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EN reed J site lh bora od BA AY : Ruth re hipped ; Pek ohn 4 Ah Ack hah’ / lend 4 S50 ; ‘ , a Cpe a ca tity Ha fh pea ay ag) / bs ben Maley ‘ tela i ; i ren i (ratvor ee bein MPnia tt entra fi Re on ke ates By) hr Pare rey ee On fh ee Per ree: i i i, i eA , of ri n ay os ed ss ; We aa Pe MEY ‘ tri i if ‘ ji Git ers t epee ‘ hal i rr terds i ; A ot Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/floraofrockymounOOrydbuoft LIBRARY OF BEF A “ELOR py ve % OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS AND ADJACENT PLAINS COLORADO, UTAH, WYOMING, IDAHO, MONTANA, SASKATCHEWAN, ALBERTA, AND NEIGHBORING PARTS OF NEBRASKA, SOUTH DAKOTA, NORTH DAKOTA, ano BRITISH COLUMBIA BY PLA. RYDBERG, PH: D. Curator, New York Botanical Garden SECOND EDITION NEW YORK Published by the Author 1922 Copyright, 1917 and 1922 PER AxEL RYDBERG — ee PReEss oF INTELLIGENCER Printina Co. Lancaster, Pa. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION After more than twenty-five years of study of the flora of the Rocky Mountain region, and seventeen years after the first description was drawn for the book, this manual is now presented to the public. Its history, purpose and scope are given in the introduction, with certain necessary explanations regarding the general features of the book. Thanks are due to the custodians of many herbaria for the privilege of study- ing collections and types, and for the loan of specimens; these herbaria are enumerated in my introduction. The author wishes to thank all his associates at the New York Botanical Garden, especially Dr. N. L. Britton, Director-in- Chief, for encouragement and help in his work; Dr. J. K. Small, for help in critical cases and in certain groups, as for instance PoLYGOANCEAE and SAXIFRAGACEAE, and in the original draft of the key to the families; and Dr. J. H. Barnhart, for help in questions of nomenclature and literature. In drawing the generic des- criptions, the author has frequently consulted Dr. Small’s FLora oF THE SOUTH- EASTERN Unitep States. Dr. Barnhart has contributed also the list of authors, ae their full names and years of births and deaths wherever it has been possible. Thanks are also due to Mr. K. K. Mackenzie, who contributed the manu- script of Carex; to Professor E. Brainerd, who prepared that of Viola; and to Mr. W. W. Eggleston, who revised that of Crataegus. As most manuals of phaenerogamic botany also contain the ferns and their allies, an account of the fern-worts by Miss Margaret Slosson has been appended. The families IsopTacEar, E@uIsETACEAE and SELAGINELLACEAE were left by her until the last. She did some preliminary work on Selaginella, but before the work was finished she left the New York Botanical Garden temporarily, and the completion of the fernworts fell upon the author, who feels that the treat- ment of the three families is not adequate, as the manuscript was prepared hur- riedly while the book was going through the press. The author is indebted especially to the following botanists, who have kindly corrected the statements of the ranges of all the species and furnished additions to the list of species known to occur in their respective states and provinces: Mr. J. M. Macoun, western Canadian provinces; Professor J. E. Kirkwood, Montana; Mr. J. Francis Macbride, Idaho; Professor A. O. Garrett, Utah; and Mr. George EH. Osterhout, Colorado. Thanks are also due to the following persons who have gratuitously helped in reading the proofs: Professor A. O. Garrett, Mr. G. E. Osterhout, Miss IK. D. Kimball. P. A. RypDBERG. The New York Botanical Garden, November, 1917. iil PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION The bound copies of the first edition of this Manual were all sold some months ago. During the five years gone by, since the first appearance of the book, a number of new species have been described from the region, and specimens of additional species, introduced from the Eastern United States, from the Pacific Slope, or even from the Old World, haxye been collected. Thus have been added to the Flora of the Rocky Mountain Region: 2 families, 17 genera, and 132 species. The Flora of flowering plants and ferns contains, therefore, as far as known now, 1055 genera and 6029 species. The known ranges of many species have also been extended. In order to carry the work up to date, it was thought best to add to the new issue an appendix of Additions and Corrections and Ex- tension of Ranges. In preparing this appendix, I have received help from the following persons, to whom my thanks are due: Mr. W. A. Dayton and Mr. I. Tidestrom of U. 8. Forest Service, Mr. G. E. Osterhout, Prof. E. Bethel and Miss Hazel M. Schmoll, of Colorado, Prof. A. O. Garrett of Utah, and Prof. E. B. Payson of Wyoming. P. A. RypBERG. The New York Botanical Garden, November, 1922. TABLE OF CONTENTS ENTRODUCTION Aesncsiyfos.o. os ho oi ese eee Vv TaBLes: Abbreviations, Signs and Measurements. ................++-- Xll DESCRIPTIVE FLORA : SPERMATOPHYTA: KEY TO THE FAMILIES..........+.-..-«-0+ceess- il GYMNOSPERMA® ..50:.:5 sau lee ne a en eee iff ANGIOSPERMAE: Monocotyledones. ............ 2.0: . weston 20 Dicotyledones. ..... Fe CT ES 8 cic 185 PTERIDOPHYTA. oeeee roe Si ee ee Persie ORS APPENDIX SUMMARY > 0.6 0 os ee ee ee a eee a a eae New GENERA AN SPECIES AND NEw CoMBINATIONS..............-. 1060 ABBREVIATIONS OF THE Namms OF AUTHORS................:....- 1070 GUOSSARY 82.2 0005. cous ai oie tesla goes Re og ee tC | Gs) 0 2p, ; . 7. 2... dee. 2 we ee INTRODUCTION PRELIMINARY WorRK In 1890, the author spent a month in western Nebraska. In the following summer he was commissioned to collect in the same region for the United States Department of Agriculture, and in 1892 in the Black Hills of South Dakota. A report on the last was published in 1896, in the CoNTRIBUTIONS FROM THE Na- TIONAL HERBARIUM, volume 3. These trips first introduced him to the flora of a part of the region covered by this manual. Since then he has done field work, partly for the United States Department of Agriculture and partly for the New York Botanical Garden, in Montana, Yellowstone National Park, Colorado and Utah, and has made shorter stops in eastern Idaho and southern Wyoming. In all, he has spent eleven summers in the Rocky Mountain region. In this field work he was associated with or assisted by the following men: C. L. Shear, Ernst A. Bessey, A. O. Garrett, J. H. Flodman, F. K. Vreeland, and E. C. Carl- ton, to whom thanks are due. After collecting for two summers and a half in Montana and the Yellowstone National Park, the author published in 1900, a CaTaLocuE OF THE FLORA OF MoNnTANA AND THE YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL ParkK.* In preparing this, he studied the extensive collections made by Frank Tweedy of the United States Geological Survey, as well as that of W. M. Canby, and one made for the World’s Fair in Chicago, 1893. In 1901 the author was requested to determine the collection accumulated at the Agricultural College at Fort Collins, Colorado, made by James Cassidy, C. S. Crandall, J. H. Cowan, and their assistants and students, and finally to pre- pare the results for publication. THe FLora or CoLorapof appeared in 1906. At this time the author had spent a summer and a half collecting in Colorado and the New York Botanical Garden had secured an almost complete set of C. F. Baker’s, and Baker, Earle and Tracy’s collections in that state. Together with the older collections preserved in the herbarium of Columbia University the material mentioned above made possible an almost complete catalogue of the Colorado flora. The preparation of the manual has taken a longer time than expected, as only a small part of the author’s time could be used for the work. During the time (1900-1916) the work has been progressing, the author has published a series of 29 papers under the title ‘Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora,’’ in which numerous new species have been published. The publication of a second edition of Coulter’s Manual in the form of ‘“A New Manual of Botany of the Central Rocky Mountains,” by J. M. Coulter and Aven Nelson, in 1909, made the appearance of the contemplated flora less urgent, as the need was partly supplied, and the issuing of the manual was delayed. MatTertaL USED IN THE WorK The main part of the work has been done in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden, where also the collections of Columbia University (including the Torrey and Morong herbaria) are deposited. These herbaria contain numer- ous types or duplicates of types of species described by Torrey, Torrey and Gray, Nuttall, Hooker, and Richardson, as well as the first sets of several collections and duplicate sets of many others. The author has visited the United States National Herbarium five times, for weeks at a time, and has often had specimens as loans for study. He has gone through it quite thoroughly, except the family Cicnortacear. The studies * Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. vol. 1. t Agr. Exp. Sta. Colo. Agr. Coll. Bull. no. 100. V: vi INTRODUCTION there included investigations of the types of species described by Vasey, Coville, Rose, Hitchcock, Scribner, Standley, and others; Dr. E. L. Greene’s herbarium was deposited there at that time. The author has also made four similar visits to the Gray Herbarium, mainly to study types, especially those of plants de- scribed by Gray, Watson, Robinson, Fernald, Greenman, and others; three short visits to the Philadelphia Academy to study the types of Pursh and Nuttall; one to the Field Museum, Chicago; one to the Missouri Botanical Garden; one to the Geological Survey of Canada; and a day’s stop at the Rocky Mountain Herbarium at Laramie. In 1901 he spent more than a week at the Royal Gar- dens, Kew, where he studied all the types of the plants described in Hooker’s Fiora BorREALI-AMERICANA, and made a visit to the British Museum, which con- tains many of Nuttall’s types. The herbarium of the College of Pharmacy of New York City has often been consulted and specimens borrowed therefrom. In addition, the following herbaria have passed through his hands for study and determination: Herbarium of the Agricultural College of Colorado; Herbarium of the Agricultural College of Montana (before 1900); Frank Tweedy’s herbarium, now at Yale University; and the herbaria of F. D. Kelsey and F. E. Leonard, now at Oberlin College. The only important collections from the Rocky Mountains not studied are that of M. E. Jones and that of the University of Wyoming; many duplicates from these have been available, however. The author has also corresponded for years with Mr. Osterhout, Prof. Garrett, Prof. Cockerell, Mr. Macoun, and many others. AREA COVERED BY THE MANUAL When the manual was first contemplated the author estimated that it would comprise the description of about 4000 species; this estimate might have proved correct if the work had been limited to the Rocky Mountains themselves. His knowledge of the vegetation of the plains east of them, a flora not adequately treated in any manual, induced the author to include that also. As he has been interested in the flora of the northern Rockies, perhaps more than any one else in the United States, the Geological Survey of Canada has for years sent the first set of its exchanges from the Rocky Mountain region to the New York Botanical Garden; it was desirable, therefore, to include the flora of this part of Canada in - the manual, and perhaps 200 northern species have been added. The parts of Utah west and south of Wahsatch Mountains, as well as western Idaho, have not been included in any of the floras of the Rocky Mountain region. As many collections have been made in the part of Utah mentioned, by Edward Palmer, C. C. Parry, A. L. Siler, Mrs. Almon H. Thompson, L. F. Ward, and others, and especially by M. E. Jones, the whole of the states of Utah and Idaho was in- cluded and at least 500 or 600 species thus added. The total number of species, in the meantime, has grown to nearly 5900. The area covered by this flora thus includes the entire states of Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana, and extends eastward to long. 102° W. in Nebraska, South Dakota and North Dakota; it also includes the Canadian proy- inces of Saskatchewan and Alberta, south of lat. 55° N. (the old boundary of the territories of the same name*), and the Kootenay Districts of British Columbia. The Rockies extend for some distance south into New Mexico, but no attempt has been made to cover any part of that state; as far as the truly mountain flora is concerned, however, it is practically covered. As the number of known species within the area has increased, the author has been obliged to shorten the descriptions in order to make the book of a con- venient size; cutting down original descriptions one-fourth or more, and usually avoiding repetition of characters given in the keys. The resulting brevity will naturally detract from the value of the work, but otherwise the book would have become too bulky to be convenient, especially in the field. The descriptions are nearly all-redrawn from actual specimens. The original types or duplicates of the types have been consulted wherever possible, and rarely have the original descriptions been merely copied or condensed. * The present boundary is lat. 60°, but the region between lat. 55° and 60°, is botan- ically practically unknown. ay INTRODUCTION vil NOMENCLATURE AND LIMITATION OF GENERA AND SPECIES The nomenclature used agrees, as far as possible, with the so-called American Code, used at the United States National Herbarium and Department of Agri- _ culture, the New York Botanical Garden, and many of the universities and botanical institutions of this country. It differs from the International Code, followed by many institutions, principally in the following two features: it allows few exceptions from the rule that the oldest generic and specific name (after Linnaeus’ Species Plantarum of 1753) should be used, and provides that, if a Latin name has been used for one plant, it can never be used for another. The nomenclature used in this manual differs somewhat on this account from that used by other writers on the flora of the region or a part thereof. Another im- portant difference is due to the fact that the author believes that in many cases unnatural groups of species of diverse habit and structure should not be retained as genera just because our predecessors have regarded them as such. In other words, a genus should be divided into several, if it can be split up into smaller and more natural ones. Such divided genera are, for instance, the old large _ genera Astragalus, Oenothera, and Aster. On the other hand, the fully as large genera Carex, EHriogonum, and Senecio have been kept intact, as no natural divi- sion could be found. For those who disagree with the author in the matters of nomenclature and limitation of genera and species, there will be very little difficulty in finding the scientific name to which they are accustomed, as synonyms have been freely cited, in fact as far as deemed necessary. The synonymy, of course, is by no means complete; only such is included as has been in use for the plant recently, or is necessary for the explanation of the accepted name, or represents supposed new species, which the author regards as indistinguishable from the one described. In the cases where a synonym is preceded by a “‘(?)”’ this means that the author has not seen the type of the synonym, but from the description supposes that it represents the same species as the one accepted. A few of my friends have suggested that the place of publication of each name should also be given; while this would have increased the utility of the book, it would have added perhaps 150 pages. This manual will be useful to three classes: the amateur botanists, the students in high schools and colleges, and the professional botanists. The first two classes, as a rule, do not care for the full citation, and most of the professional botanists have access to the ‘Kew Index” and the ‘‘Card Catalogue,’ or other reference books. The omission of the place of publication will work hardships, therefore, to only a few. PRONUNCIATION AND ACCENTUATION In most of the schools of this country the so-called Roman pronunciation is used in reading Latin, but exceedingly few botanists pronounce the Latin names in accordance with it. They are supposed to pronounce it according to the so- called English method, but the author has not found two persons who do it alike. He frankly admits that he does not know how to pronounce the names according to the latter method. According to the Roman method, as he was taught it, the vowels are pronounced nearly as follows: a long as in father short as in hat e a3 iS fm % 5 there “ Cer bE: met i “ce ce machine ce cc ke it (a) a9 aS SS no a3 cE not u cc cee rule “cc ck put The consonants he learned to pronounce as they are in English, except that c and g are hard as in cat or go, even before e, 7, and y; 7 as consonant y, 2 as ts, and ch and ph in Greek words as k and f. Most of the mispronunciations, whether the English, Continental, or Roman pronunciation is used, are due to ignorance of the accent. On the proper ac- centuation the author wishes to say more,* as the specific names in this volume ; * The explanations given in this discussion may not agree with most Latin grammars in English, but the author thinks that this is because the English grammarians consciously or unconsciously interpret constructions in Latin according to the models of the highly individualized English language. vill INTRODUCTION do not have the accent indicated. Clements gives the following rule for accents: “Tn words of two syllables or more the accent is on the penult [next to the last syllable], when it is long; when the penult is short, the antepenult [third syllable from the end] is accented.”’ This is correct if rightly understood. Long syllables are of two kinds, however; one with vowel length, the other with consonant length, that is, when it ends in one or more consonant sounds. Unfortunately, in a syllable with consonant length the vowel is usually called short, not only in English, but in most modern languages. In many Latin lexicons the vowel in such a syllable is marked as long (wrong according to modern notions), in a few as short; others are noncommittal. In fact, the syllable is long (as shown in verse) although the vowel is short. There are three kinds of syllables, two end- ing in vowels, and one in a consonant. If there are one or more consonants between two vowels, one of these is always counted to the second syllable and the rest to the first, except that ch, ph, and th are regarded as one letter and a mute followed by r is carried to the second syllable (hy-dra, as-tra). — The grave accent (4) is here used to denote a long vowel* and the acute (4) _ a short vowel syllable or a syllable with consonant length. The penult has the accent when it ends in a consonant, but if it ends in a vowel it has the accent only if this vowel is long. In hy-dro-phyl-lum (water-leaf) the penult ends in a consonant and hence has the accent, and the vowel is marked short, as the syllable — has consonant length; in hy-dré-phi-la (water-lover) the penult ends in a vowel and this is short; the accent is removed to the antepenult and, as the connecting vowels 7 (in Latin) or o (in Greek) in compound words are short, the antepenult has a short accent. Greek words follow practically the same rules, but un- fortunately they do not always have the same quantity as the corresponding Latin words. For instance, in Latin the y in stylus (in classical Latin better stilus) is short, while in grvXos the y is long. In brevistylis (Latin) the accent is on the antepenult, while in brachystylis (Greek) it is on the penult. A person must not be influenced by the English pronunciation of words similar to or derived from the Latin or Greek scientific terms, as it is very often corrupted. The words Spermatéphyta, Pteridéphyta, etc., have the accent on the antepenult and short 0 and y, while the English Spermdtophyte and Pteridophyte have the accent on the antepenult with a long y in the last syllable. Just the reverse we find in the Greek and Latin Anemdéne and the English Anémone. As stated before, when the penult ends in a consonant, 7. e., when the vowel is followed by two consonants or more, or a double consonant, it always has the accent and this is short. If, however, the vowel is followed by one or no con- sonant, one has to find out whether it is long or short. To determine this one has very often to go to the lexicon. Most of the specific names are Latin or Greek adjective, some are nouns in the genitive case, and a few are old generic names or nouns of barbaric origin. For the last two categories no rules can be given, but the following hints may help in pronouncing the adjectives and geni- tives: The penult is long, as a rule, in the following adjective endings and hence takes the long accent: -dlis,t+ -dnus, -dris, -dtus, -énus, -élus, -inus,f -itus, -dvus, oides, -Ovus, -Osus, ~Wnus, -tines, -urus, -tsus, -Utus. In classical Latin there were very few compound adjectives, but in botanical Latin they are used freely. A few in which the last term has a long vowel in the penult and hence accented, may be mentioned: -fisus, -gliumis, -physus, -florus. The penult has usually a short vowel in the following adjective endings, and hence the accent is removed to the antepenult: -acuws, -eus, -eris, -erus, -eger * This must not be confused with the so-called long English a, for in English nearly all the sounds of a (except the short a as in “‘hat’’) are long. The a in “‘hall’’ is long in English, though not the so-called long sound. In Latin, a word with such a spelling would have consonant length and be denoted with the short accent. In English the a in the names Hall and Haller are pronounced differently, as it is in mall and mallet, but in Latin the a is pronounced the same in Hdilii and Hdlleri. + Only the masculine form is given here, the feminine and neuter forms follow the same rule; —alis and -anus stand for -alis, -alis, -ale, and -anus, -ana, -anum, etc. t Short in serotinus, gossipinus, cannabinus, and others. On the other hand salicinus and cyperinus are usually indicated as long. The classical form of these words were, how- ever, salignus and cyprinus. INTRODUCTION 1X (-egra, -egrum), -icus, -ichus, -idis, -idus, -ilis, -ilus, -imus, -ior, -tus, -wus, -yus. The compound words ending in the following syllables have also a short vowel in the penult: -cladus, -cola, -color, -fera, -ferum, -gera, -gerum, -gynus, -fidus, -filus, ~philus, -lepis, -olens, -pilis, -podus, -stomus, -tomus, -virens, -phytum. If the short connecting vowels 7 (in Latin) and o (in Greek) appear in the penult, they are not accented; when they appear in the antepenult in words with short penult they receive the short accent: drmiger, armigera, spinifer, spinifera. Of course, in adjective endings in which the penult has consonant length, this is accented and the vowel is short: -énsis, -éllus, -illus, -férmis, -éstus, -vster, -éster, eo. The same rule applies to compound words enging in -cdérpus, -réstris, -phyllus. By following the hints given above, any one can accent correctly eighty per cent. of the specific names in this flora. A few words may be said concerning the genitives of personal names and the same remarks apply to generic names dedicated to persons. The usual method of Latinizing a personal name is to add ius (genitive -i7) or, in case of a generic name dedicated to a person, -ia, to it if it ends in a consonant (except 7), and -us (-i) and -a if the name ends in a vowel or r. If the noun ends in -er, as Palmer, it is better to regard this as the proper Latin form with Palmer-i in the genitive. As the 7 in the penult of -i7 and -ia always is short, the accent in such words will always be on the antepenult. Harder to determine is the place of accent if the genitive ends in a single -7 or the generic name in merely -a, as it depends upon whether the penult is long or short. Many botanists pronounce the names derived from persons as they would the family name itself, with the Latin ending added, as Jdmes-i-a and James-i-i, named for James; while the Latin usage would require Ja-mé-si-a and Ja-mé-si-i.. In Latin all syllables are pronounced and the accent can never be further from the end than in the antepenult. It has been a custom to regard the vowel in the antepenult of the endings -eszi, -onii, -inii, -wnit, -elii, etc., and in the penult of -onis, -oni as long. Many include the ending -er?7. This would be perhaps defendable in the case of Berlandiéri, Plumiéri, where the ending er has the accent in French and in plant names dedicated to some German and Scandinavian persons who write their name with an accent on the last syllable, but the author does not think it correct in Palmeri, Boreri, Bréeweri, Warneri, where the English name has a short er and the words in er following the second declen- sion in Latin as a rule had short e in the genitive or dropped it altogether. The author thinks that the four names just mentioned should have the accent on the first syllable. The generic names are much harder to treat. They are old Latin or Greek nouns, or vernacular names, with or without Latin endings, or modified personal names, or compound words (mostly Greek) manufactured according to the whims of the authors. The author saw no other way but to indicate their proper ac- cent in each ease as far as they could be ascertained. Names or AUTHORS The generic and specific names are followed by the names of their authors, usually abbreviated; the abbreviations are explained on pages 1070-8. If an author’s name is placed in parenthesis after a generic name, it means that he published it before 1753 and that it was accepted after that date by the author following the parenthesis (usually Linnaeus). After the specific name, an author’s name in parenthesis signifies that he originally proposed it, either in another genus or else only as a subspecies, variety, or form, and the author follow- ing the parenthesis was the first one to make the accepted combination. Common NAMES The common names are given in most cases after the Latin generic name. denotes a hybrid between the two § Subgenus or section of a genus. species mentioned. MEASUREMENTS 1 mm. = %s inch 1 line = 2 mm. 3 mm. = % inch lg inch = 3 mm. 1em. = % inches il havea = 25) Cram 5 em. = 2 inches 1 span = 1 dm. 1 dm. = 4 inches 1 foot = 3 dm. 1m. = 40 inches or 34% feet 1 yard = 9 dm. 300 m. 2000 feet * Many people use the abbreviation * ‘Alb.”’, but as far as the author has been able to ascertain, the official one is “ Alta.’ + Used in cases of misapplications of names where the author first using it in such a sense has not been ascertained. { Observe the difference between N. M. (New Mexico) and n Mex. (northern Mexico). xil SPERMATOPHYTA SEED-BEARING OR FLOWERING PLANTs. Plants with flowers containing stamens, or pistils, or both, and producing seeds containing an embryonic plant. Alternation of generations not apparent, the gametophyte being exceedingly re- duced. The pollen-grains (microspores) contained in the anther- sacs of the stamens, after liberation and reaching the stigma of the pistil or the naked ovules, germinate and produce a tube, by means of which the egg-cell (macrospore) of the ovules (macrosporange) is fertilized. PAGE Ovules and seeds borne on the surface of an open bract or scale; stigmas wanting. Class I. GYMNOSPERMAE 11 Ovules and seeds in a closed cavity (ovary), formed by one or more united modified leaves, with one or more stigmas at the end. Class II. ANGIOSPERMAE 20 Cotyledons usually single; earlier leaves alternate; leaves mostly parallel-veined; stem endogenous. Subclass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES 20 Cotyledons mostly 2; earlier leaves opposite; leaves mostly netted-veined; stem exogenous. Subclass 2. DICOTYLEDONES 185 KEY TO THE FAMILIES. Class 1. GYMNOSPERMAE. Nakep-sEEDED PLANTS. Perianth none; trees or shrubs with needle- or scale-like leaves not sheathing. Pistillate flowers in aments; fruit a cone, either dry or berry-like. Carpellary scales subtended by bracts, never peltate; ovules inverted; buds scaly; wings of the seeds formed from a portion of the carpellary scales. 1. PINACEAE 11 Carpellary scales not subtended by bracts, mostly peltate or fleshy; ovules erect; buds naked; wings of the seeds, if present, a part of the seed- eee Coat: 2. JUNIPERACEAE 17 Pistillate flowers single or in pairs, without carpellary scales; fruit drupaceous or baccate. 3. TAXACEAE 18 Perianth present, urn-shaped; pistillate flowers single or in pairs; horsetail-like shrubs with jointed branches and the leaves reduced to sheathing scales. 4. EPHEDRACEAE 19 Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE SreEp-vEssELED PLANTS. Subclass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES. Small lens-shaped, ellipsoid, or flask-shaped floating aquatics without leaves. 15. LEMNACEAE 143 Plants with true stems and leaves, the latter however, sometimes scale-like, Perianth rudimentary or degenerate, its members often bristles or mere scales, not corolla-like, or wanting. Flowers not in the axils of dry or chaffy bracts (glumes). Perianth of bristles or chaffy scales. Flowers in elongate terminal spikes; fruit hidden among bristles. , : : 5. TYPHACEAE. 20 Flowers in globose lateral spikes; fruit not hidden among bristles. 6. SPARGANIACEAE 20 Perianth fleshy or herbaceous, or wanting. Flowers in dense spikes subtended by an enlarged bract (spathe) ; fruit baccate; endosperm present; emersed water or bog plants. F - . ARACEAE 143 Flowers, if spicate, not subtended by a spathe; fruit drupaceous; endosperm wanting; submerged water plants. (1) 2 KEY TO THE FAMILIES Gynoecium of distinct carpels; stigma disk-like or cup-like. 7. ZANICHELLIACEAE Gynoecium of united carpels; stigmas 2—4, slender. 8. NAJADACEAE Flowers in the axils of dry or chaffy, usually imbricate bracts (glumes). Leaves 2-ranked, their sheaths with their margins not united; stem mostly hollow; fruit a grain. 12. POACEAE Leaves 3-ranked, their sheaths with united margins; stems solid; fruit an achene. 13. CYPERACEAE Perianth of 2 distinct series, the inner series usually corolloid. Gynoecium of distinct carpels. Petals similar to the sepals; anthers long and narrow; carpels coherent. 9. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE Petals different from the sepals, in ours white; anthers short and thick; carpels not coherent. Gynoecium of united carpels. 10. ALISMACEAE Stamens numerous; water plants with broad netted-veined floating leaf- blades. Stamens 3-6. Ovary and fruit superior. 47. NYMPHAEACEAE Stamens dissimilar, or only 3 with fertile anthers; endosperm mealy Calyx and corolla of free, very different members; stamens free. 16. COMMELINACEAE Calyx and corolla of quite similar members and partly united; stamens partly adnate to the perianth. 17. PONTEDERIACEAE Stamens alike and fertile; endosperm fleshy, horny, or cartilagin- ous. Styles present, distinct or united; stigmas terminal. Styles distinct; capsule septicidal. 18. MELANTHACEAE Styles united, often very short or obsolete during anthesis. Petals and sepals very unlike; capsules septicidal. 24, CALOCHORTACEAE Petals and sepals nearly alike; capsules loculicidal. Sepals and petals chaffy. 19. JUNCAEAE Sepals and petals not chaffy. Herbs with bulbs, corms or rootstocks. Plants with bulbs, or corms, or short erect rootstocks. Flowers in umbels, at first included in and later subtended by a scarious invo- lucre. 20. ALLIACEAE Flowers solitary or racemose, or in Leuco- crinum by shortening of the stem the inflorescence umbel-like, without involucre. 21. LILIACEAE. Plants with elongate horizontal rootstocks. 22. CONVALLARIACEAE Shrubby plants with woody caudices, or trees. Styles wanting. 23. DRACAENACEAE Flowers perfect; plants not climbing. ] Leaves and bracts alternate; plants with bulbs; fruit a capsule. 24. CALOCHORTACEAE Leaves or leaf-like bracts whorled; plants with rootstock; fruit a berry. 25. TRILLIACEAE Flowers dioecious; plants climbing or trailing. Ovary and fruit wholly or partly inferior . 26. SMILACACEAE Flowers regular; androecium not reduced; stamens 3 or more. Aquatic plants, dioecious or polygamous. Land-plants with perfect flowers. Stamens 6; leaves not equitant. Stamens 3; leaves equitant. 11. ELODIACEAE 27. AMARYLLIDACEAE 28. IRIDACEAE Flowers irregular, perfect; terrestrial or epiphytic plants; stamens 1 or 2. 29. ORCHIDACEAE Subclass 2. DICOTYLEDONES. A. Corolla wanting. I. Calyx wanting, at least in the staminate flowers. Herbs. Land plants; styles distinct, cleft or foliaceous; ovaries 3-celled. 74. EUPHORBIACEAE Aquatic plants; styles simple, united into pairs; ovaries 4-celled. Trees or shrubs. : Fruit 1-seeded; seeds without tufts of hairs. 75. CALLITRICHACEAE 157 163 166 169 171 172 173 28 173 173 176 541 547 KEY TO THE FAMILIES Fruit a nut or an achene. 33. CORYLACEAE Fruit a drupe or a samara. 101. OLEACEAE Fruit many-seeded; seeds each with a tuft of hairs. 30. SALICACEAE II. Calyx present at least in the staminate or in the perfect flowers. 1, Flowers, at least the staminate, in aments or ament-like spikes. Plant not parasitic; fruit a nut or an achene. Staminate and pistillate flowers both in aments; fruit not with a bur or cup. Staminate flowers 2 or 3 together in the axils of the bracts, each with a calyx; pistillate flowers without a calyx. 32. BETULACEAE Staminate flowers solitary in the axils of each bract, without a calyx; pistillate flowers with a calyx. 33. CORYLACEAE Staminate flowers in aments; pistillate ones often solitary. Fruit a nut, at least partly enclosed in a cup or bur. 31. FAGACEAE Fruit drupaceous, not enclosed in a cup or bur. (Garrya in) 95. CORNACEAE. Plant parasitic; fruit berry-like. 125. LORANTHACEAE 2, Flowers, at least the staminate, not in aments. a. Ovary superior. Gynoecium of 1, or several and distinct carpels; stigma and style of each solitary. Carpel solitary. vary meilher enclosed nor seated in a hypanthium or a calyx- tube. Flowers not solitary in the axils of the leaves; land plants. Plants with scarious stipules; flowers cymose. 43. CORRIGIOLACEAE. Plants not with scarious stipules; flowers clustered. 36. URTICACEAE Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves; aquatic plants. 46. CERATOPHYLLACEAE Ovary enclosed in or seated in a hypanthium or a calyx-tube. Stamens borne under the gynoecium; calyx corolla--like; herbs. 40. NYCTAGINIACEAE Stamens borne on the hypanthium or adnate to the calyx- tube; calyx not corolla-like; shrubs. Hypanthium becoming fleshy in fruit, enclosing the tail-less achenes; calyx 4-merous; stamens 4 or 8; leaves silvery-scurfy. 89. ELAEAGNACEAE Hypanthium not becoming fleshy; achenes tailed; calyx 5-merous; leaves not scurfy. (Coleogyne and Cercocarpus in) 60. ROSACEAE Carpels several. Stamens inserted below the ovary. (Genera in) 48. RANUNCULACEAE Stamens inserted on the edge of a cup-shaped hypanthium. (Genera in) 60. ROSACEAE Gynoecium of 2 or several united carpels; stigmas or styles 2 or several. Ovary, by abortion, 1-celled and 1-ovuled. Leaves with sheathing stipules (ocreae). 37. POLYGONACEAE Leaves estipulate, or stipules, if present, not sheathing. Trees or shrubs; ovary not seated in a hypanthium. 34. ULMACEAE Herbs or vines. Stipules herbaceous; inflorescence spicate or racemose; leaf-blades palmately veined. 35. CANNABINACEAE Stipules scarious, or hyaline, or none; inflorescence cymose: leaf-blades pinnately veined. Fruit a utricle, or achene, circumscissile or bursting irregularly. Stipules wanting. Flowers subtended by an involucre formed by more or less united bracts. 37. POLYGONACEAE Flowers not involucrate. Bracts not scarious. 38. CHENOPODIACEAE Bracts scarious. 39. AMARANTHACEAE Stipules present, scarious. 43. CORRIGIOLACEAE 816 207 210 239 253, 267 4 KEY TO THE FAMILIES Fruit a capsule, dehiscent by apical or longitudinal valves. 44. ALSINACEAE Ovary several-celled, or with several placentae, several-ovuled. Stamens hypogynous, inserted under the gynoecium in the per- fect flowers, not on a disk in the staminate flowers. Flowers perfect. Stamens not tetradynamous. Stamens 2; inflorescence spicate. (Besseya in) 117. SCROPHULARIACEAE Stamens 3-10; inflorescence cymose or axillary. Ovary 1-celled. Placentae parietal; pistils 2-carpillary. 57. SAXIFRAGACEAE Placentae central or basal; pistils of 3—5 car- pels. Calyx not petaloid, of 4 or 5 distinct sep- als. 44, ALSINACEAE Calyx more or less petaloid, campanulate, merely 5-lobed. 5 (Glauz in) 100. PRIMULACEAE Ovary 3-—5-celled; leaves verticillate. 41. TETRAGONIACEAE Stamens tetradynamous. (Apetalous species in) 52. BRASSICACEAE Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 74. EUPHORBIACEAE Stamens perigynous or epigynous, inserted on the margin of a hypanthium or a disk. Fruit a samara. 78. ACERACEAE Fruit drupe-like or berry-like. (Apetalous speciesin) 79. RHAMNACEAE b. Ovary inferior. Flowers not in involucrate heads. Fruit a berry, or a drupe, or nut-like. Shrubs, with scurfy and usually silvery leaves. 89. ELAEAGNACEAE Herbs, not with scurfy leaves. Stamens as many as the perianth-members and alternate with them, or fewer. 41. TETRAGONIACEAE. Stamens as many as the perianth-members and opposite them, or twice as many; water plants. Water plants, with whorled leaves. 92. HALORAGIDACEAE Land plants, parasitic or saprophytic, with alternate leaves. 126. SANTALACEAE Fruit a capsule. Sepals as many as the ovary-cavities, or one-half as many. Hypanthium merely enclosing the ovary. 90. LYTHRACEAE Hypanthium adnate to the ovary. 91. ONAGRACEAE Sepals not of the same number as the ovary-cavities. Styles 2; leaves alternate. 57. SAXIFRAGACEAB Styles 6; leaves 2, basal. 128. ARISTOLCCHIACEAE Flowers, at least the staminate, in involucrate heads. Calyx corolla-like. 40. NYCTAGINACEAE Calyx not corolla-like. 133. AMBROSIACEAE B. Corolla present. I. Petals distinct, at least at the base. 1. Carpels solitary, or several and distinct, or united only at the base. Stamens at the base of the receptacle, i. e., hypogynous. Plants with relatively firm stems and leaves, not succulent. Stamens numerous; anther-sacs opening by slits. Submerged water plants with minute axillary sessile monoe- cious flowers; anthers with horn-like appendages. 46. CERATOPHYLLACEAE Land plants or rarely water plants with perfect or rarely dioecious flowers; anthers not with horn-like appendages. 48. RANUNCULACEAE Stamens definite (in ours 6) ; anther-sacs opening by hinged-valves. 49, BERBERIDACEAE Plants with succulent stems and leaves. 55. CRASSULACEAE Stamens on the margin of a hypanthium (the hypanthium very small in some Saxifragaceae). Flowers regular or nearly so (actinomorphic). Endorsperm present, usually copious and fleshy. Herbs; stipules mostly wanting. Carpels as many as the sepals; succulent plants. 55. CRASSULACEAE 268 760 376 581 261 605 817 582 583 376 821 255 827 284 285 315 373 373 KEY TO THE FAMILIES ) Carpels fewer than the sepals, 2 or rarely 3, distinct or only partly united; plant scarcely succulent. 57. SAXIFRAGACEAE 376 Shrubs or trees; fruit thin-walled follicles; stipules present. (Opulaster in) 60. ROSACEAE 399 Endosperm wanting or scant; stipules mostly present. Carpels several or numerous, or, if solitary, becoming an achene. 60. ROSACEAE 399 Carpel solitary, not becoming an achene. Ovary 2-ovuled; fruit-a drupe; leaves simple. 62. AMYGDALACEAE 450 Ovary several-ovuled; fruit a legume; leaves pinnately compound. 63. MIMOSACEAE 452 Flowers irregular (mostly zygomorphic). Upper petal enclosed by the lateral ones in the bud; corolla not papilionaceous. 64. CAESALPINIACEAE 453 Upper petal enclosing the lateral ones in bud; corolla papilionace- ous. 65. FABACEAE 454 2. Carpels several and united. a. Ovary superior. * Stamens inserted at the base of the ovary or receptacle. + Stamens numerous. Sepals imbricate. Filaments united in 3 or more sets; leaves pellucid-punctate. 82. HYPERICACEAE 563 Filaments distinct; leaves not punctate. Calyx deciduous. 50. PAPAVERACEAE 316 Calyx persistent. Stigmas distinct or united, but not discoid; land plants; petals and sepals 4. 53. CAPPARIDACEAE 370 Stigmas united into a disk; aquatic plants; petals and sepals numerous. 47. NYMPHAEACEAE 284 Sepals valvate; stamens with united filaments. 81. MALVACEAE 556 ++ Stamens few, not over twice as many as the petals. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them. Anther-sacs opening by hinged valves. 49. BERBERIDACEAE 315 Anther-sacs opening by slits. Flowers monoecious. 74. EUPHORBIACEAE 541 Flowers perfect. 42. PORTULACACEAE 262 Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or more, sometimes twice as many. Stamens 6 or less; petals 4: sepals 2 or 4. Sepals 2; endosperm present; flowers irregular; stamens diadelphous. 51. FUMARIACEAE 319 Sepals 4, rarely more; endosperm wanting; flowers regular. Capsule 2-celled; stamens tetradynamous, rarely 2 or 4. 52. BRASSICACEAE 321 Capsule 1-celled; stamens not tetradynamous. 53. CAPPARIDACEAE 370 Stamens, petals, and sepals of the same number, or sta- mens more, usually twice as many as the sepals or petals. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules, or seeds, on basal or central placentae. Sepals 2; or, if more (in Lewisia), plant scapose, with fleshy basal leaves and the flowers soli- tary on a jointed scape. 42. PORTULACACEAE 262 Sepals 4-5; plants leafy-stemmed. Sepals distinct; petals not clawed; ovary sessile. 44. ALSINACEAE 268 Sepals united; petals clawed; ovary more or less distinctly stipitate. 45. CARYOPHYLLACEAE 280 Ovules, or seeds, on parietal placentae. Stamens with united filaments and no stamin- odia. 81. MALVACEAE 555 Stamens with distinct filaments. Staminodia present. 56. PARNASSIACEAE 375 KEY TO THE FAMILIES Staminodia wanting. ' Stigmas 2-cleft; plants insectivorous, with glandular-hispid leaves. 54. DROSERACEAE Stigmas entire; land plants, not insectiv- orous; leaves not glandular-hispid. Styles in ours distinct. Sepals persistent, united into a tube; leaves not pellucid-dotted. 84. FRANKENIACEAE Sepals distinct; leaves pellucid- dotted. 82. HYPERICACEAE Styles wholly united. Corolia regular or nearly so; sta- mens 8 or more. Sepals and petals 4; the latter not fugaceous. 53. CAPPARIDACEAE Sepals and petals 3 or 5; the latter fugaceous. 85. CISTACEAE Corolla irregular; one petal spurred; stamens 5. 86. VIOLACEAE Ovary Several-celled. Stamens adnate to the gynoecium. 106. ASCLEPIADACEAE Stamens not adnate to the gynoecium. Stamens with wholly or partly united filaments. Anthers opening lengthwise; corolla regular. Leaves punctate; filaments polyadelphous, i. €., united in three or more bundles. 82. HYPERICACEAE Leaves not punctate; filaments monadel- phous, 7. e., united in a single bundle Styles united around a central column from which they break at matur- ity. 66. GERANIACEAE Styles distinct or permanently and partly united; the tips and the stigmas free. Leaves simple; stamens 5. 68. LINACEAE Leaves compound; stamens 10-15. 67. OXALIDACEAE Anthers opening by pores; corolla irregular. 73. POLYGALACEAE Stamens with distinct filaments. Anthers united; flowers irregular. 69. BALSAMINACEAE Anthers distinct; flowers regular or nearly so. Anthers opening by pores. Gynoecium superior; fruit usually cap- sular. Herbaceous saprophytes without green leaves. 97. MONOTROPACEAE Herbs with green leaves and root- stocks. 96. PYROLACEAE Gynoecium inferior; fruit baccate or drupaceous. 99. VACCINIACEAE Anthers opening by slits. Stigmas or styles distinct and cleft, or foliaceous. 74. EUPHORBIACEAE Stigmas or styles distinct or united, neither cleft nor foliaceous. Style wanting; dwarf water plants. 83. ELATINACEAE Styles present; not water herbs. Stamens 2, rarely 3. 101. OLEACEAE Stamens more than 3. Leaves punctate with trans- lucent dots. 72. RUTACEAE Leaves without translucent dots. 372 564 563 370 565 565 669 563 530 534 533 540 536 638 635 643 541 564 655 539 KEY TO THE FAMILIES Calyx irregular, one of the sepals spurred or saccate; anthers united around the stigma. 69. BALSAMINACEAE Calyx regular; none of the sepals saccate; anthers distinct. Style basal, arising between the nearly distinct lobes of the ovary; leaves odd- pinnate. 70. LIMNANTHACEAE Styles not basal; leaves in ours abruptly pinnate, or ° digitate. 71. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE ** Stamens inserted on the margin of a disk or hypanthium (perigy- nous or hypogynous). Styles and upper part of the ovaries distinct. 57. SAXIFRAGACEAE Styles united. 2 Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them. b4 Fruit a samara. 78. ACERACEAE E Fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule. Sepals manifest; petals involute; fruit capsular or dru- paceous; ours shrubs or trees. 79. RHAMNACEAE Sepals minute or obsolete; petals valvate; fruit a berry; : ours vines with tendrils. 80. VITACEAE A Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or ; more. Hypanthium flat or obsolete; disk fleshy. Styles united, arising in the center, between the nearly distinct lobes of the ovary; small hydrophytic plants. 70. LIMNANTHACEAE Styles not arising between the ovaries; trees or shrubs. Plants without secreting glands in the bark. Plants with resiniferous tissue; fruit drupaceous; seeds without aril; leaves in ours compound. 77. ANACARDIACEAE Plants without resiniferous tissue; fruit a loculic- idal capsule; seed with a fleshy aril; leaves simple. 76. CELASTRACEAE Plants with secreting glands in the bark. 72. RUTACEAE Hypanthium cup-shaped or campanulate; disk obsolete or inconspicuous. 90. LYTHRACEAE 2. Ovary at least partly inferior. a. Stamens numerous. Ovary partly inferior. Fruit a capsule. 58. HYDRANGEACEAE Fruit a pome. 61. MALACEAE Ovary wholly inferior. Sepals and petals 4 or 5, very unlike each other; leaves ample. Trees or shrubs; fruit fleshy. 61. MALACEAE Herbs with rigid hairs; fruit capsular. 87. LOASACEAE Sepals and petals nearly alike, at least the latter numerous: q leaves typically and in all ours mere scales or wanting; suc- culent plants armed with spines. 88. CACTACEAE b. Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals. Styles wanting; stigmas sessile. 92. HALORIGIDACEAE Styles present. 5 Plants without tendrils. Styles distinct. Ovules several in each cavity of the ovary; fruit a cap- sule or a fleshy many-seeded berry. Fruit, if dehiscent, valvate. Leaves opposite; fruit a leathery capsule. HYDRANGEACEAE Leaves alternate; fruit a berry. 59. GROSSULARIACEAE Fruit circumscissile. 42. PORTULACACEAE Ovules solitary in each cavity of the ovary; fruit a drupe or 2—5 more or less united achenes. Fruit drupaceous or baccate; gynoecium 1-several- carpellary, if 2-carpellary the stigmas introrse. 4 ae 536 537 538 537 550 392 394 262 KEY TO THE FAMILIES Ovule with a ventral raphe; leaves mostly alter- nate; blades lobed or compound. 94. ARALIACEAE Ovule with a dorsal raphe; leaves mostly op- posite; blades entire or merely toothed. 95. CORNACEAE Fruit dry, a cremocarp; gynoecium 2-carpellary; stigmas terminal. 93. AMMIACEAE Styles united, or single. Ovary enclosed in or surpassed by the hypanthium or adnate to it. Anthers opening by pores; fruit a berry. 99. VACCINIACEAE Anthers opening by slits; fruit a capsule. Ovary with parietal placentae. 87. LOASACEAE Ovary with central or basal placentae. Hypanthium merely enclosing the ovary. 90. LYTHRACEAE Hypanthium adnate to the ovary. 91. ONAGRACEAE Ovary exceeding the hypanthium, the top free. 58. HYDRANGIACEAE Plants with tendrils; fruit a pepo; leaf-blades palmately veined. 129. CUCURBITACEAE II. Petals more or less united. A. Ovary superior. 1. Stamens free from the corolla. Gynoecium of a single carpel; corolla papilionaceous. 65. FABACEAE Gynoecium of several united carpels. Filaments united. Stamens diadelphous. 51. FUMARIACEAE Stamens monadelphous. Anther-sacs opening by slits; calyx and corolla regular. 67. OXALIDACEAE Anther-sacs opening by pores; calyx and corolla very irregular. 73. POLYGALACEAE Filaments distinct. is Corolla regular; anthers distinct. Herbaceous saprophytes, without green leaves. 97. MONOTROPACEAE Herbs or shrubs with green leaves. Corolla of essentially distinct petals, 7. e., united only at the base; herbs with rootstocks. 96. PYROLACEAE Corolla of distinctly united petals; shrubs. 98. ERICACEAE Corolla irregular; one of the petals free; anthers united. 69. BALSAMINACEAE 2. Stamens partially adnate to the corolla. a. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them, or twice as many or more; ovary 1-celled; placentae central or basal. 100. PRIMULACEAE b. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, or fewer. * Corolla not scarious, veiny; fruit various, but not a pyxis. } Carpels distinct, except sometimes at the apex. Styles united; stamens distinct or gynandrous. 105. APOCYNACEAE Styles distinct; stamens monadelphous. 106. ASCLEPIADACEAE +t Carpels united. Ovary 1-celled, with central placentae. Corolla-lobes convolute or imbricated in the bud; leaves typically opposite and simple. 103. GENTIANACEAE Corolla-lobes induplicate-valvate in the bud; leaves al- ternate, in ours mostly basal and trifoliolate. 104. MENYANTHACEAE Ovary 2-3-celled, or falsely 4-celled, or if 1-celled with parietal placentae. Stamens 2, opposite to each other; corolla regular. 101. OLEACEAE Stamens usually more than 2, if only 2 not opposite to each other and the corolla irregular. Leaves with stipules or stipular lines. 102. LOGANIACEAE 633 634 606 643 569 582 583 392 821 454 319 533 540 638 635 639 536 646 667 669 657 667 655 657 TO yn p7P MITE EI RM SE eee cs FE +S A andes Ceti % a _ 42% KEY TO THE FAMILIES Leaves without traces of stipules. Stamens 5, if only 3-4, not didynamous. Fruit a capsule or berry; ovary not 4-lobed. Styles or stigmas usually distinct. Parasitic twining plants, with scale- like leaves. 108. CUSCUTACEAE Plants not parasitic; leaves normal. Inflorescence not scorpioid; flowers cymose or solitary; ovary 2-3 celled. Corolla plaited and the plaits convolute in the bud; flow- ers axillary, solitary or cymose-conglomerate; plants usually twining. 107. CONVOLVULACEAE Corolla merely convolute in the bud, not plaited; flowers cymose; plants never twin- ing. 109. POLEMONIACEAE Inflorescence more or less dis- tinctly scorpioid; ovary in ours 1-celled or imperfectly 2-celled. Fruit a capsule. 110. HYDROPHYLLACEAE Fruit more or less drupaceous. 111. EHRETIACEAE Styles and stigmas wholly united. Ovules few. 109. CONVOLVULACEAE Ovules numerous. Median axis of the gynoecium in the same plane as the axis of the stem; seeds mostly pitted. 116. SOLANACEAE Median axis of the gynoecium not in the same plane as the axis of the stem; seed tuberculate. (Verbascum in) 117. SCROPHULARIACEAE Fruit of 1—4 nutlets; ovary more or less dis- tinctly 4-lobed. Style or stigma furnished with a glandular ring. 112. HELIOTROPACEAE Style or stigma not furnished with a glandular ring. Fruit 4 dry nutlets. 113. BORAGINACEAE Fruit more or less drupaceous. 111. EHRETIACEAE Stamens 4 and didynamous, or 2 or 1. Stamens 2 and opposite to each other; corolla regular. 101. OLEACEAE Stamens, if 2, not opposite to each other, nor the corolla regular. Carpels ripening into 2 or 4 nutlets, an achene, or a drupe. Style apical on the lobeless ovary. 114. VERBENACEAE Style arising between the 4 lobes of the ovary. 115. LAMIACEAE Carpels ripening into a capsule. Placentae of the ovary axile. Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3—5-celled; land-plants. 117. SCROPHULARIACEAE Ovary i-celled: ours submerged water plants or bog plants. 118. LENTIBULARIACEAE Placentae of the ovary parietal. Herbs parasitic on the roots of other plants; leaves scale-like, not green. 119. OROBANCHACEAE Herbs with green leaves, not para- sitic. 120. MARTYNIACEAE 677 679 760 760 801 10 KEY TO THE FAMILIES ** Corolla scarious, veinless; fruit a pyxis. 121. PLANTAGINACEAE B. Ovary inferior. Stamens with the filaments free from the corolla. Stamens 10; anther-sacs opening by terminal pores or chinks. 99. VACCINIACEAE Stamens 5 or fewer; anther-sacs opening by longitudinal slits. Corolla regular; anthers distinct. 130. CAMPANULACEAE Corolla irregular; anthers united. 131. LOBELIACEAE Stamens adnate to the corolla. Ovary with 2-many fertile cavities and 2-many ovules; calyx un- modified, at least not a pappus. Plants tendril-bearing. 129. CUCURBITACEAE Plants not tendril-bearing. ’ Owales eaeeye on basal placentae; plants parasitic or saprophy- ic. Leaves opposite; fruit a berry; tree-parasites. 125. LORANTHACEAE Leaves alternate; fruit a drupe or nut; root-parasites or saprophytes. 126. SANTALACEAE Ovules variously borne, but not on a basal placenta; plants not parasitic. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes. Leaves with stipules (often leaf-like and usually re- garded as leaves) adnate to the stem between the leaf-bases. 122. RUBIACEAE Leaves without stipules or if present these adnate to the petioles. 123. CAPRIFOLIACEAE Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes; low herbs with ternately dissected leaves. 124. ADOXACEAE Ovary with one fertile cavity; calyx often modified into a pappus. Flowers not in heads, often in head-like spikes or racemes. 127. VALERIANACEAE Flowers in involucrate heads. Flowers all with tubular corollas or none, or only the ray- flowers with ligulate corollas. Stamens distinct. Flowers hermaphrodite, surrounded by a cup-like in- volucel; anthers versatile. 132. DIPSACEAE Flowers unisexual, not involucellate; anthers basifixed. 133. AMBROSIACEAE Stamens united by the anthers, or if distinct (in Kuhnia) the flowers hermaphrodite and anthers basifixed. 134. CARDUACEAE Flowers all with ligulate corollas. 135. CICHORIACEAE 804 643 822 824 821 816 817 806 810 816 818 827 827 833 1015 Class 1. GYMNOSPERMAE. NakeEbD-SEEDED PLANTS. Ovules naked, inserted on the upper side of an open, mostly flat, more or less developed scale, not enclosed in an ovary. Pollen- grains divide into two or more cells, of which one produces a pollen- tube; this fertilizes the ovule directly. All trees or shrubs, most of them evergreen. Family 1. PINACEAE. Pine Famtity. Resinous trees or shrubs, mostly with evergreen, needle-shaped or linear leaves. Stamens several together, subtended by a scale, forming elongated aments; filaments more or less united; anthers usually 2-celled; pollen-grains globose, ellipsoid, or lobed. Pistillate aments consisting of usually numer- ous spirally disposed scales subtended by bracts.. Ovules inverted, usually 2 at the base of each scale. Fruit a dry cone. Seeds usually 2 at the base of each scale, often samara-like; wing formed by a part of the scale. Leaves several together (in one species solitary), surrounded by a sheath at the base; cones maturing the second year. Cone-scales with dorsal, usually spine-armed appendages. Seeds with elongated wings attached to the seeds when they fall; leaves mostly with two fibro-vascular bundles. 1. PINUS. Seeds with narrow or rudimentary wings, which remain attached to the scales when the seeds fall; leaves with a single fibro-vascular bundle. 2. CARYOPITYS. Cone-scales with inconspicuous terminal unarmed appendages. Seeds with rudimentary wings attached to the scales; cones subsessile, spreading. 3. APINUS. Seeds with well-developed wings, which remain attached to the seeds; cones dis- tinctly stalked, pendulous. 4. STROBUS. Leaves not surrounded by sheaths; cones maturing the first year. Leaves in fascicles at the ends of short branches, deciduous. 5. LARIX. Leaves scattered along the branches, persistent. Branches smooth, not roughened by persistent leaf-bases. J Cones erect, their scales and bracts deciduous from the persistent axis; leaves sessile with circular leaf-scars. 6. ABIES. Cones pendulous, their scales and bracts persistent; leaves petioled with trans- versal oval leaf-scars. 7. PSEUDOTSUGA. Branches roughened by persistent leaf-bases (sterigmata). Leaf-blades petioled with a single dorsal duct; anthers opening transversely; seeds with resin-vesicles. Leaves flat, with stomata only on the lower side, 2-ranked by twisting of the petioles; cones small, drooping. 8. TSUGA. Leaves not much flattened, keeled on the lower side, with stomata on both sides, spreading in all directions; cones elongated, erect at least at first. 9. HESPEROPEUCE. Leaf-blades sessile, with two lateral ducts, in ours 4-angled and spreading in all directions; anthers opening longitudinally; seeds wultoue resin-vesicles. 10. ICEA. 1. PINUS (Tourn.) L. Harp Pines, Pitcu Pres. Monoecious evergreen trees or rarely shrubs, with two kinds of leaves, the primary leaves chaff-like, deciduous, the secondary ones green, needle-shaped, usually with two fibro-vascular bundles (in all ours except in P. aristata), in fascicles of 2-5, surrounded by a sheath, which is usually persistent. Staminate aments elongated, at the ends of branches of the preceding year; anthers 2- celled, opening longitudinally; pollen-grains 3-celled, the two lateral cells empty. Pistillate aments globose or oblong, sessile or nearly so, below the terminal bud or on the young twigs. Cones in ours subsessile, maturing the second autumn; scales thick, spreading at maturity, with a dorsal appendage or thickening, usually armed with a spine or at least a tubercle. Seeds samara-like, with the wing remaining attached to the seed. (11) 12 PINACEAE Leaves in 4’s or 5's, with solitary fibro-vascular bundles and more or less deciduous sheaths; spines of the cone-scales long and slender. 1. P. aristata. Leaves in 2’s or 3's, with usually two fibro-vascular bundles and persistent sheaths; spines of the cone-scales short or none. Cones 6-15 cm. long and 5—6 cm. in diameter; leaves 8—25 cm. long. Leaves 12—25 cm. long; cones 8-15 cm. long, elongated-ovoid. 2. P. ponderosa. Leaves 8-15 cm. long; cones 6—9 cm. long, rounded-ovoid. 3. P. scopulorum. Cones 3—5 ecm. long and about 3 cm. in diameter. Cones spreading, or somewhat reflexed; scales with evident dorsal spines. 4. P. Murrayana. Cones erect, more or less incurved; scales unarmed or nearly so, at least at matur- ity. 5. P. Banksiana. 1. P. aristata Engelm. A low stunted tree, 3-15 m. high; bark of the trunks dull reddish brown, shallowly furrowed; that of the smaller trunks and limbs smooth, milky-white; leaves dark green above, glaucous beneath, 3-4 em. long, in fascicles of 5, crowded toward the ends of the branches; staminate flowers orange-red; pistillate ones dark purple; cones sessile, 7-10 cm. long, ellipsoid, obtuse; scales with a thickened purple-brown back. BrisTLE-coNnE Pine. High mountains: Colo.—N.M.—Calif—Nev. Mont——/Subalp. 2. P. ponderosa Dougl. A tree 35-60 m. high, with a trunk 1-2 m. in diameter; bark in older trees 5-10 em. thick, dark brown, separating into cin- namon-red scales; leaves in fascicles of 3, yellowish green, 12-25 cm. long; staminate flowers yellow; pistillate ones dark red; cones broadly ellipsoid, hori- zontal, subsessile, 1-1.5 dm. long. Buti Pine. Slopes and valleys: B.C.— Mont.—Ida.—Calif. Submont. 3. P. scopulorum (Engelm.) Lemmon. A tree 25-30 m. high; bark thick, deeply divided into plates; leaves in 2’s or 3’s, yellowish green, 8-15 em. long; staminate flowers yellow; pistillate ones purple; cones conic-ovoid, horizontal. P. ponderosa scopulorum Engelm. Rock Ping, Butt Pine. Hills and moun- tains: §.D.—Neb.—N. M.—Ariz.—Mont. Submont.—Mont. 4. P. Murrayana Balf. A tree 20-30 m., sometimes 45 m. high; bark of the trunk about 5 mm. thick, close and firm, covered with appressed scales, orange- brown; branches light orange; leaves yellowish green, 3-7 cm., usually about 5 cm. long; flowers orange-red; cones spreading, 3-4 cm. long, short-ovoid. P. contorta Murrayana Engelm. LopGeE-poLe Pine. Hills and mountains: Sask. (Cypress Hills)—Colo.—Calif.—Alaska. Mont. 5. P. Banksiana Lamb. A tree 10-20 m., rarely 30 m. high; bark dark brown, tinged with red, irregularly furrowed; leaves in rather remote clusters of 2, dark green, 2-3 em. long; staminate flowers yellow; pistillate ones dark purple; cones conic-ovoid, erect and incurved, 3-5 em. long, dull purple or green, turn- ing yellow and shining. P. divaricata (Ait.) Gordon. Gray or NORTHERN Scrus Ping, BANKSIAN Pine. Sandy soil: N.S.—n N.Y.—Minn.—Alta.—Mack. Boreal. 2. CARYOPITYS Small. Nurt-pinus, PrNons. Monoecious evergreen trees or shrubs, with 2 kinds of leaves as in Pinus; secondary leaves with solitary fibro-vascular bundles, in fascicles of 2-4, or in one species usually solitary, surrounded by a deciduous sheath. Staminate aments as in the preceding. Pistillate cones subsessile just below the terminal bud; scales in rather few series. Cones maturing the second season; scales becoming leathery, thick, with a dorsal thickening, usually with a small spine- tip. Seeds large and edible, with a very narrow wing or mere margin, remain- ing attached to the seale when the seed falls. Cones about 3 em. long; leaves usually in pairs, seldom in threes. 1. C. edulis. Cones 4—5 cm. long; leaves singly or sometimes in pairs. 2. C. monophylla. 1. C. edulis (Engelm.) Small. A tree 6-12 m. high; bark of the trunk divided into ridges and brown scales; that of the young branches orange or yel- low; foliage-leaves in clusters of 2’s, rarely in 3’s, semi-terete or triangular, 2—4 em. long; staminate flowers dark red; cones very short-peduncled, spreading, short-ovoid, 2-4 em. long, almost as wide. Pinus edulis Engelm. Pr1Non, Nut- PINE. Foot-hills: Wyo.—w Tex.—Ariz.—Utah; Mex. Son.—Submont. a PINE FAMILY 13 2. C. monophylla (Torr. & Frem.) Rydb. A tree usually 4-6 m., rarely up to 15 m. high; bark irregularly furrowed, brown, tinged with red or orange; branches smooth, light gray or yellowish; leaves single or in pairs, yellowish green, incurved, 3-5 cm. long, when single terete, when in pairs flat and glaucous on the inside; staminate flowers reddish; cones depressed-ovoid, 3-6 cm. long. P. monophylla Torr. & Frem. ONr-LEAVED PrNon. Dry hillsides and slopes: Utah—Ariz.—L. Calif—Nev. Son.—Submont. 3. APINUS Necker. CremBra PINES. Monoecious trees or shrubs, with two kinds of leaves as in Pinus; secondary leaves with single fibro-vascular bundles, in fascicles of 5. Staminate aments as in Pinus. Pistillate cones subsessile below the terminal bud; scales in sev- eral series. Cones maturing the second season, spreading; scales more or less thickened, but without dorsal thickening or spine. Seeds large, edible, with a oe short wing or mere margin remaining attached to the scale when the seeds fall. Cones 8-15 cm. long; scales neither much thickened nor impressed around the scar, spreading at maturity. 1. A. flezilis. Cones 5-8 cm. long; scales much thickened and impressed around the terminal scar, remaining closed. 2. A. albicaulis. 1. A. flexilis (James) Rydb. A tree 10-15 m. high; bark of the old trunks blackish or dark brown, deeply furrowed between rectangular blocks; that of the branches light gray, shining, smooth; leaves dark green, crowded at the ends of the branches, 3.5-7 cm. long; staminate flowers reddish; pistillate flowers red- purple; cones 8-25 em. long, ovoid, short-stalked; scales somewhat thickened, opening at maturity, exposed portion greenish or yellowish brown, unexposed portion pale red. Pinus flexilis James. Limsper Pine. High mountains: Alta.—w Tex.—se Calif. Submont.—Subalp. 2. A. albicaulis (Engelm.) Rydb. A tree 1-10 m. high, rarely 15 m. high, sometimes in exposed situations a mere sprawling shrub; bark of the trunks thin, slightly if at all fissured, ashy; that of the branches yellowish, downy; leaves crowded near the ends of the branches, dark green, 4-6 cm. long; flowers scarlet; cones ovoid, horizontal, sessile, dark purple; scales much thickened, re- maining closed. P. albicaulis Engelm. Wuire Bark or Nour Pine. High exposed mountains: Alta—n Wyo.—Calif—B.C. Mont.—Subalp. 4. STROBUS Opiz. Wutre Pines. Monoecious evergreen trees, with two kinds of leaves as in Pinus; secondary leaves mostly with a single fibro-vascular bundle, in fascicles of 5, surrounded at the base by deciduous sheathing bud-scales. Staminate aments as in Pinus. Pistillate cones stalked, borne behind the terminal bud; scales in many series. Cones maturing the second season, drooping; scales becoming leathery, wit hout dorsal See: orspine. Seeds witha well-developed wing remaining attached to the seed. 1. S. monticola (Dougl.) Rydb. A tree often 30 m., rarely 45 m. high, with a trunk 7-12 dm. in diameter; bark of the trunk 2-3 em. thick, grayish purple to cinnamon-colored; leaves bluish green, whitened by 2—6 rows of stomata, 5-10 em. long; staminate flowers yellow; pistillate cones purple, 1.5—2.5 dm. long; tips of scales reddish- or yellowish-brown, lower and inside portions bright red. P. monticola Dougl. Western Wuite Pine. Mountains: B.C.—nw Mont.— Ida.—s Calif. Submont.—Mont. 5. LARIX (Tourn.) Adans. Larcu, TAMARACK. Slender deciduous monoecious trees. Leaves needle-shaped, soft, very many in each fascicle, developed in early spring from lateral scaly buds. Staminate aments terminating short lateral branches of the preceding year, from naked buds. Anthers 2-celled, opening transversely; pollen-grains 1-celled, globular. Pistillate aments crimson, usually subtended by leaves; cone-scales persistent. Seeds samara-like; wings attached to the seeds. 4 PINACBAE Cenmes t-2 em, lume, sudsiedese: their scales few, manger thew they hanatas Bee ves Sangied. bass ih evuitd: Shee anna 2 =f Lance: quadrameunr : bananas Gaenannane. S DL. Cyeiiee - + ea ee A tree 15-25 m. high, with « trumk 3-6 dm im diameter: bark ef the trumk separating inte reduish brown or ashy sealeey — twigs smeoth, at fiest whitish, turnamge yellowish brown: Laures in chao 20, summewhat = Trdgeet beneath, 2-3 em. long, brught green: comes russet- brown, 1.5-2 em. > stales about 20, ebovate, erese, twice as long as the bracts. L. cicanas Wiehx. Tawamxcs, Awemrcan Lasce. Swamps: Lab— Mass. —Ps.—Ill—Sask—Alsska. Boreal—Suderct. g. L. eceidentalis Nutt. A tree with a narrew crown, usually 30-30 m. bach, fy GO-TU me. high, with a trumk 1@-15 dim. thick: bark ef the trumk thick, «Folate cinmameon-brown; twigs dark er graytsh brown; leawes tm each cluster, pale greenish yellow, 3-3 em. long, triangular, ridged em their — immer face: cumes 3—t em. long, short-peduneled: seales villous below the middle outside, ebevate, with refexed sherter tham the bracts; the latter lanceolate, Steethed at the apex. Wassteaw Lares. Wet or gravelly = en mountain sides and valleys: BLIC—aw Mont.—Ore. Studment—Moent S. L. Lyall Pari. A tree 1O1S m. high, with s trunk 25-6 dan im diam eter, rarely 20 m. high; bark of the trunk shghtly Seneeed, pees Se brew; > pale gray, s smeoth, witte-vilous for ut twe sessems>; leaves Ain. of pale biue~greem, 3—t em. long, 30440 im each cluster: comes ellip~ suid, +3 em. long, subsessile er short tumentuse> scales eber eruse, reddish purple, rarely green; bracts much Junger, Slebed. Lana's High mountaim slopes, near timberlinmes BLC—Alta.—Ment—an Ore. Stubela 6 ABIES (Tourn) Hill Fr, Bansus Moneecious evergreem trees with spreading branches. Leaves finttened, leaving rounded scars em the smeoth branches (witheut stertgmata), with 2 longitucinal resin~duets and sulttary fiire-wasculir bundles, these of the Lateral branches app ranked by the twisting ef the base, these of the ceme-beam branches \ curved upward and sherter. Staminate aments im the axus of the nae af the preceding year, subtended by umbricate bracts: sacs opening transversely er nearly sa. Pistilliste aments Lateral, ereety comes maturing the first year, erect; seales and bracts deetdueus at maturity. sumarelke> wings remaining attached te the seedi. Resitsiuets ef the leaves withitz the soft tissues, remote fhenn the Bracts longer tam the ceme-scales> leaves dark creem adewe, a AL luisamea, Bracts much sherter tham the come-scales> leaves bivescreem and RCUUS. Bart ef the trunk tard, met curky > Cume-scales longer than 2 A. lusiveurza Bark of the trumit elastic, cerky> come-seales broader tham long. = A. artzeniea. Resinniucts ef the leaves clase te the epiierunis em the lower Bracts edcordate with a Shert acumination: leaves (except these af — ae Dranmches) e ate, dark greem above, wihite Deneatih. X. grams. Bracts trumceate with & shert eaunninnaiaaes lancet: Savane on: ansiisitoniinr Sain ao the apex, pale bDiue-~creen ard glaucous & A cunewar 1. A. balsamea (L.) Mul. A tree 15-20 m, rarely 27 om by wrth broadly cemie crown; bark em eli trunks sealy, ef por trumks ape smooth, warty with resin-blisters: leaves dark greem and shining above, silvery — white beneath: those of the sterile bramches 23 em. long, obtuse: stuminate fowers yellow, tinged with purplish; pistillate deeply p Lan ee cones eblong, puberulent, 5-10 em. long; seales ehowate, longer tham b long as the bracts, serrulate. Bansaae Pun Lew greund: Lab. Se ae —lows—Man.—Alta—Mack. Bureaid—Suduret. 2. A. lasiecarpa (Heek.) Nutt. A tree usually 25-30 ma, rarely £5 mm hah, with a trunk 3-10 dm. im dismeter, at the timberline a shrub 1-2 mm. bark of the trunks smeeth with resin-blisters, enly im eli trees somewhat and scaly; twus usually puberulent; leaves ef the lower branches 23—f em loag, rounded st the apex; stamuinate flowers dark blue, turning vielet; pistilinte PINE FAMILY 15 vi le, rarely yellow; cones oblong, 5-10 em. long; scales obovate, narrowed at the , more than twice as long asthe bracts. A. subalpina elm. Supar- “ee Fin, Batsam. Subalpine mountains: Alta.—N.M.—Ariz. —Alaska. ip. 3. A. arizonica Merriam. A tree about 15 m. high: trunk 2-4 dm. in diam- eter; bark of the stem whitish, corky, elastic, irregularly ridged; that of the branches smooth and with resin-blisters; leaves of the lower branches 2.5-3 em. long, usually notched at the apex; those of the cone-bearing branches 2 em. ‘ pee, eer-pomied; pistillate ers purple; cones nba about 5 em. long; transversely rounded-oval, nearly twice as long as the bracts. ARizona Batsam. High mountains: Ariz—s Colo—N.M. Subalp. 4. A. grandis Lindl A tree 75-100 m. high, with a trunk often 12 dm. thick; bark of old trees 5 em. thick, shallowly fissured and sealy; twigs yellowish puberulous, becoming glabrate; leaves dark green and shining above, silvery white beneath; those of the sterile branches 3-5 em. long, spreading, 2- ee Aimer conspicuously efnarginate; staminate flowers pale yellow; pistil- _ late yellowish green; cones cylindric, puberulent, 5-10 em. long; scales obovate, broader than long, 3-4 times as long as the bracts. Granp Fin. Valleys and lower slopes: Mont.—Wyo.—Calif.—B.C. Mont.—Submont. 6. A. concolor Lindl & Gord. A tree 25-30 m., rarely 45 m. high, on the Pacific Coast much higher; bark on the old trees deeply furrowed and scaly; that of the upper part and of young trees smooth and grayish, with resin-blisters; leaves pale blue or glaucous; those of the lower branches 5-7 em. long, straight, acute or acuminate; staminate flowers dark red to rose-colored; pistillate ones purplish or yellowish green; cones oblong-cylindric, rounded, 7-12 em. long, puberulent; scales obovate, broader than long, twice as long as the bracts; a mm. long. Wuaire Fin. Mountain slopes; Colo—N.M.—L. Calif.—Ore. 7. PSEUDOTSUGA Carr. Rep Fir, Fause Spruce. Monoecious evergreen trees, with spreading branches. Leaves flattened, _ petioled, on the lateral branches appearing 2-ranked by the twisting of the peti- oles, leaving transversely oval, slighty raised scars, with 2 resin-ducts close to the epidermis on the lower side. Staminate aments axillary to the leaves of the preceding season, cylindric; anther-sacs 2, obliquely splitting. Pistillate aments subterminal, drooping; scales persistent, much shorter than the 3-lobed caudate- acuminate bracts; cones maturing the first season. Seeds winged. 1. P. mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. A tree 25-60 m. high, sometimes taller, with a trunk 6-25 dm. thick; leaves dark yellowish green, 2-3 cm. long, flat, obtuse, short-stalked; staminate flowers orange-red; pistillate ones greenish or purplish, the bracts deep purple; cones 5-10 cm. long; scales obovate-rounded, t, shorter than the bracts. P. tazifolia (Poir.) Britt. _P. Douglasii Carr. Rep Fis, Douce iss Spruce, or Douciras Fre. Hills and mountains: Alta.—w Tex.—Calif—B.C.; n Mex. Submont.—Subalp. 8. TSUGA (Endl) Carr. Hemuock. _ Monoecious evergreens with spreading or somewhat reflexed branches. Leaves eee os ps wage only a pee ite side, cee the oe branches, appearing 2-ranked by the twisting of the petioles, articulate to s rsistent bases (sterigmata). Staminate aments axillary to leaves of the spocelline year; pollen-sacs confluent, opening by a transverse slit. Pistillate aments solitary, terminal on branches of the preceding year; bracts membranous, inconspicuous; scales in few series. Cones drooping, maturing the first year; scale at last loose and spreading, persistent. Seeds samara-like; wings attached to the seeds. 1. T. heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. A tree 40-50 m., rarely 60 m. high, with a trunk 6-20 dm. thick; leaves flat, rounded at the apex, deeply grooved and dark green above, with two broad white or glaucous bands beneath, 1-2 em. petioled; staminate flowers yellow; pistillate ones purple; cones ovoid, 1.5- 2.5 em. long, pendulous; scales obovate, strongly striate, persistent. WrsTERN Hemuock. Moist places: B.C.—w Mont.—Ida.—n Calif. Mont—Submont. 16 PINACEAE 9. HESPEROPEUCE Lemmon. Brack Hemiocx, Mountain Hemuock. Monoecious evergreen trees with spreading branches. Leaves rather plump, keeled beneath, spreading in all directions, articulated to persistent bases (sterig- mata), with stomata on both sides. Staminate aments axillary to leaves of pre- ceding year; anther-sacs opening transversely. Pistillate aments terminal, at first erect; scales in rather many series. Cones maturing the first year; scales persistent. Seeds samara-like. 1. H. Mertensiana (Bong.) Rydb. A tree usually 10-20 m. high, but some- times up to 35 m. high, with a trunk 2.5-10 dm. in diameter; leaves bluish green, rather thick, blunt-pointed, 1-2.5 em. long; staminate flowers purple; pistillate flowers erect, dark-purple or yellowish green; cones cylindric, 3-7 em. long; scales persistent, obovate, striate. Tsuga Pattoniana Sen. T. Mertensiana (Bong.) Sargent. H. Pattoniana Lemmon. Exposed ridges and slopes: Alaska —w Mont.—Ida.—Calif. Subalp. 10. PICEA Link. Sprucss. Evergreen monoecious trees. Leaves needle-shaped, in ours quadrangular or nearly terete, leaving persistent bases (sterigmata) when falling, scattered, pointing in all directions. Staminate aments from the axils of the leaves of the preceding year, or rarely terminal; anther-sacs opening longitudinally. Pistil- late aments terminal. Cones maturing the first season, drooping; scales closely imbriecate, leathery, thin, without dorsal thickening, persistent. Seeds samara- like, with hyaline wings, remaining attached to the seeds. Cone-scales rounded at the apex. Branchlets pubescent; cones 1.5—3 cm. long, persistent for several years; scales rigid, erose or dentate. 1. P. Mariana. Brae glabrous; cones 3—5 cm. long, deciduous in the first winter; scales rather thi Cone-secales entire or minutely denticulate on the margins; cones cylindric- oblong, 3.5—5 cm. long. . P. canadensis. Cone-scales erose on the margins; cones ellipsoid, 3—-3.5 cm. long. 3. P. albertiana. Cone-scales more or less rhomboid in outline. Branchlets pubescent; cones 3—5 cm. long. . P. Engelmanni. Branchlets glabrous; cones 5—9 cm. long. . P. pungens. 1. P. Mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. A tree usually 6-10 m. high, occasionally 25 m. high, with a trunk 1-3 dm. in diameter; bark grayish brown, scaly; twigs russet-brown, short-pilose; leaves pale blue-green and glaucous, 1-2 em. long, callous-tipped at the apex; staminate flowers dark red; pistillate ones purple; cones short, ovoid, 1-3 em. long, ashy brown, persistent; scales rounded, erose- dentate. P. nigra Link. Buack Spruce. Swamps: Lab.—Newf.—N.C.— Wisc.—Sask.—Alta.—Mack. Boreal—Subartic. 2. P. canadensis (Mill.) B.S.P. A tree 10-20 m., rarely 30 m. high, with a trunk 3-9 dm. in diameter; bark ashy brown, scaly; branches and sterigmata glabrous; leaves incurved, acute or acuminate, blue-green; staminate flowers pale red, becoming yellow from shedding the pollen; pistillate flowers pale red or yellowish green; cones cylindric or oblong, 3-6 em. long; scales orbicular, slightly emarginate. P. alba Link. Wuitrre Spruce. River banks and hill- sides: Lab.—Newf.—Me.—n N.Y.—Wise.—S.D. (Black Hills) —Alta.—Alaska. Boreal—Subarctic. 3. P. albertiana S. Brown. A slender tree 10-20 m. high; twigs and sterig- mata smooth and shining, yellowish brown, becoming darker in age; leaves pale blue-green, 1.5-2.5 em. long, incurved, acute or acuminate; pistillate flowers bright crimson; cones ovate, 2.5-3.5 em. long; scales stiff, rounded, cinnamon- brown. Axnperta Spruce. Mountains: Alta—n Wyo.—B.C. Mont. 4. P. Engelmanni (Parry) Engelm. A tree 25-30 m., rarely 45 m. high, with a trunk 4.5-10 dm. thick; bark light cinnamon-red, loosely scaly; leaves soft, with acute tips, 2.5-3 em. long, bluish green; staminate flowers dark purple; pistillate ones scarlet, turning chestnut-brown; cones oblong-ellipsoid, subsessile, 3-6 em. long; scales thin, erose-dentate. IENGELMANN’s Spruce. Cold moun- tains and ravines, especially on the north sides: Alta.—N.M.—Ariz.—B.C.— Yukon. Subalp.—Mont. op who PINE FAMILY 17 5. P. pungens Engelm. A tree usually 25-30 m. high, oceasionally 45 m. high, and a trunk 6-9 dm. thick: bark furrowed and scaly, cinnamon-red; leaves strongly incurved, rigid, acuminate, 2-3 em. long on the sterile branches, 1-2 _ em. long on the cone-bearing ones, dull bluish green, often with a silvery bloom: staminate flowers yellow, tinged with red; pistillate ones pale green or purplish; _ eones usually 7-8 cm. long, oblong. P. Parryana (André) Sargent. CoLoraDo 4 =a Spruce. Mountains, especially along streams: Wyo—N.M.—Utah. ont Family 2. JUNIPERACEAE. Jcnirer Faity. Evergreen dioecious or monoecious trees or shrubs. Buds naked. Leaves opposite or whorled, mostly reduced and scale-like, appressed or sometimes subulate and spreading. Perianth wanting. Aments solitary, the pistil- late ones with few carpellary scales. Ovules erect, l-several under each seale. Cones often with peltate scales, in some genera fleshy. Seeds wing- less or, if winged, the wings formed by a portion of the eatin Plants monoecious; cones dry: scales merely imbricate. THUJA. Plants mostly dioecious: cones berry-like or drupe-like, with coalescent ie scales. Aments axillary; cones with smaller scales at the top; leaves all Be and spreading. JUNIPERUS. Aments terminal; pistillate cones with larger scales at the top: leaves = least of the mature p) plants alelike and sppresed ; LA f 3. SABINA. 1. THUJA L. As¥or Vira, Waive Cepar. Evergreen monoecious shrubs or trees.’ Leaves _scale-lke, 4-ranked, alter- nately opposite, usually with a gland on the back. Sele aments terminal, solitary, nearly sessile between the leaves; anthers in 2 or 3 series, — anther-sacs 4; pistillate aments solitary, terminal, ovoid or oblong; scales 2- ranked in several series. Cones oblong or ovoid, persistent; scales dry and flat. Seeds fiat, winged on both sides. 1. T. plicata D. Don. A tree 45-50 m., sometimes 60 m. high, with a trunk 1-3 m. m diameter; bark bright cmnamon; leaves of the leading shoots ovate, long-pomted, glandular on the back, 6 mm. long, on the lateral branches acute, 3 mm. long, with no or obscure glands; starminate flowers dark brown, 3 mim. long; cones refiexed, about 12 mm. long; scales elliptic, 3-4 pairs. T. _ giganica Nutt.. Bottom lands: Alaska—Mont. —Ida. aCe. Submont.—Mont. 2. JUNIPERUS (Tourn) L. Juniper. Dicecious or monoecious shrubs or trees. Leaves in whorls of 3, subulate, ascending or spreading, without glands on their back. Staminate aments axil- lary, solitary; pollen-sacs several under each scale. Pistillate ament of 23 . ‘Series of fleshy seales; ovules solitary. Cone berry-like. Seeds wingless. 7 shrub with depressed branches; leaves abruptly bent at the base, oie’ f channeled, _ abruptly acute. J. sibirica. 1. J. sibirica Burgsd. Shrub seldom 5 dm. high, usually with decumbent branches; bark dark red, sealy; leaves 5-12 em. long, keeled, dark green below, ite above, ascending; fruit dark blue, with a bloom, 7-9 mm. m diameter; eds 1-3, ovate, acute, angled, about 3 mm. long. J. nana_Willd. High dry open rocky places. Lab—N. Y.—Mich.—N.M.—Calif.— Alasks ubalp.—M ont. 2. -S. communis L. An erect shrub or low tree sometimes 7-8 m. high; yark dark red, scaly; leaves spreading, mostly straight, prickly-pointed, keeled, -2 em. long, dark green on the lower side, white on the upper; fruit 6-7 mm. diameter, dark blue, 1-3-seeded; seeds ovate, acute, about 3mm. long. Dry s: NS._N.J.—Pa—w Neb—N.M.—B. | Eurasia. Submont.—Plain. 3. SABINA Haller. Rep Cepan. _ Evergreen monoecious or dioecious shrubs. Leaves alternately opposite or m 3's, scale-like and appressed, or in young plants subulate and more spreading, 18 JUNIPERACEAE often with a gland on the back. Staminate aments small, solitary or 3-6 together, terminal on the branchlets; pollen-sacs 3-6 under each ovate or shield-like scale. Pistillate aments subglobose, of 2-3 series of fleshy scales. Ovules erect, solitary or sometimes 2 under each seale. Cones berry-like. Seeds 1—4, wingless. Fruit reddish-brown or bluish by a bloom, with dry fibrous sweet flesh. 1. S. utahensis. Fruit blue or blue-black, rarely copper-colored, with juicy resinous flesh. Trees or erect shrubs; fruit on straight peduncles. Leaves minutely dentate at the apex; fruit 5-8 mm. in diameter. Leaves not glandular or obscurely so; seeds usually 1. 2. S. monosperma. Leaves very glandular; seeds 2 or 3. 3. S. occidentalis. Leaves entire; fruit 4-5 mm. in diameter, usually with more than one seed. 4. S. scopulorum. Prostrate shrub; fruit on recurved peduncles. 5. S. horizontalis. 1. S. utahensis (Engelm.) Rydb. A bushy tree, rarely 6 m. high, irregularly branched near the base; bark ashy gray or almost white, scaly; leaves in whorls of 3, or opposite on the mature branches, rhombic in outline, subacute, 2 mm, long, 1 mm. wide, neither glandular nor pitted on the back; fruit copper-colored when ripe, 7-10 mm. thick; seeds ovate, acute or obtusish, grooved. Juniperus utahensis (Engelm.) Lemmon. J. Knightii A. Nels. Dry hills: Wyo.—N.M.— Ariz.—se Calif—Nev. Submont.—Son. 2. S. monosperma (Engelm.) Rydb. A shrub or much branched tree, up to 15 m. high; bark ashy, ridged and scaly; leaves usually in pairs, rarely in 3’s, ovate, 1-2 mm. long, thick, with obscure glands or glandless; fruit globose, 5-6 mm. thick, dark blue, with a bloom; seeds broadly ovate, obtuse, angled. J. occidentalis monosperma Engelm. Foot-hills: s Colo —N.M.—Ariz.—Utah; n Mex. Son.—Submont. 3. S. occidentalis (Hook.) Heller. A tree 5-10 m., rarely 15-18 m. high, with a trunk 6-10 dm. thick; bark cinnamon-red, fissured and scaly; leaves in 3’s, appressed, ovate, acute, rounded and conspicuously glandular on the back, 2 mm. long;-berries globose or elliptic, 6-8 mm. long, with thick skin, blue- black, with a bloom; seeds ovate, acute, deeply grooved on the back. J. occi- dentalis Hook. Arid hills and plains: B.C.—w Ida.—s Calif. Submont.—Mont. 4. S. scopulorum (Sarg.) Rydb. A tree sometimes 10-12 m. high, with rounded crown; bark dark reddish brown or grayish red, fissured and scaly; leaves opposite, appressed, acute or acuminate, with obscure glands on the back, dark green, 1-1.5 mm. long; berry globose, dark blue, with a bloom; seeds 4 mm. long, acute, angled, grooved. Juniperus scopulorum Sargent. Foot-hills and river bluffs: Alta—Tex.—Ariz.—B.C. Submont. 5. S. horizontalis (Moench) Rydb. A prostrate shrub, spreading on the ground; horizontal branches sometimes 5 m. long; leaves of the mature branches ovate, opposite, acute, distinctly glandular on the back, 1-1.5 mm. long; berry- like cones on recurved peduncles, globose, 5-7 mm. long, dark blue, with a bloom, 1-3-seeded. J. Sabina procumbens Pursh. On banks and _ hillsides: N.S.—Me.—n N.Y.—Minn.—Wyo.—B.C. Mont.—Submont. Family 3. TAXACEAE. Yerw Famtty. Evergreen monoecious or dioecious trees or shrubs. Buds scaly. Leaves spirally arranged, but usually 2-ranked, spreading, in ours simple and linear. Staminate flowers usually in crowded aments, in ours axillary; pollen-sacs opening longitudinelly. Pistillate flowers solitary. Ovules solitary, ortho- tropous, sessile, without carpellary scale. Fruit berry-like; seed nearly enclosed by the pulpy aril or naked; seed-coats woody or bony. Endo- sperm fleshy or mealy. Cotyledons 2. , 1. TAXUS (Tourn.) L. Yew. Usually dioecious evergreen trees or shrubs. Leaves linear, 2-ranked and spreading. Staminate aments short-stalked, subtended by several imbricate . . YEW FAMILY 19 bracts, axillary. Pollen-sacs 6-8 under each shield-like scale. Pistillate aments consisting of a single sessile ovule subtended by imbricate bracts. Aril accres- cent into a fleshy cup. Seeds nut-like. 1. T. brevifolia Nutt. A tree usually 5-10 m. high, occasionally as high as 20 m., with a trunk 3-10 dm. thick; bark scaly; leaves 1-2 cm. long, yellowish green, paler beneath, slender-petioled, linear, flat, with strong midrib, spinulose- tipped; staminate flowers yellow; seed ovoid, fully 5 mm. long, 2—4-angled; aril a translucent red cup, 4-5 mm. broad. Banks of streams: Alaska—Alta.— Mont.—Calif. Swhmont.—Mont. Family 4. EPHEDRACEAE. Joint Fir Famity. Shrubs or trees, with jointed opposite or fascicled branches, and scale-like - opposite or whorled leaves. Plants mostly dioecious; aments with per- sistent bracts. Stamens monadelphous, within a bifid, membranous, calyx- like perianth; anthers dehiscent by terminal pores. Pistillate flowers of a single naked ovule, enclosed in a perianth, which becomes hardened in fruit. 1. EPHEDRA L. Jort Fir, Bricuam Tra. Characters of the family. Scales and branches opposite; bracts opposite and connate, only the margins scarious. Scales distinct, subpersistent; filaments free above. 1. FE. antisyphylitica. Scales connate, sheathing, scarious, deciduous; filaments adnate to the top of the racts. Branches stout, more or less spreading; plant light brownish green. 2. E. nevadensis. Branches slender, erect; plant bright yellowish green. 3. E. viridis. Scales, branches, and bracts in 3’s; bracts scarcely connate, those of the pistillate aments nearly wholly scarious and more or less unguiculate. Scales 2-3 mm. long, not becoming shreddy; fruit scabrous. 4. E. Torreyana. Scales 6-12 mm. long, becoming shreddy; fruit smooth. 5. E. trifurca. 1. E. antisyphylitica C. A. Mey. A shrub 2-3 m. high; stems slender, lax, prostrate or reclining; bark neither shreddy nor fibrous; scales triangular-ovate, 2-4 mm. long, setaceously tipped when young; aments on short bracteate ped- uncles; pistillate aments with 3-4 pairs of bracts, which are rounded-ovate; fruit 5-6 mm. long, smooth. Arid regions: w Tex.—s Colo. (?)—n Mex. Son. 2. E. nevadensis 8. Wats. A shrub 6-10 dm. high, with diffusely spread- ing branches; bark becoming white and shreddy or fibrous; scales with somewhat foliaceous tips, 2-6 mm. long; staminate aments sessile or nearly so; filaments long-exserted; anthers 4-8; pistillate aments on short scaly peduncles; bracts 4 or 5 pairs, round-ovate, connate; fruit solitary or in pairs, 6-7 mm. long, exserted, smooth, acute. Arid regions: N.M.—Utah—Nev.—Calif.; n Mex. Son. 3. E. viridis Coville. An erect shrub 5-10 dm. high, with erect branches, bright yellowish green; bark becoming ash-colored; scales with slender foliaceous tips; staminate aments sessile; anthers 46; pistillate aments on short scaly ' peduncles; bracts 5 pairs, ovate; fruits in pairs, 6 mm. long, exserted. Arid regions: N.M.—Wyo.—Calif. Son.—Submont. Mr—Je. 4. E. TorreyanaS. Wats. An erect shrub 3-10 dm. high, with often flexuose branches, not spinose; scales short, 2-4 mm. long, subpersistent; staminate aments sessile, of 6-8 whorls of broad bracts; anthers 5-8, stipitate; pistillate aments 6-10 mm. long, short-peduncled, of 5 or 6 whorls of bracts; bracts thin, - broadly dilated, more or less crenate; fruit solitary, or in 3’s, 7-8 mm. long. Arid regions: N.M.—s Colo.—Nev.—Ariz. Son. 5. E. trifurca Torr. An erect shrub 6-20 dm. high, with rigid branches, often spinescent;, scales acuminate, persistent; staminate aments on very short ped- uncles, with*5 whorls of ovate bracts; anthers 4 or 5, stipitate; pistillate aments nearly sessile, 10-12 mm. long, of 8-10 whorls of very thin, scarious, entire, rounded-cordate bracts; fruit solitary, 12 mm. long, 4-sided. Arid regions: w Tex.—sw Colo.—Ariz. Son. Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE. S&xED-VESSELED PLANTS. Ovules enclosed in a cavity (ovary), formed either by one modi- fied infolded leaf (carpel) with united margins, or by several united leaves. The apex of the carpel (stigma) is formed of and kept moist by secretive cells; when a pollen grain falls on the stigma, it germinates and sends out a tube which penetrates the tissues of the pistil till it reaches an ovule, which it fertilizes. Subclass I. MONOCOTYLEDONES. Embryo with a single seed-leaf; the first leaves alternate. Stem endogenous, 7. €., the fibro-vascular bundles irregularly arranged in the soft tissues, without differentiation of pith, wood, and bark. Leaves usually parallel-veined, or the secondary veins running from the midrib to the margins without ramifications. Parts of the flowers mostly in 3’s or multiples of 3’s. Family 5. TYPHACEAE. Car-rain Famity. Tall water or marsh plants, with simple glabrous terete stems and creep- ing rootstocks. Leaves alternate, long, linear, striate, sheathing at the base. Flowers monoecious, crowded in dense terminal spike-like racemes, which are subtended by spathaceous, usually deciduous bracts; staminate spike uppermost. Perianth consisting of bristles. Stamens 2-7; filaments connate or free. Ovary 1, stipitate, 1-2-celled; styles 1-2. Fruit nut-like. Endosperm copious, mealy. 1. TYPHA (Toura.) L. Cat-rain, Cat-TarL Fac. Characters of the family. Racemes with the staminate and pistillate portions usually separate; pollen of simple grains; fruiting pedicels short, 1 mm. long or less. 1. T. angustifolia. Racemes with the staminate and pistillate portions usually contiguous; pollen-grains in 4's; fruiting pedicels bristle-like, 2-3 mm. long. 2. T. latifolia. 1. T. angustifolia L. A slender perennial; stem 1-3 m. high; leaves nar- rowly linear, 3-15 mm. wide, striate, usually plano-convex; racemes light brown; pistillate portion 5-15 mm. in diameter, with bractlets; stigmas linear or linear- oblong; nutlets terete, not bursting in water. Marshes, mostly along the coast: N.S.—Fla.—Mex.—Calif.; Ida.; W. Ind., C. and 8. Am., Eurasia. Plains. 2. T. latifolia L. A stout perennial, 1-2.5 m. high; leaves flat, 5-25 mm. wide; staminate racemes light brown, with intermixed bractlets, the pistillate ones dark brown or black, without bractlets, each 1-2 dm. long; stigmas rhomboid or spatulate; fruit furrowed, bursting in water. Marshes and shallow lakes: Newf.—Fla.—Mex.—Calif.—B.C.—Mack.; Eurasia. Plain-Submont. Je-Au. Family 6. SPARGANIACEAE. Bur-reep Famity. Marsh or water plants, with creeping rootstocks, fibrous roots, and linear alternate leaves sheathing at the base. Flowers monoecious, in dense globular heads, the staminate heads uppermost, generally sessile, the pis- tillate ones below, sessile or the lowest peduncled, often subtended by leafy (20) BUR-REED FAMILY 21 bracts. Perianth reduced to a few (3-6) irregular chaffy scales. Stamens usually 5, distinct. Ovary 1- (seldom 2-) celled; style 1; stigma 1, seldom 2. Fruit nut-like, 1- or 2-celled, 1- or 2-seeded. Ovules anatropous. Endo- sperm copious. 1. SPARGANIUM (Tourn.) L. Bur-reep. Characters of the family. Achenes broadly obovoid or cuneate-obpyramidal, sessile, long-beaked; stigmas usually 2; leaves somewhat keeled. 1. S. eurycarpum. Achenes fusiform (in S. minimum somewhat obovoid, but then short-beaked and short- stipitate); stigmas solitary. Stipe and beak of the fruit each 2 mm. long or more; fruiting heads 1.5 cm. in diam- eter or more; anthers 3—4 times as long as broad. Leaves, at least the middle ones, strongly triangular-keeled; fruiting heads about 3 cm. in diameter; achenes brown, gradually tapering into the beak, which is fully as long as the body. 2. S. simplex. Leaves not keeled or only slightly so, narrow and slender; stem often floating; beak of the achenes decidedly shorter than the body. Leaves usually 5-10 mm. wide, as well as the bracts conspicuously scarious- margined; heads 1.7—-2 cm. in diameter; achenes gradually beaked. 3. S. multipedunculatum. Leaves 3-4 mm. wide, not conspicuously scarious-margined; heads about 1.5 cm. in diameter; achenes abruptly beaked. 4. S. angustifolium. Stipe and beak of the fruit short, less than 1 mm. long; fruiting heads about 1 cm. in diameter; stigmas oblong; anthers 1.5—2 times as long as broad. 5. S. minimum. 1. S. eurycarpum Engelm. A stout glabrous perennial marsh plant, 5-25 dm. high; leaves linear, 5-10 dm. long, 7-10 mm. wide; inflorescence more or less compound, the branches usually with one or two pistillate heads and several staminate heads; the former compact, in fruit 2—2.5 cm. in diameter; achenes bluntly 4- or 5-angled, the top rounded, flat or even a little depressed, abruptly contracted into the style. In swamps and along streams: Newf.—Fla.—Utah— Calif—B.C. Plain—Submont. Je—Au. 2. S. simplex Huds. A slender marsh plant, 3-7 dm. high; leaves linear, 5-9 dm. long, 8-15 mm. wide; inflorescence simple; pistillate heads 2-5, generally sessile or the lower ones peduncled, usually supra-axillary; achenes fusiform, often contracted in the middle, and gradually acuminate at the apex. In marshes and shallow water: Que-—Ont.—Wash.—B.C.; Eu. Submont. Je-Au. 3. S. multipedunculatum (Morong) Rydb. A rather slender marsh plant, 3-5 dm. high; leaves linear, 2-5 dm. long, slightly keeled; inflorescence simple or a little branched; staminate heads 3-5, often close together, but distant from the pistillate ones; these 2-6, the upper ones sessile, the lower peduncled, and most often axillary; achenes fusiform, gradually acuminate above. S. sim- plex multipedunculatum Morong. S. subvaginatum Meinsh , in part. In shallow water: Mack.—w Ont.—Mont.—Colo.—Calif.—B.C. Plain—Subm. Je-Au. 4. S. angustifolium Michx. A slender, more or less floating water plant; leaves narrowly linear, 3-6 dm. long, flat, not keeled, often dilated at the base, floating; inflorescence mostly simple; staminate heads 2-5; pistillate ones 2-4, sessile, or the lowest one peduncled and supra-axillary; achenes fusiform, abruptly acuminate at the apex. S. simplex angustifolium Engelm. In deep water: Newf.—Conn.—Pa.—Colo.—Calif —B.C. Plain—Subalp. Je-Au. 5. S. minimum Fries. A slender and floating water plant; stem 1-3 dm. long, or in shallow water shorter and erect; leaves 1-4 dm. long, 1-7 mm. wide, thin and flat, usually floating; inflorescence simple; staminate heads 1 or 2, close together; pistillate heads 1-3, sessile or the lowest peduncled and axillary; body of the achenes obovoid, abruptly contracted into a short beak. Ponds and pee Lab.—N.J.—Mich.—Utah—Ore.—Alaska; Eurasia. Mont.—Subalp. e—Au. Family 7. ZANNICHELLIACEAE. Ponpweep F amity. Immersed water plants, with slender jointed, often branching stems, flat leaves, and perfect or monoecious flowers, in axillary spikes or clusters. 22 ZANNICHELLIACEAE Perianth none, but flowers sometimes in hyaline envelopes. Stamens 1-4, seldom more, distinct and hypogynous in the perfect flowers, or solitary in the staminate ones. Ovaries 1-4, distinct, 1-celled and l-ovuled. Fruit mostly drupelets or achenes. Stamens 4, the connectives with dilated appendages; drupelets sessile. 1. POTAMOGETON. Stamens 1—2, the connectives without appendages; drupelets manifestly stipitate. Stigmas sessile; anthers 2; flowers perfect, on long peduncles. 2. RUPPIA. Stigma terminating a long style; anther 1; flowers monoecious, the two kinds together in the same axils. 3. ZANNICHELLIA. 1. POTAMOGETON (Tourn.) L. PONDWEED, FISHWEED. Immersed water plants, with flat, 2-ranked leaves, alternate or the upper opposite, often of two kinds, floating and submerged, the former more or less coriaceous and broad, the latter pellucid, thin, and narrower. Stipules present, free or adnate to the lower part of the petiole or blade, enclosing the young flower-buds. Inflorescence spicate, axillary, mostly emersed. Stamens 4; ap- pendages short-clawed, valvate in the bud. Ovaries 4, sessile, distinct, with a short style or sessile stigma. Fruit of 4 drupelets. Seeds crustaceous. Species with both floating and submerged leaves. Submerged leaves bladeless. 1. P. natans. Submerged leaves with proper blades. Submerged leaves of two kinds, oval or oblong ones and lanceolate and strongly curved ones; floating leaves with 30 or more nerves. 2. P. amplifolius. Submerged leaves of only one kind; floating leaves with less numerous nerves. Stipules free from the petioles and blades. Submerged leaves lanceolate. Submerged leaves all petioled, more than 7-nerved. 3. P. americanus. Submerged leaves all sessile or the uppermost short-petioled. veduurle of the same thickness as the stem; leaves not serrulate at the apex. . Plant green; submerged leaves narrower than the floating ones. 7. P. heterophyllus. Plant red; submerged leaves as wide as the floating ones or wider. 4. P. alpinus. Peduncles thicker than the stem; leaves serrulate at the apex. 5. P. augustifolius. Submerged leaves linear. Submerged leaves of nearly the same width throughout, coarsely reticu- late in the middle. 6. P. epihydrus. Submerged leaves broader below the middle, without reticulation. 7. P. heterophyllus. Stipules adnate to the base of the linear-setaceous submerged leaves. 8. P. diversifolius. Species with submerged leaves only. Leaves with broad blades, lanceolate or oval, many-nerved. Leaves short-petioled or sessile, not amplexicaul. 9. P. lucens. Leaves more or less amplexicaul. Leaves elongate-lanceolate, semi-amplexicaul, cucullate; the straight apex of the embryo pointing to the base of the fruit. 10. P. praelongus. Leaves rounded-ovate to short-lanceolate, amplexicaul, not cucullate; the curved embryo pointing inside the base of the fruit. 11. P. Richardsonii. Leaves narrowly linear to capillary. Stipules free from the petioles and the leaf-blades. Leaves 1.5—4 mm. wide. Species without glands at the base of the leaves; leaves with 3 principal nerves and several fine ones. 12. P. compressus. Species with glands at the base of the leaves. Glands large and translucent; nerves mostly 3; the curved end of the embryo pointing inside the base of the fruit. 13. P. obtusifolius. Glands small, dull; nerves of the leaves 5-7; the straight end of the embryo pointing to the base of the fruit. 14. P. Friesii. Leaves seldom more than 1.5 mm. wide, often less. Glands absent; nutlets keeled. 15. P. foliosus. Glands present; nutlets not keeled. 16. P. pusillus. Stipules adnate to the base of the leaves. Leaves 1.5 mm. wide or less, with entire margins. Stigma broad, sessile; nutlets indistinctly 1-keeled or keel-less. Leaves filiform, less than 0.5 mm. wide; stipular sheaths 3-8 mm. long. 17. P. filiformis. Leaves about 1 mm. wide; stipular sheaths 1—2 cm. long. 18. P. interior. Stigma capitate, on an evident style; nutlets with 2 lateral but no median keel. 19. P. pectinatus. Leaves several-nerved, 3-6 mm. wide, finely serrulate seen under a lens. 20. P. Robbinsii. PONDWEED FAMILY 23 1. P. natans L. Stem 6-15 dm. long, mostly simple; floating leaf-blades oval or ovate, abruptly short-pointed, rounded or cordate at the base, thick, 21-29-nerved, 5-10 em. long, 2.5-5.5 em. wide; submerged leaves bladeless and early perishing; peduncles 5-10 em. long; spike cylindric, 3-5 cm. long, very dense; fruit 4-4.5 mm. long, 2-5 mm. thick; stone 2-grooved on the back. Ponds and streams: N.8.—N.J.—Calif.—Alaska; Eurasia. Plain—Mont. JIS. 2. P. amplifolius Tuckerm. Stem occasionally branched; floating leaf- blades (occasionally wanting) ovate or oval, acute at the apex, rounded or sub- cordate at the base; submerged leaves mostly short-petioled; the blades of the upper ovate or elliptic, 7-15 em. long, 3-6 cm. wide, thin and shining; those of the lower lanceolate, often 1 dm. long, about 25-nerved, generally conduplicate and faleate; peduncles thickened upwards, 5-20 cm. long; spike cylindric, 2.5 em. long; fruit 4-5 mm. long, 2.5 mm. thick, 3-keeled. Lakes: N.B.—Ga.— Neb.—B.C. Plain. JIS. 3. P. americanus Cham. & Schlecht. Stem much branched, 1—2 m. long; floating leaf-blades rather thick, elliptic, pointed at each end, 5-15 cm. long, 1.5-3 em. wide, 11—-23-nerved; submerged leaf-blades pellucid, thin, 1-3 dm. long, 0.5-2.5 em. wide, 7-15-nerved, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, with distinct petioles; peduncles thickened upwards, 5-7 em. long; spike cylindric, 3-5 cm. long; fruit about 4 mm. long, obliquely obovoid, 3-keeled on the back. P. lonchites Tuckerm. P. fluitans Am. auth. Ponds and slow streams: N.B.—Fla. —Calif—B.C. Plain. Je—O. 4. P. alpinus Balbis. Stem slender, simple or branched; floating leaf- blades rather thin, oblanceolate or spatulate, or sometimes oblong, 11-17- nerved, 5-12 cm. long, sometimes wanting; submerged leaves thin, semi-pellucid, oblong to linear-lanceolate, 7-30 cm. long, 5-20 mm. wide, 7—17-nerved, sessile or the upper short-petioled; spike cylindric, 2—4 em. long; fruit obovoid-lenticular, reddish, 2-5 mm. long, 3-keeled. P. rufescens Schrader. Ponds and streams: N.S.—N.J.—Colo.—Calif.—Alaska; Eu. Plain—Mont. Jl.—Au. 5. P. angustifolius Berch. & Presl. Stem slender, branching; floating leaf- blades somewhat coriaceous, elliptic, 4-10 em. long, 12-35 mm. wide, many- nerved; submerged leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, thin, acute or cuspidate, 5-15 em. long, 5-30 mm. wide, 7-17-nerved; peduncles thicker than the stem, 6-15 em. long; spike cylindric, 2.5-5 em. long; fruit obliquely ovoid, 2.5-4 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, 3-ribbed; style short, blunt. P. Zizii Roth. Lakes and streams: Me.—Fla.—Tex.—Calif.—B.C.; Mex., C. Am., and Eu. Plain —Submont. Jl-Au. 6. P. epihydrus Raf. Stem slender, simple, compressed, 3-18 dm. long; floating leaves opposite; blades elliptic or obovate, 4-9 cm. long, 6-17 mm. wide, many-nerved, obtuse, short-petioled; submerged leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, coarsely reticulate along the midrib, 5-nerved; spike cylindric, 1-6 m. long; fruit rounded-obovoid, 2.5-4 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, 3-keeled; style short, terminal. P. Nuttallii Cham. & Schlecht. Ponds and streams: Newf.—S.C.—lIowa—B.C. Plain. Je-Au. 7. P. heterophyllus Schreb. Stem slender, much branched, sometimes 3 m. long; floating leaf-blades oval, pointed at the apex, narrowed, rounded, or -subcordate at the base, 1.5-6 em. long, 8-28 mm. wide, 9-19-nerved; submerged leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, pellucid, 1-5 cm. long, 2-18 mm. wide, 3-9- (mostly 7-) nerved, acuminate or cuspidate; peduncles often thickened upwards; spike cylindric, 1-2 em. long; fruit rounded or obliquely obovoid, 2-3 mm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, indistinctly 3-keeled; style short, apical. A form with the sub- merged leaves linear, flaccid, 5-12 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, is P. heterophyllus graminifolius. Ponds or lakes, and slow streams: Lab.—Fla.—Utah—Calif.— B.C.; Eu. Plain—Submont. JIS. 8. P. diversifolius Raf. Stem very slender, much branched; floating leaf- blades coriaceous, oval or elliptic and obtuse, or lanceolate-oblong and acute, 1-2.5 em. long, 4.5-12 mm. wide; submerged leaves linear-setaceous, 2-4 cm. long, 1 mm. wide or less; stipules of the floating leaves free, those of the submerged 24 ZANNICHELLIACEAE leaves mostly adnate; emersed peduncles 6-15 mm. long; submerged ones 4-6 mm. long, clavate, as long as the spikes; emersed spikes 3.5-7 mm. long, often interrupted; fruit cochleate, about 1 mm. long, 3-keeled, the middle keel narrowly winged. Still water: Me.—Fla.—Tex.—Calif—Mont.; Mex. Je-S. 9. P. lucens L. Stem thick, branched, leafy; leaves submerged, lliptiec or lanceolate, or the uppermost oval, thin, shining, acute or acuminate, or rarely rounded at both ends and merely mucronate, 6-20 em. long, 15-40 mm. wide, the ends often serrulate; peduncles 7-15 cm. long; spike cylindric, 3-6 cm. long, thick; fruit roundish, 3 mm. long, 2.6 mm. thick. Ponds: N.S.—Fla.—Mex.— Calif.; Eu., C. Am., and W. Ind. Plain—Mont. Au-O. 10. P. praelongus Wulf. Stem flexuose, white, often 25 dm. long, flattened, much branched; leaves submerged, oblong-lanceolate, thin, bright green, semi- amplexicaul, 0.5-3 dm. long, 1-4 em. wide, with 3-5 principal nerves; peduncles 7-50 em. long, straight, as thick as the stem; spike cylindric or globose, 1-3 em. long; fruit obliquely obovoid, 4-5 mm. long, 3-4 mm. thick; middle keel sharp; style short. Ponds and streams: N.S.—N.J.—Minn.—Calif.—B.C.; Eu. Je—-Au. 11. P. Richardsonii (A. Bennett) Rydb. Stem very leafy and much branched; leaves submerged, thin, lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, 8-15 mm. wide at the broadened amplexicaul base, 13—23-nerved, acute or acuminate and incurved at the apex; peduncles 3-4 cm. long, thickened upwards; spike cylindric, 2-2.5 em. long; fruit about 4 mm. long, 2.5 mm. thick, obscurely 3-keeled. P. perfoliatus lanceolatus Robbins. P. perfoliatus Richardsonii A. Bennett. Ponds and lakes: N.Y.—Del.—Wyo.—Calif.—Alaska. Plain—Submont. Je-S. 12. P. compressus L. Stem branching, much flattened, often winged; leaves submerged, linear, obtuse or mucronate, 5-30 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, with 3 principal veins and many fine ones; peduncles 4-10 cm. long; spike cylin- dric, 12-15-flowered, about 1 em. long; fruit obovoid, with a broad base, about 4 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. thick, 3-keeled on the back; style short, recurved. The plant often propagates by means of terminal leaf-buds. P. zosteraefolius Schum. Ponds and slow streams: N.B.—N.J.—Sask.—Ore.—B.C.; Eu. Plain. JI-S. 13. P. obtusifolius Mert. & Koch. Stem slender, branched above, more or less compressed; leaves linear, obtuse or mucronate, 5-8 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, usually 3-nerved, with a broad midrib, and 2 translucent glands at the base; peduncles 2-3 cm. long, slender, erect; spike ovoid, 5-8-flowered, 6-8 mm. long; fruit obliquely obovoid, 3 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, 3-keeled; style short. Still water: Que.—Kans.—Wyo.—Pa.; Eu. JI-O. 14. P. Friesii Rupr. Stem compressed, branching, 5-12 dm. long; leaves linear, 4-7 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, obtuse or mucronate at the apex, 5- (rarely 7-) nerved; peduncles 2—4 cm. long, often thickened upwards and thicker than the stem; spike interrupted; fruit obliquely ellipsoid, about 2 mm. long, 2-grooved on the back, usually with a shallow pit on the sides; style recurved. a compressus Oeder, not L. Still water: N.B—N.Y.—Minn.—B.C.; Eu. —Au. 15. P. foliosus Raf. Stem very slender, branched, flattened, 3-10 dm. long; leaves very narrowly linear, almost filiform, 3-5 em. long, 0.5-1 mm. wide, 3- nerved; peduncles clavate, about 1 em. long; spike short, about 4-flowered; fruit lenticular, almost orbicular, 2 mm. long, 3-keeled on the back; middle keel winged, sinuate-dentate. P. pauciflorus Pursh. Ponds and streams: N.B.— Fla.—N.M.—Calif —B.C.; W. Ind. Plain—Mont. Jl—Au. 16. P. pusillus L. Stem very slender, filiform, much branched, 1.5-6 dm. long; leaves filiform, 3-12 em. long, 0.5-1.5 mm. wide, 1-3-nerved; peduncles 5-30 mm. long, rarely 3-6 em. long; spike 3-10-flowered; fruit obliquely ellipsoid, about 2 mm. long, 1 mm. thick, 2-grooved on the back, not keeled. It propa- gates often by buds. Ponds and slow streams: N.S.—mVa.—Tex.—Mex.—Calif. B.C.—Yukon; Eu. Plain—Submont. Je—Au. 17. P. filiformis Pers. Stem slender, filiform above, branching, leafy, 1-4 dm. long; leaves linear-filiform, 5-30 cm. long; free portion of the stipules 3-5 em. PONDWEED FAMILY 25 long; peduncles 4-7 em. long; spike interrupted, with 2—12 flowers in each whorl; fruit ovoid, 2-3 mm. long, nearly 2 mm. thick, not keeled; stigma sessile. Ponds and lakes: Que.—N.Y.—Mich.—Wyo.—Alta. Je-Au. 18. P. interior Rydb. Stem slender, branched, 3-6 dm. long; leaves linear, 3-15 cm. long, about 1 mm. wide, obtuse, with a strong midrib and raised or revolute margins; peduncles 3-7 cm. long; spike interrupted; fruit obliquely ovoid, 2-grooved on the back; stigma subsessile; free portion of the stipules 2—4 mm. long. P. marinus occidentalis Robbins. Ponds and lakes, especially in alkali water: Ont.—N.M.—Utah—Nev. Plain—Submont. Jl-Au. 19. P. pectinatus L. Stem slender, much branched, very leafy, 3-10 dm. long; leaves setaceous, attenuate at the apex, 3-15 cm. long, 0.1-0.5 mm. wide, sometimes nerveless; stipular sheath 1-2 cm. long; free portion 3-8 mm. long; peduncles filiform, 5-20 cm. long; spike interrupted, with several whorls of flow- ers; fruit obliquely ovoid, 3-4 mm. long. Fresh, salt, or alkali waters: N.B.— Fla.—L. Calif —Alaska; Eu. Plain—Submont. JI-S. 20. P. Robbinsii Oakes. Stem stout, widely branching, sometimes rooting at the nodes, 5-10 dm. long; leaves linear, acute, crowded in 2 ranks, 7-12 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, auricled at the point of union with the stipules; stipular sheath about 1 cm. long; free portion of the stipules 1-2 em. long, mostly lacerate; peduncles 3-10 cm. long; spike interrupted, flowering under water; fruit obovoid, about 4 mm. long, 3 mm. thick, 3-keeled, the middle keel sharp. Ponds and lakes: N.B.—N.J.—Mich.—Ida.—Ore.—B.C. Plain. JI-S. 2. RUPPIA L. Slender water plants, widely branched and with capillary stems, filiform alternate 1-nerved leaves, with membranous sheaths. Peduncles spadix-like, filiform, at first very short, at last generally much elongated and spirally coiled. Flowers consisting of 2 sessile anthers, and 4 pistils, sessile at first, in fruit long- stipitate. Fruit small, more or less obliquely ovoid drupes. Sheaths 6-10 mm. long; drupe about 2 mm. long or less. Drupe very oblique; beak 0.5—-1 mm. long. 1. R. maritima. Drupe scarcely oblique, almost beakless. 2. R. pectinata. Sheaths 20—40 mm. long; drupe 3—4 mm. long. 3. R. occidentalis. 1. R. maritima L. Stem slender, filiform, whitish; leaves 2-10 cm. long, 0.5 mm. or less wide; sheaths 6-8 mm. long, with a short free tip; peduncles in fruit sometimes 3 dm. long; drupes about 2 mm. long; beak almost straight or eurved. R. curvicarpa A. Nels. In brackish or salt water, along the coasts: Newf.—Tex.—Alaska—L. Calif.; occasionally in the interior, Sask.—Mex.; Eur- asiaand S. Am. Plain Je-Au. 2. R. pectinata Rydb. Stem intricately branched and very leafy, with very short internodes; leaves filiform, 3-6 cm. long, 0.5 mm. or less wide; sheaths 7-10 mm. long, seldom with a small rounded tip; peduncles 3-5 cm. long, in fruit recurved, but apparently not in a spiral; drupe about 1.2 mm. long, with an almost sessile stigma. In brackish ponds: Yellowstone National Park, Wyo. —Utah—Wash.—Calif. Swbhmont.—Mont. 3. R. occidentalis S. Wats. Stem comparatively stout, 3-6 dm. long, with very short internodes and fan-like clustered branches; leaves 7-20 cm. long, and 0.3 mm. wide or less; sheaths with distinct free tips, often overlapping each other; peduncles sometimes 5 dm. long; stipes about 25 mm. long; drupes ovoid or pyriform, scarcely oblique; beak short, straight. In saline ponds: Neb.— B.C.—Alaska. Plain—Submont. Jl-Au. 3. ZANNICHELLIA (Mich.) L. Slender branching aquatics, with opposite filiform leaves and sheathing mem- branous stipules. Flowers monoecious, sessile, naked, usually both kinds in the same axil; the staminate ones consisting of a single 2-celled anther, borne on a pedicel-like filament, the pistillate ones of 2-6 sessile pistils in a cup-shaped in- volucre. Fruit nut-like, obliquely oblong, flattened, with a short slender beak, ribbed or toothed on the back. Seed orthotropous. 26 ZANNICHELLIACEAE 1. Z. palustris L. ‘Stem capillary from a creeping rhizome; leaves 3-7 em. long, 0.5 mm. or less wide, acute, thin, l-nerved; fruit 2-6 together, 2-4 mm. long, sessile or short- pedicelled ; style persistent, 1-2 mm. long. In fresh and brackish ponds and ditches: Ont.—Fla.—Tex.—Calif—B.C.; also in the Old World. Plain—Submont. Jl-O. Family 8. NAJADACEAE. Nasas Famy. Slender submerged aquatic plants, with linear spinulose-toothed whorled or opposite leaves, sheathing at the base. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary and axillary. Staminate flowers with a double perianth, the inner hyaline; stamen 1. Pistillate flowers of a single pistil, with 2-4 subulate stigmas. Fruit a small drupe. 1. NAJAS L. Characters of the family. Leaves 1-3 mm. wide, coarsely toothed; back of the leaves and internodes spiny; plant dioecious. N. marina. Leaves 0.5—-1 mm. wide, finely, almost microscopically serrulate; back of the leaves and internodes unarmed; plant monoecious. Drupe shining, with 30—50 rows of indistinct reticulations. 2. N. flezilis. Drupe dull, with 16-20 rows of strongly marked reticulations. 3. N. guadalupensis. 1. N. marina L. Stem stout, compressed, generally armed with teeth twice as long as broad; leaves broadly linear, 12-45 mm. long, with 6-10 spine- pointed teeth on each margin; sheaths broadly rounded; their margins entire or with a few teeth; fruit 4-5 mm. long; epicarp as well as the dull nutlet rugose- reticulate. In lakes and ponds with fresh or brackish water: N.Y.—Fla.—L. Calif.—Calif. (mn the range reported only from Utah); Eurasia and Austr. Plain. Jl—Au. 2. N. flexilis (Willd.) Rost. & Schmidt. Stem slender, forking, unarmed; leaves narrowly linear, 1-2 em. long, numerous and crowded, pellucid, with 20- 30 minute teeth on each margin; sheaths rounded, with 5-10 teeth on each side; fruit ellipsoid, 2-3 mm. long. In ponds and slow streams: Que.—Fla.—La.— Calif —Ore.; Eu. Plain. My—Au. 3. N. guadalupensis (Spreng.) Morong. Stem very slender, filiform, 3-6 dm. long, branched and leafy; leaves numerous, crowded, 12-25 mm. long, 0.5-1.5 mm. wide, with 40-50 teeth on the margins; sheaths as in N. flexilis; fruit about 2mm. long. N. microdon R. Br. In ponds and lakes: Neb.—Fla.—La.—Tex. —Ore.; Mex. and Trop. Am. Plain. JI-S. Family 9. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE. Arrow-arass FAmILy. Marsh plants, with terete rush-like leaves and small perfect, spicate or racemose flowers. Perianth-segments 4 or 6, in two series. Stamens 3-6; anthers 2-celled. Carpels 3-6, 1-2-ovuled, more or less united, separating at maturity, either dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds anatropous. Embryo straight; endosperm none. Stem scapose; leaves all basal; flowers spicate or racemose. 1. TRIGLOCHIN. | Stem leafy; flowers few, in loose racemes. 2. SCHEUCHZERIA. 1. TRIGLOCHIN L. Arrow-arass. Marsh herbs, with half-round elongated linear leaves, sheathing at the base, and terminal racemes or spikes on long naked scapes. Perianth-segments in ours 6, the inner 3 inserted higher up. Stamens 6; anthers 2-celled, sessile or nearly so. Ovaries 3-6, 1-celled and 1l-ovuled; style short or none; stigmas 3-6, plumose. Fruit of 3-6, cylindraceous, oblong, obovoid, or clavate carpels, united at first, at maturity separating from the base upwards. Seeds cylindra- ceous Or ovoid- oblong, compressed or angular. Carpels 3; fruit linear-clavate, tapering at the base. 1. T. palustris. Carpels 6; fruit oblong or ovoid, obtuse at the base. 2. 