, obtusely angled, smooth; staminate spikes 1-3, distant; pistillate spikes 1-3, 1-5 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide; scales acute or short-awned; perigynia oval-ovoid, 2 mm. wide, the beak bidentate. C. fili- /orms Auth., not L. Swamps: Newf. — N.J. — la. — ^Colo. — Ida. — B.C.; Eurasia. Plain — Submont. 145. C. Houghtonii Torr. Long-stoloniferous; culms stoutish, 3-8 dm. high; leaf-blades 3-7 mm. wide; staminate spikes 1-3, distant; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, 1-4 cm. long, 7-12 mm. wide, rather loosely 15-35-flowered; scales lance- olate, short-awned; perigynia ovoid, 3 mm. wide. Sandy or rocky soil: N.S. — Me.— Minn. — Sask. Boreal. My-Au. 146. C. laeviconica Dewey. Culms 6-12 dm. high, very rough above; leaf -blades 3-6 mm. wide, glabrous; sheaths puberulent towards the top, breaking and becoming filamentose; staminate spikes 2-6, distant; pistillate spikes 2-4, densely flowered, except at the base, 2. .5-10 cm. long, 10-16 mm. wide; perigynia ovoid, glabrous, 8-10 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Marshes: 111. — ^Man. — 'Mo. — Kans. — -Mont.^ — Sask. Plain. My-Jl. 147. C. atherodes Spreng. Culms stout, 6-15 dm. high, often roughish above; leaf-blades 5-12 mm. wide, often pubescent beneath, as are the sheaths; staminate spikes 2-6, distant; pistillate spikes 3-5, densely flowered except at the base, 3-10 cm. long, 12-16 mm. wide; perigynia 8-12 mm. long. C. aristala R. Br. Marshes: N.Y. — Mo.— Colo. — Utah — Ore. — Yukon. Plain — Submont. Je-S. 148. C. Sheldonii Mackenzie. Strongly stoloniferous; culms very smooth below the spikes, 6-9 (hii. high, neither bright-colored nor fibrillose at the base; leaves about four, the blades 5-6 mm. wide, 2-4 dm. long (or longer on sterile shoots), sparingly short-pubescent, as are the sheaths, the latter dark-tinged at the mouth, the basal breaking and shghtly filamentose; staminate spikes 2-3, distant; pistillate spikes usually 2, widely separate, sessile or short-pcdimcled, oblong-cylindric, 2-5 cm. long, 8-10 mm. wide, rather closely 25-60-flowered ; perigynia 5-6 mm. long, short-pubescent, the beak bidentate, the teeth less than 1 mm. long; scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate. Swamps: Calif. — Ore. — Ida. 43. ExTENSAE Fries*. Culms slender, but strict, obtusely triangular, leafy towards the base. Leaves septate-nodulose, the blades narrow. S]jikes 2-10, normally the terminal staminate, the others pistillate, suborbicular to oblong, densely flowered, 3 cm. or less long, the upper sessile and approximate, the lower remote, peduncled, erect. Bracts leafy, more or less sheathing. Pis- SEDGE FAMILY 141 tillate scales ovate, mostly reddish, copper- or chestnut-tinged. Perigynia ascending, spreading or deflexed, membranaceous, smooth, many-nerved, some- what inflated, obscurely triangular, rounded at the base, contracted into a bi- dentate beak, the teeth very erect. Achenes triangular, with flat faces, con- tinuoxis with the very slender erect or flexuous style. Stigmas 3. 149. C. viridula Michx. Densely cespitose, not yellowish green, the culms 0.7-4 tlm. tall, smooth, bluntly triangular; leaf-blades 1.5-3 mm. wide, canalicu- late, the sheaths not prolonged at throat; staminate spike sessile or short-ped- uncled; pistillate sj^ikes 2-10, aggregate or the lower separate and exsert- peduncled, 4-12 mm. long, 4-7 mm. wide; scales ovate, much shorter than the perigynia, obtuse or acutish; perigynia whitish-tipped, tapering at the base. C. Oederi Am. auth., in part. Lake and river banks: Newf. — N.J. — -N.D. — Colo. — - Utah— B.C.— Calif. Plain— Mont. Je-Au. 160. C. flava L. Yellowish green; culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, smooth or nearly so; leaf-blades 2-5 mm. wide; staminate spike sessile or stalked; pistillate spikes 1-4, aggregated or the lower separate, 6-18 mm. long, 9-12 mm. wide; scales ovate, strongly reddish tinged, conspicuous at maturity; perigynia 5-6 mm. long, the beak deflexed, reddish-tipped. Wet meadows: Newf. — -N.J. — Ohio — -Mont. —B.C. Mont.— Sub mont. Je-S. 44. Pauciflorae Tuckerm. Long-stoloniferous. Culms slender. Leaf- blades narrow. Spike solitary, androgynous, bractless, narrow. Pistillate scales soon falling. Perigynia few, short-stipitate, soon widely spreading or reflexed, obscurely triangular, straw-colored, subulate-beaked, obliquely cut. Achenes triangular, linear-oblong. Stigmas 3. 151. C. microglochin Wahl. Culms 8-25 cm. high, smooth; culm-leaves 4-8; pistillate scales very quickly deciduous; perigynia 3-12, 4-6 mm. long, obscurely nerved, smooth. Arctic-alpine localities: Greenl. — Ont. — Alta. — - B.C.; reported from Colo.; Eurasia. Alp. Jl-Au. 152. C. pauciflora Lightf. Culms 10-25 cm. high, rough on the angles; culm- leaves 2-3; perigynia 1-6, 6-7 mm. long, obscurely several-nerved, smooth. Sphagnum swamps: Newf. — -N.Y. — -Mich. — -Wash. — -Alaska; Eurasia. (Not definitely known from our range.) Boreal — -Mont. Je-Au. 45. Pseudo-Cypereae Tuckerm. Culms tall, generally stout, acutely angled, leafy below. Leaf-blades flat, septate-nodulose. Spikes 3-9, the upper 1-3 slender, staminate, the others normally pistillate, densely flowered, the upper approximate, the lower remote and strongly peduncled, often nodding. Bracts leaf-like, much exceeding the culms, mostly not sheathing. Pistillate scales aristate. Perigynia s])reading or reflexed, membranaceous or stiff, triangular or circular in cross-section, 3-8 mm. long, closely many-ribbed, greenish straw- color, smooth, stipitate, contracted into a rigid, slender beak. Achenes triangular, continuous with the slender often flexuous style. Stigmas 3, short. 153. C. hystricina Muhl. Culms 3-9 dm. tall, reddened at the base, rough above; leaf-blades 3-8 mm. wide; staminate spike slender-stalked, the scales rough-awned; pistillate spikes 1-4, densely many-flowered, 1-6 cm. long, 10-14 mm. wide, the lower slender-stalked; scales rough-awned; perigynia 5-6 mm. long, 15-20-nerved. Swampy soil: Newf. — Ga. — Tex. — Ariz. — Calif. — Alta. Plain. Je-Au. 154. C. comosa Boott. Culms stout, up to 15 dm. tall, sharply angled; leaf-blades 6-14 mm. wide; staminate spike as in the last; pistillate spikes as in the last but 12-14 mm. wide; scales very rough-awned; perigynia rigid, closely many-ribbed, reflexed when mature. Swamps: N.S.— Minn. — -Fla. — La.; Calif. — Wash. — -Ida. Plain — Suhmont. Je-Au. 46. Phvsocarpae Drejer. Culms mostl}^ tall and stout, leafy below. Leaves not hairy, septate-nodulose. Spikes 2-10, the upper 1-5 staminate, the others normally pistillate, subglobose to linear-cylindric, generally closely many- flowered, erect, short-peduncled, more or less remote. Bracts leaf-like, much 142 CYPERACEAE exceeding the inflorescence, normally sheathless. Perigynia ascending, spread- ing, or even reflexed, membranaceous, smooth, from little to much inflated, suborbicular in cross-section, coarsely manj -ribbed or nerveless, contracted into a beak, the beak entire to bidentate. Achenes much shorter than the perigynia, triangular or lenticular, continuous with the usually tortuous style. Stigmas 3 or 2. 155. C. miliaris Michx. Culms 3-6 dm. tall, smooth, little filamentose at the base; leaf-blades 2 mm. wide; staminate spikes 1 or 2; pistillate spikes 1-3, oblong-cylindric, 8-25 mm. long, 5-7 mm. wide; perigynia at most faintly nerved, 2-3 mm. long, exceeding the scale. Border of lakes and streams: Lab. — Me. — B.C. Boreal. Jl-Au. 156. C. saxatilis L. Cuhns 3-8 dm. tall, more or less roughened; leaf-blades 1.5-3.5 mm. wide; staminate spikes 1 or 2; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, separate, oblong- cylindric, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, closely 25-75-flowered; scales ovate- lanceolate, sharp-pointed, brownish with lighter midvein, hyaline at the apex; perigynia obscurely nerved, 4.5-5 mm. long, 1.75-2.25 mm. wide, exceeding the scales, minutely beaked. C. physocarpa Presl. Arctic and subarctic places: Colo. — -Mack. — -Alaska; Eurasia. Alp. — Monl. Je-Au. 157. C. oligosperma Michx. Long-stoloniferous; culms slender, 4.5-9 dm. high, exceeding the leaves; leaf-blades 3 mm. wide, involute in age; staminate spike stalked, linear; pistillate spikes 1-2, subglobose or short-oblong, mostly 5-lo-flowered; scales acute or slightly mucronate, much shorter than the peri- gynia; perigynia ovoid, inflated, strongly few-nerved, yellowish green, shining, 5 .n n. long, 3 mm. in diameter, the beak minutely bidentate. In bogs: Lab. — Pa. — -Ind. — Sask. Je-S. 158. C. Raeana Boott. Culms 3-6 dm. high, very slender, triangular and roughened above, reddened at the base; leaf-blades flat, 2 mm. wide, little nodu- lose; staminate spikes 1 or 2; pistillate spikes 1-3, narrowly cylindric, 1.5-5 cm. long, 5 mm. wide, short-peduncled; scales lanceolate, acuminate; perigynia 5-6 mm. long, closely enveloping the achene, yellowish green, strongly few-nerved. (Probably a form of the next.) Lake and river shores: Me. — -Que. — Sask. Boreal. Je-Au. 159. C. vesicaria L. Culms 3-9 dm. high, acutely angled and rough above; leaf -blades 3-6 mm. wide; staminate spikes 2-4; pistillate spikes 1-3, sessile or short-peduncled, erect, oblong-cylindric, 2.5-7 cm. long, 6-15 mm. wide, many- flowered; scales ovate or lanceolate, acute, acuminate, or short-awned; perigynia 5-8 mm. long, yellowish green, 8-10-nerved. C. monile Tuckerm. Wet mead- ows and swamps: Que. — -Pa. — -Ohio — Calif. — B.C.; Eurasia. Plain. Je-Au. 160. C. exsiccata Bailey. Culms 3-10 dm. high, acutely triangular and rough above; leaf-blades 3-6 mm. wide; staminate spikes 2-4; pistillate spikes 1-3, sessile or short-peduncled, erect, cylindr-ic, 2-7 cm. long, 10-14 mm. wide, closely many-flowered; scales ovate, sharp-pointed; perigynia 7-9 mm. long, lanceolate, tapering into the beak, yellowish green, 8-10-nerved. "C mirata Dewey" Holm. Wet places: Alaska — Mont. — -Calif. Submont. Je-Au. 161. C. rostrata Stokes. Cirlms stout, 3-12 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-12 mm. wide; staminate sjiikes 2-4; pistillate spikes 2-4, erect, cyhndric, densely flowered, .sessile or short-i)eduncled, 5-15 cm. long, 6-20 mm. wide; scales lanceolate, awned or acute; perigynia ovoid, spreading at maturity, few-nerved, 4-8 mm. long, abruptly beaked. C. utriculata Boott. Boggy places: Lab. — Del. — N.M. — Calif. — B.C. — Alaska; Eirrasia. Plain — Mont. Je-S. 162. C. retrorsa Schw. Culms stout, 3-10 dm. high, smooth or slightly roughened above; leaf-blades 5-10 mm. wide; staminate spikes 1-3; pistillate spikes 3-8, contiguous and sessile or nearly so, or the lower distant and long- stalked, cyhndric, densely many-flowered, 2.5-7.5 mm. long, 14-20 mm. wide; scales lanceolate, acute or acuminate; perigynia ovoid, few-nerved, 7-10 mm. long, tapering into the beak. "C. lupulina Muhl. " of Fl. Colo. Swamps and wet places: Newf. — Pa. — la. — Colo. — -Wash. — B.C. Plain — Submont. Jl-0. ARUM FAMILY 143 Family 14. ARACEAE. Arum Family. Fleshy, perennial, mostly acaulesccnt herbs, with rootstocks. Leaves b:i.sal, usuall}^ petioled, with broad, simple or rarely divided, reticulate- vciued blades, or narrowly linear with sheathing bases. Flowers perfect, monoecious or dioecious, borne in a dense fleshy spike (spadix); this sub- tended by or enclosed in a large foliaceous or colored bract (spathe). Peri- anth of scale-like members or wanting. Stamens 4-10, with very short filaments and thick connectives. Gynoecium of a single carpel or of several united carpels. Ovaries 1-several-celled; stigmas terminal; ovules 1 to several in each cavity. Fruit a berry or a utricle. Spadix terminal, with an oblong sheathing spathe; leaves petioled, with broad blades. 1. Lyskhiton. Spadix borne somewhat laterally on the leaf-like scape; spathe leaf-like, continuous to the scape; leaves narrowly linear, equitant. 2. AcoRUS. 1. LYSiCHITON Schott. Skunk Cabbage. Acaulescent perennial swamp plants, with short thick rootstocks. Leaves fleshy, petioled, with sheathing bases, the earlier reduced to merely inflated sheaths. Spathe sheathing at the base. Spadix cylindric, at last long-exserted. Flowers perfect, crowded. Perianth 4-lobed. Stamens 4, opposite. Pistil solitary; ovarj' 2-celled, 2-o\'uled; stigma depressed. Ovules horizontal, ortho- tropous. P'ruit fleshy. 1. L. kamtschatcensis Schott. Leaf-blades 3-7 dm. long, 7-25 cm. broad, elliptic to lance-oblong, acute at both ends; spathe oblong-lanceolate, 1-1.5 dm. long; peduncles 15-30 cm. long; spadix 7-12 cm. long, becoming 5-6 cm. thick. Swamps: Alaska — ^Mont.