7. maritima. ARROW-GRASS FAMILY Dh 1. T. palustris L. A slender plant, with short rootstock and slender stolons, 2-4 dm. high; leaves shorter than the scape, 1-3 dm. long, sharp-pointed; racemes 1-3 dm. long; pedicels slender, capillary, in fruit erect, 5-7 mm. long; stigmas sessile; fruit 6-7 mm. long. In bogs: Greenl—N.Y.—Ind.—N.M.—Alaska; Eurasia and S. Am. Plain—Mont. JI-S. 2. T. maritima L. A stout plant, with subligneous rootstock, without stolons; leaves half-cylindric, 2 mm. wide; racemes often 4 dm. long or more; pedicels decurrent, 2-3 mm. long, in fruit ascending; fruit 5-6 mm. long, 3-4 mm. in diameter; carpels triangular, grooved on the back. In salt marshes: Lab.—N.J.—Calif.—Alaska; Eurasia. Plain—Submont. Je-S. 2. SCHEUCHZERIA L. Rush-like bog plants, with perennial, creeping rootstock. Leaves half-round below, flat above, striate, and with membranous sheaths at the base. Perianth with 6 segments in two series. Stamens 6; filaments elongated; anthers linear, basifixed. Ovaries 3, rarely 4-6, distinct or connate at the base, 1-celled, each cell with 1-2 ovules. Fruit of 3-6 divergent follicles, opening on the inside. 1. S. palustris L. A leafy bog plant, 1-2.5 dm. high; leaves 1-4 dm. long, the upper reduced to bracts; basal leaves with sheaths often 1 dm. long and ligules 1 cm. long; pedicels 6-20 mm. long, in fruit spreading; flowers white; segments 1-nerved, 3 mm. long; follicles 5-6 mm. long. In bogs: Lab.—N.J.— Wise.—Calif.—Alaska; Eurasia. Boreal—Submont. Je—Jl. Family 10. ALISMACEAE. Warer-PLanTaIn FAmIy. Marsh or aquatic plants, with scapose stems, basal long-petioled sheath- ing, mostly cross-veined, leaves, and fibrous roots. Flowers mostly verticil- late, in elongated racemes or panicles, regular, pedicelled. Sepals 3, per- sistent. Petals 3, deciduous. Stamens 6 or more, included. Pistils many, distinct; ovaries l-celled and generally 1-ovuled, becoming achenes in fruit. Carpels in a ring on a small flat receptacle; flowers perfect. : _1. ALISMA. Carpels in several series on a convex receptacle; flowers monoecious or dioecious. ie 2: eae 1. ALISMA L. WaTER-PLANTAIN. Annual or mostly perennial scapose herbs. Leaves erect or floating; blades several-veined, petioled. Flowers perfect in compound panicles. Sepals 3, usually ribbed, persistent. Petals 3, white or pinkish, spreading, deciduous. Stamens 6, two opposite each petal. Carpels few or many, in one whorl. Achenes ribbed or grooved on the back. Achenes longer than wide, grooved on the back, their inner edges not meeting; pedicels straight, ascending. f 1. A. brevipes. Achenes as wide as long, ribbed on the back, their inner edges meeting; pedicels, Epcur ed. 2. A. Geyeri. 1. A. brevipes Greene. Perennial; leaf-blades oblong to ovate, 5-19 em. long, acute at the apex, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base; scape 1 m. high or less; sepals orbicular or rounded-ovate, 3 mm. long or more; petals 5-6 mm. long; fruiting heads 5-6.5 mm. broad; achenes broadly obovate, 2.5-3 mm. long; beak ascending. A. swperba Lunell. In water and wet places: N.S.—N.D. N.M.—Calif—B.C. Plain—Mont. 2. A. Geyeri Torr. Perennial; leaf-blades oblong to ovate-lanceolate, rarely lance-linear, 5-9 cm. long, acute at both ends; scapes mostly 1-5 dm. long, diffusely spreading; sepals rounded-ovate, about 2-5 mm. long; petals 2—4 mm. long; fruiting heads 4.5-5.5 mm. broad; achenes suborbicular; beaks erect. Wet places: w N.Y.—N.D.—Nev.—Ore. Plain—Submont. 2. SAGITTARIA L. Arrow-HEeap, Swan or Swamp Poraro. Perennial water or bog plants, with tuber-bearing or nodose rootstocks. Leaves long-petioled, with a sagittate or lanceolate blade or, especially the earlier ones, reduced to bladeless phylloids. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, borne 28 ALISMACEAE in verticils of 3’s near the top of the scapes, pedicelled, the staminate uppermost. Sepals and petals 3; the latter large, white. Stamens numerous, inserted on the convex receptacle; anthers 2-celled, dehiscent by lateral slits. Pistillate flowers with numerous pistils. Achenes densely aggregated in globular heads, flat and often wing-margined. Leaf-blades usually -without basal lobes; beak borne below the top of the achenes. 1. S. graminea. Leaf-blades or some of them sagittate or hastate, with basal lobes; beak borne ‘at the top of the achenes. Beak short, erect; bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. Basal lobes of the leaves acute or acuminate. 2. S. cuneata. Basal lobes of the leaves rounded or obtuse. 3. S. hebetiloba. Beak of the achenes horizontal. Beak short; basal lobes of the leaves at least twice as long as the terminal one; bracts lanceolate. 4. S. longiloba. Beak long; basal lobes of the leaves usually shorter than the terminal one; bracts ovate. 5. S. latifolia. 1. S. graminea Michx. Plant emersed or submerged, 1-6 dm. high; phyl- loids if present, flattened, linear-lanceolate, acute, 8-30 em. long, 1-2 em. wide; leaf-blades lanceolate to ovate-elliptical, acute at both ends, or very rarely trun- cate, with short divaricate lobes at the base, 5-15 em. long, 3—-5-ribbed; bracts ovate, acute, 3-5 mm. long, connate to the middle; fruiting heads 5-10 mm. in diameter; achenes 1.5 mm. long, dorsally crested and obliquely one-ribbed on the sides. In shallow ponds and marshes: Newf.—Fla.—Tex.—Sask. Plain. 2. S. cuneata Sheld. A rather weak plant growing in mud or water, glab- rous, 2-4 dm. high; leaves when emersed sagittate; petiole rather stout, usually curving outwards; blade 6-18 cm. long; basal lobes narrow, lanceolate, some- what divergent; blades in deep water less developed, sometimes not lobed, float- ing; bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, 8-20 mm. long, scarious-mar- “gined; fruiting heads 10-15 mm. in diameter; achenes 2 mm. long, winged on both margins. S. arifolia Nutt. In mud and shallow water: Me.—N.D. —Conn. —Kans.—N.M.—Calif.—B.C. Plain—Submont. 3. S. hebetiloba A. Nels. A rather stout plant, 2-5 dm. high, monoecious; leaf-blades sagittate, 8-14 cm. long, subacute; bracts linear-lanceolate, 15-20 mm. long, subscarious; corolla about 2 em. in diameter; fruiting heads 10-15 mm. in diameter; achenes about 2 mm. long, winged on both margins and the summit. In a bog, formed from warm-spring: Laramie Co., Wyo. Submont. 4. S. longiloba Engelm. A monoecious, slender, erect perennial, 3-5 dm. high; leaf-blades sagittate; basal lobes linear-lanceolate, acuminate; fruiting heads 10-12 mm. in diameter; achenes 2 mm. long, narrowly winged on both margins; beak lateral. In shallow ponds: Neb.—Colo.—Tex.—Sonora. Plain—Son. 5. S. latifolia Willd. A rather stout plant, monoecious, 3-6 dm. high; with the lower verticils fertile, or rarely dioecious, 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades sagittate, 15-40 cm. long, very variable, glabrous; lobes from broadly ovate to linear-lanceolate [v. angustifolia], acute or acuminate; bracts ovate, acute, 1-3 cm. long; flowers 3-4 cm. wide; fruiting heads 15-80 mm. in diameter; achenes about 3mm. long, winged on both margins; beak triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, making almost a right angle to the achenes. Shallow water: N.B.—Fla.—Calf.—B.C. Mex. and C. Am. Son.—Plain—Mont. Je-S. Family 11. ELODEACEAE. Warer-weep F amity. Submersed or floating water plants. Leaves in ours opposite or whorled. Plants monoecious, dioecious or polygamous. Flowers enclosed in a spathe of 1-3, usually united bracts. Hypanthium in the pistillate flowers well de- veloped, tubular, in the staminate flowers often shorter or obsolete. Peri- anth regular or nearly so. Sepals 3. Petals 3, or wanting. Stamens 3-9; filaments short, often monadelphous. Pistil single, compound. Ovary 1- celled with 2-6, usually 3, parietal placentae. Ovules numerous. Fruit indehiscent, maturing under water. WATER-WEED FAMILY 29 1. PHILOTRIA Raf. WatTeR-wEeED. Submerged water plants with elongated branched stems, often rooting at the nodes, dioecious or polygamo-dioecious. Leaves opposite or whorled, sessile, pellucid, l-nerved. Spathe 2-cleft at the apex, that of the staminate plant oval or obovate, sessile, stipitate, in the pistillate plant lanceolate and sessile. Sepals and petals 3 or the latter lacking. Stamens in the staminate flowers usually 9, in two series, in the inner series 3; in the hermaphrodite usually only 3. Fruit linear or lance-linear. [Hlodea Michx.] Staminate flowers sessile, breaking off within the spathe; petals wanting. 1. P. Planchonii. Staminate flowers on elongating pedicels, carrying them to the water surface; petals present. 2. P. iowensis. 1. P. Planchonii (Casp.) Rydb. Dioecious water plant; stem slender, 1-10 dm. long; leaves in 3’s or the lower opposite, oblong to linear, 7-15 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, acutish; spathe of the staminate plant obovoid-clavate, nearly 1 em. long, on a stipe 5-10 mm. long; sepals elliptic, 5 mm. long; petals lacking; spathe of the pistillate plant lance-linear, sessile; tube of the hypanthium 3-5 em. long; sepals and petals linear, about 3 mm. long. Lakes and ponds: Sask.—Colo.—Nev. Plain—Submont. 2. P. iowensis Wylie. Dioecious water plant; leaves lanceolate to oblong- linear, 8-14 mm. long, 2-3.5 mm. wide; spathe of the staminate flowers obovate, contracted to a narrow base; sepals oval, 4 mm. long; petals linear-lanceolate, acuminate; spathe of the pistillate flowers linear-cylindric, 1-1.5 em. long; hypanthium 3-15 cm. long; sepals oval, 2 mm. long; petals obovate; staminodia 3. Lakes: Iowa—Colo. Plain. Famity 12. POACEAE. Grass FaAmity. Annual or perennial herbs, or in warmer climates sometimes trees or vines. Stems (culms) usually hollow except at the nodes. Leaves sheath- ing at the base; the sheaths usually split on the side opposite the blades. Inflorescence spicate, racemose or paniculate, consisting of spikelets com- posed of usually 2-ranked bracts called glumes, the lower 1-4, usually 2, empty, the remaining (lemma) enclosing a bract-like organ (the palet), and inside this a flower, usually consisting of 3 stamens and 1 pistil. Ovary 1- celled, 1-seeded. Styles 1-3, usually 2. Fruit a seed-like grain (caryopsis), in some exotic species nut-like or berry-like. Spikelets falling from the pedicels entire, naked or enclosed in bristles or bur-like invo- lucres, 1-flowered, or if 2- flowered the lower flower staminate; no upper empty glumes; rachilla not extending above the upper glume. Spikelets round or somewhat compressed dorsally; empty glumes manifest; hilum punctiform. eerie and palet hyaline, thin, much more delicate in texture than the empty glumes. Spikelets in pairs, one sessile and the other pedicellate. Tribe 1. ANDROPOGONEAE. Spikelets not in pairs (Alopecurus, Polypogon, Cinna, etc.) Tribe 6. AGROSTIDEAE. Lemma, at least that of the perfect flower, similar in texture to the empty glumes, or thicker and firmer, never hyaline and thin. Lemma and palet membranous; the first glume usually larger than the rest. Tribe 2. ZOYSIEAR. Lemma and palet chartaceous to coriaceous, very different in color and ap- pearance from the remaining glumes. Tribe 3. PANICEAE. Spikelets much compressed laterally; empty glumes none or rudimentary; hilum ear Tribe 4. ORYZEAE. Spikelets with the empty glumes persistent, the rachilla articulated above them, 1-many- flowered; upper lemmas frequently empty; rachilla often produced beyond the upper lemma. perkelets | oa in an open or spike-like panicle or raceme, usually upon distinct pedicels. Spikelets 1-flowered. Empty glumes 4; palet 1-nerved. Tribe 5. PHALARIDEAE. Empty glumes 2, rarely 1; palet 2-nerved (except in Cinna.) Tribe 6. AGROSTIDEAE. 30 POACEAE Spikelets 2-many-flowered. Lemma usually shorter than the empty glumes; the awn dorsal and usually bent. Tribe 7. AVENEAR. Lemma usually longer than the empty glumes; the awn terminal and straight (rarely dorsal in Bromus) or none. Tribe 9. FESTUCEAE. Spikelets in two rows, sessile or nearly so. Spikelets on one side of the continuous axis, forming one-sided spikes. Tribe 8. CHLORIDEAE. Spikelets alternately on opposite sides of the axis, which is often articulated. Tribe 10. HORDEAE. TRIBE 1. ANDROPOGONEAE. Racemes singly disposed; apex of the rachis-internodes with a translucent cup-shaped appendage. 1. SCHIZACHYRIUM. Racemes disposed in pairs or more; apex of the rachis-internodes not appendaged. Rachis-internodes and pedicels sulcate, the median portion translucent, the margins thickened. 2. AMPHILOPHIS. Rachis-internodes not sulcate. Some or all of the racemes sessile. 3. ANDROPOGON. All of the racemes more or less peduncled. Pedicellate spikelets wanting. 4. SORGHASTRUM. Pedicellate spikelets present and usually staminate. 5. HOLcUS. TRIBE 2. ZOYSIEAE. Only one genus represented. 6. PLEURAPHIS. TRIBE 3. PANICEAE. Spikelets naked, not involucrate. Empty glumes 2. Rachis produced beyond the upper spikelet; spikelets narrow. 39. SPARTINA. Rachis not so produced; spikelets globose or obovoid. Spikelets obovoid, turgid. 40. BECKMANNIA. Spikelets plano-convex. 7. PASPALUM. Empty glumes 3. Empty glumes not awned. Spikelets in very slender 1-sided racemes, which are usually whorled or ap- proximate. 8. SYNTHERISMA. Spikelets in panicles or panicled racemes. Spikelets lanceolate, acuminate, long-hairy. 9. VALLOTA. Spikelets orbicular or lanceolate, if the latter, then glabrous. 10. PANICUM. Empty glumes awned or awn-pointed. 11. ECHINOCHLOA. Spikelets involucrate. Involucre of bristles. 12. CHAETOCHLOA. Involucre of two spine-bearing valves. 13. CENCHRUS. TRIBE 4. ORYZEAE. Spikelets perfect; empty glumes wanting or rarely rudimentary. 14. HOMALOCENCHRUS. TRIBE 5. PHALARIDEAE. Third and fourth glumes empty, awnless. 15. PHALARIS. Third and fourth glumes enclosing staminate flowers. 16. TORRESIA. TRIBE 6. AGROSTIDEAE. Lemma indurate when mature and very closely embracing the grain, or at least firmer than the empty glumes. Spikelets all perfect, not in pairs. Lemma 3-awned. 17. ARISTIDA. Lemma 1-awned or awnless. Awn twisted and bent. 18. STIPA. Awn not twisted. Lemma broad; awu deciduous. Inflorescence paniculate or racemiform. 19. ORYZOPSIS. Inflorescence dichotomous. 20. ERIOCOMA. Lemma narrow, glabrous or with short, appressed hairs; awn, if any, per- sistent. 21. MUHLENBERGIA. Spikelets in pairs,one perfect and the other staminate or sterile, in a spike-like pan- icle. 22. LYCURUS. Lemma usually hyaline or membranaceous at maturity, at least more delicate than the empty glumes. Stigma sub-plumose (i. e., with short hairs all around), projecting from the apex of the nearly closed glumes. Inflorescence spike-like. Rachilla of the spikelets articulated above the empty glumes, which are there- fore persistent. : 23. PHLEUM. Rachilla of the spikelets articulated below the empty glumes, hence the spikelets falling off entire. 24. ALOPECURUS. Infiorescence an open small panicle; dwarf arctic-alpine plant. 25. PHIPPSIA. GRASS FAMILY 31 Stigma plumose, projecting from the sides of the spikelets; inflorescence an open or spike-like panicle. Grain not permanently enclosed in the lemma and palet; pericarp opening readily at maturity. Flowering glumes long-hairy on the veins. 26. BLEPHARONEURON. Flowering glumes not long-hairy on the veins. 27. SPOROBOLUS. Grain permanently enclosed in the lemma and the palet; pericarp adherent. Spikelets readily falling off when mature. 28. POLYPOGON. Spikelets with the empty scales at least persistent. Palet 1-nerved and 1-keeled; stamen 1. 29. CINNA. Palet 2-nerved and 2-keeled or sometimes wanting; stamens 3. Lemma naked at the base. 30. AGROSTIS. Lemma, with long hairs at the base. Flowering glume and palet thin-membranous. 31. CALAMAGROSTIS. Flowering glume and palet chartaceous. 32. CALAMOVILFA. TRIBE 7. AVENEAE. Awn of the lemma inserted dorsally below the teeth. Flowers all perfect or the upper staminate. Grain free, unfurrowed; spikelets less than 1 cm. long. Lemma erose-toothed or shortly 2-lobed at the apex. 33. DESCHAMPSIA. Lemma 2-cleft or deeply 2-toothed at the apex; teeth awn-pointed. Awn twisted and bent. 34. TRISETUM. Awn if present not twisted, straight. 35. GRAPHEPHORUM. Grain furrowed, adherent to the glumes; spikelets exceeding 1 cm. in length. Ovary not crowned by a villous appendage. 36 AVENA. Ovary crowned by a villous appendage (awned species of) 70. BROMUS. Upper flowers perfect, the lower staminate. 37. ARRHENATHERUM. Awn of the lemma inserted between the teeth. 38. DANTHONIA. TRIBE 8. CHLORIDEAE. Plants with perfect flowers. Spikelets with 1 (rarely 2) perfect flowers. Spikelets deciduous as a whole; rachis articulated below the empty glumes. Rachis produced above the upper spikelet; spikelets narrow. : 39. SPARTINA. Rachis not produced above the upper spikelet; spikelets globose. 40. BECKMANNIA. Spikelets with at least the empty glumes persistent. Glumes above the perfect flower none; spikes digitate, very slender. 41. SCHEDONNARDUS. Glumes above the perfect flower 1—several; spikes scattered. Spikes closely approximate, subverticillate. 42. CHLORIS. Spikes scattered. 43. BOUTELOUA. Spikelets with 2—3 perfect flowers; spikelets alternate. 44, LEPTOCHLOA. Plants dioecious; spikelets of the two sexes very unlike. 45. BULBILIS. TRIBE 9. FESTUCEAE. Lemmas, at least of the pistillate spikelets, 3-lobed and 3-awned; plant dioecious. 46. SCLEROPOGON. Lemmas entire or at most 3-lobed. Hairs on the rachilla or the lemma very long and enclosing the latter. 47. PHRAGMITES. Hairs, if any, on the rachilla and the lemma shorter than the latter. Stigmas barbellate on elongated styles; spikelets in threes in the axils of spinescent leaves. 48. MUNROA. Stigmas plumose, sessile or on short styles. Lemma 1—3-nerved. Lateral nerves of the lemmas hairy. Lemma deeply 3-lobed. Internodes of the rachilla long, often half as long as the lemma; plants without stolons. 50. TRIPLASIS. Internodes of the rachilla short, many times shorter than the lemmas. Fertile flower one, with 2 empty lemmas below and one above. 49. BLEPHARIDACHNE. Fertile flowers 3 or more, with no empty lemmas below. 51. DASYOCHLOA. Lemma entire or slightly 2-lobed; internodes of the rachilla short. Inflorescence a short congested raceme; leaf-blades with thick car- tilaginous margins. 52. ERIONEURON. Inflorescence a panicle; leaf-blades not with cartilaginous margins. Panicle simple or compound, the spikelets on pedicels of vary- ing length. 52. TRIDENS. Panicle composed of long branches, along which the appressed spikelets are arranged on short pedicels. 54. DIPLACHNE. Lateral nerves of the lemmas glabrous. Callus of the lemma copiously pubescent with long hairs; panicle open. 55. REDFIELDIA. 32 POACEAE Callus of the lemma glabrous. Second empty glume similar to the first one or nearly so. Panicle narrow, dense and spike-like, shining; its branches erect. 56. KOELERIA. Panicle open; its branches spreading. Rachilla continuous (except in E. megastachya); lemma decidu- ous; palet persistent; plants of dry soil. 57. ERAGROSTIS. Rachilla articulated; lemma and palet both deciduous with the rachilla-internodes; water plants with 2-flowered spikelets. 58. CATABROSA. Second empty glume very unlike the first one, broad at the summit. 59. SPHENOPHOLIS. Lemma 5—many-nerved. Spikelets with two or more of the upper glumes empty, broad and enfold- ing each other. 60. MELICA. Spikelets with upper glumes flower-bearing or narrow and abortive. Stigmas arising at or near the apex of the ovary. Spikelets borne in one-sided fascicles which are arranged in a glom- erate or interrupted panicle; lemma herbaceous. 61. DACTYLIS. Spikelets borne in panicles or racemes. Glumes more or less compressed and keeled. Spikelets cordate, large. 62. BRIZA. Spikelets not cordate. Plants dioecious; lemma of the pistillate spikelets cori- aR palet strongly 2-keeled and serrate on the ma; 63. DISTICHLIS. Plants with | parfact flowers or in some species of Poa dioe- cious; spikelets all alike; lemma thin; palet ciliate or smooth on the margin. Lemma Ou ae rachis glabrous or with webby hairs. 64. POA. Lemma membranous, not scarious-margined; rachis with stiff hairs, extending into a hairy appendage. 35. GRAPHEPHORUM. Glumes rounded on the back, at least below. Lemma with a basal ring of hairs, prominently 7-nerved, toothed at the apex. 65. SCOLOCHLOA. Lemma naked at the base. Lemma obtuse or acutish and scarious at apex, usually toothed. Lemma distinctly 5—7-nerved; style present. 66. PANICULARIA. Lemma obscurely 5-nerved; style none. 67. PUCCINELLIA. Lemma acute, pointed or more commonly awned at apex. . Stigmas bilaterally plumose; flowers hermaphrodite. 68. FESTUCA. Stigmas subplumose, the branches arising on all sides; plant dioecious. 69. HESPEROCHLOA. Stigmas plainly arising below the apex of the ovary which is tipped by a hairy cushion. 70. BROMUS. TRIBE 10. HORDEAE. Spikelets usually single at the nodes of the rachis. Empty glumes broad, with their sides turned to the rachis. Glumes broad, several-toothed or several-awned. 73. TRITICUM. Glumes not toothed, 1-awned or awnless. Perennials; spikelets several-flowered. 72. AGROPYRON. Annuals or biennials; spikelets 2-flowered. 74. SECALE. Empty glumes with their back turned to the rachis. 71. LOLIUM. Ss pikalets 2-6 at each node of the rachis, or if solitary the empty glumes arranged obliquely to the rachis. Spikelets 1-flowered or with a rudimentary second flower. 75. HORDEUM. Spikelets 2—many-flowered. Rachis of spikes articulated, readily breaking up into joints. 76. SITANION. Rachis of spikes continuous, not breaking up into joints. Empty glumes well developed. 77. ELYMUS. Empty glumes wanting or reduced to short bristles. 78. HYSTRIX. 1. SCHIZACHYRIUM Nees. Burarp-crass, BUNCH-GRASS. Annual or perennial grasses, with spike-like racemes, singly disposed, termin- ating the stem or its branches. Spikelets in pairs at the nodes of the articulate and frequently hairy rachis, one sessile, the other stalked. Sessile spikelet of 4 glumes, the outer 2 empty glumes indurate, the third and the lemma hyaline; the latter bearing a straight, contorted, or twisted awn; palet small, hyaline. Pedicellate spikelet sterile, with 1 or 2 glumes, or rarely wanting. Stigmas plumose. GRASS FAMILY 33 1. S. scoparium (Michx.) Nash. Perennial with a strong rootstock; stems - tufted, 4-15 dm. high, glabrous, scabrous, and in the western form usually glau- cous; leaf-blades 4-6 cm. long, 8 mm. wide or less, scabrous and sometimes hirsute at the base; racemes 3-6 em. long, with white-hairy internodes and pedi- cels; sessile spikelet 5-7 mm. long; awn of the lemma geniculate, 8-15 mm. long, twisted at the base; pedicellate spikelet 2-4.5 mm. long, tipped with an awn 1 mm. long or less. Andropogon scoparius Michx. Dry sandy soil: N.B.—Fla.— Tex.—N.M.—Alta. Plain—Submont. JI-S. 2. AMPHILOPHIS Nash. BrEARD-GRASS. Perennial grasses, resembling Andropogon, with showy, often silvery panicles. Racemes numerous, the internodes with manifestly thickened margins; the median portion thin and translucent. Sessile spikelet of 4 glumes, the outer 2 indurate, the first 2-keeled, the second 1-keeled, the third and the lemma hya- line, the latter very narrow, gradually merging into the awn; the pedicellate spikelet staminate and similar, or sterile and reduced. Stigmas plumose. 1. A. saccharoides (Sw.) Nash. Tufted perennial, smooth and glaucous; stems 5-10 dm. high, simple or somewhat branched; leaf-blades 1-5 dm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, rough above; racemes 1-4 em. long, the terminal hairs 119-2 _ times as long as the internodes; sessile spikelet 4 mm. long, half longer than the internodes; awn geniculate, more or less twisted, 1-1.5 em. long; pedicellate spikelet consisting of a single glume 2-3 mm. long. Andropogon glaucum Torr. = Torreyanum Steud. Dry soil: Tex.—Mo.—Colo.—Ariz.; Mex. Son. Je- u. 3. ANDROPOGON (Royen) L. Buivrstem, BEARD-GRASS. Perennial grasses, tufted or from elongated rootstocks, with spike-like racemes, disposed in pairs or sometimes in 3’s or more, terminating the stem or its branches. Spikelets sometimes with a ring of short hairs at the base, in pairs at each node of the articulated and frequently hairy rachis, one sessile, the other pedicellate. Sessile spikelet of 4 scales, the outer 2 indurated, often pubescent, the third usually hyaline, the lemma entire or 2-toothed at the apex, bearing a straight contorted or spiral awn, or sometimes awnless; palet small, hyaline. Pedicellate spikelet usually sterile, of 1 or 2 glumes, sometimes of four glumes and enclosing a staminate or more rarely a perfect flower, or frequently entirely wanting, the first glume rarely short-awned. Stamens 1-3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Lemma of the sessile spikelets with a long geniculate awn, more or less spiral at the base. Outer two glumes of the sessile spikelets more or less hispidulous all over; hairs of the rachis-internodes usually 2 mm. long or less, mostly white. 1. A. provincialis. Outer two glumes of the sessile spikelets smooth or nearly so, except on the nerves; hairs of the rachis-internodes 3—4 mm. long, usually yellow. 2. A. chrysocomus. Lemma of the sessile spikelets awnless or with a short straight untwisted awn. Marginal hairs of the pedicels and rachis-internodes copious, stiff. 3. A. Hallii. Marginal hairs of the pedicels and rachis-internodes scant, lax, crisp, or almost wanting. 4. A. paucipilus. 1. A. provincialis Lam. Stem 1-2 m. high; sheaths glabrous, or sometimes slightly hairy; leaf-blades 1.5-6 dm. long, 5-12 mm. wide, usually glabrous and smooth beneath, slightly scabrous above and somewhat hairy at the base; racemes in 2’s—6’s, 5-10 em. long; sessile spikelet 7-10 mm. long; awn 7-15 mm. long; pedicellate spikelet nearly as large, staminate, awnless. A. furcatus Muhl. Meadows: Me.—Fla.—Tex.—N.M.—Mont.—Sask. Plain—Submont. JI-S. 2. A. chrysocomus Nash. Stem 7-15 dm. high; sheaths smooth and ~ glabrous; leaf-blades 2-3 dm. long, 7 mm. wide or less, smooth beneath, slightly scabrous above; racemes in 2’s—4’s, 5-9 em. long, long-exserted; sessile spikelet about 1 cm. long; outer two glumes hispid on the nerves; awn 10-12 mm. long; pedicellate spikelet awnless. Prairies and plains: Neb.—Tex.—Colo. Plain— Submont. JI\-S. 3. A. Hallii Hack. Stem robust, 1-2 m. high, more or less glaucous, glabrous; sheaths glabrous and glaucous; leaf-blades 2-3 dm. long, 5-8 mm. wide; spikes in 2’s—5’s, 5-10 em. long; hairs of the internodes about 2 mm. long, yellow- ish or whitish; sessile spikelet about 8 mm. long; outer glumes glabrous at the q 3 o4 POACEAE base, pubescent towards the apex; awn straight, 4-10 mm. long or sometimes wanting; pedicellate spikelet awnless, usually larger than the sessile one, stam- inate. Sandy soil: N.D.—Miss.—Mex.—Mont. Plain—Son. JI-S. 4. A. paucipilus Nash. Stem 1-1.5 m. tall, stout; sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaf-blades 3 dm. long or less: racemes in 2’s—3’s, 5-7 cm. long, exserted; sessile spikelets 9-10 mm. long; outer 2 glumes hispid on the nerves toward the apex, pubescent towards the summit; awn almost none; pedicellate spikelet similar to the sessile one, staminate. Dry soil: Mont.—Neb. Plain. Jl. 4. SORGHASTRUM Nash. InprAn Grass. Perennials with rootstocks. Panicles large, with the principal branches soli- tary but branching near the base and hence appearing verticillate. Sessile spikelet dorsally compressed; empty glumes 3, the outer two indurate, often hairy, the third hyalme. Lemma hyaline, with a long awn, which is spiral at the base. Pedicellate spikelet wanting or rudimentary, usually represented merely by a hairy pedicel at one side of the sessile spikelet, or at the ends of the branches by two pedicels, one on each side. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. 1. S. nutans (L.) Nash. Perennial, with a scaly rootstock; stems 1-2.5 m. high; leaf-sheaths usually smooth and glabrous; blades 3-6 dm. long, 5-13 mm. wide, very rough; panicles 2-5 dm. long, loose, the apex usually nodding; spike- lets 6-S mm. long, lanceolate, the 2 outer glumes golden-brown, the first one densely pubescent with long erect hairs; awn geniculate, 1—-1.5 em. long, closely spiral up to the bend, then loosely twisted. Andropogon nutans L. Chrysopogon nutans A. Gray. Meadows: Ont.—Fla.—Tex.—Ariz.—Sask.; n Mex. Plain —Submont—Son. JI-S. 5. HOLCUS L Jounson Grass, Broom Corn, Sucar Corn. Perennials with rootstocks, or annuals. Branches of the large panicle verti- cillate. Spikelets in pairs or at the ends of the branches in 3’s, 1 sessile and pistillate, 1 or 2 pedicelled and staminate or neutral. Empty glumes 3, the outer two indurate, the third hyaline. Lemma hyaline, awned, or awnless. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. [Sorghum Pers.] 1. H. halapense L. Perennial; stem 5-15 dm. tall; leaf-blades 2-5 dm. long, 0.5-3 em. wide; panicle 1.5-5 dm. long, oblong to oval; sessile spikelet 4.5- 5.5 mm. long, ovoid, the two outer glumes densely appressed-pubescent; awn readily deciduous, 1—1.5 em. long; pedicellate spikelets 5-7 mm. long, lanceolate, the 2 outer glumes sparingly pubescent. Sorghum halapense Pers. JOHNSON Grass. In fields and waste places: Pa.—Fla.—Tex.—Colo.; Calif.; Mex., C. Am. and 8. Am.; escaped from cultivation. Je-D. 6. PLEURAPHIS Torr. Buack BuNcu-arass, GALLETA Grass, Toposa Grass. Tufted perennials with scaly rootstocks. Spikelets in sessile clusters of three, forming a spike-like inflorescence; central spikelet 1-flowered, the lateral ones of 2 staminate flowers. Glumes 3 in the central flower, the outer two-ridged, the first larger, 2-toothed at the apex, awnless or with an awn between the teeth, the second narrower and keeled, the third thin-membranous and like the lemma. Glumes of the lateral flowers only two. Styles a little united at the base; stig- mas short-plumose. Stem and leaf-sheath, at least the lower ones, densely woolly. 1. P. rigida. Stem and leaf-sheath not woolly. Outer glumes of the spikelets cuneate, awnless; nerves strongly divergent. 2. P. mutica. Outer glumes linear or oblong, awned; nerves parallel. 3. P. Jamesii. 1. P. rigida Thurb. Stem 3-8 dm. high, branching, covered with a dense tomentum; leaf-blades 3-12 em. long, rigid, 3-5 mm. wide, often involute; spike 3-10 em. long; glumes of the central perfect spikelet cuneate at base, bifid above, fringed with wool; awn divergent, a little exceeding the glume; glumes of the lateral spikelets irregularly toothed above; awns short, straight or recurved. res rigida Benth. Desert regions: s Utah—Ariz.—s Calif. —L. Calif. L. Son. Ap-—Je. GRASS FAMILY 30 2. P. mutica Buckl. Stems 2-6 ecm. high, smooth and glabrous; blades 3-10 em. long, involute, scabrous; spikes dense, 3-6 cm. long, 5-12 mm. thick; spikelets usually overlapping; lower glumes of the middle spikelet narrow, keeled, bearing 5-6 bristles; those of the lateral spikelets 4-5 mm. long, cuneate, the outer one 6—-9-nerved with a rounded scarious margin, the inner 4-nerved with a short awn. H. mutica Benth. Tosposa Grass. Dry phains: Tex.— Colo.—Ariz.; Mex. Son. Ap-S. 3. P. Jamesii Torr. Stem slightly hairy at the nodes, otherwise scabrous or smooth, 1.5—4 dm. high; blades 1-15 cm. long, glaucous and scabrous, usually revolute; spikes 5-8 em. long, often purple-tinged; glumes of the middle spikelet keeled, ciliate, 2-cleft, with 3-7 bristles on the back; lower glume of the lateral spikelets 6-7 mm. long, awned above the middle; upper glume emarginate, cuspi- date. H. Jamesii Benth. Gatuieta Grass. Hills and plains: Tex.—Wyo.— Nev.—N.M. Plain—Submont.—Son. My-Au. 7. PASPALUM L. Paspatum. Usually perennials with rootstocks. Inflorescence of one or more unilateral racemes; spikelets 1-flowered, arranged singly or in pairs alternately in two rows on one side of a flattened and more or less w inged rachis. Glumes 2, rarely 3, membranous. Lemma glabrous and shining, convex, with its back turned to- wards the rachis, at last indurate. Styles distinct, long; stigmas plumose. 1. P. stramineum Nash. Stem 2-8 dm. high; sheaths all but the lowest ones glabrous, except the ciliate margins; blades yellowish-green, long-ciliate on the margins, 5-25 em. long, 5-10 mm. wide; racemes 4-10 cm. long, usually in pairs; spikelets in pairs, orbicular, 2mm. broad; first glume 3-nerved, pubescent; second glume 2-nerved, glabrous or nearly so. P. setacewm A. Nels., not Michx. Sandy places: Neb.—Okla.—Colo. Plain. JI-S. 8. SYNTHERISMA Walt. Cras-crass. Annual grasses. Inflorescence composed of spike-like racemes, which are disposed in whorls, or approximate at the summit of the stems. Spikelets nar- row, acute, in 2’s or 3’s on one side of the flat and winged or triangular rachis, one of the spikelets generally longer-pedicelled than the rest. Glumes mem- branous, the first small or wanting, the lemma chartaceous, glabrous and shin- ing, at length indurated, enclosing a palet. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. [Digitaria Seop., not Heist.] Pedicels terete or nearly so, sparingly if at all hispidulous; lower sheaths glabrous; lemma brown in fruit. Spikelets more than 2 mm. long. 1. S. Ischaemum. Spikelets 1.25—1.5 mm. long. 2. S. paniceum. Pedicels sharply 3-angled, the angles strongly hispidulous, as also the sheath; lemma white in fruit. Spikelets about 2.5 mm. long; third glume with the nerves strongly hispid above the middle. 3. S. sanguinale. Spikelets 3 mm. long or more; third glume with the nerves smooth or nearly so. . marginatum. 1. S. Ischaemum (Schreb.) Nash. Stems 2-5 dm. long, at last prostrate and rooting; leaf-blades 1.5-13 em. long, 2.5-6 mm. wide, smooth and glabrous on both sides; racemes 2—5, 2-8 em. long; spikelets fully 2 mm. long, elliptic, acute; first glume rudimentary or wanting. Panicum lineare Krock., not L. P. glabrum Gaud. Syntherisma humifusum (Pers.) Rydb. Waste places, fields, and roadsides: N.S.—Fla.—Colo.—Mont.; introduced from Eu. Plain—Mont. JI-S. 2. S. paniceum (Sw.) Nash. Stem tufted, 1-4.5 dm. high, glabrous; sheaths glabrous; blades glabrous, up to 1 dm. long, 6 mm. wide; racemes 3-5, digitate, up to 1 dm. long; rachis winged; spikelets about 1.3 mm. long, white, acute, el- liptic; first glume wanting, second and third subequal, nearly equalling the lemma, appressed-pubescent, 3-5-nerved. Waste places: n Mex.—Colo.— W. Ind.; also in the Old World. Son. 3. S. sanguinale (L.) Dulac. Stem 3-10 dm. high, prostrate at the base and rooting; leaf-blades 4-20 em. long, 4-10 mm. wide, more or less papillose-hirsute 30 POACEAE on both sides: racemes 3-10, linear, 5-18 cm. long; spikelets elliptic-lanceolate, acute; first glume minute, triangular; lemma apiculate, elliptic-lanceolate. P. sanguinale L. Crap-crass. Cultivated ground and waste places: Mass.— Fla.—Calif—Wash.; Mex.; naturalized from the Old World. Je-S. 4. S. marginatum (Link) Nash. Stem 5-8 dm. long, prostrate at the base and rooting at the nodes; sheaths densely papillose-hirsute; blades 5-8 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, flat, glabrous or pubescent; racemes 2-9, variously disposed, 2-12 em. long; spikelets 3-4 mm. long, lance-oblong; first glume minute, triangu- lar, glabrous; second and third glumes long-pubescent; lemma elliptic. Waste places: Md.—Fla.—Mex.—Utah; W. Ind., C. Am., and 8. Am. 9. VALLOTA Chase. Perennial grasses, with usually tufted stems, panicles usually densely hairy, narrow or contracted. Spikelets numerous, articulated below the empty glumes, 1-flowered, lanceolate, acute or acuminate. Glumes 3, membranous, the second and usually also the much shorter first densely silky-pilose or long ciliate on the margins, often acuminate, and sometimes with a short bristle at the apex; the lemma shorter, chartaceous, glabrous and shining, finally indurated, enclosing a shorter palet. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. 1. V. saccharata (Buckl.) Chase. Erect perennial; stem 3-9 dm. high, usually much-branched below; sheaths mostly exceeding the internodes, glabrous or papillose-hirsute; leaf-blades 5-15 em. long, flat, 5 mm. wide or less, more or less pubescent; panicle 1-2 dm. long; spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long, acute; first glume minute, second and third glumes densely silvery-villous. Panicum saccharatum Buckl. P. lachnanthum Torr. Trichacne saccaratum Nash. Dry hillsides: Tex. —Colo.—Ariz.; Mex. Son.—Submont. My—sS. 10. PANICUM L. Panic-Grass, WITCH-GRASS. Annuals or perennials. Spikelets in open or contraced panicles, 1—2-flowered, lanceolate, oblong, ovate to obovate or globose, obtuse to acute or acuminate. Glumes 3, membranous, the first and second empty, the first usually much shorter than the spikelet, sometimes minute, the third one empty or enclosing a shorter hyaline palet and often also a staminate flower; lemma shorter and usually more obtuse than the glumes, chartaceous, glabrous and shining, at length in- durated, enclosing a palet. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Inflorescence truly paniculate. . - Basal leaf-blades long and narrow; spikelets lanceolate or ovate, acute or acuminate. Annuals. Branches of the panicle widely spreading, the well developed pulvinus in their axils long-hairy; spikelets lanceolate, acuminate. 1. P. barbipulvinatum. Branches of the panicle ascending, rarely spreading, the pulvinus glabrous or sparingly hairy; spikelets ovate to ellipsoid, acute. 2. P. capillare. Perennials, with long scaly rootstocks and stolons. 3. P. virgatum. Basal leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate, obtuse. Spikelets less than 2 mm. long. Stem and sheaths sparingly pubescent, with spreading papillate hairs. Vernal leaves glabrous or nearly so on the upper side. Autumnal stems branching from the lower nodes, forming a spreading bunch, 1-1.5 dm. high. 4. P. occidentale. | Autumnal stems branching from the middle nodes, forming widely spreading mats. 5. P. tennesseense. Vernal leaves pubescent on the upper side, especially towards the base. Spikelets 1.8-2 mm. long; autumnal form decumbent- spreading. 6. P. pacificum. Spikelets 1.6-1.8 mm. long; autumnal form not decumbent-spreading. 7. P. Huachucae. Stem and sheachs densely soft-pubescent; hairs scarcely papillate. 8. P. thermale. Spikelets more than 2 mm. long. Blades of stem-leaves elongated, narrowly linear Spikelets glabrous or with a few scattered hairs; stem branching only at the base. . P. perlongum. Spikelets densely pubescent; stem branching above. P. Wilcoxianum. P. Scribnerianum. P. obtusum. Blades of stem-leaves lanceolate. Inflorescence with racemiform branches. ee el NHS © GRASS FAMILY 37 1. P. barbipulvinatum Nash. Annual; stem at length branched and root- ing at the nodes; sheaths densely pubescent with spreading hairs, papillate at the base; blades hairy on both sides, 4-13 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide; panicles ovate. 1-2 dm. long; spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long; first glume less than one-half as long as the spikelet, broadly ovate, 3-nerved; second and third glumes pubescent at the apex. WrEsTERN WitcH-Grass. Wet sandy soil: Minn.—Kans.—Wyo.—Ore. —B.C. Plain—Submont. JI-S. 2. P. capillare L. Erect or decumbent annual; stem 2-8 dm. high, simple or sparingly branched; sheaths papillose-hirsute; leaf-blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 5— 15 mm. wide, pubescent; terminal panicle 2-3.5 dm. long; lateral ones when present smaller; spikelets 2—-2.5 mm. long, somewhat acuminate or acute; first glume 14-14 as long as the spikelet, 5-7-nerved; second and third glabrous. Wircn-Grass. Dry or sandy soil and waste places: N.S.—Fla.—Tex.—Nev.— Wash.—B.C. Plain. Je-S. 3. P. virgatum L. Perennial with a creeping, scaly rootstock; stem 1-2 m. high, glabrous; sheaths smooth; leaf-blades elongated, 3 dm. long or more, 6-12 mm. wide, flat, rough on the margins; panicle 1.5-5 dm. long; spikelets ovate, acuminate, 4-4.5 mm. long; first glume acuminate, about half as long as the spikelet, 3-5-nerved; second glume usually longer than the rest. Meadows and peas. Me.—Fla.—Tex.—Ariz.—Sask.; W. Ind. and C. Am. Plain—Son. Au-S. 4. P. occidentale Scribn. Tufted perennial, yellowish green; stem 1.5—4 dm. high, with short lower internodes; blades 4-8 em. long, 5-7 mm. wide, glabrous or with a few hairs towards the base above, appressed-pubescent be- neath; panicle long-exserted, 4-7 cm. long, lax, with flexuose spreading branches; spikelets about 1.8 mm. long, obovate, acute, pubescent; first glume one-fourth as long as the spikelet or less; second and third glumes subequal, as long as the fruit. Bogs and sandy ground: B.C.—Ida.—Calif. Submont. 5. P. tennesseense Ashe. Perennial, at first spreading; stem 2.5-6 dm. high; sheaths spreading-pubescent; leaf-blades 6-9 cm. long, often ciliate at the base, glabrous or nearly so above, appressed-pubescent beneath; panicle 4-7 cm. long, rather dense; spikelets 1.6-1.7 mm. long, obovate, obtuse, pubescent; first glume about one-fourth as long as the spikelet; second glume shorter than the third. Open moist ground: Me.—Ga.—Miss.—Utah. Plain—Submont. 6. P. pacificum Hitche. & Chase. Tufted perennial; stem 2.5-5 dm. high; leaf-blades 5-10 em. long, 5-8 mm. wide, acuminate, papillose-pilose, with shorter hairs intermixed, appressed-pubescent beneath; panicle short-exserted, - 5-10 em. long, with flexuose ascending branches; spikelets obovate, obtuse, papil- lose-pubescent; first glume one-fourth to one-third as long as the spikelet, trun- cate; second and third glumes equalling the fruit. Sandy shores: B.C.—Ida.— Ariz.—Calif. Plain—Submont. 7. P. Huachucae Ashe. Erect or ascending perennial, at length much branched; stems 2-6 dm. high; leaf-blades lanceolate or lance-linear, acuminate, pubescent beneath with short hairs, 4-10 em. long, 5-12 mm. wide; panicle 5-10 em. long, usually purplish; branches spreading, few-flowered; spikelets obovate, obtuse, 1.5-1.8 mm. long; first glume small, about one-third as long as the spike- let; second and third glumes equal, pubescent with spreading hairs. P. pubes- oa A.Gray,not Lam. Meadows: Me.—N.C.—Calif—Mont. Plain—Mont. eS. 8. P. thermale Bolander. Tufted perennial; stem 1-3 dm. high; leaf- blades lanceolate, 2-10 em. long, 5-10 mm. wide, thick, finely and densely pubes- cent on both sides, or glabrate above; terminal panicle exserted, 2-4 cm. long; branches spreading, few-flowered; lateral panicles often included; spikelets obovoid; first glume rounded-ovate, about one-fourth as long as the spikelet; the second and third glumes pubescent. Around hot springs: Calif—Nev.—Wyo. Mont. Mont.—Submont. Au. 9. P. perlongum Nash. Tufted pubescent perennial; stems 2-4 dm. high, simple; sheaths hirsute with long ascending hairs; leaf-blades papillose-hispid 38 POACEAE beneath, 2-3 mm. wide, the upper usually 8-14 em. long; panicle much exserted, 4-6 em. long, its branches nearly erect; spikelets about 3.25 mm. long and 1.5— 1.75 mm. wide; first empty glume ovate, one-third as long as the spikelet. Prair- ies and hills: Ind.—Okla.—(Black Hills) 8.D. Plain—Submont. My-—Jl. 10. P. Wilcoxianum Vasey. Cespitose perennial, tufted; stems 1-2.5 dm- high, sparingly pilose with long white hairs; sheaths papillose-pilose; leaf-blades 3.5-7.5 em. long, less than 4 mm. wide, pubescent with long hairs; panicle 3-4 em. long, ovoid, flexuose; spikelets about 2.5 mm. long, ellipsoid; first glume ovate, about one-fourth as long as the spikelet; second and third glumes pubes- cent. Prairies: S.D.—Kans.—Ore. Plains. Je—Jl. 11. P. Scribnerianum Nash. Somewhat cespitose perennial; stem erect, 1.5-6 dm. high, simple or later dichotomously branched, sparingly hairy; sheaths strongly papillose-hirsute; leaf-blades 5-10 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, glabrous and smooth above, scabrous and sparingly hairy beneath; primary panicle ovoid, 3.5-7.5 em. long, the secondary ones much smaller and more or less in- cluded; spikelets obovoid, 3 mm. long; first glume ovate, one-fourth as long as the spikelet; second and third glumes glabrous or finely pubescent. Panicum scoparium S. Wats., not Lam. Meadows: Me.—Va.—Ariz.—Ore.—B.C. Plain —Submont. My-—Jl. 12. P. obtusum H.B.K. Perennial, with a more or less tufted rootstock, producing creeping stolons; stem compressed, 2-8 dm. high, decumbent at the pase, glabrous; leaf-blades 3-20 cm. long, 2-7 mm. wide, involute towards the tip, glabrous or nearly so; panicle short-exserted, 3-12 em. long; spikelets short- pedicelled, 3-4 mm. long, obovoid, glabrous; first glume nearly as long as the spikelet; second and third glumes subequal; third glume often enclosing a stam- inate flower. Brachiaria obtusa (H.B.K.) Nash. Sandy and gravelly soil: Mo.—Tex.—Ariz.—Colo.; Mex. Son. 11. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. Barnyarp Grass, JUNGLE ‘RICE. Coarse and often tall annuals. Inflorescence of several unilateral spikes or racemes. Spikelets 1- or 2-flowered, crowded in small clusters or racemes, in two rows on one side of the flat rachis. Empty glumes 3, membranous, hispid, the first much shorter than the spikelet; all awned or awn-pointed. Lemma chartaceous, glabrous and shining, indurate, acute or acuminate, enclosing a shorter palet. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. 1. E. Crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Stem 4-12 dm. high, branched at the base; leaf-sheaths keeled; blades 1.5-4 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, glabrous, smooth; panicle of 5-15 secund branches; spikelets ovate, crowded in 2—4 rows, about 4 mm. long, hispidulous, hispid on the nerves; first glume broadly ovate, nearly half as long as the rest; the third glume in the typical form usually with an awn 4-10 mm. long, but in the native form of the Rocky Mountain region (var. mutica) usually all merely cuspidate. Panicum Crus-galli L. Wet places, culti- vated ground and waste places: N.S.—Fla.—Calif—Wash.; Mex., W. Ind., Eurasia. Plain—Submont. Je—O. 12. CHAETOCHLOA Scribn. Foxrait Grass. Annuals or perennials. Inflorescence of dense terminal cylindric spike-like or narrowly thyrsoid panicles. Spikelets in a cluster of I-several sterile barbed bristle-like persistent branches. Empty glumes 3, membranous, the first often very short and together with the larger second one empty, the third glume fre- quently longer than the second, empty, or rarely enclosing a palet and also some- times a staminate flower, the lemma usually shorter than the spikelet, chartaceous, glabrous, shining, often transversely rugose, finally indurated, obtuse, enclosing a shorter palet. Styles distinct, elongated: stigmas plumose. [Setaria Beauv.] Inflorescence with the spikelets racemosely arranged; bristles 5-16 at the base of each spikelet, involucrate, tawny-orange. . C. glauca. Inflorescence with the spikelets in clusters on the branches; bristles 1-3 at the base of each spikelet, not involucrate. Second glume of the spikelet as long as the lemma, or very nearly so; annuals. Panicle usually 1 cm. thick or less; bristles commonly green; spikelets about 2 mm. long. 2. C. viridis. GRASS FAMILY 39 Panicle usually 1-3 cm. thick; bristles usually purple; spikelets oss mm. long. A 3. C. italica. Second glume manifestly shorter than the lemma; perennials. 4. C. composita. 1. C. glauca (L.) Scribn. Erect or ascending, glaucous annual; stem 3-12 dm. high, branching at the base, glabrous, compressed; leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, glabrous or with scattered long hairs at the base; spikelet broadly ovate, 3 mm. long; second glume one-half to two-thirds as long as the spikelet, ovate, acute; third glume equalling the lemma, which is broadly ovate, striate, transversely rugose. Setaria glauca Beauv. Waste places and cultivated ground: N.S.—Fla.—Tex.—Colo.—Sask.; naturalized from Eurasia. Plain— Submont. Je-S. 2. C. viridis (L.) Scribn. Erect glabrous annual; stem 2—9 dm. high, branched at the base, compressed; leaf-blades 5-25 em. long, 4-10 mm. wide, long-acumin- ate, slightly scabrous on both sides; bristles: slender, scabrous, 1-1.5 cm. long, green or rarely purplish; lemma elliptic, finely and faintly wrinkled below or only striate. S. viridis Beauv. Waste places and cultivated ground: Newf.— Fla.—Calif —B.C.; Mex.; naturalized from Eu. Plain—Submont. JIS. 3. C. italica (L.) Scribn. Stout, erect, somewhat glaucous annual; stem simple or branched at the base, 5-20 dm. high, glabrous; nodes bearded; leaf- blades lanceolate, 2-4 dm. long, 1.5-3 em. wide, scabrous on both sides; bristles green or purplish, 3-10 em. long, scabrous; lemma smooth or faintly trans- versely rugose, striate. S. italica Beauv. Waste places and fields; escaped from cultivation: Que.—Fla.—Tex.—Colo.—S8.D.; native of Eurasia. JI-S. 4. C. composita (H.B.K.) Scribn. Pale, glaucous perennial; stem geniculate and branched at the base, subcompressed, scabrous or pubescent especially below the nodes; blades linear, plane, 1-2.5 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, glaucous, scabrous on both sides; panicle pale-green, loose, interrupted below: bristles usually single below each spikelet, flexuose, 5-15 mm. long, scabrous; spikelets narrowly ovate, 2-3 mm. long; lemma striate, smooth, obscurely transversely wrinkled below. S. composita H.B.K. Hills, plains, and cafions: Tex.—Colo.—Ariz.; Mex., andS. Am. Son. Je-O. 13. CENCHRUS L. Bur-crass, SANDBUR, SANDSPUR. Annuals or perennials. Spikes terminal. Spikelets 2-6, in an ovate or glo- bose involucre, consisting of two thick hard valves, which are exteriorly armed with stout spines at the base, the involucres articulated to the rachis and readily deciduous, carrying the persistent spikelets with them. The first and second glumes empty, the first small or minute, the third equalling or longer than the second, enclosing a palet and also sometimes a staminate flower, the lemma chartaceous, firmer, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles often connate at the very base; stigmas plumose. 1. C. carolinianus Walt. Erect or decumbent annual; stem 2-9 dm. long, branching; leaf-sheaths usually loose, compressed, smooth; blades 6-12 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, smooth or rough; spikes 3-6 cm. long, sometimes partly included; involucres 6-20, enclosing each 2 spikelets, 3-5 mm. broad, pubescent; spines 3-4 mm. long; spikelets 6-7 mm. long, usually exserted beyond the involucre. C. tribuloides Auth., not L. Sandy banks and waste places, sometimes becom- ing a noxious weed: Me.—Fla.—Tex.—Colo.—8.D.; Mex., C. Am., and W. Ind. Plain—Son. Mr-N. j 14. HOMALOCENCHRUS Mieg. Rice Cur-crass. Perennials. Panicles usually open, rarely contracted, terminal, the branches slender. Spikelets often with a cartilaginous ring at the base, articulated below the scales, compressed, 1-flowered. Glumes 2, compressed-keeled, somewhat rigid, awnless, the first one usually ciliate on the keel, broader than the second, which encloses a perfect flower but no palet. Stamens 1-6. Styles short or slender, distinct; stigmas plumose with branched hairs. ([Leersia Sw., not Hedw.] 1. H. oryzoides (L.) Poll. Stem 3-15 dm. high, often rooting at the nodes; jeaf-blades 6-25 em. long, 4-13 mm. wide, very rough; terminal panicle 1-2 dm. 40 POACEAE long, at last exserted; lateral ones often included at the base; spikelets 4-5 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide, elliptic; outer glumes hispid on the keel and margins, hispidulous on the sides; stamens 3. Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. In swamps: N.S.—Fla.—Tex.—Colo.—Sask.; also Eu. Plain—Submont. Au-O 15. PHALARIS L. Canary-GRrass. Annuals or perennials. Panicles terminal, cylindric and spike-like, capitate, or densely thyrsoidal and somewhat interrupted. Spikelets articulated above the empty glumes, compressed, 1-flowered, crowded. Empty glumes 4, the lower 2 persistent, larger than the rest, thin-paleaceous, compressed-keeled, the keel usually more or less winged, sometimes wingless, awnless; third and fourth glumes shorter, very thin and narrowly lanceolate, sometimes reduced to bristles, or rarely one of them wanting; lemma chartaceous, at length mdurated, awnless, sometimes pointed, obscurely 3—5-nerved, the midnerve sometimes obsolete, enclosing a faintly 2-nerved palet. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Outer glumes not winged; inflorescence a narrow panicle. 1. P. arundinacea. Outer glumes winged; inflorescence a spike or spike-like panicle. Spikelets narrow; third and fourth glumes much reduced; blades subulate-linear, hairy. ’ 2. P. caroliniana. Spikelets broad; third and fourth glumes thin, membranous; blades lanceolate, glabrous, rarely sparingly hairy. 3. P. canariensis. 1. P. arundinacea L. Glabrous perennial, with a horizontal rootstock; stem erect, 6-15 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 6-16 mm. wide; panicle 7-20 cm. long, dense, 1-2 em. thick; spikelets 5-6 mm. long; outer glumes 3- nerved; third and fourths glumes less than half as long as the lemma, which is. pubescent with long appressed hairs. Wet places: N.S.—N.J.—Nev.—B.C.; Eurasia. Plain—Mont. Je—Au. 2: P. caroliniana Walt. Glabrous annual; stem 3-10 dm. high; leaf- blades 5-15 em. long, 4-10 mm. wide; panicle oblong, 2.5-10 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick; spikelets 5 mm. long; outer glumes 3-nerved; third and fourth glumes less than half as long as the lemma, which is acuminate and with long appressed hairs. Wet ground: Fla.—s.C. Mo.—Colo. Calif.; Mex. Son—Aust. My-— Au. 3. P. canariensis L. Glabrous annual; stem 3-9 dm. high, branched at the base; leaf-blades 5-380 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide, strongly scabrous; panicles oblong or ovoid, 1-4 cm. long; spikelets 6-8 mm. long; outer glumes whitish with green nerves; third and fourth glumes broadly lanceolate, about half as long as the pubescent lemma. Waste places: N.S.—Va.—Colo.—S.D.; also Calif.— Ore.; naturalized from Europe and Africa. Plain—Submont. Je—Jl. 16. TORRESIA R. & P. Sweet Grass, Hoty Grass. Sweet-scented perennials with rootstocks. Panicles open or contracted. Spikelets 3-flowered, the terminal flower perfect, the others stamimate. Empty glumes nearly equal, acute, glabrous. Lemma 2-toothed or 2-lobed, with or without an awn. Stamens in the staminate flowers 3, in the perfect flowers 2 Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. [Hierochloa Gmel. ‘Savastana Schrank. ] 1. T. odorata (L.) Hitche. Perennial with a creeping rootstock; stem 3-6. dm. high, smooth; lower leaf-blades elongated, 1-2 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, the upper ones 1-5 em. long; panicle 5-10 cm. long, its branches spreading or re- flexed; spikelets yellowish brown or purplish, 4-6 mm. long: first and second gllumes acute; third and fourth glumes villous and strongly ciliate, awn-pointed. H. odorata (L.) Wahl. H. borealis R. & §. Sa-astana odorata Scribn. Moist paces and among bushes: Lab.—N.J.—Neb.—Colo.—Ariz.—Alaska; Eur- asia. Submont—Alp. Je-Jl. 17. ARISTIDA L. Poverty Grass, WIRE-GRASS. Tufted perennials, with narrow leaves. Inflorescence paniculate or race- mose. Spikelets 1-flowered, narrow. Empty glumes 2, membranous, persist- ent, keeled, awnless, usually longer than the lemma. The latter firm, narrow,. GRASS FAMILY 41 rigid, strongly convolute, with a prominent callus at the base, 3-awned at the apex; the central awn often bent and twisted, the lateral ones shorter and spread- ing or ascending. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Awns neither twisted nor bent. Panicle narrow; branches erect or ascending. First glume much shorter than the second. Spikelets not crowded, usually 1—3, on branches naked at the base; awn over 2 cm. long; perennials. Second glume of the spikelets 2 cm. long or more, 1.5—2 times as long as the lemma. . 1. A. longiseta. Second glume of the spikelets 1.5 cm. long or less, scarcely exceeding the lemma. 2. A. Fendleriana. Spikelets crowded, 4—6 on the short branches, spikelet-bearing to near the base; awn less than 2 cm. long; annuals. Stem 3-6 dm. high; first glume 7-8 mm. long; middle awn 10-16 mm. long; leaf-blades usually flat. 3. A. fasciculata. Stem 1-3 dm. high; first glume 4-6 mm. long; middle awn 6-8 mm. long; leaf-blades strongly involute. 4. A. bromoides. First glume nearly equalling the second; perennials with a dense panicle. 7. A. arizonica. Panicle open; branches 3-forked, divergent. 5. A. Humboldtiana. Middle awn twisted and divaricately bent near the base. 6. A. Curtissii. 1. A. longiseta Steud. Densely tufted glaucous glabrous perennial; stem 1-4 dm. high; sheaths shorter than the internodes; leaf-blades strongly involute, 2-11 cm. long; spikelets purplish; first empty glume shorter than the lemma; lemma 12-16 mm. long; awns 6-11 em. long. Sandy soil: Ill—Tex.—Ariz.— Wash.; Mex. Plain—Submont. My-Au. 2. A. Fendleriana Steud. Densely tufted glabrous perennial; stem 1.5-3 dm. high, erect; sheaths smooth, confined to the base of the stem; leaf-blades involute, often curved; panicle 7-10 cm. long, strict; spikelets 12-15 mm. long; lemma 9-12 mm. long; central awn 2-3.5 cm. long; lateral awns a little shorter. A. purpurea Coult., not Nutt. A. longiseta Fendleriana Merrill. Dry soil: Tex.—Mont.—Calif. Son.—Plain—Submont. Je-S. 3. A. fasciculata Torr. A tufted annual; stems 3-6 dm. high, branched; leaf-blades 5-15 em. long, 2 mm. wide; panicle 5-17 cm. long, loose; branches at first strict, later more or less spreading; first glume 1-nerved, shorter than the second; lemma equalling or longer than the second; awns ascending, the lateral ones shorter than the middle one. (Mistakea for A. oligantha Michx.) Dry soil: Tex.—Kans.—s Utah—Ariz—Mex. Son. My-S. 4. A. bromoides H.B.K. Low tufted annual; stem 1-3 dm. high; leaf- blades 2-7 cm. long, involute; panicle purple, 2-5 em. long, dense; first glume one-nerved, shorter than the second, slightly longer than the lemma; awns ascending, the lateral ones 6-8 mm. long. Arid regions: Tex.—Colo.—Utah— Calif.; Mex. Son. Ap-—N. 5. A. Humboldtiana Trin. & Rup. Tufted perennial; stem 3-9 dm. high, branched; sheaths rough; blades of the stem-leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; those of the sterile shoots longer and narrower; panicles 3-5 dm. long, open; empty glumes acuminate, awn-pointed, 9-13 mm. long; central awn 1.2-2 em. long, erect; lateral ones somewhat shorter, ascending. Awn of the lemma. geniculate, exserted; callus-hairs usually much shorter than the glume. Awns of the lemma greatly exceeding the empty glumes; plant tufted; leaf-blades involute. Empty glumes very scabrous throughout; marcescent basal leaf-sheaths very long, loose and numerous. 1. C. purpurascens. Empty glumes nearly glabrous, except on the keels; marcescent basal leaf-sheaths short and few. 2. C. Vaseyi. Awns of the lemma about equalling the empty glumes. Empty glumes sharply keeled; spikelets strongly compressed; plant stoloniferous. . C. montanensis. Empty Elumes not strongly keeled; spikelets not strongly conpressed; plants tufted. Leaves usually involute; panicle very dense. Panicle very narrow, spike-like, usually red-purplish. 4. C. rubescens. Panicle lance-oblong, usually pale green. 5. C. Suksdorfii. Leaves usually flat; panicle ovoid, open. 6. C. luxurians. Awn of the lemma straight or nearly so, included; callus-hairs usually equalling the lemma (except in C. scopulorum and C. Cusickii). Panicle open, the lower branches spreading; leaf-blades usually flat; callus-hairs nearly or quite equalling the lemma. Empty glumes 4-6 mm. long, narrow, sharp-acuminate: awn of the lemma at- tached below the middle, exceeding the lemma. 7. C. Langsdorfit. Empty glumes 2-4 mm. long;awn of the lemma actached at or above the middle, shorter than the lemma. Awn attached near the middle of the lemma; spikelets usually purple. Spikelets os 4 mm. long; panicle loosely flowered. 8. C. canadensis. Spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long; panicle densely flowered. 9. C. Macouniana. Awn attached near the apex of the lemma; spikelets pale or white. : 10. C. blanda. Panicle more or less contracted. Leaf-blades flat or nearly so. Empty glumes smooth or nearly so, except on the veins. Callus-hairs copious, at least two-thirds as long as the lemma; plant with a rootstock. 11. C. Scribneri. Callus-hairs sparse, much shorter than the lemma. Plant tall, 9-12 dm. high; sheaths bearded at the summit; plant with a rootstock. 12. C. Cusickii. Plant lower, 3-S dm. high; sheaths not bearded; vlaue tufted. 13. C. scopulorum. Empty glumes very scabrous; plant tufted. 14. C. elongata. Leaf-blades strongly involute. Panicle open. 15. C. lucida. Panicle dense, narrow, spike-like. Spikelets 2 mm. long; empty glumes thickish, barely acute or obtusish. 16. C. micrantha. Spikelets 3—4.5 mm. long. Plant scarcely cespitose; empty glumes long-acuminate. Leaves filiform, soft; plant 4-6 dm. high, slender; empty glumes minutely scabrous on the veins. 17. C. neglecta. Leaves stiff and hard; plant 8-12 dm. high; emp umes strongly scabrous. inexpansa. Plant densely cespitose; empty glumes abruptly Sones or short-acumin- ate, very scabrous. 19. C. americana. 1. C. purpurascens R. Br. Tufted perennial; stem 3-6 dm. high; leaves numerous and crowded at the base; blades of the basal leaves 2-4 dm. long, 4—5 mm. wide, scabrous, rigid, more or less involute; those of the stem 7-15 em. long; panicle spike- like, strict, 7-10 cm. long, purplish; spikelets 6-7 mm. long; lemma slightly shorter than the glumes, acute or acuminate; awn near the base, twisted below and bent at the middle. Mountains: Greenl.—S.D.—Colo.— Calif—Alaska. Mont.—Alp. JI-S. 2. C. Vaseyi Beal. Tufted perennial; stem 3-7 dm. high, leafy; leaf-blades. 1.5-2 dm. long, 83-7 mm. wide, the lower involute, the upper ‘often flat; panicle spike-like, 7-10 em. long, usually more or less purple; empty glumes 4-5 mm. long, equal, lanceolate; lemma one-fourth shorter, obtuse; awn inserted one-third from the base and extending little beyond the empty glumes. Mountains: Ore. —Wash.—Mont. Alp—Subalp. Jl-Au. 3. C. montanensis Scribn. Stoloniferous perennial; stem 2-4 dm. high, stiff, erect; leaf-blades 5-15 em. long, strongly involute, scabrous; panicle spike- like, 5-8 em. long, dense; empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, acute, 4-6 mm. long, scabrous, pale or purple; lemma one-fourth shorter, thin, finely scabrous, awn borne one-third from the base. Dry plains: Sask.—S.D.—Ida. —-Alta. Plain—Submont. Jl-Au. GRASS FAMILY 57 4. C. rubescens Buckley. Cespitose perennial; stem 4-10 dm. high; leaf- _ blades 5-15 cm. long, involute, scabrous, stiff; panicle strict, spike-like, purplish, 5-15 cm. long; empty glumes 4-5 mm. long, acute, minutely scabrous; lemma about as long, awned below the middle. Grassy banks: B.C.—Alta.—Wyo.— Calif. Submont—Mont. Jl-Au. 5. C. Suksdorfii Scribn. Tufted perennial; stem 6-10 dm. high; leaf- blades 1-3 dm. long, mostly involute; panicles 7-12 cm. long, narrow, but not _ spike-like, often lobed and interrupted; empty glumes 3-4 mm. long, acute, pale, and somewhat translucent, nearly smooth; lemma one-fourth shorter, oblong, obtuse, 4-toothed, awned near the base. Open woods and banks: Sask.—Wyo.— Calif —B.C. Submont— Mont. Je—Au. 6. C. luxurians (Kearney) Rydb. Tufted perennial; stem 1-1.5 m. high; leaf-blades flat, 1.5-3 dm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1-2 dm. long, ovoid, pale, open; empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, acute; lemma one-fourth or one-fifth shorter, nearly glabrous, awn-bearing near the base. C. Suksdorfii aaa Kearney. Open woods: B.C.—Mont:—Colo.—Ida. Submont. Je— 7. C. Langsdorfii (Link) Trin. Perennial, with a rootstock; stem 3-6 dm. high, erect, simple; leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, scabrous, usually flat and spreading; panicle 5-15 em. long; empty glumes 4-6 mm. long, long-acuminate, strongly scabrous, lead-colored, brown or purplish; lemma one- fourth shorter, scabrous, awned below the middle. Atpine-arctie situations: Greenl.—N.C.—Sask.—N.M.—Calif.—Alaska. Mont.—Alp. JIS. 8. C. canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Perennial, with a rootstock; stems 5-15 dm. high, erect, simple; blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, scabrous, usually flat; panicle 1-2 dm. long, open, usually purple; branches spreading; empty glumes 3-3.5 mm. long, acute, or (in var.. acuminata) 3.5-4 mm. long and acumin- ate, scabrous; lemma slightly shorter, scabrous, awn-bearing near the middle; awn slender, nearly equalling the glumes. Banks and swamps: Newf.—N.C.— N.M.—Calif.—Alaska. Plain—Subalp. JI-S. ’ 9. C. Macouniana Vasey. Perennial; stem 6-10 dm. high, erect, somewhat branched below, leafy; leaf-blades flat, 1.5-2.5 dm. long; panicle 7-10 em. long, lanceolate or conic, open; spikelets crowded on the upper part of the branchlets; empty glumes about 4 mm. long, purplish, acute, finely scabrous on the back; me equalling the empty glumes. Wet places: Man.—S.D.—Wash. Plain— ubmont. 10. C. blanda Beal. Perennial, with a rootstock; stem 6-12 dm. high; leafe-blades 1.5-2 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, flat, scabrous; panicle 1.5-2 dm. long, loose, spreading; empty glumes about 3 mm. long, long-acuminate, scabrous on the veins; lemma one-fourth shorter, thin, acutely toothed. C. pallida Vasey & Scribn. Wet places: Colo—Mont.—Wash. Submont. Jl. 11. C. Scribneri Beal. Perennial, with a rootstock; leaf-blades flat, 1-2 dm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle contracted, lanceolate, 1-1.5 dm. long; branches flower-bearing to near the base; empty glumes brown or purple, about 4 mm. long, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, lemma one-fourth shorter; awn attached below the middle, exceeding the lemma. C. dubia Scribn. Wet places: Alta.—Colo.—Wash.—B.C.; Que. Mont.—Subalp. Jl-Au. 12. C. Cusickii Vasey. Perennial, with a creeping rootstock; stem 10-12 dm. high; leaf-blades flat, 1-3 dm. long, 5-8 mm. wide; panicles about 1.5 dm. long, acute, narrow; branches flower-bearing to the base; glumes about 4 mm. long, acute or acuminate, smooth, thin; lemma nearly as long as the empty glumes, acuminate; awn erect, inserted a little below the middle, slightly exceed- ing the lemma. Wet places: Ore.—Ida.—Calif. Jl. 13. C. scopulorum M. E. Jones. Tufted perennial; stem 3-8 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long, 6 mm. wide, flat, pale; panicle narrow, 1—-1.5 dm. long; empty glumes about 4 mm. long, white or pale, acute, smooth except on the nerves; lemma nearly as long; awn attached below the middle, shorter than the lemma. Mountains and hills: Utah—Colo. Son.—Mont. Au-S. 58 POACEAE 14. C. elongata (Kearney) Rydb. Tufted perennial; stem 7-12 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long, usually flat, 3-8 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1-2 dm. long, narrow but scarcely spike-like; empty glumes 3-4 mm. long, acute, very scabrous; lemma somewhat shorter, scabrous; awn attached below the middle. C. hyperborea elongata Kearney. Wet meadows: Ont.—Pa.—Colo.—Calif.— B.C. Plain—Mont. Jl-Au. 15. C. lucida Scribn. Perennial, with a slender rootstock; stem 2.5-—4 dm. high, slender with few marcescent sheaths at the base; leaf-blades 5-13 em. long, 2-3 mm. wide, strongly involute, slightly scabrous on the margins and nerves; panicle 4.5-7 em. long, ovoid to lanceolate, strongly flexuose; empty glumes about 3 mm. long, short-acuminate, strongly keeled, minutely hispidulous on the keel; lemma slightly shorter; awn attached near the middle. C. laxiflora Kearney. Meadows: Wyo. Au. 16. C. micrantha Kearney. Perennial, with a slender, creeping rootstock; stems 4-6 dm. high, slender; leaf-blades 5-20 em. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, more or less involute, filiform; panicle 5-8 dm. long, densely-flowered, purple or pale; empty glumes 2 mm. long, scabrous; lemma slightly shorter; awn attached at or below the middle. Wet places: Sask.—Colo. Plain—Mont. Jl-Au. 17. C. neglecta (Ehrh.) Gaertn. Perennial, with a rootstock; stem 4-6 dm. high, slender; leaves narrow, involute, soft, 5-15 em. long; panicle contracted, 6-10 cm. long; branches mostly erect; empty glumes about 4 mm. long, gradually acute; lemma about one-fourth shorter, obtuse; awn attached near the middle. C. stricta Trin. Wet places: Greenl.—Me.—Wis.—Colo.—Ore.—Alaska; Eu. Plain—Subalp. JI-S. 18. C. inexpansa A. Gray. Perennial, with a rootstock; stem usually simple, 8-12 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-3 dm. long, 4 mm. wide or less, scabrous; panicle 1.5—2 dm. long, usually nodding at the summit; empty glumes 4-4.5 mm. long, very scabrous throughout, gradually acute; lemma scabrous, about as long, acutish; awn inserted below the middle, about equalling the lemma. Wet places: N.Y.—N.J.—S.D.—Colo.—Ida.—Wash.—B.C. Plain—Submont. Jl- Au. 19. C. americana Scribn. Cespitose perennial, with numerous marcescent sheaths at the base; stem 3-6 dm. high, scabrous above; leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, usually more or less involute, scabrous, stiff; panicle contracted, 7-15 em. long, spike-like; empty glumes 3-4 mm. long, very scabrous; lemma nearly as long, acute, scabrous; awn attached below the middle. C. hyperborea Kearney, not Lange. Wet meadows: Lab.—Vt.—Neb.—Colo.—Calif. —Alaska. Plain—Submont. Jl-Au. 32. CALAMOVILFA Hack. RerEp-GRASS, SAND-GRASS. Tall perennials with horizontal rootstocks and elongated narrow leaf-blades. Inflorescence a panicle. Spikelets flattened, 1-flowered, crowded, the rachilla articulated above the empty glumes and not prolonged beyond the flower. Empty glumes 2, unequal, persistent, rigid, chartaceous, awnless, keeled, 1-nerved; lemma with a ring of long hairs at the base, enclosing a 2-keeled palet and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. 1. C. longifolia (Hook.) Hack. Perennial, with a long, scaly rootstock; stem 6-20 dm. high, stout, smooth, and glabrous; leaf-blades 2-3 dm. long, stiff, more or less involute; panicle 1-4 dm. long, pale, narrow; empty glumes 6-8 mm. long, the first shorter than the second; lemma about as long as the second glume, glabrous; callus-hairs copious, half as long as the lemma. Calamagrostis longi- ie Hook. Sandy soil: Ont.—Ind.—Colo.—Ida.—Sask. Plain—Submont. Je-S. 33. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. Harr-crass. Perennials or annuals. Inflorescence a terminal contracted or open panicle. Spikelets 2-flowered, the rachilla articulated above the empty glumes and pro- longed beyond the flowers. Empty glumes 2, persistent, keeled, acute, mem- GRASS FAMILY 59 branous, usually somewhat shining. Lemma thin-membranous, almost hyaline, entire or toothed, acute, obtuse, or truncate and denticulate at the apex, each bearing a slender dorsal straight or geniculate awn, which is twisted at the base. Palet narrow, 2-nerved. Stamens,3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Empty glumes not extending beyond the apex of the upper lemma; lower empty glume 1-nerved; densely cespitose tufted perennials. Leaves neither stiff nor pungent. Awn inserted one-third to one-fifth from the base of the lemma; branches of the inflorescence at last spreading or reflexed. Awns long-exserted, at least half longer than the lemma. Empty glumes 3—4 mm. long; leaves filiform, revolute, scarcely 1 mm. wide; plant 2—3 dm. high. 1. D. curtifolia. Empty glumes 4-5 mm. long; leaves broader and often flat, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide; plant 3-5 dm. high. 2. D. alpicola. Awns scarcely exserted beyond the lemma. 3. D. caespitosa. Awn inserted near the base of the lemma, slightly if at all exceeding it; branches of the inflorescence ascending. 4. D. confinis. Leaves arcuate, strongly involute, very stiff and pungent. 5. D. pungens. Empty glumes extending beyond the apex of the upper lemma. Spikelets usually dark purple; empty glumes lanceolate, purple, about 5 mm. long, the lower 1-nerved. 6. D. atropurpurea. Spikelets light green; empty glumes linear-lanceolate, both 3-nerved. Spikelets 3—5 mm. long; tufted perennials. Leaves filiform-involute; sheaths close; spikelets 3-4 mm. long. 7. D. elongata. Leaves involute but not filiform, or the stem-leaves flat; upper sheaths loose; spikelets 4-5 mm. long. 8. D. ciliata. Spikelets 5-8 mm. long; annuals. 9. D. calycina. 1. D. curtifolia Scribn. Basal leaf-blades 1-10 cm. long, the cauline ones 1-2 em. long; panicle small, 3-10 cm. long, its branches in 2’s or 3’s, or single, at last spreading; empty glume 3-4 mm. long, lanceolate, acute; lemma nearly as long. D. brevifolia R. Br. D. brachyphylla Nash. Alpine ridges: Colo.— Utah—Mont. Subalp.—aAlp. 2. D. alpicola Rydb. Basal leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long; stem-leaves 1-4 cm. long; panicle short, open, 8-15 em. long, its branches in 2’s to 5’s, 3-6 em. long, soon spreading; spikelets about 5 mm. long; empty glumes lanceolate, acute; lemma nearly as long, hirsute at the base. Deschampsia caespitosa alpina Vasey. Alpine meadows: N.M.—Wyo.—Utah. Mont.—Alp. JIS. 3. D. caespitosa (L.) Beauv. Stem 3-10 dm. high; basal leaf-blades 2-5 em. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, flat or in drier situations involute, rather firm; stem- leaves 3-10 cm. long; panicles 1-3 dm. long, 5-15 em. wide; empty glumes 3.5-5 mm. long, lanceolate, acute or acuminate; lemma 3-4 mm. long, purple or lead- colored. Wet meadows and swamps. Newf.—N.J.—N.M.—Calif.—Alaska. Submont.—Subalp. Je-S. 4. D. confinis (Vasey) Rydb. Stem 3-9 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long, more or less involute when dry; panicle narrow, 1-3 dm. long, the base often included in the upper sheath; empty glume unequal, 4-5 mm. long, lead-colored or purplish with straw-colored margins, lanceolate, acute; lemma nearly as long, lanceolate, acute. Wet places: s Calif.—s Utah—Ariz. Son. Je—Au. . 5. D. pungens Rydb. Stem 3-4 dm. high, glabrous and shining, the base covered with subchartaceous sheaths from preceding season; leaf-blades bluish green or in age straw-colored, scabrous-pruinose; panicle open, with spreading branches; empty glumes subequal, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, purplish, lanceolate, acute; lemma 3-3.5 mm. long, similar; awn attached at the base, about equalling the lemma. Near hot springs: Alta—Wyo. Mont. Jl-Au. 6. D. atropurpurea (Wahl.) Scheele. Perennial, with a cespitose root- stock; stem glabrous, 1.5-5 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-5 mm. wide, 5-12 em. long, flat and flaccid; panicle narrow, 2-10 cm. long, with short erect branches; lemma about 3 mm. long, erose-truncate at the apex; awn attached about the middle, bent. D. latifolia (Hook.) Vasey. D. Hookeriana Scribn. Wet places: Greenl. —N.H.—Colo.—Calif.—Alaska;n Eu. Subalp.—Alp. JI-S. 7. D. elongata (Hook.) Munro. Stem 3-10 dm. high, slender; leaf-blades 5-10 cm. long, 1 mm. wide; panicle very narrow, 1-2 dm. long, with erect 60 POACEAE branches; empty glumes 3-4 mm. long, 3-nerved, green; lemma about 2 mm. long, irregularly 5-toothed at the apex; awn inserted near the base, almost twice as long as the lemma. Wet places: B.C.—Calif.—Ariz.mWyo.—Mont.; Mex. Submont. Je-Au. 8. D. ciliata (Vasey) Rydb. Stem 4-7 dm. high, comparatively stiff; leaf- blades 1-2 dm. long, about 2 mm. wide; panicle elongated, with nearly erect branches; empty glumes minutely scabrous; lemma 3 mm. long, erose-dentate at the apex; awn attached a little below the middle, 2-3 times as long as the lemma. JD. elongaia ciliata Vasey. Wet places: B.C.—Calif.—Ida. Submont. My-Jl. 9. D. calycina Presl. Annual, simple or branched at the base; stems 1-4 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-10 em. long, filiform; inflorescence ovoid, 3-20 em. long, with ascending branches; spikelets usually purplish; empty glumes linear-lance- olate, acuminate, 3-nerved; lemma 3 mm. long, 3-toothed at the apex; awn attached near the middle, about 3 times as long as the lemma. Wet places: Yukon—B.C.—Ida.—Ariz.—Calif. Submont. My-Jl. ; 34. TRISETUM Pers. Fase Oar. Annual or perennial tufted grasses, with flat leaf-blades. Inflorescence a spike-like contracted or open panicle. Spikelets usually 2-flowered, rarely 3—6- flowered, the flowers perfect, or the upper one staminate. Empty glumes mem- branous, unequal, acute, entire at the apex, awnless, persistent. Lemma 2- toothed at the apex, the teeth acuminate and often terminating in a bristle or slender awn; awn often twisted, inserted below the apex and arising between the teeth. Palet hyaline, 2-toothed. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Inflorescence lanceolate, open; lower empty glume shorter than and scarcely more than half as broad as the upper; leaf-blades broader than the sheaths and therefore with auricles at the base. Lemma about 7 mm. long; sheaths hairy. 1. T. canescens. Lemma about 5 mm. long; sheaths glabrous. Ovary pubescent at the apex; panicle loose; its branches spikelet-bearing above the middle. 2. T. cernuum. Ovary glabrous; panicle denser; its branches spikelet-bearing to the base. 3. T. montanum. Inflorescence dense, oblong or oblong-lanceolate; Jower empty glume nearly as broad as the upper; leaf-blades not broader than the sheaths, not auricled. Leaf-sheaths and blades long-hairy; upper part of the stem densely pubescent. 4. T. subspicatum. Leaf-sheaths and blades glabrous or the lowest sheath short-pubescent, with reflexed hairs; stem glabrous or slightly scabrous in the inflorescence. 5. 7. majus. 1. T. canescens Buckl. Perennial, with a rootstock, more or less cespitose; stem 5-10 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-1.5 em. long, about 5 mm. wide; panicle 1.5-3 dm. long, narrow; branches spikelet-bearing to near the base; spikelets 2-3- flowered; awn about twice as long as the lemma. Open woods and hillsides: B.C.—Mont.—Calif. Submont. Je-Au. 2. T. cernuum (Kunth) Trin. Perennial, with a rootstock; stem 6-10 dm. high; leaves glabrous; blades 1-2 dm. long, 5-7 mm. wide; panicle 1-2.5 dm. long, open and nodding; spikelets 2-3-flowered; lemma about 6 mm. long, slightly scabrous above; awn twice as long as the lemma. Stream-banks: Alaska—Ida.— Calif. Submont. Jes. 3. T. montanum Vasey. Perennial, with a rootstock; stem 4-10 dm. high, | glabrous; leaf-blades glabrous, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 3-5 mm. broad; panicle 1-2 dm. long, with ascending branches; spikelets about 5 mm. long; upper glume 4 mm. long, broadly lanceolate; lemma about 4 mm. long; awn about twice as long as | the lemma. Moist places among bushes: Wyo.—N.M.—Utah. Submont.— Mont. JI-S. 4. T. subspicatum (L.) Beauv. Cespitose perennial; stems 2-4 dm. high; | leaf-blades 3-15 em. long; 2-3 mm. wide, flat or in age involute; panicle oblong, | often obtuse, usually more or less purple, 2-8 em. long; empty glumes lanceolate, acuminate or acute, slightly shorter than the lemma; awn bent and twisted, 7-8mm.long. T. subspicatum molle A. Gray. T. spicatum (L.) Riebter. Mead- ' GRASS FAMILY 61 ows and hillsides: Greenl—N.H.—N.M.—Calif—Alaska; Eurasia. Swbalp.— Alp. Jl-Au. 5. T. majus (Vasey) Rydb. Cespitose perennial; stems 2-5 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, usually flat; panicle often interrupted, acute, green, rarely purple, 6-15 cm. long; empty glume lanceolate, acuminate, about 6 mm. long, usually a little longer than the lemma; awn bent and twisted, 7-S mm. long. T. subspicatum Am. auth., not Beauv. Meadows: Mont.—Colo.—Utah—B.C. Submont.—Subalp 35. GRAPHEPHORUM Desv. Erect perennials, with short rootstocks. Inflorescence paniculate. Spike- lets 2—4-flowered, flattened, the rachilla hirsute and extending beyond the flow- ers. Empty glumes 2, somewhat shorter than the lemma, thin-membranous, acute, keeled, shining. Lemma membranous, obscurely nerved, entire, some- times short-awned just below the apex, shining; awn straight. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Empty glumes nearly equal; inflorescence narrow. Sheaths and upper surface of the leaves pubescent; spikelets 3-flowered. 1. G. muticum. Sheaths and leaves scabrous. Empty glumes barely equalling the lemma; spikelets 2-fiowered; rudiment long- hairy. 2. G. Wolfii. Empty glumes longer than the lemma; spikelets 3—4-flowered; rudiment short- i 3. G. Brandegei. ey Empty atic ane inflorescence open. 4. G. Shearii. 1. G. muticum (Bolander) Greene. Stem 4-8 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-4 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide; inflorescence 1-2 dm. long; empty glumes 6-7 mm. long, acute, scabrous on the back; lemma 5-6 mm. long, minutely scabrous; awn very short, or almost none. Trisetuwm muticum Scribn. Meadows: Calif. —Wash.—Mont. Submont.—Subalp. Je—Jl. 2. G. Wolfii Vasey. Stem erect from a decumbent base; leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide; panicle 5-10 cm. long, with few branches; empty glumes 4-5 mm. long, slightly shorter than the lemma, acuminate; lemma 2-toothed at the apex; awn about 1 mm. long. Mountain meadows: Colo. Subalp. 3. G. Brandegei (Scribn.) Rydb. Stem 3-6 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, scabrous on both sides; panicle 1-2 dm. long, more or less interrupted; empty glumes scabrous on the keel, 6-7 mm. long; lemma 5-6 mm. long, obtusely 2-lobed; awn borne below the apex, often obsolete. Wet - meadows: Mont.—Colo.—Calif—Wash. Submont.—Mont. Je—-Au. 4. G. Shearii (Scribn.) Rydb. Stem 5-7 dm. high, minutely pubescent at the nodes; leaf-blades 1-1-5 dm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, minutely scabrous below, smooth above; panicle 1-2 dm. long; spikelets usually 2-flowered; empty glumes acute; the first 3 mm. long, 1-nerved, lance-subulate, the second 4 mm. long; lemma about 4 mm. long, slightly 2-cleft at the apex; awn straight, 1-3 mm. ‘long. Trisetum argenteum Scribn. T. Shearii Scribn. Among rocks: Colo. Mont. Au. 36. AVENA (Tourn.) L. Oars. Annuals or perennials. Inflorescence a contracted or open panicle. Spike- lets usually large, erect or pendulous, usually 2—several-flowered, rarely 1-flowered, ‘the rachilla articulated between the flowers, the lower flowers perfect, the upper ones often staminate or wanting. Empty glumes 2, membranous, exceeding or shorter than the lemma, persistent. Lemma 5—9-nerved, rounded on the back, the apex frequently shortly 2-toothed, bearing a dorsal twisted and geniculate awn, the upper empty ones or those enclosing staminate flowers awnless. Palet 2-cleft or 2-toothed, narrow. Styles distinct. Grain deeply furrowed, usually pubescent. Perennials, with rootstocks; empty glumes 5-12 mm. long; lemma hairy at the base. Empty glumes shorter than the flowers; panicle lax, narrow, and somewhat nodding; plant not tufted. 1. A. striata. 62 POACEAE Empty glumes longer than the flowers; panicle narrow and spike-like, strict; plant tufted Plant 1—1.5 dm. high; leaves strongly involute; callus of the lemma and prolonga- tion of the rachilla long-hairy. 2. A. Mortoniana. Plant 2-4 dm. high; leaves mostly flat; callus and rachilla short-hairy. 3. A. Hookeri. Annuals; panicle open; empty glumes over 2 cm. long; spikelets 2—4-flowered. Lemma, hairy, at least at the base; awn strongly twisted. 4. A. fatua. Lemma glabrous; awn scarcely twisted. 5. A. sativa. 1. A. striata Michx. Stem 3-6 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades 2-15 em. long, 3-6 mm. wide, scabrous above; panicle 7-12 em. long; spikelets 3-6-flowered; empty glumes glabrous, the first 5-7 mm. long, 1-nerved, the second 6-8 mm. long, 3-nerved; lemma 7-9 mm. long; awn 8-10 mm. long. In woods: N.B.— Pa.—N.M.—B.C. Mont.—Subalp. Je—Au. 2. A. Mortoniana Scribn. Stem erect, 1-1.5 dm. high, glabrous, striate; leaf-blades 5-15 em. long, 2 mm. wide or less, rigid, convolute, glabrous on both sides or pubescent above; panicle 2-4 cm. long; spikelets about 1 cm. long, 2- flowered; the first glume 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved; lemma 8-9 mm. long, glabrous; awn 7-8 mm. long, twisted below and geniculate. Mountain tops: Colo. Alp. 3. A. Hookeri Scribn. Stem 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades flat, firm, 5-15 em. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, glabrous, scabrous on the margins; panicle 8-12 em. long; spikelets 12-17 mm. long, 3-6-flowered; empty glumes about 1 em. long, thin, greenish; lemma about 8 mm. long, brownish; awn over 1 em. long, bent and twisted. A. americana Scribn. Ridges and hillsides: Sask.—S.D.—Colo.— Alta. Swbmont.—Mont. Je—Jl. 4. A. fatua L. Annual; stem 3-12 dm. high, stout. glabrous; leaf-blades flat, 1-3 dm. long, 5-15 mm. wide; panicle open, 1-3 dm. long; empty glumes 2— 2.5 em. long, smooth; lemma 12-18 mm. long, in the typical form covered with long brown hairs; awn 2—2.5 em. long. Wiuip Oats. A variety with lemma glabrous except at the base is A. fatua glabrata Peterm. Fields and waste places: Sask.—Wis.—Mo.—N.M.—Calif.—B.C.; native of Eurasia and established as a weed in grain fields. Plain—Submont. 5. A. sativa L. Erect annual, closely resembling the preceding; stem glabrous, 6-12 dm. high; panicle open, 1-3 dm. long, usually with drooping spike- lets; empty glumes 2-3 em. long, glabrous; lemma 15-20 mm. long, glabrous; awn 2-3 em. long. Oats. Occasionally escaped and established: Me.—Fla.— Tex.—Yukon. My-\S. 37. ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. Oart-crass. Tall perennials. Inflorescence paniculate. Spikelets 2-flowered, the lower flower staminate, the upper one perfect or pistillate, the rachilla articulated above the empty glumes and prolonged beyond the flowers. Empty glumes 2, persistent, thin-membranous, keeled. Lemma more rigid, somewhat toothed at the apex, that of the lower flower bearing near the base a long dorsal twisted and geniculate awn, that of the upper one awnless, or short-awned below the apex. Palet 2-keeled, hyaline, narrow. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct; stig- mas plumose. .Grain hardly sulcate, 1. A. elatius (L.) Beauv. Perennial, with a cespitose rootstock; stem glabrous, 6-12 dm. high, erect; leaf-blades flat, 5-30 em. long, 2-8 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1-3 dm. long, narrow, with erect branches; lemmas about'8 mm. long, that of the lower flower with a bent and twisted awn about 1 em. long. Fields and waste places: Me—Ga.—Calif—B.C.; nat. from Eu. Je—Jl. 38. DANTHONIA DC. Witp Oart-arass. Usually perennial, all ours cespitose. Inflorescence a contracted or open diffuse panicle. Ligules usually represented by a hairy ring. Spikelets 3-many- flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones staminate, the rachilla pilose, articulated between the glumes and prolonged beyond them. Empty glumes 2, persistent, usually extending beyond the lemma, keeled, acute or acuminate. a GRASS FAMILY 63 Lemma rounded on the back, the margins often ciliate, 2-toothed at the apex, the teeth often awned; awn arising between the teeth, more or less flattened, very often twisted at the base, and frequently geniculate. Palet obtuse or 2-toothed, 2-keeled, hyaline. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Lemma hairy on the back; inflorescence spike-like, with short, erect branches. Empty glumes 15-20 mm. long, long-acuminate. i D> Parryi. Empty glumes 8-13 mm. long, acute. Empty glumes 11-13 mm. long, conspicuously nerved, broad; teeth of the lemma subulate, 1-2 mm. long. 2. D. thermalis. Empty glumes 8-10 mm. long, narrow; teeth of the lemma ovate, often only 0.5 mm. long. 3. D. spicata. Lemma glabrous on the back. ; ; Empty glumes acute; inflorescence spike-like, with erect branches; stem-leaves erect. 4. I). intermedia. Empty glumes long-acuminate; inflorescence racemiform or spikelet solitary; stem- leaves spreading or ascending. Lemma abruptly acuminate; spikelets usually 2-10, on spreading peduncles. 5. D. californica. Lemma not abruptly acuminate; spikelet usually solitary, if more than one, the peduncles erect. 6. D. unispicata. 1. D. Parryi Scribn. Stem 3-6 dm. high, invested by the marcescent leaf- sheaths at the base; leaf-blades 5-20 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide; spikelets 3-7 in the panicle, 5-7 flowered; lemma about 14 mm. long, ovate; awn 12-14 mm. long, flat below, twisted. Mountain valleys: Alta.—N.M. Submont.—Mont. Je—Au. 2. D. thermalis Scribn. Stem 3-5 dm. high; sheaths papillate-pilose; lower leaf-blades hairy, the upper glabrous, 5-15 em. long, involute; spikelets 5—10, 5-7-flowered; lemma 5 mm. long, thinly pilose on the back; awn about 7 mm. long. D. spicata pinetorum Piper. Near hot springs and in woods: B.C.— Wash.—Wyo. Submont.—Mont. Jl-Au. 3. D. spicata (L.) Beauv. ‘Stems 3-7 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades scab- rous, 2-15 em. long, 2 mm. wide, usually involute, often ciliate; panicle 3-5 em. long; spikelets 5-10, 5—8-flowered; lemma sparingly pubescent with silky hairs; teeth usually about 0.5 mm. long; awn 5-8 mm, long. Woods and hillsides: Newf.—N.C.—N.M.—B.C. Submont.—Mont. My-Jl. 4. D. intermedia Vasey. Stem 3-5 dm. high; sheaths more or less pubes- cent at least at the mouth; panicle 3-6 cm. long; spikelets 5-10, about 5-flowered, 12-15 mm. long; empty glumes acute; lemma 6-8 mm. long, hairy on the mar- gin; teeth about 2 mm. long; awn stout, 6 mm. long. D. Cusickii (Williams) Hitche. Hillsides and mountains: Que.—N.M.—Calif.—B.C. Mont.—Alp. Jl-Au. 5. D. californica Bolander. Stems decumbent, 3-10 dm. long, glabrous; leaf-blades 5-20 em. long, 3-5 mm. wide, flat, with involute tips; spikelets 5-10— flowered; empty glumes lanceolate, purple, glabrous, 15-20 mm. long; lemma glabrous, except the base and the margins, 7 mm. long; awn 7-8 mm. long. Wet meadows: B.C.—Calif.—Colo.—Mont. Submont.—Mont. My-—Au. 6. D. unispicata Munro. Stems 1-3 dm. high, ascending or erect; sheaths villous with long white hairs, with papillose bases; leaf-blades 5-15 em. long, 2-3 mm. wide, flat, with involute tips; spikelets 4—7-flowered; empty glumes lanceolate, 12-20 mm. long, glabrous; lemma about 8 mm. long; awns 7-8 mm. long. Meadows and hills: B.C.—Calif—Wis.—Alta. Submont. Je—Au. 39. SPARTINA Schreb. Marsu-GRrass. Tall perennials, with creeping scaly rootstocks. Spikelets 1-flowered, crowded and imbricate in two rows, in one-sided spikes, the rachis extending beyond the spikelets. Empty glumes 2, firm-membranous, narrow, unequal, keeled. Lemmaa little longer and broader than the second empty glume. Palet thin and almost hyaline, obscurely 2-nerved, often exceeding the lemma. Styles elongate; stigmas thread-like, papillose or short-plumose. First glume awn-pointed, equalling the lemma; second glume long-awned. 1. S. pectinata- First glume acute, shorter than the lemma; second glume acute. 2. S. gracilis. 64 POACEAE 1. S. pectinata Bosc. Stem 1-2 m. high, glabrous, stout; leaf-blades 3-6 dm. long, 6-15 mm. wide, scabrous on the margin, usually flat, becoming in- volute; spikes 5-30, often 'short- peduncled, 5-12 cm. long; ‘rachis rough on the margins; spikelets 12-14 mm. long; first empty glume equalling the lemma. S. cynosuroides A. Gray, not Willd. S. Michauxiana Hitche. In swamps and streams: N.S.—N.J.—Tex.—Colo.—Ore—Mack. Plain—Submont. Au-O. 2. S. gracilis Trin. Stem 3-10 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades 2-4 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat or involute; spikes 4-8, appressed, usually short-stalked, 3-5 em. long; spikelets 6-8 mm. long; first glume half as long as the second and the lemma. Saline soil: B.C.—Calif—Ariz.—Kans.—Sask. Plain—Submont. Au-S. ! 40. BECKMANNIA Host. Stoucu Grass. Tall grasses with flat leaf-blades. Spikelets 1—2-flowered, orbicular, com- pressed, in two rows on several erect spikes. Empty glumes 2, membranous, saccate, obtuse or abruptly acute. Lemma narrow, thin-membranous. Palet hyaline, 2-keeled. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free. 1. B. erucaeformis (L.) Host. Stem 4-10 dm. high, glabrous, simple; leaf-blades 7-20 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle simple or compound; spikes 1-2 em. long; spikelets 2-38 mm. long, 1-2-flowered; empty glumes sac- cate, abruptly acute; lemma acute or awn-pointed. Wet ground: Yukon— Calif. —N.M.—Ia.—Ont. Plain—Mont. JI-S. 41. SCHEDONNARDUS Steud. Annuals, with involute, subulate leaf-blades. Spikelets 1-flowered, acum- inate, sessile, alternate on opposite sides of the long rachis, for ming several long, slender spikes. Empty glumes 2, persistent, narrow, acuminate, somewhat unequal. Lemma longer, rigid, enclosing the narrow shorter palet. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. 1. S. paniculatus (Nutt.) Trelease. Annual; branched at the base; stems 2-5 dm. high, scabrous; leaf-blades 2-5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, flat, stiff; spike- lets nearly 3 mm. long, sessile and appressed; empty glumes hispid on the keel, the second much longer than the first and nearly equalling the lemma. S. tea- anus Steud. Sandy soil, especially river banks. Man.—I].—Tex.—N.M.— Sask. Plain—Submont. JI-S. 42. CHLORIS Sw. Usually perennials. Spikelets 1-flowered, often sessile, with 1 or more empty usually awned glumes above the perfect flower, crowded in 2 rows, in verticillate or approximate spikes, the rachilla prolonged beyond the flower. Empty glumes 2, persistent, unequal, keeled, narrow, acute or acuminate, awnless or awn- pointed. Lemma _ acute, usually long-awned, rarely nearly awnless. Palet folded, 2-keeled. Styles ‘distinct: stigmas plumose. 1. C. brevispica Nash. Perennial; stem 1-3 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-6 em. long, 1-8 mm. wide, scabrous above and on the margins; spikes 6-10, finally spreading, 2.5-4.5 em. long; spikelets (exclusive of the awns) about 2.8 mm. long; empty glumes lanceolate, acute; lemma 2.5 mm. long; awn about 2 mm. long; the fourth glume (second lemma) empty, bout 1.5 mm. long, with an awn of about the same length. Sandy soil: Tex.—e Colo—N.M. Son. Jl-Au. 43. BOUTELOUA Lag. Grama, Grama Grass, Mesquire Grass, BurraLto Grass Perennials or annuals, mostly tufted. Spikelets few or numerous, 1- or 2- flowered, crowded in 2 rows and forming few to many one-sided, more or less curved sessile spikes; rachis usually conspicuously prolonged beyond the spike- lets. Lower flowers perfect; the upper when present staminate. Empty glumes 2, narrow, acute, unequal, keeled. Lemma usually thinner and broader, 3- nerved, the nerves excurrent. Lemma of the upper 1-3 imperfect flowers borne at the end of a rachilla, 3-awned. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. GRASS FAMILY 65 Spikes 1—4, rarely more; spikelets 25 01 more. Spikes usually more than one. Awns manifestly arising from between the lobes of the lemma; annual. 1. B. polystachya. Awns terminating the lobes of the lemma; cespitose tufted perennials. Stem densely villous below. 2. B. eriopoda. Stem glabrous. Rachilla bearing the rudimentary glumes and awns glabrous; second glume strongly papillose-hispid on the keel. 3. B. hirsuta. E Rachilla bearing the rudimentary glumes and awns with a tuft of long hairs at the apex; second glume scabrous and sparingly long-ciliate on the keel. 4. B. gracilis. Spike solitary; tufted annual. 5. B. procumbens. Spikes 12 or more; spikelets in each few, less than 12. 6. B.curtipendula. 1. B. polystachya (Benth.) Torr. Cespitose annual; stem geniculate, ascending, 1-3 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-5 em. long, 1-2 mm. wide, flat, scabrous, ciliate with a few hairs; spikes 4-8, about 2 cm. long; spikelets 1.5-2.5 mm. Jong; first glume very small, the second shorter than the lemma, purplish; awns not more than half as long as the glumes. Srx-weEK GRAMA. River valleys and sandy soil: Tex.—Colo.—Utah—Calif.; Mex. Son. 2. B. eriopoda Torr. Stems 3-6 dm. high, densely villous at least below; sheaths glabrous; leaf-blades 5-15 em. long, 1-2 mm. wide; spikes 2-5, erect on short woolly pedicels, 2-5 cm. long; spikelets 2-flowered, 6-8 mm. long exclusive of the awns; empty glumes glabrous. Biack Grama. Dry soil: Tex.—Colo.— Utah—Calif.; Mex. Je—O. 3. B. hirsuta Lag. Stem 1-5 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades 2-12 em. long, 2 mm. wide or less, flat, rough, sparingly papillose-hirsute near the base; spikes 1-4, 1-5 em. long, the rachis conspicuously prolonged beyond the spikelets; spikelets numerous, 5-6 mm. long; lemma 3-cleft to near the middle. Hatry Grama. Dry or sandy soil: Minn.—Ill.—Tex.—Ariz.—S.D.; Fla.; Mex. Plain—Submont. Je-Au. 4. B. gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag. Stem 1.5-4 dm. high, smooth and glabrous; leaf-blades 3-10 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, flat or when dry involute, usually glabrous; spikes 1-3, often strongly curved, 2-5 cm. long; spikelets numerous, about 6 mm. long; first glume about half as long as the second. B. oligostachya (Nutt.) Torr. Binur Grama. Plains and prairies: Man.—Wisc.—Miss.— Ariz.—Alta.; Mex. Plain—Submont. 5. B. procumbens (Durand) Griffiths. Stems prostrate or ascending, 1-3 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-5 em. long; spikes solitary, 1-3 cm. long; spikelets 4-5 ‘mm. long; first empty glume half as long as the second one; lemma pubescent on the veins, 3-lobed, the middle lobe 2-toothed; middle awn equalling the glumes and twice as long as the lateral ones. 8B. prostrata Lag. Srx-wkEEK Grama. Sandy plains: Tex.—Colo.—Ariz.; Mex. Son.—Submont. JI-D. 6. B. curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. Perennial, with more or less cespitose rootstocks; stem 3-10 dm. high, smooth and glabrous; leaves 5-15 em. long, 2—4 mm. wide, scabrous above; spikes many, 6-15 mm. long, spreading or reflexed; spikelets 4-12, divergent, 7-10 mm. long; empty glumes scabrous especially on the keel; lemma 3-toothed at the apex. B. racemosa Lag. Atheropogon curti- pendulum Fourn. Tatu Grama. Dry soil: Ont.—N.J.—Tex.—Ariz.—Sask.; Mex. Plain—Submont. JI-S. 44. LEPTOCHLOA Beauv. Annuals or perennials. Spikelets small, usually close, 2-several-flowered, rarely 1-flowered, flattened, sessile, in two rows, forming many long slender spikes. Empty glumes 2, keeled, a little unequal, usually shorter than the spikelets. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. 1. L. filiformis (Lam.) Beauv. Annual, branched at the base; stems 3-10 dm. high, erect, glabrous; leaf-blades 5-20 em. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1-4 dm. long; spikes numerous, slender, ascending or spreading, the lower 5-15 em. long; spikelets usually 3-flowered, 2 mm. long; lemma 2-toothed at the apex, ciliate on the nerves. L. mucronata (Michx.) Kunth. Dry soil: Fla.—Va.—Ill—N.M.—Calif.; Mex., W. Ind. Son. JI-S. 5 66 POACEAE 45. BULBILIS Raf. Burrato Grass. Creeping, stoloniferous, dioecious perennials. Staminate spikelets 2- or 3- flowered, crowded in 2 rows on one side of the short, flattened rachis, in small spikes. Empty glumes 2, membranous, lanceolate. Lemma similar. Pistillate spikelet 1-flowered. First empty glume membranous, usually small, the second largest, firm, concave at the base, 3-lobed at the apex. Lemma narrow, nearly hyaline, enclosing a broad, 2-nerved, convolute palet. Styles distinct, long; stigmas elongate, short- plumose. 1. B. dactyloides (Nutt.) Raf. Stoloniferous perennial; stems bearing the staminate flowers 1-3 dm. high, erect, exceeding the leaves, glabrous; those bearing the pistillate flowers 1-10 cm. long, shorter than the leaves; leaves 2-10 em. long, 1-2 mm. wide, papillose-hirsute; staminate spikelets 2 or 3, approximate, 0.5-1.5 em. long; spikelets 4-5 mm. long, flattened, 2-3-flowered; pistillate spikelets in the axils of the leaves, ovoid, the empty glumes indurate. Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. Plains and prairies: Minn.—Ark.—Tex.—N.M.— N.D.; Mex. Plain—Submont. Je—Jl. 46. SCLEROPOGON Philippi. Dioecious perennial herbs with tufted rootstocks. Spikelets in narrow panicl:s, very unlike. Staminate spikelets compressed, linear, many-flowered; empty glumes nearly equal, lanceolate; lemma 3-toothed at the apex or entire, about equalling the glumes and the palet. Pistillate spikelets cylindric, 3—5- flowered; glumes lanceolate, the upper larger; lemma cylindric, rigid, enveloping the palet, 3-lobed and 3-awned. 1. S. Karwinskyanus (Fourn.) Benth. Stems ascending, 1-3 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades firm, flat, 1-4 em. long, 1-2 mm. wide; inflorescence spike- like; staminate spikelets 2-5 em. long, 7—25-flowered; empty glumes 7-8 mm. long; lemma almost as long, slightly 3-toothed at the apex and awn-pointed; pistillate spikelets few-flowered; empty glumes very unequal, 7-14 mm. long: lemma about 1 em. long, with three awns often 5-6 em. long. Dry plains: Tex. Colo.—Ariz.i—Mex. Son. My-O. 47. PHRAGMITES Trin. Rerp, CaNr-crass. Tall perennials with long creeping rootstocks. Leaves broad and flat. Spikelets numerous in large terminal panicles, 3-several-flowered, the lower flower staminate, the rest perfect; rachilla articulated between the flowers and covered with long hairs. Empty glumes keeled, narrow, acute, the first much shorter than the second. Lemma sunilar, long-acuminate, 3-nerved. Palet hyaline, much shorter, 2-keeled. Styles short; stigmas plumose. 1. P. phragmites (L.) Karst. Stem glabrous, 1.5-5 m. high, stout; leaf- blades 1.5-4 dm. long, 8-50 mm. wide, flat, glabrous; panicle 1.5-3 dm. long, ample; spikelets numerous; lemma 10-12 mm. long, long-acuminate. F. com- munis Trin. Swamps: Newf.—Fla.—Calif—B.C.; Mex., W. Ind., Eurasia. Plain—Submont. Au-O. 48. MUNROA Torr. Fatse BurraLo Grass. Low prostrate herbs, dichotomously branched and fasciculate at the nodes. Leaves short, rigid, crowded at the nodes and at the ends of the branches. Spikelets few, almost sessile in the axils of the leaves and almost concealed in the leaf-rosettes. Hmpty glumes hyaline, nerveless, acute. Lemmas larger, 3-nerved, retuse or 3-toothed at the apex, the upper one or two often sterile. Palet hyaline. Stamens 38. Styles elongated; stigmas barbellate or short- plumose. Grain free. 1. M. squarrosa (Nutt.) Torr. Stems 1-2 dm. long; sheath short and in- | flated, long-hairy at the throat; leaf-blades 1-2.5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, rigid, spreading, scabrous, pungent; spikelets 2-5-flowered; empty glumes shorter than the lemma, which is about 5 mm. long, 3-toothed and awn-pointed. Dry plains: ~ Sask.—S8.D.—Tex.—Ariz.—Alta. Plain-Submont. Au-O. | Se GRASS FAMILY 67 49. BLEPHARIDACHNE Hack. Low branched perennials or biennials, with crowded involute leaves. Spike- lets few in subeapitate panicles, 4- flowered, the two lower flowers neutral, the uppermost reduced to a stipitate villous 3- cleft awn. Empty glumes membranous, carinate, 1-nerved, acute, glabrous, the first somewhat shorter. Lemma 3- nerved, villous on the nerves, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe longest; lobes in the neutral flowers obtuse, in the perfect ones attenuate. Palet shorter, 2-keeled, 2-nerved, 2-toothed at the apex, imperfectly developed in the neutral flowers. Stamens 2. Styles 2; stigmas elongated, minutely hairy. Grain free. [Hremochloe S. Wats., not Eremochloa Buese.} 1. B. Kingii (S. Wats.) Hack. Stems 3-7 em. high, glabrous; leaf-blades 1-2 ecm. long, rigid, revolute-setaceous, pungent; empty glumes 7 mm. long, acuminate, purplish; lemma of the neutral flowers 4 mm. long, very villous at the base; that of the perfect flower glabrous at the base, awned; rudiment 3- awned. Dry barren foot-hills: Nev.—Utah—Ariz. Son. My. 50. TRIPLASIS Beauv. SaNnp-GRAss. Tufted perennials. Panicles in our species narrow. Spikelet short-pedicel- late, 2-6-flowered, the flowers perfect or the uppermost staminate, the rachis glabrous, articulate between the flowers. Empty glumes keeled, 3-nerved, shorter than the lemma. Lemma dorsally rounded at the base, 3-nerved, deeply 2-lobed at the apex, with an awn arising between the lobes. Palet shorter, with 2 ciliate keels, compressed. Styles short; stigmas plumose. 1. T. purpurea (Walt.) Chapm. Tufted perennial (?); stem 3-10 dm. high, erect, prostrate or decumbent, branched below; leaf-blades 1-6 em. long, 2mm. w ide, rigid, scabrous, sparsely ciliate; panicle 2-7 cm. long; spikelets 2—5- flowered, 5— -§ mm. long; lemma oblong, 2- lobed at the apex, with erose-truncate lobes; midvein excurrent in a short point. Sandy places: Me.—Fla.—Tex.— N.M.—Neb. Plain. Au-S. 51. DASYOCHLOA Willd. Stoloniferous perennials. Inflorescence densely paniculate. Spikelets flat, 5-10-flowered; flowers perfect. Empty glumes 2, membranous, ovate, nearly equal. Lemma oblong, more or less pubescent, at least on the veins, cleft to the middle, with an awn between the lobes, 3-nerved. Palet broad, prominently 2-keeled. Styles short, distinct; stigmas plumose. 1. D. pulchella (H.B.K.) Willd. Densely tufted; stem 3-10 cm. high, fasciculately branched; leaf-blades 1-3 em. long, about 1 mm. wide, involute, striate, curved, scabrous; inflorescence small and compact; spikelets 5-10- flowered, 5-8 mm. long; empty glumes white, lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long, acumin- ate; lemma 4-6 mm. long, oblong, cleft to the middle. T'riodia pulchella H.B.K. Hills and plains: Tex.—w Wyo.—Calif.; Mex. Son. Ap-O. ~- 52. ERIONEURON Nash. Tufted, low perennials. Panicles small, dense, subcapitate. Leaves thick, with thickened white margins. Spikelets several-flowered. Empty glumes harrow, acuminate. Lemma broad, 3-nerved, pubescent on the nerves below, with long silky white hairs, acuminate at the apex, entire or slightly 2-toothed, the terminal awn rising between the minute teeth. Style short. 1. E. pilosum (Buckley) Nash. Stem 0.5-3 dm. high, leafy mostly at the base; leaf-sheath pilose-ciliate at the summit; blades erect, thick, folded, , papillose- ciliate, 2-8 em. long; spikelets 3-8, crowded, 1-1.5 cm. long; lemma 5.5-6 mm. long, acuminate, entire or slightly toothed at the apex; awn 1-1.5 mm. long. Tricuspis acuminata Munro. Triodia acuminata Vasey. Dry gravelly or san: Ly soil: Kans .—Nev.—Ariz.—Tex. Son—Submont. Ap-O. 53. TRIDENS R. « S. Perennials with rootstocks, ours tufted. Panicles open, or in ours narrow, sometimes spike-like. Spikelets 3-many-flowered, the flowers perfect, or the ~ 68 POACEAE upper one staminate. Empty glumes keeled, usually shorter than the lemma. Lemma 3-nerved, pilose on the nerves and the margins, entire or 2-toothed at the apex. Palet ‘shorter, 2-keeled. Styles short; stigmas plumose. Second empty glume 1-nerved. 1. T. muticus. Second empty glume 3—5-nerved. 2. T. elonaatus. 1. T. muticus (Torr.) Nash. Stem 2-5 dm. tall, glabrous; leaf-blades 2-12 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, usually involute when dry, scabrous; panicle nar- row, 6-15 em. long; spikelets 6-9-flowered, 10-12 mm. long; lemma 4-5 mm. long, obscurely and irregularly lobed at the obtuse or rounded apex, not mucron- ate. Hills: Tex.—Colo.—aAriz.; Mex. Son. Je-O. 2. T. elongatus (Buckley) Nash. Stem 3-10 dm. tall, scabrous; leaf-blades erect or ascending, 4-25 em. long, 2-3 mm. wide, long-acuminate, scabrous; panicle narrow, 12-25 em. long; spikelets 8-10- flowered, 10-14 mm. long; lemma 5-6 mm. long, Saee or minutely 2-toothed, mucronate. Plains: Mo.—Colo. —Ariz.—Tex. Austral—Son. Je-N. 54. DIPLACHNE Beauv. Tall tufted perennials. Panicles composed of several long spike-like or raceme-like branches. Spikelets linear, sessile or nearly so, the flowers perfect or the uppermost staminate. Empty glumes persistent, keeled, acute, unequal. Lemma larger, 2-toothed and mucronate or short-awned between the teeth. Palet hyaline, 2-nerved and 2-keeled. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. 1. D. acuminata Nash. Tufted perennial; stem 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades erect, 1-3 dm. long, 3-4.5 mm. wide, scabrous; racemes numerous, erect or ascend- ing, the longer 7- 15 cm. long; spikelets 10-12 mm. long; empty clumes 8-11 mm. long; lemma 6-7 mm. long, acuminate; awn 0.75-1.33 mm. long. Wet or moist ground: Ark.—Neb.—Colo. Plain. Je-Au. 55. REDFIELDIA Vasey. Buow-our Grass, SAND-GRASS. Tall perennials, with long creeping scaly rootstocks. Panicles diffuse, with long capillary branches. Spikelets numerous, 1—3-flowered, the flowers perfect. Empty glumes about equal, l-nerved. Lemma large, compressed-keeled, with a basal ring of hairs, 3-nerved, awn-pointed or acute. Palet shorter, 2-nerved. Styles long; stigmas short, plumose. 1. R. flexuosa (Thurber) Vasey. Stem 4-12 dm. high; leaf-blades 3=6 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, usually involute; panicle 2-5 dm. long; spikelets about 6 mm. long, 1—3-flowered; lemma scabrous, twice as long as the acute glabrous empty glumes. Sand hills: S.D.—Okla.—Colo.—Wyo. Plain. Au-S. 56. KOELERIA Pers. JuNnE Grass. Tufted annuals or perennials. Panicles narrow, contracted, spike-like. Spikelets numerous, crowded, 2—5-flowered, the flowers perfect or the uppermost one or two staminate, shining. Empty glumes narrow, unequal. Lemma similar to the second, the upper ones gradually smaller. .Palet hyaline, 2-keeled, 2-toothed. Styles very short; stigmas plumose. 1. K. gracilis Pers. Stem 3-6 dm. high, slender, glabrous up to the inflores- cence; leaf-blades narrow, 1-2 mm. wide, usually involute, glabrous or the lower short-pilose, 4-12 em. long; panicle spike-like, 4-15 cm. long; spikelets shining, pale; empty glumes lanceolate, acute, scabrous; lemma similar, more hyaline and slightly shorter. K. cristata, in part. K.nitida Nutt. Prairies and plains: Ill.—Tex.—Calif.—B.C.; Eur. Plain—Submont. JI-S. 57. ERAGROSTIS Beauv. SrrvK-Grass, SKUNK-GRASS. Tufted annuals or perennials, sometimes prostrate or creeping; some species dioecious. Spikelets numerous, singly or in fascicles, 2—many-flowered, the flowers perfect or unisexual. Empty glumes unequal. Lemma large, 3-nerved, usually broad. Palet shorter, prominently 2-nerved and 2-keeled, often incurved | and persistent on the rachis. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles short; stigmas plumose. GRASS FAMILY 69 Plant extensively creeping, rooting at the nodes; plant dioecious. 1. E. hypnoides. Plant not creeping, not rooting at the nodes; flowers perfect. Annuals, much branched, ascending or decumbent and geniculate at the base. Spikelets about. 3 mm. broad; first empty glume only slightly shorter than the : second. 2. E. megastachya. Spikelets ae mm. broad; first empty glume only two-thirds as long as the second. Inflorescence open; branches at last more or less spreading; spikelets dark green or lead-colored. 3. EB. Purshii. Inflorescence narrow; branches erect or strongly ascending; spikelets light yellowish green. 4. E. lutescens. Perennials, rigid, erect, often tufted. Spikelets scattered on the long branches. Branches of the panicle widely spreading in age. ye E. pectinacea. Branches of the panicle erect or strongly ascending. Spikelets 3—9-flowered, on pedicels much longer. 6. E. trichodes. Spikelets 8—15-flowered, on pedicels scarcely as long. 7. E. neo-mexicana Spikelets clustered on short branches. . E. secundiflora. 1. E. hypnoides (Lam.) B.S.P. Stem 5-45 cm. long, branched, glabrous; floral branches erect, 3-15 em. high; leaves about 5 em. long or less, 1-2 mm. wide, flat; spikelets 10—-35-flowered, 4-15 mm. long; empty glumes unequal, the first one-half to two-thirds as long as the second; lemma about 2.5 mm. long; lateral veins prominent; glumes of the pistillate spikelets more acute than those of the staminate ones. HH. reptans Nees. Sandy or gravelly shores: Vt.—Ont. —Neb.—_N.M.—Fla.—B.C.—Ida.—Calif.; Mex., W.Ind. Plain—Submont. Au-S. 2. E. megastachya (Koel.) Link. Stem 1-6 dm. tall; leaf-blades 7-18 em. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicles 5-15 cm. long; spikelets 8-35-flowered, 5-16 mm. long, very flat; empty glumes acute; lemma obtuse, 2-2.5 mm. long. H#. major Host. Stink Grass. Waste places and cultivated grounds: Ont.—Fla.—Calif—Mont.; Mex.; nat. from Eu. Plain—Submont. My-S. 3. E. Purshii Schrad. Stem 1-4 dm. tall, smooth; leaf-blades 4-9 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide; panicle open, 7-20 cm. long; spikelets 5-15-flowered, 3-8 mm. long; lemma acute, firm, about 1.5 mm. long. Dry or sandy places: Ont.—Fla. —Ariz.; Mex. Plain—Submont. Je-O. 4, E. lutescens Scribn. Stems 1-2 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades 2—5 em. long, 2-3 mm. wide, flat; panicle narrow, 4-7 cm. long; spikelets 2-3 mm. long, 3-12-flowered; first glume about 1 mm. long, the second 1.3 mm. long; lemma obtuse, about 2 mm. long, 3-nerved. Sandy banks: Wash.—Ida.—Nev. JIS. 5. E. pectinacea (Michx.) Steud. Stem 3-8 dm. high, erect, rigid; leaf- blades 1-3 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, flat, sparingly villous at the base; panicle 1.5-6 dm. long, purple or purplish, strongly bearded in the axils; spikelets 5-15- flowered, 3-8 mm. long; empty glumes acute, subequal; lemma 1.75-2 mm. long. Ory or sandy soil: N.H.—Fla.—Tex.—N.M.—8.D. Plain. Au-S. ; 6. E. trichodes (Nutt.) Nash. Stem 6-12 dm. high; sheaths pilose at the throat; leaf-blades 1.5-7 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; panicle 2-7 dm. long, narrow; lower axils sometimes bearded; spikelets usually pale, 3-9-flowered, 5-9 mm. long; empty glumes subequal; lemma acute, 2-38 mm. long. Sandy soil: Ohio— Ark.—Tex.—N.M.—Neb. Plain—Son. 7. E. neomexicana Vasey. Stem 4-8 dm. high, usually branching near the base; leaf-blades flat, 4-10 mm. broad; panicle oblong, 2-4 dm. long, open; spikelets 5-8 mm. long, 8-15-flowered; lemma hispidulous on the keel near the acute apex; palet one-third shorter, ciliate. (?) HE. limbata Fourn. (older name). Mountain sides: w Tex.—s Utah—Calif.;n Mex. Son. Je-S. 8. E. secundiflora Presl. Stems 1.5-10 dm. high, erect, simple; leaf-blades 5-30 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat; panicle 4-15 em. long, the branches erect or ascending; spikelets crowded, sessile or nearly so, strongly flattened, 8—40- flowered, 6-20 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; empty glumes acute, equal; flowering glumes 3-3.5 mm. long, acute, usually purple-margined. Dry or sandy soil: Mo.—La.—Tex.—N.M.—Colo.; Mex. Son. Au-S. Son. 70 POACEAE 58. CATABROSA Beauv. Brook-GRass. Creeping or floating aquatic perennial. Panicles open, with slender spread- ing or reflexed branches. Spikelets 2- (rarely 3- or 4-) flowered, with the rachilla articulate between the flowers. Empty glumes unequal, broad, thin, very ob- tuse. Lemma strongly 3-nerved, longer than the empty glumes. Palet 2- keeled, nearly as long. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. 1. C. aquatica (L.) Beauv. Stem 1-3 dm. high, bright green, flaccid; leaf- blades 3-12 em. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat, obtuse; panicle 3-20 em. long, open; branches whorled; spikelets 2.5-3.5 mm. long; first glume about 1 mm., the second nearly 2 mm. long; lemma 2—2.5 mm. long, 3-nerved, erose-trunecate at the apex. In water: Lab.—Que.—Colo.—Utah—Alaska; Eurasia. Submont.— Subalp. Je-Au. 59. SPHENOPHOLIS Scribn. Tall tufted perennials. Panicles usually narrow. Spikelets numerous, 2-3- flowered, shining. First empty glume narrow, I-nerved, acuminate, the second much broader, obovate when spread, obtuse or truncate, 3-nerved. Lemma narrower than the second glume, obtuse or acute. Palet narrow, 2-nerved. Styles short; stigmas plumose. |Hatonia Raf.] Second empty glume much wider than the lemma, rounded or truncate and somewhat cucullate at the apex. Intermediate nerves of the second glume almost as prominent as the lateral ones; leaf-blades firm, much broader than the sheaths and therefore with prominent auricles. 1. S. robusta. Intermediate nerves of the second glume faint, the lateral ones strong; leaf-blades soft, not much wider than the sheaths; auricles not prominent. 2. S. oblusata. Second empty glume oblanceolate, not much wider than the lemma, obtuse or acute. Second empty glume rather firm, as well as the lemma obtusish. 3. S. intermedia. Second empty glume thin and with a broad, scarious margin, acutish; lemma acute. 4. S. pallens. 1. S. robusta (Vasey) Heller. Stem 4-10 dm. high, erect, glabrous; leaf- blades firm, dark green, 1-3 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle dense, usually decidedly lobed; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; first glume linear-subulate, about 1.5 mm. long, the second cuneate, about 2 mm. long, firm, very scabrous; lemma about 2 mm. long, obtuse. Hatonia robusta Rydb. River banks: Neb.— N.M.—Ariz.—Wash. Plain. My-—BJl. 2. S. obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. Stem 3-7 dm. high, erect, glabrous; leaf- blades 3-20 em. long, 2-5 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 5-15 em. long, dense and spike-like, strict; spikelets crowded, 2.5-3 mm. long; first glume linear-subulate, the second cuneate, 1.5 mm. long and about as broad; lemma 1.5-2 mm. long, obtuse. HH. obtusata A. Gray. Prairies, meadows and valleys: Mass.—Fla.— Ariz.—Mont.; Mex. Plain—Submont. Ap-—Au. 3. S. intermedia Rydb. Stem 6-8 dm. high, striate, shining; leaf-blades 8-15 em. long, 3-5 mm. wide, usually flat; inflorescence rather narrow and dense; first empty glume about 2 mm. long, subulate, scabrous on the back. . inter- media Rydb. Meadows: Sask.—N.M.—Wash. Plain—Submont. JI-S. 4. S. pallens (Spreng.) Scribn. Stem glabrous, 3-10 dm. high; leaf- blades 5-15 em. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 7-20 em. long, usually nodding, lax; spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long; first empty glume subulate, slightly shorter than the second; lemma lanceolate, acute, about 3 mm. long. E. penn- syluanica A. Gray. Open woods and among bushes: N.B.—Ga.—N.M.—B.C. Plain—Submont. Je—-Au. 60. MELICA L. Metic-crass. Perennials with rootstocks, the stem often bulbous at the base. Panicles in our species narrow, often raceme-like. Spikelets rather few, erect or nodding, 1-several-flowered, the lower flowers perfect, sometimes 1 or 2 staminate, and the upper neutral. Empty glumes membranous or hyaline, unequal in length. Lemma larger, membranous, the lateral nerves vanishing in the broad hyaline margins; upper empty lemmas gradually smaller, convolute and enclosing each other, forming an obovate or clavate mass. Palet shorter than the lemma, 2-keeled. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. GRASS FAMILY ; 71 Lemma notched at the apex, awned. 1. M. Smithii. Lemma neither notched nor awned. Lemma attenuate at the apex. First empty glume 4 mm. long; second 5-6 mm. long. 2. M. subulata. First empty glume 6 mm. long; second about 8 mm. long. 3. M. Pammelii. Lemma obtuse. Stem bulbous at the base. Panicle narrow; lemma 7—8 mm. long. Spikelets usually nodding, flattened; second empty glume shorter than the first flower. 4. M. spectabilis. Spikelets erect, terete; second empty glume as long as the iy OM er a 4. Della. Panicle open; lemma 6 mm. long. 6. M1. Macbridei. Stem not bulbous at the base. 7. M. Porteri. 1. M. Smithii (Porter) Vasey. Perennial with a rootstock; stem 7-12 dm. high, scabrous; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1-3 dm. long, its branches at last spreading or reflexed; spikelets 3-6-flowered; first empty glume 4-6 mm. long, obscurely 3-nerved; second glume 6-8 mm. long, 5-nerved; lemma about 10 mm. long, strongly nerved; awn 3-5 mm. long. M. erage Suksd. Damp shady places: Mich—Wyo.—Ore.—Wash. Mont. —Au. 2. M. subulata (Griseb.) Scribn. Stem with a bulbous base, 5-10 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 5-12 mm. broad, scabrous; panicle nar- row, the erect pedicels swollen just below the spikelets; spikelets 5—6-flowered; empty glumes acute, scabrous on the keel and ciliate at the apex; lemma about 12 mm. long, with scattered hairs below, attenuate. Woods: n Calif.—Mont.— Alta—Alaska. Mont. My-—Au. 3. M. Pammelii Scribn. Stem with tuberous base, 5-10 dm. high; leaves flat, 1-3 dm. long; panicle flexuose, with erect branches, scabrous; spikelets 3-6- flowered, lanceolate or oblong; empty glumes obtuse or acutish; lemma 9-10 mm. long, 9-nerved, lanceolate, acuminate, breadly scarious-margined; palet densely ciliate, fringed along the nerves. Parks: Wyo. Submont. Jl. 4. M. spectabilis Scribn. Stem 3-9 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle narrow; spikelets 10-12 mm. long, 5—7-flowered, usually purple; lower empty glume 5 mm. long, the upper 6-7 mm. long, acutish; lemma 7-8 mm. long, minutely scabrous. M. scabrata Piper & Beattie. Hill- sides and meadows: B.C.—Ore.—Colo.—Mont. Submont.—Mont. Je—Au. 5. M. bella Piper. Stem 4-6 dm. high, simple; leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, scabrous above; panicle narrow; spikelets 10-15 mm. long, 6—9- flowered; empty glumes obtuse, the first 6 mm. long, the second about 8 mm. long; lemma about as long, obtuse. M. bulbosa Geyer. Meadows and hill- sides: Wash.—Ore.—Utah—Colo.—Alta. Submont—Mont. My-Au. 6. M. Macbridei Rowland. Stem slender, 2-5 dm. high, as well as the sheaths hispidulous-scabrous; leaf-blades 1-4 mm. wide, flat; panicle open; rays 1-3 at each node, some sessile, others peduncled and reflexed; spikelets 2—5- flowered, 7-13 mm. long; first glume 4 mm. long, 3-nerved; second glume 6 mm. ne, 5-nerved; lemma 6 mm. long, thick, scabrous, obtusely 2-fid. Dry slopes: Ida. Je. 7. M. Porteri Scribn. Perennial, with a rootstock; stem 4-7 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades 1—2 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle narrow, 12-15 em. long; spikelets 4—5-flowered, nodding, 10-13 mm. long; empty glumes obtuse or acutish, the first about 3 mm., the second 5 mm. long; lemma 3-5 mm. long, scabrous. M. parviflora (Porter) Scribn. Plains and hills: Tex.—Kans.— Colo.—Ariz. Submont.—Mont. Je-S. 61. DACTYLIS L. Orcnarp-crass. Tall perennials, with creeping rootstocks. Panicles contracted, with the spikelets crowded at the ends of the branches in unilateral head-like clusters. Spikelets 3-5-flowered, the flowers perfect or the uppermost staminate. Empty glumes unequal, 1-3-nerved, mucronate, the second the larger. Lemma more rigid, ciliate on the keel, mucronate or short-awned. Palet nearly as long, 2- keeled. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. {2 POACEAE 1. D. glomerata L. Stem 6-12 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades 7-25 em. long, 2-6 mm. wide, flat, scabrous; panicle 7-20 em. long; branches ascending or spreading in flower, erect in fruit; lemma 5-6 mm. long, pointed or short-awned. _ Fields and waste places: N.B.—Fla.—Calif—B.C.; nat. from Eu. Plain— Mont. Je—Jl. 62. BRIZA L. QuakING GRaAss, QUAKE-GRASS. Annuals or perennials, with open panicles. Spikelets few, nodding, flattened, broad, many-flowered, the flowers perfect. Empty glumes strongly concave, thin-membranous, 3-5-nerved, somewhat unequal. Lemmas imbricate, broader than the empty glumes, 5-many-nerved. Palet much shorter, hyaline, 2-keeled and 2-nerved. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. 1. B. maxima L. Stem 3-5 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, scabrous on the veins; spikelets 2-10, nodding, 1—2 em. long, 8-12 mm. wide; empty glumes nearly orbicular, glabrous; lemma similar, but more or less pilose. Fields and waste places: Mass.——W. Ind.—Colo.—Calif.; adv. from Eurasia. Plain—Submont. 63. DISTICHLIS Raf. Arka. Grass, SALT-GRAsSS, SPIKE-GRASS. Tufted dioecious perennials, with creeping scaly rootstocks. Inflorescence paniculate. Staminate spikelets many-flowered, very flat. Rachilla continu- ous. Empty glumes narrow, acute, keeled, membranous. Lemma _ broader, membranous. Pistillate spikelets few-flowered, less flattened. Lemma nearly coriaceous, broad. Palet compressed, the keels narrowly winged. Styles thickened at the base, moderately long; stigmas plumose. Pistillate spikes 4-5 mm. wide; their floral glumes about 1.5 mm. wide in side-view; palet scabrous-ciliate on the keels; leaf-blades 2 mm. wide or less. 1: D* siricia: Pistillate spikes 5-8 mm. wide; their floral glumes about 2 mm. wide in side-view: palet distinctly dentate on the margins; leaf-blades usually over 2 mm. wide. 2. D. dentata. D. stricta (Torr.) Rydb. Stem 1-4 dm. high, erect or decumbent at the base; leaf-blades erect, 5-15 em. long, more or less involute, long-attenuate; panicle of the pistillate plant 3-6 em. long, dense and spike-like; spikelets 8-15 mm. long; empty glumes lanceolate, acuminate, about 5 mm. long; the second a little broader than the first, scarious-margined; lemma 5-6 mm. long, acute, straw-colored with greenish nerves; palet 4-5 mm. long; panicle of the staminate plant looser, 3-10 em. long; spikelets more flattened, 1-2.5 cm. long, straw- colored; lemma narrower, 6-7 mm. long. D. spicata Coult & Nels., not Greene. Alkaline soil: Sask.—Tex.—Ariz.—B.C.—Wash. Plain—Submont. Je-S. 2. D. dentata Rydb. Stem 1-3 dm. high, very leafy; leaf-blades 5-12 em. long, 2-3.5 mm. wide, flat or slightly involute; panicle of the pistillate plant 4-8 em. long, 2-2.5 em. wide; spikelets 1-2 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, 7-17-flowered; empty glumes lanceolate, about 5 mm. long, short-acuminate; lemma ovate in lateral view, 6 mm. long, short-acuminate; palet nearly as long; panicle of stam- inate plant nearly as in the preceding. Alkaline soil: Sask.—Wash. 64. POA L. Btur-crass, Meapow-GRass. Annuals or perennials, rarely dioecious, with paniculate inflorescence. Spike- lets 2-6-flowered, flat, the flowers perfect or in some species unisexual, the rachis articulate between the flowers. Empty glumes persistent, strongly keeled, acute, the first usually 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved. Lemma usually longer, more or less keeled, acute or obtuse, awnless, 5-nerved, often pubescent on the keel and marginal nerve, as well as the rachis, the hairs near the base sometimes long and curled (cobweb). Palet shorter than the lemma, 2-keeled and 2-nerved. Styles short; stigmas plumose. Annuals, but tufted; spikelets 3-5-flowered. I. ANNUAE. Perennials. Cobweb at the base of the lemma present, although scant in some species; lemma. acute or acutish, exceptin P. compressa and P. lanata, and usually strongly keeled. Intermediate nerves of the lemma strong. Branches of the inflorescence in fruit ascending, the lower in 3’s or 4’s; lemma acutish; cobweb copious; rootstock creeping. Il. PRATENSES. _ Low, 1-2 dm. high; branches of the panicle spreading. Taller, erect, 2—5 dm. high; branches of the panicle erect. Lemma 3—4 mm. long; ligule truncate. 3t GRASS FAMILY 73 Branches of the inflorescence in fruit reflexed or at least spreading; lemma usually acuminate or very acute; cobweb scant or sometimes none. Spikelets many, light green; branches of the inflorescence numerous, the lower in 3’s, or 4’s, or 5’s; rootstock creeping. III. PLATYPHYLLAE. Spikelets few, usually more or less purple, except in P. leptocoma; branches of the inflorescence few, the lower usually in 2’s, rarely in 3’s, spikelet- bearing towards the ends. IV. REFLEXAE. Intermediate nerves of the lemma faint or obsolete. Stem compressed; lemma obtuse. V. COMPRESSAE. Stem not compressed; lemma acute or acuminate. Branches of the panicles reflexed; rootstock creeping. VI. APERTAE. Branches of the panicles not reflexed. VII. TRIFLORAE. Cobweb wanting. Spikelets rounded at the base; empty glumes very broad and their keel strongly arched; low tufted perennials, with short open panicle and broad leaves. VIII. ALPINAE. Beuelee ones at the base; empty glumes narrower, not strongly arched on their eels. Plants with horizontal creeping rootstocks; not bunch-grasses. Spikelets strongly compressed; lemma strongly keeled, strongly 5-nerved, conspicuously scabrous; glumes very acute. IX. WHEELERIANAE. Spikelets not strongly compressed; lemma neither strongly compressed nor strongly nerved (except in P. pratensiformis), not conspicuously scabrous. Lemma acuminate, dark purple; innovations extravaginal. X. PHOENICEAE. Lemma obtuse or acutish, green or merely tinged with purple; innova- tions both extra- and intravaginal. XI. ARIDAE. Plants without extravaginal rootstocks; densely tufted bunch-grasses. Lemma 3—4 mm. long. Low alpine plants, with narrow panicles of few purplish spikelets; lemma ovate. XII. RUPICOLAE. Slender plants, 4-5 dm. high, with open panicles; lemma narrowly lanceolate in side-view. XIII. MULTNOMAE. Lemma 5 mm. long or more; plants comparatively robust. Spikelets decidedly flattened; lemma acute and keeled on the back. Pubescence on the nerves of the lemma, if any, not stronger than on the internerves; flowers perfect. Inflorescence dense and spike-like. XIV..EPILEs. Inflorescence open; branches spikelet-bearing towards their ends. XV. GRACILLIMAE. Pubescence of the nerves of the lemma villous or pilose, that of the internerves none or almost none; plants dioecious. XVI. FENDLERIANAE. Spikelets little flattened; lemma rounded on the backs towards the apex, almost straight, obtuse. XVII. BUCKLEYANAE. I. ANNUAE. P. annua. . P. Bigelovit. Ne II. PRATENSES. P. pratensis. Lemma 5 mm. long; ligule not truncate. 4. P. rhizomata. II. PLATYPHYLLAE. Ligules truncate or abruptly acute. 5. P. occidentalis. Ligules lanceolate, long attenuate. 6.°P. callida. IV. REFLEXAE. Cobweb present but often scant. Lemmas obtuse; cobweb dense. 7. P. lanata. Lemmas acute or acuminate; cobweb scant. Internerves of the lemma more or less pubescent, at least below. Spikelets 3—4-flowered; stem-leaves usually folded or involute; plant usually less than 3 dm. high, tufted. Internerves of the lemma short-pubescent below; leaves filiform, involute; those of the sterile shoots usually arcuate. 8. P. cenisia. Internerves of the lemma long-hairy, at least below; leaves 1-2 mm. wide, usually conduplicate, rather firm. Plant low, 1-3 dm. high, usually cespitose; lemma acute. 9. P. arctica. Plant tall, 3-5 dm. high, not cespitose, with a creeping rootstock; floral glumes acuminate. 10. P. longipila. Spikelets 5—7-flowered; leaves all fiat, 3-4 mm. wide; stem fully 3 dm. high. 11. P. callichroa. Internerves of the lemma glabrous; plants with creeping rootstocks. Intermediate nerves of the lemma pubescent; plant 3 dm. or less high; leaves. mostly basal, firm; stem-leaves 1-2, usually conduplicate. 12. P. pudica. 74 POACEAE Intermediate nerves of the lemma glabrous; plant usually over 3 dm. high; stem-leaves several, flat and flaccid. Hairs of the midnerves and lateral nerves copious and spreading. Lemma ovate, abruptly acute, usually purple. 13. P. reflezxa. Lemma lanceolate, gradually acute, usually pale green. 14. P. nervosa. Hairs of the midnerves and lateral nerves few and appressed or none. 15. P. leptocoma. Cobweb lacking; internerves and the intermediate nerves glabrous; midnerves and lateral nerves hairy; habit like P. arctica. 16. P. alpicola. V. COMPRESSAE. One species. 17. P. compressa. VI. APERTAE. Branches of the inflorescence short, usually in pairs. 18. P. aperta. Branches of the inflorescence very long, in 3’s to 5’s. 19. P. macroclada. VII. TRIFLORAE. Lemma 5 mm. long. 4. P. rhizomata. Lemma 3 mm. long or less. Stem stout; leaves 2-5 mm. wide; ligule 3—4 mm. long, triangular; branches of the panicle at last spreading; second glume narrower than the lemma, three- fourths as long or more. 20. P. triflora. Stem slender; leaves seldom over 2 mm. wide; ligule about 1 mm. long, truncate; branches of the panicle ascending or erect. Flowers green; the second empty glume with broad, scarious margins and strong lateral nerves Inflorescence with erect branches; second empty glume narrower than the lemma. 21. P. subtrivialis. Inflorescence with ascending branches; second empty glume not narrower than the lemma. 22. P. interior. Flowers usually purple-tinged; scarious margin of the empty glumes scarcely evident and lateral nerves faint. 23. P. crocata. VIII. ALPINAE. One species. 24. P. alpina. IX. WHEELERIANAE. Lower sheaths retrorsely strigulose. Internerves of the acute lemma merely strigulose or scabrous. Nerves of the lemma scabrous; ligules short, truncate. Branches of the inflorescence ascending. 25. P. Olneyae. Branches of the inflorescence reflexed. 26. P. subreflexa. Nerves of the lemma silky or villous on the lower portion. Ligules 2 mm. long, truncate; leaf-blades narrow, ascending. 27. P. Wheeleri. Ligules 4—5 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate; leaf-blades broad, spreading. 28. P. Vaseyana. Internerves of the obtusish lemma villous, at least below. 29. P. tricholepis. Leaf-sheaths all glabrous and smooth. Ligules lanceolate, acute, 3 mm. long. 30. P. Tracyi. Ligules truncate, about 1 mm. long. 31. P. curta. X. PHOENICEAE. Plant tall, 4 dm. high or more; nerves and internerves of the lemma villous. 32. P. Grayana. Plant low, usually less than 3 dm. high; internerves of lemma glabrous. 16. P. alpicola. XI. ARIDAE. Internerves of the lemma pubescent, at least below; stem stout; inflorescence dense; ligules acute. Intermediate nerves of the lemma strong; plant tall; glumes 5 mm. long. 33. P. pralensiformis. Intermediate nerves of the lemma weak; glumes 3—4 mm. long. Keel and the marginal nerves of the lemma villous; empty glumes equalling the lemma. 34. P. arida. Keel and marginal nerves of the lemma short-hairy, with apP reseed hairs; empty glumes shorte’ than the lemma. 35. P. Sheldoni. Internerves of the lemma glabrous; stem slender; inflorescence open; ligule obtuse. 36. P. glaucifolia. XII. RUPICOLAE. Midnerve and lateral nerves of the lemma pubescent; plant strict, 1-5 dm. high. Cobweb at the base of the flowers scant; stem slender and leafy, usually 3-5 dm. high. 23. P. crocata. Cobweb none; stem 1—2 (seldom 3) dm. high, leafy mostly at the base. Flowering glumes 3 mm. long or less, firm, obtuse. 37. P. rupicola. Flowering glumes about 4 mm. long, acute, thin. 38. P. Pattersoni. Nerves of the lemma glabrous; plant seldom over 5 cm. high. 39. P. Lettermani. GRASS FAMILY 75 XIII. MULTNOMAE. ‘One species. 40. P. Multnomae. XTV. EPILES. Plant green; lemma purple or dark green, abruptly acute; ligules acute. Blades of the stem-leaves about 3 mm. wide, flat; lemma more than 5 mm. long, dark purple. 41. P. paddensis. Blades of the stem-leaves 1-2 mm. wide; lemma 4—5 mm. long. Lemma purple, minutely scabrous, nearly smooth. 42. P. Cusickii. Lemma green, only tinged with purple, hispidulous-scabrous. 43. P. epilis. Plant pale; lemma very pale, long-attenuate or subcuspidate; leaves all filiform. Ligules lanceolate, acuminate. Panicle thick; branches with several 5—7-flowered spikelets; leaves very scabrous. 44. P. scaberrima. Panicle narrow, slender; branches very short, with 1-2, only 2—4-flowered spike- lets. 45. P. nematophylla. Ligules oblong, 1 mm. long, truncate; panicle dense and spike-like. 46. P. subaristata. XV. GRACILLIMAE. Lemma linear-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long. 47. P. idahoensis. Lemma ovate, 4-5 mm. long. Plant 1-3 dm. high; panicle with ascending branches and many spikelets. 48. P. gracillima. Plant 0.5-1.5 dm. high; panicle with divaricate branches and few spikelets. 49. P. Vaseyochloa. XVI. FENDLERIANAE. Ligules 5—7 mm. long, acute or acuminate. 50. P. longiligula. Ligules short, rounded or truncate, or those of the innovations obsolete. Leaf-blades erect; spikelets 3—5- (rarely 6—7-) flowered. Lemma oblong; leaf-blades very slender, scabrous. 51. P. scabriuscula. Lemma ovate; leaf-blades more rigid. Panicle very narrow, its branches erect and spikelet-bearing to the base; lemma 4 mm. long. 52. P. longipedunculata. Panicle more open, its branches ascending, usually naked at the base. Plant low; panicle short; lemma 3.5—4 mm. long. 53. P. brevipaniculata. Plant tall; panicle elongated; lemma 5 mm. long. 54. P. Fendleriana. Leaf-blades spreading; spikelets 7—-9- (rarely 5—6-) flowered. 55. P. Eatoni. XVII. BUCKLEYANAE. Ligules lanceolate, acuminate or attenuate. Empty glumes strongly nerved, elongate-lanceolate, almost equalling the very scab- rous or strigose lemma. Leaves 4-6 mm. wide, flat. 56. P. Canbyi. Leaves 1-3 mm. wide, conduplicate or involute. Lemma strongly scabrous; leaves stiff; plant stout. 57. P. nevadensis. Lemma strigose, at least below; leaves filiform, flaccid; plant slender. 58. P. Helleri. eimupby, glares not strongly nerved, ovate-lanceolate, usually much shorter than the emma. Plant yellowish green; spikelets yellowish or straw-colored. Lemma merely scabrous. 59. P. laevigata. Lemma more or less strigose on the lower portion. 60. P. lucida. Plant dark green; spikelets dark green or purplish. Leaf-blades almost 2 mm. wide, flat or conduplicate; lemma more than 4 mm. long. ‘ 61. P. Buckleyana. Leaf-blades less than 1 mm. wide, filiform, involute; lemma less than 4 mm. long. 62. P. Sandbergii. Ligules 1-2 mm. long, truncate, rounded or abruptly acute. Plant 2—4 dm. high; leaves mostly basal and stiff, short, seldom 8 cm. long; ligules rounded. 63. P. juncifolia. Plant taller, 4-10 dm. high, leafy; leaves longer. Internerves of the lemma glabrous; nerves silky. 36. P. glaucifolia. Internerves of the lemma as well as the nerves scabrous. Leaves filiform, less than 1 mm. wide. 64. P. brachyglossa. Leaves flat or involute, but not filiform, 2—5 mm. wide. Ligules ovate or rounded, acute or obtuse; leaves soft. 65. P. confusa. Ligules truncate; leaves stiff. Inflorescence very narrow; branches erect. 66. P. truncata. Inflorescence more open, lobed; branches ascending. 67. P. ampla. 1. P. annua L. Stems usually decumbent and branched at the base or erect; ligules rounded at the apex, 2 mm. long; leaf-blades flat, flaccid, 1-10 em. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide; panicle 1-10 cm. long; spikelets 3-5 mm. long; empty glumes smooth, the first lanceolate, acute, 1.5 mm. long, the second obtuse, 76 POACEAE nearly 2 mm. long; lemma 2.5-3 mm. long, the nerves pilose below. Waste places and cultivated ground: Lab.—Ga.—Calif.—B.C.; Mex.; nat. from Eu. Plain—Mont. My-O. 2. P. Bigelovii Vasey & Scribn. Annual, usually more or less tufted; ligules lanceolate, 3 mm. long; leaf-blades flat, flaccid, 5-10 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide; panicle 5-15 cm. long, narrow; spikelets 4-6 mm. long, compressed; empty glumes glabrous, lanceolate, acute, nearly as long as the lemma; lemma 3-4 mm. long, subacute, villous on the midrib and marginal nerves; cobweb scant. Arid regions: Tex.—Colo.—Utah—Calif.—L. Calif. Son.—Submont. 3. P. pratensis L. Stem 3-12 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades 1-6 mm. wide, those of the stem 5-15 cm. long, the basal ones longer; panicle 5-20 cm. long, ovate or conical; spikelets 3—6-flowered, 4-5 mm. long; midvein and marginal veins of the lemma silky below, the intermediate ones glabrous. Meadows, fields and woods: Greenl.—Fla.—Calif.—Alaska; Eurasia. Plain—Subalp. Je—Au. 4, P. rhizomata Hitche. Perennial, with a creeping rootstock; stem 3-6 dm. high, smooth; sheaths smooth, the lower loose and papery; ligules 2-3 mm. long; blades mostly flat, 1-2 mm. wide, 3-7 cm. long; panicle 3-5 em. long; spikelets 3—4-flowered; first glume 3 mm. long, the second 4 mm. long; lemma 5 mm. long, acutish, copiously webbed at the base; keel and marginal nerves short-pilose below; internerves sparingly scabrous. Damp woods: Calif.—Ida. Ap-Je. 5. P. occidentalis Vasey. Stem 3-10 dm. high; sheaths flattened, scab- rous; leaf-blades 5-15 em. long, flat, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle large, 1.5-3 dm. long, loose; spikelets 2-4-flowered, 4-6 mm. long, light green; empty glumes acute, scarious margined, unequal; lemma 3-4 mm. long, slightly pubescent below and on the keel; cobweb scant. P. platyphylla Nash & Rydb. Rich hillsides: N.M.—Colo.—Utah. Submont.—Subalp. My-—Au. 6. P. callida Rydb. Stem 3-5 dm. high, somewhat flexuose; leaf-blades flat, flaccid, 5-12 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide; panicle open, 1-1.5 dm. long; spikelets about 3 mm. long, 2- or 3-flowered, light green; first empty glume sub- ulate, 2 mm. long, the second slightly broader, 2.5 mm. long, glabrous; lemma 3 mm. long, glabrous except the keel, which is slightly silky below; cobweb scant but long. Warm springs: Mont. Jl. 7. P. lanata Scribn. & Merr. Perennial, with a creeping rootstock; stem 2.5-4 dm. high; sheath loose, the lower marcescent, scabrous; ligule 4 mm. long, obtuse; blades 2-4 mm. wide, conduplicate or involute; inflorescence open; branches in pairs, 2-3 em. long, with 1-8 spikelets near the ends; spikelets 3-6- flowered; lemma purple, 6-7 mm. long. Subarctic situations: Alaska—B.C. Subarct. 5 8. P. cenisia All. Stem 1-3 dm. high, slender; ligules 1-2 mm. long, trun- cate; blades 2-10 em. long, 1-2 mm. wide, involute; panicle 2-8 em. long, open; spikelets 2—4-flowered, 5-6 mm. long, purplish; empty glumes glabrous; lemma about 4 mm. long. Arctic-alpine situations: Greenl—Lab.—Colo.—Alaska; Eu. Alp. Jl-Au. 9. P. arctica R. Br. Stems 1-3 dm. high, smooth, erect or decumbent at. the base; ligules erose-truncate; basal leaf-blades 5-10 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide; stem-leaves shorter and often flat; panicle open, 5-10 em. long; spikelets purple; empty glumes 3-3.5 mm. long, glabrous; lemma 4 mm. long, acute. Alpine- arctic situations: Arctic Sea—N.M.—Utah. Alp. Jl-Au. 10. P. longipila Nash. Stem 3-5 dm. high; ligules broad, obtuse or acut- ish; leaf-blades erect, acuminate, 3-8 em. long, 3-4 mm. wide, flat; panicle 6-9 em. long; spikelets 6-8 mm. long, 3—4-flowered, purple; lemma 5-6 mm. long; cobweb copious and long. Wet places: Wyo.—Mont. Submont. 11. P. callichroa Rydb. Perennial, with a horizontal rootstock, but more or less matted; stem about 3 dm. high; blades of the lower leaves 6-10 cm. long, firm, dark-green, strongly veined; blades of the upper leaves about 3 em. long,. GRASS FAMILY 77 erect; panicle 6-9 cm. long, open; spikelets 6-8 mm. long, 5-7-flowered; empty glumes about 5 mm. long, purple with greenish or brownish margins; lemma 4-5 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate, green below, then purple, then brown, and white and scarious above; nerves and internerves more or less villous; cobweb scant. Mountain peaks: Colo.—Wyo. Subalp.—Mont. Au. 12. P. pudica Rydb. Stem 2-3 dm. high; lower leaves with short loose sheaths; ligules truncate, about 2 mm. long; blades 4-5 cm. long, usually con- duplicate, strongly nerved; panicle 4-8 em. long; spikelets 4-5 mm. long, mostly 3-flowered; empty glumes strongly veined, usually purple, acuminate; lemma lanceolate, sharp-acuminate, greenish below, then purplish, and scarious at the apex. Alpine meadows: Colo. Subalp.—Alp. Au. 13. P. reflexa Vasey & Scribn. Stem 3-5 dm. high, slender, erect, smooth; ligules 2 mm. long, obtuse; leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; panicle 5-10 cm. long; spikelets 2-3-flowered, 3-4 mm. long, usually purple; empty glumes acuminate, smooth; lemma very acute. Wet meadows: Alta.—N.M.— Utah—Ore.—B.C. Submont.—Subalp. 14. P. nervosa (Hook.) Vasey. Stem 4-7 dm. high, slender, smooth; ligules truncate; blades of stem-leaves 2-7 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide; those of the basal leaves 1.5-2.5 dm. long; panicle 5-12 em. long, open; spikelets 3—-8-flowered, flat, lax and flexuose; empty glumes linear-lanceolate, 4 mm. long; lemma linear- lanceolate, slightly scabrous on the nerves. Wet places: B.C.—Calif—Mont. Mont.—Subalp. 15. P. leptocoma Trin. Stems 3-6 dm. high, smooth; ligules obtuse; leaf- blades flat, flaccid, 1-3 mm. wide, 4-10 em. long; panicle open, 5-10 em. long; spikelets 2-3-flowered, about 6 mm. long, green or merely tinged with purple; first empty glume about 3 mm. long, the second 3.5 mm. long; lemma linear- lanceolate, gradually acute. Boggy places: Alta—Colo.—Wash.—Alaska. Mont.—Subalp. Jl-Au. 16. P. alpicola Nash. More or less tufted perennial; ligules acute, 2 mm. long; leaf-blades 3-1C cm. long, often involute or conduplicate, 1-2 mm. wide; inflorescence rather narrow, 3-5 em. long; branches short; spikelets 5-7 mm. long, 2-4-flowered, more or less tinged with purple; empty glumes subequal, glabrous, about 3 mm. long; lemma ovate, acute, glabrous. P. laza Thurber, not Haenke. Alpine: Colo—Utah—(? Ida.) Alp. Jl-Au. 17. P. compressa L. Perennial, with a creeping rootstock; stem 1.5-4 dm. high, decumbent at the base, much flattened, smooth; ligules truncate; leaf-blades bluish green, stiff, erect, 2-10 em. long, about 2 mm. wide, often convolute, scabrous above; panicle narrow, with ascending short branches, spikelet-bearing to near the base; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 3-9 mm. long; empty glumes acute, nearly equal; lemma 2-2.8 mm. long, obtuse; cobweb scant. Waste places, cultivated grounds, and woodlands: N.H.—N.C.—Calif —B.C. —Yukon; Eurasia. Plain—Mont. Je—Jl. 18. P. aperta Scribn. & Merr. Stem 4-5 dm. high, erect, wiry; ligules acute; leaf-blades firm, striate, minutely scabrous, glaucous, 5-15 em. long, 2 mm. wide; panicle ovate; spikelets purplish, 5-6 mm. long, 3—4-flowered; lemma lanceolate, minutely pubescent throughout; cobweb conspicuous. Moun- tains: N.M.—Wyo. Mont.—Subalp. Au-S. 19. P. macroclada Rydb. Stem 6-8 dm. high; ligules ovate, acute; leaf- blades 7-10 em. long, 2 mm. or less wide, flat, glabrous, firm and dark green; panicle 2-3 dm. long, open; spikelets often about 5 mm. long; lemma lanceolate, acute or acuminate, glabrous, slightly purple-tinged; cobweb scant. Moun- tains: Colo. Mont. _ 20. P. triflora Gilib. Perennial, with a creeping rootstock; stem 4-12 dm. high, erect, smooth; leaf-blades 5-15 em. long, 2-5 mm. wide; panicle 1.5-3 dm. long, open; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 3-5 mm. long; empty glumes glabrous, scab- rous on the keel; lemma obtuse, 2-3 mm. long; midnerve and lateral nerves pubescent below. P. serotina Ehrh. P. flava Auth., not L. Meadows and swampy places: Newf.—N.J.—Calif.—B.C.; Eurasia. Plain—Mont. Jl-Au. 78 POACEAE 21. P. subtrivialis Rydb. Perennial, with a rootstock; stem slender, 4-6 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades erect, flaccid, 8-15 em. long, about 2 mm. wide, flat, dark green; panicle 1-2 dm. long; spikelets light green, 3-4 mm. long, 2-3- flowered; lemma 2.5 mm. long, glabrous; cobweb very scant. Meadows: Wyo. —Ida. Mont. 22. P. interior Rydb. Tufted perennial; stem slender, 3-6 dm. high; leaf- blades 2-8 em. long, about 2 mm. wide, glabrous; panicle 4-10 em. long; spike- lets 2—5-flowered, 3-5 mm. long; lemma 2—2.5 mm. long, scabrous on the mid- nerve and lateral nerves. P. nemoralis Scribn., not L. Woods and copses: S.D.—Neb.—N.M.—Utah—Wash.—Alaska. Plain—Mont. 23. P. crocata Michx. Tufted perennial; stems strict, erect, 2-4 dm. high; leaf-blades narrow, erect, 1-2 mm. wide, 4-10 em. long, usually involute; panicle: rather narrow, 5-15 em. long; spikelets 2—4-flowered, about 4 mm. long; lemma. about as long as the glumes, pubescent on the midnerve and lateral nerves. P. nemoralis strictior A. Gray. Dry hills and meadows: Lab.—Vt.—Minn.—Colo. —Ariz.—Alaska. Swbmont.—Subalp. Je-Au. 24. P. alpina L. Stem 0.5-4 cm. high, erect or decumbent at the base; ligules truncate; leaf-blades 2-8 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide, abruptly acute, flat; panicle 2-8 em. long; spikelets 3—5-flowered, 5-6 mm. long; empty glumes broad, glabrous, acute, scabrous on the keel; lemma about 4 mm. long, obtuse, its: lower half pubescent. Alpine-arctic regions in wet places: Greenl.—Que.— Colo.—Utah—Alaska; Eu. Mont.—Alp. Je—Au. 25. P. Olneyae Piper. Stem 3-8 dm. high, glabrous; blades of the basal leaves 1-2 Sits long, often conduplicate, 2-8 mm. wide, those of the stem-leaves 3-6 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, flat; panicle pale green, about 1 dm. long, drooping, open; spikelets 7-10 mm. long, 4 4-6-flowered; lemma ovate, 5 mm. long. W heeleri Auth., not Vasey. Pine woods and meadows: Mont.—Colo.—Ore.— B.C. Submont.—Subalp. Jl-Au. 26. P. subreflexa Rydb. Stem ascending, 5-6 dm. tall; leaf-blades flat; flaccid, 7-10 em. long, 3-4 mm. wide, spreading; panicle open, about 1 dm. long, spikelets pale green, 6-7 mm. long, 3- or 4-flowered; lemma lanceolate, 5 mm. long. Wooded banks: Colo. Mont.—Subalp. Jl. 27. P. Wheeleri Vasey. Stem simple, 2-6 dm. high; leaf-blades 2—20 em. long, 3 mm. wide, the lower involute or conduplicate; panicle open, 8-12 em. long; spikelets 6-7 mm. long, 3—5-flowered, light green, rarely tinged with purple; lemma lanceolate, acute, 5 mm. long. Meadows: Alta.—Colo.—Utah—B.C. Submont.—Subalp. Jl-Au. 28. P. Vaseyana Scribn. Stem 5-7 dm. high; leaf-blades flat, 5-30 em. long, 4-5 mm. broad; panicle open, 10-15 em. long; spikelets often tinged with purple, 4—6-flowered, 8-10 mm. long; lemma 5.5-6.5 mm. long. Mountain meadows: Colo.—Wyo. Mont.—Subalp. Au. 29. P. tricholepis Rydb. Stem slender, 3-5 dm. high; leaf-blades 5-10 em. long, a little over 1 mm. wide, scabrous; stem-leaves 2-6 cm. long, sometimes: nearly 2 mm. wide; ligules lanceolate, acuminate; panicle 6-8 em. long, open;, spikelets 3—4-flowered, 5-8 mm. long; lemma about 4 mm. long, green, bordered with purple and a scarious border. Mountains: Colo. Mont.—Alp. Jl-Au. 30. P. Tracyi Vasey. Stem 3-8 dm. high; leaf-blades 6-12 em. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1-2 dm. long; spikelets 3—5-flowered, light green,. loose; lemma finely strigulose-scabrous, especially on the nerves, 4-5 mm. long. P. occidentalis (Vasey) Rydb., not Vasey. Mountains: N.M.—Colo.—Utah. Submont.—Subalp. Jl-Au. 31. P. curta Rydb. Stem glabrous, 4-5 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-5 em. long, 3-5 mm. wide, abruptly acute, dark green; inflorescence short, open, 4-5 cm. long; spikelets light green, strongly compressed, about 6 mm. long, 2—4-flowered ; lemma lanceolate. Wooded banks: Wyo. Mont. Jl. 32. P. Grayana Vasey. Stem 5-6 dm. high, leafy; ligules triangular- lanceolate or ovate, acute; blades 1-2 dm. long, about 2 mm. wide; panicle 6-10: em. long, open; spikelets 4-5-flowered, 6-7 mm. long; lemma lanceolate, greem GRASS FAMILY 79 at the base, purple in the middle and brownish-scarious at the top. P. phoenicia Rydb. Mountains: Colo. Alp. Au. 33. P. pratensiformis Rydb. Stem 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades flat, 2-6 mm. wide, those of the stem 2—7 cm. long, those of the sterile shoots 1.5-3 dm. long, scabrous on the margins; panicle 5-12 em. long, spreading in anthesis only; spikelets 3—5-flowered, 6-8 mm. long; empty glumes nearly equal, acute; lemma obtuse, silky-hairy on the nerves to the middle and pubescent all over near the base. P. pseudopratensis Scribn. & Rydb., not Beyer. Wet places: S.D.—Kans.—Utah. Plain—Submont. Je—Jl. 34. P. arida Vasey. Stem 2-6 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-15 em. long, erect, flat, or becoming somewhat involute, striate; panicle narrow, dense, 7-15 cm. long; branches erect; spikelets 6-7 mm. long, 5—9-flowered; lemma obtuse, scarcely compressed. P. andina Nutt. P. pratericola Rydb. Prairies and meadows: Kan.—N.M.—Utah—Wyo. Plain—Subalp. 35. P. Sheldoni Vasey. Stem rigid, 2-3 dm. high, smooth; blades of the basal leaves 5-10 em. long, 2-3 mm. wide, rigid, flat or conduplicate; panicle narrow, 3-7 cm. long; spikelets about 6 mm. long, 3-4-flowered; lemma 4 mm. long, subobtuse, short-pubescent near the base, scarious at the apex. Dry hills: Colo.——Wyo.— Utah. Mont.—Subalp. Je—Jl. 36. P. glaucifolia Scribn. & Williams. Stem about 6 dm. high, smooth, except at the nodes; leaf-blades flat, glaucous, 1.5-2 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; panicle open; spikelets compressed, 3—4-flowered; empty glumes ovate, obtuse or acutish, 3-nerved, scabrous on the back, about 4 mm. long; lemma obtuse, pubescent on the keel and nerves, 3-4 mm. long. Moist banks: S.D.—Colo.— Mont. Swbhmont—Mont. Jl-Au. 37. P. rupicola Nash. Stems 1-3 dm. high, erect, rigid; ligules ovate, 2 mm. long; leaf-blades 1-4 em. long, about 1 mm. wide, erect, involute; panicle 2-5 em. long, with short ascending branches; spikelets 2—4-flowered, 3-5 mm. long, purple; lemma with midvein and lateral nerves pubescent below, otherwise glabrous or scabrous. P. rupestris Vasey. High mountains: Mont.—Colo.— Utah—Ore. Mont.—Alp. Jl-Au. 38. P. Pattersoni Vasey. Stem 5-40 cm. high; ligules 1 mm. long, trun- cate; leaf-blades 1-15 em. long, about 1 mm. wide, conduplicate or flat, smooth; panicle dense; spikelets 4-6 mm. long, 2—5-flowered, purple; lemma pubescent on the keel and lateral veins below, otherwise glabrous. P. Grayana Rydb. (FI. peo); not Vasey, a large form. High mountains: Colo.—Wyo.—Utah. Alp. —Au. 39. P. Lettermani Vasey. Stem 2-10 em. high; ligules acute; leaf-blades mostly flat, 1-3 em. long, 1-2 mm. wide; panicle 1-3 em. long, dense, narrow; spikelets 3-4 mm. long, 2—4-flowered, purplish; lemma 2 mm. long, ovate, acute, obscurely nerved, glabrous. P. Brandegei Scribn. Alpine peaks: Colo.—Wyo. —(? Wash.) Alp. Au. 40. P. Multnomae Piper. Stems 1-4 dm. high, very slender, glabrous; ligules 1-2 mm. long; leaf-blades narrow, flat or conduplicate, 8-12 em. long, 1-2 mm. wide; panicle loose, 5-10 em. long, usually pale green; spikelets 5-7 mm. long, 3-5-flowered; lemma narrow, lanceolate, glabrous, slightly puberulent on eae and marginal veins below. Cliffs: Ore——Wash.—Mont. Submont. e-Jl. 41. P. paddensis Williams. Stem erect, 3-5 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades 5-8 cm. long; panicle erect, dense, oblong, 4-8 em. long; spikelets about 8 mm. long, 3-5-flowered, purple; empty glumes broadly scarious-margined, about 4 mm. long; lemma 6 mm. long, minutely scabrous and villous at the base. P. purpurascens Vasey, not Spreng. P. subpurpurea Rydb. Mountains: B.C.— Alta.—Colo.—Wash. Alp. Jl-Au. _ 42. P. Cusickii Vasey. Stem smooth, erect, 3-5 dm. high; basal leaf-blades filiform, 1 mm. wide, 7-12 em. long; those of the stem-leaves 5-7 em. long, erect; panicle dense, oblong, 3-10 em. long; spikelets 8-10 mm. long, 3—5-flowered; 80 POACEAE lemma about 5 mm. long, acute, scarious at the apex, finely scabrous-puberu- lent. Canons: B.C.—Ida.—Ore. Submont—Mont. My-—Je. 43. P. epilis Scribn. Stem 4-6 dm. high; leaf-blades smooth, 2-20 ecm. long, flat, or involute when dry; panicle dense, oblong, 3-7 cm. long; spikelets 3-4- flowered, about 5 mm. long; empty glumes smooth, unequal, the first 2.5 mm. long, the second 3 mm. long; lemma about 4 mm. long. Mountains: Mont.— Colo.—Utah—B.C. Mont.—Alp. 44. P. scaberrima Rydb. Stem 3-5 dm. high, 2- or 3-leaved, glabrous; blades of the basal leaves 8-15 em. long, less than 1 mm. wide; those of the stem- leaves 1-5 em. long, erect; panicle elliptic, dense, 4-7 ecm. long; spikelets about 1 em. long; empty glumes ovate, nearly equal, 4-5 mm. long, glabrous; lemma ovate, acuminate, pale, slightly tinged with purple, 5-6 mm. long, strongly 5-nerved, and conspicuously scabrous. Hills: Ida. Swbmont. Je. 45. P. nematophylla Rydb. Stem about 3 dm. high; basal leaf-blades 1-1.5 dm. long, less than 0.5 mm. wide; stem-leaves few, near the base; blades 3-5 em. long; spikelets 7-9 mm. long; empty glumes about 4 mm. long, lanceolate, glab- rous and shining; lemma about 6 mm. long, light green, with a silvery scarious margin. Mountains: Colo.—Utah. Submont. Je—Au. 46. P. subaristata Scribn. Stem 1-4 dm. high; leaf-blades 5-10 em. long, 0.5-1 mm. wide, strongly involute, scabrous; panicle oblong, dense, 3-6 em. long; spikelets 4-7-flowered, 6-9 mm. long; empty glumes subequal, 5 mm. long, lanceolate, 1-nerved; lemma 6 mm. long, scabrous, acuminate or even cuspidate. High mountains: Sask.—Wyo.—Ida.—Alta. Mont—Alp. My-—Au. 47. P. idahoensis Beal. Stems 3-6 dm. high; ligules acute; basal leaf- blades filiform, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, flaccid, involute; those of the stem-leaves 2-5 em. long, erect; panicle loose, flexuose, 7-10 em. long; spikelets compressed, 6-10 mm. long, loosely 5-7-flowered; empty glumes nearly equal, acute, broadly scarious-margined, about 4 mm. long; lemma scarious at the apex, minutely scabrous throughout. P. filifolia Vasey, not Schkuhr. P. scabrifolia Heller. Rocky banks: Ida.—Mont.—Ore. Submont. Ap-—Je. 48. P. gracillima Vasey. Stems 3-5 dm. high, slender, erect; blades of the basal leaves filiform, flaccid, spreading, 5-12 em. long; those of the stem-leaves 2-5 em. long; panicle 5-10 cm. long, open; spikelets 6-8 mm. long, about 5- flowered, lax; empty glumes ovate-lanceolate, acute, unequal; lemma 4-5 mm. long, acute, purplish, scarious at the apex, more or less scabrous and somewhat pabeseent on the keel and marginal nerves. Mountains: B.C.—Calif—Mont. —Alta. Jl-Au. 49. P. Vaseochloa Scribn. Stems slender, 0.5-1.5 dm. high, 1—2-leaved; basal leaves filiform, with thickened bases; panicle 3-5 em. long; spikelets pur- plish, 6-8 mm. long, 3-5-flowered; empty glumes scarious-margined, 2-3 mm. long; lemma about 4 mm. long, finely scabrous on the keel and veins. P. pul- aa Vasey. River banks: Wash.—Alta.—Ida.—Ore. Submont——Mont. Ap- 50. P. longiligula Scribn. & Williams. Stem 3-5 dm. high, with numerous persistent basal sheaths; blades of sterile shoots 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, flat or conduplicate; those of the stem-leaves shorter; panicle 6-12 em. long; spikelets 4-6-flowered, 6-10 mm. long; lemma 4—5.5 mm. long, scabrous on the back, villous on the keel and marginal nerves below. Hillsides and plains: 8.D. —N.M.—Calif—Ore. Son.—Subalp. My-Jl. 51. P. scabriuscula Williams. Stem 2.5-3 dm. high, smooth; blades of the sterile shoots 8-12 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, flat or convolute; those of the upper stem-leaves seldom over 1 em. long; panicle open, subpyramidal, 5-7 em. long, 2-3.5 cm. broad; spikelets 5-7 mm. long; lemma oblong, obtuse, keeled, pale green or purplish, about 3.5 mm. long. Mountains: Utah—Colo. My-—Je. 52. P. longipedunculata Scribn. Stem smooth, 5-7 dm. high; blades of the sterile shoots 5-20 em. long, 1-2 mm. wide, involute; those of the stem-leaves 1-3 cm. long, scabrous; spikelets green or tinged with purple, 6 mm. long; lemma GRASS FAMILY 81 4 mm. long, minutely scabrous. Hills and mountain sides: Wyo.—N.M.— Utah. Son.—Mont. My-Au. 53. P. brevipaniculata Scribn. & Williams. Stem 1-3 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades flat or conduplicate; those of the sterile shoots 1 dm. long or more; those of the stem much shorter; panicle 3-6 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide; spikelets green or tinged with purple, 4-6-flowered, 4-6 mm. long; second glume 3.5 mm. long; lemma obtusish or acutish, 3.5-4 mm. long. Perhaps not distinct from the next species. Dry meadows and mountain sides: Colo.—Utah—N.M.—Ariz. Son.—Mont. 54. P. Fendleriana (Steud.) Vasey. Stem 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades flat or convolute, scabrous; those of the sterile shoots 1-2 dm. long, 1-2 mm. wide; panicle 5-10 em. long, open in anthesis; spikelets 7-8 mm. long; empty glumes unequal, smooth, the second about 4 mm. long; lemma keeled, obtuse, 5 mm. long. Hills and tablelands: Colo—N.M.—Calif. Son.—Subalp. My-—Au. 55. P. Eatoni S. Wats. Stem 4-6 dm. high; leaf-blades flat, scabrous on both sides, those of the basal leaves 1-2 dm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, those of the cauline leaves 2 em. long or less; panicle open, 7-8 em. long; spikelets 5—-9-flow- ered, obtuse 7-10 mm. long; empty glumes subequal, hispid on the keel; lemma 4-5 mm. long. Cafons: Utah—sw Colo.—Ariz. Submont.—Mont. Je. 56. P. Canbyi (Scribn.) Beal. Stem 5-10 dm. high, stout, smooth; leaf- blades 1-2 dm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, scabrous, flat; panicle narrow, 1-2 dm. long; spikelets 6-8 mm. long, 3—5-flowered; empty glumes unequal, acute; lemma about 4 mm. long, strongly scabrous, its summit scarious-margined and obtuse. Meadows and bogs: Mont.—Wyo.—Wash. Swubmont.—Mont. Jl-Au. 57. P. nevadensis Vasey. Stem 5-10 dm. high, scabrous below the panicle; blades of the basal leaves 1.5-8 dm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, scabrous; those of the stem-leaves 3-10 em. long; panicle narrow and dense, 1-2 dm. long: spikelets 6-10 mm. long, 3-8-flowered; empty glumes scabrous, 3-4 mm. long, nearly equal; lemma very scabrous, 4 mm. long, obtuse, scarious-margined above. Plains, meadows and hillsides: Mont.—Colo.—Ariz.—B.C. Submont.—Mont. Ap-—Au. 58. P. Helleri Rydb. Stem slender, 4-6 dm. high, often purple-tinged below; leaf-blades very slender, flaccid, 5-15 em. long, 1 mm. wide; panicle rather loose, 8-10 em. long; spikelets about 1 em. long, 4- or 5-flowered; empty glumes linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, glabrous; lemma linear-lanceolate, about 5 mm. long, scabrous on the upper part. Hillsides: Ida. 59. P. laevigata Scribn. Stem erect, smooth, 5-10 dm. high; blades of the basal leaves 1-2 dm. long, about 1 mm. wide, involute; those of the stem-leaves 2-5 em. long; panicle narrow, 1-2 dm. long; spikelets appressed, 6-10 mm. long, about 5-flowered; empty g#umes nearly equal, acute, thin, scarious-margined; lemma 4-5 mm. long, linear-oblong, the apex scarious and yellowish. P. laevis Vasey. Dry meadows and hillsides: Mont.—N.M.—B.C. Submont.—Mont. 60. P. lucida Vasey. Stem 3-6 dm. high, smooth; blades of basal leaves 12-15 em. long, 1-2 mm. wide, soft; those of the stem-leaves 5-7 cm. long; panicle 1-1.5 dm. long, narrow; spikelets 6-8 mm. long, 3—4-flowered, shining, pale; empty glumes abruptly acute, unequal, 3-4 mm. long; lemma 2 mm. long, obtuse. Dry hills: Alta—S.D.—N.M. Submont. Je—Jl. 61. P. Buckleyana Nash. Stem 2-6 dm. high, rigid, smooth; leaf-blades 2-10 em. long, about 2 mm. wide, flat or becoming involute in drying; panicle 3-10 em. long, narrow; spikelets 2—5-flowered, 4-6 mm. long, dark green and tinged with purple; empty glumes acute, nearly equal, scabrous on the keel; lemma 4-5 mm. long, obtuse, scabrous above, usually more or less pubescent below. P. tenuifolia Buckley, in part. (?) P. wyomingensis Scribn. Dry plains and hills: N.D—Colo.—Utah—Wash. Plain—Alp. Je-Au. 62. P. Sandbergii Vasey. Stem 2-4 dm. high, very slender; ligules acute, 2-4 mm. long; basal leaf-blades 5-10 em. long; those of the stem-leaves 1-2 em. long; panicle 3-7 cm. long, very narrow; spikelets 2—4-flowered, about 6 mm. long, often purplish; empty glumes lanceolate, subacute; lemma linear-oblong, 6 82 POACEAE obtuse, nearly 4 mm. long, puberulent, somewhat villous towards the base. P. incurva Seribn. & Merr. P. tenuifolia Buckley, in part. Plains and hills: Sask. —Wyo.—Colo.—Utah—n Calif.—B.C. Submont.—Mont. Je—Jl. 63. P. juncifolia Scribn. Stem glabrous 1.5-3 dm. high; blades of the sterile shoots about 5 em. long, involute; those of the stem 2—5 em. long, 1-2 mm. wide; panicle narrow; spikelets 3—-5-flowered, 5-6 mm. long; empty glumes ovate, usually obtuse, subequal, 3-4 mm. long; lemma minutely scabrous on the back, 3-4 mm. long, obtuse. Plains and meadows: Wyo.—Colo.—Utah. Plain—Submont. Jl-Au. 64. P. brachyglossa Piper. Stem glabrous, smooth, 6-10 dm. high; ligules short, truncate; leaf-blades 5—20 em. long, filiform, involute; panicle narrow, 1-2 dm. long; spikelets 7-10 mm. long, 3-6-flowered; empty glumes smooth, scarious- margined, 4-5 mm. long, slightly unequal; lemma obtuse, smooth or nearly so. Plains and meadows: B.C.—n Calif—Mont. Son.—Submont. Je—Jl. 65. P. confusa Rydb. Stem 6-9 dm. high; basal leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, flat or involute, puberulent; stem-leaves several; blades about 1 dm. long; panicle narrow, 1—-1.5 dm. long, dense; spikelets 7-8 mm. long, usually 4-flowered; empty glumes lanceolate, shining, minutely strigulose above; lemma narrow, about 3.5 mm. long, yellowish green, with brownish scarious margins. Meadows and benchlands: Alta.—Neb.—Colo. Plain—Mont. 66. P. truncata Rydb. Stem about 9 dm. high, stiff; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. Jong, 2-3.5 mm. wide, scabrous on the back; panicle about 1.5 dm. long, narrow; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 7-9 mm. long; empty glumes 5-6 mm. long, tinged with purple, scabrous on the nerves; lemma narrow, about 5 mm. long, straw-colored or tinged with purple, strigulose throughout. Hills and gulches: Colo.—Alta. Submont. Jl-Au. 67. P. ampla Merr. Stem 6-15 dm. high; leaf-blades flat, somewhat glaucous, 15-25 em. long, about 4 mm. wide; panicle 2-8 em. thick and 1.5-3 dm. long; spikelets 7-10 mm. long, 3-6-flowered; empty glumes lanceolate, acute, scabrous on the keel and nerves; lemma 4.5-5 mm. long, lanceolate, scabrous throughout, hispidulous on the keel. P. laeviculmis Williams. Hills and val- leys: B.C.—Ore.—Mont.—Ida. Submont. Je—Jl. 65. SCOLOCHLOA Link. Tall, aquatic perennials. Inflorescence paniculate. Spikelets 2—4-flowered; flowers perfect. Empty glumes 2, thin-membranous, 3-5-nerved. Iemma rigid, with a ring of hairs at the base, rounded on the back, 5—7-nerved. Palet usually equalling the lemma, 2-nerved. Styles very short; stigmas plumose. Grain hairy at the apex. e 1. S. festucacea (Willd.) Link. Stem 1-2 m. high, smooth; leaf-blades 1.5-4 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, flat, scabrous on the margins; panicle open, 2-3 dm. long; spikelets 6-8 mm. long; empty glumes acute, unequal, 3—5-nerved, 6-8 mm. Jong; Jemma narrow, 5-6 mm. long. In water: Iowa—Neb.—Sask.— Ore.—B.C. Plain. Jl-Au. 66. PANICULARIA Fabr. Manna-crass. Usually perennials with rootstocks (all ours), rarely annuals. Inflorescence paniculate. Spikelets usually numerous, ovate to linear, few—many-flowered, the glabrous rachilla articulate between the flowers. Empty glumes 2, obtuse or acute, unequal. Lemma obtuse or truncate, often denticulate, convex on the back, but not keeled, prominently nerved, hyaline at the apex. Palet 2-keeled. Styles short, distinct; stigmas plumose. [Glyceria R. Br.] Spikelets ovate or oblong, 6 mm. long or less. Lemma 7-nerved, obscurely denticulate at the apex. Spikelets 2-4 mm. long; lemma broadly oval, 1.5—2 mm. long. Leaf-blades flat and lax; lemma slightly scarious-margined; branches of the inflorescence long; empty glumes obtuse. Plant slender; branches of the inflorescence strongly ascending, nodding. 1. P. nervata. GRASS FAMILY 83 Plant stout; branches of the inflorescence spreading or pollard: not nodding. . elata. Leaf-blades conduplicate, stiff, ascending; lemma distinctly scarious-mar- gined; branches of the inflorescence short, strongly ascending, not droop- ing. 3. ee Tigida. Spikelets 4-6 mm. long; lemma narrowly oval, 2-3 mm. long; inflorescence ample; brarches finally spreading. Lemma barely scarious-margined; empty glumes acute, lanceolate. 4. P. grandis. Lemma with broad scarious margins; empty glumes obtuse. 5. P. pulchella. Lemma 5-nerved, distinctly dentate at the apex, broadly scarious-margined. Spikelets 4—6-flowered. 6. P. pauciflora. Spikelets 2-flowered. 7. P. Holmii. Spikelets linear, 10 mm. long or more; lemma 7-nerved, erose. Spikelets 10-17 mm. long, on pedicels at least one-third their ee ; 8. P. borealis. Spikelets 15-20 mm. long, subsessile or nearly so. 9. P. septentrionalis. 1. P. nervata (Willd.) Kuntze. Stem slender, 3-10 dm. high; leaf-blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle 7-20 em. long, open; spikelets 3—7-flowered, 2-3 mm. long; lemma 1.5 mm. long, obtuse or rounded at the apex, striate. Wet meadows and swamps: Lab.—Fla.— Calif —Alaska; Mex. Submont.—Mont. Je—Au. 2. P. elata Nash. Stem 5-15 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades flat, scabrous on both sides, 2-4 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide; panicle ample, 2-3 dm. long; spike- lets 3-4 mm. long, ovate, 4-7-flowered; empty glumes hyaline, 1-1.5 mm. long; lemma 2 mm. long, its nerves vanishing near the apex. Shaded bogs: Mont.— Wyo.—Calif—B.C. Submont.—Mont. JI-S. 3. P. rigida (Nash.) Rydb. Stem 3-4 dm. high; leaf-blades 5-15 em. long, 3-4 mm. wide; inflorescence small, about 1 dm. long; spikelets about 3 mm. long, 5-6-flowered; empty glumes about 1 mm. long, purplish; lemma rounded-oval, pauslly purplish, about 1.5 mm. long. Bogs and springs: Mont.—Ida.—Wyo. y—Jl. 4. P. grandis (8S. Wats.) Nash. Stem stout, 1-2 m. high, smooth; leaf- blades 1.5-4 dm. long, 6-15 mm. wide, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle 2-4 dm. long, open; spikelets 4-7-flowered; lemma 2—2.5 mm. long. P. americana (Torr.) McMuill. In water and wet places: N.B—N.Y—N.M.—Calif — Alaska. Plain—Submont. Je—Au. > 5. P. pulchella Nash. Stem 4-6 dm. high, stout, smooth; leaf-blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 2.5-6 mm. wide, flat; panicle open, 1.5-3 dm. long; spikelets 4-6- flowered; empty glumes brownish or purplish, scarious-margined, obtuse; lemma usually purple, scabrous, about 3 mm. long. Swamps: Yukon—Mack.—N.M. Submont.—Subalp. J\-S. 6. P. pauciflora (Presl.) Kuntze. Stem 3-10 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, scabrous on both sides; panicle 1.5-2 dm. long, loose; branches ascending or spreading; spikelets 4-5 mm. long; empty glumes 1 mm. long, rounded at the apex; lemma about 3 mm. long, scabrous. Wet meadows and in water: Mont.—Colo.—Calif.—B.C. Submont.—Subalp. Jl-Au. 7. P. Holmii Beal. Stem 2.5-5 dm. high, pale; leaf-blades flat, 4-12 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle open, lax, 5-8 em. long; empty glumes hyaline, 1-1.3 mm. long; lemma scabrous, 2—2.2 mm. long. Shaded streams: Colo. Mont. Ji. 8. P. borealis Nash. Stem glabrous, 6-15 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-2 dm, long, 2-10 mm. wide, erect, scabrous on both sides; panicle narrow, 2—5 dm. long; branches erect, smooth; spikelets 7-13-flowered; empty glumes scarious-mar- gined, l-nerved, the first acute, the second obtuse, erose; lemma 3.5-4 mm. long. Water and wet places: Me—N.Y.—N.M.—Calif.—Alaska. Submont.— Mont. Jl—Au. 9. P. septentrionalis Hitche. Stem 1-1.5 m. high; blades 1—2.5 dm. long, 6-8 mm. wide; panicle 2-2.5 dm. long, subflexuose; spikelets 8—12-flowered; empty glumes obtuse; lemma 4—4.5 mm. long, hispidulous. Glyceria fluitans Am. auth., not R. Br. Shallow water: Newf.—Va.—Calif.—B.C. Plain- Submont. ‘ 84 POACEAE 67. PUCCINELLIA Parl. Merapow-crass. Perennials with rootstocks, ours tufted. Inflorescence paniculate. Spike- lets 3-several-flowered; flowers perfect. Empty glumes 2, obtuse or acute, unequal. Lemma rounded on the back, obscurely 5-nerved. Palet nearly equalling the lemma. Styles wanting; stigmas sessile, plumose. Grain usually adherent to the palet. Leaves mostly basal; panicle less than 1 dm. long. 1. P. Lemmoni. Leaves scattered on the stem; panicle usuaitly more than 1 dm. long. Lemma 2—2.5 mm. long, distinctly nerved. 2. P. Nuttalliana. Lemma 2 mm. long or less, obscurely nerved. 3. P. tenuiflora. 1. P. Lemmoni (Vasey) Scribn. Stem 1-4 dm. high; leaves smooth, fili- form, involute, short, the cauline ones few and reduced; panicle 5-10 em. long, becoming open; branches short, spreading; empty glumes both 1-nerved, 2+3 mm. long; lemma 3 mm. long, smooth. Glyceria Lemmoni Vasey. Alkaline flats: Calif—B.C.—Sask. Plain—Submont. Je—Jl. 2. P. Nuttalliana (Schultes) Hitche. Stem 3-12 dm. high, erect, strict; leaf-blades 5-10 em. long, 3 mm. wide or less, usually involute or the upper flat; panicle open with spreading or ascending branches; spikelets scattered, 1-7- flowered, 3-6 mm. long; empty glumes unequal, the first acute, 1-nerved, the second obtuse or acute, 3-nerved. P. airoides (Nutt.) Wats. & Coult. G. distans airoides Nutt. Saline soil: Man.—Kans.—N.M.—Nev.—B.C.—Mack. Plain Subalp. Je—Au. 3. P. tenuiflora (Griseb.) Scrib. & Merr. Stems 4-6 dm. high; leaf-blades 6-9 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, involute; panicle 1-1.5 dm. long; branches capillary, ascending or spreading, scabrous, often 1 dm. long; spikelets 3-4 mm. long, 3- or 4-flowered. Atropis tenuiflora Griseb. Alkaline flats: Alaska—Sask. Boreal —Plain—Submont. Je-Au. 68. FESTUCA L. Fescur-Grass. Perennials, or annuals, usually tufted. Inflorescence paniculate. Spike- lets 2-several-flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones staminate, the rachilla articulate between the flowers. Empty glumes 2, membranous, unequal, keeled, acute, the first mostly, 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved. Lemma rounded on the back, at least below, acute, more or less awned, 3-7-nerved. Palet a little shorter than the lemma, 2-keeled. Stamens 1-3. Styles very short, distinct, terminal or nearly so; stigmas plumose, bilateral. Perennials; stamens 3. Leaf-blades of the innovations narrow, 3 mm. wide or less, involute. Innovations extravaginal; 7. e., plants with creeping roetstocks and stolons; leaves smooth. Spikelets pubescent. 1. F. Kitaibeliana. Spikelets glabrous or scabrous. Body of the lemma 5—7 mm. long; leaf-blades rather firm. Stem-leaves with flat blades; innovations numercus. 2. F. rubra. Stem-leaves with filiform involute blades; innovations few. 3. F. vallicola. Body of the lemma about 4 mm. long; leaf-blades filiform, soft. 4. F. Earlei. Innovations intravaginal; plants bunch-grasses. Ligules short, truncate or rounded. Body of the lemma 3-8 mm. long; ieaf-blades long, persistent on the sheaths; palet obtuse or 2-toothed at the apex. Pulvini at the bases of the branches of the panicle none or obsolete; tufts easily separable. Lemma (without the awns) 3-4-mm. long, not half longer than the first glume; plant 1-2 (rarely 3) dm. high; inflorescence spike-like. Lemma lanceolate, long-acuminate and long-awned; panicle dense; leaf-blades short, scarcely filiform. Leaf-blades soft and sulcate, at least in age. 5. F. brachyphylla. Leaf-blades firm and terete, even in age. 6. F. supina. Lemma oblong-lanceolate, abruptly contracted into a short awn; panicle lax: leaf-blades narrowly filiform aud soft. . F. minutiflora. GRASS FAMILY 85 Lemma (without the awns) 5-8 mm. long; plant usually over 3 dm. high. Old sheaths of the innovations brown and papery. 8. F. calligera. Old sheaths of the innovations neither brown nor papery. Basal leaf-sheaths short, remaining involute in age; blades of stem-leaves rarely 8 cm. long. Awn short, less than half as long as the lemma; inflores- cence dense and narrow. 9. F. saximontana. Awn long, from nearly equalling to much exceeding the lemma; inflorescence open. Awn little if at all exceeding the lemma in length; ovary glabrous. Leaves scabrous. 10. F. ingrata. Leaves smooth. 11. F. idahoensis. Awn much exceeding the lemma; ovary hispidulous at the apex. 12. F. occidentalis. Basal sheaths long and becoming flattened in age, often 1 dm. long; blades of the stem-leaves over 1 dm. long. 13. F. arizonica. Pulvini at the bases of the branches of the panicle rather conspicuous; tufts separable with difficulty. 14. F. viridula. Body of the lemma 8-12 mm. long; leaf-blades soon breaking off from the sheath; palet notched at the apex; bunch-grasses. Branches of the panicle spreading or reflexed; spikelets shining; leaves smooth beneath. 15. F. altaica. Branches of the panicle erect or ascending; spikelets rather dull; leaves very scabrous. Plant 5-15 dm. high; basal sheaths long, loose, in age more or less flattened; empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, acuminate; second glume shorter than the spikelet. 16. F.. campestris. Plant 3-5.dm. high; basal sheaths usually short and close even in age; empty glumes acute, lanceolate; second glume about equal- ling the spikelet. 17. F. scabrella. Ligules elongate, 4-9 mm. long, acute. 18. F. Thurberi. Leaf-blades all flat, 4 mm. wide or more; perennials with rootstocks. Lemma abruptly acute, not at all keeled. 19. F. elatior. Lemma awned or awn-pointed, keeled at least above the middle. Awn or awn-point shorter than the lemma. Lemma distinctly 5-nerved; awn from the cleft apex: panicle ciliate. 20. F. dasyclada. Lemma with indistinct intermediate nerves; awn terminal: panicle not ciliate. 21. F. sororia. Awn longer than the lemma. 22. F. subulata. Annuals; stamens usually solitary. Spikelets 5—13-flowered; both glumes subulate. 23. F. octoflora. Spikelets loosely 1—5-flowered; first glume subulate, the second lanceolate. Branches of the short panicle normally divergent, a pulvinus at the base of at least one of them. Spikelets usually 3—5-flowered, only the main branches of the inflorescence divergent. 24. F. pacifica. Spikelets usually 1—3-flowered; all branches divergent or reflexed. 25. F. reflexa. Branches of the elongated narrow panicle erect and appressed. 26. F. megalura. 1. F. Kitaibeliana Schultes. Stem 2-5 dm. high; blades of stem-leaves flat, 3-12 cm. long; inflorescence narrow, often secund; spikelets 8-12 mm. long, 5—-9-flowered; empty glumes unequal, 2-4 mm. long, lanceolate, glabrous; lemma narrowly lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long; awn scabrous, 2-4 mm. long. Hills and oe sides: Greenl.—N.B.—Wyo.—Ore.—Alaska; Eurasia. Suhmont. e—-Au. 2. F.rubraL. Stem 3-10dm. high; blades soft, green or (in var. glaucoidea Piper) more or less glaucous; panicle 5-20 em. long, often narrow; spikelets 4-6- flowered, 7-8 mm. long, green or more or less glaucous, often purple-tinged ; lemma 5-7 mm. long, lanceolate; awn scabrous, 1-4 mm. long. Hills: Green!.— Va.—Colo.—Alaska; Eurasia. Submont.—Subalp. Je-Au. 3. F. vallicola Rydb. Stem 4-10 dm. high, slender, light-colored, smooth and shining; leaf-blades all filiform, 5-10 em. long; panicle narrow, about 5 em. long; spikelets 4~7-flowered, 8-10 mm. long; lemma about 5 mm. long, lanceo- late, indistinctly 5-7-nerved, smooth or minutely scabrous; awn 2-4 mm. long. Meadows: Mont.—Wyo. Submont. Jl-Au. 4. F. Barlei Rydb. Stem about 3 dm. high, very slender; basal leaf-blades 5-10 em. long, strongly involute, 0.5 mm. wide or less; stem-leaves 3-5 em. long, 86 POACEAE 1 mm. wide or less; panicle narrow and spike-like, 3-5 em. long; spikelets 2-3- flowered, about 5 mm. long; lemma narrowly lanceolate, smooth, usually awned; awn 1 mm. or less long. Mountains: Colo. Mont. Jl. 5. F. brachyphylla Schultes. Stem 1-2 dm. (rarely 3 dm.) high; leaf- blades narrow, involute, 1-5 em. long; panicle 2-5 cm. long; spikelets 2—5-flowered ; lemma green or purplish, about 3 mm. long, acuminate; awn scabrous, 2-3 mm. long. F’. brevifolia R. Br. Alpine-arctic regions: Greenl.—Vt.—N.M.—Ariz.— Calif —Alaska. Swubalp.—Alp. JIS. 6. F. supina Schur. Stems 1-2 dm. high; leaf-blades stiff, involute, often arcuate-spreading; panicle 1-5 em. long, nearly simple; lemma lanceolate, 3-3.5 mm. long, acuminate, often tinged with red or brown; awn 1-3 mm. long. A\I- pine-arctic situations: Greenl.—Lab.—Colo.—B.C.; Eu. Alp. JI-S. 7. F. minutiflora Rydb. Stem very slender, 1-1.5 (seldom 3) dm. high; leaves mostly basal; blades 1-10 em. long, narrow and flaccid, about 0.5 mm. wide; panicle very narrow, lax, 2—4 em. long, with very short, erect branches; spikelets, excluding the awns, about 5 mm. long, 2-3-flowered; lemma about 2 mm. long, purple-tinged above; awn 1.5 mm. long or less. Mountains: Colo. Mont.—Subalp. Je-Au. 8. F. calligera (Piper) Rydb. Stem pale, 1.5-5 dm. high; leaf-blades fili- form, glaucous, strongly striate, 5-15 em. long, about 0.5 mm. wide; sheaths of the stem-leaves looser; panicle narrow, 1-1.5 dm. long; branches ascending; spikelets 4-7-flowered; lemma about 5 mm. long, abruptly acuminate; awn 1-2 mm. long. I. ovina calligera Piper. Mountains:, Ariz.i—Nev.—Utah—Colo. Son.—Submont. Jl-Au. 9. F. saximontana Rydb. Densely tufted perennial; stem 2—4 dm. high, slender, glabrous; leaf-blades very slender, 3-10 cm. long, less than half a milli- meter wide, strongly involute; panicle 4-10 cm. long; spikelets 4—6-flowered; lemma lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long, glabrous; awn 1-2 mm. long. Festuca pseu- dovina (Beal) Rydb., not Hack. Dry ridges: Mich.—Sask.—Colo.—B.C. Mont.—Alp. Je—Au. 10. F. ingrata (Hack.) Rydb. Stem 1-38 dm. high; leaf-blades filiform, involute, those of the sterile shoots 1.5-38 dm. long, 0.5 mm. wide or less; panicle 8-15 em. long; spikelets 3-8-flowered, 8-15 mm. long; lemma 6-8 mm. long, more or less scabrous; awn 3-4 mm. long. F. ovina ingrata Hack. Meadows and hillsides: Mont.—Colo.—Utah—B.C. Swbhmont.—Subalp. 11. F. idahoensis Elmer. Stem 7—9 dm. high; leaf-blades filiform, involute, those of the sterile shoots 2-4 dm. long, less than 0.5 mm. wide; inflorescence 7-12 em. long, open; spikelets 3—5-flowered, about 1 em. long or less; lemma obscurely 5-nerved, 6 mm. long; awn about 3 mm. long. Meadows: Ida. Sub- mont. Jl. 12. F. occidentalis Hook. Stem slender, 5-8 dm. high; leaf-blades 5-20 em. long, glabrous; panicle loose, subsecund, flexuose, 8-20 em. long; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 6-10 mm. long, pale green or purplish; lemma 5-6.5 mm. long, scabrous towards the apex; awn of about the same length. Meadows and hill- sides: B.C.—Calif—Wyo.—Mont. Submont. Ap-—ZJl. 13. F. arizonica Vasey. Stem 4-7 dm. high; leaf-blades 1.5-2.5 dm. long, scabrous; panicle rather narrow, 7-12 em. long; branches erect, somewhat secund, scabrous; spikelets 4-6-flowered, 10-13 mm. long; lemma 6-7 mm. long, thick, acuminate;awn 1-2 mm. long. F. Vaseyana Hack. Hills and open woods: Colo.—N.M.—Ariz.—Utah. Mont. JIS. 14. F. viridula Vasey. Stem 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades erect, the basal ones 1-3 dm. long, involute; those of the stem often flat, shorter; panicle loose, open, 1-1.5 dm. long; spikelets 3-6-flowered, 10-12 mm. long; lemma smooth and shining, 6-7 mm. long, pointed. Mountain meadows: B.C.—Ida.—Calif. Mont.—Subalp. Je-Au. 15. F. altaica Trin. Stem erect, smooth, 3-9 dm. high; leaf-blades involute, 1.5.3 dm. long; panicle loose and open, 1-2 dm. long; spikelets 3—5-flowered, GRASS FAMILY 87 12-15 mm. long, green or more commonly copper-colored or purple; empty glumes smooth or nearly so; lemma ovate, attenuate, finely and densely scabrous, somewhat shiny, 10-12 mm. long. Subarctic regions: Alaska—Yukon—Cana- dian Rockies—(Mt. Albert) Que.—Lab.; Siberia. Subalp. Je-Au. 16. F. campestris Rydb. Stem 4-10 dm. high; leaf-blades 3-5 dm. long, scabrous; panicle 12-25 cm. long; spikelets 10-12 mm. long, 2-4-flowered; empty glumes membranous, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate; lemma very scabrous, at- tenuate, thicker than the empty glumes, 9-10 mm. long. F. scabrella major : Plains and hills: Alta—N.D.—Wash.—Yukon. Plain—Submont. Je— u. 17. F. scabrella Torr. Stem 3-5 dm. high; blades of the basal leaves 1-2 dm. long, scabrous, striate; those of the upper stem-leaves short, 3-5 em. long, often flat; panicle small, 5-15 em. long; branches ascending; spikelets often purple-tinged, 3-4-flowered, about 1 cm. long; lemma scabrous, 6-8 mm. long, acute. F. Hallii (Vasey) Piper. Mountains: Alta——Mont.—Wash.—B.C.; Colo. Mont. Je—Jl. 18. F. Thurberi Vasey. Stem 6-10 dm. high; leaf-blades involute, 6-20 em. long, very scabrous; panicle 1-1.5 dm. long, loose, slightly drooping; spike- lets 3-6-flowered, 8-12 mm. long; empty glumes smooth or scabrous on the keel; lemma finely scabrous near the margins or glabrous, cuspidate-acuminate, 7-8 mm.long. Poa festucoides and P. Keibensis M.E. Jones. Hillsides and moun- tains: N.M.—Wyo.—Utah. Mont.—Subalp. JI-S. 19. F. elatior L. Stem smooth, 5-12 dm. high: leaf-blades 1-6 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle 1-2 dm. long, rather open in anthesis, narrowed in fruit; spikelets 3-13-flowered, usually 6-8-flowered, 9-11 mm. long; lemma 5-7 mm. long, scabrid towards the apex. Meadows and copses: N.S.—N.C.—N.M.—Calif—B.C.; cult. and nat. from Eu. Plain— Submont. Je—Au. 20. F. dasyclada Hack. Stem erect, 2-4 dm. high; leaf-biades soft, often folded, glabrous, 5-15 em. long; panicle open; spikelets 2-flowered, 6-7 mm. long; lemma about 6 mm. long, scabrous-puberulent, 2-toothed at the apex; awn 3mm.long. Mountains: ‘ Utah.” 21. F. sororia Piper. Stem 6-9 dm. high, smooth and shining; leaf- blades thin, flat, spreading, 1-2.5 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, scabrous on the margins; panicle 1-1.5 dm. long, somewhat nodding, lax; spikelets 3—-5-flowered, 7-12 mm. long: empty glumes membranous; lemma 6-9 mm. long, keeled at the base, scabrous; awn 0.5-2 mm. long. F. fratercula Piper, not Rupr. Open hillsides, cafions, and meadows. Colo.—Utah—Ariz.; Mex. Submont.—Subalp. 20. F. subulata Trin. Stem 4-12 dm. high; leaf-blades dark green above, flat, thin, 1-3 dm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, scabrous on both sides; panicle very loose, drooping, 1.5-4 dm. long; branches reflexed; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 7-12 mm. long; lemma somewhat keeled, scabrous toward the apex, 5-7 mm. long, attenuate into a scabrous awn 5-20 mm. long. F. Jonesii Vasey. Woods: Alaska—Calif—Utah—Colo.—Mont. Mont.—Subalp. Je—Au. 23. F. octoflora Walt. Usually tufted; stems 5-40 em. high, glabrous or retrorsely puberulent; leaf-blades involute or rarely flat, 2-10 cm. long; panicle narrow, erect, racemiform, 3-12 em. long; spikelets 5-10 mm. long, rarely longer; lemma lanceolate, scabrous to glabrous, 4-5 mm. long, attenuate; awn straight, 17 mm. long. F. tenella Willd. In dry sandy soil: Que.—Fla.—Calif.—B.C. Plain—Mont. Ap—Jl. 24. F. pacifica Piper. Simple or somewhat tufted; stem 1-5 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades glabrous, loosely involute, 3-5 em. long; panicle more or less secund, 5-12 em. long; branches solitary, bearing spikelets on the lower side; spikelets 3-6-flowered; lemma lanceolate, scabrous, except that of the lowest flower, which is smooth, 6-7 mm. long; awn scabrous, 10-15 mm. long. ac valleys and hills: B.C.—Utah—N.M.—Ariz.—L. Calif. Son.—Submont. Ap-—Jl. 88 POACEAE 25. F. reflexa Buckley. Simple or rarely tufted; stem erect, 2-5 dm. high; leaf-blades flat or loosely involute, 2-10 em. long; panicle 5-12 em. long; spike- lets 1-3- (rarely 4- or 5-) flow ered, 5-7 mm. long; lemma lanceolate, smooth or scabrous, 4.5-6 mm. long, attenuate; awn scabrous, 2-12, usually 5-8 mm. long. Dry places: B.C.—Utah—Calif. Son.—Submont. My-—Je. 26. F. megalura Nutt. Simple or somewhat tufted; stems 2-6 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades involute or flat; panicle 1-3 em. long; spikelets 4-5-flowered, 8-11 mm. long; lemma obscurely 5-nerved, 4-6 mm. long, scabrous and ciliate on its upper half; awn scabrous, 8-15 mm. long. Dry soil: B.C.—Ida.—Ariz. —Calif.; Mex., Equador, Peru, and Chili. Submont. Ap-—Je. 69. HESPEROCHLOA (Piper) Rydb. Dioecious perennials, densely tufted, producing both intravaginal innova- tions and stout extravaginal stolons. Panicle narrow. Spikelets 3—5-flowered, those of the staminate plant flattened, those of the pistillate one turgid. Empty glumes 2, lanceolate, subscarious, the lower 1l-nerved, the upper 3-nerved. Lemma ovate, 5-nerved, acuminate. Palet shorter than the lemma. Ovary hispidulous at the apex, deeply sulcate; stigma elongate, the numerous short branches arising on all sides. Grain 2-dentate at the apex. 1. H. Kingii (S. Wats.) Rydb. Stems stout, striate, glabrous, 4-10 dm. high; leaf-blades firm, flat or loosely involute, coarsely striate, 1-3 em. long, 3-6 mm. wide; panicle narrow, erect, 8-20 cm. long; spikelets 6-10 mm. long; empty glumes nearly smooth, shining, the first 3-4.5 mm. long, the second 5-7 mm. long; lemma ovate, abruptly acuminate, scabrous, 5-8 mm. long. Poa Kingii S. Wats. Festuca confinis Vasey. Cafions and hillsides: Ore.—Calif.—Colo.— Neb.—Mont. Submont.—Subalp. Je-Au. 70. BROMUS L. Brome-crass, Cuess, CHEAT. Annuals or perennials, with paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets usually large, often drooping, SEU GRISEA Ga TaueL, flowers perfect or the upper ones im- perfect. Empty glumes 2, membranous, persistent, narrow, unequal, acute or the second one sometimes short-awned. Lemma longer than the glumes, rounded or keeled on the back, usually awned, the awn dorsal and inserted just below the 2-toothed apex. Palet shorter than the lemma, 2-keeled. Ovary crowned with a villous appendage, at the base of which arise the lateral styles; stigmas plumose. Second empty glume 5—7-nerved; first empty glume 3-nerved. Lemma compressed- -keeled. Palet less than three-fourths as long as the lemma, which is scarcely tootten: Sheaths and usually also the blades hairy; lemma pubescent or hispidulous- scabrous. Lemma, hispidulous-scabrous. Awns 10-15 mm. long. 1. B. Hookerianus. Awn 4—6 mm. long. 2. B. Flodmanii. Lemma pubescent; awns 4-8 mm. long. Lower branches of the panicle 7 cm. long or less, in fruit erect. Leaves flat, not canescent. 3. B. breviaristatus. Leaves inv olute, canescent. 4. B. subrelutinus. Lower branches of the panicle 1 dm. long or longer, spreading in fruit. 2: alior Sheaths and blades glabrous or minutely scabrous. Panicle narrow, strict; awn 4-6 mm. long. 6. B. polyanthus. Panicle open, spreading and nodding; awn 6—7 mm. long. 5. B. paniculatus. Palet more than three-fourths as long as the lemma, which is distinctly toothed at the apex. 8. B. unioloides. Lemma rounded on the back, broadly elliptic: introduced tufted annuals or biennials. Lemma nearly as broad as long, awnless or with a very short awn. 9. B. brizaeformis. Lemma much longer than broad, conspicuously awned. Lemma and glumes glabrous. Awn much shorter than the lemma, nearly erect. : Sheaths glabrous. 10. B. secalinus. Sheaths densely pubescent. 11. B. racemosus. Awn fully as long as the lemma, at maturity strongly divergent; sheaths pubescent. 12. B. patulus. ‘ GRASS FAMILY 89 Lemma and glumes more or less pubescent. 13. B. hordeaceus. Second empty glume 3-nerved; first empty glume 1-nerved, except in B. Porteri. Awns SB Or vee than the lemma; plants perennial with rootstocks, all native except . inermis. Inflorescence more or less drooping. Awn 6-9 mm. long; empty glumes sparingly pubescent or glabrous. 14. B. eximius. Awn 2-5 mm. long. Empty glumes decidedly pubescent. First empty glume 3-nerved; inflorescence nariow. 15. B. Porteri. First empty glume 1-nerved; inflorescence open. Sheaths with a ring of dense hairs at the base of the blades. 16. B. latiglumis. Sheaths without a ring of hairs. 17. B. purgans. Empty glumes glabrous or merely scabrous on the nerves. Lemma evenly pubescent on the back; sheaths densely hairy. 18. B. lanatipes. Lemma ciliate on the margins, glabrous or sparingly hairy on the back; sheaths glabrous or the lower sparingly hirsute. 19. B. ciliatus. Inflorescence not drooping. Inflorescence narrow; its branches erect; lemma usually with awn 2-3 mm. long. 20. B. Pumpellianus. Inflorescence broad: its branches spreading; lemma usually awnless. 21. B. inermis. Awn longer than the lemma; introduced tufted annuals. Spikelets numerous on slender, recurved pedicels; lemma 8-12 mm. long. 22. B. tectorum. Spikelets few; pedicels not recurved; lemma 12-30 mm. long. Awn less than 3 cm. long. 23. B. sterilis. Awn 3.5—4 cm. long. 24. B. maximus. 1. B. Hookerianus Thurb. Annual or biennial; stem erect, 4-8 dm. high; leaf-blades flat, 1-2.5 dm. long, 5-12 mm. wide; panicle 2-4 dm. long; branches spreading; spikelets 5-10-flowered, 3-4 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide; empty glumes glabrous, 15-18 mm. long, gradually acuminate; lemma about 2 cm. long, broadly hyaline-margined. Plains: B.C.—Ida.—Calif. Submont. My-Jl. 2. B. Flodmanii Rydb. Short-lived perennial; stem glabrous, 6-10 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-3 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, minutely scabrous; panicle 1-2 dm. long; spikelets 2.5-3.5 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide; empty glumes lanceolate, about 1 em. long, glabrous, acute; lemma about 15 mm. long, scabrous, narrow- margined, acuminate. Meadows: Mont. Submont. 3. B. breviaristatus (Hook.) Buckl. Tufted short-lived perennial; stem 6-12 dm. high; leaf-blades sparsely pilose throughout. or glabrate, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide; panicle erect, narrow, 1-2 dm. long; spikelets 2.5-4 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, 7—9-flowered; empty glumes scabrous or scabrous-puberu- lent; lemma 11-14 mm. long; awn 4-5 mm. long. B. marginatus Nees. Mead- ows: B.C.—Calif.—Colo.—Neb.—Alta. Submont. 4. B. subvelutinus Shear. Erect tufted perennial; stem pubescent above, 2.5-5 dm. high; leaf-blades linear, rigid, involute, canescent, with spreading hairs; panicle 5-10 cm. long, narrow, erect; spikelets short-pediceled or subses- sile, 5—7-flowered, 2-3 em. long; empty glumes puberulent, 8-12 mm. long; lemma appressed-pubescent; awn 3-4 mm. long. Arid regions: Nev.—Calif.— Wash.—Ida. Son. 5. B. latior (Shear) Rydb. Stout perennial; stem 7-18 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-3 dm. long, 7-10 mm. wide, more or less pilose; panicle 2-3 dm. long; spike- lets 2.5-4 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide; empty glumes pubescent, about 1 em. long, acuminate; lemma densely pubescent, about 15 mm. long, acuminate, slightly bifid; awn 6-7 mm. long. B. marginatus latior Shear. Meadows: Wash.— Calif.—N.M.—Mont. Submont—Mont. Je—Au. 6. B. polyanthus Scribn. Stout short-lived perennial; stem glabrous, or puberulent at the nodes; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, scabrous, especially above; panicle 1-2 dm. long; spikelets 3-3.5 em. long, densely 7-11- flowered: empty glumes smooth or nearly so, subacute or obtuse; lemma smooth or minutely scabrous. Meadows: Mont—N.M.—Utah—Ore. Submont.— Subalp. Je—Au. 90 POACEAE 7. B. paniculatus (Shear) Rydb. Tall leafy perennial; stem 6-10 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-3 dm. cae 8-12 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 2-3 dm. long; spikelets loosely 5-7-flowered, 2-3 em. long, 6-7 mm. wide; empty glumes ob- tuse, glabrous; panes glabrous, 11-14 mm. long, scarious- -margined, acute. B. polyanthus paniculatus Shear. Mountain meadows: Colo.—N.M.—Ariz.— Utah. Submont. Jl-Au. 8. B. unioloides (Willd.) H.B.K. Stout, more or less tufted annual; stems 3-10 dm. high, glabrous; sheath pilose-pubescent, rarely glabrous; panicle 1.5-3.5 dm. long; branches ascending or spreading; spikelets 2-3.5 em. long, 5-9 mm. broad, 7—11-flowered; empty glumes smooth or slightly scabrous; lemma broadly lanceolate, acute, nearly glabrous to strongly scabrous, 13-16 mm. long; awn usually present, 2 mm. long or less. Fields, prairies, and waste places: Fla.— Colo.—Calif. Son. Ap—Au. 9. B. brizaeformis Fisch. & Mey. Stem 3-6 dm. high, glabrous or slightly pubescent at the nodes; leaf-blades pubescent on both sides, 5-10 em. long, 2-5 mm. wide; panicle 5— 25 em. long, lax, secund, nodding; spikelets 15-25 mm. long, ovate; empty glumes obtuse, smooth or minutely scabrous; lemma about 1 em. long, very broad, smooth or minutely scabrous, broadly scarious-margined. Waste places and fields: Mass.—Del.—Calif.—B.C.; adv. from Eurasia. Plain —Submont. Je—Jl. 10. B. secalinus L. Stem 3-7 dm. high, smooth or pubescent at the nodes; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, sparsely pubescent above, glabrous beneath; panicle 8-18 em. long, at first erect, drooping in fruit; spikelets 10-18 mm. long, 6-8 mm. broad; lemma 6-8 mm. long, obtuse, smooth or scabrous, its margins strongly incurved in fruit; awn 8-5 mm. long. Cueat. Fields and waste places: Me.— Fla.—Calif.—Wash.; nat. from Eu. Plain. Ap—Au. 11. B. racemosus L. Stem 3-7 dm. high, scabrous-puberulent under the inflorescence and pubescent at the nodes; leaf-blades 7-14 em. long, pilose- pubescent; panicle simple, somewhat nodding; spikelets 15-20 mm. long, 5—9- flowered, acute; lemma smooth or scabrous, 6-8 mm. long, very shortly bidentate at the apex; awn 5-8 mm. long, straight. Waste places: N.S.—Ga.—N.M.— Ore.—Wash.—Yukon; adv. from Eu. Plain—Swbmont. Je-Au. 12. B. patulus Mert. & Koch. Stem somewhat geniculate at the base, 4—6 dm. high; leaf-blades pubescent, 4-10 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide; panicle 12—20 em. long, diffuse, somewhat drooping; spikelets 2—-2.5 em. long, 5-6 mm. wide; lemma 7-9 mm. long, hyaline-margined, emarginate, glabrous. Waste places: Mass.—Colo.—s.D.; adv. from Eu. Plains. Je—Jl. 13. B. hordeaceus L. Stem 2-8 dm. high, usually somewhat pubescent; leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, 3-5 mm. broad, pilose or glabrate; panicle contracted, 5-10 em. long; spikelets 5-13-flowered, 12-15 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; lemma obtuse, coarsely pilose, 8-9 mm. long; awn stout, 6-9 mm. long. B. mollis L. Harry Cueat. Waste places, roadsides, fields: Me—\N.C.—Calif—B.C.; nat. from Eu. Plain—Submont. My-vl. 14. B. eximius (Shear) Piper. Stem slender, 8-11 dm. high, somewhat pubescent, at least at the nodes; sheaths pilose; leaf-blades 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 5-9 mm. wide, thinly pilose above; panicle 8-12 cm. long, nodding; spikelets few, 15-25 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; lemma 8-10 mm. long, sparsely pubescent on the back, ciliate near the margins. JB. vulgaris Shear, in part. Wet places: B.C.—Mont.—Wyo.—Calif. Swbmont. Jl-Au. 15. B. Porteri (Coult.) Nash. Stem 5-9 dm. high, pubescent at the nodes; sheaths usually sparingly short-pilose; leaf-blades 7-30 cm. long, 83-5 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1-2 dm. long, drooping; spikelets 2-2.5 em. long, 7—9-flowered; lemma 11-13 mm. long, coarsely pubescent, the apex hyaline, slightly emarginate; awn 2-4 mm.long. Hillsides and meadows: Man.—N.M.—Ariz.—Alta. Plain —Subalp. Je-Au. 16. B. latiglumis (Shear) Hitche. Stem 6-10 dm. high, very leafy, slightly pubescent at the nodes or glabrous; leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, scabrous and sometimes sparingly hairy above, with conspicuous auricles at the GRASS FAMILY 91 base; panicle 1-3 dm. long, open, somewhat nodding; spikelets 2-3 cm. long, loosely 6-10-flowered; lemma about 1 em. long, broadly lanceolate, pilose, densely so toward the base; awn 4-5 mm. long. B. purgans latiglumis Shear. Mead- ows: Conn.—Pa.—Mo.—Neb.—Mont.: Plain. Je—Au. 17. B. purgans L. Stem 7-14 dm. high, glabrous or pubescent at the nodes; leaf-blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, somewhat auricled at the base, short-pilose on the veins above, scabrous or smooth beneath; panicle lax, nodding, 1.5-2.5 dm._long; spikelets 7-14-flowered, 2-2.5 em. long; lemma acute, 10-12 mm. long, sparsely pubescent across the back; awn 4-6 mm. long, straight. Woods and shady banks: Que.—Ga.—Okla.—Wyo. Plain—Submont. My-—BJl. 18. B. lanatipes (Shear) Rydb. Stem 4-10 dm. high, smooth, or pubescent at the nodes; leaf-blades 2-3 dm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, scabrous on both sides; panicle open, 2-3 dm. long; branches ascending; spikelets 2-3 em. long, 7-11- flowered; lemma about 1 em. long, obtuse, emarginate; awn 4-5 mm. long. Hill- sides: Colo—N.M.—Calif. Submont.—Mont. Jl-Au. 19. B. ciliatus L. Stem 6-13 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 5-12 mm. wide, mostly scabrous above, glabrous beneath; panicle large, drooping, 1.5-2.5 dm. long; spikelets 2-3 cm. long, 6—-11-flowered; lemma obtuse, emarginate, 12-15 mm. long; awn 3-5 mm. long, straight. B. Richardsoni Link. Meadows and_ hillsides: Sask.—N.M.—Ariz.—Ore.—B.C. Plain—Subalp. Je—Au. 20. B. Pumpellianus Scribn. Stem glabrous, or pubescent merely at the nodes; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, smooth beneath, scabrous or slightly pubescent above, auricled at the base; spikelets erect, 7—11-flowered, 2-3 em. long, 5-7 mm. wide; lemma 10-12 mm. long, coarsely ciliate along the margins and across the back at the base. Meadows and hillsides: Sask.—S.D. —Colo.—B.C.—Alaska. Submont.—Mont. 21. B. inermis Leyss. Stem 5-10 dm. high; leaf-blades smooth and glab- rous, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 5-10 mm. wide; panicle 1-2 dm. long; spikelets 2-2.5 em. long, 4-5 mm. wide; lemma 9-12 mm. long, obtuse, emarginate, typically glab- rous. Fields and meadows: Man.—Ohio—N.M.—Wash.—Mont.; escaped from cultivation. Je-Au. 22. B. tectorum L. Stems 3-6 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades mostly pubescent throughout; panicle 6-15 em. long; spikelets 13-20 mm. long; lemma lanceolate, scabrous-puberulent to pilose-pubescent, 11-13 mm. long, narrowly 2-toothed at the apex; awn straight, 13-15 mm. long. Waste places and sandy soil: Mass.—Va.—Miss.—Colo.—Calif.—B.C.; adv. or nat. from Eu. Plain— Submont. My- Jl. 23. B. sterilis L. Stem erect or ascending, 5-10 dm. high; leaf-blades pubescent throughout; panicle 1-2 dm. long, lax, open; spikelets 2.5-3.5 em. long, 6-10-flowered; empty glumes lance-subulate, the first 7-9 mm. long, the second 11-13 mm. long; lemma linear-lanceolate, 12-16 mm. long, scabrous; awn stout, very rough. Waste places: Mass.—D.C.—Colo.—Wash.—B.C.; adv. from Eu. Plain—Submont. My-BJl. 24. B. maximus Desf. Stem 2-4 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades flat, 3-5 mm. broad, pilose on both sides; panicle erect, somewhat secund, 5-10 em. long; spikelets 5-7-flowered, 3.5-5 em. long, exclusive of the awns; lemma 5-nerved, 2.5-3 mm. long, harshly scabrous, 2-toothed at the apex. Waste places and fields: Calif —Wash.—Ida.—B.C.: adv. from the Old World. 71. LOLIUM L. DaRNEL, RYE-GRASS. Perennials with rootstocks, or annuals, with terminal 2-sided spikes. Spike- lets with the edge towards the rachis, compressed, several—-many-flowered; flowers perfect or the upper ones imperfect; rachilla articulate between the flow- ers. Empty glumes in the terminal spikelet 2, in the lateral spikelets 1, facing the rachis, the inner one lacking. Lemma shorter and broader than the empty glume, rounded on the back. Palet shorter than the lemma, 2-keeled. Styles distinct, short; stigmas plumose. 92 POACEAE Empty glumes shorter than the spikelet; perennial. 1. L. perenne. Empty glume longer than the spikelet; annual. 2. L. temulentum, 1. L. perenne L. Stem 2-8 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades 5-12 em. long; 2-4 mm. wide, smooth; spike 7-20 em. long; spikelets 5-10-flowered, 8-12 mm. long; empty glume strongly nerved; lemma 4-6 mm. long, acuminate, awnless. Waste places and cultivated ground: N.S.—Va.—N.M.—Calif.—B.C. nat. from Eurasia. Je-Au. 2. L. temulentum L. Stem 6-12 dm. high, smooth; Jeaf-blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, smooth beneath, rough above; spike 1-3 dm. long; spikelets 4-8-flowered, 10-18 mm. long; empty glume strongly veined; lemma awned or awnless. Poisonous. Waste places and cultivated ground: N.B.—Ga.—Calif. B.C.; nat. from Eu. Je-Au. - 72. AGROPYRON Gaertner. WHerAT-GRASS, QUITCH-GRASS, (QUICK-GRASS. Perennials with terminal, 2-sided spikes; spikelets compressed, with the side of the spikelet towards the rachis, usually single at each node; flowers perfect, or the upper ones imperfect; rachilla articulate between the flowers. Empty glumes 2, standing at right angles to the median plane of the spike, 7. e., with one edge toward the rachis, usually firm. Lemma broader, rigid, rounded on the back, from obtuse to acuminate, awnless or awned. Palet shorter than the lemma, 2-keeled, ciliate on the keels. Styles very short; stigmas plumose. Fruit enclosed in the lemma, adherent to the palet. Rachis of the spike breaking up at maturity, the internodes falling with the spikelets; lemma long-awned. 1. A. Scribnert. Rachis of the spike remaining continuous. Tufted plants with intravaginal innovations; no horizontal stolons (except in A. arizonicum). Lemma long-awned, 7. e., the awn usually longer than the body of the lemma. Basal leaf-blades shorter than the upper ones; spikelets slightly compressed; awns somewhat spreading. 2. A. Gmelini. Basal leaf-blades longer than the upper ones. 7 Awn divergent. Spikelets remote on the axis, more or less compressed. Spikelets erect, empty glumes nearly equalling the spikelet. 3. A. Vasey. Spikelets spreading or ascending; empty glumes half as long as the spikelet. Empty glumes linear-oblong, acute or obtuse; stem-leaves 3 or 4, not glaucous. 4. A. spicatum. Empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, acuminate or awn-pointed; stem-leaves 6 or 7, glaucous. 5. A. arizonicum. Spikelets crowded on the axis, subterete. 6. A. Bakeri. Awns erect. Plant tall, usually more than 3 dm. high, erect or ascending; empty glumes broadest below the middle; spike elongated. Stem stout; spike 7-10 mm. thick, erect, but usually unilateral; spikelets (exclusive of the awns) 15-25 mm. long. 7. A. Richardsoni. Stem slender; spike about 5 mm. thick, seldom unilateral; spikelets (exclusive of the awns) about 1 cm. long. 8. A. caninoides. Plant 2-3 dm. high, decumbent at the base, geniculate; empty glumes broadest above the middle, scarious-margined; spike short and dense. 9. A. andinum. Lemma, short-awned or awnless. Spikes stout and dense, 3-8 cm. long; empty glumes broadest above the middle. Lemma densely pubescent; empty glumes conspicuously white-margined. 10. A. latiglume. Lemma glabrous or scabrous; empty glumes not conspicuously white- margined. 11. A. biflorum. Spike slender and lax, 7-20 em.long; empty glumes broadest below the middle. Spikelets terete, appressed; empty glumes nearly as long as the spikelets. = 12. A. tenerum. 3 Spikelets flattened; empty glumes much shorter than the spikelets. 13. A. inerme. Stoloniferous plants with horizontal rootstocks, sometimes slightly tufted; innova- vations extravaginal. Lemma with a long, more or less divergent awn. ; Lemma pubescent. 14. A. albicans. Lemma glabrous or scabrous. r "s Spikelets subterete, appressed. 15. A. Griffithsii. GRASS FAMILY 93 Spikelets compressed, spreading. 5. A. arizonicum. Lemma awnless or with a very short erect awn; empty glumes usually narrowly lanceolate, acuminate. Sheaths conspicuously pilose. 16. A. Palmeri. Sheaths glabrous or nearly so. Lemma glabrous or merely scabrous. Spikelets erect, nearly cylindric or slightly compressed. Spike elongate; empty glumes nearly equalling the spikelets. 17. A. pseudorcpens. Spike short; empty glumes about half as long as the spikelets. 18. A. riparium. Spikelets much flattened, spreading. 19. A. Smithii. Lemma from villous to hispidulous. Lemma short-pubescent. Spikelets compressed, more or less spreading; lemma acuminate or strongly acute. 20. A. molle. Spikelets terete or nearly so, erect; lemma obtuse or acutish. Spike loose, elongate; lemma sparingly pubescent. 21. A. lanceolatum. Spike dense and short; lemma densely pubescent. 22. A. subvillosum. Lemma long-villous. 23. A. dasystachyum. 1. A. Scribneri Vasey. Densely tufted perennial; stems decumbent and geniculate at the base, 2-5 dm. high; leaf-blades short, 3-10 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, rigid, attenuate-pointed; spike 5-7 cm. long, flexuous; spikelets 3-6- flowered; empty glumes linear-lanceolate or subulate, 3—5-nerved, smooth, long- awned; lemma oblong-lanceolate, 8-10 mm. long, smooth, 5-nerved; awn diverg- ent, scabrous, 1.5-2.5 em. long. This species connects the genus with Sitanion. High mountains: Mont.—N.M.—Ariz. Subalp.—Alp. Jl-Au. 2. A. Gmelini (Griseb.) Scribn. & Smith. Stems 6-12 dm. high, glabrous, slender; blades of stem-leaves 12-380 cm. long, flat or involute; those of the basal leaves 3-7 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; spike slender, 1-2.5 dm. long; spikelets 10— 20, 6-9 mm. long, 7—9-flowered; empty glumes unequal, 10-14 mm. long, oblong- lanceolate, acuminate or short-awned; lemma _ oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 10-12 mm. long; awn scabrous, 15-30 mm. long, at last divergent. Hillsides: Wash.—Alta.—Wyo.; Siberia. Submont. Jl-Au. 3. A. Vaseyi Scribn. & Smith. Stem erect, 3-5 dm. high, wiry, glabrous; leaf-blades 3-15 em. long, 1-2 mm. wide, usually involute; spike slender, 5-10 cm. long, often somewhat flexuose; spikelets 3—5-flowered; empty glumes oblance- olate or oblong, acute or acuminate, 6-8 mm. long; lemma § mm. long, lanceo- late, acute; awn 8-10 mm. long. Hills and mountain sides: Wash.—Ore.— Colo.—Mont. Submont. My—Au. 4. A. spicatum (Pursh) Scribn. & Smith. Stem 3-10 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades 5-20 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, involute or rarely flat; spikes S-20 cm. long; spikelets 3-6-flowered, flattened; lemma 8-10 mm. long, scabrous above; awn stout, 12-25 mm. long. . —Utah—Ore. Submont.—Mont. Je—Au. 14. S. basalticola Piper. Stem 1-3 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades 3-10 em. long, 1-2 mm. wide, minutely scabrous on the nerves above; spike erect, 3-5 em. long, barely exserted; empty glumes subulate, or some cleft to near the base, spreading, 3-4 cm. long; lemma 8-10 mm. long, glabrous, glaucous, 3-fid; middle awn 3-3.5 em. long, divergent, scabrous, the lateral ones about 1 mm. long. Basaltie soil and sandy slopes: Wash.—Ida. Swubmont. Je. 77. ELYMUS L. Lyme-crass, Witp Rye, Rye-crass, Burrato Rye. Perennials, with rootstocks and cylindric spikes. Spikelets sessile, usually 2 or 3 at each node, but in some species mostly single, 2—several-flowered. Empty glumes 2, inserted more or less obliquely, rigid, awn-like, subulate or lance-linear, persistent, awn-pointed or awned. Lemma oblong or lanceolate, rounded on the back, usually awned. Palet shorter than the glume, 2-keeled. Styles very short, distinct; stigmas plumose. Lemma long-awned. Spike broad; spikelets spreading. Empty glumes lanceolate to lanceolate-subulate; spike dense. Empty glumes lanceolate, 5-7-nerved, thick and strongly curved at the base; spike erect. Plant robust; spike scarcely exserted; lemma glabrous or nearly so. 1. E. virginicus. Plant slender; spike long-exserted; lemma scabrous-hispidulous. 2. E. jejunus. Empty glumes narrowly linear-lanceolate, neither conspicuously thickened nor curved at the base; spike often nodding. Empty glumes usually minute, less than 15 mm. long. 4. E. diversiglumis. Empty glumes 15-30 mm. long. Lemma, hirsute or villous. 3. E. canadensis. Lemma hispidulous-scabrous to glabrous. Robust; spike usually included at the base; leaf-blades 8-15 mm. wide. 5. E. robustus. Slender; spike long-exserted; leaf-blades seldom more than 5 mm. wide. 6. FE. brachystachys. Empty glumes setaceous, hirsute; lemma hirsute; spike laxer. 7. E. striatus. Spike narrow; spikelets erect, appressed. Lemma pubescent. Empty glumes lanceolate, 5-nerved. E. vulpinus. Empty glumes lance-subulate, indistinctly veined. E. angustus. {0.00 100 POACEAE Lemma scabrous or glabrous. Empty glumes lanceolate, acuminate or short-awned, 2—5-nerved. Spike dense; spikelets more or less imbricate. Plants not tufted, with rootstocks; leaf-blades spreading. Sheaths and blades glabrous; glumes scabrous, at least above. 10. E. glaucus. Sheaths and lower leaf-blades pubescent; glumes glabrous. 11. E. marginalis. Plants tufted; leaf-blades ascending. 12. E. nitidus. Spike lax; spikelets distant; glumes glabrous. 13. E. Petersonii. Empty glumes linear-subulate. Spike 7-8 mm. thick; awns 30—40 mm. long. 14. E. Saundersii. Spike 5 mm. thick; awns 5-10 mm. long 15. E. Macounii. Lemma awnless or short-awned; awn less than one- hed the length of the body. Empty glumes strongty 3- 5-nerved. Empty glumes thickened and strongly curved at the base, not scarious-margined. 16. E. curvatus. Empty glumes neither thickened nor strongly curved at the base, more or less — scarious-margined. 17. E. Howellii. 7 Empty glumes 1-nerved or indistinctly 3-nerved. Lemma glabrous or hispidulous Empty glumes aristiform or narrowly subulate. Plant stout, 1-2 m. high, tufted; spikelets 2-6 at each joint; lemma scab- rous-hispidulous. 18. E. condensatus. Plant slender, 3-10 dm. high; spikelets 1 or 2 at each joint. Lemma broadly lanceolate, acute or awn-pointed; rachis scabrous on the sharp angles; spikelets erect; plant with a horizontal root- stock. 19. E. triticoides. Lemma narrowly lanceolate; rachis nearly terete, strigose; plant tufted. Spikelets usually in pairs; lemma awn-pointed. Lemma glabrous. 20. E. ambiguus. Lemma scabrous or scabro-strigose. ° 21. E. strigosus. Spikelets usually singly; lemma acuminate or acute. 22. E. salinus. Empty glumes lanceolate-subulate, tapering from the rather broad base; lemma glabrous. 23. E. simplex. Lemma pubescent. Plants tufted; lemma long-attenuate, short-awned. 24. EF. villiflorus. Plants not tufted, or somewhat so in EF. cinereus, with horizontal rootstocks; lemma not long-attenuate. Lemma appressed-pubescent. Stem, sheath, and leaves glabrous or minutely Borie ule 25. E. arenicola. Stem, sheath, and leaves densely short pubescent. 26. E. cinereus. Lemma with spreading pubescence. Spike long; empty glumes lanceolate, silky-villous. 27. E. flavescens. Spike short; empty glumes subulate, scabrous. 28. E. innovatus. 1. E. virginicus L. Stem 6-10 dm. high; sheath usually glabrous; leaf-_ blades 1-3 dm. long, 4-16 mm. wide, scabrous; spike 5-15 em. long, thick, erect; lemma 6-8 mm. long, glabrous; awn scabrous, 5-18 mm. long. Along streams: N.S.—Fla.—Tex.—Sask. Plain. Je—-Au. 2. E. jejunus (Ramaley) Rydb. Stem slender, 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, scabrous; spike 2-6 em. long, strict; spikelets usually 2 at each node; lemma lanceolate, 7-8 mm. long, scabrous, hispidulous; awn 3-10 mm. long. £. virginicus minor Vasey. EF. virginicus jejunus Ramaley. Sand hills and river banks: Minn.—Neb.—Wyo.—Mont. Plain—Submont. Je-Au. 3. E. diversiglumis Scribn. & Ball. Stem 9-12 dm. high, glabrous; leaf- blades spreading, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, scabrous on both sides; spikelets in pairs, 2-flowered; lemma linear-lanceolate, acute, 8-10 mm. long, indistinctly 3—5-nerved, hirsute or scabrous, hispidulous; awn 2-3 em. long. Rich open places: Wis.—Wyo.—N.D. Plain—Submont. Jl. 4. E. canadensis L. Stem 6-15 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long, 4-20 mm. wide, scabrous; spike 1-3 dm. long, usually long-exserted, nod- ding; spikelets spreading, 3—5-flowered; lemma 8-14 mm.long; awn 2-5 em. long, rough. River banks and among bushes: N.S.—Ga.—N.M.—B.C. Plain— Submont. Jl-Au. 5. E. robustus Scribn. & Smith. Stem 1-2 m. high, smooth; leaf-blades 2-4 dm. long, 8-20 mm. wide, scabrous on both sides; spike 12-18 em. long, 2.5- 4 cm. thick; spikelets 3-4 at the nodes, 3-4-flowered; lemma 12-16 mm. long, GRASS FAMILY 101 attenuate above; awn 3-4 cm. long. River valleys: I1—Mo.—N.M.—Mont. —Ida. Plain—Submont. Je—Au. 6. E. brachystachys Scribn. & Ball. Stem 3-10 dm. high, smooth; leaf- blades 1-2 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, semi-involute, smooth or somewhat scab- rous beneath, finely scabrous above; spike dense, nodding, 8-15 cm. long; spike- lets usually in 2’s, 3-5-flowered; lemma 11-13 mm. long; awn scabrous, 2—4 cm. long. Prairies and plains: Mich.—Tex.—N.M.—(Black Hills) S8.D.; Mex. Plain—Submont. Je—-Au. 7. E. striatus Willd. Stem 3-9 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, smooth or slightly scabrous beneath, pubescent above; spike exserted, nodding, 6-12 em. long; spikelets divergent, 1—-3-flowered; lemma about 6 mm. long, hispid; awn 1.5-3 cm. long. Woods and river banks: Me.—N.C.—Tex.— N.D. Plain—Submont. Je—Au. 8. E. vulpinus Rydb. Stem 5-7 dm. high, striate, erect; leaves 1-1.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous on the margins; spike exserted, 1-1.5 dm. long, 6-7 mm. thick, slightly nodding; spikelets 1-2 at each node, 4-6-flowered; lemma linear-lanceolate, 8 mm. long; awn 8-10 mm. long. Meadows: Alta.—Neb. Plain. Jl-Au. 9. E. angustus Trin. Stem 4-10 dm. high, striate, smooth; leaf-blades rigid, 7-15 em. long, 3-6 mm. wide, smooth beneath, scabrous above, with in- volute margins; spike rather slender, its base enclosed in the upper sheath; spikelets in pairs, 2-3-flowered, erect-appressed; lemma lanceolate, acuminate, 8-10 mm. long; awn scabrous, 4-6 mm. long. Banks: Wyo.—lIda.; Asia. Sub- mont. Je. 10. E. glaucus Buckley. Stem 6-10 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades flat, scabrous on both sides, 6-15 mm. wide, 5-20 em. long; spike erect, 6-15 cm. long, 5-8 mm. thick; spikelets in pairs, rarely in threes or single, 3—4-flowered; lemma scabrous towards the apex, 5-nerved, 7-10 mm. long, with a white margin, or in var. tenuis Vasey [H. americanus Vasey & Scribn.] narrower and with purplish margin; awn scabrous, 7-15 mm. long. Among bushes and in meadows: Mich. —N.M.—Calif.—B.C. Submont.—Subalp. Je—-Au. 11. E. marginalis Rydb. Stem 6-10 dm. high, glabrous or pubescent at the nodes; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 7-10 mm. wide, flat, scabrous beneath, usually pilose above; spike 1.5—-2 dm. long; spikelets usually in pairs, 4—5-flowered ; lemma 10-12 mm. long, glabrous and shining; awns 8-20 mm. long. Lake shores and banks: B.C.—Wash. Submont—Mont. Je—Jl. 12. E. nitidus Vasey. Stem 7-10 dm. high, stout and leafy; leaf-blades 1.5-2 dm. long; spike about 1 dm. long, erect; spikelets 1-2 at each node, 3-5- - flowered; lemma about 1 cm. long, obscurely 5-nerved, smooth or nearly so, shining; awn scabrous, of about the same length. Mountains: Ore.—Wyo.— B.C. Submont.—Mont. JlAu. 13. E. Petersonii Rydb. Stem 6-8 dm. high, slender, glabrous; Jeaf-blades flaccid, 1-1.5 dm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, light green, minutely scabrous on both sides, or sparingly pilose above; spikelets in pairs or single; lemma about 1 ecm. long; awn about 1 cm. long. Mountains: B.C. (Selkirk Mts.) Mont. Au. 14. E. Saundersii Vasey. Stem 6-10 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades 12-20 em. long, becoming involute, finely scabrous; spike 12-18 cm. long, somewhat nodding; spikelets usually in pairs, 2—4-flowered; lemma lanceolate, 5-nerved, finely scabrous, 10 mm. long. Mountains: Colo. Mont. 15. E. Macounii Vasey. Stem 3-10 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades erect, scabrous, 7-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; spike slender, 7-12 cm. long; spikelets often solitary at the nodes, 1-3-flowered; lemma scabrous above, 8-10 mm. long, 5-nerved.. Meadows: Man.—N.M.—Utah—Alta. Plain—Submont. 16. E. curvatus Piper. Stem erect, 6-10 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, usually flat, scabrous on both sides; spike stout, erect, short-exserted, 5-12 cm. long; lemma 3-5-nerved, sparingly scabrous- hispidulous towards the apex, 8-12 mm. long, acuminate to short-awned; awn 102 FOACEAE 2 mm. long or less. E. virginicus submuticus Hook. River banks: Man.—Ills. —Kans.—Wash. Plain—Submont. Jl-Au. 17. E. Howellii Scribn. & Merrill. Somewhat tufted perennial; stem 6-8 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades spreading, flat, 10-15 em. long, 4-8 mm. wide, minutely scabrous; spike exserted, 7-10 em. long; spikelets usually in pairs, 2-4-flowered; lemma 10-12 mm. long, acuminate, usually awn-pointed, sparingly scabrous toward the apex. EH. glaucus breviaristatus Davy. Grassy ground: Alaska—Ore. Jl Au. 18. E. condensatus Presl. Stems tufted, 1-2 m. high, stout, striate, scabrous or scabro-puberulent above; leaf-blades 3-10 dm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, more or less scabrous; spike 2-4 dm. long; lemma 12-15 mm. long, acuminate or awn-pointed. Hills and alkaline ground: Alta~—Neb.—N.M.—Calif.—B.C. Plain—Mont. Je—-Au. 19. E. triticoides Buckley. Stem slender, 6-8 dm. high; leaf-blades 1.5-3 dm. long, about 7 mm. wide, flat or somewhat involute, scabrous on the margins and nerves; spike about 1.5 dm. long, erect; spikelets 12-18 mm. long, 4-6- flowered; lemma 8-10 mm. long, 9-nerved, glabrous, awn-pointed. Meadows, hillsides, and bottom lands: Alta.—N.M.—Calif—Wash. Son.—Mont. Je- Au. 20. E. ambiguus Vasey & Scribn. Tufted perennial; stem 6-10 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades 1-4 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, rigid, flat or at last in- volute, scabrous, especially above; spikes 7-12 em. long, erect; spikelets 5-9- flowered, 12-18 mm. long; empty glumes about 12 mm. long, scabrous; lemma 10-12 mm. long, obscurely 5-nerved; awn 3 mm. or less long. Cafons and hillsides: Colo—Utah. Submont.—Mont. Je-Au. 21. E. strigosus Rydb. A cespitose perennial; stem 5-7 dm. high; leaf- — blades 1-2 dm. long, about 3 mm. wide, flat or involute, scabrous; spike 1-1.5 dm. long; empty glumes linear-subulate, 7-9 mm. long, very scabrous; lemma lanceolate, about 1 em. long, awn-pointed or short-awned. Foot-hills and shale- slopes: Colo.—Wyo. Submont. Je—Jl. 22. E. salinus M. I. Jones. Tufted perennial; stem 3-6 dm. high, smooth; leaf-sheaths enlarged, long-remaining and becoming fibrous; leaf-blades thick, involute, puberulent near the throat, the basal ones 1—-1.5 dm. long; stem-leaves 5-10 em. long; spike 5-10 em. long, narrow; spikelets about 12 mm. long, 7—9- flowered; empty glumes 4 mm. long, somewhat falcate; lemma about 8 mm. long. Saline soil: Utah—Wyo. Son.—Submont. Jl. 24. BE. simplex Scribn. & Williams. Stems tufted, 3-4 dm. high; leaf- blades 4-10 em. long, 3-6 mm. wide, becoming involute, strigose-scabrous above; spikes 6-10 cm. long; rachis flattened and scabrous on the edges; spikelets singly or sometimes in pairs, about 1.5 em. long, 5-7-flowered; empty glumes very rigid, unequal, 8-10 mm. long; lemma about 7 mm. long, smooth, acuminate; awn 4-6 mm. long. Alkaline soil: Wyo.—N.M.—Ore. Submont.—Subalp. Je—Jl. 24. E. villiflorus Rydb. Stem 4-6 dm. high, finely retrorse-pubescent; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, about 2 mm. wide, strongly involute, scabrous above; spike 1-1.5 dm. long; spikelets 1 or 2 at each node; lemma lanceolate, 5-nerved, villous-hirsute, about 1 em. long. Plains and foot-hills: Colo.—Alta. Plain— Submont. Jl. 25. E. arenicola Scribn. & Smith. Stem 8-15 dm. high, glabrous; leaf- blades 2-4 mm. wide, 2-3 dm. long, strongly involute; spike slender, 1.5—2.5 dm. long; spikelets in pairs or singly, about 6-flowered; lemma acute, mucronate or awn-pointed, about 10 mm. long. #. dasytachys litoralis Am. auth., not Griseb. Sand dunes: Wash.—Ida.—Ore. Son. Je—-N. 26. E. cinereus Scribn. & Merr. Stem densely short-pubescent, except where protected by the sheaths, about 1 m. high; leaf-blades 2-3 dm. long, 5 mm. wide, often involute; spike about 15 em. long; spikelets usually 2 at each node, 3-4-flowered; lemma 9-10 mm. long, strigose. Dry plains: Calif—Nev.—Ida. Son. Je. GRASS FAMILY 103 27. E. flavescens Scribn. & Smith. Stem 6-10 dm. high, glabrous, or pubes- cent just below the nodes; leaf-blades 2-4 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, smooth beneath, scabrous or strigulose above; spike 1-2 dm. long, yellowish; spikelets 3-6-flowered, 1-2 cm. long; lemma 10-12 mm. long, mucronate or awn-pointed. Sand: Wash.—Ida.—Ore. Son. Jl-Au. 28. E. innovatus Beal. Stem smooth, or pubescent just below the nodes; leaf-blades rather rigid, 5-18 em. long, 2-8 mm. wide, scabrous on the margins and nerves beneath; spike 4-10 cm. long; spikelets 3-6-flowered, 10-15 mm. long; lemma densely pubescent, usually villous, 8-10 mm. long; awns 2-4 mm. long. EH. Brownii Scribn. & Smith. Hills: Sask.—S.D.—Wyo.—B.C. Sub- mont. Je—-Au. e 78. HYSTRIX Moench. Perennials, with rootstocks and terminal spikes. Spikelets in pairs or 3’s, spreading, 2-several-flowered; rachilla articulate below the lemmas. Empty glumes in the lowest spikelets subulate, minute, elsewhere wanting. Lemma lanceolate, rigid, convolute, rounded on the back, awned. Styles very short; stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, adherent to the palet. 1. H. Hystrix (L.) Millsp. Stem 6-12 dm. tall; leaf-blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, smooth beneath, scabrous above; spike 7-18 cm. long; spikelets at length spreading, 8-12 mm. long, exclusive of the awns; lemma 8-12 mm. long, acuminate; awn about 2.5em.long. Asprella Hystix Willd. Rocky woods: N.B.—Ga.—Neb.—Sask. Plain. Je—Jl. Family 13. CYPERACEAE. Sepcer Faminy. Grass-like or rush-like plants, with mostly solid stems. Leaves 3-ranked, with closed sheaths and narrow blades. Flowers perfect or unisexual, in spikelets; bractlets (glumes or scales) 2-ranked or spirally arranged. Peri- anth composed of bristles, a sack-like organ (perigynium), or wanting. Stamens usually 3, rarely 1 or 2, or more than 3; filaments slender; anthers 2-celled. Gynoecium of 2 or 3 united carpels, but ovary 1-celled and 1- ovuled; stigmas 2 or 3. Ovules anatropous, erect. Fruit an achene; endo- sperm mealy. Flowers all perfect, or at least one in each spikelet perfect. Glumes of the spikelets 2-ranked. Perianth represented by bristles; inflorescence axillary. 1. DULICHTUM. Perianth wanting; spikelets in terminal, solitary or umbellate heads. 2. CYPERUS. Glumes of the spikelets spirally imbricate. Base of the style persistent as a tubercle on the achene. Basal empty glumes several. 3 Basal empty glumes wanting, or 1 or 2. : Spikelets solitary ; stem leafless; bristles usually present. 4. ELEOCHARIS. Spikelets several or numerous; stem leafy; bristlesnone. 5. STENOPHYLLUS. Base of the style not persistent as a tubercle. Base of the style swollen; bristles none. 6. FIMBRISTYLIS. Base of the style not swollen; bristles usually present. Flowers without any inner scales. Bristles much elongating in fruit, silky. Bristles 6, but each 4—6-cleft to near the base, therefore appearing numerous. 7. ERIOPHORUM. Bristles 6, simple, crisp. 8. LEUCOCOMA. Bristles short, or little elongating, rarely wanting. 9. SCIRPUS. Flowers with a small inner scale between the flower and the rachis. 10. HEMICARPHA. . RYNCHOSPORA. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. : Achenes not enclosed in a perigynium. Spikes several, clustered; glumes subtending a single flower. 11. KOBRESIA. Spikes solitary; glumes subtending 2 flowers. 12. ELYNA. Achenes enclosed in a perigynium. 13. CAREX. 1. DULICHIUM L. C. Rich. Tall perennials, with rootstocks and hollow jointed stems, leafy to the top. Leaves 3-ranked. Spikelets in axillary, simple or compound spikes, flat, linear, many-flowered; glumes 2-ranked, carinate, conduplicate, decurrent on the 104 CYPERACEAE internode below. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 6-9 retrorsely barbed bristles. Stamens 3. Style persistent as a beak on the top of the achene. Stigmas 2. Achenes linear-oblong. 1. D. arundinaceum (L.) Britton. Stem stout, 3-10 dm. high; leaves numerous, flat, 2-8 em. long, 4-8 mm. wide, spreading; lower sheaths bladeless; spikelets 12-25 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, 6—12-flowered; glumes lanceolate, acuminate, strongly nerved, brownish; bristles longer than the achenes. D. spathaceum Pers. Wet places: Newf.—Fla.—Tex.—Ore.—B.C.; C. Am. Plain. JI-O. 2. CYPERUS L. Gauincate, Nut-crass. Sub-seapose perennials or annuals. Leaves basal; blades narrow, grass-like. Scapes in our species simple, triangular, with one or more bracts at the summit, subtending a simple or compound, umbellate or capitate inflorescence; rays usually very unequal in length. Spikelets flat to nearly terete. Glumes 2- ranked, concave, conduplicate or keeled. Flowers perfect; perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Styles deciduous from the summit of the achenes; stigmas 2 or 3. Achenes without a tubercle. Glumes falling away from the persistent rachis of the flat spikelets. Style 2-cleft; achenes lenticular. 1. C. diandrus. Style 3-cleft; achenes 3-angled. Wings of the rachis none or very narrow. Annuals; stamen 1. Glumes awned or mucronate. 2. C. inflexus. Glumes acute, neither awned nor mucronate. 3. C. acuminatus. Perennials; stamens 2 or 3. Glumes tipped with a curved or bent awn; perennials with a rootstock. 4. C. Fendlerianus, Glumes blunt or mucronate; perennials with a corm-like base. Heads oblong; spikelets ascending; stem rough. 5. C. Schweinitzii. Heads short; spikelets more or less spreading; stem smooth. Glumes broadly ovate; achenes 1.5-2mm.long. 6. C. Houghtoni. Glumes oblong-ovate; achenes 2—2.5 mm. long. 7. C. Bushii. Wings of the rachis prominent and separating from it as interior scales. 8. C. erythrorhizos. Spikelets wholly falling away, usually leaving the two lower glumes persistent. 9. C. strigosus. 1. C. diandrus Torr. Annual; stems tufted, 5-30 em. high; leaves about 2 mm. wide; bracts usually 3, at least one much exceeding the spikelets; spikelets in terminal capitate clusters, linear-oblong, 8-18 mm. long, flat, many-flowered; glumes ovate, green, brown, or with brown margins, obtuse, l-nerved; stamens 2 or 3; achenes oblong, gray. Marshy places: N.B.—S.C.—Colo.—_S.D. Plain —Submont. Au-O. 2. C. inflexus Muhl. Stems slender, tufted, 2-15 em. high; leaves 1-2 mm. wide; bracts 2 or 3, longer than the umbel; spikelets capitate or in 3-rayed, sessile umbels, linear-oblong, 6—10-flowered, 4-6 mm. long; glumes light brown, lance- olate, several-nerved. C. aristatus Rottb. Wet sandy soil: N.B.—Fla.—Calif. —B.C.; Mex. Plain—Submont. JI-S. 3. C. acuminatus Torr. Stems slender, tufted, 5-35 em. high; leaves usually less than 2 mm. wide, light green; bracts much elongated; spikelets eapi- tate, in 2-4-1ayed umbels, flat, ovate-oblong, 4-8 mm. long; glumes oblong, pale green, 3-nerved, with short, more or less recurved tips. Wet soil: Il—La.— Calif—Wash. Plain. Jl-O. 4. C. Fendlerianus Boeckel. Stem slender, 3-5 dm. high, triangular above, scabrous on the angles; leaves flat, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous on the margins; bracts 3-6, the longer much exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets spicate, in simple, often subcapitate, few-rayed umbels, oblong to cylindric, 5-15 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick; glumes orbicular-ovate, striate, pale greenish brown with brown or yellow margins. Wet places: w Tex.—Colo,—Ariz.; n Mex. Plain—Sub- mont. JI-S. 5. C. Schweinitzii Torr. Stems tufted, rough, 3-7 dm. high; leaves 2-5 mm. wide, rough-margined; bracts 3-7, erect; spikelets spicate, in 3—9-rayed umbels, flat, linear-oblong, 6—-12-flowered, 8-16 mm. long; glumes convex, light SEDGE FAMILY * 105 green, ovate, acute or acuminate, 9—-13-nerved. Sandy soil: Ont.—Mo.—Kans. —(? N.M.)—S.D.—Sask. Plain. Au-O. 6. C. Houghtoni Torr. Stem smooth, 3-6 dm. high; leaves 1-2 mm. wide; bracts 3-5, some much exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets loosely capitate in 1—5-rayed umbels, compressed, acute, 8-15 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, 11-15- flowered; glumes chestnut brown, shining, oblong, obtuse, strongly 11-nerved. Sandy places: Mass.—Va.—Ark.—w 8.D.—Man. Plain. Jl-Au. 7. C. Bushii Britton. Stem smooth, 3-6 dm. high, longer than the leaves; leaves 3-4 mm. wide, smooth; spikelets capitate in 1—5-rayed umbels, flat, linear, acute, 8-15 mm. long; glumes oblong, mucronate, shining, ll-nerved. C. fili- culmis Coult., not Vahl. Sandy soil: Minn.—Mo.—Tex.—Colo.—Ore.—Wash. Plain. JIl-S. 8. C. erythrorhizos Muhl. Annual; stems tufted, 0.7-6 dm. high; leaves 3-8 mm. wide, rough-margined, the lower equalling or exceeding the stem; bracts 3-7, some 3-5 times as long as the inflorescence; spikelets spicate in mostly compound umbels, linear, subacute, 6-30 mm. long, less than 2 mm. wide, compressed, many-flowered; glumes bright chestnut-brown, oblong-lanceolate, puerronate, appressed. Wet places: Mass.—Fla.—Tex.—Calif.—Wash. Plain. Au-O. 9. C. strigosus L. Perennial, with a corm-like base, 3-10 dm. high; leaves. rough-margined, 4-6 mm. wide; some of the bracts exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets spicate or subcapitate in more or less compound umbels, flat, linear, 6-25 mm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, 7—25-flowered; glumes straw-colored, oblong- lanceolate, several-nerved, appressed; achenes linear-oblong, acute. Moist meadows: Me.