- — -CaUf.; e Asia. Submont. Aly-Je. 2. ACORUS L. Sweet Flag, Calamus-root. Erect swamp plants, with long horizontal rootstocks. Leaves sword-shaped, equitant. Scapes 3-angled, bearing a lateral spadix and a foliaceous spathe, continuous with the scape. Plowers perfect, densely crowded on the spadix. Perianth with 6 membranous concave divisions. Stamens 6. Pistil solitary; ovary 2-4-celled, each 2-8-ovuled; stigma depressed-capitate. Fruit berry-hke. 1. A. Calamus L. Leaves linear, erect, 5-20 dm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, long- a,ttenuate, 2-ranked; scape 1-2 m. high; spathe 2-7.5 dm. long; spadix 5-7 cm. long, about 1 cm. thick, lance-cyUndric; plant seldom fruiting. Swamps and streams: N.S. — -Fla. — Tex. — Colo. — Ida. — -Mont.; Eurasia. Plain. My-Jl. Family 15. LEMNACEAE. Duckweed Family. Minute floating perennial acjuatics, consisting of a fleshy or membran- aceous, loosely cellular thallus-like stem, without leaves and in our genera with one or more rootlets. The new stems or fronds are produced from two lateral depressions or pouches or a terminal one; the new frond being attached to the old one by a short, slender stalk, soon separating. Flowers very Tare. Inflorescence consisting of 1 pistillate and 1 or 2 staminate flowers, borne on the edge on the upi)er surface of the frond. Staminate flower of a single stamen, with 2-4 pollen-sacks. Pistillate flowers of a single flask- like pistil, with 1-several ovules. Fruit a 1-6-seeded utricle. Kootlets solitary, without a fibro- vascular bundle. 1. Lemna. Rootlets several, each with a fibro- vascular bundle. 2. Spirodela. 1. LEMNA L. Duckweed. Frond disk-hke, 1-5-nerved or nerveless. Stipe attached to the basal mar- gins of the frond. Rootlet soUtary, without fibro-vascular bundles. Anthers dehiscent transversely. 144 LEMNACEAE Fronds long-stalked, mostly submerged, forming large masses * . 1. L. trisulca. Fronds short-stalked or sessile, floating on the surface. Frond pale and usually strongly gibbons beneath. 2. L. pibba. Fronds green or purplish, not gibbous beneath. Frond oblong-obovate. indistinctly 3-nerved. 3. L. minor. Frond oblong or elliptical, indistinctly 1-nerved or nerveless. Frond vmsymmetrical, without papules. 4. L. cijclostasa. Frond symmetrical, with a row of papules along the midvein. 5. L. minima. 1. L. trisulca L. Fronds usually submerged, seldom floating, usually several generations attached together, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, slightly un- syrametrical and falcate, dentate towards the upper end, 5-10 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide. In springs and running water: N.S. — N.J. — -Te.x. — -Calif. — -B.C.; Old World and Australia. Plain — Mont. Jl-Au. 2. L. gibba L. Fronds solitary or 2-4 in a group, orbicular to obovate, 2-5 mm. long and 2-4 mm. wide, thick, convex and slightly keeled above, with large air-cavities in the gibbous portion, unsymmetrical, 3-5-nerved. In ponds: Neb. — Tex. — -Ariz. — -Calif.; Mex.; Old World and Australia. Plain — -Suhalp. 3. L. minor L. Fronds solitary or a few together, roimd to oval, sym- metrical, thickish, convex on both sides, sometimes slightly keeled above and with a row of papules along the midrib. In stagnant water and slow streams: Lab. — Fla.— Calif. — Alaska; Mex.; Old World and Austraha. Plain — Mont. 4. L. cyclostasa (Ell.) Chev. Frond solitary or 2-8 in a group, oblong to obovate-oblong, tisually somewhat falcate, 2.5-4.5 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, usually unsymmetrical at the base. L. valdiviana Philippi. In pools and streams : Mass. — Fla. — Calif. — Ida.; Mex. — S. Am. Plain — Submont. 5. L. minima Philippi. Fronds sohtary or in groups of 2-4, oblong or elliptical, symmetrical, 1.5-4 mm. long, 1-2.75 mm. wide, both surfaces convex or the lower flat, with a thin margin aroimd the frond. In pools: Ga. — Kans. — • Wyo. — Calif.; Mex. — S. Am. Plain — -Submont. 2. SPIRODELA Schleiden. Larger Duckweed. Frond disk-like, several-nerved. Stipe attached peltately to the frond back of and under the basal margin. Rootlets several, each with a soUtary fibro- vascular bundle. Anthers dehiscent longitudinally. 1. S. polyrhiza (L.) Schleiden. Frond sohtary or in colonies of 2-5, round- ish obovate, flat on both sides, green above, generally purplish beneath, 5-15- nerved, 2.5-4.5 mm. wide and 2.5-8 mm. long; rootlets 4-16. In pools and ponds: N.S.— B.C.— Fla.— Mex.; Old World and S. Am. Plain. Family 16. COMMELINACEAE. Spiderwort Family. Somewhat succulent herbs, with fibrous or tuberous-thickened roots and alternate leaves sheathing at the base. Flowers perfect, subtended by leaf- like sheathing bracts. Sepals 3, herbaceous. Corolla regular or irregular, with 3, usually showy, colored petals. Stamens 6 or 5, sometimes 2 or 3 of these sterile. Gynoecium of 2 or 3 united carpels; ovary superior, 2- or 3-celled; styles united. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Petals all alike; perfect stamens 6; bracts leaf-like. 1. Tradescantia. Petals unlike in shape and size; perfect stamens 3 or 2; bracts spathe-like. 2. COMMELINA. 1. TRADESCANTIA (Rupp.) L. Spiderwort. Catilescent perennials, with alternate narrow leaves. Cymes umbel-like, terminal, subtended by usually 2 bracts, similar to the leaves. Sepals 3, nearly equal, distinct. Petals 3, showy, blue, rose-color or white, sessile, similar and equal, delicate. Stamens 6, all perfect; filaments filiform, in ours long-hairy. Cap.sule loculicidal, 3-valved. Seeds 3-6, more or l(>ss sculptured. Sepals glandular-pilose; petals about 1.5 mm. long; capsule decidedly ellipsoid. Bracts broader than the leaves, strongly gibbous at the base; stem 2-3 dm. high, usually simple; pod densely glandular. I. T. bracteata. SPIDERWORT FAMILY 145 Bracts not broader than the leaves, not strongly gibbous at the base; stem usually over 3 dm. hifih, branched. Pod densely tjlandular-pubescent; sepals broadly lanceolate, densely glandular; plant bright green; branches shorter than the stem proper. 2. T. occidentalis. Pod glabrato, pubescent only in lines or at the apex. Pedicels strongly glandular; pods pubescent in lines; branches almost equalling the stem. 3. T. larimiensis. Pedicels glabrous or slightly glandular above; pods pubescent only at the apex. 4. T. iiniversitatis. Sepals glabrous or nearly so; petals about 10 mm. long; capsule subglobose. 3. T. scopulorum. 1. T. bracteata Small. Stem erect, 1-3 dm. high, simple, or sparingly branched, glabrous; leaves linear, 1-2 dm. long, long-acuminate; sepals ovate- lanceolate; corolla about 2.5 cm. broad. Wet meadows: Minn. — Mo. — -Kans. — S.D. Plain — -Subinont. 2. T. occidentalis (Britton) Smyth. Stem stout, branched, erect, 2.5-4 dm. high; leaves narrowly linear, 2-3 dm. long, attenuate, with rather loose sheaths, glabrous; bracts 5-15 cm. long; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, about 1 cm. long; petals blue or rose-colored, 12-15 mm. long. Wet meadows: la. — Mo. — Colo. — -S.D. Plain — ■Submont. 3. T. larimiensis Goodding. Stem 3^ dm. high, branched, erect, glabrous; leaves narrowly linear, 2-3 dm. long, spreading; bracts narrow, 2-3 mm. broad; sepals lanceolate, acute, 10-12 mm. long; petals dark blue, 15-20 mm. long; fila- ments strongly woolly below. Wet places: Mont. — Colo. — Utah. Plain — ■Sub- mont. 4. T. universitatis Cockerell. Stem 3-4 dm. high, branched; leaves ascending, linear, attenuate, 2-3 dm. long; bracts narrower, 1-2 dm. long; sepals narrowl}' lanceolate, about 1 cm. long, acuminate; petals blue, broadly ovate, acute, 15 mm. long. Scarcely distinct from the preceding. Wet places: Mont. — S.D. — Colo. Plain — -Submont. 5. T. scopulorum Rose. Stem more or less branched, 3-4 dm. high; leaves erect, 1-2 dm. long, linear, attenuate; bract narrow, unequal, glabrous; sepals broadly lanceolate, S mm. long; petals 1 cm. long or less, blue. Wet places: Ariz. — Utah — Colo. — -N.M. Son. — Submont. 2. COMMELINA (Plum.) L. Day-flower, Dew-flower. Mostly perennials, with alternate leaves. Bracts usually spathe-like, folded. Flowers irregular, in small cymes. Sepals 3, unequal, the larger two more or less united. Petals 3, usually blue, two larger than the third. Fertile stamens 3, rarely 2; filaments slender, glabrous; sterile stamens 2 or 3, smaller than the fertile ones. Seeds 2, one above the other, or solitary. 1. C. crispa Wooton. Perennial, with tuberous roots; stem 3-8 dm. high, branched, finely villous-pubescent above; leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-7 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; spathe 1.5-2 cm. long, strongly curved, pubescent and bearded at the base; sepals broadly elliptic-rotund, the upper one slightly narrower and half as long; upper two petals broadly reniform, 1-1.5 mm. long, bright blue, the third white, lanceolate, 2-3 mm. long; fertile stamens 3; staminodia 3. Sandy places: Ind. — -Neb. — -Colo. — -Ariz. — Tex. Plain. Family 17. PONTEDERIACEAE. Pickerel-weed Family. Perennial bog or water plants, with rootstocks and alternate or basal leaves. Flowers perfect, more or less irregular. Sepals and petals each 3, both colored and partly united. Stamens 3-6; filaments partly adnata to the perianth. Pistil of 3 united carpels; ovary 3-celled, or by abortion 1- celled. Fruit a many-seeded capsule or a 1-seedcd utricle. stamens unequal, the 2 posterior ones with ovate anthers, the third with a sagittate anther; capsule incompletely 3-celled; leaf-blades broad, long-petioled. 1. HeTER.'VNTHERA. Stamens all alike; anthers all sagittate; capsule 1-ceIled, with 3 parietal placentae; leaf- blades linear, translucent, sessile. 2. Zostekella. 9 146 PONTEDERIACEAE 1. HETERANTHERA R. & P. Mud-plantain. Creeping or floating water plants. Leaves long-petioled, with broad, ovate, cordate, rounded, or reniform blades, sometimes reduced to phyllodes. Flowers perfect, solitary or few, subtended by a spathe-like bract. Perianth white or blue, with a slender tube. Stamens 3; anthers introrse, that of the anterior stamen sagittate, those of the other two ovate. Ovary incompletely 3-celled; ovules numerous in two rows on each placenta. 1. H. limosa (Sw.) Willd. Stem floating, 1-5 dm. long, branched; leaves petioled; petioles 3-20 cm. long; blades ovate to oblong-ovate, 1-3 cm. long, rounded or subcordate at the base; spathe 1-flowered; perianth blue or white; tube 1.5-2 cm. long; lobes hnear. Shallow water: Va. — -Fla. — Mex. — Colo. — S.D.; W. Ind. and Trop. Am. Plain. Je-Au. 2. ZOSTERELLA Small. Water Star-grass. Submersed grass-hke plants. Leaves sessile, narrowly hnear, translucent. Flowers perfect, 1 or 2, subtended by a bract. Perianth yellow, with a slender tube. Stamens 3; anthers all sagittate, introrse. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae; ovules numerous, 2-ranked. [Schollera Schreb.] 1. Z. dubia (Jacq.) Small. Stem floating or creeping, 2-10 dm. long, branched; leaves hnear, flat, sheathing at the base, 1-2 dm. long; perianth-tube 1 mm. thick; lobes linear, 8-12 mm. long. Heteranthera graminea (Michx.) Vahl. H. dubia (Jacq.) MacM. Still water: Ont.— Fla.— Mex. — Ore.; W. Ind. Plain. My-S. Family 18. MELANTHACEAE. Bunch-flower Family. Leafy-stemmed perennials, with rootstocks or solid bulbs. . Flowers race- mose or paniculate, perfect, dioecious, or polygamous. Petals and sepals each 3, distinct or nearly so. Stamens 6; filaments often partly adnate to the base of the sepals and petals; anthers versatile. Pistil of 3 united car- pels; ovary 3-celled; styles 3. Fruit a septicidal capsule. Plants with rootstocks (except in No. 3) ; petals and sepals glandless. Anthers oblong or ovate, 2-celled. Anthers introrse: flowers involucrate with 3 bractlets. 1. Tofieldia. Anthers extrorse; flowers not involucrate. 2. Xerophyllum. Anthers cordate or reniform, confluently 1-celled. Flowers racemose, perfect, nodding; plants glabrous, with narrow leaves. 3. Stexanthella. Flowers paniculate, polygamous; more or less pubescent plants, with broad plaited leaves. 4. Veratrum. Plants with bulbs; petals and sepals with a more or less distinct gland. Ovary partly inferior; gland obcordate. 5. Anticlea. Ovary whollj superior; gland obovate or semiorbicular. 6. ToxicoscoRDiON. 1. TOFIELDIA Huds. Scottish Asphodel. Perennial herbs, with short rootstocks, fibrous roots, 2-ranked linear equitant leaves, and small flowers in a terminal raceme. Flowers involucrate by 3, more or less united bractlets below the calyx. Petals and sepals oblong or obovate, sub- equal, persistent, glandless. Stamens 6; anthers ovate, introrse. Capsule septicidal to the base, many-seeded. Stem glabrous, scapiform; seed unappendaged. Stem leafy at the base only; flowers short-pedicelled. 1. T. palustris. Stem with a leaf also at or above the middle; flowers sessile. 2. T. coccinea. Stem viscid-pubescent, at least above; seeds appendaged. Bractlets broadly triangular, connate two-thirds their length. 3. T. intermedia. Bractlets lanceolate-triangular, connate half their length or less. 4. T. occidentalis. 1. T. palustris Huds. A glabrous plant, with a scape-like, leafless stemi 3-15 cm. high, and a few basal leaves, 2-10 cm. long; raceme in flower short, oblong, dense; flowers greenish; petals and sepals obovate, obtuse; capsule oblong- globose, minutely beaked. In wet places: Greenl. — Que. — Minn. — ^B.C; Alaska; Eu. Alp. — -Subalp. Je-Jl. BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY 147 2. T. coccinea Richardson. A glabrous plant; stem 5-10 cm. high; basal leaves 2-6 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; spike short-oblong or globose; flowers tinged with inirjjle; fruit dark purple. In wet places: Mack. — Alta. — Alaska. Alp. Jl. 3. T. intermedia Rydb. Stem leafy, 1.5-3 dm. high, viscid-pubescent above; leaves 5-20 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; raceme short, dense, 1-2 cm. long, pedicels usually 3 together; flowers yellow; sepals obovate, 4-5 mm. long; petals somewhat narrower and longer; capside ovoid, about 5 mm. long. Bogs: Sask; ^Wyo. — Calif.— Alaska. Mont. — Alp. Je-Au. 4. T. occidentalis S. Wats. Stem leafy, 3-5 dm. high, viscid-pubescent above; leaves 5-20 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, acute; raceme 3-5 cm. long; flowers as in the preceding, but sepals and petals narrower; capsule ovoid, about 8 mm. long. In bogs: B.C. — -Calif. — -Ida. Mont. Je-Au. 2. XEROPHYLLUM Michx. Turkey-beard, Bear-grass, Moose-grass, Pine-grass. Glabrous perennial plants, with thick rootstocks, numerous narrowly linear leaves with rough margins, and a single, dense and many-flowered raceme. Flow- ers perfect, whitish; petals and sepals subequal, ovate or oblong, 5-7-nerved, withering-persistent, claw- and gland-less. Anthers oblong, 2-celled, extrorse. Styles 3, reflexed. Capsule ovoid; seeds 2 in each cell, oblong. Petals and sepals 7-10 mm. long. 1. X. tenax. Petals and sepals 4-6 mm. long. 2. X. Douglasii. 1. X. tenax (Pursh) Nutt. A light green perennial, 5-15 dm. high; lower leaves very numerous, firm, strongly 1-nerved, 2-4 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; upper stem-leaves subulate, with broad scarious bases; pedicels slender, 3-5 cm. long; petals and sepals narrowly oblong, shorter than the filiform filaments; capsule broadly ovate. On dry hillsides: Mont. — -B.C. — Calif. — 'Ida. Mont. Je^-Jl. 2. X. Douglasii S. Wats. Similar to the preceding; pedicels 1-3 cm. long, more erect; sepals and petals equalling the stamens; capsule cordate-ovate. Dry hills: Ore.— Mont. Mont. Je-Jl. 3. STENANTHELLA Rydb. Erect bulbous glabrous herbs, with few narrow leaves and racemose or panicu- late, perfect, greenish, brownish, or purplish flowers. Petals and sepals each 3, subequal, withering-persistent, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, with reflexed tips, without gland and distinct claw. Stamens 6, free, included; anthers reniform, confluently 1-celled. Capsule lance-ovoid, septicidal to the base, whoUy super- ior. Seeds oblong, winged. 1. S. occidentalis (A. Gray) Rydb. Stem 3-5 dm. high; leaves linear or linear-oblanceolate, acute, 1-2 dm. long, 3-20 mm. wide; raceme simple or branched below; flowers narrowly bell-shaped, 10-12 mm. long; capsule about 2 cm. long. Stenanthiwn occidentale A. Gray. In wet places: Alta.— B.C. — Ore. — Ida. Mont. — Alp. Je-Au. 4. VERATRUM (Tourn.) L. White Hellebore, False Hellebore, Skunk Cabbage. Tall poisonous perennials, with broad strongly veined and plaited leaves, and stout rootstocks. Flowers paniculate, generally polygamous, i. e., the upper perfect and the lower staminate. Petals and sepals each 3, subequal, glandless and clawless. Stamens 6, free; anthers cordate, their sacks confluent. Fruit a many-seeded, slightly inferior capsule. Seeds flat, broadly winged. Flowers greenish; bractlets foliaceous, often equalling or exceeding the flowers. 1. V. Eschscholtzianum. Flowers white or yellowish white; bractlets membranous, much shorter than the pedicels and flowers. Petals and sepals oval or broadly oblanceolate. 2. V. speciosum. Petals and sepals narrowly oblanceolate. 3. V. tenuipetalum. 148 MELANTHACEAE 1. V. Eschscholtzianum (R. & S.) Rydb. Stem 1-2 m. high; leaves from broadly round-oval to oblong, or the uppermost lanceolate, sessile and sheathing at the base, 2-3 dm. long; petals and sepals oblanceolate, 8-10 mm. long, acute or obtuse, fully twice as long as the stamens. Closely related to V. viride Ait. of the East, which has longer bracts and stamens. In wet woods: Mont. — Ida. — ■ Ore. — Alaska. Mont. — Subalp. Ji-S. 2. V. speciosum Rydb. Stem 1-3 m. high; leaves, except the uppermost, broadly oval, 2-3 dm. long, 1-2 dm. wide, finely soft-pubescent beneath, sessile and sheathing; petals and sepals yellowish white, mostly obtuse, 5-7-nerved, 8-10 mm. long. V. californicum S. Wats., not Durand. V. Jonesii Heller. Brook- and river-banks: Wash. — Calif. — N.M. — Mont. Submont. — Mont. Jl-Au. 3. V. tenuipetalum Heller. Like the last, but still more leafy; leaves very concave ; panicle more compound and very many-flowered ; petals and sepals mostly acute, 3-5-nerved, 6-8 mm. long and about 2 mm. wide. In mountain meadows: Colo. Submont.— Mont. Jl. 5. ANTICLEA Kunth. White Cajias. Bulbiferous glabrous perennials. Leaves linear, sheathing. Flowers per- fect, greenish or yellowish white, in racemes or panicles. Petals and sepals nearl}' alike, elliptic to obovate, withering-persistent, bearing an obcordate gland within above the narrowed base, perigynous. Stamens free; anthers cordate or reniform. Ovary partly inferior. Seeds numerous, angled. Base of the stem not covered by conspicuous scarious sheaths; plant not tufted. Petals and sepals greenish, the former more or less contracted into a broad claw. 1. .4. chloraniha. Petals and sepals white or straw-colored, greenish only on the midrib, not at all clawed. Petals and sepals 7-13-nerved. Stem more or less leafy, 3-C dm. high; petals white, 7-8 mm. long. 2. A. elegans. Stem scapiform, 1-3 dm. high; petals straw-colored, 5-6 mm. long. 3. A. alpina. Petals and sepals 5-6 mm. long, 3-7-nerved. Inflorescence usually simple, few-flowered ; petals and sepals usually nearly 6 mm. long; flowers not recurved after anthesis. 4. A. coloradensis. Inflorescence branched, many-flowered; petals and sepals rarely exceeding 5 mm. in length; flowers refle.xed just after anthesis. 5. A. porrifolia. Base of the stem covered by numerous, conspicuous, scarious sheaths; plant growing in big clumps. 6. A. vaginata. 1. A. chlorantha (Richardson) Rydb. Stem glabrous, green, 3-10 dm. high; leaves 1-3 dm. long, 5-12 mm. wide, keeled; flowers paniculate, about 1 cm. long; sepals and petals usually 7-nerved, elliptic; capsule ovoid. Zygadenus chloranthus Richardson. Z. glaucus Nutt., in part. Rocky or stony places, often on limestone: N.B. — N.Y. — 111. — S.D. — Sask. Boreal. Je-Au. 2. A. elegans (Pursh) Rydb. Stem glabrous, light green, 3-6 dm. high; leaves 1-3 dm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, keeled; flowers racemose, or rarely panicu- late, dirty white; bracts ovate to lanceolate, often membranou-s-margined ; petals and sepals obovate or oval, obtuse; capsule ovoid. Z. elegans Pursh. Z. glaticus Nutt., in part. Z. dilatatus Greene. In meadows: Sask. — -N.D. — N.M. — Nev. — Alaska. Plain — Subalp. Je-Au. 3. A. alpina (Blankinship) Heller. Stem 1-2 dm. high, subscapiform with one or two bracts or small leaves; basal leaves 6-12 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; bracts ovate, scarious, purple-veined; sepals and petals cream-colored, obovate; capsule narrow. Z. alpinus Blankinship. Mountains: Mont. Subalp. Jl- Au. 4. A. coloradensis Rydb. A rather slender glabrous plant, 2-4 dm. high; leaves narrow, erect, about 2 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; flowers racemose, yel- lowish white, tinged with brownish or purplish; bracts linear-lanceolate; petals and sepals oblong or narrowlv obovate, acute; capsule ovoid. Mountains: N.M.— Colo.— Utah. Mont.—Subalp. Jl-Au. 5. A. porrifolia (Greene) Rydb. Stem slender, 3-6 dm. high; leaves thin, pale, 2-4 s nearly as long as the stem, 1-1.25 mm. wide, flat, soft; in- florescence open, 1-7 cm. long, with the flowers near the end of the branches; petals and sepals 3-4.5 mm. long, lanceolate, very acute, green, with white scarious margins. Roadsides and meadows: Newf. — Fla. — Tex. — ■Mont.— Ore. — Wash. Plain—Submotit. My-S. 14. J. Dudley! Wiegand. Stem 3-10 dm. high, stiff, erect, strongly striate; leaf -blades half as long as the stem or less, narrow, flat or involute; inflorescence small, dense, 2-5 cm. long; sepals and petals 4-5 mm. long, lanceolate, acute, yellowish green, with scarious margins; capsule ovoid, somewhat shorter than the petals, rounded and apiculate at the apex, imperfectly 3-celled. Damp places and meadows: Me. — N.Y. — N.M. — Ariz. — Wash. — -Alta.; Mex. Plain — •Submoni. My-Au. 15. J. bufonius L. Stem 0.5-2 dm. (seldom 3 dm.) high; leaf -blades flat, 0.25-1 mm. wide; flowers inserted singly on the branches; sepals 4-6 mm. long, narrowly lanceolate, subulate-attenuate, scarious-margined ; petals somewhat shorter, less attenuate; capsule shorter than the petals, obtuse, 3-celled. Wet places: Greenl. — Fla. — Calif.— Alaska; Mex.; also Old World. Plain — Mont. Ai>-S. 16. J. sphaerocarpus Nees. Stem 0.5-2 dm. high; leaf-blades 0.5 mm. or less wide; sepals 3-4 mm. long, pale, lanceolate, acuminate, slightly longer than the petals, with broader scarious margins ; capsule one-half to two-thirds as long as the petals, 3-ceIled. Wet places: Ore. — Calif.— Colo. — Ida. Plain— ~Sub- mont. Ap-Jl. 17. J. triglumis L. Stem 5-15 cm. high, erect, terete, 1 mm. or less thick; blades terete, 1-7 cm. long; sepals and petals ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, brown, about 4 mm. long; capsule cyUndric, trigonous, imperfectly 3-celled. Arctic- alpine regions: Greenl. — n N.Y. — N.M. — Alaska; Eurasia. Subalp.—Alp. Jl- Au. 18. J. biglumis L. Stem erect, subterete, 3-10 cm. (rarely 2 dm.) high; blades terete or nearly so, 2-7 cm. long, about 1 mm. thick; sepals and petals 3 mm. long, oblong, rounded-obtuse, fuscous, with more greenish back; capsule trigono-cylindric, retuse, imperfectly 3-celled. Arctic-alpine regions: Greenl. — B.C. — Alaska; Eurasia. Alp. Jl-Au. 19. J. castaneus J. E. Smith. Stems erect, terete, 1-3 dm. high, more or less leafy; blades channeled, 3-10 cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick; sepals hnear- lanceolate, about 5 mm. long, acute, chestnut-brown; petals obtuse; capsule ovate- prismatic, trigonous, acute, imperfectly 3-celled, almost black. Arctic-alpine regions: Greenl. ^Newf.— N.M. — Alaska; Eurasia. Subalp.^Alp. Je-Au. 20. J. Regelii Buch. Stem erect, terete or compressed, 2-5 dm. high, leafy, 1-2 mm. thick; blades 5-20 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, soft, many-nerved; inflores- cence consisting of 1-3 globose, several-flowered heads; bractlets scarious, broadly ovate, cuspidate; sepals 4-5 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate, narrowly scarious- margined; petals ovate-lanceolate, acutish, broadly scarious-margined; capsule equalling the perianth, ovate, trigonous, obtuse, dark brown above. Mountain meadows: B.C.— Wash. — Utah— Mont. Mont. — Subalp. Jl-Au. 21. J. Jonesii Rydb. Stem about 2 dm. high, terete; leaf-blades 3-5 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, spreading; inflorescence capitate, or rarely with a second head; sepals lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, acute or cuspidate, green on the back, brown on the sides, and with narrow scarious margins; petals ovate or ovate- lanceolate, with broad margins; capsule dark brown, eUipsoid, retuse and apicu- late. Mountain meadows: Utah. Mont. Au. 22. J. longistylis Torr. Stem erect, slender, compressed, 3-5 cm. high, 1-1.5 mm. thick; leaf-blades 1-2 mm. wide, 5-10 cm. long; inflorescence of 1-6 heads; heads 5-12-flowered; sepals as in the preceding; petals broader, more obtuse and with broader margins; capsule shorter than the perianth, oblong, brown, trigonous above, obtuse. Meadows: Alta.— S.D. — N.M. — Calif. — Ore.; Mex. Plain — Mont. Je-Au. 154 JUNCACEAE 23. J. orthophyllus Coville. Stem erect, 2.5-3 dm., high, compressed, 1-1.5 mm. thick; leaf -blades 5-10 cm. long, flat, 4-5 mm. broad, many-nerved, those of the stem-leaves narrower; inflorescence of 2-6 heads; heads 8-10-flowered; sepals as in the preceding; petals broader, acutish, with broad margins; capsule shghtly shorter than the petals, oblong, trigonous, obtuse, mucronate, imper- fectly 3-celled. J. longistylis latifolius Engelm. Mountains: Wash. — Calif. — ■ Utah. Plaints ubmont. My-Au. 24. J. uncialis Greene. Annual, 2-3 cm. high, branched near the base, glabrous; leaves basal, flat, somewhat fleshy, hnear, acute, 3-8 mm. long; scapes 1-flowered, with a single minute bract; sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate, acute, hyaUne, with a purphsh or greenish midrib, about 1.5 mm. long; capsule obtuse, slightly shorter; seeds apiculate. (?) J. triformis unifiorus Engelm. Wet places: Wash. — 'Utah — Calif. Plain — -Submont. Je-Jl. 25. J. nodosus L. Stem 1.5-6 dm. high, erect, terete or somewhat com- pressed, leafy; leaf-blades erect, 0.5-1 mm. thick, terete, 5-15 cm. long, septate; heads 1-30, 8-20-flo\vered ; sepals 2.5-3.5 mm. long, lanceolate, subulate; petals similar but shghtly longer; capsule lanceolate-subulate, 3-gonous, 1-celled, straw- colored, exceeding the perianth. Wet soil: N.S. — -Va. — N.M. — Nev. — B.C.— Mack. Plain — -Submont. Ji-S. 26. J. Torreyi Coville. Stem stout, 3-9 dm. high, 2-4 mm. thick, leafy; leaf-blades 1-3 mm. thick, terete, septate; heads 1-20, congested, 30-80-flowered ; sepals and petals lance-subulate, about 5 mm. long; capsule subulate, 3-gonous, 1-ceUed. J. nodosus megacephalus Torr. Wet places, especially in sandy soil: w N.Y.— Miss.— Calif. Plain^Mont. Jl-S. 27. J. nevadensis S. Wats. Stem slender, erect, somewhat compressed, 2-4 dm. high, about 1 mm. thick; leaf-blades nearly terete, 0.5-1.5 mm. thick, septate; heads 2-1 1, 3-10-flowered; petals and sepals lanceolate, acute or mucron- ate, dark brown, with membranous margins; capsule slightly shorter than the perianth, brown above, acute. J. phaeocephalus rjracilis Engelm. In meadows: B.C.— Cahf.— Wyo.— (? Colo.)— Mont. Submont.