—Fla.—Tex.—Calif—Wash.—w 8. D. Plain. Au-O. 3. RYNCHOSPORA Vahl. Beaxep Rusu. Caulescent perennials, with rootstocks. Spikelets oblong or fusiform; glumes spirally imbricate, the lower empty, usually mucronate or cuspidate by the excurrent midrib. Perianth of 1-24, mostly 6, barbed or scabrous bristles, or rarely wanting. Stamens usually 3. Stigmas 2, rarely wholly united. Achenes - lenticular, smooth, cancellate or transversely wrinkled. Base of the style per- sistent, forming a tubercle, or the whole style persistent. 1. R. alba (L.) Vahl. Stems slender, glabrous, 1.5-2.5 dm. high; leaves bristle-hke, 0.5-1 mm. wide; spikelets several, in 1-4 dense corymbose heads, narrowly oblong, 4-6 mm. long; glumes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, white, acute; bristles 9-15, equalling the achenes, which are obovate-oblong, lenticular, pale brown; tubercle triangular, flat. Bogs: Newf.—Fla.—Ky.—Ida.—Calif.— Alaska; Eurasia. Boreal—Mont. Je—Au. 4, ELEOCHARIS R. Br. Spike-RusH, WIRE-GRASS. Annual or perennial scapose herbs. Leaves reduced to mere sheaths, or the lower rarely blade-bearing. Scape angled or terete. Spikelets solitary, terminal, erect. Glumes spirally arranged, imbricate. Perianth of 1-12 bristles, usually retrorsely barbed. Stamens 2-3. Stigmas 2 or 3. Achene lenticular or tri- angular, sometimes obscurely so. Base of the styles persistent on the summit of the achenes, forming a tubercle. Style-branches 2; achenes lenticular or biconvex. Sheath hyaline, and scarious at the summit. 1. E. thermalis. Sheath firm, not scarious at the summit. Annuals, with fibrous roots. Achenes black, shining. 2. E. atropurpurea. Achenes pale brown, dull. Spikelets narrowly oblong or subcylindric; glumes blunt, closely appressed. . BE. Engelmanni. Spikelets lance-ovoid or lance-oblong; glumes acutish, more spreading. 4. E. monticola. Perennials, with rootstocks. 5. E. palustris. Style-branches 3; achenes trigonous or turgid; perennials, with rootstocks. Achenes cancellate and longitudinally ribbed; spikelets flat. 6. FE. acicularis. Achenes smooth, papillose or reticulate. 106 CYPERACEAE Tubercle of the achenes short-conic to depressed, plainly distinguishable from the achene. Achenes papillose. Stem filiform; glumes obtuse. 7. E. tenuis. Stem flat; glumes acute. 8. E. acuminata. Achenes finely “reticulated. 9. E. arenicola. Tubercle of the achenes long-conic, scarcely distinguishable from the body of the achene. 10. E. rostellata. 1. E. thermalis Rydb. Perennial, with a creeping rootstock; stems tufted, yellowish green, 3-10 ecm. high, somewhat flattened, striate; spikelet obovate, obtuse, 4 mm. long, 3 mm. thick; glumes very thin, ovate, acutish; achenes lenticular, broadly obovate, dark brown, smooth and shining, 1 mm. long; tubercle conic. Hot springs and thermal waters: Mont.—Wyo. Mont. Jl-Au. 2. E. atropurpurea (Retz.) Kunth. Stems tufted, slender, 3-10 em. high; spikelet ovoid, subacute, 3-4 mm. long, 2 mm. thick; glumes ovate-oblong, obtuse, or the upper acute, purple-brown, with green midrib ‘and narrow searious margins; bristles 2-4, fragile, white, about as long as the achenes; achenes 0.5 mm. long, smooth, lenticular; tubercles depressed-conic, constricted at the base. Moist soil: Ja.—Fla.—Tex.—(? Colo.); trop. Am.; Eurasia. Austral. JI5S. 3. E. Engelmanni Steud. Stems 2-4.5 dm. high, tufted; spikelet obtuse, 5-15 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick; glumes pale brown, with green midrib and narrow secarious margin, ovate, obtuse; bristles about 6, not longer than the achenes, or none; achenes broadly obovate, smooth; tubercle broad, low, covering the top of the achene. Wet places: Mass.—N.J—Tex.—Calif—Wash. Plain—Sub- mont. JIS. 4. E. monticola Fernald. Stems 1—2.5 dm. high, tufted; spikelets 6-9 mm. long, 2-3.5 mm. thick, acutish; glumes chestnut-brown or purplish, with paler midribs and margins, acutish; bristles 6, equalling or slightly exceeding the achenes, or (in var. leviseta) represented only by the unbarbed basal portion; achenes as in the preceding. Wet places: Calif—Wash.; the var. leviseta: Wash—Ida.— Man. Submont. 5. E. palustris (L.) R. & S. Stems striate, 3-15 dm. high; spikelets oblong to ovoid-cylindric, 6-25 mm. long, 3-4 mm. thick; glumes ovate-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, purplish brown with scarious margins and green midrib, or wholly ~ green; bristles usually 4, longer than the achenes; achenes yellow, more than 1 mm. long; tubercle conic, constricted at the base. H. glaucescens Willd., a slender form with narrower tubercle. In ponds and marshes: Lab.—Fla.—Tex.—Calif. —B.C.; Eurasia. Plain—Mont. Au-S. 6. E. acicularis (L.) R. & S. Stems tufted, filiform, obscurely 4-angled, grooved, 5-20 cm. high; spikelets narrowly ovate, acute, 3—10-flowered, 3-6 mm. long; glumes oblong, obtuse, or the upper acute, pale green, often with two brown bands; bristles 3-4, fragile, fugaceous, shorter than the achenes; achenes obovoid, pale, obscurely 3-angled : tubercle conic. Wet places: Newf. NJ. N.M.—Callif. —B.C.; Mex.; Eurasia. Plain—Mont. JI-S. 7. E. tenuis (Willd. ) Schultes. Stems tufted, filiform, 4-angled, 2-4 dm. high; spikelets narrowly oblong, acute, 6-10 mm. long, about 2 mm. thick; glumes thin, obovate or obovate-oblong, obtuse, with greenish midvein and | scarious margins; bristles 2-4, shorter than the achenes, fugaceous or wanting; achenes obovoid, obtusely 3-angled, yellowish brown; tubercle conic, short. Wet places: N.S.—Fla.—Tex.—Colo.—Sask. Plain—Submont. My-—BJl. 8. E. acuminata (Muhl.) Nees. Stems tufted, flattened, striate, 2-6 dm. high; spikelets ovoid or oblong, obtuse, 6-12 mm. long; glumes oblong or ovate- lanceolate, acute or obtusish, purple-brown with green midrib and hyaline mar- gins; bristles 1-5, mostly shorter than the achenes; achenes obovoid, very ob- tusely 3-angled, light yellowish brown; tubercle depressed-conic. Wet places: Que.—Ga.—La.—Colo.—B.C. Je-Au. 9. E. arenicola Torr. Stems tufted, slender, 1.5-4.5 dm. high, grooved; spikelets oblong to ovoid-oblong, 4-12 mm. long, 2.5-3.5 mm. thick; glumes oblong or ovate, thin, blunt, with a brown apex and whitish margins; bristles 6, persistent, the longer ones as long as the achenes; achenes 3-angled, oblong- SEDGE FAMILY 107 obovoid, faintly reticulate; tubercle thick, deltoid. Perhaps not distinct from £. montana H.B.K. Sandy shores: S.C.—Fla.—Tex.—Calif.—Colo. Son.— Submont. 10. E. rostellata Torr. Stems slender, flattened, the sterile ones often re- clining and rooting at the summit, grooved; spikelets oblong, 6-12 mm. long, 2 mm. thick; glumes ovate, obtuse, or the upper acute, green with a darker mid- vein; bristles 4-8, longer than the achenes; achenes obovoid, finely reticulate. Marshes and wet meadows: N.H.—Fla.—Tex.—Calif.—B.C.; Mex. Plain— Submont. Au-S. 5. STENOPHYLLUS Rat. Scapose annuals, with narrowly linear or filiform leaves. Spikelets umbellate, or capitate, rarcly solitary; glumes spirally arranged, imbricate, deciduous. Flowers perfect; perianth wanting. Stamens 2 or 3. Base of the style swollen, persistent, forming a tubercle; stigmas 2 or 3. Achenes 3-angled or lenticular. 1. 8. capillaris (L.) Britton. Annual; stems tufted, filiform, smooth, 5-25 em. high; leaves filiform, roughish; bracts 1-3, setaceous; spikelets narrowly oblong, 5-8 mm. long, less than 2 mm. thick, in terminal, simple or compound umbels; glumes oblong, obtuse or emarginate, dark-brown with green keel; achenes yellowish, transversely wrinkled. River valleys: Me—Fla.—Calif.—Ore. (but no specimens seen from the Rockies). JIS. 6. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl. Annual or perennial sub-scapose herbs, with grass-like leaves. Spikelets capitate or in ours umbellate, terete, several- or many-flowered; glumes spirally arranged, imbricate. Flowers perfect; perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style usually enlarged at the base, but wholly deciduous at maturity; stigmas 2-3. Achenes lenticular or 3-angled. 1. F. interior Britton. Perennial, with short stolons; stem thickened at the base, striate, smooth, 3-6 dm. high; leaves rough-margined, involute; spike- lets in somewhat compound umbels, ovoid or ovoid-oblong, acutish, 1 em. long or less; glumes yellowish-brown, ovate, striate, mucronate, dull; achenes broadly obovate, blunt, cancellate, chestnut brown. F. castanea and F. thermalis of FI. Colo. Meadows: Colo.—Neb.—Tex. Plain. Jl-Au. 7. ERIOPHORUM L. Corron-crass. Perennial bog plants, with rootstocks. Stems triangular or terete. Leaves with linear blades or some of them reduced to bladeless sheaths. Spikelets terminal, solitary, or a few in heads or umbels. Glumes spirally arranged, all usually subtending perfect flowers. Perianth of 6 members, but each 4—6-cleft to the base into long soft, usually white bristles, exserted much beyond the glumes at maturity. Stamens 1-3. Styles deciduous; stigmas 3. Achenes 3-angled, oblong, ellipsoid or obovoid. Spikelets solitary; involucre wanting. Plant stoloniferous. Glumes purplish-brown with narrow, pale margins. 1. E. Scheuchzeri. Glumes purplish-brown with white, broad margins. 2. E. Chamissonis. Plant tufted, not stoloniferous. : Upper sheaths inflated; stem rough above. 3. E. callitriz. Upper sheaths not inflated; stem smooth. 4. E. opacum. Spikelets several, subtended by foliaceous bracts. -blades triangular-channeled throughout. 5. E. gracile. Leaf-blades flat, at least below the middle. Midrib of the glumes not prominent at the tip of the glume. 6. EB. angustifolium. Midrib of the glumes prominent to the very tip. 7. E. viridicarinatum. 1. E. Scheuchzeri Hoppe. Stem slender, 2.5-4 dm. high; sheaths all blade-bearing or the uppermost one bladeless; blades filiform, channeled. £. el Host. Bogs: Lab.— Newf.—Wyo.—B.C.—Alaska. Mont.— Alp. 108 CYPERACEAE 2. E. Chamissonis C. A. Mey. Stems 1-7 dm. high, somewhat triangular; upper sheaths inflated, bladeless; leaf-blades filiform, triangular-channelled, 3-10 cm. long; bristles often reddish-brown. £. russeolatum Fries. Bogs: N.B.—Ont.—Wyo.—Ore.—B.C.; Eurasia. Mont.—Subalp. Je—-Au. 3. E. callitrix Cham. Stems obtusely 3-angled, 2-5 dm. high; leaf-blades filiform, triangular-channeled; glumes thin, ovate-lanceolate or the lowest lanceolate, acuminate, pale brown. 4H. vaginatum Torr., not L. Bogs: Newf.— Mass.—Pa.—Sask.—B.C.—Alaska. Boreal—Mont. Je-Au. 4. E. opacum (Bjérnstr.) Fernald. Stem terete or nearly so, 3-6 dm. high; basal leaves elongate, filiform, channeled; stem-leaves reduced to 2 or 3 close sheaths; glumes thin, ovate-lanceolate or the inner ones linear-lanceolate, acum- inate. Bogs: Me —Mass.—B.C.—Yukon; Eurasia. Boreal—Mont. My-—Jl. 5. E. gracile Koch. Stem slender, smooth, terete, 3-6 dm. high; blades of the stem-leaves 2-3 em. long, the basal ones longer; bracts about 1 em. long; spikelets 2-6, on pubescent peduncles; glumes ovate, gray or nearly black, acutish, with prominent midrib. Bogs: Que.—N.Y.—Colo.—Calif.—B.C.; Eurasia. Plain—Mont. Je—Au. 6. E. angustifolium Roth. Stem smooth, obtusely triangular above, 3-6 dm. high; blades rough-margined, 3-8 mm. wide; bracts 2-4, often black at the base; spikelets 2-12, ovoid or oblong; peduncles smooth; glumes ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, purple-green or brown. £. polystachyon L., in part. JZ. ocreatum A. Nels. Bogs: Newf.—Me.—IIl.—N.M.—Ore.—Alaska; Eurasia. Submont.—Subalp. Je—Au. 7. E. viridicarinatum (Engelm.) Fernald. Stem 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-6 mm. wide, the upper 15 em. long or less; bracts not black at the base; spike- lets 5-30; peduncles fine-hairy; glumes ovate-lanceolate; achenes oblong-obovoid. E. polystachyon Am. auth., mainly. Bogs and wet meadows: Newf—\Ga.— Ohio—Wyo.—B.C. Submont. Jl-Au. 8. LEUCOCOMA Ebrh. Arrive Corron-GRass. ° Perennial bog plants, with rootstocks. Stems triangular. Spikelets soli- tary, usually subtended by a subulate bract and attached slightly obliquely. Glumes spirally arranged, all usually subtending perfect flowers. Perianth of 6 white soft bristles, at maturity exserted far beyond the glumes. Stamens 3. Styles deciduous. Achenes obovoid, somewhat 3-angled, without tubercle. [Trichophorum Pers., in part.] 1. L. alpina (L.) Rydb. Stems numerous, not tufted, 1.5-2.5 dm. high; leaves subulate, 6-20 mm. long, triangular, channelled; lower sheaths often bladeless; glumes oblong-lanceolate, yellowish brown with slender midvein. Eriophorum alpinum L. Cold bogs: Newf—Conn.—Mich.—B.C.; Eurasia. Mont.—Alp. Je—Au. 9. SCIRPUS L. Butrusu, Cius-rusH, TULE. Annual or perennial, caulescent or scapose herbs. Leaves grass-like, or in many species reduced to basal sheaths. Spikelets terete or somewhat flattened, solitary, capitate or umbellate. Glumes spirally arranged, some of the lower often empty. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 1-6 barbed, pubescent or smooth bristles, rarely wanting. Stamens 2-3. Style wholly deciduous, not swollen at the base, or rarely its base persistent as a small tip. Stigmas 2-3. Achenes. triangular or lenticular, rarely plano-convex. = Involucre of a single bract or wanting. Spikelets solitary, rarely two together; plants tufted (except No. 5). Annuals; stamens 2; bristles none. 1. S. coloradensis. Perennials, with rootstocks. : Involucre none. 2. S. pauciflorus. Involucre present, consisting of one erect bract. Bract scarcely exceeding the spikelet, often shorter; bog plants. Bristles 6, longer than the achenes. 3. S. caespitosus. Bristles none. 4. S. pumilus. Bract at least twice as long as the spikelet; aquatic plants. 5. S. subterminalis. SEDGE FAMILY 109 Spikelets normally more than one, usually several, sometimes numerous. Spikelets few, 1-12, appearing lateral, in a single capitate cluster. Annuals, with fibrous roots, tufted; achenes dark, transversely wrinkled. Spikelets obtuse; achenes plano-convex. 6. S. Hallii. Spikelets acute; achenes 3-angular. 7. S. saximontanus. Perennials, with rootstocks; achenes plano-convex, obovate. Stem sharply 3-angled. Spikelets acute; bracts long; glumes awned. 8. S. americanus. Spikelets obtuse; bracts short; glumes mucronate. 9. S. Olneyi. | Stem terete, striate. 10. S. nevadensis. Spikelets numerous in small clusters of 1-7, arranged in compound umbels; per- ennials with stout rootstocks. Style 2-cleft; achenes obovate and plano-convex, brown. Achenes 2 mm. long, nearly as long as the glumes; spikelets ovoid. 11. S. validus. Achenes 3 mm. long, distinctly shorter than the glumes; spikelet oblong- cylindric. 12. S. occidentalis. Style 3-cleft; achenes obcordate, 3-angled, yellowish. 13. S. heterochaetus. Involucre of two or more leaves with flat blades; perennials, with rootstocks. Spikelets 3-10, capitate, relatively large. 14. S. paludosus. Spikelets numerous, in compound umbels or in umbellate heads, relatively small. Bristles downwardly barbed, not much exceeding the fruit. Style-branches 2; achenes plano-convex; bristles mostly 4. 15. S. microcarpus. Style-branches 3; achenes oblong, 3-angular; bristles 6. Plant dark green; glumes acute; achenes pale brown. 16. S. atrovirens. Plant pale; glumes rough-awned; achenes straw-colored. 17. S. pallidus. Bristles He emout, much exceeding the glumes at maturity; achenes 3-angled, whitish. Spikelets all sessile; glumes brown. 18. S. cyperinus. Spikelets mostly pediceled; glumes mostly greenish black. 19. S. atrocinctus. > 1. S. coloradensis Britt. Annual; stems filiform, 2-5 cm. high; spikelet bractless, linear-oblong, acutish, 3-5 mm. long, 2 mm. thick; glumes lanceolate, acutish; keel green, bordered with two brown bands and scarious margins; achenes brown, obovate, 1 mm. long, 3-gonous, finely papillose. Shores: Colo.; Nev. Plain. 2. S. pauciflorus Lightf. Rootstock filiform; stems 3-angled, filiform, leaf- less, 7-25 cm. high; spikelet oblong, compressed, 4-10-flowered, 4-6 mm. long; glumes brown with lighter margins and midrib, lanceolate, acuminate; bristles 2-6, usually longer than the achenes; achenes obovoid, abruptly beaked, finely reticulate. Wet soil: Que-—Me.—N.Y.—N.M.—Calif. —B.C.; Eurasia. Mont. —Subalp. Jl-O. 3. S. caespitosus L. Stems light green, filiform, 1-4 dm. high; basal sheaths numerous, the upper one bearing a short blade; spikelet ovoid-oblong, 4 mm. long; glumes yellowish brown, ovate, obtuse; achenes oblong, 3-angled, brown, acute. Bogs and wet places: Greenl.—Ill.—Colo—Wash.—Alaska; Eurasia. Mont.—Alp. Je—Au. 4. §. pumilus Vahl. Stems terete, 1 dm. high or less, sheathed at the base; upper sheath with a short blade; spikelet rounded-ovoid; glumes ovate, acute or pointed, brown with green midrib and margins; achene 3-angular, smooth. S. alpinus Schleicher. Alpine wet places: Canadian Rockies; Alps. Jl-Au. 5. S. subterminalis Torr. Stem slender, terete, nodulose, 3-10 dm. high; leaves very slender, 1.5-6 dm. long, 0.5-1.5 mm. wide; spikelet oblong-cylindric, 6-15 mm. long; bract subulate, erect, 1-2.5 cm. long; glumes ovate-lanceolate, acute, light brown with green midrib; bristles 6, rarely equalling the achenes; these obovoid, 3-angled, dark brown, smooth. Ponds and streams: Newf.— $.C.—Mich.—Ida.—Wash.—B.C. Submont. Jl-Au. _ 6. S. Hallii A. Gray. Stems slender, smooth, obtusely 3-angular, 1-3 dm. high; upper sheath bearing a filiform blade 1-6 cm. long; spikelets 1-7, capitate, oblong-cylindric, obtuse, 6-12 mm. long; bract 2-10 em. long; glumes ovate- lanceolate, greenish brown, acuminate; bristles none. Wet places: Mass.— Fla.—Tex.—Colo.—Utah—Mex. Plain—Submont. Jl-S. 7. S. saximontanus Fernald. Stems slender, smooth, 1-3 dm. high, tufted, short-leaved at the base; bract erect, one-half to one-fourth as long as the stem; 110 CYPERACEAE spikelets 1-4, capitate, oblong-cylindric, acute, 5-12 mm. long; glumes ovate, cuspidate-acuminate, with pale brown margins; style 3-cleft. Wet places: Tex. —Wyo.—Utah—Mex. Plain—Submont. 8. S. americanus Pers. Stems erect, 3-12 dm. high; leaves 1-3, narrowly linear, keeled; spikelets 1-7, oblong, acute, 8-25 mm. long; bract 2-10 em. long; glumes broadly ovate, brown, often emarginate or 2-cleft, awned; achenes smooth, dark brown. S. punjens Vahl. Fresh or saline swamps: Newf.—Fla.—Tex. —Calif—B.C. Plain—Submont. Je-S. 9. S. Olneyi A. Gray. Stems stout, 6-20 dm. high; leaves 1-3, narrow, 2-12 em. long; spikelets 5-12, oblong, obtuse, 5-8 mm. long; bract short, stout, 1-4 em. long; glumes oval or orbicular, dark brown, with green midrib, emarginate or mucronate, brown. Salt marshes: N.H.—Fla.—Tex.—Calif.—Ore.; W. Ind.; Mex.; C. Am. Plain—Son. Je-S. 10. S. nevadensis 8S. Wats. Stems 2-4 dm. high; leaves several, mostly basal, convolute; spikelets 1-5, ovoid or ovoid-oblong, 6-18 mm. long; bract flattened above, rough-margined; glumes broadly ovate, obtuse or acute, chest- nut-brown, smooth and shining; achenes minutely reticulate. Wet places, especially in alkaline soil: Sask.—Wyo.—Calif.—Wash. Son. Je—Jl. 11. 8S. validus Vahl. Stems stout, terete, smooth, spongy, 1-3 m. high, sometimes 2 cm. thick, sheathed below; spikelets 5-12 mm. long, 3-4 mm. thick; glumes ovate or suborbicular, slightly pubescent, with strong midrib; achenes plano-convex. SS. lacustris Am. auth., not L. Common ButrusH. In water: Newf.—Fla.—Calif.—B.C.; W. Ind.; Mex. Plain—Mont. Je-S. 12. S. occidentalis (S. Wats.) Chase. Similar to S. validus; basal sheaths fimbrillose on th® margins; spikelets 20 mm. long, 4 mm. thick; glumes ovate, short-awned, viscid above; achenes biconvex. S. lacustris occidenta’is S. Wats. aes In water: Newf.—N.Y.—Mo.—N.M.—Calif.—B.C. Plain—Suhbmont. 13. S. heterochaetus Chase. Similar to S. validus; stem slender, 1-2 m. high, sheathed below; bracts glabrous; spikelets usually solitary on the slender branches, ovoid or ellipsoid, acutish, 8-15 mm. long, about 5 mm. thick; glumes ovate, glabrous, often erose-margine1. In water: Vt.—Mass.—Neb.—Ida.— Ore. JI-S. 14. S. paludosus A. Nels. Stems slender, smooth, sharply triangular, 3-6 dm. high; leaves pale green, smooth, 2-4 mm. wide; bracts 2 or 3; spikelets oblong-cylindric, mostly acute, 15-25 mm. long; glumes ovate, puberulent or glabrous, pale brown, 2-toothed at the apex, awned; achenes lenticular, obovate, yellowish brown. S. campestris Britt., not Roth. S. interior Britt. S. Brit- tonianus Piper. Salt marshes: Que.—N.J.—Kans.—Tex.—Calif.—Wash. Plain —Submont. My—Au. 15. S. microcarpus Presl. Stem 1-1.5 m. high; sheaths often tinged with red; leaves rough-margined, often 1 m. long or more; spikelets ovoid-oblong, acute, 3-4 mm. long; glumes brown with green midvein; stamens 2; achenes oblong-obovate, nearly white. S. rwbrotinctus Fern. Swamps: Newf.—Conn. —N.M.—Calif.—Alaska. Plain—Submont. JI-S. 16. S. atrovirens Muhl. Stem triangular, leafy, 6-14 dm. high; leaf-blades elongate, more or less nodulose, rough on the margins, dark green, 6-12 mm. wide; spikelets ovoid-oblong, acute, 4-10 mm. long; glumes greenish brown, ovate-oblong, acute; bristles rarely wanting. Swamps: N.S.—Ga.—N.M.—La. —Sask. Plain—Submont. Je—Au. 17. S. pallidus (Britton) Fernald. Stem triangular, 1-1.5 m. high; leaf- blades elongate, pale, 6-15 mm. wide, somewhat nodulose; spikelets oblong to oblong-cylindric; glumes pale, ovate, acute, tipped with an awn half as long as the body. Wet ground: Man.—Kans.—Tex.—N.M.—Wyo. Plain—Submont. Je—Au. 18. S. cyperinus (L.) Kunth. Stem smooth, obtusely 3-angled or nearly terete, 6-18 dm. high; leaf-blades elongate, 4-6 mm. wide, rough-margined; bracts 3-6, their bases often brown or black; umbels irregularly compound; SEDGE FAMILY 111 spikelets ovoid-oblong, obtuse, 3-10 mm. long; glumes ovate or lanceolate, acute or subacute. Swamps: Newf.—Fla.—bLa.—Sask. Plain. Au-S. 19. S. atrocinctus Fernald. Stem 5-12 dm. high, smooth, terete; leaves bright green, 2-5 mm. wide; bracts blackish at the base; spikelets 2.5-6 mm. long; glumes lance-ovate, acute; achenes 3-angled, white, ovate. Swamps: Newf.—N.J.—Ia.—B.C. Submont.—Mont. Je—-Au. 10. HEMICARPHA Nees & Arn. Dwarf annual tufted herbs. Leaves narrow, often setaceous. Spikelets terete, solitary or in small clusters. Glumes spirally arranged. Flowers per- fect, each with a small translucent scale between it and the axis. Perianth want- ing, z. e., bristles none. Stamen 1. Style 2-cleft, not swollen at the base. 1. H. aristulata (Coville) Smyth. Stem longer than the setaceous glabrous leaves, 5-20 cm. high; bracts 1-3, sometimes 2 em. long; spikelets 4-8 mm. long; glumes rhombic-obovate, brown, abruptly contracted into a subulate awn about as long as the body; achenes narrowly obovate, black. H. intermedia Piper. Sandy banks: Kans.—Tex.—Calif.—Wash. Son.—Submont. JI-S. 11. KOBRESIA Willd. Sedge-like perennials, with monoecious flowers. Spikelets several-flowered, forming a terminal spike. Glumes spirally arranged, the lower usually enclos- ing a pistillate, the upper a staminate flower. Stamens 3. Perianth lacking. Style short; stigmas 38. Achenes obtusely 3-angled. 1. K. bipartita (All.) Della Torre. Stems solitary or tufted, 1-3 dm. high, smooth; leaves about 1 mm. wide, involute; spikets several in a spike, ascending, linear; glumes somewhat serrulate on the keel, fully 1 mm. long. K. caricina Willd. Arctic-alpine situations: Greenl.—Alta.—B.C. Alp. Je-S. 12. ELYNA Schrad. Low, tufted, sedge-like monoecious plants. Leaves mostly basal, narrow. Spikelets 2-flowered, forming a terminal spike. Glumes of the spikelets 3 or 4, usually only one flower-bearing. Flowers 2, one staminate of 3 stamens, the other pistillate with a single pistil. Perianth none. Style slender, not jointed to the ovary; stigmas 3. Achenes obtusely 3-angled. 1. E. Bellardi (All.) C. Koch. Densely tufted; stems slender, 1-4 dm. high; old sheaths fibrillose, brown; leaf-blades revolute; spikelet subtended by a short bract or bractless, 15-30 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; achenes appressed, ellipsoid, 2 mm. long or less. Arctic-alpine situations: Greenl.—Alta.—n N.M.—Ore.— Alaska; Eurasia. Alp. Je—Au. 13. CAREX (Rupp.) L. Sevce.* Grass-like sedges, perennial by rootstocks. Culms mostly triangular, often strongly phyllopodic or aphyllopodic. Leaves 3-ranked, the upper (bracts) elongate or short, and subtending the spikes of flowers or wanting. Plants monoecious or sometimes dioecious; flowers solitary in the axils of scales (glumes). Spikes one to many, either wholly pistillate, wholly staminate, androgynous or gynaecandrous. Perianth none. Staminate flowers of three (or rarely two) stamens, the filaments filiform. Pistillate flowers of a single pistil, with a style and two or three stigmas. Achene completely surrounded by the perigynium, or rarely rupturing it in ripening, 3-angled, lenticular or plano-convex. Rhacheola occasionally developed. Spike one, androgynous; perigynia glabrous, thin, not margined or triangular, beaked; style withering, not continuous with the achene; stigmas three. Pistillate scales persistent; perigynia not stipitate, not becoming reflexed. Spike linear or linear-oblong; perigynia not inflated. 1. NARDINAE. Spike orbicular to short-ovoid; perigynia inflated. 2. INFLATAE. Pistillate scales deciduous; perigynia stipitate, at least the lower reflexed at maturity. 3. ATHROCHLAENAE. * Contributed by Mr. Kenneth K. Mackenzie. 112 CYPERACEAE Spikes one to many; if one, plant not as above. Achenes lenticular and stigmas two; lateral spikes sessile; terminal spike partly pistillate, or if staminate, the lateral spikes short, or heads dioecious. Spike one. Spike orbicular to short-ovoid. 4. CAPITATAE. Spike linear. 5. DIOICAE. Spikes more than one. Perigynia not white-puncticulate. Rootstocks long-creeping, the culms arising singly or few together. Perigynia not thin or wing-margined, the beak obliquely cut. Culms not branching. Spikes densely aggregate into a globular-ovoid head, appearing like one spike. 6. FOETIDAE. Spikes distinct. 7. DIVISAE. Culms becoming decumbent and branching. 8. CHORDORRHIZAE. Perigynia thin or wing-margined, the beak bidentate. 9. ARENARIAE. Rootstock not long-creeping, the culms densely cespitose. Spikes androgynous. Perigynia abruptly contracted into the beak. Spikes few (ten or less); perigynia green or tinged with reddish brown. 10. MUHLENBERGIANAE. Spikes numerous; perigynia yellowish or brownish. Perigynia yellowish; opaque part of leaf-sheath transversely rugulose. 11. MULTIFLORAE. Perigynia brownish; opaque part of leaf-sheath not trans- versely rugulose. 12. PANICULATAE. Perigynia tapering into the beak. 13. STENORHYNCHAE. Spikes gynaecandrous or pistillate or rarely staminate. Perigynia at most thin-edged. Perigynia spreading at maturity. 14. STELLULATAE Perigynia appressed. 15. DEWEYANAE. Perigynia narrowly to broadly wing-margined. 16. OVALES. Perigynia white-puncticulate. 17. CANESCENTES. Achenes triangular or lenticular; if lenticular, lower lateral spikes conspicuously peduncled, or terminal spike staminate and lateral spikes elongated. Achenes strongly constricted at base, rounded at apex. 18. PHYLLOSTACHYAE. Achenes not strongly constricted at base, pointed at apex. Spike one; perigynia rounded and beakless at apex. 19. POLYTRICHOIDEAE. Spikes one or more; when one, perigynia not both rounded and beakless at the apex. Perigynia both coriaceous and shining, the beak obliquely cut. Spike solitary. 20. OBTUSATAE. Spikes several. 21. NITIDAE. Perigynia not both coriaceous and shining. Spike one; perigynia triangular, glabrous, not reflexed or flattened. Perigynia prominently beaked, finely many-nerved. 22. RUPESTRES. Perigynia nearly beakless, 2-keeled but otherwise nerveless. 23. FIRMICULMES. Spikes one to many; when one, perigynia differing from above. Perigynia closely enveloping the achene, strongly tapering at base, pubescent or puberulent; bracts sheathless or nearly so. Spike normally one. Spikes androgynous; Jeaf-blades very narrow. 24. FILIFOLIAR. Spikes dioecious. 25. SCIRPINAE. Spikes two or more. 26. MONTANAE. Perigynia not as above; or if so, bracts strongly sheathing. Lowest bract long-sheathing, its blades rudimentary. Leaf-blades flat; perigynia puberulent or pubescent. 27. DIGITATAE. Leaf-blades filiform; perigynia glabrous. 28. ALBAE. Lowest bract sheathless or long-sheathing; if long-sheathing, its blade well-developed. Lowest bract strongly sheathing; perigynia never strongly bidentate with stiff teeth. Achenes lenticular; stigmas two. 29. BICOLORES. Achenes triangular; stigmas three. Scales not dark-tinged. Pistillate spikes short-oblong to linear, erect. Perigynia tapering at base, triangular, closely enveloping the achenes. Rootstock long-creeping. 30. PANICEAE. Rootstock not long-creeping. 31. LAXIFLORAE. SEDGE FAMILY 113 Perigynia rounded at base, suborbicular in cross-section, loosely enveloping achenes. 32. GRANULARES. Pistillate spikes elongate, linear to cylindric, slender peduncled, the lower drooping. Culms strongly reddish tinged at base, aphyl- lopodic. 33. DEBILES. Culms not strongly reddish tinged at base, phyllopodic. Spikes slender, few-flowered; perigynia 4 mm. long or less, not inflated, the beak not becoming bidentate. 34. CAPILLARES. Spikes dense, many-flowered; perigynia longer, more or less inflated, the beak becoming bidentate. 35. LONGIROSTRES. Scales dark-tinged. 36. FRIGIDAE. Lowest bract sheathless, or sheathing; if sheathing, peri- gynia strongly bidentate with stiff teeth. Foliage pubescent; perigynia not bidentate. i 37. PALLESCENTES. Foliage glabrous, or if rarely pubescent, perigynia bi- dentate. Perigynia rough-papillose. 38. ANOMALAE. Perigynia at most granular-roughened. ; Perigynia beakless or very short-beaked; achenes triangular. Perigynia glaucous. 39. LIMOSAR. Perigynia not glaucous. 40. ATRATAE. Perigynia with strongly bidentate beak, or if not, achenes lenticular, Achenes lenticular; perigynia dull. 41. ACUTAR. Achenes triangular, or if rarely lenticular, perigynia shining. Perigynia coriaceous, little if at all inflated, often pubescent; bracts sheathless. 42. HIRTAE. Perigynia glabrous, often inflated; if rarely coriaceous, the bracts sheathing. Perigynia little inflated; lower bract strongly sheathing. 43. EXTENSAE. Perigynia little to much inflated; lower bract not strongly sheathing. Spike one. 44. PAUCIFLORAR. Spikes more than one. Perigynia finely and _ closely ribbed. 45. PSEUDO-CYPEREAE. Perigynia coarsely ribbed or nerveless. 46. PHYSOCARPAF. 1. NARDINAE. Represented by one species in our range. 1. C. Hepburnii. 2. INFLATAE. Represented by one species in our range. 2. C. Engelmannii. 3. ATHRCCHLAENAE. Densely cespitose; leaf-blades involute, 1 mm. wide; staminate flowers few; perigynia erect until full maturity. : _ 38. C. pyrenaica. Short-stoloniferous; leaf-blades flat, 1.5 mm. wide or more; staminate flowers conspicuous; ' perigynia early deflexed. 4. C. nigricans. 4. CAPITATAE. ‘ Represented by one species. 5. C. capitata. 5. DIOICAR. Represented by one species in our range. 6. C. gynocrates. 6. FOETIDAE. Leaf-blades 2-3.5 mm. wide; perigynium little exceeding the scale at maturity. 7. C. vernacula. Leaf-blades 1.5 mm. wide or less; perigynium much exceeding the scale at maturity. Perigynia membranous, not stipitate. 8. C. perglobosa. | Perigynia not membranous, stipitate. 9. C. incurviformis. 8 li4t CYPERACEAE 7. DIVISAE. Rootstocks slender, light brownish; culms obtusely triangular, normally smooth; leaf- blades narrowly involute. Perigynia long-beaked; heads dioecious or nearly so. 10. C. Douglasii. Perigynia short-beaked; heads androgynous. 11. C. stenophylla. Rootstocks stout; culms acutely triangular, normally rough above. Perigynia not strongly nerved ventrally; leaf-sheaths hyaline. Perigynia chestnut, thick, the beak about one-fifth as long as the body. 12. C. simulata. Perigynia blackish in age, plano-convex, the beak one-third to one-half as long as the body. 13. C. praegracilis. Perigynia strongly nerved ventrally; upper leaf-sheaths green-striate opposite the blades. 14. C. Sartwellit. 8. CHORDORRHIZAE. Represented by one species in our range. 15. C. chordorrhiza. 9. ARENARIAE. Represented by one species in our range. 16. C. siccata. 10. MUHLENBERGIANAE. Sheaths tight, inconspicuously, if at all, septate-nodulose. Densely cespitose; head ovoid, capitate; perigynia serrulate to the middle. 17. C. Hoodii. Rootstocks elongate; head linear, interrupted; perigynia serrulate at the apex only. Scales obtuse to short-cuspidate, not concealing the spreading perigynia. Spikes with conspicuous staminate flowers; scales half as long as the perigynia. 18. C. vallicola. Spikes with inconspicuous staminate flowers; scales about as long as the peri- gynia. 19. C. occidentalis. Scales strongly cuspidate, concealing the appressed perigynia. 20. C. Hookeriana. Sheaths loose and membranous, easily breaking, conspicuously septate-nodulose. 21. C. gravida. 11. MULTIFLORAE. Represented by one species in our range. 22. C. vulpinoidea. 12. PANICULATAE. Culms loosely cespitose; sheaths not copper-tinged at the mouth; head little interrupted; perigynia 2—2.75 mm. long, shining, not concealed by the scales. 23. C. diandra. Culms densely cespitose; sheaths copper-tinged at the mouth; head interrupted; peri- gynia 2.5—4 mm. long, dull, concealed by the scales. Leaves 1—2.5 mm. wide; perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long; scales tinged with reddish brown. 24. C. prairea. Leaves 2.5-6 mm. wide; perigynia 3—4 mm. long; scales chestnut-tinged. 25. C. Cusickit. 13. STENORHYNCHAE. Perigynia ea mm. long, the beak much shorter than the body; scales strongly dark- tinged Leaves clustered at base; sheaths not cross-rugulose ventrally; culms slender. 26. C. Jonesii. Leaves not clustered at base; sheaths cross-rugulose ventrally; culms stout. 27. C. nervina. Perigynia 4—6 mm. long, the beak longer than the body; scales not dark-tinged. 28. C. stipata. 14. STELLULATAE. Spikes in a small (6-10 mm. long) densely capitate brownish black head. 29. C. illota. Spikes more or less widely separate, not brownish black. Perigynia broadest in middle, the beak sparingly serrulate; culms weak. 30. C. laeviculmis. Perigynia broadest near base, the beak strongly serrulate; culms stiff. Beak of the perigynia one-fourth as long as the body, the teeth short, and ventral suture inconspicuous. 31. C. interior. Beak of the perigynia longer, strongly bidentate, the ventral suture conspicuous. 32. C. angustior. 15. DEWEYANAE. Culms densely cespitose; perigynia tapering at base, 4-5 mm. long, the upper part of the body covered by translucent scale. 33. C. Deweyana. Rootstocks slender, elongate; perigynia substipitate, 3.5-4.5 mm. long. Perigynia shallowly bidentate, the upper part of body not covered Be the scale. 34. C. leptopoda. Perigynia deeply bidentate, the body covered by the scale. 35. C. Bolanderi. 16. OVALES. Lower bract or bracts conspicuous, several-many times the length of the head. Perigynia subulate, the beak much longer than body; lower bracts more than 1 dm. long, without yellowish brown margins at base. 36. C. sychnocephala. SEDGE FAMILY 115 Perigynia lance-ovate, the beak shorter than the body; longer bracts less than 1 dm. long, with yellowish brown margins at base. Perigynia nerveless ventrally, tawny at orifice. 37. C. athrostachya. Perigynia nerved ventrally, hyaline at orifice. 38. C. tenuirostris. Bracts not conspicuous, rarely slightly exceeding the head. Beak of the perigynia flattened and serrulate to tip, often strongly bidentate. Scales about the length of the perigynia and nearly of the same width above, the perigynia nearly entirely concealed. Head stiff, the spikes approximate. Perigynia less than 5.5 mm. long, at most faintly nerved on inner face, loosely ascending; spikes suborbicular; lower bracis Rorartieerte: stiff. ; . adusta. Perigynia 5.5-7 mm. long, finely many-nerved on inner face, appressed; spikes oblong-elliptic: bracts not stiff. 40. C. petasata. Head not stiff, flexuous or moniliform. 41. C. aenea. Scales shorter than perigynia and noticeably narrower above, the upper part of perigynia largely exposed. Perigynia subulate to lanceolate, at least 214 times as long as wide. Perigynia subulate, the margin at the base almost obsolete. 42. C. Crawfordii. Perigynia lanceolate, the margin conspicuous to the base. 43. C. scoparia. Perigynia ovate-lanceolate or broader, at most twice as long as wide. Perigynia narrowly to broadly ovate, 3-4 mm. long. Perigynia brownish; spikes closely aggregate, rounded at base. 44. C. Bebbii. Ferinyila Steen; spikes contiguous to widely separate, usually tapering at base. Leaf-blades 2.5 mm. wide or less; perigynia spreading-ascending; culms slender. 45. C. tenera. Leaf-blades 2-6 mm. wide (averaging 4 mm.); perigynia appressed- ascending; culms stout. 46. C. tincta. Perigynia ovate or broader, 3.75-6 mm. long. Perigynia thick, abruptly short-beaked; scales little, if at all, tinged with brownish red. 47. C. brevior. Perigynia thin, tapering to the beak; scales strongly tinged with chest- nut-brown. 48. C. Egglestonii. Beak of the perigynia slender, terete and scarcely, if at all, serrulate towards tip, obliquely cut, at times becoming obscurely bidentate. Scales about the length of the perigynia, and of nearly the same width above, the perigynia nearly entirely concealed. Culms and head stiff and rigid. Culms 1-3 dm. high, in large stools; scales strongly tinged with reddish brown; perigynia lanceolate. 49. C. phaeocephala. Culms taller, not in large stools; scales lighter-colored; perigynia ovate, in age golden yellow at base. 50. C. zerantica. Culms slender; head fiexuous or moniliform. Scales light reddish brown tinged. 51. C. practicola. Scales chestnut-brown tinged. 52. C. Piperi. Scales shorter than perigynia and noticeably narrower above, the upper part of perigynia largely exposed. Perigynia thin and membranous, except where distended by the achene. Perigynia 3.5—5 mm. long; culms slender. Perigynia lance-ovate, very narrowly margined, spreading; culms biennial. 53. C. microptera. Perigynia ovate, strongly margined, appressed; culms annual. 54. C. festivella. Perigynia 4.5—6 mm. long; culms low. Perigynia lanceolate to broadly ovate, nerveless or nearly so on inner face, the beaks conspicuous; culms slender, ascending or decumbent. 55. C. nubicola. Perigynia narrowly lanceolate, finely nerved on inner face, the beaks appressed; culms stiff, erect. 56. C. ebenea. Perigynia strongly plano-convex, the walls thick. Spikes densely capitate; beak of the perigynia obliquely cut, dark-tipped. 57. C. pachystachya. Spikes not capitate; beak of the perigynia bidentate, reddish-tipped. 58. C. Preslii. 17. CANESCENTES. Spikes androgynous; perigynia unequally biconvex. 59. C. disperma. Spikes gynaecandrous; perigynia plano-convex. Lowest bract bristle-like, much prolonged, many times exceeding its 1—5-flowered spike; spikes widely separate. 60. C. irisperma. : Lowest pee much shorter or none; spikes several-many-flowered, the upper approxi- mate. Spikes 2-4, subglobose, closely approximate, forming an ovate or subglobose head; : perigynia scarcely beaked; scales white-hyaline. 61. C. tenuifiora. Spikes one-many, the lower more or less strongly separate; head elongate; peri- gynia shortly to strongly beaked: scales darker. Perigynia broadest near middle; beak short, smooth or moderately serrulate 116 CYPERACEAE ; Beak of the perigynia smooth or very nearly so; scales obtuse to acutish, strongly tinged with reddish brown or chestnut; spikes closely ap- proximate. Terminal spike strongly tapering at base; culms rough at apex only. 62. C. Lachenalii. Terminal spike little tapering at the base: culms usually very rough. 63. C. Heleonastes. Beak of the perigynia serrulate, or if smooth scales acutish to cuspidate and scarcely, if at all, tinged with reddish brown; lower spikes remote. Plant glaucous; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide; spikes many-flowered; perigynia scarcely beaked, appressed ascending, with emarginate or entire orifice. 64. C. canescens. Plant not glaucous; leaf-blades 1—2.5 mm. wide; spikes fewer-flowered ; perigynia distinctly beaked, loosely spreading, with minutely biden- tate orifice. 65. C. brunnescens. Perigynia ovate, broadest near the base; beak conspicuous: sehen ey serrulate. - arcta. 18. PHYLLOSTACHYAE. Perigynia with long smooth beak; foliage deep green. 67. C. durifolia. 7 Perigynia with short sparingly serrulate beak; foliage light or glaucous green. 68. C. saximontana. 19. POLYTRICHOIDEAE. Represented by one species. 69. C. leptalea. 20. OBTUSATAE. Represented by one species. 70. C. obtusata. 21. NITIDAE. Represented by one species in our range. 71. C. supina. 22. RUPESTRES. Represented by one species. 72. C. rupestris. 23. FIRMICULMES. Represented by one species in our range. 73. C. Geyeri. 24. FILIFOLIAE. Leaf-blades filiform at base, 0.25—0.5 mm. wide; culms filiform, obtusely triangular, smoothish; lowest scale rarely Genet Perigynia sharply triangular below, obpyramidal; basal sheaths rarely filamentose. 74. C. elynoides. Perigynia rounded on the angles, obovoid to globose; basal sheaths filamentose. 75. C. filifolia. Leaf-blades flattened at base, 1.5—-2 mm. wide; culms stoutish, sharply triangular, often much roughened; lowest scale conspicuously awned. 76. C. oreocharis. 25. SCIRPINAE. Culms phyllopodic, the culm-leaves 6-10; scales concéaling perigynia. 77. C. pseudoscirpoidea. Culms aphyllopodic, the culm-leaves 3-6; scales shorter than perigynia. Perigynia lanceolate, flattish, 4 mm. long. 78. C. stenochlaena. Perigynia broader, triangular, 3 mm. long or less. Scales very minutely hyaline-margined; perigynia whitish-pubescent. 79. C. scirpoidea. Scales very broadly hyaline-margined; perigynia yellowish-hirsute. 80. C. scirpiformis. 26. MONTANAE. Basal spikes absent. Long stoloniferous; scales about equalling the perigynia. 81.1.4. heliophila. Without long stolons; scales much shorter than the penleynias Canoe wa iC reckit- Basal spikes present. Lower bract exceeded by the culm, scale-like, hyaline-margined at base. 83. C. umbellala. Lower bract normally exceeding the culm, leaf-like, not hyaline-margined at base. Perigynia 2.75 mm. long or less, shallowly bidentate; rootstocks slender. 84. C. dejiera. Perigynia longer, deeply bidentate; culms densely cespitose. 85. C. Rossii. 27. DIGITATAE. Basal spikes present; scales abruptly cuspidate. 86. C. pedunculata. Basal spikes absent; scales not abruptly cuspidate. Staminate spike 3-6 mm. long; scales obtuse, one-half as long as the perigynia. . C. concinna. Staminate spike 8-22 mm. long; scales acute to acuminate, from little shorter than to exceeding the perigynia. Perigynia loosely pubescent, wider and longer than the scales; staminate spike nearly sessile; pistillate spikes few-flowered. 88. C. concinnoides. Perigynia appressed-pubescent, narrower and shorter than the scales; staminate spike noticeably peduncled; pistillate spikes many-flowered. 89. C. Richardsonii. SEDGE FAMILY 1b UF 28. ALBAE. Represented by one species in our range. 90. C. eburnea. 29. BICOLORES. Mature perigynia whitish, ellipsoid, not fleshy or translucent. 91. C. Hassei. Mature perigynia orange or brownish, broader, fleshy, translucent. e 92. C. aurea. 30. PANICEAE. Beak of the perigynia none or very short. Sheaths of the bracts short; plant glaucous; leaf-blades ppvelute, en oe . C. livida. Sheaths of the bracts long; plant not glaucous; leaf-blades flat; spikes distant. Fertile culm-blades 3-5, 2-3.5 mm. wide; perigynia 3.5 mm. long or less; spikes linear. . 94. C. tetanica. Fertile culm-blades 6-10, 3-7 mm. wide; perigynia longer; spikes oblong or linear- oblong. 95. C. Meadii. Beak of the perigynia straight, prominent. 96. C. vaginata. 31. LAXIFLORAE. Represented by one species in our range. 97. C. blanda. - 32. GRANULARES. Plants cespitose; bracts elongate, overtopping the spikes; staminate epike short-stalked. 98. C. Shriveri. Plants with long-creeping rootstocks; bracts short, rarely overtopping the spikes; stam- inate spike long-stalked. 99. C. Crawei. 33. DEBILES. Represented by one species in our range. 100. C. Assiniboinensis. 34. CAPILLARES. Represented by one species in our range. 101. C. capillaris. 35. LONGIROSTRES. Represented by one species iu our range. 102. C. Sprengelii. 36. FRIGIDAE. Terminal spike staminate or gynaecandrous, the lateral ones pistillate. Terminal spike usually gynaecandrous, the lateral ones ovoid or short-oblong. 103. C. misandra. Terminal spike staminate (or with a few perigynia), the lateral ones oblong or linear- cylindric. Perigynia triangular, slightly compressed. 104. C. luzulina. Perigynia strongly compressed. 105. C. fissuricola. Terminal spike androgynous, the upper lateral staminate, the lower pistillate. Perigynia lanceolate, 1.5 mm. wide, tapering to the apex; spikes 2—5, usually 4. 106. C. petricosa. Perigynia oblong-oval, 2.25 mm. wide, abruptly minutely beaked; spikes more numerous. 107. C. Franklinii. 37. PALLESCENTES. Represented by one species in our range. 108. C. abbreviata. 38. ANOMALAR. Represented by one species in our range. 109. C. amplifolia. 39. LIMOSAE. Pistillate spikes drooping. Plants strongly stoloniferous; leaf-blades involute, glaucous, 3 mm. wide or less; scales little exceeding the perigynia. 110. C. limosa. Plant tufted; leaf-blades flat, not glaucous, wider; scales much exceeding the peri- gynia. 111. C. paupercula. Pistillate spikes erect. 112. C. Buxbaumii. 40. ATRATAE. Terminal spike in some plants pistillate and linear-cylindric or staminate only at apex, in others staminate. Scales not long-pointed, little exceeding the perigynia; perigynia flattened, sharp- edged. 113. C Parryana. Scales long-pointed, 2-3 times as long as the perigynia; perigynia little flattened. ; 114. C. idahoa. Terminal spike staminate or gynaecandrous, not pistillate and linear-cylindric. Terminal spike staminate. Culms few-leaved, strongly aphyllopodic, purplish tinged at base. Staminate scales obtuse, the midvein nearly or quite obsolete. Staminate scales obovate; pistillate scales with obsolete (or nearly so) midvein; perigynia nerveless. 115. C. podocarpa. ’ Staminate scales linear-lanceolate; pistillate scales with strong midvein; perigynia 2-nerved. 116. C. venustula. Staminate scales with conspicuous more or less excurrent midvein. __ 117. C. spectabilis. 118 CYPERACEAE Culms many-leaved, clothed at base with dried-up leaves of previous year, not purplish tinged at base. Perigynia flat. 118. C. Tolmiei. Perigynia round in cross-section, many-nerved. 119. C. Raynoldsii. Terminal spike gynaecandrous. Perigynia triangular in cross-section, nerveless or nearly so, 2.5 mm. long or less. 120. C. Halleri. Perigynia longer, many-nerved or with two prominent marginal nerves, more or less strongly flattened. Spikes contiguous, sessile or short-peduncled, forming a dense head; culms stiff, erect. Perigynia subinflated-triangular, scarcely compressed, the beak 1 mm. long 121. C. Nelsonii. Periewie strongly compressed, the beak 0.5 mm. long Lowest spike slightly separate, short-peduncled; scales black, with very conspicuous white hyaline apex and upper margins. 122. C. albo-nigra. Spikes closely contiguous and sessile; scales black with inconspicuous hyaline apex and margins. 123. C. nova. Lowest spike (or spikes) strongly peduncled, usually distant, erect or nodding. ‘ Spikes 3—5, not oblong-cylindriz; walls of the perigynia not papery; peri- gynia 2.5-4.5 mm. long, nerveless or obscurely nerved on the face, dull green to brownish black; scales from a little shorter to a little longer than the perigynia. Perigynia slightly inflated and sub-triangular, not strongly compressed. 124. C. atrosquama. Perigynia strongly compressed. Perigynia sharp-edged, the margins much narrower than the achene; lateral spikes linear. Scales shining, with the midvein conspicuous the whole length, exceeded by the perigynia. 125. C. bella. Scales dull with inconspicuous midvein, about covering the perigynia. 126. C. atratiformis. Perigynia widely margined, the margins as wide as the achene; lateral spikes oblong or linear-oblong or ovoid. Perigynia granular-roughened; achenes short-stipitate. Upper pistillate scales exceeding the perigynia; lateral spikes ovoid; lowest peduncle less than the length of the spike. 127. C. chalciolepis. Upper pistillate scales exceeded by the perigynia; lateral spikes oblong or linear-oblong; lowest peduncle 1—2 times as long as the spike. 128. C. atrata. Perigynia smooth; achenes strongly stipitate. 129. C. epapillosa. Spikes 6-10, oblong-cylindric: walls of the perigynia papery; perigynia 5 mm. long, lightly 3-nerved, light green, much shorter than the peri- gynia. 130. C. Mertensii. 41. ACUTAE. Culms phyllopodic. Beak of the perigynia, if present, not deeply bidentate. Lowest bract exceeded by the inflorescence; scales with obsolete or slender mid- vein; culms low, stiff, solitary or in small clumps, freely stoloniferous. Perigynia plano-convex, puncticulate, appressed. 131. C. concolor. Perigynia soon turgid, papillose, spreading. Scales ovate, exceeded by the perigynia. 132. C. scopulorum. Scales lanceolate, exceeding the perigynia. 133. C. chimaphila. Lowest bract exceeding the inflorescence; scales usually with a slender midvein or broad light-colored center; culms taller, less stiff, in darger clumps. Perigynia turgid, spreading. 134 aperta. Perigynia not turgid, appressed or ascending. Stolons absent; perigynia conspicuously nerved; leaf-blades 1—3 mm. wide. Perigynia substipitate, glaucous, granular-roughened all over, the body two-thirds as wide as long. 135. C. lenticularis. Perigynia strongly stipitate, green, granular rougacues at the apex only, the body half as wide as long. 36. C. Kelloggii. Stolons present, long; perigynia nerveless or incon pieaGHEle nerved; leaf- blades 2-6 mm. wide. Perigynia narrowly to very broadly elliptic, broadest below apex, less than 3 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide. 137. C. aquatilis. Perigynia strongly obovate, broadest at the apex, 3 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide. 138. C. substricta. Beak of the penigwnis markedly bidentate, the body strongly ribbed. 139. C. nebraskensis. Fertile culms aphyllopodic. Lower sheaths smooth; scales not blackish. 140. C. Emoryi. Lower sheaths strongly hispidulous; scales blackish. 141. C. prionophylla. 42. HIRTAE. Beak of the perigynia much shorter than the body, the teeth 1 mm. long or less. Perigynia glabrous to sparsely pubescent. 142. C. lacustris. SEDGE FAMILY 119 Perigynia densely or strongly pubescent. Nerves of the perigynia obscured by pubescence, the teeth of beak short. Leaf-blades flat, more than 2 mm. wide. 143. C. lanuginosa. Leaf-blades inyolute, 2 mm. wide or less. 144. C. lasiocarpa. Nerves of the perigynia prominent, the teeth of beak prominent, slender. _ 145. C. Houghtonit. B2a of the perigynia including teeth nearly as long as body, the teeth 1.6 mm. long or more. Perigynia glabrous. : Perigynia ovoid, the teeth less than 2 mm. long, erect or spreading; scales acute to aristate; leaf-blades glabrous. 146. C. laeviconica. Perigynia lanceolate or ovoid-lanceolate, the teeth 24 mm. long, widely spread- ing; scales long-aristate; leaf-blades pubescent beneath. 147. C. atherodes Perigynia hairy. 148. C. Sheldonit. 43. EXTENSAE. Perigynia 2-3 mm. long, the beak scarcely half as long as the body. 5 149. C. viridula. Perigynia 4-6 mm. long, the beak about as long as the body. 150. C. flava. 44, PAUCIFLORAE. Rhacheola present, conspicuously exserted; culms with many leaves. - : 151. C. microglochin. Rhacheola absent or rudimentary, not conspicuously exserted; culms with few leaves. 152. C. paucifiora. 45. PSEUDO-CYPEREAE. Perigynia suborbicular in cross-section, more or less inflated. 153. C. hystricina. Perigynia obtusely triangular, scarcely inflated, closely enveloping, ee 54. C. comosa. 46. PHYSOCARPAE. Eecigynis es inflated: beak entire or emarginate: stigmas normally two and achenes enticular. Perigynia lanceolate; fertile culms filamentose at the base; rootstocks creeping. 155. C. miliaris. Perigynia ovoid; fertile culms rarely if ever filamentose at the base; plant loosely stoloniferous. 156. C. sazatilis. Perigynia from littie to much inflated; beak bidentate; stigmas normally three and achenes triangular. : Pistillate spikes globose or short-oblong, 5—15-flowered. 157. C. oligosperma. Pistillate spikes oblong to cylindric, 15—many-flowered. Lower perigynia not refiexed; bracts moderately exceeding the spikes. Perigynia ascending; lower sheaths more or less strongly filamentose; culms sharply triangular. Perigynia 6-8 mm. long. Perigynia oblong-ovoid, tapering into the beak; spikes loosely flowered at base. 158. C. Raeana. Perigynia ovoid or globose-ovoid, contracted into the beak; spikes more closely flowered. 159. C. vesicaria. Perigynia 8-10 mm. long, tapering into the beak. 160. C. ersiccata. Perigynia spreading at maturity; lower sheaths not filamentose; culms bluntly triangular below the spikes. 161. C. rostrata. Lower perigynia reflexed; bracts many times exceeding the spikes. «162. C. retrorsa. 1. NarpinaE Kiikenth. Very densely cespitose. Leaf-blades filiform. Spike solitary, linear-oblong, androgynous, densely flowered, bractless. Peri- gynia ascending, biconvex, elliptic-ovate, not inflated, the walls thin, glabrous, striate, stipitate, the beak hyaline-tipped, in age bidentulate. Achenes lenticular or triangular. Stigmas 2 or 3. 1. C. Hepburnii Boott. Culms 2-15 em. high; sheaths strongly hyaline- margined above, abruptly contracted into the blades; spike 5-12 mm. long, with 1-10 perigynia; scales ovate, acutish, the midvein conspicuous; perigynia 3 mm. long; achenes usually triangular. C. nardina Auth., in part. C. stantonensis = Jones. Dry alpine slopes: Alta—Colo—Wash.—B.C. Alp.—Subalp. —Au. 2. InFuaTAE Kiikenth. Cespitose, the rootstocks elongate. Leaf-blades filiform. Spike solitary, ovoid, androgynous, densely flowered, bractless. Perigynia inflated, the walls very thin, slightly nerved, sessile, the smooth beak a tipped, obliquely cut, in age bidentulate. Achenes triangular. Stigmas ee. 2. C. Engelmannii Bailey. Culms 5-20 ecm. high; leaf-blades about 0.5 mm. wide; spike with 15-40 ascending perigynia; scales 1-nerved, acute to cuspi- 120 CYPERACEAE date; perigynia ovate, 4.5-5 mm. long, tapering at apex; achenes 1.25 mm. long. Isolated stations on mountain summits: Colo.; Wyo.; Wash. Alp.—Subalp. Au. 3. ATHROCHLAENAE Holm. Cespitose or with creeping rootstocks. Leaf- blades narrow. Spike solitary, androgynous, bractless, narrow, densely many- flowered. Pistillate scales soon falling. Perigynia slenderly strongly stipitate, widely spreading or the lower reflexed, obscurely triangular, nerveless, membran- aceous, long-beaked, the beak obliquely cut, becoming bidentulate. Achenes usually triangular. Stigmas 3, or occasionally 2. 3. C. pyrenaica Wahl. Culms 3-20 cm. high, wiry, slender, smooth; leaves 2-3 to a fertile culm; spike 5-20 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; scales chestnut tinged; perigynia 3-4 mm. long. Alpine localities: _Mack.—Colo.—Ore.—Alaska; Eurasia. Alp.—Subalp. JI-S. 4. C. nigricans C. A. Meyer. Culms 5-20 em. high, stiff, firm, smooth; leaves 4-9 to a fertile culm; spike 8-15 mm. long, 6-9 mm. wide; scales dark brown tinged; perigynia 4 mm. long. Alpine localities: Alta.—Colo.—Calif.— Alaska. Alp—Mont. JIS. 4. CaprTaTAE Christ. Cespitose, the rootstocks somewhat elongate. Leaf- blades filiform. Spike solitary, ovoid, androgynous, densely flowered, bractless. Perigynia plano-convex, sharp-edged, not inflated, the walls thinnish, essentially nerveless, sessile, the smooth beak conspicuously hyaline-tipped, in age bidentu- late. Achenes lenticular. Stigmas 2. 5. C. capitata L. Culms 1-2 dm. high; leaf-blades about 0.5 mm. wide; spike with 6-25 ascending perigynia; scales ovate-orbicular, obtuse; perigynia 2-2.5 mm. long, and about as broad, abruptly beaked. An arctic species also occurring very locally on mountain summits southward: Greenl.—Alaska; also N.H.; Alta.; Calif.; Nev.; Mex.; Hu. Alp. Je—Au. 5. Dioicamr Tuckerm. Rootstocks elongate. Culms slender. Leaf-blades filiform. Spike solitary, bractless, staminate, pistillate or androgynous, narrow. Perigynia at length widely spreading, plano- or bi-convex, not inflated, subcori- aceous, glabrous, nerved, rounded and spongy at base, sharp-edged, strongly beaked, the apex hyaline, in age bidenticulate. Achenes lenticular. Stigmas 2. 6. C. gynocrates Wormskj. Culms 1-3 em. high, smooth; rootstocks horizontal; spike 5-15 mm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; scales sharp-pointed, reddish brown; perigynia few, 3 mm. long, biconvex, nerved, narrowed into a rough beak half as long as the body. Sphagnum swamps: Greenl.—N.Y.—Mich.— Colo.—Alaska; Siberia. Alp.—Mont. Southward local. My—Au. 6. Fortipar Tuckerm. Rootstocks elongate, dark-colored, the culms arising singly or a few together. Leaf-blades narrow. Spikes few to several, androgy- nous, aggregated into a dense subglobose or ovoid head. Perigynia spreading, plano-convex, membranaceous, usually obsoletely nerved, loosely enveloping the achene, rounded at the base, stipitate, the beak obliquely cut, at times bidentulate. Achenes lenticular. Stigmas 2. 7. C. vernacula Bailey. Culms 1-2 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades 5-12 em. long, stiff; head very dense, globose, about 1 em. in diameter; perigynia ovoid, 3.5-4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, scarcely inflated, more or less nerved. Alpine slopes: Wyo.—-Colo.—Calif—Wash. Alp. Jl-Au. 8. C. perglobosa Mackenzie. Culms 1-1.5 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades 2-8 cm. long; head very dense, globose, about 1 cm. in diameter; perigynia ovoid-elliptic, 4 mm. long, 2.25 mm. wide, membranous, not stipitate, more or less inflated. C. incurva Lightf. var. chartacea Kiikenth. Alpine ridges: Colo. Alp. Au-S. 9. C. incurviformis Mackenzie. Culms 2-5 em. high, smooth, obtusely angled; leaf-blades 2-4 em. long; head dense, globose, 7-9 mm. in diameter; scales lance-ovate, chestnut with narrow hyaline margins, acuminate; perigynia é SEDGE FAMILY 121 elliptic-lanceolate, 3.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, finely conspicuously many- nerved, not inflated, nor membranous, stipitate. Alpine ridges: Alta. Alp. Jl. 7. DivisakE Christ. Rootstocks long-creeping, dark-colored, tough, the culms arising singly or in small clumps at intervals, mostly stiff, dark-tinged at the base, aphyllopodic. Leaf-blades narrow. Spikes few to many, more or less closely aggregated into an oblong or oblong-ovoid head, androgynous or dioeci- ous, ovoid or oblong. Heads in some species dioecious or nearly so. Lowest one or several of the lower bracts developed, short-prolonged, the others bract- like. Perigynia appressed-ascending, plano-convex, smooth, often shining, coriaceous, more or less nerved on outer and nerved or nerveless on inner surface, sharp-edged but not wing-margined, rounded and spongy at base, the obliquely cut beak in age bidentulate. Achenes lenticular, closely enveloped. Stigmas 2. 10. C. Douglasii Boott. Culms 6-30 em. high; leaf-blades 1-2.5 mm. wide; staminate spikes linear-elliptic, 8-15 mm. long, 2.5-4 mm. wide: pistillate spikes ’ wider; scales ovate to lanceolate, yellowish-brown, with hyaline margins and lighter center, concealing the perigynia; perigynia lanceolate, strongly nerved, 4 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, light brownish; styles elongate. C. irrasa Bailey. Dry or alkaline soil: Man.—Neb.—N.M.—Calif—B.C. Plain—Mont. My- Au. 11. C. stenophylla Wahl. Culms 5-20 em. high; leaf-blades 1.5 mm. wide at the base, involute above; spikes few, densely aggregated into a head 7-15 mm. long; scales broadly ovate, brownish with hyaline margins; perigynia few to a spike, ovate, lightly nerved on both surfaces, 3 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, blackish at maturity; styles short. C. Eleocharis Bailey. Dry soil: Man.— Iowa—N.M.—Utah—Yukon; Eurasia. Plains—Mont. Je—Jl. 12. C. simulata Mackenzie. Culms 3-5 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide, flat; head 12-25 mm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, the spikes densely aggregated, pistillate, staminate, or androgynous; scales brown with hyaline margins, conceal- ing the perigynia; perigynia 2.25 mm. long, 1.4 mm. wide, round-truncate at base, abruptly beaked, serrulate above. C.GayanaN.Am.auth. Wet soil: Mont. —N.M.—Calif—Wash. Submont.—Mont. My-S. 13. C. praegracilis W. Boott. Culms 2-5 dm. high; leaf-blades 1.5-3 mm. wide, flattened or channelled; head linear-oblong to ovate-oblong, 1-5 em. long, 6-12 mm. wide, the 5-15 spikes densely aggregated, androgynous, with 4-10 perigynia; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute to cuspidate, light brownish, with hyaline margins, nearly concealing the perigynia; perigynia 3-4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, dark brown at maturity, nerved on the outer, nearly nerveless on the inner surface. C. marcida Boott. C. usta Bailey. C. alterna (Bailey) Clarke. C. camporum Mackenzie. Meadows, widely distributed and variable: Man.—lowa—Kans.—Calif—B.C.; Mex. Prairie—Plains—Submont. My- _ Au. 14. C. Sartwellii Dewey. Culms 4-7 dm. high, rough above; leaf-blades 2.5-4 mm. wide, flat; head oblong, 3-5 em. long, about 1 em. wide, the numerous spikes densely aggregated, the larger with 15-20 perigynia; perigynia lance-ovate, 2.5-4 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, finely nerved, the beak much shorter than the body. Marshes and bogs: Ont.—N.Y.—IIl.—Colo—Mont. Plain—Submont. —Boreal. My-Au. 8. CHORDORRHIZAE Fries. Culms elongate, prostrate, branching, the root- stocks and roots little developed. Leaf-blades narrow. Spikes 3-10, androgy- nous, few-flowered, closely aggregated into an ovoid head. Bracts absent or inconspicuous. Perigynia very thick, plano-convex, oblong-ovate, smooth, shining, coriaceous, closely many-nerved, rounded on the margins, rounded and spongy at the base, the short beak obliquely cut. Achenes lenticular, closely enveloped. Stigmas 2. 15. C. chordorrhiza Ehrh. Culms 1.5-3 dm. high; head 1-1.5 em. long; perigynia 4-5 mm. long. Sphagnum bogs: Anticosti~Me.—Ind.—Sask.— Mack.—B.C.; Eurasia. Boreal. My-—Jl. 122 CYPERACEAE 9. AreNARIAE Kunth. Rootstocks long-creeping, dark-colored, tough, the culms arising singly or in small clumps at intervals, mostly stiff, dark-tinged at base, aphyllopodic. Leaf-blades narrow. Spikes several to many, more or less closely aggregated, some or all gynaecandrous or staminate, some usually pistil- late or androgynous. Lower bract or bracts short-prolonged; the others bract- like. Perigynia appressed-ascending, plano-convex, sharp or wing-margined, at least above, conspicuously rough-beaked, the beak sharply bidentate. Achenes lenticular. Stigmas 2. 16. C. siccata Dewey. Culms 2-9 dm. high, rough above; leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide, flat or channeled; head linear-oblong, 2—3.5 em. long, 5-10 mm. wide, the 6-12 spikes closely aggregated, except the lower 1-3; perigynia few to several, ovate-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, much flattened, several-nerved, the beak as long as the body. Dry soil and hills: Me.—N.J.—Ariz.—Alta. Boreal—Mont.—Submont. My-—Jl. 10. MuHLENBERGIANAE Tuckerm. Densely cespitose or in a few species ° the rootstocks elongate, tough and dark-colored. Culms not flattened. Opaque part of sheaths neither transversely rugulose nor red-dotted. Spikes usually ten or less, androgynous or pistillate but never gynaecandrous, rarely at all compound. Bracts from little to strongly developed. Perigynia plano-convex, green or chestnut-tinged or light brownish in age, from appressed to reflexed, often strongly spongy at base, nerveless or sparingly nerved, narrowly sharp- margined, conspicuously beaked, the beak sharply bidentate. Achenes lenticular. Style-base more or less thickened. Stigmas 2. 17. C. Hoodii Boott. Culms 3-6 dm. high, rough above; leaf-blades 1.5-3.5 mm. wide, flat; head globose or oblong-ovate, 1-2 cm. long, 8-15 mm. wide, the spikes several, with 5-10 ascending perigynia; perigynia lance-ovate, 4-5 mm. long, 1.75-2 mm. wide, obsoletely nerved, margined above, the beak one- third the length of the body. Mountain meadows and slopes: Alta.—Colo.— Jalif—B.C. Mont.—Submont. Je—Au. 18. C. vallicola Dewey. Culms 2.5-6 dm. high, rough above; leaf-blades about 1 mm. wide, flat or channeled; head 15-20 mm. long, 7 mm. wide; peri- gynia 1-10, oblong-elliptic, 3.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, not nerved, margined above, the short beak minutely serrulate. C. brevisquama Mackenzie. Dry slopes: Wyo.—Ore. Swbmont. My-Je. 19. C. occidentalis Bailey. Culms 2.5-7.5 dm. high, rough above; leaf- blades flat, channeled, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide; head 1.5-3 em. long, less than 1 em. wide; perigynia usually 7-15, lance-ovate, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, nerveless, margined above, the serrulate beak one-third the length of the body. Dry places: Wyo.—N.M.—Ariz.—Utah. Submont.—Subalp. My—Au. 20. C. Hookeriana Dewey. Culms 2.5-5 dm. high, rough above; leaf- blades channeled, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide; head 1.5-2 em. long, about 7 mm. wide; perigynia few, strictly appressed, lanceolate, 4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, nerve- less, margined, the serrulate beak half the length of the body. Dry soil: Alta. Boreal—Submont. Je. 21. C. gravida Bailey. Culms 4-8 dm. high, sharply triangular, rough above, cespitose from short rootstocks; leaf-blades flat, 3-14 mm. wide; head 2-3.5 em. long, 8-14 mm. wide, ovoid or oblong; perigynia 10-20, dull, ascending, broadly ovate or suborbicular, 3-4 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, little-nerved, the beak one-third the length of the body. Prairies and plains: Ill—Mo.—N.M.— Mont. Plain—Submont. My-—Jl. 11. Muurirtorast Kunth. Densely cespitose. Culms sharply triangular. Opaque part of sheaths usually transversely rugulose, red-dotted. Spikes num- erous, small, androgynous or pistillate, but never gynaecandrous, the lower more or less compound. Bracts frequently conspicuous. Perigynia plano-convex, not very thick, yellowish or yellowish brown, appressed-ascending or somewhat spreading, not thick-walled, somewhat spongy at base, short-stipitate, sharp- margined, more or less nerved, conspicuously rough-beaked, the beak bidentate. Achenes lenticular. Stigmas 2. Style-base more or less enlarged. SEDGE FAMILY 123 22. C. vulpinoidea Michx. Culms 3-9 dm. high, very rough above, exceeding the leaves; leaf-blades long-tapering, 2-5 mm. wide; head 2-12 em. long, with very many small spikes; pistillate scales strongly awned; perigynia yellowish at maturity, 2-3 mm. long, the beak about the length of the body. Swampy places: N.B.—Fla.—Tex.—Colo.—Ore.—B.C. Plains. Je-Au. 12. PanicutaTake Kunth. Densely or loosely cespitose. Culms not flat- tened. Opaque part of sheaths strongly red-dotted. Spikes numerous, small, androgynous or pistillate, but never gynaecandrous, the lower compound or decompound. Bracts usually inconspicuous. Perigynia thick, strongly convex on the dorsal, and often somewhat convex on the ventral face, brownish or chestnut in age, ascending or spreading, coriaceous, spongy at base, stipitate, narrowly margined, more or less nerved, conspicuously rough-beaked, the beak bidentate. Achenes lenticular. Style-base more or less thickened. Stigmas 2. 23. C. diandra Schrank. Culms slender, sharply triangular, loosely cespi- tose, 3-7 dm. high; leaf-blades 1.25 mm. wide; head 2.5-5 em. long, somewhat compound; the lower spikes more or less separated; scales acute, brownish, with lighter midvein and hyaline margins; perigynia somewhat biconvex, dark chest- nut, shining, nerveless on inner face, spreading at maturity. Wet meadows: N.S.—Pa.—Colo.—B.C.—Alaska; Eurasia. Mont.—Bor. My-Jl. 24. C. prairea Dewey. Culms sharply triangular, 5-10 dm. high; leaf- blades with slightly revolute margins; head 4-8 em. long, decompound, the lower 3-5 branches separated; scales acute or acuminate, light brown, with broad light-colored center and hyaline margins; perigynia 1.25 mm. wide, nerveless, or lightly nerved on inner face, ascending, plano-convex or nearly so, reddish brown, av au beak serrulate. Wet meadows: Que.—N.J.—Ia.—Sask. Boreal. y—Jl. 25. C. Cusickii Mackenzie. Culms sharply triangular, 7-12 dm. high; leaf- blades with slightly revolute margins; head 4-8 em. long, decompound, the lower branches separated; scales chestnut brown, with lighter midvein and hyaline margins; perigynia 1.5 mm. wide, lightly nerved at base on the inner face, some- what biconvex, spreading in age, brownish black, dull, the beak setulose-serrulate. C. teretiuscula var. ampla Bailey. Wet meadows: B.C.—Mont.—Calif. Sub- mont. My-S. 13. STENORHYNCHAE Holm. Densely cespitose or with more or less elongated rootstocks. Culms triangular or somewhat flattened. Opaque part of sheaths usually transversely rugulose or red-dotted. Spikes few to many, androgynous to pistillate, but never gynaecandrous, the lower from simple to compound. Bracts little developed. Perigynia plano-convex, yellowish or yellowish brown, appressed-ascending to spreading, not thick-walled, but strongly spongy at base, stipitate, strongly many-nerved, the margins nearly obsolete on the lower half, conspicuously beaked, the beak bidentate. Achenes lenticular. Style-base more or less thickened. Stigmas 2. 26. C. Jonesii Bailey. Culms 2-4 dm. high, slender, very rough above, densely cespitose from elongated rootstocks; leaves clustered near base, the blades 1-2 mm. wide; opaque part of sheath white, not cross-rugulose, truncate at mouth; spikes in a dense ovoid head 8-12 mm. long; scales brown with incon- spicuous midvein, exceeding the perigynia; perigynia 3.5 mm. long, the beak nearly smooth. High mountains: Mont.—Wyo.—Calif.—Wash. Submont.— Mont. Jl-Au. 27. C. nervina Bailey. Culms 5-6 dm. high, stout, little roughened above, densely cespitose from short elongated rootstocks, strongly aphyllopodic; leaf- blades clustered on the lower fourth of stem, 3.5 mm. wide; opaque part of sheath olive-tinged, becoming cross-rugulose, rounded at the mouth; spikes in a dense ovoid or oblong head, 15-24 mm. long; scales as in the last; perigynia 4 mm. long, the beak slightly serrulate. High mountains: Wyo.—Calif—Wash. Jl-Au. 28. C. stipata Muhl. Culms 3-10 dm. high, strongly serrulate above: growing in dense clumps; leaf-blades 4-8 mm. wide, the opaque part of sheaths 124 CYPERACEAE thin, cross-rugulose; head 2.5-10 em. long, the lower spikes often separate; scales light-brownish, hyaline-margined; perigynia serrulate. Swamps and _ wet meadows: Newf.—Fla.—Utah-—Calif.—B.C. Plain—Submont. My-—Au. 14. SreLLULATAE Kunth. Densely cespitose. Culms triangular. Sheaths not red-dotted or cross-rugulose. Spikes 2-10, or by reduction one, gynaecan- drous, pistillate, or in a few species staminate, not compound. Bracts incon- spicuous. Perigynia plano-convex, with orbicular, ovate or broadly oval bodies, green, yellowish brown or brown, spreading or reflexed at maturity, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, strongly spongy at base, sharp-edged nearly, if not entirely, to the rounded or truncate base, not puncticulate, nerved on the outer, nerved or nerveless on the inner surface, the beak bidentate or obliquely cut. Acheneslenticular. Stig- mas 2. 29. C. illota Bailey. Culms 1-2 dm. high, roughened above; leaf-blades short, 1.5-2 mm. wide; spikes 3-4, forming a dense capitate head 6-8 mm. long; scales broadly ovate, obtuse, brownish black, with light midvein; perigynia ovate, 3 mm. long, brownish black, at length spreading, the beak one-third the length of the body, smooth or nearly so. High mountains: Wyo.—Colo.— Calif.—Wash. Alp.—Subalp. JI-S. 30. C.laeviculmis Meinsh. Culms 3-7 dm. high, weak; leaf-blades 1.5-2 mm. wide, flat, soft; spikes 3-8, widely separate or the upper approximate, suborbicu- lar, with 32 10, at length spreading perigynia; scales ovate, hyaline, with conspicu- ous green midvein; perigynia green or brownish green, ovate, 2.5-3 mm. long, lightly nerved on inner surface, the beak slightly bidentate. ie Deweyana var. sparsiflora Olney. Wet shaded places: Alaska—Ida.—Calif.; Siberia. Mont. —Submont. Je—Au. 31. C. interior Bailey. Culms 2-3.5 dm. high, slender and wiry; leaf- blades 1-2 mm. wide; spikes 2-4, the lateral pistillate, subglobose, with 3-10 perigynia, the upper long- -tapering and staminate at base; scales half the length of the perigynia, ovate-orbicular, very obtuse, brownish, hyaline-margined all around, the center lighter-colored, the midvein not reaching the tip; perigynia ovate, plump, abruptly beaked, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, nerveless or ob- scurely nerved on the inner face, sparingly serrulate on the upper margins. Boggy places: Me.—Fla.—Ariz.—Calif —B.C.; n Mex. Plain—Subalp. My- Au. 32. C. angustior Mackenzie. Culms very slender, 1-3 dm. high; leaf- blades 0.5-1.5 mm. wide; spikes 2 or 3, with 3-15 perigynia, the terminal long- clavate; scales as long as the body of perigynia, acute, acuminate or cuspidate, ovate, yellowish brown tinged, with hyaline margins and midvein prominent to tip; perigynia divaricate, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, with raised margins, the beak serrulate. C. stellulata var. angustata Carey. Boggy places: N.S.—Md.—Colo.—Wash. Boreal—Submont. Je. 15. DewryaNak Tuckerm. Densely cespitose. Culms triangular. Sheaths not red-dotted or cross-rugulose. Spikes 3-8, gynaecandrous, pistillate or rarely staminate, simple. Lower one or two bracts often conspicuous. Perigynia plano-convex, with narrowly ovate or linear-oblong bodies, light or yellowish green, 3.5-5.5 mm. long, appressed, strongly spongy at base, only upper half sharp-edged, round-tapering at base, nerved on the outer face, nerved or nerve- less on the inner face, the beak bidenticulate to deeply bidentate. Achenes lenticular. Stigmas 2. 33. C. Deweyana Schwein. Culms slender, weak, 2.5-9 dm. high, little brownish-tinged at base, strongly roughened beneath head; leaf-blades 2-5 mm. wide; spikes 2-7, ovate-oblong or subglobose, the lower more or less separate, with 3-15 perigynia; lower bract conspicuous; scales white-hyaline, with green midvein, mostly cuspidate; perigynia nerveless on the inner face, shallowly bi- peut. Woods: N.S.—Pa.—Ia.—Colo.—Ida.—Mack. Plain—Submont. My- u. 34. C. leptopoda Mackenzie. Culms slender, erect, 3-7.5 dm. high, little brownish-tinged at base, roughened beneath head; leaf-blades 2.5-5 mm. wide; SEDGE FAMILY 125 spikes 4-7, ovoid-oblong or linear-oblong, the lower 1-3 separate, with 6-18 perigynia; lower bracts usually shorter than the head; scales not reddish brown tinged, mostly cuspidate; perigynia nerved at base on inner face, shallowly bi- - dentate. Woods: B.C.—Ida.—Calif. Submont.—Mont. Je—Au. 35. C. Bolanderi Olney. Culms slender, erect, 4-9 dm. high, brownish- tinged at the base, little roughened beneath the head; leaf-blades 2.5-5 mm. wide; spikes 4-8, linear-oblong or linear, the lower separate, with 8-20 perigynia; lower bracts usually shorter than the head; scales usually reddish brown tinged, mostly acute or mucronate; perigynia lanceolate, 4-4.5 mm. long, nerved at base on the inner face. Woods: B.C.—Calif—N.M.—Utah—w. Mont. Sub- mont.—M ont. 16. Ovates Kunth. Densely cespitose or (rarely) with short-prolonged rootstocks. Culms triangular. Opaque part of sheaths not red-dotted or cross- rugulose, but sometimes green-striate. Spikes two or three up to twenty, with several to many perigynia, the terminal gynaecandrous, the lateral pistillate or gynaecandrous, simple, the inflorescence varying from capitate to moniliform. Lower bracts from inconspicuous to very conspicuous. Perigynia varying from scale-like or flat (except when distended by the achene) to thick and plano-convex, the body subulate to reniform, narrowly to broadly wing-margined, appressed or ascending or spreading, little corky-thickened at base, prominently beaked, the beak bidentate, or obliquely cut becoming bidenticulate, usually serrulate on margins. Style-base scarcely thickened. Achenes lenticular. Stigmas 2. 36. C. sychnocephala Carey. Culms 1-6 dm. high, very smooth; leaf- blades 1.5-3 mm. wide; spikes 6-15, densely aggregated into an oblong-ovoid head 1.5-3 cm. long; scales lanceolate, half the length of the perigynia; peri- gynia 5-6 mm. long, nerved on both faces, the beak deeply bidentate. Meadows and thickets: Ont.—N.Y.—Ia.—Mont. Plains. Jl-Au. 37. C. athrostachya Olney. Culms 1-5 dm. high, roughened above; leaf- blades 2 mm. wide; spikes 4-20, densely aggregated into an ovoid head 1-2 em. long; scales lance-ovate, somewhat shorter than the perigynia; perigynia 3-4 mm. long, obsoletely nerved, the beak bidentate, reddish brown at mouth. Wet meadows and copses: Sask.—Colo.—Calif.—Alaska. Mont.—Submont. My-S. 38. C. tenuirostris Olney. Culms 6-9 em. high, nearly smooth; leaf-blades 1.5-2.5 mm. wide; spikes 4-5, densely aggregated, ovoid, 5 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; scales ovate, acute, light brownish, with hyaline margins; perigynia 8-13, ascending, 3 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, lanceolate, nerved ventrally, tapering into a beak 1mm.long. C. macloviana f. involucrata Kikenth. Mountain meadows: Mont.—Colo.—Calif —Wash. Mont:—Submont. My-—Au. 39. C. adusta Boott. Culms 2.5-7 dm. high, nearly smooth; leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide; spikes 3-15, the lower only slightly separate; scales ovate, straw- colored, with greenish midvein; perigynia broadly ovate, 4-5 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide, rather abruptly beaked. C. pinguis Bailey. Dry soil: Newf.— N.Y.—Minn.—Sask.—Mack. Plain. Je-S. 40. C. petasata Dewey. Culms 3-8 dm. high, nearly smooth; leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide; spikes 3-6, aggregated; scales ovate, reddish brown tinged and hyaline-margined; perigynia broadly lanceolate, 2.25 mm. wide, round-tapering at base, tapering into the beak, which is 2 mm. long. C. Liddonii Boott. Mead- ows and open woods: Sask.—Colo.—Nev.—Wash. Submont—Mont. Je-S. 41. C. aenea Fernald. Culms 4-9 dm. high, rough beneath the head; leaf- blades 2.5-4 mm. wide; spikes 3-12, 7-24 mm. long, 5-7 mm. thick; scales ovate, light brownish tinged, hyaline-margined; perigynia ascending, ovate, 4 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, rounded at base, tapering into a beak half the length of the body. ‘“‘C. foenea Willd.” of our range. Dry places and open woods: Lab.— Conn.—Alta.—B.C.—Yukon. Boreal—Mont. My-Jl. 42. C. Crawfordii Fernald. Culms 2-6 dm. high, rough beneath the head; leaf-blades 1-3.25 mm. wide; spikes 3-12, 5-11 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, rather closely aggregated, well-defined; scales lance-ovate, acute or acuminate, brown- ish; perigynia erect-ascending, brownish, 4 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, obscurely 126 CYPERACEAE nerved, tapering into a beak half the length of the body. Open places: Newf. —Conn.—Mich.—Ida.—B.C. Boreal. Je-S. 43. C. scoparia Schkuhr. Culms 2-8 dm. high, rough beneath the head; leaf-blades 1.5-3 mm. wide; spikes 3-10, 6-16 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, aggre- gate or scattered, clearly defined; scales ovate, acute, brownish tinged; peri- gynia erect-ascending, brownish, usually 5.5-6.5 mm. (occasionally 4-5.5 mm.) long, 1.2-1.9 mm. wide, nerved, tapering into a beak half the length of the body. Moist soil: Newf—Fla.—Colo.—B.C. Plain—Submont. My-—Au. 44. C. Bebbii Olney. Culms 2-8 dm. high, rough beneath the head; leaf- blades 2-4.5 mm. wide; spikes 5-10, 4-9 mm. long, 3-6 mm. wide; scales ovate, acute, brownish; perigynia ascending, narrowly ovate, 3-4 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, rounded at base, obscurely nerved, tapering into a beak half the length of the body. Low ground: Newf.—N.J.—Mont.—B.C. Plain—Submont. Je- Au. 45. C. tenera Dewey. Culms 3-7 dm. high, slender, rough beneath head; spikes 3-8, 4-5 mm. thick; scales acutish, hyaline with green midvein, light brownish tinged; perigynia ascending or spreading, ovate, thick, 3-4 mm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, rounded at base, nerved, tapering into a beak half the length of the body. C. straminea Am. auth., in part. Woodlands: N.B.—Mass.—Ky. —Ark.—Mont.—Canadian Rockies. Apparently rare in our range. Mont.— Boreal. Je—Au. 46. C. tincta Fernald. Culms 6-10 dm. high, rough beneath head; spikes 4-12, 6-9 mm. long, 5-8 mm. thick; scales ovate, acutish, reddish, brownish with light midvein; perigynia 10-30, appcessed, ovate, thick, 3.75-4.5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, rounded at base, nerved, tapering into a beak less than half the length of the body. Woodlands: Que.—Me.—N.Y.—Mich.—Alta. Boreal —Plain. My-ZJl. 47. C. brevior (Dewey) Mackenzie. Culms 3-12 dm. high, rough beneath head; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide; spikes 3-10, oblong to globose, 4-9 mm. wide, 7-15 mm. long, aggregate or separate; scales acute; perigynia ovate to orbicular, thick, 4-5.5 mm. long, 2.5-3.5 mm. wide, spreading or ascending, faintly nerved on inner face, the beak about one-third the length of the body. C. festucacea Pee in part. Dry soil: N.B.—Fla.—Tex—N.M.—B.C. Plain—Submont. Ap-Au. 48. C. Egglestonii Mackenzie. Culms 4-9 dm. high, roughened beneath head; leaf-blades 2.5 mm. wide; spikes 3-6, closely aggregate, broadly ovoid, 10-14 mm. long, 6-10 mm. wide; scales ovate, acute, hyaline-margined; perigynia numerous, appressed-ascending, ovate, olive-green or brownish in age, 6-7 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, thin, obscurely nerved on inner face, strongly winged, rounded at the base, the beak one-third the length of the body. ‘Carex straminiformis pale auth., in part. Dry soil: Wyo.—Colo.—Utah. Mont.—Subalp. Jl- Au. 49. C. phaeocephala Piper. Culms 1-3 dm. high, rough beneath head; leaves bunched at the base, the blades more or less involute, 1.5—2 mm. wide; spikes 2-5 (rarely 7), aggregate, 6-12 mm. long, 5-8 mm. wide; scales strongly hyaline-margined, acute; perigynia ascending, oblong-ovate, 1.8 mm. wide, round-tapering at the base, obscurely nerved on inner face, contracted into a beak about 1 mm. long. ‘C. Preslii Steud.” Bailey. ‘‘C. petasata Dewey” Holm. C. leporina v. americana Olney. Mountain summits: Alta.—Colo.— Calif.—B.C. Alp—Mont. JI-S. 50. C. xerantica Bailey. Culms 3-6 dm. high, nearly smooth; leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide; spikes 3-6, approximate but distinct, ellipsoid, 8-14 mm. long, 5 mm. wide; scales silvery-hyaline, darker tinged; perigynia 4—5.5 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide, nearly nerveless on inner face, round-tapering at the base, tapering into a beak one-third the length of the body. Prairies and plains: Man. —Sask.—Colo.—Kans. Plains. Jl. 51. C. praticola Rydb. Culms slender, 2.5-6 dm. high, roughened beneath the head; leaf-blades 1-2 mm. wide; spikes 2-6, elliptic, 6-16 mm. long, 5 mm. wide; scales somewhat brownish-tinged, shining; perigynia appressed, ovate- SEDGE FAMILY 127 lanceolate, 4.5-6.5 mm. long, narrowly winged, round-tapering at the base, nearly nerveless on inner face, tapering to a short hyaline-tipped beak. C. pratensis Drejer. Meadows and open woods: Greenl.—Me.—Colo.—Calif.— Alaska. Submont.—Mont.—Boreal. Je—Au. 52. C. Piperi Mackenzie. Culms slender, 3-8 dm. high, roughened beneath head; leaf-blades 2-3.5 mm. wide; spikes 3-9, elliptic, 10-18 mm. long, 5-6 mm. wide; scales ovate, chestnut-brown with lighter center and narrow hyaline mar- gins, shining; perigynia 8-15, appressed, ovate-lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, narrowly winged, round-tapering at base, nearly nerveless on inner face, contracted into the hyaline-tipped beak, 1.5 mm. long. C. furva (Bailey) Howell. Damp meadows: Alta.—Wyo.—Ore.—B.C. Swbmont.—Mont. Je- Au. 53. C. microptera Mackenzie. Culms 3-10 dm. high, smooth or roughened beneath the head; leaf-blades 2-6 mm. wide; spikes 5-20, densely aggregate into a subglobose to oblong-ovoid head, the spikes ovoid, 5-8 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; scales ovate-lanceolate, sharp-pointed, brown with light midvein; peri- gynia ascending, 15-30, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, lanceolate, nerved ventrally, very narrowly winged, tapering into a beak one-third the length of the whole. Mountains: Alta.—Wyo.—Ore.—Wash. Submont.—Mont. Je—-Au. 54. C. festivella Mackenzie. Culms rather stout, 2-7 dm. high, roughened above; leaf-blades 2.5-4 mm. wide; spikes 3-8, densely aggregate, ovoid- orbicular, 5-9 mm. long, 4-8 mm. wide; scales ovate, dark reddish brown with narrow hyaline margins; perigynia numerous, appressed, 3.5—5 mm. long, 1.75- 2.75 mm. wide, ovate, lightly nerved on the inner face, rounded at the base, narrowed into a beak one-third the length of the body. C. festiva authors, as to Rocky Mt. plant. Meadows and mountain sides: Alta.—N.M—Ariz.—Nev. —B.C. Submont—Mont. Je-Au. 55. C. nubicola Mackenzie. Culms 12-35 em. high, nearly smooth; leaf- blades 2-3 mm. wide; spikes 4-7, densely aggregate, ovoid or subglobose, 5-9 mm. long, 4.5-8 mm. wide; scales ovate, acute, blackish with a light center and nearly obsolete hyaline margins; perigynia 15-30, 4.5-5 mm. long, 2-2.75 mm. wide, ovate, rounded at the base, abruptly beaked, the beak half the length of thebody. C. Haydeniana Olney. C. festiva var. decumbens Holm. Mountain | sides: Alta.—Colo.—Nev.—Ore. Mont.—Alp. JI-S. 56. C. ebenea Rydb. Culms 2-5 dm. high, little roughened; leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide; spikes 5-10, densely aggregate, ovoid-oblong, 7-12 mm. long, 6 mm. wide; scales lance-ovate, acute, brownish black with nearly obsolete hyaline margins; perigynia appressed, numerous, 5-7 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, lanceolate, round-tapering at the base, narrowed into a beak about 2 mm. long. Mountain meadows: Wyo.—N.M.—Ariz.—Utah. Mont—Alp. Je-Au. 57. C. pachystachya Cham. Culms rather slender, 3-8 dm. high, nearly smooth; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide; spikes 4-8, densely aggregate, ovoid or subglobose, 5-8 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; scales ovate, reddish, with very narrow hyaline margins; perigynia 10-30, 3.5-4 mm. long, 1.5-2.25 mm. wide, ovate, nerveless on the inner face, rounded at base, contracted into a beak half the length of the body. Mountains: Alaska—Alta.—Colo.—Ore. Submont.— Mont. My-Au. 58. C. Preslii Steud. Culms 2.5-7.5 dm. high, rough beneath head; leaf- blades 1.5-4 mm. wide; spikes 3-8, well-defined, aggregate or the lower separate, 5-8 mm. long, slightly narrower, rounded at apex, rounded at the base, the term- inal one tapering; scales ovate, reddish brown with green midvein and narrow margins; perigynia 10-25, ovate, thick, 3.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, obscurely nerved, rounded at base, abruptly beaked, the beak 1 mm. long. (C. festiva var. gracilis Olney. C.multimoda Bailey. Mountains: B.C.—Mont.—Calif. Mont. —Subalp. My-S. 17. CANESCENTES Fries. Cespitose, but in some species with slender stolons. Culms triangular. Sheaths not cross-rugulose. Spikes 1-10, with few to many perigynia, the terminal gynaecandrous, the lateral pistillate or gynaecandtous, 128 CYPERACEAE simple. Bracts inconspicuous. Perigynia plano-convex, white-puncticulate, lanceolate, ovate, oval, or obovoid, appressed to spreading, beakless to promi- nently beaked, more or less nerved on both sides, not winged or margined, but acute-edged above, nearly or entirely filled by the lenticular achene. Style- base not enlarged. Stigmas 2. 59. C. disperma Dewey. Culms weak, 1.5-6 dm. high, in large clumps, but with slender rootstocks; leaf-blades 1-1.5 mm. wide; spikes distant or the upper aggregate, 1—5-flowered; perigynia ovoid-elliptic, 3 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, finely nerved, the minute beak smooth. C. tenella Schk. Bogs: Newf.—N.J.— Ind.—N.M.—Calif —B.C. —Alaska; Eurasia. Swbmont. —Subalp. Je-Au. 60. C. trisperma Dewey. Culms filiform, weak, 1.5-8 dm.-long, in large clumps, but with slender rootstocks; leaf-blades 1-2 mm. wide; perigynia oblong, 2.5-4 mm long, nearly 2 mm. wide, finely nerved, narrowed at the apex, the minute beak smooth or nearly so. Swamps and wet woods: Lab.—Md.— (?Neb.)—Sask. Boreal. Je-S. 61. C. tenuiflora Wahl. Culms slender, weak, 2-6 dm. long, loosely cespi- tose and stoloniferous; leaf-blades 0.5-2 mm. wide; perigynia oblong-obovoid, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, obscurely nerved. Bogs: N.B.—Me.—Minn. —Alta.; Eurasia. Boreal. Je-Au. 62. C. Lachenalii Schkuhr. Culms stiff, erect, 0.7-4 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-3 mm. wide; spikes 2-6, many-flowered; perigynia 2-3.5 mm. long, several- nerved, abruptly short-beaked. C. lagopina Wahl. Greenl.—Canadian Rock- ies—Alaska; Eurasia. Arctic. Jl—Au. 63. C. Heleonastes Ehrh. Culms stiff, erect, 1-4.5 dm. high; leaf-blades 1—2 mm. wide; spikes 2-5, with 5-10 perigynia; the latter 3 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, several-nerved, tapering into the short beak. Bogs: Ont.—Alta.—B.C.— Mack.; Eurasia. Swubalp—Boreal. Jl-Au. 64. C. canescens L. In large clumps, the culms slender, 2.5-8 dm. high; spikes 4-9, 3-12 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; perigynia 1.8-2.8 mm. long, 1-1.8 mm. w ide, faintly few-nerved. Swamps and bogs: Lab.—Va.—Calif.—Alaska; Eurasia; $8. Am.; Australia. Submont.—Subalp. My-—Au. 65. C. Seicncsmne (Pers.) Poir. Culms slender, 2-5 dm. high; spikes 4-8, 4-10-flowered, subglobose, 4-13 mm. in diameter; perigynia mostly smaller than in the preceding species. In wet places, banks and open woods: Lab.—N.C.— Colo.—Wash.—Alaska; Eurasia. Submont.—Subalp. Je-Au. 66. C. arcta Boott. Culms slender, erect, 1.5-8 dm. high; leaf-blades 2—4 mm. wide; spikes 5-15, many-flowered, aggregate into a head 1.5-3 em. long; perigynia ‘ascending or somewhat spreading, 2-3 mm. long, many-nerved. C. canescens var. oregana Bailey. Swamps and wet woods: N.B.—N.Y.—Mont.— Calif—B.C. Submont. Je-Au. 18. PHyLLOSTACHYAE Tuckerm. Culms densely cespitose, weak, compressed, dilated below the spikes, mostly much exceeded by the leaves. Spikes 2-4, androgynous, the rachis zigzag, dilated; one spike terminal, the others basal on often much elongated peduncles; staminate portion with small tight scales; pistillate portion loosely one-several-flowered, the scales elongated and con- spicuous. Perigynia glabrous, 2-keeled, but otherwise nerveless, nearly round in cross-section, more or less beaked, the beak flattened- triangular, the orifice hyaline. Achenes triangular, stipitate, the sides convex, filling the perigynia, the apex rounded. Stigmas 3, short. Style jointed at ‘the base with achene, soon withering. 67. C. durifolia Bailey. Culms up to 2.5 dm. long; leaf-blades green, not glaucous, 1.5-3 dm. long, 2.5-6 mm. wide; lower pistillate scales as in the next; perigynia 5-6 mm. long, the body oval, the beak smooth, about as long as the body. C. Backit Boott. Woods: Que.—Mass.—N.Y.—Alta.—e B.C. 68. C. saximontana Mackenzie. Culms up to 1.5 dm. long; leaf-blades glaucous, 1.5-3 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; lower pistillate scales leaf-like, saccate; perigynia 4 mm. long, the body oblong-globose, the beak barely 1 mm. long, SEDGE FAMILY 129 the margins weakly serrulate. ‘‘C. Backii Boott”’ Fl. Colo. Woods and thick- ets: Colo.—Wyo.—w Neb. Submont. Jl. 19. PoLyTRIcHOIDEAE Tuckerm. Densely tufted. Culms slender. Leaf- blades narrow. Spike solitary, linear, androgynous, bractless. Rachis straight, not dilated. Perigynia appressed, membranaceous, the upper part empty, oblong-elliptic, many-nerved (not 2-ribbed), compressed-triangular, beakless. Achenes triangular. Style slender, flexuous, its base not enlarged. Stigmas 3, short. 69. C.leptalea Wahl. Rootstocks elongated; culms 2-6 dm. high, obscurely triangular; leaf-blades 0.5-1.25 mm. wide; spike 4-15 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide; perigynia 1-10, 2.5-4.25 mm. long, not concealed by scales. C. polytrichoides Willd. Bogs and wet meadows: Lab.—Fla.—Tex.—Colo.—Calif.—Alaska. Plain—Mont. Je—Jl. 20. OspTusATAE Mackenzie. Rootstocks long, creeping. Culms low, slender. Leaf-blades involute. Spike solitary, linear, androgynous, bractless. Perigynia appressed-ascending, ovoid, glabrous, many-nerved, coriaceous, shining, sub- stipitate, obscurely triangular, the beak hyaline-tipped, obliquely cut, at length bidentate. Achenes triangular. Stigmas 3. 70. C. obtusata Liljebl. Culms 6—20 em. high, rough above; sheaths spar- ingly filamentose; leaf-blades 1-1.5 mm. wide; spike 5-12 mm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, the upper two-thirds staminate; perigynia 1-6, impressed nerved, 3-4 mm. long, exceeding the scales. Dry hills and ridges: Mont.—Colo.—B.C.; Eurasia. Mont.—Subalp. Je-Au. 21. Nitiparn O. F. Lang. Culms slender, leafy at the base. Leaf-blades narrow. ‘Terminal spike linear, staminate. Lateral spikes 1-3, small, pistillate, subglobose to oblong, few—many-flowered, sessile or short-peduncled. Lowest bract squamiform, sheathless or sub-sheathing. Scales reddish brown with hyaline margins. Perigynia ovoid, turgid-triangular, smooth, shining, coriaceous, round-tapering at the base, tipped with the short, cylindric, hyaline-tipped, obliquely cut beak. Achenes sessile, triangular, closely enveloped, short apicu- late. Style short, jointed with the apex of achene, thickish. Stigmas 3, long. 71. C. supina Wahl. Long-stoloniferous; culms 6-25 cm. high; leaf- blades 1-1.5 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 1-2, sessile, 4-10-flowered, 4-8 mm. long, subglobose or short-oblong; perigynia nerveless (except keels), 2.5-3.5 mm. long. Dry soil: Greenl.—Mack., reported from Minn. and Sask.; Eurasia. Boreal—Arctic. My-Jl. 22. Ruprestres Tuckerm. Stoloniferous. Culms low. Leaf-blades nar- row, flattened. Spikes 1 and androgynous, or 2—4, with the terminal staminate and linear, the lateral pistillate, approximate or more or less separate, few- flowered, sessile or short-peduncled. Bracts of the pistillate spike leaflet-like, sheathless or nearly so. Pistillate scales dark chestnut to purplish brown, with hyaline margins. Perigynia appressed-ascending, obovoid, glabrous, membranous, not polished, rounded and sessile at base, 2-ridged, obscurely tri- angular in cross-section, abruptly contracted into a hyaline-tipped, obliquely cut, straight beak. Achenes closely enveloped, triangular, with concave sides, apiculate. Style-base thickened. Stigmas 3. 72. C. rupestris All. Culms 7-10 em. high, sharply triangular, rough; sheaths not filamentose; leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide; spike 1-1.5 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, the upper half staminate; perigynia 6-15, finely many-nerved, 4 mm. long, concealed by the scales. Arctic-alpine situations: Greenl.—Que.—Colo.— Alta.—Alaska; Eurasia. Alp.—Subalp. Je-Au. 23. FrrmicutMes Kiikenth. Culms wiry, triangular, aphyllopodic, the leaf-blades rudimentary at flowering time. Spike 1, androgynous, the stamin- ate part in age short-peduncled, the pistillate loosely flowered; bracts absent; scales more or less chartaceous; perigynia 1 to several, obtusely triangular, smooth, 8* 130 CYPERACEAE 2-keeled but otherwise nerveless, tapering at the base, very minutely beaked, the orifice truncate. Achenes triangular, with nearly flat sides, closely enveloped by the perigynia, tipped by the minute persistent base of the style, constricted at base. Stigmas 3, elongated. 73. C. Geyeri Boott. Rootstock woody, elongated; culms up to 3.5 dm. high, very rough; leaf-blades thick, 2-3.5 mm. wide, those of the culm develop- ing after flowering; perigynia 1-3, 6 mm. long. Dry mountain sides and open woods: Alta.—Colo.—Utah—Ore.—Wash. Submont.—Subalp. My-—Au. 24. FiniroLtiAE Tuckerm. Densely cespitose. Leaf-blades filiform or nar- row. Spike solitary, linear or linear-oblong, androgynous, densely flowered, bractless. Perigynia more or less triangular, nerveless except for the two lateral ribs, not stipitate, puberulent or pubescent, the hyaline-tipped beak obliquely cut. Achenes triangular. Stigmas 3. 74. C. elynoides Holm. Culms 8-12 ecm. high; spike 8-15 mm. long, with 4-8 ascending perigynia; pistillate scales with dingy white hyaline margins; perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long, slightly puberulent above, slenderly beaked. C. fili- folia var. misera Bailey. Mountainsummits: Mont.—Colo.—Ney. Alp. Je—Au. 75. C. filifolia Nutt. Culms 8-30 em. high; spike 1-2 em. long, with 5-10 perigynia; pistillate scales with broad bright white hyaline margins; perigynia 3 mm. long, puberulent, abruptly and minutely stout-beaked. Plains and ridges: Sask.—Tex.—N.M.—Wash.—Yukon. Plains—Mont. Ap-—Jl. 76. C. oreocharis Holm. Culms 1-2 dm. high; spike 1-2 em. long, with 3-7 perigynia; pistillate scales ovate, acuminate; perigynia 4 mm. long, broadly obovoid, minutely pubescent, abruptly short-beaked. C. filifolia var. valida Bailey. Dry slopes: Colo. Submont. Je. 25. SctrPINAE Tuckerm. Rootstocks creeping. Culms leafy below. Leaf- blades narrow. Spike usually 1, linear, staminate or pistillate, many—flowered, occasionally with an additional spike and normally with an empty scarcely sheathing squamiform bract a short distance below the spike. Perigynia tri- angular or flattened-triangular, membranous, 2-keeled, pubescent or puberulent, tapering at the base, contracted at apex into the short cylindric entire or bi- denticulate beak. Achenes triangular, with flat sides, sessile. Style slender, slightly enlarged at the base, not Jointed. Stigmas 3, short. 77. C. pseudoscirpoidea Rydb. Rootstocks stout; culms 1-3 em. high; leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide; spike 12-36 mm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; scales brownish black; perigynia obovoid, strongly pubescent, triangular, 2.5 mm. long, with bidenticulate beak. Mountain sides: Mont.—Colo— Utah. Mont.—sSubalp. JI-Au. 78. C. stenochlaena (Holm) Mackenzie. Rootstocks stout, densely matted; culms 2.5-4 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-2.5 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 1.5-3 em. long, 4-7 mm. wide; scales oblong-ovate, blackish, with narrow hyaline margins, ciliate; perigynia blackish at the apex. Mountains: Alaska—Alta.—Ida.— Wash. Suwbmont.—Mont. JI-S. 79. C. scirpoidea Michx. Rootstocks stoutish; culms 2-3.5 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-2 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 1.5-3 em. long, 2.5-5 mm. wide; scales ovate, chocolate-brown, ciliate and puberulent; perigynia 3 mm. long, not black- ish. Arctic-alpine, along streams: Greenl.—N.H.—N.Y.—Mich.—Mont.— B.C.—Alaska; Eurasia, where rare. Alp.—Subalp. Je—Au. 80. C. scirpiformis Mackenzie. Rootstocks stoutish; culms 2.5-4.5 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 2-4 em. long, 4-5 mm. wide; scales ovate, brownish, strongly pubescent and ciliate at the apex; perigynia 2.5 mm. long, not blackish. Mountains: Alta—N.D. Mont. Jl. 26. Montana Fries. Culms slender, leafy at the base. Leaf-blades nar- row, rough above. Terminal spike linear, normally staminate. Lateral spikes 1-5, small, pistillate, or sometimes androgynous, subglobose to oblong, closely few-many-flowered, approximate and sessile or short-peduncled, or in some SEDGE FAMILY 131 species radical and long-peduncled. Lowest bract squamiform or leaflet-like, sheathless or sub-sheathing. Scales often reddish brown tinged, acute to cus- pidate. Perigynia membranaceous, ascending, the body pubescent, at least at ‘the base of the beak, obovoid to elliptic, triangular, 2-keeled, strongly stipitate at the base, abruptly contracted into a cylindric or terete, emarginate to deeply bidentate beak, hyaline-tipped. Achenes normally triangular, the sides concave, closely enveloped, short-apiculate. Style short, jointed with apex of achene, thickish. Stigmas normally 3, long. 81. C. heliophila Mackenzie. Culms 12-25 em. high; leaf-blades 1-2 mm. wide; lowest bract squamiform; pistillate spikes 1-2 (rarely 3), subglobose, 5-15-flowered; perigynia 3.5 mm. long, 2mm. wide, orbicular in cross-section, the beak deeply bidentate, in age strongly hyaline-tipped. “C. pennsylvanica vespertina Bailey,’ Fl. Colo. Prairies and plains: Man.—Ill.—Mo.—N.M. Colo. Plains—Submont. Je-S. 82. C. Peckii E. C. Howe. Loosely cespitose, the culms 1.25-6 dm. high; leaf-blades 3 mm. wide or less; lowest bract short; staminate spike sessile, 3 mm. long or less; pistillate spikes 2-4, subglobose, 2—8-flowered, closely contiguous or the lower a little separate; perigynia oblong-obovoid, 3-4 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, grayish-pubescent, the beak one-fourth the length of the body; scales (except lower) half the length of the perigynia, reddish brown, with broad white hyaline margins. “C. albicans Willd.”” authors. Open woods: Que.—Mass.— N.Y.—Mich.—(Black Hills) S.D.—Alaska. 83. C. umbellata Schkuhr. Densely cespitose; culms up to 1.5 dm. high, much exceeded by leaves; leaf-blades 1.5-3 mm. wide; non-basal pistillate spike usually present, oblong, globose; basal spike oblong; perigynia 2.25-3.25 mm. long, 1.25. mm. wide, rounded-triangular in cross-section, the beak obscurely bidentate, less than half the length of the body; achenes light brown. C. umbellata var. brevirostris Boott. Dry sunny places: Que.—Del.—Alta.—B.C. Plains—Submont. Ap-—Jl. 84. C. deflexa Hornem. Loosely stoloniferous; culms very slender, 2-12 em. high; leaf-blades 1-2 mm. wide; staminate spike inconspicuous, 2-4 mm. long, 0.5-1 mm. wide; pistillate spikes subglobose, 2—8-flowered; perigynia 1 mm. wide, nearly orbicular in cross-section. Dry soil: Greenl.—N.Y.—Mich.— Sask.—B.C.—Alaska. Boreal. My-—Au. 85. C. Rossii Boott. Rootstock stout; culms wiry, 5-25 cm. high; leaf- blades 1-2.5 mm. wide; staminate spike usually conspicuous, 3-10 mm. long, 1 mm. wide; pistillate spikes globose to short-oblong, 2—12-flowered; perigynia up to 3.4 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, nearly orbicular in cross-section. Dry soil: Mich.—Colo.—Calif.—B.C. Submont.—Subalp. Ap-—Au. 27. Dicrrata® Fries. Culms slender, leafy at the base. Leaf-blades nar- row, the sheaths usually strongly purplish. Terminal spike linear, staminate. Lateral spikes 1-5, approximate, or separated or sometimes radical, oblong to linear, 5—20-flowered in few rows, the peduncles included or exserted. Bracts sheathing, more or less strongly purplish tinged, subspathaceous, the blade absent or rudimentary. Pistillate scales strongly purplish or reddish brown tinged. Perigynia membranaceous, appressed, oblong-obovoid, pubescent to glabrate, triangular, long-tapering into the stipitate base, abruptly contracted into the minute beak, the orifice entire or nearly so. Achenes triangular, closely enveloped. Style-base short, thickened, jointed with the apex of the achene. Stigmas 3, early deciduous. 86. C. pedunculata Muhl. Densely matted, rather bright green; culms slender, diffuse, strongly purple tinged at the base, 0.7—3 dm. long; leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide; terminal spike long-stalked, usually pistillate at the base; lateral spikes few-flowered, filiform-stalked, spreading or drooping, scattered, some ap- pearing basal; perigynia sharply 3-angled, puberulent or in age glabrate, stipi- tate, tipped with a minute entire beak; scales obovate, purplish, with green mid- rib, abruptly cuspidate. Dry woods: Anticosti—Va.—Ia.—e B.C. My-Jl. 132 CYPERACEAE 87. C. concinna R. Br. Strongly stoloniferous; culms 5-15 em. high; leaf- blades 2—2.5 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 2-3, rather closely 4-10-flowered; scales broadly ovate, hyaline-margined; perigynia densely pubescent, 3 mm. long, nerselese Dry soil: Que.—Sask.—Colo.—B.C.—Alaska. Mont.—Boreal. Je- Jl. 88. C. concinnoides Mackenzie. Strongly stoloniferous; culms 25 em. high or less; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, approximate, rather closely 5—-10-flowered; scales narrowly ovate, hyaline-margined; perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long. Dry soil: B.C.—Alta—Mont.—Ida.—Calif. Mont. My-—Jl. 89. C. Richardsonii R. Br. Strongly stoloniferous; culms 30 em. high or less; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, approximate or the low- est remote, rather closely 8-—20-flowered; scales strongly hyaline-margined; perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long. Dry soil: Ont.—N.Y.—ll.—S.D.—Sask. Mont.— Boreal. My-—Je. 28. AtBaAeE Aschers. & Graebner. With long slender stolons. Culms very slender, obtusely triangular, leafy near the base. Leaf-blades of the fertile culm very narrow, involute. Terminal spike linear, staminate. Lateral spikes 2-3, oblong or linear, loosely 4—8-flowered, all long-peduncled, linear or oblong, often overtopping the staminate one. Bracts sheathing, subspathaceous, bladeless, white-hyaline above. Scales white-hyaline, yellowish tinged. Perigynia erect, obovoid, triangular, glabrous, nerved, tapering at the base, abruptly minutely beaked, the orifice entire, hyaline. Achenes triangular, closely enveloped, the sides concave. Style-base very short, bulbous-thickened, jointed with the achene. Stigmas 38, long. 90. C. eburnea Boott. Culms 1-3.5 dm. high; leaf-blades 0.5 mm. wide or less; staminate spike sessile, 3-8 mm. long; perigynia membranaceous, obsoletely nerved, 2 mm. long, exceeding the scales. Dry sandy or rocky soil, especially limestone rocks: N.B.—Va.—Tenn.—Neb.—B.C.—Mack. Plain—Mont.; Boreal. My-Au. 29. Bicotores Tuckerm. Stoloniferous. Culms central, slender, leafy towards the base. Leaf-blades narrow. Basal sheaths light brown. Terminal spike linear, staminate or occasionally gynaecandrous. Lateral spikes 2-5, pistillate, rather closely few—many-flowered in few ranks on erect exserted peduncles. Bracts sheathing, not colored or dark-auricled, the blades elongated, leaf-like. Scales reddish or purplish brown tinged. Perigynia ascending, broadly oval or ellipsoid, circular in cross-section, nerved, glabrous, golden- yellow or white-pulverulent at maturity, tapering or rounded at the base, essen- tially beakless. Achenes lenticular, apiculate, closely enveloped. Style-base slender, short, jointed with the achene. Stigmas 2. 91. C. Hassei Bailey. Culms 1.5-6 dm. high; Jeaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 6—20-flowered; scales usually purplish brown tinged; perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long, slightly pointed, less than 2 mm. wide; style becoming short- exserted and somewhat persistent. River banks and wet rocks: Lab.—Me.— Pa.—Alta.—Utah—Calif—Yukon. Boreal—Submont.—Son. 92. C. aurea Nutt. Culms 0.3-4 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide; pis- tillate spikes 4~20-flowered; scales usually reddish brown tinged; perigynia subumbonate, 2 mm. wide; style not exserted or persistent. Wet places: Newf. —Conn.—Mich.—_N.M.—Calif.—B.C. Plain—Subalp. Je—Jl. 30. PanicEAE Tuckerm. Stoloniferous. Culms central, slender, leafy towards the base. Basal sheaths brownish or purplish tinged. Terminal spike staminate, linear or linear-oblong. Lateral spikes 1-5, pistillate, loosely to rather closely several-many-flowered, in few or several ranks, on erect, ex- serted or included peduncles. Bracts sheathing, not colored or dark-auricled, the blades developed. Scales purplish or reddish brown tinged. Perigynia ascending or spreading, ovoid or obovoid, membranaceous, obtusely triangular, slightly inflated, glabrous, puncticulate, light or olive green, pointed or beaked, the orifice entire or nearly so. Achenes triangular. Style-base slender, con- tinuous with achene. Stigmas 3. SEDGE FAMILY 133 93. C. livida (Wahl.) Willd. Culms 1.5-5 dm. high; leaf-blades 2 mm. wide or less; pistillate spikes closely 5—15-flowered; perigynia 3.75 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, faintly nerved, narrowed above, exceeding the scales. Sphagnum bogs: Lab.—N.J.—Mich.—Calif.—B.C.—Alaska. Boreal. My-—BJl. 94. C. tetanica Schk. Rootstocks elongate, deep-seated, slender; culms 1.5-6 dm. high, slender; culm-leaves usually 3-5, 2-3.5 mm. wide; staminate spike long-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, linear, 6-20-flowered, distant, erect or the lower filiform-stalked and drooping; perigynia 3 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, obtusely triangular, prominently many-nerved, abruptly minutely beaked; scales usually shorter than the perigynia, obtuse or mucronate. Meadows and wet woods: Mass.—D. C.—Mo.—Sask. Plain. 95. C. Meadii Dewey. Resembling the last, but stouter; culms 2-5 dm. high; culm-leaves usually 6-10, 3-7 mm. wide; staminate spike long-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-3, oblong, densely 8—30-flowered, distant, erect, the lower long-stalked; perigynia more than 3 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, obtusely triangular, prominently many-nerved, tipped with a minute slightly bent beak; scales obtuse to cuspidate. Meadows and prairies: N.J.—Ga.—Neb.—Sask. Plain. 96. C. vaginata Tausch. Culms 1.5-8 dm. high, weak; leaf-blades 2-5 mm. wide; pistillate spikes loosely 3-20-flowered; perigynia 4 mm. long, nearly 2 mm. wide, faintly nerved, the orifice purplish tinged, 2-toothed; scales purplish tinged, exceeded by the perigynia. Boggy woods: Lab.—N.Y.—Minn.—B.C.— Alaska. Mont.—Boreal. Je—Au. 31. LaxtrtoraE Kunth. Cespitose. Fertile culms mostly lateral, the sterile shoots leafy, conspicuous. Basal sheaths brownish- or purplish-tinged. Ter- minal spike staminate, linear. Lateral spikes 2-5, pistillate or androgynous, loosely to closely few—many-flowered, in few-several ranks, on erect to drooping, included or exserted peduncles. Bracts sheathing, the sheaths green or purplish- tinged, the blades leaf-like or sometimes reduced. Scales green with hyaline margins or more or less colored. Perigynia ascending, membranaceous, tri- angular, usually nerved, closely enveloping the achene, glabrous or hispidulous, tapering at the base, short-beaked or beakless, the orifice entire. Achenes tri- angular. Style-base slender, continuous with the achene. Stigmas 3. 97. C. blanda Dewey. Culms 1.5-6 dm. high, pale green, brownish at base; sterile shoots developing conspicuous culms; leaf-blades 3-14 mm. wide, the sheaths with much crisped margins; staminate spike short-stalked or sessile, the scales rarely reddish brown tinged; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong or linear- oblong, rather closely 8-25-flowered, the upper two contiguous, sessile or nearly so, the lower distant and stalked; perigynia obovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, strongly nerved, contracted into a short, stout, outwardly bent beak; scales with broad white scarious margins, the lower strongly awned. Me.—Va.—Ark.—w S.D. Plain. My-Jl. 32. GraNuLaRES Bailey. Culms central, slender, leafy. Leaf-blades flat. Basal sheaths brownish. Terminal spike staminate, linear. Lateral spikes 2-4, pistillate, closely many-flowered in several ranks, erect, on more or less strongly exserted peduncles. Bracts sheathing, not colored or dark-auricled, the blades leaf-like. Scales ovate, pointed, slightly ferruginous. Perigynia ascending, elliptic to ovoid, membranaceous, glabrous, with many elevated nerves, sub- orbicular in cross-section, loosely enveloping the achene, rounded at the base, short-tapering and minutely beaked, the orifice entire or sub-emarginate. Achenes triangular, strongly apiculate, jointed with the slender style. Stigmas 3, short. _98. C. Shriveri Britton. Culms 1.5-7 dm. high; leaf-blades 4-16 mm. wide, somewhat glaucous; staminate spike short-stalked; bracts overtopping the culms, the ligules little elongated; perigynia narrowly obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, the beak minute, entire; apiculation of the achene abruptly bent. Moist meadows: Me.—Va.—w 8.D.—Sask. Boreal. Je—J]. 99. C. Crawei Dewey. Culms from long creeping rootstocks, stiff, glabrous or nearly so, 0.7—4 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide, rather stiff; bracts similar, 134 CYPERACEAE short, rarely overtopping the spikes; staminate spike long-stalked; pistillate spikes 1-4, distant, oblong, 10—45-flowered, sessile or stalked; perigynia ovoid, ascending, obscurely many-nerved, 3-3.5 mm. long, suborbicular in cross-sec- tion, rounded at the base, tapering into a very short beak; scales obovate, obtuse to cuspidate. Meadows and banks, limestone regions: N.S.—N.J.—Tenn.— Wyo.—Alta. My-—Jl. 33. Depiites Carey. Culms aphyllopodic, strongly purplish tinged at base, tufted, slender, leafy. Leaf-blades flat. Terminal spike normally staminate. Lateral spikes 2—5, elongated, narrowly linear, slender-peduncled, the lower drooping. Bracts green-sheathing, the blades leaf-like. Perigynia appressed or ascending, lanceolate to ovoid, membranaceous, obsoletely nerved, rather closely enveloping the achene, tapering to a well-developed conic beak, obliquely cut at orifice and strongly hyaline-tipped, at length bidentate. Achenes tri- angular, apiculate, jointed with the slender style. Stigmas 3. 100. C. assiniboinensis W. Boott. Culms 2.5-7.5 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-2 mm. wide; staminate spike long-stalked;; pistillate spikes loosely 1—8-flowered; perigynia narrowly lanceolate, 6 mm. long, 2mm. wide; scales lanceolate, scarious- margined, awned. Wet soil: Man.—Minn.—S.D.—N. IDs doubtfully in our range. Plain. Je. 34. Caprtuares Aschers & Graebner. Culms phyllopodic, light brown and leafy at base, tufted, very slender. Blades narrow. ‘Terminal spike staminate. Lateral spikes 2-4, lmear, drooping on long capillary peduncles, few-flowered in few ranks. Bracts er ecn-sheathing, the blades developed. Perigynia appressed, ovoid, membranaceous, triangular, closely enveloping the achene, tapering into the slender conic beak, truncate and entire at orifice. Achene triangular, short- apiculate, jointed with the slender style. Stigmas 3. 101. C. capillaris L. Culms 0.5-6 dm. high, obtusely triangular, smooth; leaf-blades flat, 1-2 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 2—12-flowered; scales broadly hyaline-margined; perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long, the beak straight. Greenl—N.H.— Mich.—Colo.—Utah.—Nev.—Alaska; Eurasia. Alp—Subalp. Jl-Au. 35. Lonairostres Kiikenth. Culms phyllopodic, tufted, leafy towards the base. Blades flat. Terminal spike staminate. Lateral spikes 2-5, linear- oblong or oblong-cylindric, peduncled, many-flowered in several ranks. Bracts green-sheathing, the blades developed. Perigynia appressed to spreading, membranaceous, globose-triangular, somewhat inflated, prominently beaked, the apex bidentate, the teeth weak, scarious. Achenes triangular, apiculate, the apiculation very abruptly bent, jointed with the slender style. Stigmas 3. 102. C. Sprengelii Dewey. Culms 2.5-9 dm. high, roughish above, strongly fibrillose at the base: leaf-blades 2.5-4 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 10—40-flowered; scales acute to cuspidate; body of the perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long, short-oblong, exceeded by the slender beak. C. longirostris Torr. Alluvial banks: N.B.— N.J.