— Mont. Je-S. 28. J. truncatus Rydb. Stems slender, 3-5 dm. high, terete or slightly flattened; leaves 1-3 dm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, septate; inflorescence open, 2-5 cm. long, irregularly cymose, with 4-10 heads; heads 6-9 mm. in diameter, 5-10- flowered; petals and sepals lanceolate, dark brown, about 3 mm. long, acuminate, longer than the capsule. J . alpinus insignis Coult., in part. J. Mertensianus Auth., not Engelm. {'?} J. badius Suskd. Mountain meadows: N.M. — Wyo. — Ida. Submont. — Mont. Je-Au. 29. J. Mertensianus Bong. Stem erect, slender, 1-3 dm. high, 1-1.5 mm. thick; leaf-blades about 1 mm. thick; inflorescence capitate, rarelj' with 2-3 heads; head 10-12 mm. thick, 10-25-flowered; sepals and petals lanceolate, acute, almost black, the latter distinctly scarious-margined; capsule scarcely equalling the perianth, 3-gonous, obovate, 1-celled, dark brown above. Wet meadows: Alaska — Calif. — N.M. — Alta. Mont. — Subalp. Jl-Au. 30. J. columbianus Coville. Stem 2-7 dm. high, terete, 1.5-2 mm. thick; leaf -blades terete, 1-2 dm. long, inconspicuously septate, erect; inflorescence of 4-8 (rarely up to 20) heads; sepals and petals lanceolate, cuspidate, straw-colored or brownish, 3-3.5 mm. long; capsule equalling the perianth or a little shorter, oblong, acute or beaked. Meadows: Wa.sh. — Ore. — Mont. Submont. My-Jl. 31. J. Richardsonianus Schult. Stem erect, 1.5-5 dm. high; blades terete or slightly com[)ress('(l, septate, 0.5-1 mm. thick; inflorescence with 5-25 heads, which are 4-6 mm. thick, 3-12-flowered; sepals 2-2.5 mm. long, pale greenish, acutish; petals oblong, acute; capsule ovoid-oblong, slightly exceeding the perianth. J. alpinus insignis Fries. In wet soil: N.S. — •Pa.— Neb. — 'Wash. — • Alaska. Plain — Mont. Jl-S. 32. J. Tweedyi Rydb. Stem strict, about 3 dm. high, light green, 2-3 mm. thick; leaf-blades about 1 dm. long, terete or somewhat flattened, sei)tate; in- florescence of 4-10 heads in a contracted panicle; heads 5-8-flowered; sepals and RUSH FAMILY 155 petals 4 mm. long, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, light brown; capsule dark brown, oblong, acute, 3-angled, about one-fourth longer than the perianth. /. canadensis coardaius Coulter, not Engelm. J. canadensis Kuntzei Buch. Bogs and wet meadows: Mont. — Wyo. — Utah. Suhmont. — -Mont. Jl. 33. J. Tracyi Rj'db. Stem stout, 3-6 dm. high, compressed; blades 5-20 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; sheaths with a scarious margin which usually is pro- duced into a very short auricle; inflorescence of 5-9 heads; these about 1 cm. in diameter; sepals and petals lanceolate, acute, light brown, 3-4 mm. long, slightly scarious-margined; capsule oblong, mucronate, shorter than the perianth, im- perfectly 3-ceUed. Meadows: Utah — Nev. — Ida. Subrnont. Jl-0. 34. J. brunnescens Rydb. Stem 4-6 dm. high, more or less winged; leaves 1-2.5 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; sheaths with scarious margins, abruptly contracted above, but scarcely auricled; panicle open, 5-10 cm. long, with 10-60 small heads; petals and sepals subequal, lanceolate, acuminate, about 3 mm. long, light brown, with green midrib; capsule lance-ovoid, acute. Mountain meadows: Colo. — N.M. — -Ariz. — Nev. Subtyiont. Je-Jl. 35. J. parous Rydb. Stem 3-6 dm. high, distinctly winged; leaves 2-3 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; petals and sepals lanceolate, sharply acuminate, subequal, light brown or greenish on the back; capsule oblong, acute, shorter than the petals. Mountain meadows: Colo. — N.M. Suhmont. — Subalp. Je-Jl. 36. J. saximontanus A. Nels. Stem winged, 2-5 dm. high; leaf -blades 3-20 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; inflorescence of 2-15 heads; these about 1 cm. thick; sepals and petals lanceolate, acuminate, about 3 mm. long, dark brown; capsule oblong, mucronate, a httle shorter than the perianth, dark brown. J. xiphioides montanus Engehn. Meadows and wet places: B.C. — Calif. — N.M. — Alta. Subrnont. — Mont. Je-S. 37. J. ensifolius Wikstr. Stem erect, 3-6 dm. high, winged; leaf -blades more or less falcate, 5-30 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide; heads about 1 cm. thick, about 25-flowered; sepals and petals dark brown, lanceolate, acuminate, about 3 mm. long; capsule oblong, acute, often slightly exceeding the perianth, 3- gonous. J. xiphiodes triandrus Engelm. Meadows and wet places: Alaska — Calif. — Utah — Alta. Subrnont. Je-Au. 2. JUNCOIDES (Dill.) Adans. Wood-rush. Perennial caulescent herbs, with rootstocks, glabrous or sparingly pubescent. Leaf -sheaths closed; blades grass-like. Inflorescence umbel-like, capitate or spike-like. Flowers always subtended by usually lacerate or dentate bractlets. Stamens 6. Capsule 1-celled; ovules and seeds 3, basal. Seeds reticulate, sometimes apiculate but never tailed. [Luzula DC] Flowers on slender pedicels in a coryrabiform inflorescence. Petals and sepals 1..5-2 mm. long. Flowers and capsule pale green; leaves thin, shining; seeds brown, ellipsoid. 1. J. parviflorum. Flowers and capsule dark brown; leaves thick, dull; seeds yellow, constricted at each end. 2. J. Piperi. Petals and sepals 3-3.5 mm. long. 3. J. gldbralum. Flowers subsessile in head-like or spike-like clusters. Blades at least of the lower leaves flat, not attenuate into a subulate tip. Spikelets ped uncled, forming a corymb. Flowers light yellow. 4. J. comosum. Flowers brown or ferruginous. 5. J. intermedium. Spikelets subsessile, forming a compoimd spike. Plant tall, 4-5 dm. high; inflorescence subcapitate; stem-leaves broad and flat; bractlets not ciliate. 6. J. subcapitatum. Plant 1-2, dm. rarely 4 dm. liigh. Bractlets ciUate; spike usually elongate and often nodding: stem-leaves narrow, attenuate. 7. J. spicatum. Bractlets lacerate, not ciliate: spike short, capitate. 8. J. arcticum. Blades of the leaves attenuate into subulate, almost pungent tips. Spikelets many-flowered; the lower on suberect or ascending pedmicles; leaves erect. 9. ./. hypcrboreum. Spikelets few-flowered on arcuate-spreading peduncles; leaves arcuate-spreading. 10. J. arcuatum. 156 JUNCACEAE 1. J. parviflorum (Ehrh.) Coville. Stem erect, terete, 3-5 dm. high; leaf- blades broadly linear, 5-15 cm. long, 5-12 mm. wide, glabrous except the mouth of the sheath; flowers singly or rarely 2 or 3 together; sepals and petals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute; capsule ovate, 3-gonous, obtuse, exerted. Luzula spadicea parviflora E. Meyer. Meadows, hillsides, and thickets: Greenl. — N.Y. — N.M. — Calif. — Alaska; Eurasia. Mont.—Suhalp. My-S. 2. J. Piperi Coville. Stem erect, 1-3.5 dm. high; leaves mostly basal, lance-linear, 2-4 mm. wide, glabrous except a few long hairs on the sheaths and margins; inflorescence 5-8 cm. long, nodding, diffuse; flowers soUtary on the branches, rarely 2 or 3 together; sepals and petals about 1.5 mm. long, ovate, acuminate; capsule ovate, acute, exserted. Sandy moraines : Wash. — Mont.— Ore. Alp.—Subalp. Jl-S. 3. J. glabratum (Hoppe) Sheld. Stems erect or ascending, terete, 2-5 dm. high; leaf -blades broadly linear to lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, glabrous; inflorescence open, ovoid, with branches often divaricate; flowers mostly singly; sepals and petals dark brown, lanceolate, acute; capsule almost black, ovate, acute, equalling the perianth. Luzula glahrata (Hoppe) De.sv. Hillsides and mountains: Alaska — Wash. — -Ida. — -Mont.; Eu. Mont. — Subalp. Jl-Au. 4. J. comosum (E.Meyer) Sheld. Stem erector ascending, 1-4 dm. high; leaves numerous, pale green; blades linear, 3-10 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, glab- rous; heads oblong, 6-7 mm. thick; sepals and petals lanceolate, yellowish brown, acuminate, about 3 mm. long, slightly exceeding the elhpsoid or subglobose capsule. L. cotnosa E. Meyer. Woods and copses: Alaska — Calif. — Colo. — Mont. SubmorU. — Mont. My-Jl. 5. J. intermedium (Thuill.) Rydb. Stem slender, 2-5 dm. high; leaf -blades 5-10 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide; inflorescence with erect or strongly ascending branches; heads 4-10, globose or oval, about 6 mm. thick, 8-16-flowered; sepals and petals 2.5-3 mm. long, lanceolate, mucronate, brown or reddish, with paler margins; capsule obovate, 3-gonous, obtuse or retuse, nearly equalling [the peri- anth. L. campestris multiflora Celak. Hills and mountains: Greenl. — -N.Y. — N.M.— Calif.— B.C. Submont.—Mont. Je-Au. 6. J. subcapitatum Rj'db. Stem 3-4 dm. high, glabrous; leaf -blades lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, 4-10 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide; inflorescence compact, consisting of 6-10 heads, conglomerate and forming an irregular head; sepals and petals subequal, 1.5-2 mm. long, ovate, acuminate, dark brown, but lighter on the midrib; capsule broadly obovoid, obtuse, shorter than the petals. Mountains: Silver Plume, Colo. Subalp. Au. 7. J. spicatum (L.) Kuntze. Stem 1-3 dm. high, erect; leaf-blades 4-6 cm. (rarely up to 12 cm.) long, 1-3 mm. wide; in florescence spike-like, usually nodding; sepals and petals 2-3 mm. long, lanceolate, aristate-acuminate; capsule broadly ovoid, acute, about two-thirds as long as the perianth. L. spicata DC. Hills "and mountain sides: Greenl. — N.H. — N.M. — Calif.— Alaska; Eurasia. Mont. — Alp. Jl-Au. 8. J. arcticum (Blytt) Goville. Stem erect, 5-10 cm. high, terete, slender; leaf -blades glabrous, 3-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; inflorescence spicate, erect, small; sepals and petals 1.5-2 mm. long, lanceolate, fuscous; capsule ovate, 3- gonous, exceeding the perianth. J. nivalis Coville, not L. nivalis Laest. L. arciica Blyth. L. hyperborea minor Hook. Arctic-al])ine regions: Greenl. — Canadian Rockies — Ala.ska; Scandinavia and Spitzbergen. Alp. Jl-Au. 9. J. hyperboreum (R. Br.) Sheld. Stem 1-2 dm. high, erect; leaf-blades narrow, 5-10 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide; inflorescence of a single erect head, or if heads 2-3, the lowest erect and the upper sometimes nodding; sepals and petals lanceolate, acute, brown, 2-2.5 mm. long; capsule about three-fourths as long as the perianth, 3-gonous, globose or ovate. L. hyperborea R. Br. Alpine-arctic regions: Greenl. — -N.H. — Canadian Rockies — Alaska; Eu. Alp. Jl-Au. 10. J. arcuatum (Wahl.) Kuntze. Stem slender, about 1 dm. high; leaf- blades 3-8 cm. long, narrow, 1-1.5 mm. wide, often curved; inflorescence of 2-10 RUSH FAMILY 157 (rarely more) heads; the lower on slender curved peduncles; heads small, 3-5 mm. thick; sepals and petals elongated-lanceolate, about 2.5 mm. long, dark brown; capsule 3-gonous, globose, mucronate, shorter than the perianth. Arc- tic-alpine regions: Greenl. — -Canadian Rockies — B.C. — Alaska; Eurasia. Alp. Jl-Au. Family 20. ALLIACEAE. Onion Family. Perennial scapose herbs, with bulbs or corms and narrow basal leaves. Flowers in terminal umbels subtended by or enveloped in a scarious in- volucre. Sepals and petals each 3, very similar, corolla-like, usually mem- branous. Stamens 6. Pistil of 3 united carpels; ovary superior, 3-celled; styles united. Fruit a loculicidal, 3-celled capsule. Perianth-segments distinct or nearly so; style articuJate to the 3-lobed capsule ; bracts broad, spathaceous. 1. Allium. Perianth-segments united into a tube, with adnate filaments; style not articulate to the capsule; bracts not spathaceous, distinct. Filaments not united into a tube; pedicels articulate; capsule ovate or oblong. Filaments apparently in one series. Filaments opposite to the petals wing-appendaged at the base; anthers basi- fixed; flowers subcapitate. 2. Dipterostemon. Filaments all deltoid; anthers versatile; flowers umbellate. 3. Hesperoscordion. Filaments in two series; the inner adnate to the free part of the petals; anthers versatile. 4. Tritilel\. Filaments united into a tube; pedicels not articulate; capsule triquetrous, subglobose. 5. Androstephiltw. 1. ALLIUM (Tourn.) L. Onion, Garlic, Leek, Chives. Perennial bulbous plants, with a characteristic alliaceous smell. Bracts scarious, more or less connate. Petals and sepals free or slightly united at the base. Stamens adnate to the bases of the petals and sepals; anthers introrse. Ovary sessile, 3-celled; style filiform, usually deciduous; stigmas minute; ovules 1-6 in each cell. Bulb crowning a persistent rootstock; outer coat more or less fibrous. Leaves terete and hollow; umbels dense, subcapitate. 1. A. sibiricum. Leaves flat or channeled, not hollow. Umbels rarely nodding; petals and sepals long-acuminate; capsule not crested. Stamens and styles e.\serted. 2. A. validum. Stamens and styles included, half as long as the petals. 3. A. brcvistylum. Umbels nodding; petals and sepals obtuse or acute; capsule 6-crested; stamens and style e.xserted. Leaves rounded-convex on the back, not keeled, lunate in cross-section. 4. A. recurvatum. Leaves almost flat or keeled, somewhat broadly V-shaped in cross-section. Umbels many-flowered; leaves 3-5 mm. wide. 5. A.cernuurn. Umbels few-flowered; leaves less than 3 mm. wide. 6. A.neo-mezicanum. Bulbs without a rootstock. Outer bulb-coat fibrous. Umbels bulblet-bearing; flowers few or sometimes none. Capsule with 6 rounded crests. 7. A. fibrosum. Capsule not crested. Petals and sepals ovate. 8. A. rubrum. Petals and sepals oblong-lanceolate. 9. A. canadense. Umbels not bulblet-bearing. Capsule not crested; involucre usually 3-leaved. Petals and sepals with a thick rounded keel. 10. A. aridum. Petals and sepals not thickened on the back. 11. A. Nultallii. Capsule crested. Petals and sepals more than 1 cm. long; peduncles often 2 or 3; sheaths loose; bracts 3. 12. A. macropetalum. Petals and sepals less than 1 cm. long ; peduncltjs solitary ; sheaths close. Bracts broadly ovate, usually 2, in flowers not reflexed; flowers white or light rose; several layers of the bulb-coat fibrous. Plant 1-3 dm. high; pedicels 8-12 mm. long; petals and sepals about 5 mm. long. 13. A. textile. Plant 2-6 dm. liigh; pedicels 12-25 mm. long; petals and sepals 6-8 mm. long. 14. A. Geycri. Bracts lanceolate, usually 3, soon reflexed; only outer bulb-coat fibrous; flowers red-purple. 15. A. Pikeanum. Outer bulb-coat not fibrous, but often more or less reticulate. Petals more or less serrulate or denticulate on the margins. Petals and sepals acuminate, the former serrulate near the apex. Petals and sepals long-acuminate, one-half longer than the stamens. 16. A. acuminatum. 158 ALLIACEAE Petals and sepals abruptly acuminate, only slightly longer than the sta- mens. 17. A. cuspidatum. Petals and sepals obtuse, delicately denticulate below with spreading papillae. 18. A. simillimum. Petals entire, neither serrulate nor denticulate. Ovary and capsule crestless or indistinctly 3-crested. Petals and sepals obtuse or barely aciitish. Leaves much longer than the scape. 18. A. simillimum. Leaves shorter than the scape. 19. A. scillioides. Petals and sepals acute or acuminate. Stamens exserted. 20. A. incisum. Stamens included. Reticulations of the bulb-coat irregular, narrow, with curved sides; the outer coat in age becoming flmbrillate. 20. A. fibrillum. Reticulations of the bulb-coat trapezoid, or elongated pent- or hex- agonal; the sides not strongly curved; no fimbrillae. Sepals and petals neither gibbous at the base, nor keeled on the back. Involucres .3-leaved; petals and sepals little exceeding the stamens. 22. A. tribracteatum. Involucres 2-leaved; petals and sepals at least half longer than the stamens. Petals and sepals half longer than the stamens; pedicels 8-15 mm. long. 2.3. A. Diehlii. Petals and sepals twice as long as the stamens ; pedicels about 4 mm. long. 24. A. minimum. Sepals and petals gibbous at the base and more or less keeled on the back below. Scape flattened; leaf-blades 5-8 mm. wide. Scape much exceeding the leaves in length; stamens about equalling the petals and sepals. 25. A. Douglassii . Scape low, often exceeded by the leaves; stamens much shorter than tlie petals and sepals. Stamens two-thirds as long as the sepals; capsule scarcely crested. 26. A. Tolmiei. Stamens half as long as the sepals; capsules with 3 small crests. 27. A. Cusickii. Scape not flattened ; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide. Petals about twice as long as the stamens; capsule not crested. 28. A. Brandegei. Petals barely exceeding the stamens; capsule with minute thick crests. 29. A. Nivii. Ovary and capsule distinctly 6-crested. Stamens and styles exserted; petals and sepals acute or obtuse. 30. A. stellatum. Stamens and styles not exserted; petals and sepals acuminate. Leaves more than one. Reticulations of the bulb-coats sinuate; leaves shorter than the scape. Bulb-coat tliin, faintly reticulate; leaves 4-10 mm. wide. 31. A. bisceplum. Bulb-coat thick, strongly reticulate; leaves 1-3 mm. wide. 32. A. Palmeri. Reticulations of the bulb-coats straight; leaves longer than the scapes. 33. A. pleianlhum. Leaves solitary, longer than the scape. Petals and sepals long-acuminate, nearly twice as long as the stamens. 34. A. cristutum. Petals and sepals acute or short-acuminate, slightly longer than the stamens. 35. A. nevadcnsc . 1. A. sibiricum L. Bulb small, oblong-ovoid, often oblique, about 1 cm- thick; scapes 3-6 dm. high; leaf -blades 6-20 cm. long; bracts usually 2, ovate, about 2 cm. long; petals and sepals bright rose-colored, with dark midrib, fully 1 cm. long, lanceolate, acuminate; stamens included; capsule not crested. Rich soil: Me. — N.Y. — Colo. — Ore. — Alaska; Asia. Plain — Mont. Je-Au. 2. A. validum S. Wats. Bulb 2-4 cm. thick; scape 3-7 dm. high, stout; leaves 2-4 dm. long, 4-12 mm. wide; bracts 2-4, ovate, about 1.5 cm. long; sepals and petals dark rose-colored, 7-8 mm. long; capsule subglobose. Meadows: Wash.— Ida.— Nev.— Calif. Mont. Jl-Au. 3. A. brevistylum S. Wats. Bulbs obliquely elongate, lance-ovoid, 1-3 cm. thick; scape 3-6 dm. high, stout; leaf-blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, flat; bracts usually solitary, ovate, 1.5-2 cm. long; sepals and j)etals dark rose, lanceolate, 8-10 mm. long. Rich meadows and open woods: Mont. — Colo. — Utah. Submont. — Subalp. Je-Au. ONION FAMILY 159 4. A. recurvatum Rydb. Bulb oblong-ovoid, 1-1. o cm. thick; scape slender, 3-5 dm. high, almost terete; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, thick; involucre 2-leaved, almost 2 cm. long; petals and sepals elliptic-ovate, obtuse, 5 mm. long, rose, with darker midvein. A. cernuum ohlusum Cockerell. Drv hills and mountain-sides. Alta. — S.D. — N.M. — B.C. Plain — Mont. My- Au. 5. A. cernuum Roth. Bulb lance-ovoid, 1-2 cm. thick, often purplish; scape 3-6 dm. high, stout; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, rather thin; involucre 2-leaved, rarely more than 1 cm. long; petals and sepals light pink or white, with faint midrib, otherwise as in the preceding. On banks and hillsides: N.Y. — -W.Va. — -Colo. — \^'ash. — -Sask. Plain — Subniont. Je— Au. 6. A. neomexicanum Rydb. Bulb oblong-ovoid, 1-2 cm. thick; coats membranous, only the outer slighth' fibrous; scape 3-4 dm. high, slender, terete; leaf -blades narrow, 1-2 mm. wide, ahuost flat, slightly keeled; involucres very small, scarceh' more than 5 mm. long; petals and. sepals oblong-ovate, nearly white, with very faint midrib. Dry mountains: s Colo. — N.M. — Ariz. Sub- •inont. Au-0. 7. A. fibrosum Rydb. Bulb ovoid, about 1.5 cm. thick; scape 2-3 dm. high, striate, slender; leaf-blades flat, thick, 3 mm. wide, 1-1.5 dm. long; bracts 2, ovate, about 1 cm. long; petals and sepals lance-oblong, obtuse, 6 mm. long. A. Geyeri M. E. Jones, not S. Wats. Mountain sides and meadows: Mont. — Wyo. — Ida.— (?B.C.) Suhmont.—Mont. Je-Jl. 8. A. rubrum Osterhout. Bulb ovoid, 1.5-2 cm. thick; scape 2-3 dm. high, terete; leaf-blades 7 mm. wide or less, concave; involucre 3-leaved; petals and sepals ovate, obtuse, 6-7 mm. long, with strong midrib; stamens and styles equalling the petals. In pastures and meadows: Colo. — s Wyo. Submoni. My-Jl. 9. A. canadense L. Bulbs ovoid, 1-2 cm. thick; scape 2-6 dm. high, stout; leaf-blades 1-5 dm. long, 3-8 mm. wide, rounded on the back; involucre 2- or 3-Ieaved; petals and sepals obtuse, pink or white, 4-6 mm. long; filaments as long as the petals. In meadows and fields: Me. — Fla. — La. — Colo. — Minn. Plain. My-Je. 10. A. aridum Rj^db. Bulbs ovoid, about 1 cm. thick, usually 2-4 together; scape 1-1.5 dm. high, slender, striate; leaf -blades about 1-1.5 dm. long, often equalling or surpassing the scape, about 2 mm. wide, channeled; bracts ovate, 1 cm. long or less; sepals and petals about 6 mm. long, lance-ovate, acute; fila- ments and stvie shorter than the petals. Dry hills in hard clay: Wyo. Plain. J(-J1. 11. A. Nuttallii S. Wats. Bulb solitary, ovoid, about 1.5 cm. thick; scape 1-3 dm. high; leaves 2-3 mm. wide, 1-1.5 dm. long; bracts 1-1.5 cm. long; petals and sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, rose or white, 4-6 mm. long; stamens shorter than the petals. Plains and prairies: S.D. — Ivans. — Ariz. — Ida. Plain. My-Je. 12. A. macropetalum Rydb. Bulb ovoid, soHtary, about 2 cm. thick; leaf-blades about 2 dm. long, almost equalling the scapes, 2-4 mm. wide; scapes 2 dm. high or more, stout, 3-4 mm. thick; bracts about 2 cm. long; petals and sepals lanceolate, long-altenuate, white, with a purple or pink midrib; capsule with 6 conspicuous oblong crests. Mountains: Colo. — X.M. Submont. Ap- My. 13. A. textile Nels. & Macb. Bulbs usually solitary, ovoid, 1-2 cm. thick; scape slender, terete, 1-3 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide, 1-1.5 dm. long; bracts fully 1 cm. long; petals and sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 4-6 mm. long; capsule with 6 .small rounded crests. A. reliculatum Fraser, not Presl. Plains and dry hills: Sask. — ^N.M. — Ariz. — Alta. Plain — -Submont. Ap-S. 14. A. Geyeri S. Wats. Bulbs usually solitary, ovoid, 1.5-2.5 cm. thick; scape 3-6 dm. high, rather stout; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide, 1-2 dm. long; bracts 1.5 cm. long or more; petals and sepals pink or white, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 160 ALLIACEAE 6-8 mm. long; capsule with 6 rather prominent crests. A. reticulatum deserticola M. E. Jones. A. deserticola Woot. & Standi. A. diclyotuni Greene. Plains and valleys: Wash.— Ariz.— N.M. — S.D.— Mont. Plain— Mont. My-S. 15. A. Pikeanum Rydb. Bulb obliquely ovoid, about 1.5 cm. long and 8-10 mm. thick; scape 8-15 cm. long, almost equalled by the narrowly linear leaves; bracts 8-10 mm. long; petals and sepals subequal, ovate, acuminate, red-purple; capsule slightly crested above. Mountains: Pike's Peak and vicin- ity, Colo. Subalp. — Alp. Jl-Au. 16. A. acuminatum Hook. Bulbs solitary, nearly spherical, 1-1.5 cm. thick; outer coat rather thick, pitted, the 4-6-angled reticulations being very thick and raised; scapes 1-3 dm. high; bracts 2, 1-1.5 cm. long; flowers 12-30; sepals dark rose or reddish purple, ovate-lanceolate, keeled on the back and gib- bous at the base, 8-12 mm. long; petals similar but sUghtly shorter. Rich soil, prairies and rocky hillsides: B.C. — Calif. — Ariz. — Colo. — Mont. Subinont. My-Jl. 17. A. cuspidatum (Fern.) Rydb. Bulb solitary, nearly globose, 1.5-2 cm. thick; outer coat thick; reticulations similar to those of the preceding, but less prominent; scape 2-3 dm. high, slender; leaf -blades less than 1 dm. long, 2 mm. wide or less; sepals and petals more oblong and abruptly acuminate than in the preceding. A. acuminatum cuspidatum Yevn. Rocky hillsides: e Wash. — w Ida. Submont. Ap-Jl. 18. A. simillimum Henderson. Bulbs ovate, nearly 1 cm. thick; reticula- tions of the coat rectangular-hexagonal; scape 2.5-3 cm. high, flattened and winged; leaf-blades 2, 8-9 cm. long, 1 mm. wide, falcate; bracts 2; flowers 6-9; sepals and petals narrowly oblong, pinkish white, with a strong green midvein; ovary slightly 3-crested. Open loose soil among rocks: Ida. Mont. Jl. 19. A. scillioides Dougl. Bulb globose, about 1 cm. thick, dark purplish brown; coat thin; reticulations fine and rectangular or square; scape about 2 dm. high; bracts 2, lanceolate, acuminate, fully 1 cm. long; leaves 1 or 2, about 15 cm. long, 2 mm. wide; sepals and petals ovate, about 7 mm. long; the former saccate at base; capsule slightly 3-ridged at the apex. Dry grounds: B.C. — Ida. — Ore. Submont. Je-Au. 20. A. incisum Nels. & Macb. Bulb 1-1.5 cm. thick; outer coat brown or pinkish, obscurely reticulate; scape 5-8 cm. high, 1.5-2.5 mm. broad, narrowly winged; leaves 3-5 mm. wide, slightly falcate, exceeding the scape; bracts 2- several or the bracts cleft to the base; flowers many; pedicels 1-2 cm. long; petals and sepals white, narrowly lanceolate, acute; capsule very obscurely crested. Barren clayey ground: Ida. Je. 21. A. fibrillum M. E. Jones. Bulb nearly spherical, 1-1.5 cm. thick; leaves 2 or 3, 1-1.5 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; bracts 2, ovate, fully 1 cm. long; sepals ovate, acute, 6-8 mm. long; petals narrower, lanceolate; capsule slightly ridged. A. collinum Dougl., not Guss. Mountains: Wash. — Ore. — -Ida. — w Mont. Plain — Mont. Je-Au. 22. A. tribracteatum Torr. Bulb ovoid or nearly globose, about 1 cm. thick; reticulations transversely rectangular; scape 3-5 cm. high, surpassed by the leaves; leaf-blades usually 2, 4-10 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide; sepals and petals oblong, acutish, with a purple midrib; capsule not crested. Mountains: Ore. — Calif.— Utah— (? Colo.) Son. Ap. 23. A. Diehlii M. E. Jones. Bulb nearly globose; outer coat dark red; reticulations rectangular to linear-rectangular; scapes 5-7 cm. high; leaves 2; blades 1-1.5 dm. long and about 4 mm. wide; bracts about 12 mm. long; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; petals narrower; capsule spongy- and sulcate- crested, the crests not evident in fruit. A. tribracteatum Diehlii M. E. Jones. Mountains: Utah. Mont. My. 24. A. minimum M. E. Jones. Bulb small, ovate, about 8 mm. thick; outer coat very thin and membranous, the inner red; reticulations irregularly rectangular; scapes 7-10 cm. high; leaves 2; bracts 6 mm. long; flowers about 10; sepals and petals ovate, barely acute, 4 mm. long, white, with green ribs ONION FAMILY 161 below; capsule depressed-globose, crestless. Summits: Cuddv Mountains, Ida. Alp. Jl. 25. A. Douglasii Hook. Bulb ovoid, 1.5-2 cm. thick; coats thin; reticula- tions obsolete; scape about 3 dm. high; bracts 2, ovate, acuminate, 1.5-2 cm. long; leaf -blades 1-1.5 dm. long, falcate; sepals and petals rose-colored, 6-8 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate; capsule not crested. A. Hendersonii Robins. & Seat. Hillsides and clay-banks. Wash. — -Ore. — Ida. Submont. Je. 26. A. Tolmiei Baker. Bulb ovoid, about 2 cm. thick or less; reticulations obsolete; scape 5-10 cm. high; leaf-blades 2, 1-1.5 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide; bracts 2, nearly 2 cm. long; flowers 20-30; sepals and petals pink with darker veins, about 8 mm. long, lanceolate, acute or acuminate. A. anceps aberrans M. E. Jones. Arid places: Wash. — Ida. — Utah. Plain — -Submont. Ap-Je. 27. A. Cusickii S. Wats. Bulb rounded-ovate, 1-1.5 cm. thick; reticula- tions faint, rectangular; scape 5-10 cm. high; leaves 2, blades 1-1.5 dm. long, 4-7 mm. wide; bracts ovate, acuminate; flowers rather many; sepals and petals pink, with darker veins, long-attenuate, 6-10 mm. long. Valleys and mountain sides: Ore.