—Colo—Alta. Plain—Submont. My-—Jl. 36. FRricmaE Fries. Culms phyllopodic, tufted, the leaves clustered near the base. Spikes staminate, pistillate, androgynous or gynaecandrous. Bracts green-sheathing, the blades developed or rudimentary. Scales dark tinged, usually with light midvein and margins. Perigynia appressed or ascending, flat to flattened-triangular, not inflated, dark tinged, beaked, the beak hyaline at orifice, more or less bidentate. Achenes triangular, short apiculate, jointed with the straight slender style. Stigmas 3. 103. C. misandra R. Br. Culms 3-40 em. high; leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide, much shorter than the culms; sheaths purplish tinged, the blades short; lateral spikes 1-8, filiform-stalked, drooping, 6-14 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, closely 5-20- flowered; scales blackish, ‘with narrow hyaline margins; perigynia lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, serrulate above. High summits or arctic regions: Greenl. —Ont.—Alaska; Colo. : arctic Eurasia. Arct.—Alp. JI-S. 104. C. luzulina Olney. Culms densely cespitose, 1.5-7.5 dm. high; leaves in a basal rosette, the blades soon spreading, 3-7 mm. wide, stiff; spikes 3-6, the SEDGE FAMILY 135 upper clustered, the lower widely separated, on long-exserted peduncles, the lateral pistillate, 6-8 mm. wide, linear, not compound at base; scales dark reddish brown or black, obtuse or acutish; perigynium body compressed-triangular, closely enveloping achene, 3.75-5 mm. long, not inflated or hispidulous, contracted into the short, sparingly ciliate-serrulate, shallowly bidentate beak. . C. ablata Bailey. C. owyheensis A. Nels. Mountain meadows and bogs: Mont.—Wyo.—Calif.— B.C. Mont—Subalp. Je-Au. 105. C. fissuricola Mackenzie. Culms 5-8 dm. high; leaves mostly clus- tered at the base, the blades 3-6 mm. wide, 7-14 cm. long; terminal spike sessile or short-stalked, often slightly pistillate; lateral spikes 4-5, the upper contiguous and sessile or short-peduncled, the lower separate and strongly peduncled; scales ovate, acute to cuspidate, brown, with lighter midrib conspicuous to apex, sparsely hairy when young; perigynium body narrowly ovate, much flattened, loosely enveloping the achene, 5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, sparsely hairy when young, remotely ciliate-serrulate on the margins, contracted into a shallowly biden- tate beak. C. luzulaefolia W. Boott, in part. Mountain meadows: (? Utah)— Nev.—Calif. Mont.—Subalp. 106. C. petricosa Dew. Stoloniferous; culms 1.5-2 dm. high, obtusely triangular, smooth; leaf-blades 2 mm. wide; spikes 3-5, oblong, 10-15 mm. long, closely flowered, the lower slender-peduncled; scales dark brown with hyaline margins; perigynia several-nerved, hispidulous, 4.5-5 mm. long, the orifice of the beak obliquely cut. Mountain summits: B.C.—Alta. Alp. 107. C. Franklinii Boott. Stoloniferous; culms 6-9 dm. high, obtusely triangular, smooth; leaf-blades 2 mm. wide; spikes 5-8, oblong, 1.2 cm. long, closely flowered, the lower slender-peduncled; scales brown with hyaline margins; perigynia with slender nerves, 4.5-5 mm. long, rough on the margins, the beak with obliquely cut orifice, becoming bidenticulate. Mountain summits: Canadian Rocky Mts. (About Lat. 56°.) Alp. 37. PALLESCENTES Fries. Culms aphyllopodic, tufted, leafy towards the base. Leaves pubescent. Terminal spike staminate, linear. Lateral spikes pistillate, closely 10-30-flowered in several rows. Bracts leaf-like, sheathless or nearly so. Perigynia green, rounded-triangular in cross-section, enveloping the achene, many-nerved, glabrous, rounded at the base, beakless or short-beaked. Achenes triangular, apiculate, the style thick, very short. Stigmas 3. 108. C. abbreviata Prescott. Culms 2.5-5 dm. high; leaflet-blades 1.5-3 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 1-3, short-oblong, 6-16 mm. long, 6 mm. wide, sessile or short-stalked, approximate; perigynia obovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, strongly nerved, depressed at the apex, tipped by a short slender entire beak. C. Torreyi Tuckerm. Dry soil: Man.—Minn.—Colo.—Sask. Plains—Submont. Je—Jl. 38. ANOMALAE Carey. Culms stout, leafy. Leaf-blades broad, flat, glab- rous, not septate-nodulose. Terminal spike staminate, linear. Lateral spikes pistillate, linear-cylindric, scattered, closely many-flowered in several rows. Bracts leaf-like, sheathless. Perigynia ascending or in age spreading, obovoid, small, 2.5-4 mm. long, olive-green, nerved, tapering at the base, triangular, slightly inflated, abruptly beaked, the beak conic, shallowly bidentate. Achenes triangular, subapiculate, the style short, thickish, Stigmas 3. _ 109. C. amplifolia Boott. Stoloniferous; culms 5-10 dm. high, sharply triangular; sheaths hispidulous; leaf-blades 8-18 mm. wide; pistillate spikes short-peduncled or nearly sessile, 3.5-8 em. long, 6-7 mm. wide; scales acute to mucronate; perigynia 3 mm. long, nerveless except for the keels, glabrous. Wet soil: B.C.—Ida.—Calif. Submont. Je-Au. 39. Limosar Tuckerm. Culms slender, leafy below. Leaf-blades narrow. Terminal spike staminate, linear. Lateral spikes 1-4, pistillate, distant, oblong, closely several-many-flowered in several ranks, drooping, on slender peduncles. Bracts leaflet-like, essentially sheathless (in our species). Perigynia appressed, coriaceous, ovoid, or elliptic, glaucous, papillose, beakless or nearly so. _Achenes triangular, closely enveloped, the style short, straight, exserted, its base not enlarged. Stigmas 3. 136 CYPERACEAE 110. C. limosa L. Culms 1.5-6 dm. high, sharply triangular; pistillate spikes 1-2.5 em. long, 5-8 mm. thick, 8-30-flowered; scales acute or short-cuspi- date; perigynia broadly ovate, flattened, 2-edged, 2.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, several-nerved. Sphagnum bogs: Lab.—N.J.—la.—Mont.—Wash.—Alaska; Eurasia. Boreal—Mont. My-Au. 111. C. paupercula Michx. Culms 1-8 dm. high, sharply triangular; pistillate spikes 0.5-2 em. long, 4-8 mm. thick, 6-25-flowered; scales long-acumin- ate or awned; perigynia subglobose, 2.5-3 mm. long, 2.25 mm. wide, few- nerved. C. magellanica Am. auth. Sphagnum bogs: Newf.—Pa.—Minn.—Colo. —Utah—Alaska; Eurasia. Swbmont.—Mont. Au. 112. C. Buxbaumii Wahl. Densely cespitose; culms 2—9 dm. high, slender but stiff, strongly reddish-purple at base; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide; spikes 8-40 mm. long, 8 mm. wide, the perigynia numerous, 3-4 mm. long, glaucous-green, lightly many-nerved, the apex minutely bidentate; scales awned, exceeding the perigynia. C. Holmiana Mackenzie. Bogs: Greenl.—Ga.—Ark.—Colo.—Calif. —Alaska; Eurasia. Mont.—Submont. My-—Jl. 40. ArraTAn Kunth. Culms leafy below. Terminal spike staminate or gynaecandrous, the lateral 1-10, normally pistillate, from sessile, erect, and closely approximate, to long-peduncled, nodding, and distant. Bracts sheathless or nearly so, dark-colored at the base, the blades short. Scales dark-tinged. Perigynia membranaceous, straw-colored, often dark-tinged, elliptic to broadly obovate, ciccular in cross-section to much flattened, papillose to puncticulate, glabrous, abruptly short-beaked or beakless, the orifice entire or bidentate. Achenes triangular, the style slender, straight, often exserted, its base not en- larged. Stigmas 3. 113. C. Parryana Dewey. Stoloniferous, the culms 1-3.5 em. high, fibril- lose at the base; leaf-blades 2.5-4 mm. wide; spikes 1-5, often all pistillate, or the terminal staminate below or throughout, the lateral oblong or linear-oblong, erect, approximate; scales obtuse to mucronate, concealing the perigynia; peri- gynia 2.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, flattened and sharp-edged, lightly few-nerved, the beak minute, bidenticulate. C. Hlrodi M. E. Jones. Mountain meadows: Hudson Bay—N.D.—Colo.—Alta. Plain—Mont. My-—Jl. 114. C. idahoa Bailey. Culms 2-3.5 dm. high, fibrillose at the base; leaf- blades 2-4 mm. wide, flat; spikes usually 3, approximate, erect, the terminal staminate above, the lateral pistillate, 1-2 em. long, 4-6 mm. wide; scales ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, concealing the perigynia; perigynia 3 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, faintly nerved, the beak 1 mm. long, bidenticulate. Mountain meadows: Mont.—Ida. Mont. Jl. 115. C. podocarpa R. Br. Culms aphyllopodic, triangular, slender, nearly smooth, 2-4 dm. high, from elongated tough rootstocks; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 2-4, drooping, oblong or linear-oblong, 1—2 em. long, 4.5—-6 mm. wide, closely 15-30-flowered; perigynia ovate, flat, 4mm. long, 2 mm. wide; achene stipitate. C. montanensis Bailey. Mountain sides and meadows: Alaska —Alta.—Mont.—Ida. Mont.—Subalp. Jl-Au. 116. C. venustula Holm. Culms sharply triangular, slender, nearly smooth, 2-5 dm. high, from stout rootstocks; leaf-blades erect-ascending, 2—4 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 1-3, drooping, oblong or linear-oblong, 0.5-2 cm. long, 4.5-7.5 mm. wide, closely 10-30-flowered; perigynia oblong-elliptic, flat, 4mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, sub-stipitate, exceeding the scales; achene short-stipi- tate. Mountains: Alta.—Alaska. Subalp. Jl-Au. 117. C. spectabilis Dewey. Culms aphyllopodic, sharply triangular, 2.5-5 dm. high, from densely matted tough rootstocks; leaf-blades 2-3.5 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong, 1-2 em. long, 3.5-5 mm. wide, closely 15-30- flowered; perigynia flat, 4 mm. long, 2 mm. wide; achene short-stipitate. C. nigella Boott. C. invisa Bailey. Mountains and meadows: Alaska—Mont.— Calif. Mont.—Alp. JI-S. 118. C. Tolmiei Boott. Culms phyllopodic, sharply triangular, rough above, 2.5-5 dm. high, from densely matted tough rootstocks; leaf-blades 2.5— SEDGE FAMILY 137 4.5 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 3-6, oblong-cylindric, 1-3 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, somewhat attenuate at the base, closely many-flowered; perigynia flat, 3 mm. long; achene short-stipitate. Mountains: Alta. —Wyo.—Ida.—Wash. Mont. —Subalp. Jl-Au. 119. C. Raynoldsii Dewey. Culms 2-4 dm. high, stout; rootstocks stout, stoloniferous; leaf-blades 3-8 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, approximate or the lowest separate, peduncled, erect, oblong, 1-2 em. long, 7-8 mm. wide, closely 15—40-flowered; scales blackish, with light midvein, exceeded by the perigynia; perigynia oblong-oval, round in cross-section, 4.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, the short beak bidentate. C. aboriginum M. E. Jones. Mountain meadows and bogs: Alta.—Colo.—Calif—Wash. Mont.—Subalp. Je-Au. 120. C. Halleri Gunn. Culms 1.5-6 dm. high, slender; leaf-blades 1-3 mm. wide; spikes 2—4, clustered, erect, sessile or short-peduncled, 4-10 mm. long, closely 8—25-flowered; scales black, shorter than the perigynia; perigynia minutely bidentate. C.alpinaSw. Rocky places: Greenl.—Ont.—N.M.—Alaska; Eurasia. Alp.—Mont.: Jl-Au. 121. C. Nelsonii Mackenzie. Culms 2-4 dm. high, stiff, smooth, erect, fibrillose at base; leaf-blades 3-4 mm. wide; spikes 2 or 3, oblong or obovoid, 10-12 mm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, the lateral densely 15-35-flowered; scales black, the midvein obsolete; perigynia 4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, roughened on edges above, the conspicuous black beak sharply bidentate. Mountain meadows: Wyo.—Colo. Subalp.—Alp. Jl-Au. 122. C. albo-nigra Mackenzie. Culms 1.5-3 dm. high, stiff, roughened above, slightly fibrillose at the base; leaf-blades 3 mm. wide; spikes usually 3, the lateral narrowly oblong, 8-10 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, closely 8-15-flowered, the terminal spike larger; scales with nearly obsolete midvein; perigynia black- ish, 3 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, minutely roughened on margins. Mountain mead- ows: Mont.—Colo.—Ariz.—Utah. Subalp.—Alp. Jl-Au. 123. C. nova Bailey. Culms 1.5-6 dm. high, stiff, little roughened, fibrillose at the base; leaf-blades 2.5-5 mm. wide; spikes 2—4, broadly ovoid, 7-12 mm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, closely flowered; scales with inconspicuous midvein; peri- gynia blackish, 3-4 mm. long, 2—-3.5 mm. wide, minutely roughened on the mar- gins. Mountain meadows: Mont.—N.M.—Utah—Ida. Mont.—Alp. Je—Au. 124. C. atrosquama Mackenzie. Culms 3-4.5 dm. high, slender, often nodding, little roughened, slightly fibrillose at the base; leaf-blades 2.5-3.5 mm. wide; spikes 3-4, approximate, the lower 1-2 slender-peduncled, oblong, 6-12 mm. long, 5mm. wide densely 15-30—flowered; scales black with obsolete mid- vein; perigynia olive-green, 3.25 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, round-tapering at the base, abruptly minutely beaked. Mountain meadows: Alta.—Mont.—Ida.— B.C. Mont. JIS. 125. C. bella Bailey. Culms 5-9 dm. high, slender, nodding, roughened above; leaf-blades 3-6 mm. wide; spikes 3-4, gynaecandrous, 1-3 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, 15-30-flowered; scales brownish black, mostly shorter than the perigynia; perigynia green or olive-green, 4 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, rounded at the ends. Mountain meadows: Colo—N.M.—Ariz.—Utah. Mont.—Alp. Jl-Au. 126. C. atratiformis Britton. Culms 3-9 dm. high, slender, often nodding, roughened above, slightly fibrillose at the base; leaf-blades 3 mm. wide; spikes 3-4, oblong, 1—-2.5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, closely 10—-30-flowered; scales dark reddish brown; perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, rounded at the base, round-tapering at the apex. Along streams: Lab.—Me.—Alta.—Yukon. Mont.—Boreal. Je—Au. 127. C. chalciolepis Holm. Culms 2-7 dm. high, slender, smooth, or nearly so; leaf-blades 3-6 mm. wide, the uppermost bract-like, 2-6 em. below inflores- cence; spikes 2-4, contiguous, oblong to broadly ovoid, 1-2 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, "closely flowered in many rows; scales very thin, copper-colored, much narrower but longer than the perigynia, the midvein indistinct; perigynia 3-4 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide, with broadly oval or obovate body, rounded at ends; 138 CYPERACEAE achenes' short-stipitate. Mountain meadows: Mont.—Colo.—Ariz.—Nev. Mont.—Alp. JI-S. 128. C. atrata L. Culms 2-7 dm. high, sharply triangular, more or less roughened; leaves all towards culm base, the blades 2-8 mm. wide; spikes 3-7, at least the lowest separate, oblong or obovoid-oblong, 1-3 em. long, 5-10 mm. wide, closely flowered in many rows; scales brownish black, narrower but mostly longer than the perigynia, the midvein indistinct; perigynia 3-3.5 mm. long, oval; achenes 2 mm. wide, granular-roughened, short-stipitate. Mountain meadows: Greenl.—Mont.—Wyo.—Alaska; Eurasia. Alp.—Subalp. Je—Au. 129. C. epapillosa Mackenzie. Culms 1.5-6 dm. high, stiff, sharply tri- angular, smooth; leaves all towards base of the culm, the blades 3-8 mm. wide, nearly flat; spikes 3-6, approximate or the lowest a little separate, sessile or short-peduncled, oblong-obovoid, 1—2.5 em. long, 6-10 mm. wide, closely flowered In many rows; scales lance-ovate, sharp-pointed, brownish black, narrower than, but about equalling or exceeding the perigynia, the midvein more or less prom- inent; perigynia broadly oval or obovate, 3.5-4 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, ob- securely nerved, not granular; achenes slender-stipitate. Mountain meadows: Wyo.—Utah—Calif. Mont.—Alp. Je—Au. 130. C. Mertensii Prescott. Culms 3-10 dm. high, sharply triangular, rough; leaf-blades flat, 4-7 mm. wide; spikes 1-4 em. long, 7-10 mm. wide, gynae- candrous, the perigynia numerous, appressed-ascending; scales lance-ovate, acute, brown, with light midvein and margins; perigynia tapering at the apex, munueely beaked. Mountains: Alaska—Mont.—Calif. Mont.—Submont. Jl- u. 41. Acuras Fries. Culms leafy below, aphyllopodie or phyllopodic; term- inal 1-several spikes staminate (rarely gynaecandrous), linear, the remaining pistillate, linear to cylindric or oblong, closely many-flowered, sessile or ped- uncled. Bracts sheathless (rarely short-sheathing), leafy or squamiform, bi- auriculate and often darkened at the base. Perigynia membranaceous to cori- aceous, plano- or bi-convex, or turgid, elliptic to obovate, puncticulate, margined, beakless or abruptly minutely beaked, the orifice entire to deeply bidentate. Achenes normally lenticular. Style slender, straight, sometimes exserted, its base not enlarged. Stigmas normally 2. 131. C. concolor R. Br. Culms 1-5 dm. high, smooth; leaf-blades 3-7 mm. wide, with revolute margins; terminal spike staminate, linear; lateral spikes 1—4, short-oblong to linear-cylindric, 0.5-4 em. long, 3-5 mm. wide, sessile or short-stalked; scales obtuse or acutish, blackish with lighter midvein; perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long, nerveless or nearly so, the orifice entire. C. rigida Good. Bigelovii Torr. Arctic-alpine regions: Greenl.—N.H.—Alta.—B.C.—Alaska; Eurasia. Alp. 132. C. scopulorum Holm. Loosely stoloniferous; culms 1-4 dm. high, sharply triangular, smooth; leaf-blades 3-7 mm. wide, with revolute margins; terminal spike androgynous or staminate; lateral spikes 2-3, approximate, erect, sessile or short-stalked, pistillate or androgynous, 1—-2.5 em. long, 6-7 mm. wide; scales obtuse, black, the midvein obsolete; perigynia 2.5-3.5 mm. long, with short but prominent beak, nerveless. Mountains: Mont.—Colo.—Wash. Mont.—Alp. Jl-Au. 133. C. chimaphila Holm. Loosely cespitose and stoloniferous; the culms 1-4 dm. high, scabrous, flattened, triangular; leaf-blades light green, 3-5 mm. wide, with slightly revolute margins; spikes 3-4, the upper approximate and sessile or short-peduncled, the lowest more distant, peduncled, the terminal staminate or androgynous, the lateral pistillate or androgynous, 1-3 em. long, 7-10 mm. wide; scales lanceolate, acute or acuminate, black, with lighter or obsolete midvein; perigynia 2.5-3.5 mm. long, abruptly minutely beaked. Pos- sibly merely a form of C. scopulorum Holm. Mountain slopes: Mont.—Colo. Alp.—Subalp. Jl-Au. 134. C. aperta Boott. Stoloniferous; the culms 5-10 dm. high, sharply triangular, rough above; leaf-blades 2.5-5 mm. wide; terminal spike staminate; SEDGE FAMILY 139 lateral spikes 2-3, pistillate, sessile to slender-peduncled, approximate, 12-48 mm. long, 5 mm. wide; scales lanceolate, sharp-pointed; perigynia obovoid, nerveless, abruptly minutely beaked. Low ground: B.C.—Mont.—Utah—Calif. Submont. Jes. 135. C. lenticularis Michx. Densely cespitose; culms 3-6 dm. high, some- what roughened; staminate spikes 1-2, often partly pistillate; pistillate spikes 2-5, sessile or short-peduncled, approximate or lower remote, 1—5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; scales obtuse, with broad light-colored center; perigynia 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, minutely beaked. River and lake shores: Lab.—Mass.—Minn. —Sask. Boreal. Je-S. 136. C. Kelloggii W. Boott. Cespitose; culms 3-7 dm. high, slender, some- what roughened; staminate spike usually 1; pistillate spikes 3-5, sessile or nearly sO, approximate or slightly separate, linear, 1.5-4 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; scales obtuse or acutish, with broad light-colored center; perigynia 2.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, abruptly minutely beaked. C. vulgaris var. lipocarpa Holm. Alaska —Ida.—Colo.—Utah—Calif. Submont.—Mont. Je—Au. 137. C. aquatilis Wahl. Rootstock slender, stoloniferous; culms 2-7 dm°* high, sharply triangular above, slender, reddened at the base; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide; staminate spikes 1-2, slender; pistillate spikes 2—4, sessile or short- peduncled, separate, linear, 1.5-6 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; scales oblong-obovate to lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, blackish, 1-nerved; perigynia elliptic-obovate, 2.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, nerveless, but with a median ridge, sub-stipitate, puncticulate, reddish-dotted all over, granular, very minutely beaked. C. vari- abilis Bailey. C.rhomboidea Holm. Wet meadows and swamps: Lab.—Que.— N.M.—Calif.—Yukon; Eurasia. Mont.—Subalp. Je-Au. 138. C. substricta (Kiikenth.) Mackenzie. Cespitose and stoloniferous; culms 6-14 dm. high, sharply triangular, reddened at the base; leaf-blades often glaucous, 4-8 mm. wide; staminate spikes 2-3, slender; pistillate spikes 2-4, sessile or short-peduncled, separate, linear, 2-7 em. long, 4-6 mm. wide; scales lanceolate, sharp-pointed, reddish brown with broad light-colored center, narrower than the perigynia; perigynia 3 mm. long, obovate, tapering to the stipitate base, obscurely nerved, but the marginal nerves prominent, resinous- dotted, abruptly very minutely beaked. C. aquatilis Am. auth., not Wahl. Swamps: Me.—N.Y.—Neb.—Sask. Plain. Je-Au. 139. C. nebraskensis Dewey. Rootstocks creeping and _ stoloniferous; culms 2.5-10 dm. high; leaf-blades 4-8 mm. wide, flat; staminate spikes 1-2; pistillate spikes 2-5, sessile or short-peduncled, 1.5-6 cm. long, 6-9 mm. wide, contiguous or the lower separate; scales lanceolate, obtusish to acuminate, blackish with light midvein; perigynia ascending, 3-3.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, rounded at the base. Meadows and swamps: S8.D.—Kans.—N.M.—Calif.— B.C. Plain—Submont. My-Jl. 140. C. Emoryi Dewey. Cespitose, long stoloniferous; culms 5-10 dm. high, sharply triangular, rarely reddened at the base; leaf-blades green, 3-7 mm. wide; staminate spikes 1-3, slender; pistillate spikes 2-4, sessile or short-ped- uncled, more or less strongly separate, narrowly linear, 4-10 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; scales lanceolate, sharp-pointed, with broad light-colored center and hya- line margins, narrower than the perigynia; perigynia very numerous, oval or ovate, 2.5 mm. long, rounded at the base, sessile or substipitate, few-nerved, the marginal nerves not prominent, puncticulate, abruptly minutely but notice- ably beaked. Swales and river banks: N.J.—D.C.—Tex.—N.M.—Colo.— N.D.—Man. Plain—Submont. 141. C. prionophylla Holm. Rootstocks thick; culms 5-9 dm. high, strongly aphyllopodic and reddened at base, wing-angled and serrulate; leaf-blades flat, 4-5 mm. wide, very scabrous; spikes 4-5, the terminal staminate, the lateral pistillate, contiguous or the lower separate, sessile or short-peduncled, 1-2 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; lowest bract dark-auricled; scales oblong-ovate; perigynia appressed, 2.5 mm. long, obovate, green, obscurely nerved, abruptly minutely beaked. Mountain streams: Ida.—Wash. Submont. Jl. 140 CYPERACEAE 42. Hrrrar Tuckerm. Culms stout, leafy. Rootstocks with long stolons. Leaves septate-nodulose. Spikes 3-10, the upper 1—5 staminate, slender, the others pistillate, many-flowered, erect. Bracts leaf-like, equalling or exceeding the culm, often sheathing. Pistillate scales acute or aristate, ovate or lanceolate. Perigynia mostly ascending, coriaceous, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, somewhat in- flated, nearly orbicular in cross-section, many-nerved, often hairy, round-taper- ing at the base, tapering into a bidentate beak. Achenes triangular, often stipi- tate, the faces flat or deeply concave, apiculate, continuous with the straight or slightly flexuous slender style. Stigmas 3. 142. C. lacustris Willd. Culms stout, purplish-tinged and filamentose at the base, 6-12 dm. high; leaf-blades 5-12 mm. wide, somewhat glaucous; stam- inate spikes 1-5, slender; pistillate spikes 2-5, 3-10 cm. long, 1 cm. wide; scales purplish tinged, acute to aristate; perigynia ovoid, 6 mm. long, 2.46 mm. wide, strongly nerved. In swamps: Newf.—Del.—la.—Man.—lIda. Boreal. Je—Jl. 143. C. lanuginosa Michx. Culms stoutish, more or less reddened and filamentose at the base, 6-9 dm. high, sharp-angled and rough above; staminate spikes 1-3, distant; pistillate spikes 1-3, 1-5 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide; scales acuminate or aristate; perigynia ovoid, the beak bidentate. C. Watsoni Olney. Swampy places: N.S.—D.C.—Mo.—N.M.—Calif.—B.C. Plain—Mont. Je- Jl. 144. C. lasiocarpa Ehrh. Culms slender but stiff, strongly reddened and filamentose at the base, 6-9 dm. high, obtusely angled, smooth; staminate spikes 1-3, distant; pistillate spikes 1-3, 1-5 em. long, 5-7 mm. wide; scales acute or short-awned; perigynia oval-ovoid, 2 mm. wide, the beak bidentate. C. fili- formis Auth., not L. Swamps: Newf.—N.J.—Ia.—Colo.—Ida.—B.C.; Eurasia. Plain—Submont. 145. C. Houghtonii Torr. Long-stoloniferous; culms stoutish, 3-8 dm. high; leaf-blades 3-7 mm. wide; staminate spikes 1-3, distant; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, 1-4 em. long, 7-12 mm. wide, rather loosely 15-35-flowered; scales lance- olate, short-awned; perigynia ovoid, 3 mm. wide. Sandy or rocky soil: N.S.— Me.—Minn.—Sask. Boreal. My-—Au. 146. C. laeviconica Dewey. Culms 6-12 dm. high, very rough above; leaf-blades 3-6 mm. wide, glabrous; sheaths puberulent towards the top, breaking and becoming filamentose; staminate spikes 2-6, distant; pistillate spikes 2-4, densely flowered, except at the base, 2.5-10 cm. long, 10-16 mm. wide; perigynia ovoid, glabrous, 8-10 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Marshes: Ill.—Man.—Mo.— Kans.—Mont.—Sask. Plain. My-—Jl. 147. C. atherodes Spreng. Culms stout, 6-15 dm. high, often roughish above; leaf-blades 5-12 mm. wide, often pubescent beneath, as are the sheaths; staminate spikes 2-6, distant; pistillate spikes 3-5, densely flowered except at the base, 3-10 em. long, 12-16 mm. wide; perigynia 8-12 mm. long. C. aristata R. Br. Marshes: N.Y.—Mo.—Colo.—Utah—Ore.—Yukon. Plain—Submont. JeS. 148. C. Sheldonii Mackenzie. Strongly stoloniferous; culms very smooth below the spikes, 6-9 dm. high, neither bright-colored nor fibrillose at the base; leaves about four, the blades 5-6 mm. wide, 2-4 dm. long (or longer on sterile shoots), sparingly short-pubescent, as are the sheaths, the latter dark-tinged at the mouth, the basal breaking and slightly filamentose; staminate spikes 2-3, distant; pistillate spikes usually 2, widely separate, sessile or short-peduncled, oblong-cylindric, 2-5 cm. long, 8-10 mm. wide, rather closely 25—60-flowered; perigynia 5-6 mm. long, short-pubescent, the beak bidentate, the teeth less than 1 mm. long; scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate. Swamps: Calif. —Ore.—Ida. 43. ExTeNSAE Fries. Culms slender, but strict, obtusely triangular, leafy towards the base. Leaves septate-nodulose, the blades narrow. Spikes 2-10, normally the terminal staminate, the others pistillate, suborbicular to oblong, densely flowered, 3 cm. or less long, the upper sessile and approximate, the lower remote, peduncled, erect. Bracts leafy, more or less sheathing. Pis- or o SEDGE FAMILY 141 tillate scales ovate, mostly reddish, copper- or chestnut-tinged. Perigynia ascending, spreading or deflexed, membranaceous, smooth, many-nerved, some- what inflated, obscurely triangular, rounded at the base, contracted into a bi- dentate beak, the teeth very erect. Achenes triangular, with flat faces, con- tinuous with the very slender erect or flexuous style. Stigmas 3. 149. C. viridula Michx. Densely cespitose, not yellowish green, the culms 0.7—4 dm. tall, smooth, bluntly triangular; leaf-blades 1.5-3 mm. wide, canalicu- late, the sheaths not prolonged at throat; staminate spike sessile or short-ped- uncled; pistillate spikes 2-10, aggregate or the lower separate and exsert- peduncled, 4-12 mm. long, 4-7 mm. wide; scales ovate, much shorter than the perigynia, obtuse or acutish; perigynia whitish-tipped, tapering at the base. C. Oederi Am. auth., in part. Lake and river banks: Newf.—N.J.—N.D.—Colo.— Utah—B.C.—Calif. Plain—Mont. Je—Au. 150. C. flava L. Yellowish green; culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, smooth or nearly 80; leaf-blades 2-5 mm. wide; staminate spike sessile or stalked; pistillate spikes ji-4, aggregated or the lower separate, 6-18 mm. long, 9-12 mm. wide; scales ovate, strongly reddish tinged, conspicuous at maturity; perigynia 5-6 mm. long, the beak deflexed, reddish-tipped. Wet meadows: Newf.—N.J.—Ohio—Mont. —B.C. Mont—Submont. Je-S. 44. PauctrLorAz Tuckerm. Long-stoloniferous. Culms slender. Leaf- blades narrow. Spike solitary, androgynous, bractless, narrow. Pistillate seales soon falling. Perigynia few, short-stipitate, soon widely spreading or reflexed, obscurely triangular, straw-colored, subulate-beaked, obliquely cut. Achenes triangular, linear-oblong. Stigmas 3. 151. C. microglochin Wahl. Culms 8-25 em. high, smooth; culm-leaves 4-8; pistillate scales very quickly deciduous; perigynia 3-12, 4-6 mm. long, obscurely nerved, smooth. Arctic-alpine localities: Greenl.—Ont.—Alta.— B.C.; reported from Colo.; Eurasia. Alp. Jl-Au. 152. C. pauciflora Lightf. Culms 10-25 cm. high, rough on the angles; culm- leaves 2-3; perigynia 1-6, 6-7 mm. long, obscurely several-nerved, smooth. Sphagnum swamps: Newf.—N.Y.—Mich.—Wash.—Alaska; Eurasia. (Not definitely known from our range.) Boreal—Mont. Je—Au. 45. Psmupo-CyPEREAE Tuckerm. Culms tall, generally stout, acutely angled, leafy below. Leaf-blades flat, septate-nodulose. Spikes 3-9, the upper 1-3 slender, staminate, the others normally pistillate, densely flowered, the upper approximate, the lower remote and strongly peduncled, often nodding. Bracts _leaf-like, much exceeding the culms, mostly not sheathing. Pistillate scales aristate. Perigynia spreading or reflexed, membranaceous or stiff, triangular or circular in cross-section, 3-8 mm. long, closely many-ribbed, greenish straw- color, smooth, stipitate, contracted into a rigid, slender beak. Achenes triangular, continuous with the slender often flexuous style. Stigmas 3, short. 153. C. hystricina Muhl. Culms 3-9 dm. tall, reddened at the base, rough above; leaf-blades 3-8 mm. wide; staminate spike slender-stalked, the scales rough-awned; pistillate spikes 1-4, densely many-flowered, 1-6 cm. long, 10-14 mm. wide, the lower slender-stalked; scales rough-awned; perigynia 5-6 mm. long, 15-20-nerved. Swampy soil: Newf.—Ga.—Tex.—Ariz.—Calif.—Alta. Plain. Je—Au. 154. C. comosa Boott. Culms stout, up to 15 dm. tall, sharply angled; leaf-hlades 6-14 mm. wide; staminate spike as in the last; pistillate spikes as in the last but 12-14 mm. wide; scales very rough-awned; perigynia rigid, closely many-ribbed, reflexed when mature. Swamps: N.S.—Minn.—Fla.—La.; Calif —Wash.—Ida. Plain—Submont. Je-Au. 46. PuHysocaRPAE Drejer. Culms mostly tall and stout, leafy below. Leaves not hairy, septate-nodulose. Spikes 2-10, the upper 1-5 staminate, the others normally pistillate, subglobose to linear-cylindric, generally closely many- flowered, erect, short-peduncled, more or less remote. Bracts leaf-like, much 142 CYPERACEAE exceeding the inflorescence, normally sheathless. Perigynia ascending, spread- ing, or even reflexed, membranaceous, smooth, from little to much inflated, suborbicular in cross-section, coarsely many -ribbed or nerveless, contracted into a beak, the beak entire to bidentate. Achenes much shorter than the perigynia, triangular or lenticular, continuous with the usually tortuous style. Stigmas 3 or 2. ; 155. C. miliaris Michx. Culms 3-6 dm. tall, HG little filamentose at the base; leaf-blades 2 mm. wide; staminate spikes 1 or 2; pistillate spikes 1-3, oblong-cylindric, 8-25 mm. long, 5-7 mm. w ide; perigynia at most faintly nerved, 2-3 mm. long, exceeding the scale. Border of lakes and streams: Lab.—Me— B.C. Boreal. Jl—Au. 156. C. saxatilis L. Culms 3-8 a tall, more or less SOU ; leaf-blades 1.5-3.5 mm. wide; staminate spikes 1 or 2; - pistillate spikes 1 or 2, separate, oblong- cylindric, 1.5-8. 5 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, closely 25—-75- flowered; scales ovate- lanceolate, sharp-pointed, brownish with lighter midvein, hyaline at the apex; perigynia obscurely nerved, 4.5-5 mm. long, 1.75-2.25 mm. wide, exceeding the scales, minutely beaked. C. physocarpa Pres]. Arctic and subarctic places: Colo.—Mack.—Alaska; Eurasia. Alp.—Mont. Je-Au. 157. C. oligosperma Michx. lLong-stoloniferous; culms slender, 4.5-9 dm. high, exceeding the leaves; leaf-blades 3 mm. wide, involute in age; staminate spike stalked, linear; pistillate spikes 1-2, subglobose or short-oblong, mostly 5-15-flowered; scales acute or slightly mucronate, much shorter than the peri- gynia; perigynia ovoid, inflated, strongly few-nerved, yellowish green, shining, 5 mn. long, 3 mm. in diameter, the beak minutely bidentate. In bogs: Lab.— Pa.—Ind.—Sask. Je-S. 158. C. Raeana Boott. Culms 3-6 dm. high, very slender, triangular and roughened above, reddened at the base; leaf-blades flat, 2 mm. wide, little nodu- lose; staminate spikes 1 or 2; pistillate spikes 1-3, narrowly cylindric, 1.5-5 cm. long, 5 mm. wide, short-peduncled; scales lanceolate, acuminate; perigynia 5-6 mm. long, closely enveloping the achene, yellowish green, strongly few-nerved. (Probably a form of the next.) Lake and river shores: Me.—Que.—Sask. Boreal. Je—Au. 159. C. vesicaria L. Culms 3-9 dm. high, acutely angled and rough above; leaf-blades 3-6 mm. wide; staminate spikes 2—4; pistillate spikes 1-8, sessile or short-peduncled, erect, oblong-cylindric, 2.5-7 em. long, 6-15 mm. wide, many- flowered; scales ovate or lanceolate, acute, acuminate, or short-awned; perigynia 5-8 mm. long, yellowish green, 8-10-nerved. C. monile Tuckerm. Wet mead- ows and swamps: Que.—Pa.—Ohio—Calif.—B.C.; Eurasia. Plain. Je—Au. 160. C. exsiccata Bailey. Culms 3-10 dm. high, acutely triangular and rough above; leaf-blades 3-6 mm. wide; staminate spikes 2-4; pistillate spikes 1—3, sessile or short-peduncled, erect, cylindric, 2-7 em. long, 10-14 mm. wide, closely many-flowered; scales ovate, sharp-pointed; perigynia 7-9 mm. long, lanceolate, tapering into the beak, yellowish green, 8—10-nerved. ‘“C. mirata Dewey”? Holm. Wet places: Alaska—Mont.—Calif. Submont. Je-Au. 161. C. rostrata Stokes. Culms stout, 3-12 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-12 mm. wide; staminate spikes 2-4; pistillate spikes 2—4, erect, cylindric, densely flowered, sessile or short-peduncled, 5-15 em. long, 6-20 mm. wide; scales lanceolate, awned or acute; perigynia ovoid, spreading at maturity, few-nerved, 4-8 mm. long, abruptly beaked. C. utriculata Boott. Boggy places: Lab.—Del.—N.M. Calif.—B.C.—Alaska; Eurasia. Plain—Mont. JeS 162. C. retrorsa Schw. Culms stout, 3-10 dm. high, smooth or slightly roughened above; leaf-blades 5-10 mm. wide; staminate spikes 1-3; pistillate spikes 3-8, contiguous and sessile or nearly so, or the lower distant and long- stalked, cylindric, densely many-flowered, 2.5-7.5 mm. long, 14-20 mm. wide; scales lanceolate, acute or acuminate; perigynia ovoid, few-nerved, 7-10 mm. long, tapering into the beak. “C. lupulina Muhl.” of Fl. Colo. Swamps and wet_ places: Newf.—Pa.—Ia.—Colo.—Wash.—B.C. Plain—Submont. Jl-O. ARUM FAMILY 143 Family 14. ARACEAE. Arum Famity. Fleshy, perennial, mostly acaulescent herbs, with rootstocks. Leaves basal, usually petioled, with broad, simple or rarely divided, reticulate- veined blades, or narrowly linear with sheathing bases. Flowers perfect, monoecious or dioecious, borne in a dense fleshy spike (spadix); this sub- tended by or enclosed in a large foliaceous or colored bract (spathe). Peri- anth of scale-like members or wanting. Stamens 4-10, with very short filaments and thick connectives. Gynoecium of a single carpel or of several united carpels. Ovaries 1-several-celled; stigmas terminal; ovules 1 to several in each cavity. Fruit a berry or a utricle. Spadix terminal, with an oblong sheathing spathe; leaves petioled, with broad blades. 1. LYSICHITON. Spadix borne somewhat laterally on the leaf-like scape; spathe leaf-like, continuous to the scape; leaves narrowly linear, equitant. 2. ACORUS. 1. LYSICHITON Schott. SkunK CABBAGE. Acaulescent perennial swamp plants, with short thick rootstocks. Leaves fleshy, petioled, with sheathing bases, the earlier reduced to merely inflated sheaths. Spathe sheathing at the base. Spadix cylindric, at last long-exserted. Flowers perfect, crowded. Perianth 4-lobed. Stamens 4, opposite. Pistil solitary; ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled; stigma depressed. Ovules horizontal, ortho- tropous. Fruit fleshy. : 1. L. kamtschatcensis Schott. Leaf-blades 3-7 dm. long, 7-25 cm. broad, elliptic to lance-oblong, acute at both ends; spathe oblong-lanceolate, 1-1.5 dm. long; peduncles 15-30 em. long; spadix 7-12 cm. long, becoming 5-6 em. thick. Swamps: Alaska—Mont.—Calif.; e Asia. Swbmont. My—Je. 2. ACORUS L. Sweer Frac, CaLamus-Roor. Erect swamp plants, with long horizontal rootstocks. Leaves sword-shaped, equitant. Scapes 3-angled, bearing a lateral spadix and a foliaceous spathe, continuous with the scape. Flowers perfect, densely crowded on the spadix. Perianth with 6 membranous concave divisions. Stamens 6. Pistil solitary; ovary 2—4-celled, each 2—8-ovuled; stigma depressed-capitate. Fruit berry-like. 1. A. Calamus L. Leaves linear, erect, 5-20 dm. long, 1-2 em. wide, long- attenuate, 2-ranked; scape 1-2 m. high; spathe 2—7.5 dm. long; spadix 5-7 em. long, about 1 em. thick, lance-cylindric; plant seldom fruiting. Swamps and streams: N.S.—Fla.—Tex.—Colo.—Ida.—Mont.; Eurasia. Plain. My-—Jl. Family 15. LEMNACEAE. Duckweep Fami_y. Minute floating perennial aquatics, consisting of a fleshy or membran- aceous, loosely cellular thallus-like stem, without leaves and in our genera with one or more rootlets. The new stems or fronds are produced from two lateral depressions or pouches or a terminal one; the new frond being attached to the old one by a short, slender stalk, soon separating. Flowers very rare. Inflorescence consisting of 1 pistillate and 1 or 2 staminate flowers, borne on the edge on the upper surface of the frond. Staminate flower of a single stamen, with 2-4 pollen-sacks. Pistillate flowers of a single flask- like pistil, with 1-several ovules. Fruit a 1—-6-seeded utricle. Rootlets solitary, without a fibro-vascular bundle. 1. LEMNA. Rootlets several, each with a fibro-vascular bundle. 2. SPIRODELA. 1. LEMNA L. Dvcxkweep. _ Frond disk-like, 1-5-nerved or nerveless. Stipe attached to the basal mar- gins of the frond. Rootlet solitary, without fibro-vascular bundles. Anthers dehiscent transversely. 144 LEMNACEAE Fronds long-stalked, mostly submerged, forming large masses 1. L. trisulca. Fronds short-stalked or sessile, floating on the surface. Frond pale and usually strongly gibbous beneath. 2. L. gibba. Fronds green or purplish, not gibbous beneath. Frond oblong-obovate, indistinctly 3-nerved. 3. L. minor. Frond oblong or elliptical, indistinctly 1-nerved or nerveless. Frond unsymmetrical, without papules. . L. cyclostasa. Frond symmetrical, with a row of papules along the midvein. 5. L. minima. 1. L. trisulca L. Fronds usually submerged, seldom floating, usually several generations attached together, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, slightly un- symmetrical and faleate, dentate towards the upper end, 5-10 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide. In springs and running water: N.S.—N.J.—Tex.—Calif.—B.C.; Old World and Australia. Plain—Mont. Jl-Au. 2. L. gibba L. Fronds solitary or 2-4 in a group, orbicular to obovate, 2-5 mm. long and 2-4 mm. wide, thick, convex and slightly keeled above, with large air-cavities in the gibbous portion, unsymmetrical, 3—-5-nerved. In ponds: Neb. —Tex.—Ariz.—Calif.; Mex.; Old World and Australia. Plain—Subalp. 3. L. minor L. Fronds solitary or a few together, round to oval, sym- metrical, thickish, convex on both sides, sometimes slightly keeled above and with a row of papules along the midrib. ~ Jn stagnant water and slow streams: Lab.—Fla.—Calif.—Alaska; Mex.; Old World and Australia. Plain—Mont. 4. L. cyclostasa (Ell.) Chev. Frond solitary or 2-8 in a group, eblong to obovate-oblong, usually somewhat faleate, 2.5-4.5 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, usually unsymmetrical at the base. L.valdiviana Philippi. In pools and streams: Mass.—Fla.—Calif.—Ida.; Mex.—S. Am. Plain—Submont. 5. L. minima Philippi. Fronds solitary or in groups of 2-4, oblong or elliptical, symmetrical, 1.5—4 mm. long, 1-2.75 mm. wide, both surfaces convex or the lower flat, with a thin margin around the frond. In pools: Ga.—Kans.— Wyo.—Calif.; Mex.—S. Am. Plain—Submont. 2. SPIRODELA Schleiden. Larger DucKweep. Frond disk-like, several-nerved. Stipe attached peltately to the frond back of and under the basal margin. Rootlets several, each with a solitary fibro- vascular bundle. Anthers dehiscent longitudinally. 1. S. polyrhiza (L.) Schleiden. Frond solitary or in colonies of 2-5, round- ish obovate, flat on both sides, green above, generally purplish beneath, 5—15- nerved, 2.5-4.5 mm. wide and 2.5-8 mm. long; rootlets 4-16. In pools and ponds: N.S.—B.C.—Fla.—Mex.; Old World and S. Am. Plain. Family 16. COMMELINACEAE. Spiperwort Famity. Somewhat succulent herbs, with fibrous or tuberous-thickened roots and alternate leaves sheathing at the base. Flowers perfect, subtended by leaf- like sheathing bracts. Sepals 3, herbaceous. Corolla regular or irregular, with 3, usually showy, colored petals. Stamens 6 or 5, sometimes 2 or 3 of these sterile. Gynoecium of 2 or 3 united carpels; ovary superior, 2- or 3-celled; styles united. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Petals all alike; perfect stamens 6; bracts leaf-like. . TRADESCANTIA. i Petals unlike in shape and size; perfect stamens 3 or 2; bracts spathe-like. 2. COMMELINA. 1. TRADESCANTIA (Rupp.) L. Sprrerwort. Caulescent perennials, with alternate narrow leaves. Cymes umbel-like, terminal, subtended by usually 2 bracts, similar to the leaves. Sepals 3, nearly equal, distinct. Petals 3, showy, blue, rose-color or white, sessile, similar and equal, delicate. Stamens 6, all perfect; filaments filiform, in ours long-hairy. Capsule loculicidal, 3-valved. Seeds 3-6, more or less sculptured. Sepals glandular-pilose; petals about 15 mm. long; capsule decidedly ellipsoid. Bracts broader than the leaves, strongly gibbous at the base; stem 2-3 dm. high, usually simple; pod densely glandular. 1. T. bracteata. SPIDERWORT FAMILY 145 Bracts not broader than the leaves, not strongly gibbous at the base; stem usually over 3 dm. high, branched. Pod densely glandular-pubescent; sepals broadly lanceolate, densely glandular; plant bright green; branches shorter than the stem proper. 2. T. occidentalis. Pod glabrate, pubescent only in lines or at the apex. Pedicels strongly glandular; pods pubescent in lines; branches almost equalling the stem. 3. T. larimiensis. Pedicels glabrous or slightly glandular above; pods pubescent only at the apex. . T. universitatis. Sepals glabrous or nearly so; petals about 10 mm. long; capsule subglobose. 5. T. scopulorum. 1. T. bracteata Small. Stem erect, 1-3 dm. high, simple, or sparingly branched, glabrous; leaves linear, 1-2 dm. long, long-acuminate; sepals ovate- lanceolate; corolla about 2.5 em. broad. Wet meadows: Minn.—Mo.—Kans.— S.D. Plain—Submont. 2. T. occidentalis (Britton) Smyth. Stem stout, branched, erect, 2.5-4 dm. high; leaves narrowly linear, 2-3 dm. long, attenuate, with rather loose sheaths, glabrous; bracts 5-15 cm. long; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, about 1 em. long; petals blue or rose-colored, 12-15 mm. long. Wet meadows: Ia.—Mo. —Colo.—8.D. Plain—Submont. 3. T. larimiensis Goodding. Stem 3-4 dm. high, branched, erect, glabrous; leaves narrowly linear, 2-3 dm. long, spreading; bracts narrow, 2-3 mm. broad; sepals lanceolate, acute, 10-12 mm. long; petals dark blue, 15-20 mm. long; fila- ments strongly woolly below. Wet places: Mont.—Colo.— Utah. Plain—Sub- mont. 4. T. universitatis Cockerell. Stem 3-4 dm. high, branched; leaves ascending, linear, attenuate, 2-3 dm. long; bracts narrower, 1-2 dm. long; sepals narrowly lanceolate, about 1 cm. long, acuminate; petals blue, broadly ovate, acute, 15 mm. long. Scarcely distinct from the preceding. Wet places: Mont. —8$.D.—Colo. Plain—Submont. 5. T. scopulorum Rose. Stem more or less branched, 3-4 dm. high; leaves erect, 1-2 dm. long, linear, attenuate; bract narrow, unequal, glabrous; sepals broadly lanceolate, 8 mm. long; petals 1 em. long or less, blue. Wet places: Ariz.—Utah—Colo.—N.M. Son.—Submont. 2. COMMELINA (Plum.) L. Day-FLowEeR, DEw-FLOWER. Mostly perennials, with alternate leaves. Bracts usually spathe-like, folded. Flowers irregular, in small cymes. Sepals 3, unequal, the larger two more or less united. Petals 3, usually blue, two larger than the third. Fertile stamens 3, rarely 2; filaments slender, glabrous; sterile stamens 2 or 3, smaller than the fertile ones. Seeds 2, one above the other, or solitary. 1. C. crispa Wooton. Perennial, with tuberous roots; stem 3-8 dm. high, branched, finely villous-pubescent above; leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-7 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; spathe 1.5—-2 em. long, strongly curved, pubescent and bearded ' at the base; sepals broadly elliptic-rotund, the upper one slightly narrower and half as long; upper two petals broadly reniform, 1-1.5 mm. long, bright blue, the third white, lanceolate, 2-3 mm. long; fertile stamens 3; staminodia 3. Sandy places: Ind.—Neb.—Colo.—Ariz.—Tex. Plain. Family 17. PONTEDERIACEAE. PickreREL-WEED FaMILy. Perennial bog or water plants, with rootstocks and alternate or basal leaves. Flower. perfect, more or less irregular. Sepals and petals each 3, both colored and partly united. Stamens 3-6; filaments partly adnate to the perianth. Pistil of 3 united carpels; ovary 3-celled, or by abortion 1- celled. Fruit a many-seeded capsule or a l-seeded utricle. Stamens unequal, the 2 posterior ones with ovate anthers, the third with a sagittate anther; capsule incompletely 3-celled; leaf-blades broad, long-petioled. 1. HETERANTHERA. Stamens all alike; anthers all sagittate; capsule 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae; leaf- blades linear, translucent, sessile. 2. ZOSTERELLA. 9 146 PONTEDERIACEAE 1. HETERANTHERA R. & P. Mup-pLanTain. Creeping or foating water plants. Leaves long-petioled, with broad, ovate, cordate, rounded, or reniform blades, sometimes reduced to phyllodes. Flowers perfect, solitary or few, subtended by a spathe-like bract. Perianth white or blue, with a slender tube. Stamens 3; anthers introrse, that of the anterior stamen sagittate, those of the other two ovate. Ovary incompletely 3-celled; ovules numerous in two rows on each placenta. 1. H. limosa (Sw.) Willd. Stem floating, 1-5 dm. long, branched; leaves petioled; petioles 3-20 em. long; blades ovate to oblong-ovate, 1-3 cm. long, rounded or subcordate at the base; spathe 1-flowered; perianth blue or white; tube 1.5-2 em. long; lobes linear. Shallow water: Va.—Fla.—-Mex.—Colo.— S.D.; W. Ind. and Trop. Am. Plain. Je—Au. 2. ZOSTERELLA Small. Warer Srar-Grass. Submersed grass-like plants. Leaves sessile, narrowly linear, translucent. Flowers perfect, 1 or 2, subtended by a bract. Perianth yellow, with a slender tube. Stamens 3; anthers all sagittate, introrse. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae; ovules numerous, 2-ranked. [Schollera Schreb.] 1. Z. dubia (Jacq.) Small. Stem floating or creeping, 2-10 dm. long, branched; leaves linear, flat, sheathing at the base, 1-2 dm. long; perianth-tube 1 mm. thick; lobes linear, 8-12 mm. long. Heteranthera graminea (Michx.) Vahl. H. dubia (Jacg.) MacM. Still water: Ont.—Fla.—Mex.—Ore.; W. Ind. Plain. My-S. Family 18. MELANTHACEAE. Buncu-FLower F Amity. Leafy-stemmed perennials, with rootstocks or solid bulbs. Flowers race- mose or paniculate, perfect, dioecious, or polygamous. Petals and sepals each 3, distinct or nearly so. Stamens 6; filaments often partly adnate to the base of the sepals and petals; anthers versatile. Pistil of 3 united car- pels; ovary 3-celled; styles 3. Fruit a septicidal capsule. Plants with rootstocks (except in No. 3); petals and sepals glandless. Anthers oblong or ovate, 2-celled. Anthers introrse; flowers involucrate with 3 bractlets. 1. TOFIELDIA. Anthers extrorse; flowers not involucrate. 2. XEROPHYLLUM. Anthers cordate or reniform, confluently 1-celled. Flowers racemose, perfect, nodding; plants glabrous, with narrow leaves. 3. STENANTHELLA. Flowers paniculate, polygamous; more or less pubescent plants, with broad plaited leaves. 4. VERATRUM. Plants with bulbs; petals and sepals with a more or less distinct gland. Ovary partly inferior; gland obcordate. 5. ANTICLEA. Ovary wholly superior; gland obovate or semiorbicular. 6. TOXICOSCORDION. 1. TOFIELDIA Huds. Scorrish AsPHODEL. Perennial herbs, with short rootstocks, fibrous roots, 2-ranked linear equitant leaves, and small flowers ina terminalraceme. Flowers involucrate by 3, more or less united bractlets below the calyx. Petals and sepals oblong or obovate, sub- equal, persistent, glandless. Stamens 6; anthers ovate, introrse. Capsule septicidal to the base, many-seeded. Stem glabrous, scapiform; seed unappendaged. Stem leafy at the base only; flowers short-pedicelled. 1. T. palustris. Stem with a leaf also at or above the middle; flowers sessile. 2. T. coccinea. Stem viscid-pubescent, at least above; seeds appendaged. Bractlets beoadly triangular, connate two-thirds their length. 3. T. intermedia. Bractlets lanceolate-triangular, connate half their length or less. 4. T. occidentalis. 1. T. palustris Huds. A glabrous plant, with a scape-like, leafless stem, 3-15 cm. high, and a few basal leaves, 2-10 cm. long; raceme in flower short, oblong, dense; flowers greenish; petals and sepals obovate, obtuse; capsule oblong- globose, minutely beaked. In wet places: Greenl.—Que.—Minn.—B.C.; Alaska; Ku. Alp.—Subhalp. Je—Jl. BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY 147 2. T. coccinea Richardson. A glabrous plant; stem 5-10 cm. high; basal leaves 2-6 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; spike short-oblong or globose; flowers tinged with purple; fruit dark purple. In wet places: Mack.—Alta.—Alaska. Alp. JI 3. T. intermedia Rydb. Stem leafy, 1.5-3 dm. high, viscid-pubescent above; leaves 5-20 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; raceme short, dense, 1-2 cm. long. pedicels usually 3 together; flowers yellow; sepals obovate, 4-5 mm. long; petals somewhat narrower and longer; capsule ovoid, about 5 mm. long. Bogs: Sask; —Wyo.—Calif.—Alaska. Mont.—Alp. Je—Au. 4. T. occidentalis 8S. Wats. Stem leafy, 3-5 dm. high, viscid-pubescent above; leaves 5-20 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, acute; raceme 3-5 cm. long; flowers as in the preceding, but sepals and petals narrower; capsule ovoid, about 8 mm. long. In bogs: B.C.—Calif—Ida. Mont. Je—Au. 2. XEROPHYLLUM Michx. Turkry-BEarp, BEAR-GRASS, MooseE-GrRass, PINE-GRASS. Glabrous perennial plants, with thick rootstocks, numerous narrowly linear leaves with rough margins, and a single, dense and many-flowered raceme. Flow- ers perfect, whitish; petals and sepals subequal, ovate or oblong, 5-7-nerved, withering-persistent, claw- and gland-less. Anthers oblong, 2-celled, extrorse. Styles 3, reflexed. Capsule ovoid; seeds 2 in each cell, oblong. Petals and sepals 7-10 mm. long. 1 Xe tenor. Petals and sepals 4-6 mm. long. 2. X. Douglasit. 1. X. tenax (Pursh) Nutt. A light green perennial, 5-15 dm. high; lower leaves very numerous, firm, strongly l-nerved, 2-4 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; upper stem-leaves subulate, with broad scarious bases; pedicels slender, 3-5 em. long; petals and sepals narrowly oblong, shorter than the filiform filaments; papeule broadly ovate. On dry hillsides: Mont.—B.C.—Calif.—Ida. Mont. e—Jl. 2. X. Douglasii S. Wats. Similar to the preceding; pedicels 1-3 cm. long, more erect; sepals and petals equalling the stamens; capsule cordate-ovate. Dry hills: Ore—Mont. Mont. Je—Jl. 3. STENANTHELLA Rydb. Erect bulbous glabrous herbs, with few narrow leaves and racemose or panicu- late, perfect, greenish, brownish, or purplish flowers. Petals and sepals each 3, subequal, withering-persistent, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, with reflexed tips, without gland and distinct claw. Stamens 6, free, included; anthers reniform, confluently 1-celled. Capsule lance-ovoid, septicidal to the base, wholly super- ior. Seeds oblong, winged. 1. S. occidentalis (A. Gray) Rydb. Stem 3-5 dm. high; leaves linear or linear-oblanceolate, acute, 1-2 dm. long, 3-20 mm. wide; raceme simple or branched below; flowers narrowly bell-shaped, 10-12 mm. long; capsule about 2 em. long. Stenanthium occidentale A. Gray. In wet places: Alta.—B.C.— Ore.—Ida. Mont.—Alp. Je—-Au. 4. VERATRUM (Tourn.) L. Wurre Hetiesore, Fatse HELLEBORE, SKUNK CABBAGE. Tall poisonous perennials, with broad strongly veined and plaited leaves, and stout rootstocks. Flowers paniculate, generally polygamous, 7. e., the upper perfect and the lower staminate. Petals and sepals each 3, subequal, glandless and clawless. Stamens 6, free; anthers cordate, their sacks confluent. Fruit a many-seeded, slightly inferior capsule. Seeds flat, broadly winged. Flowers greenish; bractlets foliaceous, often equalling or exceeding the flowers. V. Eschscholizianum. Flowers white or yellowish white; bractlets membranous, much shorter than the pedicels and flowers. Petals and sepals oval or broadly oblanceolate. 2. V. speciosum. Petals and sepals narrowly oblanceolate. 3. V. tenuipetalum. 148 MELANTHACEAE 1. V. Eschscholtzianum (R. & 8.) Rydb. Stem 1-2 m. high; leaves from broadly round-oval to oblong, or the uppermost lanceolate, sessile and sheathing at the base, 2-3 dm. long; petals and sepals oblanceolate, 8-10 mm. long, acute or obtuse, fully twice as long as the stamens. Closely related to V. viride Ait. of the East, which has longer bracts and stamens. In wet woods: Mont.—Ida.— Ore.—-Alaska. Mont.—Subalp. JI-S. 2. V. speciosum Rydb. Stem 1-3 m. high; leaves, except the uppermost, broadly oval, 2-3 dm. long, 1-2 dm. wide, finely soft-pubescent beneath, sessile and sheathing; petals and sepals yellowish white, mostly obtuse, 5—7-nerved, 8-10 mm. long. V. californicum 8. Wats., not Durand. V. Jonesii Heller. Brook- and river-banks: Wash.—Calif—N.M.—Mont. Submont.—Mont. J\—Au. 3. V. tenuipetalum Heller. Like the last, but still more leafy; leaves very concave; panicle more compound and very many-flowered; petals and sepals mostly acute, 3-5-nerved, 6-8 mm. long and about 2 mm. wide. In mountain meadows: Colo. Submont.—Mont. Jl. 5. ANTICLEA Kunth. Wurre Camas. Bulbiferous glabrous perennials. Leaves linear, sheathing. Flowers per- fect, greenish or yellowish white, in racemes or panicles. Petals and sepals nearly alike, elliptic to obovate, withering-persistent, bearing an obcordate gland within above the narrowed base, perigynous. Stamens free; anthers cordate or reniform. Ovary partly inferior. Seeds numerous, angled. Base of the stem not covered by conspicuous scarious sheaths; plant not tufted. Petals and sepals greenish, the former more or less contracted into a broad claw. 1. A. chlorantha. Petals and sepals white or straw-colored, greenish only on the midrib, not at all clawed. Petals and sepals 7—13-nerved. Stem more or less leafy, 3-6 dm. high; petals white, 7-8 mm. long. 2. A. elegans. Stem scapiform, 1—2 dm. high; petals straw-colored, 5-6 mm. long. 3. A. alpina. Petals and sepals 5—6 mm. long, 3—7-nerved. Inflorescence usually simple, few-flowered; petals and sepals usually nearly 6 mm. long; flowers not recurved after anthesis. 4. A. coloradensis. Inflorescence branched, many-flowered; petals and sepals rarely exceeding 5 mm. in length; flowers reflexed just after anthesis. 5. A. porrifolia. Base of the stem covered by numerous, conspicuous, scarious sheaths; plant growing in big clumps. 6. A. vaginata. 1. A. chlorantha (Richardson) Rydb. Stem glabrous, green, 3-10 dm. high; leaves 1-3 dm. long, 5-12 mm. wide, keeled; flowers paniculate, about 1 em. long; sepals and petals usually 7-nerved, elliptic; capsule ovoid. Zygadenus chloranthus Richardson. Z. glaucus Nutt., in part. Rocky or stony places, often on limestone: N.B.—N.Y.—IIl—S.D.—Sask. Boreal. Je—Au. 2. A. elegans (Pursh) Rydb. Stem glabrous, light green, 3-6 dm. high; leaves 1-3 dm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, keeled; flowers racemose, or rarely panicu- late, dirty white; bracts ovate to lanceolate, often membranous-margined; petals and sepals obovate or oval, obtuse; capsule ovoid. Z. elegans Pursh. Z. glaucus Nutt., in part. Z. dilatatus Greene. In meadows: Sask—N.D.—N.M.— Nev.—Alaska. Plain—Subalp. Je—Au. 3. A. alpina (Blankinship) Heller. Stem 1-2 dm. high, subscapiform with one or two bracts or small leaves; basal leaves 6-12 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide; bracts ovate, scarious, purple-veined; sepals and petals cream-colored, obovate; capalle narrow. Z. alpinus Blankinship. Mountains: Mont. Swubalp. Jl- u. 4. A. coloradensis Rydb. A rather slender glabrous plant, 2-4 dm. high; leaves narrow, erect, about 2 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; flowers racemose, yel- lowish white, tinged with brownish or purplish; bracts linear-lanceolate; petals and sepals oblong or narrowly obovate, acute; capsule ovoid. Mountains: N.M.—Colo.—Utah. Mont.—Subalp. Jl-Au. 5. A. porrifolia (Greene) Rydb. Stem slender, 3-6 dm. high; leaves thin, pale, 2-4 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide; bracts lanceolate, green; pedicels 1-3 em. BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY 149 long; sepals and petals elliptic, not clawed, greenish white; capsule ovoid. Z. porrifolius Greene. Mountains and ecafions: Ariz.—se Utah—N.M.—Mex. Submont. Jl-Au. 6. A. vaginata Rydb. Growing in clumps; stem 7-10 dm. high; leaves linear, 3-7 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, with numerous veins; inflorescence panicu- ate; bracts linear or subulate, 3-6 cm. long, green, or the upper ovate, white; petals and sepals white, elliptic, 7-S mm. long, 7-nerved. Loose soil under over- hanging cafion walls: se Utah. Son. Au. 6. TOXICOSCORDION Rydb. Poison Camas, Deata Camas. Bulbiferous glabrous, more or less poisonous perennials, with narrow linear conduplicate leaves and yellowish racemose or paniculate flowers. Flowers per- fect. Petals and sepals bearing an obovate or semiorbicular gland at or above the base of the blade. Ovary wholly superior. Stamens more or less adnate to the base of the petals and sepals; anthers sub-reniform, confluently 1-celled. Seeds numerous. Petals and sepals rounded or obtuse at the apex. Upper leaves without sheaths at the base; both petals and sepals distinctly clawed and subcordate at the base; gland with a thick, toothed margin. 1. T. venenosum. All leaves with distinct sheaths; petals long-clawed and subcordate at the base; sepals subsessule; margin of the gland ill-defined. 2. T. gramineum. Petals and sepals acute or acuminate at the apex; all leaves with sheaths; sepals cuneate at the base and short-clawed or subsessile. Leaves less than 5 mm. wide; petals and sepals both cuneate at the base and short- clawed. 3. T. acutum. Leaves over 5 mm. wide. Raceme simple; petals comparatively long-clawed and subcordate at the base. 4. T. falcatum. Raceme branched; petals short-clawed, not subcordate at the base. 5. T. paniculatum 1. T. venenosum (S. Wats.) Rydb. Stem 3-6 dm. high; leaves narrowly linear, striate, scabrous, 1.5-3 dm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; raceme many-flowered, in fruit elongate; petals and sepals about 5 mm. long; claw about 1 mm. long; blades of the sepals broadly ovate, those of the petals more elliptic-ovate. Zyga- denus venenosus. S. Wats. Z. salinus A. Nels. Hillsides: Mont.—Utah— Calif—-B.C. Plain—Submont. Je—Au. 2. T. gramineum Rydb. Stem 2-3.5 dm. high; leaves linear, 1-2 dm. long, 3-9 mm. wide; flowers light yellow; sepals broadly ovate, obtuse; petals ovate, obtuse, subcordate at the base. Z. gramineus and Z. intermedium Rydb. Hills and meadows: Sask.—-S.D.—-Colo— Utah—Ida. Submont. 3. T. acutum Rydb. Stem 3-5 dm. high; leaves narrowly linear, scabrous on the margin, about 2 dm. long and 4-5 mm. wide; petals and sepals 4-5 mm. long, both acute at the apex and at the base; glands obovate or cuneate. Z. acutus Rydb. Hillsides: (Black Hills) 8.D. Submont. Je—Jl. 4. T. falcatum Rydb. Stem stout, 3-4 dm. high; leaves scabrous, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 5-8 mm. wide; raceme short, in fruit elongate; petals and sepals about 5 mm. long, acute; the former deltoid-ovate, acute at the base; glands semi- orbicular, upper margin toothed, thin and not well defined. Z. falcatus Rydb. Hills and table-lands: Colo—n N.M. Submont. Je—Au. 5. T. paniculatum (Nutt.) Rydb. Stem stout, 3-6 dm. high; leaves striate, seabrous, 2-4 dm. long, 5-10 mm. wido; fowcss paulvled, rarely race- mose, yellow; petals and sepals 4-5 mm. long; both ovate or deltate-ovate, acute at both ends and short-clawed; glands semi-orbicular, upper margins toothed, thin and ill-defined. Z. paniculatus S. Wats. On hills: Mont.—N.M. —Calif—Wash. Son.—Submont. My-—Je. Family 19. JUNCACEAE. Rusu F amity. Grass-like herbs. Flowers perfect, regular, inconspicuous; sepals and petals each 3, similar, scale-like. Stamens 6 or 3, rarely 4 or 5; anthers introrse. Pistil of 3 united carpels; ovary 1- or 3-celled; stigmas 3. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds 3-many, often apiculate or tailed. 150 JUNCACEAE Leaf-sheaths open; capsule 1—3-celled, with axile or parietal placentae; seeds many: 1. JUNCUS. Leaf-sheaths closed; capsule 1-celled, with basal placentae; seeds 3. 2. JUNCOIDES. 1. JUNCUS (Tourn.) L. Rusu, Wire-crass. Caulescent or rarely scapose swamp plants, with glabrous leaves and stems. Leaves with laterally or vertically flattened, or terete leaf-blades, or the latter sometimes wanting; sheaths with free margins. Cymes paniculate, corymbi- form or capitate. Flowers subtended by a bract and sometimes also by 2 bract- lets. Stamens 6 or 38. Capsule 1-celled or by the intrusion of the placentae 3-celled. Seeds often tailed or apiculate, reticulate or ribbed, many. Lower bracts of the inflorescence terete, erect, appearing like a continuation of the stem; inflorescence therefore apparently lateral; stamens 6. Flowers several in a more or less compound panicle; seeds apiculate or acute; peren- nials with long rootstocks. I. EFFUSI. Flowers 1—5, of which one is subsessile and the others peduncled; seeds caudate, 7. e., with white tails at each end; densely cespitose perennials. Il. SUBTRIFLORI. Lower bracts not appearing as a continuation of the stem, or if so, channeled on the upper side; inflorescence terminal. Leaves neither septate nor equitant. Leaves not fistulose. Flowers many. Flowers bracteolate, inserted singly on the branches of the inflorescence; leaves narrowly linear, either flat or subterete and channeled; stamens 6. Perennials, with short cespitose rootstocks; stems simple. III. TENUES. Annuals; stem branching; seed apiculate. IV. BUFONII. Flowers not bracteolate, in true heads on the branches of the inflorescence; leaves flat, often grass-like; perennials with stoloniferous rootstocks. VI. GRAMINIFOLII. Flowers solitary on the scape; plant 2-3 em. high. VII. UNCIALES. Leaves fistulose (i. e., hollow); flowers few in small heads; lower sheath bladeless; seeds caudate; stamens 6. V. CASTANEI. Leaves septate. Leaves terete, not equitant. Septa poorly developed; heads 1-3. V. CASTANEI. Septa well developed; heads usually several (in J. Mertensianus usually only one). VIII. Nopost. Leaves equitant, laterally flattened so that one edge is towards the stem; seeds apiculate; perennials with creeping rootstocks. IX. ENSIFOLII. I. EFFUSI. Stem light green, striate when dry on account of the free hypodermal fibro-vascular bundles; sepals and petals green. 1. J. filiformis. Stem dark green or at the base purplish, not striate; sepals and petals brown. Stem terete; sheath naked or merely bristle-pointed; sepals and petals dark purplish brown. Inflorescence congested; branches 1—3 cm. long; petals and sepals acute or short- acuminate, almost equal in length. 2, J. ater. Inflorescence open; branches 4—7 cm. long; sepals long-acuminate, much exceed- ing the acute petals. 3. J. vallicola. Stem flattened; uppermost sheath often leaf-bearing; sepals and petals not very dark brown. 4. J. mexicanus. Il. SUBTRIFLORI. Upper sheaths merely bristle-pointed; petals and sepals with green backs and dark brown margins. 5. J. Drummondii. Upper sheaths leaf-bearing; green backs of the petals and sepals less prominent. Sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, light brown; capsule acute. 6. J. Parryi. Sepals and petals broadly lanceolate, very dark brown; capsule retuse. 7. J. Hallii. III. TENUES. Seeds long-caudate; leaves terete with a shallow groove above. s. J. Vaseyt. Seeds apiculate, not caudate; leaves flat, but usually involute, lunate in section. Auricles at the sumniit of the sheaths membranous, whitish. Auricles scarcely produced beyond the insertion, scarcely scarious; petals and sepals scarcely spreading. Perianth 3—4 mm. long, equalling the capsule. 9. J. interior. Perianth 4.5-5 mm. long, exceeding the capsule. 10. J. arizonicus. Auricles conspicuously produced beyond the point of insertion. Capsule oblong, narrow, 3-celled, equalling the perianth or nearly so; sepals and petals erect or appressed. Stem stout; leaves short and broad (1.5—2 mm. wide); sepals and petals 4-5 mm. long, scarious at the base only, stramineous; flowers in an open cyme. 11. J. brachyphyllus. RUSH FAMILY 151 Stem slender; leaves narrow and long; sepals and petals 3.5-4 mm. long, scarious to the apex, fuscous; flowers few, congested. 12. J. confusus. Capsule ovate or oval, 1-celled, three-fourths as long as the petals or less; petals and sepals spreading. 13. J. tenuis. Auricles cartilaginous, yellowish brown; inflorescence greenish; capsule ovate; petals and sepals spreading. 14. J. Dudleyi. IV. BUFONII. Capsule oblong to ovoid, trigonous, 3-4.5 mm. long, at maturity closely embraced by the ascending petals. 15. J. bufonius. Capsule subglobose or short-ovoid, 2-3 mm. long; petals and sepals at maturity loosely spreading, ascending, or squarrose. 16. J. sphaerocarpus. V. CASTANEI. Stem leafy only at the base, but the uppermost leaf often with a long sheath; perianth about 4 mm. long; leaves about 1 mm. in diameter; rootstock short, cespitose. Lowest bract of the inflorescence more or less membranaceous, spreading; capsule obtuse or mucronate. 17. J. triglumis. Lowest bract of the inflorescence foliaceous, erect; capsule deeply retuse. 18. J. biglumis. Stem more or less leafy; leaves about 2 mm. in diameter; perianth 5-6 mm. long; root- stock longer, stoloniferous. 19. J. castaneus. VI. GRAMINIFOLII. Seeds caudate; ligules with lanceolate, acute auricles at the summit. Stem slender, 3-5 dm. high; leaves 5-20 cm: long; auricles about 1 mm. long. 20. J. Regelii. Stem about 2 dm. high; leaves 3-6 cm. long, spreading; auricles of the ligules about 2 mm. long. 21. J. Jonesii. Seeds not caudate; ligules with rounded auricles or none. Leaves long, erect; auricles present. 22. J. lonaistylis. Leaves short and broad, ascending, spreading; auricles none. 23. J. orthophyllus. VII. UNCIALES. One species. 24. J. uncialis. VIII. Nopost. Stamens 6; seeds not caudate, or slightly so in J. Mertensianus and J. nevadensis; peren- nials with creeping rootstocks. Inflorescence with short branches; flowers echinate-spreading or the lowest of the heads reflexed; capsule narrowly lanceolate. Heads 7-10 mm. in diameter; leaf-blades erect; petals usually longer than the sepals. 25. J. nodosus. - Heads 10-16 mm. in diameter; leaf-blades usually spreading; sepals longer than the petals. 26 Torrevi. Inflorescence with elongated branches; flowers erect-ascending; capsule oblong. Capsule shorter than or rarely equalling the acuminate sepals and petals. Flowers dark brown. Capsule acute. 27. J. nevadensis. Capsule truncate or obtuse. Heads several; leaves terete; seeds not caudate. 28. J. truncatus. Heads solitary, or rarely 2-3; leaves somewhat flattened; seeds often caudate. 29. J. Mertensianus. Flowers light brown or straw-colored. 36. J. columbianus. Capsule longer than the obtuse or acutish petals and sepals. 31. J. Richardsonianus. Stamens 3; seeds long-caudate; perennials with cespitose rootstocks. 32. J. Tweedyi. IX. ENSIFOLII. Styles long, exceeding the petals by 1 mm. in length. Soe oe nacyt- Style slightly, if at all exceeding the petals. Flower-clusters numerous, small, 5—12-flowered, light colored. an - m a 34. J. brunnescens. ower-clusters few, 15—25-flowered. Fluwers greenish Ap light Town: stamens 6; ligules of the sheaths usually without auricles. 35. J. parous. Flowers fuscous or very dark brown. : ; Stamens 6; ligules of the sheaths usually produced into small auricles. 36. J. saximontanus. Stamens 3; ligules without auricles. 37. J. ensifolius. 1. J. filiformis L. Stem 1-5 dm. high, slender, 1-2 mm. thick; leaves basal and reduced to brown sheaths; inflorescence 6-10-flowered, open; sepals 4-5 mm. long, lanceolate, acute, slightly exceeding the obtuse or acutish petals; capsule obovoid, green, about equalling the petals, 3-celled; seeds acute, but scarcely apiculate. In wet places: Greenl.—Pa.—Utah—Wash.—Alaska; Eurasia. Plain—Submont. Je-Au. 2. J. ater Rydb. Stem dark green, 2-6 dm. high, about 2 mm. thick; sheaths loose, dark brown; flowers 5-20; sepals and petals 5-6 mm. long; capsule ob- 152 JUNCACEAE pyramidal, long-mucronate, 3-celled. J. balticus montanus Engelm. Mountain valleys: Alaska—Calif.—N.M.—Neb.— Mont. Plain—Subalp. Jl-Au. 3. J. vallicola Rydb. Stem rather stout, 6-8 dm. high, terete, 2-4 mm. in diameter; sheaths at the base short, dark brown, bladeless; sepals narrowly lanceolate, slightly if at all scarious on the margins, about 6 mm. long; petals broader and shorter, with broad scarious margins, about 5 mm. long; capsules short-ovoid, obtusish and mucronate, shorter than the petals. J. balticus valli- aoe yah Mountain valleys: B.C.—Wash.— Colo—Mont. Plain—Submont. e—Jl. 4. J. mexicanus Willd. Stem usually twisted, 3-6 dm. high; sheaths brown, short, except the uppermost, with a blade resembling the stems; inflor- escence open; sepals light brown, 5-6 mm. long, lanceolate, longer than the scarious-margined petals; capsule ovate, triangular, mucronate, equalling the petals. J.compressus H.B.K., not Jacq. Mountains: N.M.—Utah—Calif.; Mex. L. Son. My-—Au. 5. J. Drummondii E. Meyer. Stems 1-3 dm. high, slender; sheaths brown, short, striate, not inflated; blades reduced, bristle-like, 3-10 mm. (rarely 20 mm.) long; sepals lanceolate, attenuate, 7 mm. long; petals similar but usually slightly shorter; capsule oblong, triangular, obtuse, 3-celled. J. swbtriflorus (E. Meyer) Coville. Mountain sides, especially in damp places: Alaska—Calif—N.M.— Alta. Mont—Alp. Jl-Au. 6. J. Parryi Engelm. Stem 1-3 dm. high, terete, slender; sheaths brown, the upper with a sulcate blade 5-6 em. (rarely 8 em.) long; sepals 5-7 mm. long, longer than the acute, scarious-margined petals; capsule oblong, triangular, 3-celled. Mountain sides: B.C.-—Calif—Colo.—Mont. Mont.—Alp. Jl-Au. 7. J. Hallii Engelm. Stems slender, 2-3 dm. high, terete; sheaths brown; blades of the uppermost leaves 5-15 em. long; sepals 4-5 mm. long, exceeding the similar petals; capsule dark brown, ovate, triangular, 3-celled, fully equalling the sepals. Mountains: Colo.—Mont. Mont—Subalp. Jl-Au. 8. J. Vaseyi Engelm. Stems tall and stiff, 3-8 dm. high, terete; leaf-blades three-fourths as long as the stem; inflorescence 1-3.5 ecm. long, with erect 2—4- flowered branches; sepals and petals 3.5-4 mm. long, green or straw-colored, lanceolate, erect, acute and narrowly scarious-margined; capsule oblong-cylin- dric, obtuse. Moist shores and wet woods: Me.—Ia.—Colo.—Sask. Plain— Mont. Je—-Au. 9. J. interior Wiegand. Stems tall, stout, 5-10 dm. high, nearly terete, coarsely grooved; leaves several, with blades one-third as long as the stem, 1-1.25 mm. wide; inflorescence large and open, 3-10 cm. long, many-flowered; sepals and petals 3-4 mm. long, nearly equal, lanceolate, very acute, narrowly scarious- margined, erect; capsule oblong, obtuse, imperfectly 3-celled. Dry woods and prairies: I]]—Ark.—Tex.—N.M.—Wyo. Plain—Submont. My-—Au. 10. J. arizonicus Wiegand. Stem 4—-7 dm. high, terete, or slightly com- pressed, grooved; leaf-blades one-third to one-half as long as the stem, 1 mm. wide; inflorescence many-flowered, 4-7 cm. long, with erect branches; sepals and petals 5 mm long. lance-subulate, very acute, erect; capsule ovate-oblong, obtuse, triangular above, imperfectly 3-celled. Prairies and plains: Tex.— Colo.—Ariz. Son.—Submont. Ap-—Jl. 11. J. brachyphyllus Wiegand. Stem stout, 4-5 dm. high, slightly com- pressed, grooved; leaf-blades short, one-fourth to one-third as long as the stem, broad and flat, 1.5-2 mm. wide; inflorescence short, many-flowered, 2-6 cm. long; sepals lanceolate, very acute, straw-colored; petals similar but scarious-mar- gined all around; capsule narrowly oblong, obtuse or retuse. Meadows: Ark.— Okla.—Ida. Plain—Submont. My-—Jl. 12. J. confusus Coville. Stem slender, 4-5 dm. high, light green, slightly grooved; leaf-blades filiform, two-thirds as long as the stem or less, flat or in- volute; sepals and petals lanceolate, acute, straw-colored, with dark stripes on each side, scarious-margined; capsule oblong, a little shorter than the petals, retuse. J. tenuis congestus Engelm., in part. Meadows: B.C.—n N.M.—Neb. —Sask. Plain—Mont. Je-Au. RUSH FAMILY 153 13. J. tenuis Willd. Stem 2-6 dm. high, spreading, slightly flattened, striate; leaf-blades nearly as long as the stem, 1-1.25 mm. wide, flat, soft; in- florescence open, 1—7 cm. long, with the flowers near the end of the branches; petals and sepals 3-4.5 mm. long, lanceolate, very acute, green, with white scarious margins. Roadsides and meadows: Newf.—Fla.—Tex.—Mont.— Ore.—Wash. Plain—Submont. My-S. 14. J. Dudleyi Wiegand. Stem 3-10 dm. high, stiff, erect, strongly striate; leaf-blades half as long as the stem or less, narrow, flat or involute; inflorescence small, dense, 2-5 ecm. long; sepals and petals 4-5 mm. long, lanceolate, acute, yellowish green, with scarious margins; capsule ovoid, somewhat shorter than the petals, rounded and apiculate at the apex, imperfectly 3-celled. Damp places and meadows: Me.—N.Y.—N.M.—Ariz.—Wash.—Alta.; Mex. Plain —Submont. My-—Au. 15. J. bufonius L. Stem 0.5-2 dm. (seldom 3 dm.) high; leaf-blades flat, 0.25-1 mm. wide; flowers inserted singly on the branches; sepals 4-6 mm. long, narrowly lanceolate, subulate-attenuate, scarious-margined; petals somewhat shorter, less attenuate; capsule shorter than the petals, obtuse, 3-celled. Wet Ane Greenl.—Fla.—Calif —Alaska; Mex.; also Old World. Plain—Mont. Ap-S. 16. J. sphaerocarpus Nees. Stem 0.5-2 dm. high; leaf-blades 0.5 mm. or less wide; sepals 3-4 mm. long, pale, lanceolate, acuminate, slightly longer than the petals, with broader scarious margins; capsule one-half to two-thirds as long as the petals, 3-celled. Wet places: Ore.—Calif—Colo.—Ida. Plain—Sub- mont. Ap-—Jl. 17. J. triglumis L. Stem 5-15 em. high, erect, terete, 1 mm. or less thick; blades terete, 1-7 cm. long; sepals and petals ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, brown, about 4 mm. long; capsule cylindric, trigonous, imperfectly 3-celled. Arctic- alpine regions: Greenl.—n N.Y.—N.M.—Alaska; Eurasia. Subalp—Alp. Jl- Au. 18. J. biglumis L. Stem erect, subterete, 3-10 em. (rarely 2 dm.) high; blades terete or nearly so, 2-7 cm. long, about 1 mm. thick; sepals and petals 3 mm. long, oblong, rounded-obtuse, fuscous, with more greenish back; capsule trigono-cylindric, retuse, imperfectly 3-celled. Arctic-alpine regions: Greenl.— B.C.—Alaska; Eurasia. Alp. Jl-Au. 19. J. castaneus J. E. Smith. Stems erect, terete, 1-3 dm. high, more or less leafy; blades channeled, 3-10 cm. long, 1-2 mm. thick; sepals linear- lanceolate, about 5 mm. long, acute, chestnut-brown; petals obtuse; capsule ovate- prismatic, trigonous, acute, imperfectly 3-celled, almost black. Arctic-alpine regions: Greenl.—Newf.—N.M.—Alaska; Eurasia. Swubalp.—Alp. Je—Au. 20. J. Regelii Buch. Stem erect, terete or compressed, 2-5 dm. high, leafy, 1-2 mm. thick; blades 5-20 em. long, 1-3 mm. wide, soft, many-nerved; inflores- cence consisting of 1-3 globose, several-flowered heads; bractlets scarious, broadly ovate, cuspidate; sepals 4-5 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate, narrowly scarious- margined; petals ovate-lanceolate, acutish, broadly scarious-margined; capsule equalling the perianth, ovate, trigonous, obtuse, dark brown above. Mountain meadows: B.C.—Wash.—Utah-—Mont. Mont.—Subalp. Jl—Au. 21. J. Jonesii Rydb. Stem about 2 dm. high, terete; leaf-blades 3-5 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, spreading; inflorescence capitate, or rarely with a second head; sepals lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, acute or cuspidate, green on the back, brown on the sides, and with narrow scarious margins; petals ovate or ovate- lanceolate, with broad margins; capsule dark brown, ellipsoid, retuse and apicu- - jate. Mountain meadows: Utah. Mont. Au. 4 22. J. longistylis Torr. Stem erect, slender, compressed, 3-5 cm. high, _ 1-1.5 mm. thick; leaf-blades 1-2 mm. wide, 5-10 em. long; inflorescence of 1-6 _ heads; heads 5-12-flowered; sepals as in the preceding; petals broader, more H obtuse and with broader margins; capsule shorter than the perianth, oblong, _ brown, trigonous above, obtuse. Meadows: Alta.—S.D—N.M.—Calif.— | Ore.; Mex. Plain—Mont. Je—Au. 154 JUNCACEAE 23. J. orthophyllus Coville. Stem erect, 2.5-3 dm. high, compressed, 1-1.5 mm. thick; leaf-blades 5-10 em. long, flat, 4-5 mm. broad, many-nerved, those of the stem-leaves narrower; inflorescence of 2-6 heads; heads 8-10-flowered; sepals as in the preceding; petals broader, acutish, with broad margins; capsule slightly shorter than the petals, oblong, trigonous, obtuse, mucronate, imper- fectly 3-celled. J. longistylis latifolius Engelm. Mountains: Wash.—Calif.— Utah. Plain—Submont. My-—Au. 24. J. uncialis Greene. Annual, 2-3 cm. high, branched near the base, glabrous; leaves basal, flat, somewhat fleshy, linear, acute, 3-8 mm. long; scapes 1-flowered, with a single minute bract; sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate, acute, hyaline, with a purplish or greenish midrib, about 1.5 mm. long; capsule obtuse, slightly shorter; seeds apiculate. (?) J. triformis uniflorus Engelm. Wet places: Wash.—Utah—Calif. Plain—Submont. Je—Jl. 25. J. nodosus L. Stem 1.5-6 dm. high, erect, terete or somewhat com- pressed, leafy; leaf-blades erect, 0.5-1 mm. thick, terete, 5-15 cm. long, septate; heads 1-30, 8—20-flowered; sepals 2.5-3.5 mm. long, lanceolate, subulate; petals similar but slightly longer; capsule lanceolate-subulate, 3-gonous, 1-celled, straw- colored, exceeding the perianth. Wet soil: N.S.—Va.—-N.M.—Ney.—B.C.—: Mack. Plain—Submont. JI-S. 26. J. Torreyi Coville. Stem stout, 3-9 dm. high, 2-4 mm. thick, leafy; leaf-blades 1-3 mm. thick, terete, septate; heads 1-20, congested, 30—S80-flowered; sepals and petals lance-subulate, about 5 mm. long; capsule subulate, 3-gonous, l-celled. J. nodosus megacephalus Torr. Wet places, especially in sandy soil: w N.Y.—Miss.—Calif. Plain—Mont. JI-S. 27. J. nevadensis S. Wats. Stem slender, erect, somewhat compressed, 2-4 dm. high, about 1 mm. thick; leaf-blades nearly terete, 0.5-1.5 mm. thick, septate; heads 2-11, 3-10-flowered; petals and sepals lanceolate, acute or mucron- ate, dark brown, with membranous margins; capsule slightly shorter than the perianth, brown above, acute. J. phaeocephalus gracilis Engelm. In meadows: B.C.—Calif —Wyo.—(? Colo.)-—Mont. Submont.—Mont. Je-S. 28. J. truncatus Rydb. Stems slender, 3-5 dm. high, terete or slightly flattened; leaves 1-3 dm. long, 1-2 mm. thick, septate; inflorescence open, 2-5 em. long, irregularly cymose, with 4-10 heads; heads 6-9 mm. in diameter, 5—10- flowered; petals and sepals lanceolate, dark brown, about 3 mm. long, acuminate, longer than the capsule. J. alpinus insignis Coult., in part. J. Mertensianus Auth., not Engelm. (?) J. badiws Suskd. Mountain meadows: N.M.—Wyo.— Ida. Submont.—Mont. Je—-Au. 29. J. Mertensianus Bong. Stem erect, slender, 1-3 dm. high, 1-1.5 mm. thick; leaf-blades about 1 mm. thick; inflorescence capitate, rarely with 2-3 heads; head 10-12 mm. thick, 10—25-flowered; sepals and petals lanceolate, acute, almost black, the latter distinctly scarious-margined; capsule scarcely equalling the perianth, 3-gonous, obovate, 1-celled, dark brown above. Wet meadows: Alaska—Calif—N.M.—Alta. Mont.—Subalp. Jl-Au. 30. J. columbianus Coville. Stem 2-7 dm. high, terete, 1.5-2 mm. thick; leaf-blades terete, 1-2 dm. long, inconspicuously septate, erect; inflorescence of 4-8 (rarely up to 20) heads; sepals and petals lanceolate, cuspidate, straw-colored or brownish, 3-3.5 mm. long; capsule equalling the perianth or a little shorter, oblong, acute or beaked. Meadows: Wash.—Ore.—Mont. Submont. My-Jl. 31. J. Richardsonianus Schult. Stem erect, 1.5-5 dm. high; blades terete or slightly compressed, septate, 0.5-1 mm. thick; inflorescence with 5-25 heads, which are 4-6 mm. thick, 3—12-flowered; sepals 2-2.5 mm. long, pale greenish, acutish; petals oblong, acute; capsule ovoid-oblong, slightly exceeding the perianth. J. alpinus insignis Fries. In wet soil: N.S.—Pa.—Neb.—Wash.— Alaska. Plain—Mont. JI-S. 32. J. Tweedyi Rydb. Stem strict, about 3 dm. high, light green, 2-3 mm. thick; leaf-blades about 1 dm. long, terete or somewhat flattened, septate; in- florescence of 4-10 heads in a contracted panicle; heads 5-8-flowered; sepals and RUSH FAMILY 155 petals 4 mm. long, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, light brown; capsule dark brown, oblong, acute, 3-angled, about one-fourth longer than the perianth. J. canadensis coarctatus Coulter, not Engelm. J. canadensis Kuntzei Buch. Bogs and wet meadows: Mont.—Wyo.—Utah. Submont.—Mont. Jl. 33. J. Tracyi Rydb. Stem stout, 3-6 dm. high, compressed; blades 5-20 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide; sheaths with a scarious margin which usually is pro- duced into a very short auricle; inflorescence of 5-9 heads; these about 1 em. in diameter; sepals and petals lanceolate, acute, light brown, 3-4 mm. long, slightly scarious-margined; capsule oblong, mucronate, shorter than the perianth, im- perfectly 3-celled. Meadows: Utah—Nev.—lIda. Submont. JI-O. 34. J. brunnescens Rydb. Stem 4-6 dm. high, more or less winged; leaves 1—2.5 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; sheaths with scarious margins, abruptly contracted above, but scarcely auricled; panicle open, 5-10 em. long, with 10-60 small heads; petals and sepals subequal, lanceolate, acuminate, about 3 mm. long, light brown, with green midrib; capsule lance-ovoid, acute. Mountain meadows: Colo.—N.M.—Ariz.—Nev. Submont. Je—Jl. 35. J. parous Rydb. Stem 3-6 dm. high, distinctly winged; leaves 2-3 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; petals and sepals lanceolate, sharply acuminate, subequal, light brown or greenish on the back; capsule oblong, acute, shorter than the petals. Mountain meadows: Colo.—N.M. Submont.—Subalp. Je—Jl. 36. J. saximontanus A. Nels. Stem winged, 2-5 dm. high; leaf-blades 3-20 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; inflorescence of 2-15 heads; these about 1 em. thick; sepals and petals lanceolate, acuminate, about 3 mm. long, dark brown; capsule oblong, mucronate, a little shorter than the perianth, dark brown. J. ziphioides montanus Engelm. Meadows and wet places: B.C.—Calif —N.M.— Alta. Submont.—Mont. Je-S. 37. J. ensifolius Wikstr. Stem erect, 3-6 dm. high, winged; leaf-blades more or less falcate, 5-30 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide; heads about 1 em. thick, about 25-flowered; sepals and petals dark brown, lanceolate, acuminate, about 3 mm. long; capsule oblong, acute, often slightly exceeding the perianth, 3- gonous. J. xiphiodes triandrus Engelm. Meadows and wet places: Alaska— Calif —Utah—Alta. Submont. Je—Au. 2. JUNCOIDES (Dill.) Adans. Woop-rusn. Perennial caulescent herbs, with rootstocks, glabrous or sparingly pubescent. Leaf-sheaths closed; blades grass-like. Inflorescence umbel-like, capitate or spike-like. Flowers always subtended by usually lacerate or dentate bractlets. Stamens 6. Capsule 1-celled; ovules and seeds 3, basal. Seeds reticulate, sometimes apiculate but never tailed. [Luzula DC.] Flowers on slender pedicels in a corymbiform inflorescence. Petals and sepals 1.5—-2 mm. long. ’ Flowers and capsule pale green; leaves thin, shining; seeds brown, ellipsoid. 1. J. parviflorum. Flowers and capsule dark brown; leaves thick, dull; seeds yellow, constricted at each end. Drie Ptpent. Petals and sepals 3-3.5 mm. long. 3. J. glabratum. Flowers subsessile in head-like or spike-like clusters. Blades at least of the lower leaves flat, not attenuate into a subulate tip. Spikelets peduncled, forming a corymb. Flowers light yellow. 4. J. comosum. Flowers brown or ferruginous. 5. J. intermedium. Spikelets subsessile, forming a compound spike. Plant tall, 4-5 dm. high; inflorescence subcapitate; stem-leaves broad and flat; bractlets not ciliate. 6. J. subcapitatum. Plant 1-2, dm. rarely 4 dm. high. Bractlets ciliate; spike usually elongate and often nodding; stem-leaves narrow, attenuate. 7. J. spicatum. Bractlets lacerate, not ciliate: spike short, capitate. 8. J. arcticum. Blades of the leaves attenuate into subulate, almost pungent tips. Spikelets many-flowered; the lower on suberect or ascending peduncles; leaves erect. 9. J. hyperboreum. Spikelets few-flowered on arcuate-spreading peduncles; leaves arcuate-spreading. 10. J. arcuatum. 156 JUNCACEAE 1. J. parviflorum (Ehrh.) Coville. Stem erect, terete, 3-5 dm. high; leaf- blades broadly linear, 5-15 em. long, 5-12 mm. wide, glabrous except the mouth of the sheath; flowers singly or rarely 2 or 3 together; sepals and petals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute; capsule ovate, 3-gonous, obtuse, exerted. Luzula spadicea parviflora E. Meyer. Meadows, hillsides, and thickets: Greenl.—N.Y. —N.M.—Calif—Alaska; Eurasia. Mont.—Subalp. My-S. 2. J. Piperi Coville. Stem erect, 1-3.5 dm. high; leaves mostly basal, lance-linear, 2-4 mm. wide, glabrous except a few long hairs on the sheaths and margins; inflorescence 5-8 cm. long, nodding, diffuse; flowers solitary on the branches, rarely 2 or 3 together; sepals and petals about 1.5 mm. long, ovate, acuminate; capsule ovate, acute, exserted. Sandy moraines: Wash.—Mont.—Ore. Alp.—Subalp. JI-S. 3. J. glabratum (Hoppe) Sheld. Stems erect or ascending, terete, 2-5 dm. high; leaf-blades broadly linear to lanceolate, 3-10 em. long, 4-10 mm. wide, glabrous; inflorescence open, ovoid, with branches often divaricate; flowers mostly singly; sepals and petals dark brown, lanceolate, acute; capsule almost black, ovate, acute, equalling the perianth. Luzula glabrata (Hoppe) Desv. Hails and mountains: Alaska—Wash.—Ida.—Mont.; Eu. Mont.—Subalp. —Au. 4. J. comosum (E. Meyer) Sheld. Stem erect or ascending, 1-4 dm. high; leaves numerous, pale green; blades linear, 3-10 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, glab- rous; heads oblong, 6-7 mm. thick; sepals and petals lanceolate, yellowish brown, acuminate, about 3 mm. long, slightly exceeding the ellipsoid or subglobose capsule. L. comosa E. Meyer. Woods and copses: Alaska—Calif.—Colo.— Mont. Submont.—Mont. My-—BJl. 5. J. intermedium (Thuill.) Rydb. Stem slender, 2-5 dm. high; leaf-blades 5-10 em. long, 1-4 mm. wide; inflorescence with erect or strongly ascending branches; heads 4-10, globose or oval, about 6 mm. thick, 8—16-flowered; sepals and petals 2.5-3 mm. long, lanceolate, mucronate, brown or reddish, with paler margins; capsule obovate, 3-gonous, obtuse or retuse, nearly equalling !the peri- anth. L. campestris multiflora Celak. Hills and mountains: Greenl.—N.Y.— N.M.—Calif—B.C. Submont.—Mont. Je-Au. 6. J. subcapitatum Rydb. Stem 3-4 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, 4-10 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide; inflorescence compact, consisting of 6-10 heads, conglomerate and forming an irregular head; sepals and petals subequal, 1.5-2 mm. long, ovate, acuminate, dark brown, but lighter on the midrib; capsule broadly obovoid, obtuse, shorter than the petals. Mountains: Silver Plume, Colo. Swhalp. Au. 7. J. spicatum (L.) Kuntze. Stem 1-3 dm. high, erect; leaf-blades 4-6 cm. (rarely up to 12 cm.) long, 1-3 mm. wide; in florescence spike-like, usually nodding; sepals and petals 2-3 mm. long, lanceolate, aristate-acuminate; capsule broadly ovoid, acute, about two-thirds as long as the perianth. JL. spicata DC. Hills and mountain sides: Greenl.—N.H.—N.M.—Calif.—Alaska; Eurasia. Mont.—Alp. Jl-Au. 8. J. arcticum (Blytt) Coville. Stem erect, 5-10 cm. high, terete, slender; leaf-blades glabrous, 3-5 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide; inflorescence spicate, erect, small; sepals and petals 1.5-2 mm. long, lanceolate, fuscous; capsule ovate, 3- gonous, exceeding the perianth. J. nivalis Coville, not L. nivalis Laest. L. arctica Blyth. L. hyperborea minor Hook: Arctic-alpine regions: Greenl. —Canadian Rockies—Alaska; Scandinavia and Spitzbergen. Alp. Jl-Au. 9. J. hyperboreum (R. Br.) Sheld. Stem 1-2 dm. high, erect; leaf-blades narrow, 5-10 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide; inflorescence of a single erect head, or if heads 2-3, the lowest erect and the upper sometimes nodding; sepals and petals lanceolate, acute, brown, 2—2.5 mm. long; capsule about three-fourths as long as the perianth, 3-gonous, globose or ovate. L. hyperborea R. Br. Alpine-arctic regions: Greenl.—N.H.—Canadian Rockies—Alaska; Eu. Alp. Jl-Au. 10. J. arcuatum (Wahl.) Kuntze. Stem slender, about 1 dm. high; leaf- blades 3-8 cm. long, narrow, 1-1.5 mm. wide, often curved; inflorescence of 2-10 RUSH FAMILY 157 (rarely more) heads; the lower on slender curved peduncles; heads small, 3-5 mm. thick; sepals and petals elongated-lanceolate, about 2.5 mm. long, dark brown; capsule 3-gonous, globose, mucronate, shorter than the perianth. Arc- tic-alpine regions: Greenl.—Canadian Rockies—B.C.—Alaska; Eurasia. Alp. Ul Family 20. ALLIACEAE. Onion Famity. Perennial scapose herbs, with bulbs or corms and narrow basal leaves. Flowers in terminal umbels subtended by or enveloped in a scarious in- volucre. Sepals and petals each 3, very similar, corolla-like, usually mem- branous. Stamens 6. Pistil of 3 united carpels; ovary superior, 3-celled; - styles united. Fruit a loculicidal, 3-celled capsule. Perianth-segments distinct or nearly so; style articulate to the 3-lobed capsule; bracts broad, spathaceous. 1. ALLIUM. Perianth-segments united into a tube, with adnate filaments; style not articulate to the capsule; bracts not spathaceous, distinct. Filaments not united into a tube; pedicels articulate; capsule ovate or oblong. Filaments apparently in one series. Filaments opposite to the petals wing-appendaged at the base; anthers basi- fixed; flowers subcapitate. 2. DIPTEROSTEMON. Filaments all deltoid; anthers versatile; flowers umbellate. 3. HESPEROSCORDION. Filaments in two series; the inner adnate to the free part of the petals; anthers versatile. 4. TRITILEIA. Filaments united into a tube; pedicels not articulate; capsule triquetrous, subglobose. 5. ANDROSTEPHIUM. 1. ALLIUM (Tourn.) L. Onton, Garuic, Lerx, Curves. Perennial bulbous plants, with a characteristic alliaceous smell. Bracts scarious, more or less connate. Petals and sepals free or slightly united at the base. Stamens adnate to the bases of the petals and sepals; anthers introrse. Ovary sessile, 3-celled; style filiform, usually deciduous; stigmas minute; ovules 1-6 in each cell. Bulb crowning a persistent rootstock; outer coat more or less fibrous. Leaves terete and hollow; umbels dense, subcapitate. 1. A. sibiricum. Leaves flat or channeled, not hollow. Umbels rarely nodding; petals and sepals long-acuminate; capsule not crested. Stamens and styles exserted. 2. A. validum. Stamens and styles included, half as long as the petals. 3. A. brevistylum. Umbels nodding; petals and sepals obtuse or acute; capsule 6-crested; stamens and style exserted. Leaves rounded-convex on the back, not keeled, lunate in cross-section. 4. A. recurvatum. Leaves almost flat or keeled, somewhat broadly V-shaped in cross-section. Umbels many-flowered; leaves 3-5 mm. wide. 5. A. cernuum. Umbels few-flowered; leaves less than 3 mm. wide. 6. A.neo-mexicanum. Bulbs without a rootstock. Outer bulb-coat fibrous. Umbels bulblet-bearing; flowers few or sometimes none. Capsule with 6 rounded crests. 7. A. fibrosum. Capsule not crested. Petals and sepals ovate. 8. A. rubrum. Petals and sepals oblong-lanceolate. 9. A. canadense. Umbels not bulblet-bearing. Capsule not crested; involucre usually 3-leaved. Petals and sepals with a thick rounded keel. 10. A. aridum. Petals and sepals not thickened on the back. 11. A. Nuttallii. Capsule crested. Petals and sepals more than 1 cm. long; peduncles often 2 or 3; sheaths loose; bracts 3. 12. A. macropetalum. Petals and sepals less than 1 cm. long; peduncles solitary; sheaths close. Bracts broadly ovate, usually 2, in flowers not reflexed; flowers white or light rose; several layers of the bulb-coat fibrous. Plant 1-3 dm. high; pedicels 8-12 mm. long; petals and sepals about 5 mm. long. 13. A. textile. Plant 2-6 dm. high; pedicels 12-25 mm. long; petals and sepals 6-8 mm. long. 14. A. Geyeri. Bracts lanceolate, anally 3, soon reflexed; only outer bulb-coat fibrous; flowers red-purple. . A. Pikeanum. Outer bulb-coat not fibrous, but often more or less reticulate. Petals more or less serrulate or denticulate on the margins. Petals and sepals acuminate, the former serrulate near the apex. Petals and sepals long-acuminate, one-half longer than the stamens. 16. A. acuminatum. 158 ALLIACEAE Petals Fa sepals abruptly acuminate, only slightly longer than the sta- me 17. A. cuspidatum. Petals aii Sanale obtuse, delicately denticulate below with spreading papillae. 18. A. simillimum. Petals entire, neither serrulate nor denticulate. Ovary and capsule crestless or indistinctly 3-crested. Petals and sepals obtuse or harely acutish. Leaves much longer than the scape. 18. A. simillimum. Leaves shorter than the scape. 19. A. scillioides. Petals and sepals acute or acuminate. Stamens exserted. 20. A. incisum. Stamens included. Reticulations of the bulb-coat irregular, narrow, with curved sides; the outer coat in age becoming fimbrillate. 20. A. fibrillum. Reticulations of the bulb-coat trapezoid, or elongated pent- or hex- agonal; the sides not strongly curved: no fimbrillae. Sepals and petals neither gibbous at the base, nor keeled on the back. Involucres 3-leaved; petals and sepals. peu exceeding the stamens. A. tribracteatum. Involucres 2-leaved; petals and sepals a least half longer than the stamens. Petals and sepals half longer than the stamens; pedicels 8-15 mm. long. 23. A. Diehlii. Petals and sepals twice as long as the stamens; pedicels about 4 mm. long. 24. A. minimum. Sepals and petals gibbous at the base and more or less keeled on the back below. Scape flattened; leaf-blades 5-8 mm. wide. Scape much exceeding the leaves in length; stamens about equalling the petals and sepals. 25. A. Douglassii. Scape low, often exceeded by the leaves; stamens much shorter than the petals and sepals. Stamens two-thirds as long as the sepals; capsule scarcely crested. 26. A. Tolmiei. Stamens half as long as the sepals; capsules with 3 small crests. 27. A. Cusickii. Scape not flattened; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide. Petals about twice as long as the stamens; capsule not crested. 28. A. Brandegei. Petals barely exceeding the stamens paesols with minute thick crests. . Nivii. Ovary and capsule distinctly 6-crested. Stamens and styles exserted; petals and sepals acute or obtuse. 30. A. stellatum. Stamens and styles not exserted; petals and sepals acuminate. Leaves more than one. Reviculations of the bulb-coats sinuate; leaves shorter than the cape. Bulb- coat thin, faintly reticulate; leaves 4-10 mm. wide. 31. A. bisceptum. Bulb-coat thick, strongly reticulate; leaves 1-3 mm. wide. 32. A. Palmeri. Reticulations of the bulb-coats straight; leaves longer than the scapes. 33. A. pleianthum. Leaves solitary, longer than the scape. Petals and sepals long-acuminate, nearly twice as long as the stamens. 34. A. cristatum. Petals and sepals acute or short-acuminate, slightly longer than the stamens. 35. A. nevadense. 1. A. sibiricum IL. Bulb small, oblong-ovoid, often oblique, about 1 cm- thick; scapes 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades 6-20 em. long; bracts usually 2, ovate, about 2 cm. long; petals and sepals bright rose-colored, with dark midrib, fully 1 em. long, lanceolate, acuminate; stamens included; capsule not crested. Rich soil: Me.—N.Y.—Colo.—-Ore.—Alaska; Asia. Plain—Mont. Je—Au. 2. A. validum S$. Wats. Bulb 2-4 em. thick; scape 3-7 dm. high, stout; leaves 2-4 dm. long, 4-12 mm. wide; bracts 2-4, ovate, about 1.5 em. long; sepals and petals dark rose-colored, 7-8 mm. long; capsule subglobose. Meadows: Wash.—Ida.—Nev.—Calif. Mont. Jl-Au. 3. A. brevistylum 8. Wats. Bulbs obliquely elongate, lance-ovoid, 1-3 em. thick; scape 3-6 dm. high,.stout; leaf-blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, flat; bracts usually solitary, ovate, 1.5-2 em. long; sepals and petals dark rose, lanceolate, S-10 mm. long. Rich meadows and open woods: Mont.—Colo.— Utah. Submont.—Subalp. Je-Au. ONION FAMILY 159 4. A. recurvatum Rydb. Bulb oblong-ovoid, 1-1.5 cm. thick; scape slender, 3-5 dm. high, almost terete; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, thick; involucre 2-leaved, almost 2 cm. long; petals and sepals elliptic-ovate, obtuse, 5 mm. long, rose, with darker midvein. A. cernuwm obtusum Cockerell. Dry hills and mountain-sides. Alta-—S.D--N.M.—B.C. Plain—Mont. My- Au. 5. A. cernuum Roth. Bulb lance-ovoid, 1-2 em. thick, often purplish; scape 3-6 dm. high, stout; leaf-blades 1-2 dm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, rather thin; involucre 2-leaved, rarely more than 1 em. long; petals and sepals light pink or white, with faint midrib, otherwise as in the preceding. On banks and hillsides: N.Y.—W.Va.—Colo.—Wash.—Sask. Plain—Submont. Je—Au. 6. A. neomexicanum Rydb. Bulb oblong-ovoid, 1-2 em. thick; coats membranous, only the outer slightly fibrous; scape 3-4 dm. high, slender, terete; leaf-blades narrow, 1-2 mm. wide, almost flat, slightly keeled; involucres very small, scarcely more than 5 mm. long; petals and sepals oblong-ovate, nearly white, with very faint midrib. Dry mountains: s Colo—N.M.—Ariz. Suwb- mont. Au-O. 7. A. fibrosum Rydb. Bulb ovoid, about 1.5 em. thick; seape 2-3 dm. high, striate, slender; leaf-blades flat, thick, 3 mm. wide, 1-1.5 dm. long; bracts 2, ovate, about 1 cm. long; petals and sepals lance-oblong, obtuse,6mm.long. A. Geyert M. E. Jones, not S. Wats. Mountain sides and meadows: Mont.—Wyo. —Ida.—(? B.C.) Submont.—Mont. Je—Jl. 8. A. rubrum Osterhout. Bulb ovoid, 1.5-2 em. thick; scape 2-3 dm. high, terete; leaf-blades 7 mm. wide or less, concave; involucre 3-leaved; petals and sepals ovate, obtuse, 6-7 mm. long, with strong midrib; stamens and styles alte the petals. In pastures and meadows: Colo—s Wyo. Submont. My-—Jl. . 9. A. canadense L. Bulbs ovoid, 1-2 em. thick; scape 2-6 dm. high, stout; leaf-blades 1-5 dm. long, 3-8 mm. wide, rounded on the back; involucre 2- or 3-leaved; petals and sepals obtuse, pink or white, 4-6 mm. long; filaments as long as the petals. In meadows and fields: Me.—Fla.—La.—Colo.—Minn. Plain. My-—Je. 10. A. aridum Rydb. Bulbs ovoid, about 1 em. thick, usually 2-4 together; scape 1-1.5 dm. high, slender, striate; leaf-blades about 1-1.5 dm. long, often equalling or surpassing the scape, about 2 mm. wide, channeled; bracts ovate, 1 em. long or less; sepals and petals about 6 mm. long, lance-ovate, acute; fila- petits and style shorter than the petals. Dry hills in hard clay: Wyo. Plain. == 11. A. Nuttallii S. Wats. Bulb solitary, ovoid, about 1.5 em. thick; scape 1-3 dm. high; leaves 2-3 mm. wide, 1—-1.5 dm. long; bracts 1-1.5 em. long; petals and sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, rose or white, 4-6 mm. long; stamens shorter than the petals. Plains and prairies: S.D.—Kans.—-Ariz. —Ida. Plain. My-—Je. 12. A. macropetalum Rydb. Bulb ovoid, solitary, about 2 cm. thick; leaf-blades about 2 dm. long, almost equalling the scapes, 2-4 mm. wide; scapes 2 dm. high or more, stout, 3-4 mm. thick; bracts about 2 em. long; petals and sepals lanceolate, long-attenuate, white, with a purple or pink midrib; capsule een 6 conspicuous oblong crests. Mountains: Colo—N.M. Submont. Ap- Ay. 13. A. textile Nels. & Macb. Bulbs usually solitary, ovoid, 1-2 em. thick; scape slender, terete, 1-3 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide, 1-1.5 dm. long; bracts fully 1 em. long; petals and sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 4-6 mm. long; capsule with 6 small rounded crests. A. reticulatum Fraser, not As Plains and dry hills: Sask.—N.M.—Ariz.—Alta. Plain—Submont. 14. A. Geyeri S. Wats. Bulbs usually solitary, ovoid, 1.5-2.5 em. thick; scape 3-6 dm. high, rather stout; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide, 1-2 dm. long; bracts 1.5 cm. long or more; petals and sepals pink or white, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 160 ALLIACEAE 6-8 mm. long; capsule with 6 rather prominent crests. A. reticulatum deserticola M. E. Jones. A. deserticola Woot. & Standl. A. dictyotum Greene. Plains and valleys: Wash.—Ariz.—N.M.—S.D.—Mont. Plain—Mont. My-S. 15. A. Pikeanum Rydb. Bulb obliquely ovoid, about 1.5 cm. long and 8-10 mm. thick; scape 8-15 em. long, almost equalled by the narrowly linear leaves; bracts 8-10 mm. long; petals and sepals subequal, ovate, acuminate, red-purple; capsule slightly crested above. Mountains: Pike’s Peak and vicin- ity, Colo. Subalp—Alp. Jl-Au. 16. A. acuminatum Hook. Bulbs solitary, nearly spherical, 1-1.5 cm. thick; outer coat rather thick, pitted, the 4-6-angled reticulations being very thick and raised; scapes 1-3 dm. high; bracts 2, 1-1.5 em. long; flowers 12-30; sepals dark rose or reddish purple, ovate-lanceolate, keeled on the back and gib- bous at the base, 8-12 mm. long; petals similar but slightly shorter. Rich soil, prairies and rocky hillsides: B.C.—Calif.—Ariz.—Colo.—Mont. Submont. My-Jl. 17. A. cuspidatum (Fern.) Rydb. Bulb solitary, nearly globose, 1.5-2 em. thick; outer coat thick; reticulations similar to those of the preceding, but less prominent; scape 2-3 dm. high, slender; leaf-blades less than 1 dm. long, 2 mm. wide or less; sepals and petals more oblong and abruptly acuminate than in the preceding. A. acuminatum cuspidatum Fern. Rocky hillsides: e Wash.—w Ida. Submont. Ap-—dJl. 18. A. simillimum Henderson. Bulbs ovate, nearly 1 em. thick; reticula- tions of the coat rectangular-hexagonal; scape 2.5-3 em. high, flattened and winged; leaf-blades 2, 8-9 em. long, 1 mm. wide, falcate; bracts 2; flowers 6-9; sepals and petals narrowly oblong, pinkish white, with a strong green midvein; ovary slightly 3-crested. Open loose soil among rocks: Ida. Mont. Jl. 19. A. scillioides Dougl. Bulb globose, about 1 em. thick, dark purplish brown; coat thin; reticulations fine and rectangular or square; scape about 2 dm. high; bracts 2, lanceolate, acuminate, fully 1 em. long; leaves 1 or 2, about 15 cm. long, 2 mm. wide; sepals and petals ovate, about 7 mm. long; the former saccate at base; capsule slightly 3-ridged at the apex. Dry grounds: B.C.—Ida. Ore. Submont. Je-Au. 20. A. incisum Nels. & Macb. Bulb 1—-1.5 em. thick; outer coat brown or pinkish, obscurely reticulate; scape 5-8 cm. high, 1.5-2.5 mm. broad, narrowly winged; leaves 3-5 mm. wide, slightly falecate, exceeding the scape; bracts 2— several or the bracts cleft to the base; flowers many; pedicels 1-2 cm. long; petals and sepals white, narrowly lanceolate, acute; capsule very obscurely crested. Barren clayey ground: Ida. Je. 21. A. fibrillum M. E. Jones. Bulb nearly spherical, 1-1.5 em. thick; leaves 2 or 3, 1-1.5 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; bracts 2, ovate, fully 1 em. long; sepals ovate, acute, 6-8 mm. long; petals narrower, lanceolate; capsule slightly ridged. A. collinum Dougl., not Guss, Mountains: Wash.—Ore.—Ida.—w Mont. Plain—Mont. Je-Au. 22. A. tribracteatum Torr. Bulb ovoid or nearly globose, about 1 em. thick; reticulations transversely rectangular; scape 3-5 em. high, surpassed by the leaves; leaf-blades usually 2, 4-10 em. long, 2-6 mm. wide; sepals and petals oblong, acutish, with a purple midrib; capsule not crested. Mountains: Ore.— Calif —Utah—(? Colo.) Son. Ap. 23. A. Diehlii M. E. Jones. Bulb nearly globose; outer coat dark red; reticulations rectangular to linear-rectangular; scapes 5-7 em. high; leaves 2; blades 1-1.5 dm. long and about 4 mm. wide; bracts about 12 mm. long; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; petals narrower; capsule spongy- and_ sulcate- crested, the crests not evident in fruit. A. tribracteatum Diehlii M. E. Jones. Mountains: Utah. Mont. My. 24. A. minimum M. E. Jones. Bulb small, ovate, about 8 mm. thick; outer coat very thin and membranous, the inner red; reticulations irregularly rectangular; scapes 7-10 em. high; leaves 2; bracts 6 mm. long; flowers about 10; sepals and petals ovate, barely acute, 4mm. long, white, with green ribs ONION FAMILY 161 below; capsule depressed-globose, crestless. Summits: Cuddy Mountains, Ida. Alp. .. Ji. 25. A. Douglasii Hook. Bulb ovoid, 1.5-2 cm. thick; coats thin; reticula- tions obsolete; scape about 3 dm. high; bracts 2, ovate, acuminate, 1.5-2 cm. long; leaf-blades 1-1.5 dm. long, falcate; sepals and petals rose-colored, 6-8 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate; capsule not crested. A. Hendersonii Robins. & Seat. Hiullsides and clay-banks. Wash.—Ore.—Ida. Submont. Je. 26. A. Tolmiei Baker. Bulb ovoid, about 2 cm. thick or less; reticulations obsolete; scape 5-10 cm. high; leaf-blades 2, 1-1.5 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide; bracts 2, nearly 2 cm. long; flowers 20-30; sepals and petals pink with darker veins, about 8 mm. long, lanceolate, acute or acuminate. A. anceps aberrans M. E. Jones. Arid places: Wash.—Ida.—Utah. Plain—Submont. Ap—Je. 27. A. Cusickii S. Wats. Bulb rounded-ovate, 1-1.5 em. thick; reticula- tions faint, rectangular; scape 5-10 em. high; leaves 2, blades 1—-1.5 dm. long, 4-7 mm. wide; bracts ovate, acuminate; flowers rather many; sepals and petals pink, with darker veins, long-attenuate, 6-10 mm. long. Valleys and mountain sides: Ore.—Ida. Plain—Mont. My-—Jl. 28. A. Brandegei 8S. Wats. Bulb globose-ovoid, about 1 em. thick; outer coat very thin, inner ones purplish; reticulations transversely rectangular; scape less than 1 dm. high, often surpassed by the leaves; leaf-blades 2, about 1 dm. long; bracts 2; sepals and petals rose-colored, broadly lanceolate, acuminate, 6-8 mm. long. Mountains: Ore.—Utah—Colo.—Ida. Swbmont.—Mont. Je-Au. 29. A. Nivii S. Wats. Bulb globose; coat white or reddish; reticulations transversely rectangular; scape 1.5-2 cm. high, longer than the leaves; leaf- blades narrow; bracts 2; sepals and petals light rose-colored, lanceolate, acum- inate, 6 mm. long. Arid places: Wash.—Ida.—Ore. Submont. Je—Jl. 30. A. stellatum Ker. Bulb ovoid, 1-2 cm. thick; coats thin, mostly reddish; reticulations fine and close, elongated-rectangular; scapes 2-5 dm. high; leaves several; blades 1-3 dm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, nearly flat; bracts 2, about 1 cm. long; pedicels 1-2 em. long; sepals rose-colored, ovate, usually acute, 4-6 mm. long; petals ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, slightly longer. On rocky banks: IlL—Mo.—Kans.—Sask. Plain. JIS. 31. A. bisceptum 8S. Wats. Bulbs ovoid, 1-1.5 cm. thick; scapes often more than one, 2—4 dm. high, stout; leaf-blades broad, flat, 4-10 mm. wide, 1.5 dm. long or more, attenuate; bracts 2; flowers numerous; petals and sepals broadly lanceolate, acuminate, white or pink, 7-8 mm. long, not ribbed but pehily gibbous at the base. Moist soil: Utah—Nev.—Calif. Submont. My- e. 32. A. Palmeri S. Wats. Bulb almost globose; scape 1.5-3 dm. high, slender; leaf-blades 1 dm. long or less; bracts 2, lanceolate, about 1 cm. long; flowers 12-24; petals and sepals pink, ovate-lanceolate, slightly gibbous at the base, acute or acuminate. Dry regions: s Utah—Ariz.—N.M. L. Son. 33. A. pleianthum S. Wats. Bulb ovoid, 1—-1.5 cm. thick; scape 5-12 cm. high, flattened; leaf-blades 1-1.5 dm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, faleate; bracts 2; petals and sepals white or pink, lanceolate, acuminate, keeled and gibbous at the base, 8-10 mm. long. Valleys: Ore——Ida. Son. Ap—e. 34. A. cristatum S. Wats. Bulb ovoid, about 2 cm. thick; outer coat rather thick, brown; reticulations faint, irregularly quadrangular; scape less than 1 dm. high; leaf-blades 1 dm. long or less, 2-3 mm. wide; bracts 2 or 3, 1.5 em. long; petals and sepals light rose-colored, with darker midveins, about 1 cm. long, lanceolate; crests of the ovary very long, glandular-toothed. Dry places: Utah —Ariz. L.Son. Ap. 35. A. nevadense S. Wats. Bulb nearly globose, 1-1.5 em. thick; outer coat thick and brown; reticulations irregular, with sinuate or curved sides; scape less than 1 dm. high; leaf-blades 1 dm. or less, flat, 2-3 mm. wide; bracts 2, about 1.5 cm. long; sepals and petals lanceolate, 6-8 mm. long. Mountains and hill- sides: Nev.—Utah—Ariz. Son.—Submont. My-—BJl. Q* 162 ALLIACEAE 2. DIPTEROSTEMON Rydb. Perennials, with fibrous-coated bulbs, few basal narrow leaves, and naked scapes. Flowers in subcapitate umbels, with 3-5 membranous colored bracts. Perianth funnelform or campanulate, purple; segments united half their length. Stamens 6; filaments subulate, adnate to the perianth-tube, those opposite the sepals naked, those opposite the petals with two lanceolate lobes or wings at the base; anthers basifixed. Capsule ovoid, 3-celled; cells many-seeded. Perianth-tube funnelform, gradually widening into the limb; bracts broad, conspicuously exceeding the pedicels. : 1. D. capitatus. Perianth-tube cylindro-campanulate, abruptly widening into the limb; bracts narrow, often exceeded by some of the unequal pedicels. 2. D. pauciflorus. 1. D. capitatus (Benth.) Rydb. Scape 2-5 dm. high; leaves 2-4 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide; bracts ovate, lanceolate or elliptic, acute or obtuse, dark violet- purple; perianth purple, about 15 mm. long. Brodiaea capitata Benth. Hill- sides: Ore.—Utah—Calif. Son. Ap—e. 2. D. pauciflorus (Torr.) Rydb. Scape 1-3 dm. high; leaves 1-3 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; bracts lanceolate, 7-10 mm. long, mostly white, tinged with lilac and purple-veined; perianth about 12 mm. long, purple. B. capitata pauciflora Torr. Arid regions: N.M.—s Utah—s Calif. L. Son. Ap-—Je. 3. HESPEROSCORDUM Lindl. Plants with fibrous-coated bulb, few basal narrow leaves, and naked scapes. Flowers in bracted umbels; bracts 3-5. Perianth openly turbinate; segments united one-third their length, white or lilac; lobes ascending. Stamens 6, adnate to the tube of the perianth; free portion of the filaments above the throat del- toid; anthers versatile, oblong. Capsule ovoid, stipitate, triangular in cross- section. 1. H. lacteum Lindb. Bulb globose, 15-18 mm. thick; scape 3-5 dm. high; leaves 2-3 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; bracts narrowly lanceolate, less than 1 cm. long; flowers many; perianth white, with greenish or purplish veins, 12-15 mm. long; segments oblong or elliptic, obtuse. Brodiaea lacteaS. Wats. Moist rich soil: B.C.—Ida.—Nev.—Calif. Submont. My-—Je. 4. TRITELEIA Dougl. Witp Hyacrntu. Plants with fibrous-coated bulbs, few basal elongated leaves, and naked scapes. Flowers in bracted umbels; bracts 3-5. Perianth from campanulate to narrowly funnelform, in ours blue or purple; segments united half their length or more; lobes ascending. Stamens 6; filaments adnate to the perianth-tube and the inner ones even to its lobes, making them apparently inserted in two distinct series; anthers distinctly versatile; capsule elongated-ovoid or ellipsoid, more or less distinctly stipitate, 3-valved, many-seeded. 1. T. grandiflora Lindl. Bulb globose, deep-seated, about 2 em. thick; scape 3-6 dm. high; flowers rather many; perianth about 2 cm. long, campanulate; lobes elliptic or oval, obtuse. Brodiaea Douglasii 8. Wats. Rich soil: B.C.— Mont.—Wyo.—Utah—Ore. Submont. Ap-—Jl. 5. ANDROSTEPHIUM Torr. Scapose herbs, with membranous-coated bulbs. Leaves basal, with elongated narrow blades. Bracts several. Flowers perfect, short-pedicelled. Petals and sepals blue, or rose-colored, united to about the middle into a funnelform tube. Stamens 6, adnate to the perianth-tube; filaments united at least to the middle into a tube, which bears tooth-like lobes between the free portion of the filaments; anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled; style filiform. Seeds several in each locule. Capsule 3-angled. Seeds few, black. 1. A. breviflorum 8S. Wats. Bulb ovoid, fibrous-coated, 1.5-2 em. broad; scape 1-3 dm. high; bracts lanceolate, scarious; flowers rather few; pedicels 1-2 em. long; perianth 15-20 mm. long; lobes oblong; lobes of the crown shorter than the anthers; pod 15-18 mm. in diameter. Brodiaea Paysonii A. Nels. Dry regions: w Colo.—s Utah—s Calif. Son. Ap. LILY FAMILY 163 Family 21. LILIACEAE. Liry Famity. Perennial herbs, mostly caulescent, with bulbs, corms, or short rootstocks. Flowers in terminal racemes, corymbs, panicles, or rarely solitary. Sepals and petals each 3, similar, petaloid, sometimes partly united. Stamens 6. Pistils of 3 united carpels; ovary superior, 3-celled; styles united. Fruit a Joculicidal capsule. _ Plant with a short rootstock; flowers subumbellate on subterranean pedicels from the crown of the rootstock; petals and sepals united into a long tube. 1. LEUCOCRINUM. Plant with bulbs or corms, either leafy-stemmed or scapiferous; petals and sepals distinct or nearly so. Bulb scaly; plant tall, leafy. Anthers versatile; petals and sepals oblanceolate, clawed, with a linear nectariferous groove. 2. LILIUM. Anthers fixed near the base, slightly if at all versatile; petals and sepals obovate- oblanceolate, not clawed; nectary a shallow pit. Styles distinct from the middle; flowers purple, mottled with yellowish green; fruit winged. 3. FRITILLARIA. Styles connate to the summit; flowers yellow or orange; fruit not winged. 4. OCHROCODON. Bulb tunicated. Anthers strictly basifixed. Leaves 2, basal or nearly so; flowers nodding. 5. ERYTHRONIUM. Leaves several, alternate; flowers not nodding. . Flowers in ours usually solitary; pedicels not jointed; dwarf alpine plant. 6. LLOYDIA. Flowers racemose; pedicels jointed below the middle; not alpine. 7. EREMOCRINUM. Anthers versatile; scapose plants with racemose flowers. 8. QUAMASIA. 1. LEUCOCRINUM Nutt. Srar or Berauesem, Mountatn Lity, Witp TuBEROSE. Low acaulescent herbs, with short rootstock and fleshy-fibrous roots. Leaves basal, numerous, surrounded by scarious sheaths. Flowers in umbel-like sessile clusters, with pedicels and ovaries under ground. Petals and sepals each 3, alike, united below into along tube. Stamens 6; filaments adnate below to the tube of the perianth; anthers linear, attached near the base, introrse; style much elongated, filiform; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule triangular, obovoid. 