^Ida. Plain — Mont. My-Jl. 28. A. Brandegei S. Wats. Bulb globose-ovoid, about 1 cm. thick; outer coat very thin, inner ones purplish; reticulations transversely rectangular; scape less than 1 dm. high, often surpassed by the leaves; leaf-blades 2, about 1 dm. long; bracts 2; sepals and petals rose-colored, broadly lanceolate, acuminate, 6-8 mm. long. Mountains: Ore. — Utah — Colo.— Ida. Submont. — Mont. Je-Au. 29. A. Nivii S. Wats. Bulb globose; coat white or reddish; reticulations transversely rectangular; scape 1.5-2 cm. high, longer than the leaves; leaf- blades narrow; bracts 2; sepals and petals light rose-colored, lanceolate, acum- inate, 6 mm. long. Arid places: Wash. — Ida. — -Ore. Submont. Je-Jl. 30. A. stellatum Ker. Bulb ovoid, 1-2 cm. thick; coats thin, mostly reddish; reticulations fine and close, elongated-rectangular; scapes 2-5 dm. high; leaves several; blades 1-3 dm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, nearly flat; bracts 2, about 1 cm. long; pedicels 1-2 cm. long; sepals rose-colored, ovate, usually acute, 4-6 mm. long; petals ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, slightly longer. On rocky banks: 111. — Mo. — Kans. — -Sask. Plain. Jl-S. 31. A. bisceptum S. Wats. Bulbs ovoid, 1-1.5 cm. thick; scapes often more than one, 2-4 dm. high, stout; leaf-blades broad, flat, 4-10 mm. wide, 1.5 dm. long or more, attenuate; bracts 2; flowers numerous; petals and sepals broadly lanceolate, acuminate, white or pink, 7-8 mm. long, not ribbed but slightly gibbous at the base. Moist soil: Utah — Nev. — CaUf. Submont. My- Je. 32. A. Palmeri S. Wats. Bulb almost globose; scape 1.5-3 dm. high, slender; leaf-blades 1 dm. long or less; bracts 2, lanceolate, about 1 cm. long; flowers 12-24; petals and sepals pink, ovate-lanceolate, slightly gibbous at the base, acute or acuminate. Dry regions: s Utah — Ariz. — -N.M. L. Son. 33. A. pleianthum S. Wats. Bulb ovoid, 1-1.5 cm. thick; scape 5-12 cm. high, flattened; leaf-blades 1-1.5 dm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, falcate; bracts 2; petals and sepals white or pink, lanceolate, acuminate, keeled and gibbous at the ba.se, 8-10 mm. long. Valleys: Ore. — Ida. Son. Ap-Je. 34. A. cristatum S. Wats. Bulb ovoid, about 2 cm. thick; outer coat rather thick, brown; reticulations faint, irregularly quadrangular; scape less than 1 dm. high; leaf-blades 1 dm. long or less, 2-3 mm. wide; bracts 2 or 3, 1.5 cm. long; petals and sepals light rose-colored, with darker midveins, about 1 cm. long, lanceolate; crests of the ovary very long, glandular-toothed. Dry places: Utah — Ariz. L. Son. Ap. 35. A. nevadense S. Wats. Bulb nearly globose, 1-1.5 cm. thick; outer coat thick and brown; reticulations irregular, with sinuate or curved sides; scape less than 1 dm. high; leaf-blades 1 dm. or less, flat, 2-3 mm. wide; bracts 2, about 1.5 cm. long; sepals and petals lanceolate, 6-8 mm. long. Mountains and hill- sides: Nev. — Utah — Ariz. Son. — Submont. My-Jl. 9* 162 ALLIACEAE 2. DIPTEROSTEMON Rydb. Perennials, with fibrous-coated bulbs, few basal narrow leaves, and naked scapes. Flowers in subcapitate umbels, with 3-5 membranous colored bracts. Perianth funnelforra or campanulate, purple; segments united half their length. Stameps 6; filaments subulate, adnate to the perianth-tube, those opposite the sepals naked, those opposite the petals with two lanceolate lobes or wings at the base; anthers basifixed. Capsule ovoid, 3-celled; cells many-seeded. Perianth-tube funnelforra, gradually widening into the limb; bracts broad, conspicuously- exceeding the pedicels. 1. D. capitatus. Perianth-tube cylindro-campanulate, abruptly widening into tlie limb; bracts narrow, often exceeded by some of the unequal pedicels. 2. D. pauciflorus. 1. D. capitatus (Benth.) Rydb. Scape 2-5 dm. high; leaves 2-4 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide; bracts ovate, lanceolate or elliptic, acute or obtuse, dark violet- purple; perianth purple, about 15 mm. long. Brodiaea capitata Benth. Hill- sides: Ore. — Utah — -Calif. Son. Ap-Je. 2. D. pauciflorus (Torr.) Rydb. Scape 1-3 dm. high; leaves 1-3 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; bracts lanceolate, 7-10 mm. long, mostly white, tinged with lilac and purple-veined; perianth about 12 mm. long, purple. B. capitata pauciflora Torr. Arid regions: N.M. — s Utah— s Calif. L. Son. Ap-Je. 3, HESPEROSCORDUM Lindl. Plants with fibrous-coated bulb, few basal narrow leaves, and naked scapes. Flowers in bracted umbels; bracts 3-5. Perianth openly turbinate; segments united one-third their length, white or lilac; lobes ascending. Stamens 6, adnate to the tube of the perianth; free portion of the filaments above the throat del- toid; anthers versatile, oblong. Capsule ovoid, stipitate, triangular in cross- section. 1. H. lacteum Lindb. Bulb globose, 15-18 mm. thick; scape 3-5 dm. high; leaves 2-3 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; bracts narrowly lanceolate, less than 1 cm. long; flowers many; perianth white, with greenish or purplish veins, 12-15 mm. long; segments oblong or eUiptic, obtuse. Brodiaea ladea S. Wats. Moist rich soil: B.C. — Ida. — Nev. — Calif. Submont. My-Je. 4. TRITELEIA Dougl. Wild Hyacinth. Plants with fibrous-coated bulbs, few basal elongated leaves, and naked scapes. Flowers in bracted umbels; bracts 3-5. Perianth from campanulate to narrowly funnelform, in ours blue or purple; segments united half their length or more; lobes ascending. Stamens 6; filaments adnate to the perianth- tube and the inner ones even to its lobes, making them apparently inserted in two distinct series; anthers distinctly versatile; capsule elongated-ovoid or ellipsoid, more or less distinctly stipitate, 3-valved, many-seeded. 1. T. grandiflora Lindl. Bulb globose, deep-seated, about 2 cm. thick; scape 3-6 dm. high; flowers rather many; perianth about 2 cm. long, campanulate; lobes elliptic or oval, obtuse. Brodiaea Doiiglasii S. Wats. Rich soil: B.C. — Mont.— Wyo. — Utah — Ore. Submont. Ap-Jl. 5. ANDROSTEPHIUM Torr. Scapose herbs, with membranous-coated bulbs. Leaves basal, with elongated narrow blades. Bracts several. Flowers perfect, short-pedicelled. Petals and sepals blue, or rose-colored, united to about the middle into a funnelform tube. Stamens 6, adnate to the perianth-tube; filaments united at least to the middle into a tube, which bears tooth-like lobes between the free jjortion of the filaments; anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled; style filiform. Seeds several in each locule. Capsule 3-angled. Seeds few, black. 1. A. breviflorum S. Wats. Bulb ovoid, fibrous-coated, 1.5-2 cm. broad; scape 1-3 dm. high; bracts lanceolate, scarious; flowers rather few; pedicels 1-2 cm. long; perianth 15-20 mm. long; lobes oblong; lobes of the crown shorter than the anthers; pod 15-18 mm. in diameter. Brodiaea Paysonii A. Nels. Dry regions: w Colo. — s Utah — s Calif. Son. Ap. LILY FAMILY 163 Family 21. LILIACEAE. Lily Family. Perennial herbs, mostly caulescent, with bulbs, corms, or short rootstocks. Flowers in terminal racemes, cor>anbs, panicles, or rarely solitary. Sepals and petals each 3, similar, petaloid, sometimes parti}' united. Stamens 6. Pistils of 3 united carpels; ovary superior, 3-celled; styles united. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Plant with a short rootstock; flowers subumbellate on subterranean pedicels from the crown of the rootstock ; petals and sepals united into a long tube. I . Leucochinxjm. Plant with bulbs or corms, either leafy -stemmed or scapiferous; petals and sepals distinct or nearly so. Bulb scaly; plant tall, leafy. Anthers versatile; petals and sepals oblanceolate, clawed, with a linear nectariferous groove. 2. Lilium. Anthers fi.xed near the base, slightly if at all versatile; petals and sepals obovate- oblanceolate, not clawed; nectary a shallow pit. Styles distinct from the middle; flowers purple, mottled with yellowish green; fruit winged. .3. Fritili.aria. Styles connate to the summit; flowers yellow or orange; fruit not winged. 4. OCHROCODON. Bulb tunicated. Anthers strictly basiflxed. Leaves 2, basal or nearly so; flowers nodding. 5. Erythronium. Leaves several, alternate; flowers not nodding. Flowers in ours usually sohtary; pedicels not jointed; dwarf alpine plant. 6. LTyOYDL\. Flowers racemose; pedicels jointed below the middle; not alpine. 7. Eremocrintjm. Anthers versatile; scapose plants with racemose flowers. 8. Quam.vsia. 1. LEUCOCRINUM Nutt. Star of Bethlehem, Mountain Lily, Wild Tuberose. Low acaulescent herbs, with short rootstock and fleshy-fibrous roots. Leaves basal, numerous, surrounded by scarious sheaths. Flowers in umbel-like sessile clusters, with pedicels and ovaries under groimd. Petals and sepals each 3, alike, united below into a long tube. Stamens 6; filaments adnate below to the tube of the perianth; anthers linear, attached near the base, introrse; style much elongated, filiform; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule triangular, obovoid. 1. L. montanum Nutt. Leaves thick, numerous, 1-2 dm. long, 2-8 mm. broad; flowers 4-S; perianth white; tube 3-S cm. long; lobes linear-oblong, about 2 cm. long; capsule truncate, 6-S mm. long, 12-18-seeded. Hills and plains: Mont.— S.D.— n N.M.— Calif.— Ore. PlainSubmont. My-Je. 2. LILIUM (Tourn.) L. Lily. Tall, leafy herbs, with thick-scaly bulbs and large funnelform or campanulate flowers. Petals and sepals each 3, similar, distinct, each with a nectariferous groove at the base within. Stamens 6; filaments filiform or subulate; anthers hnear, versatile, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled; style long, somewhat clavate; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule oblong or obovoid; seeds numerous, flat, horizontal, in 2 rows in each cavity. Flower erect, solitary or subumbellate; petals and sepals unguiculate. Leaves linear. 1. L. umbellatum. Leaves lanceolate. 2. L. montanum. Flowers several, racemose, nodding; petals and sepals not unguiculate. 3. L. columbianum. 1. L. umbellatum Pursh. Stem leafy, 3-6 dm. high; leaves linear, acute, 4-7 cm. long, 2-7 mm. wide, mostly alternate and scattered, the uppermost forming one, seldom two whorls; flowers 1-3, umbellate; petals and sepals 5-6 cm. long; blade oval, red or orange, spotted below, acute; capsule almost cyl- indrical, about 6 cm. long, 15 mm. thick. In dry open woods: Mich.— N.M. — Ohio — Sask. — -Ark. Plain — Suhmont. Je-Jl. 2. L. montanum A. Nels. A plant similar to the preceding, but with broader leaves; leaves, except the uppermost, alternate and scattered, 5-8 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide; whorl 1, seldom 2; petals and sepals 5-6 cm. long; blades 164 LILIACEAE oval, acute or short-acuminate; capsule cylindric-ovoid. Closely related to the eastern L. philadelphicum L. On hills and mountain-sides, among bushes: Mont.— N.M. Submont. — Mont. Je-Jl. 3. L. columbianum Hanson. Stem a meter or so high; leaves mostly verticillate, lanceolate, acute, 5-8 cm. long, 6-15 mm. wide; petals and sepals 3-4 cm. long, in age reflexed, linear-lanceolate, red, spotted; capsule obovoid, 2-3 cm. long, 15 mm. or more thick. L. parviflorum (Hook.) Holz. In open woods: B.C. — -Ida. — Calif. Submont. Je-Au. 3. FRITILLARIA L. Tiger Lily, Leopard Lily. Simple leafy herbs, with thick-scaly bulbs. Flowers open, campanulate, large, nodding; petals and sepals 3, nearly equal, oblong or ovate, deciduous, each with a nectariferous pit at the base. Stamens 6, hypogynous, free; anthers linear or oblong, attached at the base, not versatile. Ovary 3-celled; ovules numerous; style slender, 3-cleft. Capsule obovoid, globose or cylindric, 6-angled. Seeds numerous, flat, margined or winged. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. 1. F. lanceolata. Leaves narrowly linear. 2. F. atropurpurea. 1. F. lanceolata Pursh. Stem stout, 3-6 dm. high, leafless below, leafy above, and 1-4-flowered; leaves in 1-3 verticils of 2's-4's, lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, obtuse, 3-10 cm. long; flowers dark purple, mottled with greenish yellow; petals and sepals lanceolate or oblong, acutish, 2-3 cm. long; capsule less than 2 cm. long and fully 2.5 cm. broad. In rich soil: B.C. — ^Gahf. — Ida. — Mont. Submont. Mr-My. 2. F. atropurpurea Nutt. Stem slender, 1-4 dm. high, leafless below, leafy above, 1-4-flowered; leaves mostly scattered, alternate or the upper ver- ticillate, narrowly linear, 3-8 cm. long, 3 mm. wide; flowers dark purple, mottled with yellowish green; petals and sepals elhptic to linear, 5-25 mm. long; capsule about 15 mm. long and as wide. F. linearis Coult. & Fish. On hillsides among bushes: Wash.— Calif. — N.M.— N.D. — Neb. Plain — Submont. My-Je. 4. OCHROCODON Rydb. Yellow Bell. Simple leafy herbs, with scaly bulbs. Leaves mostly scattered. Flowers yellow or orange, campanulate, nodding, solitary. Petals and sepals 3, oblong- spatulate, obtuse. Stamens 6, free; anthers attached at the base. Ovary 3- celled; style undivided; stigma slightly 3-lobed. Capsule obovoid, 3-valved. 3. O. pudicus (Pursh) Rydb. Stem low, strict, 1-3 dm. high, generally 1-flowered; leaves 1-5, scattered or subverticillate, linear, 3-10 cm. long, rather thick; flower yellow, or orange; petals and sepals oblong, obtuse, 12-20 mm. long; fruit obovoid, 3-4 cm. long, and 15-22 mm. thick, erect. Fritillaria pudica (Pursh) Spreng. In rich soil on hillsides: B.C. — ^Calif. — Utah — -Wyo. — Mont. Submont. — Mont. Ap-My. 5. ERYTHRONIUM L. Dog-tooth Violet, Adder-tongue, Star-strikers. Low herbs, with membranous-coated corms and simple scapiform stems bearing two leaves below. Flowers solitary or few, nodding; petals and sepals lanceolate, distinct, with a nectariferous groove. Stamens 6, hypogynous, free; anthers oblong to linear, attached at the end. Ovary 3-celled; ovules numerous in each cell; style filiform, or thickened above, often 3-cleft. Capsule obovoid or oblong, in ours bluntly 3-angled. Style more or less clavate. Anthers of the stamens subecjual. Anthers 3-4 mm. long; rarely lonKcr, light yellow. 1. E. parviflorum. Anthers 4-8 mm. long, usually purplish, in age yellowish. Petals 2-3 cm. long; their veins almost equal and equally distributed. 2. E. oblusalum. Petals 3-5 era. long (in secondary flowers sometimes smaller); midvein prom- inent, separated from the next veins by rather broad veinless spaces, side veins branched and arching towards the margin. 3. E. grandiflorum LILY FAMILY 165 Anthers of the inner set of stamens much longer than those of the outer; veining of petals resembling that of E. grandifloriim. 4. E. utahense. Style filiform or nearly so; petals narrowly linear-lanceolate. 5. E. leptopetalum. 1. E. parviflorum (S. Wats.) Goodding. Scape 1-3 dm. high, 1-4- (rarely 5-7-) flowered; sepals and petals lanceolate, acuminate, 2-3 cm. long, bright yellow; capsule short, oblan ceo late-oblong to nearly obovate, 3-4 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick. E. grandiflorum parviflorum S. Wats. Rich soil: Colo. — Wyo. — Utah. Submotit. — Subalp. Ap-Au. 2. E. obtusatum Goodding. Scape 2-4 dm. high, 1-3-flowered; leaf-blades oblanceolate or oblong, broadest usually above the middle, obtuse and apiculate or acute, 1-2 dm. long; petals and sepals pale yellow, in age becoming whitish or purplish, 2-3.5 cm. long; filaments dilated at the base, subulate; capsule oblanceolate, 3.5-5 cm. long, a little more than 1 cm. thick. Rich soil: B.C. — Wyo. — Mont. Submont. — Mont. Ap-Au. 3. E. grandiflorum Pursh. Scape 2-4 dm. high, 1-3-fiowered ; leaf-blades from lanceolate to oval or ovate-lanceolate, mostly acute, usually broadest at or below the middle, 1-2 dm. long; sepals and petals light yellow, 3-5 cm. long; filaments slender but somewhat dilated below; capsule oblong, tapering at the base, 3-4 cm. long, about 12 mm. thick. Rich soil: B.C. — 'Wash. — W^'^o. — Mont. Submont. — Mont. My-Jl. 4. E. utahense Rydb. Scape 1.5-3 dm. high, 1-3-flowered; leaf-blades oblanceolate, 1-2 dm. long, acute or obtuse, 1.5-4.5 cm. wide; sepals and petals 2.5-3 cm. long, narrowly lanceolate, acute or acuminate; filaments subulate, dilated below; capsule obovoid, about 2 cm. long and 1 cm. thick. Mountains: Utah. Suhmonl.—Mont. My-Jl. 5. E. leptopetalum Rydb. Scape 1.5-2 dm. high, slender; leaf-blades broadly oval, about 12 cm. long and 6 cm. wide; sepals and petals narrowly lanceolate, about 3.5 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, acute, evenly veined; filaments strongly dilated below; stigma deeply 3-cleft, with slender recurved lobes. Moun- tains near Boise City, Ida. Je. 6. LLOYDIA Salisb. Alp Lily. Dwarf caulescent herbs, with bulbs. Leaves narrow, grass-like. Flowers white in terminal racemes (often reduced to a single flower). Sepals and petals each 3, nearly alike, with a transverse fold-like gland near the base. Stamens 6, distinct; filaments subulate; anthers basifixed, dehiscent by marginal slits. Ovary triangular, 3-celled; ovules numerous in 2 rows in each cell, anatropous; style persistent; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule loculicidal at the apex. 1. L. serotina (L.) Sweet. Bulb oblong, fibrous-coated, ending a creeping rootstock; stem 5-15 cm. high; leaves several, 5-10 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide; perianth about 1 cm. long, broadly turbinate; petals and sepals oblanceolate, obtuse, yellowish white, purple-veined and tinged with rose on the back; capsule obovoid, 8 mm. long. Alpine-arctic regions among rocks: Alta. — N.M. — Nev. — Alaska; Eurasia. ^4//). 7. EREMOCRINUM M. E. Jones. Desert Lily.- Perennial herbs, with a small tunicated bulb. Stem more or less leafy at the base. Flowers racemose, scarious-bracted. Sepals and petals each 3, distinct, 3-nerved, spreading. Stamens 6; filaments linear, broader at the base; anthers linear, obtuse at the apex, .subcordate at base, basifixed, in age incurved. Ovary 3-celled; style slender, elongated. Capsule loculicidal, each cell 2-seeded. Pedicels jointed near the base. 1. E. albomarginatum M. E. Jones. Bulb 5-6 mm. thick; stem 1-3 dm. high; leaves basal, 1-2 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide; bracts ovate, scarious, 10-12 mm. long; flowers 1-3 at each node; pedicels 8-12 mm. long; perianth white, with green veins; petals and sepals 8-10 mm. long. Desert regions: Utah. Son. My. 166 LILIACEAE 8. QUAMASIA Raf. Camash, Blue Camas, Wild Hyacinth, Swamp Sego. Perennial herbs, with scapiform stems and edible bulbs. Leaves basal, with elongated blades. Flowers in terminal racemes. Sepals and petals each 3, aUke, distinct, blue, white, or purple. Stamens 6; filaments filiform, adnate to the base of the petals and sepals; anthers versatile, introrse. Ovary 3-celled; styles filiform; stigma 3-lobed; ovules numerous in each cavity. Capsule broad, 3-angled. Seeds black, shining. Flowers somewhat oblique, about 2 cm. long; divisions 3-veined, or some of them 4- or ."i-veined. 1. Q. Quarnash. Flowers regular, about 3 cm. long; divisions all 5-7-veined. 2. Q. Suksdorfii. 1, Q. Quarnash (Pursh) Coville. Bulb globose, 1.5-3 cm. thick; scape 3-6 dm. high; leaves 6-15 mm. broad, 2-4 dm. long; petals and sepals Unear, blue, about 2 cm. long, exceeding the stamens, but slightly shorter than the style; capsules ellipsoid, 12-15 mm. long, on almost erect pedicels. Camassia esculenta Lindl. Meadows: Mont. — -Utah — -Calif. — B.C. Plain — Submont. Ajj-Je. 2. Q. Suksdorfii (Greenm.) Piper. Bulb ovate, 1-3 cm. thick; scape 3-7 dm. high, few-flowered; leaves 2-3 dm. long, 0.5-2 cm. broad; petals and sepals 3-3.5 cm. long, 8 mm. wide, blue; capsules 1.5-2.5 cm. long, erect on pedicels which arch upwards. Meadows: Wash. — -Ida. — Utah. Plain — Submont. My. Family 22. CONVALLARIACEAE. Lily-of-the-Valley Family. Perennial herbs, with rootstocks and alternate, rarely basal leaves. Flowers perfect, in terminal or axillary racemes, panicles, umbels, or rarely solitary. Sepals and petals 3 or 2, similar, distinct or partly united, in- ferior. Stamens 6 or 4. Gynoecium of 3 or 2 united carpels; ovary 3- or 2-celled; styles united. Fruit in all our species a berry. stem leafy; leaves alternate. Sepals and petals distinct. Flowers wliite, in terminal racemes or panicles; anthers introrse; stem simple. Petals and sepals 3; stamens 6. 1. Vagner.^.. Petals and sepals 2; stamens 4. 2. Unifolium. Flowers e.xtra-a.xillary or terminal and solitary or in small umbelUform clusters ; anthers extrorse or opening laterally ; stem branched. Flowers extra-axillarv , greenish white; filaments slender; anthers acute. Corolla campanuiate. 3. Streptopus. CoroUa rotate. 4. Kruhsea. Flowers terminal, yellow ; filaments dilated; anthers obtuse. 5. Disporum. Sepals and petals partially united into a tube; flowers axillary. 6. Polygonatum. Stem scapiform; leaves basal; flowers in terminal umbels, or solitary and terminal. 7. Clintonia. 1. VAGNERA Adans. Wild Spikenard, Wild Lily-of-the-V alley, False Solomon's Seal. Caulescent herbs, with elongated rootstocks. Leaves broad, several-nerved. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Sepals and petals white or greenish white, distinct or nearly so. Stamens 6; filaments subulate; anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled; styles short; stigma 3-lobed; ovules 2 in each cavity. Berry globose. Seeds 1 or 2, with a thin testa. [Smilacina Desf.] Inflorescence paniculate. Petals and sepals scarcely half as long as the stamens; fruii dark purple. I. v. brachypetala. Petals and sepals almost equalling the stamens; fruit red with puiple spots. Leaf-blades acuminate, tlie lower contracted at the base into distinct petioles; style about 0.5 mm. long. 2. V. racemosa. Leaf-blades acute, all sessile and more or less clasping; style fully 1 mm. long. 3. V. amplexicaulis. Inflorescence racemose. Leaves 6-12, sessile. Petals and sepals linear or linear-lanceolate. 4. V. leptopetala. Petals oblong-lanceolate. Pedicels short, slightly if at all longer than the flowers or the fruit; loaves lanceolate, acute. 5. V. stellala. LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY FAMILY 167 Pedicels long, the lower often 2-3 times as long as the flowers or the fruit. Raceme strict; pedicels strongly ascending; leaves narrowly lanceolate. long-attenuate. 6. V. liliacea. Raceme zigzag; oedicels spreading; leaves broadly lanceolate, usually abruptly acuminate. 7. V. sessilifolia. Leaves 2-4, sheathing the low stem. 8. V. trifolia. 1. V. brachypetala Rydb. Stem stout, 5-8 dm. high, striate, puberulent; leaves subsessile or short-petioled, oval or ovate, 8-18 cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide, often short-acuminate and twisted at the apex; panicle rather dense; petals and sepals oblong, 1-1.5 mm. long; style about 0.5 mm. long; berry about 4 mm. in diameter. Hillsides: B.C. — -Wash. — Ida. Submont. — Mojit. My-Je. 2. V. racemosa (L.) Morong. Stem somewhat angled, finely puberulent above, 3-9 dm. high; blades elliptic or oval, 7-15 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, finely puberulent beneath; sepals and petals oblong, 2 mm. long or more; berry 5-6 mm. thick. Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. Woods and thickets: N.S. — Ga. — Colo.— B.C. Plain— Submont. My-Jl. 3. V. amplexicaulis (Xutt.) Morong. Stem 3-7 dm. high; blades ovate to lanceolate, acute, puberulent, 6-15 cm. long, 4-8 cm. wide; sepals and petals oblong, about 2 mm. long; filaments lanceolate-subulate; berry light red, dotted with purple, 5-6 mm. thick. *S. amplexicaulis Nutt. Hillsides and woods: B.C. — Calif.— N.M.—Alta. Submont.— Mont. My-Jl. 4. V. leptopetala Rydb. Stem 2-3 dm. high, erect, strict or the upper portion somewhat zigzag, striate and pale; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 6-8 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, light green, sessile, long-acute; raceme 3-6-flowered; pedicels 5-8 mm. long; petals and sepals about 4 mm. long and less than 1 mm. wide, very thin, white. Canons: Colo. Mont. 5. V. stellata (L.) Morong. Stem glabrous, 2-5 dm. high, strict; leaves sessile, minutely puberulent beneath, 5-13 cm. long; sepals and petals 3-5 mm. long; berry green, with 6 black stripes, turning black, 6-10 mm. thick. S. stel- lata (L.) Desf. In moist soil, meadows or copses: Newf. — Va. — -Colo. — Alta. Submont. — Subalp. My-Jl. 6. V. liliacea (Greene) Rydb. Stem tall and strict throughout, 3-10 dm. high; leaves sessile, glabrous, 7-20 cm. long; raceme 4-10 cm. long, 3-10-flowered; sepals and petals oblong, obtuse, 5-7 mm. long; style about 1 mm. long; berry purpUsh, 7-10 mm. thick. Unifolium liliaceum Greene. Wooded hills and shady places: B.C. — Calif. — N.M. — Mont. Submont. — Mont. My-Je. 7. V. sessilifolia (Nutt.) Greene. Stem 2-4 dm. high, more or less flexuose above; leaves sessile, 0.5-10 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so; raceme 3-7 cm. long; sepals and petals linear-oblong, obtuse, about 6 mm. long; style about 1 mm. long; berry red or purple, 8-10 mm. in diameter. S. sessilifolia Nutt. Woi-ds: Yukon — Calif. — Wyo. — -Mont. Submont. Je-Jl. 8. V. trifolia (L.) Morong. Stem slender, 0.5-4 dm. high; leaves sessile, oval, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, with sheathing bases, acute or acuminate; raceme few-flowered, strict; sepals and petals oblong or oblong-lanceolate, ob- tuse, about 3 mm. long; berry dark red, 5-6 mm. in diameter. V. pumila Standi., a small form with rather short style. In bogs and wet woods: Lab. — N.J. — Minn.