1. L. montanum Nutt. Leaves thick, numerous, 1-2 dm. long, 2-8 mm. broad; flowers 4-8; perianth white; tube 3-8 cm. long; lobes linear-oblong, about 2 cm. long; capsule truncate, 6-8 mm. long, 12-18-seeded. Hills and plains: Mont.—S.D.—n N.M.—Calif.—Ore. Plain—Submont. My-Je. 2. LILIUM (Tourn.) L. Ly. Tall, leafy herbs, with thick-scaly bulbs and large funnelform or campanulate flowers. Petals and sepals each 3, similar, distinct, each with a nectariferous groove at the base within. Stamens 6; filaments filiform or subulate; anthers linear, versatile, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled; style long, somewhat clavate; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule oblong or obovoid; seeds numerous, flat, horizontal, in 2 rows in each cavity. Flower erect, solitary or subumbellate; petals and sepals unguiculate. Leaves linear. 1. L. umbellatum. Leaves lanceolate. 2. L. montanum. Flowers several, racemose, nodding; petals and sepals not unguiculate. 3. L. columbianum. 1. L. umbellatum Pursh. Stem leafy, 3-6 dm. high; leaves linear, acute, 4-7 cm. long, 2-7 mm. wide, mostly alternate and scattered, the uppermost forming one, seldom two whorls; flowers 1-3, umbellate; petals and sepals 5-6 em. long; blade oval, red or orange, spotted below, acute; capsule almost cyl- indrical, about 6 cm. long, 15 mm. thick. In dry open woods: Mich.—N.M.— Ohio—Sask.—Ark. Plain—Submont. Je—Jl. 2. L. montanum A. Nels. A plant similar to the preceding, but with broader leaves; leaves, except the uppermost, alternate and scattered, 5-8 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide; whorl 1, seldom 2; petals and sepals 5-6 cm. long; blades 164 LILIACEAE oval, acute or short-acuminate; capsule cylindric-ovoid. Closely related to the eastern L. philadelphicum L. On hills and mountain-sides, among bushes: Mont.—N.M. Submont.—Mont. Je—Jl. 3. L. columbianum Hanson. Stem a meter or so high; leaves mostly verticillate, lanceolate, acute, 5-8 em. long, 6-15 mm. wide; petals and sepals 3-4 em. long, in age reflexed, linear-lanceolate, red, spotted; capsule obovoid, 2-3 em. long, 15 mm. or more thick. JL. parviflorwm (Hook.) Holz. In open woods: B.C.—Ida.—Calif. Submont. Je—Au. 3. FRITILLARIA L. Ticer Liry, Leoparp Lity. Simple leafy herbs, with thick-scaly bulbs. Flowers open, campanulate, large, nodding; petals and sepals 3, nearly equal, oblong or ovate, deciduous, each with a nectariferous pit at the base. Stamens 6, hypogynous, free; anthers linear or oblong, attached at the base, not versatile. Ovary 3-celled; ovules numerous; style slender, 3-cleft. Capsule obovoid, globose or cylindric, 6-angled. Seeds numerous, flat, margined or winged. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. 1. F. lanceolata. Leaves narrowly linear. 2. F. atropurpurea. 1. F. lanceolata Pursh. Stem stout, 3-6 dm. high, leafless below, leafy above, and 1-4-flowered; leaves in 1-3 verticils of 2’s—4’s, lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, obtuse, 3-10 em. long; flowers dark purple, mottled with greenish yellow; petals and sepals lanceolate or oblong, acutish, 2-38 em. long; capsule less than 2 em. long and fully 2.5 em. broad. In rich soil: B.C.—Calif —Ida.— Mont. Submont. Mr—-My. 2. F. atropurpurea Nutt. Stem slender, 1-4 dm. high, leafless below, leafy above, 1-4-flowered; leaves mostly scattered, alternate or the upper ver- ticillate, narrowly linear, 3-8 em. long, 3 mm. wide; flowers dark purple, mottled with yellowish green; petals and sepals elliptic to linear, 5-25 mm. long; capsule about 15 mm. long and as wide. F’. linearis Coult. & Fish. On hillsides among bushes: Wash.—Calif—N.M.—N.D.—Neb. Plain—Submont. My-—Je. 4. OCHROCODON Rydb. Yetiow Bett. Simple leafy herbs, with scaly bulbs. Leaves mostly scattered. Flowers yellow or orange, campanulate, nodding, solitary. Petals and sepals 3, oblong- spatulate, obtuse. Stamens 6, free; anthers attached at the base. Ovary 3- celled; style undivided; stigma slightly 3-lobed. Capsule obovoid, 3-valved. 3. O. pudicus (Pursh) Rydb. Stem low, strict, 1-3 dm. high, generally 1-flowered; leaves 1—5, scattered or subverticillate, linear, 3-10 em. long, rather — thick; flower yellow, or orange; petals and sepals oblong, obtuse, 12-20 mm. long; fruit obovoid, 3-4 em. long, and 15-22 mm. thick, erect. Fritillaria pudica (Pursh) Spreng. In rich soil on hillsides: B.C.—Calif—Utah—Wyo.—Mont. Submont.—Mont. Ap-My. 5. ERYTHRONIUM L. Doc-roorn VioLet, ADDER-TONGUE, STAR-STRIKERS. Low herbs, with membranous-coated corms and simple scapiform stems bearing two leaves below. Flowers solitary or few, nodding; petals and sepals lanceolate, distinct, with a nectariferous groove. Stamens 6, hypogynous, free; anthers oblong to linear, attached at the end. Ovary 3-celled; ovules numerous in each cell; style filiform, or thickened above, often 3-cleft. Capsule obovoid or oblong, in ours bluntly 3-angled. Style more or less clavate. Anthers of the stamens subequal. Anthers 3—4 mm. long; rarely longer, light yellow. 1. E. parviflorum. Anthers 4-8 mm. long, usually purplish, in age yellowish. Petals 2-3 cm. long; their veins almost equal and equally distributed. 2. E. obtusatum. Petals 3-5 cm. long (in secondary flowers sometimes smaller); midvein prom- inent, separated from the next veins by rather broad veinless spaces, side veins branched and arching towards the margin. 3. E. grandiflorum | LILY FAMILY 165 Anthers of the inner set of stamens much longer than those of the outer; veining of petals resembling that of E. grandiflorum. 4. FE. utahense. Style filiform or nearly so; petals narrowly linear-lanceolate. 5. E. leptopetalum. 1. E. parviflorum (S. Wats.) Goodding. Scape 1-3 dm. high, 1—-4- (rarely 5—7-) flowered; sepals and petals lanceolate, acuminate, 2-3 em. long, bright yellow; capsule short, oblanceolate-oblong to nearly obovate, 3-4 em. long, 1-1.5 em. thick. FE. grandiflorum parviflorum S. Wats. Rich soil: Colo—Wyo. —Utah. Submont—Subalp. Ap-—Au. 2. E. obtusatum Goodding. Scape 2-4 dm. high, 1-3-flowered; leaf-blades oblanceolate or oblong, broadest usually above the middle, obtuse and apiculate or acute, 1-2 dm. long; petals and sepals pale yellow, in age becoming whitish or purplish, 2—-3.5 em. long; filaments dilated at the base, subulate; capsule oblanceolate, 3.5-5 em. long, a little more than 1 em. thick. Rich soil: B.C.— Wyo.—Mont. Submont.—Mont. Ap—Au. 3. E. grandiflorum Pursh. Scape 2-4 dm. high, 1-3-flowered; leaf-blades from lanceolate to oval or ovate-lanceolate, mostly acute, usually broadest at or below the middle, 1-2 dm. long; sepals and petals light yellow, 3-5 em. long; filaments slender but somewhat dilated below; capsule oblong, tapering at the base, 3-4 em. long, about 12 mm. thick. Rich soil: B.C.—Wash.—Wyo.— Mont. Submont.—Mont. My-Jl. 4. E. utahense Rydb. Scape 1.5-3 dm. high, 1-3-flowered; leaf-blades oblanceolate, 1-2 dm. long, acute or obtuse, 1.5-4.5 em. wide; sepals and petals 2.5-3 em. long, narrowly lanceolate, acute or acuminate; filaments subulate, dilated below; capsule obovoid, about 2 em. long and 1 cm. thick. Mountains: Utah. Submont—Mont. My-Jl. 5. E. leptopetalum Rydb. Scape 1.5-2 dm. high, slender; leaf-blades broadly oval, about 12 cm. long and 6 cm. wide; sepals and petals narrowly lanceolate, about 3.5 em. long, 3-5 mm. wide, acute, evenly veined; filaments strongly dilated below; stigma deeply 3-cleft, with slender recurved lobes. Moun- tains near Boise City, Ida. Je. 6. LLOYDIA Salisb. Atp Liry. Dwarf caulescent herbs, with bulbs. Leaves narrow, grass-like. Flowers white in terminal racemes (often reduced to a single flower). Sepals and petals each 3, nearly alike, with a transverse fold-like gland near the base. Stamens 6, distinct; filaments subulate; anthers basifixed, dehiscent by marginal slits. Ovary triangular, 3-celled; ovules numerous in 2 rows in each cell, anatropous; style persistent; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule loculicidal at the apex. 1. L. serotina (L.) Sweet. Bulb oblong, fibrous-coated, ending a creeping rootstock; stem 5-15 em. high; leaves several, 5-10 em. long, 1-2 mm. wide; perianth about 1 cm. long, broadly turbinate; petals and sepals oblanceolate, obtuse, yellowish white, purple-veined and tinged with rose on the back; capsule obovoid, 8 mm. long. Alpine-arctic regions among rocks: Alta—N.M.—Nevy. —Alaska; Eurasia. Alp. 7. EREMOCRINUM M. E. Jones. Desert Lity. Perennial herbs, with a small tunicated bulb. Stem more or less leafy at the base. Flowers racemose, scarious-bracted. Sepals and petals each 3, distinct, 3-nerved, spreading. Stamens 6; filaments linear, broader at the base; anthers linear, obtuse at the apex, subcordate at base, basifixed, in age incurved. Ovary 3-celled; style slender, elongated. Capsule loculicidal, each cell 2-seeded. Pedicels jointed near the base. _ 1. E. albomarginatum M. E. Jones. Bulb 5-6 mm. thick; stem 1-3 dm. high; leaves basal, 1-2 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide; bracts ovate, scarious, 10-12 mm. long; flowers 1-3 at each node; pedicels 8-12 mm. long; perianth white, eth Eun veins; petals and sepals 8-10 mm. long. Desert regions: Utah. on. My. a ee et 166 LILIACEAE 8. QUAMASIA Raf. Camas, Biur Camas, Witp Hyacinta, Swamp SEGOo. Perennial herbs, with scapiform stems and edible bulbs. Leaves basal, with elongated blades. Flowers in terminal racemes. Sepals and petals each 3, alike, distinct, blue, white, or purple. Stamens 6; filaments filiform, adnate to the base of the petals and sepals; anthers versatile, introrse. Ovary 3-celled; styles filiform; stigma 3-lobed; ovules numerous in each cavity. Capsule broad, 3-angled. Seeds black, shining. Flowers somewhat oblique, about 2 cm. long; divisions 3-veined, or some of them 4- or 5-veined. 1. Q. Quamash. Flowers regular, about 3 cm. long; divisions all 5—-7-veined. 2. Q. Suksdorfit. - 1. Q. Quamash (Pursh) Coville. Bulb globose, 1.5-3 em. thick; scape 3-6 dm. high; leaves 6-15 mm. broad, 2—4 dm. long; petals and sepals linear, blue, about 2 em. long, exceeding the stamens, but slightly shorter than the style; capsules ellipsoid, 12-15 mm. long, on almost erect pedicels. Camassia esculenta Lindl. Meadows: Mont.—Utah—Calif—B.C. Plain—Submont. Ap-—Je. 2. Q. Suksdorfii (Greenm.) Piper. Bulb ovate, 1-3 em. thick; scape 3-7 dm. high, few-flowered; leaves 2-3 dm. long, 0.5—-2 em. broad; petals and sepals 3-3.5 em. long, 8 mm. wide, blue; capsules 1.5—2.5 em. long, erect on pedicels which arch upwards. Meadows: Wash.—Ida.—Utah. Plain—Submont. My. Family 22. CONVALLARIACEAE. Lity-or-THE-VALLEY FamIty. Perennial herbs, with rootstocks and alternate, rarely basal leaves. Flowers perfect, in terminal or axillary racemes, panicles, umbels, or rarely solitary. Sepals and petals 3 or 2, similar, distinct or partly united, in- ferior. Stamens 6 or 4. Gynoecium of 3 or 2 united carpels; ovary 3- or 2-celled; styles united. Fruit in all our species a berry. Stem leafy; leaves alternate. Sepals and petals distinct. Flowers white, in terminal racemes or panicles; anthers introrse; stem simple. Petals and sepals 3; stamens 6. 1. VAGNERA. Petals and sepals 2; stamens 4. 2. UNIFOLTIUM. Flowers extra-axillary or terminal and solitary or in small umbelliform clusters; anthers extrorse or opening laterally; stem branched. Flowers extra-axillary, greenish white; filaments slender; anthers acute. Corolla campanulate. 3. STREPTOPUS. Corolla rotate. 4. KRUHSBA. Flowers terminal, yellow; filaments dilated; anthers obtuse. 5. DISPORUM. Sepals and petals partially united into a tube; flowers axillary. 6. POLYGONATUM. Stem scapiform; leaves basal; flowers in terminal umbels, or solitary and terminal. 7. CLINTONIA. 1. VAGNERA Adans. Witp SprkeNnarD, Witp Lity-or-THE-V ALLEY, FALSE SOLOMON’S SEAL. Caulescent herbs, with elongated rootstocks. Leaves broad, several-nerved. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Sepals and petals white or greenish white, distinct or nearly so. Stamens 6; filaments subulate; anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled; styles short; stigma 3-lobed; ovules 2 in each cavity. Berry globose. Seeds 1 or 2, with a thin testa. [Smilacina Desf.] Inflorescence paniculate. Petals and sepals scarcely half as long as the stamens; fruit dark purple. 1. V. brachypetala. Pe.zals and sepals almost equalling the stamens; fruit red with purple spots. : Leaf-blades acuminate, the lower contracted at the base into distinct petioles; style about 0.5 mm. long. 2. V. racemosa. Leaf-blades acute, all sessile and more or less clasping; style fully 1 mm. long. 3. V. amplezicaulis. Inflorescence racemose. Leaves 6-12, sessile. Petals and sepals linear or linear-lanceolate. 4. V. leptopetala. Petals oblong-lanceolate. : Pedicels short, slightly if at all longer than the flowers or the fruit; leaves lanceolate, acute. 5. V. stellata. LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY FAMILY 167 Pedicels long, the lower often 2—3 times as long as the flowers or the fruit. Raceme strict; pedicels strongly ascending; leaves narrowly lanceolate. long-attenuate. 6. V. liliacea. Raceme zigzag; vedicels spreading; leaves broadly lanceolate, usually abruptly acuminate. 7. V. sessilifolia. Leaves 2-4, sheathing the low stem. 8. V. trifolia. 1. V. brachypetala Rydb. Stem stout, 5-8 dm. high, striate, puberulent; leaves subsessile or short-petioled, oval or ovate, 8-18 cm. long, 4-7 cm.- wide, often short-acuminate and twisted at the apex; panicle rather dense; petals and sepals oblong, 1-1.5 mm. long; style about 0.5 mm. long; berry about 4 mm. in diameter. Hillsides: B.C.—Wash.—Ida. Submont.—Mont. My-—Je. 2. V. racemosa (L.) Morong. Stem somewhat angled, finely puberulent above, 3-9 dm. high; blades elliptic or oval, 7-15 em. long, 3-6 cm. wide, finely puberulent beneath; sepals and petals oblong, 2 mm. long or more; berry 5-6 mm. thick. Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. Woods and thickets: N.S.—Ga.— Colo.—B.C. Plain—Submont. My-ul. 38. V. amplexicaulis (Nutt.) Morong. Stem 3-7 dm. high; blades ovate to lanceolate, acute, puberulent, 6-15 cm. long, 4-8 em. wide; sepals and petals oblong, about 2 mm. long; filaments lanceolate-subulate; berry light red, dotted with purple, 5-6 mm. thick. S.amplexicaulis Nutt. Hillsides and woods: B.C. —Calif—N.M.—Alta. Submont.—Mont. My-—Jl. 4. V. leptopetala Rydb. Stem 2-3 dm. high, erect, strict or the upper portion somewhat zigzag, striate and pale; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 6-8 cm. long, 1-2 em. wide, light green, sessile, long-acute; raceme 3—6-flowered; pedicels 5-8 mm. long; petals and sepals about 4 mm. long and less than 1 mm. wide, very thin, white. Camfions: Colo. Mont. 5. V. stellata (L.) Morong. Stem glabrous, 2-5 dm. high, strict; leaves sessile, minutely puberulent beneath, 5-13 cm. long; sepals and petals 3-5 mm. long; berry green, with 6 black stripes, turning black, 6-10 mm. thick. S. stel- lata (L.) Desf. In moist soil, meadows or copses: Newf.—Va.—Colo.—Alta. Submont.—Subalp. My-Jl. 6. V. liliacea (Greene) Rydb. Stem tall and strict throughout, 3-10 dm. high; leaves sessile, glabrous, 7-20 cm. long; raceme 4-10 em. long, 3-10-flowered; sepals and petals oblong, obtuse, 5-7 mm. long; style about 1 mm. long; berry purplish, 7-10 mm. thick. Unifoliwm liliaceum Greene. Wooded hills and shady places: B.C.—Calif.—N.M.—Mont. Submont—Mont. My-—e. 7. V. sessilifolia (Nutt.) Greene. Stem 2—4 dm. high, more or less flexuose above; leaves sessile, 0.5-10 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so; raceme 3-7 cm. long; sepals and petals linear-oblong, obtuse, about 6 mm. long; style about 1 mm. long; berry red or purple, 8-10 mm. in diameter. S. sessilifolia Nutt. Wovwds: Yukon—Calif—Wyo.—Mont. Submont. Je—Jl. 8. V. trifolia (L.) Morong. Stem slender, 0.5-4 dm. high; leaves sessile, oval, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, with sheathing bases, acute or acuminate; raceme few-flowered, strict; sepals and petals oblong or oblong-lanceolate, ob- tuse, about 3 mm. long; berry dark red, 5-6 mm. in diameter. V. pumila Standl., a small form with rather short style. In bogs and wet woods: Lab.—N.J.— Minn.—Mack. Boreal—Mont. My-—Je. 2. UNIFOLIUM Adans. Two-Leavep Sotomon’s SEAL. Caulescent herbs, with slender rootstocks. Leaves mostly 2 or 3, with broad, ; several-nerved blades. Inflorescence terminal, racemose. Sepals and _ petals white, similar, each 2, distinct, spreading. Stamens 4, hypogynous; filaments narrowly linear; anthers versatile, introrse. Ovary 2-celled; stigmas 2; ovules 2 in each cavity. Fruit a subglobose pulpy berry; seeds 1 or 2. [Maianthemum | Wigg.| | Leaves subsessile; blades cordate-clasping, with shallow and narrow sinuses. nee ee 1. U. canadense. ‘| Stem-leaves distinctly petioled; blades with deep and open sinuses. 2. U. dilatatum. 168 CONVALLARIACEAE 1. U. canadense (Desf.) Greene. Stem slender, 1-3-leaved (usually 2- leaved), 5-18 em. high, glabrous; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long; berry pale red, speckled, about 4 mm. thick. Moist woods and thickets: Lab. —N.C.—8.D.—Mack. Boreal—Submont. My-Jl. 2. U. dilatatum (Wood) Howell. Stem 2-3-leaved, 2-4 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades broadly cordate, acuminate, 5-10 em. long and nearly as broad; berry- red, globose, about 6 mm. thick. Maianthemum bifolium dilatatum Wood. Swampy places: Alaska—Calif—Ida.—Canadian Rockies. Submont.—Mont. Je-Au. 3 3. STREPTOPUS Michx. Twistrep-sTax. Caulescent perennial herbs, with horizontal rootstocks. Leaves many- nerved, broad, sessile or clasping. Flowers racemose on 1-—3-flowered, extra- axillary peduncles. Sepals and petals much alike, greenish or purplish, each 3, distinct, with spreading or recurved tips. Petals keeled. Stamens 6, hypo- gynous; filaments flattened, very short; anthers sagittate, opening by lateral slits. Ovary 3-celled; stigmas 3-lobed or entire; ovules in 2 rows in each cavity. Berry oval or globose; seeds numerous. Plant branched; pedicels geniculate; berry white. 1. S. amplezifolius. Plant simple; pedicels not geniculate; berry red. 2. S. curvipes. 1. S. amplexifolius (L.) DC. Stem 3-10 dm. high, flexuose-branched; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, glabrous and glaucous, 5-13 em. long; perianth campanulate, greenish white, 8-12 mm. long; sepals and petals lanceolate, attenuate; berry globose-ellipsoid, 8-12 mm. long. Damp woods: Greenl.— N.C.—N.M.—Ore.—Alaska; Eu. Submont.—Subalp. Je-Au. 2. S. curvipes Vail. Perennial, with arather slender rootstock; stem simple, 1-3 dm. high; leaves sessile, oval to oblong-lanceolate, 3-8 cm. long, acuminate; perianth pale purple or rose-colored; sepals and petals lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long, minutely glandular-pubescent inside; berry globose, 7-9 mm. thick. Open woods: B.C.—Ore.—Alaska. Submont.—Mont. Je—Jl. 4. KRUHSEA Regel. Caulescent perennial herbs, with rootstocks. Leaves broad, sessile or slightly clasping, several-nerved. Flowers usually solitary, inserted opposite the leaves. Flowers rotate; petals and sepals with greenish reflexed tips. Stamens 6; filaments very short; anthers 2-lobed. Ovary 3-celled, becoming a berry. Style none. 1. K. streptopoides (Ledeb.) Kearney. Stem glabrous, 5-15 em. high; leaves 4-8, bright green, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-5 cm. long; pedicels recurved, 1 cm. long or less; sepals and petals deeply wine-colored at the base, with yellow- ish green tips; fruit globose, bright red at maturity. Smilacina streptopoides Ledeb. Streptopus ajanensis Tiling. S. brevipes Baker. Kruhsea Tilingit Regel. Woods: B.C.; Siberia. Mont. My. 5. DISPORUM Salisb. Caulescent branched perennial herbs, with rootstocks. Leaves broad, many- nerved, sessile or clasping, often oblique. Flowers terminal, solitary or in small subumbellate clusters, drooping. Sepals and petals each 3, whitish or greenish yellow, narrow, distinct. Stamens 6, hypogynous; filaments filiform, or some- what flattened; anthers extrorse. Ovary 3-celled; stigmas entire or 3-cleft; ovules 2 or more in each cavity. Fruit thick, juicy, (in ours) bright red or orange. Stigma 3-cleft; fruit deeply lobed, obtuse, papillose. 1. D. trachycarpum. Stigma entire; fruit acutish, not papillose, but often pubescent. 2. D. oreganum. 1. D. trachycarpum 8. Wats. Stem 3-6 dm. high, more or less flexuose, more or less pubescent; leaves sessile, ovate or oval to ovate-lanceolate, 3-9 cm. long, short-acuminate; perianth narrowly campanulate, ochroleucous, 10-15 mm. long; fruit depressed-globose, deeply 3-lobed, 8-10 mm. thick. Prosartes trachycarpa 8. Wats. D. majus Britt., in part. Cafions and hillsides: Man.— N.M.—Ariz.—B.C. Plain—Subalp. My-Je. LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY FAMILY 169 2. D. oreganum (S. Wats.) W. Miller. Stem 3-6 dm. high, with ascending branches; leaves ovate-lanceolate, more or less short-villous when young, 5-10 em. long, long-acuminate; perianth campanulate, yellow, 10-15 mm. long; fruit obovoid, 10-12 mm. long. P. oreganus S. Wats. Cafions and river banks: B.C.—Mont.—Calif—Ida. Submont. My-—Je. 6. POLYGONATUM (Tourn.) Hill. Sotomon’s SEat. Caulescent perennial herbs, with jointed rootstocks. Leaves in our species broad, many-nerved, sessile. Flowers in axillary 1-few-flowered racemes. Petals and sepals each 3, partly united, the free portion shorter than the tube, greenish or pinkish. Stamens 6, included; filaments partly adnate to the peri- anth-tube; anthers sagittate, introrse. Ovary 3-celled; stigma mostly capi- tate; ovules 2-6 in each cavity. Berry subglobose, dark blue or black. Seeds with a horny endosperm. [Salomonia Heist.] 1. P. commutatum (R. & S.) Dietr. Stem 3-25 dm. high, glabrous; leaves ovate or oblong, partly clasping, 5-15 cm. long; peduncles 1-8-flowered; perianth white or greenish, 1-2 em. long, drooping; filaments glabrous, adnate to the perianth about half its length; berries 8-12 mm. thick, subglobose. P. giganteum Dietr. S.commutata Farwell. In woods: Ont.—Ga.—N.M.—Utah —Man. Plain—Submont. Je. 7. CLINTONIA Raf. Subacaulescent perennial, with creeping rootstocks. Leaves basal or nearly so, broad, many-nerved. Flowers in terminal umbels, on an almost leafless scape, or in our species the umbel reduced to 1 or 2 flowers. Petals and sepals each 3, similar, petaloid, distinct. Stamens 6; filaments filiform; anthers versa- tile. Ovary 2- or 3-celled; style slender; stigma 2- or 3-lobed. Berry ovoid, thin. 1. C. uniflora (Schult.) Kunth. Sparingly villous; leaves 2-5, oblanceo- late, 1-2 dm. long, 3-5 em. broad; scape shorter than the leaves; flowers 1 or 2, white, campanulate, 18-22 mm. long, villous; sepals and petals oblanceolate, 9-11-nerved; fruit about 1 cm. long, 6-10-seeded. Woods: Alaska—Mont.— Calif. Mont. Je—Au. Family 23. DRACAENACEAE. Yucca Famtty. Shrubby plants or trees, with woody trunks or caudices, very leafy at the apex. Leaves narrow, rigid, often with marginal filaments or finely toothed. Flowers mostly perfect, or polygamo-dioecious, racemose or paniculate. Petals and sepals 3, similar. Stamens 6. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels. Ovary superior, 3-celled; styles very short, united or obso- lete. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, or fleshy and indehiscent. Flowers perfect, large; ovary many-ovuled and fruit many-seeded. Styles evident; petals and sepals thin, petaloid, spreading in anthesis. IA SYGUCCA. Styles wanting; petals and sepals thick, inflexed. 2. CLISTOYUCCA. Flowers polygamo-dioecious; ovules 2 in each cell, but capsule often Bape 3. NOLINA. 1. YUCCA (Rupp.) L. Yucca, Spanish Bayonet, Soap-wEED, Soap-root, Grass Cactus. Coarse plants, with woody trunks or caudices. Leaves firm, narrow, rigidly pointed, commonly with thread-like fibers along the edges, or serrulate or entire- margined. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles, drooping. Sepals and petals each 3, distinct or slightly united at the base, usually white. Stames 6, hypogy- nous; filaments enlarged above. Ovary 3-celled or imperfectly 6-celled, or 1- celled; style turgid; ovules numerous. Capsule either dry and dehiscent, or _ fleshy and indehiscent. Seeds numerous, thin, flat. 170 DRACAENACEAE Fruit a dry capsule. Leaves narrowly linear, very long. Style stout, swollen, green. Style not swollen, white. Leaves linear-lanceolate, short; style not swollen, white. Leaves not papillose. Leaves densely rough-papillose at least on the back. Fruit fleshy. Y. glauca. Y. angustissima. Y. Harrimaniae. Y. Gilbertiana. Y. baccata. ope Ne 1. Y. glauca Nutt. Subacaulescent or branching with decumbent stems; leaves rigid, 6-12 mm. wide, 2-4 dm. long, white-margined, finely but sparingly filiferous; inflorescence 1-2 m. high, simple or somewhat branched; sepals and petals greenish white, oval to lanceolate, acute, 4-5 em. long; capsule oblong, usually not constricted, somewhat roughened, brown. Y. angustifolia Pursh. Plains and hillsides: Ia.—Tex.—Ariz.—Mont. Plains—Submont. My-—Jl. 2. Y. angustissima Engelm. Acaulescent, with a thick horizontal root- stock; leaves 2-4 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, pungent, white-margined, very freely curly-filiferous; inflorescence 1-1.5 m. high, racemose, or short-branched below; sepals and petals rather short, lanceolate, acute; capsule scarcely 5 cm. long, ust brown, constricted in the middle. Desert regions: Ariz.—s Utah. L. on. 3. Y. Harrimaniae Trelease. Acaulescent, often cespitose; leaves linear to’ lanceolate, 6-40 mm. wide, rigidly spreading, glaucous or green in age, pungent, narrowly brown-margined, with coarse curled fibers; inflorescence 2.5—5 dm. high, simple; sepals and petals greenish, oval, obtuse or acute; capsule brown, broadly optne about 4 cm. long, constricted. Dry regions: *Utah—w Colo.—w N.M. on. Je. 4. Y. Gilbertiana (Trelease) Rydb. Acaulescent; leaves linear, about 4.5 dm. long, 2 em. wide, openly concave, glaucous at least on the upper side, pun- gent, fibrous-filamentose on the margin; flowers about 4 cm. long; segments nar- row, acute; ovary papillate; style oblong, pale. Y. Harrimaniae Gilbertiana Trelease. Dry regions: w Utah. Au. 5. Y. baccata Torr. Low, usually with stout prostrate branched caudex; leaves rigid, spreading, about 6 dm. long and 5 em. wide, concave, shagreen- roughened, with narrow brown margins, coarsely filiferous; sepals and petals lanceolate, about 7.5 em. long; style slender, elongate; fruit large, sometimes 2 dm. long, oblong- or conical-ovoid, pendent, fleshy. Dry plains: Tex.—s Colo.—Nev. Son.—Submont. Ap-—Je. 2. CLISTOYUCCA (Engelm.) Trelease. JosHua TREE. Large tree. Leaves short, thick, not filiferous. Flowers in panicles. Sepals and petals each 3, thick, incurved at the end. Stamens 6, hypogynous; filaments thick, curved outward; anthers sagittate, horizontal. Ovary 6-celled; stigma sessile, 6-lobed. Capsule 6-celled, spongy, indehiscent. Seeds numerous, flat, thin. 1. C. brevifolia (Engelm) Rydb. A tree 5-10 m. high, with rough bark; leaves 1.5-2 dm. long, 6-15 mm. wide, rough, serrulate on the margin, spine- tipped, concave above; flowers in sessile short panicles; perianth campanulate, 4-6 cm. long, greenish white; capsule 5-7 cm. long. Yucca brevifolia Engelm. Y. arborescens Trelease. C. arborescens Trelease. Desert ‘regions: s Calif.—s Utah—Ariz. Son. 3. NOLINA Michx. Coarse herbs, with woody caudices. Leaves crowded, rigid, narrow, entire or serrulate, keeled, pungent-pointed. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, in open panicles. Sepals and petals each 3, distinct, 1-nerved, similar, white. Stamens 6, reduced to staminodia in the fertile flow ers; filaments thick, short. Ovary 3-celled, abortive in the staminate ae hee styles obsolete during anthesis. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Capsule dry, 3-winged, tardily and irregularly open- ing. Seeds often solitary, thick. YUCCA FAMILY 7d 1. N. Greenei S. Wats. Leaves 6 dm. long, 1 cm. or more wide, rounded and smooth on the back, slightly channelled and striate inside, minutely scab- rous on the margin; peduncle 1-2 dm. long, shorter than the leaves; fruit about 6 mm. wide; lobes almost orbicular. Dry mesa: Colo—N.M. Son. Family 24. CALOCHORTACEAE. Mariposa Lity FAmity. Perennial herbs, with coated corms and narrow leaves. Flowers perfect, regular, showy. Sepals 3, narrow, herbaceous. Petals 3, broad, gland- bearing within near the base and often bearded within, petaloid. Stamens 6, hypogynous. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels; ovary 3-celled, many- ovuled; styles united, almost none; stigmas 3, recurved. Fruit a septicidal, 3-angled capsule. 1. CALOCHORTUS Pursh. Srco Lity, Mariposa Liny, ‘ BuTTERFLY LILy. Characters of the family. Capsule winged. Petals 1.5—2.5 cm. long, strongly arched and broadly pitted; leaves single; scape 1—4- flowered; bracts lanceolate. Stem 1-2 dm. high; gland broad. 1. C. elegans. Stem 3-4 dm. high; gland very small. 2. C. apiculatus. Petals 2.5—4 cm. long, less arched, not pitted; leaves usually 2; bracts linear. Purple spot of the petals lune-shaped, broader than long. C. pavonaceus. Purple spot of the petals almost orbicular. 4. C. eurycarpus. Capsule not winged. Flowers white or lilac. Petals abruptly acuminate; gland oblong. Petals lilac, purplish, or light blue, with greenish midvein. 5. C. macrocarpus. Petals cream-colored, tinged with purple and sometimes with a purplish spot. . C. acuminatus. Petals rounded or merely acute at the apex. Anthers acute; gland broader than long. Anthers obtuse; gland not broader than long. Stem erect, bulbiferous near the base. Stem flexuose, not bulbiferous. . C. fleruosus. Flowers yellow. . C. aureus. 1. C. elegans Lindl. A delicate, slender glabrous plant, 1-2 dm. high; leaf surpassing the scape, 1-2 dm. long, 2-9 mm. wide; scape 1-3-flowered; petals oval or obovate, rounded or acute, 12-20 mm. long, white, tinged with purple, or purplish with whitish margins, densely bearded within and ciliate on the margins; capsule 2 em. long, 12-15 mm. wide. On shaded hillsides: Wash. —Mont.—Utah—Calif. Submont. My-BJl. 2. C. apiculatus Baker. A slender glabrous plant, 3-4 dm. high; leaf shorter than the scape, about 2 dm. long, and 8-18 mm. wide; scape 2—3-flowered; petals obovate, acute or short-acuminate, 2-3 em. long, white or cream-colored, tinged with purple, bearded within; capsule 2.5 cm. long and about 1 cm. wide. In rich woods: Alta.~—Mont.—Ida.—Ore. Submont.—Mont. My-—Jl. 3. C. pavonaceus Fernald. A rather stout plant, 3-6 dm. high; leaves shorter than the stem, the lower 2-3 dm. long, 5-12 mm. wide; flowers sub-um- bellate; petals obovate, rounded or acute at the apex, more than 3 cm. long, lilac; anthers tapering somewhat upwards, but obtuse; capsule 25 mm. long, 15 mm. wide. C. nitidus Henders., also Purdy, not Dougl. In open meadows: Mont.—Wash.—Ore.—Ida. Submont.—Mont. Jl. 4. C. eurycarpus 8. Wats. A strict, glabrous plant, 3-5 dm. high; leaves usually 2, the lower 1-2 dm. long, 2-12 mm. wide, much shorter than the stem; flowers subumbellate, resembling those of the preceding, but gland narrower; petals white or cream-colored with a round purple spot; anthers linear-oblong, obtuse; capsule as in the preceding. C. nitidus S. Wats., not Dougl. C. nitidus eurycarpus Henders. C. wmbellatus A. Nels., not Wood. In open meadows: Wyo.—Mont.—Wash.—Ore. Submont—Mont. Jl-Au. 5. C. macrocarpus Dougl. A rather stout and strict plant, 3-5 dm. high; leaves several, linear, revolute, and at last curled, 5-10 cm. long; bract similar; . C. Gunnisonii. C. Nuttallii. COM IO 172 CALOCHORTACEAE flowers usually 2; petals obovate, about 4 cm. long; stamens tapering upwards, but obtuse; very variable in coloration and hairiness of the petals. C. cyaneus, C. bruneaunis, and C. maculosus A. Nels. Sage-brush plains: B.C.—Mont.— Ida.—Ore. Plain—Submont. Je—Jl. 6. C. acuminatus Rydb. A low plant, 2-3 dm. high, bearing a bulblet 2—4 em. above the bulb; leaves very narrow, involute and curved, 3-15 em. long; flowers 1-2; petals obovate, about 3 em. long; gland broadly oblong; anthers gradually tapering upwards, obtuse. On dry hillsides: Mont.—Utah—Colo. Submont.—Mont. Je—Au. 7. C. Gunnisonii 8. Wats. A strict plant, 2-5 dm. high, without bulblet; leaves several, slender, mostly involute, 5-15 cm. long; flowers 1-2; petals broadly cuneate-obovate, 2-4 em. long, white or cream-colored, tinged and streaked with purple, yellow and purple-dotted around the gland; capsule narrowed at both ends, about 3 em. long. In meadows: (Black Hills) S.D—N.M.—Ariz.—Ida. Submont—Mont. My-—Jl. 8. C. Nuttallii Torr. & Gray. A strict plant, similar to the preceding, 2-5 dm. high, but with a bulblet borne in the axil of the lowest leaf, 14 em. above the bulb; leaves and flowers resembling those of the preceding, but petals often narrower, and sometimes acutish; capsule tapering at both ends. C. Wat- sont M. E. Jones. Dry hillsides: (Black Hills) $8.D.—N.M.—Calif—Wash. Submont.—Mont. My-Jl. 9. C. flexuosus S. Wats. A decumbent or ascending, more or less flexuose and branched plant; leaves several, the lowest 1-2 dm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the rest short, about 5 em. long, acuminate; flowers several; petals broadly cuneate- obovate, 2.5-3 em. long, white with yellow base; gland orbicular. In dry places: s Utah—Calif.—Ariz. L. Son. Je. 10. C. aureus S. Wats. Low plant, 1-2 dm. high, 1—4-flowered; leaves 7-10 cm. long; bracts lance-linear, attenuate, scarious margined; sepals greenish yellow, lanceolate, purple-blotched; petals broadly cuneate, about 3 em. long, bright yellow, with a circular densely hairy gland near the base, and a purplish lunate spot above; capsule narrowly oblong. Sand-cliffs: s Utah—Ariz.—N.M. L. Son. Ap—Je. Family 25. TRILLIACEAE. Tritiium Famity. Perennial caulescent or scapose herbs, with rootstocks. Leaves and bracts whorled, broad and often netted-veined. | Flowers perfect, solitary, terminal, or in terminal umbels. Sepals 3 (or in exotic genera 4), green, distinct; petals of the same number, in ours white or purplish. Stamens 6-8; fila- ments short. Gynoecium of 3 or 4 united carpels; ovary 3- or 4-celled; stigmas sessile. Fruit a 3- or 4-celled, lobed berry. 1. TRILLIUM L. Waxke-rostn, Birtu-Roor. Fleshy herbs, with short stout rootstocks and a whorl of 3, netted-veined, leaves near the end of the scape. Flowers solitary, 3-merous, pedicelled or sessile. Sepals persistent. Petals early withering or deciduous, white or purple. Flowers sessile; leaves long-petioled; blades rounded. 1. T. petiolatum. Flowers peduncled; leaves subsessile, rhombic. 2. T. ovatum. 1. T. petiolatum Pursh. Rootstock corm-like; stem 1-2 dm. high; petioles 3-6 cm. long; leaf-blades 7-10 cm. long and 6-10 em. wide; sepals 3-4.5 cm. long, linear-lanceolate; petals dark purple, linear-oblanceolate, slightly exceeding the sem “Rich hillsides and copses: Wash.—Ida.—Ore. Son.—Submont. Ap-— My. 2. T. ovatum Pursh. Rootstock corm-like; stem 3-4 dm. high; leaves acuminate, 7-12 em. long, 4-8 cm. wide; pedicels 4-5 cm. long, slender; sepals linear-lanceolate, 2.5-4 em. long; petals somewhat longer, obovate to narrowly lanceolate, pink or white, turning purple. T. Scouleri Rydb. T. crassifolium — Piper. Woods: B.C.—Mont.—Colo.—Calif. Submont—Mont. Mr-—BJl. SMILAX FAMILY 173 Family 26. SMILACACEAE. Smitax Famity. Vines, with several-ribbed and netted-veined leaf-blades, articulate to the petioles. Flowers dioecious, in peduncled axillary umbels. Sepals and petals each 3, green, with spreading tips. Stamens 6; filaments flattened; anthers introrse. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels; stigmas 3, sessile. Fruit a berry, 1-6-seeded. Endosperm bony. 1. NEMEXIA Raf. Carrion Flower, Smivax. Unarmed vines, with herbaceous stems. Leaves membranous, broad. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Berry blue-black, with 3 bands of strengthening tissue. [Sm- laz, in part.]} 1. N. lasioneuron (Hook) Rydb. A herbaceous vine, 1-2 m. long; petioles 2-5 em. long; leaf-blades ovate-cordate, abruptly short-acuminate, 5-10 cm. long, 5—-9-ribbed, rather thin, glabrous above, scabrous-hirsutulous on the veins beneath; peduncles 47 cm. long; umbel many-flowered; flowers greenish; petals and sepals oblong, 4 mm. long; fruit 8-10 mm. thick, globose, purple with a bloom. Smilax lasioneuron Hook. S. herbacea Coult. Woods: Sask.—Kans. —Colo.—Wyo. Plain—Submont. My-—e. Family 27. AMARYLLIDACEAE. Amarytuis Famity. Perennial fleshy plants, with bulbs, corms, rootstocks, or woody caudices. Leaves basal, usually sheathing. Flowers perfect, racemose, paniculate, umbellate or solitary. Sepals and petals each 3, epigynous, often united into a tube below, petaloid. Stamens 6. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels; ovary inferior, 3-celled, or rarely only partially so; styles united. Fruit a 3-celled capsule or berry. Perennial herbs, with fleshy leaves (often spiny-toothed), clustered on the caudex; anthers versatile; flowers in spikes or panicles. 1. AGAVE. Perennial herbs, with grass-like leaves, from a subterranean corm or a rootstock; anthers erect; flowers in ours umbellate. . HYPpoxis. 1. AGAVE L. American ALoz, Century PLanr. Partially woody plants, with a more or less elongated caudex. Leaves crowded at the base, persistent several years, fleshy, thick, armed with spiny teeth, - spine-tipped, channeled. Perianth withering-persistent. Stamens 6; filaments partly adnate to the perianth-tube; anthers versatile. Capsule 3-celled, thick- walled; seeds numerous, in 2 rows in each cell, black, flattened. 1. A. utahensis Engelm. Leaves very fleshy, 8-10 cm. long, terminating in a long channeled spine, sinuate, with flat teeth; spike dense; flowers in pairs or 4’s; perianth yellowish, fully 1 cm. long; lobes oblong, obtuse, 3—4 times as long as the tube; capsule 18-20 mm. long. Desert regions: s Utah—Ariz. L. Son. 2. HYPOXIS L. Sran-crass. Acaulescent small herbs, with corms or short rootstocks and narrow grass-like ‘basal leaves. Flowers perfect, regular. Sepals and petals each 3, equal, dis- tinct above the ovary, yellow or whitish, the sepals green without. Stamens 6; filaments adnate only to the base of the perianth, short. Capsule 3-celled, thin. 1. H. hirsuta (L.) Coville. Leaves narrowly linear, 2—5 mm. wide, longer than the scape, more or less villous; scape 5-15 cm. high, 1-6-flowered; flowers umbellate, 6-10 mm. long, bright yellow within, villous without. JH. erecta L. Meadows: Me.—Fla—Tex—Sask. Plain. My-O. Family 28. IRIDACEAE. Iris Famity. Perennial herbs, with elongated or bulb-like rootstocks and narrow equi- tant, 2-ranked leaves. Flowers perfect, regular or nearly so. Sepals and 174 IRIDACEAE petals each 3, often dissimilar but both colored, distinet or united below. Stamens 3, opposite to the sepals; anthers extrorse. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels; ovary inferior, 3-celled; styles distinct, sometimes petal-like. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds numerous. Styles alternate with the stamens; filaments more or less united; flowers rather small; sepals and petals similar. Filaments united to near the top; flowers blue or white, rarely rose-purple. 1. SISYRINCHIUM. Filaments united only at the base; flowers rose or purple. 2. OLSYNIUM. Styles opposite to and arching over thestamens, petal-like; filaments distinct; flowers large; sepals and petals unlike. 3. IRIs. 1. SISYRINCHIUM L. Buve-ryvep Grass.* Perennial grass-like herbs, ours tufted, with short rootstocks and fibrous roots. Leaves narrowly linear. Scape 2-edged or 2-winged. Flowers in terminal clusters from spathes of 2 bracts. Petals and sepals in ours blue or white, alike, spreading. Filaments monadelphous. Style-branches filiform, alternate with the stamens. Ovules few in each cavity. Capsule subglobose, readily opening at the apex. Stems bearing several peduncles from leaf-bearing nodes. 1. S. radicatum. Stems simple and leafless, with sessile terminal spathe (casually with a terminal leaf- bearing node and a peduncle). Outer bract of spathe little or not at all longer than the inner one, rarely surpassing it by more than one-third its length. Small and slender; flowers 10 mm. or less long; capsules less than 3 mm. high. 2. S. halophilum. Stouter; flowers 12 mm. or more long; capsules 4 mm. or more high. Outer bract 2-3 cm. long; flowers becoming 14 mm. long. 3. S. occidentale. Outer bract 3-6 cm. long; flowers becoming 18 mm. long. 4. 5S. idahoense. Outer bract of spathe conspicuously prolonged, sometimes 2—3 times longer than the inner one. Plant developing capsules among the bases of the leaves different in form from those of the terminal spathes. 5. S. heterocarpum. No basal capsules. Stem winged or margined. Perianth-segments not emarginate, narrowed to the aristulate tip. Stems and leaves mostly 1-2 mm. wide; capsule obovoid-oblong, 6-7 mm. long. 6. S. alpestre. Stems and leaves mostly under 1 mm. wide; capsule obovoid or sub- globose, 3-5 mm. long. S. septentrionale. Perianth-segments more or less retuse or abruptly pee to the aristulate apex. Stems and leaves mostly 1.5—2.5 mm. wide; capsules 4-6 mm. high. 8. S. angustifolium. Stems and leaves mostly 1.5 mm. or less in width; capsules 2-4 mm. vigh. Bracts of spathe smooth; valves of capsule veinless. 9. S. mucronatum. Bracts of spathe minutely scabrellous; valves of capsule sparsely venose. 10. S. campestre. Stem practically marginless. 11. S. inalatum. 1. S. radicatum Bickn. Stem erect, stout, 2-4 mm. wide, pale, 3-4.5 dm. high; basal leaves 2-3 mm. broad, 1-2 dm. long, hyaline-margined; peduncles 5-10 em. long, unequal; bracts subequal, acute, 17-22 mm. long, scarlous-mar- gined; perianth violet-blue, about 10 mm. long; segments short-aristulate; ovary and young capsule densely glandular-puberulent. Wet meadows: Wyo.— Utah—Nev. Plain—Submont. My-—Jl. 2. S. halophilum Greene. Stem erect, wiry and glaucous, 1-3 dm. high, very narrowly winged: leaves 1—-2.5 mm. wide; bracts 12-18 mm. long, slightly scarious-margined; perianth-segments abruptly acuminate; capsule scabrous- puberulent. S. leptocaulon Bickn. (?) S. juncellum Greene. Alkaline meadows: {da.—Colo.—Calif. Submont. My-—Jl. 3. S. occidentale Bickn. Stem 1.5-3.5 dm. high, 1-2 mm. wide, stiff, erect, glaucescent; leaves a mm. wide, very acute; bracts green or purplish, slightly scarious-margined, 2-3 cm. long, with broad margins; capsule subglobose glabrate. Wet meadows: Mont.—Colo.—Nev.—Ida. Plain—Mont. Je—Jl. * Key and ‘notes supplied by Mr. E. P. Bicknell. IRIS FAMILY 175 4. S. idahoense Bickn. Stem 2-4.5 dm. high, pale green and glaucous, often twisted, 1-3 mm. wide, winged; leaves 1-3.5 mm. broad; spathe often de- flexed, green or faintly purple; outer bract 3-6 cm. long, a little longer than the inner, both with narrow hyaline margins; perianth deep violet-blue, with a rather small yellow eye, abruptly cuspidate; capsule globose or ovoid. Wet meadows: Mont.—Wyo.—Ore.—B.C. Submont. My-BJl. 5. S. heterocarpum Bickn. Stem erect, 2-3 dm. high, 1-1.5 mm. wide, narrowly winged; leaves 1-2 mm. wide, attenuate; spathe sometimes purple- tinged, narrow, 1-3 mm. wide; outer bract 2.5-4.5 em. long, with hyaline margins below; inner bract 1.5-2 em. long, hyaline-margined to the apex; perianth violet-purple, about 1 cm. long, with a large yellow eye; fruit of the terminal spathe 1-4, subglobose or somewhat obovoid, 5-7 mm. high; basal capsules among the leaves, 2-4, obovoid-pyriform, 7-10 mm. long, 4-5 mm. thick, with a narrow base, on slender pedicels 2.5-3.5 em. long. Moist meadows and sandy ground: Wyo. Jl-Au. 6. S. alpestre Bickn. Stem 1-2 dm. high, green and glaucous, 1-1.5 mm. wide, narrowly winged, distinctly broadened into the spathe; leaves 1-2 mm. wide; spathe green; outer bract long and slender, 4.5-6.5 em. long, with narrow hyaline margins; inner bract 1.8-3 cm. long; perianth 6-10 mm. long; segments white or tinged with purple. Alpine meadows: Colo. Mont. Au. 7. S. septentrionale Bickn. Stem 1-2.5 dm. high, slender, 0.5-1 mm. wide, barely margined; leaves 0.5-1 mm. broad; spathe purplish or green; outer bract 2.5-4 em. long, the inner 1.5-2 em. long, both hyaline-margined; perianth 4-7 mm. long, pale rose or violet. Wet meadows: Man.—N.D.—Wash.— B.C. Plain. Je—Jl. 8. S. angustifolium Miller. Stem stiff, glaucous, 1-5.5 dm. high, simple or rarely branched, 1-3 mm. wide, winged; leaves 1-3.5 mm. wide; spathe green or slightly purplish; outer bract 2-6.5 cm. long, obscurely hyaline-margined; inner bract 1.5-3 em. long, hyaline-margined; flowers deep violet, 10-12 mm. long; capsule ellipsoid to subglobose. S. montanwm Greene. Meadows: Newf. —Va.—Colo.—B.C. Plain—Mont. Je—Au. 9. S. mucronatum Michx. Stems numerous, 1-4.5 dm. high, 0.5-1.5 mm. wide, margined or narrowly winged; leaves dull green, slender, 1-1.5 mm., rarely 2 mm. wide; spathe usually red-purple, rarely green; outer bract 1.8-5.5 em. long; inner bract 1-1.5 em. long, scarious-margined; perianth deep purplish blue, rarely white, 6-14 mm. long; capsules subglobose. Wet places: Ont.— D.C.—Pa.—Alta. Plain. My-Jl. 10. S. campestre Bickn. Stem usually 1.5-2dm. high, erect, stiff, glaucous, ().5-1.5 mm. wide, narrowly winged; leaves 1-1.5 mm., rarely 2 mm. wide; spathe pale purple or green; outer bract 2.5—4.5 em. long, narrowly hyaline-margined below; inner bract 1.2—-2 cm. long, white-hyaline on the margins; perianth 8-14 mm. long, pale blue or white; capsule trigonous-subglobose. Prairies: Wis.— Mo.—La.—N.M.—N.D. Plain. 11. S. inalatum A. Nels. Stem simple, 3-4 dm. high, wingless, 10-striate; leaves 9-15-nerved, 4-8 mm. broad, often somewhat arcuate; outer spathe 4-6 em. long, many-nerved, scarious-margined; inner spathe 6—8-nerved, less than half as long; capsule 5-6 mm. long, obovoid-globose. Dry open hillsides: Ida. Submont. Je. 2. OLSYNIUM Raf. Perennial grass-like herbs, usually tufted. Leaves narrowly linear, equi- tant. Scape flattened but not winged. Flowers in terminal clusters, subtended by a spathe of 2 bracts. Petals and sepals rose or purple, spreading, similar. ate united only at the broad bases. Styles cleft at the apex. Capsule globose. 1. O. grandifiorum (Dougl.) Raf. Stem erect, stout, 2-3 dm. high, 2-3 mm. thick; outer bract 5-10 cm. long, broadly scarious-margined; inner bract scarcely half as long; corolla 15-20 mm. long; segments slightly cuspidate, obo- 176 IRIDACEAE vate; filaments shorter than the style; fruit 7-8 mm. thick. Sisyrinchium grandiflorum Dougl. Wet meadows: B.C.—Ida.—Utah—Calif. Son.—Submont. Mr—Je. \ 2. IRIS L. Buive Frac, FLeur-DE-1Is. Herbs, with creeping, horizontal rootstocks. Leaves sword-shaped or linear. Flowers solitary or in terminal panicles. Sepals and petals highly colored, in ours blue, the former spreading or recurved, the latter usually smaller and erect. Stamens 3; filaments adnate below to the base of the sepals. Ovary 3-celled; styles petal-like, arching over the stamens; stigmas under the usually 3-lobed tips. Ovules numerous. Capsule elongated, 3- or 6-angled. Seeds in 1 or 2 rows, vertically flattened. 1. I. missouriensis Nutt. Stem 2-10 dm. high, about 5 mm. in diameter; leaves 1-5 dm. long, 5-10 mm. broad; perianth pale blue, variegated, glabrous, 1 crestless; sepals broadly oblanceolate, about 8 em. long: petals oblanceolate, H ascending, about 6 em. long; capsule oblong-elliptic, about 4 em. long and 1.5 ‘ em. thick, 6-ridged. J. pelogonus Goodding. Meadows, marshes and along streams: N.D—N.M.—Calif.—B.C. Plain—Mont. My-Jl. Family 29. ORCHIDACEAE. Orcuis FAMILy. Perennial herbs, usually succulent, with corms, bulbs, or rootstocks, and tuberous or fibrous roots. Flowers perfect, irregular. Sepals 3, similar or nearly so, the lower two sometimes united. Petals 3; the two lateral ones similar; the median one (the lip) usually very dissimilar, sometimes pro- longed below into a spur, usually inferior by twisting of the ovary. Stamens 3, of which 1 or 2 are abortive, adnate to the pistil and forming a column. Fertile anthers usually solitary, in a few genera 2, usually 2-celled, contain- ing 2-3 waxy or powdery pollinia, these pollen-masses usually stalked and often attached at the base to a viscid gland. Gynoecium of 3 united car- pels; ovary inferior, l-celled, twisted. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds numerous. Endosperm wanting. Fertile stamens 2; lip a large inflated sack. Sepals distinct; lip with an almost conical obtuse prolongation below. 1. CRIOSANTHES. Lower sepals united; lip rounded-saccate. 2. CYPRIPEDIUM. Fertile stamen 1. Pollinia caudate at the base, attached to a viscid disk or gland. Glands enclosed in a pouch-like fold; lip 3-lobed. 3. ORCHIS. Glands not enclosed in a pouch. Gland surrounded by a thin membrane; lip toothed at the re . COELOGLOSSUM. Gland naked; lip entire. _ Sepals 3-5-nerved; plants with rootstock or fibro-fleshy roots. Stem scapiform; leaves 1-2, basal; anther-sacks divergent; plants in ours with rootstocks. Basal leaves 2; ovary straight. 5. LYSIAS. Basal leaf 1; ovary arcuate. 6. LYSTELLA. Stem leafy; anther-cells parallel or nearly so; plants with fleshy-fibrous roots. 7. LIMNORCHIS. Sepals 1-nerved; plants with rounded or oblong, undivided biennial corms. 8. PIPERIA. Pollinia not produced into caudicles. Pollinia granulose or powdery. Anthers operculate; leaves alternate. Green plants, with large leaves. 9. SERAPIAS. Plant white, turning brownish; leaves reduced, scale-like. 10. EBUROPHYTON. Anthers not operculate. Leaves green, borne on the stem. Leaves alternate; spike mostly twisted. 11. [IBIDIUM. Leaves 2, opposite; spike not twisted. 12. OPHRYS. Leaves usually white-reticulate, basal. 13. PERAMIUM. Pollinia smooth or waxy. Plants eee corms or solid bulbs, rarely with coralloid roots; leaves not scale- ike ORCHIS FAMILY 177 Leaves unfolding before or with the flowers. Lip flat; flowers racemed. Leaves cauline; column short; pollinia clavate. ; 14. MALAXIS. Leaves basal; column elongated; pollinia globose. 15. LIPARIS. Lip saccate; flower solitary. 16. CYTHEREA. Leaf 1, unfolding after the flowering time. 17. APLECTRUM. Plants with coralloid roots, bulbless; leaves reduced to scales. 18. CORALLORRHIZA. 1. CRIOSANTHES Raf. Ram’s-HEAD, Ram’s-HEAD Lapres’ SLIPPER. Perennial caulescent herbs, with rootstocks. Leaves sessile, alternate, several-veined, plaited. Flowers solitary, terminal. Sepals 3, distinct, spread- ing. Lateral petals narrow, spreading. Lips saccate, obtuse-conic, with the margin incurved, forming a rounded opening. 1. C. arietinum (R. Br.) House. Stem 2-3 dm. high, 1-flowered; leaves 3 or 4, elliptic or lanceolate, 5-10 em. long; sepals lanceolate, 15-20 mm. long, brown- ish; petals linear, greenish brown, about as long; lip about 1.5 em. long, white, veined and variegated with red. Cypripedium arietinum R. Br. Cold damp woods: Que.—N.Y.—Minn.—Sask. Boreal. My—Au. 2. CYPRIPEDIUM L. Lanpres’ Supper. Caulescent herbs, with rootstocks and fibrous roots. Leaves sessile, several- nerved, plaited. Flowers solitary or several in a terminal raceme. Sepals 3, the lateral two united under the lip. Lateral petals narrow, spreading. Lip conspicuous, an inflated round sack, with rounded opening, the margins incurved. Column declined, glabrous, bearing a fertile anther on each side, and a petalloid sterile stamen above, arching over the style. Pollen pulpy or granular, without tails or glands. Stigma terminal, broadest at the base. Capsule ribbed. Leaves alternate; flowers solitary, terminal, or also several singly in the axils of the upper leaves. Sepals obovate to broadly obovate or oval, not longer than the lip; sterilestamen elliptic-cordate. ; 1. C. passerinum. Sepals lanceolate, attenuate, often longer than the lip. Lip white, purple-veined; sterile stamen ovate or obovate. 2. C. montanum. Lip yellow; sterile stamen triangular, yellow and purple-spotted. Lip 2—2.5 cm. long, broader than deep; lower sepal narrower than the upper one, exceeding the lip. 3. C. parviflorum. Lip 34 cm. long, deeper than broad; lower sepal fully as broad as the upper one or broader, usually shorter than the lip. 4. C. veganum. Leaves 2, opposite or nearly so; flowers usually several in a contracted bracted spike. C. Knightae. 1. C. passerinum Richards. Stem 1—2.5 dm. high, often retrorsely villous; leaves oval to lanceolate, 5-10 dm. long, more or less viscid-villous; flowers 1-3; sepals 1—-1.5 em. long, the lower one slightly 2-cleft; petals oblong, obtuse, about 1.5 em. long; lip about 1.5 cm. long, obovate, white, with purple spots inside. Pine woods: Ont.—Alta.—B.C.—Alaska—Mack. Boreal—Mont. Je—Jl. 2. C. montanum Dougl. Stem 3-5 dm. high, roughly glandular-puberu- lent, 1-3-flowered; leaves oval to lanceolate, 7-15 em. long, roughly glandular- puberulent; sepals linear-lanceolate, 4-5 cm. long, greenish brown; petals nar- rowly linear-lanceolate; lip 2.5-3 em. long. Open woods: B.C.—Calif.—Wyo. —Sask. Submont. Je—Jl. ; - 3. C. parviflorum Salisb. Stem 2-6 dm. high, leafy, glandular-puberulent, usually 1-flowered; leaves oval to broadly lanceolate, often acuminate, 5-12 em. long, puberulent; upper sepal lanceolate, acuminate, about 3 cm. long and 1 cm. wide; petals narrowly linear-lanceolate, longer than the sepals. Woods: Newf. —Ga.—Colo.—B.C. Plain—Submont. My-—BJl. 4. C. veganum Cockerell. Stem about 3 dm. high, leafy, puberulent, 1- flowered; leaves broadly lanceolate, acuminate, 8-13 cm. long; sepals lanceolate, 3-4.5 em. long; petals linear-lanceolate, 4.5-5.5 em. long. Cations: N.M.—Colo. Submont. Je—Jl. 10 178 ORCHIDACEAE 5. C. Knightae A. Nels. Stem 3-10 em. high, more or less villous-viscid in the inflorescence; leaves oval to nearly orbicular, 5-10 em. long, glabrous or nearly so; sepals and petals purplish, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, about 2 em. long; lip 10-12 mm. long, greenish yellow, with deep purple margins; sterile stamen oblong, obtuse. Open woods and hillsides: Wyo.—Utah—Colo. Sub- mont. Ap-dJe. e 3. ORCHIS (Tourn.) L. Orcuis. Perennial herbs, with digitately cleft tubers, or in our species with rootstocks and fibrous roots. Flowers in terminal spikes. Sepals distinct, equal, spread- ing, 3-nerved. Petals ascending, in ours narrower. Lip connate with the col- umn, produced below into a spur, usually 3-cleft. Column short. Fertile anther solitary, 2-celled; sacs contiguous and slightly diverging; pollinia granu- lose, one large mass in each sac, produced into a slender caudicle, attached to a small gland, which is enclosed in a pouch. 1. O. rotundifolia Pursh. Perennial, with a rather slender scaly rootstock; stem 1-2.5 dm. high, scape-like; leaf solitary, near the base, orbicular or oval, 3-7 em. long; spike 2—6-flowered; flowers 12-15 mm. long; sepals elliptic, 6-7 mm. long, rose-colored, the lateral ones spreading; upper petals similar, but slightly shorter; lip white, purple-spotted, 3-lobed, with a large middle lobe, notched at the apex; spur slender, curved, shorter than the lip. Cold damp woods: Greenl. —N.Y.—Minn.—B.C.—Yukon. Subalp—Boreal. Je—Jl. 4. COELOGLOSSUM Hartman. Caulescent herbs, with 2-cleft biennial tubers. Leaves alternate, sessile. . Flowers perfect, in elongated terminal spikes, greenish. Sepals distinct, con- verging, thus forming a hood. Lateral petals narrow, erect; lip obtuse, 2- or 3-toothed at the apex, produced below into a sack-lke spur. Column short. Fertile anther solitary; anther-sacs 2. Pollinia solitary, with long caudicles. Gland small, surrounded by a thin membrane. 1. C. bracteatum (Willd.) Parl. Stem 1.5-6 dm. high; leaves 3-5, obovate, oblanceolate, oval, or the upper narrowly lanceolate, 5-15 em. long; bracts linear- lanceolate, longer than the flowers; flowers green or greenish; sepals lanceolate, about 6 mm. long; lip 6-8 mm. long, oblong or somewhat cuneate, 3-toothed at the apex, the middle tooth smallest; spur less than half as long as the lip. Haben- aria bracteata (Willd.) R. Br. Wet meadows and woods: N.B.—N.C.—Colo. —B.C. Mont.—Boreal. My-S. 5. LYSIAS Salisb. Subacaulescent herbs, with fleshy rootstocks or tubers. Leaves almost basal, 2 in number, broad and many-nerved. Flowers in terminal spikes, white or greenish. Sepals distinct, large, spreading; upper sepal in ours broadly cor- date, the lateral ones obliquely ovate. Lateral petals small and narrow. Lip entire, narrow, produced below into a slender spur. Fertile anther solitary; sacks diverging, with beak-like bases projecting forward. Pollinia with their caudicles laterally affixed to orbicular naked glands. Stigma without append- ages. Leaves orbicular or rounded oval; spur slightly clavate at the apex. 1. L. orbiculata. Leaves Oval or ovate; spur strongly clavate and curved at the apex. 2. L. Menziesit. 1. L. orbiculata (Pursh.) Rydb. Scape stout, 3-6 dm. high, bearing several lanceolate bracts; basal leaves 1-1.5 em. long, 8-12 em. wide; raceme loosely many-flowered; lateral petals obliquely lanceolate; lip linear, 12-15 mm. long; spur 2-4 cm. long. Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh) Torr. Rich woods: Newf.— N.C.—Minn.—Wash.—(? B.C.). Mont.—Boreal. My-—Au. 2. L. Menziesii (Lindl.) Rydb. Scape 3-4 dm. high, with 1-2 lanceolate bracts; basal leaves 10-12 cm. long, 6-8 em. wide; raceme lax; pedicels 7-10 mm. long; lateral petals narrowly lanceolate; lip narrowly linear, 8-10 mm. long; spur less than 2 cm. long. Platanthera Menziesti Lindl. Wet woods: Mont.— Ida.—B.C. Mont. Jl-Au. ORCHIS FAMILY 179 6. LYSIELLA Rydb. Small herbs, with rootstocks. Stem scapiform, with a single obovate leaf at the base. Flowers greenish yellow. Upper sepal round-ovate, erect, surround- ing the broad column; lateral sepals reflexed-spreading. Petals lanceolate, smaller; lip entire, linear-lanceolate, deflexed. Spur slightly curved, shorter than the ovary. Anther-sacs divergent, wholly adnate, arcuate; glands small, their faces incurved. Pod obovoid. 1. L. obtusata (Pursh) Rydb. Stem slender, 1-2.5 dm. high, glabrous; leaf 5-12 cm. long; spike 2—6 cm. long, loosely flowered; flowers about 1 cm. long; spur longer than the lip, slender, straight. Habenaria obtusata Richards. Boggy places in the woods: Newf.—N.Y.—Colo.—Alaska. Mont.—Subalp. Je-Au. 7. LIMNORCHIS Rydb. Boc Orcup. Leafy-stemmed plants, with elongated fusiform root-like tubers and fleshy- fibrous roots. Flowers whitish or greenish or tinged with purple. Upper sepal ovate to almost orbicular, erect, 3-7-nerved; lateral sepals from linear to ovate-lanceolate, free from the lip, 3-nerved, seldom 4-5-nerved, spreading or often somewhat reflexed. Lateral petals erect, lanceolate, 3-nerved, oblique at the base. Lip entire, flat or slightly concave, reflexed, free, from linear to rhombic-lanceolate, obtuse. Column short and thick. Anther-sacs parallel, opening in front. Lip more or less lanceolate, 7. e., broad near the base. Flowers greenish or purplish; lip not rhombic at the base. Spur decidedly clavate, thickened and obtuse at the apex, shorter than the lip. Petals purplish; spur only one-half to two-thirds the length of the lip, very saccate. Lip linear or nearly so, 5-7 mm. long; ovary slightly curved; spike usually elongated. 1. L. stricta. Lip lanceolate, fleshy, 4-5 mm. long; ovary strongly curved; spike usually short. Dey os purpurascens. Petals greenish; spur almost equalling the lip. 3. L. viridifiora. Spur slender, scarcely thickened at all towards the apex, often acutish, equal- ling or slightly exceeding the lip; plant tall and stout; flowers comparatively large; sepals 4-6 mm. long. L. media. Flowers white or nearly so; lip lanceolate, decidedly dilated, Sabah anibic at the base. Spur only slightly if at all exceeding the lip. Spur usually shorter than the lip and clavate. L. borealis. Spur equalling or slightly exceeding the lip, slightly or not oe all clavate. 6. L. dilatata. Spur from one-fourth to two-thirds longer than the lip. 7. L. leucostachys. Lip linear, 7. e., not at all dilated at the base. Spur shorter than the lip, decidedly saccate. Spur much exceeding the lip, filiform. Spike comparatively dense. Spike very lax. L. stricta. on L. ensifolia. . L. laxiflora. 1. L. stricta (Lindl.) Rydb. Stem tall and strict, 3-10 dm. high; lower leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, 5-12 cm. long, the upper lanceolate, acute; spike 1-3 dm. long, lax; flowers 12-14 mm. long; lip linear, obtuse, 5-7 mm. long, thick, purple. Platanthera stricta Lindl. Habenaria gracilis 8. Wats. Bogs and wet meadows: Alta.—N.M.—Ore.—Alaska. Swbmont.—Mont. Je-Au. 2. L. purpurascens Rydb. Stem stout, 3-5 dm. high; leaves ovate to lanceolate, acute, 6-10 em. long, dark green; spike rather dense; flowers 10-12 mm. long; lip about 5 mm. long, scarcely at all dilated at the base. Damp wooded hillsides and brook-banks: Colo. Submont.—Subalp. Je—Jl. 3. L. viridiflora (Cham.) Rydb. Stem 2-5 dm. high; lower leaves 5-15 em. long, oblanceolate, obtuse; spike short and dense; flowers 10-12 mm. long, light green; lip lanceolate, obtuse, less than 5 mm. long. Habenaria hyperborea Coult., not R. Br. Bogs: Alta.—Colo.—Alaska. Swbmont.—Mont. Je-Au. 4. L. media Rydb. Stem very stout, 4-8 dm. high; leaves lanceolate, acute, 1-2 dm. long; spike long, densely flowered; flowers divaricate, about 15 mm. ag lip about 6 mm. long. Bogs: Que. —N.Y .—(Black Hills) S.D. Boreal— ubmont. 180 ORCHIDACEAE 5. L. borealis (Cham.) Rydb. Stem tall and leafy, 4-8 dm. high; lowest leaves oblanceolate and obtuse, the rest lanceolate, acute, 5-15 em. long; spike often rather dense, 1-2 dm. long; flowers 10-14 mm. long; lip rhombic-lanceolate, obtuse, about 5 mm. long. Habenaria dilatata Coult., not Hook. Bogs: Mont. —Colo.—Wash.—Alaska. Submont.—Mont. Je-S. 6. L. dilatata (Pursh) Rydb. Stem slender, tall, leafy, 3-6 dm. high; leaves lanceolate, 7-20 cm. long, the lower obtuse, the upper acute; spike 5—25 em. long, usually rather lax; flowers white, 15-18 mm. long; lip about 7 mm. long. Haben- aria dilatata (Pursh) Hook. Bogs: Lab.—N.Y.—Neb.—Sask. Boreal. Je-Au. 7. L. leucostachys (Lindl.) Rydb. Stem stout and tall, 6-10 dm. high; lower leaves oblanceolate, 1-2 dm. long; spike 1-3 dm. long, rarely very dense; flowers 15-20 mm. long; lip about 8 mm. long. Habenaria leucostachys (Lindl.) S. Wats. Bogs: Alaska—Ida—Utah—Calif. Submont. Je—Au. 8. L. ensifolia Rydb. Stem strict, 3-4 dm. high, light colored, few leaved; leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuate, slightly faleate, 1-1.5 dm. long; flowers greenish, about 15 mm. long; lip linear, about 8 mm. long, thick; spur about 1 cm. long. Bogs: N.M.—Utah—Ariz. Son. 9. L. laxiflora Rydb. Stem slender, 4-6 dm. high; lower leaves oblanceolate, 8-10 em. long; spike 1—2 dm. long, few-flowered; flowers greenish, 10-12 mm. long; lip about 6 mm. long; spur about 8 mm. long, slightly clavate. Bogs: Ore.— Colo.—Utah. Son. 8. PIPERIA Rydb. Woop Orcum. Somewhat leafy-stemmed plants, but the leaves usually near the base and withering at or before the anthesis. Tubers spherical or rounded ellipsoid. Flowers greenish or white; sepals and petals l-nerved or very obscurely 3-nerved; the upper erect, the lateral ones spreading. Lateral petals free, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, oblique. Lip linear-lanceolate to ovate, obtuse, truncate or hastate at the base, concave, united with the bases of the lower sepals, bordered with an erect margin which connects the lip with the column. Anther-sacs parallel, opening nearly laterally. Spur slightly exceeding the lip. 1. P. unalaschensis. Spur 2-3 times as long as the lip, filiform. Lip linear to lanceolate, about 6 mm. long; spike dense; spur 15-18 mm. long. 2. P. multiflora. Lip ovate or ovate-lanceolate; spike looser; spur 10-12 mm. long. 3. P. elegans. 1. P. unalaschensis (Spreng.) Rydb. Stem strict, slender, 3-5 dm. high, leafy only near the base; leaves oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, 1-1.5 dm. long; stem-leaves bract-like; spike long and lax, 1-3 dm. long; flowers greenish, 8-10 mm. long; petals and sepals 2-4 mm. long; lip oblong, obtuse; spur filiform or slightly clavate. Habenaria wnalaschensis (Spreng.) S. Wats. Damp woods: Mont.—Colo.—Calif —B.C.—(? Alaska); also Que. Submont—Mont. Je—-Au. 2. P. multiflora Rydb. Stem stout, 4-6 dm. high; basal leaves oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, 1-1.5 dm. long; upper stem-leaves much re- duced and bract-like; flowers greenish white, spreading, about 1.5 cm. long; spur 15-18 mm. long, filiform. Damp woods: Wash.—Mont.—Calif. Submont. Je-Au. 3. P. elegans (Lindl.) Rydb. Stem slender, strict, 4-7 dm. high; basal leaves 2 or 3; blades lanceolate or oblanceolate or rarely oval, acute or obtuse, 8-15 cm. long; stem-leaves much reduced, lanceolate; spike usually lax, 1.5-3 dm. long; flowers greenish white, about 1 em. long: spur filiform. Habenaria eleyans (Lindl.) Bolander. Piperia elongata Rydb. Damp woods: B.C.—Ida.— Calif. Submont. Je—Au. 9. SERAPIAS L. Hetvesorine. Caulescent herbs, with rootstocks and fibrous roots. Leaves alternate, plaited, many-nerved, clasping. Flowers in bracted terminal racemes. Sepals ORCHIS FAMILY 181 distinct, strongly keeled. Lateral petals distinct, ovate. Lip free, not spurred, concave below, constricted in the middle, the terminal portion dilated and petal-like. Column short. Fertile anther 1, erect, operculate; its sacs con- tiguous. Pollinia granulose, 2-parted, becoming attached to the beaked stigma. [Epipactis R. Br.] 1. S. gigantea (Dougl.) A. A. Eat. Stem 3-10 dm. high, nearly glabrous, puberulent in the inflorescence; lower leaves ovate, sessile, the upper narrowly lanceolate, 5-20 em. long, acute or acuminate; flowers 3-10, greenish, veined with purple; lip 15-18 mm. long; the terminal portion ovate-lanceolate, many-crested; capsule oblong, 15mm. long. Epipactis gigantea Dougl. Rich woodlands: Mont. —w Tex.—Calif—B.C. Son.—Submont. Je-Au. 10. EBUROPHYTON Heller. Saprophytic perennial herb, with branched creeping rootstock; whole plant white, leafless, scarious-bracted. Flowers racemose, almost sessile. Lateral sepals horizontally spreading, larger than the upper sepal and the petals, strongly keeled, somewhat concave. Upper sepal and petals erect, less strongly keeled. Lip free, shorter than the sepals, the saccate base with broad wing-like margins, articulate at the middle, with a callosity on each side; outer internode curved outward and downward, concave, grooved. Column twice as long as the anther. Stigma beakless. Pollen-masses not attached to the gland. 1. E. Austinae (A. Gray) Heller. Stem 3-6 dm. high; perianth about 12 mm. long; distal portion of the lip suborbicular; nerves in center wavy-crested; column 4 mm. long. Chloraea Austinae A. Gray. Cephalanthera oregana Reich. Pine woods: Calif—Ida.—Wash. Mont. Je—Jl. 11. IBIDIUM Salisb. Lapres’ Tresses. Perennial herbs, with tuberous thickened or fleshy-fibrous roots. Leaves alternate, in some species mostly basal. Flowers in terminal spiral spikes. Sepals distinct or coherent above or united with the similar lateral petals. Lip concave, sessile or slightly clawed, bearing two callosities at the base. Column oblique, arched. Fertile anther solitary, erect, without a lid. Pollinia one in each sac. Stigma with a beak. [Spiranthes L. C. Rich. Gyrostachys Pers.] Callosities at the base of the lip obsolete; lower sepals coherent with the petals and upper sepals. 1. G. strictum. Callosities nipple-shaped, directed downwards; lower sepals free. 2. G. porrifolium. 1. I. strictum (Rydb.) House. Stem 1.5-3.5 dm. high, glabrous; lower leaves 7-20 cm. long, linear or linear-oblanceolate, the upper bract-like; spike ~ 5-10 cm. long, 8-14 mm. thick, dense; flowers 3-ranked, white or greenish, 6-8 mm. long, fragrant; lip oblong, broad at the base, contracted below the dilated crisp terminal portion. Gyrostachys stricta Rydb. Spiranthes Romanzoffiana Coult., not Cham. Wet places and rich hillsides: Newf.—Pa.—Colo.—Calif.— Alaska. Plain—Mont. My-%S. 2. I. porrifolium (Lindl.) Rydb. Stem 2-4 dm. high, slender, glabrous; leaves narrowly oblanceolate or linear, rather thick, 1-2 dm. long; spike 5-10 em. long, 12-15 mm. thick, less dense; flowers greenish white; lip lanceolate, scarcely dilated at the apex. Spiranthes porrifolia Lindl. Marshes: Wash.— Ida.—Colo.—Calif. Submont. Je—Au. 12. OPHRYS (Tourn.) L. TWAY-BLADE, TWIFOLE. Perennials, with rootstocks and fleshy-fibrous roots. Leaves 2, opposite, near the middle of the stem. Flowers in terminal racemes, greenish or purplish. Sepals and lateral petals distinct, almost alike, reflexed. Lip notched or 2-cleft at the apex, and often with a pair of teeth or auricles near the base. Fertile anther 1, erect, jointed to the back of the column, without a lid. Pollinia 2, powdery, attached to a minute gland. Column wingless. [Listera R. Br.] 182 ORCHIDACEAE Lip broad, slightly 2-cleft at the apex, with or without a mucro in the sinus. Lip with distinct rounded auricles, slightly cleft at the apex; no mucro. 1. O. borealis. Lip with no auricles, but in their place two divergent small teeth at the base; mucro present. Lip unguiculate; lateral teeth small, without a papilla at the base. 2. O. convallarioides. Lip not unguiculate; lateral teeth prominent, with a papilla ab the base. caurina. Lip narrow, 2-cleft for about half its length into linear-lanceolate lobes, without a mucro, with narrow teeth at the base. 4G) nephrophylla. 1. O. borealis (Morong) Rydb. Stem 7-15 cm. high, pubescent above; leaves 1-3.5 em. long, elliptic-ovate, obtuse at both ends, borne above the middle of the stem; flowers about 1 em. long; lip 7-8 mm. long, oblong-cuneate, with 2 obtuse lobes at the apex. L. borealis Morong. Damp woods: Mack.—Colo. —Yukon. Subalp. Je—Jl. 2. O. convallarioides (Sw.) Wight. Stem 1-2 dm. high, glabrous below, glandular above the leaves; leaves borne above the middle of the stem, broadly oval, obtuse, 3-5 em. long, rounded at the base; lip about 9 mm. long, narrowly cuneate, retuse. L.convallarioides (Sw.) Torr. Moist woods: N.S.—Vt.—Mich. —Ida.—Calif —Alaska. Mont. Je—-Au. 3. O. caurina (Piper) Rydb. Stem 1-3 dm. high, glabrous below, densely glandular-pubescent above the leaves; leaves 3.5-7 cm. long, oval to elliptic- ovate, rounded at the base, borne above or at the middle of the stem; lip 5-6 mm. long, cuneate, retuse, with a blunt mucro in the sinus, sessile. L. caurina Piper. Damp mossy woods: B.C.—Mont.—Ida.—Ore. Mont. Je—Jl. 4. O. nephrophylla Rydb. Stem slender, 1-2 dm. high, glabrous or slightly pubescent above the leaves; leaves inserted at the middle, rounded-reni- form, about 2 em. long, 2—2.5 em. wide, strongly veined; flowers greenish, 5-6 mm. long; sepals and upper petals oblong, 1.5-2 mm. long; lip 4-5 mm. long. L. nephrophylla Rydb. Damp woods: Mont.—N.M.—Ore.—Alaska. Sub- mont.—Subalp. Je—Au. 13. PERAMIUM Salisb. RarriuesNAKE PLANTAIN. Caulescent perennial herbs, with rootstocks and fleshy-fibrous roots. Leaves alternate, mostly basal, strongly reticulate and often blotched. Flowers in terminal spikes, white or pink, inconspicuous. Lateral sepals distinct, spread- ing; the upper united with the lateral petals. Lip sessile, concave or gibbous, without callosities. Fertile anther solitary, short-stalked on the column, with- out a lid. Pollinia 2, one in each sac, attached to a small disk. Column straight, rather short. [Goodyera R. Br.] Lip evidently saccate, with recurved margins. 1. P. ophioides. Lip scarcely saccate, with incurved margins. 2. P. decipiens. 1. P. ophioides (Fernald) Rydb. Scape 1-2 dm. high, glandular-pubescent; leaves 1-2 em. long, broadly ovate, dark green, usually with white blotches, most conspicuous along the cross-veins; flowers greenish white, 4-5 mm. long; upper sepal concave, with a short strongly recurved tip; anthers blunt. Good- yera repens Am. auth. and var. ophioides Fernald.» Cold mossy woods: N.8.— N.C.—S.D.—N.M.—Alaska. Mont. Jl-Au. 2. P. decipiens (Hook.) Piper. Scape 2-4 dm. high, glandular-pubescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 4-6 em. long, acute at both ends, often without blotches; spike one-sided; flowers 7-9 mm. long; upper sepal concave, ovate-lanceolate, the tip long, often recurved; anthers ovate, long-pointed. G. Menziesii Lindl. P. Menziesti (Lindl.) Morong. Woods: Que.—N.H.—Minn.—Ariz.—Calif.— Alaska. Submont.—Mont. JI-S. 14. MALAXIS Soland. Apprr’s Mourn. Caulescent perennial herbs, with corms. Leaves 2 or in our species 1, on the stem. Flowers in terminal racemes, white or greenish. Sepals distinct, 'spread- ing. Lateral petals very narrow, often filiform, spreading. Lip broad, cordate ORCHIS FAMILY 183 or auricled at the base. Fertile anther 1, 2-celled, erect between the auricles. Pollinia 4, two in each sac, waxy, tail-less and -without glands. Column em- bracing the lip. [Microstylis Nutt. Achroanthes Raf.] Lip ovate, acuminate. 1. M. monophylla. Lip broadly obcordate, with a tooth in the sinus. 2. M. unifolia. 1. M. monophylla (L.) Sw. Corm small, ovoid; stem 1-1.5 dm. high, glabrous, striate; leaf-blade 3-5 cm. long, oval, elliptic, or ovate; pedicels 2—4 mm. long, nearly erect; capsule ellipsoid, 6 mm. long. Microstylis monophylla Lindl. A. monophylla Greene. Woods: Que.—Pa.—Colo.—Man.; Eu. Plain— Submont. Jl-Au. 2. M. unifolia Michx. Corm globose; stem 1-2.5 dm. high; leaf-blade ovate or nearly orbicular, 2-6 cm. long; flowers greenish, about 2 mm. long; pedicels 6-10 mm. long. Microstylis ophioglossoides Nutt. Achroanthes unifolia Raf. Woods: Newf.—Fla.—Ala.—Neb.—Sask. Plain. Jl-Au. 15. LIPARIS L. C. Rich. Twaysuape. Low, scapose, perennial herbs, with corms. Leaves 2-6, basal. Flowers in terminal racemes, greenish. Sepals narrow, distinct. Lateral petals distinct, filiform. Lip dilated, often bearing two tubercles above the base. Column elongated, incurved, margined above. Fertile anther solitary, terminal, lid- like. Pollinia 4, two in each sac, waxy; each pair slightly united, without tails and glands. [Leptorchis Thouars.] 1. L. Loeselii (L.) L. C. Rich. Corm globose; scape 5-20 em. high, ribbed; leaves basal, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, obtuse; flowers green- ish; lip obovate, pointed, shorter than the sepals; capsule about 1 cm. long, wide-angled on thick erect pedicels. Leptorchis Loeselii McMill. Woods and thickets: N.S—Md.—Neb.—Sask. Plain. 16. CYTHEREA Salisb. Catypso, Venus’ SLIPPER. Acaulescent perennial herbs, with corms. Leaf solitary, basal, petioled, with a broad blade. Flower solitary, terminal, showy. Sepals and lateral petals distinct, similar. Lip large, saccate, with two short spurs near the apex, hairy within. Column dilated, petal-like, bearing a lid-like anther just below a aes Pollinia two in each sac, united, sessile on abroad gland. [Calypso alisb.] Beard of the lip yellow. 1. C. bulbosa. _ Beard of the lip white. 2. C. occidentalis. 1. C. bulbosa (L) House. Corm nearly globose, 1 cm. in diameter; scape 5-15 em. high; leaf-blade rounded-ovate, 2-4 em. long, nearly as wide, acute at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base; flowers variegated, purple, pink and yellow; petals and sepals 10-15 mm. long, with 3 purple lines; lip large, 15— 20 mm. long. Calypso borealis Salisb. Cold woods: Lab.—Me.—Mich.—Colo. —Calif.—Alaska; Eu. Submont.—Subalp. My-—Je. 2. C. occidentalis (Holz.) Heller. Corm rounded-ellipsoid; plant closely resembling the preceding species, but the lip comparatively narrower and longer, usually fully 2 cm. long, and sepals and petals less strongly purple-veined. Calypso bulbosa f. occidentalis Holz. Cold woods: Calif—Ida.—B.C. Sub- mont.—Mont. Ap—e. 17. APLECTRUM Nutt. Apam anv Eve, Purry-roor. Acaulescent perennial herbs, with a chain of corms, representing each a sea- son’s growth. Stem scape-like, leafless, a solitary long-petioled leaf being pro- duced from the corm in the fall. Flowers in terminal racemes, showy. Sepals _ and lateral petals almost similar, narrow. Lip slightly clawed, spur-less, with 4 pokes: Fertile anther solitary, a little below the summit of the column. Pol- nia 4. 184 ORCHIDACEAE 1. A. spicatum (Walt.) B.S.P. Scape glabrous, 3-6 dm. high, with a few scales; leaf-blade ovate or elliptic, or obovate, 1-1.5 em. long; flowers dull yellow- ish brown, streaked with purple, fully 2 em. long; lip shorter than the petals, obtuse, somewhat 3-lobed; capsule oblong-ovoid, 2 em. long. A. hyemale Nutt. Woods: Ont.—Ga.—Mo.—Sask. Boreal. My-—Je. 18. CORALLORRHIZA R. Br. Corat-root. Leafless saprophytic herbs, with coralloid roots. Stems scaly, colored. Flow- ers in terminal spikes. Sepals nearly equal, the lateral ones united with the foot of the column, and often forming a short spur, partly or wholly adnate to the top of the ovary. Lateral petals similar to the sepals. Lip broad, spread- ing, adnate to the base of the 2-edged or 2-winged column. Fertile anther soli- tary, terminal, lid-like. Pollinia 4, waxy, free. Spur small, adnate to the ovary. Lip entire, ovate, sinuate; whole plant yellow. 1. C. ochroleuca. Lip with 2 lobes or teeth below the middle; plant brownish, rarely yellowish. Column about half as long as the petals; sepals erect. Lip unspotted; teeth or lobes small; spur very small. 2. C. Corallorrhiza. Lip spotted; lobes prominent; spur manifest. 3. C. multiflora. Column almost equalling the petals; sepals reflexed. 4. C. Mertensiana. Spur lacking. Petals and sepals 12-14 mm. long, elliptic. 5. C. striata. Petals and sepals 7-8 mm. long, oblong. 6. C. Vreelandii. 1. C. ochroleuca Rydb. Stem 2-4 dm. high, not bulbous-thickened at the base; raceme 10—15-flowered; flowers 15-20 mm. long, light yellow, unspotted; petals and sepals 7-8 mm. long, oblong-lanceolate, acute, with prominent mid- vein. Woods: w Neb.—Colo.—Utah. Swbmont. Je—Jl. 2. C. Corallorrhiza (L.) Karst. Stem glabrous, 1-3 dm. high, usually yellowish; racemes 3-7 cm. long, 3—-12-flowered; flowers greenish yellow or green- ish brown, about 1 em. long; lip oblong, yellowish or whitish; spur a sack or small protuberance; capsule 8-12 mm. long. C. innata R. Br. Woods: N.S.— Ga.—Colo.—Alaska; Eu. Submont.—Mont. My-—Je. 3. C. multiflora Nutt. Stem 2-5 dm. high, purplish, with many scales; racemes 10-30-flowered; flowers 12-18 mm. long, brownish purple; lip white, spotted and lined with purple, oval in outline, deeply 3-lobed, crenulate, the middle lobe longer; spur about 2 mm. long; capsule 15-20 mm. long. Woods: N.S.—Fla.—Calif.—Alaska. Plain—Mont. Je—Au. 4. C. Mertensiana Bong. Scape 2-4 dm. high, glabrous, purple; raceme 10-20-flowered; flowers purplish; lip entire, broadly oblong, narrowed at the base, thin, concave; spur about 2 mm. long, the lower half free from the ovary; capsule fully 2 em. long. Woods: Alaska—Mont.—Ida.—Calif. Mont. Je— Au. 5. C. striata Lindl. Stem stout, 2-5 dm. high, purple; raceme 10—25- flowered; flowers purple with dark veins; lip oval or obovate, entire, undulate, about as long as the petals; column half as long as the petals; capsule ellipsoid, reflexed, 15-20 mm. long. Woods: Ont.—N.Y.—Mich.—Wyo.—Calif.—B.C. Submont. My-—Jl. 6. C. Vreelandii Rydb. Stem rather stout, 2-4 dm. high, dark purplish brown; flowers 6-15, about 15 mm. long, in fruit drooping; sepals with 3 purple stripes; petals slightly broader and with 4 stripes; lip ovate, entire. Wet woods: Colo—N.M. Mont.—Subalp. Je. Subclass 2. DICOTYLEDONES. Embryo mostly with 2 seed-leaves, if with only one seed-leaf, the first leaves opposite. Stem exogenous, 7. e., differentiated into pith, wood, and bark; fibro-vascular bundles arranged in concen- tric layers around the pith, the new bundles being formed between the wood and the bark. Leaves usually pinnately or palmately veined, with ramifying veins. Parts of the flowers mostly in 5’s, less commonly in 4’s or 2’s, seldom in 3’s. Famizty 30. SALICACEAE. Wittow Famity. Dioecious trees or shrubs, with soft wood and simple alternate leaves. Flowers in bracted aments, solitary in the axils of scale-like bractlets. Peri- anth represented by one or more glands or a cup-like disk. Stamens one or more. Pistil solitary, with 2-4 parietal placentae, becoming a dehiscent capsule; seeds numerous, bearing a tuft of hairs at the apex; endosperm wanting. Bractlets incised; flowers with a cup-shaped disk; stamens usually more than 10; stigmas expanded; winter-buds with several scales 1. POPULUS. Bractlets entire or denticulate; flowers with one or more glands; stamens 2-7, in most species only 2; stigmas narrow; winter-buds with but 1 scale each. 2. SALIX. 1. POPULUS (Tourn.) L. Poptar, Corronwoop, ASPEN. Trees, with furrowed bark and often resinous buds of more than one scale. Leaves petioled, usually with broad, toothed or even lobed blades, and caducous stipules. Flowers in drooping aments; bractlets membranous, lobed or fimbriate at the apex, usually caducous. Disk present, oblique, entire, toothed, or lobed. Stamens adnate to the disk; filaments distinct, glabrous; anthers purple, orange, or red. Ovary sessile in the disk; style short; stigmas 2-4, dilated. Ovules anatropous. Capsule opening by 2-4 valves. Leaves not white-tomentose beneath, toothed or rarely entire. Petioles strongly flattened laterally. Leaves suborbicular, acute or very short-acuminate, finely crenate or subentire. Leaf-blades with 2 conspicuous glands beneath at the base. 1. P. cercidiphylla. Leaf-blades not glandular at the base. 2. P. tremuloides. Leaves broadly deltoid, cordate, or ovate, abruptly acuminate, coarsely toothed, especially about the middle. Cup of the pistillate flowers 6-8 mm. broad. Pedicels equalling or exceeding the capsules; leaf-blades longer than broad; teeth few, less than 10 on each side. 3. P. Wislizeni. Pedicels shorter than the capsules; leaf-blades usually broader than long; teeth more than 10 on each side, sometimes obscure. 4. P. Fremontii. Cup of the pistillate flowers less than 5 mm. broad; teeth of the leaves many, more than 10 on each side; pedicels shorter than the capsule. Leaves flabellate-cordate, with a broad, concave, entire sinus. 5. P. Sargentit. Leaf-blades ovate, rounded or cuneate at the base, which is more or less toothed; only the blades of the young shoots cordate. 6. P. Besseyana. Petioles terete or nearly so. Petioles Bt least half as long as the blades; blades cordate, ovate, or broadly lan- ceolate. Leaves green on both sides, abruptly long-acuminate. 7. P. acuminata. Leaves paler beneath, acute or somewhat acuminate. Fruit sessile, usually 3-carpellary. Ovary and capsule densely pubescent, subglobose. 8. P. trichocarpa. 185 186 SALICACEAE Ovary and fruit glabrous, but slightly warty, ovoid. 9. P. hastata. Fruit pedicelled, 2-carpellary, glabrous; capsule ovoid. Twigs, petioles, and veins glabrous. 10. P. balsamifera. Twigs, petioles, and veins of the lower surface of the leaves more or less pubescent. 11. P. candicans. Petioles about one-third as long as the blade or less. Leaves cordate at the base. 12. P. Tweedyi. Leaf-blades lanceolate, usually acute at the base. 13. P. angustifolia. Leaves white-tomentose beneath, often lobed. 14. P. alba. 1. P. cercidiphylla Britton. A small tree, with light grayish bark; pefioles 1.5-2 em. long; leaf-blades orbicular or somewhat reniform, slightly cordate at the base, dull green, somewhat paler beneath, entire or slightly undulate, about 3.5 dm. wide. Hoback Basin, Wyo. Swbmont. 2. P. tremuloides Michx. A slender tree, with light green or whitish bark, up to 30 m. high; petioles 4-6 cm. long; leaf-blades rounded or subcordate at base, 2-6 em. broad, green and glabrous, ciliate on the margin; bracts silky, deeply 3-5-cleft into linear lobes; stamens 6-12; stigma-lobes linear; capsule conic, warty. The western tree may be distinct, and if so should be known as P. aurea Tidestrom. QuakING AspEN. Cold places, sub-alpine forests: Newf. —N.J.—Tenn.—N.M.—Nev.—Alaska. Swubmont.—Subalp. Mr-My. 3. P. Wislizeni (S. Wats.) Sarg. A tree about 15 m. high, with gray trunk and yellow branches; petioles glabrous, 4-7 cm. long; leaf-blades truncate or broadly reniform, or sometimes broadly cuneate at the base; aments 5-10 cm. long; bracts light red, fringed, with linear lobes; capsule ovoid, papillose. _Cor- TONWoop. Valleys and river banks: Tex.—Colo.—Ariz.—n Mex. Son.— Mont. Mr-—My. 4, P. FremontiiS. Wats. A tree occasionally 35 m. high, with dark brown trunk and gray branches; petioles 5-7 em. long; blades broadly cordate-deltoid, with an open rounded sinus at the base, 4-7 cm. long, 5-10 em. broad; aments 5-10 em. long; capsule 8-12 mm. long. CotTronwoop. Along rivers and in cafions: Calif.—s Utah—Ariz.—L. Calif. Son. F-Mr. 5. P. Sargentii Dode. A tree sometimes 30 m. high, with gray trunk and straw-colored or light yellow branches; petioles about as long as the blades; leaf- blades broadly deltoid or cordate, abruptly acuminate at the apex, glabrous and shining, 5-10 em. long; aments 5-8 cm. long; capsules ovoid, muricate, on pedivels 4-6mm. long. P. occidentalis Rydb. WerstreRn or River Corronwoop. River bottoms: Sask.—Kans.—Ariz.—Alta. Plain—Submont. Mr—Ap. 6. P. Besseyana Dode. A tree about 10 m. high, with gray trunk and yellowish terete branches; petioles about as long as the leaf-blades; blades abruptly acuminate, 5-10 cm. long, glabrous and shining, slightly paler beneath; aments 7-8 em. long; pedicels shorter than the fruit; capsule ovoid, about 5 mm. long, muricate, 3-valved; stigma dilated. Valleys: Mont.—Ida. Submont. Ap—e. 7. P. acuminata Rydb. A tree up to about 20 m. high, with brownish or gray trunk and straw-colored branches; petioles 3-7 cm. long; leaf-blades rhombic-lanceolate to ovate, usually cuneate at the base, finely crenate, green and glabrous on both sides; aments 3-5 em. long, or the pistillate in fruit 10-15 em.; capsule ovoid, blunt, 6-8 mm. long, papillose; pedicels in fruit 3-5 mm. long. Ryppera’s or SMOOTH-BARKED CoTtToNwoop. River banks: Sask.— Tex.—Ariz.—Mont. Plain—Submont. Ap-—My. P. acuminata X Sargentii Sarg. Intermediate between the parents, with the fine serrations, cuneate base, and texture of the leaves of P. acuminata, but with the broader leaves and darker branchlets of P. Sargentii. P. Andrewsii Sarg. Colo. 8. P. trichocarpa T. & G. A tree sometimes 60-70 m. high, with gray trunk and orange or gray, pubescent branches; petioles 2-6 cm. long; leaf-blades broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, cordate, truncate, or rounded at the base, 8-12 cm. long, finely crenate, dark green above, pale beneath, usually pubescent when young; aments 4-7 em. long. WESTERN BausaM Popuar. River banks: Alaska—Mont.—Calif. Plain—Submont. Ap- My. WILLOW FAMILY 187 9. P. hastata Dode. A tree 10-20 m. high, with gray trunk and branches; petioles 3-4 cm. long, glabrous; leaf-blades ovate, ovate-deltoid, or subcordate, dark green above, pale beneath, mostly acuminate, rounded or cordate at the base, crenulate, 6-10 cm. long; aments 5-12 em. long; cup 4-5 mm. wide. Val- leys: Alta.—Mont.—Ida. Submont.—Mont. Ap—Je. 10. P. balsamifera L. A tree sometimes 25 m. high, with reddish gray trunk and light brown or gray branches; petioles 2—5 em. long; leaf-blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, dark green and shining above, pale beneath, acute or acum- inate at the apex, rounded or cuneate at the base, crenulate, 7-12 cm. long; aments 5-10 cm. long. Bautsam Popuar. Along streams and lakes: Newf.— N.Y.—Colo.—Nev.—Alaska. Submont.—Mont. Ap. 11. P. candicans Michx. A tree sometimes 30 m. high, with gray trunk and round branches, pubescent when young, in age glabrate; petioles pubescent or ciliate; leaf-blades broadly ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate or truncate at the base, 6-15 cm. long, 3-12 cm. wide, dark green above, pale beneath, crenate; aments 6-12 cm. long; capsule oblong-ovoid, smooth, short- stalked. Baum or Giteap. Roadsides and river banks: Newf.—N.J.—S.D.— Alta.—Alaska. Boreal. Ap—My. 12. P. Tweedyi Britton. A small tree, with yellowish twigs; petioles stout, 5-12 mm. long; leaf-blades ovate to nearly round, acute, finely crenate, cordate or rounded at the base, 3-7 cm. long, dark green above, paler beneath; aments 3-4 em. long, in fruit 6 em.; capsules ovoid, densely papillose, 4mm. long; pedicels about 1 mm. long. CoTronwoop. River bottoms: Wyo. Submont. 13. P. angustifolia James. A slender tree, sometimes 20 m. high, with upright branches and greenish bark; petioles 6-12 mm. long; leaf-blades lanceo- late to ovate, acute or gradually acuminate at the apex, cuneate, rounded or rarely subcordate at the base, green above, paler beneath, finely crenate, 5-12 em. long; aments 2-6 cm. long; capsule ovoid, rugose. P. coloradensis Dode. P. fortissima Nels. & Macb. NaArrow-LEAveD or BLAck Corronwoop. Along streams: Sask.—Neb.—N.M.—Ida.; n Mex. Plain—Mont. Ap-—My. 14. P. alba L. A large tree, sometimes 35 m. high, with light gray bark; petioles shorter than the blades, subterete; leaf-blades densely white-tomentose on both sides, becoming glabrate and dark green above, broadly ovate or or- bicular in outline, 3-5-lobed and irregularly toothed, 6-10 cm. long; aments 3-6 cm. long; capsules elliptic, subsessie. Wuirr or Sitver Popiar. In yards and along roadsides: N.B.—Va.—N.M.—Utah; cult. and escaped, native of Eurasia. Mr—My. 2. SALIX (Tourn.) L. Wutiow. Trees or shrubs, usually with flaky bark and slender, flexible twigs; bud of only one scale. Leaves alternate, petioled or subsessile, pinnately veined, usually finely toothed. Bractlets of aments entire or rarely denticulate, with one or more gland-like nectaries at the base of the stamens or the pistil. Sta- mens 1-7, usually 2; anthers usually yellow. Ovary more or less stipitate; stigmas 2, often 2-cleft, with narrow branches. Capsule dehiscent at the apex into 2 valves. Capsule glabrous, or slightly silky when young in nos. 12, 14, and 16. Filaments hairy, at least below; bractlets caducous, light yellow; style very short, obsolete, or none, evident only in nos. 16 and 18; aments in all ours on short leafy branches. Stamens 3-7; stipe slender, 2-5 times as long as the nectaries. Petioles without glands; leaves remotely serrulate, thin. I. AMYGDALINAE. Petioles with glands; leaves densely glandular-serrate, firmer. II. PENTANDRAE. Stamens 2; stipes usually very short. Leaf-blades lanceolate, acuminate. III. ALBAE. Leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, rarely acuminate. : IV. LONGIFOLIAE. Filaments glabrous; bractlets persistent, rarely light yellow. Trees, or erect or ascending shrubs, several dm. high; leaf-blades more than 1 cm. long; style evident. V. CORDATAE. Depressed prostrate shrubs, 1-3 cm. high; leaf-blades less than 1 cm. long; style none. VI. RETUSAE. 188 SALICACEAE Capsule hairy. Filaments hairy; bractlets caducous; leaf-blades linear to eaten! not very veiny. IV. LONGIFOLIAE. Filaments glabrous, or if somewhat hairy, leaf-blades oval or orbicular, very veiny; bractlets persistent. Gapaule tostwate, distinctly stipitate; style none or short, always shorter than the stipe. Stipe equalling or exceeding the bractlets; style 0.5 mm. long or less. VII. ROSTRATAE. Stipe shorter than the bractlets; style usually 1 mm. long. VIII. CAPREAE. Capsule scarcely rostrate, subsessile or, if stipitate, stipe shorter than the style. Style evident, at least 0.5 mm. long. Leaves permanently silky or tomentose beneath. IX. ARGENTEAE. Leaves neither silky-white nor tomentose beneath. X. ARCTICAE. Style none; depressed or low shrubs, with entire strongly reticulate leaves. XI. RETICULATAE. I. AMYGDALINAE. Bractlets entire. Leaves narrowly lanceolate; petioles short. Bark of twigs brownish; aments long and lax; leaf-blades broadest below the mid- dle, long-acuminate. S. nigra. Bark of twigs light yellow; aments short and dense; iearpiaes usually broadest at or above the middle, short-acuminate. 2. S. Wrightii. Leaf-blades broadly lanceolate; petioles slender, 6-15 mm. long. 3. S. amygdaloides. Bractlets denticulate. 4. S. laevigata. II. PENTANDRAE. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate, acute, drying blackish; bractlets of the staminate aments ovate, and of pistillate lanceolate, neither toothed. 5. S. erythrocoma. Leaves lanceolate to ovate; bractlets of the staminate aments obovate or spatulate, usually toothed; those of the pistillate aments oblong. Bractlets densely white-villous; stipe of the capsules scarcely twice as long as the nectaries. 6. S. serissima. Bractlets sparingly hairy; stipe of the capsules 3-4 times as long as the nectaries. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate; glands of the leaves very prominent; those on the petioles often stalked. 7. S. lucida. Leaves lanceolate; glands of the leaf-blades not very prominent; those on the petioles always sessile. Leaf-blades usually less than 1 dm. long, green on both sides; aments short. 8. S. Fendleriana. Mature leaf-blades often 1 dm. long, glaucous beneath; aments elongate. 9. S. Lyallii. Ill. ALBAE. One species. 10. S. alba. IV. LONGIFOLIAE. Capsule glabrous or slightly silky when young. Leaves with close serrations, glaucous and prominently veined beneath. 11. S. melanopsis. Leaves entire or with distant serrations, neither glaucous nor strongly veined beneath. Styles none. Leaves permanently silky. Leaves 3-5 mm. wide; ovary without a hairy swelling at the apex. 12. S. exigua. Leaves 2-3 mm. wide; ovary with a hairy swelling at the apex. 13. S. stenophylla. Leaves glabrous in age, or nearly so. Leaves linear-lanceolate; bractlets ovate or obovate, obtuse. 14. S. interior. Leaves narrowly linear; bractlets lanceolate, acute. 15. S. linearifolia. Styles evident; aments dense; bractlets densely silky. 16. S. sessilifolia. Capsule permanently densely pubescent. Stigma sessile; leaves entire or nearly so. 17. S. argophylla. Stigma ona distinct style, which is 0.5 mm. long; leaves dentate. 18. S. macrostachya. V. CORDATAE. Leaves white-tomentose or white-villous beneath. Leaves entire, or minutely denticulate; aments 3-4 cm. long; bractlets silky-pilose. Leaves permanently appressed-silky. 19. S. Sandbergii. Leaves in age glabrous and shining, at least above. 20. S. lasiolepis. Leaves usually crenate, villous, 3-8 cm. long; aments 3-6 cm. long; bractlets densely villous. 21. S. Hookeriana. Leaves glabrous or hairy, but not densely white-pubescent beneath. Branches without a bloom. Capsule long-stipitate; stipe in fruit 1.5-6 mm. long, equalling or exceeding the bractlets; style 0.5 mm. long or less. Leaves dark green above; young branches not light yellow; aments on short leafy branches. WILLOW FAMILY 189 Mature leaves rather thin, dull; length of the blade less than three times its width. 22. S. balsamifera. Mature leaves firm, dark green, shining above, pale beneath; length of the blade three times the width or more. Stipe in fruit 2-4 times as long as the bractlets; mature leaves slightly serrate. 23. S. Mackenziana. Stipe slightly if at all exceeding the bractlets. Mature leaves lanceolate, strongly serrate. 24. S. cordata. Mature leaves oblong or oblanceolate, entire. 25. S. pedicillaris. Leaves yellowish green; young branches light yellow; aments naked or sub- tended by a few small leaves. Leaves usually long-acuminate, serrate. 26. S. lutea. Leaves acute or rarely short-acuminate, entire or indistinctly crenulate. 27. S. Watsoniti. Capsule short-stipitate or subsessile; stipe in fruit less than 1.5 mm. long and much shorter than the bractlets; style 0.5-1 mm. long. Leaves more or less dentate, rarely subentire. Young leaves and twigs rather densely pubescent with long white hairs; the former glandular-denticulate or dentate. Bractlets fuscous. 28. S. Barklayi. Bractlets yellowish or light brown. 29. S. commutata. Young leaves glabrous or slightly pubescent. Capsules 7-8 mm. long; leaf-blades broadly ovate or obovate, glandular- dentate. 30. S. Tweedy. Capsule 4-6 mm. long; leaf-blades narrowly obovate to lanceolate. Leaves dark green above, not reticulate. Leaves blackening in drying, finely glandular-dentate. 31. S. conjuncta. 7 Leaves not blackening in drying. Leaves thin, ovate, elliptic, or obovate, light green and dull above; capsule ovoid. 32. S. padophylla. Leaves thick, firm, shining above; capsule lance-ovoid. Style 0.5-1 mm. long; aments on short leafy branches, 2-3 cm. long. 33. S. monticola. Style 1-1.5 mm. long; aments subsessile, 3—4 cm long. 34. S. curtiflora. Leaves yellowish green, conspicuously reticulate, thin. Leaves acute or acuminate, serrate. 35. S. pseudomyrsinites. Leaves obtuse or rounded at the apex, crenate. 36. S. myrtillifolia. Leaves entire, linear, lanceolate, oblanceolate, or oblong; aments subsessile, naked. Leaves permanently silky; a low shrub. 37. S. Wolfii. Leaves glabrous in age; tree or tall shrub. 20. S. lasiolepis. Branches with a bloom, purple. 38. S. irrorata. VI. RETUSAE. One species. 39. S. Dodgeana. VII. ROSTRATAE. Leaves linear to lanceolate or oblanceolate. Leaves sharply serrate, narrowly lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long. 40. S. petiolaris. Leaves entire or nearly so, linear, less than 5 cm. long. Leaves more or less silky, oblanceolate; branches purplish, usually with a bloom. 41. S. Geyeriana. Leaves not silky, linear; branches without a bloom. 42. S. gracilis. Leaves ovate to obovate or broadly oblanceolate. Bracts fuscous, obovate or cuneate. 43. S. discolor. Bracts yellow, linear-oblong or lanceolate. Mature leaves thin, glabrous. 44. S. perrostrata. Mature leaves firm, pubescent or tomentose beneath. 45. S. Bebbiana. VIII. CAPREAE. Capsule 8-10 mm. long; at least the staminate aments not leafy-bracted. Leaves obovate, entire or nearly so, densely silky and fulvous, almost velutinous when young, in age glabrate above; bractlets fuscous, obovate. 46. S. Scouleriana. ! Leaves oblanceolate, closely and finely serrulate, puberulent when young; bractlets | yellow, oblong. 67. S. MacCalliana. Capsule 6 mm. long or less; aments leafy-bracted. Bractlets black, thinly pilose; style about 1 mm. long; leaves glabrate in age. 47. S. Lemmoni. Bractlets brownish, villous; style about 0.5 mm. long; leaves silvery-silky beneath. | 54. S. argyrocarpa. IX. ARGENTEA. Aments more than 1 cm. broad; ovary over 5 mm. long. Leaves obovate, ovate, or broadly oblanceolate. \ Bractlets obovate, fuscous; leaves usually obovate. Twigs white-villous; leaf-blades entire. 48. S. alaxensis. 190 SALICACEAE Twigs puberulent; leaf-blades usually glandular-denticulate. 49. S. Barrattiana. Bractlets oblong, yellow; leaf-blades usually broadly oblanceolate. 63. S. Seemannii. Leaves oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; bractlets oblong. Leaves silvery-silky beneath, not strongly reticulate; race Da 50. S. bella. Leaves white-tomentose beneath, strongly reticulate; bractlets brown. 51. S. candida. Aments less than 1 cm. broad; ovary less than 5 mm. long. Leaves broadly obovate. Twigs puberulent; bractlets light brown; stamen 1. 52. S. sitchensis. Twigs glabrous; bractlets blackish; stamens 2. 53. S. Drummondiana. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or oblanceolate. Bractlets yellow or brown; stipes 3—4 times as long as the nectaries; style less than 0.5mm.long. . 54. S. argyrocarpa. Bractlets fuscous; stipes less than twice as long as the nectaries. Style about 0.5 mm. long; bractlets obtuse. 55. S. arbusculoides. Style 1-2 mm. long. Branches without a bloom; leaves tomentose beneath. 56. S. pellita. Branches with a bloom; leaves white-silky beneath. Aments peduncled and leafy-bracted. 57. S. subcoerulea. Aments sessile and naked. 58. S. pachnophora. X. ARCTICAE. Aments on leafy peduncles. Leaves grayish villous on both sides, less so on the upper. Twigs white-villous or silky; branches yellow or grayish. Leaves villous; capsules densely pubescent. 59. S. brachycarpa. Leaves silky; capsules finely and sparingly pubescent. 60. S. idahoensis. Twigs puberulent; branches usually purplish. Bractlets black or with blackish tips. Leaves oblong, 2-3 cm. long; bractlets obovate; branches divergent. 61. S. pseudolapponum. Leaves oblanceolate or obovate, 3-6 cm. long; bractlets oblong; branches ascending. 62. S. glaucops. Bractlets yellow, oblong. 63. S. Seemannii. Leaves glabrate or when young covered with white hairs parallel to the midrib. Shrubs not creeping, although often depressed. Leaves broadly oval, often minutely glandular-dentate. 64. S. subcordata. Leaves narrower. Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, or ovate. Leaves 2—4 cm. long; capsule 3-5 mm. long. Bractlets yellow or brown, oblong; leaves elliptic or oblanceolate, thin, darkening in drying; twigs purple. 65. S. desertorum. Bractlets fuscous at the apex; leaves oblong, not blackening in drying. 61. S. pseudolapponum. Leaves 4—6 cm. long. Bractlets fuscous; leaves elliptic or oblong, obtuse or acute, usually reticulate; glabrous only in age. 62. S. glaucops. Bractlets yellow or brown; leaves usually short-acuminate, glabrous except when very young, not reticulate. Leaves entire or sparingly glandular-denticulate, oblanceolate. 66. S. Austinae. Leaves finely serrulate, elliptic, lanceolate, or oblanceolate. S. MacCalliana. Leaves linear-lanceolate. 68. S. saskatchewana. Shrubs creeping; arctic or alpine. Leaves obovate or oblanceolate; aments many-flowered. 69. S. petrophila. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate; aments few-floweréd. 70. S. cascadensis. Aments naked, from lateral buds. Leaves oblanceolate, strongly veined. 71. S. Nelsonit. Leaves elliptic, not strongly veined. 72. S. chlorophylla. XI. RETICULATAE. Leaves covered beneath with long white silky hairs. 73. S. Fernaldit. Leaves at least in age not silky. Leaf-blade over 1 cm. long; aments comparatively many-flowered. Filaments very hairy on the lower part; leaves strongly reticulate; bracts broadly obovate, fuscous, the upper portion almost glabrous. 74. S. orbicularis. Filaments almost glabrous; leaves less strongly reticulate; bracts cuneate-oblong, yellow, almost glabrous. 75. S. saximontana. Leaf-blade 1 cm. or less long; aments few-flowered; bractlets velo per glabrous, 6. S. nivalis. WILLOW FAMILY 191 1. S. nigra Marsh. A tree 10-20 m., rarely 30-40 m. high; leaf-blades 6-12 cm. long, bright green on both sides, finely serrate, usually more or less faleate; aments appearing with the leaves, the staminate ones 4-6 cm. long; bractlets ovate, finely villous; pistillate aments 4-8 cm. or in fruit 10-12 cm. long; bractlets oblong, finely pubescent; capsule about 3 mm. long; stipe 1-1.5 mm. long. Buack WiLtow. River banks and wet places: N.B.—Fla.—Tex.— N.D. Plain. Ap-My. S. amygdaloides < nigra Glattf. This hybrid is intermediate between the two parents, with narrower leaves, less glaucous beneath, and with shorter petioles than in S. amygdaloides, but broader leaves and with longer petioles than in S. nigra. In the eastern part of the range. 2. S. Wrightii Anders. A tree 8-10 m. high; bark of the stem flaky, gray; leaf-blades 5-15 cm. long, light and usually yellowish green above, paler and sometimes glaucous beneath, finely serrate; aments 2-7 cm. long; bractlets of the staminate aments ovate, finely pubescent, those of the pistillate ones oblong; capsule about 4 mm. long; stipe 1-2 mm. long. River banks: Tex.—Colo.— Nev.—s Calif.; n Mex. Son—Submont. Ap—My. 3. S. amygdaloides Anders. A tree up to 20 m. high; twigs yellowish; leaf-blades 8-12 cm. long, acuminate, finely serrate, paler and somewhat glau- cous beneath; aments 3-5 em. long; bractlets oblong or lanceolate, somewhat pubescent; capsule about 5 mm. long; stipe 1-2 mm. long. PEACH-LEAVED Wititow. River and lake banks: Que—N.Y.—Mo.—Tex.—Ariz.—Ore.—B.C. Plain—Submont. Ap—My. 4. S. laevigata Bebb. A tree 5-15 m. high; trunk with brown fissured bark; twigs yellowish, pubescent when young; leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong, acute or acuminate, 7-15 cm. long, dark green and glossy above, pale or glaucous beneath, minutely serrate; aments 5-10 em. long; bractlets villous, dentate, in the staminate aments obovate, in the pistillate ones narrower; stipe 3 to 4 times as long as the glands. Along streams: Ore.—Utah—Calif. Son. Ap-—Je. 5. S. erythrocoma Barrett. A shrub or small tree (?); bark of the twigs dark, purplish brown; leaf-blades 3-5 cm. long, finely glandular-serrate, reddish pubescent when young, in age glabrate on both sides; aments 2-4 em. long. S. arguta erythrocoma Anders. Banks of rivers and lakes: Man.—B.C.—Mack. 6. S. serissima (Bailey) Fern. A shrub 2-4 m. high; leaf-blades lanceo- late, acute or acuminate, when mature dark green, shining above, pale beneath, thick and firm, 4-10 cm. long, closely and finely glandular-serrate; aments 1—2.5 em. long; capsules 7-12 mm. long. S. pallescens hirtisqwama Anders. AUTUMN WitLow. Swamps: Mass.—N.J.—Wis.—Minn.—Sask. Boreal. My-—Jl. 7. S. lucida Muhl. A tall shrub or sometimes a tree 6-8 m. high; leaf- blades mostly abruptly long-acuminate, acute or rounded at the base, sharply glandular-serrate, green and shining, slightly paler beneath, 7-12 cm. long; aments 2-5 cm., or the pistillate even 7 em. long; bractlets sparingly pubescent; capsule 5mm. long. SHinrnc Wittow. Swamps and banks: Newf.—N.J.— Ky.—Neb.—Alta. Boreal. Ap—My. 8. S. Fendleriana Anders. A shrub or small tree, rarely 10 m. high; leaf- blades lanceolate, long-acuminate, finely glandular-dentate, acute at the base, 6-15 cm. long; aments 2—5 em. long; bractlets toothed towards the apex; stamens 5-9; capsule 5 mm. long. S. lasiandra caudata (Nutt.) Sudw. Along mountain streams: B.C.—Alta—(Black Hills) S.D—N.M.—Calif. Submont.—Mont. Ap-My. 9. S. Lyallii (Sarg.) Heller. A tree sometimes 20 m. high; bark brown or of the twigs yellow; leaf-blades broadly lanceolate, more or less acuminate, finely glandular-serrate, 6-20 cm. long; aments 4-8 em. long, or the pistillate ones sometimes 10 cm. long; bractlets toothed above; stamens 5-8; capsule about 6 mm. long. S. lasiandra Lyallii Sarg. River and lake banks: B.C.—Yukon— Mont.—Calif. Submont. Ap—My. 10. S. alba L. A large tree sometimes 30 m. high; leaf-blades serrulate, silky-pubescent on both sides when young, pale beneath, 5-12 cm. long; aments on short leafy branches, 3-6 cm. long, 4-5 mm. thick; bractlets of the staminate 192 SALICACEAE aments obovate, those of the pistillate ones lance-oblong; capsule almost sessile, 4-5 mm. long. Wuitr Wittow. Moist ground, along streams: N.B.—Pa.— Colo.; escaped from cultivation, native of Eu. Plain. Ap-—My. 11. S. melanopsis Nutt. A shrub or small tree; bark chestnut-brown; young branches puberulent; leaf-blades oblanceolate or elliptic, subsessile, about 5 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, silky-hairy when young, blackening in drying, somewhat glaucous, finely serrate; aments at the end of leafy branches, 5-7 em. long, cylin- dric; bractlets linear-oblong, more or less erose; capsule lanceolate, glabrous. Dusky Wititow. River banks: B.C.—Mont.—Ore. Submont. My-—Jl. 12. S. exigua Nutt. A shrub or small tree sometimes 6-7 m. high; twigs yellowish or light brown, silky-pubescent when young; leaf-blades linear to narrowly linear-lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long, yellowish, silky; staminate aments 2-6 cm., the pistillate ones 3-5 em. long; bractlets of the former obovate, of the latter broadly lanceolate; capsule elongate-ovoid, slightly silky when young, soon glabrate, 4-5 mm. long. S. luteosericea Rydb. SaNpBAR WILLOW. Sand- bars: Sask.—Okla.—Ariz.—B.C.—Ore. Plain—Mont. My-2Jl. 13. S. stenophylla Rydb. A shrub 2-5 m. high; young shoots silvery- pubescent; leaves narrowly linear, 3-7 em. long, acute, entire or minutely and distantly denticulate, silky-strigose; pistillate aments 3-4 cm. long; bractlets oblanceolate; capsule glabrous, about 6 mm. long; staminate aments 2-3 em. long; bractlets more obtuse and more villous. River banks: Colo—N.M.— Ariz. Plain—Submont. My-—Jl. 14. S. interior Rowley. A shrub 1-4 m. high, occasionally a tree 6-9 m. high; twigs pubescent when young; leaf-blades 6-10 em. long, less than 1 em. wide, lance-linear, remotely dentate; aments 2—5 cm. long; bractlets glabrous or hairy toward the base, ovate or obovate, rarely oblong; capsule appressed- silky when young, soon glabrate. S. longifolia Muhl. Sanpspar WILLow. River banks and shores: Que.—Va.—La.—Tex.—Sask. Plain. Je—Jl. 15. S. linearifolia Rydb. A low shrub, with reddish bark; leaf-blades narrowly linear, 4-10 em. long, remotely dentate; aments loosely flowered, 3-4 em. long; bractlets linear-lanceolate, acute, almost glabrous; capsule almost glabrous, 3-4 mm. long. S. rubra Richards. S. tenerrima (Howell) Heller. Sand-bars: Sask.—Okla.—Colo.—Wash. Plain. My-—Je. 16. S. sessilifolia Nutt. A shrub or small tree sometimes 10 m. high; young branches canescent; leaf-blades linear-lanceolate to linear or oblong, 5-10 em. long, sessile, obscurely and remotely denticulate or entire, silvery-canescent when young, in age more glabrate; aments 6-8 em. long, nearly 1 em. thick, often several together; capsule silky when young, glabrate in age. Sand-bars: (? Mont.)—Colo.—Calif—Wash. Submont. Je—Jl. 17. S. argophylla Nutt. A tree or large shrub, usually about 5 m. high; young twigs yellow and puberulent, soon glabrate; leaf-blades narrowly linear-~ lanceolate, about 5 em. long, sessile, densely white-silky on both sides; aments 3-5 em. long, 1-2 em. thick, often in pairs or threes; bractlets of the staminate aments oblong and obtuse, those of the pistillate’aments lanceolate and acute; capsule densely silky, sessile. River banks: Mont.—Tex.—Calif—Wash. Plain—Submont. My-Jl. 18. S. macrostachya Nutt. A shrub or small tree 1-6 m. high; twigs densely villous; leaf-blades linear-oblanceolate, about 5 em. long, sessile, densely white-villous; aments often several together, 2-8 em. long, densely flowered; bractlets densely villous all over, oblong; capsule densely villous, sessile. River banks: Calif—Ida—B.C. Submont. My-—Jl. 19. S. Sandbergii Rydb. A shrub or small tree; branches chestnut-brown; leaves oval or elliptic, 2-4 em. long, silky on both sides, grayish above, silvery beneath; pistillate aments sessile, naked, 4 em. long; bractlets purple, obovate- spatulate, 3 mm. long, white-pilose; capsule glabrous, 4-5 mm. long; stipe about 1.5 mm. long; style about 0.5 mm. long. S. boiseana A. Nels. Valleys: Ida. Submont. Ap—Je. . WILLOW FAMILY 193 20. S. lasiolepis Benth. A tree 3-20 m. high, with grayish brown, smooth bark; leaves oblanceolate, 10-15 cm. long, often obtuse, more or less short-villous when young, in age glabrous and shining above, glaucous or ferrugineous be- neath, subcoriaceous in age; aments sessile or nearly so; bractlets rounded, dark, crisp-villous; filaments slightly united at the base; capsule glabrous; stipe short; style about 1 mm. long. Along streams: Calif.—Utah—lda.—Wash. Son. Mr—Je. 21. S. Hookeriana Barrett. A shrub or tree up to 16m. high; twigs densely velvety-canescent when young; leaf-blades broadly obovate or oval, white- pubescent when young, in age dark green and more glabrate above, white-villous beneath; aments subsessile, naked or nearly so; bractlets obovate, fuscous, but usually hidden by the dense white-villous pubescence; capsule about 5 mm. long; stipe short; style 0.5-1 mm. long. River banks: Sask.—Ore.—B.C. Submont. Ap-My. 22. S. balsamifera (Hook.) Barratt. Usually a shrub, about 3 m. high, sometimes a small tree up to 8 m. high; leaf-blades thin, ovate, oval, or obovate, acute or obtuse at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, dark green above, glaucous beneath, 5-8 cm. long; aments 2-5 em. long; bractlets persistent, brownish or yellowish, silky-villous; capsule 6-8 mm. long; stipe about 3 mm. long; style very short. S. pyrifolia Anders. P. Columbiae Nels. & Macb. Bauisam WitLow. Swamps: Lab.—N.Y.—Minn.—Mont. My. 23. S. Mackenziana Barratt. A small tree or shrub, sometimes 10 m. high; bark brown, glabrous; leaf-blades oblanceolate or lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, crenate or nearly entire, dark green above, pale beneath; aments 4-6 em. long; bractlets obovate, hairy towards the base; capsule glabrous, 5-7 mm. long; stipe 3-4 mm. long; style about 0.5 mm. long. D1amMonp Wittow. Along streams: Sask.—Man.—Ida.—Calif—B.C.—Mack. Sub- mont. Ap-—Je. 24. S. cordata Muhl. A shrub 1.5-4 m. high; leaf-blades from oblong- lanceolate and subcordate at the base to narrowly lanceolate and acute at the base [var. augustata (Pursh.) Anders., the form found in the Rocky Mountains], often somewhat silky-pubescent when young; staminate aments about 2 ecm. long, the pistillate ones 4-6 mm. long in fruit; bractlets fuscous, white-silky; capsule glabrous, 6-7 mm. long; stipe 1-2 mm. long; style minute. HEartT- ile Wittow. Wet ground: N.B.—Va.—Colo.—Calif.—B.C. Plain—Mont. p My. 25. S. pedicellaris Pursh. A shrub 1 m. high or less; blades oblong, elliptic or sometimes oblanceolate, obtuse, entire, 2-4 em. long, 8-16 mm. wide; aments about 2 cm. long; bractlets obtuse, slightly villous; capsule glabrous, about 5 mm. long; stipe about 2 mm. long; style minute. S. myrtilloides Am. auth., not L. Bog Wittow. In bogs: N.B.—N.J.—Ia—Wash.—B.C. Mont. Ap-My. 26. S. lutea Nutt. A shrub or small tree 5-6 m. high, with gray bark; leaf-blades lanceolate, 3-7 em. long, more or less acuminate, somewhat pubes- cent when young; aments subsessile, 2-5 em. long; bractlets brownish, white- villous; capsule about 5 mm. long; stipe 1-2 mm. long; style about 0.5 mm. long. YeELLOw WitLow. River banks and wet places: Man.—Neb.—Utah—Mont.— Alta. Submont.—Mont. My-—Je. 27. S. Watsonii (Bebb) Rydb. A shrub or small tree 4-7 m. high; blades lanceolate, short-acuminate or acute, 3-7 cm. long; aments 2-3 cm. long, almost sessile; capsule ovate, about 6 mm. long; stipe in fruit often 2 mm. long; style about 0.5 mm. long. S. flava Rydb. River banks: Mont.—N.M.—Calif. Submont. My-—Je. 28. S. Barklayi Anders. A tall shrub 1-4 m. high; leaf-blades obovate, ovate or oval, 2-5 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate, more or less glaucous beneath; aments on short leafy branches, 2-3 em. long, 8-10 mm. thick; bract- lets oblong, obtuse, densely white-villous; capsule about 6 mm. long, subsessile; style about 1mm. long. Mountain meadows: Alaska—Wash.—Mont.; (Gaspé Peninsula) Que. Subalp—Alp. My-—Au. 10* 194 SALICACEAE 29. S. commutata Bebb. A diffuse shrub 1-3 m. high; branches villous when young; leaves broadly oblanceolate or oblong, abruptly pointed; aments on short leafy branches, 2-4 cm. long; bractlets woolly; capsule about 5 mm. long, greenish or reddish; stipe short; style about 1 mm. long. Alpine and sub- alpine bogs: Ore.—Ida.—B.C. Mont.—Alp. Jy—Au. 30. S. Tweedyi (Bebb) Ball. A tall shrub; twigs at first pubescent with gray hairs; leaf-blades acute or obtuse at the apex, from acute to subcordate at the base, yellowish green above, paler beneath; aments sessile and naked, ap- pearing before the leaves, 4-6 cm. long; bractlets obovate, black, white-silky; capsule green; stipe 1 mm. long; style 1.5-2.5 mm. long. Mountains: Mont.— Wyo. Je—Jl 31. S. conjuncta Bebb. A shrub 1-4 m. high; leaf-blades elliptic or obovate, 3-4 em. long, or on the young shoots 5-10 em. long, acuminate or acute at the apex, acute or rounded at the base, glabrous or slightly floccose when young; aments on leafy peduncles, 3-5 cm. long; bractlets dark, acute, white- villous; stipe and style about 1 mm. each. Wet mountain meadows: Wash.— Mont.—Alaska. Subalp. Jl-Au. 32. S. padophylla Rydb. A shrub 1-7 m. high; leaf-blades oval or broadly elliptic, crenate, short-acute or obtusish, rounded at the base, 3-5 em. long; pistillate aments 3-4 em. long, densely flowered, borne on very short branches; bractlets obovate, fuscous, covered on the outside with white wool; capsule about 6 mm. long; style about 1.5 mm. long; staminate aments almost sessile, 2-3 em. long. S. padifolia Rydb., not Anders. CHERRY WitLtow. River banks: N.M.—Mont.—Utah. Swbmont—Mont. My-—Je. 33. S. monticola Bebb. A shrub 2.5-3.5 m. high; leaf-blades lanceolate to obovate, acute or acuminate, 8-15 em. long, glabrous, pale or glaucous be- neath, serrate or crenate; aments thick, 2-3 cm. long; bractlets oval, silky with long hairs; capsule sessile or nearly so. Along streams: Colo.—Alta. Sub- mont.—Mont. Je. 8. cordata < monticola. This has the capsule shorter than in S. cordata but longer than in S. monticola, the habit and bark of the latter, but the narrow leaves (although less serrate) and the bractlets of the Rocky Mountain form of the former; the capsule usually remains undeveloped. Northern Utah. 34. S. curtiflora Anders. A tall shrub; twigs yellowish or rarely purplish; leaves oval-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, rounded or rarely subcordate at the base, green and shining above, glaucous beneath, finely serrate, 4-8 cm. long; bracts black, white-pilose; capsule long- rostrate; stipe very short; stamens light yellow. S. pseudo-cordata Anders. Wet places: Sask.—Colo.—Alta. Submont. My-—Jl. 35. S. pseudomyrsinites Anders. A shrub 1 m. high or less; leaf-blades obovate or oblanceolate, 2-6 em. long, 8-25 mm. wide, light green on both sides; aments on short leafy branches, 2-4 em. long; bracts obovate, fuscous, white- villous; capsule 4-5 mm. long; stipe about 1 mm. long; style about 0.5 long. Mountain bogs: Lab.—Que.—Wyo.—Ore.—Alaska. Subalp—Mont. Je—Jl. 36. S. myrtillifolia Anders. A shrub 1-6 dm. high; leaf-blades obovate, oblanceolate or oval, 1-3 em. long, acute to rounded at the base; aments on short leafy branches, 1-3 em. long; bractlets fuscous, obovate, glabrous, or villous only at the base; capsule 4-5 mm. long; stipe scarcely 1 mm. long; style minute. BLUE- BERRY WitLow. Wet places: Alaska—Alta—Mack. Alp.—Subalp. My-—Je. 37. S. Wolfii Bebb. A low shrub, less than 1 m. high: leaf-blades oblong or elliptic, acute at both ends, 2-3 em. long, 7-10 mm. wide, entire-margined; aments subsessile, but usually subtended by a few small leaves, 1-2 em. long, almost 1 em. thick; bractlets very dark, sparingly villous; capsule 4-5 mm. long, ~ subsessile; style fully 1 mm. long. Mountain valleys: Colo.—Wyo.—lda. Mont.—Alp. My-Jl. 38. S. irrorata Anders. A shrub 2-3 m. high; leaf-blades linear-lanceolate, 6-10 cm. long, glabrous, bright green and shining above, pale and glaucous beneath, remotely serrate or entire; aments subsessile, usually naked, appearing i WILLOW FAMILY 195 before the leaves, 2-4 cm. long; bractlets dark, obtuse, white-villous; capsule subsessile; style about 9.5 mm. long. Cafions and river banks: w Tex.—Colo. —Ariz. Submont.—Mont. Ap—My. 39. S. Dodgeana Rydb. A delicate suffruticose plant, scarcely more than 3 cm. high; leaf-blades 4-5 mm. long, oblong or oval, glabrous, obtuse or acute, strongly veined, light green; staminate aments 3—4-flowered; pistillate aments usually 2-flowered; bracts oblong, truncate, sparingly villous; capsule subsessile, 3mm. long; style obsolete. The smallest willow in the world. Summits: Mont. —Wyo. Alp. Jl-Au. 40. S. petiolaris J. E. Smith. A shrub 1-3 m. high; leaf-blades acuminate at both ends, slightly silky when young, in age dark green and shining above, glaucous beneath; aments appearing before the leaves, naked or nearly so, about 2 cm. long; bractlets yellow with dark tips, white-pilose; capsule 4-6 mm. long, subconic; stipe 2-8 mm. long; style obsolete. Swamps: N.B.—Tenn.—Ills.— S.D.—Sask. Boreal. My. 41. S. Geyeriana Anders. A shrub 2-3 m. high; leaf-blades linear-oblance- olate, 2-6 dm. long, densely silky-strigose when young, less so or sometimes glabrate in age, somewhat paler beneath; aments on very short leafy branches, 1-2 em. long; bractlets oblong, yellowish, sparingly short-villous; capsule sub- conic, short-pubescent, 5-6 mm. long; stipe 1-2 mm. long; style obsolete. S. macrocarpa Nutt. Creek banks and mountain valleys: B.C.—Mont.—Colo.— Ore. Submont.—Mont. Ap-—Je. 42. S. gracilis Anders. A shrub 1-2 m. high; leaf-blades 3-5 cm. long, about 4 mm. wide, linear or lance-linear, at first tomentulose, soon glabrous and green above, slightly gkaucous beneath, entire or denticulate; aments on short leafy branches, lax, 2-3 em. long; bractlets oblong, yellowish with dark apex; capsule elongate-conic, 5-6 cm. long, grayish silky; stipe 3-4 mm. long; style obsolete. S. rosmarinifolia Hook. River banks: Sask.—(? Wis.) Boreal. 43. S. discolor Muhl. A shrub or low tree up to 7 m. high; leaf-blades oblong-oblanceolate, acute at both ends, irregularly serrate or entire, bright green above, glaucous beneath, glabrate, 4-10 em. long, 1.5-3 em. wide; aments appearing before the leaves, dense, 3-5 cm. long, or the pistillate ones 4-7 cm. in fruit; capsule elongated-conic, about 1 em. long, long-silky; stipe about 2 mm. long; stigma obsolete. Pussy W1rLLow. Swamps and wet places: N.S.—Del. —Mo.—S.D.—Sask. Boreal. Mr—Ap. 44. S. perrostrata Rydb. A shrub 1-4 m. high; leaf-blades obovate- lanceolate or oblanceolate, when young finely silky, in age glabrate, 2-4 em. long, 1-1.5 em. wide, undulate or entire, light green above, pale beneath; aments usually on very short leafy branches, 1-3 cm. long; bractlets sparingly silky; capsule elongated-conic, 7-8 mm. long, finely pubescent; stipe 2-3 mm. long; style obsolete. Brakrep Wittow. River valleys: Hudson Bay—Neb.—Colo. —Utah—Alaska. Submont——Mont. My-Je. 45. S. Bebbiana Sarg. A shrub 2-6 m. high, sometimes a tree 8 m. high; leaf-blades elliptic, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, acute, blunt, or short-acuminate, rounded at the base, sparingly serrate or entire; aments sessile, sometimes sub- tended by a few small leaves, 2-5 em. long; bractlets sparingly long-villous; capsule elongated-conic, finely pubescent, about 8 mm. long; stipe 2-3 mm. long; style obsolete. S. rostrata Richards. Valleys, river banks, and hillsides: Anti- costi—N.J.—N.M.—Ariz.—Calif —B.C. Plain—Mont. Ap-—My. 46. S. Scouleriana Barratt. A shrub or tree, occasionally 9 m. high; young twigs from densely velutinous to almost glabrous; leaf-blades obovate, rounded or abruptly acute at the apex, cuneate at the base, at maturity thin, dark yellow- ish green and lustrous above, pale, glaucous and more or less pubescent beneath, 4-10 cm. long; aments sessile, naked, 2-4 cm. long, about 1 em. thick; capsule subconic, about 1 cm. long, densely white-villous; stipe short; style very short. S. flavescens Nutt. S. Nuttallii Sarg. Along streams: Sask.—N.M.—Calif.— Yukon. Submont.—Mont. Mr-—Je. 196 SALICACEAE 47. S. Lemmoni Bebb. A shrub 1-5 m. high; branches at first pubescent, soon glabrate; leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, entire or subserrulate, silky when young, soon glabrous, sometimes slightly glaucous beneath; aments on short leafy peduncles, 2-3 cm. long; bractlets obovate; capsules grayish tomen- tose, 4-6 mm. long; stipe 2—3 times as long as the glands. Wet places: Calif. Nev.—Ida. Swubmont.—Mont. Je-Jl. 48. S. alaxensis (Anders.) Coville. A tree sometimes 9 m. high, or a shrub 1-2 m. high; leaf-blades obovate to oblong-oblanceolate, acute or rounded at the apex, acute at the base, densely white-tomentose beneath, 5-10 em. long, 2-4 cm. wide; aments 3-6 em. long, sessile, naked, appearing with the leaves; capsule white- villous, about 6 mm. long, subsessile; style about 2 mm. long. SS. speciosa H. & A. Subarctic and arctic regions: Alaska—Mack.—Canadian Rockies. Sub- alp. My-—Je. 49. S. Barrattiana Hook. A low shrub; leaf-blades obovate, acute at the apex, often subcordate at the base, 5-7 cm. long, densely white-silky, in age greener above; aments appearing with the leaves, sessile and naked, 3-5 cm. long; capsule white-silky, about 6 mm. long, white-villous; stipe very short; style fully 1 mm. long. S: albertana Rowley. Alpine swamps: Alta.—B.C. Subalp. Je—Jl. 50. S. bella Piper. A shrub 2-4 m. high; leaf-blades mostly acute, 3-10 em. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, green and sparsely puberulent above, entire or repand; aments sessile, usually naked, appearing before the leaves, the pistillate ones 2-3 em. long or in fruit 4-6 cm. long; capsule grayish sericeous, 5-6 mm. long, subsessile; style 1-1.5 mm. long. River banks: Wash.—Mont.—Ida. Sub- mont. Ap. 51. S. candida Fluegge. A shrub 6-15 dm. high; leaf-blades oblong or oblong-lanceolate, thick, sparingly repand-denticulate or entire, acute at both ends, dark green above, 5-10 cm. long, 6-16 mm. wide; aments sessile and usually naked, appearing before the leaves, 2-5 cm. long; capsule subconice, densely white-tomentose, 6-7 mm. long; stipe less than 1 mm. long; style about 1 mm. long. Hoary WiLttow. Bogs: Lab.—N.J.—Colo.—Ida.—Alta. Mont. My. S. cordata x candida. Resembling S. candida in leaf-form, but less densely hairy and thinner; aments more like those of S. cordata, borne on short branches; capsules glabrous or nearly so. Collected at Ravalli, Mont. 52. S. sitchensis Sanson. A tree or shrub 2-9 m. high; leaf-blades 3-6 em. long, entire or remotely glandular-denticulate, acute or abruptly acuminate, at first tomentose, in age dark green, shining and glabrous above, densely white- silky beneath; aments densely flowered, naked or on short leafy branches, the staminate ones 3-5 em. long, the pistillate ones 4-7 cm. long; capsule grayish, short-silky, about 5 mm. long; stipe and style about 0.5 mm. each. SITKA Wittow. River banks: Alaska—Calif.—Mont. Submont.—Mont. Ap—Je. 53. S. Drummondiana Barratt. A shrub; leaf-blades broadly obovate, 5-7 em. long, 2-3 em. wide, glabrous above, white-tomentose beneath, entire- margined; aments 2—4 cm. long, subsessile, but usually subtended by a few small leaves; capsule 3-4 mm. long, white-silky, with short hairs, subsessile; style about 0.5 mm. long. Marshes: Canadian Rockies. Subalp. 54. S. argyrocarpa Anders. An erect shrub 1-6 dm. high; leaf-blades oblong or oblanceolatc, acute at both ends, entire or crenulate, bright green and glabrous above, silvery-silky beneath, 3-5 em. long, 6-12 mm. wide; aments on short leafy branches, dense, 1-2.5 em. long; bractlets villous; capsule 2-3 mm. long, white-villous; stipe 1-2 mm. long. Sriver Winttow. Mountains and hills: Lab.—N.H.—w Ont.—(? Sask.)—Mack. Boreal. Je—Jl. 55. S. arbusculoides Anders. An erect shrub less than 1 m. high; leaf- blades elliptic-lanceolate, acute at both ends, glabrous and green above, silky beneath, minutely serrulate or entire, 2-5 em. long; aments appearing with the leaves, 2-3 cm. long, usually sessile, naked or subtended by a few leaves; cap- sule 3-4 mm. long, subsessile. Swamps: Hudson Bay—Canadian Rockies— Alaska. Subalp. en WILLOW FAMILY 197 56. S. pellita Anders. A low shrub; leaf-blades oblanceolate, 3-7 cm. long, with entire:, somewhat revolute margins, acute or obtuse at the apex, tapering at the base, glabrous or slightly pubescent above when young; aments sessile and naked, 2-3 cm. long; bractlets obovate, brown, with black tip, or wholly blackish, silky; capsule 3-4 mm. long, villous, subsessile; style nearly 1 mm. long. River banks: Me.—Que.—Sask.—Alta. Boreal. Je. 57. S. subcoerulea Piper. Shrub about 2 m. high; leaf-blades oblance- olate, entire or nearly so, green and minutely pubescent above, 2—5 em. long, 1 cm. wide or less; aments 2.5—4 em. long, less than 1 cm. thick; capsule white- silky, 2-3 mm. long, subsessile; style about 1 mm. long. BuurE Wittow. River banks: B.C.—Mont.—Wyo.—Calif. My-BJl. 58. S. pachnophora Rydb. A shrub 2-3 m. high or perhaps sometimes higher; leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, acute at both ends, densely white-silky beneath, glabrate above, rather thin; aments 1-3 cm. long; capsule grayish silky, ovoid, 3-5 mm. long; style slender, about 1.5 mm. long. River banks: Colo—N.M.—Utah. Submont.—Mont. My-—Je. 59. S. brachycarpa Nutt. A shrub 1 m. high or less; bark yellow; twigs densely villous; leaf-blades oblong to oval or oblanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, entire- margined; aments 1—2 em. long; bracts yellow, obovate, villous; capsule 4-5 mm. long, villous, subsessile; style less than 0.5 mm. long. SS. stricta (Anders.) Rydb. ae places in the mountains: B.C.—Colo.—Alta; Que. Submont.—Subalp. —Au. 60. S. idahoensis (Ball) Rydb. Shrub 1-2 m. high; branches yellowish or light brown, silky when young; leaf-blades oblanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, entire; aments 1—2 cm. long; bractlets obovate, brownish; capsules ovoid, subsessile, finely and sparingly pubescent; style about 1 mm. long. S. Wolfiit idahoensis Ball. Banks and marshes: Ore-—Wyo.—Wash. Submont.—Mont. Je—Jl. 61. S. pseudolapponum v. Seem. A shrub 1 m. high or less; twigs brown, at first grayish pubescent; leaf-blades oblong or lance-oblong, acute at both ends, entire-margined, green above, gray below; aments appearing with the leaves, 1-2 cm. long; bractlets brown below, with black tips; capsule grayish, villous, subsessile, about 5 mm. long; style about 0.5 mm. long. Summits: Colo. Subalp.—Alp. Je—Jl. 62. S. glaucops Anders. A shrub 1-2 m. high; twigs usually more or less villous; leaf-blades green above, paler beneath, entire-margined, 3-6 cm. long; aments 2-3 cm. long; bractlets fuscous, oblong, often acutish, short-villous; capsule grayish villous, about 5 mm. long, subsessile; style about 0.5 mm. long. Mountains: Alta.—N.M.—Utah—Calif.—Yukon. Submont.—Subalp. Je—Jl. S. glaucops aerate, with the central head sessile; cespitose perennials. IX. CAPITATA. Heads several, paniculate, corymbose or cymose-umbellate. Herbs with perennial caudices; heads paniculate, almost ebracteate; perennials with a stout rootstock. X. ELATA. Leafy undershrubs, with fascicled leaves; heads cymose-umbellate; suffruticose perennials. XI. FASCICULATA. Involucres in open cymes. Bracts scale-like. Involucres, except those of the forks of the inflorescence, sessile, the uppermost conglomerate. Cymes repeatedly dichotomous or trichotomous. Perianth-lobes very dissimilar; perennials. XII. DICHOTOMA. Perianth-segments not very dissimilar. Perennials, shrubby at least at the base. XIII. CORYMBOSA. Annuals, with a strict herbaceous stem. XIV. ANNUA. Cymes with more or less raceme-like branches. Perennials. XV. RACEMOSA. Annuals. XVI. VIRGATA. Involucres all peduncled, never conglomerate; scapose annuals (except E. tenellum); leaves basal, petioled. XVII. PEDUNCULATA. Bracts leaf-like. Primary stem-leaves scale-like, with a pair or a fascicle of secondary well-developed leaves in their axils; caulescent annuals. XVIII. DIVARICATA. Primary stem-leaves well-developed, also often with secondary leaves in their axils. Perianth petaloid, not closely investing the achenes; involucres toothed or lobed. 212 POLYGONACEAE Involucres sessile; leaves basal, petioled; bracts sessile, elliptic; scapose annuals. XIX. PUBERULA. Involucres peduncled; leaves and bracts similar, verticillate, linear; caulescent annuals. XX. SPERGULINA. Perianth herbaceous, closely investing the achene; involucre divided to near the basé; leaves spatulate; caulescent annuals. XXI. SALSUGINOSA. I. ALATA. Involucres hairy, 3-3.5 mm. long and 1.5—2 mm. wide; stem and leaves manifestly hirsute and tomentose. . 1. E. alatum. Involucres glabrous, 2—2.5 mm. long and of the same width; stem and leaves nearly glabrous. 2. E. triste. Il. ERIANTHA. Perianth whitish; style hairy at least to the middle. 3. E. Jamesii. Perianth yellow; style hairy only at the base. Involucres 6-8 mm. long; leaf-blades oblong or oblanceolate. 4. E. Bakeri. Involucres 9-10 mm. long; leaf-blades suborbicular to oval. 5. E. arcuatum. III. FLAVA. Perianth (externally) pubescent throughout. Involucre elongated-obconic, 6-8 mm. long. 6. E. Piperi. | Involucre turbinate, 4-5 mm. long. Stipe-like base of the perianth very short; old leaf-bases permanently tomentose. Leaf-bases thickened; perianth copiously pubescent; leaf-blades silky above; involucres usually several. 7. E. flavum. Leaf-bases not thickened; leaf-blades slightly floccose above; involucres few. Perianth 6—7 mm. long. 8. E. chloranthum. Perianth about 4 mm. long. 9. E. polyphyllum. Stipe-like base of the perianth slender; old leaf-bases glabrous. 10. E. xanthum. Perianth pubescent at the base only. 11. E. androsaceum. IV. CAESPITOSA. Involucres with comparatively short, ovate, merely spreading lobes, long-peduncled; leaves linear or nearly so, revolute; stems short, leafy. 12. E. thymoides. Involucres with long reflexed lobes. Densely cespitose, subacaulescent; involucre solitary. Perianth in flowers 3—4 mm. long. 13. E. caespitosum. Perianth in flowers 2 mm. long. 14. E. andinum. Caulescent, suffruticose; involucres 1—5. Perianth greenish yellow, 6-8 mm. long; leaves spatulate or oblanceolate. . E. sphaerocephalum. Perianth ochroleucous, 5 mm. long; leaves linear or linear-oblanceolate. 16. E. fasciculifolium. V. PYROLAEFOLIA. One species. 17. E. pyrolaefolium. VI. UMBELLATA. Leaf-blades ovate or cordate. 18. E. compositum. Leaf-blades from obovate or orbicular to oblanceolate. Involucres solitary. 19. E. Porteri. Involucres several, umbellate. Perianth deeply yellow. Leaves not densely tomentose beneath. Umbels simple; leaves spatulate. 20. E. neglectum. Umbels more or less compound; leaves oblanceolate. = 21 21. E. biumbellatum. Leaves densely tomentose beneath. . Inflorescence more or less compound. 22. E. stellatum. Inflorescence simple. Leaf-blades obovate-spatulate or oval; perianth 6—7 mm. long. 23. E. umbellatum. Leaf-blades rhombic-ovate or rhombic-oval; peter 7-8 mm. long. . BE. Rydbergii. Perianth ochroleucous, in age turning purplish oe tears Scape naked up to the umbel; leaves spatulate. Perianth aDout 6 mm. long; leaf-blades spatulate-oblong or elliptic, glabrous above at maturity. 25. E. subalpinum. Perianth about 8 mm. long; leaf-blades oval or ovate, permanently tomen- tose above. 26. E. aridum. Scape with at least one whorl of leaves below the umbel; leaf-blades oblanceo- late. 27. E. heracleoides. VII. LACHNOGYNA. Leaves and scape silky; the latter elongate, 1 dm. high or more; perennials with a taproot and cespitose crown. Inflorescence irregularly branched. 28. E. lachnogynum. Inflorescence subcapitate. 29. E. Tetraneuris. Leaves lanate, subsessile, obtuse; scape short, less than 3 cm. long, or none; pulvinate- cespitose perennials; involucres capitate. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 213 Leaf-blades elliptic or oval, not strongly revolute; scape 1-3 cm. long. Perianth yellow; lobes of the involucres lanceolate, more than twice as long as the tube. 30. E. longilobum. Perianth white or pinkish; lobes of the involucres not twice as long as the tube. Lobes of the involucres oblong or ovate, with a more or less scarious white or pink margin. 31. E. Shockleyi. Lobes of the involucres triangular, not scarious-margined. 32. E. pulvinatum. Leaf-blades linear-oblong, strongly revolute; scape none or very short. 33. E. acaule. VII. HETEROSEPALA. Heads several, cymose-proliferous, the central head sessile. 34. E. proliferum. Heads solitary. Involucres about 7 mm. long; leaf-blades oval. 35. E. orthocaulon. Involucres 4-5 mm. long. Perianth bright yellow or in age purplish; leaf-blades about as broad as long. 36. E. ovalifolium. Perianth cream-colored, ochroleucous, or isabel-colored. Perianth 2.5—-3.5 mm. long; leaf-blades rounded-oval or ovate. : d 37. E. depressum. Perianth 4—5 mm. long; leaf-blades elliptic, oblong, or spatulate. 38. E. ochroleucum. ~ IX. CAPITATA. Perianth yellow. Bracts and involucres membranous; the former broadly lanceolate; the lobes of the latter ovate or triangular; densely pulvinate-cespitose perennials. Perianth bright yellow. 39. E. chrysops. Perianth ochroleucous, sometimes tinged with rose. 40. E. Kingit. Bracts and involucres firm; the former subulate or narrowly lanceolate (except in E. medium); the lobes of the latter lanceolate; perennials with a cespitose woody caudex. Perianth SNatitalatcous, 41. E. loganum. Perianth golden yellow. Leaf-blades oblanceolate or oblong, tomentose on both sides. 42. E. chrysocephalum. Leaf-blades linear or narrowly linear-oblanceolate, in age greener above. 43. E. medium. Perianth white or rose-colored. Perianth glabrous; perennials with a cespitose woody caudex. Lobes of the involucres lanceolate, acute, not scarious-margined. Heads about 1 cm. broad; perianth fully 3 mm. long; leaf-blades 3-8 cm. long. 44. E. Brandegei. Heads about 0.5 cm. broad; perianth about 2 mm. long; leaf-blades 1-2 cm. long. 45. E. depauperatum. Lobes of the involucres oval to orbicular, scarious-margined. Leaves glabrate above; perianth 3-5 mm. long; involucres in small heads. Lobes of the involucres much shorter than the tube. 46. E. coloradense. Lobes of the involucres about as long as the tube. 47. E. pauciflorum. Leaves white-tomentose on both sides; perianth 2.5 mm. long; involucre3 solitary. 48. E. mancum. Perianth pubescent. Suffruticose leafy-stemmed perennial, with decumbent branches, villous. 49. E. multiceps. Pulvinate perennial, acaulescent, silky-hirsute. 50. E. villiflorum. X. ELATA. One species. 51. E. elatum. XI. FASCICULATA. ; One species. 52. E. polifolium. XII. DICHOTOMA. Stem leafy, suffrutescent; outer perianth-segments suborbicular. patie niveum. Stem scapiform, with a cespitose woody caudex; outer perianth-segments oval. Inflorescence more or less floccose. ' Involucres 5—6 mm. long; branches of the inflorescence ascending-spreading. 54. E. dichotomum. Involucres 3-4 mm. long; branches of the inflorescence strongly ascending, almost fe erect. 55. E. lachnostegium. , h TaviGrascones glabrous. 56. E. strictum. XIII. CORYMBOSA. A ches of the inflorescence not grooved. erianth yellow. Plants more than 2 dm. high; leaves not heath-like. Leafy shrubs; inflorescence shorter than the stem. | Leaf-blades elliptic, oval, or broadly spatulate; involucres glabrous. 57. E. aureum. Leaf-blades oblanceolate; involucres tomentose. 58. E. idahoense. 214 POLYGONACEAE Undershrubs, leafy only at the base; inflorescence longer than the stem. Involucres villous-tomentose; leaf-blades equally white on both sides. Leaf-blades narrowly oblanceolate; branches of the inflorescence strongly ascending. 59. E. orendense. Leaf-blades broadly spatulate; branches of the inflorescence more spreading. 60. E. lagopus. Involucres glabrate; leaves usually less tomentose above. Leaf-blades oblanceolate or broadly oblong, not strongly revolute. Involucres strongly angled, all sessile. 61. E. Thompsonae. Involucres not strongly angled; those of the forks peduncled. 62. E. campanulatum. Leaf-blades linear or narrowly linear-oblanceolate, usually with revolute margins. Involucres in the forks peduncled. 63. E. brevicaule. Involucres all sessile. 64. E. micranthum. Plants depressed, less than 1 dm. high, with heath-like leaves. 65. E. contortum. Perianth white or rose-colored. | Suffruticose plants, leafy only at the base; inflorescence longer than the stem. Involucres tomentose, all sessile. 66. E. spathulatum. Involucres glabrous, at least in age. Leaf-blades spatulate or elliptic. Pedicels of the lower forks scarcely longer than the involucres; lobes of the latter as broad as long; perianth 3 mm. long. 67. E. spathuliforme. Pedicels of the lower forks several times as long as the involucres; lobes of the latter longer than broad; perianth 2 mm. long. 68. E. Ostlundi. Leaf-blades narrowly oblanceolate to linear. Involucres all sessile. Leaves mostly flat; involucres narrowly turbinate; perianth 2—2.5 mm. long. 69. E. lonchophyllum. Leaves mostly revolute; involucres campanulate; perianth 3-3.5 mm. long. 70. E. nudicaule. Involucres in the forks of the inflorescence, at least the lower, distinctly peduncled. Involucres broadly campanulate, about as wide as long. 71. E. scoparium. Involucres turbinate, decidedly longer than broad. Branches of the inflorescence almost erect. 72. E. grangerense. Branches of the inflorescence ascending-spreading. Leaf-blades narrowly linear-oblanceolate or linear, usually revolute. 73. E. tristichum. Leaf-blades spatulate to oblanceolate, flat. 74. E. salicinum. Shrubby plants, with the leafy stem usually longer than the inflorescence. Leaves not revolute or scarcely so, distinctly petioled. Leaf-blades relatively broad, oblong to rounded-oval or obovate, obtuse. Involucres 4—5 mm. long. 75. E. Fendlerianum. Involucres 2—3 mm. long. Branches of the inflorescence divaricate. 76. E. divergens. Branches of the inflorescence ascending. Leaf-blades rounded or subcordate at the base, decidedly crisp. E. Jonesii. Leaf-blades acutish at the base, not crisp, except sometimes the margins. Inflorescence and stem loosely floccose, in age inclined to become glabrate. 78. E. corymbosum. Inflorescence and stem permanently and densely white- tomentose. 79. E. salinum. Leaf-blades narrow, spatulate to linear, mostly acute at the apex. Inflorescence many times compound, copiously branched; internodes long. Inflorescence tomentulose, broom-like, with strongly ascending branches; involucresabout 1.5 mm. long. 80. E. effusum. Inflorescence glabrous, lax and with spreading branches; involucres 2—-2.5 mm. long. _ 74. E. salicinum. Inflorescence less compound; branches and internodes short, mostly spreading. Involucres in the forks peduncled; peduncles slightly floccose. 81. E. microthecum. Involucres all sessile; peduncles densely white-tomentose. 82. E. nebraskense. Leaves linear or linear-oblanceolate, strongly revolute, subsessile. Peduncles not thickened upwards. Leaves glabrous or loosely floccose above. Stem 1-4 dm. high; leaves floccose above. 83. E. Simpsoni. Stem less than 1 dm. high; leaves glabrous above. 84. E. Mearnsii. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 215 Leaves densely villous on both sides. 85. BE. bicolor. Peduncles clavate-thickened upwards. 86. E. clavellatum. Branches of the inflorescence strongly angled and deeply grooved. 87. E. sulcatum. XIV. ANNUA. One species. 88. E. annuum. XV. RACEMOSA. Leaves crowded on the short branches of the caudex; blades abruptly narrowed at the base or subcordate. 89. E. racemosum. Leaves scattered on the fruticose branches; blades tapering at the base. Leaf-blades elliptic or oblanceolate. 90. E. Wrightii. Leaf-blades linear. 91. E. leptocladon. XVI. VIRGATA. Stem neither divaricately branched, nor densely floccose. Involucres cylindric; perianth-segments oblong or oval; plant with few branches. Involucres about 3 mm. long. 92. E. vimineum. Involucres about 2 mm. long. 93. E. Baileyi. Involucres campanulate, 1-1.5 mm. long; perianth-segments cuneate, flabellate, or fiddle-shaped; plants with numerous branches. Branches not incurved in age; leaf-blades ovate or oblong. 94. E. densum. Branches incurved in age; leaf-blades orbicular or subreniform. 95. E. nidularium. Stem divaricately branched, densely floccose. 96. E. Plumatella. XVII. PEDUNCULATA. Perennials with a woody caudex. 97. E. tenellum. Annuals. Perianth glabrous or in E. Thomasii and E. nutans somewhat pubescent: segments mostly obtuse or rounded at the apex. Peduncles not glandular. Scape and its branches glabrous. Peduncled refiexed or at least divaricate; leaves tomentose on both sides, less so above. Involucres 1.5—2 mm. long; perianth 1.5-2 mm. long. Peduncles shorter than the involucres; outer perianth-lobes ovate or subreniform. Perianth pale yellow; outer segments subreniform. 98. E. Hookeri. Perianth white; outer segments ovate. 99. E. deflerum. Peduncles longer than the involucres; outer perianth-segments obovate or panduriform; perianth white or pinkish. 100. E. cernuum. Involucres 0.5 mm. long; perianth 1-1.5 mm. long, yellowish with red- dish veins. 101. E. Wetherillii. Peduncles erect or ascending. Leaves more or less tomentose beneath. Involucres 1.5—2 mm. long. Perianth yellow; segments similar. 102. E. pusillum. Perianth white or rose-colored: segments unlike. Involucres campanulate; outer perianth-segments flabellate. 103. E. rotundifolium. Involucres turbinate; outer perianth-segments not flabellate. Outer perianth-segments oblong-ovate, the inner ones entire. 104. E. insigne. Outer perianth-segments subreniform, the inner ones 3- toothed, much smaller. 105. E. turbinatum. Involucres scarcely 1 mm. long; perianth yellowish or white, usually somewhat hispidulous at the base. 106. E. Thomasii. Leaves green, glabrate or sparingly pilose. 107. E. Gordonii. Scape more or less pubescent, at least at the nodes. Leaves white-lanate beneath. 108. E. subreniforme. Leaves green on both sides, sparingly pilose. 109. E. trinervatum. Peduncles glandular; leaves tomentose. Outer perianth-segments oval, emarginate or retuse, the inner ones oblong. 110. E. nutans. Outer perianth-segments ovate-cordate, the inner ones oblong-ovate, acute. " : 111. E. Parryi. Perianth pubescent; segments ovate or lanceolate, acute. Peduncles and usually also the scape glandular: leaves green, merely hirsute be- neath. 112. E. glandulosum. Peduncles and scape not glandular. Leaves floccose or tomentose beneath. 113. E. Ordii. Leaves green, merely pilose or hirsute. Accessory branches at the lower forks of the inflorescence many and nearly as strong as the primary ones; all divaricate. Scape slightly if at all inflated. 114. E. trichopodum. 216 POLYGONACEAE Scape strongly inflated under the first node. 115. E. fusiforme. Accessory branches of the lowest node of the inflorescence few and small or none; branches ascending; scape usually inflated. 116. E. inflatum. XVIII. DIVARICATA. Leaves green, puberulent; involucres 5-cleft. usually sessile. 117. E. divaricatum. Leaves floccose beneath; involucres 5-toothed, peduncled. 118. E. angulosum. XIX. PUBERULA. One species. 119. E. puberulum. XX. SPERGULINA. Leaves green, merely pilose; scape glandular. 120. E. spergulinum. Leaves tomentose beneath; scape finely pubescent. 121. E. pharnaceoides. XXI. SALSUGINOSA. : One species. 122. E. salsuginosum. 1. E. alatum Torr. Stems erect, 3-10 dm. high; leaves mostly basal, tufted, spatulate or oblanceolate, 3-10 em. long, hirsute above, glabrous beneath, except the strong midrib; panicle open; involucres in small cymes; perianth cam- panulate, greenish yellow, 2 mm. high, glabrous; achenes 5-7 mm. long, glab- Sh Plains and table-lands: Neb.—Tex.—Ariz.—Wyo. Son.—Plain—Mont. e—Au. 2. E. triste S. Wats. Stems 3-5 dm. high, sparingly hirsute or glabrate; leaves mostly basal, oblanceolate, 8-10 cm. long, ciliate on the margins, otherwise glabrous; inflorescence paniculate; involucres in cymes; perianth glabrous, cam- panulate, 2 mm. long, brownish red; achenes 5-6 mm. long. £. alatwm glabrius- culum Torr. Sandy soil: Tex.—s Colo.—s Utah—Ariz. Son.—Mont. 3. E. Jamesii Benth. Stems decumbent at the base, 1-3 dm. high, tomen- tose; leaves mostly basal, petioled, 3-8 ecm. long; blades elliptic-spatulate, thick, green, densely white-tomentose beneath; involucres deeply campanulate, 5 mm. high, tomentose; perianth 4-5 mm., becoming 7-8 mm. long; inner lobes slightly longer than the outer; achenes 4 mm. long, pubescent at the base. Plains and hills: Tex.—Kans.—Colo.—Ariz. Plain—Mont. JI-S. 4. E. Bakeri Greene. Stems scapiform, 1-3 dm. high; leaves basal, petioled, 2-5 em. long, somewhat tomentose above, but in age more glabrate and greenish, densely white-tomentose beneath; involucres campanulate, tomentose; perianth silky-villous. H. Jamesii flavescens S. Wats. EH. vegetius (T. & G.) A. Nels. Hills: Wyo.—N.M.—Ariz.—Utah. Submont.—Mont. 5. E. arcuatum Greene. Stems scapiform, about 1 dm. high, tomentose; leaves basal, petioled, 2-5 em. long, tomentulose but greenish above, white- tomentose beneath; involucres tomentose; perianth 6-7 mm. long, silky below. Mountains: Colo.—Utah. Submont.—Subalp. Jl. 6. E. Piperi Greene. Stems scapiform, 1-3 dm. high, villous; leaves basal, petioled, 3-10 em. long; blades thin, oblanceolate or elliptic-oblanceolate, green and villous above, white-tomentose beneath; perianth yellow, 5-6 mm. long, turbinate; filaments hairy below; achenes villous at the’ apex. Open valleys: Wash.—Wyo.—Mont. Submont.—Mont. 7. E. flavum Nutt. Stems 1-2 dm. high, scapiform, white-tomentose; leaves thick, petioled, 3-5 em. long; blades oblanceolate, densely tomentose on both sides, greenish in age above, snowy-white beneath; perianth yellow; fila- ments villous at the bese; achenes 4 mm. long, villous. H. sericeus Pursh. #. crassifolius Benth. Dry hills, mountains and cafions: Man.—Neb.—Colo.— Alta. Plain—Subalp. 8. E. chloranthum Greene. Stems scapiform, 1-2 dm. high, tomentose; leaves basal, not very thick, petioled, 3-5 em. long; blades oblanceolate, some- what tomentose, but green above, white-tomentose beneath; perianth orange or greenish orange. EH. aureum Nutt., not M. E. Jones. E. flavum A. Nels., in part. Mountains: Colo—Wyo. Subalp. Jl-Au. 9. E. polyphyllum Small. Stems scapiform, 1-1.5 dm. high; leaves basal, numerous, 1-3 cm. long; blades villous but green and glabrate above, densely BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 217 and finely white-tomentose beneath, spatulate or oblanceolate; perianth deep yellow, sometimes tinged with red, appressed-silky; filaments villous below the middle; achenes sparingly villous at the tip, 2 mm. long. Mountains: Alta.— Mont.—Ore. Mont.—Subalp. Jl-Au. 10. E. xanthum Small. Stems scapiform, 3-5 em. high, tomentose; leaves numerous, basal, 2-3 cm. long; blades spatulate, obtuse, somewhat floccose, but greenish above, densely villous-tomentose beneath; perianth yellow, becoming 8 mm. long, silky-pubescent throughout; achenes about 5.5 mm. long, pubescent a the apex. ZL. flavum A. Nels., in part. Mountain tops: Colo—Wyo. Alp. ic 11. E. androsaceum Benth. Stems scapiform, 2-10 cm. high, white- tomentose; leaves basal, short-petioled, 1-2 cm. long; blades spatulate or ob- lanceolate, loosely tomentose, but soon glabrate above, densely white-tomentose beneath; perianth light yellow, turbinate, barely stipitate, 4-5 mm. long; achenes re Hills and mountains: Alta——Mont.—B.C. Submont.—Mont. Je— u. 12. E. thymoides Benth. Stems 1-2 dm. high; leaves 4-8 mm. long, linear, white-tomentose beneath, cinereous above; peduncles 3-6 cm. long, slender, with a whorl of leaves below the middle; involucre solitary, turbinate, villous, about 5 mm. long; perianth 3-4 mm. long, villous, pale yellow, turning purplish; lobes obovate; ovary pubescent. Rocky places: Wash—Ida. Son. My-Jl. 13. E. caespitosum Nutt. Stems scapiform, 3-6 cm. high, tomentulose or in age glabrate; leaves basal, oval or elliptic, short-petioled, 5-10 cm. long, white- tomentose on both sides, more or less revolute on the margins; involucre tur- binate, tomentose; tube about 3 mm. long; lobes elliptic or linear; perianth yellow, turning purplish brown in age, villous below; achenes hirsute at the apex. Hills: Mont.—Wyo.—Colo.—Nev.—Ida. Mont.—Subalp. My-Je. 14. E. andinum Nutt. Stems scapiform, 2-4 cm. high, floccose; leaves numerous, basal, oblanceolate or spatulate, 1 cm. long or less, loosely villous- floccose on both sides; involucre turbinate, tomentose; tube 2-2.5 mm. long; perianth turbinate, bright yellow. Dry hills: Mont.—Wyo.—Ida—Nev. Mont. Je—Jl. 15. E. sphaerocephalum Dougl. Stem with decumbent cespitose branches, rising 1-2 dm. above ground; leaves and bracts verticillate, narrowly oblance- olate, 1-3 em. long, white-tomentose beneath, with more or less revolute margins, floccose or glabrate above; involucres solitary or 2 or 3, turbinate, the lateral ones sometimes bracted; tube about 3 mm. long; lobes oblong, fully as long; perianth-lobes oblanceolate. (?) E. cupreum Gand. Rocky hills: n Calif— Ida—Wash. Son. Je—Jl. 16. E. fasciculifolium A. Nels. Leaves fasciculate or verticillate on the enlarged nodes, 1-3 em. long, petioled, pale green and glabrate above, obscurely tomentose beneath; involucres in few-rayed umbels, campanulate; lobes ovate- oblong, reflexed, as long as the tube, sparsely silky-villous; perianth slightly silky-villous; lobes broadly obovate. Dry mountain sides: Ida. Submont. Au. 17. E. pyrolaefolium Hook. Leaves clustered at the base, petioled; petioles long-villous; leaf-blades oval or broadly spatulate, sparingly villous or glabrous, coriaceous; scape 1 dm. long or less; umbels few-rayed; bracts mostly 2 or 3; involucres campanulate, villous, sinuately toothed; perianth white or pinkish, 4-5 mm. long, long-villous. Mountains: Wash—Ida—Calif. Mont. —Alp. Au-S. 18. E. compositum Dougl. Floral stems scapiform, 2-4 dm. high; leaves basal, 5-15 em. long, petioled; blades 3-8 cm. long, 3-4 em. wide, loosely floccose above, densely white-tomentose beneath; inflorescence compound-umbellate; bracts linear or lanceolate; involucres broadly campanulate, villous or glabrous (var. leianthum Benth.),4 mm. high; perianth ochroleucous, 3-4 mm. long, campanulate; achenes hairy above. Rocky soil and dry plains: Wash.—Ida.— Calif. Son.—Submont. Ap—Au. 218 POLYGONACEAE 19. E. Porteri Small. Floral stems scapiform, 2-7 em. high; leaves basal, numerous, petioled, 1-2 cm., slightly floecose when young, soon green and glab- rous; blades suborbicular or rhomboidal; involucres solitary, glabrous, turbinate; perianth yellow, 6-8 mm. long; outer lobes oblong-spatulate, the inner cuneate- spatulate, slightly longer. Mountain slopes: Utah. Mont. JI-S. 20. E. neglectum Greene. Floral stems scapiform, 1-3 dm. high; leaves petioled, 2-6 cm. long; blades spatulate or elliptic or oval, loosely tomentose when young, glabrous or nearly so and green at maturity; involucres campanu- late; tube 2-2.5 mm. long; perianth about 8 mm. long; lobes spatulate to oblong- obovate, the inner longer than the outer; achenes about 5 mm. long. £. uwmbelli- ferum Small. #. glaberrimum aureum Gand. Mountains: Wyo.—Colo.—Nev. Submont.—Subalp. Jl-Au. 21. E. biumbellatum Rydb. Flowering stems scapiform, 2-3 dm. high; leaves short-petioled, oblanceolate, finely tomentose on both sides when young, soon glabrate and green; involucres 2 mm. long, slightly tomentose; perianth yellow, 4-6 mm. long; lobes elliptic, obtuse, the outer slightly longer. Hillsides: Utah. Submont. Jl-Au. 22. E. stellatum Benth. Flowering stems scapiform, 1-3 dm. high, some- times with a single leaf; leaves petioled, 3-8 em. long; blades oval or rounded- oval, obtuse, tomentose when young, glabrate in age above; involucres turbin- ate; tube 2-2.5 mm. long; perianth 5-6 mm. long; outer lobes oblong, the inner ones cuneate-spatulate; achenes 4 mm. long, sparingly villous at the apex. £. croceum Small. Mountains: Wash.—Ida.—Colo.—Utah—Calif. Swbmont.— Subalp. JLS. 23. E. umbellatum Torr. Flowering stems scapiform, 1-3 dm. high; leaves 2-6 cm. long, petioled; blades rather thick, loosely white-floecose when young, in age glabrate above; involucres turbinate, tomentose; tube 3-4 mm. long; divisions of the perianth spatulate, the inner somewhat longer. (?) £. marginale Gand. Mountains and dry valleys: Wyo.—Colo.—Calif.—Wash. Submont.—Subalp. Je—Au. 24. E. Rydbergii Greene. Flowering stem scapiform, 1.5-2.5 dm. long; leaves 2-3 cm. long, petioled, rather persistently floccose above; involucres cam- panulate, tomentose; tube 3-4 mm. long; outer lobes of the perianth elliptic, the inner longer, obovate; achenes villous at the apex. R. wmbellatwm cladophorum Gand. R.rhomboideum A. Nels. Loose soiland geyser basins: n Wyo. Mont. Au. 25. E. subalpinum Greene. Flowering stems scapiform, 1-3 dm. high; leaves 2-5 cm. long, petioled, densely white-tomentose beneath; involucres tomentose, turbinate; tube 3 mm. long; perianth in age turning rose-colored; lobes obovate, the inner longer; achenes about 5 mm. long. EH. umbellatum majus Benth. SuLpHur Puiant. Dry mountains: Alta.—Colo.—Nev.—B.C. Submont.—Mont. Je-S. 26. E. aridum Greene. Flowering stems scapiform, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, floccose; leaves 2-6 cm. long, white-tomentose beneath; involucres tomentose, campanulate, 4 mm. high; perianth purplish in age; outer lobes elliptic, the inner ones spatulate, somewhat longer; achenes villous at the apex. £. latum Small. Dry gravelly soil: Mont.—Colo.—Nev.—Wash. Submont.—Mont. Je-Au. 27. E. heracleoides Nutt. Flowering stems 2—4 dm. high; leaves 5-10 cm. long, short-petioled, loosely floccose above, densely white- or yellowish-tomen- tose beneath; inflorescence compound-umbellate; involucres campanulate, vil- lous; tube 3 mm. long; perianth 4 mm. long; achenes hairy above. Dry slopes: Mont.—Wyo.—Utah—Nev.—B.C. Submont.—Mont. 28. E. lachnogynum Torr. Flowering stems scapiform, 1-3 dm. high; leaves crowded, basal, oblanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate, petioled, acute, silvery-silky above, grayish tomentose beneath, with revolute margins; bracts lanceolate or subulate, rarely verticillate; involucres silky-tomentose, 3-4 mm. high, campanulate; lobes oblong; perianth campanulate, tomentose, 3 mm. high, yellow; fruit villous. Dry plains and cafions: Kans.—Colo.—Ariz.—Tex. Son.—Plain. Je—Au. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 219 29. E. Tetraneuris Small. Flowering stems scapiform, 1-1.5 dm. high; leaves basal, petioled, elliptic or oblong, 1-3 cm. long, acute, silky-strigose above, white-tomentose beneath, somewhat revolute-margined; involucres campanulate, 3.5 mm. long, silky; perianth lemon-yellow, about 6 mm. long, silky without; lobes oblong, the inner broader than the outer; ovary densely pubescent. Dry mesas: Colo. Plain—Submont. My. 30. E. longilobum M. E. Jones. Leaves tufted, petioled, densely villous- tomentose; blades oblanceolate or spatulate, about 1 em. long, slightly revolute, obtuse; involucres 3-5, densely villous, campanulate; lobes about 4 mm. long, erect; perianth white-woolly on the outside, sparingly villous within, yellow, campanulate; lobes obovate-oblong, barely 3 mm. long; achenes very woolly. Sand and dry places: Utah. Son.—Submont. Je-Jl. 31. E. Shockleyi 8. Wats. Leaves spatulate, 8-10 mm. long, rarely longer, densely tomentose, thick; bracts small; involucres densely white-tomentose, campanulate, about 4 mm. long; perianth villous, white, with green midveins, 3-4 mm. long; lobes oblong; ovary villous. Mountains: Nev.—Utah. Son.— Submont. My-—Je. 32. E. pulvinatum Small. Leaves crowded, spatulate or oval, villous- tomentose on both sides, slightly revolute, short-petioled; involucres turbinate- campanulate, 3-4 mm. high, white-tomentose; perianth oblong-campanulate, 2.5-3 mm. long, villous on both sides; lobes oblong, obtuse, erect, twice as long as the tube, the inner narrower; achenes 2 mm. long, densely villous. Dry hills: Utah—Ariz. Submont. Je—Jl. 33. E. acaule Nutt. Leaves crowded, subsessile, white-tomentose on both sides, 3-6 mm. long; involucres villous, turbinate, 3 mm. long; lobes rounded, obtuse; perianth yellow, campanulate, 2—-2.5 mm. long, tomentose without, especially below; achenes villous. Dry hills: Wyo—Colo.—Nev.—lIda. Sub- mont.—Son. Je-S. 34. E. proliferum T.& G. Scape 1.5-3 dm. high, tomentose; leaves basal, petioled, white-tomentose on both sides; blades oval to nearly orbicular, 1-2 em. Jong; involucres campanulate, 2.5-3 mm. long, pubescent; perianth white, turning purplish (a yellow-flowered form is also usually included, which may be distinct), about 4 mm. long; outer lobes broadly obovate or oval, the inner narrowly cuneate. River flats: Wash.—Ida.—Calif. Son. Je. 35. E. orthocaulon Small. Scapes 1-3 dm. high; leaves clustered at the ends of short branches, petioled; blades oval, mostly 1-1.5 em. long, or rarely smaller, densely felty-tomentose on both sides; bracts subulate; involucres turbinate, floccose; lobes short, rounded; perianth ochroleucous, becoming 4.5—5 mm. long; outer lobes suborbicular to ovate-orbicular, the inner cuneate, about as long as the outer and half as wide. Dry hills: Alta—Colo—Utah—lIda. Submont. Je=Au. 36. E. ovalifolium Nutt. _ Scape 1-1.5 dm. high; leaves numerous, clustered, petioled, white- or yellowish-tomentose, almost felty; blades usually about 1 cm. long; involucres about 5 mm. long, campanulate, villous-tomentose; perianth 4 mm. long; outer lobes broadly oval or suborbicular, the inner cuneate, scarcely half as wide. £. dichroanthum Gand. Strver Puant. Dry plains and hills: Alta.—_N.M.—Calif.—Wash. Son.—Subalp. 37. E. depressum (Blankinship) Rydb. Scape 1 dm. high or less; leaves densely clustered, petioled; blades 3-10 mm. long, densely white-tomentose; involucres campanulate, about 4 mm. long; lobes triangular; perianth 2.5-3.5 mm. long; outer lobes oval, the inner cuneate, about half as broad. F£. ovali- folium depressum Blankinship. £. rubidum frigidum Gand. Dry hills: Mont. —Ore. Mont.—Alp. My-Au. 38. E. ochroleucum Small. Scape 3-4 dm. high, loosely floccose; leaves densely crowded, petioled; blades 1-2 cm. long, obtuse, densely tomentose on both sides; involucres 5 mm. long, campanulate, tomentose, ribbed; outer peri- anth-segments elliptic, the inner spatulate-oblong, slightly longer. Dry hills: Mont.—Colo.—Nev.—Ida. Submont. My-—Jl. 220 POLYGONACEAE 39. E. chrysops Rydb. Scape 2-5 em. high, floccose; leaves numerous, clustered, oblanceolate or spatulate, 1-2 em. long, white-floccose on both sides; inflorescence 1—1.5 cm. in diameter; involucres campanulate, membranous, 3 mm. long; lobes as long as the tube; perianth 2.5-3 mm. long, campanulate; lobes cuneate, slightly emarginate, the outer somewhat broader. High moun- tains: Ore.—w Ida. Submont.—Alp. Je-s. 40. E. Kingii T. & G. Scape less than 1 dm. high; leaves crowded on the ends of the caudex, obovate or spatulate, 0.5-2 em. long, white-woolly; heads about 1 em. in diameter; bract lanceolate, membranous; involucre turbinate- campanulate, deeply 6—7-toothed, membranous; perianth about 3 mm. long; lobes cuneate, emarginate. Mountains: Nev.—Ida. Mont. Jl-Au. 41. E. loganum A. Nels. Scape 5-20 em. high, white-tomentose; leaves basal, petioled, 2-5 cm. long; blades oblanceolate or spatulate, densely white- tomentose on both sides, obtuse; involucre tubular-campanulate, 4-5 mm. long, white-villous; lobes short, ovate; perianth 2—2.5 mm. long; lobes elliptic, sub- ene; filaments pubescent below; achenes glabrous. Mountains: n Utah. ubmont. 42. E. chrysocephalum A. Gray. Scape 4-15 cm. high; leaves petioled, 3-10 em. long; involucre turbinate, ribbed, 3 mm. long; perianth 2.5-3 mm. long, campanulate; lobes obovate-oblong, the outer usually slightly longer. e alot (T. & G.) A. Nels. Dry hills: Neb.—Colo.—Utah—Ida. Plain— Mont. —AU. 43. E. medium Rydb. Scape 1-2 dm. high; leaves narrowly linear, ob- lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, densely white-tomentose beneath, with somewhat revolute margins, loosely floecose and greenish above; inflorescence capitate or subumbellately branched, with a sessile involucre in each fork and small heads on the branches; bracts ovate, acuminate, membranous-margined; involucres turbinate, 4 mm. high, loosely floccose or glabrate; perianth golden yellow, 4 oe long. glabrous ; segments oblong-obovate. Mountains: Utah. Submont.— Mont. Stik 44. E. Brandegei Rydb. Scape 1-2 dm. high, floccose; leaves narrowly oblanceolate, white-tomentose beneath, floccose above; inflorescence capitate; bracts subulate, occasionally one of them elongated; involucres turbinate, about 4 mm. long, slightly floccose; lobes lanceolate; perianth rose-colored, 3 mm. long; segments oblong, truncate or emarginate; fruit glabrous. Cafions: Colo. Son. 45. E. depauperatum Small. Scapes erect, 5-10 cm. high; leaves crowded, petioled; blades thinnish, linear-spatulate, 2-6 em. long, revolute-margined, glabrous above, tomentose beneath; bracts scale-like, lanceolate-subulate; involucres 3.5-4.5 mm. high, densely tomentose; lobes about half as long as the angled tube; perianth glabrous; lobes unequal, the outer oblong or obovate or cuneate, the inner cuneate and narrower. Dry hills: (Black Hills) 8.D. Sub- mont. Je—-Au. 46. E. coloradense Small. Scape tomentose, about 1 dm. high; leaves crowded, petioled; blades narrowly spatulate to linear-spatulate, 2-5 em. long, slightly revolute; bracts subulate; involucres campanulate, about 5 mm. long, thinly woolly without; lobes suborbicular or rarely reniform; perianth-lobes blunt, the outer ovate or orbicular-ovate, the inner smaller, oblong. Mountains: Colo. Mont. Au-S. 47. E. pauciflorum Pursh. Scape 1 dm. high or less; leaves crowded, short-petioled, 3-8 cm. long; blades linear or linear-oblanceolate, revolute- margined, white-tomentose beneath; bracts lance-subulate, sometimes mem- branous-margined; involucres 4-5 mm. high; lobes petaloid, elliptic; perianth- lobes elliptic, nearly equal. Sandy soil and dry places: Wyo.—Colo.—s.D. Submont.—Mont. JI-S. 48. E. mancum Rydb. Pulvinate perennial; scape 2-4 em. long, slender, floccose; leaves narrowly spatulate, densely white-tomentose on both sides, 1-1.5 em. long; inflorescence capitate; head 5-8 mm. in diameter, sometimes with only 1 involucre; bracts ovate, membranous, floccose; involucres 2.5 mm. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 221 long, floccose; teeth triangular; perianth pinkish, 1.5 mm. long; segments oblong; fruit glabrous. Hills: Mont. Submont. Je—Jl. 49. E. multiceps Nees. Scape 5-15 ecm. long, white-tomentose; leaves slender-petioled, 3-8 em. long, densely white-tomentose on both sides, with ap- pressed tomentum; blades from linear-oblanceolate to spatulate; inflorescence capitate or rarely umbellate; bracts subulate, or sometimes one or more of them elongate and foliaceous; involucres tubular-campanulate, tomentose, 3-4 mm. long; lobes triangular; perianth-lobes oblong or cuneate-oblong, rounded. E£. gnaphaloides Benth. Dry plains and “‘bad-lands’’: Sask.—N.D.—Neb.—Colo. —Ida. Plain—Submont. Jl-Au. 50. E. villiflorum A. Gray. Scape 2-4 em. long, silky-tomentose; leaves crowded at the ends of the short branches, oblanceolate or spatulate, acute, white-silky on both sides, revolute-margined, 6-10 mm. long; bracts linear or subulate; involucres campanulate, 3-4 mm. long; lobes 6-8, oblong; perianth campanulate, white, sericeous without; lobes oblong, subequal. Arid places: s Utah. Son. 51. E. elatum Dougl. Stem scapiform, branched, 3-10 dm. high, glabrous; leaves basal, long-petioled, 1-2 dm. long; petioles and midvein hirsute, ferrugin- ous; blades ovate, oblong-ovate, or lanceolate, cordate, truncate, or cuneate at the base, softly villous-pubescent on both sides, almost velutinous beneath, 7-15 em. long; involucres in small capitate clusters at the ends of the branches, or sometimes solitary in the forks; involucres campanulate, 3 mm. long, repandly 5-dentate; perianth campanulate, 3 mm. long, pubescent below; lobes oval. Dry gravelly soil: Wash.—Ida.—Nev.—Calif. Son. Jl-Au. 52. E. polifolium Benth. Stem 3-6 dm. high, more or less tomentulose; leaves fasciculate, on short lateral branches, oblanceolate, 1-2 cm. long, sparingly villous above, white-tomentose beneath, slightly revolute-margined; peduncles 1-1.5 dm. long, tomentulose; involucres campanulate, pubescent, about 3 mm. long, with 5 broadly triangular teeth; perianth campanulate, pubescent at the base and along the midveins, white cr pinkish; lobes oval. Dry places: Calif.— Utah—Ariz. L.Son. My-Au. 53. E. niveum Dougl. Stems 2-4 dm. high, leafy below; leaves ovate or oblong, white-tomentose; inflorescence tomentose, di- or tri-chotomous; bracts foliaceous, oblong; involucres sessile, villous, turbinate; lobes triangular, acute; perianth glabrous, 3-4 mm. long; inner perianth-segments cuneate. Hills and plains: Ore.—Ida.—B.C. Son.—Submont. My-—Au. 54. E. dichotomum Dougl. Stem 2-3 dm. high, trichotomous; ultimate branches short; leaves near the base, petioled, 2-8 em. long; blades spatulate or elliptic, white-floccose on both sides, or glabrate above; branches short; bracts minute, subulate; involucres cylindro-campanulate; lobes triangular, obtuse; perianth glabrous, 3 mm., or in fruit, 5-6 mm. long; inner lobes cuneate or spatulate. Dry places: Wash.—Mont.—Ida. Son.—Submont. Je-Jl. 55. E. lachnostegium (Benth.) Rydb. Scape floccose, 1.5-3 dm. high, trichotomously branched; leaves petioled, 2-4 em. long; blades elliptic or spatu- late, white-tomentose on both sides; bracts minute, subulate; involucral lobes triangular; perianth white or straw-colored, turning pink, glabrous, 3 mm. long, or in fruit longer; inner lobes oblong, longer than the outer. J. strictum lachno- stegium Benth. Dry benches and hills: Mont.—Ida. Submont. JIS. 56. E. strictum Benth. Stem about 3 dm. high; leaves near the base, petioled; blades oval, elliptic or spatulate, 1-4 cm. long, glabrate in age above, densely white-tomentose beneath; inflorescence mostly trichotomous; involucres 3-4 mm. long, almost columnar, angled; lobes lanceolate; perianth white, glab- rous, 3.5-4 mm. long; segments unequal, the outer broadly oval, the inner nar- er, cuneate-elliptic, slightly longer. Hillsides: Ore.—Ida.—Wash. Son. e-Jl. __ 67. E. aureum M. E. Jones. Shrubby, 3-10 dm. high; leaves short-peti- ioled; blades 1.5-3 em. long, densely woolly-tomentose beneath; peduncles 3-6 em. long, loosely tomentose; inflorescence with spreading branches; involucres 222 POLYGONACEAE sessile, about 2 mm. long; perianth 2 mm. long; outer lobes oval, obtuse, the inner elliptic or oblong. F. fruticosum A. Nels. Sand: s Utah. Son. S. 58. E. idahoense Rydb. Shrub, 4-6 dm. high; branches tomentose, erect; leaves 2-3 em. long, short-petioled; blades oblanceolate, white-tomentose beneath, loosely floccose and glabrate above; involucres in the lower forks peduncled, turbinate, about 3 mm. long; perianth about 2 mm. long, glabrous. Hills: Ida. Submont. Jl. 59. E. orendense A. Nels. Stems white-tomentose, 7-15 cm. long; leaves numerous, 1-3 em. long, petioled, white-tomentose on both sides; lower in- volucres with peduncles nearly 1 em. long, erect; involucres turbinate, about 3 mm. long; perianth 2 mm. long; lobes oblong, obtuse. Dry hills: Wyo. Sub- mont. Je-Au. 60. E. lagopus Rydb. Stems scapne-like, about 3 dm. high, floccose, trichoto- mous; leaves crowded on the ends of the branches of the caudex, spatulate, 2-3.5 em. long, tomentose on both sides; bracts subulate; involucres turbinate, tomentose, 3-3.5 mm. long, those of the lower forks peduncled; lobes triangular; perianth golden yellow, 2.5 mm. long, glabrous; segments elliptic, the outer slightly larger; filaments pubescent below; achenes glabrous. Plains: Wyo. Plain. 61. E. Thompsonae 8. Wats. Caudex woody, cespitose; branches tomen- tose; leaves long-petioled; blades broadly oblong, 3-4 em. long, acute at each end, glabrous above, white-tomentose beneath; peduncle 2-3 dm. high, glabrous; involucres sessile, strongly 5-angled, 3-4 mm. long, glabrous; lobes short-ovate; perianth glabrous, 2-3 mm. long; lobes subequal, oval. Sand cliffs: s Utah. Son. 62. E. campanulatum Nutt. Branches short; peduncle 1-3 dm. long; leaves basal, petioled; blades tomentose on both sides, but less densely so above; inflorescence with ascending branches; involucres campanulate, 2—-2.5 mm. long, glabrous or nearly so; perianth about 2 mm. long. FH. sabulosum M. E. Jones. Dry hills and plains: Neb.—Colo.—Utah. Plain—Submont. Je—Au. E. campanulatum X multiceps. Like E. multiceps in habit, pubescence, and leaf- foun but the panicle is tristichous-cymose asin EF. campanulatum and the flowers yellow. eb. 63. E. brevicaule Nutt. Leafy branches short; scapes 1-3 dm. high, soon glabrous; leaf-blades 4-7 cm. long, densely white-tomentose beneath, loosely floccose and greener above; involucres about 3 mm. long, campanulate, glabrous, angled; lobes ovate, acutish; perianth campanulate, 2—2.5 mm. long, glabrous; lobes oval, obtuse. Dry hills and plains: Mont.—Colo.—Utah. Plain—Sub- mont. Je-S. E. chrysosepalum X brevicaule. Like E. brevicaule, but the leaves broader and the branches of the inflorescence bearing capitate clusters, with somewhat tomentose involu- cres. Utah. 64. E. micranthum Nutt. Scape 1-3 dm. high; leaves 4-8 em. long, densely white-tomentose beneath, less densely so above; involucres turbinate- campanulate, 3 mm. long; lobes ovate, acutish or obtuse; perianth 2 mm. long; lobes oval, obtuse. Hillsides: Utah—Ida. Swbmont. Je—Jl. E. medium X micranthum. The branches of the inflorescence bearing capitate clus- ters of more tomentose involucres. Utah. E. chrysocephalum X micranthum. Like the last hybrid, but leaves rather densely tomentose above. Utah. 65. E. contortum Small. Scape 1-2 dm. high, tomentulose; leaves thick, clavate, about 1 cm. long, strongly revolute, tomentose on both sides; involucres turbinate, glabrous, 2 mm. long; lobes ovate; perianth 2—2.5 mm. long; lobes essentially equal, oblong-cuneate; fruit glabrous. Dry hills: w Colo. Son. My. 66. E. spathulatum A. Gray. Scape 2-3 dm. high; leaves all near the base, petioled; blades spatulate or oblanceolate, densely white-tomentose on BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 223 both sides, 2-5 em. long; involucres tomentose, 3-4 mm. long; lobes ovate; perianth white, glabrous, 3 mm. long; lobes oblong, obtuse, unequal; fruit sca- brous on the angles. (?) HE. Kearneyi Tidest. Dry valleys: Utah. Son. Jl. 67. E. spathuliforme Rydb. Perennial, shrubby at the base; scape 2-3 dm. high; leaves all near the base, petioled; blades elliptic to spatulate, 2—3.5 cm. long, white-tomentose on both sides, densely so beneath; involucres glabrous, turbinate, 3 mm. long; lobes rounded, scarious and slightly floccose on the mar- ens ; perianth white, glabrous; segments equal, obovate. Sandy washes: Utah. on. Au. 68. E. Ostlundi M. E. Jones. Scape about 2 dm. high; leaves all near the base, petioled; blades elliptic, 1-1.5 em. long, floccose above, white-tomentose beneath; involucres turbinate, 2.46 mm. long, glabrous; lobes oval, scarious- marpined; perianth white or pink; segments obovate. Clay banks: Utah. Son. e—Au. 69. E. lonchophyllum T. & G. Caudex with leafy branches, 1 dm. long or more; leaf-blades 6-10 cm. long, densely white-tomentose beneath, loosely floccose or glabrate above; inflorescence elongate, 2-3 dm. long, glabrous; invo- lucres 3 mm. long, glabrous, turbinate; perianth-lobes oval or obovate, round. E. wasatchense M. E. Jones. Plains and hills: Colo—N.M.—Utah. Son.— Submont. Jl. 70. E. nudicaule (Torr.) Small. Stem scapiform, 1-2 dm. high; leaves short-petioled; blades 3-5 cm. long, white-tomentose heneath, floccose or some- times glabrate above, mostly revolute; involucres campanulate, 3-4 mm. high, glabrous; perianth-lobes cuneate-obovate. E. effusum nudicaule Torr. Plains and hills: Kans—Tex.—Utah. Son.—Submont. Jl—Au. 71. E. scoparium Small. Stem scapiform, 1-2 dm. high, glabrous; leaves petioled; blades linear to linear-spatulate, 2—5 em. long, revolute, densely white- lanate beneath, floccose above; involucres 2.5-3 mm. long, and almost as wide; lobes broad; perianth becoming 3.5—4 mm. long; lobes oblong or obovate. Plains and valleys: Colo—N.M. Submont. JIS. 72. E. grangerense M. E. Jones. Stem scapiform, 1-3 dm. high; leaves petioled; blades revolute, densely white-tomentose beneath, permanently white- floccose above, 4-6 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide; involucres turbinate, 3 mm. long, glabrous; lobes triangular, acute; perianth campanulate, glabrous, 2 mm. long; ees elliptic, obtuse. £. confertifolium Stansburyi Benth. Barren hills: Wyo. —Utah. Son. 73. E. tristichum Small. Stem scapiform, 1-3 dm. high; leaves nearly basal, short-petioled; blades 2-7 em. long, floccose above, densely white-tomen- tose beneath; involucres 2.5-3 mm. long; lobes broad, rounded, much shorter than the tube; perianth becoming 4 mm. long; lobes obovate or oblong-obovate. Plains and valleys: Colo—N.M. Submont. Je-S. 74. E. salicinum Greene. Stem scapiform, 3-4 dm. high; leaves near the base, short-petioled; blades about 4 cm. long, densely white-tomentose beneath, loosely floccose and glabrate above, 3-4 dm. long; involucres broadly turbinate- campanulate, 3 mm. long, with 5 rounded teeth; perianth about 2 mm. long; lobes oval, obtuse. Cafions: Colo. Submont. Ji. 75. E. Fendlerianum (Benth.) Small. Low shrub, 1-5 dm. high, with tomentose branches; leaves short-petioled; blades oval to oblong, 2-4 cm. long, 5-18 mm. wide, densely white-tomentose beneath, loosely floccose above; inflo- rescence 0.5-2 dm. high, floecose when young, soon glabrous, with ascending branches; involucres deeply-turbinate, sparingly floccose or glabrate; lobes rounded, scarious-margined; perianth campanulate, 3.5-4 mm. long; lobes un- equal, the outer oval, slightly longer than the elliptic inner ones. £. microthecum Fendlerianum Benth. Plains: Colo—N.M. Son. Au-—O 76. E. divergens Small. Low shrub, 3-6 dm. high, with densely white- tomentose branches; leaves short-petioled; blades oval or elliptic, 1-2.5 em. long, densely white-tomentose beneath, loosely floccose above; inflorescence 1—5 em. 224 POLYGONACEAE high; involucres 2—-2.5 mm. long, campanulate, tomentose; lobes rounded; peri- anth campanulate, 2-2.5 mm. long; lobes unequal, the outer obovate, truncate or emarginate, the inner elliptic. #. corymbosus divaricatus Torr. Plains: Colo. —N.M.—Ariz.—Nev. Son. Jl-Au. 77. E. Jonesii S. Wats. Shrubby; stem 3-8 dm. high, tomentose; leaves scattered, petioled; blades 1-3 em. long, densely white-tomentose beneath, floc- cose above; inflorescence with ascending branches; the lowermost bracts some- times foliaceous; involucres all sessile, or rarely the lower peduncled, tomentose- villous, about 3 mm. long; perianth campanulate, about 2.5 mm. long; lobes obovate. Arid regions: Ariz.—Utah. Son.—Submont. Jl-Au. 78. E. corymbosum Benth. Shrub, 3-10 dm. high, with tomentose branches; leaf-blades oval, 2-3 em. long, 1—-1.5 em. wide, densely white-tomentose beneath, loosely floccose above; inflorescence 0.5-2 dm. high, with ascending branches; involucres sessile, tomentose, 2—2.5 mm. long, campanulate; perianth about 3 mm. long, campanulate; lobes elliptic, nearly equal. Dry plains: Colo. —Utah—N.M. Son. Je-S. 79. E. salinum A. Nels. Low shrub, with shreddy bark; branches white- tomentose, leafy; leaves narrowly lanceolate, mostly erect, white-tomentose beneath, floceose above, 2-3 cm. long; inflorescence about 1 dm. high, flat- topped, with short, spreading branches; involucres turbinate; lobes acute; peri- anth-lobes obtuse or apiculate, the outer oblong-elliptic, the inner longer, obo- vate. Saline plains: Wyo.—Colo. Plain—Submont. Je—Jl. 80. E. effusum Nutt. Shrub, 2-5 dm. high; leaves short-petioled; blades linear-oblanceolate, 2-4 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, white-tomentose beneath, floc- cose above, 3-10 em. long, tomentulose; involucres short-peduncled, or the upper sessile, 2mm. long, tomentulose; lobes ovate; perianth campanulate, 2 mm. long; outer lobes obovate, the inner elliptic. Dry plains and hills: Neb.—N.M.— Utah—Mont. Son.—Plain—Submont. JI-S8. 81. E. microthecum Nutt. Low shrub, 2-6 dm. high; leaves scattered, short-petioled; blades linear, oblong, or oblanceolate, densely white-tomentose beneath, floccose above, 1-2 em. long, 3-5 mm. wide; inflorescence 2-7 em. long, floccose, small; branches short, spreading or ascending-spreading; involucres, at least those of the lower forks, peduncled, tomentulose, turbinate, 2.5 mm. long; lobes rounded, scarious-margined; perianth turbinate, 2.5-3 mm. long; lobes obovate, rounded, truncate or even emarginate. FE. myrianthum, E. intricatum, E. heliochrysoides, and HE. sarothriforme Gand. Plains and table-lands: Mont.— Neb.—Colo.—Ariz.—Calif—Wash. Son.—Plain—Mont. Je-S. 82. E. nebraskense Rydb. A low shrub, 2-3 dm. high; branches and inflorescence tomentose; leaves short-petioled, oblanceolate, 2-3 em. long, densely white-tomentose on both sides; inflorescence less than 1 dm. high, tricho- tomously or verticillately branched; branches short, more or less spreading; involucres tomentose, 2-3 em. high, turbinate; lobes triangular; perianth rose- colored, glabrous or slightly pubescent, 2.5 mm. long; segments oblong to obovate; fruit glabrous. Plains: w Neb. Jl. 83. E. Simpsoni Benth. Low shrub, 1-4 dm. high; leaves scattered; blades 1-2 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, densely white-tomentose beneath; inflorescence 2-5 em. long, floccose, with ascending or spreading branches; involucres of the lower forks short-peduncled, 2.5 mm. long, turbinate, slightly floccose; lobes ovate; perianth turbinate, 2 mm. long; outer lobes obovate, rounded or emargin- ate, the inner somewhat narrower. H. effusum foliosum Torr. (?) EF. effusum leptophyllum Torr. Dry plains: Tex.—Colo.—Utah—Ariz. Son. Jl-Au. 84. E. Mearnsii Parry. Depressed undershrub, with lanate twigs; leaves crowded, more or less fascicled, linear, 5-10 mm. long, revolute, tomentose beneath, glabrous above, acute; inflorescence of few involucres, about 1 em. long; invo- lueres short-peduncled, 3 mm. high, slightly tomentose or glabrate; lobes rounded; perianth turbinate, 2.5-3 mm. high; lobes obovate or spatulate, the outer broader. Rocks: Ariz.—Utah. Son. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 225 85. E. bicolor M. E. Jones. Depressed undershrub, tufted, 1 dm. high or less; leaves linear, revolute, 10-15 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide; inflorescence 1-3 cm. long, sometimes subecapitate, with few involucres, which are turbinate, tomen- tose, 3 mm. long; lobes rounded, scarious-margined; perianth 4 mm. long, cam- panulate; outer lobes broadly obovate or suborbicular, the inner elliptic. £. Batemani and (?) FE. friscanum M.E. Jones. Clayey hills: Utah. Son. My—Je. 86. E. clavellatum Small. Undershrub, with a thick woody caudex and thinly tomentose branches; leaves fleshy, strongly revolute, cylindric-clavate, 1-1.5 em. long, glabrous without; involucres campanulate, 4 mm. long, rib- angled, glabrate; lobes acute, erect; perianth 3.5 mm. long, urn-shaped; segments saccate at the base, the outer fiddle-shaped, the inner linear-cuneate. Rocky hills: se Utah. Son. 87. E. sulcatum 8. Wats. Low shrub, 2-3 dm. high, intricately branched, with tomentose branches; leaves petioled; blades narrowly oblanceolate, 1 cm. long or less, tomentose on both sides, less so above, rather thin; inflorescence about 1 cm. long, its divaricate branches deeply sulecate, glabrate; involucres sessile, 1-1.5 mm. long, glabrous. Dry hills: sw Utah—Nev. Son. Ap-—My. 88. E. annuum Nutt. Stem simple, leafy, 3-10 dm. high, floccose through- out; leaves petioled; blades oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, slightly revolute, densely white-tomentose beneath, floccose above, 3-5 em. long; inflorescence cymose, flat-topped, somewhat irregularly branched; involucres turbinate, 2-3 mm. long, white-tomentose; teeth short, obtuse; perianth white or whitish, 1.5—2 mm. long, campanulate; lobes obovate. EH. Hitchcockii Gand. Sandy places: S.D.—Tex.—Mex.—Mont. Submont.—Plain. Je-O. 89. E. racemosum Nutt. Scapose perennial; scape more or less branched, white-tomentose, 3-8 dm. high; leaves basal, long-petioled; blades ovate or oval, densely white-tomentose beneath, floccose above, 2-6 cm. long; involucres sessile, 3-4 mm. long, white-tomentose; perianth pink or white, turbinate, 3 mm., but accrescent, becoming 4-6 mm. long; lobes obovate. Dry plains and hills: Colo. —Tex.—Ariz.—Utah. Son.—Submont. JI-S. 90. E. Wrightii Torr. Shrub or undershrub, 3-6 dm. high, with tomentose short branches; leaves scattered, short-petioled or subsessile; blades white- tomentose on both sides, 1—2 em. long; inflorescence cymose, irregularly branched, 2-3 dm. long; involucres elongate-turbinate, 2-3 mm. long, tomentose; lobes ovate or lanceolate, acute; perianth 3-4 mm. long; outer lobes suborbicular or peadly oe ; the inner oval or elliptic. Dry plains: Colo.—Tex.—Calif.; Mex. on. Je-N. 91. E. leptocladon Torr. Shrubby; stems several, 3-8 dm. high, diffusely branched, white-floccose; leaves short-petioled, 2-4 cm. long, white-tomentose on both sides; margin slightly revolute; inflorescence much branched, lower nodes flowerless; involucres near the ends, sessile and secund, about 2 mm. long, tomentose; perianth glabrous, campanulate, 2 mm. long; divisions broadly oval, white, with rose-colored base. EH. ramosissimum Eastw. E. Eastwoodiae M. E. Jones. Sandy mesas: se Utah—nw N.M. Son. Jl-Au. 92. E. vimineum Dougl. Branched annual; leaves basal, slender-petioled; blades orbicular or subreniform, densely white-tomentose beneath, floccose above, 1-2. cm. long; inflorescence 1-3 dm. high, slightly floeccose when young, soon glabrate; branches glabrous; involucres about 3 mm. long, glabrous; lobes very short; perianth 1.5-2 mm. long, campanulate, glabrous, pink or white. £. shoshonense A. Nels. Hills: Wash.—Ida.—Calif. Son. My-S. 93. E. Baileyi S. Wats. Branched annual, 2-3 dm. high; leaves basal, petioled; blades orbicular or broadly ovate, 1-2 em. long, floccose-tomentose on both sides; inflorescence glabrous and glaucous; involucres sessile, glabrous, oblong-campanulate; teeth obtuse; perianth glabrous, pinkish-white, 1-1.5 mm. long; lobes obovate or spatulate. Dry hills: Wash.—Ida.—Ariz.—se Calf. Son. My-—Au. 94. E. densum Greene. Diffusely branched annual, 1-2 dm. high; leaves basal, petioled; blades ovate or oblong, about 1 em. long, white-tomentose; 11* 226 POLYGONACEAE inflorescence floecose; involucres sessile, 1.5-2 mm. long, glabrate; lobes oblong; perlanth rose- -colored, campanulate, 1.5 mm. long. Dry mountains: N.M.— Utah—Nev.—Ariz. ‘Son. My-S. 95. E. nidularium Coville. Profusely branched annual; leaves basal, slender-petioled; blades orbicular, often subcordate at the base or subreniform, floecose on both sides; inflorescence 1-2 dm. high; involucres turbinate, 1-15 mm, long, sessile; perianth yellowish, turbinate, about 2mm. long. (?) £. nummulare M. E. Jones. Sandy or stony hills: Ida.—w Ariz.—se Calif. Son. My-—Au. 96. E. Plumatella Dur. & Hilg. Divaricately branched annual; leaves clustered near the base, tomentose, short-petioled, spatulate; inflorescence 2—4 dm. long, tomentose; bracts subulate: involucres obconic, glabrous, 2.5 mm. long; lobes rounded, ciliolate; perianth white, about 2 mm. long, glabrous; seg- ments oval. Desert regions: s Utah—s Calif. L. Son. 97. E. tenellum Torr. Scapose, cespitose perennial, with woody caudex; leaves basal, petioled; blades orbicular or ovate, densely and finely white-tomen- tose on both sides, 0.5-1 em. long; scapes 2- 4 dm. high, glabrous; peduncles slender, erect, glabrous, 1-2 em. long; involucres turbinate, glabrous, 3 mm. long; lobes triangular-ovate; perianth white, 2.5-3 mm. long; outer lobes broadly obovate, the inner oblong or cuneate, both emarginate. Arid or rocky places: Tex.—Colo.—_Utah—N. M.; n Mex. Son. Ap-N. 98. E. Hookeri S. Wats. Scape 2-4 dm. high; leaf-blades orbicular, 2-6 em. broad; involucres nearly 2 mm. long; lobes broadly ovate; perianth 1.5-2 mm. long; lobes oblong, much smaller than the outer. Canons and sandy places: Nev.—Wyo.—Utah—Ariz. Son. Au-S. 99. E. deflexum Torr. Scape glabrous, 2-4 dm. high; blades orbicular, subcordate at the base, 1-3 cm. broad; involucres campanulate, glabrous, 1.5 mm. long; lobes rounded-ovate; perianth white, 1.5-2 mm. long; inner lobes much smaller than the outer, ovate or lance-ovate. Arid regions: Ariz.—s Utah—Calif. L. Son. My-S. 100. E. cernuum Nutt. Scape glabrous, 2-4 dm. high; leaf-blades or- bicular or oval, 1-2 em. broad; peduncles 0.5-2 em. long; involucres glabrous, campanulate, 1.5-2 mm. long; ‘lobes ovate, obtuse; perianth white or pinkish, about 2 mm. long; inner lobes elliptic-cuneate, narrower, but almost as long as the outer. ‘‘Bad-lands,” hills, and cafions: Sask.—Neb.—N.M.—Ariz.—lIda. —Alta. Plain—Mont. Je-S. 101. E. Wetherillii Eastw. Scape 1-2 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades orbicular, obtuse or obliquely truncate at the base, about 1 em. wide; peduncles reflexed or divaricate, about 5 mm. long; lobes of the involucres 4, obtuse; outer lobes of the perianth obovate, the inner oblong, slightly longer. Sandstone cliffs: N.M.—Utah. Son. 102. E. pusillum T. & G. Scape 1-3 dm. high, glabrous; blades subor- bicular, 1-3 cm. broad, slightly floccose, but green above; peduncles 1—4 em. long, erect; involucres hemispheric, glandular-puberulent, 3-4 mm. broad; lobes rounded-ovate; perianth yellow, campanulate, 1-1.5 mm. long, glabrous or slightly puberulent; segments elliptic. Hills and washes: Calif.—s Utah—Ariz. Son. Ap-—Au. 103. E. rotundifolium Benth. Scape 1-3 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades orbicular, 1-2 em. broad; peduncles 4-20 mm. long; perianth white, glabrous; inner lobes narrowly oblong. Dry plains: Tex.—Colo.—N.M.—Mex. L. & U. Son. Ap-—O 104. E. insigne 8. Wats. Scape stout, 3-10 dm. high; leaf-blades reniform, 2—4 em. broad; involucres somewhat angled, 2 mm. long, glabrous; lobes rounded; perianth rose-colored, nearly 2 mm. long. Hills: s Utah—Nev. L. Son. Je. 105. E. turbinatum Small. Scape erect, 2-4 dm. high; leaf-blades sub- orbicular or reniform, 1-4 em. broad, deeply cordate at the base; involucres 2 mm. long; lobes broadly ovate, obtuse, scarious-margined; perianth pink, 2 mm. long. Mesas: Ariz.—s Utah. L. Son. Mr—My. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 227 106. E. Thomasii Torr. Scape 1-2 dm. high; leaf-blades orbicular or rounded-ovate, 0.5-2 em. long; peduncles capillary, 6-12 mm. long; involucres glabrous, turbinate; lobes rounded; outer perianth-lobes oval or elliptic, shorter than the elliptic or oblong inner ones. Desert regions: Ariz.—s Utah—Calif.; n Mex. L. Son. Mr-Jl. 107. E. Gordonii Benth. Scape 2-4 dm. high, slender, glabrous; leaf- blades coriaceous, glabrous, orbicular, 1-3 cm. broad; peduncles 1-3 em. long, erect; involucres turbinate-campanulate, about 1 mm. long, glabrous; lobes rounded; perianth white or pinkish, 2—2.5 mm. long, glabrous; outer lobes oblong- ovate, the inner oblong, slightly if at all shorter. H. Visheri A. Nels. Dry plains and bad-lands: 8.D.—Colo.—Utah—Wyo. Plain—Submont. Je-S. 108. E. subreniforme 8. Wats. Scape slender, 1-3 dm. high, more or less silky-pilose or villous, especially at the nodes; leaf-blades rounded-reniform, 1-2 em. wide; peduncles capillary, ascending, 5-20 mm. long; involucres glab- rous, turbinate-campanulate, 1 mm. long; lobes rounded-ovate; perianth rose- colored, glabrous or slightly hispid, 1-1.5 mm. long; lobes subequal, elliptic. Arid regions: Ariz.—s Utah—N.M: L. Son. 109. E. trinervatum Small. Scape about 3 dm. high, more or less villous or pilose; leaf-blades suborbicular or rounded-ovate, 1-2 cm. broad, truncate or subcordate at the base, conspicuously 3-nerved; peduncles spreading, 6-15 mm. long, glabrous; involucres campanulate, glabrous, 1-1.5 mm. long; perianth deep-pink, glabrous, nearly 2 mm. long; lobes subequal in length, elliptic or oval, the inner broader. Arid places: Colo—Utah. Son.—Submont. Je-Au. 110. E. nutans T.& G. Scape 1-2 dm. high; leaf-blades orbicular, 1-2 cm. broad, glabrous; peduncles reflexed, 5-10 mm. long; involucres campanulate, 2.5-3 mm. long; lobes broadly ovate; perianth rose-colored, 2—2.5 mm. long. E. rubi- florum M. E. Jones. Arid regions: Utah—Nev. Son. Je. 111. E. Parryi A. Gray. Scape about 2 dm. high; blades rounded-reni- form, 1-3 em. broad; peduncles 5-10 em. long, spreading or somewhat reflexed ; involucres turbinate, oblique, glandular; lobes rounded-ovate; perianth cam- panulate, white, green on the midveins. Arid regions: s Utah—s Calif. L. Son. My-—Je. 112. E. glandulosum Nutt. Scape about 2 dm. high; leaf-blades orbicular or reniform, cordate at base, 1-3 em. broad; peduncles capillary, 1-3 cm. long, spreading or reflexed, abruptly bent above the middle; involucres broadly tur- binate, glabrous, 2 mm. long, deeply cleft; lobes ovate; perianth yellow, 2—2.5 mm. long. E. flecum M. E. Jones. Slopes and hills: Colo——Utah. Son. Je. 113. E. Ordii S. Wats. Scape 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades elliptic, 2-4 em. long; peduncles filiform, 1-2 em. long, glabrous; involucres turbinate, 1 mm. long; lobes ovate; perianth white, tipped with pink, 2 mm. long. Sand dunes: Ariz. —Utah. Son. Ap—Jl. 114. E. trichopodum Torr. Scape 3-5 dm. high; leaf-blades cordate to oval, subcordate at the base, 1-3 cm. broad, glabrous above, hirsute beneath; peduncles capillary, about 1 em. long; involucres glabrous, 1 mm. long or less, turbinate; lobes rounded; perianth yellowish, 1-1.5 mm. long. Arid and sandy places: N.M.—s Utah—Calif.; n Mex. ZL. Son. Mr-BJl. 115. E. fusiforme Small. Scape 2-5 dm. high; leaf-blades suborbicular, 1-5 cm. in diameter, with scattered hairs on both sides; peduncles capillary, spreading, 1-2 cm. long; involucres turbinate, barely 1 mm. long; lobes ovate, shorter than the tube; perianth white or yellowish; lobes ovate, 1.5 mm. long. Bluffs and sandy places: Colo.—Utah—Ariz. Son. My-—Je. 116. E. inflatum Torr. Scape 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades reniform or orbic- ular, hirsute-pubescent or sometimes glabrate; peduncles 1-3 em. long, spread- ing; involucres turbinate, glabrous, 1-1.5 mm. long; lobes ovate; perianth 1.5 mm. long, densely pubescent. Arid places: N.M.—Colo.—Calif. Son. My-Jl. _117. E. divaricatum Hook. Stem 1-2 dm. high, divaricately branched, minutely pubescent; basal leaves petioled; blades spatulate to orbicular, 1-2 em. 228 POLYGONACEAE broad, pilose on both sides; secondary leaves with orbicular blades; involucres turbinate; perianth whitish or yellowish, 1-1.5 mm. long; lobes oblong, subequal. Clay hills: Wyo.—Colo.—Ariz.—Utah. Son.—Submont. Je-S. 118. E. angulosum Benth. Stem 1-4 dm. high, di- or tri-chotomously branched; basal leaves petioled, spatulate, 2-5 em. long; primary stem-leaves lanceolate, stipule-like; secondary ones fascicled, oblong, linear, or oblanceolate; peduncles 1-3 cm. long, divaricate; involucres shortly turbinate, 2 mm. long, minutely glandular; lobes rounded; perianth rose-colored or white, deeply 5- cleft, about 2 mm. long, the outer lobes ovate, the inner ones oblong or lanceo- late, obtuse. Arid regions: Ariz.—Ida.—Calif. Son. Ap-—O. 119. E. puberulum §8. Wats. Scape 5-15 cm. high, canescent, dichoto- mously branched; leaf-blades obovate to broadly oval or suborbicular, 5-15 mm. broad, grayish short-pubescent; bracts more or less foliaceous, narrowly oblong, 3-5 mm. long; involucres sessile in the forks, very small, 4-lobed; peri- anth glabrous, rose-colored, 1.5-2 mm. long; lobes oblong. Sandy soil: Utah. Son.—Submont. Je. 120. E. spergulinum A. Gray. Stem 1-3 dm. high, slender, dichotomously branched, glandular-pruinose and more or less hirsute below; leaves and bracts verticillate, linear, green on both sides, hirsute; involucres on slender reflexed peduncles, glabrous, 4-cleft, 1-1.5 mm. long; perianth white, pilose at the base, 2mm. long. Sunny slopes: Calif—Nev.—Ida.—Ore. Son. Jl-Au. 121. E. pharnaceoides Torr. Stem slender, 1-3 dm. high, villous; leaves and bracts verticillate, linear, revolute-margined, villous above, tomentose beneath; involucres on slender peduncles, turbinate, 3 mm. long, villous; lobes lanceolate, as long as the tube; perianth rose-colored, 2.5-3 mm. long; outer segments oval, saccate below, glabrous; the inner ones oblong. Rocky hills: N.M.—Utah—Ariz. Son. JI-. 122. E. salsuginosum Hook. Stem branched from the base, 1-2 dm. high, trichotomous, leafy; basal leaves fleshy, spatulate, 2-4 cm. long; stem-leaves linear; involucres partly sessile in the forks, partly long-peduncled, of nearly distinct lanceolate bracts; perianth yellowish, hirtellous without; lobes oblong- lanceolate; filaments and pistils glabrous. Clayey hills: Wyo.—N.M.—Utah. Son.—Submont. My-—Jl. 2. OXYTHECA Nutt. Diffuse dioecious or monoecious annuals, more or less glandular. Leaves rosulate at the base. Inflorescence trichotomously cymose. Bracts ternate, foliaceous and more or less connate, often awned. Involucres few-flowered, campanulate or turbinate, herbaceous, 3—5-cleft; lobes erect or spreading, end- ing in straight awns. Perianth 6-parted. Stamens 9, inserted near the base of the perianth. Achenes lenticular. Stem-leaves and bracts lanceolate, connate only at the base; involucres Wat are . Joviosa. Stem-leaves and bracts connate, forming a nearly circular disk; involucres sessile. 2. O. perfoliata. 1. O. foliosa Nutt. Stem 1-3 dm. high, with ascending branches; basal leaves linear-oblanceolate, 3-6 cm. long, pilose; involucres 1-2 mm. long; lobes somewhat unequal, the awns very unequal and varying in length; perianth light rose-colored; lobes 6, obovate, 0.5-0.75 mm.long. Dry regions: Wash.—Wyo.— Nev. Son. Je—Jl. 2. O. perfoliata T. & G. Annual; stem dichotomously branched, sparingly glandular, 1-2 dm. high; basal leaves spatulate, 1-4 cm. long, glabrous; stem- leaves and bracts 3 at each joint, forming a disk 1-2 em. broad, with 3 bristle points; involucres in the forks; lobes subulate-lanceolate, ending in an awn of their own length; flowers 4-6, pedicellate; perianth pubescent. Arid regions: Nev.— Ariz.—s Utah. L. Son. Je. 3. CENTROSTEGIA A. Gray. Branched annuals. Leaves basal, spatulate. Inflorescence cymose-pan- iculate. Bracts usually 3-fid; lobes spinulose-cuspidate. Involucres sessile, — BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 229 solitary, 1-3-flowered, tubular, 5-6-dentate, with 3-6 spinulose-tipped spurs below. Perianth 6-lobed. Stamens 9, inserted near the base of the perianth. 1. C. Thurberi A. Gray. Diffusely branched annual, 5-15 cm. high; leaves spatulate, glabrous, 1-2 em. long; involucre 1—2-flowered, chartaceous, venose, 5-toothed at the apex; spurs 3, large, divergent, conic, as well as the teeth short- cuspidate; segments of the perianth linear-spatulate, hirsute towards the base. Arid regions: Ariz.—s Utah—Calif. L. Son. My-—Je. 4. CHORIZANTHE R. Br. Low annual or perennial herbs, with sessile cymosely arranged involucres and opposite or verticillate leaves, or the lower leaves sometimes alternate. In- volucres 1-flowered, gamophyllous, with angular or costate tube and 2-6 cuspi- date or aristate teeth or lobes. Perianth corolla-like, 6-lobed or 6-parted. Sta- mens 9, rarely 6 or 3. Achenes 3-angled. Involucre not strongly sulcate, 5-toothed; filaments adnate to the perianth nearly up to the base of the lobes. 1. C. Watsoni. Involucres strongly sulcate, 6-toothed; filaments adnate only to the lower part of the perianth-tube. Leaves linear-oblanceolate to linear. 2. C. brevicornu. Lower leaves broadly spatulate. 3. C. spathulata. 1. C. Watsoni A. Gray. Low branched annual, appressed-canescent; stem 2-5 cm. high; leaves linear or linear-spatulate, canescent; involucres cy- lindric, 5-6 mm. long; teeth 5, unequal, acerose-subulate, recurved; perianth with a cylindric tube; stamens 9; embryo straight; cotyledons linear. Desert regions: Wash.—Ida.—Nev.—Calif. Son. My—ZJl. 2. C. brevicornu Torr. Branched annual; stem 5-20 em. high, strigose; lower leaves narrowly linear-oblanceolate, 2-7 cm. long, strigose; bracts small, with a hooked mucro; involucres narrowly prismatic, about 5mm. long; lobes subequal, subulate-aristate, recurved; perianth 1.5 mm. long, 5-lobed; lobes ovate, entire; stamens 3. Desert regions: Ariz.~s Utah—Nev.—se Calif. L. Son. Ap—My. 3. C. spathulata Small. A branched annual; stem strigose-canescent, 5-20 em. high; lower leaves 1.5-3 em. long, spatulate, hirsute-strigose on both sides; involucre prismatic, 5 mm. long, strigose; lobes 6, subulate, recurved, spinulose-tipped, the alternating narrower; perianth 2 mm. long; lobes ovate; stamens mostly 3. Desert regions: Ida——Nev. Son. My-—Je. 5. ACANTHOGONUM Torr. Dwarf annuals, with obovate leaves. Bracts spinescent-subulate. Invo- lucres axillary, sessile, subtended by a 3-fid bractlet, 1-flowered, 3-cleft to near the base; tube short, 3-angled; segments unequal, lanceolate, tapering into a subulate pungent tip. Flowers hermaphrodite, sessile; perianth equally 6- toothed, closed in fruit. Stamens 6-9, adnate to the whole tube of the perianth. Styles 3, short; stigmas capitate. Achenes ovate, 3-angled. 1. A. rigidum Torr. Plant at first lanate; stem 1-3 cm. high; leaves long- petioled, white-tomentose beneath; involucres with elongated aristiform or subulate spinescent bracts; perianth with a cylindric tube and obtuse base; stamens 9. Chorizanthe rigida (Torr.) A. Gray. Desert regions: N.M.—s Utah —Nev.—s Calif.;n Mex. ZL. Son. Ap-—My. 6. PTEROSTEGIA F. & M. Slender annuals, diffusely branched, dichotomous, with opposite leaves and foliaceous bracts. Involucres axillary, sessile, consisting of a single 2-lobed bract, enlarged in fruit, scarious and reticulate, loosely enclosing the achene, 2-gibbous on the back. Perianth 6-parted, or rarely 5-parted. Stamens 3 or 6. Achenes triangular, glabrous. 1. P. drymarioides F. & M. Stem 1-3 dm. long; lower leaves long-peti- oled, flabelliform, obcordately 2-lobed or emarginate, those of the upper branches rounded-obovate or spatulate; fruiting involucre 2-3 mm. long, deeply 2-lobed, 230 POLYGONACEAE dentate or laciniate on the margin. Rocky places: Ariz—s Utah—Calif. L. Son. Mr—-My. 7. RUMEX L. Dock, Sorret. Perennial, or rarely annual, caulescent herbs, with thick roots. Leaves alternate, entire or wavy, with thin hrittly ocreae. Flowers green, perfect, polygamo-monoecious or dioecious, pedicelled in distant or contiguous whorls. Sepals 6, the inner three usually developing entire, toothed, or spiny crests and one or more sometimes bearing a tubercle or callosity. Stamens 6. Ovary 1-celled, sessile; styles 3; stigmas peltate, tufted. Achenes 3-angled, usually invested by the acerescent calyx, margined or winged. Flowers dioecious; foliage acid. Leaves with auricled or hastate bases. Inner perianth-lobes not developed into wings in fruit; achenes granular. 1. R. Acetosella. Inner perianth-lobes developed into wings in fruit; achenes smooth. 2. R. Acetosa. Leaves narrowed at the base, neither auricled nor hastate. 3. R. paucifolius. Flowers perfect, or andro-polygamous; foliage not acid. Inner perianth-lobes entire, undulate, or denticulate. Inner perianth-lobes in fruit without tubercles. Inner perianth-lobes in fruit more than 2 cm. broad; plants perennial, with deep-seated woody rootstock. 4. R. venosus. Inner perianth-lobes in fruit less than 1.5 cm. in diameter. Plants perennial, with clusters of tuberous roots; inner perianth-lobes in fruit 1-1.5 cm. broad. Achene 7 mm. long or more; inner perianth-lobes in fruit broader than long; plant low. 5. R. salinus. Achenes about 5 mm. long; inner perianth-lobes in fruit longer than broad. 6. R. hymenosepalus. Plants with taproots or thickened rootstocks; inner perianth-lobes in fruit 5-10 mm. broad. Plants low, less than 3 dm. high, perennial, with short tuber-like root- stock; fruit maturing before theinner perianth-lobes become enlarged. 7. R. praecoxr. Plants tall, perennial, with a taproot, not with a tuber-like root- stock; inner perianth-lobes well enlarged in fruit. Basal leaves 2-3 cm. wide, acute or rarely rounded at the base. 8. R. hesperius. Basal tones 5-20 cm. wide, rounded, cordate, or truncate at the ase. Inner perianth-lobes in fruit with rounded apex, not conspicu- ously punctate. Inner perianth-lobes in fruit 8-10 mm. wide. 9. R. confinis. Inner perianth-lobes in fruit 5—6 mm. wide. 10. R. occidentalis. Inner perianth-lobes abruptly pointed, conspicuously punctate. Fruiting inner perianth-lobes about as broad as long, sinuate on the margin. 11. R. densifiorus. Fruiting inner perianth-lobes longer than broad, sharply dentate. 12. R. subalpinus. Inner perianth-lobes or at least one of them bearing a tubercle in fruit; perennials with a taproot. Only one perianth-lobe tubercled. Leaves dark green, more or less crisp; fruiting inner perianth-lobes 8—9 mm. broad, reniform. 13. R. Patientia. Leaves pale green, not crisp; fruiting inner perianth-lobes 5—6 mm. broad, deltoid-ovate. 14. R. altissimus. All three perianth-lobes bearing tubercles. Leaves dark green, crisp; fruiting perianth-lobes ovate to reniform, den- ticulate. 15. R. crispus. Leaves pale green, not crisp; fruiting perianth-lobes deltoid, entire. 16. R. mexicanus. Inner perianth-lobes in fruit spinulose-toothed on the margin. Tall plants; lower leaf-blades cordate at the base; one tubercle. 17. R. obtusifolius. Low plants; lower leaf-blades narrowed at the base; three tubercles. : 18. R. maritimus. 1. R. Acetosella L. Perennial, with a creeping rootstock; stem erect, glabrous, 1-6 dm. high; leaf-blades hastate, 2.5-15 cm. long, obtuse or acute, with entire or 1- or 2-toothed auricles; upper stem-leaves linear; perianth green or purplish; achenes ovoid, 3-angled, 1.5 mm. long, exceeding the persistent peri- BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 231 anth. Sureep Sorret. Waste places, old fields, ete.: Lab.—Fla.—Calif— Alaska.; nat. from Eu. Plain—Submont. Ap—Au. 2. R. Acetosa L. Perennial, with a short rootstock; stem erect, 3-10 dm» high; leaf-blades oblong-hastate or ovate-sagittate, 3-12 cm. long, acute at the apex, with acute auricles, the basal ones petioled, the upper cauline ones sessile; perianth green, 2 mm. long, in fruit winged, broadly ovate or orbicular, cordate, 5 mm. long, with delicate callosities at the base. Sour Dock. Waste places: Lab.—N.Y.—Mont.—Alaska; adv. from Eu. Plain—Submont. Je—-Au. 3. R. paucifolius Nutt. Perennial, with a taproot and short rootstock, somewhat tufted; stem 2-5 dm. high; leaf-blades lanceolate or oblanceolate or sometimes elliptic, the lower petioled, 5-12 em. long, the upper sessile; perianth yellowish green or reddish, 1.5 mm. long; divisions winged, in fruit about 4 mm. in diameter, rounded, sometimes with a small basal callosity. R. Geyeri (Meisn.) Trelease. Meadows: Alta——Colo.—Calif—B.C. Submont.—Mont. My-Au. 4, R. venosus Pursh. Stem stout, erect or decumbent at the base, 1.5—4 dm. high, somewhat fleshy; leaf-blades ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, 3-12 cm. long, fleshy, somewhat glaucous; panicle rather dense, conic; perianth red, pedicelled, about 5 mm. long; inner lobes in fruit much enlarged, orbicular, 2-5 cm. broad, venose, cordate at the base; achene 7 mm. long. WuLp BrEGonta, Sour Greens, Witp HypraNncea. Sandy soil: Sask.—Mo.—Nev.—Wash. —Alta. Plain—Submont. Ap-—Je. 5. R. salinus A. Nels. Stem stout, 2-4 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades moderately thick, somewhat crisp, the lower oblanceolate-oblong, 10-15 ecm. long, the upper lanceolate; perianth red, about 3 mm. long; inner lobes in fruit enlarged, reniform-cordate. R. tuberosus A. Nels. Alkaline soil: w Wyo.— Colo. Submont. Je. 6. R. hymenosepalus Torr. Stem 3-10 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades somewhat fleshy, somewhat crisp, 5-20 em. long, elliptic or oblanceolate; perianth yellowish green, 3-4 mm. long; inner lobes in fruit much enlarged, cordate, longer than broad, with an open sinus. Dry or sandy soil: Tex.—Okla.—Utah —Calif.; n Mex. Son.—Mont. Mr-My. 7. R. praecox Rydb. Stem 2-3 dm. high, striate; basal leaves petioled, rather thick, oval or elliptic, 4-10 em. long, rounded at both ends; perianth-lobes oval, rounded at the apex, the inner 3-5 mm. long, without tubercles. Along streams, in the mountains: Colo.—Wyo. Mont. Je. 8. R. hesperius Greene. Stem 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, slightly warty; panicle small; perianth purplish or greenish, 3 mm. long; inner lobes in fruit 4-5 mm. long, deltoid or reniform-deltoid, more or less reticulate, denticulate on the margins. Bottom lands: Alta——Wyo.— Wash. Submont. My-—BJl. 9. R. confinis Greene. Stem stout, 4-15 dm. high; blades of the basal leaves 1-3 dm. long, oblong-lanceolate to oblong-ovate, cordate at the base; panicle large; flowers greenish; perianth 4 mm. long; inner lobes suborbicular or rounded-cordate, crenate-dentate, rather strongly reticulate. Wet places: B.C. —Mont.—Wash. Son. Je—Jl. 10. R. occidentalis S. Wats. Stem 5-20 dm. high; blades of the basal leaves oblong-lanceolate, truncate or subcordate at the base, 1-3 dm. long; panicle narrow, elongate; perianth greenish, 3-4 mm. long; inner lobes in fruit broadly cordate, denticulate towards the base; achenes 3 mm. long. QR. polyrrhizus Greene, in part. Wet places: Lab.—N.D—N.M.—Calif.—B.C. Plain—Mont. Jl-Au. 11. R. densiflorus Osterh. Stem 5-10 dm. high, grooved; blades of the basal leaves elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, cordate at the base, 1.5-3 dm. long, 10-15 em. wide; flowers polygamous; perianth often red, 3 mm. long; inner lobes broadly ovate-cordate, reticulate. R. Bakeri Greene. Wet ground: Colo. —Wyo.—ida. Plain—Mont. Jl-Au. 12. R. subalpinus M. E. Jones. Stem erect, suleate, 1-2 m. high; blades of basal leaves 2-4 dm. long, 5-20 em. wide, oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, entire, 232 POLYGONACEAE not crisp; flowers perfect; perianth greenish, 3 mm. long; inner lobes in fruit deltoid or deltoid-cordate, 5-8 em. long, acute or short-acuminate. Swampy grounds in the mountains: Colo.—Utah. Swbmont.—Mont. Jl—Au. 13. R. Patientia L. Stem erect, grooved, 5-15 dm. high; blades of basal leaves ovate-lanceolate, 1-4 dm. long; pedicels jointed below the middle; flowers perfect; perianth green, 4-5 mm. long; inner lobes in fruit 6-7 mm. long, rounded- cordate, sinuate on the margins; achenes 3 mm. long. &. Britlannica of western reports, not L. Patimnce. Waste places: Newf—N.J.—Utah; cultivated and occasionally escaped; native of Eu. Plain—Submont. Je—Jl. 14. R. altissimum Wood. Stem grooved, 5-12 dm. high; blades of the basal leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 5-25 em. long, acute at both ends, papillose; flowers perfect; pedicels jointed near the base; perianth light green, 2 mm. long; inner lobes in fruit triangular-cordate, 4-5 mm. long, reticulate, entire- margined. Along streams: Mass.—Md.—N.M.—N.D. Plain. Ap-—e. 15. R. crispus L. Stem 3-10 dm. high, erect, simple; blades of the basal leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, 1.5-3 dm. long, cordate, rounded, obtuse or acute at the base, more or less papillose; flowers perfect; pedicels jointed at the base; perianth dark green; inner lobes in fruit 3-5 mm. long. CurtED Dock. Waste places: Newf.—Fla.—Calif—B.C. Plain. Je-Au. 16. R. mexicanus Meisn. Stem 3-6 dm. high; blades of the basal leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, pale, 5-15 cm. long, 1—2.5 em. wide; flowers perfect; perianth pale green, 2-3 mm. long; inner lobes in fruit 5-6 mm. long, truncate at the base. AR. salicifolius Am. auth., not Weinm. Along rivers: Lab. —Me.—Mo.—N.M.—B.C.; Mex. Plain—Mont. My-Au. 17. R. obtusifolius L. Perennial, with a taproot; stem stout, 5-12 dm. high, grooved; blades of the basal leaves broadly ovate, 1.5-3 dm. long; pedicels jointed below the middle; perianth greenish or purplish, 3 mm. long; inner lobes in fruit about 5 mm. long, hastate or deltoid, strongly reticulate. Waste places: N.S.—Fla.—N.M.—Ore.—B.C.; nat. from Eu. Plain—Son. Ap-—Au. 18. R. maritimus L. Annual; stem 3-10 dm. high, leafy; leaf-blades lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 3-25 ecm. long, undulate and crisp; pedicels jointed at the base; perianth greenish, 1-1.5 mm. long; inner lobes in fruit about 2 mm. long, with 1-3 bristle-like teeth on the margins. R. persicarioides Am. auth., not L. Goutpren Dock. Sandy shores: N.B.—N.C.—Calif.—B.C. Plain—Submont. JI-S. 8. OXYRIA Hill. Movunrtarn Sorret. Low perennials, with acid juice and thick fleshy taproots. Leaves alternate, but mostly basal. Flowers perfect, in verticils, arranged in panicled racemes. Sepals 4; the outer larger than the inner; stamens 6; filaments short-subulate. Ovary 1-celled; ovules solitary; styles 2, short; stigmas fimbriate. Achenes thin, lenticular, nearly flat, broadly winged. 1. O. digyna (L.) Hill. Stem scapiform, 5-30 cm. high; blades of the basal leaves reniform or rounded-reniform, 1-3 cm. in diameter, sometimes emarginate at the apex; panicle narrow, racemiform; perianth red or green, 1.5—2 mm. long, the inner in fruit erect, reniform-orbicular, 4-6 mm. broad; achenes in fruit broadly winged. Arctic-alpine regions among rocks: Greenl.—N.H.—Alta.— N.M.—Calif.—Alaska; Eurasia. Alp.—Mont. JI-S. 9. POLYGONUM (Tourn.) L. KNnorwrerep, DoorweEp, KNnorerass. Perennial or annual, sometimes somewhat shrubby herbs, with alternate leaves and somewhat fleshy or leathery leaf-blades articulate to the ocreae. Ocreae at first 2-lobed, soon lacerate, hyaline. Inflorescence of axillary small clusters. Calyx of 5 or rarely 6, partially united sepals, mostly green with white, pink, or yellowish margins. Stamens 3-8, usually 5 or 6; filaments, at least the inner ones, dilated. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled; styles 3, usually dis- tinct. Achenes 3-angled, brown or black; endosperm horny; cotyledons incum- bent. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 233 Fruit erect. Inflorescence of small axillary clusters scattered more or less thoroughout the plant; all except P. minimum with elongated stems or branches; perianth-lobes never keeled near the apex. Plants copiously leafy throughout; upper leaves scarcely reduced and more crowded. Very slender and low annuals, with red wiry, terete, non-striate stems. 1. P. minimum. Stouter and larger plants, often perennial, with prominently striate stems, usually 3-8 dm. long. Perianth-lobes with yellowish green margins; plant erect, with spreading branches in age; leaves broad, yellowish green. 2. P. erectum. Perianth-lobes with white, pink or purplish margins; plant prostrate or diffusely spreading; leaves from bright to pale bluish green. Leaves thick, prominently veined, oblong, oval, or spatulate, obtuse or rounded at the apex, usually pale; ocreae very conspicuous; faces of the achenes granular. 3. P. buxiforme. Leaves thin, not prominently veined, bright green; ocreae not conspicu- ous; faces of the achenes finely striate. Perianth 2.5—3.5 mm. long; achenes 2.5-3 mm. long, acute; leaves 2—4 cm. long. 4. P. aviculare. Perianth 2—2.5 mm. long; achenes 2—2.5 mm. long, acuminate; leaves mostly less than 2 cm. long. 5. P. neglectum. Plants with the upper leaves more scattered and reduced; mostly erect perennials. Upper bracts not subulate; achenes mostly dull. Lobes of the perianth with yellowish margins; perianth 3-4 mm. long; achenes about 3 mm. long, nearly smooth. 6. P. ramosissimum. Lobes of the perianth with whitish or pinkish margins; perianth 2-3 mm. long; achenes 2—2.5 mm. long, distinctly granulate or striate. Plant copiously branched and broom-like; leaf-blades linear or nearly so; achenes granulate. 7. P. prolificum. Plant sparingly branched, mostly below; leaf-blades oblanceolate to elliptic; achenes finely striate. 8. P. rubescens. Upper bracts subulate; achenes smooth and shining. 9. P. sawatchense. Inflorescence aggregate at the ends of the branches, or more scattered in P. parony- chioides, in which, however, some of the perianth-lobes are keeled near the apex; bracts leaf-like and usually broader than the narrowly linear leaves; plants dwarf annuals. Perianth-lobes not keeled. Leaves several, gradually merging into the bracts; achenes blunt-angled and strongly striate. 10. P. Watsonii. Leaf usually solitary and much longer than the bracts; achenes sharp-angled and obscurely striate. 11. P. unifolium. Some of the perianth-lobes keeled near the apex. Bracts herbaceous or the uppermost with a very narrow scarious margin. Bracts linear; ocreae conspicuous; inflorescence interrupted. 12. P. paronychioides. Bracts oblong or narrowly oblong; ocreae inconspicuous; inflorescence con- tiguous and dense. 13. P. Kelloggii. Bracts with broad white petaloid margins. 14. P. polygaloides. Fruit reflexed. Upper bracts much reduced and subulate. e Perianth 1.5—2.5 mm. long; leaves narrowly linear. 15. P. Engelmannii. Perianth 3—5 mm. long. Outer perianth-lobes oblong, obtusish, thickened and green or purplish on the back; lower leaves oblanceolate to linear-oblanceolate. 16. P. Douglasii. Outer perianth-lobes obovate, rounded at the apex, merely with a narrow midrib; lower leaves linear. Inflorescence long, lax, virgate; ocreae of the bracts inconspicuous. 17. P. majus. Inflorescence dense, crowded at the ends of the branches; ocreae of the bracts contiguous and conspicuous. 18. P. spergulariforme. Upper bracts foliaceous, relatively broad lanceolate or oblong. Perianth 3.5—4 mm. long; lower leaves oblong or nearly so. Achenes included. 19. P. montanum. Achenes exserted. 20. P. commiztum. | Perianth 2—2.5 mm. long; lower leaves obovate, very acute. ; 21. P. Austinae. | 1. P. minimum 8. Wats. Annual; stem erect or spreading, 3-20 cm., _ rarely 30 cm. high, branched mostly at the base; leaves obovate, sometimes ovate or elliptic, 0.5-2 cm. long, evenly distributed or crowded above; perianth- _ segments 1.5-2 mm. long, greenish with rose-colored margins; achenes 2-2.3 ( mm. long, smooth and shining. P. Torreyi S. Wats. Dry or sandy slopes: B.C.—Mont.—Colo.—Calif. Submont. JI-S. { 2. P. erectum L. Annual; stem usually erect, 2-6 dm. high, yellowish green; leaves oval, elliptic or obovate, 1-6 cm. long; flowers in small axillary 234 POLYGONACEAE clusters; perianth 3 mm. long; achenes dark brown, granular and dull. Waste places: Me.—Ga.—Ark.—N.M.—Alta.; (? Ida.) Plain. Je-S. 3. P. buxiforme Small. Annual or perennial; stem usually prostrate, 3-12 dm. long; leaves oblong, elliptic or oblanceolate, 0.5-2.5 em. long, usually ob- tuse, often crisp on the margin; perianth 2—2.5 mm. long; achenes 2—2.5 mm. long, dark brown, mostly dull, granular. Sandy or alkaline soil: Ont.—Va.— Tex.—Nev.—B.C. Plain—Mont. Je-S. 4, P.aviculare L. Annual or sometimes perennial; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, petioled, dull bluish green, rather thin, 1-3 em. long; flowers pedicelled; perianth 2.5-3.5 mm. long; achenes dark, rugulose-striate, dull. Waste places: Newf.—Va.—Calif —B. C.; nat. or adv. from Eu. Plain—Submont. My-O. 5. P. neglectum Besser. Anuat or perennial; stems with short internodes, strongly striate, usually minutely roughened; leaves firm, narrowly elliptic- lanceolate, or the upper rarely linear; margins often revolute when dry; perianth 2—2.5 mm. long, venose; segments with usually purplish margins; achenes reddish brown, apiculate-acuminate. P. aviculare angustissimum Meisn. Waste places: Me.—Fla.—Ark.—N.M.—Alta.; nat. or adv. from Eu.; more common than P. aviculare. Plain—Submont. Je—-N. 6. P. ramosissimum Michx. Annual; stem 2-10 dm. high, somewhat virgate, yellowish green; leaves lanceolate, oblong, or linear-oblong, 1—4 em. long, yellowish green, the upper ones much reduced in size; perianth about 3 mm. long; achenes 3 mm. long, black, not shining. River valleys and sandy soil: Man.— Ills —N.M.—Nev.—Wash.—B.C. Plain—Mont. JI-S. 7. P. prolificum (Small) B. L. Robins. Annual; stem 3-5 dm. high, much branched, strongly striate, dark green or reddish; leaves linear-oblong or linear, thick, obtuse or acute, strongly veined beneath, dark green, 1-2 cm. long; peri- anth about 2 mm. long; achenes brown, 2 mm. long, concave on the lanceolate- deltoid faces, shining. (?) P. flerile Greene. Sandy places: Me—Va.—Colo. —Mont. Plain. Jl-O. 8. P. rubescens Small. Annual or perennial; stem erect, ultimately branched, 1-5 dm. high; leaves thick, narrowly oblong or elliptic, 1-2.5 cm. long, the upper reduced; perianth 3 mm. long; achenes 2—2.5 mm. long, dull. Sandy soil: Sask.—Colo.—Nev.—Ida. Plain—Submont. Je-S. 9. P. sawatchense Small. Annual; stems erect, striate, obscurely 4-angled, branched from the base, 5-30 em. high; lower leaves oblanceolate, 1-2 em. long, acute or obtuse at the apex, often more or less revolute, with a prominent mid- vein; perianth-segments green, only slightly lighter on the margins, 2 mm. long; achenes rather blunt at both ends, smooth and glossy. Hillsides and mountains: $.D.—N.M.—Calif.—Wash. Submont—Mont. Jl-Au. 10. P. Watsonii Small. Annual; stem erect, 5-15 em. high, sparingly branched, 4-angled, glabrous; leaves linear, 1-5 em. long; bracts reduced, 0.5—-1 em. long, linear-lanceolate; perianth-segments green, pinkish on the margins, 2 mm. long; achenes nearly black, narrowly ovoid, strongly striate. P.imbricatum Nutt., not Raf. P. confertiflorum Nutt. Wet places: B.C.—Sask.—N.M.— Calif. Plain—Mont. Je—Au. 11. P. unifolium Small. Annual, dwarf; stem 1-3 cm. high, simple, or nearly so; well developed leaf mostly solitary, linear, erect, 7-10 mm. long; bracts several, crowded, imbrizate, linear or linear-lanceolate; perianth-segments about 1.5 mm. long, white or pinkish, with green ribs; achenes about 1.3 mm. long, shining, included. Wet places: Mont.—Colo.—Utah. Plain—Mont. J\l—Au. 12. P. paronychioides Small. Annual, bushy; stem copiously branched at the base, 8-15 em. long; leaves linear, 8-10 mm. long; perianths short-pedicelled, solitary or afew together in the axils; segments green, with pale or pink margins, becoming fully 2 mm. long; lobes slightly keeled, acutish; achenes rhombic, about 2 mm. long, granular. Wet places: Mont.—Wyo. Submont. Au. 13. P. Kelloggii Greene. Annual; stem erect, 3-8 cm. high, branched at the base; leaves linear, acute, 5-10 cm. long, spreading; perianth-segments 1.5-2 N ta i BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 235 mm. long, greenish, with white or cream-colored margins; achenes 1.5 mm. long, rhombic-ovoid, light brown, granular, somewhat striate, dull. In wet soil: Wash.—Mont.—Colo.—Calif. Suwbmont—Mont. JI-S. 14. P. polygaloides Meisn. Annual, glabrous; stem slender, erect, 1-2 dm. high, with ascending branches; leaves narrowly linear, 1-3 em. long, strict; floral leaves oblong or elliptic; perianth-segments 2 mm. long, white or pinkish, with dark midribs; outer segment longer than the inner; achenes about 1.5 mm. long. Wet places: Wash.—Mont.—Wyo.—Ore. Submont. Je—Au. 15. P. Engelmannii Greene. Annual; stem often diffusely branched at the base, 0.5-3 dm. high; lower leaves linear-oblanceolate, 0.5-2 em. long, the upper reduced, bract-like, subulate; perianth-segments oblong, obtuse, with whitish margins; achenes 2—2.5 mm. long, ovoid, black, smooth and shining. P. tenue microspermum Engelm. Hillsides and mountains: B.C.—Mont.—Colo. Plain—Mont. JI-S. 16. P. Douglasii Greene. Annual; stem erect, 2-4 dm. high, with ascend- ing branches; lower leaves oblanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, mostly obtuse or acutish; the upper linear and reduced, scattered; perianth-segments white or rose-colored on the margins; achenes 3-4 mm. long, black, smooth and shining. P. consimile Greene. (?) P. emaciatum A. Nels. P. pannosum 8. 8. Sharp. Hillsides and in sandy soil: Vt.—N.Y.—N.M.—Calif.—B.C.; probably only introduced east of the Rockies. Plain—Mont. Je—Au. 17. P. majus (Meisn.) Piper. Annual; stem wiry, terete, 2-4 dm. high, with ascending branches; leaves 2-6 cm. long; bracts linear-subulate, remote; perianth 4-5 mm. long; segments white, with green midrib; achenes black, shin- Ing, smooth, 3-3.5 mm. long. P. coarctatum majus Meisn. Stony soil: Wash. —Mont.—Wyo.—Ore. Plain—Submont. Je-S. 18. P. spergulariaeforme Meisn. Annual, scurfy throughout; stem erect, 1-3 dm. high, branched from the base; leaves 1-3 cm. long, usually somewhat revolute; bracts rather crowded, subulate; perianth 3.5-4 mm. long, pink; achenes about 3.5 mm. long, black, smooth and shining except the granular apex and angles. P. coarctatum Dougl., not Willd. Ridges: B.C.—w Wyo.—Calif. Plain—Submont. Jl—Au. 19. P. montanum (Small) Greene. Annual; stem branched from the base, 1-3 dm. high, floriferous from near the base; lower leaves elliptic or oblong- oblanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, 1-nerved; upper leaves smaller, lanceolate or oblong; perianth-segments oblong, dark green or purplish, with white or pinkish margins; achenes black, shining, striate. Mountains: Alta—N.M.—Calif. Submont.— Subalp. Jl-Au. 20. P. commixtum Greene. Annual; stem 0.5-1.5 dm. high, glabrous, branched from the base, glabrous; leaves oval, oblanceolate, or lanceolate, abruptly cuspidate-mucronate, 1-2.5 em. long, 1-nerved, glabrous; perianth about 3 mm. long; segments elliptic, green, with yellowish white or purplish margins; achenes almost black, smooth and shining. Mountains: Colo—Mont. Submont.— Subalp. Jl-Au. 21. P. Austinae Greene. Annual; stem mostly erect, 0.5-1 dm. high, branched from the base; leaves ovate-lanceolate to oblanceolate, 0.5-1.5 em. long, the upper much reduced; perianth green, 2.5 mm. long, drooping; segments narrowly oblong, obtuse, dark green, with white margins; achenes 2.5-3 mm. long, eae smooth and shining. Sandy places: Alta——Wyo.—Calif. Swb- mont. uN. 10. PERSICARIA (C. Bauhin) Mill. Smarrweep, Lapy’s Tuums, WaTER PEPPER. Perennial or annual, caulescent herbs, not twining, with alternate leaves and entire leaf-blades, continuous with the ocreae. The latter cylindric, mostly mem- branous, truncate. Racemes spike-like; pedicels articulate below the calyx. Calyx more or less colored, white or greenish, glandular-punctate; perianth-seg- ments mostly 5. Stamens 4-8, filaments not dilated. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled; 236 POLYGONACEAE styles mostly 2, sometimes 3, usually partially united; stigmas capitate. Achenes mostly lenticular, sometimes 3-angular, usually black, smooth or granular. Endosperm horny; cotyledons accumbent. Racemes terminal only and usually solitary; plants aquatic perennials. Ocreae without spreading foliaceous tops. Plant usually floating, or decumbent and rooting; leaves of an oblong type, glabrous, acute or obtuse. 1. P. coccinea. Plant usually diffuse and emersed; leaves of a lanceolate type, pubescent, acumin- ate. 2. P. Muhlenbergii. Ocreae with spreading foliaceous tops; leaf-blades narrowly oblong or lanceolate (broader in floating forms), pubescent. 3. P. Hartwrightii. Racemes axillary as well as terminal, numerous; annuals. Ocreae without marginal bristles. Racemes erect; glands on the branches and inflorescence numerous, stalked. 4. P. omissa. Racemes drooping; glands on the branches and inflorescence sessile. Styles united only at the base. 5. P. incarnata. Styles united to about the middle. Leaves deep green on both sides. 6. P. lapathifolia. Leaves pale beneath. 7. P. incana. Ocreae bristle-fringed. Racemes oblong or cylindric, about 1 cm. thick in fruit; perianth not punctate, usually pink to red-purple. 8. P. Persicaria. Racemes slender, loosely flowered, about 5 mm. thick in fruit; perianth white or pale green, copiously punctate. Racemes erect; achenes smooth and shining. 9. P. punctata. Racemes nodding at least in fruit; achenes granular and dull. 10. P. Hydropiper. 1. P. coccinea (Muhl.) Greene. Perennial, glabrous, or the young shoots somewhat pubescent; stem 5-50 dm. long; leaves oblong or elliptic, 3-10 cm. long, glossy, obtuse or acute at both ends, or when growing in mud more elongate, elliptic-lanceolate and acute; raceme spike-like, 1-3 em. long; perianth light rose- colored; achenes lenticular, black. Polygonum amphibium Hook., not L. Persi- carta plattensis, P. subcoriacea, P. psychrophila, P. oregana, and P. laetevirens Greene. In water or rarely in mud: Me.—N.J.—N.M.—Calif.—Alaska. © Plain—Mont. Je—Au. 2. P. Muhlenbergii (Meisn.) Small. Perennial, more or less strigose- hispid throughout; stem erect or creeping at the base, 3-8 dm. high, simple; leaf-blades broadly lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, acuminate or acute; racemes spike- like, linear or linear-oblong, 3-10 em. long; perianth dark rose-colored, rarely pink, 4 mm. long; achenes lenticular, black, granular but shining. Polygonum Muhlenbergii (Meisn.) S. Wats. P. emersum (Michx.) Britton. Persicaria emersa (Michx.) Small. P. propinqua and P. Wardii Greene. In swamps and shallow water: Me-—Va.—N.M.—Calif —B.C.; Mex. Plain—Submont. Je-S. 3. P. Hartwrightii (A. Gray) Greene. Perennial, more or less hispid throughout; stem ascending or suberect, 3-7 dm. long, or rarely floating in water; leaf-blades narrowly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate or oblong, 6-18 cm. long; raceme spike-like, oblong or ovoid, 1-3 em. long, erect; perianth rose-colored, 34.5 cm. long; achenes lenticular, 2.6 mm. long, black, smooth and shining. Polygonum Hartwrightii A. Gray. Persicaria muriculata and P. villosula Greene. Wet places and shallow water. Me.—Pa.—Calif—Wash.—Sask. Plain— Submont. Je-S. 4. P. omissa Greene. Annual; stem 3-6 dm. high, with copious stipitate glands; ocreae short, cup-shaped; leaf-blades 5-10 cm. long, lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, glabrous, punctate; racemes short-oblong or ellipsoid, 1-2 em. long; perianth deep pink, about 4 mm. long; achenes round-ovate, black and shining, nearly flat on one side. Polygonum omissum Greene. Wet ground and dried- up ponds: Kans.—Colo. Plain. JIS. 5. P. incarnata (Ell.) Small. Annual, nearly glabrous throughout; stem erect, 6-10 dm. long, more or less thickened at the nodes; leaf-blades lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 5-20 em. long, acuminate or acute; racemes linear, 3-8 em. long, drooping; perianth whitish, green, or rose-colored, 2-3 mm. long; achenes lenticular, rarely 3-angled, dark brown or black, shining, smooth. Polygonum incarnatum Ell. Wet places: Vt.—Fla—Calif—Ida. Plain—Submont. JI-O. —— mir ee nn eR BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 237 6. P. lapathifolia (L.) S. F. Gray. Annual, glabrous or nearly so; stem erect, 3-6 dm. high, thickened at the nodes; leaf-blades broadly or narrowly lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, attenuate, punctate and ciliolate on the margins; racemes linear-oblong, 2-8 em. long, drooping, dense; perianth flesh-colored or whitish, 2-2.5 mm. long; achenes lenticular or rarely 3-angled, black or dark brown, slightly granular, shining. Polygonum lapathifolium L. Wet places: Que.— Fla.—Calif.—B.C.; Mex., W.Ind.; Eurasia. Plain—Submont. Jl-O. 7. P. incana (Schmidt) 8. F. Gray. Annual; stem erect, 1-4 dm. high, slightly scurfy; leaf-blades lanceolate or oblong, acute or obtuse; racemes oblong, 1-3 em. long, erect or only slightly nodding; peduncles with sessile glands; peri- anth 2—2.5 mm. long, greenish or pinkish white; achenes lenticular, dark brown, shining. Polygonum incanum Schmidt. Wet places and swamps: Newf.— N.Y.—Colo.—B.C.; Eu. Plain—Submont. Je-S. 8. P. Persicaria (L.) Small. Annual, glabrous or puberulent; stem erect, 2-8 dm. high, usually branched; leaf-blades lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2-18 em. long, acuminate, conspicuously punctate, usually with a lunar or triangular spot in the middle; racemes oblong or ovoid, 1-3 em. long, 0.5-1 em. thick, mostly erect; perianth about 2.5 mm. long, pink or purple; achenes lenticular or 3-angled, smooth and shining. Polygonum Persicaria L. Lapy’s THumB. Waste places and rich soil: Newf.—Fla.—Calif —B.C.; Mex.; Eu. Plain—sSub- mont. My-S. 9. P. punctata (Ell.) Small. Annual or perennial, mostly glabrous through- out; stem erect, or creeping at the base, 3-10 dm. high, more or less branched; leaf-blades lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, acuminate, conspicu- ously punctate; raceme linear, erect, 1-6 cm. long, somewhat interrupted below; perianth greenish, about 2 mm. long, conspicuously glandular-punctate; achenes lenticular or 3-angled, black, smooth and shining. Polygonum punctatum Ell. P.acre H.B.K., not Lam. SmMartweep. Swamps and wet places: Me.—Fla.— Calif—Wash.; Mex., C.Am., W.Ind., and S.Am. Plain. Mr-—-D. 10. P. Hydropiper (L.) Opiz. Annual, glabrous; stem erect or assurgent, 2-6 dm. high, simple or branched, sometimes reddish; leaf-blades ovate-lance- olate or lanceolate, 1.5-9 em. long, acute, more or less papillose, punctate; racemes linear, 2—6 cm. long, interrupted and drooping; perianth greenish, 2.5-3 mm. long, glandular; achenes lenticular or 3-angled, dark brown, strongly granu- lar and dull. Polygonwm Hydropiper L. Water Pepper. Wet places: Newf. —Ga.—Calif.