— Mack. Boreal— Mont. My-Je. 2. UNIFOLIUM Adans. Two-leaved Solomon's Seal. Caulescent herbs, with slender rootstocks. Leaves mostly 2 or 3, with broad, several-nerved blades. Inflorescence terminal, racemose. Sepals and petals white, similar, each 2, distinct, spreading. Stamens 4, hypogynous; filaments narrowly linear; anthers versatile, introrse. Ovary 2-celled; stigmas 2; ovules 2 in each cavity. Fruit a subglobose pulpy berry; seeds 1 or 2. [Maianthemum Wigg.] Leaves subsessile; blades cordate-clasping, with shallow and narrow sinuses. 1. U. canadense. Stem-leaves distinctly petioled; blades with deep and open sinuses. 2. U. dilatatum. 168 CONVALLARIACEAE 1. U. canadense (Desf.) Greene. Stem slender, 1-3-leaved (usually 2- leaved), 5-18 cm. high, glabrous; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long; berry pale red, speckled, about 4 mm. thick. Moist woods and thickets: Lab. — N.C.— S.D.— Mack. Boreal— Sub mont. My-Jl. 2. U. dilatatum (Wood) Howell. Stem 2-3-leaved, 2-4 dm. high, glabrous; leaf -blades broadly cordate, acuminate, 5-10 cm. long and nearly as broad; berry red, globose, about 6 mm. thick. Maianthemum bifolium dilatatum Wood. Swampy places: Alaska — -Calif. — Ida. — -Canadian Rockies. Subinont. — Mont. Je-Au. 3. STREPTOPUS Michx. Twisted-stalk. Caulescent perennial herbs, with horizontal rootstocks. Leaves many- nerved, broad, sessile or clasping. Flowers racemose on 1-3-flowered, extra- axillary peduncles. Sepals and petals much alike, greenish or purplish, each 3, distinct, with spreading or recurved tips. Petals keeled. Stamens 6, hypo- gynous; filaments flattened, very short; anthers sagittate, opening by lateral slits. Ovary 3-celled; stigmas 3-lobed or entire; ovules in 2 rows in each cavity. Berry oval or globose; seeds numerous. Plant branched; pedicels geniculate; berry white. 1. S. ample lif alius. Plant simple; pedicels not geniculate; berry red. 2. S. curvipes. 1. S. amplexifolius (L.) DC. Stem 3-10 dm. high, flexuose-branched ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, glabrous and glaucous, 5-13 cm. long; perianth campanulate, greenish white, 8-12 mm. long; sepals and petals lanceolate, attenuate; berry globose-ellipsoid, 8-12 mm. long. Damp woods: Greenl. — N.C. — -N.M. — Ore. — -Alaska; Eu. Submont. — Subalp. Je-Au. 2. S. curvipes Vail. Perennial, with a rather slender rootstock; stem simple, 1-3 dm. high; leaves sessile, oval to oblong-lanceolate, 3-8 cm. long, acuminate; perianth pale purple or rose-colored; sepals and petals lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long, minutely glandular-pubescent inside; berry globose, 7-9 mm. thick. Open woods: B.C. — Ore. — Alaska. Submont. — Mont. Je-Jl. 4. KRUHSEA Regel. Caulescent perennial herbs, with rootstocks. Leaves broad, sessile or slightly clasping, several-nerved. Flowers usually solitary, inserted opposite the leaves. Flowers rotate; petals and sepals with greenish reflexed tips. Stamens 6; filaments very short; anthers 2-lobed. Ovary 3-celled, becoming a berry. Style none. 1. K. streptopoides (Ledeb.) Kearney. Stem glabrous, 5-15 cm. high; leaves 4-8, bright green, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-5 cm. long; pedicels recurved, 1 cm. long or less; sepals and petals deeply wine-colored at the base, with yellow- ish green tips; fruit globose, bright red at maturity. Smilacina streptopoides Ledeb. Streptopus ajanensis Tiling. S. brevipes Baker. Kruhsea Tilingii Regel. Woods: B.C.; Siberia. Mont. My. 5. DiSPORUM Sails}). Caulescent branched perennial herbs, with rootstocks. Leaves broad, many- nerved, sessile or clasping, often oblique. Flowers terminal, solitary or in small subumbellate clusters, drooping. Sepals and petals each 3, whitish or greenish yellow, narrow, distinct. Stamens 6, hypogynous; filaments filiform, or some- what flattened; anthers extrorse. Ovary 3-celled; stigmas entire or 3-cleft; ovules 2 or more in each cavity. Fruit thick, juicy, (in ours) bright red or orange. Stigma 3-cleft; fruit deeply lobed, obtuse, papillose. 1. /). trachycarpum. Stigma entire; fruit acutish, not papillose, but often pubescent. 2. D. oreganum. 1. D. trachycarpum S. Wats. Stem 3-6 dm. high, more or less flexuose, more or less pubescent; leaves sessile, ovate or oval to ovate-lanceolate, 3-9 cm. long, short-acuminate; perianth narrowly campanulate, ochroleucous, 10-15 mm. long; fruit depressed-globose, deeply 3-lobed, 8-10 mm. thick. Prosartes trachycarpa S. Wats. D. majus Britt., in part. Canons and hillsides: Man. — N.M.— Ariz.— B.C. Plain— Subalp. My-Je. LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY FAMILY 169 2. D. oreganum (S. Wats.) W. Miller. Stem 3-6 dm. high, with ascending branches; leaves ovate-lanceolate, more or less short-villous when young, 5-10 cm. long, long-acnminate; perianth campanulate, yellow, 10-15 mm. long; fruit obovoid, 10-12 mm. long. P. oreganus S. Wats. Canons and river banks: B.C.— Mont.— Calif.— Ida. Suhmont. My-Je. 6. POLYGONATUM (Tourn.) Hill. Solomon's Seal. Caulescent perennial herbs, with jointed rootstocks. Leaves in our species broad, many-nerved, sessile. Flowers in axillary 1-few-flowered racemes. Petals and sepals each 3, partly united, the free portion shorter than the tube, greenish or pinkish. Stamens 6, included; filaments partly adnate to the peri- anth-tube; anthers sagittate, introrse. Ovary 3-celled; stigma mostly capi- tate; ovules 2-6 in each cavity. Berry subglobose, dark blue or black. Seeds with a horny endosperm. [Salomonia Heist.] 1. P. commutatum (R. & S.) Dietr. Stem 3-25 dm. high, glabrous; leaves ovate or oblong, partly clasping, 5-15 cm. long; peduncles 1-8-flowered ; perianth white or greenish, 1-2 cm. long, drooping; filaments glabrous, adnate to the perianth about half its length; berries 8-12 mm. thick, subglobose. P. giganteum Dietr. enish white, about 1 cm. long: spur filiform. Habenaria elenans (Lindl.) Bolandcr. Piperia clongata Rydb. Damp woods: B.C. — Ida. — Calif. Submont. Je-Au. 9. SERAPIAS L. Helleboiune. Caulescent herbs, with rootstocks and fibrous roots. Leaves alternate, plaited, many-nerved, clasping. Flowers in bracted terminal racemes. Sepals ORCHIS FAMILY 181 distinct, strongly keeled. Lateral petals distinct, ovate. Lip free, not spurred, concave below, constricted in the middle, the terminal portion dilated and petal-like. Column short. Fertile anther 1, erect, operculate; its sacs con- tiguous. Pollinia granulose, 2-parted, becoming attached to the beaked stigma. [Epipactis R. Br.] 1. S. gigantea (Dougl.) A. A. Eat. Stem 3-10 dm. high, nearly glabrous, puberulent in the inflorescence; lower leaves ovate, sessile, the upper narrowly lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, acute or acuminate; flowers 3-10, greenish, veined with purple; lip 15-18 mm. long; the terminal portion ovate-lanceolate, many-crested; capsule oblong, 15 mm. long. Epipaclis gigantea Dougl. Rich woodlands: Mont. — w Tex. — Calif. — B.C. Son. — Submont. Je-Au. 10. EBURdPHYTON Heller. Saprophytic perennial herb, with branched creeping rootstock; whole plant white, leafless, scarious-bracted. Flowers racemose, almost sessile. Lateral sepals horizontally spreading, larger than the upper sepal and the petals, strongly keeled, somewhat concave. Upper sepal and petals erect, less strongly keeled. Lip free, shorter than the sepals, the saccate base with broad wing-like margins, articulate at the middle, with a callosity on each side; outer internode curved outward and downward, concave, grooved. Column twice as long as the anther. Stigma beakless. Pollen-masses not attached to the gland. 1. E. Austinae (A. Gray) Heller. Stem 3-6 dm. high; perianth about 12 mm. long; distal portion of the lip suborbicular; nerves in center wavy-crested; column 4 mm. long. Chloraea Austinae A. Gray. Cephalanthera oregana Reich. Pine woods: Calif. — -Ida. — Wash. Mont. Je-Jl. 11. IBIDIUM Salisb. Ladies' Tresses. Perennial herbs, with tuberous thickened or fleshy-fibrous roots. Leaves alternate, in some species mostly basal. Flowers in terminal spiral spikes. Sepals distinct or coherent above or united with the similar lateral petals. Lip concave, sessile or slightly clawed, bearing two callosities at the base. Column obUque, arched. Fertile anther solitary, erect, without a lid. Pollinia one in each sac. Stigma with a beak. [Spiranthes L. C. Rich. Gyrostachys Pers.] Callosities at ttie base of the lip obsolete; lower sepals coherent with the petals and upper sepals. 1. G. strictum. Callosities nipple-shaped, directed downwards ; lower sepals free. 2. G. porri folium. 1. I. Strictum (Rydb.) House. Stem 1.5-3.5 dm. high, glabrous; lower leaves 7-20 cm. long, linear or hnear-oblanceolate, the upper bract-hke; spike 5-10 cm. long, 8-14 mm. thick, dense; flowers 3-ranked, white or greenish, 6-8 mm. long, fragrant; lip oblong, broad at the base, contracted below the dilated crisp terminal portion. Gyrostachys stricta Rydb. Spiranthes Romanzoffiana Coult., not Cham. Wet places and rich hillsides: Newf. — Pa. — Colo. — Calif. — Alaska. Plain— Mont. My-S. 2. I. porrifolium (Lindl.) Rydb. Stem 2-4 dm. high, slender, glabrous; leaves narrowly oblanceolate or linear, rather thick, 1-2 dm. long; spike 5-10 cm. long, 12-15 mm. thick, less dense; flowers greenish white; lip lanceolate, scarcely dilated at the apex. Spiranthes porrifolia Liiidl. Marshes: Wash. — • Ida. — Colo.^Calif. Submont. Je-Au. 12. OPHRYS (Tourn.) L. Tway-blade, Twifole. Perennials, with rootstocks and fleshy-fibrous roots. Leaves 2, opposite, near the middle of the stem. Flowers in terminal racemes, greenish or purplish. Sepals and lateral petals distinct, almost alike, reflexed. Lip notched or 2-cleft at the apex, and often with a pair of teeth or auricles near the base. Fertile anther 1, erect, jointed to the back of the column, without a lid. Pollinia 2, powdery, attached to a minute gland. Column wingless. [Listera R. Br.] 182 ORCHIDACEAE Lip broad, slightly 2-cleft at the apex, with or without a mucro in the' sinus. Lip with distinct rounded auricles, slightly cleft at the apex; no mucro. 1. O. borealis. Lip with no auricles , but in their place two divergent small teeth at the base ; mucro present. Lip unguiculate; lateral teeth small, without a papilla at the base. 2. O. convallarioides. Lip not unguiculate; lateral teeth prominent, with a papilla at the base. 3. O. caurina. Lip narrow, 2-cleft for about half its length into linear-lanceolate lobes, without a mucro, with narrow teeth at the base. 4. O. nephrophylla. 1. O. borealis (Morong) Rydb. Stem 7-15 cm. high, pubescent above; leaves 1-3.5 cm. long, elliptic-ovate, obtuse at both ends, borne above the middle of the stem; flowers about 1 cm. long; lip 7-8 mm. long, oblong-cuneate, with 2 obtuse lobes at the apex. L. borealis Morong. Damp woods: Mack. — Colo. — Yukon. Siibalp. Je-Jl. 2. O. convallarioides (Sw.) Wight. Stem 1-2 dm. high, glabrous below, glandular above the leaves; leaves borne above the middle of the stem, broadly oval, obtuse, 3-5 cm. long, rounded at the base; lip about 9 mm. long, narrowly cuneate, retuse. L. convallarioides (Sw.) Torr. Moist woods: N.S. — -Vt. — Mich. — Ida. — Calif. — Alaska. Mont. Je-Au. 3. O. caurina (Piper) Rydb. Stem 1-3 dm. high, glabrous below, densely glandular-pubescent above the leaves; leaves 3.5-7 cm. long, oval to elliptic- ovate, rounded at the base, borne above or at the middle of the stem; lip 5-6 mm. long, cuneate, retuse, with a blunt mucro in the sinus, sessile. L. caurina Piper. Damp mossy woods: B.C. — Mont. — Ida. — Ore. Mont. Je-Jl. 4. O. nephrophylla Rydb. Stem slender, 1-2 dm. high, glabrous or slightly pubescent above the leaves; leaves inserted at the middle, rounded-reni- form, about 2 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. wide, strongly veined; flowers greenish, 5-6 mm. long; sepals and upper petals oblong, 1.5-2 mm. long; lip 4-5 mm. long. L. nephrophylla Rj'db. Damp woods: Mont. — -N.M. — Ore. — Alaska. ssf'(i-silky. 19. S. Sandbcrgii. Leaves in age glabrous and shining, at least above. 20. S. lasiolepis. Leaves usually crenate, villous, 3-8 cm. long; aments 3-6 cm. long; bractlets densely villous. 21. S. Ilookeriana. Leaves glabrous or hairy, but not densely white-pubescent beneath. Branches without a bloom. Capsule long-stipitate; stipe in fruit 1.5-6 mm. long, equalUng or exceeding the bractlets; style 0.5 mm. long or less. Leaves dark green above; young branches not light yellow; aments on short leafy branches. WILLOW FAMILY 189 Mature leaves rather thin, dull; length of the blade less than three times its width. 22. S. balsamifera. Mature leaves firm, dark green, shining above, pale beneath; length of the blade three times the width or more. Stipe in fruit 2-4 times as long as the bractlets; mature leaves slightly serrate. 23. S. Mackenziana. Stipe slightly if at all exceeding the bractlets. Mature leaves lanceolate, strongly serrate. 24. S. cordata. Mature leaves oblong or oblanceolate, entire. 25. S. pedicillaris. Leaves yellowish green; young branches light yellow; aments naked or sub- tended by a few small leaves. Leaves usually long-acuminate, serrate. 26. S. lutea. Leaves acute or rarely short-acuminate, entire or indistinctly crenulate. 27. S. Watsonii. Capsule short-stipitate or subsessile; stipe in fruit less than 1.5 mm. long and much shorter than the bractlets; style 0.5-1 mm. long. Leaves more or less dentate, rarely subentire. Young leaves and twigs rather densely pubescent with long wliite hairs; the former glandular-denticulate or dentate. Bractlets fuscous. 2