—B.C.; Mex. and C.Am.; nat. from Eu. Plain. Je-S. 11. BISTORTA (C. Bauhin) Mill. Bisrort. Perennials, with thickened horizontal rootstocks and simple stems. Basal leaves long-petioled; stem-leaves short-petioled or sessile, narrow, entire. Ocreae cylindric, hyaline, never ciliate, oblique at the summit. Inflorescence a solitary spike-like raceme, sometimes bearing bulblets at the base. Pedicels articulate at the base of the perianth. Perianth 5-parted, not glandular-punctate. Sta- mens 8, exserted. Style usually 3-parted; achenes triangular or rarely lenticular. Endosperm horny; cotyledons accumbent. Racemes not viviparous, not bulblet-bearing, oblong, 1-2 cm. thick. Perianth 5—6 mm. long; leaf-blades lanceolate, oblong, or opie Se ee Perianth 3—4 mm. long; basal leaf-blades linear. 2. B. linearifolia. Racemes viviparous, bulblet-bearing below, linear, 5-8 mm. thick. 3. B. vivipara.: 1. B. bistortoides (Pursh) Small. Stem erect, 2-7 dm. high, simple; blades of the basal leaves 10-25 em. long, 0.5-3 em. broad, acute or obtuse, glabrous on both sides or scabrous-puberulent beneath; stem-leaves lanceolate, sessile; raceme oblong, 1-6 em. long, 1-1.5 em. thick, densely flowered; perianth light rose-colored to white; achenes light brown, smooth and shining. Polygonum bistortoides Pursh. B. calophylla, B. glastifolia, and B. lilacina Greene. Wet meadows and swamps: Mont.—N.M.—Calif—B.C. Alp.—Mont. Je-S. 2. B. linearifolia (S. Wats.) Greene. Stem slender, 1-3 dm. high; basal leaf-blades 3-4 cm. long, acute; cauline leaves linear-lanceolate to linear, sessile; 238 POLYGONACEAE raceme ovoid, less than 2 em. long; perianth mostly white; achenes smooth and shining. Polygonum Bistorta linearifolium 8. Wats. B. jejuna Greene. Alpine swamps: Mont.—Colo.—Utah—Nev. Alp.—Mont. Je—Au. 3. B. vivipara (L.) 8. F. Gray. Blades of the basal leaves oblong or lance- olate, 2-10 cm. long, 1—2.5 em. wide; stem-leaves lanceolate to linear; raceme narrowly cylindric, 2-10 em. long, 0.5-1 em. thick; perianth pale rose-colored or white; achenes dark brown, granular and dull. Polygonum viviparum L. B. scopulina Greene. Alpine, arctic, and subarctic swamps: Greenl.—N.H.— N.M.—Alaska; Eurasia. Je—Au. 12. FAGOPYRUM (Tourn.) Mill. Buckwuear. Caulescent glabrous annuals. Leaves alternate, petioled; blades hastate or cordate; ocreae oblique, entire. Flowers perfect, several in corymbiform cymes, with slender pedicels subtended by an ocreola. Calyx corolloid; sepals 5, equal. Stamens 8. Styles 3; stigmas capitate. Achenes 3-angled, margined or crested. Embryo S-shaped, central. 1. F. Fagopyrum (L.) Karst. Stem 1-9 dm. high, branched, pubescent at - the nodes; leaf-blades hastate, 2.5-8 cm. long; ocreae fugacious; perianth whit- ish; achenes ovoid, 5 mm. long, with pinnately striate faces, acute-angled. F. esculentum Moench. Escaped from cultivation; native of Eurasia. 13. ACONOGONUM Reichenb. Caulescent herbaceous or rarely suffrutescent plants, with horizontal root- stocks. Leaves fleshy or thin. Inflorescence of axillary and terminal racemes or panicles. Ocreae funnelform, oblique. Pedicels articulate below the peri- anth. Perianth 5-parted, not glandular-punctate. Stamens 5-8, included. nee 3-parted; avhenes 3-angled, smooth. Endosperm horny; cotyledons ac- cumbent. 1. A. phytolaccaefolium (Meisn.) Small. Perennial; stem erect, 1-2 m. high, channeled, branched; leaf-blades lanceolate, 5-15 em. long, 1-4 em. wide, acute or acuminate at both ends, slightly crisped, ciliate on the margins; inflo- rescence paniculate, leafy; perianth greenish or whitish, 3 mm. long; segments obovate or oblong, rounded; achenes 4 mm. long, broadly ovoid or oval, light chestnut-colored, shining. Polygonwm polymorphum and P. alpinum Am. auth. Subalpine and alpine regions: Alaska—Ida.—Nev.—Calif.; Asia. Submont. JI-S. 14. TRACAULON Raf. Trar-THUMB. Annual or rarely perennial, prickly-armed herbs, with weak 4-angled stems. Leaves alternate; blades hastate or cordate, membranous, the petioles and veins prickly. Ocreae oblique. Flowers in terminal or axillary spikes, or capi- tate clusters. Sepals 4 or 5, somewhat colored, neither keeled nor winged. Stamens 5-8; filaments not dilated. Ovary 1-celled; styles 2 or 3, partially united. Achenes lenticular or 3-angled, smooth and shining. Endosperm horny; cotyledons accumbent. 1. T. sagittatum (L.) Small. Annual; stem slender, decumbent or re- clining, 3-15 dm. high, branched, 4-angled, armed on the angles with sharp re- curved prickles; leaves lanceolate or oblong, sagittate at the base, 1-12 cm. long, 0.5-3 em. broad, the lower petioled, the uppermost sessile; perianth white, green, or red, 4 mm. long, 5-parted; achenes 3-angled, black or brownish. Polygonum sagittatum L. Wet meadows: Newf.—F JLS. 15. BILDERDYKIA Dum. Fase BuckwHeat, BINDWEED. Annual or perennial twining herbaceous vines. Leaves alternate, with cordate or hastate blades. Ocreae oblique, naked or fringed. Racemes loosely flowered, terminal or axillary, often paniculate. Sepals 5, green, white, or yel- lowish, the outer two sepals and the intermediate one keeled or winged. Pedi- cels slender, reflexed and articulate. Stamens 8; filaments short, converging. Ovary 1- celled; styles 3, short or almost w anting; stigmas capitate. Achenes BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 239 3-angled, dark brown or black. Endosperm horny. Cotyledons accumbent. |Tiniaria Reichenb.] Outer sepals merely keeled at maturity. 1. B. Convolvulus. Outer sepals developing conspicuous wings. . 2. B. scandens. 1. B. Convolvulus (L.) Dum. Annual, glabrous but scurfy, pale green; stem ascending and twining, 1-12 dm. long; leaf-blades ovate-sagittate or deltoid, 2-6 em. long, acuminate at the apex; racemes 1-6 cm. long; perianth green, 3.5—4 mm. long; segments oblong, obtuse; achenes 3-angled, 3.5 mm. long, black, granular. Polygonum Convolvulus L. Tiniaria Convolvulus Webb. & Mog. BINDWEED. Among bushes: N.S.—Fla.—Calif.—B.C.; nat. from Eu. Plain —Mont. My-S. 2. B. scandens (L.) Greene. Perennial, glabrous, somewhat scurfy; stem extensively twining, 5-30 dm. high; leaf-blades ovate-cordate to oblong-cordate, 1-12 em. long, short-acuminate, long-petioled; perianth greenish yellow, 1 cm. long; segments ovate, obtuse; achenes 3.5-4.5 mm. long, black, smooth and shining. Polygonum scandens L. Tiniaria scandens (L.) Small. Fause Buck- WHEAT. Thickets: N.S.—-Fla.—lLa.—Colo—Mont. Plain—Submont. Jl-O. Famity 38. CHENOPODIACEAE. Gooseroot FAmILy. More or less fleshy herbs or shrubs, with alternate or opposite leaves, without stipules. Flowers usually clustered in spikes, cymes; or panicles, usually greenish. Calyx of 2-5 sepals. Corolla wanting. Stamens opposite the sepals; anthers introrse. Pistils of 2-5 united carpels; ovary 1-celled; styles 2-5. Fruit a 1-seeded utricle. Embryo curved or spiral. Embryo annular. : Stems and branches not jointed; leaves not scale-like. Flowers perfect, all with perianth, not inclosed in a pair of bracts. Fruit inclosed in the calyx. Calyx in fruit not transversely winged. Sepals 3—5; stamens 1—5. Fruiting calyx herbaceous. 1. CHENOPODIUM. Fruiting calyx fleshy, red. 2. BLITUM. Sepals 1; stamens 1. 3. MONOLEPIS. Calyx in fruit transversely winged. Flowers paniculate; leaves ample, sinuate, flat. 4. CYCLOLOMA. Flowers spicate; leaves linear, terete. 5. KOCHIA. Fruit laterally flattened, exserted from the marcescent calyx. 6. CORIOSPERMUM. Flowers monoecious or dioecious; the pistillate inclosed in two accrescent bractlets. Pericarp not hairy. Bracts compressed; leaves more or less farinose; testa mostly coriaceous. Pistillate flowers without perianth. 7. ATRIPLEX. Pistillate flowers with 2—3 hyaline sepals shorter than the bracts. 8. ENDOLEPIS. Bracts ob-compressed; testa membranous. : Pericarp hastate with crested margins, 2-toothed apex; herbs more or less farinaceous, with toothed leaves. 9. SUCKLEYA. Pericarp obovate or orbicular, entire; undershrubs with entire leaves. 10. GRAYIA. Pericarp densely hairy, conic; low and tomentose shrubs. 11. EUROTIA. Stems ae Eamiches fleshy, jointed; leaves scale-like; flowers sunk into the rachis of the spike. Flower-clusters decussately opposite; branches opposite. 12. SALICORNIA. Flowers spirally arranged; branches alternate. 13. ALLENROLFIA. Embryo spirally coiled. Shrubs with monoecious bractless flowers; staminate flowers in spikes, without peri- anth; pistillate ones solitary, axillary; fruiting calyx transversely winged. 14. SARCOBATUS. Herbs with perfect bracteolate flowers. Fruiting calyx transversely winged; leaves spiny. 15. SALSOLA. Fruiting calyx not winged; leaves fleshy, not spiny. 16. DONDIA. 1. CHENOPODIUM (Tourn.) L. Goosrroot, PIGWEED, LamB’s QUARTER. Annual (all ours) or perennial herbs, usually with mealy-coated or glandular foliage. Leaves alternate, with entire, toothed or lobed blades. Flowers per- 240 CHENOPODIACEAE fect or rarely dioecious, in small axillary or terminal spikes or glomerules. Sepals persistent, flat or keeled. Stamens 1-5; filaments filiform. Ovary usually depressed, 1-celled; styles 2—5; stigmas filiform or subulate. Utricle contain- ing one horizontal or vertical seed. Endosperm mealy. Leaves more or less mealy or glabrate, never glandular or sweet-scented, sinuately lobed, dentate or entire; embryo forming a complete ring. Stamens 5; calyx not at all fleshy in fruit. Leaves entire or sinuately toothed, but not with large, acute (except in C. murale), divaricate teeth; seeds 1-1.5 mm. in diameter. Calyx-lobes carinate; at least the upper panicles exceeding the leaves. Pericarp easily separating from the seeds. Leaves linear or oblong, entire or slightly sinuately toothed. Whole plant almost perfectly glabrous; glomerules 1—4-flowered, in very lax spikes; leaves narrowly linear. 1. C. subglabrum. Leaves more or less mealy beneath; glomerules several-flowered; spikes denser. Leaves thin; inflorescence not very dense; spikes somewhat interrupted below. Leaves all narrowly linear, 1-nerved, entire. 2. C. leptophyllum. Lower leaves at least oblong or lanceolate, 3-nerved and often somewhat hastately toothed. 3. C. pratericola. Leaves thick; inflorescence dense and crowded; leaves oblong. Plant densely mealy, yellowish. 4. C. desiccatum. Plant only slightly mealy, dark green. 5. C. aridum. Leaves broadly ovate or triangular, more or less hastate at the base. Plant densely farinose. Plant low and spreading. 6. C. incanum. Plant tall and erect. 7. C. albescens. Plant sparingly farinose or glabrate, tall. Leaves very thin, distinctly hastate; inflorescence lax. 8. C. Fremontit. Leaves thick, only slightly hastate, rounded at the apex. 9. C. atrovirens. Pericarp firmly attached to the seeds. Leaves subentire or merely hastately toothed. Leaves linear; calyx closed in fruit. 10. C. inamoenus. Leaves broader, oblong, lanceolate, ovate or elliptic. Calyx open in fruit; plant ill-scented. 11. C. hians Calyx closed in fruit. Leaves thick, more or less farinose, none of them cuspidate. 12. C. Watsoni. Leaves thin, glabrate; inflorescence lax. Seeds 1 mm. in diameter; upper ches cuspidate. C. Berlandieri. Seeds about 1.5 mm. in diameter; apne leaves long-acu- minate. 14. C. lanceolatum. Leaves more or less sinuately dentate; inflorescence dense. Leaves densely mealy. 15. C. album. Leaves green or nearly so. 16. C. paganum. Calyx-lobes not carinate; panicles mostly axillary, shorter than the leaves. Leaves glabrate; seeds horizontal. 17. C. murale. Leaves farinose and glaucous beneath; seeds vertical. 18. C. salinum. Leaves with large divaricate acute lobes; seeds about 2 mm. in diameter. 19. C. hybridum. Stamens 1-2; calyx reddish and slightly fleshy in fruit. Plant aati more than 1 dm. high, erect; leaves usually more or tess joothet . ruorum Plant less than 2 dm. high, prostrate; leaves entire or merely hastately toothed. 21. C. humile. Leaves glandular, sweet-scented, pinnately lobed; embryo priest He: Lobes of the leaves rounded or broadly oblong, moreorless toothed. 22. C. Botrys. Lobes of the leaves lanceolate, entire. 23. C. incisum. 1. C. subglabrum (S. Wats.) A. Nels. Stem 2-4 dm. high, branched, striate, obtusely angled; leaves 1-nerved, 2-10 em. long, 1-3 mm. (rarely 4 mm. } wide, entire, light green; seeds black, shining, about 1.5 mm. in diameter. Sandy soil: §.D.—-Neb.—Utah—Wash.—Ore. Plain. Jl-Au. 2. C. leptophyllum Nutt. Stem 2-5 dm. high, striately angled; leaves 1-6 dm. long, 1-6 mm. wide, green above, rather densely mealy beneath; sepals strongly carinate, scarcely covering the seed; seeds shining , fully 1 mm. broad. Sandy or dry soil: Man.—Mo.—N.M.—Ariz. Ore.—B. Cr “adv. in the East: Me. —N.J. Son.—Plain—Submont. Je-S. 3. C. pratericola Rydb. Stem 3-6 dm. high, striate and angled, nearly glabrous; leaves petioled; blades 2-6 cm. long, 4-18 mm. wide; sepals scarious- GOOSEFOOT FAMILY 241 margined, green on the back, slightly carinate; seeds black, shining, about 1.5 mm. in diameter. Sandy soil, fields and waste grounds: Neb.—Mo.—N.M.— Ariz.—Wash.; n Mex. Plain. JIS. 4. C. desiccatum A. Nels. Stem 2-5 dm. high; leaves short-petioled; blades obtuse or acutish, 1-4 em. long, 4-10 mm. wide, thick, mealy on both sides; sepals slightly carinate; seeds black, shining, 1.5 mm. broad. C. oblongi- folium (8S. Wats.) Rydb. C. desiccatum was described from a depauperate form. Arid ground: N.D.—Mo.—Tex.—Calif—Wash. Plain—Submont. JI-S. 5. C. aridum A. Nels. Stem erect, 3-4 dm. high; leaves moderately thick, dark green; blades 1-3 em. long, oblong to ovate-lanceolate, entire or rarely slightly hastately toothed, obtuse; seeds scarcely 1 mm. in diameter, black, shining. C. Wolfii Rydb. Arid ground: Colo.—Wyo. Submont.—Mont. Jl-Au. 6. C. incanum (S.- Wats.) Heller. Stem divaricately branched, 1-3 dm. high, mealy, obtusely angled; leaf-blades rhombic or broadly ovate, hastately lobed, 3-ribbed, 1-2 em. long and nearly as broad; flowers in dense clusters; sepals very mealy, slightly carimate; seeds black, shining. Dry ground, especially in ‘prairie-dog towns:’ Neb.—Kans.—N.M.—Ariz.—Utah. Plain—*Son. My-Au. 7. C. albescens Small. Stem erect, 5-12 dm. high, mealy when young, angled; leaf-blades 2-4 em. long, sharply acute or bristle-tipped, hastately lobed or toothed, 3-ribbed; inflorescence rather lax; sepals mealy, barely keeled; seed 1-1.5 mm. broad, black, shining. Dry soil: Tex.—N.M.—Colo. Son.— Submont. Je—Jl. 8. C. Fremontii S. Wats. Stem 2-8 dm. high, with slender branches, green; leaf-blades broadly triangular or rhombic, sinuate-dentate, 1—5 cm. long and nearly as wide, rounded and mucronate at the apex; sepals strongly carinate, nearly covering the fruit; seed black, shining, fully 1 mm. broad. In cafions and among bushes: Sask.—N.M.—Ariz.—Nev.—B.C.; n Mex. Plain—Mont. 9. C. atrovirens Rydb. Stem 3-5 dm. high, striate and obtusely angled; leaf-blades broadly ovate, the upper mucronate at the apex, 3-ribbed, 1-3 cm. long, 5-15 mm. wide; flowers in short dense spikes, sparingly mealy; seeds black, shining, 1 mm. broad. Foot-hills: Mont.—Wyo.—Nev. Submont. Jl-Au. 10. C. inamoenus Standl. Stem erect, 1-8 dm. high, much branched; petioles very short; leaf-blades 1-3 cm. long, 1-5 mm. wide, obtuse, I-nerved, thick, densely farinose, becoming glabrate above; flowers in large glomerules in dense erect paniculate spikes; sepals ovate, slightly carinate; seeds 0.8 mm. broad, black, shining. Dry places: Wyo.—N.M.—Nev.—Ore.; n Mex. Au-S. 11. C. hians Standl. Stem 4-8 dm. high,*copiously mealy; petioles half as long as the leaf-blade or shorter; blade 1.2-3 em. long, rounded and short- apiculate at the apex, green above, densely white-mealy beneath; flowers in large glomerules in paniculate spikes; sepals rounded-oblong or ovate, obtuse, obtusely carinate, mealy; seeds black, 1 mm. broad, shining. Dry hillsides: N.M.— Wyo. Au. 12. C. Watsoni A. Nels. Stem stout, 2-6 dm. high; leaf-blades 1-2 cm. long, oval, ovate, or oblong, obtuse, dark green and sparingly mealy; inflorescence narrow, dense; seed 1.25-1.5 mm. in diameter. C. olidum 8. Wats. Dry places: Mont.—N.M.—Ariz. Son.—Mont. Au-O. 13. C. Berlandieri Moq. Stem erect, 3-9 dm. high, much branched; leaf- blades lanceolate, oblong, or ovate, sometimes somewhat rhombic, 1.5—4 cm. long; inflorescence open, interrupted, lax; sepals barely keeled; seeds black, punctate. Dry soil: N.C.—Fla—Tex.—Colo.; n Mex. Plain—Mont. JI-S. 14. C. lanceolatum Muhl. Stem 4-12 dm. high, branched, blunt-angled; lower leaf-blades ovate or lanceolate, coarsely toothed, those of the inflorescence linear-lanceolate, entire; inflorescence open and interrupted; sepals merely keeled; seeds black, shining. C. viride Auth., not L. Waste places and fields: Mass.—Fla.—La.—Sask.; B.C. Plain. JI-S. 12 242 CHENOPODIACEAE 15. C.album L. Stem erect, 6-30 dm. high; leaf-blades ovate or lanceolate, more or less rhombic, 2-8 em. long, acute or obtuse, usually hastately lobed; inflorescence dense; sepals with light margins, enclosing the fruit; seed black, shining. Fields, waste places, and thickets: Newf.—Fla.—Calif—B.C.— Yukon; Eurasia. Plain—Submont. JI-S. 16. C. paganum Reichenb. Stem erect, 0.5-3 m. high; leaf-blades ovate to broadly lanceolate, 3-15 em. long, coarsely sinuate-dentate, acute at the apex, thin; inflorescence dense, much-branched; sepals sharply carinate, enclosing the fruit; seeds black, rugulose-pitted. Waste places: Mass.—Va.—N.M.—Colo.; adv. from Eu. Plain—Submont. JI-S. 17. C.murale L. Stem erect or decumbent, 1-6 dm. long, widely branching; leaf-blades thin, rhombic-ovate, 2-8 em. long, acute, coarsely sinuate-dentate, cuneate or truncate at the base; flower-clusters small, shorter than the leaves; sepals oblong, obtuse; seeds firmly adherent to the pericarp, sharp-angled. Waste places: Me.—Fla.—Calif—B.C.; Mex. and W. Ind.; ady. or nat. from Eu. Plain—Submont. Mr-O. 18. C. salinum Standl. Stem prostrate, decumbent or ascending, freely branched, more or less fleshy; leaf-blades broadly lanceolate to triangular-ovate or oblong, acute, 2-3 cm. long, sinuately toothed and somewhat hastate: flowers in small axillary spikes shorter than the leaves; sepals obovate, rounded at the apex; seeds finely tuberculate. C. glaucwm Am. auth., mainly. Alkaline soils: Alta.—Neb.—Colo.—Utah-—Ore. Plain—Submont. JI-S. 19. C. hybridum L. Stem erect, 6-13 dm. high; leaf-blades rhombic-ovate or triangular-ovate, long-acuminate, sharply sinuate-dentate, with 1—4 large teeth on each side, or the uppermost entire, 1-2 dm. long; flowers in large open panicles; sepals oblong, slightly keeled; seeds firmly attached to the pericarp, acute-margined, punctate. Woods, thickets and waste places: Que.—Vt.— N.Y.—Ky.—N.M.—Calif —B.C.; nat. from Eu. Plain—Submont. 20. C. rubrum L. Stem erect, branched, 3-8 dm. high; leaf-blades thick, triangular-hastate to lanceolate, 3-10 em. long, coarsely sinuate-dentate or the upper entire, nearly glabrous, dark green; flower-clusters densely spicate on short branches; sepals 2-5, obtuse, rather fleshy; seeds easily separating from the peti- carp, less than 1 mm. in diameter. C. succosum A. Nels. Coast Buitr. Alka- line or alive soil: Newf.—N.J.—Mo.—N.M.—Ariz.—B.C.; Eu. Plain—Sub- mont. = 21. C. humile Hook. Stem decumbent or spreading, divaricately branched; leaf-blades obovate, spatulate, or lanceolate, the upper linear, 1-3 ecm. long, fleshy, glabrous or nearly so; flower-clusters in small axillary spikes; sepals oblong, obtuse, somewhat fleshy; seeds less than 1 mm. broad, easily separating from the pericarp. ALKALI Burrs. Alkaline meadows: Sask.—Neb.—Colo.— Calif—B.C. Plain—Submont. Je-N. 22. C. Botrys L. Stem erect, 1-6 dm. high, branched; leaf-blades 1-5 em. long, oblong or ovate, irregularly pinnatifid; flower-clusters in small, axillary cymes; seeds horizontal or vertical, 0.8 mm. broad, adherent to the pericarp. JERUSA- LEM Oak. Waste places: N.S.—Ga.—Tex.—Calif.—B.C.; Mex.; nat. from Eu. Plain—Mont. J\-O. 23. C. incisum Poir. Stem 2-5 dm. high, branched; leaves lanceolate or ovate in outline, 2-4 em. long, sinuate-pinnatifid or sinuate-dentate, with entire lobes or teeth; flowers in axillary cymes; sepals acute, carinate; seeds about 0.5 mm. broad, obtusely margined. C. cornutum (Torr.) B. & H. Dry places: Colo.—N.M.— Ariz.; Mex. Son.—Submont. Je-S. 2. BLITUM L. Srrawserry Burrs, SrRawBERRY PIGWEED. Annual fleshy herbs, with light green, glabrous, toothed leaves. Flowers small, green or reddish, aggregate in small axillary, head-like clusters, or the upper clusters forming an interrupted spike. Calyx 2—5-lobed, becoming fleshy and bright red in fruit. Stamens 1-5, mostly 2. Ovary 1-celled; styles 2-5; GOOSEFOOT FAMILY 243 stigmas slender. Seed vertical, shining, separating from the pericarp. Endo- sperm mealy. Leaves more or less dentate, truncate or broadly cuneate at the base; inflorescence dense; glomerules 5-10 mm. in diameter. Inflorescence naked above; seeds with acute margins. 1. B. capitatum. Inflorescence leafy throughout; seeds round-margined. 2. B. virgatum. Leaves entire, except the hastate teeth at the cuneate base; inflorescence slender and naked above; glomerules 3—6 mm. in diameter. 3. B. hasiatum. 1. B. capitatum L. Stem simple or branched from the base, 3-6 dm. high; leaves broadly triangular to lanceolate, 3-7 em. long; the uppermost entire, rather thick; flowers in rather large clusters in the axils of the upper leaves and in a terminal spike; sepals acute or acutish. In rocky soil: N.S.—N.J.—N.M.— Calif —Alaska; Eurasia. Submont—Mont. My-—Au. 2. B. virgatum L. Stem branched throughout, 1.5-8 dm. high; leaf-blades triangular to rhombic-oblong, 2—9 cm. long, coarsely laciniate-dentate, the upper smaller and sharply hastate; glomerules large, all axillary; sepals rounded. Waste places: Ore.—Ida.—Wash.; Mass.—N.Y.; adventive from the Old or 3. B. hastatum Rydb. Stem slender, 2-4 dm. high; leaves very thin; blades 3-7 cm. long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate in outline, the upper ones smaller, not hastate: flowers in the upper axils and in a slender interrupted terminal spike. Stony ground: Wyo.—Colo.—Nev. Submont.—Mont. JI-S. 3. MONOLEPIS Schrad. Poverty WEED. Low branching annuals, with alternate leaves. Flowers small, perfect or polygamous, in small axillary clusters, without bracts. Calyx of a single per- sistent sepal. Stamen 1. Ovary 1-celled; styles 2; stigmas filiform. Seed vertical, flattened. Endosperm copious, mealy. Leaves lanceolate, hastately lobed; flower-clusters several-flowered; pericarp somewhat eshy. 1. M. Nuttalliana. I.eaves spatulate to linear-spatulate, entire; pericarp thin. Flower-clusters 10—20-flowered; pericarp easily separating from the seed. M. spathulata. Flower-clusters 1—3-flowered; pericarp adherent to the seed. 3. M. pusilla. _ 1. M. Nuttalliana (Schultes) Engelm. Annual; stem decumbent or ascend- ing, divaricately branched, 1-3 dm. high; leaves short-petioled or subsessile; blades thick, 2—7 cm. long, acute at both ends, sparingly sinuate-dentate or entire; sepal fleshy and foliaceous, oblanceolate or spatulate; pericarp adherent to the seed. M. chenopodioides Mog. Saline soils: Man.—Minn.—Tex.—N.M.— Calif—Wash.; Sonora; Siberia. Plain—Mont. Mr-S. 2. M. spathulata A. Gray. Stem decumbent or ascending, branched -at the base, 7-15 em. long; leaves short-petioled, 1-2 cm. long; blades spatulate, thick, acute, entire; sepal spatulate, obtuse; seed 0.5 mm. broad. Saline soil: Calif.—Ida.—Ore. Son. 3. M. pusilla Torr. Stem erect, dichotomously branched, 5-15 cm. high, somewhat mealy, glabrate; leaves subsessile, oblong-spatulate, obtuse, 5-15 mm. long, entire; seeds less than 0.5 mm. broad. Alkaline valleys and sandy plains: Wyo.—Colo.—Calif—Wash. Son.—Submont. My-Jl. 4, CYCLOLOMA Mog. WiNcep PicwrEep, TUMBLEWEED. Diffusely branched coarse annuals, with alternate toothed leaves. Flowers polygamous, 7. e., perfect and pistillate, in paniculate spikes, without bracts. Sepals 5, keeled, each at maturity with a horizontal wing. Stamens 5. Ovary l1-celled, hairy; styles 2 or 3, partially united. Utricle depressed, enclosed in the calyx. Seed flat, horizontal. Endosperm mealy. 1. C. atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult. Stem erect, divaricately branched, 3-6 dm. high; leaves short-petioled or sessile; blades lanceolate or ovate, coarsely sinuately dentate, acute at the apex, cuneate at the base, 2-7 cm. long; wing of the calyx irregularly lobed and toothed, 4-5 mm. in diameter, covering the 244 CHENOPODIACEAE utricle. C. platyphyllum (Michx.) Moq. Sandy soil: Ont.—Ark.—Tex.—N.M. —Ariz—Mont. Ll. Son.—Plain—Submont. Je-S 5. KOCHIA Roth. Perennial or annual herbs, or undershrubs, with alternate narrow leaves. Flowers solitary or few together in the upper axils, perfect or pistillate, some- times bracteolate. Calyx herbaceous, 5-cleft, persistent, at length developing a horizontal wing. Stamens 3-5, usually exserted; filaments linear. Ovary ovoid, narrowed upwards; stigmas 2. Pericarp not adherent to the inverted seed. Endosperm scanty. Perennial undershrubs; leaves linear-filiform, fleshy. Branches tomentulose, soon glabrate; imagens somewhat hairy — PF gpet fruit nearly glabrous : americana. Branches and leaves densely and permanently hairy; fruit very = an vestita. Annual; leaves lanceolate, not fleshy. . K. scoparia. 1. K. americana S. Wats. Low undershrub; stems 1-4 dm. high; leaves 6-25 mm. long, acute, ascending, puberulent or glabrate; ovary ovate, tomentose at the apex, shorter than the calyx and styles. Foot-hills and alkaline flats: Wvo.—Colo—N.M.—Calif. Plain—Submont. Je-S. _ 2. K. vestita S. Wats. Low undershrub; stems 1-4 dm. high; leaves 6-20 mm. long, villous, nearly erect, acute; ovary oblong, nearly equalling the calyx. Foot-hills and alkaline flats: Wyo—Colo.—-Calif—Ore. Plain—Submont. My-— Jl. 3. K. scoparia (L.) Schrad. Branches annual; stems sparingly pubescent or glabrous, 3-10 dm. high; branches strongly ascending; leaves lanceolate, or the upper linear, the lower 3-nerved, entire; flowermmg branches and calyces vil- lous. wae places and fields: Vt.—Pa.—Colo.; adv. from the Old World. Plain. : 6. CORISPERMUM (A. Juss.) L. Bua-seep. Caulescent annuals, with narrow sessile leaves and diffusely branched stems. Flowers solitary, in the axils of more or less leaf-like bracts. Sepals 1-3, unequal, searious. Stamens 1-3, rarely 5, hypogynous, one longer than the rest; filaments dilated. Ovary 1-celled; styles 2. Utricle more or less flattened, in ours acutely margined or winged. Pericarp adherent to the vertical seed. Endosperm fleshy. Fruit with a distinct wing, about 0.5 mm. wide. Spike lax: lower bracts much narrower than the fruit. 1. C. nitidum. Spikes dense; lower bracts usually overtopping, and rarely narrower than the fruit. : 2. C. marginale. Fruit merely acute-margined, scarcely at all winged. Plant glabrous. 3. C. emarginatum, Plant more or less villous. 4. C. villosum. 1. C. nitidum Kit. Stem branched, 3-6 dm. high, glabrous; leaves linear- filiform, 2-5 cm. long, 1 mm. wide or less; lower bracts subulate, about 1 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. broad at the base; the upper lanceolate, shorter; fruit about 2 mm. broad and 3 mm. long. C. hyssopifolium microcarpum S. Wats. On sand-hills and in cafions: Ill—Tex—N.M.—wN.D.; Eurasia. Son.—Plain— Submont. JIS 2:16; at staitie Rydb. Stem glabrous, much branched, 2-5 dm. high; leaves narrowly linear, 2-5 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide; lower bracts lanceolate, about 1 cm. long, the upper ovate, 5 mm. long, all with conspicuous scarious margins; fruit about 4 mm. long and 2.5 mm. wide. C. imbricatum A. Nels. Sandy soil: Wyo—N.M. Plain—Submont. Au-O. 3. C. emarginatum Rydb. Stem branched near the base, 3-4 dm. high; leaves narrowly linear, 2-4 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, cuspidate-pointed; bracts except the lowest ovate, 5-7 mm. long, acuminate, scarious-margined; fruit Zoe mm. long and about 2 mm. wide. Sandy valleys: Alta.——Colo.—Nev. ubmont. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY 245 4. C. villosum Rydb. Stem 2-4 dm. high, diffusely branched from near the base; leaves linear, 2-4 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, cuspidate-mucronate; spikes rather dense; bracts more or less imbricate, the lower linear-lanceolate, 5-10 mm. long, the upper ovate, acuminate, 4-5 mm. long, with broad scarious margins; fruit 2.5-3 mm. long, 2 mm. wide. Sandy valleys and fields: Sask.— N.M.—Ariz.—Ore.—Wash. Plain—Submont. JLS. 7. ATRIPLEX (Tourn.) L. Oracue, Satt-susu, SHaD-SCALEs. Annual or perennial herbs or low shrubs, with scaly or scurfy, often silvery pubescence. Leaves alternate or some opposite. Flowers monoecious or di- oecious, in axillary or terminal panicles, or congested axillary spikes. Staminate flowers without bracts; sepals 3-5; stamens 3-5; filaments distinct or united: anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Pistillate flawers subtended by 2, more or less united bracts, which are entire or toothed, often crested, tuberculate, or winged on the back. Calyx wanting. Ovary I-celled; stigmas 2, subulate or filiform. Utricle wholly or partly enclosed in the accrescent bracts. Seeds erect or nearly horizontal. Endosperm mealy. Annuals. Bracts united only at the base; radicle inferior. Bracts thin, rounded-ovate, mucronate. 1 Bracits thick, deltoid or lanceolate, acute. Leaves not hastate. 2. A. lapathijolia. Leaves more or less hastate. 3. A. hasiata. Bracts united to about the middle: radicle superior. Bracits lanceolate or lance-oblong, not tubercled on the back: often laciniate below. 4. A. phyllosiegia. Bracts broader: if narrow, broadest above the middle. Bracts broadly cuneate, truncate at the apex, seldom with tubercles. Leaves triangular or cordate-ovate. Plant low, decumbent, 1 dm. high or less; leaves less than 2 cm. long. : ; 5. A. subdecumbens. Plant larger, 3—10 dm. high; leaves 1.5—2.5 cm. long. Bracts subentire, corky at the apex: fruit shori-peduncled: leaves . A. hortensis. cordate-ovate. 6. A. saccaria. Bracis bluntly 3-toothed at the herbaceous apex; fruit subsessile; leaves more triangular-ovate. 7. A. iruncaia- Leaves linear. 8. A. Wolfii. Bracts rhombic-orbicular to triangular. conspicuously toothed on the margins and usually appendaged or tubercled on the back. Bracts with linear, subulate, or oblong appendages on the back. Staminate flowers few, mixed with the pistillate ones. 9. A. Capui-Medusae. + Stamina: revtenbeel = bk = areas 6. A. saccaria. racts wit i ts) and appen es. Leaves thin, more or less toothed or hastate. Bracts ovate, acute, longer than broad; branches oe or nearly so. 10. A. rosea. Bracts Se as broad as long; branches distinctly round- Leaves subsessile, only the lowest with shori-winged petioles, very thin, usually cuspidate-acuminate; staminate spikes, if present, elongated. 1i. A. expansa. Leaves petioled, firmer, acute; staminate spikes, if present, very short. 12. A. argeniea. Leaves ovate or oblong, entire, usually less than 2 em. long. Leaves more or less 3-ribbed: branches ascending. Leaves strongly ribbed; faces of the bracts with short thick ap- pendages. 13. A. Powellii. Leaves obscurely ribbed: bracts without dorsal appendages. 14. A. Rydbergii. Leaves 1-ribbed; branches spreading, slender. Leaves ovate or oblong, 2-7 mm. long: bracts ovate, tubercled below the middle. 15. A. ienuissima Leaves linear, 7-17 mm. long; bracts ovate-oblong, tubercled at or above the middle. 16. A. Greenei. Perennials. Bracts not winged on the back. Plant monoecious; lateral wings decurrent on the pedicels. 17. A. gracillifiora. Plant dioecious; lateral wings not decurrent. Bracts with entire or merely wavy (rarely slightly denticulate) margins, with- out appendages on the back. Bracts small, 3-4 mm. long, longitudinally veined. Bracts united to above the middle: shrub not spinescent. 18. A. leniiformts. 246 CHENOPODIACEAE Bracts nearly free; shrub spinescent. 19. A. Torreyi. Bracts larger, 5-10 mm. long, not veined. Leaves reniform, coarsely sinuately dentate; free portion of the bracts reniform. 20. A. hymenolytra. Leaves entire; bracts not reniform. Leaves broadly oval or obovate; bracts obovate or suborbicular. Bracts entire. 21. A. confertifolia. Bracts dentate or denticulate, at least near the base. 22. A. collina. Leaves oblanceolate; bracts lance-oblong. 23. A. subconferta. Bracts with a distinctly toothed margin or appendaged on the back. Bracts broadest above the middle. Bracts aoe on less toothed on the margin, only rarely tuberculate on e bac Bracts 3-toothed at the apex, the middle tooth the longest. Bracts oblong-cuneate; leaves oblanceolate-cuneate. 24. A. Gardneri> Bracts broadly obovate-cuneate; leaves linear. 25. A. tridentata. Bracts several-toothed at the apex. 26. A. pabularis. Bracts entire, spongy, strongly tuberculed or appendaged on the back. 27. A. corrugata. Bracts broadest below the middle, strongly tuberculate or appendaged. Leaves oblanceolate to spatulate. Leaves oblanceolate, oblong, or narrowly spatulate, subsessile, or short-petioled. Plant low; staminate flowers brown, in panicles, leaves short- petioled. 28. A. oblanceolata. Plant usually tall; staminate flowers Bae in interrupted spikes; leaves sessile. Bracts ovate, sessile or nearly so; leaf-blades oblanceolate to oblong. 29. A. Nuttallii. Bracts fusiform, stalked; leaf-blades oblong-linear to linear. 30. A. falcata. Leaves broadly spatulate, conspicuously petioled; staminate flowers brown, in interrupted spikes. 31. A. cuneata. Leaves oval, sessile. 32. A. buzifolia. Bracts broadly 4-winged. Leaves oval, abruptly acuminate. 33. A. Garrettit. Leaves from oblong or spatulate to linear, not acuminate. Wings thick, laciniate-toothed. 34. A. aptera. Wings thin, sinuately dentate or subentire. Wings when fully developed 4-6 mm. wide, distinctly dentate. Leaves comparatively broad, linear-oblong to spatulate, 4-10 mm. wide; sinus at the apex of the fruit narrow; free portion of the bract one-half to three-fourths as long as the width of the wing. 35. A. canescens. Leaves very narrow, linear, 2—5 mm. wide; sinus of the strongly reticu- late bract broad; free portion of the bract less than half as long as the width of the wing 36. A. tetraptera. Wing very broad and thin, Frully 8 mm. wide, merely sinuate; leaves linear. 37. A. occidentalis. 1. A. hortensis L. Stem 1-1.5 m. high; leaves petioled; lower leaf-blades from cordate or hastate to ovate, sinuately toothed, 1-2 dm. long, the upper lanceolate and entire; bracts rounded-ovate, about 1 cm. in diameter, thin, reticulate. Waste places: N.Y.—Colo. —Utah—Mont.: ; escaped from cultiva- tion; native of Eu. Plain—Submont. Jl-Au. 2. A. lapathifolia Rydb. Stem strict, 4-6 dm. high; leaves petioled; blades somewhat fleshy, dark green, lanceolate, 3-6 cm. long, entire; bracts in fruit about 4 mm. long and 5 mm. wide, often slightly hastate, sometimes with 1 or 2 tubercles on the back, thin, veiny, acute. Alkaline flats: Mont.—Wyo.— Neb. Plain. Au-S. 3. A. hastata L. Stem branched, 5-10 dm. high, subglabrous; leaf-blades fleshy, rarely sinuately-toothed, 3-7 cm. long; flowers numerous, in large fleshy clusters forming interrupted spikes; fruiting bracts triangular-ovate, about 5 mm. long and broad, usually with 1 or 2 small teeth on each margin, and sometimes with 1 or 2 fleshy tubercles on the back. A. carnosa A. Nels. A. subspicata Rydb., a low spreading form. Alkaline meadows or flats: Alta—Kans.—N.M. —-Nev.—Ida. Plain—Son. Au-S. 4. A. phyllostegia (Torr.) 8. Wats. Stem stout, 2-6 dm. high, simple or branched; leaves thin, rhombic-triangular, hastate, or ovate, 2-5 em. long, entire; flower-clusters axillary and in short naked spikes at the ends; bracts GOOSEFOOT FAMILY 247 nearly free, linear-lanceolate, becoming 8-12 mm. long, strongly 3-nerved, some- what hastately lobed. Obione phyllostegia Torr. Endolepis phyllostegia Rydb., in part. A. Draconis M. E. Jones. Valleys and foot-hills: Utah—Nev. Son.— Submont. My-—Jl. 5. A. subdecumbens M. E. Jones. Stem 5-20 em. long, much branched at the base, mealy throughout; leaves barely petioled; blades ovate to lanceo- late, 12-18 mm. long, entire, thin; flower-clusters small, axillary; fruiting bracts apou 2 nny long, obscurely dentate on the margin. Gravelly meadows: Utah. ont. u. 6. A. saccaria S. Wats. Stem ascending, 1-1.5 dm. high, diffusely branched, densely scurfy; leaves short-petioled or sessile; blades 1-2 cm. long; flower- clusters axillary; fruiting bracts about 3 mm. long, cuneate, reticulate on the sides. A. cornuta M. EK. Jones. Arid regions: Nev.—Wyo.—N.M.-—Ariz. Son. 7. A. truncata (Torr.) A. Gray. Stem stout, 3-10 dm. high, sparingly branched; leaves sessile or the lower short-petioled; blades broadly triangular- ovate, 2-4 em. long, truncate or subcordate at the base; inflorescence leafy; bracts 3 mm. long; faces not reticulate and rarely tubercled. A. Nelsonii M. E. Jones. Alkaline flats: Mont.—N.M.—Calif—B.C. Plain—Submont. JI-S. 8. A. WolfiiS. Wats. Stem 1-2 dm. high, slender, branching from the base, scurfy; leaves sessile, linear, 1-1.5 em. long, acute, scurfy; flowers in small axil- lary clusters (monoecious); fruiting bracts 1-1.5 mm. long, cuneate-obovate; summit foliaceous, 3-toothed. Alkaline flats: Wyo.—Colo.—Utah. Plain— Submont. Je-S. 9. A. Caput-Medusae Eastw. Stem with several, erect branches from the base, 4-5 dm. high, much branched; leaves petioled; blades vertical, thin, del- toid or hastate; fruiting bracts orbicular, becoming hard, 4-5 mm. long, thickly beset ee flat horny acuminate processes. River banks: se Utah—sw Colo.— N.M. Son. 10. A. rosea L. Stem erect, freely branching, often 1 m. high; leaf-blades ovate, 2-5 em. long, coarsely and irregularly toothed; flowers in axillary clusters, staminate and pistillate mixed; fruiting bracts about 5 mm. long, hastately toothed near the base, the faces with slender green appendages. A. spatiosa A. Nels. Alkaline flats and railroad embankments: Wyo.—Kans.-—Chihuahua —Calif --Wash.; N.Y.—Fla.; adv. from the Old World. Plain—Son. Au-S. 11. A. expansa S. Wats. Stem divaricately branched, 3-18 dm. high; leaves thin, triangular-hastate; pistillate flowers in axillary clusters; fruiting bracts coarsely toothed on the margins and somewhat tuberculate on the faces. Alka- line soil: Tex.—(? Colo.)—-Calif.; n Mex. Son. JI-O. 12. A. argentea Nutt. Stem divaricately branched, angled, 2-10 dm. high; leaf-blades ovate, triangular-ovate, or subrhombic, 2-5 cm. long; pistillate flowers in axillary clusters; fruiting bracts suborbicular, usually deeply toothed and with projections on the faces. » 1. ANEMONE (Tourn.) L. W1ypv-rtower, ANEMONE. Perennial herbs, usually with horizontal rootstocks and erect scapes. Leaves basal, petioled, palmately divided or dissected. Bracts verticillate, usually 3, similar to the leaves, remote from the flower. Flowers terminal, solitary or cymose. Sepals 4-20, mostly 5, petal-like. Petals wanting. Stamens numer- ous. Pistils usually numerous. Achenes compressed, 1l-seeded. Stigmas in- trorse, unilateral. Plants with tuberous roots; sepals 6—20. 1. A. tuberosa. Plants with a rootstock; sepals 5-6, rarely more. Achenes densely villovs. Style filiform, usually deciduous; heads of fruit spherical or nearly so; involucral leaves short-petioled or subsessile. Leaves ternate; segments broadly cuneate or flabelliform, crenate or slightly cleft. 2. A. parviflora. Leaves 2—4 times ternate; segments linear to oblong or oblanceolate. Styles 1-3 mm. long; leaves 2—3 times ternate. Achenes merely strigose on the back, densely villous on the sides; styles 2-3 mm. long; leaf-blades glabrate; segments oblanceolate. . 3. A. tetonensis. Achenes villous all over; style 1-2 mm. long. Leaflets thick, glabrate, strongly veined; segments oblanceolate, acutish. 4. A. lithophila. Levf-blades thin, usually long-hairy, not strongly veined; segments linear to lanceolate, acute. 5. A. glebosa. CROWFOOT FAMILY 287 Styles 4-6 mm. long; leaves 3—4 times ternate; segments narrowly linear. . A. Drummondii. Styles subulate, persistent; heads of fruit from rounded oblong to cylindric; involucral leaves long-petioled. Heads elongate, cylindric; styles about 1 mm. long; flowers usually subumbel- late. 7. A. cylindrica. Heads of fruit rounded-oblong; styles about 2 mm. long; flowers truly cymose. Petals greenish white, 1 cm. long or less; styles in fruit divergent. 8. A. virginiana. Petals white, 1.5 cm. long; styles suberect. 9. A. riparia. Achenes not villous. Achenes wing-margined; plant stout. Sepals yellow; styles very long, reflexed. 10. A. Richardsoni. Sepals white or pink; styles not reflexed. Flowers cymose; achenes sparsely hirsute when young, sessile; styles long, straight. 11. A. canadensis. Flowers S abunibellate: achenes glabrous, stipitate; styles short, curved. 12. A. zephyra. Achenes not wing-margined, pilose; style minute; plant slender; sel Ques solitary. iperi. 1. A. tuberosa Rydb. Stem 1-3 dm. high; basal leaves twice ternate; divisions rhombic-cuneate in outline, ternately cleft and toothed; involucral leaves similar, but short-petioled; peduncle solitary or a second one with a smaller involucre; sepals white or purplish, oblong-linear, 1-2 em. long; head of fruit ellipsoid; achenes densely woolly; style filiform, about 1.5 mm.long. A. spheno- phylla Britton, not Poepp. Dry plains and hills: N.M.—Utah—Calif. L. Son. F-Ap. 2. A. parviflora Michx. Stem 5-20 em. high; leaves ternate, thick, and firm, glabrous above, silky-strigose beneath; divisions cuneate, 1-2 cm. long; sepals white or tinged with bluish or rose, oval, 8-18 mm. long; head of fruit spherical. In arctic-alpine situations: Lab.—Ont.—Mont.—Colo.—Alaska; Asia. Mont.—Subalp. My-—Au. 3. A. tetonensis Porter. Stem silky, 1-3 dm. high, 1-3-flowered, the secondary peduncles with smaller involucres; leaf-blades twice ternate, 2-5 em. broad; involucral leaves similar, but sessile; sepals oval, 6-10 mm. long, often dark purple, more rarely white, and tinged with blue on the outside; head of fruit hemispherical, 10-15 mm. in diameter. A. stylosa A. Nels. Mountains: Alta.—Wyo.—Utah—Wash.—B.C. Submont—Subalp. Jl-Au. 4. A. lithophila Rydb. Stem 1-2 dm. high, sparingly pubescent with long silky hairs; basal leaves thickish, snining, somewhat glaucous; divisions about 3 em. long, deeply 3-cleft, again cleft and toothed; sepals silky, ochroleu- cous, tinged with blue, 12-15 mm. long, broadly obovate or oval; head of fruit globose. Rocky mountain tops: Mont.—Wyo.—Utah. Submont.—Subalp. Jl- Au. 5. A. globosa Nutt. Stem 2-5 dm. high, silky-villous, 1—-3-flowered; leaf- blades 5-12 cm. broad, thrice cleft; sepals oval, 6-12 mm. long, pink or purplish or ochroleucous, tinged with bluish on the outside; heads of fruit globose or ovoid, 10-12 mm. in diameter. A. multifida Hook., in part, not Poir. Meadows and hillsides: Alaska—Calif —Colo.—S.D.—Sask.—Mack. Plain—Subalp. My-S. 6. A. Drummondii 8. Wats. Stem 1-2 dm. high, usually 1-flowered, silky- hirsute; leaf-blades 2-6 em. broad, silky-hirsute; sepals oval, 8-10 mm. long, tinged with blue; heads of fruit spherical, about 1 cm. thick: achenes densely woolly. High mountains: B.C.—Alta.—Ida.—Calif. Mont. —Subalp. Jl-Au. 7. A. cylindrica A. Gray. Stem 3-6 dm. high, 1—10-flowered; leaf-blades strigose-pubescent, 3-8 cm. wide, ternate or quinnate; divisions rhombic-cuneate, 3-cleft and again cleft or toothed, with ovate or lanceolate teeth or lobes; invo- lucral ones similar, clustered together with those of the secondary peduncles, the lowest node of which usually is very short or obsolete, the inflorescence there- fore becoming umbelliform ; sepals greenish white, oblong, 8-10 mm. long; heads in fruit 2-4 em. long, about 1 em. thick. Meadows, hillsides, and river banks: N.B—N.J.—Ariz—B.C. Plain—Submont. Je-Au. 8. A. virginiana L. Stem 6-10 dm. high, hirsute, 1-7-flowered; leaf-blades 10-15 cm. broad, ternate or quinate, more or less silky-hirsute; divisions rhom- 288 RANUNCULACEAE bic-obovate, 3-cleft and coarsely toothed; inflorescence cymose; sepals greenish white, 1 em. or less long; heads of fruit 1-2.5 em. long, 12-15 mm. thick. Woods and river banks: N.S.—S.C.—Kans.—Wyo.—Alta. Plain—Submont. Je—Au. 9. A. riparia Fernald. Stem 6-10 dm. high, somewhat pubescent, 1-5- flowered; leaf-blades ternate or quinate; divisions lanceolate, cuneate at base, 3-cleft and toothed; inflorescence cymose; head of fruit subecylindric, 2-3 em. long, 1 em. thick. River banks: Me.—Va.—Alta. Plain—Submont. Je—Jl. 10. A. Richardsoni Hook. Basal leaf-blades round-reniform, deeply 5-cleft into cuneate-obovate incised divisions; involucres of 3, dilated, cuneate, 3-lobed, dentate leaves; sepals sulphur-yellow, elliptic, 8-15 mm. long; heads of fruit subglobose; achenes comparatively few. Arctic and subarctic regions: Greenl. —Hudson Bay—Alta.—Alaska. Subalp. My-—Jl. 11. A. canadensis L. Stem strigose, 2-6 dm. high, 1—3-flowered; leaf- blades 10-12 em. wide, 3—5-parted; divisions oblanceolate, 3-cleft and toothed; involucral leaves similar but larger, often 15 em. long or more, sessile and more deeply cleft; sepals obovate or oval, 12-18 mm. long, white; head of fruit globose. Low ground: Lab.—Md.—N.M.—Alta. Plain—Submont. My-—Au. 12. A. zephyra A. Nels. Stem 1-4 dm. high; leaf-blades more or less silky- villous, but in age often glabrate, 5-8 em. wide, ternate or quinate; divisions cuneate to broadly obovate in outline, twice cleft into obtuse lobes; involucral leaves much smaller, sessile and 3-cleft; petals white, broadly obovate, 10-15 mm. long; head of fruit about 15 mm. broad, spherical; achenes flat,broadly spatulate in outline. A. narcissiflora Am. auth. Alpine-arctic regions: Colo.—Wyo.— Alaska. Mont.—Alp. Jl-Au. ; 13. A. Piperi Britton. Stem 1.5-8 dm. high, slender, very sparingly ap- pressed-silky; basal leaves ternate; middle lobe rhombic-obovate or rhombic- cuneate, coarsely toothed above the middle, 2—7 em. long, the lateral ones broader, obliquely ovate, 2-cleft to about the middle; sepals elliptic-obovate to oval, about 15 mm. long, white, glabrous. Hillsides: Ida——Wash. Submont. My-—Jl, 2. PULSATILLA Adans., Pasqug-FLowER, Buiur Tuuip, Witp Crocus, Lion’s Brarp (Fruit). Perennial scapose herbs, with a thick taproot and short caudex. Leaves basal, palmately or rarely pinnately divided or dissected. Bracts of the scape somewhat similar to the leaves, 3 in number, verticillate, often“connate. Flow- ers mostly solitary. Sepals 5-7, colored blue, purple, or white. Petals wanting. Stamens numerous, the outer often changed into staminodia. Pistils numerous. Fruit of numerous achenes, with much elongated, persistent, plumose styles. ~*Flowers purple or violet, seldom white; involucral leaves sessile, palmately divided into linear lobes. 1. P. ludoviciana. Flowers white or tinged with purple; involucral leaves petioled, ternate and twice pin- nately dissected. 250 occidentalis 1. P. ludoviciana (Nutt.) Heller. Leaf-blades ternate and repeatedly dis- sected into linear divisions, 5-10 ecm. in diameter, villous-hirsute or in age gla- brate; scape 1-4 dm. high, villous; sepals ovate-oblong, 25-35 mm. long; achenes silky, their styles about 3 em. long. Anemone patens Nuttalliana A. Gray. P. hirsutissima Britton. Prairies, plains, and hillsides: I11—Tex.—Utah—Wash. —Alaska. Plain—Subalp. Mr-S. 2. P. occidentalis (S. Wats.) Freyn. Leaf-blades ternate and then twice pinnate-dissected, sparingly silky-hirsute; scape 1-6 dm. high, silky-villous; sepals oval or oblong, 2—2.5 em. long; achenes silky, in fruit reflexed, their style 3 em. long or more. Anemone occidentalis S. Wats. On gravelly or stony hills and mountains: Alaska—Galif—Mont.—Alta. Suwbmont—Mont. Je-Au. i 3. THALICTRUM L. Merapow Rue, Matrp-or-THE-MIst. Perennial herbs, with rootstocks. Leaves alternate, ternately decompound; petioles with dilated bases. Flowers perfect, dioecious, or polygamous, in pan- icles or racemes. Sepals greenish white, 4 or 5. Petals wanting. Stamens CROWFOOT FAMILY 289 numerous; filaments often clavate or dilated. Pistils few; stigmas elongate, unilateral. Achenes stipitate or sessile, ribbed or nerved. Flowers perfect. Plant 2 dm. or less (rarely 3 dm.) high; achenes turgid; filaments filiform. 1. T. alpinum. Plant 3-10 dm. high; achenes flat and very oblique; filaments clavate. 2. T. sparsiflorum. Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Achenes turgid, thick-walled; ribs thick and almost corky, separated by acute grooves. Plants polygamous; stem-leaves subsessile, the basal ones petioled. Achenes, petiolules, and lower surfaces of the leaves decidedly viscid-pubes- cent. 3. T. dasycarpum. Achenes, petiolules, and the lower surfaces of the leaves glabrous or slightly viscid-puberulent. Bed. purpurascens. Plants dioecious; all leaves petioled. Achenes equally acutish at both ends; leaves very thin and not strongly veined. T. dioicum. Achenes more acute at the upper end than at the lower; leaves firm, strongly veined. 6. T. venulosum. Achenes more or less flattened, thin-walled; ribs not thick, separated by wide, shallow, rounded grooves. Achenes sessile. Achenes more than twice as long as broad, slightly if at all oblique. Achenes about 4 times as long as broad, 6-8 mm. long, 1.5—2 mm. wide. 7. T. occidentale. Achenes less than 3 times as long as broad. Achenes 6-8 mm. long, 2 5-3.5 mm. wide. 8. T. megacarpum. Achenes 4—5 mm. long, 1.5—2 mm. wide. 9. T. columbianum. Achenes not quite twice as long as broad, decidedly oblique: 10. T. Fendleri. Achenes stipitate. 11. T. stipitatum. 1. T. alpinum L. Stem glabrous; leaves mostly basal, 2-10 em. long, pin- nate, with the lower primary divisions ternate; leaflets cuneate-obovate to or- bicular, firm, 3-10 mm. long, 3-5-lobed at the apex; inflorescence usually a raceme; anthers oblong-linear; achenes few, lance-obovoid, turgid, with thick ribs. T'. scopulorum, T. cheilanthoides, T. subspensum, T. leiophyllum, and T. duriusculum Greene. Bogs: Greenl—Newf.—Colo.—Calif —Alaska; n Eurasia. Mont.—Alp. Je—Jl. 2. T. sparsiflorum Turcz. Stem glabrous, leafy; leaves bi- or tri-ternate, the lower petioled, the uppermost sessile; leaflets thin, pulverulent-glandular beneath, cordate, usually 3-cleft and the divisions 3-lobed, 1-2 cm. long; achenes 6-12, half rhombic with a straight back, glandular-pulverulent, with about three faint ribs, 5-6 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. 7’. wtahense Greene. Moist places: Alaska—Calif—Colo.—Hudson Bay; n Asia. Submont—Mont. Je—Au. 3. T. dasycarpum Fisch. & All. Stem tall, 5-20 dm. high; leaves 3-5 times ternate; leaflets ovate or obovate, rather thick, dark green above, paler and strongly veined beneath; achenes obliquely oblanceolate, about 5 mm. long and 2mm. wide. Copses and meadows: Ont.—Ia.—n N.M.—Sask. Plain—Mont. Je-Au. 4. T. purpurascens L. Stem tall, glabrous, 3-20 dm. high; leaves 3-5 times ternate, glabrous or nearly so; leaflets rather thin, ovate or subcordate at the base, rather hight green; achenes obliquely oblanceolate, 4-5 mm. long and about 2 mm. wide. Copses and woodlands: N.S.—Fla.—Colo.—Sask. Plain —Submont. Je-Au. 5. T. dioicum L. Stem 3-6 dm. high, slender; leaves 3-4 times ternate; leaflets 1-3 cm. long, thin, pale beneath, rounded or sometimes cordate at the base, with 3-9 rounded lobes; filaments filiform; achenes oblong, about 4 mm. long. Woods: Lab.—Ala. —Mo.—Sask. Boreal. My-Je. 6. T. venulosum Trelease. Stem 2-5 dm. high, glabrous; leaves 3-4 times ternate; leaflets rounded in outline, 5-15 mm. long, strongly veined, 3—5-lobed and crenate, bluish green, paler beneath; panicle narrow and dense; filaments filiform; achenes about 5 mm. long, oblong. 7’. campestre Greene. Open mountain woods: Man.—Colo.—Utah. Plain—Mont. Je-Au. 13* 290 RANUNCULACEAE 7. T. occidentale A. Gray. Stem 3-10 dm. high; leaves 3-4 times ternate; leaflets very thin, orbicular to obovate-cuneate, 3-lobed and coarsely crenate, 1-3 cm. long; filaments filiform; achenes lanceolate, tapering at both ends, 6-8 mm. long, 1.5—2 mm. wide. Woods and copses: B.C.—Calif.—Utah.—Alta. Submont.—Mont. Je—Au. 8. T. megacarpum Torr. Plant closely resembling the preceding; stem 3-8 dm. high; leaves 3-4 times ternate; leaflets thin, pale beneath; filaments filiform; achenes lance-oblong, acute at both ends, 6-7 mm. long, 2.5-3.5 mm. wide, with more prominent ribs than in the preceding. TJ’. propinguum and T. omissum Greene. Copses, woods and river banks: Ida.—Utah—Colo.—Mont. Submont.—Mont. My-—Au. 9. T. columbianum Rydb. Stem 3-5 dm. high; leaves 3-4 times ternate; leaflets rather crowded, thick and veiny, 1-2 em. long, cuneate to nearly or- bicular, 3-lobed and deeply toothed; inflorescence narrow; achenes oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, somewhat flattened, 4-5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide. Meadows: Wash.—Ore.—Wyo.—Ida. Submont—Mont. Jl-Au. 10. T. Fendleri A. Gray. Stem 3-6 dm. high; leaves 3-4 times ternate, glabrous; leaflets obliquely orbicular or subcordate, pale beneath, 1-2 cm. long, 3-lobed and crenate; inflorescence open and leafy; filaments filiform; achenes obliquely obovate, 3-ribbed, with the median rib strong. Mountains: Wyo.— N.M.—Ariz.—Utah. Submont.—Mont. Je—Au. 11. T. stipitatum Rydb. Stem 4-6 dm. high, glabrous, leafy; leaves 3-4 times ternate, glabrous, paler beneath, all except the very uppermost petioled; leaflets 1-2 em. long, orbicular, with a rounded or subcordate base, 3-lobed and crenate; inflorescence leafy and open; achenes short-stipitate, the body broadly and obliquely oblong-lanceolate, about 6 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. broad, flat with slender ribs. Woods: e Colo. Mont. Jl. 4. TRAUTVETTERIA F. & M. Fatse BuacBane. Perennial herbs, with horizontal rootstocks and tall stems. Leaves mainly basal, palmately lobed, long-petioled. Flowers perfect, corymbose-paniculate. Sepals 3-5, petaloid, greenish white, caducous. Petals wanting. Stamens numerous, with white filaments. Pistils numerous, l-ovuled. Achenes sharply angled, inflated, tipped with a minute style; stigma introrse. Embryo large; endosperm fleshy. Styles in fruit about one-third as long as the body of the achenes; filaments broader than the anthers. 1. T. grandis. Styles in fruit less than one-fourth as long as the body of the achenes; filaments not broader than the anthers. 2. T. media. 1. T. grandis Nutt. Stem 3-10 dm. high, glabrous up to the inflorescence; leaf-blades reniform in outline, 1-2 dm. wide, palmately 7—9-lobed and irregu- larly serrate; filaments clavate, 5-6 mm. long; achenes ovoid, rounded at the base, 3 mm. long. T. saniculifolia Greene. Woods: B.C.—Mont.—Calif. Mont. Je—-Au. 2. T. media Greene. Stem 5-10 dm. high, glabrous; leaf-blades reniform, 5-9-cleft; the divisions often again lobed and irregularly toothed; filaments slightly clavate, about 5 mm. long; achenes fully 3 mm. long, less rounded at the base. Mountain woods: N.M.—s Utah. Mont. Jl-Au. 5. CLEMATIS L. Virarn’s Bower, Wuire CLeMatis, TRAVELER'S Joy, PipE-STEM. Climbing vines. Leaves opposite, pinnately compound or decompound, with entire, toothed, or incised leaflets. Flowers in broad, paniculate cymes or rarely solitary, perfect, dioecious, or polygamo-dioecious. Sepals rather small, petaloid, usually white, valvate, without a border, spreading. Petals and staminodia wanting. Stamens numerous, spreading; anthers short and blunt. Pistils several or many. Fruit of 1-seeded achenes, with silky or plumose, elongate styles. CROWFOOT FAMILY 291 Plant dioecious; flowers white, paniculate. Inflorescence usually longer than the leaves, its branches and the pedicels strongly ascending; leaflets lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate; sepals oblanceolate. 1. C. ligusticifolia. Inflorescence shorter than the leaves, its branches and the pedicels more spreading; leaflets broadly ovate, usually subcordate at the base; sepals sEatulate: Hos Plant with perfect yellowish flowers, solitary in the axils. 3. C. orientalis. 1. C. ligusticifolia Nutt. A woody vine, 3-6 m. high; leaves pinnately 5-7-foliolate; leaflets petiolate, in the typical form lanceolate to ovate, rounded or truncate at the base, usually more or less acuminate, 3-8 cm. long, sparingly strigose; cymes with nearly erect branches; sepals white, nearly 1 cm. long, ob- long-oblanceolate; filaments of the staminate flowers linear-filiform, those of the pistillate flowers broader, linear, somewhat dilated, with sterile anthers; achenes numerous, obovate, pubescent; styles plumose, 4-5 em. long. Very variable species. Copses and cafions among bushes: B.C.—N.D.—N.M.—Calif. Plain —Submont. My—Au. 2. C. brevifolia (Nutt.) Howell. A woody vine, 2-5 m. high, resembling the last; leaves pinnately 5-7 fololiate; leaflets broadly ovate, acute at the apex, usually cordate at the base, double-toothed, 2—5 em. long, nearly glabrous, rather firm; inflorescence subumbellate or corymbiform, with more spreading short branches; sepals straw-colored, 8-9 mm. long; achenes obovate, pubescent; styles plumose, 2-3 cm. long. Among bushes: Wash.—Mont.—Utah—Ore. Sub- mont. My-BJl. 3. C. orientalis L. Climbing vine, 3-5 m. high; leaves twice or thrice ter- nate; leaflets thin, shining, 3-parted with small, ovate, incised divisions; sepals yellow, tinged with green, somewhat reflexed; styles plumose. C. cruxz-flava Cockerell. (?) C. aurea Nels. & Macb. Among bushes: Ont.—N.M. | —Ida.; escaped from cultivation, native of India. 6. VIORNA Reichenb. VasE-vINE, LEATHER-FLOWER, OLD Man’s WHISKERS AND LION’s BEarD (fruit). Climbing vines or (all ours) erect perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, in ours pinnately compound or decompound. Sepals 4, rarely 5, valvate, petaloid, bluish or purplish, erect and connivent at the base or throughout. Petals and staminodia wanting. Stamens numerous, erect; anthers long and narrow, pointed; filaments hairy. Pistils many. Fruit 1-seeded achenes, with long persistent, in ours plumose styles. Sepals not or indistinctly dilated above. Calyx rounded-urceolate; sepals broadly ovate, merely the tips spreading. Leaf-segments ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long. 1. V. Scottii. Leaf-segments linear to lanceolate, 1-2 cm. long. 2. V. Bakeri. Calyx elongated-campanulate; sepals oblong-lanceolate, about one-fourth or more of their length spreading. Middle and upper leaves subsessile, thrice ternate; ultimate segments linear or linear-lanceolate. 3. V. hirsutissima. Middle and upper leaves distinctly petioled, twice ternate; ultimate segments lanceolate. 4. V. Wyethii. Sepals decidedly dilated at the apex. Sepals acute or short-acuminate; plant in age glabrate; leaf-segments lanceolate: Oy . Jonesit. Sepals obtuse or merely acutish; plant permanently villous; leaf-segments linear. 6. V. eriophora. 1. V. Scottii (Porter) Rydb. Stem erect, 2-4 dm. high, more or less villous when young; leaves twice pinnately divided, spreading; peduncles about 1 dm. long; sepals purplish brown, 2.5—-3.5 em. long, more or less villous outside; achenes obovate, flattened, densely short-pubescent; their styles 4-5 em. long. Clematis Scoitii Porter. C. Douglasii Scottii Coulter. Hillsides: N.M.—S.D.—Wyo. Submont.—Mont. My-Jl. 2. V. Bakeri (Greene) Rydb. Stem erect, 3-6 dm. high, simple, slightly villous, strongly striate; leaves short-petioled, twice or thrice pinnate; sepals dark purplish brown, villous outside, less than 2 em. long; fruit unknown. C. Bakeri Greene. Hillsides: Los Pinos, Colo—N.M. Submont. My. 292 RANUNCULACEAE 3. V. hirsutissima (Pursh) Heller. Stem simple, erect, 3-7 dm. high; lower leaves petioled, the earliest entire, the rest dissected, mostly thrice pinnate; sepals brownish purple, 3-4.5 em. long; achenes obliquely ovate, densely canes- cent, their styles 5-6 em. long. C. hirsutissima Pursh. C. Douglasii Hook. Hillsides and valleys: Wash.—Wyo.—Mont. Swbmont.—Mont. My-—Je. 4. V. Wyethii (Nutt.) Rydb. Perennial; stem simple, 2-4 dm. high, vil- lous; leaves twice pinnately divided, with usually broader divisions than in the preceding; sepals dark brownish purple, 2.5-3.5 em. long, villous outside; achenes obliquely ovate, canescent; their styles 3-5 cm. long. C. Wyethii Nutt. Hills: Mont.—Wyo.—Ida. Submont.—Subalp. Ap-Jl. 5. V. Jonesii (Kuntze) Rydb. Stems 3-6 dm. high; leaves twice pinnately divided, 1-1.5 dm. long, rather firm; segments 1-5 em. long, acutish; calyx cam- panulate, brown; sepals 2—2.5 cm. long, ovate, the upper half with wavy dilated margins; achenes about 5 mm. long, densely silky; styles 4-5 em. long. Clematis Douglasii var. Jonesii Kuntze. Clematis plattensis A. Nels. Hillsides and gulches: Colo.—-Nev. Submont.—Mont. Je—Jl. 6. V. eriophora Rydb. Stems and leaves prominently white-villous, the former 3-5 dm. high; leaves distinctly petioled, twice pinnately divided; seg- ments 1-3 em. long; calyx villous, campanulate, about 3 em. long; sepals oblong, the upper third spreading with dilated margins; achenes oblong, about 6 mm. long; tails about 4cm. long. Foot-hills and canons: N.M.—Wyo.—Utah. Sub- mont. My-—BJe. 7. ATRAGENE L. Bett Rue, Pureie Virain’s Bower. Perennial climbing or creeping vines. Leaves opposite, compound. Flowers large and showy, solitary in the axils or at the end of the branches. Sepals large, petal-like, mostly membranous, blue or purple, spreading from the base. Petals or staminodia small, spatulate, usually present. Stamens numerous, spreading; filaments pubescent, the outer ones dilated; anthers short. Pistils many. Fruit 1-seeded achenes, with persistent, long, plumose styles. Leaves merely ternate. Staminodia usually decidedly spatulate; leaflets variously toothed or cleft, not long- acuminate. Lobes or teeth of the leaves rounded or obtuse at the apex; sepals ovate. 1. A. diversiloba. Lobes or teeth of the leaves acute or acuminate; sepals lanceolate. 2. A. grosseserrata. Staminodia linear or none; leaflets entire or crenate above the middle, long-acuminate. A. columbiana. Leaves twice or thrice ternate; staminodia usually linear or lacking. Secondary leaflets merely toothed or cleft. Secondary leaflets broadly ovate, with broadly ovate teeth. 4. A. repens. Secondary leaflets lanceolate, with lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate lobes or teeth. 5. A. pseudoalpina. Secondary leaflets divided to near the midrib. 6. A. tenuiloba. 1. A. diversiloba Rydb. A low vine; leaves glabrous or slightly hairy when young, ternate; leaflets ovate in outline, obtuse, 1-3 em. long, the lateral ones usually 2-cleft, the terminal one 3-cleft; sepals red-purple, lanceolate, about 2.5 em. long; staminodia about 15 mm. long, acute. Mountains: near Denver, Colo. Submont. Au. 2. A. grosseserrata Rydb. Trailing or climbing over bushes; leaves ternate; leaflets broadly ovate, oblique, somewhat cordate at the base, 3-4 cm. long, coarsely toothed and often somewhat lobed; sepals about 4 em. long, 10-13 mm. wide, acute; staminodia about 18 mm. long, a little exceeding the stamens; achenes small, sparingly hirsute; styles about 3 em. long, plumose throughout. Mountain meadows among bushes: Ida.—Mont.—Wash. Submont.—Mont. Je. 3. A. columbiana Nutt. Rather tall vine, climbing over bushes; leaves ternate; leaflets thin, 3-10 cm. long, obliquely cordate at the base; sepals purple or blue, 3-5 em. long, lanceolate, acuminate; achenes rather densely pubescent; styles plumose, 4-5 em. long. A. occidentalis Rydb., not Hornem. Clematis CROWFOOT FAMILY 293 verticillaris columbiana A. Gray. Woods and among bushes: B.C.—Alta.— Colo.—Utah—Wash. Submont.—Mont. My-Jl. 4. A. repens (Kuntze) Rydb. Plant trailing; leaves biternate, glabrous; leaflets subsessile or the terminal short-stalked, broadly ovate, 3-4 cm. long, abruptly short-acuminate; sepals ovate-lanceolate, about 4 cm. long, acute; staminodia linear; achenes about 5 mm. long, pubescent; styles about 4 cm. long. Cafions: Utah—Wyo. Submont. Jl. 5. A. pseudoalpina (Kuntze) Rydb. Vine climbing over bushes; leaves biternate; leaflets lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 2-4 em. long, deeply toothed or often 2—3-cleft; sepals lanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, purple or blue, rarely white; staminodia linear or often lacking; achenes nearly glabrous at maturity; styles 3-4 cm. long, plumose. Clematis alpina occidentalis A. Gray. C. pseudo- atragene pseudoalpina Kuntze. Hillsides among shrubs: Colo. Utah—N.M. Submont.—Mont. Ap—Je. 6. A. tenuiloba (A. Gray) Britton. Mostly trailing vine; leaves biternate; secondary leaflets 1-3 em. long, usually divided to near the midrib into lance- olate or ovate divisions; these more or less toothed, acuminate; sepals 2.5-3.5 em. long, lanceolate, acuminate, blue or purple; achenes densely pubescent; es tS em. long. Woods: §.D.—Colo.—Ariz.—Mont. Submont.—Subalp. y—Jl. 8. MYOSURUS L. Mouse-ratn. Small acaulescent annual mud plants, with fibrous roots. Leaves basal, linear or filiform. Scapes 1-flowered. Sepals 5, rarely 6 or 7, long-spurred at the base. Petals 5-7, narrow, greenish yellow, or wanting, the claws nectariferous at the summit. Stamens 5-25. Pistils numerous, borne on a receptacle, which becomes elongated and cylindric at maturity. Achenes aristate or apiculate, numerous, 1-seeded, tardily dehiscent. Seeds suspended; embryo minute. Achenes with a flat back, only slightly carinate, and tipped with a very show appressed beak. . M. minimus. Achenes strongly carinate on the back, tipped with a subulate, Ae Maia beak. Beak more than half as long as the achene proper; spike short and dense. 2. M. aristatus. Beak very short; spike of the achenes long and slender. 3. M. lepturus. 1. M. minimus L. Leaves filiform or nearly so, glabrous, 3-10 em. long, blunt; scape 3-15 em. long; sepals oblong, about 3 mm. long; spurs 1-2 mm. long; petals spatulate, long-clawed, sometimes lacking; fruiting spike 3-6 cm. long. In mud and shallow water: Ont.—Fla.—Calif—Wash.; Eu. and n Africa. Plain—Submont. Ap-—Je. 2. M. aristatus Geyer. Leaves filiform to narrowly linear-oblanceolate, blunt; scape 2-6 em. long;sepals 2 mm. or less long; spurs about 1 mm. long; petals often lacking; carpel-spike 3-20 mm. long. (?) M. nitidus Eastw. In mud: B.C.—Mont.—Neb.—N.M.—Calif. Plain—Mont. Ap—ZJl. 3. M. lepturus (A. Gray) Howell. Leaves filiform, 3-5 em. long, glabrous; scape 3-10 cm. long; sepals about 2 mm. long; spurs about 1 mm.; carpel-spike 1-4 em. long, slender. In mud and dry ponds: B.C.—Sask.—Mont.—Calif. Plain—Submont. My-—Je. 9. BATRACHIUM S. F. Gray. Wuire Water Crowroor. Perennial aquatic herbs, with floating or creeping stems. Leaves alternate, palmately dissected or lobed, the submerged ones usually with filiform divisions. Flowers perfect, solitary, borne opposite the leaves. Sepals and petals usually 5, the latter white, sometimes with a yellowish base, bearing a small pit on the claw. Stamens several or numerous. Pistils many in a globular head. Achenes oblique, compressed, not margined, transversely wrinkled, short-beaked or almost beakless. Leaves all submerged and finely dissected, with linear to capillary pep eis Divisions of the leaves rather few, flat, 0.5-1.5 mm. wide. > Be Portert. Divisions of the leaves very slender, filiform or capillary. Beak of the achenes nearly 1 mm. long. 2. B. longirostre. 294 RANUNCULACEAE Beaks of the achenes minute or none. Petals 5-7 mm. long, broadly obovate; stamens many. Primary divisions of the leaves 1-1.5 cm. long, rather rigid, scarcely col- lapsing when withdrawn from the water. 3. B. trichophyllum. Primary divisions of the leaves 1.5-3 cm. long, flaccid, Be ee when withdrawn from the water. 4. B. flaccidum. Petals less than 5 mm. long, oblong-obovate; stamens 5-12. Stem slender, but not capillary; leaves not very Hacc. B, Drouetii. Stem capillary-filiform; leaves very flaccid. 2 B. confervoides. Upper leaf-blades floating, reniform, merely cleft or toothed, the rest Be sige oe and with capillary divisions. 7. B. Grayanus. 1. B. Porteri Britton. Stem 1 m. long or more; leaves all submerged; peti- oles 1-2 em. long, dilated at the base; blade 4-5 cm. broad, repeatedly ternately divided, with narrowly linear, attenuate divisions; petals 3-4 mm. long; achenes 6-12 in a head, obliquely oval, nearly 2 mm. long, almost beakless. In water: Henry’s Fork, e Ida. 2. B. longirostre (Godr.) F. Schultz. Stem very leafy and branched; petioles very short; blades 2-4 em. broad; petals broadly ovate, 5-7 mm. long; head of fruit globose; achenes many, about 1.5 mm. long. Ranunculus circin- atus A. Gray, in part, not Sibth. Ponds and slow streams: Ont.—N.Y.—N.M. —-Utah—S.D. Plain. Je—Au. 3. B. trichophyllum (Chaix.) Bosch. Stem 3 dm. long or more; petioles 1-1.5 cm. long; blades 2-3 cm. wide, usually with spreading divisions; petals about 8 mm. long; head of achenes globose, 4 mm. thick; achenes many, about 1.5 mm. long. Ponds and slow streams: N.S.—N.C. Calif —B. C.; Mex.; Eurasia. Plain—Mont. Je-S. 4. B. flaccidum (Pers.) Rupr. Stem long and slender; leaves rather distant; leaf-blades 3-5 cm. broad, with usually ascending segments; petals 5-8 mm. long, white; head of fruit about 4 mm. wide; achenes often nearly 2 mm. long. In ee rarely in ponds: Lab.—N.C.—L. Calif—Wash. Plain—Mont. My-S. 5. B. Drouetii (F. Schultz) Nym. Similar in habit to B. trichophyllum, but more slender; leaf-blades 1.5-3 cm. wide; petals 3-5 mm. long; head of achenes about 4 mm. thick, globose; achenes about 1.5 mm. long. In streams: Ni eee eee Calif —Alaska; Eurasia and Africa. Plain—Submont. es. 6. B. confervoides Fries. Stem 1-2 dm. long, very slender; leaf-blades 2-4 cm. wide; petals about 3 mm. long, oblong; achenes about 1 mm. long. In cold pools and lakes: Man.—Colo.—Alaska; Eu. Mont. Au. 7. B. Grayanus (Freyn) Rydb. Stem long and slender; submerged leaves short-petioled, finely dissected into capillary divisions, 3-8 cm. in diameter; float- ing leaves with petioles 2-3 em. long; blades reniform, 1-3 cm. broad, 3- cleft; middle lobe cuneate, usually 3-lobed; lateral lobes broadly cuneate-obovate, usually twice 2-lobed: petals 5-7 mm. long, obovate; achenes hairy, nearly 2 mm. long. Ranunculus aquatilis A. Gray, not L. R. Grayanus Freyn. In water: Alaska—-Mont.—Calif. Swbmont. Ap-Jl. 10. RANUNCULUS (Tourn.) L. Crowroot, Burrercup. Annual or most all of ours perennial herbs, with a cluster of fleshy-fibrous roots. Leaves alternate, entire, lobed, divided or dissected. Flowers solitary or cymose. Sepals mostly 5, deciduous. Petals 5 or more, in ours yellow, each with a nectariferous pit and a scale at the base of the blade. — Pistils several or many, l-ovuled. Achenes flattened, smooth, papillose, or echinate, tipped with the style, not striate. Achenes smooth. Leaves linear to oval, entire, or merely denticulate or crenate, none ge or cleft. . FLAMMULAE. Some of the leaves at least cleft. Sepals black-hairy. II. NIVALES. Sepals not black-hairy. Some of the basal leaves entire. ] Basal leaves linear or divided into 3 linear divisions. V. DIGITATI. CROWFOOT FAMILY 295 Basal leaves elliptic to reniform. III. GLABERRIMI. None of the leaves entire. Neither floating water plants nor creeping mud plants, if rooting at the nodes, the leaves not palmately lobed or dissected. Achenes turgid, marginless. Petals much exceeding the sepals. Basal leaves not divided to the base. IV. AFFINES. Leaves all divided to the base; achenes glabrous. Leaves ternate, with simple linear divisions; piants very low, 0.5 dm. or less. V. DIGITATI. Leaves 2-3 times ternate; plants 5-20 cm. high. VI. TRITERNATI. Petals scarcely exceeding the sepals. Plants low, less than 1 dm. high. VII. PYGMAEI. Plants taller, 3-6 dm. high. VIII. ABORTIVI. Achenes compressed, with a distinct margin. Beak of the achenes strongly hooked; heads of fruit globose. X. RECURVATI. Beak of the achenes straight or nearly so; achenes in ours glabrous. Beak short. Leaves, at least the basal ones, pinnately ternate, the ter- minal division at least petioled. X. REPENTES. Leaves palmately divided. XI. ACRES. Beak long. XII. HISPIDI. Immersed aquatics or creeping mud plants, with palmately lobed, divided, or dissected leaves. XIII. MULTIFIDI. Achenes prickly; annuals. XIV. MURICATI. I. FLAMMULAE. Plants rooting at the nodes. Stem filiform, prostrate; petals about 3 mm. long. Stem not filiform, at first ascending; petals about 5 mm. long. Plants erect or ascending, not rooting at the nodes. Leaves appressed-pubescent on the lower side. 3. R. microlonchus. Leaves glabrous. Blades of the basal leaves acute at the base. Petals spatulate or oblong, usually 6-8, 6-8 mm. long. 4. R. alismaefolius. Petals obovate, usually only 5. Petals 7-10 mm. long; plants over 2 dm. high; leaves not very thin. 5. R. Bolandert. Petals 5-6 mm. long; plant low, seldom 2 dm. high; leaves very thin. 6. R. alismellus. Blades of the basal leaves cordate or at least rounded at the base. 7. R. Populago. . R. reptans. R. unalaschensis. Ne II. NIVALES. Leaf-blades spatulate or elliptic, 2—4-toothed at the apex. 8. R. Macauleyi. Leaf-blades of the basal leaves reniform or flabelliform, 3-5-lobed a aeatait . R. nivalis. III. GLABERRIMI. One species. 10. R. glaberrimus. IV. AFFINES. Achenes pubescent, with a short recurved beak; heads oblong to cylindric. Some of the basal leaf-blades merely crenate, the rest mostly 3-cleft at the apex, with a narrow middle lobe. Sepals densely villous. Petals broadly obovate, about 1 cm. long. 11. R. cardiophyllus. Petals wanting. 29. R. apetalus. Sepals not densely villous; petals oblong-obovate, 3-6 mm. long. Petals 5-6 mm. long; heads of achenes oblong. 12. R. inamoenus. Petals 3-5 mm. long; heads of achenes cylindric. 13. R. micropetalus. Basal leaf-blades digitately or pedately cleft with acute lobes. Basal leaf-blades reniform or rounded-cordate. 14. R. affinis. Basal leaf-blades cuneate-flabelliform. 15. R. saxicola. Achenes glabrous; beak straight, usually slender. Plant glabrous, except the more or less villous sepals. Petals 7-12 mm. long; lobes of the basal leaves acutish. Basal leaf-blades cuneate-flabelliform; head of achenes somewhat oblong, 5-10 mm. long. Basal leaf-blades cleft half way down or less. 15. R. saxicola. Basa] leaf-blades cleft more than half way down. 16. R. eximius. Basal leaf-blades reniform or at least truncate at the base, divided more than half way down; heads of achenes globular. 17. R. Suksdorfit. Petals 4-8 mm. long; lobes of the basal leaves obtuse or rounded. i Heads of fruit decidedly oblong; basal leaf-blades orbicular, seldom reniform, the earliest not cleft more than half way down. 4 Leaves thick; petals about 4 mm. long. 18. R. utahensis. Leaves thin; petals about 6 mm. long. 19. R. alpeophilus. Heads of achenes spherical or nearly so; basal leaf-blades decidedly reniform, cleft deeper than half way down. 296 RANUNCULACEAE Lobes of the upper stem-leaves elliptical, oval or obovate. 20. R. Eschscholizit. Lobes of the upper stem-leaves linear to oblong. Stem about 2 dm. high; lateral lobes of the basal leaves 2—3-toothed. 21. R. Helleri. Stem less than 1 dm. high; lateral lobes of the basal leaves 4—5-toothed. 22. R. vericundus. Plant more or less pubescent. 23. R. ovalis. : V. DIGITATI. One species. 24. R. Jovis. VI. TRITERNATI. Plant less than 1 dm. high; petals about 5 mm. long; segments of the leaves very short, 3-5 mm. long; beak recurved. 25. R. Drummondii. Plant usually more than 1 dm. high; petals 5-18 mm. long; segments of the leaves 1 cm. or more long; beak slender, not recurved. Primary divisions of the basal leaves petiolate; segments linear, somewhat narrowed downward; stems usually several-flowered; roots fibrous. 26. R. stenolobus. Primary divisions of the basal leaves sessile; segments narrowly linear, almost fili- form, not narrowed downward; stems 1—2-flowered; roots fleshy-fibrous. 27. R. adoneus. VII. PYGMAEI. Sepals glabrous or nearly so; lateral lobes of the basal leaves 2—3-toothed. 28. R. pygmaeus. Sepals copiously pubescent; lateral lobes of the basal leaves 4—5-toothed. 22. R. verecundus. VIIL. ABORTIVI. Basal leaves, at least some of them, merely crenate. Achenes pubescent; heads oblong to cylindrical. Petals present; sepals not petaloid. 13. R. micropetalus. Petals wanting; sepals with petaloid margins. 29. R. apetalus. Achenes glabrous, with a minute beak; heads subglobose. Basal leaf-blades cordate at the base; plant glabrous. 30. R. abortivus. Basal leaf-blades rarely cordate at the base; plant, especially the stem, with spreading hairs. 31. R. micranthus. All the leaves divided or lobed; annuals. 32. R. sceleratus. IX. RECURVATI. Flowers small; petals only 2-5 mm. long; basal leaf-blades divided into 3 rhombic or cuneate-obovate, cleft divisions. Petals 2-3 mm. long. Stem glabrous; achenes glabrous. 33. R. Douglasii. Stem hairy; achenes usually hirsute when young. 34. R. Bongardi. Petals 4-5 mm. long; achenes glabrous. 35. R. Earlei. Flowers larger; petals 5-12 mm. long; basal leaves often biternately cleft into linear, lanceolate, ovate, or cuneate divisions; achenes glabrous. Pubescence of the stem appressed. 36. R. acriformis. Pubescence of the stem spreading. Stem low and slender, seldom more than 3 dm. high; petals oblong to oval. 37. R. occidentalis. Stem tall, 5-10 dm. high; petals broadly obovate. 38. R. montanensis. X. REPENTES. Petals less than 1 ecm. long. Plant glabrous or nearly so. 39. R. oreganus. Plant decidedly pubescent. ; Heads of achenes decidedly oblong, about 5 mm. thick. 40. R. pennsylvanicus. Heads of achenes globose, 7-12 mm. thick. Plants not stoloniferous; primary segments of the leaves cuneate at the base; beak half as long as the body of the achene. 41. R. Macouniti. Plant producing long lateral branches, rooting at the nodes; primary segments of the lower leaves more or less truncate or subcordate at the base; beak one-third as long as the body of the achene. 42. R. rivularis. Petals more than 1 cm. long; stem creeping. 43. R. repens. XI. ACRES. ; One species. 44. R. acris. XII. HISpPrD:. Petals obovate: divisions of the leaves lanceolate or ovate. 45. R. platyphyllus. Petals elliptic; divisions at least of the upper leaves linear. 46. R. orlthorhynchus. XIII. MULTIFIDI. Leaves deeply cordate at the base, their primary divisions lobed or dissected; style about two-thirds as long as the achene. Achenes callous-margined. 47. R. delphinifolius. Achenes marginless. a Stem glabrous. 48. R. Purshii. Stem pubescent. 49. R. limosus. CROWFOOT FAMILY 297 Leaves truncate or slightly cordate at the base, their primary lobes entire or merely crenate; styles minute. Floating water plants; at least some of the leaves cordate at the base. 50. R. intertertus. Rooting mud plants; none of the leaves cordate at the base. 51. R. hyperboreus. XIV. MURICATI. One species. 52. R. arvensis. 1. R. reptans L. Stem filiform, 1-3 dm. long; leaves 1-5 cm. long, linear- filiform and glabrous to oblanceolate and strigose (var. strigulosus Freyn); peduncles 1-3 em. long, filiform; petals obovate, 2-4 mm. long; head of fruit spherical; achenes glabrous, with a minute beak. R. flammula reptans E. Meyer. Shores: Lab.—N.J—N.M.—Ore.—Alaska. Plain—Mont. My-S. 2. R. unalaschensis Bess. Stem 3-6 dm. long, at first ascending, later decumbent and rooting at the nodes; leaves 4-10 cm. long, petioled, sparingly strigose or glabrous; blade lanceolate or oblanceolate, sometimes more than 1 em. wide; petals obovate, 5-7 mm. long; head of fruit globose; achenes glabrous, with a minute beak. &. Flammula intermedius Hook. Shores and wet pastures: Alaska—Ida.—Calif.—Ont.—(? Newf.) Submont. My-Jl. 3. R. microlonchus Greene. Stem 7-15 ecm. high; basal leaves slender- petioled; blades narrowly lanceolate, entire, 3-5 em. long; cauline leaves few, relatively broader; flowers about 8 mm. broad; petals 5-8, obovate; achenes few in a depressed globose head, obliquely obovoid, tipped with a stout style, gla- brous. Wet places: n Ida. Au. 4. R. alismaefolius Geyer. Stem glabrous or slightly hairy on the peduncles, 1-2 dm. (seldom 3 dm.) high, with rather spreading branches; basal leaves 1 dm. or less long, glabrous, petioled, oval to lanceolate, entire or denticulate; cauline leaves subsessile or short-petioled, lanceolate; petals obovate-oblong, 6-8 mm. long; head of achenes depressed-globose; achenes glabrous; beak subulate, curved. R. calthaefolius Greene. R. unguiculatus Greene, a form with somewhat clawed petals. Wet cold soil, below the snow or in open woods: Wyo.—Colo.—Nev.— Wash. Mont.—Subalp. Je—Au. 5. R. Bolanderi Greene. Stem stout, 3-10 dm. high, glabrous, or the peduncles strigose; basal leaves 1-2 dm. long, petioled, glabrous, lanceolate, thick, callous-denticulate or entire; stem-leaves similar, subsessile; petals 5, broadly obovate, 7-10 mm. long; achenes in a globose head, numerous, nearly 3 mm. long, with a subulate slightly curved beak. Wet places and shallow water: B.C.—Ida.—Calif. Submont. Ap-—Je. 6. R. alismellus (A. Gray) Greene. Stem 1-2 dm. high, slender; basal leaves 1 dm. long or less, glabrous, long-petioled, oval to elliptic, acute at both ends; stem-leaves similar; petals obovate, 5-6 mm. long; head of fruit globose, 4-5 mm. broad, glabrous, with a subulate beak. R. alismaefolius alismellus A. Gray. Wet meadows and along streams: Wash.—Mont.—Wyo.—Calif. Sub- mont.—Mont. Je—Au. 7. R. Populago Greene. Stem 1.5-2 dm. high, glabrous, slender; basal leaves long-petioled, glabrous; blades about 2 em. wide, oval, to nearly round, cordate or rounded at the base, 2-3 em. long, subentire, thin; stem-leaves short- petioled or subsessile, ovate, obtuse; petals 5-6, oblong-obovate; achenes gla- brous, in a globosehead. R. Cusickii M. E. Jones. Mountains: Ore.—Ida.— Wash. Submont. Jl-Au. 8. R. Macauleyi A. Gray. Stem 1-1.5 dm. high, glabrous or sparingly hairy above, the base surrounded by the remnants of old leaves; basal leaves thick, 0.5-2 cm. wide, petioled, glabrous; blades oblong or elliptic or spatulate, few-toothed at the apex; stem-leaves oblong-cuneate, sessile; petals broadly obovate, deep yellow; heads of achenes ovoid, about 5 mm. broad; achenes glabrous; beak 0.5 mm. long, subulate, nearly straight. Alpine peaks among rocks: s Colo—n N. M. Mont.—Subalp. Je—Jl. 9. R. nivalis L. Stem more or less black-hairy, at least above; basal leaf- blades 0.5-2 em. wide, reniform or flabelliform, usually 3-cleft; middle lobe entire or 3-toothed and the lateral ones 2—4-toothed; petals about 1 cm. long, broadly 298 RANUNCULACEAE obovate; head of fruit ovoid; achenes glabrous; beak about 1 mm. long. Arctic regions and alpine summits: Greenl.—Alta.—Alaska; Eurasia. Alp. Je—Au. 10. R. glaberrimus Hook. Stem 1 dm. high or less, glabrous, more or less fleshy; basal and lower cauline leaves petioled, thick, glabrous; blades reniform to rounded-oval, usually more or less 3-lobed at the apex; upper stem-leaves cuneate or oblanceolate, entire or 3 cleft; petals rounded-oval, 8-12 mm. long; heads of achenes globose; achenes glabrous, with an only slightly curved beak. R. ellipticus Greene, a form with thinner, more entire basal leaves. Wet places: Wash.—Mont.—N.M.—Calif. Plain—Submont. Mr—-My. 11. R. cardiophyllus Hook. Stem 1.5-3 dm. high, more or less villous; basal leaves petioled, thick, pubescent when young; blades 2-4 em. wide, reni- form or cordate; stem-leaves divided into linear lobes; heads of achenes usually oblong or ellipsoid. R&. affinis validus A. Gray. Wet meadows, bogs, and along streams: Sask.—Neb.—Colo.—Wash.—Alta. Plain—Mont. My-—Au. 12. R. inamoenus Greene. Stem 2-3 dm. high, sparingly silky or in age glabrate; basal leaves petioled; blades 2-5 cm. wide, from orbicular to flabelli- form or obovate in outline, the later leaves sometimes pedately 5-divided, with oblanceolate-cuneate divisions; stem-leaves 3-divided, with cuneate or oblance- olate divisions, or the upper with linear lobes; sepals sparingly pubescent; petals oval; heads of achenes 1 cm. long or less, over 5 mm. thick. R. affinis A. Gray, not Hook. Meadows and along streams: Mont.—N.M.—Utah—Ida. Sub- mont.—Mont. My—Au. 13. R. micropetalus (Greene) Rydb. Stem slender, 2-3 dm. high, sparingly hairy or glabrate; leaves similar to those of the preceding, but usually thinner; petals light yellow; heads of achenes in well-developed specimens often 2 em. long, about 4 mm. thick. R. affinis leiocarpus S. Wats., in part, not Trautv. R. affinis micropetalus Greene. Wet meadows and along streams: Colo.—Utah —Ariz.—N.M. Submont.— Subalp. 14. R. affinis R. Br. Stem slender, 1.5-3 dm. high, sparingly silky or glabrate; basal leaf-blades 2-4 em. wide, the earliest 3-cleft and coarsely toothed or rarely merely toothed, the rest pedately divided into cuneate to oblong or linear, cleft segments; stem-leaves sessile, with linear divisions; petals oval; head of fruit oblong or ovoid, 5-10 mm. long. (?) R. oreogenes Greene. Bogs and wet meadows: Baffins Bay—Sask.—Colo.—Alaska. Subalp—Mont. My-Au. 15. R. saxicola Rydb. Stem about 1 dm. long, decumbent or ascending, glabrous; basal leaf-blades 2—4 em. wide, 3-cleft, the middle lobe narrow, entire or slightly 3-toothed, the lateral ones very oblique, coarsely 3—4-toothed; stem- leaves sessile, pedately 3-7-cleft into linear lobes; sepals obovate, half as long as the broadly obovate petals; achenes usually more or less pubescent. Among rocks in the mountains: Alta—Mont.—Wyo.—Utah. Mont. Je—Jl. 16. R. eximius Greene. Stem glabrous or nearly so, 1-2 dm. high, erect; basal leaf-blades 2-4 em. wide, pedately 3—7-cleft, with lanceolate divisions; stem- leaves sessile, with linear divisions; sepals oval or oblong; petals broadly cuneate- obovate, 10-12 mm. long, often overlapping. Below snowdrifts: Mont.—Colo. Mont.—Subalp. JI-S. 17. R. Suksdorfii A. Gray. Stem about 1 dm. high, glabrous; basal leaf- blades 1.5-3 em. wide, deeply 3-5-cleft, with cleft acute divisions; petals round- obovate, retuse, 8-12 ram. long. Damp ground in the mountains: Wash.—Alta. —Mont. Mont—Subalp. Je—-Au. 18. R. utahensis Rydb. Stems 1-2 dm. high, branched above; basal leaf- blades almost orbicular, rather thick, crenate or round-lobed; stem-leaves sessile, deeply cleft or divided into 4-5 oblong or elliptic, obtuse segments; sepals elliptic to obovate, at last reflexed: petals exceeding the sepals; beak rather short. Wet places in the mountains: Utah. Mont. Jl. 19. R. alpeophilus A. Nels. Stem 1.5-3 dm. high, branched above; basal leaf-blades 1.5-4 em. wide, orbicular or flabelliform, the later ones often deeply 3-lobed, with a narrow middle lobe; divisions of the sessile upper stem-leaves el En Se i 4 \ | CROWFOOT FAMILY 299 linear; petals oblong to elliptic, 5-6 mm. long; beak short. Wet places and open woods: Mont.—Colo.—Utah—Ida. Mont.—Subalp. Je-Au. 20. R. Eschscholtzii Schlecht. Stem 1-3 dm. high; basal leaf-blades 1-3 em. wide, 3-5 parted and again cleft; lower stem-leaves similar, but short-peti- oled; petals obovate, often retuse, 6-8 mm. long; head of fruit globose to oblong; R. ocreatus Greene, an undeveloped form, with rather large stipules. Wet places: Alaska—Alta.—Colo.—Calif. Mont.—Alp. Je-Au. 21. R. Helleri Rydb. Stem slender, 1-2 dm. high; blades of basal leaves 1-3 cm. wide, 3-cleft, often to near the base, and again cleft; lower stem-leaves similar, but more divided; petals 6-7 mm. long, oblong or obovate; head of fruit almost globose. Bogs: Ida.—Mont.—Wyo. Mont.—Subalp. Jl-Au. 22. R. vericundus B. L. Robins. Stem 1-38-flowered, ascending, 5-10 cm. high, glabrous or villous above; basal leaf-blades reniform, 3-cleft; middle seg- ment 3-lobed; stem-leaves divided into 3-4 oblong divisions; petals about 5 mm. long, exceeding the hairy sepals; head of fruit slightly oblong. Perhaps not distinct from the arctic R. Sabini R. Br. Wet places: Mont.—Wash. Subalp. Jl-Au. 23. R. ovalis Raf. Stem 0.5-3 dm. high, more or less villous, especially when young; basal leaf-blades 1-3 em. wide, from reniform or orbicular to rhom- bic-oval, crenate or round-lobed, some occasionally cleft, hairy when young; upper stem-leaves sessile, with linear or oblong divisions; sepals villous; petals obovate to oblong-cuneate, 4-6 mm. long; head of fruit globose; beak short. R. rhomboideus Goldie. R. brevicaulis Hook. Meadows: Lab.—Que.—Colo.— Alta. Plain—Submont. My-—Je. 24. R. Jovis A. Nels. Roots tuberous; stem 3-4 em. high, glabrous; basal leaf- blades divided into 3-4, linear or oblanceolate, obtuse divisions, or entire; stem- leaf solitary, similar, sessile; sepals oval, glabrous; petals oblong-spatulate, 6-7 mm. long; head of fruit globose; achenes glabrous, with a stout curved beak. R. digitatus Hook., not Willd. Moist ground, around snowdrifts: Ida.—Wyo. —Nev. Mont—Subalp. My-Jl. 25. R. Drummondii Greene. Stem 5-10 em. high; basal leaf-blades 2-3 em. wide, triternately divided, with short oblong divisions, sparingly pubescent; stem-leaves similar or biternate; sepals oval, pubescent externally; petals oval; head of fruit globose; beak curved, a little shorter than the achene. R. pedati- fidus Hook., not Smith. Rk. Hookeri Regel., not Schlecht. &. Grayi Britton, not R. Grayanus Freyn. Barren summits: Canadian Rockies—Colo. 26. R. stenolobus Rydb. Stem 1-2 dm. high, usually branched; basal and lower cauline leaves petioled; blades three times ternately dissected into almost linear segments, which are 6-15 mm. long and 1-8 mm. wide; sepals oval, 4-5 mm. long; petals obovate, 7-8 mm. (rarely 9-11 mm.) long; head of achene spherical or slightly oblong, about 6 mm. broad. Alpine wet meadows: Utah—Wyo. Mont.—Alp. Jl-Au. 27. R. adoneus A. Gray. Stem 1-2 dm. high, glabrous, 1—2-flowered; sepals oblong or elliptic, villous, 6-10 mm. long; petals broadly cuneate-obovate or flabelliform, usually overlapping, 10—18 mm. long; head of fruit slightly oblong, glabrous. Near snowdrifts: Wyo.—Colo.—Utah. Mont.—Alp. JI-S. 28. R. pygmaeus Wahl. Stem 1-flowered, 2-5 em. high, pubescent above, decumbent or ascending; leaf-blades reniform, 3-cleft, the lateral divisions of the basal leaves rounded, 2-lébed; petals 2-4 mm. long; head of fruit globose or ovoid; achenes glabrous; beak short. Wet grassy places: Greenl.—Canadian Rockies—Alaska; Eurasia. Alp. Jl-Au. 29. R. apetalus Farr. Stem 2.5-3 dm. high, glabrate below, villous above; basal leaf-blades orbicular to cordate in outline, crenate to deeply 5—9-lobed; cauline leaves divided to the base into cuneate incised divisions; sepals very con- cave, suborbicular, villous without; head of fruit oblong to ovoid. Roadsides: Alta. Mont. 30. R. abortivus L. Stem 1.5-6 dm. high, branched; basal leaf-blades 1-5 em. wide, the later ones more or less deeply 3-cleft; upper stem-leaves sessile, 300 RANUNCULACEAE with linear or oblong divisions; sepals 2-3 mm. long, oblong; petals oblong. Wet Ht and open woods: Lab.—Fla.—Colo.—B.C. Plain—Submont. Ap-—Jl. 31. R. micranthus Nutt. Stem 1.5-4 dm. high, branched; basal leaf- blades 14 em. wide, the later 3-cleft or 3-divided, with oblanceolate-cuneate to obovate divisions; upper stem-leaves with linear divisions, sessile; flowers and achenes as in the preceding. RR. abortivus micranthus A. Gray. Rich woods: Que.—Pa. Colo.—Sask. Plain—Mont. Ap—Je. 32. R. sceleratus L. Stem glabrous or nearly so, stout, more or less fleshy, 1.5-6 dm. high, freely branching; blades of the basal leaves 3-10 em. wide, reni- form, 3-cleft or 3—5-parted; segments round-lobed; upper stem-leaves sessile and with linear lobes; sepals 3-4 mm. long, hairy; petals elliptic; head of achenes oblong, with numerous small glabrous achenes; beak minute. Rk. eremogenes Greene. Shallow water and swamps: N.B.—Fla.—N.M.—S.D.; Eurasia. Plain —Mont. Ap—Au. 33. R. Douglasii Howell. Stem 3-7 dm. high, usually slender; blades of basal leaves 2-6 em. wide, the middle division 3-cleft and toothed, the lateral ones twice 2-cleft; petals elliptic or spatulate, slightly exceeding the sepals; achenes rather few, glabrous. RR. tenellus Nutt. R. Nelsonii tenellus A. Gray. R. arcuatus Heller. Wet places among bushes and open woods: Alaska—Mont. —Colo.—Calif. Submont—Mont. Ap-dJl. 34. R. Bongardi Greene. Stem stout, 4-8 dm. high; basal leaf-blades 3-10 em. wide, more distinctly cordate at the base, with broader divisions; flowers and fruit as in the preceding, but the achenes usually hirsute when young. R. occidentalis Lyallii A. Gray. R. Lyallii Rydb. R. Greenei Howell. Open rich woods: Alaska—Mont.—Colo.—Ore. Swbmont.—Mont. Ap-—dJl. 35. R. Earlei Greene. Like the two preceding; stem sparingly hairy or glabrous, 3-5 dm. high; leaves resembling those of R. Bongardi; petals elliptic- obovate, nearly twice as long as the sepals; achenes glabrous. Along mountain streams: Colo. Mont. Je. 36. R. acriformis A. Gray. Stem strict, 3-5 dm. high; leaf-blades 2-6 em. wide, strigose, bi- or tri-ternately cleft into lanceolate or linear divisions, the uppermost merely ternate and sessile; sepals strigose, elliptic, about 6 mm. long; petals about 8 mm. long, broadly obovate, often retuse. Bogs and wet meadows: Ida.—Mont.—Colo. Submont.—Mont. Je—Au. 37. R. occidentalis Nutt. Stem usually ascending, hirsute, 2-3 dm. high; basal leaf-blades 2-4 em. wide, densely pubescent, deeply 3-parted; terminal segment cuneate, 3-lobed and often toothed; lateral ones obiiquely ovate, cleft and toothed; upper stem-leaves small and with linear divisions; petals 10-12 mm. long, more than twice as long as the sepals. FR. Nelsonii A. Gray, in part. Open woods and low ground: Alaska—Mont.—Wyo.—Ore. sSubmont. Ap—Je.— 38. R. montanensis Rydb. Stem stout, 3-5 dm. high, sparingly hirsute; basal leaf-blades 3-6 cm. wide, silky-hirsute, ternately divided, the divisions again parted and cleft into linear or lanceolate segments; upper stem-leaves sessile, with few linear segments; petals 7-10 mm. long. &. MacCallae Davis, a slender, less leafy form. Wet meadows: Alta.—Mont.—Ida. Submont.— Mont. Je—Au. 39. R. oreganus (A. Gray) Howell. Annual; stem erect, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs, 2-10 dm. high; leaves ternate, glabrous; divisions broadly ovate, deeply 3-lobed and serrate; petals obovate, 6-8 mm. long, twice as long as the reflexed sepals; heads of fruit oblong or oval. Wet places: Ore.—Ida.— Wash. Swbmont. Je—Au. 40. R. pennsylvanicus L.f. Mostly annual; stem erect, branching, hirsute, 3-8 dm. high; leaf-blades 5-15 em. wide, very hairy, ternate; divisions petioled (especially the terminal one), ternately or pinnately divided, cleft and toothed, with lanceolate teeth; petals oblong, 2-4 mm. long, shorter than the reflexed sepals; beak broad, flat, less than half as long as the achene. Wet places and shallow water: N.S.—Ga.—N.M.—Wash.—B.C. Plain—Submont. Je—Au. CROWFOOT FAMILY 301 41. R. Macounii Britton. Stem 2-6 dm. high, usually very hirsute, at first usually erect, but later decumbent, branched and leafy; leaf-blades 5-15 em. wide, ternate, hirsute, especially beneath; segments petiolate, especially the terminal one, rhombic-obovate, twice ternately cleft and toothed; petals obovate, 5-7 mm., equalling or somewhat exceeding the sepals. Wet meadows: Ont.— la.—N.M.—Utah—B.C. Plain—Submont. Je-Au. oer 42. R. rivularis Rydb. Stem hirsute, sometimes more than 1 m. long, rooting at the nodes and there producing plantlets; leaves ternate, 5-15 em. wide; divisions petiolate, ovate, 3-cleft and coarsely toothed; petals rounded-obovate, about 4 mm. long, scarcely equalling the sepals. R. repens S. Wats., not L. River banks and along ditches: Nev.—Ariz.—Neb. Plain—Submont. Au. 43. R. repens L. Stem strigose or nearly glabrous, at first ascending, then decumbent and creeping; leaf-blades 3-8 em. wide, ternate or the lower biternate, strigose or glabrate; divisions petiolate or the lateral ones sometimes subsessile, ternately or biternately cleft and toothed; petals broadly obovate or flabelli- form, fully twice as long as the sepals; beak about one-fourth as long as the achene. Meadows and roadsides: Newf.—Va.—Utah—Wash.; adv. or nat. from Eu. Plain—Submont. 44. R.acris L. Stem erect, strigose or somewhat hirsute, or nearly glabrous, 3-9 dm. high; blades of the basal leaves 3-8 em. wide, palmately 3—5-divided to near the base, more or less hairy; divisions broadly rhombic in outline, twice cleft into lanceolate lobes; petals broadly obovate, 1 em. long or more, more than twice as long as the sepals; beak slightly curved, about one-fourth as long as the achene. Fields, meadows, and roadsides: Newf.—N.C.—Mo.—B.C.; nat. from Eu. Plain—Submont. 45. R. platyphyllus (A. Gray) A. Nels. Stem 3-6 dm. high, stout, striate, more or less hirsute; basal leaves 6-15 em. wide, biternate or pinnate, with the lower divisions deeply 2-3 divided; divisions ovate in outline, cleft and toothed; divisions of the upper leaves lanceolate; sepals reflexed; petals 8-12 mm. long; heads of fruit oblong or subglobose, 12-18 mm. long and 10-12 mm. thick. R. orthorhynchus platyphyllus A. Gray. Wet places: Utah—Calif—Wash. Sub- mont.—Mont. Ap—Au. 46. R. orthorhynchus Hook. Stem slender, hirsute to nearly glabrous; lower leaves pinnate; divisions cleft into oblong or lanceolate to linear lobes; petals elliptic, 8-12 mm. long; head of fruit globose. Wet ground: B.C.—Wyo. —Ore. Submont. My-—Je. 47. R. delphinifolius Torr. Plant glabrous or slightly hairy when young; immersed leaves 5-10 cm. wide, finely dissected into capillary divisions, short- petioled: floating or emerged leaves 2-5 cm. wide, with longer petioles, repeatedly ternate, with linear lobes; leaves when growing in mud (var. terrestris) with much shorter and broader divisions, the lobes oblong or lance-ovate; petals 5-8 mm. long, obovate; head of fruit globose or slightly oblong. R. multifidus Pursh. Shallow water or mud: Me.—N.C.—Kans.—Utah—B.C. Plain. Je—Au. 48. R. Purshii Richards. Leaf-blades 1-3 em. wide, cordate at the base, palmately divided in 3-7 more or less cuneate and lobed or cleft divisions, or the immersed ones dissected into filiform divisions; petals obovate, 4-5 mm. long; head of fruit globose, 5-6 mm. broad. Water or mud: N.S.—Ont.—Colo. —Ore.—Alaska. Plain—Mont. Je-S. 49. R limosus Nutt. Leaf-blades 1-3 em. wide, reniform in outline, pal- mately divided into more or less cuneate, cleft or lobed divisions; petals obovate, 4-5 mm. long; head of fruit globose, 4-5 mm. thick. Shallow water and mud: Mont.—Wyo.—Utah—Wash. Submont. Jl—Au. Ranunculus limosus sceleratus, with the habit of R. sceleratus and the leaves and pubescence of R. limosus, has been collected in Idaho. 50. R. intertextus Greene. Leaf-blades 1-3 em. wide, rounded or slightly reniform, usually truncate at the base, palmately 3—7-lobed, with rounded entire lobes; petals obovate, 3-4 mm. long; head of fruit globose, 4-5 mm. thick; beak 302 RANUNCULACEAE minute. R&R. natans A. Gray, not C. A. Mey. Water: Colo—Wyo.—Ida. Mont. Je—Au. 51. R. hyperboreus Rottb. Creeping mud plant, glabrous, usually less than 1 dm. long; leaf-blades less than 1 em. broad, palmately 3—5-lobed, cuneate or rounded at the base; petals 2-3 mm. long; heads of achenes about 3 mm. thick; beak minute. In mud: Greenl.—Lab.—Mont.—Alaska. Alp.—Subalp. Jl-Au. 52. R. arvensis L. Stem glabrous or sparingly pubescent, branched above, 3-4 dm. high; lower leaves petioled; blades cuneate, 3—5-lobed at the apex; the rest of the leaves short-petioled, twice or thrice ternate; primary divisions dis- tinctly petioluled, the ultimate ones lanceolate or linear; sepals lanceolate, yellowish, membranous, long-pilose, 5 mm. long; petals obovate, strongly veined, 6-7 mm. long; achenes few, obliquely ovate, compressed, 7-10 mm. long, spiny; beak 3-4 mm. long, flat, subulate, slightly curved. Waste places: N.J.—O.— Utah; adv. from Eu. Je—Au. 11. COPTIDIUM Beurl. Scapose perennial herbs, with slender, stoloniferous rootstocks. Leaves basal, petioled, with reniform, 3-parted blades, the divisions of which are again lobed. Scape 1-flowered. Sepals and petals 5, the latter yellow. Pistils rather few; styles long. Achenes obliquely ovate, the lower half enclosing the seeds, the upper portion empty, flattened, somewhat spongy. 1. C. lapponicum (L.) Gand. Stem scapiform, about 1 dm. high, filiform, glabrous, naked or with a single small leaf; basal leaf-blades 2-5 em. wide, gla- brous, ternately divided; divisions cuneate, 3—5-lobed; petals elliptic, about 5 mm. long, equalling the sepals; achenes about 5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, acute at both ends; beaks about 1.5 mm. long, hooked. Ranunculus lapponicus L. Anemone nudicaulis A. Gray. In moss: Lab.—Ont.—Minn.—Alta.—Alaska; Eu. Subalp.—Subarctic—Boreal. Je-Jl. 12. BECKWITHIA Jeps. Perennial herbs, with fibrous, fascicled roots. Leaves alternate, palmately dissected. Flowers perfect, solitary or few. Sepals marcescent, persistent. Petals large, broad and overlapping, white or rose-colored, nectariferous and with a rudimentary seale. Pistils many. Achenes thin-walled, utricular, com- pressed, narrowly scarious-margined, apiculate. Scape 1-flowered, bractless; achenes 8-10 mm. long, inflated. 1. B. Andersonii. Scape 2—3-flowered, with a leaf-like bract; achenes 3—4 mm. long, not inflated. B. juniperina. 1. B. Andersonii (A. Gray) Jeps. Scape about 1.5 dm. high; leaves fleshy, glabrous, bi- or triternate and parted into linear or lanceolate lobes; sepals broadly elliptic; petals orbicular, pink, 10-15 mm. long; achenes flattened, but inflated. Ranunculus Andersoniit A. Gray. In rocky mountains: Ore.—Ida.— Utah—Calif. Swbmont—Mont. Ap—My. 2. B. juniperina (Jones) Heller. Scape 2-3 dm. high; leaves basal, petioled, triternately divided, with short lanceolate lobes; sepals greenish, broadly obovate and enclosing the fruit; petals first white, veined with pink, becoming purple and 10-15 mm. long. broadly oval or orbicular; achenes flat. Ranunculus Andersonii tenellus S. Wats. Gravelly mountain sides: Utah. Mont. Ap. 13. HALERPESTES Greene. Perennial herbs, with runners. Leaves mainly basal, petioled, cleft or toothed. Stem more or less scapiform. Flowers small, perfect, cymose or solitary. Se- pals usually 5, spreading, tardily deciduous. Petals 5-12, each with a nectar- iferous pit at the base. Stamens and pistils numerous. Achenes compressed, thin-walled, longitudinally striate. 1. H. Cymbalaria (Pursh) Greene. Leaves glabrous, more or less fleshy; blades rounded-cordate or reniform, crenate, 4-18 mm. long; scapes 2-30 em. CROWFOOT FAMILY 303 long; flowers 1-7; sepals yellowish green, oval or oblong, 3-7 mm. long; petals oblong-spatulate, slightly shorter; heads of fruit rounded-oblong, 6-16 mm. long. Ranunculus Cymbalaria Pursh. Wet sandy or alkaline soil: Lab.—N.J.—N.M. —Calif.— Alaska; Mex. and 8. Am. Son.—Plain—Mont. My-—Jl. 14. CYRTORHYNCHA Nutt. Perennial herbs, with fascicled fleshy-fibrous roots. Leaves alternate, bi- ternate, the basal ones long-petioled. Flowers cymose, perfect. Sepals membranous, yellowish, deciduous. Petals 5-9, narrow, pale yellow, bearing a callosity on the inner face, or wanting. Stamens 10-20. Pistils several; style recurved. Achenes oblong or ellipsoid, terete, prominently 10-costate, subcoriaceous, filled by the oblong erect seed. Sepals spatulate or oblong-ovate, more or less contracted at the base. Leaf-segments thick, mostly acute; inflorescence corymbiform. 1. C. ranunculina. Leaf-segments thin, broad; inflorescence not corymbiform. 2. C. rupesirts. Sepals broadly round-ovate, not at all clawed; petals usually wanting. 3. C. neglecta. 1. C. ranunculina Nutt. Stems 1-2 dm. high; basal leaves long-petioled; blades 4-6 cm. broad; divisions deeply parted and cleft into lanceolate or oblong lobes; stem-leaves with scarious stipules, short-petioled and with linear lobes; sepals 3-5 mm. long, yellowish; petals spatulate or oblanceolate, clawed; Ranun- culus Nuttallii A. Gray. Foot-hills and draws: Colo.—Wyo. Submont. Ap-—Jl. 2. C. rupestris Greene. Stem about 3 dm. high; leaves long-petioled; blades biternate, thin, with broad divisions; flowers few, 5 or 6, on slender pedi- cels; petals variable, some obovate, some spatulate and long-clawed. Moist cliffs: Black Cafion, Colo. Submont. Je. 3. C. neglecta Greene. Stem 3 dm. or more; leaves like those of C. ranunculina; divisions less dissected and with broader lobes; sepals 3 mm. long; petals usually none, or few and narrowly spatulate; stamens few, usually about 10. Dry ravines: Colo. Submont. My. 15. CALTHA (Rupp.) L. Marsa-MARIGOLD, MEADOW-GOWAN. Perennial herbs, somewhat fleshy. Leaves few, mostly basal, petioled; blades elliptic, oval, cordate or reniform, entire or crenate. Sepals 5-15, large, more or less petal-like, deciduous, yellow, white, or pink. Petals wanting. Stamens numerous; filaments short. Carpels numerous or several, sessile; ovules numer- ous, in 2 rows on the ventral suture. Fruit follicles, dehiscent on the ventral suture. Stem scapiform or rarely with a small leaf, erect; sepals white or greenish white. Plant 1-3 dm. high, often 2-flowered; leaf-blades orbicular or oval, 3-10 cm. long. Filaments narrower than and twice as long as the anthers; follicles erect. 1. C. leptosepala. Filaments broader than the anthers and only slightly longer; follicles ascending or more or less spreading above. 2. C. rotundifolia. Plant 5-8 cm. high, one-flowered; leaf-blades 1-2 cm. long; filaments broader than the anthers and 2-3 times as long. 3. C. chelidonii. Stem leafy, creeping or floating. 4. C. natans. 1. C. leptosepala DC. Glabrous perennial, with a short erect rootstock; leaf-blades oval in outline, with a shallow sinus, sinuately toothed or crenate; petals oblong, 10-18 mm. long; follicles about 15 mm. long; beak somewhat curved, nearly 1 mm. long. C. Macounii Greene. Swamps and marshy meadows: Wash.—B.C.—Mont.—Alta. Mont.—Alp. Jl-Au. 2. C. rotundifolia (Huth) Greene. Glabrous perennial, with a short usually erect rootstock; leaves mostly basal, long-petioled, 2-3 dm. long; blades of the earliest sometimes orbicular, with a deep closed sinus, the rest or all more elongate, with an open sinus, dentate, crenate, or subentire; peduncles 2-3 dm. high; sepals 6-10, oblong or rarely oval, 12-20 mm. long; follicles 15-20 mm. long, straight; beak about 1 mm., straight. C. leptophylla rotundifolia Huth. C. chionophila Greene. Swamps and under the snow: Wyo.—N.M.—Utah. Mont.—Subalp. Je—Au. 304 RANUNCULACEAE 3. C. chelidonii Greene. Dwarf perennial; leaves mostly basal, 3-4 em. long, short-petioled; blades broadly cordate to oval or ovate in outline, with a short open sinus, mostly entire; petals 5-8, 10-12 mm. long, oblong. C. uniflora Rydb., a dwarf form with a large flower. Along alpine streams and below the snow: B.C.—Mont. Alp. Jl-Au. 4. C. natans Pallas. Stem slender, floating or creeping, rooting at the nodes, 1.5-5 dm. long; lower leaves long-petioled; blades cordate-reniform, 3-5 em. wide, entire or crenate, with a narrow sinus; upper leaves short-petioled and smaller; sepals white or pinkish, 6-8 mm. long, oval, obtuse; follicles about 4 mm. long; beak minute. In water: Minn.—Alta. —Alaska: Siberia. Mont.— Boreal. Jl—Au. 16. TROLLIUS L. Gutose-rLower. Glabrous perennials, with rootstocks. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed or divided. Flowers solitary, or few, terminal, regular, perfect. Sepals 5-15, yellow, lilac, or in ours white, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 5-8, small, tubular at the base. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Pistils numerous, forming a subglobose head. Fruit of numerous subeylindric, many-seeded follicles, open- ing along the ventral suture. Seeds numerous in two rows. 1. T. albiflorus (A. Gray) Rydb. Stem erect, 2-6 dm. high, 2—4-leaved; lower leaves long-petioled, the uppermost subsessile; blades palmately divided, 5-10 em. wide, nearly orbicular in outline; divisions rhombic or obovate, cleft and incised; sepals 5-7, ovate or broadly oval, white; petals clawed, 3-5 mm. long, linear; follicles 10- 20, about. 1 em. long. T. lacus albiflorus. A. Gray. Wet meadows and along streams: Alta.—B.C.—Wash.—Colo. Mont.—Sub- alp. Je-Au. 17. COPTIS Salisb. Goxp-rHREap. Low scapose perennial herbs, with slender rootstocks. Leaves basal, peti- oled, ternately compound. Scape slender, 1-flowered. Sepals 5-7, oval, ‘petal- like, deciduous, white, with yellowish bases. Petals shorter than the stamens, club- shaped, hollowed and nectariferous at the thickened summit. Stamens numerous. Pistils 3-7. Fruit of as many stipitate follicles, forming an umbel- like cluster. Seeds smooth and shining. 1. C. trifoliata (L.) Salisb. Leaves 5-10 em. long, ternate; leaflets ever- green, broadly obovate, slightly 3-5-lobed and crenate, shining; scape 5-12 em. long; sepals white, with yellow base; petals 2-3 mm. long; stipe of the follicles 7-8 mm. long; body about 6 mm. Woods and bogs: Greenl.—Md.—Minn.— B.C.—Alaska; n Eurasia. Mont.—Boreal. My-—Au. 18. CHRYSOCOPTIS Nutt. Low scapose perennials, with rootstocks. Leaves basal, petioled, pinnately 3-5-foliolate, with lobed or dissected leaflets. Scapes 2—4-flowered. Flowers perfect, regular. Sepals 5 or 6, linear or ligulate, attenuate, greenish or yellowish white, deciduous. Petals filiform or ligulate beyond the nectariferous portion. Pistils several. Fruit of stipitate follicles. Seeds several, smooth and shining. 1. C. occidentalis Nutt. Leaves 1-1.5 dm. long, long-petioled, pinnately ternate; divisions brozdly ovate, pinnately 3-5-lobed and serrate, shining, 3-6 em. long; main peduncle about 1 dm. long; petals and sepals subulate; stipe of the follicles about 6 mm.; body about 12mm.long. Woods: Mont.—Ore. ‘—Wash. Submont.—M ont. My—Je. 19. ACTAEA L. Baneperry. Perennial herbs, with thick rootstocks and erect stems. Leaves basal and cauline, ternately decompound. Flowers small, in terminal racemes. Sepals 3-5, petal-like, usually white. Petals 4-10, small, narrow, clawed. Stamens numerous; filaments flattened, white. Pistil solitary, sessile; style none; stigma 2-lobed, depressed. Fruit berry-like, with depressed, horizontal seeds. CROWFOOT FAMILY 305 e Filaments whitish; raceme short; pedicels in fruit 1-3 cm. long. - Fruit white, ellipsoid, 9-12 mm. long. 1. A. eburnea. Fruit red. Fruit ellipsoid, 10-12 mm. long. 2. A. rubra. Fruit spherical or nearly so, 5—7 mm. long. 3. A. arguta. Filaments greenish; raceme elongate; pedicels very short, even in fruit less than 1 cm. long; fruit red. 4. A. viridiflora. 1. A. eburnea Rydb. Stem 6-10 dm. high, glabrate or villous-puberulent above; leaves ternate or twice ternate, the divisions pinnate; leaflets ovate, usually 3-5-lobed, and sharply serrate; pedicels slender; sepals orbicular, early deciduous; petals narrowly rhombic-spatulate, acute; fruit about 12-seeded; seeds obliquely pear-shaped, about 4 mm. long. -In rich woods: B.C.—Ore.—Utah—Colo.— 8.D.; n N.Y.—Newf. Submont.—Mont. My-—Je. 2. A. rubra (Ait.) Willd. Like the preceding, but lower, 3-6 dm. high; leaflets shorter and broader, firmer, darker, acute or short-acuminate; teeth coarser, less sharp; pedicels more divaricate; petals spatulate, acute; seeds about 3 mm. long. Rich woods: N.S.—N.J.—la.—Mont.—Alta. Boreal—Mont. My-Je. 38. A. arguta Nutt. Very similar to A. eburnea in habit, fully as tall; leaflets very thin and light green, long-acuminate and very sharply toothed; sepals with long claws and rhombic acute blades; seeds about 10, about 3 mm. long. Woods: Alaska—Calif—N.M.—S.D.—Alta. Submont—Mont. My-—Je. 4. A. viridiflora Greene. Stems usually several from the rootstock, fully as tall as in the preceding; leaflets darker green, ovate-lanceolate, more regularly toothed, more pubescent when young; petals clawed; blades ovate, obovate or lanceolate, usually greenish; fruit red, 10—-12-seeded. A. multicaulis Greene. Rocky woods: Ariz.—Colo.—N.M. Submont——-Mont. Je—Jl. 20. AQUILEGIA (Tourn.) L. Corumsine. Perennial herbs, with rootstocks and branching stems. Leaves basal and cauline, ternately decompound. Flowers perfect, usually large and showy, regular. Sepals 5, petal-like, deciduous. Petals concave, produced below into a hollow spur, or at least saccate. Stamens numerous, the inner reduced to staminodia; filaments more or less flattened. Pistils 5, sessile, many-ovuled. Fruit follicles, many-seeded, with slender styles. Seeds numerous, smooth and shining, with a hard coat. Plant very low; stem scapiform and 1-flowered; spur curved; flower blue or purple. “ 1. A. Jonesit. Stem more or less leafy. Petals merely saccate, not spurred at the base; terminal leaflet rhombic, acute. 2, A. Eastwoodiae. Petals spurred; all leaflets obtuse. Lamina of the petals longer than the strongly curved spurs, truncate. Stems many times exceeding the basal leaves; styles in fruit about one-fourth as long as the follicles. 3. A. brevistyla. Stem only slightly exceeding the basal leaves; styles in fruit about half as long as the follicles. Plant perfectly glabrous; flowers blue. 4. A. saximontana. Peduncles and follicles sparingly hairy; flowers sulphur-yellow or greenish. 5. A. larimiensis. Lamina of the petals shorter than the slightly curved or straight spurs. Spur not over 2 cm. long; flowers nodding. Sepals and spurs red; spur usually straight (except in No. 9). Lamina of the petals small, less than 4 mm, long or none; sepals spread- ing or reflexed. Sepals 10-15 mm. long, shorter than or rarely equalling the spurs. 6. A. truncata. Sepals 15-25 mm. long, exceeding the spurs. 7. A. columbiana. Lamina of the petals 6-12 mm. long. Sepals spreading or reflexed, longer than the spurs. 8. A. formosa. Sepals ascending, usually shorter than the spurs. Sepals much longer than the lamina of the petals; spur incurved. ; 9. A. latiuscula. Sepals equalling or little exceeding the lamina of the petals; spur straight. Spur gradually tapering to the apex; follicles glabrous. 10. A. rubicunda. 14 306 RANUNCULACEAE e Spur cylindric-filiform for some distance near the apex; fol- licles pubescent. 11. A. elegantula. Sepals and spurs wholly yellow; spur usually slightly curved. Leaves thick, densely pubescent beneath; spur slender, abruptly nar- rowed near the base. 12. A. micrantha. Leaves thin, glabrous or glabrate; spur gradually tapering to near the apex. 13. A. flavescens. Spur 2.5—6 cm. long; flowers in anthesis usually erect. Basal leaves usually twice ternate; spur 3—4 cm. long. Sepals pie or white, ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse; spur 3-5 em. ong. Stem (except the upper part) and petioles glabrous. Plant 3—5 dm. high; leaflets thin, rather large, not conspicuously glaucous. 14. A. coerulea. Plant 1-2 dm. high; leaflets thick, small and conspicuously glaucous. 15. A. scopulorum. Stem and petioles glandular and villous throughout. 16. A. pallens. Sepals yellow, lanceolate, somewhat acuminate; spur 2.5—-3 cm. long. 17. A. oreophila. Basal leaves usually thrice ternate: spur 4—7 cm. long; sepals yellow. Spur 4—5 cm. long; sepals less than 2 cm. long, ovate-lanceolate, acute; follicles strongly curved outward. 18. A. thalictrifolia. Spur 5-7 cm. long; sepals 2-4 cm, long, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; follicles almost straight. 19, A. chrysantha. 1. A. Jonesii Parry. Acaulescent plant, with a densely cespitose short caudex; basal leaves 2-10 cm. long, pubescent, biternate; blades 1-2 cm. in — diameter, glaucous; divisions broadly cuneate, deeply 3-5-cleft; scape 2-5 em., rarely 10 cm. long; flower erect; sepals about 1.5 em. long; lamina of the petals broad, rounded at the apex, about 8 mm. long; spur 8-10 mm. long, somewhat incurved; follicles 1.5-2 em. long. Exposed rocky summits: Wyo.—Alta. Subalp.—Alp. Je-Jl. 2. A. Eastwoodiae Rydb. Stem 4-6 dm. high, glandular-puberulent above; leaves biternate; leaflets 1-2 em. long, with oblong obtuse lobes; flowers white or roseate; sepals lanceolate, acute, spreading; petals nearly like the sepals; follicles about 12mm. long; styles6-7mm. A. ecalcarata Eastw. A. mancosana (Eastw.) Cockerell. Cafions: Colo. Son. Je-dJl. 3. A. brevistyla Hook. Stem 4-10 dm. high, pubescent or glandular above; basal leaves biternate; stem-leaves ternate or the upper simple and 3-lobed; leaflets 3-lobed and coarsely crenate; sepals blue, lanceolate, acute, about 15 mm. long; lamina of the petals yellowish white; spur 6-8 mm. long; follicles 2—2.5 em. long. Meadows and open woods: Yukon—Alta.—S.D.—Minn. Plain— Submont. Je—Jl. 4, A. saximontana Rydb. Stem 1-2 dm. high; leaves all biternate; leaf- lets obovate, 2-3-cleft; sepals greenish or blue, obtuse or acutish; lamina of the petals yellowish; spur 5 mm. long or less; follicles 1-1.5 em. long. A. vulgaris brevistyla A. Gray.